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EMPELLISHED WITH A New and Accurate Set of M A P S, by the beft Geographers; And Great Variety of COPPER-PLATES, containing Perspective Views of the Principal Cities, Structures, Ruins, &c. By D. F E N "n I N G, (Author of the Royal Englifli Diilionary, the Ufe of the Globes, the Young Algcbraift's Companion, Sec.) J. C O L L Y E R, (Author ofthe Letters from Felicia to Charlotte ; and Tranflator of the Mefliah,from the German of Mr. Klopftock.) ANDOTHERS. m n. mm M fi There is not a Son or a Daughter of Adam but has fime Concern in Geography. Dr. Watts. LONDON: Printed for S. Crowder, at the Looking-Glafs, in Pater-nofter-Row ; and fold by Mr. Jackson, at Oxford; Mr. Merril, at Cambridge } Mcfi". Smith, in Dublin ; and all other Bookfellers in Great Britain and Ireland. MDCCLXIV. , f ^i (y THE PREFACE. IF we confider Man as an ihhabitant of the Earth, as a reafonable Being endued with curiofity, as a member of Society, and as connected by com- merce, and the interchange of arts and manufadlures, with the moft diftant nations, few ftudies can appear of fuch importance, or procure more rational, more ufeful entertainment, than that of Geography. How great arc the intel- ledual advantages arifing from the contemplation of the different Religions, Man- ners, and Cuftoms of our fellow-creatures ! How adapted is this pleafing ftudy, not only to gratify the moft unbounded curiofity, but to enlarge the mind, to banilh prejudices, and to make us fet a juft cftimate on our real charadcrs and advantages ! By examining the Hiftory of the human Heart, and the unculti- vated Mind, in various regions, where the abfurdeft Prejudices ufurp the place of Reafon ; and Cruelty, Vice, Folly, and Tyranny are fanilified by the vene- rable name of Religion ; we fhall fee how much we owe to Education, to the Embellishments of Science, and to the Purity of our Holy Religion — how much we are indebted to Providence for many peculiar bleflings — how much to Heaveil And our brave Forefathers, for the Syftem of Religious and Civil Liberty handed down to us ! £ven the various face of the Countries, from the fultry Tropics to the frozen Poles, muft afford a conftant fource of amufement and delight. Here extenilve plains arid gently rifing hills, enamelled with flowers and adorned with fragrant groves ; while, with thefe bleffmgs, the wretched inhabitants faint under the too ardent rays of the fcorchihg fun, and bend under the yoke of flavery. There fandy defarts, difplaying a dreary wafte : here lofty mountains, raiflng their fnowy fummits above the clouds. What a pleafing amufement will the moft curious fpecies of Trees and Shrubs, of Birds and Beafts, of Infeds and Reptiles, of Amphibious Animals and Fiflies, of Foffils and Minerals, afford the inqui- fitive mind ! The Reader will infenfibly know the aftonifhing works of Nature, and will become acquainted with Natural Hiftory almoft without defign. While he who is verfed in the Tranfadions of A ntient Times, will fee once populous cities only diftinguifhed by fplendid ruino ; and the capitals of mighty empires deftroyed and lying in the midft of defarts. The Man of Humanity, and the Friend of Liberty, will, through this work, have frequent caufe to pity the unhappy nations fubjedl to the defpotic tyranny of lewd and ambitious princes : fertile countries rendered defarts by lawlcfs rapine, and the few inhabitants in- volved a4Gai THE P R E F A C E. Volvcd in -ill the mlfcrics niofl: drcaclhil to Human Nature. On the otiicr hand, the Artifl: and the Manufadturcr will, with plealure, view the rude or more finiflu'd works of diftcrent countries ; and the Merchant be inftruded in tiie pro- duce of every Nation. This, however, is not the firft attempt that has been made towards an Univerfal Syftem of Geography ; but as this fcience is always improving by new difcoveries, and countries being better known, «"his work will iiave advantages which no others, at the time tliey were written, could polFibly poflefs j we be- ing furniilied with many excellent materials iince publifhcd. We fhall endeavour to avoid dwelling on dry and uninterefting particulars, and to exprcfs ourfelves in an eafy, intelligible, and entertaining manner. All pofll- ble care will alio be taken to expunge the errors and fabulous accounts that have been too often copied from injudicious and romantic authors. For this purpofe we fliall compare different defcriptions of the fame countries, and chiefly rely on perfons of acknowledged veracity and good fenfe, who were eye-wit- ncfles of what they defcribe ; and make a proper diftindion between the fenti- ments of the ignorant, the illiterate, the fuperftitious, and thofe of perfons dif- tinguiflied by their genius and learning, who examine with philofophical exad- ncfs, and defcribe with accuracy. Befides, as it is refolved to fpave no expence in the great variety of Copper- Plates, containing Maps and remarkable Landfcapes, perfpcAive Views of Cities, Palaces, and Ruins, 8cc. we fhall exceed every work of this kind yet publiflied, and at the fame time give the reader a more adequate idea of what is defcribed, than he could poflibly receive from mere verbal Defcriptions, unaccompanied by thefe ornamental Explanations. In fliort, the utmoft care will be taken to render this Performance by far the mod peried of any thing of the kind that has yet appeared in the Englifh lan- guage, and as complete as the nature of the fubjed, and all the advantages wc are capable of giving it, will permit. , , London, March 30, 1764, D. PENNING. J. C O L L Y E R. INTRODUCTION. HHi4-*>HH'-*-«+f-'^*-H»'*-**ff +••!'-«-■•!'■+ * Tie Superficial CONTEN'T of the GLOBE o/Mg EARTH and its Divifiont in Square Miles, GLOBE of Earth and Sea, 148,5 10,627 Square Miles. Seas and unknown Parts 117,843,822 Mogul's Empire 1,116,000 Hungary 75.525 The inhabitable Parts 30,666,805 Perflan under Darius 1,650,000 Italy 75.525 Afia 10,257,487 Perfian Prefent 800,000 Netherlands 12,968 Africa 8,506,208 Ruffian Empire 3.303.485 Norway 71,400 Europe «.749'349 Turkilh Empire 960,057 Poland 226,414 North America 3,699 087 Denmark 163,000 Spain with Portugal 144,256 South America 5.454.675 France »3^.095 Sweden 76.«35 Chineie Empire 1,749,000 Germany . 56,950 Switzerland 7.533 1 . ■ . . • • • ISLANDS in Order of Magnitude. Bointu 228,000 Cyprus 0,300 Rhodes 480 Madagad-.ar 168,000 Jamaica 6,000 Cephalonia 420 Sumatra 129,000 Flores 6,000 Amboyna 400 Japaa 118,000 Ccram 5.400 Orkney Pomoni 324 Great Britain 72,926 Cape Breton 4,000 Scio 300 Celebes 68,000 Socotora 3,600 Martinico 260 Manilla 58,000 Ccndia 3,220 Lemnos 220 Iceland 46,000 y .'J Rico 3,200 Corfu 194 Terra del Fuego 42.075 ^ '■• d a,52o Providenc* 168 Mindanao 39,000 Zt .d 1.935 Man i6o Cuba 38,400 Majorca 1,400 Bornholm 160 Java 38.250 St. JagO 1,400 Wight •50 Hifpaniola 36,000 Negropont 1,300 Malta I^O Newfoundland 35.500 Teneriff 1,272 Barbadoes •J 140 Ceylon 27,730 Gothland 1,000 Zant 120 Ireland 27.457 Madeira 950 Antigua 100 Formofa 17,000 St. Michael 920 St. Chriftopher's 80 Aniun 11,900 Skye 900 St. Helena 80 Gilolo 10,400 Lewis 880 Guernfey . ^ 50 Sicily 9,400 Funen 768 Jerfey 43 Timor 7,800 Yvica 625 Bermudas ' ' 40 Sardinia 6,600 Minorca 520 Rhode , ■?^ Vol. i. ^^' Introduction, Of the V. A R 'V \l in general THE earth is that terraqueous globe which we inhabit, and is called the fourth of the fix primary planets. 'I'he antieiits, it is evident, were unacquainted both with its figure and motion \ fome fuppofing it to be flat, others in the form of a cylinder ; but it is jjain, from the appearances of all the phenomena of nature, luch as the riling and fctting of the lun, moon, and liars, and particu- larly in the oblervation of cclipfcs, that the earth is nearly fphrrical, bccaule the Ihail-jw of the moon call upon its furface is circular, which would not be were it not a globf?, or nearly lo \ for, according to the obfcrvations of monficur Richer, Sir Ilaac Newton, Mr. Huygcns, and otlier thi: bell mathematicians, there is about twenty-one or twenty two miles difference in the diameter of the earth, viz. the dianiicter at the equator being about lb much more than from pole to pole, it being there flatted a little, and therefore is not a true geometrical fphere, but rather an oblate Ipheroid. The diameter of the earth is about 7y6| miles, (commonly :prefled 8000) its circumference in fquare miles about 25020, and its magnitude or Iblidity in cubic miles about 199,2^0,205: the diurnal, or daily motion round its own axis from well to cad is about twenty three hours filry-fix minutes, (commonly cxprelTed twenty-four hours) and its annual motion or periodical time round the fun is nearly three hundred and lixty-tivc djys fix hours nine minutes, or a year : the circum- ferenceofhcr orbit is nearly 5^8,939,200 miles; fo that its daily motion round the fun if about 1,394,353 miles, her hourly motion about 58,098 miles, and the hourly motion round i's own axis about 1042 miles ; amazing celerity, which highly lets forth infinite power and Wifdom ! The knowledge of arriving at thefe propeiiies of the earth and heavens is attainfj by the lludy of thofe two excellent fciences called Allronomy and Geogiaphy •, the firll of which we iiitciid 10 treat of, in as full and confpicuous a manner as polfible. 4l alma row to a 5-1 whicl land I Nortl ofCtT Qi do nd tor ol Of GEOGRAPHY //; gen eral. Geography is that fcience which treats of the globe of the earth, and inltrufts us in the knowledge of land and water, by pointing out to us thofe properties which depend on quantity. Geography is divided into two parts, Univerfal and Particular. Univerlal Geography confiders the earth in general without regard to particular countries, and treats more of the fituation of the globe itfelf, its magnitude, figure, motion, &c. Particular Geography not only confiders the fituations and conftitution of each feparate country, but alfo informs us of their various laws, culloms, religions, manners, &c. and acquaints us with every remarkable difcovery on the furface of the earth •, fuch as oceans, feas, lakes, rivers, rocks, gulphs, mountains, ifiands, &c. together with the various pofition of the inhabitants in relpeCt of each other, their different climates, rifing and letting of the fun, length of days and nights, &c. and therefore this particular method of inllruflion is by fome called Hiftorical Geography. In fliort. The ftudy and prailice of this noble fcience always was, and now is, thought worthy the attention of the firll clafs of mankind : it is efteemed one of the principal qualifications of polite literature, and according to the knowledge in, or want of it, education is called more or Icfs complete. But why Ihould Geography be called a lludy ? — It is nothing more than ta read and re- member matters of facl : therefore any perfon who attends to what is laid down in this Syllem, may eafily attain to a competent knowledge both of Univerfal and Particular Geography in a Ihort time. Of the Division of Land and Water. The globe is divided into four quarters, which by fome geographers are called Europe, Afia, Africa, and America •, but we have treated firft of Afia for feveral reafons, which are given under that head in ;he Syftem itfelf. Thefe four quarters are again fubdivided into ten nominal parts, viz. i. A Continent. 2. An Illand. 3. A Promontory, or Cape. 4. A Peninlula. 5. An Illhmus. 6. An Ocean. 7. A Lake. 8. A Bay. 9. A Gulph : and, 10. A Streight. The firll five of whith are land, and anfwer to the other five parts of water, by correfpondent numbers, as follows : Land. 1. A Continent is a large tract, or vail ex- tent of main land, not feparated by any ocean. Thus Europe, Afia, Africa, &c. are Conti- nents. 2. An Illand is atraft of land furrounded with water, as Great Britain, Ireland, Madagalcar, &c. 3. A Promontory, or Cape, is a portion or part of land running far into the lea, as Cape Verde, Cape of Good Hope, &c. Water. 1. An Ocean, or Sea, i° a large extent or coJ- leftion of waters, free from land -, luch as the Atlantic or Wellern Ocean, the Indian Ocean, &c. 2. A Lake is a trafl of water furrounded by land ; as the Lake of Geneva, the Dcnd Sea, the Cafpian Sea, &c. 3. A Bay is a portion or part nf \\vt fca run- ning far up the main land j as the Buy of Bifcay, Bay of Siam, &C. Land. JNTRODUCTIOl^. Land. 4. A I'eninfuta is a part or portion of the earth almoll furrounded with warer, t'we only a nar- row part or neck of land which lirs or unites it to a continent i as Africa itlelf, Jutland, &c. 5. A . Ifthmus is a narrow part of land, by which a pemnlula is joined to a continent, or main land 1 as the lllhmus of Panama, which joins North an 1 South America together, the lllhmus of Corinth, &c. Sac. Water. 4. A Gulph, or inland fea, is a part of the ocean aimoll furrounded with land, law fjme ilreii>ht or narrow gut of w.i er by wliich it has communication with the ocean, as the (julp'i of Arabia, the Mediterran'.an Sen, &o. 5. A Streight is a narrow pad'.ige or part of the R-a, which joins one lea to another ; as the Streights of Gibraltar, which join: the Mediter- ranean Sea to the Atlantic (Jccan, the Strcigliis of Babclmandel, Sec. Sec. A farther Defer ipt ion of the Globe of the Earth, •with the imaginary great Circles and Appendants belonging. Great circles are fuch as cut the globe in two equal parts, pafTing through the center : all fuch a'. do not cut the fphere in two parts are called leffer circles. There are fix in number, viz. the I'.qua- tor or Equinoctial, the Ecliptic or Zodiac, the Brazen iVIeridian, the Horizon, and the Colurc.^. I. Of the E Q_u A T R. The Equator on the Terreftrial, or Equinoftial on the celeftial globe, is a line, or circle, that cuts the globe in two equal parts, dividing the north irom the fouth ; and upon the artificial ulobi* is tafiiy known by two broad lines running parallel to each other, and a line hair line between them ; it is diviiled into three hundred and fixty equal parts, called degrees, beginning at tiie fird ni"- ridian, (or fign Aries) and is marked from i with 10, 20, 3o,'4o, Sfj. to 360 quite round: and on fome globes you will find a cypher (o) at the meridian of London under the Equator, .-ind runs on to K), 20, 30, &c. to iSo degrees eaft, called call longitude ; and 10, 20, ^0, &cc, to iSo to the left hand, tu fliew the well longitude. 2. Of the Ecliptic aiul Zodiac. The Ecliptic is another great circle of the fphere, which cuts the Ec]uator at the two points Aries and Libra, making an angle at each point of twenty- three dt-grees thirty minutes, which is its fur- theft, or rcmoteft extent, cither nortii or fouth, from the Equator. The Zodiac is a broad imaginary circle, which extends itfelf (according to the rules of artronomy) eioiht degrees on *a<:K fide of the Ecliptic, and is that which contains the twelve figns, and in which the planets perform their revolutions. The line in the middle drawn parallel is called the Ecliptic becaufc ccliples happen in or near the line. It is alfo called Via Solis, the Sun's path-way or motion. But in modern Aftronomy, it is that circle or path that the earth dcl'cribcs to an eye placed in the center of the fyllem, viz. the fun. The l^iptic (like the Equator) is divided into three hundred and fixty degrees, but not numbered from i,ro, &c. as the Equator, but is divided into twelve equal parts, containing thirty degrees each, which are called Signs, and have different names and characters ; fix of which are north, and fix fouth, viz. The fix Northern Signs. T Aries. 8 Taurus. n Gemini. 2s Cancer. Si Leo. wr Virgo. ^ Libra. ni Scorpio. The fix Southern S i o >j s. t Sagittarius. yf Capricorn. Aquarius. k Pifces. The Signs which ftand oppofite to each other (hew the different feafons of the year ; thus Aries v (liews Spring, Libra c Zenith and Nadir. There are four circles on the face of the wooden Horizon, viz. 1. The inner circle, or that circle at the inward edge of the Globe, is divided into twelve equal t'arcs, or Signs,, anfwering to the twelve Signs in the Ecliptic, with their names tikewile prctixcd to them : as to this Sign v is wrote Aries, 8 is wrote Taurus, and fo of the rcll. Nott. Aries r is in the eaft, Libra ^ in the weft, Cancer ta in the north, and Capricorn y in the fouth point of the Horizon. 2. Next to thefe Signs is a Calendar of Months, according to the Julian account, or Old Stile, (ufed in England till the year 1752) fo that the inward circle being divided into decrees, aniwers the days of the month ; for right againft the day is the degree of each Sign the fun enters in on any day ; or, vice verfa, right againu the Sign or Degree, is the day of the month anfwering thereto. 3. Next to this is another Calendar, according to the Gregorian account, (done by pope Gregory XIII. in the year 1382) called the New Stile, which ;s eleven days fooncr, or before the Old Stile, as may be fcen by the pofition of the Calendars s the tenth of March, in the firft or Old Calendar, being right againft the twenty firft in the New, or Gregorian Calendar. This New Stile is now ufed by us in England, as well as in foreign nations, purfuant to an AA of Parliament in 1751. Lajlly, On the outward verge of the Horizon is the^circlc of the Winds, or Rhumbs, viz. the N^ariner's Compafs, being 32 in number (beginning at the north) : each Point, or Khumb, con- tains III degrees } for 32 multiplyed by 11; make 360. The ufe of the tlorizon is to (hew the Rifing and Setting of the Sun, Length of Day and Night ; alfo the Rifing and Setting of the Stars in any latitude \ together with the Azimuth, Amplitude, Almacantar, &c. of the Sun or any Star, and the point they rife or fet upon, &c. 5. Of the C o \. V K z i. The Colures are two great circles, cutting the Equator at right angles, and pafs through the Pole of the World. The Solfticial Colure is that great circle whi(;h pafTes through Cancer and Capricorn, fliewing Winter and Summer. The Equinodtial Colures pafs through Aries and jUibra, and Ihew the Spring and Autumn. Of the leffer Circles of tie Sphzke, commonly calkJ parallel Circles. All fuch circles as do not divide or cut the Globe into two equal parts, but cut off any fcgment or part lefs than the half, are leflcr circles : thus all circles on Cither fide of the Equator, which run parallel with the Equator, are lefler circlts, and lefs than each other as they approach the Poles : fuch are the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and all fuch circles. I. Of the Tropics. At the fign Cancer, on the north part of the Globe, you will find acircle drawn with a double line from- thence round the Globe, parallel to the Equator,^ which is called the North Tropic, or Tropic of Cancer, being 23T degrees from the Equator northward, Ihewing the Sun's greateft northern de- clination : and at the fign Capricorn, yoi will find the fame fort of circle, which is called the Southern Tropic, being alfo 23^ degrees from the Equator, and ftiews the Sun's greateft fouthern dcclenfion, or variation from the Equinoftial. 2. Of I N r R O D U C T I O N. i. Of iht F I) I. A R Circle s. Thrrr mv two I'lnall iiiclrs lying near thu- polci, viz. ajl dpp,rcr5 didancr, driwn altowttli double lints ; tlatoii ilu-iiuiil> i. cill'.il (he Ardlic Cirtii.-, atui thaton theluutti the .-vntaftic Cirvle. 'i'liel'e Cirdrs arr (hr I'oirs ot tlir I'tllpllC. All ill 'I. iiili;il)itaiits tliat live uivler th-fc linei have their lon(.;eft day juft twenty four hoiiri, and their li)n;j;ilk iiit^ht the l.imc, lave the b. nelit ot twili^lit, wliicli is hut intliny. It yiiu j//) tartlitr to the I'.^lt-s, tlieir wlay. are two, time, and tour flays, fix, twu, three, lour, and fix Moailu long. Of ibt Ntiinet of a S i' ii r, it r., Jh'-.iinjr the ,Uffcrt'nt Pofttion or Sittiativtof tin Inhubltantt of tin iiarth. There are three I'urts of Spheres, viz. a Parallel, a Kighr, and an Oblique Sj,heTc. I. J V A R A 1. L i: L S I' l( li 1< v., A I'arallrl Sphrre has this pofition : i. The Poles are in t!ic Zenith and Nadir ; that is, one I'olc IS right uji, and the other underneach. 2. The Kquator will be in liic ll;rii'.ui:. 'II.H P R O !• li R r V of this S I' II t II L. The inhabitants of this Sphere are thole that live under the P^le", and have the Jon^eft days ami nights of any other inhabitants •, their fhortelt day b.iiiy twciity-tuur hour', long, and their iontjcll fix months. 2. // R I o » r S I' II 1. K I . A Ricjht SphiTC has this pofitimi : i. 'I'he Poles will lie or be in the lI:)rizon. 2. 'I"he Ivquatnr will pal's through the Zenith i\\i.\ N,id:r. j. The lujU-itor and all the lellcr cirtlci will 1 nt ilic 1 lorujn at right angles, viz. perpendicularly. The 1* R O P E R T Y of this S P II E K E. The inhabitants of this Sphere are thole who live undir the liquinodial Line, or Equator, and have their days and nights always equal, vi^. twelve hours each. 3 /In O 11 1. 1 ci_u E Sphere. An Oblique Sphere is the pofition of the Globe, that has the thne following properties, viz. 1. One Pole is as much above the Horizon as the other is underneath. 2. I lie !■ quaior i-. part above and part under the Horizon. 3, I'he L'.quator and all the parallel circles cut the Horizon obliquely. the Propertv of this S p 11 e r i. The inhabitants of this Sphere are thofc that live in all other parts except under the Pules and Equinotflial Line ; and have their days and nights always unequal, except it be on thole two days when the lun enters Aries and Libra. Of the different Names cf the Inhabitants of the Earth in refp(5t of their Siluati'm. Thele inhabitants lie under dilFerent mcridi.tns and parallels, and .ire fix in number, viz. j. Antsci. 2. Pcrisci. 3. Antipodes. 4. Aniphilcii. 5. Ptrilcii : and, 6. Hctcroltii. 1 . Of the Ant a: c i . The Anta:ci, or Ant;f cians, are thofe inhabitants that have the fame longitude -, that !.■; lie under the fame meridian, but have as many degrees latitude louth as we have north. Their Property. I, Their hour is the fame as ours, it being nodn, &c. with b )th at the fame time. 2. Their days are equal to our nights, and vice verfa : and, 3. Their fummcr is our winter. 2. Of the Pe R I iT. c I. The Perijccians are thole that lie under the fame parallel of latitude, on the fame fide of the Equa- tor, only are diftant a hundred and eighty degrees of longitude, viz. a (emicirde. Their P r o p e r t v. I. They have contrary hours, being noon with them when it is mid-night with us. 2. Their days and nights are of the fame length of ours. 3. Their feafon or time of the year is alio the lame as with us. 3. Of the Antipodes. The Antipodes are fuch inhabitants as have the fame latitude fouth as we have north, but differ a hundred and eighty degrees in longitude •, that is, they have oppofite parallels and oppofitc meridians. Their Property. Thefe inhabitants are, .is it were, compounded with the former. For, i. Their hours are contrary being noon with one when it is midnight with the other. 2. The longcfl: day of the one is the fliorteft day or longeft night to the other: and, 3. The four feafons are contrary, ther fummer be- ing our winter, &c. &c. ^'o^- I- b 4- Of Vi INTRODUCTION. ! i '^1 11 4. Of the A M p n I sc 1 1. They are fo called becaufe their fliadows are call different ways at different times of the year ; that is, their fliadow is fouthward from Marcli to September, and northward from September to M.ircli : therefore, it is eafy to perceive thefe are inhabitants living in the Torrid Zones •, that is, between the Equator and the two Tropics. 5. Of the P E R I s c I I. Thefe are fo called becaufe they have their fhadows go quite round them : furh, therefore, are the inhabitants that dwell between the Polar Circles and the Poles ; that is, from 6ul degrees of latitude to 90. 6. Of the H E T £ R o s C I I. They are fo called, as having their fliadow caft but one way -, that is, either always towards the north, or always toward the fouth. Thefe then are fuch as live in the Temperate Zones; that is, between the Tropics and the Polar Circles. Thofe in the fouth Temperate Zone have their ftialow fall always fouthward, and thole jn the north Temperate Zone have their fliadows always cafl: northward, as in England, France, Spain, and almoft all Europe. OJ the ZONES flW C L I M A T E S. 1. Of the Zones. A Zone, or Girdle, is a traift or fpace that furrounds the furface of the earth, as a beh or pirdle docs the body, and are three in number, viz. i. Torrid. 2. Temperate : and, 3. Frigid Zones. I. The Torrid Zone extends from the Equator to the Tropic of Cancer northward, and to the Tropic of Capricorn fouthward 23' degrees each, (very nearly), viz. 47 degrees in all. 1. The Temperate Zones extend thea.felves from the two Tropics to the Polar Circles on both fides the Equator, viz. 43 degrees each, being together 86 degrees. 3. The Frigid Zones extend from the Polar Circles to the Poles, being each 2j[ degrees, viz. in breadth; fo that 23I, 43, and 23! makes 90 degrees, the diftance from the Equator to either Pole: or rather thus, the Torrid Zones contain 47 degrees, the Temperate 86, and the Frigid 47, in all 180 degrees. 2, 0/ //i^ C L I M A T E S. Climates are trails, or circles upon the furfaco of the Globe, of fuch a certain breadth from the Equator to either Pole, that the length of the artificial day, viz. from the fun-rife to fun-fct, i:. jult half an hour longer than in the ntxt Climate nearer the Equator, till you come to the Polar Circles, and then indeed the day dilTeis in each Climate one entire mon'h. There are fixty Climates in all, viz. thirty on each fide of th. Equator, called accordingly North and South \ of thefe fixty, forty-eight of them extend from thi Equator to the Polar Circles, and each differ by half hours; and the remaining twelve arecontaint between the Polar Circles and the Poles, each differing one entire month from the other, (as was L '' before) and will more evidently appear by the following table. A TABLE cft/je different CLIMATES letiuem the Equ tor and Polar Circles. U5 Latitude. D. M. Breadth. D. M. in E u. 3 Latit D. I, Breadth. D. M u E 8 U *x. 1 12: 25 8 25 13 18 J 59 58 I 29 2 n 16 25 8 00 14 ly 61 iS I 20 3 i3i 23 50 7 •25 15 '9' 62 25 I 07 4 14 30 25 6 30 lb 20 H 22 SI 5!'4i 3'J 28 6 08 •7 20- 64 06 44 6 15 4» 22 4 54 18 21 64 49 43 7 '5l 45 29 4 07 19 21 V 65 22 32 S 16 45 02 3 32 20 21 22 22 ■ t'5 47 22 9 1 i6i 52 00 2 5/ 66 06 19 10 17 54 27 2 29 22 23 66 20 14 II 17; 5(^ 3« 2 10 23 23 i 66 28 08 12 18 ^8 29 I 52 24 24 66 31 0^ CLIMATES INTRODUCTION, CLIMATES between the Polar Circles and the Poles. VII Length of Days. Latitudes. Length ot Days. Latitudes. Months. I 2 .? 1). M. 67 21 69 48 7? 37 Months. 4 5 6 D. M. T^ 3'J S+ 03 go l;0 y//i Explanation of the mojl uftfulTeyms tifcd in Geography and Ajlroitonty. 1. Zenith is that point of the Heavens that is right over he.id. 2. Nadir is that point right under feet, bsing diredly or diametrically oppofite to the Zc.^ith. 3. Zenith's Dillance is the number of degrees that the fun or any liar wants of ninety degree?, when they arc upon the Meridian or r;rcateft height. 4. Altitude is height. Meridian Altitude is the greateft altitude, or height, at twelve oMock. 5. Declination is tiie diftance of the fun, or any ftar, from the Equator, or Kquinoftial, counted on the Brazen Meridian in degrees, and is called North or South, according to which fide of the Equinoctial the Declination is. b. Right Afcenfion is an arch of the Equinodial contained between the fign Aries t and the degree of the Equinodlial that is cut by the Brazen Meridian when the fun, or ftar, is brought to the Meridian. 7. Oblique Afcenfion is that arch or degree of the Equinoftial contained between the Sign r an! the degree of the tiquinoftial which is cut by the Horizon at the rifing of the fun, or liar. 8. Oblique Defcenlion is juft the reverfe, being the degree of Equinodial cut by the Horizo'n at the fetting of the fun, or ftar. 9. Afcenfional Difference is the difference of degrees between the Right and Oblique Afccfion, which converted into time, by allowing fifteen degrees for every hour, ftiews how much the fun, or flar, rifes or fets before or after fix : that is, fubllraft the Oblique from the Right Afcenfion, tells the afcenlional difference. 10. Amplitude is an arch of the Horizon contained between the true cafl: and weft points at the rifing and fetting of the fun, or ftars, counted in degrees from the eaft and weft points of tie Horizon where thty rile and fet, and is called North and South Amplitude accordingly. 11. Azimuth is in eftedl the fame as Amplitude, fave only with this difference, that whereas Am- plitude is only at riling and fetting, Azimuth fhews the diftance from the call: and weft point;, at any limp when the fun, or ftars, are above the Horizon. Note. Azimuth is not expreffed alike by all authors : fome call it always North or South Azimuth, and reckon the Azimuth from thefe two points eaftward or weftward. Chhr-rs reckon it from the eaft and weft points, either northward or fouthward, which 1 think is bef:, thsy being the two points that Azimuth is neareft to, in our or any leflVr latitude, at any hour ; however, itmittcrs not which, if you mind this one rule •, fuppofe I fay, the fun has fixty degrees Azimutii from tb.i; north eaftward, it is the fame as if 1 fay he has thirty degrees Azimuth from the eaft northwaid. 12. Elevation of the Pole is the fame as Latitude. There are three fort?, viz. Latitude of a place is its diftance from the Equator, either north or fouth, numbered in degrees on the Brazen Meridian -, or in other words, it is the tlevation of the Pole above the Horizon. LiUtitude of Navigation is the diftance of a fliip from the Lquinodlial, counted on the Meridian : fo that if a ftiip fails towards the Equinoflial, Ihe is laid to deprefs the Pole ; and if Ihe la.ls tro.n the Equinoftial, fhe is faid to raile the Pole. Latitude of a Star is its diftance from the Ecliptic, being an arJi of a circle of longitude, reckoned from the Ecliptic towards its Pole, either north or fouth. 13. Longitude is alio of three forts, viz. Longitude of a place is an arch of the Equator intercepted between the firft Meridian (or point Aries t) on the l*'.quator and tiie Meridian of the ()l;ice. Longitude of a Star is an arch of the Ecliptic, counted from the beginning of Aries to the place where the ftar's circle of longitude croffes the Ecliptic ; lo that it may be laid to be tiie liar's jiiaee in the Pcliptic, counted hom the point Aries, wiiich cannot exceed a hundred and eighty Irom tlie Equinoclial l-'oirt. Longitude in i\avi;^ation is an arch of the Equator contained between tlie firft Meridian and tlie Meridian th;" lliip is in. Note I. Longitude of places differ according to what firft- Meridian they are counted from-, for fjnie place their firft Meridian at Gratiofo, others at Tenenff, and others at Ferrol. Note 2. In order to find the longitude of any place on the Globe, only oblerve whether it be eaft or weft i if eaftward, then count lV> many degrees fiom the point or fign Arie •r on the (i lobe to the right hand ; if welbvard, count lb ma.iy degrees tow.irds the left, which will be the call or welt longitude required : and the difference of the longitude of any two places is no mure than their diftance from each other counted in degrees on the Equator, or any parallel of latitude in propor- tion. Bur, 4 Noie m Vlll INTRODUCTION. Note 3. Ff the Ion;M'uilc l)s taken fiom the Mc-iidian of London, and you would ihen find the place to anlvver the following table of longitudes, you mull remember that you oblcrve how fai the lird iMeri«ii:iii is pla ed from the Meridian of London, and aild or fublbadi accordingly : thus on Senex\ Globes the tirll Meridian is about eighteen degrees well of London, therefore all places that lie we(b of the lull Meridian wdl hive the longitude degrees lels well on the Glebe than in the table j but all places tiiat lie tf> the eaft or right hand of London, will have their longitude eighteen degrees more on the globe than in the table : thus the Havanna, by the following table, is eighty-four de- grees Well longitude of London ; Init you will find it but fixty-lix on the Globe, which is eighteen drgrees lefs ; and Pckin, a hundred and eleven degrees ead longitude in the tables, will by the fame rule be eighteen degrees more from the firft Meridian on the lame Globe. To find any Place in Maps of Counties. The metropolis of England is London j therefore you will find London with a cypher at the bottom of the map. Seek then the latitude of the place given on the right or left hand fide of the map, counting fo many degrees and minutes upwards and there place your finger i then count from London fo many degrees ealtward or well'Aard, as the given longitude exprefles ; then moving this lad finger directly upwards in the ma() till you come to an equal height with the firft finger ; move the faid firll finger Itraight or parallel along till they both coincide, and you will difcover the place you fought fur. TABLE I. Of the Latitude mid Longitude of the mofl princil>al Places in the known World, (according to the latefi Obfervotions) from the Meridian of London. Place?. A. Aberdeen Abbeville Abo Acbiii Adrianople Agincoiirt Agra Aix la Chapelle Aix Albany Aleppo Alexandria Algieks Almanza Altena Amboyna Amiens Amsterdam Ancona Anglers Annapolis AnTpacli Antwerp Aiitibes Aniioch Archangel Aiica Aries Arras Aftracan Athens Alhlone Ava Auguftin Avignon Aujjiburg Axim Aylefljury B. Badajox Baden Baden Bagdat Baldlvia Ballifure Bamberg Bdrcc'una Bafil Piovinces. Marr Picardy Finland Sumatra Romania Artois Agra Juliers Provence New York Syria Lower Egypt Algiers CaOile Iloinein Amboyna Ifle Picardy Holland , Ancona Anjou Nova Scotia Franconia Brabant Provence Syria Dwina Peru Provence Artois Allracan Achaia Meaili Ava Florida Provence Swabia Gold C'oall Bucks EOremadura Swabia Baden Eyraca Arabia Chili Bengal Franconia Catalonia Bafi! Countries. Scotland France Sweden Sumatra Ifle Turky Netherlands F.al) India Germany France N. America Turky Turky Barbary Spain Germany Eaft India France Netherlands Italy France N. America Germany Netherlands France Turky Ruilia S. America I'rance Netherlands Ruliia Turky Ireland Eafl India N. America France Germany Guinea England Spain Germany Switzerland Turky S. America Eaft India Gernr iny Spair: Switzerland Ciiiarters. Latitude. Longitudc Dcg.IVIin. Deg.Min. Europe /} 12 N 1 45W Europe 5° 00 — 2 00 E Europe 60 30— 21 30— AHa S 30— 93 30— Europe 4» 00 — 26 30— Europe S° 36- 2 00 — Afia 26 20 — 79 00 — Europe SO 4S— 5 SO— Europe 43 30— S 25— Amexics 43 00 — 74 ooW Ana 36 30— 37 40 E Afia 30 40— 3' •5— Africa 36 40— 3 20 — Europe 39 00 — I isw Europe 53 s^— 10 00 E Afia 3 40 s I2£ 00 — Europe 49 50 N 2 30— Europe J* 20 — 4 30— Europe 43 20— '5 00 — Europe 47 30— 30W America 4J 00— 64 00 — Europe 49 It — 10 36 E Europe 5' IS— 4 IS— Europe 43 40— 7 00 — Afia 36 CO — 37 00 — Europe 64 30 — 40 12 America 18 20 S 70 20W Europe 43 43 N 4 45 E Europe SO 20 — 2 OS— Afia 47 00 — J 2 00 — Europe 38 00 — H '5— Europe S3 20 — 8 c$W Afia 20 00— 95 00 E America 30 00— Si ooW Europe 43 50— 4 40 E Europe 48 20 — 1 1 00 — Afi-ica S 00 — 4 ooW Europe S' 48- s»— Europe 38 45— 7 20 — Europe 47 40— 7 30 E Europe 47 35— 8 '5— />fia 33 20 — 43 00— America 40 00 S 80 ooW Afia 21 30 N 85 iSE Europe 5° 'J— 10 50— [Europe 4' 20 — 2 00 — Europe 74 40- 7 40— INTRODUCTION. Ik Places. 1 Provinces. i Countiics Qjarters. Lat tude. Lonjttiude Deg Min. Deg. Mill. Bania Corfira III an J F.urope 4* 20 N 9 40 li IJAT »VIA Java Ills Eail India Alia 6 oS 106 — Bayonne G.irciuiy France I'.nrope 43 30 M 1 20 W Bciud Anifiiii Ireland Iv.irope 54 58- 6 ,5- Belgrade Servi.i Turky iMirope 4 J — 2 1 JO E Belviili.'fe Mona Turky I'.nrope 37 — 2 2 0— lisncoo'cil Sumatra llLind Alia 4 S lOI & Bfiieveiito Napltrs Italy ivirope 41 IS N 1; 30— Bi-'n'm lien ill Guinea Africa 7 JO — 5 0— Bergen KcTgen Norway I'.uropj do — 6 0— Beri IN Brandenberg Gtrttiany F.urope 5^ 40 — '4 50— Bernii'k Berwick t.tigland F.urope 55 40— 1 40 \S' Beililclicm I'aleltiiie Tu ky A'ia 3' 3°~ 36 oE Bilboa Uif.ay Spain I'.'irope 33 30— 3 oV/ Bifonio N.ii'lcs Italy Ivirope 4« 20 — 17 40 E Plenliciin Swabia Germany Europe 48 40 — to 2; — Bologna Romania Italy Europe 44 3— 1 1 40 — Bolcigiie I'icardy France Europe 5° 40— 1 30— Bambrty Bombay Ifle Kail India Arta ■ 3 30— 72 0— Biinn Cologne (JiTmany Europe 50 35 — 7 so- Borneo Riirnto Ide I'.iirt India .■Ilia 4 50 — il 1 30— B"STON Mairacliulets N.Englatid America 42 24— 71 oW Kourileaux Guienne France Europe 44 50— 40 — Bourbon Lionois Fratice Europe 46 3 3 — 3 45 ^ Brandenberg Brandenberg Germany Europe 5^ 25 — 13 0— Bieda Brabant Netherlands Europe 5' 40— 4 40 — Bienien Lower Saxony Germany iMirope 53 25 — 8 20— Brtllaw Silefia Bohemia Europe <;i •5 — 17 0- Prdt Britany France Europe 48 25 — 4 30 W BrJhuega New Caftile Spain F.urope 4« — 3 20 — Bridgetown Barbadoes Ide N. America America '3 — 59 0— Brill Voorn Ide Holland Europe 5' 5=— 4 oE Bril'ac Sftabia Germany I'.urope 48 10 — 7 15 — Briftol Somcrfttfliire England Europe 5« 30— 2 40 W Bruges Flanders Netherlands Europe S' i6- 3 5li BriiiU'wick Saxony Germany Europe 5^ 30— 10 30 — Brussels Brabant Netherlands Europe SI — 4 06 — Buda Hungary Lower Europe 47 40— 19 20 — Buenos Avres Li Plata S. America America 36 oS 60 oVV Burfa Gitliyiiii Turky Afia 40 30 N 29 E Bury St. Edmondc C. Cachao Suffolk England Europe 52 22 — 32— Tonqiiin Eart India Afia '. 1 30— 105 oR Cadiz Aiidalulia Spain Europe 36 30— 6 40 W Cagliari Sardinia Uland Europe 39 — 9 12E Cairo, called "i Giand Cairo j Lower Egypt Africa )0 — 33 0- v7a]ais Picardy France F.urope 5' — 2 0— Calecut Malabar Eaft India Afia II 20 — 7; — Cambodia Siam Eaft India Afia 12 30— 104 — Cambray Cambray Netherlands Europe S° '5— 3 >5— Cambridge Cambiidgi-fliire England Europe 52 '5— 5— Cambridge, New MjlTacliufets N. England .-America 42 c — 70 4W Candia Candia llland Afia 35 3c— 25 oE Candy Ceylon Jfland Afia 8 — 79 f— Canl'o Nova Scotia N. America America 46 — 62 oW Canurbury Kent Etigland Europe 51 iG— I 15E Canton Canton China Afia '3 25— 112 30— CapeotGoodHope Caffiaria Hottentots Africa 34 30 S 16 20 E Cape Coaft Caltle Guinea Gold Coaft Africa 5 oN Cape Horn Del Fuego Ifle Patagonia S. America 57 30 S So o\V Capua Naples Italy Europe 4' 20 N 15 IC Carlefcroon Blekiiig Sweden Europe 56 20 — 15 0— Carline Cumberland England Europe 54 45— z 30VV Carthacena Murcia Terra Firma S. America 37 4C-- » 5 — Cartliagena Carthagena Spain Europe 1 1 — 77 0— Carthage Tunis Barbary Africa 36 30— Q E Cafal Montferrat Italy Europe 45 — » 3 3 — CafTel ■ Heffe-Cairel Germany Eur.'iie 5' 20 — 9 20 — Caniglione Mantua Italy Europe 45 's— II — Cayenne Caribbcana S. America America 5 — 53 °W Ceuta Fez Morocco Africa 35 — 6 30 \V Chagre Darien South America 9 5 0— 82 — Cham'^erry Savoy Italy Europe 45 40— 5 4S— Charles Towk Carolina N. America America 32 3c — 79 0— Civiia Vecchia Pope's Territory Italy Europe 4» c— 1 a 30 R Cleve Wcftphalia Germany Europe 51 40— s 36- . Vol. I. _ c INTRODUCTION* n Pljces C-lclicfter C.cliin Cnlngri C'lliifiibo C<)in|ioftella Coni Coiiftance CoNSTANTINOPtP. Copenhagen Corintli Cork Cariinna Ci'iiitray Cracow Cremnni CrtlTy Cufco D. Dacca Dntnafciij D.intzick Delft D.lly Dclos Delphos Dtuxponts Derbent Deilingen Dieppo Domingo, St. Dort Dover Doway Dresden Drogheda Dublin Dunkirk Durazzo Dufleldorp E. Eckeren Edinburgh Egra Elbin Embden Ephefus Erzerum Erfurt Eflecfc Efcurial £xe(er F. Falkirk Fe, St. Ferrara Ferrol Fez Final Flerus Florence Flulhing Fontenoy Fontarabia Frankfort Frankfort Frankendal Frederica Friburg Friburg Frontiniac Furnes Furltenburg G. Gallipoli Gelders Geneva Genoa Ghent Piiiviiiccs. Kirux Milaliar Cologii Ceylon Gaiiua I'iedinont Swjbia Uoniuiiia Zdaiid Morta Miiiilitr (iHlicia l''l;iridiri! Liitlc I'l-lind Cremond'e I'icardy Peru Bengal Syria Prufiia Holland Delly Cyrl.icles Achaia l'.ilatiiiale D.igefiai) Wetteravia Normandy Hifpaniola Holland Kent Flanders Saxony Leinlter Leinrter Flanders Albania Berg Brabant Lothian Bohemia Pruma Einbdcn Ionia Turkomania Saxony Lower Hungary New Caftile Devonfhire Sterling New Romania Galicia Fez Genoa Namur Tulcany Zeland Hainault Bifcay Brandenberg Wetteravia Palatinate Georgia Swabia I'riburg Canada FUndeis Swabia Romania Gelrlcrland Savoy Genoa Flanders C'untfics. Q_artcr«. r.n^Iand i: lit i[.i:ii Cjtriaiiy Kil) India Spain Italy Gtrrniny Tuiky Dinmaik Tuiky Ircliiid Spain Netherlands Poland Milan Fianre South Eall India Turky Poland Netherlands Eall India Turky Turky Germany Perfia Germany France inand Netherlands England Netherlands Germany Ireland Ireland Netherlands Tnrky Germany Netherlands Scotland Bohemia Poland Germany Xalolia Turky Germany Hunjjary Spain England Scotland Mexico Italy Spain Morocco Italy Netherlands- Italy Netherlands Netherlands Spain Germany Gt'many Germany Carolina Switzer'and Germany N. America Netherlands Germany Turky Netherlands Italy Itily Netherlands I'.urope ."ilia i^unipe L'.irojie 1, .110(^0 l'.ur.)j e Kuri.|ie E irope l.u ope I' ninpe r.in.'ije t. ill pe Europe Europe Eijiope Aiiu-iica Alia Alia Europe Euro|ie Alia Europe Europe Europe Alia Eiiro| e Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe I'^urope Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Eirope Ameiica I'.urope Europe Africa Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe P>irope America Europe Europe Aniciica Europe Europe Europe I'.ii.cpe Europe I'.urope iiuii pe Lniltuilc 13, g. Mill. 51 5 (J N 9 30— 50 7 4! 4 + ■17 41 55 7 5« 43 50 I! 5° 'i 35 54 5^ 37 3ii 49 4' 50 49 18 S« SI 50 5' Si Si 5' 4« 5' 26 53 ,i7 40 5' +6 S6 36 4+ 43 33 44 50 43 5' 50 43 5' 5" 49 3' 48 46 43 5' 5' 46 44 S' 5c— c — o — '■5— 37— 3.,— 4''— 3c— 40— ic— 40— o o — lO o S 30 N '5 — G (1 — O 26 — 30 — 25 — 8— ss— 20 47— 10 — »5— o — 45— 16— e — %7— 15— »3- o- 50 10- 54 '5- 40- 9- o- o- o- 40 40- 50 44- o- o— 30- 30- 33- 30- 30- 40- 20- 22- 10- 30- o- 12- 50- 20- 10- 47 5°— 40 45- 35- 20- 30- o- Eon j-itui!* D,.^; . Mill. SrjE 75 0— b 40— 7— Wctteravia Germany Eurc>pe 5° 1 2— 8 45 — Cuba llland America 23 — ^4 8\V Palatinate S. Art erica Rnirpe 49 so — 8 40 E Htlciis V i.gini. Attica 16 OS 6 30— Tranlyl ania Europe .|6 32N J., oE Hildellicim Gi' ..any Europe 5^ •7— 10 0— Swabia Germany Europe 48 20 — 8 SO- Cuba llland America 20 — 76 SO \V Jamaica llland Ameiica 18 2C 76 5C Chili S. America Aniciica ,H OS 77 "cW James County Viij^inia America »7 30 N 76 c — Paldline Turky Afia 3' 3- — 36 51E Bavaria Germany Europe 48 4S — I 1 30— A'.illria GeriTi jny Europe 47 12 — 1 1 = 5— Siiff^.lk iin^laud Euiope 32 30— 50 — Iracajein Perfia Alia 50 55 — 6 0^ Wcliphalia G;rmany Europe 5» »— ' 7 — Po'olia I'c^Iand Kurope 40 — 26 30— Crim Tai tary Europe 4+ 55 — 37 — Kexholm Rutlia Earope 61 30— 30 — Jamaica inand N. America '7 30— 77 oW MuniU'r Ire-land Europe 51 32 — 8 20 — Ukrain Rullia •Eiirope 5« — 30 30 E Piudla Poland Europe 54 40— 21 — Swabia Gel many Europe 47 SO— 9 23— Alface Girmany Europe 49 12 — 8 — Tufcany Italy Europe 43 30— 1 1 — Saxony Getinany Europe 5' 20 — 1 z 40 — Red Ruffi* Poland Europe 49 — 24 — Upper Hungary Europe 48 5 5— ■ 8 6— ■ Achaia Turky Europe 33 — 23 — Fritfland Neilierlands Europe 53 20 — 5 35— Holland Neihtrlands Europe Si 12 4 — Liege Wellphalis Europe 50 40— 5 36— Lima Peru S. America i 2 30 S 7<5 0\V Limburg Netherlands Europe 50 36 N 6 5E M jnfter Ireland Euroj'e 52 3i — 8 30 \V Aiinila Germany Europe 48 18— 14 oE Flanders Netherlands Europe 50 42— 3 c — Ertremadura Portugal Europe 38 45 — 9 25 W Middlelex ■'.upland Europe 5t 3- — — Ulfter Ireland Europe 54 5 2- 7 40 w Pope's Territories Italy Eumpe 43 ' 5 • 5 oE ,Cape Breton llland N. America 46 50— 61 5o\V Little Poland Pi.land Europe 5' 3= — 22 ISE HoUlciii Germany Europe 5 + 20 — 10 3S — Lucern Switzerland Europe 47 c — 8 12 — Luxemburg Netherlands Etirop* 49 45 — 6 8— Lyunois France Europe +5 SO- 4 4 45 E 15 W New Ciftile Spain Europe 40 SO— 5 4cE Dvabant Netherlands Europe 50 5 5— 12 c— Saxony Getinany Europe 52 '5 — 4 6— Minorca llland Europe 59 50— z 3c— Majorca Ifle Spain Europe 39 30— 2 c — Britaiiy Prance Europe 48 40 — 2 oW Malacca liad India Afia I 30 — ICO oE Grenada Spain 4 Europe 36 40— 4 45W Ilia ; 11 tit INTRODUCTION. riaces. Malta Malincs,orMeclil IWantua Marpurg Marreilles Martinico Mafla Mecca Mentz Meflina Metz Mexico Milan Mittau Mocho MODENA Mons Montpelier Mofcow Mouful Munrter Munich N. Namur Nancy Nanrs Nankin Naples Narva Narbonne NafTau Nifines Norwich Norkopping Nuremburg O. Oczacow Olmutz Oliva Oporto, or Porte Oran Orange Orbitello Ormus Orfova Ofiiaburg Odehd Otraiito Oudenard Oxford P, Padua Faita Palermo Palmyra Fampeluna Panama Paris Parma Paffau Pavia Pegu Pekin Perfepolis Perth Peterborough Petersburch Peiitguaves Philadelphia Philippi Philiplbu'-g Pignerol Pifa Pifcataway Placentia Placentia Plata Plymouth Provinces. Countilts. Malta Itltf Brabant Mantua Heffe Provence Martinico Ifle Mafla Carrara Mecca Mentz Sicily Lorrain Mexico Milanefe Coiirland Mocho Modena Hainault Langiiedoc Molcovia Mefo|)otaniia Miinllcr Munich Namur Lorrain Britany Nankin Lavoro Livonia Languedoc Upper Rliine Languedoc Norfolk Gothijiid Franconia Tartary Moravia Ruflia EntreminhoDouro Algiers Provence Del Preddii Ormus Ifle Temcfvvaer VVeflphalia Flanders Naples Flanders Oxfordlhlre Venice Peru Mazzara Syria Navarre Uarien Ifle of France Parmcfan Bavaria Milanefe Pegu Pekin Iracagem Perth Northamptonfliire Ingria Hifpaniola Penfylvania Macedonia Palatinate Piedmont Tufcany North Hampftiire Eflremadura Parmelan Plata Devonfliire [an Medilerrune- Neiherlands Italy Germany France Wift Indies Italy Arabia Germany hland Germany N. America Italy Poland Arabia Felix Italy Netherlands I'rjnce Riiflla Turky Germany Germany Netherlands Germany France China Iialy Knflia France Germany France England Sweden Germany Turky Bohemia Poland Portugal Barbary France Tufcany Perfla Temefwaer Germany Netlierhnds Italy Netherlands England Italy S. America Sicily Ifle Turky Spain Terra Firma France Italy Germany Italy Eall India China Perfia Scotland England Ruina Ifland N. America Turky Germany Italy Italy N. America -Spain Italy S. America England Quarters. Europe I'-urope Europe Europe Europe N. Ameiica Eiirope Afia Europe Europe l-!nrope America Europe Euroj)e Afia Europe Eurojie Europe Europe Afia Europe Eurojje Europe Europe Eciioi)e Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Africa Europe Europe Afla Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe America Europe Afia Europe America Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Afia Afia Europe Europe Europe N. America America Europe Europe Europe E'lrope America Europe Europe America Euroj-e Latitude. Otg.Min. 55 15 N SI 10— 15 »°— 50 40— +3 '5— >4 30— 55 — 20 — — 30— 16— c — 25— 40— — 4f 45- 50 43 55 3'i 52 48 3 4— 36- 4S — o — o s— 50 30- 48 44- 47 3» 4' 59 43 50 »5— o — o — o 18— 21 43 40— 5» 43— 58 20— 49 30— 46 — 49 40— 5+ 20 4' 10 — 3S iO 44 10 4» 30 — 27 45 30— 5' 30— S' '5— 5« 45— 45 3C— 5 oS 38 30 N 33 0— 43 50— 9 — 48 '5— 4+ 45— 48 30 — 4S •5— '7 30— 40 — 30 3'^— 5^ ^5— 5- 33— 60 b— 18 5— 40 SO— 4> — 49 48- 44 45— 43 36- 43 5S— 39 45— +5 c — 22 30— 50 26— Lon;;Iiude Dc-g. Mill. 15 o 1'^ 4 22 — 11 15— 8 40- 2 0— ■ o>'. 40 K 30 — o — 4c— o — oW oE o — o — JO — 33 — 50— o — o — 10 3i— 5 10 43 8 '5 6 103 9 '4 (5 1 1 J 3 43 7 1 1 4 5° — 6 c— I 30 W I iS 30 E 15 o— '7 2 7 4 '5 11 3 5 16 38 9 o 4 12 56 22 7 2 '9 2 I '3 39 I 82 2 1 1 '3 9 97 117 .1 J — 40— zj — 25— 7 — 30— — — 45— 3C— c\V o 46 E o — c — o — 40— 45— '5— se- lf W 12 ISE 80 oW oE o — • 30W o - 2sE — 30— 40— — o c — loW 15E o oW — oE 8 16— 7 15 — II 15— 70 oW 6 o— 10 25 F, 36 30W 4 i!~~ INTRODUCTION. France Ejft India I'oriugal France Poriugal IVira firma Terra firma inand Illand C;ir< liiia S{>.iiri England Bohfrpia Taitary Huni^ary England RuHia S. Carolina Germany jiiU Place". P(o»iuce«. poiaiiTj I'oiOoii Pimdiclitrry Ctiiomandd Portalfgrt- Alenitjo Purt I'Oiienr Biitany Porio, — Europe 50 26— .Europe 40 — Europe 37 'S— Europe 5' 6— Europe 53 26— d Longitude D.g .Mill. 15E 80 — 8 oW 3 '5— 9 — 8a — fi7 30— '■5 — 77 5— bo 0— 6 30— 1 6— 67 ' + 20 E 37 40 — «7 30— 2 3 2— 35 81 oW 9 oE 74 oW 7« — 18 oE 4 CO— 1 2 2 8 C 12 5 — '3 II •5 so— 1 45 W 24 oE 28 — 24 — 1 sw 34E I oW '3 oE 4 20 — 1 6— 4 40— 9 0— 32 20 c 36W 6 10 — 21 oE '5 20 — I J5W 7 — 24 oE '3 — 66 — 58 — 27 30— I 20 1 ijW 4 o£ 81 20W 9 oE I 5— 37 — — 8 40— II — 72 30W 53 oK 3 .jW I 50— 4 45 E 3 35W 4 toE 27 30— 6 oW 2 2G 1 iC mi i xiv INTRODUCTION. Plicei ProTlneei. Counfriei. Quirters. Uiitudf. LongiiuW* Shefrnefi SherboroL'gh Shields Shrewsbury SlAM Sidon Sion Slefwick Stuys Smyrna SoilToni Solothurn Southimptoa Spaw Spire Stafford Steenkirk Sterling Stelin Stockholm Stoiktoti Scrairund STkAiSURS Stutgaid Suez Sunderland SVRAT Surinam Swerin Switz Syracure T. Tangier Tanjoup Taiagon Taranio Tarfus, or TaralTo Tauris.orEcbatana TZMESWABR Tervere Tetuan Thebes, or Sayd Thebes, or Thiva Thomas, St. Thoulon Thouloufe Tinmouth Tivoli, or Tibnr TOBOISKI Tockay Toledo Tolen Tongeren Torne Tolofa Tool Tournay Tours Trapano Trapefond Travemund Trent TRitasjorTrevei Triefte TaiFOLi Tripoli Trois Rivieres Troyej Troy Ruini Tubingen Tunbridge TUKII Turin Tyre U Vado Valencia Valenciennes Kent Guinea Durham ShropOiire Siam Arabia Valais South Jutland Flanders Natolia Ifle of France Soleure Hampfliire Liege Palatinate Staff'urHlhire IHiiinault Sterling Pomcrania Uplandia Durham Pomerania A I face Swabia Suez Durham Cambaya Siirinarff Mecklenburg Swiiz Sicily Fez Tangier Catalonia Naples Natolia Adirbfitzen Temefwaer Zealand Fez Upper Egypt Achaia Coromandel Provence Languedoc Northumberland Campania Siberia Upper Hungary New Caftile Zealand Liege Torne Catalonia Lorrain Flanders Oileanois Sicily Natolia Holftein Trent Treves Iftria Tripoli Syria Canada Champagne Natolia Swabia Kent Tunis Piedmont Paleftine Genoa Valencia Hainault England England England Eaft India Deferta Switzerland Denmark Netherlands Turky France Switzerland England Germany Germany England Nciherlands Scotland Germany Smeden England Germany Germany Germany Egypt El. gland EaO India S. America Germany Sniizerland Idand Morocco Eal> India S|iain Italy Turky Perfia iiannat Netherlands Morocco Egypt Turky Eaft India France France England Italy Rullia Hungary Spain Netherlands Germany Lapland Spain Germany Netherlands France Ifland Turky Germany Italy Germany Venice Barbary Turky N. America France Turky Germany England Barbary lialy Turky Italy Spain Netherlands Europe Africa Europe Europe Alia Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe El. rope Europe Europe Europe E. rope Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Africa Europe Alia Amerira Europe Europe Europe Africa Afla Europe Europe Europe Alia Europe Europe Africa AfHca Europe Afia Europe Europe Eurupe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Ana Europe Europe Europe Europe Africa Afia America Europe Afia Europe Europe Africa Europe AGa Europe Europe Europe Deg. Mill. 1 o\V 49 28- 47 lb— 50 5^- 50 32— 49 !(,— 52 50— 50 45 - 56 1^ — 53 30— 59 30— S4 35 — 38- 40— o — 5+ 55— 21 6 54 47 37 30— 30— o — o — *5— 1 1 o 2 101 4» 7 y ■7 i 7 I s 8 2 4 3 •4 18 I '3 7 9 54 I s<> 1 1 8 '5 o— 50 E 46 w oE •5 — 20— 45— ij— — 21— s— ,oW 50E 6W 8B 50W 50 E o— oW 22 E 35— o — 30— oW 20 E cW 30 E 30— 5— 3 5 40— I I o — 41 6- 40 32 — 37 o— 38 20 — 45 55— 38- 40- o- 10- o- 5- 35 *7 38 »3 43 43 40— 55 o- 42 o— 57 30— 48 10— 39 45— 51 SO- SO 54— 65 45— 40 45— 48 45- io 37— 47 25— 38 o — 42 25 — 54 30— 46 s- 49 55— 7 0\V 79 30 E '5— 15— — I 18 15 46 3c- 22 o- 3 6 3* ^4 80 6 I 35— 35W 20 B 46 33 5- 30— 34 30— 46 45— 48 39 48 51 36 44 50— 32 32— 44 16- 39 zo~ 50 24 — '5— 10 — 26- '4— 2 — 5— oW >i 35E o— o— I2W oE 22— 45— 15— 42— 30— 45— 8— 42 20 — 10 45— 11 o — 10 — o 6 '4 14 30— 36 75 4 26 8 o 10 7 36 IS— o\V 5E 30— 55— 16 — o — 16— o — 9 8F. o 3;W 3 »3 E Plictt. Villadolld Vallangin Veit, b«. Vinict Vtnlo ViKA Cruz Verduti Veron« Vcrraillei Verue Viana Victoria VllNNA Vieniie Vigo Villa Franca Vil a Viciofa Villivurdcn Ulm Uina Undcrwald Upfal Utbino Uri XJcica, nr Byferta Utrecht W. Waradin Warsaw Wartvick Waic.tbrd ■Wtimir V citicnburg W 1 J W I minder WciHar We«ford Weymouth Whidah, or Fidah Whitehaven Wiburg Wiburg Wicklow WiLLIAMSBUaCR Williamltadt Wilna Wincheifea Winchefter WindTor Wifmar Wittenburgh Wolfenbuttle Wologda Woodftock Woolwich Worcefter Worm* Woronetz W^urtfljurg Wynendale X. Xalifco Y, Yarmouth York YijRK, Ntw Y(rre$ Yviea Z. Zant Zeits ZiLL Zerbft Zug Zurich Zutphtd I T R O D U C T I O N. Provincei. Countiies Qiiarteri. Latitude. Longitude Dig. Min. Deg. Min. Old Can lie Spa^n Europe 41 36N 4 50\V Vallangin Switzerland Europe 47 '0— 6 40 E Cirinihia Germany Europe 45 40— 1$ 0— Venice Italy Europe 4! 4°- 13 0— Giielderland Neiherlandi Europe Ji 34— 6 ao— Tlafcal* Mexico America i» 30- ■ •0 oW Lorrain Germany Europe 49 •4— S loB Venice Italy Europe 45 »o— 8 0— Ide of France France Europe 48 46- 9 16W Piedmont Italy Europe 45 0— 8 oB EnireminhoDouro Portugal Euiope 41 40— 9 'S^V Bifcay Spain Europe 4} 6— a 45— Auftria Germany Europe 48 10— 16 20E Dauphiny France Eurupe 45 35- 4 44— Galicia Spain Europe 4* '! — 9 18W Piedmont Italy Europe 43 45— 7 8E New Caftilc Spain Europe 40 50— 3 20W Brabant Nctherlandi Europe ;i 0— 4 10 E Swabia Cermauy Europe 48 H~ 10 0— Ljpland Sweden Europe 63 50— 18 0— Underpaid Switzerland Europe 46 30— 7 0— Upland Sweden Europe 60 — 17 30— Pope's Dominion! Italy Europe 43 40— 13 50 — Uri Switzerland Europe 46 50— 8 30— Tunlj Bdtbary Africa 37 0— 9 30 — Uiiecht Netherlands Europe 57 7— S 0— Upper Hungary Hungary Europe 47 '5— 21 so- Warfovia Poland Europe 5» '5— il 5 — WarAicklhire England Europe 52 zo — 3 0— Waterford Ireland Europe 51 la— 7 0— Saxony Germany Europe 5, 0— II 25— Lower Hungary Hungary Europe 47 "- 18 30— Somerfetlhire England Europe 51 20— * 3SW Cleves Germany Europe 51 37— 6 5E Middlefcx England Euiope SI 30— — Wetferavia Germany Europe so 30— 8 i$ — Wexford Ireland Europe 5a IS — 6 25W Dorfetihire England Europe SO 40— 2 34— Guinea Slave Coafl Africa 6 0— 3 oE Cumberland England Europe 54 30— 3 16W Jutland Denmark Europe 56 20— 9 16E Finland RuOia Europe 61 0— 29 0— Wicklow Ireland Europe s» s°— 6 30W Virginia N. America America 37 20— 76 30— Holland Netierlands Europe 5« 44— 4 20E Lithuania Poland Europe 55 0— 2J 15 — SulTex EngUnd Europe SO S8— 50— Hampfhire Eniiland Europe SI 6- 1 24W Berkfliire England Europe 51 28— 39E Mecklenburg Germany Europe 54 >S— II 3' — Saxony Germany Europe 53 20— 12 20-~ Brunfwick Geimany Eur )pe 52 20 — 10 30— Wologda Rudia Europe 59 0— 42 20 — Oxfordlhire England Europe 51 SC- I I7W Kent England Europe SI 30- loE Worcefterfliire England Europe 5» 15— a ISW Palatinate Germany Europe 49 38— 8 5E Belgorod Rudia Europe 52 0— 40 0— Franconia Germany Europe 49 46— 9 SO— Flanders Netherlands Europe $« 5— 5 0— Mexico N, America America 22 20— no oW Norfolk England Europe $* 4S— a oE Yoikfhire England Europe 54 0— SOW York N. America America 41 0— 72 30— Flanders Netherlands Europe 50 54— a 46E Yvica ine Spain Europe 39 0— 1 0— Zant Ifle Venice Europe 3 7 $0— 21 JO— Saxony Germany Europe 51 0— 12 20 — Saxony Germany Europe s* $2— 10 — Saxony Germany Europe 52 — »» 33— Zug Switzerland Europe 46 55— 8 ,s- Zurich Switzerland Europe 47 S»— 8 30 — Zuiphen Netherlands 2 Europe 52 IS— 6 0- 9f XVI I N T R O n ^^ C T I O N. TABLE IF. Slewing tie Suh's riue, Dec'inaticn, rime cf Rijin: flud Setting, Length of Dnp, and Dtglmhig and Ending of 'twilight, cm Hey intxery M.nthjcr the Letitude of London, according to the hew Stile, 1 75^. 1 Sun's Kii. I.ri U'tii Tttiliglu Months Sun 51 l.ic- P eclin. anil Sett. II. M. M. of Days b<[;. cuds. , / H. M. H. M. 11. [an. 20 :s 1 45 «9 5'S 7 48 5 H 24 5 4.< 7 Feb. I') X 1 ';-i 10 ^'~. 6 55 6 10 10 5 7 March ii. T i ';•-> I 4N 5 .-i^ 7 12 8 408 April 22 8 2 1 + 12 li—4. 4S 8 '4 24 2 38 10 May 22 U I II 20 25-'4 S 8 15 44 12 30 1 2 funtf 22 a J 23 29—4 42 8 b 3& N'r> Ni^hl till July tlic icth. July 21 t 2S ,;o 20 24—4 7 S 15 46 41 It Aug. 20 A 27 I-" 12 29— 4 53 8 14 H 2 21 10 Sfpr. 19 TIB 26 27 I 29— 5 5' 71 '2 '4 408 Oil. i'( ^26 6 10 I S 6 /;o 61 10 2'J 5 7 Nov. 18 ni 26 14 '9 18-7 4.i 5! « 34 5 45 7 Dec. 22 ^f I 45 ^i 19 — IS 12 4J 7 3fa 5 58 7 B L E III. Of lie I i^kt Aftn/icH, Declination, LjiituJ', and Longitude of fame of the mofl eminent fixed Stats, taken from Senex's celeftial G:obe, i f.f, for the Ufe of the Learner. tr ;:; Ninies and Conllcllations. K. A. D cclin. Latitude. L ung. Aldebaran, in Taurus ^5 15 16 15 N e 4 4)N 6 n Aliofh, in Urfa M.ijor 189 30 51 30 54 6 Ol^R Alcair, in Aquila ^9i 45 8 30 29 30 28 O;^ Albiero, in Cygnus 289 45 27 30 55 •9 XX Aridef, in ditto 307 45 44 30 59 30 3 30 X Acharnar, in E>idanus 23 30 59 30 S 60 oS '3 OX Alfeta, in Corona 230 45 27 15N 40 30 iN 8 On; Ardurus, in Uootes 210 45 20 3'^ iO 33 ^3 Oic Alenguc, in Lyra 277 38 30 61 30 II ;3> Bcliatrix, in Orion 77 3" 6 '5 15 45 17 n Betelgtfuzt', in ditto 84 30 7 30 2^ 30 16 >5 Bentrnaez, in Urfa Mijor 20+ '5 50 30 74 30 ^3 onR Canobus, in Argo-Navis 95 ^0 53 oS 76 10 >£ Callor, in Gemini 109 80 3 J 30 N 9 45 S i6 Caftor's Bfother, Pollux, ditto III 45 28 50 7 ON '9 30 Capella 73 45 45 23 •7 n Cor Hydra, Hydra's Heart i3« 30 8 '5 22 30 24 Oil Cor Scorpio, Scorpio's Heart 24i 26 4 45 5 45 t Cor Leo, called liegulus 148 «3 45 26 Oil Deneb, in L-o Major '73 45 16 3" 12 30 iS Dubbce, in Urfa Major 175 55 30 47 30 2; 30 En if, in Pegalus 322 15 S 45 72 30 28 x: Fomahant 341 3' 21 30 Mai-hal, in Pegafus 342 '5 '3 30 19 20 Ox Mencar, in Ceius 41 3^ 3 15 12 10 » Procyon, in Canicula III 6 15 22 OS Pes Centaurus 216 30 59 30 42 30 26 Ojtl Regel, in Orion's Foot 75 •5 9 15 3' 12 30 n I. Star, in the Girdle of Orion 79 30 I 23 '7 30 2. ditto 80 30 2 24 18 30 3. ditto 81 >5 3 25 30 '9 30 X Schear, inPegafus 342 15 i6 15 31 26 Sheder, in Cailiopei 5 30 55 15 46 30 3 80 OB Sirius, in Canis Major Spica, in Virgo 98 16 30 39 15 12 A 198 9 45 2 20 Jl Upper Pointer, in Urfa Major ibi 30 ^3 30 50 12 Lower Pointer, ditto 161 20 58 46 16 .Q, Vindemiatrix, in Virgo igz 12 30 16 ■5 30 1 The INTRODUCTION. XVM »if a.tJ ttiktn The USE cf the GLOBES. P R O B li E M S on the T i: r r n s r r i m. G i, o u e. I' R O B. I. The Latitude being given, to retlify the Globe for that Place. Lrt it bt rtquiicd toreflify the globe for the Latitude of London 51" 32' north, and Madr d 40" 10' north, proceed thus: Turn the I'ole on which the dial-plate is fixed towards the vcrg^- ut ih- 1 lor. 7. in, n:[);)ing or movin/^ ihe i^iobe baikwariis or forwards in the notches of the Horizon, till the I loriz in Ill's the Brazen Meridi.in in 51" fz' (viz.^a little more than 51 and a halt) lo is the globe n Allied for the latitude of London ■, that is, the North Pole will then be elevated 51 ' 31' a- bove the 1 1'lnzon •, and London bfing brought to the Meridim, will then be in the Zenith, or right iij), and at equal ililLince from all parts of the Horizon. Prptcli the I'ole till the Horizon cuts the Brazen Mrriilian at 40" 10', and you have then the po- fitmn ot t!u' inhabitants at Mulrid ; and turninjj the globe till Madrid romes to the Meridian, you will lind it in thi- Zenitli, or top of the (>l()bf, under 40" 10'. Note. If It were iei]uired to riality the Rlobe for fouth latitude, then you mull elevate the South Pole to the given hiiiude ir.llca.i of the North I'oie ; but this is better explained by the next Troblem. P R O B II. The Liililtidi nii.l Longitude of any Place vive;:, to find the fame. I'irft, You are to obfervo whetlier the longitude be reckonetl from London, or from the firft Me- rid an ; for on Ibme globes thcr firll Meridian begins 23", on others 20°, and on Senex's globes iS" writ of Lond.)n •, but if once you know where the firlt Meridian is on the globe, it is very eafy to know the difFeicnce from the Mfridian of London. Example. 'I'here are two certain pl.ices, one has 17° 30' north latitude, and 77° 5' welt longitude ; the other is 3+" 30' louth latitude, and 16° 20' call longitude from London ; I demand what places ihefe are ? Ride. For the firft place, I elevate to the North Pole 17° 30', becaufe it is 17" 30' north latitude : then I turn the globe to the right hand, or eallward, (becaufe the place lies wellward) till 77' 5' upon the Equator, counted from the Meridian of London (which has a cypher thus (o) on tlie luquator) pilfrs through or under the Meridian : or, in other words, I turn the globe till 77" 5' wcltwatd is brought under the Mt-ridian, and here I fix the globe with a quill thrult in brtween the globe and t;^e Horizon ■, then I look under the latitude 17° 30', (which is in the Zenith) on the Meridian a-top of the globe, and under 17" 30' on the Meridian 1 find Port Royal, in Jamaica, the place required. For tne fecond place 1 elevate the South Pole (though there is no orcafion to elevate the Pole baiely to find a place, but it is betrer, becaule you have then the real fuuation of the inhabitants) to the givtn latitude 34° ■^o Ibuch, and then turn the globe till 16" 20' ealt longitude of London come uadcr tlie Meridian. I"hen I look under the latitude 34° 30' on the Meridian, and juft under this i find the Cape of Good Hope, the place required. P R O B. III. The Latitude of any Place given, to tell all thofe Places that have the fame Latitude. Drfiiiiticn. All thofe places that have the fame latitude, have the days and nights of the fame length at the la nr time of the year. Rid: B ing the given place, or places, to the Meridian, (fuppofe London sT 32', and Madrid 40" 10' nort.'i) then tuin the globe, and all thofe places that pal's under 50' 32', have the fame lati- tude as London, viz. Prague, in Germany, &c. and all that pafs under 40" 10', have the fame latitude as Madrid, which you will find to be Pekin nearly for one, and many other places. P R O B. IV. ' ' • To tell the Difference cf the Latitude of Places. Here are two variations, or rules. lirft. If the Altitudes be both north or both fouth, then fubtraft the lefs from the greater latitude, and the remainder is the difference, or anfwer. Thus between London and Madrid is 12° 32', the firft being 50° 32', and the other 40°. And between Candy and Stockholm is 52° 30', for Stock- holm is about 59'' 30' north, and Candy 7° 30' north. Secondly, If one place lie on the north, and the other on the fouth fide of the Fquator; (that is, if one be north and the other fouth lautude) then add them both together, and their fum is the difference of the latitude required. Thus Copenhagen is 55" 40' north, and the ifland of Madagafcar is 19' 30' fouth j thefe added together make 75" to', the difference of latitude required. Vol. 1. P R O B. The jcviii INTRODUCTION. [r |! I' k O H. V. Tbt LongiluJt of any Plaagi^-eHfrom any Mnidiati, to Ull ihofc Plata having the fame I.ongiiuJt. This is done after che lame manner as tlic oilier, only here the anfwer will be on ihc l-'.quator, ai ilir other* were on the Mrriili.in. \Vr would know what jilactj have the Tame longitiuie as London, and the fame longitude as Moll ow. 1 lie Uiili- i', bring London to the Mrriili«n, then all thnfe places on the p.lohe (from the North Pole to the louth part of the I lorizon) that lir under the elc is wiili more propriety 179" weft longitude, Jor ib'i" taken from jao" there remains 179", whuh IS neirci to the given place than iSi". Rule. 1 1 le are two variations. I-tiJt, It the placi's lir both raft or botli weft of the firft Meridian, or where you reckon the longi- tude from, VIZ. it thry both be eaft or both weft longitude, then fubtract one from the other, you have the dilTerence. Thus Jrrulalcin is found jC* 15' eaft longitvidc from London, and Pekin Ii7»eafl longitude, therefoie fubtraft ^f-" if/ trom 1 1 7', and there remains Su" 15' dilFerence of longitude eaft or weft •, that is i'tkin is S^" i^' ealt longitude of Jcrulalem i or Jerulalem is bo" 15' weft longitude of Pekin. Secondly, If one place be eaft and the other weft longitude of the fiift Meridian, (fnppofe London, or any ether Meridian) then add their longitudes together, and the luni is the diticrence of longitude required. Example. To know thediftcrence of the longitude between Jerufalem 36" 15' eaft of London and Port Royal in Jamaica 77" 5' weft. Here as one is eaft and the other weft, add 36° 15' and 770 5' together, and their fum makes 113° 20' diflerence of longitude : that is, Jerufalem is 1130 20' eaft of Pore Royal, or Port Royal is 1 1 ;?° 20' wrft of Jerulalem. Example. Pekin in Ciiina is 11 ;• eaft longitude, and Port Royal is 77" 5' weft ., add thefe fums together, and 194° 5' will be found the difterentc of longitude ; hut betaufe it is more than j8o" fubtrai:1 194° 5' from 3»o°, and there remains 1C50 ^r,' the dillcrence required. Moft of the following problems are common to both globes. P R O B. VII. The Day cf the Month given, to find the Sun's Place in the Ecliptic. Rii'e. The day of the month being given, look on the inner calendar on the new globes, and you have the fign and the degree of that lign that the lun is in for that day, according to the New itile. If it be upon old globes, look on the outward calendar, you have the fign and the degree of the fign. N. B. It may be further obferved, that the calendar ufed through Europe is the calendar for N. S. viz. New Siile, and is always known from the other, becauie it has the faints days, and Icveral other things wrote upon it on the Horizon. Example. To know the fun's place in the Ecliptic on May the 21ft, N. S. March the 21ft, June the 2ift, S>-ptember the 22d, and D-cember the 21ft. Look for thefc days of the months in order as they ftmd in the new calendar ; (viz. for N. S. be- fore defcribed) and right againft the day of the month, in the innermoft circle on the Horizon, is found the fun's place among the figns as follows : Thus right againft May the 21ft is found fof n Gemini : and alfo on March the 21ft is found he enurs t Aries : on June 21ft he enters 23 Cancer: on September the 22d he enters £, Libra : and on Dtrcember the 21ft he enters y Capricorn. Note, That in every problem and operarian hereafter, except Old Stile be mentioned, it is to be undcrftood for New Stile, viz. N. S. and latitude always means north latitude, except exprefTed fouth. P R O B. Vlll. The Sun^s Place given, to find the Bay of the Month. This is only the reverfe of the former problem ; for having the fun's place given, fcek it in the innermoft circle among the figns ; then againft that degree in the calendar N. S. you have the Day of tlie month required. 4 Example. eight INTRODUCTION. \iX / x.imf\'f. Ti) know what time of the yrir t !•■ Ion h in i° o'' u, as .1II0 when hefntrr? v. w, ^^ •nil >.r : pforer.l accor 'my to th^* riiir, aiul yuti wll liml tli- diys fn lie M.ty the 21I!, M.irch tiiu 3ttl, Jjiie the lilt, Sei'Cciiibcr ihc n I, a.ut Deccmbei tlie 2ilt, ami ilic lait. 1' K O B. IX. T'-e iMiiuJe and Day cf the Month given, t'^'i I the Stm'i Pluce in the Ecliptic, riU rei/Ify thClolesfirU/f, Rile. Find thr fun's plafe on the lliirizon by Preh vii. and having noted whit d'^ree he is in, 1 )r),t upon the hcliptic on thr ^lobe, and find the lanie fign and degree at you did nn the I lorizon i ih II t)rinj5 thi% deqree of thr- hclipti; very can-killy to the yadiiated td^;'' of the Hr.izen M-ridian, an I holding th-^ glob.- ^f,\ ly turn the indrx exactly to tlic upper twelve, (which rc'p.cf nr< tw; Ivc at no in) and thu3 is (rie globe rectified for ih.it day \ and the liegrt-e of the I'.cliptic that lies iin lir tlu I'.qiuior reprefentj the fun's plate at noon, or twelve oMiick, tiiat day. N'jti, The Af^""i'>mer'a liiy ii reckoned from, or bc-jina at twelve oVlock \ and if you fix the quadrant of altitui. 1 the latitude in the Zenith, the globe will be tonii>leaily reckuieJ. P R O B. X. To find the Dccirtiilien of the Sun on aiiy Day of tie Tean Rule. Havi.ig found the fun's place in the tcliptic for the yiven day, brina it to the Brazen Mcrulian, and oblerve wiiat dcjjree of the Meridian it lies under, and whether it lie on the north or iin the fouth lide of the I'.quator, for that is the declination leijiiired, which is cillrd iiorr'i or louth declination accordingly. Thus on Apiil thr iift the fun has 1 1" ju' north di-clinatuii, .i.id oa May the 21II he has 20° ^u declination, but on 0>^tubi-r the 27th he has 12° jo' luuili declination. P R O B. XL The Latitude and Day of the Month given, to tell the Hun's MaiJian Altitude, viz. his Height at Neon. Rule. Bring the fun's place to the Meridian, and obferve what de(»rep of the Meiidian the fun's place is under ; for thofc degrees on the Meiidian that are intercepted, or lie between the louih verge of the Horizon, and the degee which is over the fun's place on the Msridiau, (counted on the Meridian) is the fun'.s Meridian altituile required. I hus is found his Meridian altitude at London, May the -.sift, to be 59°! but on Noveni'.i^r the 5th he has but 23° jo' altitude. P R O B. XU. The Latitude and Day cf the Month given, to tell the Sun's Altitude at any Twe. Example. On May the ?.i(l, at nine in the morning, and at five in the afternoon at London, to know the fun's altitude or hi-ight. RuL'. Rcftify the globe for the latitude, and bring the fun's place (i" n) to the Meridian, an J the index to the upper twelve on the dial-plate •, then fkrew the quidrant of altitude in the Zenith, (viz. the left edge of the nut mull be fixed on the Meridian at 51" 32') then turn ih ulobe till tiia index points to the hour, viz. nine in the morning -, this done, fix the globe by thrull.ng in a quill between " and the Horizon : laftly, turn the qudrant about till the gr.-iduated or figured edge touch the fun's place, (viz. 1° n) and t! e degrees on the quadrant, counted from the Horizjii upward o.n the quadrant, is his height at that time, viz. 43" 30'. Then turn the globe till the index points ta five in the afternoon ; and alio turn the quadrant on the weft fide, (without unfkrewing it) till it touches the fun's place, and you have about 24° on the quadrant, his altitude at that time, N. B. At N'jrthCape (viz. north latitude 72°) at nine in the morning May 21, he will be but about 320 high. P R O B. XIIL The Latitude given, to tell the Rifuig and Setting of the Sun, and Length of the Day and Night at any Time of the Tear in any Place. Rule. Rcftify the globe, (viz. elevate it for the latitude, bring the fun's place to the Meridian, and index to the upper twelve) then turn it till the fun's place comes even with, or lies righi againlt the inner verge on the eaft fiJe of the Horizon, then the index will (hew you the time of the fun's rifing : turn it to the weft fide, or verge of the Horizon, and the index will flicw the letting. Uf thus, having got the hour the iun riles, count how many it wants of twelve, for lb many hours will it fet after. Thus, if the index points to four in the morning at rifing, it will of couife let at eight at night, &c. Note I. If you double the time of rifing, tliat is, double the hours it wants of twelve at the time of rifing, it gives you the length of the day from lun-rifing to fun fetting. Note 2. It you fubtraifl the length of the day, from fun rifing to fun-fetting, from twenty-four, the remainder fliews you the length of the night, twilight included. Proceed thus, and you will find the fun, on May 26, at L')ndon, to rife about four in the morn* ing, and fcts at eight at night. Now double what he wants of twtflve at rifing, viz. eight hours, and it gives the length of that day at London, viz. fixtecn hours. P R O B. m m XX INTRODUCTION. P R O B. XIV. To tell the Sun's right Afcevficn. Bring the fun's place to the Brazen Meridian, and note what degree of the Equator is cut by the Meridian, for that is his right alccnfion required. To know the fun's right alcenfion on iVlarch the 21ft, June the 21ft, September the 2r.d, and Decrmber the 2 ift. Find the fun's piare for theit different days, and bringing; it to the Meridi.in, it is found the Me.-idian cuts the Equator in o, in 90 in iSc, and in 270, his right afccnfion requiird. Notc^ Whfn the fun enters t, March the Mfl, he has no right afcenfion, becaufe itiscounrcd from, or begins at r ; therefore, on iVIarch the 20th, he mult have his greatelt right alcenfion, viz. yj^f. P R O B. XV. To find the Sun's obUque Afcenfion and Defcenfion at dry Ti'ue, and in any Latitude. Rule I. Rcdlify the globe for the latiiude, and bring the fun's place down to the eafttrn verge of the Horizon, then obferve what degree the Horizon cuts the Equator in, for that is the oblique alcenfion recjuircd. 2. Turn the globe till the fun's place come to, or lies level with the wel>?rn verse of the Horizon, and the degree of the Equator cut by the Hor zon is the oh' que dffcenfion required. Thus on March the 21ft, June the 2ilt, September the 22d, and December the 2i(l, viz. when the fun enters t, s, =5=, anJ >f, you will find his oblique alcenfion will be o, 56, 180, and 304. And on the lame days his oblique defcenfion will be o, 12^, iSo, and 237 and a half. P R O B. XVI. 'The Latitude and Bay of the Month given, to tdl the Sun's rfeenfionai Difference, v!z. hew much he rifes or fct' before and after fix ; and ccnfequently to tell the Length cj the D.r.s, fu/pfe th^re zvere no Iiid "7 PROB. INTRODUCTION. nc P R O B. XX. Ti&<.' Latitude and L'e:fgth of the Day given, to tell what other Day of the Tear will be of the fame Length. Rule. H^ving found the fun's place for the given day, bring it to the Meridian, and obferve well its declination 1 then turn the globe till fome other degree of the Ecliptic comes under the fame degree of declination under the Meridian ; this being done, fee what day of the month anfwers to the fun's place then under the Meridian, tor that is the day required, which you may eafily prove. Thus you will find that July the 13th, and Augult the 20th, is of the fame length as May the 26th, and April the 17th. P R O B. XXI. Thi Latitude and Day given, to tell the Beginning, Ending, and {confeqttent'y) the Length, or Continuance of Twilight. Definition, Twilight is that faint light which begins immediately after the fun fets in the evening, 4nd continues till he is i8° below the Horizon -, and it begins in the morning when the fun comes within I S" ofthe Horizon on the eaft fide, and ends when he rifes : therefore it is plain, that twilight is not only longer when days encreafe in length, but it is alfo much Itronger, as you will fee by the v;ork of me Problem. Obfervation. You were told that twilight begins and ends when the fun is iS" below the Horizon, and as the quadrant of Slcitude reaches no lower than the Horizon, therefore the Rule is this : Rcftify the glob!-, and bring the oppofite degree of the fun's place to the quadrant of altitude, fo that it touches juft 18° on the quadrant, (then it is plain that the fun's real pla>e will be deprefled 18° below the Horizon) then look on the index, for that will point (if among the morning hours) to the beginning or (it among the evening hours) ending of twilight. Note 1. What is meant by the oppofite place ofthe fun is this; it is that degree of the Ecliptic oppolite to (or iSo" from) the given place of the fun. Thus, fuppofe the fun was in v, then bring its oppofite fign (viz. £>) to 18° on the quadrant, fo will T be depreffed 18°, and the index will Ihew the hour. Niite 7. There is no real night at London (but twilight) from May the22dto July the 20th, the fun all that time being kfs than 18° below the Horizon. Proceed then according to the Rule, and you will find that on March the 21ft, and September the 22d, twilight begins about four in the morning, and ends about eight at night. The fun on thele days you know rifes and lets at fix. Add, therefore, the length of morning and evening twilight to twelve hours, (the length ofthe days then) and it gives fixteen hours; this fubtradled from twenty-four hours, leaves eight hours, the length ofthe real or dark night. So alio on April the 24th twilight begins about half pall two, and ends about half paft nine, which is in all f:ven hours. But on December the 20ih it begins at fix, and ends at fix, which is in all but three hours and forty minutes. P R O B. xxir. The Hour given, where you are to tell what Hour it is in any other Part ofthe TVorld. Rule. Bring the given place to the Meridian, and fet the index at the given hour; then turn the globe till the other place, or places, come under the Meridian, and the index will point to the real lime in the place required. Example. When it is two o'clock in the afternoon at London, to know the time at Jerufalem, and at Port Royal in Jamaica. Proceed according to the Rule, and you will find, that when it is two in the afternoon at London, it is twenty five minutes paft four at Jerufalem ; and but fifty-two minutes paft eight in the morn- ing at Port Royal. Or thus, by Prob.vi. Jerufalem is 36° 15' eaft longitud; of London : divide therefore ^6" 15' by fifteen, and the quotient is two hours, and the remainder is fix, which is fix times four, or twenty- four minutes, and the odd fifteen minutes, or miles, is one minute ; lb that the difference is two hours twenty-five minutes : and as Jerufalem is eaft of London, it has its hour before us, therefore it is twenty-live minutes after four in the afternoon. And thus for other places. P R O B. XXIII. The D'ly cftbe Month given, to tell thofe Inhabitants that will have the Sun in their Zenith {or over their Heads) on that Day. Obfyvation. This cannot happen to any other inhabitants but in the Torrid Zones, that is, to all fuch as have not above 23" and a half of Latitude, either north or fouth. Rm!c. Bring the fun's place to the Meridian, and obferve exaftly his declination for that day ; then turn the globe any way, and obferve what places pals under that degree of declination on the Meri- dian; for all fuch will have the fun right over their heads fome time or other on that day. To know what inhabitants, or places, will have the fun in their Zenith on May the 21ft. Proceed as direfted by the Rule, you will find St. Jago in Hifpaniola, St. Jago in Cuba, Cam- peachy, and many other places will pafs under that degree of declination, (viz. 20' north) and will have the fun in their Zenith that day. Vol. I. f Alf» ■, S ' ii xxn INTRODUCTION. ij: i'l Alfo on April the i6th the inhabitants of Porto Bcllo, the Oroonoko inands, Bay of Slam, Ific of Cejlon, and the Philippine idands, will have the fun that day in or near their Zenith. P R O B. XXIV. • • -■" ■■■■ •.•\ The Day and Hour given in any Place, to tell tbofe Inhabitants, or that Place, to which the Sun is thtH ■ ' ' 'vertical, viz, in the Zenith. ^ule. Bring the given place to the Brazen Meridian, and turn the index to the given hour; rfiis done, turn the globe till the indf x points to the upper twelve, or noon ; then look under the de- gree of declination on the globe for that day, for that is the very fpot, or place, to which the fun is then vertical. /(ixamjik. On May the 13th, at eight minutes pad five in the afternoon, at London, to know what place has the fun then in their Zenith. Anfwcr. Port Royal in Jamaica. N. B. There are two days in which the fun is vertical to all the inhabitants in the Torrid Zones ; which muft be when the fun has the fame declination, and in this Problem will be July the 27th, viz. the fiime declination as on May the 13th. Thus alfo you will find when it is thirty-three minutes pad fix in the morning at London, on April the 12th, and Auguft the 28th, the inhabitants at Candy, in the ifland of Ceylon, vyill have the fufl, then nearly in their Zenith. P R O B. XXV. To tell the Biftance from one Place to another in Degrees and Minutes {viz. Miles) in an Arch of a great Circle : * as alfo their Bearing, or Situation, in refpeil of each other. Rule. Bring one of the places to the Meridian, and elevate the globe for the latitude of it, and fix the quadrant in the Zenith : then turn the globe till the quadrant touches the other place, and the decrees on the quadrant between place and place Ihews the diftancej and the quadrant at the fame time will cut the Horiion in the point of the compafs, called the bearing, or fituation, from the firll place. Example. To know the diftance from London to Port Poyal, Jerufalem, and Mofcow ; as alfo their Situation in refpeft of London. . . • ; Proceed according to the Rule, and you will find that from London To Port Royal To Jerufalem To Mofcow Deg, 68 ^^' ] viz f ^^760:- Miles. E. S. E. E.N.E. P R O B. XXVI. The Latitude and Day given, to tell what Time the Sun will be due Eaft or Wefl. Rule. Reftify the globe and quadrant r.s before direfted : then turn the quadrant till it touches the eaft or weft point of the Horizon -, this done, turn the globe till the fun's place for the given day comes to the edge of the quadrant (holding the quadrant to the eaft or weft point) fo will the index point to the huur of his being iue eaft or weft on that day. Proceed thus, and you will find about five minutes paft feven in the morning, on May the 21ft at London, the fun will be due eaft, and about five minutes before five in the evening due weft. On June the 21ft he will be due eaft about twenty-two minutes paft feven in the morning, &c. but on December the 21ft he is due eaft about thirty five minutes paft four in the morning, and due weft about twenty -five minute* paft feven in the evening. P R O B. XXVII. To find tie Antaci to any Place, (fuppofe London.) Bring London to the Meridian, and count on the Meridian from the Fquator as many degrees latitude fouth as London has north, (viz. 51^ 32') and there make a doi, for that is the place of the Ant£ci. P R O B. XXVIII. To find the Pcriaci to any Place. Bring London to the Meridian, and turn the globe till 1 80° of longitude pafs under the Meridian, then under the fame latitude as London, (viz. under 51'' 32' north latitude) make a dot, for that is the place of the Periceci, to be in the Great South Sea 51" 32' fouth latitude, aiul iSo" longitude. Thus alfo the Antipodes to Cape Antonia in South America is the Bay of Nankin in China : and the Antipodes to Barbadocs is a little flioal in the Streights of Sapy. • Kate, Sixty miles, or minutes, are reckoaod a degree ia general; but this is a vulgar error, fur it is proved that every degree on the earth's furf'ace in every great circle (fuch a? the Equator, Meridian, &c.) U fixty-iiiiie miks and a half: therefore muhiply the degrees by fixtynine and a half, you have the dIUance in Englilb miles. P R O li. INTRODUCTION. XXIU I ■ , ;.,... ;c P R O B. XXIX. to find the Antipodes. ' ' ' \ There are tlirec ways, but the two befl: are thefc : 1 . Brin.g London to ihe north verge of the Horizon, which is done by flipping the globe up and down till London lies clofe to the edge of the Brazen Meridian, and dole to tlic Horizon on the north : thifi being done, lool^ Qn the louth verge of the Horizon clofe to the Brazen Meridian, and there make a dot on the globe, and you have the Antipodes. 2. Bring London to the Meridian, and turn the globe till 180° pafs through the Meridian, and there fix the globe j then count from the Equator fouthward on the Meridian 51° 32', and you will find the fame dot to lie clofe tothe Meridian ('at fi" 32') below the ibuth pare of the Horizon. PR O B. XXX. 'the longeft Day in any Latitude given, (fuppcfing London, fixteen Hours and a Half) to tell in zubat other Latitude the longejt Dny is one, t-wo, three, &c. Hours longer than in the given Place. Rule, Reftify the globe for the given latitude, (viz. London) and bring the folfticial Colore (vtz. 2b) to the Meridian ; then where the Horizon cuts the Tropic of as m?ke a dot on the Tropic at the verge of the Horizon : this done, turn the globe weftward, till 70 and a half of the Equator pafs under the Meridian, and then make a fecond dot on the Tropic againft the Horizon as before ; then turn the globe back to its firitpofition, (viz. to is) and then clevaw the pole, till the fecond dot appears at the edge of the Horizon, and the Horizon at the fame time will cut the Meridian in the latitude required. Proceed as above, and you will find that in the latitude 560 20', the days are one hour longer than at London. 2. If you want to know the latitude where the day is two hours longer than at London, then pro- ceed as before, only inllead of c.iuling 7" and a half to pafs under the Meridian, you mull now turn the globe till 13" pafs under the Meridian, and make then a lecond dot on the Tropic and proceed as before. Note, If you want to know the latitude where the longeft day is an hour (hotter than at Londot>, only turn the globe ealtward inftead of weftward, till feven degrees and a half pafs through the Me- ridian, and make a prick on the Tropic, and deprefs the pole till thii lies even with the Horizon,, you will find the latitude about 45° and a half. Thus for two hours longer about 60°, for four hours about 64" 20' i but for two hours fliorter the latitude is about 35" and a half. ROB. XXXI. ^Iiiy lime not exceeding fix Months given, to tell that Latitude, or thofe Places, where the Sun ivill not fet for all that time. Note, That t-venty-eight days are here reckoned to the month. Bring the given time into days, and take the half of the number of days ; but remember to abate one, if the half exceeds thirty ; then count from Cancer on the Ecliptic the fame numbt-r of degrees as the half amounted to, and where this reckoni.Tg ends make a dot on the Ecliptic. L-aft!y, Bring this dot to the Meridian, and as many degrees as arc intercepted, or lie between the dot and the pole itfclf, counted on the Meridian, is the la.itude required, Fxample. The place, or latitude, is demanded where the fun does not fet for the fpace of four months and fixteen days ? This is in all one hundred and twenty-eight days, the half is 64'', abate i" is 63° •, this I count from 23 on the Ecliptic, and make a dot, and bringing it to the M':ridiaii, it is found there are nearly goo between the dot and the pole, viz. the latitude is Ho", which is at Smith's Inlet, the upper part of Greenland. So alfo in the latitude of 85*, he fets not for five months two weeks. And in the latitude of S6" 30,, for five months three weeks and three days j and in the latitude 90", not for fix months •, as you will fee by the next Problem. P R O B. XXXII. To tell in the Latitude ninety (the longeft Day there king fix Months) hovj hng it ccntinues to be tivilight after Sun fet ; and how long their 'Night is after twilight ends, before tiviligbt begins again. Note, Remember you were told before, that twilight begins and ends when the fun is 180 belov^/ the Horizon, and that on September the 22d the fun begins to fet to the inhabitants at the North Pole, and to rife to the inhabitants at the South Pole; lb that twilight begins September the 22d to the inhabitants at the North Pole 1 tiiercforc Rule I. Eiev-iie th^; pole to the Zenith, and turn the globe till forae degree of the fun's place in the Ecliptic lit s under iS" of the Brazen Meridian, and under the fouth part of the Horizon, and you will find it 240 m, vi/,. November the 14th, the ending of twilight i that is, they have twilight from September the 22d, to November the 14th, and then ihcy begin to have dark nights (lave the adv.uiuge of the Moofi) till the 24th of January, lir 6 2. Turn » *'1 i ^ xxlv INTRODUCTION. 2. Turn the globe till fome other point of the Ecliptic comes under 1 80 as before, and you wiU find it about 5° of :s, which anfwcrs to the 24th of January, the beginning of twilight to the inha- bitants at the North Pole, and then on March the 21ft he rifes with them. Thus it appears, that the length of their day (from fun-rifing to fun fctting) is from March the 21(1 to September the 2 1 ft. The length or continuance of twilight, is from September the jift to November the 14th, and from January the 24th to March the 2 ill, in all about one hundred and ten djys, and their real night is from November the 14th to January the 24th, viz. about feventy-one days. Note, The fame holds good to the fouthern inhabitants at the South Pole, for he tifes with them when he enters to , Ardlurus in Bootes r, ,„' ,r' P^.„-I in r>rinn ahnnr 1 c"" '.c,'. and Sirius. or rhe Doe-Star, about 08". &C. &c. about 210' 45', Rcgel in Orion about 75'' so', and Sirius, or the Dog-Star, about 98", &c. &c. P R O B. II. The Latitude given, to tell the oblique Afcenfion and Befcenjton of any Star. Rcdtify the globe, and bring the ftar down to the eaftern verge of the Horizon, and the degree of the Equinoftial that is then cut by the Horizon, is the oblique afcenfion required. Turn the ftar to the wcftern fide, and the degree of the Equinoftial, cut by the Horizon, is the ftar's oblique delcenfion. Proceed thus, and you will find the oblique afcenfion of Regel to be about 86° 30', of Marhal in Pegafus about 325°, and of Aldebaran, or Bull's-eye, about 43° 30'. Turn each of thel'e to the weftern fide, you will find their oblique delcenfion 64% 360° nearly, and 87". - Note, There is this difference between the right and oblique afcenfion and defcenfion of the fun and ftars : for the fun's oblique afcenfion, &c. differ every day in the fame latitude, but the ftars oblique afcenfion is every day the fame. P R O B. III. To tell the Declination of the Stars. As for the fun's place, fo alfo here, bring the given ftar to the Brazen Meridian, and obferve what decree of the Meridian lies right over the center of the ftar, for that is the declination cither north or fouth, according to which fide of the Equinodlial it lies. Thus you will find the declination of Aldebaran to be about 16° 45' north. The upper Pointer to the Pole in Uria Major about 63°?, and the lower one nearly 58°!, but Regel in Orion I find about 8°i fouth, and Cor Scorpio about 26° fouth declination, &c. &c. P R O B. IV. The right Afcenfion and Declination of any Star given, to find the fame at once. Bring the given degree of right afcenfion on the Equator to the Brazen Meridian, then look under the degree of declination on the Axeridian, and you will find the ftar at the Meridian under the oiven degree of declination. Thus, fuppofe it was wanted to find Aldebaran, whofe right afcenfion is 65° and his declination 16" 45' north : firft bring 65° of the Equinoftial to the Meridian ; and looking under i6° 45' north declination on the Meridian, is found Aldebaran. So alfo Sirius has 98° right afcenfion, and 16° 30' fouth declination; therefore bring 98" of the Equinoftial to the Meridian, and looking under i6"> 30' fouth declination on the Meridian, is found Siriusjuft at the Meridian. The fame tor any other ftar. P R O B. V. fo tell the Riftng and Setting of the Stars, and the Point of the Compafs atr) Star rifes or fets upon in any Latitude, and on any Day of the Tear. Reftify the globe, and bring the fun's place to the Meridian ; then turn the globe till the given ftar comes to the eaftern verge of the Horizon, and the index will point to the time of rifing, and the Horizon will fticw the point it rifes upon : turn it to the weft, and the index will point to the time of fetting, and the Horizon will ftiew you the point it fets upon. Proceed thus, and you will find that Aldebaran, on November the fifth, at London, rifes a little paft fix in the evening, and fets about nine in the morning. The point he rifes upon is eaf. north- eaft, and the point he fets upon is weft north-weft. But Regel in Orion, the fame night, rifes a 8 little INTRODUCTION. kxr little before nlnr at nighr, and fcts about half paft feveA in the morning. The points of fifing are weft by fouth, and fetting caft by fouth. Note, The ftars rile and fct every day on the fam; point of the compafs, though at contrary hours. P R O B. VI. To till the Time, viz. botv many Hours any Star continues above the Horizon, from its Ri/ing to its Settingy in any Latitude. Rcftify the globe, then brin» the ftar to the eaftern verge, and note the time of rifing ; then turn the globe to the weftrrn fide, and the number of hours that paffed through the dial-plate tells you the continuance of that ftar above the Horizon. Thus Aldcbaran is found at London to continue up from the time of his rifing on any day (for ex- ample take December the 25th) about fifteen hours; and Kegel about ten hours and a half. At Stockholm Aldebaran continues up above lixteen hours ; but at Fort Royal he continues up but about twelve hours three quarters. P R O B. VII. To tell the B'Jlance of om Star from another in Degrees and Minutes, in tbf Arch of a great Circle, To this Problem are three variations ; 1. If the ftars he under the lamt Meridian, bring them to the Brazen Meridian, and the degrees intTCcpted between them, counted on the Meridian, is the diftance required. Thus is found the two pointers in the Great Bear to be about 5"i dillant from each other ) and Aridef and the Dolphin's Eye about 29° I diflant. 2. If they lie under the fame declination, bring the firft (at pleafure) to the Brazen Meridian, and note the degrres cut by the Equator ; then bring the other to the Meridian, and note how many degrees difference has pafied through the Meridian, for that is their diftance required. Thus is lound the difference between AflTengue and Caput Medute to be about iit°k; for AfTengue ( 38' f declination) being brought to the Meridian, cuts 277° 30', viz. 82' 30' from leaf«nt fight of all the ftars from pole to pole ; for they" rile and fe-t with them at right angles ; therefore no Itar can cuntinue above twelve houts above tills Horiz'jn. • v ; : . .:■.■■;:.•; j- • P R O B. X. To ««ca' at any Time of the I'ear (in the Latittfd. of London) -Mhere to find any Star, or to tell the Nam of ar^ Star at Pleafure. „ > •.! • ' .-,- ..... • "2 Rcdify the globe for the clay, and turn it till the index points to the given hour ; then by a qua- drant take the height of the required Uar j or, for want of this (in a common way of guefling) ob- ferve well what part of the heavens it is in, viz. whether eaftnorth-caft, fouth welt, or the like; as alfo its height as near as you can guefs. This being done, let the globe in due order for the day and hour, and you will find the lamcftaron iIm: globe j and, by applying the quadrant, you will find the exaft point of the compafs, and the real height the liar then has, which, though not perhaps near to what you guefled it at, yet, if it be any noted ftar, you may aflfure yourl'clf yuu were right, as there is no other ftar of note near it about that height, and upon the lame point. Thus, on December the 25th, at eight at night, was obferved a bright Itar (is near as can be gueffcd) on the Ibutheaft point, and about 48" high ; It is dcfired to know what ftar it is ? Anf. Aldebaran. I reflify the globe, and turn the index to the hour, and then turn the quadrant to the given point of the compsfs, and l(!oking about 480 high on the quadrant, Aldebaran is found to be the nearell bright ftar by the quadrant on that point and height; therefore I conclude it is Aldebaran. Alfo at three quarters paft ten, the fame night, was fecn two very bright ft^rs one on, or near, the Meridian, about 30' high, and the other near the fouth eaft point, and ablongitutie from «r, or rather 26" ia m i and thus for any other ftar. P R O B. xir. The Latitude and Day of the Month given (Juppofe December 25, at Nine at Night at London) tofet the Globe fo as to reprefenl the Face of the Heavens at that Time, andjhev) your Acquaintance the Name and Po/ition of the moft eminent fixed Stars. Reflify the globe fo. the latitude, and bring the fun's place to the Meridian, and the index to twelve : then turn the globe to the given hour, viz. five minutes paft nine at night, and there fix it, fo will every ftar on the globe (if you fe'. the globe north and fouth) correfpond with, or point to the fame ftar in the heavens. Thus (at London) is found Capella eaft by fouth about 75" high, Caftor and Pollux, one about 40" and the other about 45"' high, n:;ar the eaft point : Procyon below them, to the left hand, 23' high eaft-footh eaft : Sirius yet lower, to the left, fouth-eaft about 10" high: Betclgeuze higher, oti the fame point, about 38° high •, Regel, more fouth ward, about 2 0" high : Aldebaran, on the fame point, much higher, viz. about 53" : the Seven Stars, or Pleiades, louth nearly about 62<> hi^h : Mencar, fouth by weft 400 high : Aridef, north-weft about 26° high, &c. &c. P R O B. XIII. To tell the Time of the acrcnical Ri/ing and Setting of any Star. Definition, t. The acronical rifing of a ftar is when the ftar ri<^: - j.;" at the fun-fet. 2. A ftar is laid to fet acronically when it fcts with the fun. Bring the lun's place for the given day to the weftern fide of rne Horizon, and all thof: ftars that are on, or near the eaftern fide of the Horizon, rife acroni. ally ; and thole on the weltcrn verge of the Horizon fet acronically. Thus it is found on December the fixth, that Aldebaran rifes acmnically, but itfets acronically on May the 21ft. Alfo Sirius rifes acro'nically on Fcbru.»ry the fourth, and fees acronically on May the fourteenth. p R o a INTRODUCTION. xxvu P R a B. XIV. I'o toll tic cofmical Ri/mg and Silting of the Stars in any Latitudi. Dcfiaiilsn. i. A ftar is laid to rife cofmically when it rifes w.th the fun. 2. A (tar is faid to let cofmically when it fets at fun-riling. Rfdify the globe, &c. and bring the fun's place to the ealtern fide of the Horizon for the given day, then all ihofc ftars cut by the eaflern verge of the Horizon rife cofnicaliy. The globe ftill jemaining in the fame pofition, look at the wcftern verge or cdgt of the Horizon, and all thofe ftars cut by it, or that are very near it, fet on that day colmically. ' Thus is found that Atfturus, and two fmall liars in Hercules's Thigh, rife cofmically September the 25th. Alio two liars in Eridanus, Aflengue in Lyra, &c. &c. let cofmically. Marhal in Pc- f^afus is but juft below the Horizon, therefore may be faid to let nearly colmically, as it will with- n a day nr two. For tie lofmical fitting. Turn th; globe til! the ftar comes to the wellern fide (jf the Horizon, and oblerve the degree of the Ecliptic then cut by the eaftertl fide of the Horizon, for that will anfwer t9 the day of the cufmical letting. Thus Arfturus lets cofmically June the a 2d : alfo Aldebaran fcts cofmically December the aorh. P R O B. XV. ■ ■•■ To tell the heliacal ri/mg or felting of the Stars. Definition, i. Heliacal rifing is when a ftar once in the fun's beams gets out of them, fo as to be feen at the eaftern verge of the Horizon, juft before fun-rifing. 2. Heliacal fetting is when a ftar once in the fun's beams gc.s out of them, fo as to be feen fetting on the weftern fide of the Horizon, juft after lun-lct. Note I. This heliacal rifing and fetting of the ftars is different, according to their different mag- nitudes. For, Note 2, Siars of the firft magnitude are feen rifing and fetting, when the fun is but 12° below the Horizon. Stars of the fecond magnitude are not ptrfedly feen till the fun is i jo below the Ho- fizon. Thofe of ihe third degree, when he is 14". Thole ol the fourth degree of magnitude, when he is 15" below the Horizon. Thofe of the fifth degree, when he is 16". Thofeof the fixih degree, when he is 17° ^ and the nebulous, or fmall ones, nut till he is 18° below the Horizon, viz. about the beginning and ending of twilight. To find the hel acal rifing or fetting, the Rule is, reclify the globe, and bring the given ftar to the eaftern verge of the Horizon ; then fix the globe, and turn the quadrant to the weftern fide, till 1 2' of the quadrant touches the Ecliptic ; this done, note the degree of the Ecliptic that is cut by 12" of the quadrant on the weftern fide, (for then will the real place of the fun be depreffed 12° on the eaftern fide) for that degree fought in the calendar gives the heliacal rifing. The fame is to beobfervcd with the quadrant on the eaftern fide of the heliacal fetting. Thus you will find Alde- baran rifes heliacaliy July the fourth, fets heliacally May the fifth : and Sirius, the Dog Star, rifes hcliacally about Auguft the 26th. Note, The poets, and others, formerly ufed to reckon their Dies Caniculares, or Dog Days, from the heliacal rifing of Sirius ; but they did not agree when they ended. Some reckoned them to continue thirty or forty, and others fifty days. However, in th s they agreed, that the weather at that time was very fultry and faint for five or fix weeks after the rifing of Sirius. But (as it was then, fo now) it is a ridiculous whim ; for Sirius does not now rife hcliacally till near September, though our Almanack-makers (for what reafon is not known) continue the beginning of Dog Days July the 30th. But, however, it is plain that Sirius can no ways be charged with bringing this fultry weather; becaufc three or four thoufand years hence he will not rife heliacally till November, and then, perhaps, will be charged with bringing as much cold by the fame rule. i m PROBLEMS in Navigation. P R O B. I. o a The Sun's Declination and Hour -jvhen he is due Ecfl given, to find the Latitude, "viz, the Elevation of the Pole. Reftify the globe to the fame latitude as the given number of degrees of declination, and fix the quadrant in the Zenith ; then convert the hours that the fun is due caft before, or after, fix o'clock into degrees, and count the fame number of degrees on the Horizon from the caft point fouthward, and bring the quadrant to that degree of the Horizon, fo (hall the degree on the quadrant that is cut by the Equator be the complement of latitude i which taken from 90% gives the latitude itfclf, or height of the pole. Example. Sailing May the 21ft, an obfervation was made that the fun was due caft about feven minutes paft feven in the morning, and his declination 20' north •, it is demanded what latitude I was in .'' Proceed by the Rule, you will find the latitude to be 51 of nearly P R O B. XXVlil INTRODUCTION. P R O B. II. !' (I Having the Sun's Azimuth at fix e'Clock, and Declination, to find tbe Latitude. Rule. As many degrees as are contained in the Azimuth given, fo much elevate the po!c, and fix the quadrant in the Zenith, and bring r to the Meridian : this done, count on the quadrant up- wards the complement of the fun's declination to ninety, and bring that degree to the Equator ; then the degree of the Horizon cut by the quadrant, (hall be the complement of latitude, counted from the fouth point, or elfe from the north, as it may happen, and the remainder to ninety is the latitude required } or othcrwife, the degrees counted from the other two cardinal points, either call or weft, as It may happen, will give the latitude. Thus is found the fun's azimuth, at fix o'clock, to be 120 15', and his declination 20" 10', what is (he latitude ? Work according to the rule, you will have the anfwer 38"; compiemenr, that is, 31°^ latitude required. P R O B. III. The Sun's Amplitude andafcenfiional Difference given, to find tbe Elevation of the Pole and Sun's Declinatioit, Rule. Raife or elevate the pole fo many degrees as is the afctnfional difference, and fix the qua- drant in the Zenith, and bring r to the Meridian j then count on the quadrant upwards the comple- ment of altitude, and move the quadrant till that ft.ne number on the quadrant cuts the If quator ; and the quadrant will cut the Horizon in the degree of the pole's elevation, and the Equator in the decree of declination. Example. An oblervation was made that the fun's afcenfional difference was 270 to', and hit amplitude 33° 20'i the latitude and declination is demanded ? /. - P R O B. IV. The Sun's Altitude Eafi, and his Declination given, to prove tbe Elevation of the Pole. Rule. Elevate the pole to the complement of the fun's altitude at eaft, and fix the quadrant in the Zenith, and bring ir to the Meridian •, then number on the quadrant of altitude the degree of de. clination, and bringing the fame to the Equator, obterve what degree the quadrant cuts the Equator in } for its complement to go" is the height of the pole. kxamp'.e. The fun's declination is 20" 10' north, his altitude at eaft (at London) is nearly 26*, it is dc-fired to know whether the fuppofed latitude C5i"i) agrees herewith in operation. Here fubtraft 36* from 90", and there remains 64'' complement of altitude, and elevate the pole accordingly, &c. Then bring r to the Meridian, and caufe 20" 10' on the quadrant to cut the Equa- tor, and yoi.1 will find it nearly 38*'i, the complement of latitude required j which fubtradled from 90° gives 51^1, the real latitude of the place. PROS. V. ' J. ..''^ The Sun's Declination and Amplitude given, to find tbe Height of tbt Pole. ■ ''" Rule. Elevate the pole to the complement df amplitude, and fix the quadrant in the Zenith, and bring r to the Meridian -, then count the fun's declination on the quadrant, and bring that degree to the Equator ; and the degree of the Equator cut by the quadrant is the latitude required. Example. Suppofe the fun's aaiplicude 3j° 20', his declination 20" lo', whjt'> the UciiuJc i . ■, Proceed according to the rule, yau will find it about 51* 30'. 1 25 ir have fufFei movi lyj great part it Am 100 d;lla betw turn! INTRODUCTION. XXIX Of the different Syftems of tlic WORLD. THE motions of the heavenly bodies have, from the infancy of time, engaged the attention of mankthd, and various hypothefes have been propoied to account for them, lome of *liicli were formed and forgotten in the lame age i and the reft, namely, the Ptolemaic, the Bralican, ami Coni- pofitc lyftems, prefervtd only as monuments of ancient inventions. As the Copernican, or true lular lyftem, is now univerfally adopted by every one that dcfervcs the name of an allronomcr, we (hall lay before our readers a copious explanation of that fyftem. The Copernican fyftem places the fun in the center, and fuppofes that the planets and cnmets re- volve about it at different periods of time, and at dili'crcnt dillances from ir, in the folloving order. Mercury, at the diftance of about 32,000,000 of miles, revolves about the fun in the fpace of 87 days, 23 hours, and r6 minutes. Venus, at the diftance of 59,000,000 of miles, in 2 24 days, 16 hours, and 49 minutes. The Earth, at the diftance of about 82,000,000 of miles, in 365 days;, 6 hours, and o minutes, or a Sydereal year. Mars, at the diftance of 123,000,000 of miles, in 6S6 days, 23 hours, .nnd 27 minu:es. Jupiter, at the diftance of 424,000,000 of miles, in 4332 days, 12 hours, and 20 minutes, or al- moft 12 yea s. Saturn, at the diftance of 777,000,000 of miles, in 10,759 days, 6 hours, and 36 minutes, or nearly 30 years. The comets in various, and vaftly eccentric orbits, revolve about the fun in dllTcrent fituations and periods of time, but too numerous to be inlerted here; nor is their theory yet fiilliciently known to calculate exactly their periodical times. Thefc are all the heavenly bodies yet known to circulate about ths fun, as the center of their mo- tions i but among the planets there are three which have fecondary planets, fatellites, or moons, revolving conftantly about them, as the centers of their motions i namely, the Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. The Earth has only one fatelliteor moon, which revolves about it in 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, at the mean diftance of about 240,000 miles, Jupiter is obferved with a teleicope to have four fatellites or moons conftantly moving .ibout him. The firft in 1 day, 18 hours, 27 minutes, at the diftance of 65 femidiameters from his center, as meafured with a micrometer. The (econd in 3 days, 13 hours, 13 minutes, at the diftance of 9 femi- diameters. The third in 7 days, 3 hours, 42 minutes, at the diftance of 14.5 remijiameters. The fourth in 16 days, 16 hours, 32 minutes, at the diftance of 25,5 femidiameters, Saturn has five moons continually moving round him. The firft, or that neareft the body of the planet, revolves about him in i day, 21 hours, 18 minutes. The fecond in 2 days, 17 hours, 41 minutes, at the diftance of almoft two and a half femidiameters. The third in 4 days, 12 hours, 25 minutes, at the diftance of three and two thirds femidiameters. The fourth in 15 days, zz hours, 41 minutes, at the diftance of 8 femidiameters. The fifth in 70 days, 22 hourr, 4 ininuti-s, at the diftance of 2^.3 femidiameters, But befidcs thsfe fatellites, he is furrounded by a thin broad ring, as an artificial globe is by its ho- rizon. This ring appears double when feen through a good teleicope. It is inclined thirty decrees to the ecliptic, and is about 21,000 miles in breadth, which is equal to its diftance from Saturn on all fides. There is reafon to believe that the ring turns round its own axis •, becaule when it is al- moft edgeways to us, it appears Ibmewhat thicker on one fide of the planet tiian on the otlier; and the ihickeft edge has been fcen on different fides atdilTerent times. The comets are folid opaque bodies, with long tranfparent tails, ifTuing from that fide which is op- pofite to the fun. They mjve about th« fun in very eccentric ellipfes, and are of a much oreater denfiiy than the earth -, for lome of them arc heated in every period to fuch a degree, as would vi- trify or diftipate any fubftance known to us. Sir Ifaac Newton computed the heat of the comet which appeared in the year 1680, when ntarcft the i'unj to be 2000 times hotter than red-hot iron and that being thus heated, it muft retain its heat till it again approaches the liin, even thoucrh its period fhould be 20,000 years, and it is computed to be only 575. It is believed that there are at ieaft twenty-one comets belonginu to our lyftem, moving in all lorts of diretElions ; and all tholt; which have been oblerved have moved tiirough the ethcrial regions and the orbits of the planets, without fuffering the Ieaft fenfible reliftance in their motions ; which lutficiently proves that the planets do not move in lolid orbits. Of all the comets, periods of three only are known with any degree of certain- ty } and of thefe that which appeared in 1080, is by far the moft remarkable. This comet at its greatcft diftance is about 1 1 thoufand 200 millions of miles trom'the fun, and at its Ieaft within a third part ot the fun's femidiametcr from his furface. In that part of its orbit which is neareft to t!ie fun, it flies with the amazing velocity of 880,000 miles in an iiour; and the lun as feen from ir, appears 100 degrees in breadth, contequcntly 40,000 times as large as he appears to us. Tlie ailoniQiine; dillance that this co.mct runs out into empty Ipace, luggefts to our minds an idea of the vaft diftance between the fun and the neareft fixed ftars, within whole attrailion no comet muft approach, that re- turns periodically round the fun. Vol.. 1. h The i 1 "''Ji i xax INTRODUCTION. Thf extreme ht-at, i! f denfe ntmclphere, the grofs vapours the chaotic (late of the comets, fcern, at lirll lighi, to ciciiare «hcm abluUi'dy uninhibitabie, aliot^tther unfit lor the purpolcs of animal lite, iir.a A molk mikrable habititi -n fur rational beings : ami hrnce fome arc of o[iin;on, that tiuy arc lo tiur.y hflls for tormenting the wicked with pi.rj;etv;al vioiritudes of heat and cold. But whtn we fonfulrr, on the other hand, the inlinite pjwcr and goodntliof the Deity, the latter inclining, and the f filler enabling him, to make creatures f.iitcd to all llages and circumltances ; that matter exilh only for the lake of intelligence ; and that wherrvcr we find -t, wc find it pregnant with life, or nc- cefl'arily lubfervient thereto ; the numberlels Ipecies the allonifhing di"erfity ot animals in earth, air, water, anil even in other animals •, every blade of grals, every tender le^t, every natural lluid, fwarm- in{? with life-, and every one ot thcle tnj >ying fuch gratifications as the nature and (late ot each re- quires : when wc relied moreover, that lome centuries ago, till experience undeceived us, a great part of the earth w.>s judged uninhabitable : when we confider, I fay, thele particulars, .ind a thouland othrrs that miyht be mentioneil, wc Ihall have realon to think, that fuch numerous and large rjiaffcs of durable matter, as the comets undoubtedly are, however unlike they may be to our earth, are not dellitute of bein^; c.ipahle of contemplating with wonder, and acknowledging with gratitude, the wif.iom, lymmetry, and beauty of the creation j which is more plainly to be oblervtd in their exsen- live tour through tne unbounded fields of fpace, than in our more confined circuit. or the Motion and Figure of the E A R T II. T X "^ F- fiive alre.idy obfervcd, that the earth revolves round the fun between the planets Mars and W Venus i nnd that it alio rcvciveii about its own ?xis in twmty-four iiours. 'I lie latter pio- duees the vicillkucies of d.iy and night, and the former th-; clian_>>e ot the Itafons. The revolution rcund Its axis is from weft to eait, which cai;les all the hea.enly bodies to move anparenily the con- tr.irv way, namely, from ta.t to >.ve:u Tl.h is very cafiiy conceiveij ; but its annual motion round ihf fun is .ittended with more ditriculty, and tiierefore we Ihall endeavour to explain it. It is eal'y to conceive, that the lun v.iil always enlis^hten one halt of the earth, and tiiat when the fun ia in the equinodial, the cirtle which terminates the enlightened and darkened heniin'heres, called the circle of illumination, will pals through the poles of the ear'h, tiividng the parallels of latitude into two equal parts : but as the tarth does rot move in the plane i i the equinodial, but in that of the ecliptii-, the axis of the earth wiil be inclined to that of the c;t ;'"^tic in an angle ut 2j dig. 29 min. and therefore the circle ot illumination will at all other times di-iUe the parallels of latitude into two unequal parts. Now, fince any parallel is tlie path or traifl which any place therein defcrilics in one revolution of the earth or 24 hoi;r , therefore that part of the parallel which lies in the enlightened hemilphere, will leprelent the diurnal arcli, or length of the day ; and that part in the daik hemUpherc wiil be the nocturnal path, or length of the night, in that parallel of latituile. Hence, as the ca:th always moves with its axis parallel to itfelf, and always inclined to the plane of the echptir, the northern parts will one time of the year be moie turned tuwards the .uri> and con- ftquently more enlightened than the fouthern ; a.-,d the other part of the year the foi diern parts will enjoy the fame advantage. Hence virious altc.a.ions of heat and cold, and length of days and nights, will enfue in the courfc of the revolution of the earth about tiie fun, which will coniliiute all the variety of fcalbns. We will begin the earth's motion on the 21ft of March, when the earth is in Libra, and confe- quently the lun appears to be in Aries, and is the vernal equinox. In this pofition of tlie iun all parts of the earth are equally enlightened from pole to pole, and all the parallels of latitude divided into two equal parts by the ih'clc of illumination -, confequently the days and nights will be equal, and the fun's heat at a mean between the greateft and leaft ; particulars that tonllitute the agieeable katon we call Ipi ing. As the tanh pafles from weft to eaft th. Jgh Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius, to the beginning of Capricorn, the fun will appear to move through the oppofite figns of the ecliptic, naniciy, Aries, Taurus, a'->d Gemini, to the beginning of Cancer-, during which time, by the inclination of the earth's axis, the northern parts will be gradually turned towards the fun, and the fouthern pares fr in it -, the enlightened parts of the arches of the parallels of latitude in northern paits will a'lo in- creale, and ihofe of the fouthern decreafe ; confequently the length of the days will increafe in the for- mer, and dccreale in the latter. And when the lun reaches Cancer, it will be the middle of that fea- fon wc call iiimmer in north latitude -, but in fouth latitude it will be the winter-lealon. The north frigid zone is, during the time of the fun's being in Cancer, wholly enlightened, and the pole turred as far as polTible toward the fu,n -, but as the earth inoves on, the north pole returns, the d.urnal arches grow gradually lefs, and the nodurnal greater ; conlrquently the fun's rays fall mere and more obliquely, and his heat proportionally diminilhes till the earth comes to .Aries, when the fun wi.l appear in Libra-, and thus produce an equality of light and heat, and of day and night, to -.11 parti of the svorld. This will be the middle of the feafon called autumn, and the day of the autumnal equinox, which happens about the 2 2d of September, Bii> as the earth move.- on through Aries, Taurus, and Cjcmini, the fun appears to move througli the oppofite figns Libr.'i, Scorpio, and Sagittarius-, the north pole is iinmnltrd in the dark henii- Ipherc, and the louth pole becomes enlightened > the north frigid zone is more and more obfcured, and calls the her as e any INTRODUCTION. xxxi and the foutli n'.ore anJ more cnlif^Iitcneil i all th? northern laiiiiu't's tmn lontiiiiialiy fioin the fun, by which means his i.iys tall on them more obhcjuily, ami p.ils ihiouyh u hrj^tr Imly ot the atmu- Ipiiere i the noihini-l arcii s ^^railiially increalc, ixnd the diurnal ihvrcarci all whuh contribute to form the dilmal kcnc we call winter •, the nildll of which is when ijie eaiih enters C'anctr, and the lun appears in Capricorn, wh.cli happens about the iill ot December. Lallly, as the lun continues movin^j on t'lom tlien^e through Cancer, I.eo, and Virgo, the fun ap- pears to pafs through Capricorn, Ac]uarius, and IM'ces i and all things change their appearance. The northern diinei begin to return, and receive more dirrdly the enlivening beams ol the fun, whofe meridian height everyday increales; the tiays Irni'/hen, the tedious nights caatrad tlieir arclies, and every thing contributes to advance the delighitul Iraliin of ths (p; ing. Thus have we followeil the earth round her annual orbit •, a;ul llie^vn how the various feafons, and length ot the days and nights arc formed by means of ihe inclination of the earth's axis to tiic ediptii. Had the earth's axis been perpendicular to tlu eciijitic, there could have been no divcility of fcalons, nor any dilfercnce in the length of the days and niglits. No alteration of heat and cold, fo agreeable now both to the torrid and (rozcn zones ■, but tlie I. .rue uniform eternal round ot unvariable luns |-,ad been our lot, fo foreign to ihe dilpofition of all maniiind, who arc charmed with vaiirty, and difg. died with the fame perpetual appearance, and undiveriified prulpeff. The oblic]uity of the ecliptic is theretore not to be looked upon as a matter of chance or indifllrency, but an inllance of wifJom and ilcfign in the adorable Author of nature, who does notl-.ing in vain. 'i'hus we fee that the fun appears to change his place daily, lo as to mike a tour round tlie ftarr/ heavens in a year, yet he is fixed in the center of the fyftem, and cmly moves in apjieaiance •, lor w!;e- ther it be, in reality, the fun or earth that moves, the phrunomena will be tl'.e iame; no obj-(StiOn therefore can be drawn againlt the earth's motion, from the apparent mot on of the lun. And it is well known to every perfon who has lailed on finooth water, or been carried by a rurr^'nt in a calm, that h:)wever (alt the veflel goes, he is not lenlible of her progrelFive motion. Now, as the motion of the earth is beyond companion more fmooth and uniform tiian that of a diip, or any machine made and moved by human art, it is not to be imagined that we can feel \:u motions. It is therefore no argument againlt the ea th's motion tliac we do nut ieel ir. If we could tranflate ourlelvcsfrom planet to planer, we nvniM flill iind that the ilars would appear of the fame magnitudes, and at the fame diilances from each other, as they do now to us ; b taufo the dimenfions of the remoteft planet's orbit bears no fenfible proportion to the liJltance of the tixetl (tars. But then the heavens would I'eem to revolve about very tiaTerent axes, arul confeqnently thele Cjuiefcent points which are our poles in the heaven?, would fcm to revolve aliout other points-, which, though apparently in motion to us on earth, would bj at rell feen from any other planet. Thus the axis of Venus, wliich lies almoll at right angles to the axis of tlie earth, wouM have its motioiUef'} poles in twooppofiie points of the heavens lying almoll in our equinotflial, where to us the motion appears cpiickelt, be. aufe it is performed in the greatell circle. And the very poles, which are at rell- to us, have the tiulckcil motion of all as feen from Venus. To the inhabitants of Mars and Jupiter the heavens appear to move round with very different velocities on the lame axes, which are aliout 2^ degrees and a half from ours. Were we tranfported to Jupiter, we lliould be amaz-d with the rapid motion of the heavens ; the fun and ftars appearing to move round in nine hours and lifcy-fix minutes. Cou'd wc go from thence to Venus, we fliould be as much liirprized at the flownefs of tlie heavenly motions •, the fun going but once round in 584 hours, and the Itars in 540. As it is impoflible thele various circumvolutions, in fuchdifTerent times, and on I'uch different axes, can be real, (bit is un- reafonable to fuppofe the heavens to revolve about the earth more than it does about any other pla- net. When we reflcdt on the vaft dillance of the fixed liars, to which 1 62,000,000 of miles is but a point, we are filled with an amazement at the immenfity of the iliftance -, but if we attempt to form anjdea of the allonilhing rapidity with which the (lars mult move, if they move round the earth in twenty-four hours, the thought lb far furpaffes our imagination, that we can no more conceive it than we doeternity, or an infinite number. If the fun moved round the earth in a day, he mull travel above 3000 miles in a mii.ute ■, but as the liars are at leall lo.oco times farther than the fun from us they mud move io,ooo times quicker. And all this to lerve no other purpole than what can hi as fully, and much more fimply obtained, by the earth's turning round eallward as on its axis every twenty- four hours, caufing thereby an apparent diurnal motion of the fun weftward, and bringing about the alternate returns of day and night. As for the expreffions in Icripture, which fcem to coritradi^t the earth's motion, one j^cneral an- fvver will be fufficient, namely, that it is abundantly evident to every impartial perfon, that as the fcriptures were never intended to teach men altronomy and phdofophy, fo the exprcflions relating to thele lliences are not always to be taken in the flriftell fenle, being adapted to the common appre- henfions of mankind. Men of fenfe, in .all ages, when not treating on the Iciences, aKvays ul'e the fame method -, and it would be in vain to follow any other in addielfing the bulk of mankind. Moles calls the moon a great light, as well as the fun ; but the moon is known to be an opaque body •, and the fmalleft aftionomers have obferved in the heavens, that the light Ihe calls upon the earth is not her own, but the light of the fun rtfledled. Many other inflances might be given if neceffar'- ; but as every f erlon who makes any prctenfion to learning, agrees in admitting the motion of the earth, any thing farther would be fuperfluous. The moll natural, and at the fame time, the moll certain method of determining the magnitude of the earth, is to meafure the length of a degree of latitude on the m.-ridian of any place; becaufe, as every circle is fuppofed to be divided into 360 degrees, if we find the lengrh of one of thefe divifions, S and ■: .M xxxii I N T R () D U C I O N. Ji ri: and multiply it by /o, we ftiall have the circuniJcrenccof ihe cartli in Come knoAn meifurr, fj] jiof- ing thecaith lu lie a Ijihrrr. Thus, if we Find the latitii.le of any pbrc, or ta!;c the aititmlf ot any known (hir with a g' « ' quadrant, and tliiii piotced liiru'tly northward vr louihwanl, till vm- find hy tlir f.tnic inllrumcdt thrtt the difference of luiituile is one degree, or the Unw liar is raiUd or diprcllcd one debtee > it is e.i- dent that we mull have i afTed over jiill one de^jree of the earth's Uirfac-, winch might therefore be known by adual menfiiration, wcri- it pciriblc to lind luth a pari of i!.e earth's lurtace exidly even, fphcrital, and under the fame meridian. Uut this can hardly he expefted, except in fome very low and level country, which being over- flown in the winter, and the w'.ter converted into ice, the frozen furlatc nnnht b(; lufTicirn'ly accu- rate. Accordingly SnfHus attempted this in Holland, by meafurinf; the dillance between a tower at Leyden and another at Souttrwode three times over, and then a llraif^ht line in the meridian on the ice i whence, by a tri{;onometrical procefs, he meaUired the lenin', of a degree, but feme error in the calculation rendered his intentions abortive. 1 Ins inducrd the in[^i'nious M. Mukhi-nbrocck ta attempt the fame thing anew in the year 1700, by forming triangles on the fumlanitntal bale ot Snel- lius, and happily fucceedcd. According to his incnfuration the length of a degne of the metidnii in Holland is 6<) Enylilb miles, and 711 yards-, which nearly agrees with the luenluration of our countryman Mr. Kirlurd Norwood, who found, by meafuring the dillancr between L(;iidon and York, in the year i<>j5, thit the length of a degree is lixty-nine l-'.nglilli miles and a half. But though the earth be of afphrrical form, yet it i« not a tiue Ipherc, but flatted at the pt^les, ami the diameter at the ecjiiator longer than the axis. 1 his is a natural conlccjuencc of its revolution round its axis. For all globes that have a circular rotation will be oblaie Ipheioids -, tlut is tlieir fiirlacrs will be higher, or farther from the center in the regions of the eiiuator, than in tholit ot th.' poles ; becaufe, as the former move with a much greater velocity than tlie latter, they will rcceile taiilier from the center of motion, and confcquently ciilar;',^ their diameter. I'liat our earth is really of :i ipheroidical figure, is dcmunitrable from the unecnul vibratiun!. ot pendulums ; lor it has been fuiin.l that pendulums fwinging ftconds muft be 2^^;^ lines flioiier at the equator than at the poles j a line is the twelfth part of an inch. This difcovery, which was made by M. Richer, in the year 1672, engaged the attention of the greatelt matliemaiicians of fc.uropc j and the illulbious Sir Iiaac Newton, by a moll fubtle theory, found, that the two diameters of the earth weie in proportion to each other as 229 to ?ju. And, from accurate inenfutaiions fince made in Lapland and Peru, it is demonftrated, that this proportion is very near the truth. The learned Dr. Long, in the full volume of his Allronomy, page 16S, mentions an ingenious and ealy method of finding nearly what proportion the land bears to the fea, namely, by taking the papers of a large terrcllrial globe, and after carefully feparating the land from the fea with a pair ot iciflars, to weigh them accurately in a pair of fcales. This luppofes that the globes' are truly deli- neated, and that the paper is every where of an equal thicknefs. The Dodlor adds, that he aflualiy made the experiment on the papers of Mr. Senex's feventeen inch globe •, and found that the lea pa- per weighed 349 grains, and the land only 124 ; whence it appears, that almoll three-fourths of the furface of our earth, between the polar circles and the equator, are covered with water -, and that lit- tle more than one fourth is dry land. The Doilor omitted weighing all within the polar circles, be- caufe afufficient number of oblcrvations have not been made in thele uncomfortable parts to diUin- guHh, with the neceflary accuracy, the proportion between the land and fea. Ht Of WINDS. TH E air is a fine invifible fluid, furrounding the globe of the cirth, and extending to fo.Tic miles above its furface. The atmofphere is that colledlion of air, and the bodies contained in it, that circumforibc the earth. The air has been frjund by a multitude of experiments to be both heavy and elaflic. Ky the former it is capable of fupporting other bodies, as watery vapours fumes, and exhalations from difFi-rt- nt b ,>- dies, in the fame manner as wood is fupported by water: and by the latter, namely, its elallicity, a fmall quantity of it is capable of being expanded (0 as to fill a very large fpace ; or of being com- prefled, or confined in a much fmaller compafs. A multitude of experiments have alfo demonflrated that air is comprefled or condenfed by cold, and expanded or rarified by hear. Whence it ibllow;, that if an alteration be madtt by heat or cold in any part of the atmofphere, its neighbouring parrs will be put into motion, by the endeavour t!it; air always makes to rellorc itfclf to its former (late; for experiments fliew, tlu' either condirilid or rarified air, will return to its natural (late, as faon as the caule, whatever it be, of that contletiia- tion or rarifadlion is removed. Wind is a ftream or current of air which may be felr, and ufu.iUy blows from one point of t'le horizon to its oppofitc; as from north to fouth, fromealt to weft, from foutliealt to north-weft, aud the like. Winds are cither conftant or variable, general or particular. Conftant winds are fuch as conti.Tue blowing the fame way, at lead fcT fcveral hours or day.s; but variable winds are fuch as frequently fliifc within an hour or a d.iy. 4 Agtncral Si't i:Mi;,)| m' 1 INTRODUCTION. XXXIIl A general wind is that which blows the fame way over a large tradl of the earth c!i;rin5 the grer'teft part of the whole year. A particular wind is that which blows in any place, fometimes oneway, and fumctlmes another indifferently. If the wind blow gently, it is called a breeze ; if it blows hnrder, a g:;k*, or a ililT cnle ; and when very hard, a florm. Experiments have fliewn, that the fwitmels of the wiml in a <^rfat iloriu is about fixty miles an hour ; and in a common brifl< e Rains. Ships in failing thefe fix degrees, have been fometimes detained whole months. The caule of this feems to be, that the wefterly winds fet- ting in on this coaft, and meeting the general ealleily winds in this tradt, balance each other, and fo caufe the calms ; and the vapours carried thither by each wind meeting and condenfing, occafioii the almoft continual rains. Vol. 1. i ,0. Iha: .\XX1V INTRODUCTION. • .,', y V (4 lo. 1 iiat between the fouthern latitudes of ten and thjrty degrees in the Indian ocean, the gene- ral trade-wind about the fuuth eaft by-l'outh, is found to blow all the year k,ng in the lame manner as in fin,il.i! i.uicuvles in the Ethiopia oiean ; and during the fix months between May and December, thele wiiuis reach to wiihin two degrees of the equator; but during the other fix months, from the beginning of Decc n.her to the beginning ol June, a north-weft wind blows in the traft lying between the third and tenth degrees of louth latitude, in the meridian of the north end of Madagafcar, and bctwtcii the Icuiiul and twelfth degree of fouth latitude, near the longitude of Sumatra and Java. ) I. Th.it in the tracl between Sumatra and the African coaft, and from three degrees of fouth la- tiuKif quite r.orthward to the Afiatic coaft, including the Arabian fea and the Bay of Bengal, the mon- loon"- hliiw from September to April at north-ealt, and from March to Oiftober at fouth-weft. The fliifung of thele inonfoons is not all at once \ and in fome places the change is attended with calms, in fome witli vaiiabje winds, and in others with tempclls; a{id fuch is their violence, that they render the navigation uf thefc parts very uniafe at that time of the year. Thefe tempefts the feamen call the breaking up of the monloons. We have already oblerved, that the atmofpherc furrounding the earth is an elaftic fluid ; and its lower parts being prefled by the weight of all the air above them, are fqueezed the clofer togethetj and confcquently the denlell: of all at the earth's furface, and gradually rarer the higher they afcend. 'I he weight ot air (ullained by every I'quare inch at the earth's furface, is found by experiments on the air-pump, and alio by the quantity of mercury the air balances in a barometer, to be fifteen pounds i therefore every Iquarc foot muft fultain 2016 pounds; confequently every middle fized man, whole furface may be about 14 Iquare feet, is prefled by 28,224 pound weight of air all round; for fluiils prcfs equally up and dowi. and on all fides : but brcaufe this enormous weight is equal on all fidi-s and countrr-balanced by thr j[)ringof the internal air in our blood vefleis, it is not felt. We often feel ourlelves languid and dull, and impute the caufe to the air's being heavy and foggy about us ; but this is a millake : the caulc arifes from its being too light, as is evident from the mercury's finking in the barometer, at uh.th time it is generally found the air has not fufficicnt gravity to bear up tl.e vap urs wiiich tompoiV tiie clouds ; for when it is otherwife, the clouds mount high, the air is nioie eLilic and wrighty about us, by which means it balances the internal fpring of the air within U-s braces up our blood-vedels and nerves, and renders us brifk and lively. 1 lie atfi-.olphere is alfothe raufe why the heavens appear bright in the day-time; for, without an attrol'phere, that part of the heavens only would (hine in which the fun was placed : and if an obfer- ver touid l;ve without air, and (hculd turn his back towards the fun, the whole heavens would appear as dark as in the night, and the ftats would be feen as clear as in the nodurnal flcy. In this cafe we fliould have no twiliyht, but a momentary tranfition from the brighteft funfhine to the blackeftdark- ncis in.n.ediartly n cer fun-fet ; and from the blacked darknefs to the brighteft fun-(hine at fun-rifing : but by means of the aupofphere we enjoy the fun's light, reflefted from the aerial particles, before he rifes and after he lets ; for when the earth by its rotation, hath concealed the fun from our fight, the atmofphere being ilill higher than we, has his light imparted to it; which gradually decreafcs till he has got eighteen degrees below the horizon, and then ?11 that part of the atmofphere above us is dark. From the length of the twilight Dr. Keil calculated the height of the atmofpherc, fo far as it is denfe enough to refled the light, and found it to be about forty-four miles ; but it is feldom denfe enough at two miles height to lupport the clouds. Of the T I D E S. BY the tides is meant that motion of the waters in the fea and rivers, by which they are found re- gularly to rife and fall. 1 he general caulc of the tides, or flux and reflux of the fea, was difco- vercd by Sir llaac Newton, and may he deduced from thi following confiderations. Daily experience Ihews that all bodies thrown upwards from the earth, fall down to its furface in pi rpendicular lines ; and as lines perpendicular to the furface of a fphere, tend towards the center, iheretore the lines along which all heavy bodies fall arc directed towards the center of the earth : and as thofe bodies apparently fall by their own weight or gravity, the law by which they fall is called the law of gravitation. A piece tf glals, amber, or fealingwax, being rubbed againft the palm of the hand or a woolen- cloth till warm, will draw fmall bits of feathers or other light fubftances towards it., when held fufli- ciently near thofe fubftances : alio a magnet or load-ftone, being held near the filings of iron or fteel, will draw them to itielf ; and a piece of hammered iron or fteel, that has been touched by a magnet, will acquire a like property of drawing iron or fteel to itielf. And this property in fome bodies, of drawing others to thcmfelves, is called attraftion. Now, as bodies tall towards the earth by their gravity, it is not improper to fay itattrafts thofe bo- dies ; and therefore in refpefl to the earth, the words attradlion and gravitation may be ufcd for one another, as they imply no more than the power or law by which bodies tend toward^ its center. The incomparable Sir Ifaac Newton, by a fagacity peculiar to himfelf, difcovered, from many ob- fervations, that this law of gravitation or attradfion was univrrfally difl^uled throughout the world ; and that the regular motions oblerved among the heavenly bodies were governed by this principle ; fo that the eaitli .'.nd the moon attrafted each other, and were both attracted by the fun : and alio that the torce of attradlion, exerted by thefe bodies on each othtr, was lefs and lefs as the diftance increafed, in } ro| onion to the fquares of thofe diftanccs ; that is, the power of attraction at double the diftance was tour times lels, at triple the diftance nine tunes Icls, and fo on. i Now, higher INTRODUCTION. XXXV Now, as the earth is anrafted by th? fiin and moon, all the parts of the earth will not gravitate to- wards its center in the fame manner as if thole parts were not afFrcUd by luch attra. nor.s'. /^n J ic is very eviJent, tliat was the earth entirely free from fuch aftions of the fun a:xi moon, the ocivn be- int' equally attraded towards its center on ail lides by the force of gravity, would contmue in ;iper!'cift rtacnaiion, without ever ebbing or Howing; but fince the cafe is otherwile, the ocean mull needs rife higher in thefe parts, where the fun and moon diminifh their gravity, or where the fun and moon have the greatell attradf ion i and as the force of gravity mult be dimimlhcd moll in ihofe places ot the earth to which the moon is nearcft, or in tlie Zenith, that is, where (he is vertical, her attradion * there is conl'equently mofl: powerful ; therefore the waters in fuch places will rife higher than others, and it will be there full lea. The parts of the earth dircdlly under the moon, and alfo thofe that are diametrirally oppofite, will have high-water at the fame time; for either half of the earth would equally gravitaie towr.rds the other half, were they free from all external attraftion ; but by the adion of tht- moon tlie graviiation of one half of the earth towards its center is diminifhed, and the other increaied. Now in that htmi- fphere of the earth next the moon, the parts in the Zenith being moft artraftcd, and thereby their gra- vitation towards the earth's center diminifhed ; therefore the waters in thofe parts mull be higher than in any other part of this hemifphere : and in the hemifphere farthell from the moon, t'le parts in the Nadir being lefs attrafted by the moon than in the parts nearer to her, gravitate lefs towards the earth's center •, and confequently the waters in thefe parts alio muft be higher than they are in any other parts of this hemifphere. Thofe parts of the earth where the moon appears in the horizon, or ninety degrees diftant from the Zenith and Nadir, will have low-water : for as the waters in the Zenith and Nadir rile at tiie famu time, the waters in their neighbourhood will prefs towards thofe places to maintain the equilibrium •, and to fupply the places of thefe, others will move the fame way, and I'o on to the pKices ninety de- grees diftant from the Zenith and Nadir ; conlequently in thofe places, where the moon appears in the horizon, the waters will have more liberty to defcend towards the center ; and therefore in thofe places they will be the loweft. Hence it plainly follows, that the ocean, if it entirely covered the furface of the earth, would be of a fpheroidical or oval figure, whole tranfverfe or longed: diameter would pals through the place where the moon is vertical, and the conjugate or fhorteft diameter where (he is in the horizon ; and as the moon apparently ftiifts her pofition from eaft to weft in going round the earth every day, tlie longer diameter of the fpheroid following the motion, will occafion the two floods and ebbs obfervable in about every twenty-five hours, which is the length of a lunar day; that is, the interval of time be- tween the moon's leaving the meridian of any place, and her return to it again : lb that the time of high-water any day is almoft an hour later than it was the preceding day. The time of high-water is not precifely the time of the moon's coming to the meridian, but about three hours after ; for the moon afts with fome force after (he has patTed the meridian, and thereby in- creafes the libratory or waving motion (he has put the water into while (he was in the meridian ; in the fame manner as a fmall force applied to a ball already railed to fome height, will raife it ftill higher. The tides are higher than ordinary twice every month ; that is, about the times of the new and full moon, and are called fpring tides; for at thefe times, the adions of both the fun and moon con- cur, or d' .V in the fame right line ; and confequently the fea muft be more elevated : at the conjunc- tion, or when the fun and moon are on the fame fide of the earth, they both confpire to raife the wa- ters in the Zenith, and confequently in the Nadir: and when the fun and moon are in oppofition, that is, when the earth is between them, while one makes high-water in the Zenith and Nadir, the other does the fame. The tides are lefs than ordinary twice every month j namely, about the firft and laft quarters of the mooh} and are called neap-tides ; becaufe in the quarters of the moon, the fun raifes the water where the moon deprefTes it, and depreffcs where the moon raifes the water; fo that the tides are made only by the difference of their adions. It muft however be obferved, that the fpring-tides do not happen direftly on the new and full moons, but a day or two after, when the attradlions of the fun and moon have aded together for a confiderable time. In like manner the neap-tides happen a day or two after the quarters, when the moon's attradion has been leffened by that of the fun for feveral days together. The fpring-tides are greater about the time of the equinox, that is about the middle of March and September, than at any other times of the year; and the neap-tides are then alfo lefs, becaufe the tranfverfe diameter of the fpheroid, or the two oppofite high-waters, will at that time be in the earth's equator, and confequently defcribe a great circle of the earth, by whole diurnal rotation thofe high-waters will move fwifter, defcribing a great circle in the fame time they ufed to defcribe a IcfTcr circle parallel to the equator ; and confequently the waters being thrown more forcibly againft the fliores, they muit rife higher. All things hitherto explained would happen exadly, if tlie whole furfice of the earth was covered with fea : but fince this is not the cafe, and there are a multitude of ifiands, befidcs continents, lying in the way of the tide, which interrupts its courfe ; therefore in many places near the fiiores there arife a great variety of other appearances, befides thofe already mentioned, which require i>articular folu- tions, wlierein the fituation of the fliore, ftraits, and other objeds, muft n'"c<-irarily beconfidered: tor inftincc, as the fea has no vifible pafTage between Europe and Africa, let them beconfidered as one coiiti- ill i I) < " • xxxvi INTRODUCTION. Continent, extending from ftventy-two degrtes north to tliirty fuur cJcgrtts li uili, lliC n.iJillt betwve.n th'ifc f.vo wiil be ntar Cajx- Blanche, in the hititiuie of nint-tcen degrees i-.orth-, but it is impofliiile the fioodtide fliould let to the wellward on the well roalt of Ahica, hkt- tlie j^cneral tide foliowhigthe courte of the moon, becaulc the continent tor above iit'ty decrees ni;rt!i and loiith Ijoiiods that lea on the cull ; and thei-cfore, if any regular tide, as proceeding from the motion of tiie lea from eall to weR:, (Vould reach this place, it muft either come from the north of Europe fouihward, or from the louth of Afrira northward, to the faid latitudes on the weft coaft cf Africi. This op iii')n is conlirmed by common experience, that the Hood- tide fets to the fouthward along the coaft of Norway, from the North Cape to the Naze, or entrance of the Baltic ft-a, and fo proceeds to thr fouthward along the eaft coaft of (ircat Britain -, and in its palT.ige lu|:])lies all thele ports with the tide one after another, the coaft ot Scotland having the tide firft, becaule it proceeds from tho northward to the fouthward ; and thus, on the d.iys of the full or chanuc, it is high water at Aber- ileen at forty five minutes at twelve at night ; but at Tinmoiith-bai not till three in the morning. I'rom hence rolling to the fouthward, it makes high-water at the Spurn a little after five, but not till fix at Hull, by realon of the time required for its palling Up the river ; from thence palfing over the Well-bank into Yarmouth Roads, it makes high water there a little utter eight, but m the Pier not till nine, and it requires an hour more to make high- water at Yarmouth : in the mean time fetting away to the fouthward, it makes high-water at Harwich at half an hnur after ten, at the Norc ac twelve, at (jravcl'end at half an hour alter one, and at London at three, all the fame day ■, and though this at firft fight leems to contradidt the hypothefis of the natural motion of the tide being from eaft to weft, yet as no tide can flow well from the main continent of Norway or Holland, or out of the Baltic, which isfurrounded by the main continent except at its entrance, it is evident that the tide we have been now tracing by its fcveral ftages from Scotland to London, is fupplicd by the tide, whole original motion is from eaft to weft -, and as water always endeavours to maintain a level, it will in its pafl'age flow towards any other point of the compafs to fill up vacancies where it finds them, without contradifling, but rather confirming the firft hypothefis. Whilf- the tide or high- water is thus gliding along the eaftcrn coaft of England, it alfo fets to the fouthward along the wellern coafts of Scotland and Ireland, a branch of it falls into St. George's-chart- ne!, the flood running up north-caft, as may be naturally inferred from its being high-water at Wa- terford above three hours before it is high-water at Dublin, and near three quaitcrs ebb at Dublin be- fore it is high- water at the Ifie of Man. But it will be IlifHcient for our purpofe to trace the tides on our own coaft -, and therefore we ftiall return to the BritiHi channel, where we find the tides let to the fouthward from the coaft of Iceland, and in its pafHige a branch of it falls into the Britifh channel between the Lizard and Ulliant. . Its pro- f»rels to the fouthward may be cafily proved by its being high-water on the full and change at Cape Clear at four, at Uthant at fix, and at the Lizard at feven. The Lizard and Uftiant may be confi- dered as the chops of the Britilli channel, between which the flood fets to the eaft ward along the coaft cf England and France, till it comes to the Galloper, or Goodwin-fands, where it meets the tide above- mentioned fetting to the fouthward, along the coali; of England to the Thames ; where thofe two tides meeting, greatly contribute to the fending a ftrong tide up the Thames to London. And hence we may account for a very fingular phenomenon that fometimes happens in the river, and has been confidercd as a prodigy, we mean a double flux and reflux : for when the natural courfe of the tide is interrupted by a fudden change of the wind, driving one back, and the other in, the confe- quence muft be a double flux and reflux, and accordingly it has been twice high-water within three or lour hours. But it will perhaps be objefted, that this courfe of the flood tide to the eaftward up the Channel, is quite contrary to the hypothefis of the general motion of the tides being from eaft to weft, and confe- quently of its being high water where the moon is vertical, or any wliere ell'e in the meridian. But this obiciStion will be eafily renToved, if we conllder, that the particular direftion of any branch of the tide doth not in the leaft contradidt the general direifbion of the whole ; a livcr whofe courfe is weft, may fupply canals that wind to the north, fouth, or even to the eaft, and yet fherivei: keep its natural courfe ; and if the river ebb and flow, the canals fupplicd by it will do the fame, but not keep exact time with the river, becaufe it x^ould be flood, and the river advanced to fome height, before the flood reached the further part of the canals, and the more remote the longer time it would require; and it may be added, that if it was high- water in the river juft when the moon was on the me- ridian, ftic would be confiderably paft it, before it could be high- water in the farthert part of thefe ca- nals or ditches, and the tide would let according to the courfe of the canals that received it. Now, as St. George's and the Britiflichannels are no more in proportion to the vaft ocean, thah fuch canals ar(; to a large navigable river, it plainly follows, that among thole obftruCtions and confinements, the flood may fet upon any other point of the compafs as well as weft, and may make high-water at any other time, as well as when the moon is upon the meridian, and yet no way contradidt the general theory of the tide above afl'ertcd. I II. ^ . ■ f ; ■J.;; A the meri center a« and divi tude, uiftant fi latitude gitudeol arid pari will be t Be fide charts, c ftrucled which w; concept!! Suppc a kind o this gi(jl J>oiiional Voi y' INT RODUCTION. XWVll :e or is jnfe- ', as arc the any neral A Of the Connruaion of M A P S and C II ARTS. S it Is impcfTible to reprcfent every part cf a I'plitrical furface upon a plane, in its dv.e propor -Of tioii, witl-.ovit dillortiun or luntraiflion ; lb every map, on winch the l'u[.erliits of ti-.i- tar.ii are clelincucd, will b;: tiillortcil in lome parts, and tontradU-il in others i and tiu)Uj;Ii every p.rr. when truly mealured, will be fi)und to agree very accurately witii the globe ; yet the appearance oj' the whole will be different, the lame parts ot the eaith exhibit a dilierciit figure, as difierrnt me- thods of projcdiijn are made u'e of. The two principal methods ufed in drlincaiing maps are, t!ii Orthographic, and the Stcre'if^rap'hic ; the former I'upples the eye placed at an inlinite diiUnce, and the l.i:ter m tlie pole or center of the plane of prqi-ctlon. In ord.r therefjrc to make in oiiiio- grajihic priijecli' n, tl;e following (ibll-rvations mnil be c.\refally .u;ended to, Conceive tiie eye placed at an iniiiiite diftance from the gloDc ; and at ti.e lame time, a piine to pals through the ctnier of the globe, and to Hand at right angk:. to the line comuding tlie c nreis of the globe and eye ; if trom the eye tluis polited, an infinite right line be imagined to be d'awr, througi) any poiii: of the circumference of any circle I'.elcribe.l ujion the lur.'ac.' of the globr, and tiie fame right line becanied about ilio r'vcumft-rente of the given circle, till it return to the place from whence it began to move -, or whicn is the lame thing, it irom any point in liie circumti-i'. iice of any circle ddVribed upon the lurtace of the glolie, a right line be imagiiiett to t.ill perpcnd'cuhu en the given plane, ai d that this line be cr.rrieii round th.e circumierence i.f the [!ivcn circle, cou- ll.intly jjerpendicuhrly to the [ hue, and parallel to itlelf, u will delculv on the ci.tt;n plane ,1,1 01- ihi. graph c reijreiV ntar.on of that circle ; and after the la:ve manner, if rays infinitely iong l)i' ina- g'ord t(5 llow frcm the eye to the circumft-rence of every circle (h Icnbrd u on th.e gh)be, ino tliele ravs be carr;-d alrnit the crcunifcrence of e..cli relprft ive circle till they return 10 t'-.e place trom whef.ce they beg.ui to riuive, tlity will trace otit on the given plane, what is cdhcd an orthographic prr.) i'tion of the lijheie. 'ill's p-radelilm and perpendicularity of the generating and defcribing ray, is the cfiential anti pri- mary prc.prtytjf ortlv.graphic projeftion : and though, according to the Euclidian idea of parallel lines tli-y lanneviT be lonceivcd to meet if infinitely procuced-, yt t if we confider the infimtily fm.al! ir.clir.a'.ion of t!;e n.finitely Imall poition of the inndent rays, intercirpttd b-fween the iurfaic of the f;jh"re and the plane, the inclination itlelf vaniflies, and ihc paral.el and perpendicular pro- petty actuallly exifts. Wefliall not dwell any longer on the nature of orthographic proje'fion, a5 maps are very rarely, if ever, diawn in that manner, .ts principal ufe being the aftronomical computations, to which it iscx- ceilpntly atiaptcd. Ihe Stereographic projeftion is that on which our maps are generally made, and depends upon this princijile : That if the plane of any meridian be fuppoled the plane c f projciflion, then an e^e placed in one pole of that meiidian will projei:l all the circles in the oppofite hemiil'pl.ere nto circular aiches on the laid plane •, and the diameter dividing it into upper and lower hemilp"heres, is called tlie line of mealurrs. The map ot the world annexed, is prnj, Cted in tliis manricr, and the eye is luppofed to be fixed in the poles, and the equator becom.-s the line of n-.ealures. Atid hence we fee the realoa why th.e meridian and parallels of latitudi s lie nearer to each otiier in the middle part of the map, than at the extremities : conlequently the parts of the earth are cillorted, and exhibit a different appearance from what they cio on the glob-. And hence we fee the realbn why no licale is added to maps of the world, nanv ly, becaufe the miles near th.e circumference are much longer than thofe near the center. The cor.lliuction is performed in this manner. With the chord of 60 degrees delcribe the primitive circle, whole pole will be the center cf the map, and divide it into 3C0 equal parts, called degrees. Through this center draw the right line 00, which will repre,"nt the equator. On each fide frr.m the center, let off on the equator as many divifions as are neceffar y from tiie lemi- tangents, and through thcle points and the two poles let circles be dcfcribed, which will repreient the meri.lians. Then let oft' on the axis or right line 90, C)0, palling through the poles, from the tenter as before, the f.ime number of divifions as before on the eqiiinoftial ; and througii thefe points and divifions on the primitive circle, let circles be drawn, which will reptricnt the parallels of lati- tude. In tl;e fame manner the tropics or polar circles are drawn, tlie former at 23 deg. 29 min. oiOant from the equator, and the latter at 66 deg. 31 min. Let both the meridians and parallels of latitude be properly numbered as in the map annexed ; and then from a table of the latitude and lon- gitude of ijlace';, extracT; thole you intend to infert on your map, and make dots where the meridians and parallels belonging to the latitudes and longitudes of thok places intcrfedt each other, which will be their true places on the map. Befides thefe different projeftiuns, there is another, commonly ufed in the conftruiflion of lea- charts, called Mercator's projection. We have given a map of the known parts of the world con- llrucled in this manner, which depends on the method of applying the globe of the earth to a plane, which was firll accomplilhed by our countryman Mr. i^d ward Wright, by the following ingenious conception. Suppofe a reftangular plane was rolled about a globe, till the edges of the plane met, and formed a kind of concave cylinder, indoling the globe, and touching its equator. Conceive the furface of this ghjle to fwell, like a bladder while it is blowing up, fiom the equator towards the poles, pro- poitionally in latitude as it docs in longitude, until every part of its furface mtets tliat of the con- Vol. I. k cavo I 11 im m XXXlVIl INTRODUCTION. "ave cylinder, and imprefl"-s thereon the lines th.ic are drawn on the gioboi.ir furface. Then will he cylinder or redangul.r (.|,ine, on bting unrolled, rcpreleiit a lea-chart, whole parts bear the lani.^ pr();)ortiiin to one another, as the correlpondcnt parts d') on llie ^lohc. But both the meridians and parallels of laitude will bf lliaii^ht lines, livery parallel of laritudc will become ttjual to the equa- tor, and the; meridians U-ngtheiicd as the paiallcls increale j cunloqiiently the i- li-cants ot' iheir rtlpei^ive channels. H: nee It appears, that the I'eranrs by tlK addition of the dillances of the parallels frvjm the equator are ubtjined. And thele Icver.d dillances, which are called mend onal parts, being dilpoled in a table correlpondinij; tf) the degrees and minuies in a quadrant, form a 'able of nrrioional pans •, and thele let otffroin the eqdat')r, a: (.\ on <.\k- meridian b'lth ways towards the north and louth, will gi'.cr the points through which tlu- ptrallels ..f latitude miift |)a's. A view of the map annexed will rxpla n this conltriiLtion, in which the meridians a'e at equal dillances fro.n each other; but the dillances between the parallels ot latitude uncqiial. I'he };reat ule ot this pro|rdion is m navigation ; becaul^- on It the rhumb lim-, or the trait a Ihip defcribes on th- lurtace of the ocean in failing on a fingle court'e, is rep'^eJenteil by a (trait line, which is not the cale in Any other projedioii, where the fcvcral degrees of latitud; an 1 longitude are reprelented in a true proportion to each other. DIRECTIONS to the BINDER. The Maps and Pkints for the Firft Volume are to be placed in the following Order. FRONTISPrEUE, facing the title. Ma;p ot the waild, before ths intnuluflioii i\l.i|) I'f Aha, fjcing hook I. i>. j The marriag'r ceiettiony of ihe Jipanefe, fating page 1 1 'J'he J-i|)aiicl" ifHiiii ling on the image ot' our Saviour ami the Vi'giii Mary, -'■ 20 Map ofChina, 26 Mipo* India, 1 79 Ofueal, iriai or the Geiiioos of [ndij, ig^' A view of Sviraf, 213 Co:niiiemoration of Ahraliam fa.r. filing his fon 243 A general view of the ruins of Palmyra, 260 Remain? of the tcinple of the fun in Palmyra, ibid. Map of Turky in Alia, i6j A general view of Balbec, 288 Miprf Afica, — — 507 Ceremony upon the ovciflowing of ilie Nile at Ciiro 316 Clias Ihe Hottentot, funenders hin.lirit jirifLnfr to the Djtih eiifigii, 36J Map of Ntgroland and Guinea, ^c8 'Ihe king of Jjgra fummoned before Muinbo Jumbo, 418 Map of Barbary, ^bo The Maps and Prints of the Second Volume are to be placed in the following Order. liii MAP of Europe, — The hdy Mary Woitley Mi Sultana Hafeten, — Ruins of Athens, — — facing page 3 tague vifils the — 9 <3 Adrian's aqueduft and temple of Minerva at Athens, ibid. Marriage ceremony of the RuH'tans, 38 Mip of the kingdom of Prullii and Polirt) Priiffia 75 Map of Sweden and Norway, — — 82 Map of Denmark, — 109 Map ot the circle of Auftria, 146 Mapof the empire of Gtrmany, — 138 Map of the dutihy ot Sdt'fia, i6z Map of Lower Saxony, 170 Map of the ciicle of Wtflphalia, 247 Map of Italy, 330 A view »♦ St. Peter's at Rome, 389 Mount Vefuvius, — — — — . jgj Map of the circle of Franconia, — — 218 A Nuremburgh mnrriage, — — Map of the Netherlands, — — • The ainillination of the prince of Orange, William Tell's bold anfwer to the tyrant after having fliot the apple fiom his fon's head, — Map of Naples and Sicily, — — Prnceflion of the penitent proftitutes at Naplef, Map of Spain and Portugal, — — Murder of the duke of Burgundy, — Map of England and Wales, — — Stone-henge, — — Boadicea haranguing the Britons, — ■ Map of Ireland, — — Map of North-America, — — A view of Qiiebec from the Biforr, — A Sa.hem exhorting the Indians to war, — Map of South-America, — — 28j 3c: 59> ■,9« 412 45< 49> 5" 538 60J 62,- ^i7 646 728 N AMES Mr. VVni. — Baddcle — John Bi Mif> Bally Mr. Georg( — Thomai Staffordr — Win. — James '. Reverend \ Mr. Samuel — Ball — Billerlb; — Banniftt Henry Bani — Barclay, — Barker Mifs Barkei Mr. Barker — Barker, Reverend W Captain Ba Mr. Thorn; — John Ba — Barrow — Thomas . — Samuel Mrs. Ann B NAMES of the SUBSCRIBERS. M R. John Abbo;, at Came — Abedward — John Ackailey at Warfop, Nottiiighaiulhire Mils Adams Mr. Wllliain Adams — Jainss Adams Reverend Dr. Adams Reverend Mr. Aduinfuii, at Barton Thomas Adair, lilq; Reverend Mr. A; kin, at Oownham M'. J ihn Ailnaj- of Wallord, furgcon — Albin — Robert Allen James Alien, Elq; Mrs. .Vllen Mr. Allen, Long Acre — Aliri, Culla i Street Earncll Fiederuk Alert of Hefle Cjffel James .Vmhler, KU]; of .\rjwiik, ncjr Mancheller Mr. B. .\nderfon. at Gml i'uid — .Airoii .■\ndcrfon, at White^liapel — Anderlbn — Janes Anrferfon — Alexander Anderfon — Andrews, N-«-Sircet, Coven/ Garden — Aucheutz, Soho — .Amirj — Johti-J ') A|)|ijch Th)md. Aitlier, b (j; Mr. Join ,-\.t-her MilsEli/.aljeili Arclicr Mr. Jacob Armitage — Simon Arnold Reverend Mr. Arnold George Arnold, tlij; Mrs. Arnold Mr. Cliailes Arnold — Simuel .\lliby — Robert Alhby, junr. — Aditon Charles Alliton, Efq; Mr. )ames .Vfliton Reverend Mr. Atkins Mr. Wir. Akins — Stephen Aikins — Atkinfon, Pall Mall — .Xikyns — .Aubeit — .Axford — Abraham Avion — Joliii AyUard B. SAMUEL Bacon, Efq; Rev. Mr. Bacon, at Wells, Somerfetlhlre Ml'. Will. Bacon — Baddcley, mailer of the academy at HoxtonSquare — John Bailie MifsBaily Mr. George Baily, at Briftol Thomaj Bagnall, at Lower-Penn, near Wolverhampton. StafFordlhlre — Win. Biglhaw — James Baker Reverend Mr. Thomas Baker Mr. Ssmuel Baldwin — Ball Billerfby, Compton Street, Soho — Bannifler Heniy Banks, Efq; — Barclay, Cheapfide — Barker Mifs Barker Mr. Barker — Barker, at Woflett Reverend Mr. Barnartl Captain Barnaid Mr. Thomas Barnard — John Barron, Villers-StreeC — Barrow — Thomas Barrow, junr. — Samuel Barrow Mrs. Ann Barthorp, at Hollelby Gto'ge Barton, Efq; — J'lhii Barwick oJ Canterbury — li.ixter — Baxter, Walbrook Mrs. Bajly Richard Bayne, Efq; at RIpon Mr. Beard Thomas Beck, Efq; Mr. James Btll Mrs. Bell Lieutenant George Bell Mr. Thomas Bellamy, junr. — Win. Benfnrd — Thomas Bennett Robert Beniict, tfqj Mr. Bennett, carver at Cambiidgj Rev. Mr. Benning, at Cambridge Mr. Wiiliani-Tcmpi (1 Becker Rev. Mr. Barnard Bardficid, tflVx — Francis Berry, Cambridge M<. Bell — Betts — Belts, London-Wall — Wm. Bickntll, Southwark — Valentine Biich — Birch, in CiicHpfide — Biid — Roger Black — El.ickburn — B.ickman — Eland — J :.hn Blake of Portfmouth — Wm. Bliirird George Blifs, Efq; Mr. Charles Bocock of Walthamrtow, Eflex — Bokenham of Great Yarmouth — Benjamin Bond — John Bond — B gutrs, Grace-Church Street Reverend Mr. Booth Mr. Ifaac Bonelierring — Robert Bon, of Woolwich — Francis Borries.counccllor tohis Pruflian majefty — Peter Botftbtrgh — Bott — Kemp Bourne — William Bourne — BoudrVjof Herbled'jwn — Bowles, ofHcale, in Wilis Col. Richaid Bowie?, at Briftol Ml John Bownas, at Bocking, in ElTex — Charles Bofworih — Bowes, May's Buildings — Bourdillion, Spital Fields Captain Richard Boyd Mr. Samuel Boyce, furgeon at Sherborne Brampton book club Mr. Brent — John Briftnw Rtv. Mr. rii-oke, at Kintlediam Mr. John Brotherton — Wm. Brook, at Crofs Green — Brooks of Strenfhan, Worceftcrlhire — Thomas Brown — Samuel Brown — James Brown — Brown, Lower Thames-ftreet — John Browning, Camberwell — Bryant — Buchanan — James Buck, of Gerrard-StrEct, Soho — Burton, in the Strand Reverend Mr. Butler C. MR. Calvert — John Calcraft — John Callergham, junr. — Duncan Campbell — Carlelon, at Arundel — Carrard, Haiton-Garden — James Carter Mrs. Carter Mr. Carvall, at Ipfwich Mr. Cafe r- In i fa II :;■;«' ■ 'I' V'iil ?! ::|lii ill ail" N A M E S of the SUBSCRIBERS. Iff Mr. Caff ofMlI(1cn-ha:i — Call ot CIm ill's colltge, Camhiiifge — Calilt of Tfwktfliiiry.GloiicclUrfliire Caltlf library, nt C(iUlicft;r M .Cawnr, ai nietcer'; lull John Ch,mi|'iori, Klij; Mr. ]n|iii Claini'iun Revcrtiid Mr. Cliandlcr. Mr. Sainiurl Ch:Mu!ler — Richard Clnpman, liciitenanl of irtillcr}', WooUich Mifs Cha;>maii jnr.()h Cltl.Tiid, F.ii|; Mr. Thomas Cleintiits, of Norwich The Reverend Henry S 'Uihwell Clark, doAorof Laws, ai Emneth, in Norfolk Mr John Claik, nierihant at I'enrith — Edward Claik — Clark — Samuel Clark — Henry Clerk — James Clerk Mils Elizabrth Ci.irke Mr. John Cnckrani — Giles C.idiington Reverend Mr. Coleman Mr. Calley, Norton Falgale Mrs. Collett Rev. Mr. Collins, at Knavelborougti Ci|il2in Cilville Mr. John Compart — Compart, Biilioprpafe- Street — Wni. Conl>able, ol Woolwich — \Vm. C ">ke — John Cooke — Samuel Cooke — Thomas Cooke — Cooke, booklellerat Farnham Cii|itaiii Jofcph C'luklon, at Briftol Mr. Samuel Cooley, Wallbrook James Cooper, ETq; Mr. Cooper, at Lcijjh, Somerfetniire Reverend Mr. Dean Coote Charles Coote, Rlii; Mr. lohii Corbet, merchant at Briftol — Mofesde Cofla — Thomns Cotes — Wm. Cotton, junr. Mr. Cox Mir, Cox Mr. Cox, at Eridol Mrs. Crifp Mr. Thomas Croft D. THE right hon. the Earl of Donegall Mr. Henry Dale — Darker Rev. Mr. Darwell, reflor of Houghton near Stafford Wm. Davenport, Efq; RulTia merchant, Mr. Davis, Chandois Street — Davis — Thomas Davis Reverend Mr. Davis Henry Day, Eft]; Mr. John Deacon — Daniel de Bray, ftudent in divinity — Daniel Delahaze — Dennifon Mifs Dennifon Mr. Wm. Dias — Robert DicKenfon — Dickfon Mrs. Dickfon Mr. Henry Dixon, — Dormer Mifs Dormer Mr. Dorrinpfon — MatiherDov.-, junr. James Douglas, Rlqi Mr. Geo ge Douglas, ]unr. at Newport, lUe of Wight — Solomon Du Bois — Thomas Dudley, junr. of S'afford — Dunbar — Dunn Samuel Dunning, Efq; Mr. Peter Durell Mr. Thomas Dutton, at Nainpwich — John Dyer v.. MR. Samuel Earle Thomas Earle, Efqj Mt. E.rt — Ealion, at Eaflcheip — Sjmutl Ertkins — Nathaniel Edinondl — E !*ards — J «l'n Ed*ardf Mil> E.lwards Reverend Mr. Edwardf MclTituri Wm. and John EJwardj '^1' ' E^gingion — tiam — Ellcock Meflieurs EUcock andDouglafs, Bininpfpate Mr. Elmhirfl, at Waddingwotth, Linculnlhire Bafholomew Elliot, Efq; .Mr. Elliot — G;-nrge Elliot — Mr Samuel Elliot Ifaac Elliot, Efq; .Mr. deputy Ellis, oppofite the Royal Exchange, Cornhill — Ellir, Brar-Binder-Row — John Ellis, at Mansfield, Nottinghannrnire — Peter Ellis — R. Ellis — James Ellis -- Robert E!li5 Mrs. Ellis Mr. Gile? Ellis Gforee EUifcn, Efq; Mr. Elwas — George England, at Wood's-Clofe The hon. ridmiral Etikine Mr. Erfkine — Allen Evans, Q^ieen- Street, Golden-Square Reverend Mr. Caleb Evans, at Briftol Mr. E»elyn Mrs Evelyn — Robert Everett — Richard Everett — Timothy E*er — Richard Everfley — Ewart F. MR. Falkner — Fareman — James Fattier, Northumberland Street — Fa»cett — Henry Fidler — Figes, in Clare-Street Robert Felton, Efq; Mr. Samuel Fenton — John Penning — Wm. Penning, at Merfton in Surry — Figes, Clare-Maiket — Samuel Finch — James Finch Reverend Mr. Finch Mr. pinloA, Red Lion Street — John piiTier, Riverend Mr. Samuel Fiftier, at Norwich Mr. Fitzgerald — Fletcher — Fleewer — Fonnereau — Forbes — Fordyce — John Foreman Edward Forfter, Efq; Reverend Mf- Fotltef M'. Alexander p.irfylh Reverend Mr. Henry Foulkes, London Mr. Th-mas Fowler, of Haugh Frankland — Franklin — Franks — Simon Frafer _ Free **•■• NAMES of the SUBSCRIBERS. hilt Mr. French — Frye JdIui Fuller, Edy, Mr. Fiatiks Liiiie-Srrcet G. MK. Gable, Leadmball-Sirett —GjIc — Jacob Garcia — K bfri Gardner Daniel Gamaulr, Efq; John Douce Uarthwaiie, ETq; Mr. G unt Mir> Gaunt Mr. Gautier, Spittle-Squire — George, Biiho()igate-Sir««t — Gtorgt Grinthofjie — Thomas Gibbs Mrs. Gibfon Ml. GIgnoux — G'Ibert — Rnbtrt Giiei — U'ln. Giles — C Girard, teacher of the French and Latin languages in Crii*n Ciiurt, FIcetltieet — Sjmurl Gilmore — Robert Goddard, King's Lynn Mrs. Godfrey, Mr. JoHn Godlrey — Gt>iding V/rii. Goodwin, Efqj at Goldnicoat Mr. Giiudwin — Abraham Gordon — Ale«ander Gordon — Archibald Gordon — Gore — Robert Gore, at Spottenten, near Margate, Kent — Robert Gough — Graham — Graham, junr. — Richard Greaihead — Edward Green — John Green, merchant at Poole Henry Green, Efq; R'verend Mr. Green Mifs Green Charles Grey, Efq; member for Colchefter Mr. Groge, Oxford- Road — Grofe — Henry GrofTett — Samuel Grove — Gunn>:l, Curnaby- market H. MR. Roger Haddington, at Sudbury — George Hadley — Hague — Richard Hale — Wm. Hale, at Moorgate — John Hale, of Norwich — George Hale . . -. George Hale, Efq; Mr. James Halfhide — Hallelt — James Hambrough — Richard Hamilton — James Har^.ilion — Nathaniel Hammond — Peter Hammond — Banbury Peter Hincock, Efq; of Twynning,Glouct(ierfliire Mr. Hanfon — Robert Harding Hardy, attorney at law, Lyon's Inn — Hardy, Holbourn — Wm. Harffy, at Horfliatn, Suffex — HarfFy, Norfjlk-Street Robert Harland, Efq; at Sprangliton Mr. Henry Harnett, of Canterbury — Richard Harper Reverend Mr. Harris Mr. Jafper Harrilon, of Newcaftle upon Tyne, attorney law Samuel Harrifon, Efq; Vol. 1. 1 Mr. James llarriLii — Win. tlartcluw — Gi-orge fhirtruj) — Halld, OKI Change — Harvey, Whiiecrofs-Sireet Chriltoplier Hawkinv, Kfq; at Hcltone Mr. HatvMiis, Coiiipton-Strcet, Soho — Robert Hcydon, bookfcller at Plymoutli — Hayes — Jiifeph Heath, boalvfeller at Nottirghara — Hcaihcote — John Hcdgi's — Hcnlboiirn, Ciftle-ftrect — James llcwit, Carlilla — Highmure " — Wm. Hinton — Hobdale, Aldermnnbiiry — James Huldaway, at I'lllicrton, near Sarum Reverend Mr. Richard Hcgg Mr. Francis Hogg — Holland Randolph llubman, Efq; of Tuttenhara Mrs. H limes Mr. Hoiieywood — George Hooper Reverend Mr. Hooper Mr.Wm. Hooper, of Aiidover, Hants — John Hornbuckle, at Notlinghain — Neall Howard, attorney at law, at Tewkesbury, Glott- ccllerfliire — Wm. Howe — Hubbart, Fenchurch-Street — Hughes — Hughes, junr. — James Hughes, at Chcpllow — Humphreys — Wm. Humphreys, at Worcefter — Hunt — Samuel Hunt — Lewis Hurft, junr. at Little Gunnerby, nfar Grantham Geoige Hyde, Efq; L J^ R. John Jackfon — Charles Jackfon — Richard Jackfon — Jackfon, Bufl> Lane — Henry Jackfon, Bufli Lane, Cannon-Street — Jackfon, of Rochfoid, Eflex — Jacobs — Jacobs, Queen-flreet — John James, Carlifle Thomas James, Efq; Mr. Robert James — Jeffries, at Farnham '' ,' — Robert Jenkins Mifs Jennings, Southampton- Street Mr. Johiifon — Johnllon — Richard Johnflon Rev. Mr. Jones of Tewkesbury, Gloucefierlhire Mr. Jones, Drury Lane --- Jofeph Jones, ot Briftol — Jones — Samuel Jordan — Ireland, Pall-Mall — Judd (Mrs. Judd Mr. Jukes S?muel Julian, Efq; K, Juf R. Wm. Kendall, of Norwich Rev. Mr. Kedar, at Knaresborough Mr. Keene, at Guildford — Kell — Kell, Leadenhall-Street — • Samuel Kemp — Richard Kemp Robert Kentitk, Efq; Ifle of Wight Mrs. Ker at Mr. Wm. Key, at Leek, Stalfordlhire — Kilby Wm. King, Efq; Mifs King Mr. 4m -'53 ;| Mm NAMES of the SUBSCRIBERS. Mr. Thomas King --- Ge rjjr Kiiij; — ■ |"hii Kiiij;, of the Tecrcury office, ciinom-houfe — - Kcightify — Kni^hli, (if Norwich — Kobsrt Krio*lej -" Kn >x L. J^ H Tlvrnm Hsnner Lacon - - Will. Liinb -— Thamas Lnrntjcrt -■- [Ldwjrd Lambsrt — f,.iinbi;rt, I'jnton Street — Ff.incij Lamhert --■ Laniborough, Crifpiii-Streef, SpitalFle.'dl •— S, I.ancafter, of Nnr*ich — - Robet Lancafter ■'- Jamas LangtJile Mil< Lane Mr. Jolepl. Langlar — Edward Lanjjlcy -•- Lai'ctlles — Grorge Laurence •— Henry Laurence — Liurence, Ludgate Street — Tliciinas Laycock — Lee, at Lynn, in Norfollc Thomas Lee, Efq; Reverend Mr. Lee, Mr. Wm. Leefon, of Woolwich — - L'.lgl), S.iitalFields .--Ltroux, KulTcl-Sireet — Ltller — Thomas L;rter — Ifaac Levy — H nry Leurcin Revert nd Mr. Le*ii Mr. Chatlts Lewis — Leybourne — Liddcrdale — Henry Lighlheizer — Samel Linwood Charles U!\:; Efq; Mr. Thomas Li(ter — George Litchfield — John Little . - Lloyd Reverend Mr, Lloyil Thomas Lloyd, El'q; Mr. Philii) Lloyd Lloyd ... Wm. Locke, at Howdea .— Lodge, of Canteibury ... Robert Long ... Wm. Long .— Looker, cf Iflington — . Samuel Lowes, at Nottingham — Lovell, Oitford Maiket Mrs. Lovell Mr. Loufadat — Lutwyche Reverend Mr. Lydiat, at Lymingtoa Mr. Abraham Lynch — Henry Lynde M. D Everend Mr. Merchant Mr. Samuel Mackay --- John Mackintolh Sir Henry Mackworth, bart. Mr. Major Mrs. Maitland Mr, James Mallett, fchoolintfter at N'ei»port, Ifle of Wight -— Malpas M.ilftad, Efq; iMr. AuftinManby, of Sleaford Thomiis Manning, Efq; Mifs Mitch Mr. Marley, Lower Thames-Street — Marfden ... StephLMi Marlh ... Martin -.. Wm. Martin Mr. John Martin Thomai Mafcn, Efq; at Stratford on Avon Mr. j.i.-nesMiron — Mifon, Hulbuurn — Maude Mrt. Maude — Thomas Mawfon Thomas Maynaed, Efq; Mr. Mead — Mccham, Shorediich — Saiiiu.-l Medley, mutter of the academy in King-Street, Soho — Metli(h — M.'fis Mendez — Mercer — Henry Merener MclTieuis Mctrih, bookfellers at Cambridgt Mr. Merryfield — Theophilus Metcalfe — Tho. Mew, of Tewkesbury, GlouccHerni, — Jdfeph Middleton, bookfcllcr, at Mortlak* — Mild re n — Thomas Miles — John Miller — George Miller — Peter Milligan.bookfeller, at Newport, Ifle of Wight — Mills — Miluc Heniy Mitchel, Efq; Mr. Andriw Mitchel — Mcffatt Reverend Mr. Moore Mis Moore Mr. Morling, Piccadilly — Jofeph Mofs — Jofeph Mofs, of Mile-End — Mottecaux — Wm, Muilman — Muller — Robert Muller Mrs. Munn.atthe boarding-fchool, Greenwich N. J^R. Nalfon Mifs Napier, at Chelhunt Mr. Robert Naflett Stephen Lawrence Neate, Efq; of Chancery. Lane Mr. Richard Neale, at BriOol — Henry Ncque Andrew Nettleton, Efq; Mr. Richard Newbcld, of fiiac Mr. Newnham — Newport — Jofeph Newdiam, Chelfea — Newfcn, in the Minoriet Revcra:d Mr. Noble Robe Norman, Efq; John N.i.-ris, Efq; Mr. Norris Mifs Norris Roger North, Efq; at Roughatn Mr. Thomas North — James North Mifs North Mr. Wm. Norton — Norton, Strand — Ifaac Nunes — Nutt — Nutfall O. Vf R. Oatley, Leather-Lane — Henry Lucas Okey — Oliver — Tho. Orpin, mufician at Bradford-Wells — Orr — Samuel Orton — Timothy Ofmond — Thomas Ofwald — James Ofwald Mifs Of.ald Captain George Ouchterlony Mr. Overton — Jarr.et Owen P. NAMES of the SUBSCRIBERS. 1', Strecf, ght ^ R. ThomM Pjge — Will, rjjjc, ui Hackney — I'ariloc — r«rkc — I'.irk'T — llVatll'.irlisr — Hdbiit I'lrkra, rf Porrfmouih Yard — J'llii. Ca.kir, ^it li.iwicli — ChiiSiiplici H.ifktr, UermoiMirey-Street — P.iiiier — I'jir.iH Will P.iiCoin, Efcji Cipiaiii P.\rliins, it Briftol M'. Huji'' Pjh-iC'ii — Thomas Pa lilon — Roben Paiifiuc — Patience, Fleet- Street — R 'bcrt Payne — I'tj.ircy — Ptarcr, New Bond-Street — Pdham Reverend Mr. Pendlcbury, near Malton Mr. Peter Peri^ il, junr. Reverind Mr. Perkiiu Mr. Pcrroit, at Yoik J.inie< Ptriot, Efiji of Queen-Street, fi!oom(bury Mil Perrot Mr. Peters Mifi Peteri — John Philips — Jaiiirs Philips Thomas l-iii|ips, Efq; Rcvt-rtnd Mr. Luke Philips Mr. Pliilip!, Carter-Lane — Philpot — Thoiiia? Pidding, «tBriftol — James Pigott — Pike — Samuel Pike, Hoxton-Square — James Pilley Mrs Puford Mr. Pukiiey, in the Strand — Pbtz — Plummer, attorney at Yoik — Henry PolLiid — Poole, Oxford Road Henry Pnpplewell, Efq; Mr. Poftlethwaiic, attorney at law, Lancafter — Pott — Rice Powell — Stephen Powell — John Pownail — Prefcott — Prcfton, Crooked-Lane — Prince, Holbourn . — Proftor Reverend Mr. Pye CL X/fR Thomas Qjanbruugh, printer, Grantham — Henry Ciuarle — Qiiatrell, Whitechapel R. lyr R. Robert Raddiffe •^ ^ — John Ralph, cf Gre..nwich — Randall Henry Raper, Efq; Mr. Ravenlhaw — James Rawlins Mifs Rawlins Rev. Adam Rawlinfon U'homas Rawlinfon, Efq; — Robert Raynier — Rcadlliaw Rev. Mr. Reves, fellow of Calus coilcge, Cimbridge Mr. Reyley, Little Tower-Street — Stephen Reynolds — Samuel Reynolds Mrs. Reynolds Reverend Dr. Reynolds Mr. Ricard, of York — Thomas Rice —John Bewlcy Rich, of Ceil Street, attorney at law Mr. Richardf.iii Mis Rithaiilii.ii Ml. VV.n. Riclurdfoii, it Pcntltll — RiLiii — Hiiig — Rily — George Rivers — Citorge Rivers, filver fpinner — Samuel Robei is — Jiihii R iberlfoii — Robinfon Mifs K -binfon Rlv. Mr, Robinfon Mr. Robinfon, Gray^-InnLane — Robiiifin, juiir. ofEmpingham, RulIaiiJIh, — Gierke Robinfon, Cailille — R.bert Robfon, Carlille — Edward Roebuck — Thomas Rogers Jo'n Rogers, Efqj Geor(;e Rook, Efq; Mr. Daniel Rooke — Rooker, engiaver, Gieat Qiietn Sireet Mifs Role Mr. Archibald Rofs — Rous — John Row, of lliilenuiie — Rulh G.orge Ruir.t, Kfq; Mr. Henry Ri.llel — KulIJ, booklcllcr at Guilford — Ryiiicr, C )ckf,)urSiioet S. JLJ R. Salomons — Silvadv r — S.nnders Thomas Sandys, I"."[; Mr. Sirgent Thomas Savage, Efq; Mr Savigny, Pall-Mall — Win. Saunders, at Uiidjl — Scholoy — ChaiUs Siwicr, atBiillol George Schuman, lilq; Mr. W:n. Scioiies, at i'linbridge, in Kent Reverend Mr. Scott Mrs. Scott Captain Seavcrs, of Tlilrlk Mr. Sebille — Sedvvicli — Stni.ud — Robirt Shakefpear — Shaw Reverend Mr. Shaw Mr. Sharp, Lcadcnhali-Street — Sheldon P ul Sheldon, Efq; Mr. John Shepherd — George Shepherd Edward Shepherd, Efq; Lekefter-Square Mr. Wm. Siddall, of Yoik — Sidney — Sikes Mi^s Singletot) Mr. Wm. Silfum Charles Slinglby, Efq; Knarelborough Mr. Wir. Small, ar Biirtol Benjamin Smith, Efq; of Knighllbridge Mr. John Smith at Hadleigh, in Suffolk Rev. Mr. Edward Smith, of Sleaford Harry Smith, Efq; at St. Vincents Mr, George Smith Jofeph Smith, Efq; Mr. Richard Smith, furgeon at Limehoufe Jofeph Smith, of Sa.vbridgworth, Herts, Smith, St. Martin's Lane J.Smitheman,bookfeller, atBraintree,Efl«x — Snezler, Oxford-Street — Snow — South — Spanlovr, CornhlU M vl Samuel NAM I- S or the SUBSCRIBERS. f ■t I '.■ I" !l If W;lliti|| .SjJCIICtr, l'.lc|| M rini'all Mri, Suriii.iii, of Tn-diliiigton, Cilouctlliiidiln Ml. Udbcri ^uilinlaii.l C'.l|)l:lill :>tloii, ji Uiillol RcKirnd Mr. ii;iiic-, u| Giinui Mr, Syiiii'i.ilt — Slij'.iit, j( Hurloii, Miiiii — !itij)l«.» — Si4vtly, Fridiy-Sireet — Stcliliiiig — Vtitr biLitiiti — Tlioiii.i« !)ie|)litn», tf Sliipton-Mlll — Iliij;!! Siradiiii — Siiai.un, iitrjiiil — Siyin T. V/f R. 'r.iiiiitr, ViiKtits — luhii 'rjniier, ot Watford, bookfellcr -- William Tjrry — r.(ili — Juliii r.i k-r, of York — Cliti(l(i).iitr I'lylor — Kijcy r.i>lur, Great Yarmoiiili — John Taylor, of Leigham, in Suffulk — Kubtrt I'.iylor — Taylor, GoUlcn-Square — TIltolMlJ — Jolin I'liomaj — SmiuicI Thoinproii Keveiciul Dr. Thoinpfofi Mr. |(;iia« 'riioiiipfiin — Gi'urge Thompfoii, Great Varmoutli — Tliompfon, Spring Gardens — John Tliompfon, St. Mildred's Court — Tliornborough, in the Minonci — Thcriilcn Mil's 'I licrnloii Mr. Tiilf*ell — Tilley, New Bond- Street — Townley — Robirt Townley Mrs. Townley John Todd, Efiy, Mell'ieuis I'odd and Southern, at Yoik Mr. David Tonine, Prefcot-blrtet — Townfend Reverend Mr. Townfend Mr. Trapand — Edward Tredway — Treves — Truman — Robirt Truman — Tuckett — TugUr, St. James's Market — Tull, Fidi-Street-Hill — Wni. Tunlhll, of Richmond Wm. Turner, Efq; Mifs Turner John Twifden, Efq; Trinity-college, Camb. V. K^ R. Vanierflop, junr. — Vane — Vandfer, Heydon Cieorge Vernun, F.l}]| Mif> Vernon Kiillgn Verral Mr. Venn — Henry UlilhulF, junr. Uillii«r-Si|uar« — Vif Uii qiiK — Unwiii — Vok« — Henry Vonluilie, Thames Stfttt L'jptiin John Uiy, of the Navy W. QII.I'.S Wjkehim.Kfn, Great Yarmouth Mr. Rnbcrr Wallis — John Ward, of Warwick — Wardall — Wanan, fehnolinaftfr it Daventry — G.ibriel W.iiercr, Roth.ihiihe Wall — William Weare, o(B,illol — John Wcailurly — Webb — Sjmuel Webb — Archibald Webrter — Wallingliin, Ncw-Inii — William Will«, of Canterbury — Iliiciiphrey W, Hon — While, Garliik Hill Revr. Mr. White, >.fSliplim, Norfolk Mr. KilwaiJ While, . • !' ■!• Vini.outh — William V.'lrite Mrs. Grace White, of lliddeford Mr. Whitelaiul, iit Tliiill-. — Benjamin Whiilcy, of Uarnlliv, Yorkfliiro — Samuel Whilakcr, of Maneli>.lt..r — J.Wickeiis.watch cngraver,A'derlgate f.reet Jirhn Witr, lUq; Mr. Robert WiH'jii, of Uochford. Elfex — Thomas Wiggens, jiinr. I'aikKow, Greenwich — Wigmore, ot l-arnhain — Thomas Wild — John Wilde, at Nottingham Captain Juhn Wilkes, of Kiiatelborjugh Mr. Wm. Williams — Emanuel Williams — Thomas Williams — Thomas Willbn — Robert Willbn, of Rnchford, in EfTex — Thomas Winter, of Lancalfer —John Wintle, ofl'ewkclbury.Gloucenerfhirs — Wife, ofBrirtol — Thomas Wetherby, Birchin-Lane John Wood, Efq; Clerkcimell Mr. Wood, of Ipfwicli — Jofliua Wooley, of Nottingham Rev. Mr. Worgan, Blandford, Dorfetlhire Robert Worlley, Efq; llle of Wight Mr. O. H. Wotlley, lurgton, at Ware — V/right — Benjamin Wright X. Mr. Abraham Ximenes y. \fR. Yelverton — Yorke Reverend Mr. Young. M- ,* The proprietors hope that none of their Subfcribers will take it amifs in not finding tlieir names inferted in the above lid; fincc they have not been able, with the utmoll care, to obtain the namesof half the number of thol'<] who favoured this work with their fubfcription. km. A NEW h-^i the above I favoured A NEW /- -^^ e'- a<' 7,ew»' ,\>V«. /w M* A*" )y» > /^o ^| reous (mcll ' round, there I the water biij it were boilir It is worth! baths arife iil there is a f.ii| the veiiere.il nioiiiLiits fori Willi .inothe and is litu.-itcl 'rhc bath, thcl ~nJ all the wl warming dief baths in" diul (■I'd to h.'-cf iiitern.,! difca The vcrv . bibly the'iJ carthrjuakcs L fincc both dc| pliureous ariJ "I the earth that the n;t! do ftorms of| (•nithqu.Tkcs vround. Ycl io long, thatT fands of thcl larly in tlif J fire, xvhich I th<: whole cil and .'ccscccl fomp pariicuir calamity 'll 'APA!!. A I A. fithom?, fivar.oA'irig: up with t»rrat force tlic fliips, boats, ! mcnon ; fonic attiibutiiig it to tSofc places hiring fixed oa aiiJ whjtcver, at tnit fatal junitiirc, onus within it. rcatli, the immovahle ctnite ot the earth; and others liippolinj and Jaftiini; them to pieces a;;ainll the rocks at the hottorn, where tluy fonietinies reii.uii under wati-r, and at others are thrown out again at many miles dilKiiice. Th'j oth?r, which lies iii.ar tne coall ot' the province of Kijuokuni, rullics with a lend bodUrous iioil'e iihuut a Iniall rocky illand, wliich, by the violence ol' the jiiotion, is kept in a perpetual treniblins. But though this has a M-ry lorniidable app-arance, it is eUeeined leis dangcmus than the other; tor as its noife may be heard at a conTidcrable dillaacc, it may be eat'ily avoided. \VatVr-rp.mts are alio frequently obferv.'d to rife in the fcas of Japan, and to turn towards the coalls. 'I'hele the i.,'norant J ipanele I'ancv are a kind of water-dr.igons, with a Ion" wjtcrv tail, I'vmt; up into the air with a fwil't and violent motioii ; for. which rcalon they give tiiciii the name of Ipoutin.; dragons. Japan is very remarkable for the great number of its burnin" mountains : particularly not far from Firando is a Iniall rocky illaii I, which hat.i bc-n burnini; and tremb- li!i' lor niiMiy centuries ; and another linall ifland, oppofite to Sat/unia, is a volcano that has been burning at dil- ferent intervals, f.ir many a^ies. On the runimit of a mountain, in the province of Figo, is a large cavern, for- merly the mouth of a volcaiio, but the flams has cealed, probably lor want of comburtibls matter. In the fame province, near a rcliipous fluiclure, rallej the Temple of the jealous (i')d of Afo, a perpetual (lame illues from th? top of a mountain. In the province of 'ITikulen is another burnin;.; mountain, where was formerly a coal-pit; but it being let on tire by the carclefl'iiefa of the workmen, it has been burninit ever fiiicc. Sometimes a black fmoak, ac- comp.mied with a very dif.'.grecable Iteneh, is obferved to ifi'ue out of the top of a famous mount.uii railed Fcfi, in the province of oeruga. This mountain is faid to be nearly as high as th^ pike of TenenlF: but in (hape and beauty is fuDpofed to have no equal ; and its top is covered with perpetual fnow. Unfen is a large, though not very high, mountan, iieai Simahara; its top is co:illantly bare and whirifh from the coiotir of the fuipliur, and its fmoak may be difccrned at tiie diflance of Icveral miles. The earth is in feveral places '-luniing hot, and is (o ioofe and fpungy, that, except on a few fputs wnere trees grow, one cannot ■walk over it, witlio.jt being in contiiui.il fear from the crackling hnKow noife perceived inuler toot. Its fulphu- xeous Imcll is lo ftrong, that, for the fpace of many miles round, there is not a bird to be feeii ; and, when it rains, the water bubbles up, and the whole mountain Icems as if it were boiling. It is worthy of remark, that many cold-fpriiigs and hot- baths arile upon and about this mountain ; among which there is a famou- hot-bath, cfteemed an infdlible cure for the venereal dikafc, by the patient's bathing in it for a few moments for lever.d days together. He mult begin the cure with .mother hot-batn, which has a more moderate heat, and is liturited at a few leagues dillance. .As foon as he leaves ~thc bath, the patient mull goto bed, and endeavour to fweat; an J all the while he ufes the waters, he mud keep to a hot warming dit't. Befidcs thefe there are many other hot- haths in different parts ot the empire, Ionic of which are f.iid til ii.'vc extraorjinaiy virtues in curing external and ii.tern„l Jifeafes. The vcrv caufc which produces fo m.iny volcanns is pro- bably the iiafon why this country is more fubjcit to C3rth([uak:s thr.n perhaps any other in the known worK!, fmcc both licultlels proceed from the vafi quantity of ful- phurcous and nitrous materials dilperlVd through the bowels • if the earth Indeed earthquakes arc fo frequent in Japan, that the n;t!vrs dread them no more than the Europeans do ftorms of thunder and lightning. They imagine that carthqtinkcs are Cauled by a hug<; whale creeping under urcund. Yet fometimcs the fhocks are fo violent, and laft fo long, that whole cities arc deltroyed, and many thou- fanc's of the inhabitants buried under the ruins. Particu- larly in th'" year 1703, an earthquake, attended by a great fur, whirh broke out at the fame time, deOroyed almoll the whole city of Jedo, together with the king's palace, and .'.cCjCCO of the inhabitants. Yet it is obfervable, that fome particular places in Japan are condantly free from this calamity. The Japanefe reafon varioully upon this phxno- that it is owin^ t) the laiictity of thole places, and to tac powerful proteilion of their tutelar ^ods. s E c T. ir. A general Acmunt cf lilt Climate, Soil, Produce, mid Rive>s if Japan. Of i:s Minerals ar.U Gemi, Trees, SLriitii, Plants, Flowers, and dijfennt Kinds of Cirn. JAPAN enjoys a happy and healthful climate, it not being expoled to the burning heat of a more fouthern fun, nor to the extreme cold and levere frofts of the more northern regions : for it is well known, that in general no countries are fo fruitful, and none lb pleafant and agreeable, as thufe whicli lie between 30 and 40 degrees of north latitude. The weather is, however, fubjedt to frequent changes; for in the winter they have ihow, and pretty hard froits. On tlie contrary, the lummer, particularly during the Dog-days, is extremely hot, and thunder and lightning frequently happen. Rains tall throughout the whole year; but with the greatclV profufion in the months of June and July, wnicn are on that account called Water-months. How- ever, the rainy feafon is lar from coming up to that regular rity which is obicivcd in other and hotter parts of the halt Indies. The country is for the moll part mountainous, rock/j and naturally barren ; but, through the indcfati^jable care and iiidullry of the inhabitants, they have rendered it fo Iruitlul a; to fiipply thein with all manner of neceifarics, befides the filh which ttiS rive; a and the lea afford. Even the molt rocky and u:icultivat J places yield plants, fruits, and roots fir the I'artcnance of the nktives, which their in- di'^ent ancrlfors learnt to drel's and to prepare, fo a\ not only lo render them lit lor food, but iikcwile pleafing and. agreeable to the talle. If we conhder this and the (ruga/ way of liiing of the Jipanefe in gene.-al, we need not wonder that this vail and populous empire is fo abundantly provided with all the necelfaries of liie, that it can eafil/ fublill of itfelf, without any aflillancc from forcisn countries, as long as arts and agriculture are followed and improved by liic natives. Even this leeming defect of the foil, in re- quiring the mod laborious culture, is an inllance of the kindnels of heaven, fiiice it keeps up among the inhabi- tants a commendable fpirit of labour and induflry. Such in other refpcfls is the fruitfulnefs of the climate, that there is fcarcc a hill, though ever fo ftccp, or fcarce a mountain, though ever fo high, v.-liich, on being cultivat- ed, as mofl nr--. do not fufHciently reward the indultriou'j labourer for the pains and care he beftow ?n them. The country being divided and interfected b' an almoft infinite number of little ifiands on the coaft, and in the channels that feparatc the three largcft ifiands, is alio another in- Ifancc of the kindnefs of nature: fmce thefe many and dif- ferent iflcs are with regard to the whole empire, what dif- ferent countries and provinces arc with refpedt to the whole globe : for differing in foil and fituation, they produce all the v..ri.jus ncccll'aries and luxuries of life ; and there is fcarce any thing that can be wiftied for, but what is pro- duced in fome province, in fome ifland or other, in fuch quantities as are fuffieient to fupply the whole empire. Se. vera! piovinces produce gold, otheis filycr, others copper, others tin, others lead, and others iron. One of the burning mountains throws out great quantities of fulphur, which is alfo dug up in many other places; and another produces the white clay of which they make all forts of porcelain-wares. From others are brouclit great quantities of timber ; and from others pit-coal. Others breed oxen j others horfcs. One province is remarkably fruitful rn rice, another inchefnuts, another in figs, and another fruit. The coalts of one province are famous for its Ihcll-fifh, another for its fea-weedsand other fub-marine plants, and the coafts in general aftord a plentiful fupply of a variety of fi(h. Pearls are found in the gulph of Omura, ambergris upof the coafls of the Riuku ifl.lnds, and l<:vi il provinces pro- duce cryflals and precious ftone?. Nor ha e they occalion to fend for medicines from abroad ; the minv mountains and valleys producing, in the cofrpafs of one country, what plants and trees grow in difFcrcrtclintares. 'iV :.til ^'•tV' A SYSTEM O l< G E O G R A P H Y. Japaw. I., •i I ■■.! ■J Thr cniintry is alfo iilcntifully fupplitd witli frtdi w:;tcr, and aboiiml.s in fpriiiys, !.il:c,-, ar.d rivers ; lomc ni which are fo l:irpc and rapiJ^ tnm Mcir rirui;; on iL-cp hi;i'i moun- tains, or iVoni the profuli; (liowirs of rain wiiich iii']Ufntly fall, that no hii.ijif; can be built over tlf^ni, and thty cannot he paflul without dan;.',cr. One of th.' ir.oll laniou-. of thefc is the river Ujin, whi^h is a mile and a half bioad ; and it having no bridge, it mu'.t be fordid ovjr. liut the force and rapidity with vvhicli it fali^ down from the mountains is fo (;reat, that cvi ii when th.e water is fo low as to be fcarcely kiiee-dcep, five Ihon;:; men, well acquaint- ed with its bed, mull be ciiiploytd to icad a horic over ; for, bcfides its rapidity, thi; many l.ir;:;e ilones that lie at tlu' bottom contribute to render tiie pall'.ige equally difHriilt and dangerous. But the people wl.ol'e biifmcfj it is to ford paflengcrs a-crofs this, and other rivers, to prcxent their not taking due care, are, by the laws of the country, made anfwerable for their lives. It has been obferved, that gold is found in feveral pro- vinces. The nreateft quantity is melted out of its own ore ; but fome theywafli out of the faiids ; and a fmall quantity is alio contained in the copp< r. 'I'he enipefir claims the fupreme Jurildiclion, not only of all the gold mines, but of all the mines of the enpirc, none of which may be worked without a licenfe obtained from liim : for of the produce of all the mines that arc worked, he claims two- thirds, and the other third is Uft to the Ic-rd of the pro- vince in which the mines lie; but as thefe lords t'ciurally relidc upon the fpot, they take care to render their fliare nearly equal to that received by the emperor. The richtft gold ore, and that which yields the fined };(.ld, is dug up in one of the northern provinces of the yieat illand Ni- phon ; thefe mines formerly yielded great quantities of that valuable metal ; but the veins there, and in moll of the other mines, do not yield near the quantity of gold they did formerly. Among the other pold mines there is one in the province Tfikungo ; but it is fo full of water, that the people have been obliged to defiR from working it. How- ever, it being (o fituatcd, that, by cutting the rock and maKing an opening beneath the mine, the water might be eafily drawn oft'; this was attempted, but there happen- ing to arife, juft as they began, fuch a violent ftorm of thunder and lightning, that the men were obliged to fly for flielter ; thefe fuperftitious people imagined, that the tutelar god and protedlot of the place, unwilling to have the bowels of the earth thus rifled, raifcd this ftorm in order to make them fenfiblc how much he was difpleafed at this undertaking; and therefore no farther attempt was made for fear of incurring hisdifpleafure. The filver found here is very line, and thc're arc mines of it in feveral places, particularly in the northern provinces. Or.c of the provinces alio afl'ords a fmall quantity of tin, which is fo exceeding fine and white, that it almoft comes up to filvcr : but the Japancfe make little ufe of thii metal. Copper is the moft common of all the metals f)und in Japan, ijomc of it is the finell and molt malleable of any in the world ; others is not onlv exceeding fine, but mixed with a confiderabic quantity of gold, which the Japancfe Separate and rtfine. All this copper is brought to Saccai, one of the five principal cities, where it is refined and caft into fmall cylinders, about a fpan and a h.ilf long, and a finger thick. There is bcfides a cciarlcr fort of copper, which is caft into large flat cakes, and fold a great deal cheaper than the other. Brafs is very fcarce, and much dearer than copper ; calamine being imported from Tonquin in flat cakes, and fold at an high price. Iron ore is dug up onlv on the confines of three of the provinces, but it is found there in large quantities. The iron is formed into cylinders two fp.iiis long, and bought upon the fpot by the Japanefc merchants, who fend it to all parts of the empire. As iron is fomewhat dearer than copper, fuch kinds of houfliold-goods, hooks, cramp-irons in buildings and (hips, and fuch other things as in moft countries are made of iron, are in Japan made of copper: they do not however drefs their provifions in veflcls of that metal, but have a particular fort of light kettles made of a compofition of iron. Coals arc dug up In great quantities in raoft of the nor- thern provinces. Ii Agates of feveral farts, fome ol w'ii?h are extraordinary fine, and of a bluilli colour, lefeaibling lapphires ; ani! n!f') cornelians and jafper" are bruuti'it troin a n-oiintjin on the northi'in cdieiiiitics ot the proMiice ot O^ju. Pearls, by the Japanefc calb-d (lull-iewcis, arc found alinoit everv where about Saikokf in ovikrs and lever '.I JtiiL-r fca-(hells. I'he natives formerly fet little value (Ml tluiii, till tiu'v learnt that the Cbinefc were willing to pur- cliafe tlieni at .in high price. The largcft and fiiiell pearls are found in a fmall fort of oyflcr, ""' unlike the iVrfian pearllhill ; for both valves (liut clofc, th.'y arc about an li.ind broal, txi tiding thin and buttle, on tlie out-fule black, fnii nth ami Ihining, and within ptcttv rou 'li aiul unequal, of a whitifb colour, and glittering like motlicr of pearl. Midt of their fiilphur is broujlit from a finall neighbour- ing ifland, which, from the great plenty it ati'ords, is called the Sulphur lliand. Formerly it was thought inacceflible, on account of the thick Imoak which was obferved continuallv to arif.- fioin it, and from the imaginary fpeiSres by which the people fuppofed It to be h.uinted : but, at laff, a man of coira.^c .iiid icfolulion obtaining leave to examine its llatc amlfitua- tion, he chofc fifty refolute fellows to accompany liim, wha going on (hore, found at the top of an eminence a lartrc Hat fpot of ground covered with fulphur; and ever fince that illand brings in to the prince of Satzuma about twenty chefts of filver, per annum, arifing from the fulphur dun- up there, befides the profit he makes of the trees and timber that grow along the fhore. The country of Simabra, par- ticularly about the hot-baths, affords a fine pure native fulphur ; but the inhi'bitants dare not venture to dig it up, tor fear of oftending the tutelar genius of the place, whom they imagine is unwilling to fpare it. Here .iTib is found a naphtha of a reddifli c jlour, which the natives burn in lamps infteadof oil. Ambergris is found upon the coafts, chiefly in the in- teftincs of a whale, which is frequently caught near the (hore. All forts of fubmarine plants, (hrubs, corallines, coral.', ftones, mufliiooms, fea-fans, algse, fuci, and the like ; as alfo fhells of all kinds, arc found in the greatcft plenty in the Japancfe feas, no ways inferior in beauty to thofe found about Amboynaand the other Spice Iflands : but the natives fct fo little value on them, that they will not be at the trouble of looking for them. 'I'he varnifli-tree is one of the moft tifeful trees of thi^ country ; it affording a milky juice which the Japancfe make ufe of in varnifliing, or, as we call it, japanninij, all their houfliold-goods, dilhes, and plates of wood j which are fo highly eileemed, both by the prince and pcafant, that even at the tmpcror's table fervices of lackcred-warc arc preferred to thofe of gold and filver. The true varnifh- trce is of a kind peculiar to this country, and produces a more beautiful varnilh than is any where tlfe to be found. Though the fruit of both the black and white mulberry- tree is intirclv infipid, and not fit to be eaten ; vet this dc- fedt is fully compenfated by the cxtenfivc ufefuln^fs of its leaves in feeding fillc- worms. The mulbcrrv-trec prows in moft parts of Japan, but in the greatcft plenty in the northern provinces, where many cities and villagts almcfb entirely fubfift upon the filk manufadures. The kadfi, or pnpcr-trce, is of the mulberry kind. Though it grows wild in the country, yet, on account of its great ufefulncfs, they tranfplant and cultivate it in feve- ral places. It grows with fiirprifing quickncfs, and fpreads its branches very far. It affords a great quantity of bark, of which they make not only paper, but ftuffs, cloth, ropcs» and feveral other things. i3ut a farther account will be given of this tree under the manufa£iures of Japan. The fanfio is a middle-fized tree, armed with prickles. Its bark and hulks are ufed inftcad of pepper an ! finger, and the natives cat the leaves on account of their pleafant aroma- tic tafte. Baytrccs of feveral kinds grow in Japan. That which bears red berries exadfly refembles the cinnamon-tree, both in itslhape, and in the figure and fubftance of its leaves: its bark has an aromatic lajlc, but it is much intctior to the agreeable fwcetncfi of the true cinnamon. The Jap.*v. The c black an ••anijihire into fmal feii)r to gathered illand Jioi and bark. The te that grow the boidei fit for the flowly, at the riling and twigs, little greyi niities of tl leaves, fta drop off wt 'i'he flr.wi not unlike ter, with vi pctala, or 1 which, fr( larger, and fix linall re To the flov compofed t plumbs grc a center, bi Each capful green inclin and (omewh face, after a to appear, a thin hardif difcovers a i a filbert, at I which (oon planted in a ( up in hedjcsl or tea of th them being induftrious human dunn others. 1 h° the leaves ar good ones in ihxuh riles t flowly, and the next year the rtmainiii' dantly repay With peac plied : and, dif?'ercnt fror both granulai As grapes Strawberries berries and tiffc. Cherr of the flower which they as big as rol bloom, affon their gardens I'omecitroi curicus i but lemons. A in fhape and ccllcnt ar^ma^ in flsapc and four. It grc miich ulcd ir in Japan •ailed kaki. It grows on lc.;vcs of whi in fhapc and flcfliy part hard, and ali h aln all ich fjnt, ware (h- UCC5 be which both i: its o the Th-J JaPav. a S The camphire-trec alfo rt fembics a bay-trrc ; I'ut licnr- bl.H k and purple berries. Tlie country pcopk- prepjie the caniphire by a I'lPgle ileetxilion (it the ri")ts and v.-o.a] rut into Inull piece. This is extremely cheap, and niurli in- leii >r to the trnc Hornean caniphiie, which is laid to be gathered from tlie (lumps of old camphire-tnes in the iflaiid liornco, upon incjfiuns being made between the wuud and bark. The tca-flirub, though one of the moft eftcemed plants that urow in Jap.in, is allowed no other room but round the boideis of rice and corn fields, and in barren places un- fit for the culture of other ihinjjs. This (hrub grows but flowly, and iifcs to the hiii;ht of a fathom, or more ; and the riling (iem loon (prcada into many irregular branches and twigs. The bark is dry, tlun, and of a chelnut colour, a little grcyifti on the iKmii, and inclined to green on the cxtre- ir.itic-5 of the twigs. The branches are irregularly befet with leaves, (landing on very Iniall foot-llalks, which would not drop oft were tliey not plucked, theplant being an evcr-grcen. 'Jhe flr.wirs conie forth in autumn, one or two together, not unl;ke wlld-iofis, an inch or foniething more in diame- ter, withvfry little fmell, white, and conipofcd of fix round pLtala, or leaves, (landing on fuot-llalks half an inch lonu', which, from a fmall (leiuier beginning, infenfildy grow larger, and end in an unccrt.un number, commonly five or fix linall round leaves, which fervc inllead of the calyx. To the (lowers fuccccd the fruit in great plenty, commonly compofed of three round rapfular of the higiiefs of wild plumbs grown together to one common foot-(lalk, as to a center, but diftinguiflicd by three pretty deep partitions. Each capfula cont.uns a hulk, nut, and Iced. The hu(k is green inclining to black, when ripe of a fat, membranous, and fomewhat woody fubltance, gaping on its upper fur- face, after a year's ilanding, forihe nut, which lies within, to ap()ear. The nut is almofl round, and is covered with a thin hardilh (hining chefnut flK-ll, which, bcinj; cracked, difcovert a reddidi kernel of a lirm fubllanee like that of a filbert, at firft of a fwcetidi, and not very agreeable lafte, which loon grows rough and bitter. The lecds are not planted in a continued row, which would make thcni grow up in hedges, but at fvme dillancc from each other. Ivght or ten of them arc generally put into one hole ; moll of them being naught. As the (lirub rifcs, the careful and indullrious once a year fatten the foil about them with human dung mixed with earth, which is ncgUctcd by others. They mull be at leall of three years growth before the leaves are fit to be plucked, and then they bear very good ones in great plenty. In about feven years time the ihrub rifes to a man's height ; but as it tiien grows but flowly, and bears but a few leaves, it is cut down, and the next year many young twigs and branches grow out of the remaining flcm, bearing (uch plenty of leaves as abun- dantly repay the lofs of cutting it down. With peaches, apricots, and plumbs, they arc well fup- plied : and, in particular, they have two forts of plumbs different from ours, one purple and the other white, and both granulated like mulberries. As grapes will not cafily ripen, they plant but few vines. Strawberries are there intirely infipid ; and both the rafp- bcrrics and bramble-berries are not very agreeable to the title. Cherry-trees, and the like, arc kept only for the fake of the flowers, as are by fome the apricot and plumb trees, which they improve by culture, fo that the Rowers become as big as rofes, and in the fpring, when they are in full bloom, afford a delightful fight about their temples, and in their gardens and walks. I'omecitrons are to be fccn only i-i the gardens of the curious i but there is plenty of difTcrcnt Ibits of oranges and lemons. A fort of lemons vvhiih rtfemblts the peach, both in (hapc and fize, is cftecnicd the bell ; lor it has an ex- cellent aromatic flavour. Another foit, that is much fcarcer, in fliapc and fize rcfembles a nutmeg, and is exceeding four. It grows rather on a (hrub than on a tree, and is much ulcd in cookerv. In Japan there are three different forts of fig-trees : one •ailed kaki, differs from the (ig-tree in fevcral particulars. It grows on a tree that refembles an old apple-tree, the leaves of which arc long, and without nctches. 1 he fruit in fhapc and colour alio refembles a reddilh apple ; but its fitfhy part has the taftc of a delicate lig i ytt the feed is hard, and almod of a (lony fubllanee. This tree i$ no Icfs I A. „ admirable for its cxtraordinarv fruiifulncf-, than for th: grcr.t ufe m.ide of the fruit, which, on bciii- liri.d, atfordj an .igrtcable finid both for rich ami poor. Th-' (.-cond fort releinbks that vvliich we have in I iirope, oi'v it grows on a tree with broad oblong rough leaves, wliiiout notches. The third fort, which is very fcarc, is the Eiirojiean (ig- trec, which was tranfplaiitcd into the country by the I'or- tUc'Ucfe. They have no apple-tices like ihofe of Europe ■. nor have they any other bchdes winur-pears, wr ich aie very plenti- ful, and grow to an extraordinary li/.e : but tney are not fit to be eatin raw. Chelnut-trees grow there in great plenty, and the fruit it both larger .md better than ours. Walnut-trees grow eliicdv in the northern provinces. The nuts arc inclofed in a fl^diy pulp, .md m liie and Ih ipe are not unlike to the arrack nut. The kernels, wlKiifreln, are not agreeable to the talle ; but when dried, they are more p.ilatable. Tney have a gentle pu ^ing qualiiv, which is (living to thi-ir fweet oil, and, oii account of their many medicinal vlitues, they are fi;rved up at table along with the deifl'rt. The oil expreiK.d out of thele nuts it very Iwcct and agreeable, and taiies not unlike the oil of fweet almonds. It is much cdeemtd for its medicinal vir- tues, and is alfo ulVd in drtfTing provHions. The fniokeof the kernels of thefe nuts is the chief ingredient of the bell Jap.in-ink. Another fort of nuts, i died Gliiau, is as big as large pillacho-nuts, and grow in jreat plenty on tine tall trees in almofl all pans of Japan. Thele nuts afford an oil which is much commended tor feveial ufes. Two forts of oaks grow in the countiy, both diiTeient from ours ; and the acoriis of the larger foit are bod..'d and eat by the common people. Hut firs and cyprefs-tries are midl common in t;uir woods and forclls. j'oi 'h(. fii- of ornament, they are planted in rows along the roads, and over the rid^vs c'' the hills and mountains, whiih renders travelling very pleafant. The natives pl.mt theni in fandy and barien places, good for nothing ellc ; and yet, to pre- vent their iKconiiiig Icarce, none mull be tut down with- out leave from the magillrate of the place, or without new ones hi.ing planicd in their room. The (iiioki and fu:jgi are two forts of cvprefs trees that yiel'i a beautiful light wochI, remarkable for it. inibibin"' no watei. The emperor has fomeiimes forbid the lellin ; of thefe trees for any life wh.'.tfoevcr : however, little regard is had lo ordersofthiskiiul, particularly in the remote province*, unlcfs the tranfgrilfor be liable to afcvere puniflinient. Here is alfj the iron- tree, fo called from the haronefs of the wood i and a kind of maple, of which there are two forts, which dittcr from each other in this particular, the leaves ot one turn purple in the fpring, and the other ia autumn, and both appear very beautiful. The fah-treeis alfo faid to change the colour of its leaves into a line pur- ple in autumn. Japan may vie with mod, if not all the countries in the known world, lor the great variety of beautiful plants and flowers with which iia'urc ha;; adorned its fields, hills, wood:, and forcds. Some of thefe they tranfplant into garden;, and greatly imjirove by culture. Among thefe is the tlubacki, a pretty large (hrub that arrows in woods and he'J.;es, and has flowers not unlike rofes. Of this (hrub there aie many b'.autifiil varieties. The fatfuki is a (hrub with lily-fiowers, of whicli there arc many forts ; particu- larly two kinds that grow wild, one with purple flowers, an.i the other with thole of a fine carnation ; thefe, in the proper feafon, arc a great oriianunt to the hills and fields. The fakanandlio is another flirub with lilv-flowers, but much larger than the former. There are likcvvifc iium- berlefs vaiieties of feveifews and lilies growing in the country. The firfl, bcini; improved by art and eulturc, arc the chief ornaments ol houfes and gardens ; as the ether are of defarts and unculti\atcd places : nor hath n;ituic been lefs liberal with refpcft to clovc-gillv flowers, iiar- cifliifes, and the like. But it is remarkable, that thefe fevc- ral flowers fall as Ihort of others of thci: kind growing I Europe, in (Irength and agrreablenefs of fniell, as they exceed them in the cxquilite beautv of theii colours. The fame obfervation holds true with refpecl to moft fruits that grow in Japan, tluv being far tiom coming up to the pleafant aromatic tade of thole that grow in China, and other countries of the eatl. C The Ml: '0 mm \ -m 'rim , , the l'iip|):)rt of liitf, nrcbvtlic JanriiRff cnmpnlKnd- ed under the na'ne of the five fruif. of the fit-Ids. 'Ihcfc arc, I. Rice, of which tiicrc arc fcvcrni fnrts ; the hill h.i8 not Its tqiial iii the Indies, it rs perfectly white, and «x- Iremcly nourifliing. They hoil it to a uood confiflence, and then rat it at their nu-als inl'ead of bread ; and from this they alfo brew a itrong fort of b.cr, named faciei. 2. Barley, with which they I'e^d th.ir cattle ; and alfo make cakes of it. They have alfo a fort of barley with purple- coloured cars, which, when ripe, arc a great ornanunt to the fields. 3. Wlieat, wl.ith is extremely cheap. 4. A fort of beans about the hijnefs of TurkiOi piafe, and th.it grow after the mann'.r of lupins. 5. Subeans, which arc black, and nni unlike lentils ; thcic arc ground, and the flour baked w'l'A fu.;ar in fe\eral kind-- of cakes. Under thcfc five clafil-.s they alio con;prclicnd liiJia corn, millet, and all forts of pcafe anil pulfe. They have exceeding larcc turncps, which the natives cat raw, boiled, .md pickled : likcwiU' horfcradiflies, carrots, gourds, miloMs, twcnnibcrs, mhJ fonsc forts of lettuces. Kut, bcfidcs all the above plants, there arc numberltfs others that gri.w in the fiiMs upon hills and mountains, in woods and foKlls, in barren and uncidtiiatcd places, and along the fea-coalls. (.)( all thefe there are \ery few but what aftord their roots, leaves, flowers, and fruits, not only for the fupport of the common people, but even for the luxurious tables of the people of quality. '1'hi.re is a great variety of niufhrooms, mod of which arc cat ; and of all the foft fubmarMie plants, there is hardly oni but what the natives ufe for food. Fiflicrnicn's wives Wiifti, fort, and (ell them ; and tbcv are.alfo very dexterous in diving for them, and bringing them up from the bottom o! the fca, from twenty to foity fathoms deep. SECT. iir. 0/ the Bi,7//s, Birds, Infers, ami Rrplius. CONSIDERING the great extent of the empire of Japan, it is but fparingly fnpplicd with four-footed bealt-s, cither wild or tame. The tormer find but few de- fart places where they can incrcafe and multiply, and the latter arc only bred up for agriculture and caiiiage. The doflrine of the tranfni'gration of fouls being almoft univer- fally toceived, the natives live chiefly upon vegetables, and know how to improve the lanil to much better advaiiuLC than in turning it into fields for the breeding of cattle. The horfes in this country are fmall ; but fomc of them rot inferior in (nape, fwiftn^f-, and dexterity to the Per- fi.-n breed. They here fcrvc for ftatc, for riding, tor car- rirtgp, and plowing Dulls and cows fcrvc only for plow- ing and carnage. It is furprifing that the natives know nothinj of m'lk, butter, and checfe ; but probably the rows, as in .Jt.ler c ftcrn countries, yield but little milk. They have a fort of butfalues of very large fizc, that have bunches on their backs like camels, and in large cities fcrvc for carriage and the tranfporting of ^oods They have no ! elephants, camels, alles, n\ulcs, fhcep and gsats, and but I few fwine, which were brou^^ht over trom China, and are I bred by the country people in one province, in order to fell them to the Chincfe who trade with Japan. Dogs are very tiumcrc'., ;, but they have only the common fort, and no grcyiioiini's or fpanicls. They have a beautiful kind of cats, wn h are of a whitifh colour, with large ycllov/ and black fpof, and a very ihort tail. They are not fond of mounnp, but love to be carried about and carefTcd, par- ticularly b-,- worpcn. Of the wild hearts, they have a kw mon'.eys of a docile kind, of a dark-brown colour, with (liort tails, and with naked faces and backs. They have alfo a few bears of a fma!! kind i." the northern provinces. There are likewife a fmall nup'.ber of deer, hares, and wild boars, which fome feints arc permitted to eat at certain times of the year. F'o.xes are ory comnion, and the nati\es imagine that they are animated by an evil fpirit : but the fox-hunters are very expert in catching and (hipping them of their fur, which is uled for their writing; and painting pencils. From lions, ly^ero, leopards, aad lucli other voracious animals, Japan is entirely free. The itiitz is a fir.a!! four- fonteii animal of a rerfdifli colour. Anothtr largrt lort of it is 'ailed tin. They both live under thf roofs ot houlev. They aic very dexterous at lali-hing fowls and fi(h, and are fo t:.mr thac they may be raT.'krd in the tl.ifj ot donicllic animals. I he whidc (.ounliy 1\« aims with ran and mice. Some of the rals arc tamed, and taught to prif^rtn fevcrni tricks. Thole which play with molt Jextenn arc fo be li.' n at Oficia, a city to which mountebank:, jugglctj, and men with flicwi rclort from .ill p.irts. f )f lame fi.wl they keep cbirken?, and fomriimcs ducks, whi.h arc killed anj (old by fie meanelf cf the people, to (uch as will vmturr to ejt lliem : but in tnc mourning years f. r the death of an tinper.r, and at any oth r tim; when the cn-jitror ihinki fit to order it, n > liv'iig c.\.-ature wii.itevcr may be killed or brcu;;ht to maik"t, in .my part of his dominions. The cocks ottcner tii-ape than the hens; they being lield in great cft^tm, chiefly among the religiouf orders, on account of their mcaluring time, and their be- ini; fuppofed to foretel future changes of the wcaiher. Tho* wild-fowl are natuially fiiy, yet in this populous country they arc fo familiar, that many kinds of them may be ju(f!v ranked among the lame. The crane is the ..hi'-t of the wild lirds of the country, and nas t»-ij privilege, that it is unlawful to (hoot him with- out an exprels order from the emperor. They are of two difFen nt kinds, one white as (now, the other a(h-c(doured. Of h-.rons there .ue fever jI kiiiUs, which ditler in (izc and colour. The chief ar.- the white and the grey herons, both very comnny onc-i, an.l (o familiar, ih.-it rhcy Wi.l not fly away at any body's approach. Tbcy do a g;rat '.'eil of ml'-liief in t:ie fields, and yet nob:dy mull kill ot ntn dilfur^ thtin on piin of dcalli, except thole who have bou.;ht the privilege of flioot- ing them on fonf traits of ground. There arc fescral torts of wild ducks, as tame as the gecfe. The male of one of thele kinds is extrrniily beau- tiful ; for its feathers arc wonderfully divcrlificd with the fini It colours imaginable; th» neck and breatt arc ted ; the head is crowned with a moft magnificent topping: beftdea the tail rifing obliquely, and the wings itanding up over the back in a very Angular manner, aiFord a tight an curious as it is uncommon. There arc pheafants of fin^ular beauty ; particularly one kind is remarkable for the various colours and lultre of its feathers, and for the beauty of its tail, which is about a vaid long, and in the variety and mixture of the fined co- lours, chiefly blue, is not inferior to that of the peacock. '.V'oodcocks are very common, and arc eat by (omc Icdls, as a'c alfo the wild gcefc, ducks, and pheafants. Storks flay in the conniry all the year. Hawks are as common h^rc as in other parts of the taft Indies. The belt falcons are caui;ht in the northern provinces. The mifago, or bi(a?o, is a voracious bird of the hawk- kind, which preys chiefly on fifli. It makes a hole in fome rock upon the coaf^s, whe.'C it lays up the prey it has caught, which is obl'trvcd to k^cp as well as pickled fifh. n tartes very fair, and is fold dear. Whoever has difcove.-cJ fuch a cave may inake a good deal of money of it, ,'.-ovided he does not take out too much at a time. The foRen is a fcarcc nisht-bird, of a moft delicious taftc ; and therefore affords 3~di(h for the tables of people of quality. Larks fing much better here than in F.uropc; and nigh» tingalcs, if they have a gof>d voice, are I'ometimcs fold to curious people at a very high price. In Ihort, ("nipcs, fea- pies, mews, fea-ravens, fwallows, and fparrows, are as common here as in Luropc. Here are bees, and confequcnllv fomc honey and wax, though but in a fmall quantity : alfo humble-bees, wafps, gnats, flies, IcKuifs, beetles, and 3 irrcit \arietv of other infects common in Kurope ; bcfidcs fomc other remarkable forts, the chief of which we (hill here mention. Anion;; the butterflies there is a large fort called th- mountain- butterfly, which is cither entirely black, or curioufly diver- fificd % Japan. Hi /,>,t,n>iin 'A^ If .11-, /,>,/,<•/ //t' ftilNnn.u., r fific TV Japan, origin, rtligioi 'j'hc difteiei veral province.' the country ha diftercnt natio the inhabitant arc fliort filed, and are ftronj: the clJeft and and have fonie ttnances. Tl d "Tl" Japan. A S I fificcl with white, hlack, and other fpof^. THl komuri is abcaiititul, Lirj'/, f|)(ittcd, aiui hairy night-fly. Th y h;ive uho I'uvcral vc-iy ixtraorilin.iry kiiul . <.| IjvuiIcs, 3moii( which is a brown one callcJ (llii, ih:it mult appear viry c irioui to the attentive eye ot' tlic n.ituralill''. They are ol three kinds, and tlic Lir^'fil rtlVnililc ni fliapc the flies v.'hith in turopc fly aliimt ui the evening i hut they have 1 o winj!S. I hey he in the prunnd all the winter, and ti epiiig out in fpring, in the lUfht-timc, f.ilkn theni- felvi'.i i> the trees, or whatever in their mareh they can lay hold I't'. A little whde nl'icr they burll, and their hack fplilti.ii^ lengtiiwife, makci way for the di-liver.mieof u fly, like a beetle, that was incloCcd within it, and which in- ilanily appears much bigger than the prifon in which it V/J1 conhned ; when burflin^ forth, it fpreadi its four wings, and flics away. Tinging with :i loud voice, which, it is faid, may be heard at thcdiftanceof an Lnglilh nnle. The woods and inountains are filled with the nuifci but they gradually difappear in the Dog-days, when they are (aid to creep into the ground again, in order to undergo a new nietaniorphuhs, and re-appear in the fame (late the follow- ing year. Another fmailer kind is fecn later in the year, about the time when the others difappear, I'hey fing from noon to fun-fet; but their mufic is not near fo loud as that of the others, and they appear abroad till late in autumn. The third fort dirters from the fecond only in Tinging from morning till night, 'I'he females of all the three kinds arc mute. 'J'hey have cantharides of feveral beautiful kinds ; but their nfe is unknown. The fineft of all the flyinr tribe of infeils is a fcarce night-fly, which, on account of iti in- comparable beauty, is kept by the ladies among their cu- riofities. It is of about the length of a hn:;cr, flendcr, round-bodied, and with four wings ; t*o of which are tranfparent and hid under a pair of others, which ihine with the fined polifh, and are mofl curioufly adorned with lines and fpots of blue and gold. Among the infei5ls are fmall mifchicvous creatures, railed white-ants. Thele live together in community like the European ants, and nearly refembic them in fh.ipe and fize. The Japancfc call them piercers, an cpitliet which they well dcfcrve, for they pierce whatever they meet with, flone.i and ores excepted ; and when once they get into a ware-houfc, they are able, in a Ihort time, to dellroy all the goods. Nothing has been as yet dilcovercd that will keep them ofi', but fait laid under the goods and fprcad about them. The lizards of this country refeml.lc thofe of Europe. There are but few fnakes. One of the moll famous is of a green colour, with a flat head and (harp teeth. Its bite is followed by a fpeedy death ; yet the foldiers arc very fond of its flefn, from their (irmly 'lelieving that their eating it makes them bold and courageous. Another fort of fnakes is of a monitrous fize. Thcfe arc found in waters and upon mountains ; they are very fcarce, and when taken are (hewn for money. A, II SECT. IV. 0/ the Perfons of the Nativci ; their Drefi alter this f.lhion makes a very odd figure; for befides their being ueneraliy fhort and thick, their large h.it, wide breeches and cloak, together with their fitting crofs-legg'd on the hoife, make them appear broader than they are Ion". As to the bridle, the travelhr hath nothing to do with that, the horfe being led hy one cf his footincn, who walks on the horfc's right-fide, near the head, and, together with his companions, (w^ merry fongs to divert tliemfelvcs and animate the hoifes. This cuftom is univerfal i fur none- guide their horlts themfelvcs. The great men are carried by their fervanis in a kind of fedans, though the jaurneybe ever lu long. Tlicir marriages arc celehratcj leforefonieof the bonzes, or priclts, at the foot of an idol; where the bridegroom .••nd bride have two tapers, or lamps, put into thcr hands, whiln the pricll pronoiincis the words: after which the bride throws the toys Ihe had played with in her childhood into the fire; and, in their Itead, receive-, from the relations prefents fuitable toher piefent condit; in, together with their "■ongratulations and good-vvilhcs. At length, after fome offerings made to the idol, the whole company, attended with vocal and intfrumental mulic, arc conducted to the biidcgroom's houle, where the feaft lafts a week ; during which the mufic, dancing, banquets, and itrong liquors, are fildoni fparcd. The noble and the wealthy flrive to honour the dead with great pomp and cciemony ; and drinking at the funeral Icaft 1,1 ,:. ,^ \}M ■ ■ -A •■■\: .' ,' II '■I -iX- ut :'y 1 i: ^ ^ :i. 1 il 1 I 12 A SYSTEM OF G K O (i K A T 11 V. Japam. Japav. HI :t- fi-aft ii r«ndt the (iiulKi an I moie iliuiLilly by the luptTlhiiMin rh.irirn, nJliri, l>ill< <•' exihaiiL'i', anJ other kn.ivifh impolilKini, by which they pretcMcl 111 keep hai k or diCiu'ile th.it'c maiuiou* (jiinti which the crcidiloiij laity liipiidli- he in w.ict tor Jipirtcd foul ;, and to prnciire ihcin aconir.it.ilile plan- in the uthir w<'rlJ. Ni)twiihllan(lin^ the cMrcine lupcrftKion iil' the Japancfi-, whiih appears on ivi-ry iicialiun, thi-ir behaviour, Ironi tlic DUMiicIt coiinlrvnian up to the greitrtf l kiruliief) aiidnleafiirc. Hut both their love and lialnd, their efKein aiul conttmpt, are handed down to thi! lated polUrlly i for wronj;'! and iiijiirus are rifinlcil by fiiececding peneratimis, and niiitual emtiit fi Celdiiin ccafe, but witn the death and total dillriiction ol one nt the particj. Hut, notwnlillandin;^ this vindu'tivc fpirit, they do not in other refpedls want (zcncnfitv aii.l humanity : nor arc thi'v at all dtii .itioni loin, riir, pulli', and nunibiile(» nlilde plant*. Kvery inch i.l I'round is improvcil to the b l( ailvantaifc, anJ none ran behold, without admiration, the hills and mouniiin,, nMiiy inacrclTible to cattle, and that in other countne* Would lie wholly nej;leclcd, tiillivateJ up to their very topi. Th'-y arc fkillul in iiiaiiuriii!; their (>round, which they do in various ways, and with many ditlVrent liibltanrei. Flat low lands are plowed with oxen, Ibcp and hij',h ones h» men, and both m.inuieil with human dunf(. As to liec whi( h is the principal looil of tiie natives, Inch p;iota(r wcKilly I'libllancc, *i.d iliiii put upon iithiik, linouth, woollen triblc lu tic tiiMt with lti(k> nil It rclrmblri the |nil|iiit l, with the flimv inluriun of rik.e, aiiJ the inluliou ol the ureiii ruul, wlikli i> i>ll» (liiny uiid tnucdui i and [>cu\^ niivcj iiitu an unirorni li(|uiJ lubllance by ll:rrin^ it with a tnlii rcLilf thv IhrctJ are lormiil une by unc, by Liklnu up this lii|iiul liib- ilance in a proper uiuulJ nuJc ul bulrullic< inltcaJ ol wiii , carefully laid one upon another <>ii a table c'overeu with a iluuble mat, while a finall piece ot teed i^ put bilwciiitvtry flitct ; which llaiuliiiK out a little, Icivcs in time to lilt tluin up conveniently, and take them olF fin;'.ly- Kveiy heap ii covered with a Inuil board ol' the lainc f1i.ipe anil fi/.c with the paper, on wiiiv.h arc laid weights, winch arc at tirll fni.ill oiicv, lc(l the (heitb, which arc a» yet wet and tender, fli'iuld be prelRd together into one Iiim|) ; but by degrees niori. and heavier, to U|uec/e out the wjtcr. i'hc next day the weights arc taken olt', and the fheeli lilted up one by c.nf, and with the palm ul the hand clapt to lon^; planks and rxpoled to the fun ) and when fully dry, taken oiK, laid up in heaps, pared r(junj, and then kept for ulc or falc. In the pro\incc of Fifeii is made tbo Japanefc porcelain, or china-ware, of a whildli fai clay, which is found there , in great plenty. Though I'lis clay b.; of itieif good and , clean, it ici|uiiei a grc.it de.il of kneadinj; and walh^ng , before it i-. brought to the proper degree of perfeiilii.n ; i which it attei' led with fneh labour, as to give birth to tlic old hyi>erbci'ical cxprefllon, That human hnts are an ingn- : tl'itnt in china watt. In feveral niaritiiiic provinces fait ij thus mad? : they clofe in a fpot of ground, and filling it with iiii-- looie find, I puur fea- water iijion it and let it dry. Thi^ beinir repeated I feveral times, they take out the faiul, and put it into a large trough w lii fmall holes at the bottom \ and puttin;^ ^ fea-water ayain upon it, let it filtrate through the l.iiid, ' and then bme to then full growth. Some neglect the two furmcr gatherings, and conhnc thcnifcKes to thi , in which the leaves arc again forted into difterent cLifleb, the tliird of which con- tains the cnanVIl loaves, tlir.t arc full two months grown, and !■> the tea commonly dank by the vulgar, The climate of Udll, a town and diftriiil near the city of iVIiaco, has Icen oblervcd to be fingularly favourable for the culture of tea ; and hence all that is drank at the em- peror's court, and in the imperial family, is cultivated on a mountain in the fame difhicl. The chief purveyor of tea ct the impcri.il court, who has the infpec'lion of tliis moun- tain, fends his deputies to cultivate the (hrub, and gather and prepare the leave.;. The mount lin is pleafant, and furroundcd with a broad ditch to keep oft' man and beail. The Oirubs are there planted in walks, which arc fwcpt tvcry day, and circmiiil be taken that no dull falls on the leaves. Two or three weeks before the time of gathering, the men muft .ibflain from the eating of fifli, or any un- clean focxl, led the leaves (hould be injured by the impurity of their breath. During the time of- gathering they mull bathe two or three times a day, nor muft they touch the leaves without gloves. The (inert imperial tea, being thus gaihercd and prepared according to art, are put into p.iper- I .\. M bags and ihvfw into large |Mreiiiiii Vini-U, which, for thj nrclervation of thvluavi'., are filled up with coininoii lea. I'hc chief furveyor ol tin; worki iben Itii !s them up tJ court with a llion^ ti',"'"d< aitd a niimerou'i a:tiiidance. Meiuc arilei the great price of this iinpeiial tea i lor thi; chief purveyor nl te.i, in the uccounti he l.iyi bcl>irc the impeiial cxchcipier, is not alliamed to \3\\\\^ in the price of Ionic ol thii tea at one ob.iiii a pound \ the obani Wwg A gold (oiii worth an buiid ii repeatcil feveral times, at each of winch the beat of the lire is deireafed. Tor ihis (lurpofc they arcc&rned to pub- lic roalling-houles as foon as they are gathered ) loi if they were kept but one night, they would turn bhick, and lofe much of their viitiie. In ihefc roalling-houles are fe- veral ovens, each three feet high, with a wide Hat fcpiaru or round iron pan at the top, 'I'he fide jnll over tlic moutli of the oven is bent upwards for the roMtlcr, wlio Hands on the oppolitc lide, to lecure him trading of thofc conflagrations by which it frequently futfer-. A large river runs through it, .uid, b^lire it enters the bay, divides into feveral branchis,over e.. : of which is a hand- Ibmc bridge, the iineU and largell d dies, all forts 111 japanned cabinets, pictures, mufual inllrumcnts ; all torts of things wriiiiglit m gold and other metab, partieu- larly lleel, as the bell tempeied blade:., and other arms, arc made In re in the utinoll perfection ; heie alio are made the rlelied drelles ; and all lurts ol toys, puppets with moviii'j; heads, and numberlels other things, in.iy be found at: Miaco. Ol.icca is commuJioiiilv and agreeable fituated on the 1 banks ot the river Jedo^awa, in ^^4 degrees 50 minute-j 7 north latitude. It is defended on the well end b\ two drong ami handlome guanl-houfes, which lepar.ite 11 lioiii the luburbs, and :it the e:i!lern extiemitv by a droni; caille. Its length trom eatl to wed, iVom the callle to the fiihiirbs, is between ^ and 40CO common paces, and its breadtli fomewhat lei's. The river, whieh brings iinmenfe vkbt to the city, runs on the north fide ; and b:!\ ing w;:(hed one-third ^.f it, part of its waters are co:'.\ived t!:rou;.h a bro.idcan.il to fupply the fouth part, wlii-li is t!ie l.ir ;ed, and the i< fidence of the richell of thi inl!.d5it.:ntj. ihc better to dillrihute the waters, icver„l li.ialler canals aru cut out of the l.irge one, through linne of the principal dreets, while other canals coiuw the waters back to ilic river. Thefe are deep enough to bicoine navii;.dile for Imall boat^, whieh enter the city, and bring the goods to the merchants doors. Ail thefe feveral canals run alonn th.e dreeis with g,reat regulaiitv ; and over them are up- wards of an hundred bridges, many of which .iie very beautitul. Here thi- night-watch maki' known the hnur by iliUeient niufieal inllruments : thus at the tirll hour, alter (un-fet, they beat a drum ; and on the feeond, drike upon a br.ils indruinent, called a gumgiiin, which is in the torni of a large flat bafon ; the thiol, or hour of midnight, by driking upon a bell with a dick. The fiill hour alter mid- night thcv again beat the drum, the feeond the gunigum, and the third the bell. This thud hour alter midnight ii the lad, and ends with the rifing fun ; for both the day and night are by the Japanife divided into i\>. equal parts, or hours all the year round. Hence thole of the d.iy are longer, and thofc of the night (hotter in tumnier, than they aic in winter. I his is the bed trading city in Japan, it being extremely well fituated for commerce; on whieh a' count it 1. well inhabited by rich merchants, artificcrj, and manulacUireis. I hough the city ii ixtnmely populous, proMhons are cheap ; and even what tends to dillipatc the mind, and to (iromotc luxury, m.iy be had at as e.ify a rate hiic as any where in thr woild. For this reafon the Jananefc call Ofaccathe univcrfal theatre of plealures and divetfions. I'lays arc daily exhibited ; tumblers juj^ijlcis, and all who have 16 A SYS T !•: M OF G E O G R A P H Y. jAPAtt. iU ri li.ivc cither fome imcommon animal to (\\;w, or animals th.'.t have been taiigiit to play tricks, floclc tliithfr from all parts ( f the empire. Hence (Iran^crs and travellers daily relort thither; and chiefly the lich, as to a place where they can fp.nd their time anJ money with greater fatisfaiilioii than in any other city ol' the empire. Yet the water drank at Ol'acca talies a little hr.ickifli ; they have, how- ever, the bv-ll faeki in the empire, which is brewed I'rom rice in great quantities in a neigliboiiring village, and trom thence kn: to molt of the olher provinces, and e\ en e.\- ported by the Chinefe and Dutch. The caftlc is fituated in a large plain at the north-cait extremity of the city. Jt U fqiiare, about an hour's ■.v.ilk in circinnl^rcnce, and llroiigly fortified with round b.dlions, according to tiie niilitarv archite>5lure of the '-ountry. On the nortii fide it is defended by the river JoJogawa, which wafnei its walls, after it has received two other river;.. On the call fide its walls are waflied by ti;e Kafi;warigawa, ju(l before it falls into the JaJogav.'a. The fuuth and weft end^ border upon the cvtrcmitiis of the city. The moles or buttrclles that fupport the outward wall are of uncommon bignefs, and aboLt fevcn fathoms thick. Thefc are built to fupport a high, (hong, brick wall lined with fice-irtone, which at its upper end is ])lari:eStion. The callie and garrifon arecominanJed by two of tl'.c emperor's chief favourite?, who enjoy their com- mand by turns, each for the term of three ycarj. When one of the governors returns from court to his government, liii predeccfior muil inftantly quit the callie, and go to court to give an account of his behaviour: he mult not even fpeak to his fiiccclTor ; but leave the necelT.iry inftriic- tinns for him in writing in his apartment in the callie. The governors f.f the caillc ha\e no bufinefs with the attairs of the city, or its go\ ernors, though they are fuperior to them in point of rank. SECT. VI. .'tc'J IL'lth Thi- }'crl:i^uc7 7h prrtrndc.l Or:-ii: iftlit J,:f>arufi Inf.p.nab'y c the Governnunt, Thnr Hi/loyy nn.l Lr.ws ,-xpt'llel. Tie Pen cr and Dignity if ihc Scatliir Eiiiptr low wi;h a (word, even though the fcabbard be on ; cheating, even at play ; detradtion, or any other injury done to a man's character, are all puniflied with death : for meer chaftifemrnts arc feldom ufed but by the lords to their fl.iyes. In lome provinces fathers of families, except tliofc cf the lower rank, have power over the Uvea and bifliop, the fercncc and the natives, and the imn touched the i^refs made and the hati country, fi| prchenfions. Taico the Portuguefe he however 1 S98. left tl placed him 3. Japan. A I A. \- L'll- "orc l-CS rc- rni- ■;ir. oiu cm ver thu lor Itli has om- cafc nic- moll h ia|)s caili 11 mi cva- ot' ard thcr with the ies Uvea uiid and limbs of their wives, ciiildrcn, and douieftics. But in crimes againil the govenimfiit, as ncj^lcJti-vj; to obey the cmi)cror'3 edicts, cheating him in his revenue, countcr- feitiif'thc coin, ftttiiii; a houfe on lire, robberies, biirplari.s, liLbauching a married woman, or ravifliing an unmarried one ; injuftice or mal-adininillration in public officers, whetlicr in governors, jud.'cs, or maijillratcs ; the imnifli- nient is not confined to the criminals, but inliumanly ex- tended to his parents, brethren, children, and more dif- tant relations, all of whom are put to death at the fame hour, though at ever fo great a diltance from each other. This is done by refpiting the execution of tliofe who arc near, till the fentence can be conveyed by a proper courier to the other places ; and then, on the appointed time, all are brought forth, and executed at mid-day : but the female relations are commonly only fold for flaves, for a longer or fhortcr term of years, according to the ncarnefs of their relation to the oftender, and other circumilances ; except in cafes of high-treafon, where the wives and daughters are put to death. For thefts and robberies the unhappy criminals are crucified with the head downwards, and confijned to a longer or ftiorter torture, according to the nature of the crime : fo that, in cafes of aggravated guilt, they arc left to hang on the crofs till they expire, which in fome is not till after three or four days ; but if the theft admits of a milder death, they are difpatched by a dagger, or by ftran:;ling. In cafes of high-treafon not onlv all the relations, but the whole ward in which they live, undergo the fame dreadful fate : for, in thcfe cafes, the law fuppofes, that they arc worthy of death for fuftcring fuch enemies to fociety to live amorie them ; and this cruel punifliment of the innocent is an cffc(Slual means of caufing the criminal, when known, to be immediately difcovered, fincc the informer not only faves himf-lf, but his whole family. Thcfe laws, contrary as they are to every fentiment of equity and humanity, areflill in force, and executed with the preatefl rigour j but criminals, as foon as they find they are difcovered, frequently avoid a too fevere punilhment, by (tabbing themfelves, or ripping open their bellies. As a farther fecurity to the new-ellablifhcd government, and the fafety of the emperor, it was now refolvcd, that the empire Ihould be fhut up for ever, and thorou^^hly purged from foreigners and foreign cuftoms. No foreigners had got fo ftrong a footing in the empire as thePortuguefc, a nation no lefs proud and vain than the Japancfo them- felves. They had firft difcovered the country in tlic year 1543, when, being invited by the profpc£l of gain, they had fince that time made large fettlcments in Japan, and with their foreign comn;odities, with the dodriiie ti'ught by the miffionaries, by which it is faid they gained over one-third of the people, and even feveral of the princes of the empire, and by the marriages contradled between the I'ortuguefe and the new converts, they fo ingratiated them- felves into the favour of the nation, that, fluflied with their fuccefs, they projected a revolution in the government. The emperor was tlrutk with horror and furprize at 'he fight of two letters which laid open their treacherous defiens, one of which was intercepted by the Dutch, who were then at war with Portugal, and fcized this opportunity of dif- covcring their defigns, in hopes of gaining this profitable branch of trade to themfelves 1 and the oth"er was fent over by the Japanefc from Canton, in China. The Japanefe priells could not, without the grcateft envy and regret, fte their old religion, with all its powerful attradtivcs of profit and popular e(Uem, daily lofiiig ground ; and heavy com- plaints were iiiltantly m.ulc at court by one of the chief counfellors of (late, who being met on the road bv a jefuit bifliop, the haughty prelate rcfufcd to pay him the fame de- ference and refpefl which he was inlitlcd to receive from the natives. The exceflive profits the Porttiguefe received, and the immcnfe treafur>'s they fent out of the country, now touched the government to the quick ; while the rapid pro- i^refb made by the new religion, the union of the converts, and the hatred they bore to the goils and icligujii of their country, filled the emperor and his court with dreadful ap- prehenfions. Taico therefore began to put a flop to the increafe of the Portuguefe intcreft, and the propagation ot their religion i he however made a flow progrcfs, and dving loon after in 1598, left the work to be finiflied by his fiicccllors who placed him .^niong the gods by the name of t!.i- Second J Fat/man, or Mars of the country. The Portii »ucfe, wit!) their clergy and Japanefe kindred, were ordtied to depart the country, under the penally of fuffering the pain ol crucifixion! all the other Japanefe were commanded to tlay at home ; thofc wlio were ac'-ually abroad were to return within a cert.dn limited time, after which thev ftiould be liable, if taken, to the fame punifliment ; and thole who had embraced the new religion, were conimandoj to forl.ike it. Thefc orders were the beginnin'j; of a moif dreadful pcrfecution : for the new converts heini; unmoved by the weak reafons that were urged againft their faith, the fword, the halter, the crofs, and tire, were barbaroufly and vainly ufed as arguinents to convince their undetllandings, and to render them feniiblc of their error. Yet death in all thcfe various forms was far from fliaking their fortitude ; for they bravely fealed their faith with their blood, and [hewed fuch amazing examples of condancy, that their enemies were filled with furprize and admiration. Thij cruel per- fecution, which exceeded every thing of the kind men- tioned in hillory, lafled about forty years, when at lalt all the remains of ehriflianity in Japan were exterminated in one day ; for upwards of 37,000 Chriflians, being red' :d to defpair at beholding the infurt'erahle tornicnts ei .ure' by their brethren, took up arms, ami got poircHion of the caftle of Simabara, feated upon the fca-coalt, with a firm refolution of defending their lives till the very lalt; but, after a fiege of three months, the caltie was taken on the 12th of April, 1638, and all who remained weie cruelly butchered. Thus was the Japantfe empire cleared from Cliriflianity by tlie death of the Cnriltians, and that n.i- tinn fliut up to the natives as well as foreigners. Iri vain did the Portunue'e at Macao alu-rwaids lend thither a fplendid emhaii'y ; neither the law oi nations, nur the (acred charad* ■• of ambafladors, were fufficient to protect them ; fiir the inibairidors, and tlieir whole retinue, to the num- ber of :ty-one perliins, were beheaded by the (pecial commanu of the emperor, except a fevV ot their meaned fervants, who were faved, that they might carry to their counirymen the melancholy news of their baibarous re- ception. The prcfent emperors of Japan arc as defpotic as anv i the dairis ever were. It has been alre.idv ob('erved, that as he has a great number of petty princes and nobles, who have abl'olute power in their lever.'.l governments, the greateft care is taken to keep them i;i due fiibjeclion. Of thefe 21 bear the title of kings 6 are priiiees, 4 are dukes, 17 are counts, and 41 are lords, or (oiiiethino; equi- 1 valent to thefe diiinities, befides a grea number of noble- men of inferior r..nk. The emperor's conntil coiifilU of the tormer, who are obliged to atieiid in tiicir f rns, and have always Riur of the kinglv di.'.nitv at their he.id. The em- peror's ftanding forces, mcludin:; garrifons, Jcc. conlilt of i 100,000 foot, and 20,oco hor'e ; ■-.'.•. m time of war each ^ of the governors of the provinces is obliged to bring into the field a body of horle and 'oot "-eady armed, propor- tionable to the extent of his province, or to the penfion he i receives from the emperor; which, in all, amount to 368,000 foot, .ind 38,000 horfe. Their weapons are fire- arms, javelins, bov\'s and airows, fibres, and daggers. The ! horfe wearcuirafles, and the foot helmets, finely wrou;;ht. I From what has been befoi^c oblerveu, the reader may (orin i fome idea of the numerous court ot this monarch in his capi- tal, fince itmulUonfiil of one-halfof the princes andnobility o( the empire, together with all their families, befides hij ; own officers and guards, which generally amount to about j 5 or 6000 men. He has inanv palaces ma'inificcntlv built and furiiiflied, in which the royal apartments, halls of audience, &c. are ciiriclied with every thing curious and coftly in art or nature. The cieliivs arc generallv plated with gold, finely wrought and embellilhed with precious '(tones; and the beds fercens, and c.ibinets, with the I gardens, walks, ponds, fount.iins, terraces, groves, and ! Cummer-houfes, are anf.verable to the grandeur <>t tb, is canieJon men's fhouMer^. He i., ke])[ To retired, that the lun is not thought worthy to lliine on his head, or the wind to Lioiv upon him. He never wears the I'.iine clfilhs above one day, or cats above once out of the farr.e dilhes, and all the vellels and iitcnfilj of bistable arc new every dav ; but thefe, thcu'^h very clean and neat, arc made only o* common clay, and arc i;cncrally broke ; for they ima-'ine, that if any laynian (hould pre- fume to cat his food out of ihufe facred dilhcs, it would fwell and inHamc his ir.outli and throat. Me is addreded in pompous titles little (liortof blalphemy ; and all, except the emperor, when thev (peak to him in public, proHratc thcmlelves flat on the giound ; IhIuIcs, as every thing be- longing to his perlon is eftcemed lacred, he never (haves his beard, cuts his hair, or pares his nails. He is chiefly (ervcd by his twelve wives, whom he marries with great folemnity, and, like the (itlier ni'inarehs (if the calf, keeps himfelfai much a^ poflib!e conccalul. Upon the dcccafc of the dairi, the minillry of that CccK liallieal court choole for his fue- celi'or the next heir, without regard to a;;e or fex ; hence it has often happened, that a prince under age, or a young unmarried piincels, has afccndenieiit of iheni, he is fure to take care to provide whativci is nccelVary to keep up his former fplendor, and to fati'-fy his liixurv ar.l profiilcncfs. This he is the betKr able to acmmplilh, n; he Ihll enjoys the high privilege of bellowing titlcLi of lionniir on 'the great men I the empiic, their children, and relations, which brings him in vail ticaluus. Among his twelve wives flic who is the nii.our ol th.- hereditary prince, or princcfs, has the title nf cniiwcfs ■ hut it would lake up too much room, were we here to delcribe the pompous ceremonies r.hfcrved in his mariiages, upon the birth of an heir to the »rown, and on chuofmg .1 mir(' lor the royal inf.int ; thefe are m.ignihci lit beyond cxprellion ; nor could they be more fo, if the welfare and happinefs of the whole empire de- pended on thefe events. All who belong to the ilairi's court arc cloathcd after a particul.ir manner, and th .ir habits arc vcrv difFerent from thole of fecular prin- c^, whom they feorn and defpife, as being of a mean and unholy ivtraclion. They wear long wide drawers, and a large gown with a Ion; tr.iin, which thev trail after tlicm on the grcninJ. I'lieir heads are covered with a bl.'.ck lacker"d cap, by the fliape of which, among other marks of diflinclion, is known what quality thev arc of, and what poll they enjoy. .Some have u large band of black filk or crap? liiweil to their caps, which cither hangs down hi hind thifir fhouldcrs, or is tied up. Other.! have a kind of fl.ip, like a fan, (landing out before their eye:. Some have a Ibrt of learf hanging down before Irom their fl^cs of his fidelity : iiav, while he is in his government, he is to admit no woman within the place ot his refidcncc, on paiiiof incurring the imperial difplcalure, the fatal confequences of which are no lefs than death, banilhmcnt, or imprifonmcnt, with the entire ruin of his family ; it being elleemed beneath the majefty of the em- peror to infliifl llightcr punininunts on the leall di(re:'ard (hewn to his commands. (heir falarv is but linall ; but their pcrquifitcs are u> coiifiderabli-, that in a lew years time they might get :;reat ellatcs, were it not for the pre- fent.. that muft be made to the emperor and the gr.nndiv.s ot his court, and their being obliged to keep up all that tlatc and grander which is thought becoming the dignity cf their employment, and the nuiellv i,f their mailer. Under the imperial governors are four magiilrates, and their deputies. Thefe magiilrates hold their olHcc a year ; but they arc obliged daily to coniiniinicate to tin- "overnot every thing that comes bel'orc them ; and in dilficult cafes, or where they cannot agree among themfelves, to lay the caufc before the emperor's bench or court of jullicc, or, with the confcnt of that court, to leave it to the deteimi- nation of the governor in the lall rcfort. All civil aHairs arc brought before this imperial court of judicature, which, having examined the parties and their witnclles, gjyc iiidg- ment according to the laws of the empire, and the imperial orders and proclamations. From this court there is nil appeal ; but thofe who have received fentence of dearh cannot be executed without .1 warrant figncd by the council of (late at Jedo, wliieh mull be alto conlulted in all a(:'nir> of great moment, "i'he deputies of the mngillratcs arc next to ihem in authority, but enjoy thtir p ills for life. It Is one brain h of their oirue to compofe diHereiicei of fmall cf>iile<|iitiicc ariling in that part of the town committed to their care. Next to thefe arc lour officers, who enjoy their |M>(t only one year, aiul are appointed bv the magiOraics to make a laithfu'. Tapam. A I A. '9 fjiiht'iil report irt their nam* to the oiovriiior, of ilic dally tranl.iclions in the ixc( iition ct their olHtc ; iiiul b.-iiig alio a kind of rrprtfcntativci for the people, whol-- iiiterdt thcv arc to promote at thi; (;c)vcriuii':i court, they have a jmall room airigncd them in his piilacc, where two of them conftantlv itttiul till the j'oveiiior is at leifure to receive t^ic mtl'.JL'is thev are to deliver iii the name of the ma;jif- trat'S, or the petition'; they aie to prelent hint with in the name of private perlons. Amons; the inferior ofiicers arc the town mcdlngers, who alfo fervc as builills ami eonH.ibles, and commonly live to- gether in one Ihett. They are chiefly employed In piirfii- iiii; and arielliii:; of crimin.ils, and fometinies in public executions. chitHv in beheading. Hut no proteflion is fo much dcfpifed by the Japanefe as the tanners, who take off the ll;ins from the dead cattle, in order to drcfs and tan t;:cm for (hots, flippcis, and the like. They live by thcm- li.lvc5 near the place of execution, and are obliged to put piifuners to the torture, to crucify them, or put them to any other death whatfocver. The keepers of bawdy-houfes ate obliged to lend them their fcrvants to affift them at pub- lic executions. Having thus given an account of the officers in general, we fhall now proceed to the policy and regulations obferved in every ftrcct, in order to keep a watchful eye over the conduct of the inhabitants, and to eal'e the governors, ma^'illrates, and other chief officeis in the difchargc of their duty. For this purpofc they have the following officers for every ftrect : the principal is the ottona, who gives the neccflary orders in caie of fire, fees that a regular watch be kept at night, and that the orders of the governors and mai'iltrates be pun(iiually executed. He keeps books in which he enters the children born, the pcrfons who marry, tr.ivel, die, or remove out of the Ihcct ; and the names, birth, and trades of fuch new inhabitants as come into it. In cafe of fmali differences arifing between the inhabitants of his ftrect, he fummons the parties before him, and, in conjuniTtion with the deputies of the magillrates, endeavours, if poffible, to reconcile them. He punifhes fniall crimes by feiiiing the criminals and putting them in irons. Hecaufcs criminals to be taken up by his own people within his diftriiS, and conlincj them till he receives farther orders Irom the fuperior magilirates, before whom he lavs all criminal ailairi and cafes of moment; and is hi .ifetf an- fwcrablc for what accidents happen within the (Ireet under his infpc£lion. He is chofcn by the inhabitants of that Itreet f:om among themfelves, each of them writing upon a piece of paper the name of the perfon he would have pre- ferred to this dignity, adding his own name and feal. Tiie votes are all taken in, the papers opened, and the names of thole who have mofb votes are laid before the governor, with tin: petition of the inhabitants that he would be picaled to nominate one of tlum as ottona. His lalary is a tenfold jmrtion out of the trealury of the ftrcct. Kverv ottona has three deputies, who give him their ad- vice and ainftancc in the execution of his office. In every ftrcet the inhabitants are divided into companies of five men, ot which there arc ten or fiitcen in every llrcct : but though thcfo are termed companies of five, a few more of the neighbours are fretiuently added, fo that they fometimcs confill of ten or fifteen heads of familii s, all of whom mult be theproptietorsof the ground and houl'es ill which they live; for thole who have no lioufcs of thiir own, notwithllandin;i; their being inhabitants of the fame llriet, are not admitted into thole corporations, but con- fidered as tenants dependant on the landlords, and arc therefore exempted fiom taxes and other burden.', except the night-watch and round, in which they arc obliged to fervc themfelves, or to get foinebody to ferve in their llead, it being a duty which all the inhabitants arc forced to obl'crve in turn : but, on the other hand, thefe tenants have no vote in the elcdlions of the officers of tlie (Ireet, nnr any fliare in the public money ; and bcfides, the rents thev pay to the lan.llotds are very high, conlideiing t!ie fmalliiefs of tiie houfes in which tiiey live, tatli of '.h-'K: little companies has one of their bixly at titeir head, who is anfwerable for their acluin.; and if thev be ioiitr.vry to law, he (harcj with the r. tt of the members the pciiahy they aic lentcn- ccd to undergo by the fupn nu- niagdlrate. Kvery ft.'fct has .\\{o a lecntaiy, or public notary, who wtites and publiftiis the commands of the wttoiw to the inhabitants of the li-.tct, and gives p^flport-i, tcftimonials, and letters of difiniinon. He keeps the ottona's books, as the lift of the houtls and their inhabitants, with their names, age, trade, and religion : the names of all who die in the ftrcct, with th^- time and manner of their death ; a regifter-book of the pafTporis that have been ilfued out of theulHce, with the names oftheperfons to whom they wero granted, the bufmefs which called them abroad, the time of their departure and return ; and alio a Journal of the daily oiciirrcnccs that happen within the compafs of the ftrcct. The next officer is the trcafurer of the ftrcct, who keeps the public money, and from time to time accounts for it to the reft of the inabitants, fpecifyingthelums he has received and payed out. The public trealure chiefly confifts of the fums the magiftrates of the city order to be detained from the price of foreign goods, for the joint-benefit of the inha- bitants, among whom it is equally diftributed, according to the number of the ftrccts, in order to enable them to pay the additional taxes levied upon them ; but this is peculiar to Nagafaki, which is the only imperial city where the trade with foreigners is permitted. The inhabitants ferve this office each a year in turn. There is another officer, named the mclTenger of the ftrect, who is to give information when any body dies, or if any thingclfe happens tliat is eltcemed worth their notice. He alio delivers to the chief officers the petitions of the in- habitants of the ftrcet, collects the contiibutiun-money for the prclent, which at certain times is made to the gover- nors and chief magiftratc>, tells the eommaiuls of the ma- giftrates to the heads of the companies, and publifties ihem in the ftrcct. Two watches are kept for the fecurity of the ftreets dur- ing the night. The firft is the chief guard, upon which the inhabitants do duty themfelves, three at a time. They have a room or houfc alTigned them towards the middle of the ftrect, or at the comer of a crofs ftrect. Upon d.i) s of great fblemnity, or when the m.igiftratTs think t.'iis watch necelfary, it is kept all day; and when they are apprcucn- five of danger it is doubled, in which cafe ii;e ottona alfifts ii) perfon, with one of his deputies : fur ftiould ;.ny niif- loruine happen that could be any way a'.tributed to th;ir careleftiicfs or neglciLf, they and the whole Iheet would be feverely puniftied for it. Such rci/ar 1 is paid to this watch, that the oppofing or infulting it is a capital crime. The other guard is appointed to watch agaiiift tliievcs and accidents of fire, and to give notice upon the leall luf- picion. It confifts of two of th.- pooreft inhabitants of the ftrcet, fitting in a centry-box at each gate by which tlic ftrcet is ftiut up in the night: but, at certain interv::!-, they walk till they meet, ftttwing the hours of the night gene- rally by beating two flicks one ag.iinft the other. in fome towns there is a fmall hut built at the top or fide of a houfc, about the middle of the tlrcets, on purpofe tor a man to watch accidental (ires. If an inhabitant defigns to remove from the houfe and ftrcct in which he lives to another, he mult firft apply to the ottona of the other ftrcct, and making him a prcfcnt of a difll of lifh, give him a petition expreffing his defire to he admitted among the inhabitants of that ftrect. The ottona, upon this, makes enquiry into his life, tharacler, and conduct, and then fends his nuflenger of the ftrect to every one of the inhabitants, deliriiii to know if tiny vvill confent to admit the petitioner as anciijhbour; and if any one of the inhabitants oppofes his admifTion, urging that Ik- Is a drunkard, quarrelfome, or .iddicted to any other crime, ?>.'A th:'.t he will not he aniwer.ible for the coi.feqiicnces, it is lufficient to exclude him. But if he obtains all thcii" confents, the petitioner mult apply to the public not.iry of his former ftrect for a certificate of his behaviour, and a letter of admiffion, both (ijned by the ottona, and thelc inuft be carried by the ftrcetmclfenger to the ottona of the ftrect to which the petitioner intends to remcuc; upon which he receives him under his protection, and incorporates him .imong the inhabit.iir.s of his ftrcet. Mean while he is not anfwerable fur th;; petitioner's behaviour before his delivery of thole inltruments ; and ftiould he be found guilty of any crime committed iKlore that time, it would be laid to the charge of the ftrcet in which he formerly lived. .After his being ad.Tiittcd among the inhabitants of the new ftrcet, and his name entered in the regifter-books, he fokm- nuKs hit entry with a handfume dinner ; which he gives either V i -n N 1 ,1 Mi^ ::J:w i^M \ ao A S Y S T I'. M OF G F, O f J R A P H V. Jap A N. I i) cither to the cunipany of five, or, if he plc.ifcs, to the whole (Ircft. His grc.itvrt trouble, however, Hill rem:iiii'., and that is his iLJlini; his old houfc ; for tliis laiinot hi- done without the c()n(oiit otall tlic iiihaliitanli of the Itreet, who otteii oppofe it tor iipw.ir.l., of a year, the buyer, for whole crimes they are for thi- future to fuller, not beiii'; fuHicieiuly known, or not UL^recahlo to them. Suppolin^ all oWlaeles at length rcniovej, ti.e buver is to pay an eighth part of the price info the pulilie treafure of the llreet, tive parts of which are to be eipiaiiy (iiltribu:e,l amoni; the inhabitants, for the pains they have taken on account oi the purchafcr's admiflion, and tlie three rcinaiiiing parts are dtfi2:ned for a public dinner. Thi;, however, is feldoni given : but the new inhabitant has no fooner taken p'tl'i'llioii of his houfe, than nil his neighbours come to wiHl himjoy, and to oflcr him th-.ir fervices. When an inhabitant of a ftrcct is accufed of anv mif- demcanor, his cafe i, laid before the ftreet-council, that is, the ottona, his thne deputies and th- heads of the fniall companies ; when, if the alfair be loo intiicate for them to determine, they lay it before the council of the town ; if they meet with the lame ditTiculties, the Nengiofi, or four annual officers under the magiftrates, arc deftred to confer upon the ati'air with fomc of the ftewards of the governor's houlhold ; and if thoy find it necellary, to conmiunicatc it to the !;ovcrn(,'r liiir.lUf. If quairels or difputes arife in a ftrcct, either between the inhahitaiits or II rangers, the next neighbours are obliged topartthim; for if one lliould happen to be killed, tho' it were the ai'grcfibr, the other mull inevitably fufter death, notwithtbndin^ his allcjging that it was done in his own ilelence ; and he knows no other method of preventing the fliamc of a public execution, than by ripping up his own belly. Nor is his death thought a fufficient fatisfaifiion to their laws : three of thofe families who live next to the place where the accident happened are fliut u)) in their l.oufes for three, four, or nu)re months, and rough boards nailed acrofs their doors and windows, after they have pre- jiartd for this inipriloimient by getting the neccfiary pro- vilions ; and the tell of the inhabitants of the fame ftrect are fenteiiccd to pafs fomc days or months in hard labour at the public works. Thelc penalties arc inflifted in pro- portion to their guilt, in not endeavouring to the utmoli of their power to prevent the fatal conlequences of fuch 3 quarrel. A like punifliment, but greater in degree, is infliified on the heads of the companies of five in that ftreet where the crime was committed ; and it is an high aggrava- tion of their guilt and punifliment, if they knew beforehand that the perlons were of a quarrel fome difpofition, or, in other cafes, were inclined to the crime for which they fufiVr. The landlords, and alfo the mailers of the criminals, partake of the punifliment infiiiled for the mifdemeanors of their lodgers .'nd fervants. Whoever draws his fword, tho' he does not hurt or even tuich his enemy, mull, if the (dil he proved, fufter death. If an inhabitant flies from juftice, the licad of the coinpiii',' of five to which he belongs muft follow, or hire people to Inllow him till he be found, and dtliveicd up to the civil maj^ilfiate, under p.iin of corporal punifliment. 'I'here is a verv remarkable ceremony obferved only in the city of Nagalaki, wlierc the C'hriltian religion had the flrongcft footing, 'I'his is called the figure-treading : for in the beginning of the year the\- trample, with great ceremonv, upon a crucfix, an imaje of the virgin Mary, or (ome other lainf, as a proof ot their renouncing the Chriftian religion. 'I'hcv begin in two tiifterent parts of the citv, goin'.: from huul". to houfe, and (Ireet to ftreet, till all the people, buth ofe, not only render them happy here, but, interceding for them at the hour of death, pro- cure for them rewards proportionable to their former be- haviour. Hence their dairis, or ccclcfiaftical emperors, being efteemcd lineally dcfcendcd from the cideft and molt favoured fons of thefe deities, the fuppofed heirs «>f their excellent qualities, arc confidered as the true and living images of their gods, and pollefled ot fuch an eminent de- gree of holinefs, that none of the people dare prefume to appear in their prefence. In ftiort, the whole fyftem of the Sinto's divinity is i'. lame and ridiculous jumble of abfur- dities,and would not p-rhaps have flood its ground folong, had it not been for its clofe conneiElion with the civil cuftoms, in the obfervancc of which this nation is exceed- ingly ferupulous. The temples of theSintoifts are exceeding mean; within them is hung up white paper, cut into fmall bits, as em- blems of the purity of the place ; and fomctimes there is a large mirror in the middle, that the worlhippcrs, when thev behold themfelves, may confider, that as diftinctly as afl their bodily defeiih appear in the mirror, fo confpicuous do the fecret ftains of their hearts appear before the eyes of the immortal gods. Thefe temples are frequently without any vifible idols of the gods to whom they are confecrated, they being locked up in a cafe at the upper end, and to this cafe the people bow. Thefe temples ate not attended by priefts, but by feculars, who are, generally fpeaking, entirely ignorant of the principles of llie religion they pro- fefs, and wholly unacquainted with the hiftory of the godn they worfliip. Thefe, when they go abroad, are drelfed, for diftindiion fake, in large gowns, commonly white, but fometimes yellow, and fonietimcs of other colours; how- ever, they wear their common fecular dtcfs under them. They fliavc their beards ; but let their hair grow, and wear a ftiff. I V I]\ V ■ 4 m w ^*« JAPAN'. ftifT, olilo utiiliT the tallL-ls, w or qu:ilitv to bow i< thefc tal!..- hair iwi:t( lar marn.: which ilji honour.il)! are under they anJ a unacr the cd by the exceed .ill drcfj, they beromcs th inlim.icy « The Si tranfmigrai eating ol they imagi and ingratii partiire tVoi celcftial iic the dv.'c'llin n good 11 Ic the wicked dcmiicd to > they admit tial points n an inward p fion ot° what nature and and ffKcial no form, cii regulating tl cd, that the tification of ' fear of aiflin apprclienftvc but ihcy hav< friendly and by the force thcni from t[ over to the hearken to h Another c( abftinencc fr< fids in abftaii being near « rendered unf and to appea i'.ained with untit to appr temple, one i draw blood, of workiii;^ o dent (huuld Sinto's tempi down and rt footed beaft, yet whoever « and phc.ifants C(|ual to two at an exceiitic where a dead nearer a perl greater is the people arc rci they fay is del their temples. The other ( o'bfervition ot xous. 7.. l'il|> the temple of ofthc Jap.intf is, that thev t but few of th( The orthnd year, or at lea 2 Japan'. " . • : * • i A S ftiff, olilon^i LicicerM cap, rtlciiibluig in dupe i fliip, ticJ unJcr their chins with twilled HI!; Ilnngs, tcnninatcJ with tallcis, which h.in;; lower or higher accurJin;; to the ollicc or quality of the perfon who wean t'lcm, whci i.' not obli;;ed to bow lonvr to perl'urti ot' Tuiicriur rank than to make thefe talVeli touch the ri;jor. Their fu|ieriors have their hair twilled under bUck gauze or crapt-, in a very particu- lar manner ; nr.d hive thvlr ears covered by a kind of flap, which ftandi out or hanjs according to the di^nitiei or honourable titles conl'trred up|iurcs, the canufi prcfcnti hint with au 1:' ofatr.ii. 1 1i i V is I II; li m m ; ill:;! 11 A S Y S T L M OF G K O C. R A 1' II r. J-»PArt. I If ofarra!, rt; iitJultjonc;. Thii it an oblong box, about i fp.in and .1 hair long, tA'o inches broaJ, s:iJ zn inch and a half hij!h, full of (mall Hicks, fnmc of which arc wrapped in biti of white p.ipcr, to reniniJ him that he mull be pun- «nd humble. I3ai Singu, that io, thv temple of the j;ri at god, printed in larfre cnar;ti:tcr), h palird on the fmni <>t the box ; and the n.ime of ihc canuA who i;ave it, with the title, Meflcniifr '>flhe:Mnls, in fmal! cha..>Ller>, m palled on tlic oppolite fide. This tht-y receive with great tokcnt of ri'Ipi'd ,ind humility, and immediately tc it under their hats to keep It from tho r.iin, wearing it jull undrr their forehead, and b.ilancin)^ it with :inother box, or a bundle of draw of about the lanic weight tied behind ; but thofe who travel on horfelMck have better tonvenitncies for kccpini; if. When they have got fafc home they take {.•rent care of the of.irt.ii, a« cf a thinj of the utmoft vjIuc i iind thou;:h its iTkxI'< are limited only to a vear, yet, after th.it is expired, thiy place it in one of thtir bell riK>m<, on a ftielf made on pm pofe. In fomc places they keep the old «)farrais over the docjrs of their honied, under a f.tiall roof; but the poor, for want ol' a better place, k^'cp them in hoi low trees behind llicir houles. I.,argc quantities of thefe ofarrais arc aniuiallv lent by the canificj ir.to all pans of thccnipiii', Id fiippiv thi.fc who cannot or will not fetch thein. The pedlar:, whocarry thofc bawbles, rcl'urt to the moll populoiii towns towards New Vcar'5-dav, which is one of their I'olcmn fcftivals, an I Kit at the fame time new alm.inacks, which miifl be printed no where but at hje. The fuperftitious Japanefe are as much inclined to make rrligious vows, as to go in pilgrimage to holv place*. HeiR-e there are a '^reat number o( religious houlcs of both fexes, and of ni:'.nv diflrreiit orders. Amoii^; thefe arc the Jamnialiocs, a kind of hermits, who pretend to abandon thrir temporal cc lucrns for the fjkc of thofo that are fpiri- lual and eternal : yet thofe who can live at their eafe dwell in their own houfcs, while the poor ilroll and beg about the country. 'I'hcy have b;";n fplit into two orders ; the Tofanfa and the Fcnianfa. Thofe who embrace the formei- clafs muft once a year climb to the top of the moun- tain Fikoofan, a journey of no fmall difficulcv and danger, on account of the height and fteepncf> of that mountain, and the many precipices a'l around it ; and bcl'ides, it is imagined, that all who prcfume to afcend it with any de- gree of impurity, arc puiiiflied for their icnpious rafhncfsby being ftruck with m.idiiell.. One the other hand, thofc who enter into the order of Konfanfa, muft once a year go in pilgrimage to the grave of their founder, at the top of nil high mountain named Omiiic ; where th; air is faid to be cxceflive cold, and the fteepncl's and precipices make its afccnt no tefs dan^'crous than that of the other. Thefe fuppofc, that fhouM any one undertake this journev without being fufficiently purified, he would be thrown down the to diivcout evil fpirits, (o aflill them ill Jiving il.to (ccrctr, reovciine ttuUn goods, and in tinding out the ihievci ; III lorrlclling future eveiiti, explaining dream.s, in curing defperale dileafcs, and in finding out the gu-it and inno- tcncc of perfons accufed of crimes. They talii wiih great uflurancc of the wonderful virtues of their charms, pretend- ing that thcv ate able to handle burning coili and ud hot iron, without receiving the Icail hint ; fuddenly to cxiin- guiih fires, to make cold water iiillaiitly boilin;', and hot water in a moment cold ; 10 keep ptnple's Iwoids lo fall in the Iheath, that no force is able lo draw them out ; to prc- fcrve themfeUts Irom being hurt by ihcle cjr anv other weapons, and to perf(.rm manv o;hcr thinis of the lik'/ natuie, which, il ili.f.ly examined, would prrli.ips bv found tu be juggler's tricks, and the cH'ccts of leconj caufes. Among the other religious focicties cftabliflicd in Japan, we (hall only mention that of the lilind ; which lorin * very fingular, as well as a verv ancient and numerous body, compofcd ot perloiis of all ranks. Originally thele l.irmei but one fociety ; bul at Kill ihcy wure divided iir.o the tilijid Bufeiz, and the Kliiid Fckics. The iiUivi Uulet/, owe their origin to Seiumniar, one of the younger funs of the emperor Jengino. He vsas a youth of incomp.ii.ible bc.iuty, and admired by all that appioaclicd him. He parti, ul.iily captivated the heart of a piincifs of the royal blood, wholii beauty and virturs proved as irrefi(tib!e i harms 10 the yuun^; prince, as his graceful pcrfon and princciy ijualities had been to her. The happv lovers had tor fume time enjoyed all the felicity that antes from a iiiuIujI p.ilfion, when tli-: death of the fair princcfs deprived him <>t .ill comtorr, and foon, through excefs of grief, he loll his figlit. Upon thi", to perpetuate her memory, and to make known to pofterity the unhappy elTeft of his unfeigned lorrow for her iofs, he, with his father's confcnf, crcdted a fociety into which none were admitted but thofc who were blind by birth or accident. This fociety flouriflied exceedingly, and became in great reputation not only at court, but t'hiough- out the empire, tor fome centuries they continued united in one bo.'y, till the HIind Fckies fpringiiig uji, ami many of the great men of the empire, who had loll their fight, Tolunlarily entering into it, the tormcr were reduced, and confined to ecclefiaflical perlons. The lilind Fikies owe their origin to the civil wars be- tvs'ecn two powerful failions, the Fekies and Cienil/.i's, who long contended for the empire. The caufe of Feki, and his adherents, at length apjicaring more jull to the reigning dairi than that of Ciendzi, he rclolvcd 10 fupport it ; which he did lo crteiflually, that Gendzi, and his iiarty, were defeated and almoft dcftroycd. Hut as lucccls is often followed by pride and infolencc, the victorious Feki, for- getting the obligations he lay under to the dairi, ireatcd ho-rid precipices and difhed to pieces, or at leatl would him with fuch infolenee and ingratitude, that he relolvcd 10 pay for his contempt of the anger of the gods by a lingering iicknefs, or fomc dreadful misfortune. They therefore qualify thcmfehcs by previous mortifications, abllaining from impure food, from King with their wives, and from whatever may render them defiled. While they arc upon their journey, they nuiit liveonlv upon the roots and plants they find on the mountains. If they return fafe home, they go each to the general of his order, who re fides at Miaco, and make him a fmall prefent of money, which, if poor, they mud procure by bogging, and in return they receive from him a more honourable title, which occafions fome alteration in their drcfs, and encreafes the rcfpccl fliewn them by their brethren of the fame order. Thus ambition is far from being banilhcd from thefe facie:ies. Thife hermits are however very much degenerated from the aulleiity of their predccelfors, who, in imitation of the example fet them by their founder, and purfuant to the rules he laid d iwn, lived upon nothing but plants and roots, expofing ihemfelvcs to fevere mortificationf, to fall- ing, bathing in cold water, and wandering through woods .nnd forefts, and throii:jh dcl'art and uninhabited places. 'i'hcy have alii) deviated much from the fmiplicitv of their religion, and have admitted the worfhip of fuch foreign idols as they imagine have the greatcil influence on the oc- currences of life. Th?y alfo novv- pretend to be wcllvcrfcd in magical arts, and th.at, bv certain myllical ceremonies, words, and charms, they can prevail on at! the poJi of the country, as well of the Sintoifts as thol: cf the BuJfdoiil;, cf|ioufe the interill of Gend/i and his adherents, to whom hcpromifed his afrdLincc, if they would again aflcmbic and take arms againll Feki. Upon this aft'airs loon took ano- ther (urn, and \iitory, in a decifivc b.attle, declared for Gendzi, and F'eki himfcif was flain. Among thofrwho efcaped with their lives was Kakckigo, a general famed lor his valour and amazing (Ircngth, who fled in a fmall boai. Jeritomo, general of the Gendzles, and a vtiy refolutc foldier, was fenfible of the confcquence of fccuring the perfon of Kakckigo, vv'ithout which he thought his vidory incomplete, and therefore caufed him to be purfued ani taken. On his being brought before him, he treated him with all the refpcdt due to his rank and character, and gave him fuch liberty that he feveral time, efcaped, but was as often retaken. Though he was his enemy and prifoner, Jeritomo was fo far from putting him to death, that he gcncroudy rcfolved to purchafc his fricndfliip and affeiStion at any price. But one day, when he was earnellly prefling him to enter into his fervicc upon any terms he pleafed, the captive general boldly replied, " 1 was once " a faithful fcrvant to a kind matter, and now he is dead, " no other fh.ill boaft of my faith and friendfhip. Thou, " I own, halt Laid me under great obligations, and to thy " clemency I ovs-c even my life. Yet fuch is my misfor- '* tunc, that I cannot fix thefe eyes on thee, without rc- " foKing to revenge him by taking off thine head. Thefe " therefore, thefe prompters to mill hicf I will offer to thee, " as the only acknowledgment of thy gencr«us behaviour ." f y .ive comm. to Amida, t)n the men, wli'. rend.iej i the virt.i.i to be t(.iil fiinc, w;.i iLiturc an J lived upon being ,;ooi judge of th appnar will of a large is placed bi fouls confii be greatly of their fa left behind to this defi pricfls to I the almod with fomcv at lad Co fei JAPAW. A S I •' n\v tinhappy conditi n will alliuv ms tn ytv~: tlicc." This r.ii-li with an unjjuntcd cnurJiic, equil i.i tliat of the brave Roman, who, in the ri;;ht ot' I'lulcniu, Iniriit his ri.'ht h.mJ mi tlic alt.ir, he plucked out both hn tvcs, and on a plate prcfniti-d thcni to Jcriiomo, wh(),.irtiiiiifhcJ ut fiicii niagiuniniiiy and ama/.iri^ rtfcilution, gave him hii libeitv ; upon whuh he rclind into the province of Fin;;a, where he Itaiiicd to play upon the bywa, a nuilical infltunuM ulvd in Jap.ui, and founded (his locii-ty oi the ]}lind I'tlii, of which heliinirdt' was the he. id, Thcyaie lince j>rnwri very nuiniTou';, and are tompi'U'd of people of all ranks : but none of th'.'m live upon charity ; all ap- plying, accordin;.^ to their ieveral capacities, to diffirtnt piofeilions not iiiiirely inconfilleiit with llicir unhapi)y iituation. Many of thcni arc inufuian., and employed ai the courts of pi inccs and creat men, alto upon public fo- limiiities, proceflloMs, tiltivaK, and weddinj,"i. They are (lifperfcd tluouith the empire j but their guieral rcndci at Miaco, and h3'> a pcnfion from the dairi. He is alTifkd by ten council, who alfo rclide in the fame citv i of tills council he is the eldclf, and all of therr. ha'. e tiie power ot life and death, with thi, rcllrictiun, that no pcrfon ran be executed unlefs the fcntencebc figi-.ed by the prim ipal jiiJj;i; €)f Miaco. This council appoint their inferior othiers, who rciide each in his province, and are there what the pentral is witll rcfpeiH to tlic whole focicly : an.l tliel'e alio liave officers under them. II. The iiudlo, or forti(;n p.igan-worlltip, introduced into Japan, probMbly ow^s its origin to Budha, whom the Lraliimii'. of India be'.i.ve to be \Villhiiu, their deity, who, they fay, m.idc his ninth appearance in the world under the form of a man of that name. The Cliinefe and Ja- panefe call him HuJs and Siaka, which names indeed at lcn[;th became a common epithet for all gods and idoli in gener.l brought from foiciiii countries, and fomctimes they were given to the pretended faints who preached thefe new (loinrlnes. The m(dl elVcntial points of this religion are, that the fouls of men and animals arc immortal, and both of the fame fubllance, diHcring only according to the bodies m which they are placed ; and that after the fouls of mankind have left their bodies, they fhall be rewarded or punifhed according to their beliaviour in this lifi-, by bein;; introduced to a Hate of happinefs or mifery. This Hate of happincfs they call a place of eternal plcafures ; and fay, that as the gods differ in tbcii nature, and the fouls of men in viitue, Jo alfo do the devices of pleafurc in the (late of blifs, in order that every one may be rewarded as he deferves : yet the whole place is lb thoroughly filled with felicity, that each happy inhabitant thinks his portion bell, and is (o far from envying the (uperior happinefs of others, that he wIOu s only for ever to cnioy bis own. Their god Amida is the fovereij^n commander of thefe blifsful regions, anJ is confideted as the [latron and protcilor of human fouls ; but moie particularly a-, the god and father of thofc who are I'.appiiy removed to a (late of felicity. They maintain, that leading a virtuous life, and iloing nothing contrary to the five commandments, is the only way to become agreeable lo Amida, and worthy of eternal happinefs. t)n the other lianJ, all perfons, whether prierts or lay- men, who, by their finful life, and vicious aclions, have reiiJ. leJ thenil'th LS unworthy of the pleafures prepared for the vir:.U)u;, are, after death, fent to a place of mifery, there to be confined and tormented during a certain undetermined time, where every one is to be puniflied according to the nature and number of his crimes, the number of years he lived upon earth, his ftation there, and his opportunities for heing ,:ood and virtuous. To Jeiriina, who is the fevere (udge of this place of mifery, the vicious aflions of mankind ap[Kar with all their aggravating circumllances, by means of a large minor, called the mirror of knowledge, which is placed before him. Yet the miferics of thefe unhappy fouls confined to thife sjloomy prifons, they imagine, may hcgrcatlv alleviated by the good aclions and virtuous life of their familv, their friends, and relation:, whom they left behind; but nothing, they are taught, is fo conducive to this dcfiiablc end, as the piaycrs and offerings of the prlcfts to the great and good AmiJa, who can prevail on the almoft inexorable judge to treat the imprifoned foul:: with fomcwiiat lefs fcverity than their crimcj deferve, and atlall to fend them as fuon as pofliblc into the wor'd again. A, i) For w'lien thry have been confined in thefe infernal prifoni a time fufficient to expiate their crimes, they arc fentenccd by Jemma to return to this earth, and animate thofe crea- tures whofe nature i'< moll neaily allied to their former fin- ful inclinations ; as for inllaiue, toads, ierpent'i, infcitts, lour-lo that has life. 2. Not to Ite.il. ^. Not to commit fornu ..lion. 4. To avoid lies, aiul all fallhood : and ;. Not t.i drink llrnng li(|uors ) which lalt Siaka moll carneltly recommend- ed to liis difciplci. Uefides thefe chief and general commandments, tner'- arc ten counfelb or admonitions, which are onlv thefe fivi laws branched out, and applied to more particular aiflions, all tcndlufi to a llriiilcr obfervancc of viiiue. A (till farther fub-divifion h. th been made of thefe laws into five hundrij tounlels ami admonitions, m which are lp;cifud, with the utiiiod ex.iilnets, whatever, according to their notions, has the leall tendency to virtue and vice. Hut the number of thefe admonitions being fo very great, it is no wonder that thofe who are willing to obleive them are very few; 'he rather as they tend to fuch a thiTough mortifuation of their bodies, as lo meafure and prei'cribe the minuted p.irt of their diet, and fcarcely allow them the food neceii'arv Ut keep them Irom (larvlng. Nothing but tiie ardent dtiiru of obtaining a mod fiiblime Hate of happiivfs in the iicxc worKI, or the amliiiion of aciiuirlng a great reputation loi (aiic^ity in this, cm enable any man to undergo fuch a rude and fevere difcipline. And indeed there feems very few, even ol the bonzes or piielts, who would willingly rciumncc the leall of the luxuries and pleafures of this world for thi; fake of enjoying a greater portion of happinefs in the iieM. Of the followers of Siaka there are ieveral fcifls, all of which have their teiiiplis their convents, and their prieils : and of all the religious buildlii s in the country thefe tem- ples, with their adjoining convaits, are the moll remarkable, as being fir fupcrior to all others from their (lately height, curious roofs, and numberlefs ornanieius, which agreeablv fiirprife the beholder j luch as are built within cities or vil- lages commonly (land on a rifinz ground, and in the molt confpicuous places. They are all mofl agreeablv fituatcd : a (iiie view of the adjacent country, with the iieighbour- hood of a wood, a clear rivulet, and pleafant walks, bein'- nccefliuy to the places on which thife temples are built: for with fuch (ituations, thev fay, the gods are delighted i and the pried, readily condelecnd to be of the (ame opinion, they being mod proper for their own pleafure and diverfion. lleautiful (lair-cafes of (lone le.ad up to thife druclures, and fevetal fmall temples, or chapels, are built within the lame court, adorned with gilt images, lackered columns, gates, and pillars, all very neat, but pretty ra;herthan ni.igni(i':cnt. Uoth the principal temple, and thofe fmaller ones that arc dependant on it, are built of the bell ced.irs and firs j and in the midd of the large temple (lands a fine altar with one or more gilt idols upon it, and a beautiful candledicfc v^•lth fweet-lcented candles burning before it. Thefe tem- ples arc frequently fupported by a great number of plllais, and are fo neatly adorned, that a man might fancy himl'elf tranfported into a Romifli church, did not the mondrous fliape of the idols prove the contrary. One of thefe tem- ples ereiSled at Mcaco, is cllccmed the mod fumptuous in the empire. It is built with free-done, the rouf is bold and lofty. It dands on the top of a hill, and 0:1 each fide of the afeent are lofty pillars of free-done, ten paces from each other ; and on the top of each a large lantliorn, which makes a hnc fllew by night. The temple iifelf Is ("upported by a great number of pillars, and fuinilhcd with many idols, among which is one of gilt copper, of a pro.ligious fue, feated in a chair eighty feet broad, and ("ciciity feet in height. No k Is than filtccn men may (find on the head of this coloiius, whole thumb is fourteen inches In circum- ference, and the body and membcjs of this mondrous figure ^ I ■XL H A S Y S T 1 . M () r r, v. O C, K A P 11 \. Japax. I 11 ^ 1: fij.'ure in pioprtiiion. Ti.d injcc! the whulc cniintry fwarmi tvlili i.liil'i, which ,irc ti) \k Iouii.I not only ii) (heir tcmplci, luit ill iliiir piihlic aiiJ private buiLliiii;!, in their iKecti, in.irkets ami i\eii along the hij;h\vay3. I'copic are, how- «\.r, i»(it iil.li r.l til fall down hctbrc them, or to pay thim .wiy other rclpiiil than tin y ihool'c. ill. The religion i-t' the philolnpheri nnJ moralifti i< very ditrerent fnim tli.it ii( the two lormtr ; for thiv p.iv no regard to any of iho lornn of woiOiip praililed in tlic rountry. The fiiprtmc p«m\, (ay thiy, coiifilts in that pleafiire .uul deliglit that aiiUs from the llcady prai'tice of virtue, anJ.IIedjic tliat we .ire ohlijjid to be \irtiioui be- caufe nature ha> ci.Jovvid us wi'.Ii iLifon, that by ii in;; iiccordiii", in its ditl.iles, we niit'lit fticw our fuptiicritv to the irratioii il illllallil.lnl^ of the earth. Thcv dn not admit «if .1 tranfmii^ratiiin of foul-, 1 nt bclicsc tiiat there ii :in tinivtrf.il foul ilift'iiftd thtiiuj'h all n.'.turi-, which animates :di fhincs, and which re-.illimu'i the di-|iaTted fouN, aj the fea diit^ the rivers. Thii univuf.d (pirit they con- fiHind with the .Supreme lltin;^. 'I'liefe philofoplars not only admit of fiil-nuii Jir, but torifidcr it as an hcioic and toniniuulable .iilliiii, .iiid the only honourable ine.ins of avoiJin,; a fliaiuliil de.ilh, or of preventiiig their f.dlin.; into ilie hand, ut .i vicUirious eiicinv. 'I'hev ronrorni to the general eullom of the enuntry in rokbraliii;; the memory of their deeeafed p.ireiits and re- lations, by ptitliii;; all forts of piovifinii', both raw and drelled, on a table m.ide for that piirpofe, and by monthly or ;;i,nixer('.irv dinnei', to which .ire iiuite.l the l.imilv .md fritnd. of iheditial'ed, who all appe.'.i in their belt el'iafh5, and w:',fli I'.iul tle,'.:i tllemfl.■^e^ by w.iy of preparation for three davs bcfoie, duiin^; which they ablt.iin fiom Ijing with their wives, and from ever/ thing ellienied impure. 'I'bcy celebr.ite no other feltivaK, nor pay any refpeiit to the ^ods of the coiintrv. Jliiii.'. lorinerly fufpCiSled of favouriii'' the Cliridian ri.li;;ion, tluy are obliged to have rath an ulot, or at kail the nanu- of one put up in a con- Ipieuous and lionuiiiable pl.ue in their houlls, with .a flower-pot and ineeiil'ory before thiin : but in tluir public ichools is hiin;^ iiji tile picliiie of Confucius. This fet'l was formerly \civ nimieroiis. Arts and ftiences were cultivated amon;r them, am! the litil part of the nation were of that piofefliun : but the dreadful prrfecution of the Clirifliaiis greatly wcikened it, and it h.^s bilt ground « ver finee : th? extreme rigour of the imperi.i! edicts make people iaii:i;.'iis even of reading their books, which were formerly the delight ami admir.ition of the nation, and held in as ^'le.it elleem as the writings of I'lato and Socrates arc ill Lurope. S r. C T. VIII. // Lcni-i/t Hi/liry of //.• ViuLh Fj.^iry at 'J,ip,in. A IhLrip- tr.ii of lf:c Ijk of DrfiK.i, Il ziL'.h tiny art itiifiii/;! : tlh- Manner in nl ll.ry iire titatdl ly tin 'Jjpjnijc, and the ArluUi ',f tlhir C.mmsiie, TMK Dutch, allured by the advantapjeou.s trade of the I'ortuguele, fnit l.nuled in Japan about the year i6co, where they met with all pofTible oppofition, and every ill ofRee, fromtbiii iJiiojx.in liv.ils in eommiret, Portu;:al was tliLii fubjcel to tiie kiiu'; of Spain, with whom the Dutch wire at w.n j and this warw.is re-kindled before the Dutch difcovered the del'igns of the I'oi tii|;uefc againft the goxernmcnt of Japan, and when ihey afTiiled the Japancfe, as hath been already mentioned, in driving out their invi- dious rivals, and ai'terward^ in extirpatin:; the Komifli rc- li'.Mon out of that empi.'-e. After thefe events, which, however unchriftian, ftiewid them to be the friend*, or at leafl the tools, of the Japaiuf.-, they enjoyed conliderablc privileiies i till having built a factory and warc-hnufs of hewn-flone, (Ironger, moie lofty, and handt'omcr than the buildings of that country : while they were unladini' one of their Oiips into their new-built ware-houfe, it is faid, the bottom of a large box bind out, ami, iiiltead of rnereh.mt's goods, appeared a brafj mortar. The Japanefe court were now alarmed, and the Dutch received immedi.ite orders, under pain of death, to demolifh all their buildin s, and remove from the port of I'iran.lo, where they wcie then fituated, to the little ifland Defiina ; which may properly cnoutjh be tailed the Dutch ptilbn in J.ii.an. Thii irtand, which it fituated ttlmo.Tclofc to the city of Nijjafaki, has been tailed from the bottom of the lea, which is there fotkv, (aiulv, and dry .nt low water. The foundation, for about two fnhoins, is ol free-done, and Iho l.ind tiles ab llron'r gate*, which thev call water-^-ates a. they are never o|'eiud but for ladin'^ and unl idnig the Dutch fhipi. 'l"he whole illanil, which is .'j6 paces Knr,, and So bru.ij, is iMclotcd with prittv hi;ih iKmI bo.ird., covered with a fm.ill roof, on the toji ol which is pl.inted a double row ol pikes, a very trifling dci.nccag.iinlJ an enemy. A tew paces hom the illand are thirteen >rry high polfs, placc.l in the w.iter at pro|K'r dill Hues, with linall woihIcii tables at the to|<, upon which are wiitteii, in lar;- ' Japanrle characters, an order Imm the eovernor., Itriv'llv loibiddiiig all vellels lii approach the iHand. A broad Ihect, with huufes on both fides, runs acrols the whole illand, which, as well .is the ifland itfelf, wire biidt by (ome ol the inhabitants of Na- gaf.'ki, to whnfe hens the Dutch pay a rent miieli .ibuvo their value : all thele houles ire built oi Wood, two ((oiici hif'h, the lowerinult ol which ferve inile.id of ware-hoiifcs, and in the uppermoll the Dutch rcfide. The other build- i!i;^^ within the town are, a pi. ice binlt with lipiare (fonc*, in which are put up the imperial mand.iics, .iiid the orders of the j'overnors i three guard-hoiiles, one at each end, and one in the middle ol the ill.ind ; and a place where the inllruments ate kept for extinguilhiii!' fires. Dehind the great llrect the company have caufed to be ercdled, at their own exiwiice, a convenient houfe for the l.ile of their t'oods, and two ware-houfes flrong enough to hold out againll tircj a large kitchen, a houfe lor the deputies of the governor* who a.'e appointed to diieil and regulate the trade, and a bagnio : they have alfo made a kitchen and pleafure-gardcn, aiul fume private gardens. Within the fmall compafs of this Id.ind the Dutch arc confined and guarded. Their (hips which annually put into the harbour, after being thoroughly vifited by the Japanel'e, have leave to land tiicir men upon it, to refrefli them there, while they H.iy in the harbour, which is com- monly two or three months. On their letting fail the Dutch rLl'ident, with (even or eight men, or mure, if he thinks proper, remain in the illand i where, for fear of their (inucgling, the Japancfe not only take an e.x.itJt inventory of all theii goods and commodities, but lock them up under their own locks and feals. Kven the cloths .tnd llufts brought over for their own ufe, mull be delivered into the cuftodv of the ottona, till one of their own tavlors cuts them out, allowing each as much as will make him a good fuit. After the departure of the fliips, the Dutch refidcntfets out with a numerous retinue to pay hii rei'pcils to the emperor, and make the ufiial annual prefcnts ; but they are attended with a train of guards and infpectors, as it thev were the protetred enemies of the empire. 'I'he re- (ident and his companions appear before the emperor crawl- ing on their h.inds and knees, and as they approach bow their heads tfi the floor, and then crawl backwards like fo many crabs. 'l"hev.ire Ibmetimcs ordered to rife and dance for the divcrfinn of the ladies of the court, anil others, who are concealed by the fcreens ; and alio t'l ling, to laugh, to convcrfe, to fcold, (' '"M"^"-'' ('."'"'''• iJll'> i>i"ii"r at about » miilVet (lot from the i(l.ini|. I'wt [nt.\u\-U)Ms inline- ill 111 ly loirj h"r, ;iiit',i' ir< al('> coiiiiiv' nil board, dem.iiul all die (;iiin, lut- l.iir. ». iVor K, will p'AViler, whieh arc tali1.11 uwav, aiul ke,>t in a Itore-luiule built lor that inupole, till their dc- p'.r.iirr: but ihey do not now take the rudder. 'I'hc iient d'V I'lc eoinmirtioir Ts ot the g iviriior;, with their attend- ant ol riib^irdinafe oflii.rs, iiiter|)retirs and lolJiers, enter l!ie (hip, and take an evacl view ol all the people who bc- lon,; to the Dutch on board, airouliiig to the litl that had been ;'iven them, in whuh i-, fet down every one' . name, xje, place of rtfidence, and ofliie. The I'jine rul.-. are oblr^vrd with reCpetll to the rell ot the Ihips, two, three, ur four of which :irc annually f.'iit frum Uataviu tu Japan. It his born confulmlly afllrleil, that ih'- Dutch here deny their being Chtiifian'. i .md that, ai a prool of their nut bein_; of tliat reliu'.ion, they, mi their lird l.iii.lini', trample 4 crucifix under then feet : but Mr. K.iMiipttr allerts 'hjt this is an unjull caluinnv, and niaint iiiii that they frerly own their being Ctiriltians ; but julHy maintain, th.it their feiitimcnts arc very dillercnt fiom thufu of the I'or tuuuefe. *rhc time for unloadini; thefliip biiti:» arrived, the watrr- pate'i of the illand ari' opened in the pretence ot the eoni- iniflioners appointed liy the I'.ovenioii and thtir reliniir, while every corner of the velUi is crowded with Japancte officers, to tec ih.it nothiiiL^ bf taken .iw.iy privately. I'hc goods are brouuht from the fbipiin tin ill bo.its, and placed before the commitTi'iM'-'r-, who tet ihem down in writing', compare thcni with the lit) t at hath been uiven them, and open a bale or two of e.ich tort, ,iiid then order them to be linked up ill the compinv'- ware-hoiitLS, till the time of (ale. 'I'lie chells of piiv.ile pel Ion . are alio cxamiii'-d ; and if the owner does not immediately appear with the key, thi V, without ceremony, open them with a.vcs. No Kuro- pcan, or any other forei:^n money, nor any thini; that has the figure of a croli, a faint, or be.ul',, would be fuli'aed to njf> : for if any thing like the fe (liould be found, it woiil 1 •KTCalion a tiiiifiition .ind allii^;ht amcuvi the J.ipain t'e, .is if the vvlude enipiie was betrayed. Heiue it i. ciitlomary f>ir the ca[ <|uii les. Whenever they arc either loading or unloading the (hips the water-gate« are (liut, by which nie.ms all t ommiinita- tion is cut olf between thole who tlay on board, and thol'u that remain on (hnre. The v^diole cargo of the (liips beinj; depofited In the ware-huules, the g(K)ds are diliioled of in two or three days talc ; and what remain^ untold is kept in the waie hoiife>ti!l the next year's tale. The Dull 11 l.'iul tu Japan rawfilk liomt". ' ompiin, Heiigal, and I'citiai wo\e lilks and oth. r Ihi:. , ipi.-ndid they ,ne not wiougl.t with gold 01 I'llier) tioni the alime- mentioned .ind lonie other countiiesi wool'ui cloth an . ml taimcil hides Iroin I'etlia and Hengal ; pepp^ 1, po.s.UreJ liijMr, liigir-caiuly, cloves, and nwtii.e..'s, hoin /\mbie,ir.i and lland.i ; whit- landale fioin Timor i camphne li.\u IJornco and Sumatra i iiuickfilvcr, fartVo-i, .ind unnabar, from licngal ; lead, lalt|Ktre, borax, and alum, from Si.uii aud Ueng.il j niulk t'lom Toiuiuiii ; gum-laeca Ironi Sum ; coraK, amber, antimony, wliich they iite in lolouiing thcii porcel.nii, and loDking-gLiHes, Irom Kuiope ; the li'oking- gl.ilUs they break and mak..- of them ptifiH-clive-glafl'es, fpeclatle, ;Mid m.ignifjing glallls i pickled man.'oi-s and other pickled truit, black lead and red pencil-, labliin.itiJ j mercury, files, needle;., Ipei'latles, large ilrinkinL'-glalles ; of the fiiull li.rt, counteitVit coral., 'thanj;e biid\ and other foreign ciiriofuie« bi^lh natural and ariilui.il. In return, the Dutch biing from Jap.in a very great quantily ol refined copper, tome of a coailer fort, J.i;..ineff campliire, tome hundred clictls of china-ware ; all loitsof j.ip.inikd cabinets, boxes chetts of drawers, anl llie like, the bell that can be piocured ; umhrellos, Ikreens, and hanging-paper; rice, tea, pickled fruits, marmalades, and a great de.d of gold in fpecie. The Diiteh once ni.ide elf profits by this trade ; but the gnvernment lias I'o lowered ihe prices of their t;ood>, and added to thole of their own, that they do nut njw gain above on;-t!iird of wliat they did fotnieily. 1I ll ii; 1 • : ; I nlF fl c n A p. 51 j iiy 1 1' [ 2(> 1 C II A P. II. Of C II I N A. \\ f i< M S F. C T. F. Ill Ntiny, 5/;.v.;.'.'/.';, f'vinit, aurl DlvifnK!. /.': Climatd, Soil, ar.J ii ^et:tr,it Hi'.v ef tli (^'lUiitiy, uilh yfjpi'l li ll>e Foliiity aiui ill'l'i.irniui (.f the Phiiis (iirl Al^untaitti, cf their Metiili iinil itl\r Atlneia!,. 'll't Splines, Riiiis, Laiti, ii.il Ciiiuii!, Tlir. empire of Chiii.i i.CMllt'il by C.\c Cliii-.cic thcm- Iclvis 'l"ihoi,:;-koiR', anil by the iiih.ibit.uits cit (ii- •lultaii It is tcrti.cJ Cit.iy : whence It is ilifHciilt to (liKour the rtMlo.! of i'.s obt.iiiiin.; tlii.' naiiu's f;ivc ii tu it in Kiinipf, cxco|it ihiv -.virc ilciivcil ironi Vim, the tiill tnipeioi, who cvteii'liil his cemiuelis towarJ; the welf i whince, perhaps, trc lierniin-. call i' I'lchiiia ; the l''reiie!i. Chine; the Itali ins, Cina ; iwiil the K.ii;'.lifli .fiJ Spatiiinls China. 'I'h'S :;ieal eiiipiie is fitiiateil on the tallern boiil rs of the ci'niiiieiit of Alia, r.ii 1 is boiindeil on the ncrth by the cejibratnl wall, anil in lonie parts by inaccidible niDiin- tnins, wIikIi leparate it Ir.-iri Chiiiel'e 'I'artary ; on tho call it is boiin.li-.l bv the ^ eilow Sea, which I'ep.irates it troni the pciiiiiliila ot Coiea, anJ bv ilie valt W'edein Ocean wl:iih lii > between it aiul Anieiiea j on the fouth by the Chiin.re ilea and the kin_::.!omot runiiuin ; r.ni! on the weft by Tibet, Ooin which it is feparateil by high niomitains "V^li'nnil I'an.ly ilclarts. it is incliikJ betwcL-n 2 1 and 42 degrees, - ' I j of north latitiiJe, ami between 9S and I 2 { ilerjreci ot call lon^i;i:J • Ihini 1-ni-. Iiii i and i-^ about 1450 miles in len;^th, and 120: in breadth. Some nindern auil.ors, wliofe nani-s we forbear to men- tion, have very iniudieioiilly extended China as far as the utmoll l.iiii sol Chin;.fe Tartary, and placed the nnrthern boundaries of that empire in 55 de;',reej of mrth latitudi:, thr.t is above tlircc decrees more to the north than I.oiulon ; but nnthin;^ can be more aM'iinl, than thus to tonfoiiiul cour.i.iis which arecllenii.illy and in every relpi ct ditterent j fijf tl'.c wild iKiciillivated defaits of Tartary can never be iiroperly termed China ; nor China's fertile plains, crowded with inhabitants and lieh in a^^riculturc, ever be jiilfly de- nominated Tartary. China i-- divided iiit.i fixtr?n very large province?, fifteen of which are within tl;e ^rcat wall, and one without. Of thefe provinces Chaii;;-ton2 or Xantiim, Kian^-nan or Nankin;:, fihe-kian , and I'okien, are fitiiated (>n the coails ot the Yeiiow Sea and the Kallern Ocean ; I'et-cheli cir I'ekin, Chanfi or Xinl'i, and Cheiifi or Xenfi, extend .^long the fide of t'ae creat wall that feparates it from 'Tar- tary on the north ; i';-tchiicn or Siichiicn, and Yun nnn or "Vnnam, are on the borders of the well and a part of the fouth ; and C^ian:;-li ot l^iamli, and Qiian;4-toii;;or Can- ton, arc on the remainder of the foiithem coall ; while llonan, H'm-ijiiini < r Iliu|iiain, Koii-tehou or ^iieeheii, and Kiaii^ fi or Kiandi, .ire lituated in the miJil, ami fiir- roiinded bv the otbereliven ; but I,ioton;^e, which is willi- out the wall, is tiluated on the moll northern coaft oi the bellow Sea. Thefc are the propci bound > of the empire of China, without mentioning a great pait of 'Tartary, which is (ub- )<:i\ to the emperor, and muchencrcafes bis powei ; fur the I'artars are brave ; and thoii.;h the country be hill ol woods and faiidy del.irt., yti It produces tine lioifes and fuis, ■vvhiih are of guat ule to the Cliimfe. \Vc havconntted the illes of liavnan and Tormofa, half ^f which b'lon:, to China, with .M.ieao, and fime other fniall inaiid'.. Ai to the pcninful.i of Corea, which lies to the noith-eaft near ta laji.in, and 'Ton(|um and Slam, which ate feated to the fui:lh-welt, they fo far depend on China as to piy tiibiit- to tliat ciown, and their kln_:;s at their adminioii, are onfirinci by its emperor. .\s this couiitiv cxfnds .ibove twenty degrees from north to ou'h, it tniovs lery ditterent climates; for the fouth, which lies under tlie ti(>pic of cancer, is in funinitr very hot, and has its periodical rains, like other countries under the lanit iiutallel. 1 be midd'c of Chia.i enjoys a tcinper.ite climate and a urcrc I'kv ; but the north is verv cold, nut (o niiicli fiom Its fiiiiai:on, it exteiiJiii;^ no Vartlui than the 42d de^ue, but Irnni the height ot the ntii^bbourln • n-.ountain.-, which are commonly covired wuh Inow, aini ha\ e Inch an ttlecl on the uir, that the lueis in the north of China generally eoiuii.ue tiozeii lioni the middle of Noven.ber to the nud.l'.e c f M.itih. '1 he loll ot China 1. alio dilieuiit, ateordinjj as it is (Ituat- ed mere or lefs to tiic fouth j yet lui pait of ilio country can be pioperly l.ild fo be b.irivni lor tome aie naturally frulthil, while olheis owe their tutility to the imlj'ati- i;able LbiMir of the hiiflianditi.in. 'The lar.d, like all otliers Is divided ...to hills and pl.iii's j the latter of which appear i)ii Icem to Iwnjj ia ihe i.ir. Thck arc iKquciitly fecii j anJ, | them', Irym winch ihty Kifiv,.- a molt dvliciou> Ihvonr. •rh..,w- :^i ill j 'VI I th tc Vlliin IK-^ IIIKIIT I hot, ;iiul li.is it-. piiiiMnul rnln«, likeofher fountfii. M«io»r I |iu...«.«, w«-i.illi'l, 1 he miild'vi>l Chiii4irij(ni a iciinitiJtc I ulc r. iiii*!! ol it in ihrir puWic buildinvt ) for there i- iicii'\ri China. China. A S I A. 27 neither piUcc, tcmpU", nor any oilier tuiiuc in ihj svliolc empire entirely ot' marble. As to fpniips, it werL- to be wiflicd tli.it thoy were moic atiJ better. I"he irmimon waf. r ii not pooJ, wliirh, l.o Comptc ol)fi.TVc?, h.ith perh.ips oblii^cJ the iiili.ihit.\iits, ttpcriilly thot'eof the foiitherii pro\iiucs, to ilri:il. it w.irm; hut bciaiile warm water is unpal.'.t.ililc aii.l ii.iilVou , they bcthoimht ihemfclves of putlin,; fomc leaves oi -.x tic- to it, to render it more pleafant ; tliole ol' tr.i. In' aiKh, leeineil lo he the bell, and fo they rrequently ni.ilco iilV ol it. Among the t'prinps there are laid to be leveral \vliii.li tbli and flow ait regularly as the fea. (f the inhabitants ihanre tu dilcovcr a fpriii?, it in ftir- prifinj; to lee how carefully they hulhand it. 'I hey retain it within banks, and turn it htre airl there an huir.ired dii- terent ways, tiiat all the louiilry may nap the benilit ol it : ihev divide it bv drawing it by dej;ieu-., iUi'ordini;as every one has occafion for it ; fo that alinall rivulet, well managed, fomctimes gives f-rtijity to a whole province. The rivers of China are pretty nuiiieioiis : the molt con- fiderablc of fhcfe is the Kiam, which rifi s in tlie pioviiite ofYuii-naii, crolUs three other provinces, and havin:' run a winding courfc of laoo miles, dilclui;;i's itfell into the Kaftern Ucean. The inhabitants have a proverb, that " The I'ta has no bounds, and the Kiam no bottom ;" and indeed in I'ome places there is none to be found. At N.ui- kin;Ti where it is thirty lea};ucs from the li' a, it is a mile and a half broad. The pallagc along it is extreuulv danu'erous, and many (hips arc loll. In its courle, wh.ch is e\cccd- in.; rapid, it forms a multitude of illaiuls, th.it are of great benelit, as the buIruOies, which are ten or twelve feet liiL;ii, Ictve the nei;;hbouring cities for fuel ; and from them the emptor draws a condderable revenue. It is romctiinrs lo Iwelled, and its rapidity fo much incrcafed liy torrents which lall from the mountains, that the Ideam carries fome of the iflandi alon;; with it, and i^reatlv lefiln . others, form. nt; new ones in other placis ; lo that ii is I'ur- lirifini; to Ice them change their filuatidii, i\^ il tliey had palled under wafer from one pKice to another ; but this does not always h.ippcn. However, they make I' '> ci)nlidvra!)!e chan^ts, that the mandarines caull- them to be mc.iiired every three yrars, in order to augmciu or dimiiiilli the duties, accutdinjr tu the condition in which tliey are found. I Another is called the Yellow River, bccaiile the earth it ' fweeps away with it, elpcciallv in times ol great rains, jjivc It that colour. It riles at the rxircmitv of the moun- tains that bound the province of Se-tcluu n in the welf : from thence it throws itlVlf into Tartarv, wlier;- it Hows lor fome time on the out-iide of the great wall, and re-enters t'hina between the provinces «f Charii and Cheiili. Alter that it waters the province of Honan, and tin i running .icroK one part of the province of Nankin;;, .iHer h.iviiu; flowid ah >ve 6co league', it difehargcs itiell int.) the Vaftern Otcan, not I'lr Irom the mouth of the Klain. 'I 111. 'ivcr his liHinerly caul'ed ^re.it dtlolation in China, and thc) >re Hill obliged in certain pl.ices to conline the waters by Ion;; banks i tiir piles are fo Im. I, that at a dillaiu'. they fcem 10 Iwn^ in the .nr. Ihci . ajc frequently fccn j and, as the canah arj generally ftiaight, they appear at once llat.-ly and a;^r-eable : hut we Dull give a more particular account of the btid;^';s of China in treating on their arcbi- tcihm. Kach of thcfe great canal, runs into fn.dl.r ones on each fide, which arc aeain lubdividtd into I'mall inuK'ts tiia: end at fome great town or vilLije, or ell'e dilVhargc th'.ni- felves into fome l.'lie tli.it waters the adj.icent country. IndcJ, thefc clear and pl.ntiful Itnanis, covered v. iili luiiiibeikis boats and barL;es, embellillKd by line b;i.l^'e', boiiiultd by luch neat and convenient banks, and equally ildfributcd through Ivriile plains of vad extent, render the fkUthe m(;ti fiuiliul and b.auiilul uponeattii. I he Chincfe lav, that tlicir country was once entirely overilnved, and that they drained oft' the water by cuttin.'- ih'.lj ulelul caiial'^. i>upp.ifini; tliis to be true, we cannot I'lLlitii ntly aJmIr • their boldnel\ ..nd indullry, who thus forireil .irtilici.il ri'. r ., and ol a kind of lea iii a manner crealid thole liuitl'ul plains. But it appears incre. ib'.e, that men f') i:;noran* of the principles of pliv ilc, and the aitot b vellin;^, could bung luci a noble wi.ik to perfec- tion. Yet it is cen.iin, tiiat ihel.- canals jtre iitii natuial ; lor they are genijraliy Urai.-ht, the diltnbution is performed With great eqiality •. Hoe7'i,ti. Shrubs, PL'its, Fim/ri, an.l tni-dia.ial Hr.ts; lo~^,lhtr ukl) thcfour-fi-.tii Baijh, Biiili, Jiijuh, R.ptiUi, illlU FijiKi ofCliiitl. '"I'^l IK foil is proper for all I'orts of fruit ; for it produces A pears, apples, apricots, pea. he., li.:s, grapes of all k;nJs, a-id cfpecially evcelhnt inulcadincs. 7'liere are alio pomegranates, walnut,, chelii'iis, and in general all that we have in Kiii'ope : but moll of theic fiuir;. are not near logooJa, our.,, they Icing wholly llranger. to the .irt of g.i.iltiiig, and our m.inner of cultivating fruit-trees. Be- tides, tliey want a variety "f each dilt:ncl f irt : loi they have but threi: or lour kind, of apple*, liven or eight of pears, as maiiyo! p.Mches, and none of chcri: s but wliat are very iiulirt'eteiit. But what inakc, them luilieient amends f.ir this deu dt if, their lia\ing feveral cwelln.t fruits to wliieh we are Ihaii- gers, piiit.i ulaily one which they call tfe-tle, whieli urovvs en a wide Ipreading tree as tall as a middle fi/.ed walnut-tree. The leaves are large, and of a lively green, but change in autumn to an agreeable red. The fiuii i, about the bitilers ol a handl'omc appl.-, ;.iid their colour, when ri;ie, is .1 bright )ello\v. Whuidiy, they have lomc releii-.'olance to a lij;. In the foutbern provinces arc other frui's that are flill inore elleemed by the nativcj. They have an excellent Iruit ealle.i liichi, which is of ah. nit the fr/.e of a date : the Horn- is !ong, liaid, and c( veid with a loft pulp full ol moillure and of a delicious talle. Over all is aniigh tliiii Ikin : it is fliaped like an egg ; but wlieii dried. It loks much of il5 tine flavour, and becomes black and wrinkled like prunes. The Chiiiefc, however, prelcrve it by dryini>, and e. t i! all the year round. The longyen, cr ut.'gon'»-eyc, is c.xatily round, and grows on .ittee as larg^ ..-a thole that produce w.:lnuts. The ibind i, fmmiih ar.d grey, but as it ripeiij it turns yellowilli ; the pulp IS while, nioill, and inclining to tiie acid. Ilii..; I . nut quite lo .ig.ccable as the former, but >: i; more whole- lonii-, and never occafions any diforJer. The kix- is another kind of fruit thought peculiar to China. It grows 1:) almoll .dl parts of that impire, an I n ol li\er;d kinds. Thole 1:1 the fouthern provincis tallc much like lugar, and melt in the mouth ; their ih:nd is clear, fmooth, traiilparenr, and of a ftiiniiig red, efp.;ialli whe;\ the fruit is iipe. iome are ol the (hap-; of m\ cg:j, but they are ufuaily bigger ; tiie feeds are biack and flat, and the pulp being almoll liquid, p-ople luik it out at one ol the ends. When they are dried like our iigs, they become mealy ; iiit in time there grows a liirt ol lugared crullupoii tlivm, liym which they tetcive a molt deliciou* flavour. Thoii,- I r ri •■;• ] ■ I. I' iS A SYS r I. M O I G E O C. K A r ri ^ t.H. \A. !l i . fy.- Thofc th.ii j;row In the proviiucs of C'li:inn a- ■! Chcnfi arc ;i'()rv firm, bij'.^'T, anil iii.iv more i.ilily In puliivL-J. Froni Ciiiii.i wc hive iinly onf kiml otiii,in_'r -, but tluv h.iv.' iL'vcr.il th.it aro rxctllcnr, ilju'iiilly iJiic lurt whiili i. in LTcat ilkcnii they arc IiimII, am! thj iliiiul is thin, Imooth, and very luCt. Anothir kiiiil priKliicril in the prii- viiui; ot Ko-ki'.ii have an aJniiralilc tallc i they arc lar'.'c, :ui>I ihc liund in of a hiaiitiful kJ. I'liofc thry have at Canton arc (till larj^i-r, more yellow, very ajirecable to the talle, and extremely whole!, ini.'. 'I'hey conliler the jiiiie of thelir oranges as a u-reat pectoral, and ;;ive tluni to the fiek, after they have been roalk'd ui hot CMllKr^, tut in two, and f:ll.il with fiii^ar. We fliall omit the ananas, ;;oyavas, cocoas, and other Iriiits that are not nativci uf China, und fur w!tich they arc indc hted to the Indies. ( )iu- of the moll remarkable of their frees is that whi.h jirodiRes peafe j for the (hape, colour, fluil, and talle, are t'xtrcMielv like tholb of our peafe. Tliis tree is eomiiioii in feveral provinces, and is inferior to veiy lew in its tall- iiefs, the fpreading of its branches, and the thickiuTs of its trunk. I'lu-re are trees in the province of (^ian:» I'l which, iii- fleail of pith, have a foft pulp, of wlii.h they make lljur o( .1 pretty gnod tad .•. Ainoii.; other liees peculiar to this rnuiitrv is a kind of pepper-tree, the fruit o.' which is ililluent from cither of theloiis known to us. It is a kind of b' iry a. hii', as a p;a, and is of a greyilh Colour, with fni;.Il red ilieaks. When the bciries are iipe they open of themfelve,, aiul difcover a htlle lloiie as black as jei, wliieh calls lo llron;^ a l:iiell, that it is otfenlivc to the brain, l'*r which rcdiiii they ate gathcied by intervals, the p.eople luit beiiit; alile to tl.iy hjn;; on the tree at a time. H.iviii;; expoled tiiefe j'.raiiis to the run, tlu'v throw :uv.'.y t!ie Hone, whieh ii loo hot and llioiij;, and only ufe the rhiiul ; whii b, thu;^ht Iroui the In lies, is j;()od in fauces. The plant that produces it is in fonie places a thick biidl i and in others a tree if a moderate hei.rht. 'Ihciv aie two kinds oi the varnillitiee, both of which fecm \eiv different from the two forts in Japan, One, call d bv the Cbincfe ifichu, is of a fmill li/e, with a whidfli bilk, and leaves like thole of the wild ciierry-trec. The piim, which diilils drop by diop, i, lik' the tears of the turpeiitine-trce. If an iiieifion he m.ide in it, it yields a much greater quantity ; but this will loon dellroy the tree. This \arnifli is allron^j; poifon, anil, tboir^h inferior to that of Ja|ian, is much elleemtd by the aititieers ; it tak.s all colours alike, and, if it be well manaj^ed, neither loles its lulhc by the changes of th.; air, nor the aijc of the woud to wiiich it is applied. I'hc other, called tona;chii, fo nearly rcfcmblesa walnut- tree, that many have bcLii deceived bv it. It bears ;i nut ♦illcd with a very foft pulp, that contains a thiekilh oil, which thev fquec/e out and prepare tor ufe, by b( iling it with litbarue. 'I"his, as well as the other v.irnifli, is fup- pofed to have a poilonous ipiality. It isi.tten uled not only where the work is painted, but to vainifli wood, in order to prcferve it ftom the b.u! ctfecTs of ram, and to ijive a luitre to the floors of the emperor's apaitinentj and thole of the (•raiidei J. Another rein.i'.kable tree i> the k"iiliant ; but the fmell <>| thelecandUs is much llron;;er, thur linoak. thicker, aiij their light dimmer than ours . but thefe defects may be pio- b.ibly owing to the wiek ; for inllcad of cotton, ofwhicfi they have great plenty, they iil'o a fmall Itick of a dry lij..tit wood, wrapped round with tlie inner pait of a rufli. Thi i mixture uf luHi and wood cannot pothblv burn fu clear ai cotton, but mult natuially iiicreale the Imuak, aiiJ caufc an ortenfive fmell. J'hc white-wa\-tree 's another of a vrrv extraordinary nature. It is not fo tall a; the taliow-tree, tioin \.,iiih ic ditleis in the colour of the bark, which is whiiifn, .:i,l alio in the fliape ol the leaves, which aie longer than they are broad. What isiematkable, is, tliat a fiuall km 1 e.; worm fixes itlclf to the ie.ives, and forms a fort oi comb mucli Imaller than a hoiry-cnmb, the wax of which is very- hard and Ihiniiij:, and uf far gic.itcr value than common bees -wax. There is another tree which beats a fruit froin which ij drav.'ii an cxeeiltiit oil, which, when lielh, is perhaps the bell in the whole empiie. The tree has lome dillaiit rc- lemblance to the tea-lluub with iilpe,;! to the lli.ipe tif the leal, and the col.iur of the wood, but greatly exceeds it in height and thiiknefs. The lieriies, whiiharc gricn, aiiJ ol an irregular figure, contain feveral kernels. Tiure are many trees that would appear very beautiful when properly dilpofed in g.irdc lis . for iiilleadot Iruit, thev are almolt all the vear long laden with flowers ol a iloritl carnation, the leaves are Imall like thole of the elm, ihu trunk irrei^uiar, the branches ciouked, and the t>.iric fmooth. Among othcrr, there is one that rcfcmblcs the f.comore. The leaves aie between eii;ht anil nine inches in liunuttr, lallened to a lli(k a foot long. It has a round luad, and is fo thick let with clulleis ol lloweis, that the rays ol the Inn cannot peneirate them. 1 he tuewhiii ((roduces the flower-, called ki:ev-hoa, is veryronimon in the loulhern province-. ; but rarely f.)u!:J i'l the northein. The leaves refemble thole of the bay-tree. The flowers are fmall, of various colours, and have » chaiming Icent llieie is another Ipccics piop^r to the maritime pr.ninccs, the flowers of which are not fo agree- able to the fiuht, they being of a dulky yellow ; but they even excel the other in their delightl'ul fragrance. In the province of Yun-nan are lound the trees which bear the callia lilliila : thev are pretty tall, ami the p«kl» no lonuer than thole we lee in Kurope ; thele ate iiutcvim- poled of two convex Ihells, like thole plants of t^c legume- nous kind ; but are a ll rt of hollow pipe^, divided into cells, that contain a left fubllance, no way dittering liom the cafiia in ule with us. We Ihall hcie lorliear to tre.it of the banana-ttee, the betel-tree, the manjo-tree, the cotton-tree, and Uveral others that alio grow in molt parts of the Indies. They have mull of the kinds of timber-trees th..t grow in Karope ; hut th.it which they molt cdeem i> calKd Nan- mon. The antieiit palac.s of the em|«.rors hiiie the win- dow.-, gates, beamv, and pillars of this wood, which the natives imagine will never decay, and conleqiiently th.it whatever is formed of it will l.ill lor ever. Some have thought it a kind of cedar ; but though it is very tall and ftraight, the leavci have no refembl.mce to thole of that tree." No kind of wood can exceed the beaiitv of the tfet^^m, which is of a reddilh bhick, and full of fine veins, whicli leem painted. It i-. proper lor cabinets, andithe very fiiitll forts of joiners wuik; and what is made ol it, is much elUemcd. 'i'he iron wood, with refpect to fticngth and firmivl-, is inferior to none. Thf tuc is as tall as a l.ifi;e oak ; hut JifFer . fioin it in having a lleiuler trunk ; in the thape of ihe Uaves ; in the wood being ol a dark -r Colour ; and more efpcci.illy in the weight, it htiiig too heavy to fwim. The mchors uf then Ihipi ofv.ar aru- made ufthis woud, anj the China. A S the cirpcror'b o.'Ecers have the folly to pretend, that they arc better than thofc iri:iJc ol iron. Anions the flowcriii'.'-trcis is the mo-licii, winch is as thii'lc as the fin.ill of one's Itg. its hranchts ire IkniLr unti Kivcrtd with a r.d rhiiiii witli whitilh IJKitJ : tlie leaves arc lew bnt very large, and joined to the tree hy (talkf, whah fpiead lo much towards tiie bo'toni that they (eeni to eni- bracc the branch, and to proceed from it as out of a tube. Kriini the bottom of thele llallts proceed frnall buds covered with down, which openini; in tlic depti) of winter become J.irt'e flowers lijce the mountain-hlv, compolcd of levcn or ei.;ht leaves of an oval ti,.;ure, and pointed. Some ofthefe trees bear a white flower, othris red, and others yellow. 'I'he leaves fall at the fame time, and ufteii before the flowers arc fipcneJ. 'I'ne I.uiioi; refembles the b;:y-trec in its fi/c, fifure, and thr (hapeof the branches, which are furniflied with I aves that i;row with fliort (talks in pairs ; the leaf at the ci d of the branch is nearly of the fi/.e of the common laurel, and ihev decreafe in fr/.e in proportion to their dillancc from the t nJ of the br \nch. In the depth of winter threen leaves have a very a.>reeable appearance. The flowcis ol the two other kinds are fm.dl .ind whitilh, and the middle of them is hlled with fmall hlaments, that have each a yellow flat top as in common rof- , with around pdlil in the middle. There is another vciy fiiiiiular tree that refembles both the juniper and cyprels-trtes. The trunk is about afoot and a half in circumference, and almolf as foon as it riles out of the ijround lends forth branche<:, fiibdi\ided into iiiany others, which at loin-; dill.ince from the Item form a dole fjreen bu(h, covered with a multitude of leaves, fomc like thofe of the cvprels-tree, and the relt Ion;;, nar- row, and fliarp, like thofe of the juniper, difpolcd alouL; the boughs in lowsof lour, fiv ■, or fix in iiuiiibcr ; fothat looking upon thele boughs at the end, they rcfcmhle liars of four, hvc, or fi\ rays, cxaclly coverintj ihole b' low, fo that the fpaces between them appear empty and dilfincf to the bottom. The bou^-rhs covered with thele long leaves, are found principally at the lower part of the branches ; lor towards the top you behold notliing biit cvfirefs. In (hort, nature fecms to have taken pleafure in mmgliiio; thele two (oris of leaves in luch a m.inn'.r, that lome are entirely juni|K'r, otiicrs nothing but cvprel's, and lome half one and half the other. The bark is a grevifh brown, in fome jMares im lining a little to the led ; ami the wood is a reddifll wiiitc, like that of the juniper-tree, with a little fpice of th,- turpcn;ine. The leaves, beiid..'s the lirellof the cvprels- trec, are a little aromatic , but their taile is acrid and very bitter. This tree bears fn i'! rccn berries, a little larger thr.f. thole of the juniper i j.iincd '•> the braiu hes by long ilalks, like lluili- of the ieiiv-s. .K.>eh contauis two leddilli feeds of the (ba|)C of an hcM'., and as hard as grape- ifoius. There aie trees of this kind that h..ve a fall a>id (lender trunk, with branches only .it the iop, ending in a point almolt like the cvprefs ; and thi re are others of the dwarf kind, that grow no higher than leven ot eight feet. It is remarkable, fh.it when this tree is young all the leaves are long, like thole of the juniper ; and that when it is old, it ick-mbles the cypiei,. Hcfides thtl.; they have oaks, elms, pines, cedars, alhes, pnlm-tsees, and many others known in Kurope. To thele tiMiil trees may be added the reed or cane, com- itionly callc.l a^.imbiMi, which generally grows to the height of an ordinal y tr'-e ; and, though knotty and hollov,, is ex- ceeoing hard, and fo lh.)iig as to fupport a preat weight. It is therc.'bre, in fomc places, ufed in buildine, alfo for pipes to convey water, and ii.any other p'.irpofes. As it I A. »') will admit of bring divided into fmall fplintcr;, they make of it boxes, balkcts, and other things : and alter all, when it is broken in piries, and grown lottcn, it is boiled in water till it is reduced into a kind of palle, and then it ' lerves to make paper of ditVercnt kinds. Among the xarious flirubs we lliall full mention that of tea : the name of which is derived Iroiit the corrupt pro- nunciation of two cities in the province of Kokien ; but in all the rell of the empire it is called tclia. The Chindi: tea appears to be a ditfeient fpecics from that of Jap.iii, and thcrelore deferves a particular dcfcription. It is diltiiigiiilh- ed into three lort.i ; the lirit, called fong-lo tcha, grows on a mountain in the province of fviuiig-ii.in, in 29 deg. t jS mill. 30 lee. latitude, and is the l.ime we call "reeii <•;.« lea. The (luub is plaiitid in rows, an I i> k.pt pruned to prevent its growing too high. It nuitl he planted .mew every four or five \cars, or elfe the leaf becomes thick, hard, and rough. The flower, which is in the fli;i|,e of ;i role, is coinpored of five white liMves ; and in autumn, when it dinps oil', there appears a berry in the form of a nut, that is a littU' moilt, and has no b.id talte. In other provinces, where they luller the (hruh to rile to their full height, they reach to ten or twelve feet therefore, when the branches are young and tender, they caiil'e them to bend d iwnward, in order that they may g.ither the leaves with the greater eale. Another fort of tea, called voiiy, or bobca, grow^ in the province of Ko-ki'ii, and lakes its n ime from a (eiebrated mtjunt.iin in 77 de^'. 47 min. ^S fee. latitude, on whicli * , . are many temples, houles, and hermitagis of the Hon/.ecs, '•'-'''•* who, in order that it may pah lor the abode of lupeiior beings, h.ivc conveyed barks, chariots, and other things of the lame kind up into the clclis of the Iteepell rocks, aloii"- the fide of a rlvul-t that divides it into two, and thele arc conlidered by the vulgar as prodigies ; for tliey im.igine, tint none but a power more than human could conve/ them up to thofe inaccefTible places. The foil of thi. mountain is light, whitifli, and fandy ; and the onlv di.'l'erence between the tea that grows upon it and the former is, that its leaves are fhorter and morn round, of a cidour a little bl.ickilh, and yields a yellower tincture. As the talle is agreeable, and the decoetion iii- oflenfue fo the we.ikell (lomach, it is Iciu'^ht for and iilej ineveiy part of the empire. Of this kind there are four Ions : the firll is the fender leaf when Ic.irci ly opened. This i< feldom expoled fo fale, but fcrves lo make prefents ol, aiul to lend to the empeior. It is therefore called im- perial te.i, and is valued at about two fliillings in the pound. The- fecond confills of leaves of a fenfihic growth, and is cfleemcd a very good fort. The rcm.iiniii" leavcj .ire fullered to arrive at their full g.rowth, which makes t)ie third kind exceeding cheap. The fourih fort i'l made of the flower, but thole who would h.ive it mull belpeak it before ha:id, and p.iy an exceflive price for it : yet it nuikc^i a very infipid tea, that ij never udd at the emperor's court. 'fhcrc ,irc fevcral other kinds of tea, littl? dilTerent from the two principal, cxiepf wh.it is owing to the nature of the foil i'l which the (limbs are planttd; there arc alfo feveral jilanfs to which they give the lunie of tea, though they arc not at all like it. There is, however, a third princip.il fort, called by the Chinefe poii-cul-tcha, from ;i village in the province of ^'un-ii.iu, near which (lands the mountain on which it grows. The leaves arc longer and thicker than thofe of the two former kinds ; they toll thcni up, and 1: II them at a good price. Many ot tne mountains are covered with an admirable kiiiil of oficrs of the thicknefi of one's finger, which creep upon the ground, and produce very long (prigs rcfcmbling twilleil cord. Thele being extremely limber and very lliong, they not only make of them bafkets, hurdles, and a kind of mats Oil w'.ich the Chincl'c lie in fummcr, they being very cool, but alio ropes and cables lor flii|)s. Among the fruit-bearing pl.ints they have two forts of melon, diflerent from r.urs, and that are very excellent. One of thele grows in the province of Chen-fi, and is fmall, yellow vx'ithin, and of a (wcet talle li!,,- lugar: thefe they eat with the rhind, as we do an apple. The other are a kind of water melons, and are very large and long: the infide id" fome of them is white, and of others red, full of a cooling juice that has alio the fwcctncfi of fii^ar. They H never 11 l| "it ■;1, '!■!', i'';!M I'll I ; 1 I'i ! -il '■ I A S Y S I 1-. M O I G r. o r, R A r 11 V Ciiiv A. i iK'vor prnvc offenfiv? to ihr fl'im.u li, ami niav hi: c.ili ii (luring the gre.itcll licits ul rtumiici, wiiliout lor ol ' f irfi-it. Amoiiil Mit'crou^ (Iviwcrs, ami :mioii;; ilu'll- tlii: j^Uaniiiie it the nmlt apn-calik-. In ihi' dmth it rilis to a moilcrjie hfljiht i but III tbo north it \-< no monr tli.in fix fiet lii^'h, thoii;'h it bi- ki|>t in a j;rcin-hi)iilo all tho winter. The (I'uver rclfmbli"- a ilcjiihlr jcllaniiiu- ; but the leaf is very tlirtcieiit, an. I ii very like that nf a vnunj; utron-trec, Thtrt ii a llinih that it not mlorileroiis, whiih hears a white riowtr as i.irge ai a doiihle or treplc rofe ; it is fiic- reriKil by the fniit, wiiiih r. in the ftiapc of a prach i but itii iiil'ipiil to the talir. In itb cells arc lcver.il Icciis co- voted with a bl.uk;(h fl;lii. 'I lie pionicb of China arc more beautil'iil than thofc of Kurope, and h3i>: an aiTceable fmrll ; hiit the rcll of their J5.irdi ii-flowcTi .ifL- not to he compared with oiir». The lake., howrvir, produce maiiv bcaiitifiil (!n\ver«, ,nnd nothiiiL; can be more agreeable than to fie the water- ihiis adurncd, and every year improved and renewed by the feed whieli they fow. Th'- great lords keep thrfe rtowers in litlle poniis, and foinetimts pi lee them in v^-'llel-. hllcd with mud anu w.fi r in tlieir qardins. Anion ^ th< fc the lienhca, which ref-inbles a tulip, riles two or tnree cubit'. ah.ivc the furfiK- of the wati r. It. colour i? cither viidct or white, or part red and part white i and it has a vcrv a^ree.-.ble fmell. It bears a fruit .ns bi;_^ as :i v.Mlnut, an.l the kernel whicli it in. hides is white .niid of a ixHid lalle. This the phvlici'ii; think ot a nouiirtlinn and (Ifen^theninj!; nature, ..nd rher.fore prelirihe ir to tliole who ;':e weak. j ; It'-. Ie.;v'.s, whiih arelonj^, fwim upon the v,itirf, and liavc I a coiiimunieation with liie root bv ion;; (Irinps, which are ui-\\ I V the g..rd ■ners to wrap up their nood^. The root » is mil' h euei), cfjieeiallv in lunimer, bcc aufc it is very cooliii ',. InllMit, tiicre i. norhin^: in thi-. plant that m not ' ulifiil ; for llK'v even mike of it a kind of meal. Th'" <'o;ti n (l)iiib of China is one of the nioft iifefui. ,. The hiiflM.i.lmen have MO fooner j;ot in thtir harvert, than th'v li.w votton in the fair..- fuiils ; and then lakin;; the tilth over the fceil-, llieie foon prows up a (luuh about tWi> feet lii ;h, tile llowers of which appear bv the mi. .die of Aii/i'lt. 'I'hefe are j;enerally yellow; but fometimr> n .1 'l"his flower is fuccee.led bv a fn.ill biitlon of the hignefs of n nut, whiih opens in three plaiesj and, on the fortieth d.iv after the appearance of iIr H.ivver, difcovers three or fnir wrappini;s of lotton extninely white, and ol the fime form ;.. the cod of the (ilk-worm; this being falfened to the bottom po!, contain fectis for the fi'Ilowing year. It i-. then time to ^et in the crop ; but in fair wea- ther they leave it to be expnfid two or three days to the he.it of the fun, which caufing it to fwcll tiuieafesthe profit. As all the fibres of the cotton are (hon.-lv (aliened M the feeds they indole', the people ufc an engine to fe- par.itr fhcm. It contain, two finooth rollers one of wood ..i\d the otlier of ir.in, about a foot Ii'm;', and an iii' h thick, in a n-'iiiner clofe to each other. While one hind jjives motion r.-i the firll of thel'e rollers, an.! the foot to the (ect)nd, the othi"r hand applies the cotton, whi.h is drawn through while the Hiked feeds remains behind. Afterwards they card and f'^nn the cotton, and wcjMng it, convert into Ciiliro. The mc.incr fort of the people, who live chiefly upon vc!;ct..ble?, arc very carelul in the cultivation ol their kit- ihtn !»ardcn, and never fidlcv the eaith to lie ufilcfs. Anion'.; th.f.- ve^'clablcs not known in Kurope, there are none vvirtiiv "(' notice hut the pi-tlai, which is excellent. It his been thought a kind of Roman lettuce; but it re- fcijih'e; it in notliin;:; but the tirH leaves, the height, flower, fceti, and tafte being entirely different. Such iticrcdible ninntities of it .ire fown every year, that in the months |)cis. The iiMit It not fo commonly ulcd, but it iiiui h dearer. It is of a warm nature, ai;d it ell emed an excel- lent rrmcdv in all dtfcafcs arifing liont cold humoui^ and lor all kin.is o* i.bHiuvtiuns. Rhubarb grow, in fcveral placet in f(rrai abundance. The leaves arc loop, broad, and rough I i the touch : the flowers reltmbic lutts in the Ih^pe of a bell, but arc jagged at thcrdec ; and the khii, while (relh, is whiiilh within i hut when dried, it aliumo the vulour it ha> when bi.nighc to us. The lihoans; is the root of a very beautiful plant. One v«'ould take it lor a fort of |ii|'ioricf, with a leguinrnous flower and 3, crrMskcJ pod ; but, on examining the leaves, the lecd, and the talle, it ii liiflicult ti dctiiminr to what I'jKcics It heliintrs. It is ni.uh ulcd to remove by httlc and 1 ttle the derav s of flrrn 'th. The fantfi is ill.cmcd a moll valuable remedy; and, among its other sirturs, is iflicacioiK in womi n's dilordcrs, and h.-cmorrhage. of .. A fort of goal, nf agnvdh lolour, t-> toiid ol (ceding uptities. Of all the medicinal herbs and rnoii, none is held in fuih cllecm, or i> fdd at fuch a pri^p, at tl.at of gin-leng ; but as this IS not fine of the natural prudu.fliont ol Cliin.i, bill it chiefly m^jioricd from 1'ail.ir), we (ball give a dc< fciip'ion of it in treating of that extenfive countiy. As for animals, there are all the cattle found in tn^iland, though conlidcriir^ the great extent of the country the number of them it but fmall ; there aie, however, in the mountains manv wild beafi-, as rhiniKcrofc, cimeU, buf- faloes, tygcrt, bcafi, a:id wild boars ; but there are nu liuns. One of the moft remaikabic animal, is a kind of camel, no higher than an ordinary horfe. Me has two bunches mi his b.ick covered with l.>ng hair, that form a kind ol lad- die. '1 he hunch betoie liems lorined bv the baik-bono and the upper part of the flw ulder-lM)ne, and is not unlike the bunch which the Indian cow- have on their (boulders ; the f>ther bun^ h is placed juli bifore the butloeks. Hit legs are in proportion, not fo Ion:; as thole ol common camels, and his neck, which is Ihorti r and thicker, is covered with thick b.iir as long as that of the goat. S;iino of ihric camels ate o: a ycllostilh dun-c(,loui ; others are a little upon the red, and in fome plac., of an aflicolour: but as their legs arc not fl^ndir, like thole of ihe other camel,, they Iccm, lor their li/e, n.orc lit to carry bur- dens. They have fome gorxl horfct that are lironi{ an. I vigo- rous, but they t>K> are fiitall ; and there are alio .i particular kind of (lags, no lar^nr that our comiror. di.gs, v, hieli the nobility keep in their gaident for then divcilioii ; but they have manv deer of a larger fizc, I he niuflc roc- buck is another otnm.linary animal. It is a kind of deer without horni, with li.ar of a lil.ivkifh colour. The mu(k ii generated in the iiwanl part of a bag, compofi.l of .■ very thin fltin covcicij with j.jir ex- tremely fim*, and (licks lound it like a kind of fiji : there arc two foils «.f this mulk, but thit whuh is m grains it the mod valuable The female protiuces no iniiik. Tha flifh .:( fnakes o (.lid to be the common food of this .animal ; lor though ihcy arc of an enormous li/.r, the roc-buik calily kills them ; becaufc he no foonrr approaches them, than they arc fo overpovsTrcd by the iVnt of the mullc, »■, lo be unable to flir, llowcsrr, the flcftiof the roobuck is good total, and is ferved up at the bell tables. This it fovscll known, that whenever the peafant:. go to cut wood, or make charcoal in the mountains, they fecure thcmlclves frofs. being bit by the fnakcs, hv cartving about thrm a few grams of mulk ; when, if any fnake approaches them, it '» luddrnly (lupilied, and unable to advance. The blac k bogs of this country are excellent food, ■jrcally fuperior to the pork of Kurope. Tliefc are veiy numerous, and are much eaten by the inhabitants, sshu at Irall fcem equally f.wd of the flifh of dogs and wild holies, which aic Jrcllcd in various manners, andfcrv.d up •r i I ' China. S lip M the bed labU-». The vulpif »rc fonJ of hi>rfo and »l(i;' H> 111. lh<>ii;r!i ihclc 4iiiiiulf ilic wiih .tv-' or lickiiils. A% (u liiiils ihcic art- parrots of all lutlv, cx.iv:lly rc- f^.nibliii;^! thole of Amtrii.! : Chcy hmcft in imiutc the human voiic ; Imt lliry itre nut t-oni|UtabK' in btaiily to thr hint culled thr (•olJcii hin. Tlii-rc ia nom- of that Ipfiio in luropc that t.^n lie t flrfh it more delicatr than that of the pheufaiii ) lo that on rvrrv icmunt none of ihc rallcrii hiid< would be more arirptable it brought into thi« eountrv. Atnnn ' the brauiitui birds the haiilin^ alio drferves f>o- tiee. It I-, very unromninn, and !■. onlv found in the pto- vinte of C'hcni-fi, and in fomc parn ot I'ari.irv. It i'. not iiilerinr in bc.iiilv to our HncK lalmii , aii'l in llrrn Mil and li'/r ii much lu|x.-rini i whence it mat' iiHlly be called the king of the birdc of pnv in China and i'artary. There are in China alfo wild and tame praeock", fowl i of all l(>rl«, an>l molt cif the bird, found in (iieal llritain ) to'T'ther with ban of a prodi('iou» fi/r. Amoni; the flving inlccts thr bulleifliet of a mountain in the province of l^iang-tong arc grraiiycllermecl, and the lat'.'ef^and mot) uncommon amoni^ tluin are lent to eourt. Their riilour^ are evircmcly vivid, and molt luipi ilinj'lv ilivcrfitied. In thr day-time they ate without niolion on thr tiee«, and confei|uently aie ralily lalcrn ; but in the evening thev flutter abo'it in the lame manner at our bats, ami many of tnrm lerm to be ;ilmolt aj large. There ate others ol a fmatlcr kind, much fought alter ; but they ate by no means coinpuable to ihofc". In a river ii. the pioviner of Hoii'<|iiang arc taken a threat number of I' rtnilet of ditterent fi/,cs, which the nobility keep in their gardcni and at (heir pkafure-houfcj fur their divrifioi!. There arc no fortf of fifh in Kuropc that are not to be met with in China i bcfulri many otheit of .in ocillent lafie (piite unknown to u>, a few uf which wu (liall heic mention. One of ihele moll cfteem-d i« the armour-fidi, fo called from iti bcinu cafed in a eoat of hariJ (harp IimU., pLiccd one over another, like tilri on thr mol ul an hmil' . It wei^ihl about forty |iuunds, and it ai\ admirable lilli, ex- ci'eilin;', while wilhini and in tallc hat Icimc rcfcmblancc to veal. One of thr belt fifhe» in Ct.ina ii like- a fea-bream, it weighs five or fix |muiid., and is cummonly lidd lor little nvirc than a larthini; a pound i and lor nnlv »■> much iiioiv alter Uiii.; carri<-d twenty I -iijues up the country. in calm wcither thev eaten another lort of dclu iie fi(h, railed bv the Chinef'c the meal-lilh, from in exIraorJinaiv w:>llc iiel<. The black circle', ol its eves aie liiriuuiidrd with two rircli* rrleiDblinc riii'>,s of blight tilver. Ihey are foiiO'l 111 Inch prodigious IhoaN, that there is commonly rair'lit iif them, at one drag uf the net, iiu leU than four bundled Weight. The yellow- lifli caught in the great liver Yang- tfe-kiing ii of an cvcjuil'ite taftc, and of a \ cry extraordinary fi/e t for fomc of them v.eiL'h boo poundi weight. There i.te no hill in the v^nrM that eat mutv firm ; but they are only caut'ht at crrtain fcafons. 'I'he gol.K:n-f".ili, which aro much admired, and kept bv thr great men in tht ircouits and |Midrii«, atomamenti to their pal.icci, are about the U'lii^ih nt one'i fiiiKei, and pro- porlion.ibly thick. The malt is of a beautiful red from the head iialf-way I'lwn the bu.U, and (he remaining part feenit pill; but in flic h a ni.iniirr, lavs Le Comptr, that our belt porformanci't in gilding air intcrioi to it. It hat allobiight and fhining fpott at>uut the gillv The female ii whiir, and has the tail and fome part of the b< ping them in large plal's veflrN, where ihry aie feeii to (wiiii atxiut, and may be obferved at leilure without the lealt inconvenience. They even multiply very fall hcie i and a pctlbn of dillinil^Kiii .^.t r, F C T. III. Of lilt Origin, lit Ptr/nHi, Pri/i, Atanntr:, iml Cu/hmi tf lilt Clltr.tji. Til K origin of the Chinefc empire ii a-< ohA-ure ai the foiirce 111 the Nile. The vulgar hillotv of that mo- narchy is not ofilv dubious, but evidenllv l.ille, I'liur Inriy thouland veai'. aie liip|u .''e exlrcinelv laborious: the judges and govcriiori were then grave and lubei, and, bv the equity ol their dec ilioiij, gained the bur and ref'pect of the |>roplc i while the |ir nice placed liishii^lull f. Inity ill reiidiring his lubji cts h.ippv, and conliilered liimlelf, rather as the lather of a numerous tamilv, ihan at the lu- veiei.n ol a great enipiic. Thu'i the Chiiicfe accpiired fiich repiilarion, that tluy .vere admiiec! v.\\'\ ellrenu.l bv all the neighbouiinj n.itions ; and it is probable that thev coii- fideiecl iheinlcUi . .is liipciiorto all other inrn i an opinion wliiihlhe\ letamed, alter their haviiii; liitrcred ?. gnat resolutions 111 morale as in politics j and evi n hocanK li» vain, as to (am s' th it heaven had placed them ill the tenter of the iiiiiverli- to giv.' lasss to mankind. As lo their pctlons, thev aie far lii tn bein.', fuch rrotc(i|UC tlgiirtj as thev reprclcnt tliemfelses in their painiii,gN j aiiil wc may foim a putty d. limit idea of them ingiiitr.il, by coiilidcrinn what ihcy ellecm beaulv. This they imagine coiilills in hating, a large forehead, fm.illcveN, .i fhoit liofe, a liro.id face, the inoulh ol i moderate I'l/r, laigr i:.\:iy and bl.uk hair \ together with a certain l\ ymetrv and proportion betw. en all thr parts. As their carriienti arc wide, and do not lit lucloie lo the body aj thol'r of ihe Fiiropeans, they have forine.l no idea ot ihc bcaiitv lefultin'.; from a genlet-| and ealv (liape, On the contrarv, ihey I tfleern a man wdl made whin he i> tat, biilkv, aihl liaiid- foiiiely hlls bis cliair. Their complexion in the- loiitlierii I parts of China, where the weather is cxcefTis e hot. is of an idive colour j but in tie noiihein proviiue.i ihey are n.itutalK as Ian as tlic Kuiopcaiis, ami, gene rally (prak- inj, their face-, are not dilagrecabic : in pariii ular, the men ol learnir'ir .mil voiing p.oplc have a fine Ikin, and a beau- tiful coinplevioii ; but it i.s remarkable, that the learrii-il, efpcciallv il thrv aic ol b.ifc exiiaellion, afiect lo let lluiiaili of iheir little hiigeisi;row an inch long or more, irom thr vanity cf Oiewiiig that they arc not fubje«;t to mcrrenary labour. As for the women, thev are commonlv of i!ic middl." ("i/e i their nolis are (hoit. their evri little, their nioiith'i W' M made, and with rofV lips j their ears arc Ion , then ha'i black, Old tlieir eumplexion florid ; their liMiurrs arc regiilai, and then countenanci h full of vivaciiv. The fniairnefs of th'.-ir feet is, in the opinion of the Chinefe, none of the K.iit charms ol llrat lex : lhcref.>re, when a lemale inlant is boiri, the nuHee arc verv carclul in bindinu her feet extienuly hanl, lo prevent their growing; and they arc ever after fubject to this conllraint : but whatever pain a child futieri from this viuleiicc uliervd tu nature, it 1'^ I Mil I, ■f I • a A S Y S T I . M OF G V. O G li A 1' I ! V. Chjmx. il is fiirpiirme I'nat it iinc< not .ippf.ir tl'at ihr r hralth in tvcr inipjiiij l)v it ; .mil tilth i-i Ihi' tuici' cil iiill ..,, th4l when grown ii|i, tlii'v .iri' In l.ir lintn r>>iiipl.iinin;; i>l it, that thry privK- ilioiiilcKc< III thit cxtr.iiiriliiurv charm, jiiJ alwavt art'i'i't III lluw tliiir tcrt i\ ihiy wilk, ur rather hobbie iiluiiu; will) ii>ltcriii}{ ami iiiilh ailv ll> |H. I hi' lilt II lli.ivf tht'ir Ik .itls, lijviii^ nnlv one lock of h.iii ^iiiMiii^ ml the irnwii, aiul tnvrr th< ii ht'4J^ in (um- HK-r with .1 liii ill r:i|i, in t lit- I'm in ol .1 tunnel, made <>i' rattan or ciiii-, .iiiii Imr'iI Willi l.iiiiii. At the tnii i< a tiilicil h.iir that IprciiK nvcr it to the very cJj;c». I'hit hair, which jjrowi liitwti'ii the le^'s ot a iiiw, 11 dirti of a bright rtil, uiul \i allnwiil til be vviiin ll the (ami- furm nude of pall- bii.iiil, uiiil limd .mil coveted with fatten, with a lart;? Iiitt 111 the iinell red filk. lint in winter the/ wear a itry w.iiin liirt of cap hordcied with fable, ermine, or fox-I'mii, the upper part of whah is rovereil witli red filk, that fallt rniiiul It to the ed;;e., and as they walk tliillci< in the air. 'I'his border of fur ii two or three inchi s broad, and Irvtkt \eiy handlnnie. I'he upper part of the cap, wiicn worn bv the mandarines in their tiiinialitie>, i. aJoriied with a diamiinJ, or I'oinc other prccioii'> llune ill cut, and let in l^old. I'hiir iilher p.irmcnlH eonfirt in a lanp vcd, one l.-.ppct «"l which loKI . over the other, .md naehci to the right lidr, where it i> falleniil by live or fix j;old or hlv. r buttons at i' liiiall il'll.iiie.' liiJlti e;u II olher. 1 hi' fiin , whiih are broad tiiwiriK the Ihniilile s, (jrow n.irro'.v bv dcurces to- w.ird'. itie h.uul. 'rhey \.',\t^ tlumftlvc^ with a large lilk fifll, till' eiul . of wlilcii hail;.; 1 own to theii knees, and in which tlii'v put their purle, and a cafe thai coiit.uns a knife, two Iniiill links wliiili fcivi fur 4 lork, and i;rher thin;!'. Liider the veil they in liimiiur wear linen drawers which are f.imetiines ii'V ml with anotiier of talUtv ; but in w. li- ter they we.ir iattiii bieeiliis, with cmt iii or raw filic «|iiiltcd in tliini : in tlie nortliern provinces thcv arc mode «if warm (kins. 'iU< ir fliirts are made nf ditfere'nt kinds of cloth, and are v cry wide and (hurt. In luinmir their necks are quite naked ; hut in vvinier thcv cnvcr tncm with a neck-band of fatlin or f.iMe, or the flciii of a lux ; and in tli.it 1. .iliMi tlieii veil is lined vviih fhecp (kin*. I'eople of «|ii..liiy line them <|uile throu;;!i with fable, r>r tine f...x ikms, with n border nf fible i and In Iprini; tiiey have tl-.-.in lined with irniiii '. Over the veil tii v w< .ir a lurtout, v»ith larjiefliort fleevi lined and bordered in the fame manner. I he Chiiu'lc of a certain rank dare not apiKar in public without boots, even tli'Hii;li tlKy walk on foot, nr .»re carried in a fedan. This culKim would fccm Ids ridie ulous, was it only praelifed in winter; for their boots bcin.! ol hik, iiiiil ihi ir boot-hole of apitikiu llutf lined with cotton, a ftill in.h thick, their Ic^' . are well defended from the cold: but in lummer, wlun t!ie lie.it i.exeellivc, nonr but tnc ('liiiielV, merely lor the lake of kcepiii;; up .in airof jrra- vity, would he able lo vvenr tliem. Some indeed inav per- haps vve.ir a lighter fort \ but the working people, cither to .iVcid the iiiciiiiveniitiee, or to lavi- cliarj;ei, fcarec ever life tlum. Th'-le boots h.ive neither tops nor heel.. Il they i;:i a journey on hiiifebaik, thiy wear boots ut ncalsor horle le.;ther, lo well dnliid that nothiit.; can be more limber; and their boot lli>>kin^s are of itiitf lined with coll. Ill ; they come higher than the boots, and are bordered with pliilh or velvet ^Vhell they make a vifit of any confcqiirncc, they wear ovi r tli:-' velt a li)ii;> filk povvn, commi.nlv blue, u'rJed ;ibout lliein, over vvliirli thev have a black or vioiet cojuurcj ciiijk that reach' s to their knees, This is cxcccdins; wide, iiiul has very wide and Ihort (leeves. 'I'hey alio we.ir their boots, and carry a fan in their hand. Iiijlcad of gloves, wlif-ii tin- weatlur is ii.M, they make ufc of the flccves of their veil, which, beiiiij; very loiij;, they draw their hand» ! into ill ni to keep them warm. If tlic perfons thcv vil'it ( ch.'.iue tube at home without theii boots, they make them j wait till thev liave put them on. I As they aHc'Ct a llairhed ','ravilv ill all their v«-avt, thcv have a nre.it veneration lor a loiii; brard ; they therefore let their . ^;rovv ; and if they have not much, it is not, fays I.c Ci for vvaut of I uliivaiiun ; but nature has been very fpaiiiii. to them; an I tluru is not one amon;; them who does ii.it envy the l.iiropeans, whom thry conlidcr in ihi:> refpei'.t as the grvittcil tn-.n in the wgrlj. If thedr.'fi of which thry are f<> Ion I appc.irs ridicuioun tiui, ours does not appear lefs lo to tncm ; our (hav.ni/ our beards, and, inllead oi cur own hail, weaiiiij; a liiilh of artitidal curls on the head, .ipp'ar in the hi;!iiell dc^retJ fantalbcai and abfurd t and their ideas of ^ the moir extraoidinar,, as th v am oriended at our p.iinicrs and eiii'r.iveis (or rcprcleiiiinij; men with their arms .md le.-s uncovered ■. yet in the hniiheiii provirK-es thev lli.'w that thev hive not the leall device of 1110- detlv, and almoli .ill the artitiicrs and inluior ir.ideliiieii ^u ainh'' the lliccis with ("in.;le drawirs, without cap, llock- in"-, orniirt, which renders them much tanind and of 4 fw.ifthv hue ; but in the iiortht 11 piovinees the cold reiuleri them, to ap|irar,incr, more niodell. 'I'he Cliiiieic ladies have no Ids v.inity than thofe of other natiiifs i fi>r thev fp' ii.l fever.il boms en ry niorii- ing in drclliii:: and adorning ihemlelves, thinking tliey may be feen 111 the iliv, tiioui>li perhaps they are not by any one- but their domellic. Their hca.l-iln is cunfills 111 leveral lull', iiiteif(>eiied with little tufts of ;;oli| and lilver (lowers, and li»metimt> is iiinvned with the h;_iire of a fabiiloii.. bird made of copper cr I'llvir eilt, its exleiuled vvin^i embracing the upper part cl the t--inpli:, anl its fpreadinj; tail lormirij; a plume 0:1 the middle of ihc he. id ; while its neck, haviii;'; aj.i.iit, moves with the leall motion. Ladies ol qualitv nave an ornament cuinp: fed of fevcral of thcfe biids united to as to form a kind ol crown. The youn,' laJiis, ho.vcvcr, (?enerally wear afort of cap made of palK board covered with lilk i the fore p.irt riles in a [Mi.nt above the forehead, and is adorned wiih pe.irls, diamonds, and oihir ornaments. The upper part of the head is adorned With flow rs, either mitural or .iriihiial, mixed with Inull boJkins, the ends of which lliiiie with icvi'ils. I5ut womtii advaiieed in years, elpeiially the common furt, ar- contented with a piece of (ilk wrapped fevcral times round the head. Th-.- i.idics, as well .i; tlio men. wear a veil, which is id l.ttt n or cloth of gold, aiul over it their gowns, which arc veiy loiig, cover them lioin heal to (i»>t ; their hands are always coiuealed uii.ler wide (Icevcs, that would almoli dra.:i;le on the giouiij wtic they nut to hold them up Ilie colour is eitiur red, blue, or green ; and none but !adic^ avlvanccd in years we.ir violet or black. Thtirfhoes are ol f.ittiii,eir,broiJcied with gold, filxr, and filk, and arc exciedini; neat. The Chincle in general appear mild, tradable, and hu- m.ine ; .-iml have a great deal of affability in their air and manner, valuing thenifelvcson their btin/ more polite and more civiii£ed tliaii other nations : thircforr, whoever hoj to do vviih them, mull t.ike ^'rcat caic of beinj; too warm or haliv. It is indeed diiHcult for a (hanger to cor • lorm to their manner-, and to einillrain himlelf to fubriit t;« a multitude ol frivolous ccnmoiiiis that a:c e.\;reni 'ly t.'cublcfomr, efpeciallv when he finds that, under all tli ir anciicd politcneis of behaviour, thry are capable of coi ccaling the utnioil tieacherv, .ind the inolt bale and mer- cenary views. Though they are extremely rcven;;elul, th-.;'/ f.iwn on the man tney hate, and, dill' nibliii:; their anger treat him with the iitmol) rcfpeit, till finding ;iii opportu- of ruinin,;, they immediately fei/.o it, and triumph in his drt)ru.:tion. In I'ome parts of the empire the people arc fo fond of law- fuits, that they inortga;;e their lands, houfc.", good.s, and all thev (K'tVefs, for the ungenerous pleafurc of caufuig an enemy to be baflinadocd ; but it lometimcs h.ippeiis tha: the latter, by givini; a larger turn to the villainuus iiuii- datire, has the cunning not only to ekape the punilhment, but to caufc it tu be iiiflieled on him who profecuted the fuit. Jntereft is with the grcateft part of them, the moving fpring of all their actions. When any thing is to be fraiiied thev employ their utmod cunniii!^ to obtain it, artfully in- finuatc themfclvii into the favour ol thofe who arc capable of promoting their view, and '.ndeav our to gain tlicir iVi.'nd- iliip China. A :> fliij) hv cniifl.int rit>lro«, wi'h M'Ciiulcrdil ilextcriiy •flum- itii{ :ili i.'hur;ictcr^, .iitJ itiriiiiiij the mvroll iiifli-i lu iluii aJv:mlii;;i'. VN'litn thry hnvc i!i-;ilin;'« with ftr.n -rr", ihcy fclJuin fail 1(1 cheat ihiin wlini it lic' in t'lui ixiMcr, ami tvcn Ihi.iD nf (l'>in^ Id. A t'.i|it.iin i)t' i miMh.inl for tii.iny li.ilct iil lilk : WluMili'-y wcr^ rt.i>l\, itic ra|ila.ii wiiit witli hii» iiitcrpritrr I'l tlio I 'iiifr cil the Chint'lr, t(i iK.iiiiiiR- the I'llk it it wa> in aright conlition. Tlirv opiiu.! the lirll li.ilr, whuh (iroval ^iKi'i ( but the n >i rnntiiiK'il nulhiiii; hiit >lcr.i\i(l iilks : upon which, growiii'; very :in^',rv, he it|)rfn the b.ilv -." 'IhilV low (rjijd» are prinrlpallv obfirvid among the vulvar, whri have u thonl.ind tru ks to adulterate and dil- {•inli; what ihi'v fill. Thi-rc arc fome that \v.\\c the Iciiti of openi" ' the hrcill ot a cajvin, takirij; n ', and tliey ate faid lo coiintcrtdt h ims and ;'aninions ol hacnn wiih liuh art, that the drciit h iu>t dilvoveicd t:il ihev are leiv( which we (h.ill here ■;■;.: a f>w intlaiiees. " It *' were cndlcl's, fays Mr. Walter, to recount all the arti- " fiers, cNiortiom, and friiids praitifed on the cnmniodote *' and hi. people, by this interefled lacc. The method c I •' bii)in_; jirovilions in China heinj by weii;ht, the triiks *• made ule of by the (,'hiiKle to auKmciii the w. i.'ht o| *' whatt'iey fold were alnvdl inciediblc. C)ne te *' tiuattti''. of fowls and duck', beiiiji; b'.ii.'ht t..r the fhip's '* (Ice, the greatell part ot them pref iilly died : this *' fpnad a [;ene'.. I iilarni on board, it beiiijt apprehended " that thev had been killed by poil'on ; but, on exaniin.i- ♦' tion, it appeared th it it had been only owinj; to their *' being rrainmed with (''jtcs and j;ravel to ineivafe their " weiglit i the nuantitv thus lorced into moll of the diirkj " being founi to aniojiu to ten ounees in eaeli. The *' hogs tCM), which were bc.uijht ready killed of the ** Chinefe buteliers, h.i I water injedlcd into them lor that •• piirpofe ; fo that aiareafc hum; up all niuht, that the " water nii"ht drain liom it, had loll above a Hone of its " wcij'ht. .An.l will II, to avoid thu cheat, the ho;:s were •' bouulit alive, it w.is dilcovetcd that the Cilinefe i;:!ve *' them fait to incrcafe their third ; and h.iviiir; t|uis excited " them to drink preat quantities of water, they then toolc •' meafure. to prevent them from dilehaiiiinjj: it ajriiii by '• urine, aiul fold the tortured animal in this inflated (Lite. ♦' When the commodore firll put to fea from Macao, thev " pr.i..'lifcii an artifice of ano'her kind ; for as the Chinefe " never fcriiple eatinc anv fixid lti.it dies of itielf, thev ' contrived, by fome ferret pradliics, that j;reat part ol *' his live fi-a-flore iliould die in a (h^rt time after it was ♦' put on board, hcpiiu; to make a fccond profit of the •' deadcareales which the,' expected would be thrown over- " board ; and tvvo-thiids of the hors dviiig betore the •' Centuiion w:is out of fight ot ian l,many of the Chincfii ! " boats fo'lowcd her, only to pick up the carrion. Tliefc . " inftances, he adds, may I'erve as a fpeclmen ot the man- •' tiers of this celebrated nation, wiiich is c>ften recom- •' mended 1.1 the red of the world, a:i a pattern oi M kinds " ot laudable q.s iliiii's," Mr. Le Comptc ohi'erve':, tli.it when a pcrl'i.n knds them anv thing he mull have fureties ; lor as f'..r their word, thiife who know them cannot rciv ui«)ii it. Some of them have h.'cn ohferved to borrow a very fniall funi, with the promife of rclloriiij; the principal with prcat intercll , which they iuinieat inipiie, and it is to be wilhed, foi the hoiiom of huui.iii ii..tiiri-, there were more; but 'he (;re iii (I pint of the Chiiiele aie lo felf-ii'.teretlid, that thev can (c.ircilv be- lieve that any tiling; ij undertaken without a view to lii- tCKlt. They arc in general extremely piifillanimoui, and there are Icarcely any people upon earth lit fond of life ; thnii:'li there are fome, elpeiiallv women, who, thu uj;h .ui;;er or difpair, prociiie their own de.iih ; bin tliev feim even (liil more afraid of wantinj^ a coflin alter d' ath, and tlietd ru Ireipienily piirch.-.le one above tweiitv \e.irs hefcir" they want it, all the while conlidi iin;{ it .is the I'.iolt v.ilu.d)liJ moveable the) li.ive in their bciilc. "I'l t no people upon eaith are more proud of their pro- tended I'l.iiidiur, Old the pre-i niinence they iiiia/iiie tlu y have alight to cl.iini over all nation^. I'his haUL'htliu Ti inlpires the me.inell amun'4 them witli a ciiitenuu fir oih-.T counliics i and they are fo lull cif their own ciiltoins, m.n- ners, and maxim.s, that they can fcarccly believe that there is any thing I'ood or threat nut ol China, though tii^y .iiu a little more moderate th.ui thev oiu-e were, liiu<- trey be- came ae(|u.iini.il With the I'.uropean ;, On their hrll Leiii^j them, they all.ej, if there were anv eitiii, towns, or houlVs in Kurope ; and, on perceiving liiat thcv w re aci,,iaiiu. J with all the f ieiiei s, thev weie lliuek w it t alloiiillmieiit, .ind (.r.ed, " I low is it pullihle that .i people fo f.,i leniotu *' fiom us, (hoiild have any wit or cap.icitv .' I.iev h.ivc *' never peruled our books ; they weie never nuulelled b/ " our law., and yet they (peak, dilcouilV, and reaCoii ari^hc " like us." 'J'hc milTionriiies had often the pleafure of beholein^ their fiirnri/eaiid conlui'ioll, at I'eein;^ a m.ipoftlie world. Some? A "9)^ z ^ r .' !'i m i; I 34 A S Y S T E M OF G E O G R A P li Y. China. The common Hiluhuioii is iieiftiniicd by joining thtlr ' then takrs a cup of beer, and lifting it up a* high as he hands before the baj(f, moviiij; tlieni gcntiv, and makiii;; a flight inclination of the hc;:d, fiving, Piolncrity, prol- p-.'rity. On meeting a pcrfon to vvhutn they owe great relpedt, they join their hands, lift them up, lower them almoll to the earth, bowing their body very low, and crying Happinefj. Ifapcrfm is newly arrived, they cn- (]uirc, If every thing his happened well on his jovirney. On being afked how they do, they anfwer, Very well, thanks to thine abundant felicity : and when they fee a man in health, they cry, Profperiiy is painted in thy face ; thou halt a happy countenance. If a pcrfon takes any pains to ferve them, they fay. Thou art too profufe of thine heart. And if you have done them any fervice, they cry, My thanks fliall have no end. 'J'hey have always fuch compliments in their mouths, which they utter in an affediing tone, though thev feldum proceed from the heart. In conver- can with both hrtnds, offer:; it to the mandariin--, crying, " Behold tlie beer which brings happincfs, Behold thu " beer tliat 'jives long lile." Then another advanciiijj holds up fweetmeats in the (ame manner, and refpectfuily prefenting them, f.iys, " llehold the fii^ar of lung-life." The fame ceremonies, with the fame wilhes, arc afterwards repeated bv otlieri. But if a niandarinc has greatly diftinguiflicd himfelf by his equity and humanity, the literati caufe a garment to be made of fmall fquares of fattin of different colours, as yel- low, red, blue, green, and bh'.ck, which, on his birth- day, they carry, accompanied by inftrumental mufic, to the outer hall of his palace, and btfeech his prefence ; when he entering, they prelent him this patch-work garment, de- firing him to put it on. The mandarine e.\cufes himfelf by alled:;irj, that he is unworthy of the honour, till overcome fation they ufc the moll refptdlful terms ; and if they are I by the importunities of the men of learning and the people not intimate friends, for fear of being too familiar, in- who are prelent, he fuft'crs them to flrip oft his upper gar- flead of flying, I am fenfible of the fervice yon have done i ment, and clothe him with that they have brought him. nie, they cry, The fervice the Lord has done for hi ineaneft fervant hr.s greatly ^.ffciSl.d me. So a fon fpeaking to his father, will call himfelf his youngell fon, though he is theeldeft, and has children himfelf. Nothing exceeds the refpedt fhewn by children to their parents, and fchnlars to their mafters. They fpeak little, and always Hand in their prefence ; and on their birth-days, and on other occafions, they falutc them on their knees, and with their forehead feveral times touch the ground. It is remarkable that the Chincfe have feveral names ac- cording to their age and rank. At their birth they receive the family name, about a month after they arc born the father and mother give them a milk-name as they term it, which is commonly the name of a (lower, animal, or the like. When they begin to ftudy, they ha"e a new name from their mafter added to that of their family, by which they are called while at fchool. When arrived to man- hood they have among their friends another name, which they prefervc, and commonly fign at the end of their letters and other writings. In fliort, if thev attain any confidcr- ISy thefc various colours they pretend to reprel'ent the dif- ferent habits of all nations, and lo flgnify that all people look upon him as their father ; on which account this gar- ment is called the habits of all nations. The mandarine indeed never wears it except at this time ; but it is carefully kept in the family as a mark of great honour and diflinc- tion, and the viceroy is always informed of the honour done him. The focial entertainments of the Chinefe arc conducted in fo ceremonious u manner, that they would be infup- portable to an luiropean. Of thefe there are two forts, the one common, at wiiich there are about twelve or fixteen difhes, and the other extraordinary, which requires twenty- four on each table. The hall in which the icaft is ferved up is commonly adorned with pidhircs, flower-pots, and china-ware. 'Ihere areas many tables as there a.'c perlbns invited, unlefs the great number of the guefls makes it nc- ceifarytoput two at each table. Thcfe tables fland in a line on each (ide of the hall, oppofite to each other ; and the gucfts face each other as the^ fit. The fore part of the .-.ble office, they all'ume a name agreeable to their rank. 13y ; tables is adorned with embroidered filk ; but there arc nci- this they are then addrclfcd, and it would be an in- | thcr table-cloths nor napkins: yet, being curiouflyj.ipanned, civility for one who was not much their fuperior, to call | they make a fine appearance. On the ends of each table them by their family name. often ilands great diflies with meat ready carved, piled up If two mandarines of cqu.il rank meet in the ftrcet, they like a pyramid with flowers and large citrons on the top : falutc each other without leaving their chairs, by lifting ' but thefe pyramids are not touched, and only ferve for or- iip their joined hands to their head, repeating it feveral' nament. When he who gives the entertainment introduces times till they are out of each other's fight : hut if one of, the guells into the room, he fahitcs them one by one, and them is of an inferior rank, he mull (lop his chair, or if on . then a liquor made of rice being brought in a little cup of horfeback, ^dight, and make a profound reverence to the . filvcr, porcelain, or precious wood, placed on a fniall fuperior mandarine japanned waiter, he takes it in both his hands, and bowing When the governor of a citv, after having gained the to all the guclls, advances to the front of the hall, when public approbation, is removed into another province, the lifting up his eyes and hands, together with the cup, to- pcoplc pay him the greatcll honnurs. The road for three i wards heaven, he pours the liquor on the ground, to h,i,nify leagues together has tables placed at proper diftances, | that all h^s pofleffions flow from the Lord who reigns or» covered with filk which hangs down to the ground, on high. Then taking a cup of bet r, he bows to the molt ■which thev burn inccnfe, and place wax-lights, meats, j confidcrable of his guclh, and places it on the table wherq fruit, and pulfe ; and on other t.ablcs are wine and tea, ready for bis ufc. He no fooncr appears than the people fall on their knees, and bow their heads to the ground ; fome pretend to weep, others prefenting him rice beer and provifion;, befccch him to receive the lad tellimony of their gratitude. Thus he is flopped at every place ; but what appears mol\ extravagant is, to fee the people every row and then draw ofl'his boots, and give him new ones : for all the boots that have touched his legs are held in vene- ration by his friends, who prefervc them as a relic in their houfes : but the firltpair that are pulled oft are put in a kind of cage, over the gate of the city through which hcpaded. W hen they are dcfirous of honouring the governor of the citv on his birth-day, the inhabitants of the greateft dif- tinclion afl'emblc, and go in a body to falute him at his palace. Befides the common prcfents, they often take a japanned box, adorned with gohl flowers, in which are eight or twelve divifions filled with dilVercnt forts offwect- incats. When they have entered the hall, in which the he is to fit. While the gucll returns hs civility, by en- deavouring to hinder him, and caufing another cup of beer to be brought, makes as though he would carry it to the place of the mafter of the fealF, which is alw.iys the lowed ; who, in his turn, prevents him, with the ufual terms of civility. The mailer of the houfe then brings two fmall ivory Ificks, adorned with gold or filvtr, which ferve in the room of forks, and places them on the table parallel to each other. He afterwards leads the principal gueft to his chair, which is covered with a rich carpet of flowered lilk, and bowing low invites him to fit. He cxcufcs himfelf with mucli ceremony from accepting fo honourable a place; but at lad complying, oft'ers it to all the reft, and they excufing them- felves, take their places. Four or fiv: comedians, in rich garmcnv, now enter the room, and bowing itrike their foreheads four times againd the ground ; and then rifing, prefent to the head gued a book, in which arc wiittrn, in letters of gold, the ceremony is to be performed, they dand in a row and make I names of fifty or fixty plays, vv'hich they are ready to a£t a plof nmd reverence; then fall on their knees, and bow upon the fpot. But refufing to choofe one, hcrefcrs him to their heads to the ground, unlefs the governor prevents them, which he commonly docs, i'hc principal pcrfon the fecond, the fecond to the third, and fo on ; but all make cxcufes, and refer it to the principal gucd, who at lad choofca the i Chtma. a S the play he thiulcs wlil Le nu.ft agreeable ;o the com;)any. The comedian thenfllcws the namcof the pl.iy that ischoCcii, and each cxprcirus his approhation by a iio.l. The ladies vvhi) art; willin;: to fie the play are pl.i'.-ed in anotlier room opp-,)fite to the comedians, where, throii^'h a lattice made of bamboos and a fiik. net, tiiey lee and liear without being pcrceivel. The rcprcfcntation begins with the found of inftruments, as trumpets, flutes, fifes, drums of butr'alo (kins, and ba- Ibns of brafs or ftecl. The floor is covered with a carpet, and, in(tcad of fcencs, thi players come from the neigh- bouring rooms. Mean while the mafter of the feaft, kneeling, intrcats his gucfts to take the cup, at which every one holds a cup in both hands, and lifts it to his forehead j then bowing very low, rifes, puts it to his mouth, and drinks rtowly three or four times, while the mafter urges them to drink all up, which he himfelf does fiift, and tiien turns the cnp upfide down ; on feeing which all do fo too. Liquor is ferved two or three limes ; and, while they are drinking, a di(h of meat, cut in pieces, is placed on the table in a china dilh : for they know not how to ule a knife. The mafter of thchoufc, then on his knee, invites them to eat, and all take fome of the meat on their plates; at every frclh difti the fame ceremony is repeated, and they are obliged to drink as often ; however the cups are fmall, and they may drink as little as they pleafe. After fix or eight diflies have been ferved, they bring foop made of either flefli or iifli, and very fmall loaves in a difli, which they put into the foop and eat without ceremony. At the fame time tea is ferved. When the gucfts have quitted their fticks, and done eating, they bring in beer and another difh, and the mafter of the houfe again invites them to drink and to eat, which is repeated as often as a frefii difll is ferved up. But, before the fruit is ferved, the malter of the feaft takes his gucfts into tiie garden, or fome other place ; mean while the comedians take their rcpaft, and the domcftics are employed, fome in carrying warm water tor the gucfts to wafli their hands, and others in clearing the table and pre- paring the defert, which confifts of twenty or twenty-four difties of fruit, fweetmeats, dried ducks, which arc delicious food, and fmall dainties, made of things procured from the fea. At Icncth a domeftic, kneeling to his mafter, informs him, in alow voice, that all is ready. The mafter watches till every one is filent, and then, with great ceremony, invites his guefts to return to the hall. There every one takes his feat as before, and large cups being brought, they are frequently prelied during the defert to drink heartily. Mean while the play is continued, or a farce begun : but, at the beginning of the fecond courfe, every gueft caufes his fervant to bring feverat purfes of red paper, v^'hich coji- tain money for the comedians and the ferva its ; more or Icfs being prefcnted according to the quality of the petfon who made the treat : but this money is never given, unlcfs there be a play afted. Every domeftic carries his purfe to his mafter, who, with feeming reluctance, confcnts to their receiving it. Thefe feafts begin about the evening, and, as they laft four or five hours, are not ended till midnight, when they feparatc with much ceremony, and the lervants of the gucfts walk before their matters chairs, carrying great lan- terns of oiled paper, on which the quality and fometimes the name of the niaflers are written in large charafters. The next morning each of the guefts fends a billet of thanks for his generous entertainment, Such arc the irkfome ceremonies required by the Chi- neic politenefs ; but a ] olitenefs that confifts iji fuch in- fignificant trifles, and fuch ahjei5t fubmiflions, could never he [.'cnerally prndifed bv anv nation infpired by the love of liberty, or that had juft fentinicnts of the dignity of human nature. It will be proper however to obferve, that their cooks have the art of feafoning their meat and ti(h in fuch a manner that they arc very agreeable to the taftc j and that their foups are excellent. SEC T. IV. Gf their Aitinia^t! ; the f\travBgant AHthority tf the fathers in tii'ti- I'am'dia ; thlr Gaming } thtir Pnvtr evtr their Children ; their Funeral Cerenwiies ; tiicir Fc/livah, parti- cularly the Feaft of Lanterns ; and the Emperor's going to plough amlfoiu a piece of land. THEIR marriages are regulated by the grand principle that is the foundation of their political government; I mean the veneration and fubmiffion of children to their parents : for it is a maxim of their philofophy, that king? ought fo have for the empire all the tendernefs of a father, and fathers in their families all the authority of a king. In confcquencc of thefe maxims a f.ither lives in fome fore without honour or fatisfaftion if he ncglc<3s to marry all his children, and a fon fads in the principal duty of a fon, if he does not le.ave pofterity to perpetuate his family : tho' an elder brother inherits nothing from his father, he muft educate and marry the younger; becaufe fliould the family, through his fault, become extinct, his anceftors will bu deprived of the honours and duties that ought to be paid them ; and bccaufe, in the abfenceof the father, the cldcft Ion oUjiht to f:ipply his place. Hence the inclinations of tho children are never confult- ed ; for the choice of the wife belongs cither to the fatlicr, or to the ncarcft relation of him who is to be married : but as young women are always confined to their apartments, and men are not permitted to fee and convcrfc with them, marriages are brought about by the relations of the maid, or according to the defcription given of her by old women, whofe bufinefs it is to tranfaet thefe affairs, who by prc- fents arc engaged by the relations to give a flattering de- fcription of the wit and bcautv of the maid ; hut full credit is not given to all they fay : and if they are found guilty of a notorious impofition, they are puniflied. When by means of thefe old women every thing is fet- tled, a contract is figncd, by which the relations of the intended hufband agree to give a certain fum, which is cm- ployed in buying new cloaths and other things for the bride ; tor the daughters have no fortunes. Then follow certain ceremonies, the principal of which confift in fending on both fides to demand the name of the intended bridegroom and bride, and in making prefents to their relations of filk, cottons, provifions, and fruit. The bride's relations, who determine the day of the nuptials, frequently confult the calendar for a fortunate day. Mean while the man fends his intended bride jewels, pendan.s, and the like. Wlien the nuptial day is arrived, the bride is put into a chair magnificently adorned, and all the fortune Ihe brings is either carried with her, or follows her ; among the vul- gar it confifts of wedding cloaths, and the like, given by her father. She is accompanied by attain of hired perfons, with torches and flambeaux lighted, even at noon-day : her chair is preceded with hautboys, fifes, and drums, and fol- lowed by her relations and particular friends ; a trufty fer- vant keeps the key of the door belonging to the chair, with orders to give it to none but the hufljand, who waits at his own dootj drefled in order to receive her. She is no fooner arrived, than he receives the key from the fervant, and eagerly opening the chair, fees her fur the firft time. Some dilTatisfied with their lot immediately fliut the chair again, and fend the maid back with her relations, choofing rather to lofe the money they had given, than receive a dif- agreeable pcrfon : but this fcldom happens. The bride, on leaving the chair, goes with the bridegroom into a hall, where they make four reverences to Tien, whom they call the fpirit that prcfides in heaven ; and having done the like to her huftiand's relations, flic goes among the ladies whej are invited, and fpends the day with them in feafts and di- vcrfions, while the new-married man treats his friends in another room, and at night confummates the nuptials. Though according to the laws they can have but one wife, yet they are allowed to have ieveral concubines, whom they receive into the houfe without any formality, only giving a writing to her relations, in which they pro- mife to give a fum agreed upon, and to ufe their daughter well : but they are entirely dependant on the wife, ferve her, treat her as their miftrrfs, and all their children are confidered as the children of the wife, and have an equal right with them to inherit their father's fortune. None but the vs'ife has the name of mother; and if a concubine dies, her children are not obliged to go into mourning, nor to quit their offices and governments, as is cuftomary for them to do at the death of the father, and of the lawful wife, though \-M ::■>) r ■ m 'I'M 'I ^*i; A SYS T 1-: M O I' G r, O G li A IM I if'. ClHNA, China. ^1 i '. ! . ) ■'. m\i though fhc is not ihcir mother : there .-irc hut ll-w, however, who dirpciife with thd'e tcrcmonits on the c'cath of their own mother, or are Jeiiciciu in fli'jwi:ig them pro;)er marks ct" teiiiJernels and ttr;)Cvlt. It' a wite elopes from her hufbanj, he may (M her, after flic has iindcrL'onc the correction of the 1 iw : and if a man abandons his houfe and famdy, after three years abfence his wife may prefcnt a petition to the mandarines, making known her condition, who may yive her leave to take nnother hufband ; but fhc would be fevcrelv punifhed, if /he married without their confent. In particular cafes a man may divorce his wife; as tor adultery, which is very uncommon, antipathy, ditlercncc of temper, jealoufv, in- difcrction, difobedience, barrcnncfs, and conrigious dif- rafes : but though the law on thcfe occafions authorizes a divorce, it is fcldom put in force among people of dif- tindtion, though there are examples of it among the vulgar. Yet the men are foe.xtrenivlv jealous, that they will notfutler their wives to fpcak in private even to their own brothers. Though every man is liable to be piniiflied for parting with his wife, without what is efteemed ajuftcaufe, and thoiiiih gaming is forbidden to people of all ranks, yet Mr. Lc Comptc obferves, that thcfe lav/s do not hind:-r the Chinefe from playing fomctimcs till they have loft all their eftates, their houfes, their children, and t'.ieir wives. Yet barbarous as this cxcefs of inhumunitv is, thev even proceed ftill farther; for when the avarice of a parent is alarmed by the number of his children, and when his poverty makes him dread his being un.ib!c to fupply them with necefi'arics, they cruelly eng;ige the midwivcs to (tifle their poor female infants in .ibafonof water, as foon as they are born; or cxpofe thofe helplefs innocents by night in the fticcis. This is io common in populous cities, that it was cuilomary with the millionaries to fend out every morning a number of their catecliill?, who, taking their feparate walk?, bap- tized a multitude of thcfe dying children. Indeed a father while living has the power of an abfolutc defpotic tyrant, and after his death is worfhippcd as a god. Let a fon be grown ever io rich, and a father ever fo pu >r, there is no fubmiffion, no point of obedience, that he can- not command, or that the fon can refute. He is abfolute mafter, not only of his cftate, but alfo of his concubines and children, who, whenever they difpleafe him, he ni.iy fell to llr.ingcrs. If a father accufes a fon before a man- darine, there" needs no proof of his guilt ; for they cannot believe, that any father can be fo unnatural as to bring a falfe accufation againft his own fon. But (hould a fon be fo infolent as to mock his father, or arrive at fuch a pitch of wiqkednefs as to ftri!;e him, it becomes the concern of the whole cmpite, and all the province where this fhameful aft of violence was committed is alarmed. The emperor himftlf judces the criminal. Ail the mandarines near the place are turned out of their port, efpecially thofe of the town where he lived, for having been fo negligent in their inftruc>>')ns ; and all the neighbours arc reprimanded for ncglc£. i.g, by former puniflimcnts, to put a flop to the wickcdnefs of the criminal, before it arrived to fuch a height. As to the unhappy wietch himfelfthcy cut him into a thoufand piece, burn his bones, level his houfe to the ground, and even thofe houfes that ftand near it, and fet up monuments and memorials of the horrid deed. We fiiall now treat of their funcr.d ceremonies, which are very remarkable. The Chinefe imagine that young people, by being witncfTcs to the veneration paid to deceafed relations, learn betimes the fubmiffion and obedience dueto thofe who are living. Their antient fages, faysDu Haldc, thought that infpiring youth with a profound veneration for their parents renders them fubmiffive ; that this fubmiffion preferves peace in families; that peace in private families produces tranquility in cities ; that this tranquility prevents infurreftion in the provinces, and confequcntly preferves rcgiilaiity throughout the empire : on this account they have determi'ieil what ou.:ht to be obferved at funerals, and what honours fllould be paid to dcccaftd relations. They drefs the deceafed in his beft clo.iths, with the iifual marks of his dignity ; and then put him in the coffin. Thofe made for perfons in eafy circiimrtances are formed of planks above half a foot thick, and fo well pitched on the infidc, and jap;uined without, that they tranfmit no bad fmcll. The rich expend from ^co to icco crowns to pur- ch-ifc a coffin of precious wood iintly carved and gilt. They are prohibited fiom burying their dead within tlrn walL of cities, and in iiih.ibited places ; yet are pernuitej to preferve iheni ui their houfes, where they oiten keep them feveral mon'hs and even years-, and no magirtrate can oblige them to bury them. Alanv, to fliew their legard for tiicir deceafed fathc r-., keep their bodies three or lour years ; anJ, durini'the time of mouri.ing, ule no other feat than a flool covered with white ferge, nor no other bed than a mat made of reeds. They deny themfelves the ufe ot' meat and ilrong drink, and frequent no fealts or public ' aflirmblirs. At full: all the relations and friends that are invited come I to pay their lall refpedts to the deceafed, when the coffin covered with white cloth is expofed in the principal room, and a table plated before it, on which is an image of the deceafed, or fome carved work, on which his name is written, and which is furrounded with flowers, perfumes, and wax-candles. Thev all proftratc themfelves, and fe- veral times beat their foreheads ai;alnrt the floor before the table, and then place upon it candles and perfumes, which they brought with them ; the particular friends of the de- ceafed accompanying thel'e ceremonies with tears and groans. While they are thus employed the cldcft fon, accompa- nied by his brothers, ccmes troni behind :i curtain that is on one fide the coffin, and with countenances full of I'titf, without fpeaking, pay them the fame compliment of i'rik- ing tiieir foreheads againft the floor. I'he vvi.men are concealed behind the lame curtain, and fend forth fre(|uent mournful cries. This ceremony being ended, they all rife up, and a friend in mourning conducts the viliiors into another room, where thev are entertained with tea and dried fruits, and then conducted to their fedans. Thefe ceremo- nies coaimonly lall (even d.iys. Thofe who have a complete momning habit, have their cap, veil, gown, llockings, and boots all white : but in the fiiit months of mourning for a father or mother, their habit refembles a kind of bag made of red fackcloth ; thev have a fort of cord or a piece of fackcloth lor their girdle, and their cap, which is of an odd figure, is of coarfe cloth. The day of the funeral being at length fixed, they give notice of it to all the rclation.s and friends of the dccealed, who come on the day appointed. The proteffion is begun by perfons carrying patlcbo.ird figures reprel'enting flaves, tygcrs, horles, &c. Several companies Ibllow, marching two and two; fomc carry flags, il.ind.irds, perfumlng-pans ; others pl.iy mournful tunes on various mufical intlruments. In fome places the pifture of the deceafed is elevated above the reft, on which is written in large golden charac- ters his name and office. Then follows the coffin covered with a canopy in the I'orm of a dome, made of violet co- loured filk, with tufts of white fdk at four corners of a frame that has the dome in the middle ; this dome is embroidered. The vehicle in which the coffin is placed is carried hy 64 men ; but thole who are unable to be at the expence, have one that requires fewer carriers. The eldeft fon at the head of his brothers, together with the grand-children, follow on foot covered with fackcloth, with their bodies bent as if finking under the weight of their grief. Afterwards proceed the other relatioiis and friends, all in mourning, and in chairs covered with white ftufF are the wile, daughters, concubines, and flaves of the dccealed, who make the air refound with their cries. Near the place of burial are tables under cover, where the domcfticks prepare a repaft, for the rcfrcflimcnt of the company ; and this being ended, the relations and friends fometimes proftrate themfelves again, beating their forelieads againft the ground; but moft frequently only return their thanks : upon which the fons exprefs their civilities by dumb figns. If it be the funeral of a petfon of hiL'li rank, there are feveral apartments at the place of burial ; and after the coffin is brought, a great nuinber of the relatioii'i ft.iy there for two months together, and daily join with the fons of the deceafed in their txpreffions of grief' When death attacks the throne, the mourning becomes general, and all public bufinefs is fufpended during fifty days^ The fepulchres aie built without the cities, and if pof- fiblc upon eminences ; the form is different in different pro- vinces; but they arc generally whitened and furrounded with little proves of pines orcyprcfs. The CHINA. A S I A. 'I'lic hniiniirs p.ilil to llicir dccL..icd aiictflui:. jrc iidt con- fined to the time of mournip!^ ; they rcfoit cvcrv li'iiiig to their tombs, and, havini; pluclitJ ii|) the weeds that grow ;ibout them, repeat the tcrenionics obl'erved at their death, i'.nd then place provilimis and rice-beer on the tomb, which at Icngtii ferves them to fcall upon. They alio every year Irequent tile hall of their anceftors, which is built by every iamily, where the perfoiis belonging to all the branches «andiRcn finilh the held, who are rewarded by the emperor with four piece; of dyed cot- ton for cinaths. K The m SS A SYSTEM O !•■ C E O C. R A P II Y. China. Chi ! V The [»ovcrnor of Pclcin often co's "> vifit tiiis fiflJ, which ii cultivated with ;:rcjtcarc ; he ovftlii'ii.. > tlit I'lir- rous, anJ it he tiinls a llallc thit Iv.'ars thiufi.-:i iiv-, it is elkciiictl a g'.aJ om"!). He alio p-pmiis \ iiiicl Jeveral ex- iiinrdinary If^tiys ofcaieh-n^ Fijh and tuitii Duets. THE hufbandmen apply their utmoft attention to the cultivation of rice ; they manure the land extremelv, and there is no dung nor any kind of filth which they will not carefully gather for that purpole. They alfo take care t " difpcrfe in ccr:a;n placis the hair of hogs, or any other Icrt of hair, which they imagine E;ives {Ireiigtn and vi<'_our to the land. The barbci?, when they fliave the head, are even careful in faving the hair, which is fold to the fir- mers for about a halfpenny a [xjuud. It is carried awav in bags, and barks are often feen loaded with it. They at firit low their grain without order ; but it has no fooner rifen to a foot, or a foot and a half high, than they pluck it up by the roots, and plant it in lines che- tjuerwife. But before the rice is tranfplanted, they level the earth and make it fmocth : for after having plowed the land three or four times fucccflively up to the middle of the leg in water, they break the clods wi;h the head of their mat- tocks; and then, by the help of a wooden machine, on which a man flands upright v/hiie it is drawn by abuilalo, they fmooth the earth ; fo that the plains f.tin more like vail gardens than open fields. Though the invention of the Chincfe is inferior to that of our mcchLinics, their japanned works, their china-wares, am' thefilks imported from China, are a fufficicnt proof of the ingenuity of the workmen, who are not lefs fkilful in ingenious performances in coral, amber, ivory, fliells, and ebony i their carved works, as well as their public build- ings, gates of great cities, triumphal arches, bridges, and their towers, have fomcthing in them gre.-.t and noble; in a word, they fuccced equally in all kinds of arts that are ilectlVarv for the common ufes and convenicncies of life. TheChinefe paper is made of the bark of bamboo and other trees ; but they ufe only the ferond (kin of the bark, which is loft and white. This is buried fifteen days in the mud of fome {landing water, waflicd clean, and then f'pread in a dry ditch, where it is covered with lime. In a few days it is taken out again, walhed, reduced into a kind of threads, and fpread in the fun to whiten and dry. It is then boiled well in a copi^er, and afterwards reduced while, foft, and fmooth ; but is more apt to crack than tli.it of Europe ; it eafily takes nioillurc, and by deprtes the worms get into it, if proper care be not taken to prc- fcrve it. To prevent thele iiiconvcni.ncies, the books (lioiild be often beaten, and expoied to the (un. IJclidcs the papLT nude of the bark of trees, there is foinc made of cdttoii, and this is the tinell, whitelt, and moll iifed : bvlides, it is not fubject to the inconvenieneies jiiit niciuioned; for it will keep as well and as long as tlie pjper made in Europe, 'i'he confumption of paper in China is fo great, that it is not I'urpriling they make ufe of the b.irk of dilfer- cnt trees, and alio make it of cotton ; for befules the pro- digious quantity ufed in printing, and by the learned and the Ifudents, who are almoll innumerable, an inconceivable quantity is confumed in private houfcs ; one fide of their rooms being nothing but paper windows ; on the rcit of the walls, which are of plalter, they pafte white paper ; and the cieling is made of frames covered with paper, on which various ornaments arc drawn. The invention of paper would have been cnmpar.ativciy of little ufe to the Chincfe, had they not at the fame tinii; invented a fort of ink fit to draw their characlers upon it. This is what is ufually called with us Indian-ink. There are fevcral methods of making it ; but that mentioned by father Contancin feems moil cafy to reduce to pradlice. The receipt he obtained from theChinefc is as follows : Put five or fix li;;hted wicks into a vdill lill.'d with oil ; butobferve that the bell oil makes 'he molHhir'nr black, and confequently the moll elleeined and the dcarell ink. Over (his vclTel place at a proper dillance an iron cover in the Ihape of a fininel, to receive all the fmonk : when it has received enough take it ofi', and with a goofe's feather gently brufh the foot iVoin the iiilide upon a dry and ilrona: (lieet of |iapcr. The lampblack which does not f.dl oft' with bnifhing, and that IHcks- fait to the cover, is coarler, and may be fcraped olf into a di(h, to make an ordinary fort of ink. Having thus taken oft" the lampblack, beat it in a mortar, mixing with it mu(k, or fome fwect-fcentcj water, with a thin Tize made of neats leather, to unite the particles. AVhen the lampbl.ick is thus brought into a pafle, it is put into neat wooden moulds n .,de to give the proper form to the (licks of ink ; and then having Ibmped upon them charaflers or figures of dragons, birds, or flowers, which are fometimes gilt, they dry them in the fun or in the wind. 'Tis faid that in the city Hoei-tcheou, where they make the moft efteemcd ink, the makers have many (mall rooms in which they keep lighted lamps all day ; and that every room is diftinguiflied by the oil burnt in it, and confe- quently by the ink made from it. When the Chincfe write with this ink, they make ufe of a piece of poliflied marble, in which arc one or more holes proper to hold water, wherein they put one end of the ftick, and gently rubbing it, there is in a few moments produced a fluid ink. Inftead ofa pen they ufe a hair pencil, whicli they hold in the hand not obliquely, but upriirht, as if the paper were to be pricked. The Chinefe always write from the top to the bottom, and begin their books where ours end : but their paper being very thin, it will not bear writ- ing on both fides. Printing, which is but in its infancy in Europe, has been from all antiquity in ufe in China ; but the manner in which it is performed is very diHerent from ours. Asvvc have but few letters, and thofc capable ofcompofing vohi.ncson all ("ubjeiSls, and in every language, a few charaitcrs are fuflicient : but the Chinefe, who are ftrangers to this ad- by a proper machine to a foft pafte. They then take fome mii^jble invention, are obliged to make ufe of a ;rodigiou water in which the branches of a flirub named koteng ha been foaked, to render it fizy, and mix it with the matter of which the paper is m:;de, taking care not to put in too much or too little. The wliole then appears like a thick cla.T.niy liquor, and bcin^ poured into large and deep rc- I'cryoirs, th'^y take up vviih their moulds the furface of the liquor, which alinoft inftant'y becomes paper. The moulds or frame- they make ufe of to take up this matter are long and broad, and the bottom compofed of threads of bamboo, fo that there arc fheeta ten or twelve feet long, and fome- times more. Afterwards they dip every fhcet of paper into allum-water, whence it is called fan paper ; fan in the Chincic tongue fignil\ ing alli.m. The aljum prevents its fir.kin?, and gives i: .':i a^r^cbb luftrc. This paper is number of charadlers, as they have properly no letters but di'Ferent marks for all the different words in their lani^u.agc. Inftead therefore of making ufe of types, they cut their charadters on blocks of wood. When a perfon intends to print a book, he gets it fairly written on fine tranfparent. paper : then the engraver glues each leaf upon a fmooth block of pear-tree, with the f.ice of the letter to the wood, and then cuts away the wcvmI, leaving only the characlers ; which is done in fo exact a manner, that, when printed oft, they perfeftly refcmbic the original, and it is difficult to diftinguifli what is printed from that which is written. This manner of printing is on many accounts incommo- dious ; it neceflarily takes up a great deal of time in engrav- ing, and, as the pa;^es arc worked oft' fcparately, the time of ClIlN'A, A I A. 39 (irpiintini; a vulunic mutt lie voiv coiifidt'iMblc ; licfiJcs, the Miicki ot vvooJ nuill lit- ii.s iiuiiutou-j as thf p;' ■., .iiid iuolunie will lif riinkii.-iit to lul ;i ruom. On Ihj uilicr liiinil, it is .itttinLiI with iDnic ;i''v;int;ii;c3 ; tlu'y li.ivi; no ot'f.iiioii tor a corici.tori lor, proviikil the KmI In; fx.iLliy. viittcn, the ciinravcr llllom ni.ikes .uiy iiiilt.ik.cs : bcfulcs, the author is not obligeii to print olF niori; hooks than he has an imiiieJiate otvalion tor, aiiJ never runs the ha/.arJ of printing a hirgc imprcllion when the I'ale is not ablblulcly ceiLiin. I'hty life no printing-pref; as wc do, for the paper is too fol't to bear it; luit when once the bloeks are re.i.ly, anJ the p;ipcr I'lit, one man with a briith can jirint a {;ieat liiiniber of flieets i:i a day. They have two bruflies, one hard'.r than the other ; they dip one a little in the ink, and then rub the iiirtaee of the block with it, fo as to wet it neither too much nor too little ; for if it was too much the chai.i.ib'rs would be blotted, and if too little they would not print. Having tlius inkej the characters, they lay the (hcct upon the block, and then gentlv pals the other bruth over the pap-T, prcffin;!; it down a little that it may imbibe the ink, which it cafily does, aj the printing- paper is not dipped in allum. 'I'he ink ufed in printing is made of lampblack, well beaten and cxpofed to the fun, and then fiftcj through a very fine fieve : it is afterwards tempered with aqua-vit,c till it is of the confiftence of fizc, after which it is mixed with water till it is of a proper confidence. Lallly, they add to every ten ounces of ink about an ounce of glue, which they diffolvc over the fire, and mix with the lampblack and aqua- vit.T before they arc tempered with water. They print but on one fide on account of the thinnefs and tranfparcnrv of the paper ; hence every leaf of a book is folded, the fold being at the edge of the book, and the opening at the b.ack, where they are bound together. I^hey cover their books with a neat fort of grey palleboi.rd, to which tliey fomctimcs add fine fattin or flowered talletv ; and fome thcv are covered with red brocade, on which are gold a,id filver flowers. This methcMl of binding is very neat and convenient, but they never gild the edges, nor even colour them. China-ware is made of a mixture of different forts of earth ; one called pe-turtfe is white, with a grccnifh cait, and is found in the quarries. It is very hard, and being broke into fmall pieces with hammers, is put into mortars ; and bv the hcloof (lone ptlllcs, capped ivith iron, is reduced into a fine r,owder. Thefe peltles are worked without ccafing, either by man's labour or by the afiiftance of water, ill the fame manner as the hammers of paper-mills. This powder is call into r. large vellirl filled with water, and brilkly flirred with a (troiig iron fpatula; when, after it has rtfted a few minutes, there rifcs on the furface a cream four orfivc inches thick, which they takeoff, and pour in- to another vell'el of water. Thus they agital., the water of the firlt velfel fevcral times, conflantly taking off what fwims on the tf)p, till nothing remains but the grofs part, which tiicy take out rnj i^ound afrefh. 'With refpecl to what is put: into the I'econd veil'el, they wait till it has formed at the bottom a kind of paftc ; and when the water appears clear they pour it olV gently, and caft the palte into large moulds, in which it is dried. Another earth ufed as a material in the compofition of China-ware is a kind of chalk, of a fomcwhat glutinous and foapy nature. They Wjfti it in river-water, to take oft" a yellow earth that iii'.ksto its furface; and then break- ing it, put it into a vcllel of water to dillolve; after which thcv prepare it in the fame manner as the otiier. The fineft, linhteft, and molt beautiful China-'warc is made only by well incorporating together eight parts of this laft chalk with two of the former; after which the I'eilels are turned on the wheel, that is pl.iced on a round board, which whirls round bv me.'.ns of a wheel placed under it, and is turned bv the toot in much the fame man- ner as our potters make mugs, bowis, and other vetlL-ls : fome pieces of China-ware arc made in moulds, and all of them pals through a multitude of hands. The great pieces of China-ware arc made at twice, one part is lifted upon the wheel by two or three men, in order to receive its proper fhape ; and the other half, after it is formed and almoit dry, is joined to it and united by the fame matter it is made of, moilkucd with water. When the pieces thus failened together are iiuitc dry, they .''erapc and polifli the place where they are joined with a knife, both on the infiile and out. In the lame manner they apply handles, f|!ou's, and the like. Men, grotiiipie finne--, animals, idols, b'.ilts, and llii; like, whicli are hidhiw, are made in moulds in three, four, or n. ore pieces ; after which they are joined together, and linilhcd with tools pr.iper to trace, hollow, and polilh tho ditKerent ilrokes the mould had not imprelled. As to How. rs and other ornaments that fecm cn?raveJ, they are formed on the china by ilamps and moulds ; and relievos, ready prepared, are Ituek on. When they Iiave the model of a piece of China-ware that is befpoke, and which they cannot iniit.ue by the wheel onlv, they make \iCc rf a kind of yellow fat clay, which they knead very much, and then apply it to the model ; and when the inipredion is taken, fep.irate the mould from the model in feveral pieces, which they fuft'er to dry gently. When they intend to make uil: of the model, they place it for fome time near the tire ; after which they fill it to what thicknefs is defigned with the p.ilte pro- per for making China-ware, preffing it in all places with the hand ; and then place it a moment before the tire, which Ifjofens the mould by drying up the moilture that united the one to the other. The feveral pieces thus made feprately, are united again in the fame nianne:' as the l.irge China-vefl'els ; and the figure being futt'ered to jrow hard, is afterwards finifhed by tools proper for that purpofe. The labour of painting the China-ware i: alfo divided between a great number of workmen, v.'ho do every thing by rote, allilted by a very poor im;i'.;ination : it is the bu- fiiiefs of one to make the coloured circle near iheed^cj another traces the flowers, which are painted bv a third. It belongs to one to make rivers and mountains, another makes birds, flies, and other animals ; but the figures of men are commonly tlie worlt pcrlenned. Du Halde lays they glaze and bake it before this part of the work is performed ; and then having painted and laii on the gilding they, bake it a fecond time. 'I'hey ule all colours in painting China-ware ; thou'^h there are feldom any brought to huropc but blue upon a white ground, fomeiinies mixed with red and gold. Some are quite red with fmall fpots, others entirely blue, others of a fliining black, others marbled, and others painted witti landfcapes, mixed with alniofl all colours, and enlivened by gilding. This beautiful brittle furniture has been finely imitated in the Drefden china, and in that made at Clielfea, Bow, and in W'arwickfliire ; fome of which, with refpecl: to the beauty of the painting, greatly exceed that made by the Chinel'e. The belt nuthcrs have agreed, that filk a;id filk-wornis came originally from China ; from thence they palled to the Indians, from them to the Perfians, and from the latter to the Greeks and Romans ; among whom filk llufts, ;;t their lirft introduffion, was valued at their weight ia gold. Thefilks moft in ule among the Chinel'e arc plain and flowered gauzes, which are their fummcr wear ; damafks of all forts and colours, ftrip'd fattins, black Nankin" fat- tins, coarfe taftetics, brocades, velvets, and a great inanv forts for which the Euiopeans have no name." I'or their gold till'ue, they do not make ufe of fin.; gold thread twitted on filk ; but cutting a long flip of cilt paper into fmall flips, very artfully roll them about the filk. Thefe Itufi",, when frefli, look very fine ; buL being foon tarniflied by the air, and fpoilcd by wet, thcv arc unfit for garments. None but the mandarines and their ladies wear them ; and that but feldom. The Chincfe being the firft nation that difcovercd the art of rearing filk-wirms, and rendering their labours of fervice to mankind, a concife account of the manner in which this is performed, '.nd the Ulk produced in that country, can- not fail of being agreeable to the curious reader; and the more fo, as tho filk manuf.iiturc there is much greater than in any other country upon earth. The filk-worm proceeds from a finall egg no bi;;ger than a pin's head, and grows till it becomes of the fize of a caterpillar, feeding all the while on mulberry-trees till it comes to its maturity ; it then cciifes to eat, and prepares for its diifolution, by wrapping itfelf in a kind of coffin, or filken ball, of the fizc and fliape of a pidgeon's egg : this tafk I 1 ;. , ti +3 A S Y S T I' M O I' G E O C; R ;\ P 11 Y. Citf.A, China iii^ Vu ta(k is no (i>oncr accomplini-'J, than itj hc:',J (i.;Mr.itt's tVom its body, whicli \i ll.'iuljr, ot u lii;ln chi.-i'ir,it colour, .iiid ovv-Tod with hard Icilv riii;:.; iji llinrr, it is ii'inii'irpliDlfd into achryf.ilis, aiv.l iji iiDrdpccl rtllmbics itmii^iii.illdrm, but remains withnut the IcalV l'i;;n o( lllc Dr motion : yet, it taken out of its Icpukhral lali.-, it will vvrithi: on bcmi; touched ; tliou:;h on oi)cnini; it no Tr^n ot an animal t'orni is to be ll'tn witii till' nalctd lyc, lor notiiiiu; appear ; within its fcaly covcrin^^ but a liquid I'ubltancf. In this torpid flate, without limbs, or any dillinclion of head or tail, it remains, till at Ungtli it awakes to a new life, puts of?" the rinys with which it was furrounJed, and niakin;; a palllige out ot" its t'llken lepulchre, appears a pertetl nioih or but- terfly, with head, lc;;s, and win;^s : yet in this itatc it never cats, but fluttering; about, as if rejoiced at its rct'ur- redtion to a new and more eligible life, propagates its fpccics ; and each t'emale having; laid abundance of e^gs, botli the males and tVmalcs die. There are two methods of bringing up thefe curious in- fcits, both praiflifed in China ; thefe are, either I'uflering them to expatiate at full liberty on the mulberry-trees, by which they are nouritlied, or bv keepini; tlicni in roonis. As in this laft method the tineil lilk is produced, we (hall give a particular defcription of the manner in which the Chinefe proceed, To begin with the cgf^, which pre laid on large flieets of paper, to which they hrmly adlierc The females have no ibonerdonc laying, than thofe eggs which flick together in clots arc thrown away, and the fiicets hung up on a beam of the room, with the eggs inward, and the windows are opened in the front to admit the wind ; but no hcmjien ropes mull ever come near the worms or their eggs. After Ibmc days the fhccts arc taken down, rolled up loofelv with the eggs inwards, and then hung up again, during the I'umnier and autumn. At the end of December, or the beginning of January, the eggs are put into cold water, with a little fait diflblvecl in it, taking care that it does not freeze, and a China-difli put over them, that the (hccts niav not fwiin. Two days after they take them out, hang them up again, and when dry roll them a little aghttr, and cnclofe each feparately, ftanding on one end in an carthcn-vcflel. Some put them into a Ive made of mnlbcrrj-tree aflies, and then lay them fomc moments in fnow-water, or elll: hang them up three nights on a mulberry-tree to receive the fn )W or rain, if not too violent. The delign of this is to cherifh the inter- nal heat in the Cirns. J he time of hatching them is when the leaves of the mulberry-ttces begin to op n, tor they are hr.flened or im- peded according to the ditfercnS».-J.egrecs of heat or cidd to which they are cxpofed. When tncy are ready to come forth, the eg^s fwell and become a little pointed. The third day before ;h'.y arc hatched, the rolls of paper are taken out of the veflel, ilictched out, and hung up with the back-fides towards the fun, till they receive a kindly warmth, and then being rolltd up clofe, thc\ arc fet upright in a veflel in a warm place. This is repeated the next day, and the eggs change to an afli-grcy : they then put two fhects together, and rolling them dole tie the ends. The third day, towards night, the flicets are unrolled and ftretchcd on a fine mat, v.-hen the eggs appear blackifli. If any worms are hatched they mull: be thrown away, for they would much increafe the care and trouble of thofe who attend them : they then roll three fheets together, and carry them into a pretty warm place, (heltercu from the fouth wind. The next dnv the people taking out the rolls and opening them, they find them full of worms like fmall black ants. The eggs not hatched within an hour after muft be thrown away, as muflaltb thofe with a flat head that are Ihrivclled and difcoioured. The apartment for the filk-worms ought to be on a dry ril'mg round, in a fwect air, and free from noifc. The rooms fliould be fquare, and very clofe, for the fake of warmth ; the door fliould be to the fouth, and covered with a double mat, to keep out the cold ; vet there fliould be a window on every tide, that when it is thought ncccflary the air may have a tree padage, In opening of a windov/ to let in a rcfrefiiing breeze, care muft be taken to keep out the E lats and flies. The room mufl be furnifhed with nine or ten rows of frame;, about nine inches o.ie above the other. On thclc they i)!;-.cc ruih hurdles, upon which tile worms are led till tliey are re:v!v to fpin ; and, to prc- leive a regular Ilea', (love-lires aie at the conurs of the room, or life a warminL'-pan is cariiedup and down it i but it mull not h.ive the leall (lame or fmn.ik. Cow-dun^ f'ried ill the fun is elleemcd the im.II proper fuc! j tor tlit? worms like ils tinell. 'i'lie v\'onK n who attend ihcm mult be dean and neat, and avoid eating or handling wild liu - Cory, the I'mdl of which is piejudiLijI to theworiisi v.'hich mult be managed with great care before their tirit moiling. Kvery day is to them a year, and has in it the four leafons : the morning is Ipiiiig, the middle of the d.iy tumnur, the evening aiitiiinii, and the night winter. While the egi;» are kept, before they aie hatched, they require much coldj when tiill hatched they want as much heat ; when become caterpillars they need a nioder.tte heat ; after the great molt- ing they mull be kept cool ; when upon the decline they fhould be wanned by degrees; and a great heat is neccli'ar/ when they arc working their cones. The mulberry-leaves (hould be gathered two or three days before hand, and kept in a clean place ; the htit three ilavi they give them the tenderelt leaves cut with a (harp knile into little threads, without bruifing them. .At the end of three or four days, when they be_'in to turn white, their Ibod muft be increafed, but not cut fo fmall ; and v.'hen they become blackifli, they mull have a greater quantity of leaves quite whole. As they turn ag.iiii white, and eat with lefs appetite, they give them tev.'cr leaver, and tewer ftill when they grow yellow ; and wlteii they are ready to change their Ikins they give them nothing. Kvery molt- ing time they muft li treated in the Time manner. To render this and what tbllows intelligible it is neccf- fary to obfeive, that when the lilk-wurm leaves ils liltle- egg, it is perfectly black ; but in a lew days it all'iiines j, whitifli hue, or an aih-grey ; after which its coat becoming; fullied and ragged, it calls it otf, and appears in a new habit. As it increafes in bulk it grows whiter, but inclines a little to green ; till ceafing to feed, and fleeping ainioll for two days, it a fecond time diveiis ilfelf of its fkin, and ap- pears in its third habit ; when ils colour, he kl, and whole form are lb changed, that it Icenia another animal. It now begins to eat again, and continues to do fo tcir lome days ; then changes to a bright yellow, and relapfts into its for- mer lethargy, at the conclulion of which it once m<urcd by their wives. They make cotton cloth ; and for the fummcr nettle linen for long vefts. But the cloth moft valued, and to be found no where elfe, is made of a plant called co, found in the province Fo-kien. It is a kind of creeping flirub that fpreads over the fields, with leaves much larger than the ivy ; they are round and fmooth, green within, and downy on the out-fide : the flems of fome are as thick as one's finger, but very pliable and downy like the leaves. AVhcn they begin to dry they leave them to rot in water, as they do flax and hemp : the firfl: flcin is peeled off and thrown away ; but the fecond, which is more fine and delicate, they divide by the hand into very flender threads, and, it is faid, weave it without either beating or fpinning it. This kind of linen is tranfparent and pretty fine, but fo light and cool, that the perfon who wears it feems to have nothing on his back. Among the other arts praflifed by the Chinefe we ought not to omit their being long acquainted with found- ing of bells. 4 Some of thefc are of a prodigious fize, par- ticulaily fi.vcral cafl at Peking between three and four hundred \'ears ago, each of which weigh an hundred and twcntv thoufaiid pounds. Thev arc eleven jiet wide, forty feet rcnind, ar.d twelve feet high befidcs the ear, wliieh ii at leall three feet in heij^ht : but I.e Cumpte obferve.s, that thofe of Kurope exceed them in found, as much as they exceed the I'.uropcan bells in li/.e ; for, inlle.id of iron clappers, they (hike upfiii them with aUrge wimdin ham- mer, which probably deadens the found. Tluv have allii great bells in all their cities, which are uled to dillinguidi the hours of the nii;ht. In every city there are mechanics of almoft all forts ; fome work in their fliops, others go about the ftreets to be hired ; but the greater part are employed in private fa- milies. I'or inllaiice, if you want .-, fuit ot cl laths, the taylor comes to vour houfe early in the r.r.niiii', and returns home in the evening. He ul'es no liiiiible, but inftead of it ties a r.ig about the ball of his thiimb ; anil he generally fows Handing, only leaiiincr .i;',am(l the tabli; on which his work lies. The other hanJieraits alfo work at the houfes of their cuftomers, and all bring tiuir too! i along with them, even to the fmith with his anvil and forge to make things for common ufc. The barbers, with their fhoulders loaded with a flool, their bafon, pot and fire, with a towel and clouts, give notice of their approach with a little bell ; and when c.ill- cd, very dexteroully on the fpot, whether it be in the ftreet, the middle of a fquarc, at the dour of a houfe, or any where rile, fhave the head, fct the eye-brows in or- der, clean the cars with prop.r iiiftruments, flietch out the arms, and rub the fhoulders, all for Id's than a half- penny, which they receive with many thanks and then ring the bell again, in order to obtain another jobb. The flioe-makers go about in the fame manner, and will cither make fhocs, or, for about three-pence, will fole them fo ai laft a )ear or two, if the perfon does nut walk much abroad. It will not here be improper to mention the method tiy which the Chinefe flock their ponds and pools with I'lfh. In the month of May the country people place mats and hurdles acrofs the river Yang-tle-kiang, in the province of Kiang-fi, leaving only room for the palFage of the boats. Thele hurdles flop the fpawn, which, together with the water, they convey into proper veirds, and cxpofe it to fale ; after which it is carried into different provinces for the purpofes already mentioned. The fifhermen, befidcs nets and lines, the firfl ufcd in their great fiflieries, and the latter in their final!, in fcvcral provinces fifli with a kind of cormorants, which they train up as hawks are taught in Europe to catch birds. I'^arly in the morning one may fee on the rivers a confiderablc number of boats, and feveral of tlicfe birds fitting' at the end of each, when, at afignal given by flriking the water with an oar, they take their flight, and difperfing over the river, watch their prey, and fuddenly diving, fcize the fifli by thi- 'ddlc, and then rifing carry it to the boat. The {•■' .-inn takes the bird, and holding its head down- ward, ,, Ills hand along the neck, to make it difcharge the fmall '.h it had devoured ; for they are hindered from entering into the gullet by a ring put on the lower part of the neck, which, after tlie fifliing is quite over, they take ofl^, and give them foniething to eat. When the fifli hap- pens to be too large for one bird, they mutually afTiflcach other, one taking the head, another the tail, and bring it to the boat to their mafler. They have another method of taking fifh : for this pur- pofe they have long narrow boats, on each fide of which is nailed a long planlc, two feet broad, japanned with very white (hining varnifh, and flanting gently till it almolt touches the water. In the night-time, when thcfe boats arc ufcd, they turn them towards the moon, that the refieclion may increafe the fplcndor of the varnifli ; fo that the fifh, which are fporting about the boats, cafily miflaking the colour of the japanned planks for that of the water, frc- quently'lcap upon them, and fometimcs into the boat. In fome places the foldiers (hoot the fifli very dextcr- oufly with arrows, faftcned to the bow with a line of pack- thread ; as well to prevent their being loft, as to draw out the fifh when it is fhot. In other places, where there are great numbers in the mud, men (land up to the waifl in water, and pierce thm with a three forked fpear. h To ! I ■hi ■ '•" ■P II •■! ]'i ul ■A Iff' 1 1 1 i w I! I '!' iV' .m ;■'. I! A S Y S 1 E M O I G i. O C K A iMI V. Cn: ; 1 Tolhrlo cxtr.inr lin;iry methods of fifhina; wc ftiall add the mnniicr in whuli they take wild dmkj, which aic very lumi'Toiis ill the l.iiccs. 'rhey leave a luinihc! u( (hells iit lar_'c talibalht'a or i^oiird.'. fluatiiw^ iii the watii, jiiil when thev have a mind to catch the ducks, pnt on their heads one oCthefe IIkIIs, with hulea to Ice and breathe thr:)ii^ili, and then go naked into the water, or Iwim deep w'ith their bodies, that nothing may appear above theliirl.uc but the calibafl), which the duck;, being accultonied to Icefloatini:, appro^ich without tear ; when the duck-hunter taking them by the l"e t, pulls them undirthe water, wrings their necks, and I'alkns them to a girdle he wears tor that pur- pofe ; thus purluing his txercile, till he has got as many as he ran carry, he proceeds to fliorc to dilburthcn himftlf ol \m load. S K C T. VI. 0/ their SM in the Saaucs. WERE wc to take a view of the numerous Jibraric; in China, handl'omely built, finely adorned, and enriched with a prodigious colleOlion of books ; were we to confidcr the multitude of the doctors and colleges cftabliflicd in all the cities of the empire, their obfervatories, and conllant application to watch the courl'e of the itars ; were wc farther to reflcrt, that learning is the only path to preferment, and that for above four thouland years none but the learned have been governors of cities and provin- ces, and have enjoyed all the offices about the court, we ftlould be tempted to believe that China mult be the wifeft and moft learned nation upon earth. Yet by a very fmall acquaintance with them we fliall loon be undeceived, and fully convinced that they arc far from having brought any of the fpcculative fciences to pcrfeftion. Hut there are two principal obftaclcs that hinder their progrefs ; the firft is, that they have nothing to excite their emulation ; and the other, that thev who are able to dillinguiflt themfelves can do it only by ftudying morality, the hillorv and laws of their country, and by learning to write in a polite manner. By this means they obtain the degree of doftor, and are polielTcd of honour and credit. This is foon followed by their obtaining a government, and by their enjoying all the convcnicncics of life. Their logic and rhetoric are without rules, imitation generally ferving them inftead of precept. In the firft, they are guided only by the light of real'on, without any afliftance from art ; and, in the laft, arc fatisfied with reading the molt eloquent pieces, andobfcrving thcftrokes moft likely to afFecl the mind. They pretend to be the inventors of mufic, and boaft of their having formerly brought it to the higheft perfec- tion. They like the European mufic well enough, pro facility of the European mufic ; but th.-.t which furprifcd hnn molt wa., that the nulfionary had learnt an air in {.t lliort a time, that had given him and hii iiuiliciaiii lo mm |i iriiiible, and that by the atlilbnce of charadcn he cuuM retnlkxl it at |)leafure. The emperor, to be more fully perfiiadcd, fung feveral ditl'ercnt airs, which IVrcira prickeil down in his book alii), and then repeated them with great accuracy and jultirls : lliis alio pleafed the emperor lo wdl, that he owned the European mulic lo be incomparable, and that i'ercira had not his equal in the whole empire. This prince af;cr- w.irds eftablifhed an academy of mulic, Tini made the mult (kilful perfons of that fcience members of ir. The Chinefe have invented tight forts of mufical in- ftruments, which they imagine have the nearell refem- blance to the human voice ; fome are of metal, like our bells ; one has fome refeml ' 'iice to our trumpet : they have wind inltruments of two or three forts, as (lutes, and a kind of fmall organ, which yields an aprecabic found. They have alfo in(truments with llrings, which arc gene- rally of (ilk, as cymbals and violins, each with only three ftrings : they have another inftrument with (even ((rings, that is much edccmcd, and not di(;igreeable when played upon by a (kilful hand : thry have alfo levcral kinds of drums, compofed of (kins, (ome of which are lo heavy that they are obliged to place them on a piece of wood. They are pretty well vcrled in arithmetic, of whieh their books contain the four principal rules, addition, fubllraction, multiplication, anil divifion. Ytt it is not by calculation that they put them in pra£lice, for they have nothing like our figures by which they can perfotni the operation. This is done by an ir.ltrument confilling of a (mall board crolTed from the bottom to the top by ten or twelve parallel rods, with a feparation at a ("null dif- tance from one of the fides : upon thefe rods are (mall ivory balls, that (lip up and down ; the two which are in the upper divifion of each rod ftand each for live, and five balls below for units. In joining and feparating the balls they reckon as wc do with counters, but with fuch cafe and rcadinefs that, Du Haldc fays, the Europeans, with the 3(ri(tance of figures, arc not ne.ir fo quick as the Chinefe in cading up the mo(t confiderable fums. Their geometry is very fuperficial i however, they nei- ther want fkill nor exaiSlncfs in mcafuring their land, and their method of furveying is cafy and certain. The other parts of the mathematics were unknown to the Chinefe till they were vifited by the mi(Iionarics. The emperor Cang-hi was never weary of (eeing and hearing of them ; on the other hand, thejefuits being fenfible how necelTary it was for them to procure his protcdtion, omitted nothing capable of exciting his curiofity. To give him an infight into optics, they made him a pre- fent of a femi-cylinder of a light wood, with a convex- vidcd there be but one voice to accompany the found of i glafs placed in the middle of its axis ; which bcin^r turned fevcral inftruments; but as for the contraft of different voice?, of grave and acute founds, fyncopes, fugues, and diilfes, thev confider thciii as no better than a dilagreeable confufion ; for all their concerts have no dependence on the variety of tones, or the dilTerciice of parts. They have no mulical notes, nor any fign to denote the diverfity of tones, the raifing and falling of the voice, and the reft of the variations that conftitutc harmony. They learn the tunes by the ear, and when thefe arc played upon their inftruments, or fungbyagood voice, they have fomething in them not difagrccable even to the ear of an European. Du Halde obfcrvc;, that in the year 1679, the emperor Cang-hi, who had himfelf compofed fome tunes, fent for Grimaldi and Percira, two miftionarics, to play upon an organ and an harpficord that they had formerly prefented him with: he greatly admiied the fweetncfs of our Euro- pean airs, and feemcd to take great plcafure in them ; then ordered his muficians to play a Chinefe air upon their in- ftruments, and at the f.unc time played himfelf in a very graceful manner. While the emperor's muficiani were playing, Percira took his pocket-book and pricked down all the tunc, and when they had made an end repeated it without mi(ring one note, which fo aftonilhed the emperor, that he be- llowed great encomiums upon the jtiftntfs, harmony, and towards any objedt, painted the iin.ngc within the tube to a great nicety. The emperor, greatly pleafed with fuch an unufual fight, defired to have a machine placed in hi.; garden at Peking, in which, without being fccn himfelf, he might fee every thing that pad'ed in the ftrcets and neighbouring places. For this purpofe they prepared an objcct-glafs of much greater diameter, and made in the thickeft garden- wall a window in the form of a pyramid, the bafis of which was towards the garden, :;nd the point towards the (treet : at the point they (ixed a convcx-glafs, oppofite the place where there was the grcateft conrourfc of people, and at the bafe made a large clofet fhut up clofe on all tides and very dark. There the emperor came with his queens to oh- ("ervc the lively images of every thing that pail'ed in the ftrects, a fight th.at pleafed him extremely ; but it charm- ed the ladies a great deal more, fince they could no other- wife behold this fpeiStacle, the cuftoms of China not allowing them to go out of the palace. Grimaldi gave another furprifing inftance of his ftill in optics, in thejefuits gardens atPekini;. He made upon the four walls four human figures, each of the fame length ao the wall, which was fifty feet. As he had perfectly ob- ferved the rules of optics, nothing was fecn in the front but mountains, forefts, chaces, and other things of this nature j but at a certain point they perceived the figure of im ClItKA. A S I A. *? of a man wjll m;;ile uiul well propininncJ. The em- peror honoured the jefiiiti hoiifc with his prefencc, and lor a loii;; time tuhclJ thcfc ti;urcs with admiration. The gramlcL'j and princip.il maudaniics, who rariic in crowds, were equ.illy I'lirprifcd ; but what (Irurk thtm mod, was to fee thj figures fo regular and exail upon irregular walls, that in many places had lar^je windows and dnor». In catoptrics thev prcfcuod the emperor with telefcopcs of all forts, and plalTcs for dimininiin.;, magnifying, and multiplying. Among other things they made him a pret'ent of a tube, formed like a prifm, having eight fides, which being placed parallel with the horizon, prefentcd eight dif- ferent fcencs in fo lively a manner, that they might be miftakcnforthc objcfts thcmfclves. They gave him another tube, in which was a polygon-glafs, that by its ditt'erent faces cotle£tcd into one image fevcral parts of ditt'erent ob- jcfts 1 fo that inftead of a landfcape, woods, flocics, .ind other things rcprefented in a pidture, was diHinitly fecn an human face or fonie other figure. They likcwifeamufcd the emperor with the fhadows of a magic lanthern. Nor was perfpedtivc forgotten. Three pair.tings were (hown in the jefuits garden at Pckin ; the mandarines flocked thither out of curiofity to fee them, and were equally ftruck with the fight. They could not conceive how it was poflible on a plain cloth to rcprcfcnt porticoes, galleries, halls, vidos, and roads, that fccmed to extend as far as the eye could reach, and that fo natur.illy that at the firft fight they were deceived. In explaining ftatics they (bowed the emperor a ma- chine, the principal parts of which were only four knotcli- ed wheels and an iron grapple. By the help of this ma- chine a child without difficulty raifed feveral thnufand weight, and flood firm againd the efi'orts of twcntv Itrong men. Some pneumatic machines alfo greatly excited the emperor's curiofity. They caufed a waggon to be made of light wood, about two feet long, in the middle of which they placed a veflcl full of live coals, and upon it an aeofipile, the wind of which came through alittle pipe up- on a kind of wheel made like the fails of awind-miil. This fmall wheel turned another, and by that means fet the waggon in motion for two hours together. The fame contrivance was likcwifc fixed to a little (hip with four wheels : the seolipilc was hid under the deck, and the wind proceeding out of two fmall pipes filled the fails, and made the (hip wheel about a long time ; the artifice being con- cealed, nothing was heard but anoife like a blail ot wind, or like that which water makes about a veffcl. In (hort, they prefentcd the emperor repeating- watches, clocks with chimes, barometers, and thermometers, which were fent them for that purpofe by feveral European prin- ces. All thefe different inventions, till then unknown to the Chinefe, fomcwhat lowered their natural pride, and fo far raifed their opinion of foreigners, that thev began to look upon the Europeans as their mafters. It ought not however to be omitted, that no nation whatever has applied more conftantly to aftronomy than the Chinefe, who have made obfcr\'ations in all ages, and from the earlieft times have appointed perfons to watch the heavens night and day ; and this has been one of the prin- cipal employments ot the learned. Hence they have an account of an cclipfe two thoufand one hundred and fifty- five years before the birth of Chrift ; and Gaubil obferves, that from above an hundred and twenty years before the fame sera, they have given the number and extent of their con- ftellations, what ftars anfwered the folftices and equinoxes, the declination of the ftars, the diftance of the tropics and the two poles. He adds, they were acquainted with the motion of the fun and inoon from weft to eaft, and like- wife of the planets and fixed ftars, though they did not de- termine the motion of the latter till tour hundred years after Chrift. But Le Compte obfer\'es, that the aftrono- mers, whcnhe was in China, were very unlkilful, and took little care to improve that fcience; provided their falary was paid, they were in no great trouble about the changes that happen in the fky : but if an eclipfe or comet appears, they dare not be fo negligent. Though the Chinefe aftronomy is of an antienter date than that of any other nation in the world ; yet the fame author obferves, that they reafon as abfurdly on this fub- je(ft, as thofe who are moft ignorant and illiterate. They fincy that in the heavens is a dra;;on of a prodi ious fiz-, who is u profcficd tiiemv to the luii and moon, .ind ready at all timei to cat them up. They therefore no fooner perceive an eclipfe, than they make a tcrrihie nolle with their drums and brafs kettles, till the monller bciiij; frij;htcd, letsj^o his prey. Even the chief mandarines fail on their knees in a court of the palace, and frequently bow towards the fun, ftrikin^ the gr each of which they adign four conllellations, in fiieh a manner, that after the twenty-eight, which fuecccd eacli other by feven and feven, they return to the firft. Their day, like ours, begins at mid-night, and ends at the mid-night following ; but thev arc only divided into twelve equal hours, each of which contains two of thofe ufed by us. The Chinefe have not neglected the art of medicine ; they applied themfelves to it from the enahliflimcnt of the empire, and have many authors who treat of that (iibjci'.t ; but as they have little fkill in natural pliilofophy, and par- ticularly in anatomy, they have not made the lame pro- grcfs as our European phylicians. They fuppofe that the body in its muf Ics, vcii-s, ar.J arteries, refembles a kind of liu^', or a iTHifie;il ii.itninienr, whole firings have various found.:, .iceordiiii; as thev arc braced j that all thefe have a i.(.:....n kind of timperamcnc proper to themfelves by reafon of their linu.e, fituation, and various iifes ; and thus the diifc.-cnt pulfes aiv mark< by which they can infallibly jud^o of their difpofition, in the fame manner as a firing by the different degree of ten- fion, or its being touched in one place ( > ."I'.hi r, in a manner more itrong or more gentle, (liews if it be too loofe or too much extended. By the beating of the pulfe they pretend to know the caufe of the difeafe, and in what part of the body it rcfidcs ; indeed, all their fkilful phyficians by this means difcover pretty exadlly the fymptoms of diftempcrs ; and it is chiefly this that has rendered the Chinefe phyficians fo famous. When they attend a fick pcrfon they lay his arm up- on a pillow, and then they place their four fingers upon the artery, fometimes hard and fonietimes gently ; tiiey take time to examine the beating, and diftingui(h the dif- ferences according as the motion is more or Icfs quick, full or flender, uniform or irregular ; which they oblervc with the utmoft attention, and afterwards, without afkinn; the patient, tell him where his pain lies, whether in the head, ftomach, or belly ; or whether it be the liver or fplcci that is afFedted. They alfo tell when he (hall obtain cafe, and when the diftemper will leave him. Indeed, the know- ledge of the Chinefe phyficians in this rcfpect, is very ex- traordinary and furprifing. Some phyficians when they vifit the fick bring in their chair, or by their fervant who follows them, a chcll of various drawers, which are feparated into forty fmall com- partments well furnilhed with roots and fimples, which they adminiftcr according to the nature of the difeafe j thefe ^,1 i i !::■■;- m: t,: m m <'*|;;T; uHK' 'mi nKj '"'W ■ «^4 !i!'H mrn m A S Y S T 1. M O !• t. 1, O G K A I' il Y. 1*^ i ■■ t ' , 4+ tlv'fi' nrft either fiKLiir.i.-, oi- (crvc to putir')' the bluoJ ami hiimoii! ., t(iili;'|Kl v..pmirs, to (li'p fluKM, to tlrcin-tlK'H thi' (toll) iih, (ir .irc {.'truly p.ir^'.itivi, OeluTHiairy no null, Init (,ivi; a (>rc;liip!iiit',, .ni.l li'.n'o tlif (ick at likriy to t^ke ilutii u( hi:ii, nr to h.iv thcni cil the ilrii't^ilts, who uri.' to li- iv.it w.i.i in aliii ilt every city. Sour- .irc alvno iliriiiiilinj lucJitmcs, uiiiJ ihcle ro- (III. re m Tc fdr their vilify. 'I'hc ChiiRff (ihyfitiaiii', after ha\ ing nindc ufc of fimple tieioitiuns iiml rellurcJ he.ilih, ilipiml \iry much upon their ciinliiK to extirpate tliu lery motot the dileaic j they have thi iViit ail fi)ii>, !;fiu rally conipoleil dl' herhs, leaves, (ruir, iliiid fecils, .111,1 roots. \'arien on'iiiiple. aic (oM in eviry i ity (.(the enip.re; one proviiuc liormw.'. Ironi another what it h;ii iv-t in. 1 1, ami there arc I'.iirs, where nothing but nicilii inr» are lolj. Tl.e |ih\(icianH allow water to iluir paticntu, hut order it 1) be lioijeij, They yciULilly t'orhi.l .ill other tooil, aiiJ if the fiek. perfon i'i extremelv hiin. ry, they allow hini to taki- hut very little ; lor thcv ini.ii;iiic that, wliilethe bodv is iiujilpoled, the Komach is unfit to perf.irm it» tiinilions, iind that the digcllion made in this condition is always per- nicious. .MINA. are furroiindud with walU and cooJ ditches with iron Ihu I SEC T. V![. 0/ thfir piiHk Uiii.'ilinji, parl'uuLiily ihi {^i;\it U'.i'.l, which (liviilci Lirttiry fnm Cl'inu ; //'»■ Pa^odt or Tiiiiplei ; the China Tiutr j the Triumphal jlnhis, Iiiiilj;es,(iiia Rtutli. TUV. celebrated ^reat wall, which divides China frnni I'artary, excels all the fortilie.ilioiis attempted by /iat the aiiticiits it bein^ iirtecn luindivd miles loni', and con- tinued throuirh three great provinces. It is llriiit^ihcncd by towers, in the lame manner as the walls of the cities : thc;^.itcs are fortified on the tide of China with larj:e forts, and where thepalli^s might be more cafily force.!, tluy have railed two or three bulwarks behind each other, th.it etch may alKord a mutual defence. As China is dlviJLd from 'I'.utary by a chain of moun- tains, the wall has been carried over them. It be:,'ins at a large bulwark of Hone, railed in tl-.e fea to the cait of I'c- kinj:, an.l alm<>U in the f.imc latitude, it being in forlv de- crees two minutes. It is built like the v\-3lls of the com- mon cities of the empire, but much wider, and confifts chiefly of brick, bound with fuch ilroivjr mortar, that, tho' it has l.illcd feveral centuries, it is Hill prettv entire : it is from twenty to twentv-five feet hi;.;h, and fo broad, that five or fix horfcmcn may travel a-breall with cafe. Some parts of the v.-all are, however, only of earth, whieh is in particular places cdcd on the outlide. This wall was raifed above eighteen hundred years ago bv the emperor Chihohamti, to prevent the incurfions of the neighbour- ing Tartars, and, as I,c Comptc obferves, was one of the f reatcfl and madded undertakings ever known ; for thoujh it was iiriident to puaril the cafieft avenues, nothins:, he adds, could be more ridiculous than for them to carry their wall to the top of fomc precipices, which the birds can fcarcc reach with their wings, and which it is inipoflibic the Tartarian horfe fhoiild afccnd. If thev fancied that an army might have clambcr'^d up thither, bow could they imagine that fo low a wall couM be anv defence ? As for my part, he continues, I admire how the materials were com eyed thither. This was not done without u vaft ex- jicnce, and the lofs of more men than could have periflicd by the greatcif fury of their enemies. It is faid that, dur- ing the reigns of the Chinefe emperors, this wall was cjuard- cd by a million of foldicrs; but as that part of Tartary now belongs to Chin.T. they are content with manning well tlic mod dangerous ar.d beil fortified parts of it. Among the fortrelTcs of the kingdom there are about one thoui'and of the firll rate, the retl fcarcely defervc the name. The cities are divided into three clalTes ; of the firft there are above one hundred and fixty, of the fecoiid two hundred and fcventy, and of the third about twelve hundred, befides near three hundred walled cities, which they omit in this calculation as not worth obferving, tho' tnoit of them are trading places, well inhabited. The vil- lages arc numberlefs, eipeciallv thme of the fouthern pro- vinces ; and in thole of Clnnli and Clicnfi moft of them I'ates, whiih the country people Ihut at iii|.'ht, and gii.ird in the day-time, to prolei't them from robbii-, and (roni the foldier-, who, in fpitu of their ofiicira, wuuld infult them as thi y pal's bv. Anioiig the buililin;.'s moll worthy of notice, we ought not to omit their pagods, or temples, envied by the (uper- (lition (.f till princes ami people to tluir l.ibuloiis deities. I hele lire virv numerous ; the moll lekhralcd of them are built on b.irri.n moiint.iins, to whidi the indullry of the people has I'lveii beauties denied them by nature. Thf ihannels (ornud in the locki toionvty the w.iter from the heights into relVivoirs made for that puipole, with tho g.udcns, iMdVfv, iiid grottos, foriiitd in the rucks for fliel- ter agaiiilt the heat ot the climate, render thefe foliiuJet extremely delightful. I iiele temples parilv confill of por- tico, pued with large lijuare ftones, aiul partly of hall:! that h.ive a roniminiication by long jrallerics, adorned with ll.itiies ol (lone, ami (ometimcs of brad. The rood of thele (tructiires (liiiie with very bi'uililul green and yellow tiles, and the comers arcembelliilud witli dragoiii of the (anie cidours, jirojcdting (otw.ird. iMoll of thefc pagods have a lody tower, terminated by a dorm , to which they aiccnd by a winding rtair-cali;. Under this dome is commonly a ftpi.ire temple, whit h i. often adorned with inofaic-work, and the walls co\cr('d with the figures of animals and moiillcrs in rclicvo. Of this form are moll of the temples, and thcl'c are alfo the habitations of the bonzes. I'he towers crciSted in almoft every city ate their prin- cipil ornaments, and among thefe that of Nanking is the mod famou^. This is called the China-tower, it joins the temple of Gratitude, which is erected on a maflive ba- fis, built with brinks, and furrounded with rails of unpo- lilhid marble. The afcent to it is by a flair-cafe often or twelve iieps, which lead to the hall. This room, which fcrvcs for the temple, is .\n hundred feet high, and (lands on a (mall marble bafi.s, that projecTs two feet all round, beyond the reft of the wall. 'I'he front is adorned with a gallery, and feveral pillars ; the roofs, which in China are generally two, one next the top of the w.dl, and a nar- rower over that, are covered with green fliining tiles ; and on the inlide the cieliiig is painted, and formed of lit- tle pieces ditt'crently wrought one within the other, which the Chinefe elleem very ornamental. Indeed, fuch a med- ley of beams, joifts, rafters, and pinions, appear extremely fingular and Curprizing to an European, who naturally thinks that fuch a work mull be very expenfive j but, in reality, all this proceeds from the ignorance of the work- men, who are unacquainted with the noble limplicity which renders our buildings at once folid and beautiful. The hall receives no light but through the dnois, of which there arc three very large ones on the call lide, that open into the China-tower. This laft ftrudlure makes a part of the temple, and is of an oclagon figure, about forty feet wide, fo that each fide is about fifteen feet in length. A wall of the fame torm is built round it, at the dilhincc of two fathoms and a half, and being of a moderate height, fupports a roof co- vered with fhining tiles, that feems to proceed from the tower, and tbrms uiulerncath a pretty kind of gallery. The tower is nine ftories high, c.ich adorned with a cor- nice three feet above the windows, and adorned with a roof like that of the gallery, except its not projc£ling fo far, and thefe, like the tower, dccrcafe in breadth as they increafu in height. The outfide of this (Iructure iscncrufted with a coarlc china-ware, which has, in a great meafure, retain- ed its bcuuty, though the tower has been crcfted betwccu three and four hundred years. The ftair-cafe, which is on the infidc, is narrow, and the fteps very high. Each flory has a room with a painted cieling, and in the walls of the upper rooms are (cveral finall niches, with gilt idols in relievo, forming a pretty kind of inlaid work. The firft floor is moil loity ; but the reft are all of an equal height, and on the top of the work is a thick pole, that Hands upon the floor of the eighth ftory, and reaches more than thirty feet above the roof. A kind of fpiral line like a fcrew winds round at feveral feetdiftance from the pole, and on the top is placed a golden ball, of an extraordinary magni- tude. The height of the whole tower, from the ground to the ball, is above two hundred feet. Triumpiial is called. On each i wide, thi( gate, betv broad, am piers on th are fafteiu linked tog anceof net laid thick reach witl bending ol they hay: brackets, tie woodei fame mater The Ch this, and only by thi tottering at In the pi poles into laid thick _ rather roa. 4 It, oil •ty ;w oti ni- nd 'rrimnptul ;i, chti are very niimeroiu in ivcty citv, Inil mnnv 111 lliem ;i; imworlhy nl n<>ll>c. 'I'ti.l.' iit Niiii';- p(i li.ivc I'liv lly thri'f ".iilc., ii l.ifLM' lino in ilic rjujillc, jrul iWDlni.i' "Mil iin til.' liili i i the pilLir ., iimrilfmn iit lioin', iii.ilf i,i>ili>ii,.iiiil wilh- ciiit any iiiotdiniT except tlir hit, ur ihf lill Imt imt-, wliidi i« ill the pLiie i>t' .» Iri/i', ami on whuli lluy murave an iiifcription. 'I'lie two other :vilus are inailc in the fame manniT, onlv proiiortionalily lili. Upon tia-le triumph il arches, wliivh lelJoni excecJ twenty or twenty- live Uet in height, ars the I'muris of men, flowers I'irJs, and other oriiamcnts, in ritievo, tliat prcjid lc> iiiiuh, a< to be al- mt'i\ fjparated from the work. The laiials wIikIi we have already mentioned, arc, per- haps, the nobltll works of the Chinei'e, tonlulcring their ttcit extent, and their luiiig ealidoneaehl'ulf with a wail of large Hones, and lunietimes with marhle. Thceoinmii- nication with the eoimtry is rendere, without the Lalt apprehcnlion ul danger. The Chinefe, like the Romans extend their care to the high roads, whicii they render lafe, handl'onic, and com- modious, riicle are commonly very br>Md, and often well pavcil, clpeclally in the loiithern piuvince.i, where they lite neither waggons nor hoilea. They have formed ways over the liigheH nnuiniain,., by cutting through rocks, levelling the tiips of hills, and I'tlling up the val- lics. Ill lome provinces the high roads are lined on each tide with t.ill tieesj and at proper iliHances are neat rett- ing pUccj, Molt of the mand.iiiMes, when their oHice n expired, on their return to their couiurv, leconimcnd thcmlcheb by woiks of this kind. I'lie iiiiih too aieverv l.irge and handliimc, but thofe on the lelllr roadi aic wretched ill contrived buildings. \Vc have already mentioned the canals, in dcfcribinc; the fertility of the country j and Hull take notice of luine f.irther partieul.irs relating to them, in Chap. IX. when: we Hiall treat ot the Ikill of the Chinele in drag'ing their barks up their fluiccs, and in conveying them Iroin ona canal to another. s i; c T. VIII. Of tilt Ihufts ef lilt Chinfft, and thdr Furniturt. Of tit Cities of lilt Cli'intfi: ingtunal, and it pirt'uuLir It.jltipli-n cf Piliii,', timl of the Imptriid I'liliiu' in ll'iil City. Tin Ci nil Policy ahfirvtd in tht Giv/mmmt cf ilu Cities, TIIF. hoiifc'i of the middling fort of people arc very plain, tor they have no regard to any-thiiig but convenience. They commonly tH:iin v\ith erei5lin>; pil- lars, and placing the roof upon them ; lor molt of tin.* buildings being of wood, the foundation is leldoni laid del per than two teet. They li>mctlmes build their wall i of brick or clay ; but tliev have generally nothing moro than aground-floor, except thole of the merchants, which have frei|uenlly a Hory above it, in which they dcpofit their goods. In the cities almoft all the houfes are cover- ed with thick ridge tiles. 'I'hey place the convex fidc3 downwards, and cover the chinks where the tiles join, bv laying on others in a contrary pofition. The I'pars anil joifls are either round or fniiare ; upon thefe they lay ei- ther tiles that arc large, fquarc, and ll.it, or clfe pieces of board, or mats made of reeds, pbHercd over. 'When it ij a little dry they lay on the tile;, and, if they can atford it, join them with roach-lime. The vulgar, in buildingtheir walls, ufc unburnt bricks ; only in front they are cafed with burnt bricks. In Ibmc places they are made with tempered clay ; and in others of nothing but hurdles, covered with lime and earth. But the Will's of the houfes of pcrfons of diHinclion are of ground In icks, handlbmely carved, or imprcfl'ed with li- giircs in relievo. In fnmc provinces the houfes of the villages arc made with earth, and the ruof thatched with i reeds, and fo obtufe that they teem flat. j 'i"he houfes of tlie wealthy are much inferior to ours, for, befides the poornels of the architeelure, they do not Hudy to adorn them. One principal re.ifoii is, their re- ceiving no vilits in the inner part of the houle, but only ; in a kind of divan appointed for ceremonies ; this is a baii- : quetting-room, all open, that has no other ornament bc- I fides one I'lngle order of wooden columns, painted and var- ni(hcd, which ferve to tupport the roof; fo that it is not: ' furprillng that they (hould be fparing of fupcrfluous orna- ments in apartments fcarcc ever t'.:t:n bv thangcrs : they have, therefore, neither tapeftry hangings, lookinir-claire;:, nor v.-rought chairs ; gildings are in fafliion only in the apartments of the emperors or princes of the blond. Their beds, which arc tneir principal ornaments, are never (cert by llrangers ; (o that all their magnlticence may be re- duced to cabinets, tables, varniflied fciccns, feme pic- i tures, and feveral pieces of white lattin, upon which are written, in large charadfers, fentences of morality, and thefe are hung in difl'crent parts of the chambers. Vcflbls of china-ware are both the common moveables and orna- ^ mcnts of every houfe ; for the tables, thu fide-boards, and M the • u'Y-' ll I : ^1 I, 4^ A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Chin.' I i !*i i • 1 1 ' [ i i i W\ \m V i!, pi ■ I the very kitclisn, is tilled with them. Of this ware is made the vcfllis out of which they cat ami drink ; they have likewlfc I irj;e flinvi.'r-|)ots of it, j:us, an.! other vefli-'ls for holdin^j liijuids. 'l"he pictures with which they adorn their apartments have nothing worthy of notice, but the brightnefs of the colours ; for they are ii^norant both of perfpedlivc, and the proper difpofitions of lii;hts and fhades. There are a great number of painters who repreftnt on the chamber walls an order of architcilurc, without the leaft fymmetry ; they form bands or fillets round the rooms, at the top and bottom, and between them columns at an equal diftance. They frequently hang up the pic- tures of their anceltors, and fometimes pieces of fattin, on which are painted flowers, fowls, mountains, and palaces. The rooms are alfo frequently adorned with filk Ian- thorns. Though you arc not permitted to enter the bed-c'ram- ber, vet their beds are very fine. In fummer they have taffaty curiains, embroidered with flowers, trees, and birds, in gold and filk. Others have curtains of the finelt gauze, which is fufiicient to admit the air, and yet is dole enough to defend them againll the flies and gnats, •which arc here intolerable in tlic night. In winter they make ufe of coarfe fattin, embroidered with dragons and other figure?, and the counterpane is in tlic I'.uiie t.i'te Thcv do not ufe feather-beds, but their cotton quilts ar;' very thick : their bidllcads are of jf.i.ie'.s work, adorned with carved figures, fome of wliich a;e very handlome. Moll of the cities of China refeniMe each other fo neailv, that the feeing of one in aliiioll fulliiienf to enter- tain a perfect ideaof the re(t. They are giiurallv fqwaic, when the ground will permit, and en(.oni;jird by high walls, defended by towers, built as butir-.-lii s ui lonveiii- ent diiknces, and fome h.ave ditches either 'ry or wet. Within the cities arc alfo other towers, cither round, hex- agonal, or oft.igonal, and eight or nine (lories high ; tri iimphal arches in the ftreets ; tolerably handfome tem- ples, confccrated to their idols, or creeled in honour of their heroes, and thofe who have been of important ferviec to the (late. In fine, there .Tie public buildings more re- markable for their great extent than for their magnificence. To which we may add, many large fquarcs, and long ftreets, in fome cities very wide, and in others narrow, with houfes on each fide, that liav; only a ground-floor, crone (lorv at mod Havin'j, thus defcribcd the citijs of China, in general, we fliall L'jvc a particular dcfcription of Peking, the refi- ]ea':iics dillant from the great wall. Its neighbourhood to ilie fe,'. on the call, and the great canal on the fouth, afford It a communication wltli fevcral fine provinces, from which it draws great part of its fubfillence. 't is an exaiit fqu.^'.ic, and i' divided into two cities : that whicli contains the emperor's palace is called the Tartar city, becaufe the houl'es w 're given to the Tartars wlien the prefent fa- niilv came to ;he thion-.-; and their refufing to fufler the Chiiiefeto iiihai'' it, forced them to live without the walls, where they in a ii!ort time built a new city; which, by being joined to the other, renders the whole of an irrrc- <;ular form, fix leagues in compafj. The walls a.u! rrates of Peking arcof a furnrifing height, fo that thcv hide the whole city ; and arc (0 broad, that centineN arc placed upon them on horfeback ; for there are flopcs within the city of confiderable length, by which honemcn mav aicend the walls ; and in fevcral places there arc houfes built for the guard. Upon tiiefc walls towers are credled within bow (hot of each other ; and at proper diflances there is placed one of an extraordinary height, in which may be flationed a fmall body of referve. The gates are neither cnibellinied with iliMucs, ^or other carving, all their beauty confiftiii;; in their prodig 'is height, which at a dillaiice gives them a noble appearance. Thefe arc nine in number ; all are well arched, and fupport very large pavilions nine (lories high, each (lory having openings cither of windows or port-holes-, and on the loweft (lory is a larne hall, where the oificers and foldiers retire who come off the guard. Before each gate is an open fpacc of j about three hundred and fixty tcct, which fervcs for a i par.ide, fiirrounded by a femi-circular wall, equal in height and breadth to that which indoles the city ; and into this parade you enter, not at the front, but at the fide wall, where you pafs to the gate which commands tl,e country; and proceeding through it, turn to the right, and come to a fecoiid tower which commands the ci:y, an J has a gate like the former ; but the gate-way is Co long that it grows dark in the middle. The arches of the gates are built of marble, and the red with large bricks, cemented with excellent mortar. The ditch is dry, but very broad and deep; and the city is as regularly defended by aflrongcar- rifon, as if the people were under th« continual dread ot' a fieye. Alod of the ftreets are built in a dirciEl line, the Iar'»elt arc about one hundred and twenty feet broad, and a leai^uc ill length. The (hops where they fell filks and C'hiiia- ware generally take up the whole ilrcet, and all'ord averv agreeable peMpective. Kach fiiop-kecper places before hia fliop, on a I'mall kind of pedcltal, a board about twenty (eet high, painted, varnifiied, and often gilt, on which are written, in large charadters, the names of the feveral commodities lie (ells. Thefe being placed on en- h (ide of the (hett, at nearly an equal diftance from ( other, have a very pretty app.arance; but the houfes are ;'oorly built ill Iront, and veiy low, mod of them having only a ground floor, and none exceeding one ftory above it. Nothing c.in be more furprifing than to behold the in- numerable ii'.ultitudes who crov\d thefe ftreets, without ieeiiig one fingle woman among them ; and the confufioii occalioned by a vad numhcr of camels, horfcs, mules, aflis, chairs, waggons, and carts ; without reckonini' thi; crowds of one or tw" hundred men who, at a diftance from c '..h other, aregithere J about fortune-tellers, players at cups and balls, ballad fingv.-'s, or to hear a fellow read a comical 'lory to make them merry ; or to lillen to the iiH"ck (loiitnrs, who didribute their medicines, and with many rr. .torical flouriflies explain their wonderful eftcdts. Belibs, the drjcts are always incommoded with either mud or du(t ; hence both wint( r and fummer are equally troublefome to thofe who walk abroad, (or the dirt fpoils their (ilk boots, and the du(l (ticks to their cloaths, tfpc- ciallv if they are made of fattin, which they have a way of oiling to give It a gieatei h. c. There is indeed (o much du(t railed by the niuliituc of liorfes, that the city is condantly covered witii a ck 1 of it, which acts inti) the hou('es and penetrates into th notwithdanding all their care, thi Indeed tht-y drive to alleviate this tiiiuallv fprinkling the ftreets, but left as is prejudicial both to health Of all the buildings in this grta' able is the imperial palace, the lt not confid in the noblencfs and e' ture, but in the multitude of ir., gardens, all regularly dii'pofed ; f not only the emperor's houfe, bu: by the officers of the court and employed and kept by the emperor ; courtiers and artdicers are low and ill . worfe than thole in the Tartar's city. The inp.er palace contains nine courts built in one line, without mentioning the wings v/hich contain the kitchens, dahlcs, and other offices. 'I'hc arches throu<;h which you pafs from one to the other are of marble, and over each is a large fquare building, in a kind of Gothic ta(lo,for the tuiihers of the roof projedling from the wall are fdrmcd by other pieces of wood into a kind of cornice, that has a pretty appearance at a diftance. The fides of each court are join'. cd by (mailer apartments or galleries ; but on comiii" to the emperor's lodgings the porticoes, fupportcd by (lately pillars, the gilt roofs, the carved work, varnifti, gildin^, and painting of the halls, the marble deps by which vou afcend to them, and niore particularly the great nuniber of diftcrcnt pieces of architedure of which' tliev confid appear extremely fplendid. The whole is covered with fhining tiles of (uch a lieautiful yellow, that ;;t a didance they fecm as bright as if they were gilt. Another roof, as bright as the former, fprings from the wall and ranges round the buildings, f.ipportcd by a multitude of beams, joifts, and fpars, japanned with gold (lowers on a '^reen ground. 1 hv terraces on which the apartments arelauilt contribute 'ofeft clofets ; fo that, goods arc lull of it. convenience by con- ill there is fo much J cleanlinefs. ty the mod remark- deur of which does •nee of the architec- lildinn"-, eoea.-, and ■..ithin the walls are little town, iidiabilej 'titude '■,: artificers but th', houfes of tlie contrived, and even Ckin'a. - 'I .., it.! ,V]'I T.i>', • 'ii: ; iS"i|li they appea: opportunit) of about th ClllN'A. :i... ASIA, /ri.'*'*''''*' '%l^'^' 47 -al .);.u ..; ii.i inferior ofRecrs, coolly hears both purtics plead their raufej after which he fcntenccs the culpable perfon to be bafti- iiadocd in hii prcfencc, and fometimcs both to^';ther. Tbera ::!!,' !1 '!■* i : 1 r ': n- 1:1 i. I f - ' % 3 •> H i ,■ ill ' \ \'< !.:■! m i i: ■ 1 : ■■■ 1 i ^ '^'B m n the mai hav for the brii pen The the' leaf roo at • tui ivi T th. be ta bi % VI ir o 1 V V n ti V V e 1 ii I I t i I A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Chjna," \f \i ■ r 1 r J; f i 4lM either of windows or port-holes; aritr tni mc luww. ..^7 is a large hall, where the officers and foldiers retire who come otV the guard. Before each gate is an open fpace ot about three hundred and fixty Icct, which ferves for a round the Iniildings, fiipported by a multitude of beams, joirts, and (pars, japanned with gold flowers on a green ground. The terraces on which tlie apartments are built contribute China. A S coiurilnitc to give tlicm ?.n air of grandeur ; they arc fifteen f'cct hi;;li, calcJ with white miirblc, and adiincd with balhiitrades of pretty good woricmanfliii), opjti only at the Ik-ps, placed on each fide, and in the middle and corners of the front ; but tlie afecnt in the middle is only a Hope of marble, with ncitl-.er ilcps nor landing-place. No per- fon is permitted to pafs this way into the apartments ; the emperor alone is carried through in his covered chair, on days of ceremony. The hall appointed for ceremonies has on the platform before it large brazen vefTels, in which perfumes arc burnt during any ceremony; and alfo candledicks, in thefliape of birds, large enough to hold flambeaux. This hall is about one hundred and thirty feet in length, and almoll fqiiarc ; the cieling is carved, japanned green, and adorned with gilt dragons. The pillars that lupport the roof are at the bottom 6 or 7 feet in circumference, incrufted with a kind of parte, and japanned red. The pavement is in part covered with an ordinary fort of carpets, in imitation of thofe of Turkey ; but the walls are dettitutc of all orna- ments, they are well whitened, but have neither tapeftry, paintings, looking-glaflcs, nor fconces. In the middle of this room is a throne, under a lofty alcove, very neat, but neither rich nor magnificent. There are other lefl'er halls, concealed by the former ; one of them is a pretty circular room, with windows all round, and is adorned with japanned work of various colours j the other is of an oblong form. On viewing thefe buildings the different pieccsof archi- tedlure dazzle the eyes of the beholder, but the imperfedl notion the Chinefe have entertained of all the arts, is fliewn by the mod unpardonable faults. The ornaments are not only irregular and puerile, but the apartments are ill contrived, and want that connexion which forms the beauty and convenience of the European paLices, and can- not fail of difgufting all who have the leafl (kill in arciii- tedure. The guards at the gates and the avenues have no other arms but their fcymitars. The whole palace was formerly inhabited by eunuchs, whofc power and infolence At length grew to fuch a height, that they became infupportableto the princes of the empire; but the laft emperors defccnded from Tartary have fo humbled them, that the youngcft are obliged to ferve as pages, while the talk of the others is to fweep the rooms and" keep them clean ; and for the lead fault they are fevcrely puniflied. The emperor's houfe is the only one in Peking that de- ferves the name of a palace ; the others are extremely mean, and none of thofe of the grandees exceed one (tory high i however, the many rooms for themfelves and their fervants make fome amends for their want of ni.ignificence. The Chinefe nobility, like thofe of other nations, are fond of making a fplendid appearance ; but, with rcl'pedt to their houfes, they are curbed by the cuftoms of their country. Le Compte obfcrves, that while he was at Peking one of the principal mandarines caufed a houfe to be ererted for himielf, that was more lofty and magnifi- cent than the reft ; for this fuppofed crime he was accufed before the emperor ; when, being afraidof the confequence, he pulled it down while the affair was under examination. Among the moft remarkable buildings is the imperial obfcrvatorv, of which fome of the miflionarics have been extremely lavifh in their praifes. Le Compte fays he con- ceived an high idea from their defcriptions of this famous place, but was much difappointed on feeing it. In going to, it he and his friends entered a court of moderate extent, where they were fliewn the dwelling-houfc of thofe who have the care of the obfervatory; then afccnding a narrow ftair-cafc, they reached the top of a fquare tower, joined on the infides to the walls of Peking, and raifed ten or twelve feet above the bulwarks. Upon this platform the Chinefe aftronomers had placed their inftruments, which, though but few, took up the whole fpace ; but Father Verbieft, having thought them ufelefs, had prevailed on the emperor to pull them down, and to have new ones fet up of his own contriving : they were therefore in a hall near the tower, buried in duft and oblivion. Le Compte faw them through a window fecured with iron bars, and they appeared large and well caft ; he had, however, an opportunity of examining more narrowly a celeftial globe, of about three feet diameter, left in a oye court ; when t A. he found that it was of a form inclining to an oval, divid- ed with little exailnefs, and the whole work very coarfe.. The Chinefe would never have been perfuaded to leave thefe old inftruments, and make ufe of thofe fet up by the pricft, which are infinitely fuperior to them, without the exprefs orders of the emperor ; for they arc more fond of the moft defeiSive pieces of antiquity, than of the moll noble improvements. But to return to the defcription of Peking in general. All the riches and merchandize of the empire arc continu- ally pouring into this city. It is ufual to be carried in a chair, or more commonly to ride through the ftrcets, and chairs and hackney horfes are eafily procured. For a Ihilling or fifteen-pence one may hire a horfe or mule for a whole day j and as all the ftreets are filled by great crowds of people, the owner often leads his bcaft by the bridle, in order to make way. Thefe people know exaflly the ftreet and houfe where every confiderable perfon lives : there is alfo a book which gives an account of the place of refidence of every one who has a public employment. All the great ftreets, which are drawn by a line from one gate to another, have feveral guards both for day and night; the foldierswalk with their fwords by their fiJes and whips in their hands, in order to chaftife thofe who raife any dis- turbance ; and they have power to take intocuftody whom- ever they find quarrelling. The little ftreets, which extend into the greater, havC gates in the manner of a lattice, which do not prevent fee-' ing all that pafs along; they are guarded by the folJiers placed over againft them .u the great ftreet ; and there are others on duty in the middle of moft of thofe fmall ftreets. The lattice-gates are fliut at night by the guard, and arc feldom opened except to perfons who are well known, who carry a lanthorn in their hand, and arc able to give a good account of the motives of their appearing in the llrects, as that they were going to fetch a phyfician, or the like. At the firft ftroke given by the watch on a great bell, a foldier or two comes and goes from one guard to the otlier, and as they walk along continually p'.iy on a fort of rattle i the guard niuft alfo anfwcr every call of the centinel on duty. The governor himfelf is obliged fometimes to walk round the town, when his prefence is leaft cxpefted ; and alfo the officers who keep guard on the walls, where tliey beat the hour on large drums of brals, fend fubalterns to examine the quarters that belong to their refpedive gates : the leaft negled is puniflied next day, and the of- ficer is broke. This exact difciplinc, which prevents all nofturnal af- femblies, is expenfive to the emperor, for a great number of foldiers are kept ijitirely to take care of the cities ; they are all foot, and have large pay, Kefides their watching night and day, it is their duty to fee that every perfon cleans the ftreet before his door ; that it is fwept every day, and in dry weather watered morning and night ; and that the dirt be taken away after rain. The ftreets beinn- very wide, one of their chief employments is to labour at keeping the middle of the ftreets clean, for the convenience of paflengcrs : after they have taken up the dirt, they level the ground ; for the city is not paved. To prefcrve order in the cities, they are divided into wards, each of which has a principal, who takes care of a certain number of houfes, and is anfwerable for every thing that happens within his diftricl ; and if any tumult fliould be raifed, and the mandarine not be immediately informed of it, he would be feverely puniftied. Matters of families are equally rcfponfible for the con- dud of their children and fervants, and perfons in autho- rity are cfteemed guilty when thofe vi'ho ihould pa) them obedience and refpedl have committed a crime ; even the very neighbours themfelves are obliged to lend their nnitual affiftance, whenever any misfortune happens, or any crime is committed. Ifaquarrcl happens among the populace, and they come to blows, they take care to fhed no blood ; and therefore if thcv chance to have any weapon of fteel in their hands, they lay it afidc, and ufe only their filfs. They frequently put an end to their contefts by complaining to the man- darine, who fitting in his chair of ftate, fiirrounded by his inferior officers, coolly hears both parties plead their caufei after which he fentences the culpable perfon to be bafti- nadoed in his prefijnce, and fometimes both to^ctlicr. Tbers II ' i f ■\A Ml; •■ >:) •' i 1 ♦' :; m 48 A SYSTEM OF ii- i- J : I I : 1 There arc conimr.n proftitutci in C'liini as well ai in other countries ; but as thev naturallv laii'i: dillurbances, they arc iint pcrmittcil to live witt.in the mm'I'S of the cirv. The houfes thcv inhabit arc of a pirticular kind, ami fc- vcral of them loiJ_'e together, L'CMerally under the manage- ment of a man, who ii anfwerab'e tor any diforder they (hall occafion : yet, notv.ithllanJInj thi-;, lewd women arc fcarccly tolerated ; tor fume gcivcrnor-i of cities will not permit them to live within their dillriiit. A good guard is always kept at the gates of cvcrv city, who examine all paflen^frs that enter in ; tfpeciallv if any fingularity renders them fufpcdlcJ ; fo that if their coun- tenance, air, or accent, rail(-5 a fufpicion of their being flrangers, they arc imm-'diately ilopp;d, and notice lent to the mandarine. It is one of their principal maxims, which they believe ^reatlv contricutes to ivod <;ovcrn- ment, that foreisncrs .id, and nine in depth fioni the deck, ijelides the cin oi' tl.o mailer of the bark, who has his family, Ms kitchin, two rofiins, one before and another behind, there is a hall about fix or feven feet high, and eleven broad ; an anti- chamber, two or three other rooms, and a by-place with- out ornaments, which form the mandariiie's apartment, and are all upon the fame deck. It is all coloured with red and white japan, and adorned w.lh carved v.ork, painting, and gildhig upon the cieling, and on the fides ; the tables and chairs are japaned with red and black ; tho hall has windows on each fide, which may be taken away at pleafure. Inrtead of glafs they make ufe of very thin oyfter-fhells, or line filk glazed with tranfparent wax, and enriched with trees, flowers, and a variety of figures. The deck is (iirroundcd with galleries, through which the lailois pal's and repals, witiiout incommoding the paflen- gcrs. This apartment is covered with a kind of platform, open on all fides, and upon it fit four or five niuficians, who make a harmony th.tt tan raviih no cars but ihofe of a Chinefe. The hold is ui\ided iiitofevcral a|)artmeiit3 that contain the baggage. 'I'iie fails, as in the other vef- fels, are made of mats. To force on the great barks, they alio make ufe of Ion;; thick poles, orelfe of oarsof feveial Ihapes.'i'hefe arecoqi- monly long poles, with a broad end, and a hole in tl;e mid- dle to receive the pegs fixed on the fides of the bark •. thert; are others that arc never t.-.ken out of the water, but are moved to the right and left, and lefemble the motiijii of a firti's tail. When the winds aie contrary, or thcv are obliged to go againrta rapid llream, they are drawn iilong; with ropes, which are generally formed of canes m.tde in- to threads. The bark that carries a great mandarine, has always a fmall and light one appointed to go before, to give notice, that all things necelliiry fnay be prepared in the paflage ; and he is always followed by fevcral others, one of whicli contains his kitchin, eatables, and cooks, and another is full of foldiers. All thefe barks have their rowers, and, in cafe of neceffity, are alfo drawn with ropes along the bank, by a number of men that are fiipplied by the man- darines of each city, and are changed every day. When a number of mandarines go together, which is often the cafe, they fpend their time very agreeably ; they vifit each other almoft every day, without being troubled with ridiculous ceremonies, and mutually treat cacli other. This fociety appears the more agreeable from its not being forced and conftrained as in other places, by the incumbrances of nice ceremonies, nor fubjcrt to thofe fuf- piciuns that a free correfpondencc would infallibly cre- ate, were they to ail with fuch freedom in the cities. There are an infinite number of barks belonging to pri- vate perfons, and fome that are very convenient, are let out to learned or wealthy men who have a mind to travel ; 'Uhers that are of a larger fizc are ufed by the merchants' in commerce : befides, there arc a prodigious multitude of other barks, in which whole families refide, and have no other habitation. In the (mallcft fort of tlicfe, where there are no cabbins, they ufe thin mats about five feet fquare, which they fct up in the form of an arched roof, to defend them from the rain and the heat of the fun. Some of the barks refemble a kind of gallics, and are proi^er for failing on the rivers, fea-toarts, and amon" the iflands. Thefe aie as long as our trading fhips of three hundred and fifty tons, but they draw only two feet wa • ter ; their oars are of a great length, and do not lie a-crols the fides of the bark, like thole in Europe, but are fiii- portcd on the outfide, alinolt in a parallel line to the body better conllruftion, to protect their merchantmen ; for at | of the veflel ; hence the oars arc cafily inovcd, and they Can:;;r., vv'htre their principal naval power is doubtlefs rtationed, co.r.modore Anliin faw no more than four men of v.'ar iaiiks, of about three hundred tons burthen, of the make already defctibed, and mounted with only eight or go very Iv/ittly. 1 he merchants who tr.ade in timber and fait arc crtcr'm- ed the richert in all China. Thiy caufe the timbt-rto be cut down in the mountains, and tuing fawtd into beams, nlinks CfttNA^ A I A. 49 planks, and boards, they arc brought to the fide of the rivers ; then boring holes in the ends of the pieces, they fatten them together, and thus form floats five feet high, ten broad, and of any length, there being fome that extend half a league. The feveral parts of the raft thus joined, move eafily any way« like the links of a chain, and are guarded by four or five men on the fore part with poles and oars j while others, placed at equal diftances along the fides, help to conduit it. Upon thefe rafts they build from fpacc to fpace booths or houi'es, covered with boards or mats, where they drefs their provifions, ftow their moveables, and take their reft. In the different cities at which they touch they fell thefe houfes along with their timber. They float above fix hundred leagues when they convey the tim- ber to Peking. If the Chinefe, as it is afErmed, be the firft inventors of the mariner's compafs, they have hitherto made little advantage of that admirable difcovery, but fteer their courfe by a card of a very fimple make. The rim of the box is divided only into twenty-four point!), inftead of thirty-two, and is placed upon a bed of fand. They direift the head of the (hip to the rhumb they defign to ftecr upon, by the help of a filken thread, which divides the furface of the card into two equal parts. For inllance, to fail fouth-eaft, they put this rhumb parallel to the keel of the fliip, and then turn the vefl'el till the needle point to north-weft, narked on the rim. So fuperftitious arc they, that they even worfhip the compafs by which they fteer, offering it incenfc, and placing meat before it. The needle of the largeft compafs is about three inches long, one end of which has a kind of flower de luce, and the other a trident. But though the Europeans greatly exceed the Chinefe in the art of navigation in the open fea, yet upon rivers and canals they have a particular (kill that we are not mafters of. In the canals are fluices made to retain the water, and thefe they are able to afcend and defccnd, which cannot be done without great art and confiderable danger. One of thefe fluices is called by the Chinefe The queen and miftrcfs of heaven, on account of its extraordinary height; and yet up this great fall of water the barks are drawn by i'ouror five hundred watermen, or more if required, many of whom haul by a great number of ropes fattened to the prow, while others labour at capftans placed upon the walls of the canal. When the ropes are all fattened they begin to haul up the fluices Icifurcly by the found of the bafon, on which they at firft ftrike flowly, till near half of a bark is raifed above the upper channel ; and then beating fafter on the bafon, all the watermen haul together, and at one pull mount the vcllel up and fecurc it in the dead water, between the fides of the canal and the current. The barks defcend this fall with more fpeed and eafe, but with much greater danger. To prevent any accident men on each fide hold ropes faftcned to the bark, and give them way or hold them tight as they fee occafion. There are others in the veflel with long poles to keep her in the middle of the canal. As foon ns (he has got down into the lower ftream, the ropes are let go, and (he (hoots for- wards with the fwiftnefs of an arrow (hot from a bow. Le Compte obferves, that in fome places where the waters of two canals have no communication with each other, they make the barks pafs from the one to the other up a flope fifteen feet high : for at the end of the upper canal they have built a double glacis or floping bank of free-ftor.e. When the bark is in the lower channel, they, by the help of capftans, hoift it up the firft glacis, till be- ing raifed to the top it falls by its own weight down the fecond glacis into the water of the upper channel, where it feuds away with great fwiftnefs for fome time. After the fame manner they caufc it to defcend from the higher to the lower canal. Le Compte exprefics his furprize, that thefe barks, which are commonly very long and heavy laden, cfcape being broke in the middle, when poifed in the air upon this acute angle ; yet he never heard of any ill accident of that kind : all the precautions taken by the people when they do not choofe togo afhorc is to tie them- Jelves faft to fomething on board, for fear of being thrown down or tofled out of the vefTel. I3efidcs the fteep water-f'."s in the canals, there are certain rivers that flow with prodigious rapidity acrofs abundance of rocks,for the fpace of feventy or eighty leagues together, forming a nioft rapid and dangerous cuaent. S In the province of Fokicn there i j a river in which the cataracts arc continual, and the pcoplf iail eight or ten days in perpetual danger of pcrifliin;:, the toncnts being broken by a thoufaiid points of rocks that fcarce leave breadth fufficient for the palfagc of the barks. There arc nothin;; but turnings anil windings, while the contr.uy currents dafliing againft each other, huiry the biirlc along with furprifing velocity. You arcalwavs within two feet of flielvcs, that in avoiding one you f:ill toul upon another, unlefs fecurcd by the; furprifing (kill of the pilot. No peo- ple in the world, except the Chinefe, arc cipable of un- dertaking fuch voyages ; yet, notwithll.inding all their addrcfs, Icarcely a day paflcs in which fome vclTe! is nut loft, and it is a wonder that they do nut ail pcrifti. The barks they make ul'c of are built with very thin light timber, that they may be the more eafily manaireJ, and are divided into five or fix .ip.utmcnts, feparateii hv ftrong partitions ; fo that when they Itrikc upon a rock only one divifion is filled with water, while the other p irt'? remaining dry afford time toftopthe leak. Vo cheek the rapidity of the motion where the water is not too deep, fix feamen, three on each fide, hold a long pole againft: the bottom, and by means of a fmall rope give way by little and little j or one end being faftencd to the bark, and the other twined round the pole, it flips leifurely ; and, by a continual rubhing,flackensthe motion ofthe veflel ; fo that if the torrent be ever fo rapid, yet, if it he even and uniform, you float with the fame flownefs as if you were oli the calmcft canal. When the ftream winds and turns they have rccourfc; to a double rudder, fhaped like an oar, fori y or fifty feet long, one at the head and the other at the ftcrn. All depends on plying thefe too great rudders : the reciprocal jerks they give the baik to drive it on or turn it into the current, to (liun the rocks, or cut a torrent, -.v.ui id i;urfue a fall of water, without running headlong with it, ..■.-.irl it about a thoufand different ways. It is not a navigation, fays Le Compte, it is a manage, for no nianajcJ horfe la- bours more under the hands of a riding-rr.alhr, t'lan tlie bark does under thofe of the Chinefe ni;irineis ; hi that when call away, it is not fo much for want ol ikill .i; ftrength : for did each of them, inftead of eight men, carry fifteen, all the violence ofthe torrents would not be able to hurry them away. SECT. X. In what Manner the prefeiit Tartarian Family afcended the Throne of China. The Authority and Poivcr of tl'e Em- peror, his Revenue, and Forces. The Pomp in which he appears whenever he goes out of the Palace ; and when he goes to make his Offerings at the Temple of Tien. NOTWITHSTANDING the great antiquity and power ofthe Chinefe empire, it was fubducd by a foreign power but little more than a hundred vcars ago, when the king of Tartary made himfelf mafter of that crown. This conqucft, through tlie various fadlions which divided the court and the empire, w.is made with fur- prifing facility. The grcateft part of the imperial army was then employed near the great wall in repulfing the king of the Manchew, a nation of the Eaftern Tartars. That prince, in order to revenge the injuftice which his fubjeflis had received in their trade with the Chinefe merchants, and the little regard the court had fliewn to his coinplaints, had entered into Leao-tong at the head of a formidable army, and begun a war that lafted feveral years, with various fuccefs on both fides. Mean while the emperor Tfong-tching lived in tran- quillity in his capital, while the unjuft punifhments he had inflitEled on one of his principal minifters, his exceflive fe- verity, and his war with the Tartars, which prevented his eafing the people by leflening their taxes, created a multitude of malecontents, not only in the provinces but in the capital. At this juncture a Chinefe in the province of Se-tchucn, named Li-cong-tfe, a bold and entcrprifing man, put him- felf at the head of a confiderable number of rebels ; and his army incrcafing daily, he foon took fever.-il large towns, conquered fome of the provinces, and gained the afteflioii N wf |f ID U i m! if ,]■• ^6 A S Y S T r. M or G E O G R A P II V. Cntaf.: 1 i I '■ J * m U. of the people by cafir.g them of their t.ixcs bv rcmovlno; f'JKral mjgiltrjtes, and placing in their Ho.ii otliers in wlioni he cuiild conliJe, whom he ordered to ire.it his fiih- jedts with miidiicrb ; but, oji the other hand, he plunder- ed every city that oppoled him, and gave the plunder to his foldiers. Havini; enriched himfelfwith the fpoils of the delight- ful province of Uo-n.m, he entered into that of Chen-ii, iirid there allurned the title of emperor, inider the name of Tien chun, which lignific'i obedient to heaven, in order to perliiade the pcopL- that he was appointed by heaven to deliver them irom the cruelty and opprcflioii of the mi- iiiftcrs. The rebel heard of the faflions and divifions which fub- firtcd amonji the mandarine?; he was informed that mo(l of the troops had been fent to the frontiers of Tartary ; and that fevcral of tlie chief officers who remained at Pe- king, prevail- d on by his bribes, had confented to receive him. Upon this intelligence he privately fent many of his lie(t foldiers, difguifed like merchants, into that city, and eave tnem money to fct up fhops, that they might be ready to join him when he Ihoidd appear before the w.;lls. The fucccfsanf.vered his cxpcclation ; for, on his march- ini; to l'ckin7, one of the gates was opened to him, and he cntcreJ the titv in triumph, mcctine only with a faint re- i^llance from a few of the emperor's foldiers, which he im- mediatelv revenged by a cruel flaughter of the citizens He row r: "-hcd dirti'tiv to the palace, and had forced the wall by which it i., furroundcd, before the emperor was in- formed of his having entered the city. That unfortunate monarch, then finding that he was betrayed, would have marched out a'jainft him with fix hundred guards, who llill remained with him ; but he had no fooncr made this ['"•opofal, than they all abandoned him : then dreading his falling into the hands of his enemies, as the greateft of all evils, he retired into a garden with his only daughter ; and having wrote with his blood thefe words on the border of his veR, " My fubiecls have bafely forfaken me. Spend " thy rage on my b(xlv, but ("pare my people," be firfl ftabbcd the princcfs his daughter, ap.d then hanged himfelf on a tree. The chief coiao, the q'jeens, and the moft faithful eur»uchs followed his example, and flew themfelves. The emperor's body, after a long fearch, was brought before the tvrant, fcatcj on a throne ; who, after treating it with indignitv, caufcd two of the emperor's children and all his minilters to be beheaded, but his elJell fon efcaped by flight. ^After h's death all fubmirtcd to the ufurper, who, in order to eftablifh himfelf on the throne, put feveral of the thief mandarines to dc.th, and cxacled feveral confiderablc fyms from others. There was none but Ou-fan-guey, general of the forces on the frontiers of T.irtary, who re- fufed to aeknn-.vlcJ^e him emperor. This general had a father called Ou, who then lived at Peking, whom the emperor fent for, and gave orders that he (hould follow hi.m. He immediately put himfelf at the head of acon- fiderable armv, in order to reduce the Chinefe general, who had retired into one of the towns in the province of Leao- toni. After he had for fome time carried on thefiege, he ordered the general's father to be brought before the walls loaded with iron?, and threatened the general, that if he rcfufed immediately to fubmit and furrender the place to him, he would cut his father's throat before his face. But Ou-fan-2ucv, preferring the cood of his country to his duty and filial tendernefs, fuftered his father to be thus murdered, while the old man hi'^hlv extolling the fidelity of his fon, fubmirtcd with an heroic courage to the rage and fury of the tyrant. This cruelty provoked the general to feek for revenge ; but knowinj that it would be difficult for him long to rcfift the efforts of the ufurper, he applied to the king of Tartary, with wnom he had been at war, and not only concluded a peace with him, but prevailed on him to march a^ainft the ufurper with all his forces. Tfon:;-te, the Ta :ariaii prince, influenced more by ambition than by the bribes offered by the Chinefe gene- ral, willingly accepted the propofal, and the very fame day apTCared at the head of eighty thoufand men. The ufur- per, being informed of this union, did not dare to encounter two fach great generals j but retiring in halte to Peking, loaded feveral chariots with the moft valuable goods he found in the palace, and then letting it on fire, fled into the province of Chen-fi, where he conccal'ii iiimfelf wittt fuch care, that the place of his retr' ..t could never bu louiiil ; though part of the plunder '.c carried off fell intd the hands of the Tartarian Ibldier.. 'I'his revolution hap- pened in the year i 744. The young prince, being coniiiiiSled to Peking, was re- ceived with great acclamations ot joy ; for the people look- ing upon him as their deliverer, nothing was heard on all fides but " Jong live the emperor ! May he live ten thou- " fand years." The exafperated Ou-fan-guey found too late the error he had cuminitted, in fending for the Tartars to chailife the tyrant, and would I'omctimesfay, That he had broue^c lions to drive away dogs. He, however, received the d^- nity of king from the hands of Chun-tchi, with the title of peace-maker of the weft, and the town of Si-ngan-fou was affigned him for his refidcncc. Though Chun-tchi afcended the throne at Peking with fuch applaufe, yet the fouthern provinces took up arms againit him, and feveral of the grand-fonsof the preceding emperor afpiring to the throne periflied. The Tartars, thou^'h fomctimcs defeated, maintained their footing in China againit all whooppofed them. At length a Chinefe leader, of a moft cruel and fanguinary difpofition, ravaged the weftern provinces, and the ftorm of his fury fell on the province of Se-tchuen. He behaved with humanity to none but his Ibldiers, whom he treated with great fami- liarity. He put to death the king of the capital of the above province, and, for every trifling fault committed by a fingle man, murdered alt who lived in the fame ftreet j five thoufand eunuchs were flain becaufe one of them had not given him the title of emperor : having called fifteen thoufand literati to an examination, they were no fooncr affembled than he caufed them all to be affaffinated, under the pretence that by their fophifms they incited the people to rebel. Upon his leaving the city of Tchin-tou-fou he caufed all the inhabitants to be brought out in chains, and mafl'acred in the fields. He ordered all his foldiers to kill their women, becaufe they were only troublefome in war, and fet them an example by cutting the throats of three thoufand of his own, referving only twenty to wait on his three queens. In fliort, he burnttnec.ipital of Se-tchuen, and feveral other towns. But as he was preparing to en- gage the Tartars, he was told that five warriors were feeit upon the hills at fome diftance, he immediately went to reconnoitre them, without putting on his breaft-plate ; and no fonner come in fight of them, than he was fhot through the heart with an arrow. His army then difperfed j and the people receiving the Tartars as their deliverers, joyfully fubmitted to their yoke. There were yet, however, four provinces in the fouth under the government of the Chinefe j againft which the court fent three different armies. The next year died Amavan, uncle and tutor to the emperor, who then took the government into his own hands, though he was but fourteen years of age ; and after a feries of fucceflen and difappointments, at length became fovereign of all China. Chun-tchi foon gained the love of the Chinefe. Inftead of imitating the Chinefe emperors, by ftiutting himfelf uj) in his palace, he began his reign with fhewing himfelf in public, and giving tree arcefs to his perfon. As he was fenfible the Tartars were much inferior to the Chinefe ia number, he obliged the Chinefe to cut off their hair, leavin-^ only one lock on the crown of the head, and to change their habits to thofc of the Tartars, that it might not be difcovered how few they were in comparifon of the Chineie. All the Chinefe foldiers who inlilted among his troops were alfo obligied to appear like the Tartars, liut what contri- buted ftill more to the eltabliftiment of the Tartarian fa- mily, was his employing the Chinefe both in civil and mi- litary affairs; he advanced the moft popular of the gran- dees to be viceroys and governors of provinces; remitted one-third of the taxes; governed the Chinefe by their own laws; and, inftead of changing their language, he would not even fuffer a Chinefe to learn the Tartarian tongue without a particular licenfe. Thus he united the Chinefe and Tartars into one nation ; and by this union the latter feem rather to have fubmitted to to the laws them. In which ftill courts of ju kingdoms ; China has j tary, and 1 neighbours in fuch fub the rcpofe 'I'artary art has forts an In fhort, I ment, is tl fcijj;thither that the ch tomed to ha of the Chin lartars. The emp paid him is dily and as nor are any not even his None, exce ftand in his put only on The offici fent the emj mandarines 1 alfo receive 1 becaufe they paid to the ei the grandees before his cl made for his Perfons of horfcback 01 palace, but : that purpofe. alarm, the n palace, and the inclemei imploring h health. Yellow is but the emp( have five cla muft bear th( tunes of his he has confii The princ court, and 1 are obliged 1 of power, empire. He difplaces the fons he plcai cldeft one of immortal. In order continually ing a kind o when any of emperor ftiut plcafures, an their ufual The feals imperial autt atls. The , is a very fine in China, th The honorar of gold; tho giftrates of tl inferior man either larger magiftrates. Thefe fea! perform any jhew refpeci. HT"' CniMA." S I A. -■ I. 5« to the laws of th« former, than to have impolLj nnv upon them. In reality, Tartary is become fubjeot lo Cliiru, which flill holds the feat of empire, ami has th'.' (upnme courts of jufticc. 'I'hither flows all the wealth of the unittd kingdoms ; and there all honours are conferred. 'I'hus China has gained a great addition of ftrength from Tar- tary, and has now no enemy to fear. Their northern neighbours are under the fame fovcreign, who keeps thom in fuch fubjedlion, that they arc no longer able todiftucb the rcpofe of the empire. Many of the petty kings i Tartary are no more than his viceroys, and the emperor ■ has forts and garrifons througnout their whole country. In ihort, Tartary, inftead of becoming the feat of govcrii- meijt, is the place of baniftiment for the guilty, who are feijrthither with their families to people thnfe vaft dcfiirts, that the children who are born there may become aceuf- tomed to hardfliips, and lofethe foftnefs and pufillanimity of the Chincfe, in the rougher temper and manners of the 1'artars. The emperor has an abfolute authority, and the rcfpc(Sl paid him is a kind of adoration ; his commands are as rea- dily and as ftridtly obeyed as if they came from heaven, nor are any admitted to fpeak to him but on their knees ; not even his elder brother, unlefs it be at his command. None, except the lords who attend him, are allowed to ftand in his prcfence ; and they, when they fpeak to him, put only one knee to the ground. 'J'he officers receive the fame honours when they rrpic- fent the emperor's perfon, and give his orders, either as mandarines of the prefence or as envoys. His governors alfo receive the fame honours when they adminillcr jufticc, becaufe they are his rcpefcntatives. Indeed fuch rcfpeiS is paid to the emperor, that the princes of the blood, and all tlie the grandees of the court, not only kneel before him, but before his chair, his throne, his cloaths, and every thing made for his particular ufe. Perfons of the higheft rank are not allowed to ride on horfeback or to pafs in a chaife before the gates of his palace, but are obliged to alight at a place appointed for thatpurpofe. If he falls dan^eroufly ill it creates a general alarm, the mandarines alTemble in one of the courts of the palace, and pafs whole days and nights without regard to the inclemency of the air or the rigour of the feafon, imploring heaven on their bended knees to reftore his health. Yellow is the imperial colour, and none muft wear it but the emperor. His vcft is adorned with dragons that have five claws : this is his coat of arms, and nobody elfe mult bear thcra. He has thedifpofal of the lives and for- tunes of his fubje£ls, nor can any criminal fuffer death till he has confirmed the fentence. The princes of the blood are allowed a palace and a court, and have a revenue agreeable to their rank. They are obliged to live at court, but have not the le.ift degree of power. The emperor alone difpofcs of all places in the empire. He nominates the viceroys and governors, and difplaces them at his pleafure. He choofes which of his fans he plcafes for his fucceflbr ; and if he prefers to the eldeft one of more diftinguiihed merit, his name becomes immortal. In order to prcferve their reputation, the emperors are continually inquiring into the itate of the empire, aft'eil- ing a kind of paternal care for their people ; particularly when any of the provinces art afHidled with calamities, the emperor (huts himfelf up in his palace, abftains from all pleafures, and publilhes decrees to cafe fuch provinces of their ufual taxes. The feals of the empire are confiderable enfigns of the imperial authority, and are applied to authorize all public atts. The emperor's feal is near eight inuhes fquare, and is a v:ry fine jafper ; a precious ftone fo highly efteemed in China, that none but the emperor is allowed to ufe it. The honorary- feals given to the princes of the blood are of gold; thofe of the viceroy, great mandarines, or ma- giftrates of the firft order are of filver ; while thofe of the inferior mandarines are either of brafs or lead, and are either larger or fmaller according to the dignity of thofe magiftrates. Thefe feals are carried before the mandarines when they perform any ceremony, orvifit perfons to whom they woulii ihew refpcct. They arc then depoftted in a gold box. placed upon a kind of litter, fupportcd by two men, whu w.ilk belbie the chair of the mandarine. The revenues of the emperor are amazingly great ; but it Is not cal'y to give an exact account of ihtm, hecaiil'e the annual tribute is paid partly in money and partly in commodities j it particularly arifcs fioni the produce of their lands, as rite, wheat, and millet ; from fait, filks, ftulFs, linen, cotton, with innumerable other articles. All thefe, together with the cuftoms and ((irfeitcd cd.ites, annually amount to above twenty-one millions iKTlinj:. The troops he conftantly keeps in pay amount to iiliove feveii hundred and fcventy thuufand (oldiers ; thofe are ftationcd near the great wall, and other fortified places ; a part of thele alio compofe his guards, and thofe of the mandarines, whom they efcort on their journeys, and at night keep watch about their barks or at their inns. The emperor likewife maintains near five hundred and fixtv five thoiifand horfes to remount his cavalry, and for the ulb of the pods and couriers who convey his orders, and thulb of the tribunals, into the provinces. The emperor enjoys the right of making peace and war, and he may conclude treaties upon what conditions he plcafes, provided they aic not diihonourable to the em- pire. It might be imagined that this unlimitcj power vvoulJ often occafion very unfortunate events ; this has b> en fometimes the cafe, but not often ; lor fo maiiv provifi.ns have been made by the laws, thai .1 prince muft be wh llv inlenlible to his own reputation and intereft,\vho continues to make an unjuft ufe of his authority. If he has any re- gard to his reputation, there are feveral thing-, which niitt induce him to govern with juttice, and not fiom the dic- tates of paffion. The old law-givers, from the firft foun- dation of the government, made it a Handing maxim, that kings are the fathers of their people ; whence in all ages the emperor has been called the great lather ; a title which he is taught to prefer before all others. This idea of the prince is fo deeply imprinted in the minds of the people, and of the mandarines, that whenever they make any panegyrick in the emperor's praife, ihey always take noiiec; of his alfertion to the people. 'I'heir teachers and phiio- fophers reprefent in their books the Hate as a large laniilv, and therefore if the prince lofes fight of thi.-^ n.a.\im, t!u>' he may be a good warrior, an able politician, and a verv learned man, yet he will meet with little elkein from the people. Every mandarine may tell the emperor his faults, pro- vided it be done with all that fubmiiTion and humil'iy that is agreeable to the veneration and profound refpedt wiiich is his due. Here the mandarine, who obferves any thin:; in the emperor's condm5l inconfiftent with the tonititutioii of the empire, draws up a requeft, where, haviii.^ exprelTed his profound refpeclfor his imperial majeliy, he mod hum- bly befeeches him to reflect upon the antient laws and eood examples of the great princes his preilrcclTors, and ^hctx takes notice in what indanccs he apprehends tiie emperor has deviated from them. This requed lies upon a t.iblc among many other petitions that arc daily prcfented, and which the emperor is obliged to read. If upon this he docs not change his conduct, he is again admonilhcd as often as the mandarine's 7,eal and courage will permit him to do it; for they cannot, without great danger, venture to expofe thcmfelves to his refentment. Befides the manner in which their hidories arc wrote, is alone fufficient to keep within bounds any prince who has the lead regard for his fame. A certain number of men, who are chofen on account of their learning and impar- tiality, remark with all pofTihle exadnefs not only all tht; prince's adlions, but even his words ; and each of thefi; perfons takes minutes of every thing that pades, without; communicating his obfervafions to the others, and puts the papers, containing his remarks, through a chink into an office fct apart for that purpofe. The emperor's virtues and vices are fet down in thofe papers with impartiality. In fuch an affiiii; fay they, the- princejhppcd the fwordofjujlke, audhad the puriiaUty to in- validate the fcnteme pajfed by the tmigijlrntn. On fuch a day the pimijhment he inJUiied on a perfon was ratM the effelt of his pdjficn, than the reftdt ofjujUee. Or elfe, Jt fuch a time, notwithjianding the ecmmeiidations given him hy his flatterers, he Kus fo far from hei".-^ P^'ff"^ "pt that his xwrds ivere tem- p'ereii i !':.' ,) f ■, I ' 1 ■ hm m'l 5i A S Y S T l: M OF }U gave fiiih GEOGRAPHY. China. h^|:|J: t '\ \\ fcrfduitli all p'yjfi' It fimliifj's nnd hiir.ilily ii:i.l fii:!' mirki if his love 1} his fis two lOvcrciL'n councils, one called the cxtr./irdinaiy council, is only compofcd of princes of the blood ; the other, called the council in ordinary, has, be- fides the princes, fcvcral niinillers of (fate, named Colao'., who examine all ll.ite-atFairs, and make their report to the emperor, by whom they are fin illy determined. On particular days the mandarines go in their proper habits to falutc the emperor, when, if he ilocs not appear hir.ifclf, they pay their reverence to his throne, which is the fame as if done to himfelf in pcrf)ii. While they wait for the fij;nal to enter the court hijfore the hall in which the throne is placed, they all fit on cufhions before the fouth j;atc of the palace. The court is paved with brick, and is as cle.ni as a i:;om, and the cufliions arc different cc- cordinc to the dcj^rcc of the mandarine. Thofc who have a li^'ht to ufe them, for all have not, diftinguifh them in the fummer time bv coloured filks, but the difference of the dCjjree is chiclly flicwn in the middle of the cufliion. In the winter t'lcy ufe fkins for the fame purpofc, which are uiftin^uiflKd by their value. In this multitude, amon^c whom one might C' iccl nothing hut confufion and difor- dcr, every thing is admirably regulated according to the nioft cxael order, for as all know their places there arc no difputca about precedence, W!:en the emperor goes out of his palace he is attend- ed by a great number of the lords of his court, who make a very pompous proccflion. The princes of the blood and the lords lead the van on horfc-back, followed by the co- lao- or minlllers of ftate, and the great mandarines ; who riJe cl"fe to the houfcs on both fides, leaving the middle of the iKect clear i thefe are lollowed by four and twenty ftaiiuards of yellow filk, embroidered with dragons of gold; then ippcar twenty-four umbrellas of the fame colour, and a^ many curious and rich fans ; the horfe- guards come next, drcfled in yellow, wearing a kind of helmet on their head, and carrying a javelin or half pike gilt, on the trtp of which is cither a fun, a crefcent, or the head of fume animal. 'I'hc emperor's chair, which is very m.igniticent, i^ carried by twelve footmen dreflvd in the fame colour. A troop of trumpeters and muficians, playing on all forts of inflrument-, accompany the empe- ror ; and the proccflion is clofed by a multitude of foot- men and pages. The pomp with whch he ^ocs to make his offerings in the temple of Tien is rtill nioie extraordinary. The pro- ccflion begins with twenty-four drums ranked in two files, and t'.vcntv-four trumpets formed of a wood greatly ef- tcemtd iiy the Chinefe. They are about three feet long, and about eight ii'.ches in diameter at the end, adorned with circles of gold. After them follow twenty-four men in a line armed wltli red fhvcs feven or eight feet long, varnifhcd ami adorned with gilt foliages. Next to thefe are a hundred foldicrs carrying halberds, the iron part of which terminates in a crefcent. Then follow an hun- dred men with red maces ornamented with flowers, and gilt at the end. Then advance four hundred very fine fmthornsi four hundred flarn'oeaux made of wood, which burn a long time and yield a very great light ; two hun- dred men with fpcars, fome adorned with tufts of filk of various colours, others witli the tails of foxes, leopards, and other animals: twenty-four banners, on which are painted theifigns of the zodiack, which the Chinefe di- vide into twelve parts: fifty-fix other banners whereon are rcpiefented the fifty-fix conftellations to which the Chi- ller.' raduce all the itars ; two hundred fans on which arc painted various figures of dragons, birds, rnd others ani- mals, thefe arc fupportcd by long gilt flicks ; twenty-four umbrellas richly adorned, and a beaufet I'upported by the officers of the kitchen, and furnidied with gold utcnfils, fuch as ewers, bafuns, &c. 'i'hcn appears the emperor on horfeback richly drefled, and on each fide is held a mag- nificent umbrella, large enough to (hade both him and his horfe; he is furroundcd with ten led horfcs ; thefe arc always while with the faddlcs and bridles enriched with gold and jewels i and alfo by a hundred fpcarmen, and pages of the bed-chamber. After them the princes of the blood, the rcgulocs, the chief mand;irines, and ihc lords of the court appear in the fame order, and in their proper habit.s, together with five hundred young gentlemen belonging to the palace richly clad, followed by a thinifand footmen in red gowns bor- dered with flowers, and /tars of gold and filver; immedi- ately after thirtv-fix men carry an open chair, followed by another that is much lari'cr and clofe, fupported by a hun- dred and twenty chair-men; then appear tour large wag' gons, two of which arc drawn by elephants, and two by horfes covered with embroidered houfings ; every chariot and chair is lollowed by a company of iifty men to guard it. This proceifion is doted by two ihoufand mandarineil ?4 A S Y S T F, M O F G F, O G R A I' H V. CHl^f.^.' i I ! . i : i- 1 13.; I r they nro nafiira'Iy limoroiis, oiul know t'nit they faiinui lic.ipe CDiiiitiiMi if thiy niitiirc to liilolu-y h s tomnuiuli. lIcTicc wh<'iR-vcr hf hiiikmi'., the iicnpU' in thi- Iheets iliow thiir rcCiKC*, not hy brnviii/, which vvmiM la- tlioii^ht ;i ciilpahle Uniilianty, but by ritiriiii; on one lide, (laiuliiii' upniibtwithihiir arms haiiLjini; ilnwii ; and in tliis |p(.llurc, which they clUcm the niiill relpccttul, they llaml until the nuindariiic has paflid by. Nothinj; can npial tlie ollentatiotis parade with which a viceroy appears in pubhi ; for as the Chiiicfe are ever fond ollhew, it is not very furprifnij; that fo (jreat an officer Ihould appear with all podible poinp. Kirll, advance two iiieii bcatini; upon copper bafons, to give notice of his approach ; then come eij;ht inliijn- bcarcrs, having on their iiifii^Ms the viceroy's title ot l>o- iiour in large characters, 'Ind'e are followed by fourteen it.uidard-bearcr:., on whole itandards arc the Ivmbola ot his otfice, as the dragon, pbtrnix, flying tortoife, and other iininials. Th"" advance fix olficcrs, each bearing a board r.iifed hii'h, on which is written, in large golden char.ic- ters, the particular tpiaiiies of this mandarine ; twoolhcrs hear, the one a I ir;;e iiiiibrella of yellow fdk three heights iihove one another, and the other the cale Kl which the unibiclhi is kept. 'I'hen come two archers on horfeback, ;it the head of the chief guards, the gu.uds armed with Jarge hooks adoi ii'.d witli filk fringe : two other files ot armed men, fome bearing mace-, with long handles, and others having maces in the form of a lerpcnt. Other guards bear fli.irp axes, and foiiie r.rc armed with fcythcs hxed Ifraight to the poles. Other luldiers carry halberds ; then come two porters loaded with an handfomc chcft, containing the fi .li of his office ; two mtn beating on kettles ; two officers, each with a cane to keep the crowd atadillancc; two mace- bearers, with gilt maces in the form of dragons, and many otficeis of iulUcc ; fomc armed with whips, or flat ftaves, to give the balhnado : others carrving chains, whips, cutlaires,and hangers ; then come two ftandard-bcarerf, and the captain who commands the company. Thcle precede the viccrov, who is carried in his chair, furrounded by pages and footmen, with an of- ficer near him holding up a large fan in the form of a fcrcen. He is followed by fcveral gu.irds, fomc carrying maces, and others long handled fab res ; after which come fcveral tnfmno and cornets, with many domedics on horfeback, each bearing fomcthing belonging to the viceroy. When he travels in the night-time, inllcad of flambeau.x he has fevcr.il large lanthorns, on which arc written the titles and ciuality of the viceroy, to infpire every one with the reverence which is his due. As the mandarines of cities and towns are appointed to protect the people, they muff ahvays be ready to hear their complaints. In an urgent affair they goto the mandarine's palace, and beat upon a kind of kettle drum, which is fome- times on the fide of the ball of juitice, but generally out of the palace, that the people may beat upon it both by night and day. At this fignal the mandarine, though ever To bul'y, is obliged immediately to grant the audience that is demanded; but whoever gives the alarm, unlcfs there is fome notorious acl of injuUice, is fure to receive the balHnado. One of the principal offices of the mandarines is to jnftrud: the people as the reprcfentativc of the emperor, who is confidered as their common father; and therefore, 0(} the firrt and fifteenth of every month, they afTemble the people, and give them a kind of fermon on all the focial and relative duties. To prevent commotions among the people when they groan under opprcfUon, the lead difturbancc which hap- pens in a province is imputed to the viceroy, and if it is not immediately appeafcd he is almoft fure of lofing his office. The laws prcfcribc, that no perfon fhall enjoy the office of mandarine of the people, cither in the city where he was born, or even in the province where his family has been ufed to refide ; and generally he docs not pofTefs the iame office many vears in the fame place before he is re- moved. By this means he cannot contrail any friendfliip with the people of the country, fo as to render him partial ; and not being acquainted with the mandarines that govern with him, he has the lefs reafon to fliew them favour. If he receives an cniploymcnt in a province joining to his own, he mud live at lead fifty Ica(>iics from it. Thii li bcc.iufe he (hould fuKly piiilue the public ^,oo difiicul behind me, a without rcre rived at the p tWiH vilit. 'I pcror'.s attem iivrrtook him what wai tl ntheri riiterci mandarine gii liad his head i ufHieted fathe " dow upon ' " to death J ' " ration, am " fearful in y " others." In fh'irt, r the Chiiicfc \i fhein ; but th not very feruf humanity in (i arc no artifice roiiife todccti latter fome en rials of the coi indeed they f ihcir mcmoiia very dilfirult I Briides, as i maintain their commit, provi h.Tiard. Min fiipretne court; viceroys of pro Selves, opprefs imhurfe thcnif No crimes wl: China, the bal faults, and the nature of the c •t is edeemed The emperor I t'd on great as ufual. A fmall mat j'uage, or fight mandarine's iiadocd; whic liow their bod for the care he This punif which is a w lower part is a nnd fmall that liid down wi pulled over his bare polferiors A mandarin wherever he is not to difmou bv, or to crof- fix blows bv pedition, that perceive any correftion to noblemen to lefs. Captain Hai gentleman wh and upon thi< which, he (ay< hehimfelf was fore they remo A mandarin X«tiiiue, met a rinMA." A s pliirrti hII my h-ippinefn, and with whom Itrii(le>l t!ic cure iliHicult as you imauinc, replied thccinpcrir, get up behind rm-, and guide nic to his hoult ; the ninn obe\L-d without reremony, and in about two hours time they .-r- riveJ at the p:tlaco uf the miindiiinc, wno did not expect ilu<) vifit. The guards and a yrtat loinp.my ot' the em- pcroi'!! attendanti, at'tiT having Ion;; le.iuhcd tor him, ivrrtoolc him at the m.indariiu's, and, witlui;it kiiowinL: what wai the matter, loon liirrounued the honl'c ; and others cnlcrcil with the cmptror, who havuig lound the mniidarinc ;:uilty ol the violence which he was accufed, had his head cut olF on the fpot : then turnini; towards the iitHiCted father, '* Id nrike you amends, laid he, 1 be- " How upon yon the oftiee ot'thc guilty p'.n'on, who is put " to death J take care to lill hi:; place with greater mcde- " ration, and let his crime and puiiiftiment make you " I'cartuI in your turn ol becoming a drcadlul example to '* others." In (hort, nothincr could exceed the order eftabliflied by the Chiiielc laws, if the mandarines (Irie^Iy conformed to them i but thii is far from bcin;; the cafe ; for they are not very fcrupuloiis in violating the laws of jufticc and humanity in order to fcrve their private intcrelt. There nrc no artifices to which the inferior officers have not re- roiiife to deceive the fuperior nianJarino. ; and among the latter fome endeavour to impofe upon the fupremc tribu- nals uf the court, and even to inillcad the emperor himfelf. Indeed they fo artfully cloak their palFions, and anec^ in lluir mcmoiials fuch an air of difmterclleiinefb, that it is very diiHriilt lor the prince to avoid being deceived. liclides, as their falarics arc not always fuffici-r.nt to maintain their pomp and liixur)', the acts of iiijulii.e they I'omitiit, provided they are fecret, are attended wuh no hazard. Minifters of (late and chief prefidciit5 of the fiipreine courts fometimts privately extort money from the viceroys of provinces, and thofe again, to indemnify tliein- lelves, opprefs the fubordinate officers, and thefe lall ro- imburfe thenifelves by their exactions upon thcpople. No crimes when they arc difcovercd pal's unpuiiiihed in China, the baftinado is the common punifhmcnt for flight faults, and the number of blows is proportioned to the nature of the ofiencc. When thcfe do not exceed twenty it is efteemed a fatherly corrcdion, and is not infamous. The emperorhimfelffometimcs commands it to be inP.ict- ed on ^rcat perfons, and afterwards lees and treats them as ufuai. A fmall matter will incur this correclion, as foul hn- }',uairc, or fighting with the t'lf^s, for if thefe things reach the mandarine's ears he immediately caufcs them to be balli- iiadocd i which being done, they mull "kneel before him, l)Ow their bodies three times to the earth, and thanic him for the care he takes of their education. This puniflimcnt is performed with a fplit bamboo, which is a wood that is hard, llrong, and heavy : the lower part is as broad as one's hand, and the upper fmooth and fmall that it may be eafily managed. The criminal is laid down with his face to the ground, his drawers are pulled over his heels, and the ftripes are given over his bare polleriors. A mandarine may caufe this punifiiment to be infiicled wherever he is ; it is fufficient for one of the poor vul;;ar not to difmount from his horle when a mandarine panes liy, or to crofs the ftrect in his prcfence, to receive five or fix blows bv his order, which is performed with fuch ex- pedition, that it is often done before thofe who are prefent perceive any thing of the matter. Mailers ufe the fame correiflion to their fcholars, fathers to their children, and noblemen to punifli their domeitics, only the battoon is lefs. Captain Hamilton obfervcs, that he knew an Englifh f^entleman who underwent thcchaftifementof the bamboo; and upon this occafion mentions a diverting incident, which, he fays, he was told, happened at Amoy, where he himfelf was prefent, and where the Englifh traded be- fore they removed to Canton. A mandarine, fays he, going in his chair, with his ufuai xetiiiue, met a failur with a keg of arrack under his arm. I A. 5 'J Every body went ofT the drect but ih? jolly fallcr, who had been uHIng his arrack ; yet was fo mannerly aj tcJ walk .ilido, aiulfMvc the maiul nine the middle of tht; Ihect I hut on.' ol the ictinue ;;ave the I'ailor a box on the c.ir, and had alinoll Ihovcd hiiii down keg ami all. Tli'! lailor d.imned him for a Ion of a whore, and .ilklng what ho meant bv it, gave the a^grcli'or a box on the car in return The poor feaman was loon ove; powered by the retliUK , but the m.iiidariin- ordered them to do him no harm, till hi; had lent for the 1 Ji;.;lini lingiiilt, who limn t.imr. The m;iiiJariiie told the linguifl what had h.i|ipcnii!, aiul biil him alk tlie lailor why he i;ave liiin that .itVront .' Tl.o lailor l\vore that the mandarine had aflVonted him, in al- lowing his fervants to beat him, while he was walicin.i; down the Ihcet civilly, with his keg ol l.uiilhi'w uiuIit iiw arm ; and that he would box the nuind.irine, or any of liii g.iiig, for a Spaiiilh dollar ; ami with that put his hand in nis pocket and pulled out a dollar. The mandarine ordered the linirnifl to tcl! him wh:it the failor laid, and why he pulled out his monev. The lin- guift having told him, the maiularinc laii'jhed immode- rately; and, after he had cnmpofed himfelf, afijcd if the failor would Hand to his challeii^^e, who fwore he would. The mandarine had a Tartar in his retinue famous for box- ing, at which he had won many prizes, and called for him to try his /kill on the Kii'_;lifhman. The Tartar was a lully man, and the failor fliort, but well fet. The Tartar promifed an e.ify coiuiuelt-, and to the combat thcv went. The Taitar w.is ufed to kick high at th^ belly, but at the full ki. k the failor had him on his b.:ck. AA: m;d of tlie fo.l he had leceived, the Tartar att.icked him again ; but he arain tiipp>d up his heels. He then defircd to have a l.ur bout at bo\injf, without trippiiii:, which j.ick agrceil to; and with hij head battered the Tartar's f.'.ce and brcr.ll with fuch force, that, to ufe Mr. Ilainiitoii's words, he was forced ta yield to Old ICnglaiid. The ni;'inl;iriiie v.M". fo pleafed with the bra^ erv and dexterity (.f the I'e.mKin, that he made him a prefent of ten t.^.y.ils ol' liKer. The wooden collar is a more inf iiiiou? piinilhrni-iif. Th'j is com; ofd of two pieces of wood hollowed in the mi-Ail.; for the ncek, and when it is put on, the perfon can neither fee his feet nor put his hand to his mouth ; but is obliged to be fed by fome other perfon. This difa[!rccahlc load he carries day ami night : it is lighter or heavier accordinjr to the nature of the offence ; fomo weigh two hundred i pounds, and fome arc three feet fquare and five or fix I inches tliie'ic ; the common fort weigh fifty or fi.vty" I pounds. ; When tiufe two pieces of wood are in the prcfence of j the mand.-iriiic joined about the criminal's nock, they pade I on each fide two long flips of paper, on which they fix .% I leal, that the two pieces may not be feparated without iti being perceived: then they write in large charai^erj the ; crime tor which the puniflimcnt is inflicted, and the time I it is to lai}. For inflancc, if it be a thief, afeditious per- fon, agameflcr, or a dillurbcr of the peace of families, he : muft wear it three months. They are generally expofed in fome public place ; but the criminals lind various ways to cafe themfelves, fome Walk in company with their relations and friends, whofiipporr the tour corners that it may not gall their fluniKlers ; others have a chair to fupport the four corners, and fo fit tolerably cafy ; and fome kneel down, and placing the edge of the collar on the ground, amufc themfJvcs with viewing the people as they pals. At the expiration of the time of puniflimcnt, the ciminal is brought back to the mandarine, who having exhorted him to behave better for the future releafes him from the collar; and, to take his Icavo of him, orders him twenty firokes with the battoon ; for the Chinefe never inflicl any punifament, except a pecuniary one which is not preceded and fucceedcd by the baflinado. There are fome crimes for which the criminals are marked on the cheek with aChinefe charaftcr, fignifyln.^ their crime. There are others for which thcv are con- demned to draw the imperial barks ; and there arc others for which they are condemned to bnnifhmcnt. There arc three ways of punifliing with death, themofl: honourable of which is, in their opinion, ftrangling, which is frequently done by abow-ftring. In fome places they put a cord of feven or eight feet long, with a running knot round the sriminal's neck, Two fervants belonging to ch; 1 i^ '■■'; ii ;; "-.i 56 A SYSTEM O I- G !• O G R A P 11 r. China. ■I I the tribunal drnvv it hard at each end, then IrKire it a mojiient, and drawing it a);ain the fccoiul lime, kilt thu ciimliial. Another kind cif |iuiii(hincnt ii cxtrinuly crud, thii is iiiflidc'd on rchcit and traitors ; on a Inn wtin ItnkcH hi) father ; and nn merciicfi robbers ) and i ■ called cuttin;; ill ten tlKiulund pieces, '['he executioner t°jften> ;ho criminal to a poll, then flcaying the Ikin ol hii head, puli:> it over hii eyes, anil afierwurdt man;{les him by cutting pieces fnim all parts of his body ; and wh' ii he it weary of this barbarous exerciCc, he delivers him to the cruelty of the piipul ice. liiit this cruel death is very feldnni in- fliiftcd, fur thufc whu lub, deterred by this puniflimcnt, never muider. 'l"hc other is behcadinp;, which is for crimes of great enormity, as murder, and is looked upon as very (hanic- ful, bec.iufe the head, which is the piineipal part of man, ii feparated from the body ; and becaiife in dying they do not prefervc the huni.in form as entire as it was when they received it from their partnti, 'l"he party condemned to fuft'er this punilhment is not on the day of execution cxpofed on a featfold ; but being made to kneel in fome public piaie, witli his hands tied behind him, a perfon holds him fo f.ilt that he cannot move, while the execu- tioner coming behind, takes oft" bis head at one Urokc ; and at the lame time lavs hiin on his back with Inch dex- terity, that not a drop of blood falls on his cloath^, which on that occafion arc (;eniMally better than ordinary : for his relations and friends, though alhamed to own him in thole unhappy circumll.nices, ul'ually fend him new cloaths, and caufc provifioiis and drink to be oft'ered him by the waj'. The executioner is commonly a foldicr ; and his olHcc !s fo far from bein^ fcandalous, that at Peking; he accom- panies the criminal girt with a fafli of yellow (dk, and his cutlafs is wrapped in filk of the fame colour, to fhcw that he is verted with the cmpcror'a authority. Thofc who fuft'er this death arc alfo fentcnced to be de- prived of common burial, which in China is a moll terrible infamy j th.; executioner, therefore, after having Itrippcd I the i the body, throws it into the next ditch. it is The Chincic, being pcrfuaded that fuch as arc beheaded niuft have been dilbbedicnt to their parents, and that this reparation of the members is a judgment that hefals them for that crime, fometimes buy the bodies of their parents or relations at a great price from the executioner, and fow on the head again with abundance of lamentations, to atone in fome meafure for their difobcdicncc. The execu- tioner, by thus felling the body, runs the hazard of being fcvercly puniftied, unlcfs he bribes the mandarine or the informer pretty high ; and on this account the body often cofts the relations fix hundred or a thoufand crowns. The ordinary torture cuftomary in China to oblige cri- minals to make a confeflion is extremely painful, and" is in- flicted on the feet and hands ; for the feet they make ufe of an inftrument which confifts of three pieces of wood, one of which is fixed, and the two others move and turn upon it. The feet of the criminal being put in this ma- chine, are fqueezcd fo violently that they make the ancle- bone flat. They place pieces of wood between the crimi- nal's fingers, and tying them very hard with cords, leave them for fome t'me in this torment. The Chinefe have remedies todiminifh the fenfcofpain; and they are faid to have others, after the torture, fo effica- cious as to he.il the criminal, who in a few days recovers the ufe of his limbs. SECT. XIII. Of the Religiom in China, particularly the atilient Rtligim of the Chinefi ; of that of Canfuciiis ; of the Se^s ofTaoJfeeand of Fo ; and of the Jews and Mahometans fettled in China. IT appears from the claflical books of the Chinefe, that they formerly worfliipped the Supreme Being, as the Lord and Sovereign of all things, under the name of Ctjangti, or fupreme emperor, and Tien, which fignifies the fpirit which prefides in heaven. I'hey likcwifc paid a fubordinate adoratign to inferior fpirits depending on the Supreme Being, and who in their opinion prcfide over ciliei, mouniams, rivers, and the like. Thry maint.iincd that, fur the prelervation of regularitjr and purity of manners, thole who command Ihould imitate the cundudk of Tic'<, in treating their infcriori a« their children, and thole hu obey ought lu cunfidor their fu- periors as their fathers. It appears fioni one of their antlent books that thit Tien, the objcil of public wurfhip, is the principal of alt thing's, the father ot the people, independent, almighty, omnuiient i to whom the fecrcti of the heart are fully known, and who watches over the conduil of the univerfc \ who is holy without partiality, a rewarder of virtue, pu- nifliing wickednef), and railing up and caliing down tha kings of the earth aecoriling to his pleafurc : that public calamities are exhortations for the reformation of manners | and that the end of thefe cviU is followed by mercy aiivl goodncfs. In times of public calamity the princes were not fatis- Red with only addrilling their vows to I'ien, and oft'erinj^ facrifices, but carefully applied themfelves to difcuver the fecret faults which had tirawn down the piinifhment from the Supreme l/ord j thiy examined if they were not too cxpcniive in their habit, too luxutious, or too fond of mag* nificencc and fplcndnr. A work, called the Chukinp, often mentions a mafter who pn fides over the government of his dominions I who has an abfnlute empire over the defigns of mankind, and conducts them to wile and juK ends; who rewards and puniflies man by other men, without any abridgment of their liberty. This perfu.ilion was fo common, that princes, naturally jealous of their own honour, never attributed the fucccfs of their govcrnincnt to themfelves, but referred it to the Supreme Governor of the univerfe. It is alfo faid in the fame work, that Changti fees from the highefl heavens what is done here below : that he makes ufe of our parents to beftow upon us the matevial part of our frame ; but that he himfelf gives an underllanding mind capable of reflcfiion, which alone raifes us abova rank of brutes : that, to offer an acceptable facrificc, not fuflicicnt for the emperor, to whom that office belongs, to join the priefthood to the royal dignity} but that he fliould be upright and penitent, and, before the facrifice, acknowledge Ris faults with failing and tears : thatChangti's councils and defigns areunfathomabk>-»hat we ought not to believe that he is too exalted to attend to what 13 done below; for he himfelf examines all our ac- tions, and has fet a tribunal in our own confciences, by which we fhall be judged. Fohi, who was one of the heads of the colony which came to fettle in this part of the ealt, and is acknowledged to be the founder of the Chinefe monarchy, gave public marks of his profound veneration for the Supreme Being. He kept in a park fix forts of animals to ferve as victims in his facrifices, which he foUmnly oft'ered twice a year at the two folfticcs, when all the people left their employ- ments, and joined with the prince in obferving thefe feftivals. Chinnong, Fohi's fuccefTor, added to thefe facrifices tw6 ofl^erings at the equinoxes ; that in the fpring to implore a blcflTing on the fruits of the earth, and that in autumn after the harveft was over, toofFcr the firft fruits toChangtit This prince cultivated a field with his own hand, and made a folemn offering of both the corn and the fruit. Hoangti, who afcended the throne after Chinnong's death, fearing left bad weather fhould hinder him from offering the ufual facrifices in the open air, eredled a large temple, in which they might be oft'ered in all feafons, and wherein he himfelf inftrufied the people in their principal duties. His fucceffors generally followed his example ; and it appears from the Chinefe books that for the fpace of two thoufand years the nation acknowledged, reverenced, and honoured with facrifices the Supreme Being and SovereigA Lord of the univerfe. At length the troubles which arofe in the empire, the civil wars by which it was divided, and the corruption oY manners which became almoft univerfal, had very near fupprefl'ed the anticnt doflrine, when Confucius arofe, and revived it, by giving frelh reputation to the antient books. ! n ! ^1. I" ( 1 1- He 1 1. c' • ,i 1 1 : i :H)^ I.. I. (' tl ■:iv*. 'II v China." ; ;t II China; A S He made a colIe£lion of the mod excellent maxims of the ancients, which he followed himCelf and tiiught to the people. He preached up a fcvtre morality, and endeavour- ed to prevail upon men to contemn riches and worldly pleafures, and to efteem temperance, juftice, and other virtues : he ftrovc to infpire them with fuch magnanimity as to be proof againft the frowns of princes, and with a fmcerity incapable of the Icaft difguife. What is moft to be admired, was his preaching more by his example than by his words, whence he reaped confiderable fruits from his labours, kings were governed by his counfcls, and the people reverenced him as a faint. Yet he fre- quently met with reverfes of fortune, which obliged him to travel from province to province, and was often re- duced to fuch extremities that he was in danger of ftarving. Yet, far from being difcouraged, he was never weafy of inftruftingthofe who loved virtue. Among the many difciples that put themfelves under his tuition, he taught fome to reafon juftly, and to exprefs themfelves eloquently in public : he inftruded others to form a juft idea of a good government ; but thofe for whom he had a more particular kindnefs he taught to govern themfelves well, to improve their minds by meditation, and to purify their hearts bv virtue. Human nature faid he came from heaven moft pure and perfeft, but it has been corrupted by ignorance, the paffions, and evil examples. It is our duty to re-in- ftate it, and give it its primitive beauty. In order to be pcrfcft, we muft re-afcend to the point from whence we have dcfcended ; obey heaven, and follow the orders of the Sovereign Ruler ; love your neighbour as yourfelf ; never fufFer your fcnfes to be the guide of your condufl } but in all things liften to reafon ; it will inftrudt you to think well, to fpeak difcreetly, and to aigor, Cochin-china, &c. The trade thev carry oil at Ihor is the moft cafy and gainful ; from thence they ex- port cinnamon, pepper, birds-nefts, rice, camphire, rattan, torches made of the leaves cf certain trees which burn like pitch, gold, tin, ?cc. As for the trade carried oti by the Europeans in China, they have the liberty of fcarcc any port but that of C.uitotii nor do thcv fail up the river as fiir as that city, but call: anchor at Hnang-pou, about four league? below it, where the river is crowded bv a multitude of vefllls ; but there is no trading to advantage with anv thing but filver ia China, v.'here confidcrable profit may be made by pur- chafing gold with it. The goM bought at Canton comes partly from the pro- vinces of China, and partlv from foreign cauntiits, as Japan, Cochin china, and other place.:. The goods pur- cliafed there of the Chincfe arc filks, japaned works, and in much greater quantities ull the diftcrcnt forts of tea drarik in Europe; and China-ware, har.g'ng paper, fr.ns,_ drugs, ^'c. We fliall conclude this defcription of China with an ex- tract: of the charadlcr given of the Chir.cfe by the inge- nious author of Commodore Anfca's Voyage round the World ; which we choofe to inf.'rt here, both on accounc of our thinking it extremely juft, and as it will ferve as ;i fummaryofihe whole, and, in one view, aftorJ a j.dt idea of that people. After which we (hall defer ibc the ifles of Formofa and Hainan, which are in part unJa- t'lC fub- iedfion of China, and are the only iflands fubjecl to that empire that arc worthy of a particular defcription. " That the Cliinefe are avery ingcniotis atid induftrious " people, is fuilicicntly evinced from the great number o^ " curious manufavilures which are cftabliflud amonclh " them, and which are eagerly fought for bv the moil " diftant nations ; but though fttill in the handicraft arts " feems to be the moft valuable qualification of this peo- " pie, yet their talents therein are but of a fecond rata " kind ; for they arc much outdone by the Japancfe iix. " thofe manufaftures which common to both coiin- " tries ; and they are in nu rous inftanccs incapable of " rivalling the mechanic de- itv of the Europeans. In- " deed, their principal cxce ey feems to be in imitation ; " and they accordingly labo... under that poverty of genius " which conftantly attends all ferviie imitators. This is " moft tonfpicuous in works which require great truth " and accuracy ; as in clocks, watches, firc-arir.s, &c. " for in all thcfe, though they can copy the ciitTercnt parts, " and can forni feme rcfcmblance of the whole; yet they " never could arrive at fuch ajuilnefs in their fabrick, as " was necefTary to produce the dcfircd cfte£f. If we pafs " from thofe employed in manufactures to artifts of a fu- " perior clafs, as painters, ftatuarics, t^'c. in thcfe mat- " ters they feem to be ftill more dcfc£live ; their painters, " though very numerous, and in great ci'leem, rarely fuc- " cceding in the drawing or colouring of human fiijurcs, " or in the grouping of large compofitions ; and though " in flowers and birds their performances arc much more " admired, vet even in thcfe fome part of the merit is " rather to be imputed to the native brightnefs and cxcel- " Icncy of the colours, than to the f^ill of the painter ; " fince it is very unufual to fee the light and (liade juftly " and naturally handled, or to find that cafe and grace ii^ " the drawing which are to be met with in the works of " European artifts. In ftiort, there is a ftiftncfs and mi- " nutcnefs in moft of the Chincfe produclions, which are " extremely difplcafing : and it may pcrhtips be truly " a(rcrted,that thefe deft chin their arts arc entirely owiii:; t^ " ti ' ■' I.!' f i i i. ^;ii €t A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPtlY. Formosa. i1 I >' 1 ^ f i WM'\ Mil m *a ^^ •• to the peculiar turn of the people, amongfl whom iio- " thing grciit or fpirited is to be met with. "Itwc next examine the Chiiicfe literature, (taking *' our accounts from the writers who have tnJeavodrcd to *' rcprefent it in the mod favourable liglit) we (hall fiml, " that on thii head their obftinacy and abfurdity arc molt " wondsrful ; fince though, for many ages, they have *' been furrounded by nations to whom the ufe of letters *' was familiar, yet they, the Chinefe alone, have hither- " to nej,lecled to avail themfelves of that almoll divine •' in/ention, and have continued to adhere to the rude " and inartiticia! method of reprefenting words by arbi- " trary marks j a method which necefl'arily rentiers the " number of their charaiSers too great for human memory •' to manage, makes writing to be an art that requires •' prodigious application, and in whi^'h no man can be " othcrwife than partially (killed ; whilft all reading and " underrtanding of what is written is attended with in- " finite obfcurity and confufion, as the connexion between " thele marks, and the words they rcprefent, cannot be " retained in books, but muft be delivered down from age " to age by oral tradition : and how uncertain this muft " prove in fuch a complicated fubject, is fufficiently ob- •' vious to thofe who have attended to the variation which •' all verbal relations undergo when they arc tranfmitted " through three or four hands only. Hence it is eafy to " conclude, that the hiftory and inventions of palt ages, •' recorded by thefc perplexed fvmbols, muft frequently *' prove unintelligible; and confequently the learning and *' hoafted antiquity of the nation muft, in numerous in- *' ftanccs, be extremely problematical. " However, we are told bv many of the miffionaries, " that though the (kill of the Chinefe in fciencc is con- " fcfledly much inferior to that of the Europeans, yet the *' morality and jufticc taught and pradlik-d by them arc " moft exemplary : fo that, from the defcription given by *' fome of thefe good fathers, one (hould be induced to " believe, that the whole empire was a well governed *' afFedionate famllv, where the only contcfts were who *' (hould exert the moft humanity and focial virtue. But " the behaviour of the magiftrates, merchants, and tradef- *' men at Canton, fufficiently refutes thefe jefuitical fic- " tions. Befidcs, as to their theories of morality, if we may *' judge from the fpecimens exhibited in the works of the " mifiionaries, we (hall find them frequently employed in *' recommending a ridiculous attachment to certain frivo- " lous points, inftead of difcuffing the proper criterion of *• human actions, and regulating the general conduct of " mankind to one another, on reafonablc and equitable •' principles. Indeed, the only prctcnfion of the Chinefe " to a more refined morality than their neighbours, is *' founded not on their integrity or beneficence, but Iblely " on the alFcfled evennefs of their demeanor, and their " conftant attention to fupprcfs all fymptoir,s of paffion *' and violence. But it muft be confidercd, that hypo- " crify and fraud are often not lefs mifchievous to the ge- " neral interefts of mankind, than impetuofity and vehe- *' mence of temper : fince thefe, though ufually liable to " the imputation of imprudence, do not exclude fmcerity, •' benevolence, refolution, nor many other laudable quaii- •' ties. And perhaps, if this matter was examined to the " bottom, it would appear, that the calm and patient turn " of the Chinefe, in which they fo much value themfelves, " and which diftingui(hes the nation from all others, is " in rea'' y the fource of the moft exceptionable part of •' their I jraQer; for it has been often obfervcd by thofe " who have attended to the nature of mankind, that it is " di(ficult to curb the more robuft and violent padions, *' without augmenting, at the fame time, the force of the " felfifh ones : fothat the timidity, dKTimulation, anddif- " honefty ofthe Chinefe may, in fome fort, be owing to " the compofure and external decency fo univerfally pre- *' vailing in that empire. •' Thus much for the general difpofition of the people : •' but I cannot difmifs this fubiect without adding a few " words about the Chinefe government, that too having " been the fubjeft of boundlefs panegyric. And, on this " head, I muft obferve, that the favourable accounts often " given of their prudent regulations for the adminiftration •' of their domeftic affairs, are fufficiently confuted by their •• iranfadioni with commodore Anfon ; as we have fccn " that their magiftrates are corrupt, their people thievifti, " and their tribunals venal and abounding with artifice. " Nor is the conftitution of the empire, or the general or- " dors of the ilatc, lefs liable to exception ; fince that form " ofgovernmc.it, which does not in the firft plate providi: " for the (ccurity of the public againft the entcrprizes of " foreign powers, is certainly a moft dcfedtive inftitiition : " and yet this populous, this rich and extcnfive country, " fo ponipoufly celebrated for its refined wiidom and po- " licy, was conquered about an age fince by a handful of " Tartars ; and even now, through the cowardice of the " inhabitants, and the want of proper military regulations, " it continues expofeJ, not only to the attempts of any " potent ftate, but to the ravages of every petty in- " vaJer." SECT. XV. 0/ the //?.-)«,/«/ Formosa. fts Situ.itlon, Climuti; I'egelailes, and Anima/s. 77'.' Txacheiy ofthe Chiiufi. A DeJiripliiH of the Part pojifjjtd by thut Nation, an/I of the Perfim^ Drefi, Mannen, and Cuf- terns of the Art//?Yj untier their Subjeilion. Of the Settle- ment mtuk there by the 'Jupanefc, afteruartis by the Diileh, and at length by the Chinefe, "jha obliged the lutter ti Lia'.i the IJhnd. THE idand of Formofa is fituated to theeaft of China, near the province of Fo-kicn, and is divided into two parts by a chain of mountains, which runs through the middle, beginning at the fouth coaft and ending at the north. That part of the ifland which lies to the weft of the mountains belongs to the Chinefe, and is fituated be- tween 22 degrees 8 minutes aiid 25 degrees 20 minutes north latitude. The word Formof.i fignifies beautiful, and the ifland well dcferves the name, it being a very fine country. The air is pure and alway;; ferene, and that part poiielTed by the Chinefe produces plenty of corn, rice, and other grain, and is watered by many rivers thatdefcend from the moun- tains ; but the water is not very good. Moft ofthe fruits that grow in the Indies are to be found here, as oranges, papayas, goyavas, ananas, bananas, cocos, &c. oelidcs peaches and apricots, pomegranates, grapes, figs, chel- nuts, and other European fruits. The inhabitants alfu cultivate a kind of water-melons, much larger than thole of Europe : fome of thefe confift of a white and others of a red pulp, and contain a cool lufcious Juice, very grate- ful to the Chinefe. Sugar and tobacco grow here ex- tremely well, and all the trees in that fide of the idand arc fo agreeably ranged, that when the rice is, as ufual, tranfplantcd in lines and fquares, the whole fouthcrn part refcmbles a vaft garden. There are no tygers, leopards, bears, wolfes, nor wild boars to */e met with here as in China. Horfcs, (heep, goats, and even hoes are very fcarce ; but deer and afles are feen in herds. They have abundance of oxen, which, tor want of mules and afles, fervc for common riding, and, being difciplined betimes, go as good a pace as the be(t horfes in the country. There are but fi:w birds, the moft common are the pheafants, but thiife the fowlers will fcarce fuft'er to multiply. The inhabitants of the eaftcrn part ofthe ifland are dc- fcribcd by the Chinefe as barbarians ; yet they acknow- ledge that they are chaftc, of a fwect and gentle difpo- fition, loving and mutually aflifting each other; difinter- efted and fetting little or no value on their gold and filver, of which they are faid to have fcveral mines. But witK thefe good qualities they are like, othc ■•ncivllized nations, extremely revengeful. They are "", i \<: jive without any regular laws, and to cat only fifh uiid the flc(h of beafts, without (hewing any figns of wo.'fliip or religion. The Chinefe knowing there were gold mines in the ifland before they conquered it, and being unable to find any in that part under their fubjeiSlion, would not venture to crofs the mountains ; but fent a fmall (hip to the eaftern part, wl ere they made no doubt they (hould find them. They met with an hofpitable reception from the inhabi- tants, who gcneroufiy oftcred them lodgings, provifions, andafliftancc; but gave them no information concerning the \ Formosa." A I A. e: the mines, poflibly through jf aloufy of their power. After eight days fearch, they difcovered only fume ingots in the cottages, on which thefc innocent pcuple fuemed tu fet but little value. The friendly natives having aflifted them to equip their veflel in order for their return, the Chinefe, whole ava- rice was inflamed at the fight of thcfc ingots, invited their benefa£tors to a great entertainment, and having made them ail drunk, cut their throats, and failed away with the ingots. The news of this cruel aft of more than fa- vage ingratitude, was no fooncr fpread through the call- cm part of the ifland, than the inhabitants took up arms, and made an irruption into the weftern part, where, with- out mercy, they put man, woman, and child to the fword, and fet fire to their dwellings. Since that time the two parts of the ifland have been almoft continually at war. The lands poflelTiid by the Chinefe in the ifle of t'or- mofa, are divided into three fubordinate governments that depend upon the capital of the ifland, and each of thefe governments has its particular magiftrates, fubjeft to the {governor of the capital : and the governor himfcif is fub- jc£l to the viceroy of the province of Fo-kien, The capital, which is called Tai-ouan-fou, is very popu- lous, and equal to moft of the great cities of China. Every tiling that can be dcflred may there be had in great plen- ty, not only what the ifland itfelf furnifhes, but China and India cloths, varnifh. China-ware, filk, and the fe- veral manufadlures of Europe : there are but few mul- berry-trees in the ifland, and confcquently but little filk is made in the country. The emperor keeps there a gar- xifoii, confifting of a thoufand men for the fecurity of the lottlcment, and no Chinefe can remove thither with his f.imily without a paflport. Almoll all the llrects of the capital arc drawn in a line, and covered feven or eight months in the year to defend the people from the heat of the fun. They are from thirty to forty feet in breadth, and fome of them arc near three Diiles long. Almoft all of them are lined with fliops of China-ware, filk, and other commodities in admirable or- der, in which the Chinefe excel, and it would be exceed- ing pleafant to walk in them, were they better paved, and Icls crowded by paflcngcrs. The houfes are all thatched, and generally built of clay and bamboo; however, the difagrceable mcannefs of thclc buildings is concealed by the tents that cover the ftrects, fo that nothing is to be feen but the (hops. This city has neither walls, or any other kind of forti- fications, tor the Tartars do not love to confine their cou- rage within a rampart, but chufe to fight on horfeback in the open field. I The harbour is fheltercd from every wind ; but the en- trance into it becomes every day more difficult. There were formerly two entrances into it, but one of them is c:hoaked up with fand, and the other, which has a rocky bottom, is not above nine or ten feet deep at high water. The Chinefe have three cities and many villages under their fubjeflion ; but their government and manners be- ing the fame as in China, we fhall not tire the reader with a repetition of them. Thofe of the natives who arc fubjcft to the Chinefe, arc divided into forty-five towns, or plantations, thirty-llx in the north, and nine in the fouthern part. The towns of the north are very popu- lous, and the houfes but little different from thofe of Chi- na ; but thole in the fouth are only a heap of round cot- tages made of clay and bamboo, in the form of a funnel inverted, and thatched at the top. They are from fifteen to forty feet in diameter, and fome of them arc feparated by partitions ; but in thefe huts are neitlier tables, chairs, benches, beds, nor any other furniture. Their beds are the frcfli leaves of a particular tree, very common in the country, which they gather, and fpread upon the ground, or on a board in their cottages, and there lie down to fleep. In the middle of the houfe is a kind of ftove raifed two or three feet from the ground where they drefs their vic- tuals. They are very flovenly at their meals, ufing neither difhes, plates, fpoons, knives nor forks, but place what is provided upon a piece of board or mat, and ufe their fingers to cat with. They eat flcfh half raw, and the jefs it is roafled the better they like it. Their common fogd is rice, millet, and any game they can take, which they cither do, by killing them with their arrows, darts, and javelins, or overtake them by run- ning, for they arc fo fwift as tooutftrip horfcs in thtir lull fpced, which the Chinefe attribute to the cuUom of bind- ing their loins and knees exceeding tight, till they arc fourteen or fifteen years of age. 'rScy hurl their jave- lins fcvcnty or eighty paces with the utmoft exadtnefs ; and, though their bows and arrows arcvery ordinary ones, they kill pheafants flying. The perfons of the original inhabitants arc not at all like cheir neighbours the Chinefe, They arc of a low fta- ture, and have a large head, and high forehead, a wide mouth, high check bones, and a fhort flat chin, with very lit- tle beard. Their neck is Imall and long, iheir body fhort and fquare, and their arms and legs long, fmiill, and ill- (haped. Their whole apparel is a fingle piece of cloth two or three feet long, tied round the waftc, and reaching down to the knees. Yet pride, which takes deep root in the human heart, is here indulged even in nakcJnefs, and gives thefe people more pain and trouble than thofe who arc more civilized feel, to procure the richelb habits-, for fome of them imprint grotefque figures of trees, ani- mals, flowers, &c. on their fkin. But this p'-.vilege, which is allowed only to fuch as excel in running and hunting, colts them dear, and puts them to fuch violent pain, that the operation might endanger their lives was the whole to be performed at once ; they therefore em- ploy feveral months, and Ibmetimcs a whole year about it. However, all perfons arc at liberty to wear in their ears coronets, and necklaces, confifting of feveral rows of fmall grains of difterent colours. Thefc coronets arc ter- minated with a plume of cocks or phealants feathers ; they may alfo blacken their teeth, and wear bracelets above their elbows, and on their wrifls. If we imagine a man with an olive complexion, a fine flcndcr fhape, with his hair hanging negligently on his flioulders, and adorned with thofe f.MitafTical ornaments with no other garments but a piece of cloth round his wafte, and at the fame time armed with a bow and arrows, we fhall have a juft idea of a beau of the fouth part of the ifle of Formofa. In the north part of the ifland, where the climate is cooler, they cover themfelvcs with the (kins of the deer they kill in hunting, and make them into a fort of coats without fleeves. They wear a bonnet in the form of a cylinder, made of the ftalks of Banana leaves, which they adorn with coronets placed one above another, and tied with fillets and bands of different colours, having on the top a plume like thofe before mentioned. When a man is dcfirous of marrying, he goes fcversi days fucceflively with mufic to the door of the ho.'fe where the objedl of his affections rcfides, and if he be agreeable to her fhc goes out to meet him, and then they fettle the terms between themfelvcs; after which they fpeak to their parents, and dcfire them to prepare the wedding feafl. This is made at the houfe of the bride's father, and there the bridegroom continues. Hence they place their good fortune, not in having boys, but girls, who procure them fons-in-law to be the props of their old age- Though the iflanders in this divifion are entirely fub- jeft to the Chinefe, they ftill preferve fome remains of their ancient government. Every town makes choice of three or four old men, mofl diflinguiflied for their pro- bity, to be their judges ; thefe determine all differences, and if any one refufes fo fubmit to their dccifion, he is in- ftantly driven out of tiie town, without the leafl hope of ever returning, and no other town will receive him. To regulate the tribute which they pay in grain, deer, fkins, and other things eafily procured in the ifland, there is in every town a Chinefe who underftands the language; and is interpreter to the mandarines ; but inftead of pre- venting thefe poor people from being opprefl'ed, they be- have like petty tyrants, and exercife the patience, not only of them, but of the mandarines themfelvcs, who arc forced to continue them in their employments to avoid greater inconveniences. There were formerly twelve towns in the fcuth under fubje£tion to the Chinefe ; but three of them revolted, drove out the interpreter, and unit- ed thcmfelves to thofe of the caftcrn part cf the ifland. Thft m T'UTH '■':^.m! ■]*■■''.-] 1;. ; ;i:. H A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Hainak. Kon E> I .: : i I- , The Clilncfc tlicmrilvrs acknowlcilgc, that amnngft thtfc p'-oplc there is ii) cliea'iirjr, robbing, oriiuairclling, ixcpt with tiicir interpreters and that they praaicc all the duties of c;juity and benevolence. Whataer i. given to anyorthcrn, thev will not receive till thofe who Ihar- cJ tile labour, partake ol' the wa^;es. In the year 1620, a Japancl'e lipiaJron cominT; near For- mofa, the comnianJer was lb plealecl with tlie view of the country, that he refolveJ to fettle a colony in the iflanii, anJ therefore Kft (bmc of his men on ihorc with orders to ^ct information of every thinj^ nccellaiy to the execution of his defi.jn. Soon after a Dutch velkl was forced by a florin into the fame harbour, and found the Japanefe in no coniliiioii to oppofe them. They thoutrht the ountrv extremely beautiful, and well lltuated for commerce, anJ there.'ore pr'.teiiiliii;^ to want retrefliments, and to be un.ler a neeeflity of relitting their veilet, which ■was damaged by the liorm, they itayed on Ihore; and fome of them made an cxcurfion into the country, in or- der to view it more narrowly, which having done, ^ they returned on board, and began to refit the vellel. They row defired the Japaneie, whom they were unwilling to offend, for fear of injuring their trade to Japan, to allow them to build a houfe on the brink of the iflaiid at one of the entrances into the harbour, which they alledgcj would be of ufe to them in going ami coming to Japan. 'I'he Japanefe at fir!l: denied their rcqucfl ; but the Dutch pref- iing them to give their confent, and allurin;^ them they defired no more p;rouiid than what could be cnconipaflol with an ox's hide, the Japanefe at lall agreed to tlicir requcft. The Dutch then t.iking a large hide, cut it into fmall thongs, and tying tliem together, cncompitU'ed a fpaci- oiis jiicce of land. The Japanefe were at firft a little vex- ed at this artifice; but were i'ocn pacified, and laughing at the flratagem, fal;'.red the Dutch to build a fort, to which they gave the n.-.me ol' tiic caftle of Zealand. This tort gave the Dutch the command of the harbour, and made them mailers of the only pad'age by which large vef- fcls could enter it. The Japanefe, either difguftcd at the new fort, or not finding their account in flaying in the iil.inJ, foon after quitted it, and returned home. The Dutch, bv thii means, became folc mailers ofFormofa; for the inhabitants were unable to oppofe them. They therefore flrengthened themfelvcs by building a fortifica- tion, confining of four half ballions on the other fide of the !n:rbour, oppofitc to the fort of Zealand. China was at this time all in a flame; the king of the Tartars was feated on the throne, and fcveral of the provinces oppofed him by a vigorous war, which vas carried on v.'ith various fuccefs, till at length one of tl'.c Chincfe generals being defeated, and driven out of Cl.iiia, he turned his views towards Forniofa, rcfolving to drive tlie Dutch from thence, and creel a new kingdom there. The Dutch, who apprehended no dangi r, had rc^lecled to flrenj:thcn themfelves with fupplies or m^n from their other fettlements, and there were only ( !even of them to defend the fort and harbour of Formofa, the reil of the garrifon being compofed of Indians, and of the inhabitants oi the country. Notwithftanding the great inequality of forces, tlie Dutch refolved to defend thcm- felves, which they did with the utmofl: bravery. The Chincfe general cir.ercd the harbour with a fleet compofed of nine hundred fiiil, and landed part of his men, in order to attack the fort of Zealand both by fea and land. The fie^e lall-'d four months, in whicl* the Dutch defended themfelves with their great guns with more fucccfs than they themfelves had expe£led. The Chincfe general v.-as enraged at meeting fuch oppofition from a handful of Eu- ropeans againft a numerous army : and as the Chinefe had not the ufe of cannon, he had no hopes of reducing them, but by famine, which would require a long time, and in the mean while they might be relieved by fliips from Batavia, or by thofe that trade to Japan. He there- fore refolved to make ufe of his utmoft cflbrts againft the Dutch, who had four fliips in the harbour, and had put on board each of them one of their own men, with fome Indian'!, to guard it, the other fcven Dutchmen re- maining in the fort of Zealand. The Chinrfe general finding no other method nfinjiir- and having the advantage of a high wind drove them up- on the Dutch \\hii<; and nf the Uovtimmnt of that Vaitoftht If.'.'.iid, uhich is fiibjitl to the Chineje. H AINAN, which fignifies South of the fea, is a irge iflaiid, bounded on the north by the province ot t^iang-fi, which, in clear v/eather, mav be kax front the coait ; on the call, by the Chincfe fea; on the fouth by the coall ot Cochin-china, and on the weft by part of that kingdom, and part of the province of Qiiang-tonf. Its greatell length, from eaft to weft, is between lixty and fevcnty leagues, and its breadth from north 10 fouth between forty and fiftv, containing near one hundred and fixty leagues in circuit. The climate en the northern part is very unhealthful, chiefly on account of the water, for the inhabitants arc obliged to boil in the morning all they propofe to drink in the dav. 'I'he foil of that part of the iiland is a plain that reaches from the fca-fide about fifteen leagues into the country; but the fouthcrn and caftern parts are very mountainous : yet there are fome vallics in the centre of the illand, which are well cultivated, and produce two crops of rice every year ; but the mountains for the greateft part arc barren. In the midft of the ifland are i,old mines, and in the nor- thern part mines of lapis-la/.uli. Among the trees of the ifland .--.re thofe which yield dra-' gon's blood, and many others of diHerent forts, v\'hieh, on an incifion made in the bark, yield a white juice, which, as it hardens, turns red, but has not the confiftcnee of gum: this matter being thrown into the fire burns flow- ly, and diffufes a fmell weaker, but more agreeable than incenfe. Among the other trees arc thofe called by the Eu- ropeans e.agle-wood, and role, or violet-v\'ood, which is thus named, on account of its fcent. There is alio ayellov/ wood that is very fine, and in a manner incorruptible. Columns made of it are fold at a high price, and arc kept for the folc ufe of the emperor. The ifland not only produces the various fruits 'hat grow in China, but fugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo j they have alio areca nuts and rattan canes. Among the animals is a remarkable kind of large black" apes, that very much refemble the human fpccles, and have features well made ; but thel'e arc verv fcarcc. 'I'here arc others that are grey and very ugly. All forts of game are very plentiful, particularly tleer,' hares, and a kind of wild boars. The partridges and quails arc inferior to thofe of Eu- rope; but fnipes, teal, and all forts of water fowl, are very good. The woodcocks hire arc excellent, and tur- tle-doves, and wood-pi.';eons, are in great plenty. There are likewife feveral forts of curious birds, fome of which are of the fi/c of a linuct, with feathers of a beautiful red, and others of a bright gold colour: thefc two forts ot birds arc always together. There are ra- vens wi;h white rings about the neck, ftarlings, with a. little moon on their bills, and a bird of the Siape and fiz.eof a l)lack-bird, but is of a deep blue, with yellow cars about half an inch long. Thefc birds talk and whiftle to perfection. In the ifland are alfo found fnakcs 01 a monftrous fizc. and arc barefoot thick wi This where tl indepeni with (he they dig wood, fi profits to appear ui villages ; that it is them. I peror, an Many oti of the ifl.i their fhce formed, v Uoth tf the forehe rattan, am piece of c« and covers men wear paint theii llreaks mai ing the Dutch, turned a few of b.is vcflels into f.rc-lliips, j but fv timorous, that they are frighted at the Icaft noife, and Of the Slliin. Vegetables toms of the fital'ity to THOU( tribut caltcrii extre before we tn fubjed to th( Korea is Kaoli ; and . X the thirty- foi it being aboi north to ibutt from caft to country of province of is bounded b' Japan ; and inclofed with them without On the no fold is fo int not grow, the rich have tains are, dui the people, under their fe The moft ci the Toumen, which is one flows to the c: are both prett\ is very good.' All the fout and produces wheat, millet, root fo highlv virtues, is alfo »s in the cou 6 (,;i m KoHEA. S 1 A. C* and arc far from being dangcrfms, a« ihc natives travel barefoot lioth by il;iy .inil ni^-ht tliruu^li the- (iLiins and thicii wocJs without bciii;; hurt. This idaiid is fubjccH to China, except the middle part, where the natives have retired to the niotintains, and live- independent of the inandarinis, They formerly traded with theChiiicfc, v/ith whom they exchanged gold, which they dig out of their mines, China-wood, and Calamba- wood, for other commodities, which brought immcnfc profits to the mandarines ; but thefe iflandtrs fearce ever appear unlefs it be to furpri/x Come of the neighbouring villages i yet they are fuch cowards, and fo ill dilciplined, that it is laid fifty Chinefe would defeat fume hundreds of them. However, a part of them pay tribute to the em- peror, and arc fuftered to poflefs vilhigts on the plain. Many others, particularly in the call and luuthern parts of the iflanil, arc in the fervice of the Chinefe j thcfekecp their fhccp and till their lands, but they arc generally de- formed, very fliort, and of a rcdifh complexion. Jloth the men and women wear their h.iir in a ring on the forehead, and on their heads a hat made of llravv or rattan, and tied under their chin. The men wear only a piece of Cdlicoc, which is cither black or of a deep blue, and covers them from the waill to the knees. Tiie wo- men wear a kind of wailkoat of the lame ihifF, and alfo paint their faces from their eyes downwards with blue llrcaks made of indigo. Uoth fexes wear gold and filver t.ir-riiigs with pendants m»de in the form of a pear and well wrought. Their aims are bows and arrows, in the ufe of whicli they are not very (klllul. I'hey have alfu a kind of hanger, which thev carry in a little ba(kct faltencd to their girdle belii.nd. This is the only inlltuiiient they ufe for iloinj their carpcnteis wotk and clearing their way through the furelts. This idand is in the diftri£l of the province of Quanp- tong. Its capital, which is named Kiun-tcheou, is built on a promontory, and fliips lie at anchor under its walls. 'I'ls governed by two forts of mandarines : thole of the mandarines of learning, and thofe of arms. There are three cities of the fccond order, and ten of the third -, all of them near the fca-fide, and under the jurifdidlion of the capital. In the north of the ifland is the port to which all the barks of Canton relort. It is formed by a wide river, the entrance of which is defended by two fmall forts \ though it has but ten or twelve feet water. The capital is fituated within two leagues of this port, and between them is a large plain, in which are many Chinefe fepulchres. In the fouth part of the ifland is a fine port at the bottom of a great bay, where there is near twenty feet water: by the fliore of tills port are abundance of maritime plants and madrepurws ut ail kinds. I ! CHAP. III. Of KOREA. :k a fe a- nd [lie ze, md SECT. I, Of the Situntion, Extent, Climntf, m;/l S'.il of Korea. In Vegeteihles ei'ttl /Inimals. The Drefi, Miimiers, iiml Cuf- ,oms of the Koream. Their Ihufei defcribed, and their HiJ- pitality to Travellers. THOUGH the kingdom of Korea, or Corea, be tributary to China, yet as it is fituated on the caitcrn extremity of Alia, we lh.-ill give a dcfcription of it before wc treat of that part of Tartary that is immediately fubjciEl to the emperor. Korea is called both by the Chinefe and the natives Kaoli ; and is apcninfulaof Afi,'. that extends from about the thirty-fourth to the forty-third degree of north latitude, it being about four hundred and fifty miles in length from north to fouth, and two hundred and twenty-five in breadth from caft to well. It is bounded on the north by the country of the Manchew Tartars : on the weft by the province of Leao-tong and the Yellow fea ; on the caft it is bounded by the fea of Corea, which feparates it from Japan ; and on the fouth by the ocean. The coafts being inclofed with rocks and fands, ftrangcrs cannot approach them without danger. On the north are long and high mountains, where the fold is fo intcnfc, that the rice and the cotton-plant will not grow. The poor people there feed on barley, while the rich have meal brought from the fouth. The moun- tains are, during the winter, covered With deep fnow, and the people, in order to walk upon it, wear pieces of boards under their feet, to prevent their finking. The moft confiderable rivers of Korea arc the Yalou and the Toumen, both of which rife in the fame mountain, which is one of the liighell in the world. One of them flows to the eaft, and the other towards the weft. They are both pretty deep, and moderately rapid ; and the water is very good. All the fouthern part of the country is extremely fertile, and produces all the neceflaries of life, cl'pecially rice, wheat, millet, a'.d other forts of grain. 'I'iie ginfeniied houfes, that people may know them. Though many medicinal plants trrow^ in the coiintrv, the people arc unacquainted with tliem, and moll of the phyficians are employed by the grandees } fo that the poor, who arc unable to be at the expence of having rccourfe to them, apply to a fet of people whom they erteem conjurors. Adultery and theft are but little known amongft them, and they have fuch little rcafon to be fufpicious, that it is not ufual fo: them to fliut their duors at night. lnd«ci R €6 A SYSTEM or (. L O G U A IM I V, KOR tA. m ' ■:! ^! I '. ; . )' I ■ ■ ■ 1 i ill \ ''6 "" li«H W \.r :■: the rcvolutioiii of "overjimcnt have m.iJe them dcviaf a little from their primitive iiuioceiirL', yi-t ilicy may ftill l)v confidcrcd av a pattern to other nations. Their drcfs i^ a gnwil with lonj; and wide (lecvf!, a high fqiiare fur cap, with a girdle ahoiit their loins, and boots of leather, linen, or fjttin. I'hc qiulity ufu.dly drrfs in purple-coloured filk, and the literati arc dillin- puirticd by wearing two feathers in their caps. The cloth worn hy perlbiis of diftiniliun on public occafioiis, is made of !;old and lilver brocade ; howi er, the poor wear only Ikin.s and cloth made of cottonor hemp. 'I'licir arms are crofs-bows and Ion" fabres. The houfes of the tCore;in5 of quality make a ftately appearance, but thofe of the common fort are mean, nor are they allowed to build as they plcafe, for no man mult cover his houfc with tili's without leave ■, cm wliich account they arc generally thatched with ftraw or reeds. 'I'hefc houfes are fmall, coiililting of one llory and a garret over it, in which they lay up their provilions ; but they have feldom more furmtuic than is abfoluttly nccellary. They are built v.-ith wooden polh fixed in the ground, and the fpaccs between tilled up with Hone to the tirlt Itnry. The reft of the ftruflure i^ of weod, plallcred without, and covered on the infide with white p.iper; the floors are vaulted, and in winter they make a fire underneath, fo that they are always as warm .is it in a Hove. The nobility have always an apartment in the front of the houfc ill which they receive their Iriends and divert thcmfelves ; and there is generally before their houfes a larjc fquarc with a fountain, or a fith-pond, and a j^ardcn with covered v.'alks. Tradefintn and the chief citivens have generally a v/are-houfc adjoining to the building in which they dwell ; and there they treat their friends with arrack and tobacco, for there arc few of either lex but what fmoak. The children of four or five years of age are alfo fond of fmoaking. The women's apartment is in the moll retired part of the houfe, where none niiit^ approach them. Some wives, however, are allowed the liberry of feeing people and going to fealb, but they lit by theml'clves facing their huftands. In the country are abundance of houfes for plcafurc, to ■which the Koreans refoit to fee women dance, fing, and play upon mufical inilruments. In (iimmcr they enjoy this recreation under the cool flude of a pleafant grove. They have no innj for the entertainment of palTengers, but he who travels tits down at night near the pales of the firft houfe to which he comes. Thofe within foon bring him boiled rice, and drefs meat for his fupper. He may ftop at as many houfes as he plcafer, ; but in the great road to Sior there are houfes where thofe who travel on public affairs have lodging and diet, at the expeiice of the public. SECT. II. Of their Mnrriages, the Erlucatlm cf their Cinidrt>i, nnd ' their Msurning at the Death of a Parent. Of their Lan- guage, and tiiffeunt Mannen of I'/riting. KINDRED are not permitted to marry within the fourth degree. As the girls are marrif d at eight or ten years of age, they arc never courted by their future hutbands. They no fooncr change ther (fate, than they remove to their father-in-law's houP;, where they refide till they have learned to get their living, or to govern their family. The marriage-ceremony is very fimple : the man onlv moimts his horfe, and riding about the town, attended' by his friends, at laft flops at the bride's door, where he is received by her relations, who focn after con- duit her to his houfe, where the marriage is ccnfummated without any other ceremony. A man has the liberty of keeping as many won en abroad as he can maintain, and may a: any time repair to them without fcandal ; yet none lives with him but his wife. Noblemen indeed have two or three women befides in the houfe, but they have nothing to do with the management of the family. The Coreans ufe their wives little better than tlaves ; and though a woman has borne her hufband many children, he mav put her away on the (lightefl pre- tence whenever he pl.'afes and take another: but what is Hill more iinjull, he can compel her to take anJ maiut^in the children. I'areiils aie indeed very indulgent to their ofT^prinj, aii. If a frecmai) lies with a ftnrale llave their children arr Haves, and thofo whole lather and mother are both llavcs arc the property of the mother's mailer. The nobility and freemen in general arc very careful of the education of their children, and put them while younj^ to learn to read and write. The mailers ufe no rigour in their manner of teaching, but manage all by lair means. 'I'hey infpire their fcholaia with emulation hy giving then* an high idea of learning and mentioning the worth of thofe of their ancellors, who hy Itudy have acquired great wealth. Hy fuch exhortations they make them improve in expounding the writings they give them to read, in which all their learning confiHs. There arc befides iii every town a houfc where the nobility, aceoidin.; to an- cient cutloiii, alienible the youth to make them leail the hitlory of their country and the triaU of thole v^ ho have fullered death for th.-ir crimes. Afiemblies are alio annually held i:i two or three towns of each province, to which the youth alienible to get em- ploj'mcnts cither by the pen or Iword. T'he governors e.f towns fend thither able deputies to examine tliem, and choofc the bcft qu;.l;ficd ; and, accoid- in,(» to the report made to them, write to the king, whr> bellows employments on thole who arc cUetmed worthy of them. 'I'he old ollieers, who have had only ciwi or military commilhons, at this timo endeavour to incrcafe their revPiineby ohtaininx both ; hi!"- cheir alpiiin^ to tlielc; honours is often attended with ruin fioin the pieJents they make, and the treats they give to or (.tin voles. When a freeman dies hischildr-'n mourn three years, during which time they are incap.ibl; .f any employment; and thofe who enioy any polls are rbliged to quit them : it is not even lawful for them to lie with their wives ; and fliould they have any children born during the mourning they would be accounted illegitimate. The mourning- robe is a long hempen cloak, without any thing under "it hut what is made of fackclotii. On their caps, which arc of t,rccn reeds interwoven, they wear a hempen cord in- (Icad of a hatband. They never go without a great cane or (lick in theii hn.nd, which ferves to dillinguifh w!-o they arc in mo i.ing for; the cane denoting the father, and the (lick \\t mother. During the whole time of mourning they never wafh, and conlequcntly appear ex- tremely nafly. As foon as any one dies his kindred run about the (Ircets flirieking and tearing their hair. They take particular care to bury him honourably in fome part of a mountain chofen by a fortune-teller. Every corps is inclofed in two coffins, each of which is two or three fingers thick j thefe are put one within the other, and painted and adorned according to the ability of the perfon who purchafes them. They gener.-.lly bury their dead in fpring . J autumn. Such as die in fummcr are placed in a thatched hut railed on four flakes, till the rice harvcd is over. When they intend to bury them they bring them back to the houfe, aii.i fet out at break of ("ly with the bod)', the bearers finging and keeping time as they go, while the relations atid friends of the deceafed make the air refound with their cries. Three days after the latter return to the grave, where they make fome oft"erin'.^s, and eating all together arc very merry. The great men have fepulchres of flone, on which arc cut their names, qualifi- cations, and employments ; but the common people have only graves five or fix feet deep. Every full moon they cut down the grafs that grows on the crave, and ofter new rice upon it, that being their greateft fellival next to the beginning of the new year. The children having performed this duty to their pa- rents, the eldeft fons take polVefTion of the houfe, with all the lands belonging to it ; andthcrclli? divided amon- the fons, the daughters beinj faid to have no (hare on account of their having no fortunes to give their hufbands, except their cloaths. When a father is fourfcore years of age he declares himfelf incapable of managing his ellate, and refigns it up to his children ; upon which the eldeft takiiiJ KuREA. taking pol f<'r Ins I II iind fiippm Their l<< ing and ar ti ree fiirts ihokes, lik fecond is s and goviri which is a niiiii peojile in the otiiei All thefe pencil. Thi and man life Copies of tl of fire they blocks or w of time by i The Refpefl teive the 1 of the Goi Soldiers. i AS Knre: quercd dor comes th the people pi court, goes < lodging. Th ry refpeiSl tha himftlf. He ters, who en time he rem; to the palace, or twelve feci no other em of the amball king, who is ftudies every he may niak< cf China. The king over his own in the lands, thofe ellates from the nui fea and land day at court, cd before the manage any have the fir" until fourfcor iinexccptiona employments rife. The gi removed ever they being accufation of dominions. When his the nobles of confining of a garment of body of fold of foot and others playin cd by the life The king is i nopy. Wliei they mud tun or fo much a of (late, or fo he puts all t! perfons cithe •long tlis wa In KoaEA. ASIA. C% talcing; pofliirmn, liuiUls a houl'e at the ccmiiii.n cx|wnrc f 1 r liit (.kIkt ;iikI iimthcr, whirj lie loj^ti with thcni, «inl ('ii|)|n ll>cm, ttc4tiiii^ thtin with the gtcatcK rofjKit. I'hcir laii;;ii.i^c i> very copious, .iritl their W4y of writ- ing iimi iirilliini tic- nrc very harj to learn. 'I'hcy hjvi- ti rcc forts ot wtiliii;.'. 'I lie lirlt confilU of large broad ihoki's, lik': th;it ol Chiii.i, ami is uful in printing. The ItconJ is akinil of ruiinin;; li.ifiJ ufe«l by the great itieii anil yoviriiors, in anl'wtiing petitions. The third, which ii a riiJur fcrawl, is ufcJ by women, and the com- n\un pciijilc i it bcinc; ealiir to write in this character than ill the oilier two, names and things never before heard of. All thifi- kinds of writings arc performed with a hair pniril. They have abundance of old books, both primed andnianufcript, which are preferved with the utmolt care. Copies of thein are depoliteil in Icveral towns, that in cafe of tire they may not all be dellroyed. They print from blocks of wood, like the Chincfc } and keep ttteir account of time by moons. SECT. nr. The Reftcff fnid to the Chinffe Amhojfdtr^, \uli cemt h rt- cave thi ^Iribiitc. The I'ouer ef the Kinr., iimi the Firm of the Govcnimcnt. Hit Rnrniie, Miiit'iry Officers and ScUicrs. uilh the Punijhmenti infiiHtihn Criminals. AS Korea is tributary to the caftern Tartars, who con- quered it before they fiibdued China, an ainbalHi- ;t the nioiiiitains. Thefe arc efteenud the belt foldicrs j they obey idHcets thofen out of their own body, and oblcrve the lame ilifci- plinc as the ollur tmoiis. 'I'hol'c turned nl lixtv are ren- dered incapable of duty, and ti.eir cliiKlren Inpply their places. The far gieatcft part of Korea being incompaftid bv the lea, every town is obliged to fit out and maintain a fliip. Thefe have generally two malls, and about thir:/ oars, to each of which there are five or iix men. Tj'.ey carry fome fmall pieces of cannon, and alio artilieial iiicworkj. Every province has its admiral, who onee a year taltc-. a view of thcfc ytftelb, and gives an account ot what he ob- ferves to the high admiral, who is fometimes prcfe.nt at thefe reviews. It', wlien he is prefent, any of the admi- rals, or officers under them, commits a fault lie is pu- niftied with baniftimcnt or death. The revenue for the fupport of the king's houfhold and his forces arifes out of the duties paid for every thinj pro- duced in the country, or brought by tea. In all towns and villages there are ftore-houfes for the fruits of the earth, which the farmers of the revenues take upon the fpot in harveft time. Thole who have employmcius un- der the government receive their falaries out of the reve- nues of the place where they rcfide, and what is raifed in the other parts of the country is affigned for the payment of the tea and land forces. Juftice is fever^ly adminiftered among the Koreans; whoever rebels againrt the king is dcitroyed with all his race; a proceeding equally contrary to juftice, and fhock- ing to humanity : his houfes arc thrown down, and no man dares ever rebuild them: all his goods are forfeited, and lomctimcs given to private perlons. Nothing can (.WQ the man tVom punilhnient, who endeavours to inter- cede for the guilty, or to cxpoftulate on the cruelty of this feiitenec. If a woman murders her hufband fhc is buried alive up to the fhoulders in a high way, and an ax being laid by her fide, all patltniTcrs, who arc not noblemen, arc obliged to i;iyc her a itrokc upon the head till (V.c expires. The jud^ies of the town, where this crime is committed, are fufpended from the execution of their office, and the place being deprived of a governor is made tubordinate to ano- ther town, or at belt only a private gentleman is Icl't to command in it. The fame penalty is inflidted on Inch towns as mutiny againft their governor, or fend falfe complaints againft him to court. It is lawful for a man to kill his wife for adultery, or any other heinous crime, on proving the fa;f . But if the woman thus killed was the flave of another perfon, he muft give three times her value to her owner. Slaves who murder their mafters are cruelly tormented, till they expire; but they think it no crime for a mafter to kill his own ftave upon a flight provocation. Murderers U 1 I I ■slM «« A SYSTEM or G E O G R A !• 11 V KOC.EA. \y MuiJcreri are punlfhcd in the rnllowirig manner. Af- ter they lavc lunj; tr.iniplcJ upon tiK' (riinui.il, they pixir vinegar, in which they h.ivc w.i(Jicil the |>iiiiiHcil caiciilc ofthi.' perfcn murik'rcJ, thiotr^lia liiniul >li>wii hit ihro.it, nnJ when he u lull, beat him on ilic h.lly with cuJj^i'K till he biirlli. Kcibbcrsarc trampled tn death. If a finplc man be fnunJ in bid with a Mi.irrleJ wom.nn he in Ittippol till he li.M nothing ii;)on hiin but .1 p-iirol drawers, then daiibini; his laie wiili Innr, (hey luii iin arrow through each ear, and talUn a liltle drum on hi> batk, whi( h is beat ihioir^li the ftreets, in order to ex- pofe the otleiidir, wholt- puiiilhiTKiit eiiJi with hit rtteiv- ing forty or litty Ktokcs with a tuJgil on lii^ bare pollc- riorn i but the woman nceivcs lhi.iii with drawirt oil. The men are fo jealous that they fildom allow their belt lricnd.s to fee their vvIms, If a married m:in be cauf;ht lyin;i with another man's wife, he is to fuller death. 'Jhis chliily happens among people of rank. The eiiminal's father, iflnin.;, or elle his neareft relation, is ubli;.'ed lobe the exeeutioiu rj but the ofreiider is to iliulJ his death. 1 lie man generally (lefuen to be run through the back, and the woman to have her throat rut. Thofe who, at an appointed time, do not piv their debts arc beaten twiee or tlirieo amonihon the fl^in-bonc^, wliieh is continued till they liiul means to iiifjiar;i' them ; luilifthev die before ti.ev fitisl'y the creditor, tluii neai- clf relations mull pay it for them, or futter the U^n- pu- iiifhinent. J'he llijiiteft piiniflimcnt in this country Is beinj barti- nadocd on the buitoel;«, or calves of t!ie le^*, which they con:"der as no dilgrace, it b-ing to very common, that they are often liable to it for fpcaking a word amils. When a pcrf mi is bailiiuuiocd on the lliin-bones, i!\cy fie tlic criminal's feet together on a fmail bench f.iur lin- gers bro.ul, and laying another under his hams, which are bound to it, they llrikeon the (bins with a fort ol l.ith of oak, or ;i.lder, two inches broad, about the thicknels of a erown-piccc, and as Ion;: as a man's .irm. 'I'liey are lint to give above thirty ilrokes at one lime, and two or three hours after they lepeat them, till tiie whole number be complete according to the leiitencc. When they are to be beatui on the calves of the legs, it is done with wands as thick as a man's ilnimb. 'I his pimiflimeiit is inflicted upon women and fervaiits, and while it lalts the luminals make fuch lamentations as are very painful to the jcitators. When an oHcnJer is to be baftinadoed on the foles of the feet he is feated on the ground, and bis feet being bound together by the great toes, are placed en a piece of wood, and beat with a cudgel, as bi- as a man's arm, and three or four feet loiijj. The badinado on the pollirinrs is thus performed : the men being ftripped are laid with their faces to the ground, the women have a pair of wet drawers left on, and in this pofture they beat them with a laigcr and longer lath than that betorementioned. An luindred ilrokes are cqiiivo- lent to death, and many die before they rcceiie filty. SECT. IV. O/tht Religion of the Koreans, and of their PiUfh, Mena- Jtiiif iiiiii Xuns. THP' Koreans appcartohavc \cry little religion. The people at their lellivals repair to the temple, where every one lights a piece of fweet wood, and putting it in- to a vtilel, place it before the idol, aiul making a low bow, depart. This appears to be all the religi.ius worfliip they pay to their gods. Thev are of opinion that the virtuous fhall be rewarded, and the wicked punifhed, but as they have no religious niyileiics, nor preaching, they are free from all ilifpuces about matters of faith ; and ignorance and uniformity of fcntinient is preferved throughout the kingdom. 'I'hc piicrts oft'cr perfumes bc.'bre the idols tw-iee a day ; and on fellivals, they all make a noife with their kettles, bafons, and drums. The temples and moii"(lcrics crciSed by the contribu- tions of the people, are very ir.imcrous, and are generally built on motiiitaiin. Some of Ihefe hoiifci of reiiremtnl contain live or fix htindrtd itli;;ioin, mid within the libir. ties (if lonie towns ihrre are at le.ll lour Ihoufand of ihein. I hey arc divided into lompamea oi tin, iwcniy, aiij lomiiiinii tliiiiy. ■) hedd.Ugovi nil, ami if any one m ^. leels his diitv, he has llie power ol ordering the oth'M ut puiiifli him with iwenl\ or tbiitv Hrokes on ihe poliniots j but il he is guilty of .my hi iiinus olfente, they deliver him up to the governor of the town to which they be- long. As every man is at libeity to cmbr.ier a religious life, Koie.i fwarmi with thole of this profellion, wiiicli they are the more reaily to embrace, as they mav quit it whenever they pleafe. However, thel'e monallics aru generally held in as little tllecin as the Haves, on accoiinl; ol the taxes they are obliged to pay, and tlie wuik they aie lorctd to peifnrm. Their luptnors are highly efJecmed, cfpecially when they ate men of fonic liarningi for they are loiifulered as I'.randeis, anil lielng called the king's reli({ioui men, we.ir the badge ol their order over iheir 1 loaths. They p.y their vihu on liorleb::e k, fhave lioih their he.ids and bi.irds, are le.rbid tocoiueife with women, and to i at any thiinf thath.id liie. 'I he breach of thele rules is piinKlied wiili leventy or eighty ilrokes on the buttocks, and with be- ing b..iiillied the monallery. \\ hen they .u.' (iiU ihave'd lliiy imprtis a mark on their arm, which m ver we.ns o:f. The inteiior prjill ^ work for their living, 01 loll.nv (omc trade, but fume of them Ipiiid thiir time in begjinT, yet all ol them have a fni.dl allowame iioin the govi rdor. The/ educate elulilren in their houlc', teaching th< m m read and write, and if any of the boys conleiil to be (haved, , they retain them in their lirvice,' and receive what they I e.irn, but when their mailer dies they become liee, aiiel heir to all his goods, and theiefore tin y arc obliced lc» moiiin lur him a> if he had bien ,1 latlier. I There is another fort ofreligious men, who, like the j former, abltain from H^lh, but are not lliaven, .ind aie : allowed to ni.irrv. 'Tis rcmaikahle, that they liavit a tradiiion that man- kind had originally only one'laii^uige; and that the di lif.n of building a te.wer to alcend up into the heavens, caulcd the conlulion of toni'ues. The nobles ; requent the monallerics to divert themfelvos, either with the common women they find there, or with others they take with them, for they arc delightfully lltii- ateil : lluy all afford the liiielf profpi ft, ami have very beautiful gardens, fo that they fceni r.ither to be pleafuie- honfes than buildings formed for the fcrvicc of the temples. In the city of bior are two convents of reli,;ious women, one of maiels of quality, and the other of thofe of the infe- rior fort. Thefc reiiwious women are all Hiaved, and obferve the fame rules as the men. They are maini.iined by the king and the neiblcs; and are not coiifiiud for life, but have leave to marry, SECT. V. Gflht TraiU of the Koreaiit, THE Koreans have fcarce any tr.ide but with the Ja- panefe, and the pceiplc of the ifland of Ceu.Nim.1, who have a Itoiehoufe in the fouth part of the town ot" Poulang. They fupply Korea with pepper, fragiaiu wood, alliim, bufi'aloes, horns, goats, and hiicks-liiiis, and, in ex- change, take the produce and manufaaures of the country. I'he Koreans alio carry on foine trade with the northc'u ports of China in linnen and cotton cloth ; but it is attend- ed with great expence liom their being obli;rcd to travel many leagues on liorfebaek. None but the rich merchants ofSiortr.ide to Peking, and they are always three months at lealt on the ro.id. There is only one fort of weight anil meafiirc ufoj throughout the kingdom, but it is" very much abufod by the trader?, notwithllanding all the precautions of the go- vernors. They have no money, but pieces called cii'ics, which only pais on the fionticrs of China. They pafs filver by weight, in fniall ingots, like thole brought from Japan. They cait accounts with little (licks, a's fome other na- tions do with counters: but have very litile knowledge in arithmetic. CHAP. %i r ('^) 1 CHAP. IV. Of EASTERN TAKTARYi or, the Country of the MANCIIEVVS. S !, C r. I. i)j Tarlnry lit ^rrtfrnl, ,inil p.irliadurU tif F.i/lirn Tmliiry. Ill SitiiiiliiH, Ext'iti, unit Ciimat/. Iht Pnvime tf Mug- d.tl mil ill (••ifiitiil /t,-J'iriti,iL Tin R'tul form-l for iht Em- f,r:r fivn Peking It ikil City, loii utTartary, a Cdimtry ot v,»(t cx- tnit, wIh< Ii takiii in its iitnmll limits, riaclicj from the f.allirn Ocean to the Cnljiian Si» j anJ troni Korea, China, and the two liiickharia', to Siberia and Riiflia -, incluihnp all the midille pait of Alia. This priHliuioui. extent of country, inhabited bv Tart u . o( diftcrcnt deno- minalidns, and dittorcnt manners, is fitiiatcd between the fifty hfth and one hundred and forty lirlt degrees nf lon- njtude from I,oi\doii, and brtwn-n the thirty fiventh and hfty- fifth derrees of latitude. Whence it is three tliou- Cand fix hundred miles in length, and nine hundred and fixty in breal in the defcriptifin. ot thofe defolate countries, which atl'ord little entertainment to the reader, (hall be as concile as pof- fible. The country of the M.inchew Tartar-, is fituatccl in the north of [,.iotonr, the molle.iftem province of China, and from fouth to north extends from the fortv-tirll to the fifty-third dej»ree of nnrth l.ititude ; from welt to ea(t from about the one hundred and fourth dei^iec of loiij^itude from I.iindon to the f^adern Ocean ; .uid is boinided on the north by the creat river Sa:haliaii-ula, on thefnuth by the province of I.aotong and Corca, on the call by the EalKrn Ocean, and on the welt by the territory of the Alongoh. Thoujjh ih." extent of this country ii fo very large it W.Ti always thinly pcopkil, efpecially lince the emperors- of China drew many of its Inhabitants to Pekin.;. The air, notvvithltanduig its fituatioii, is extremely coM, and the country mountainous and full of forelts. The I'artars chicHy inhabit the banks of the rivers, where they build their hut«, and divide their lives between himting and filliing i for as they have plenty of game and fifti the in- habitants of a great part of this country feck no other lub- firtence. As this wn'; the country from which the prefent em- perors of China received their origin, it is intirelv mider the Chinefe ;^nvcrnment, and is divided into three pro- vinces, Mugden, K.irin-ul.!, and Tfitfikar. The province of .Mukden i.s about two htmdrcd and feventy miles long, and one himdred and twentv-fivc broad. It is incloled by a wooden palifado leven or eight feet high, more fit to mark its bounds, and exclude petty robbers, than to prevent the entrance of an army. The gates arc as weak as the rcll of this trilling fortification, and are only te. i.M H ■ f ;'<5 A SYSTEM OF G 1'. O G R A P II Y. Eastern Tartar-/. I hi i ';> ; "I 1 r»* ' a m^ country to tlic nortli of Mu "Ii'ii rifc's in llcep niouiu^ins, tlu'ii liiilci into ilccp villics, ,mJ is fomctiini-i Iprcid r Miind. Hence it has ever been the principal riches of Lallein Tartary ; and it is fo much valued, that atiVkinj^ an ounce of it i'ells for fevcn times its weight in lilvtr. I'iic Chinele ufe to go into this country among the crowds of mandarines and foldiers continually pafTni;' and repnfiing, and then gettii-.g the ginf'iig return with it to Peking; but in I ;ot) the emperor, chuiingthst the Alan- chews fliou'd reap tliis advantage, ordered one thuufand cf his Tartarian ioluiers, encamped without the great wall, to go and gather all the gjuleng they could find, on con- tlit on that eacii fliould prelent liim two ounces of the belt, and take an equal weight of line filver for the reniaiMder ; and thus the emperor tf.at year procured twenty thoufnvJ pound weight of it for lefs tlun a fourth part of the price at v.hich i: is fold at Peking. 'l"he hcrbalilts lent on this expcditivin undergo ;:reat liardflilps. On beirinning their fearch they quit their horles, and carry neither tent or bed with them, nor any other food but a bag of parched millet; and at nii;ht lodiie upon the ground, eithc under a tree or in a llight hut Joimed with bi'ughs. "I'he oiTicers who encamp at adillance, in pi ices that aftord p.irture for tlieir cattle, inform tiieni- felves of their diligence by perfons they fiom time to lime fend to them with beef or the game they kill. 'I'heir chief danger is from wild bealts efpecially tvgcrs, againlf which thev are obliged to be continually on their guaid. It alter the fignal for the return of the lioop any one be niifling, they conclude that he is devoured ; and, after having fought him a day or two, remove to another place, and continue their tearch with the fame ardour as before. This fatigue and dancer is in a manner inevitable, the plant only grovs iiig on the tides of mountains covered with woods, among the clefts of the rocks, or on the high biiuks of rivers. The gingfeng is cafily ditlinguiflicd from the other plants by which it is furrounded, frequently by a duller of round fruit of a red colour, fuppnrtcd by ilalks that fhoot above the branches. The root alone is ufed in medicine, and has this re- markable quality, that it fliews the number of its years by the remains of the branehe.-. it has knt forth. Its age en- hances its v.iluc, for the largeil and iirmeft of thefe roots are the befr. The ri\-rr Ufuri, which falls into the Saghalian, is the fmeft in the country, both for cicarnels and length of coaft. l"he Yupi Tartars live in villages on its banks, and its fifh ferve the inhabitants both for food and rai- ments. Thefe Tarf's are fkillcd in drefling (kins, which they dye of three or tour colours, and few them fo nea;!y that one would imagine they made ufe of filk, till on lip- ping a If itch or two is ken .m exceeding fine thong, cut out of a very thin hide. They wear the fame drcfs as the Manchcws and L'hincfe ; only the bottom of their loni; robes h.is commonly a red or green border, on a white or grey ground. The women alio hang little bells or fmall pieces of brafs coin at the bottom of their mantles, which, by tl'.cir gingling, give notice of their ajiproach. 'I'hcir hair, v.';ich is parted into fewral trtllcs, falls upon their flioulders, and is covered with lings, bits of looking- ijlafj, and other b.iubies, which they elletm as jeweN. 'I'heir nianiur of lile i; no lef: extraordinary. They fpmd all the lunimcr in fdliing, and l..y up one p.irt of' v\hat they catth to m.^ke oil for their Jai ps ; ariotl.ei jjajt fervcs for tluir daily food; and the red, whiJi thev dry ill the fun without faltin-.', is laid up lor their winier pro- vilions, and ol tins both tb.e men and beads leed ■.vhen the rivers .ire frozen. Thefe people feem to have great (frtngdi and vigour, and vet the animals ufed lor food are very fcarce and extremely til tailed. \\'lien the rivers are frozen they travel upon them in fledges drawn by dogs, which on that account are highly valued. The nii.'Tionarics, in palling throutrh the province of Ki:in-ul.!, met a lady of Ufuria coming from l'ci;inLr, v\heic her hul1\ind, who had been general in ciiiet of this nation, v/as lately dead ; (he told them, th.it fhe had an luindicl dogs for her fledges, one ufed to the ro.id went before, ami was followed by thole in hainefs to the end of the llage, where they were relieved by others fiom the fpaie pack. She r.li'iircd them, that (he had often lun an bur lieil Clii- nefe furlongs, or ten leagues, without relling. Inilcadof bringing the mifllonaries tea, which is culiom.iry among the CIrinele and Tartars, her attendants lerved up (iiiall pieces of llurgeon upon a neat rattr,n falver. 'I'his lady, wiio under Hood Chinefe, had a very dill'ercnt air anil manner from tlufe 'V'upi Tartars, who are gcne- r.illy of a peaceable dilpofition, but heavy, uiipoldhed, ruul without tlie leall tir.^ture of liar. 'ill!.', or any public religious woifliip; theCliiiul'' idols theiidelves nut iu.ving as yet been introduced ani' them. 'I'his the Jefuitj atiri'uute to the puornefs of the coujury ; and the Bonzes n.ot being willing to enter a pl.ice wliere the people low neiiher wheat nor lice, but only alittie tobacco near eatli vill.ige on t!ie banks of tin: river. All the rell ot their country is covered with a thick and alniolt impenetrable wood ; whence they are aniKAed with acloud of nuiike'.oes, which they are obliged to diive away with fmoke. Almoli all the kinds ol li/li taki.ii in thefe liecrs are to be iound in Kurope, but no Kuiopean river can fiirmlh fuch quantities of (lurgeon. This is the principal Hdierv of the nation; they call it the king of dflies, and eat certain parts ol it r.iw, in order to partake of the virtues thev attribute to it. Next to the (lurgeon they highly pii/.e a fifli that is unknown to us, but is one of the molt delicious that can be eaten : it is alinofl of the fiiape and li/.e of a fmall tunny, buttlie fiefh is intirely red : it is how- ever very fcarce, and the mitTionarics could never meet with it above once or twice. They have fmall boats formed of tlie bark of trees, fo well fewed as to keep out tlie water. The natives commonly fpcar the large tifli, and take thofe that arc fmall in nets. The la;!guage of the Upi Tartars feems to be a mixture of that of the Manchcws, their neighbours on the (oiith and weft, and that of the Kcchcug Tartars on the north and ea(l. 'They have no king or fovcieign, but ever/ company chufes its own chiif, whom thiy ob.y much like the Indians in America. 'The fame mud be faid of the country cf the K'^ciicntr Tartars, wiii.h extends one hundred and fifty leagues along the ba::halian-uhi to the ocean : in all wliich Ipace nothing is to be feeii but ordinary villages, moftly feated on the banks of that great river. Thiy do not lliave their heads like the fubjeits of the empire of China, but wear their hair tied behind. 'Thoie who live at the mouth of thi; river are fiequently \ifited by boats from the illands, which arc very numerous near the entrance, where it is near three leagues over, and every where deep and navigable,, fo that the larged vcflels may iail up it at lead five hundred leagues. lieyond the Saghalian-ulais only a few villages inhabit- ed by the Kcekcng Tartais ; and the reft of the country, being wild and dei.irl, is only (requented by fable hunters. It is eroded by a ch do of mountains, and is watered by feveial livers. The 'Tuluna pira (prings from another chain of mountains in the hity-dfth degiee of north lati- tude, and is the point whence the rivers flow contrary- ways : thu • the Udi-pira directs its courle towards the Northern Sea, and belongs to the Ruflian-,, while (hx Silimd-pirapaireslyuthrVard into the country of die Kecben^ 'Tartars. But Eastern Tartarv. I A. Ii (iiit (ho river mod cc!cbr,Uc\l lit the liillory nftho M.m- ^ much art. ]"or ns tlie water of il\cro rivers is hut flullovv^ rhjws is the S(in';;iri-tihi, which ahouiuls with tiili. 111(1 thcv thr Lirt^c, deep, iind n;uifr,ihk', without ihuiicr thiuii:;hout iOiole courl'e ; it htni;; hut inoi!cr.Ue!\ r.ipiJ, even at confluence with tlie S.i;.^haiian-ui.i. The inouiit.1111 1 whi- it I pun; the hiiihi'ft in i.'eji at a vail ithlllCL ill the uiioer-part v.-hite tha' I'.alKTM Tartarv, and ni.iy h hall'ot'it covere.l with woi'tN with ianJ, whence the Chinel'e imagine that it is ahvay covered with I'novv. On the top are five excecdini; high rocks, that releniMe fo nianv broken pyramids, and are coiitiiiiullv wet with Ibjs and vapours peculiar to this coiintrv. lijtu'fcn them is a lt;ep lake, whence ilow the llrcam tVoin which the Songari takes its rile. S E C T. III. Of the Province of Tfitfikar, and the Citia of Tfilfihar, S.i:_hiiH(m-uln, mid ALrt^hcn, Of the Solan Tartars, ivhn are expert at hunting Sali/es, of the Pearl Fifieries en the Coa/i, and of the Lan^ua^e of the Aliimheiis. TH E third province of Eaftcrn Tartary is that of Tfitfikar, which is bounded on the welt and on the fide of Ruffian Tartary bv two rivers, both of which fall into the Saghalian-ula. Tiie capital of this province is alio named Tfitfikar, and isfituated in forty-feven dc;^recs twenty four minutes north latitude, near the Nonni-ula, a confulcrablc river that f.ilis into the Songari, and is in- clofed bv a ftiong palifado tliat is not verv high, but is lined with a pretty good rampart. 'l"he garrifon chiefly conlirts of 'I'artars ; but moft of the inhabitants aie Chi- ncfe, who arc I'cttled there for the fake of trade, or have been baniflied thither for their crimes. The houfes of both nations arc without the palif.ulo, which indoles little be- fldes the tribunals and the palace of the Tartarian general : they arc built of eait!i. ranged into [Mctty wide lliects, and are all inrlofed by a mud wall. The jurifdiclion of the government of Tfufilcar eNtr nds over the new cities of Merghen and Saghalian-iila, iMir- phen, which is about forty leagues from 'I'fitfikar, is much thinner of people than that citv, and is inclofed wi'h a fimple wall. 'I'he lands belonging to the two lall: cities are fandv and barren, but thofe of the Saghalian-ula yield good crops of wheat. The city of Saghalian-ula flands on the fouth fide of the river Saghalian, and is as populous and as rich in com- modities as riitlikar. The lands about it have feveral Manchcw villages and large forelh in which fables are hunted. 'I'he (kins of the fables caught in this country arc highly cftecmcii by the Tartars for their wear and fcrvice. The Solon Tartars who hunt them are more robult, brave, :ind (kilful than the other inhabitants of thefe parts ; and even their women, who ride on horfcb.ick, draw the bow nnd hunt Hags and other game. Many of thefe Tartars reiide at Nierghi, a confiderable town not far from Tfitfikar and Alerghen. Tlie millionaries faw them let out from thence, on the firft of Odober, to hunt fables, when they were clothed in fliort (Iraight jackets made of wolf fkins, with a cap of the fame, and their bows hung acrofs their flioulders. They had fome horfes loaded with lacks of millet, and with the long mantles of fox and tyger firecs fifty minutes north latitude, is a great inhabit- ■ eil illaiul, which extends four degrees thirty minutes Itoin the nonh-ealr to the fouih-well ; but its produce .ind tlu; manners of the people are yet unknown. (Jn the welt fide of it, near tlie main Luul, are mtmv I'nall idandi ; and between the fiuv-fourth ;'.iid fifty-litlh de- grees of latitude lie the Sh iiitar iflamls, the molt confider- able of which is ShantJilki'V, which abounds not only in wood, but in many ditTercnt animals, particul.uly foxes, fables, II mines, and bears. The principal fowl are fwans, ducks, and geele. Se\cr.il forts of lidi aie found in thu bay, and dilferent kinds of berries in the fields. The Kit of the illesunthis coaft are very i. '.confiderable, except the Kuriliki idaiids, which extend north-eait from japan, and reach to the molt fouthern promontory of Ivamtlchatka. The exact number of thcf' illjiids is un- known, but they arc fuppoled to amount to twenty- two ; but by tlie ticcount of captain Spanber;!;, a Ruilian, who failed from Kanitfchatka to Japan, there app' ..is to be many more. The idands lying iiearcft to Japan, and con- fequently in a more favourable climate, are the moil fruit- ful, and abound with trees of various kind>, amr.ng which are lemons, bamboo, Spanilli canes or reeds, and p.jdonous herbs, whole roots are as yellow as faltron, and as thick as rhubarb, and arc wA\ known to the inluibit.nus of the larthelt Kurihiti idaiid, who formerly piirchafed them of the natives, in order to poifoii their arrows with the lulce. The firll of thefe, which is almoll circular, and extends from the forty-firlt to the foity-fecoiid degree of i.ititude, is divided from Japan by a fmall channel Icfs than twenty miles broad, and by one ftill narrower it is fejiaratcd from the fouth-ealt of Eaftern Tartary. In this illand, whiclx is named Matma, the J.'.pancfe have a llrong guard at the fouth-wtit point, probably to defend the louiitiy from the Cluncfo and Koreans. Not far from thence, upon the lliorc of the channel which feparates iMaiiiia from Japan, is a Japaiiei'e city, of the fame name with the id.iiid, where arc kept inufKcts, cannon, and ammunition for its delence, and where was lately built new fortifications. Mod of the Japanefe fettlements upon this iPand were made by people baniflied thither. The channel between the ifland and Japan is CKtremely dangerous, en account of the rocky capes projecting into it from both fides, and from the rapidity of the fiuod at ebb and dow. This id.ind and Kunatir, which is Icjiarated from it only by a finall channel, together with two others, iiamei Etiirpu and Urupc, according to the new dil'enveries m.ide by the Rudi.iiis, conllituie the land of lefo, o"- fedl'o, which h.is been fo yarioufly laid down in the Eureipean majis. Upon the idand of Kunatir are great numbers of pine, Ian h, and fir trees ; but there is a fcarcitv of good water, riicre are here wild animals in abundance, particularly bears, whyfc Ikiii; ar« uftd by the inhabitants for cloaths. Tha II 'M (.. .! 1 1 I ;ir A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Mongols Country. ;';< ; i^ I l;' ■ J '1 The native: alfo wear long filk cloatlis, like the Chiiicfc, niul have long beards ; but pav little regard to clt.iiilincls. 'J'hey teed on filli ai'.d wiiales t'jt, aiiJ jie upon the (kins (if wild goati, ot' wr.icli tr.ere ib threat plcii:;, hi the illanJ. Though they live near Japan, tney acknowledge no ("- vereign. The Jaj-.ancl'e come to them every year in their ihiall crat't, bringing all lorts t!' iion-vvare, coppir pots, japaiied waiters and bowls, leaf tobacco, and liik and cotton fluffs which they exchange witli them for the fknis of Coxes and whales fat. The natives ot Kunatir bid the Ruffians who come thither beware ot' the inhabitants of the iflanJ of Matma, becaufe tney had cannon ; alking them, at the fame time, wiietlier they came from the north, and if they were thofc who are famous for their armies, and able to wage war with and conquer every nation. | The Eturpu and the Urupe illanJs are fituated next to ] Kunatir, andarc called by Spanberg the Green and tJrange Iflands. The natives, who call thcmfelves KeeklCuriles, ; rcfemble thofe of Kunatir. Tliere is f.ife anchoring in the | mouths of the rivers for large fliips, particulaily in the illand Eturpu. To thtle two ifl.mds Japan filk, cotton iluffs, and utcnfils, are brought by the natives of Kunatir, vviio purchafe them from the inhabitants of .Matmar. On the other hand, the natives of Eturpu and Urupc make cloth of nettles, which thcv fell to the Japanefe: they alfo fell to them all forts of t"ur>, which they have among themfelves, and whicii are alfo brought to them from the illands near Kamtlchatka; likewife dry fifll and whale's fat, and thcfe are faid to be cr.iried to Japan. t)f the other illanlj wc tind nothing remarkable, till we come near to Kaintfchatka, except that the uninhabited iilaiul named Araumakiitan has feme burning mountains: we fhall therefore only dtfcribe the tv.o iKareit to that peninfiila. 'I'hefe are Scluiintfchu and I'aromulir. The former of thefe iflands is divided from the northern extremity of Kamtlchatka by a channel fifteen verib, or KiiHiaii iniks, in breadth, and is fituated within the liftv- tiril degree of n(/rth latitude, extending in 1-ngth from inu north- call to the fouth-eait fifty verfls, anil in breadth about thirty. Scluimtfchii is lull of mountains, ifom which, and the finiiU lakes and masflies, flow many little rivers into the (ea. In lome of tiicle are found different kinds of lalmon and other filh, but not in luch plenty as to tarnifh the inhabitants with proviiions lor winter. Paromufir is twice as large as Schurntfchu, .""rom which it is leparated by a channel not two miles broad ; but nu veflcl can lie in it wiihout danger, there bcin ; no good anchorage, and the fliore is Keep and rocky. This iilaiij is alio mounta:iious, and has as in:iny lakes and livuleis as the other ; but on both is no other wood than the (laneta and emick, which are ufed by the inhabitants for futl j and they build their huts with difterent kinds of trees, which they find thrown on the ihorc by the waves from America and Japan. Between the inhabitants of thefe two iflands, and thole nearell Japan, a commerce was formerly cllabliilied, when thofe of the remote iflands brought to them all forts ol v.'.rnifhed wooden-ware, fcymitar;, filvcr rings, which they wear in their cars, and cotton cloth ; and from them they chiefly took in return eagles featheis, which were ufed in pluming their arrows. Both thefe illands are fubjeit to frequent and terrible earthquakes. Eor this account of the Kurilfki iflands we are obliged to the Hiilory of Kamtlchatka, tranflatcd from the Ruflian tongue by James Grieve, M. D. a work of lingular merit, which contains many important difcoveries and many entertaining particulars. CHAP, V. Of the Country of the MONGOLS and KALKAS. m A -,.'■■ 1 • ( I ', SECT. I. Of the Ccutitiy of tl.h- Mongols. lis SIltiiilicN and Extnit. The Cilmiite, Sell, nii/l Animals, Tie Perfoiis ami ))ref< of tl:e Inbahltatits Their Tents, Fiod, Manners, Ciijluins, Gyjermnent, Trade, and Religion. THE country of the Mongals, Mongols, or Mon- gul?, calhd by fome of our European geographers Mongalia, i^ divided into fcveral different tribes of Tartars ; but wc ili:ill here only treat of the Mongol?, properly fo called, and of the Kalka Mongols. The territories of the former arc bounded on the ead by the country of the Maiichews, on the fouth by the wall of China, on the well by the defart of Kobi and the country of the Kalkas, from which it is feparated by the limits I'lNed by the em- peror of China, and on the north by the Kalkas and part of Eailcrn Tartary. This is a country of very great ex- tent, it being fituated between the thiity-eighth and forty- fcventh degrees of latitude, and between the eighty-eighth and one hundred and forty-fecond dcgioe of eafl longitude from London ; fo that it is three hundred leagues in length from caft to weft, and about two hundred in breadth from north to fouth. This part of Tartary has been the fcene of the mofl ex- traordinary actions, for here the great empire of Jcnghiz- Khan and his fucccflbrs had its rife and feat : here were founded the empires of Kitay and Kara-kitay : hcrcall the riches of Southern Alia were carried and diflipated ; and here many populous cities flourilhed, of which there are now fcarcc any remains, and in them the arts and fciences were once cultivated. The country inhabited by thcfe Tartars is extremely cold, even in the places under the fame latitude as France; for in winter the ground is frozen eight or nine months to- rether, which CjcrbilUm attributes to its elevated fituation, there being a continual ilefccnt from Tartary towards China, which fully appears from the rapid courfe of the rivers; this is doubtlefs the principal rcafon, though, as he juftly obfcrves, other circumftances may contribute to it, as the great quantity of fait and falt-petrc mixed with the (and in the country of the Mongols and in the territories of the Kilkas, the great number of mountains covered with wood, and the immcnfe fpace of defart and unculti- vated land that reaches from the North Sea to the borders of China. 'l"hc country is in general unfit for tillage ; but there arc fome fertile fpots, which to all appearance would richly reward the labour of the hufbandman ; and, at the Came time, afford the moft beautiful landfcapcs. Here are mi/ics of excellent tin, with large forefts of fine timber, which is fent even to Peking for the ufe of buildings ; hence the river which runs to that city is generally in a manner covered with large rafts of fir wood. The inhabitants wander from place to place with their flocks, encamping where they find mort convenience for themfelves and cattle: in fummer they commonly choofe the open country near fome lake or river ; or for want of thefe, encan)p about fome wells : but in winter they retire to the fides of the hills and mount.nins, or behind ("omc eminence, where they may be Cheltercd from the north wind ; and at that time the fnow fupplies them with water. Agriculture is not only ncglcAcd by them, but even condemned as ufclefs ; for when the mLTinnaries afkcd the native?, why they would not at leaft cultivate fome little herb-gardens, they repliid, " Herbs arc for the bealts of " the field, and the beads for men." There are (cveral medicinal phants in this country, and particularly rhubarb. 'Their tame cattle confifts of camels, horfes, cows, and fhecp, whofe tails arc about two feet long, and near as much in compafs, commonly weighing between ten and eleven pounds, and each is ainioft one entire piece of fat i thj :vcn the ittlc 01 nnJ '.liul ir as and fat I MoMGOLS Country. A S the bone being no larger than that of other fliccp : but thcfe arc not peculiar to I'artary, this kind of (lii'i;|) bein;^ found in Jiiany other couiitriLS. The iut,n.3 brtcd no beutis but wh/it eat !^;rafs. In this country are hares, phcafants, and all the forts of game common in Kuiope. The deer, which multiply tx>.eedingly in the dil.irts and forclh, diftcr in colour, lux, and iii the fliapc of their horns ; but fome of them rc- femblc thofc of Kurope. The ftat;-call isadiverfion that has been much admired byfoiiic of thecnipeiors of China when they came into th country, and is thus performed : the huntfmen taking fjme ftags heads repair into the foreft before fun-rife, and counterfeit the cry of the hind ; upon which the largcft flags advance near the place where they hear the cry, and flopping, look around, till at length perceiving the Hags lie.;ds th.y tear up the ground with their horns, and in- ilantly run forwards ; but arc immediately Ihot by fomc who lie in ambufli. Y( How goats appear in the plains, but are feldom feeii except in large herds; they are extremely fwift, and of . the ihape and fi/.e of common goats ; but their hair is yellow, and not fo fmooth. Wild mules appear in fmall herds, but arc not like the tame ones, nor can be brought to carry burdens ; their flefh is very different and of an agreeable talle, and the Tartars, who feed much upon it, arc of opinion that it is as nourifliing as the wild boar's. This laft animal, which frequents both the woods and plains, is traced by the earth it turns up to come at the roots on which it feeds. The wild dromedary and horfe refer, "jlc the tame ; the latter is fo fleet, that the fwifteff hunters can feldom reach him with their arrows. Thcfe wild horfcs appear in large herds, and when they meet with thofc that arc tame, furround and drive them away. There are here a kind of elks bigger than the largcft ox i but they are found only in particular diftrids and in boggy grounds in which they delight, and where they arc molt calily killed, their great weight hindering their flight. The chalon, or chtlafon, is about the fize of a wolf, and feems a kiiid of linx. The fl:in is much valu;d at Peking, where they makeufe of it for their upper garment. It has long foft hair of a grcyifli colour. The tygcrs are the fierceil of all the animals of Tartary : their howling alone ftrikes terror into thofe who are unufcd to it. Thofe of this country arc very large and iiimbie ; their ficins arc commonly of a fallow red, and ilripcd with black lifts. T' uugh thcfe animals are fo fierce, they feem in great fear when thcv find themfelves furround- cd by the hunters prefenting their fpcars ; and while the deer driven alon:j fly from lide to fide, in order to efcape, the tygcr fquats on his tail, in the fpot where he firft fees Ms enemies, and for a long time bears the barking of tlie dogs and the blows he receives from blunted arrows ; but at length, thoroughly provoked, he fprings forward with fuch rapidity, that he Items to make but one leap to the hunters on whom his eyes are fixed ; but thofc who are near them are ready with their fpcars pointed, and plunge them into his belly the moment he ofters to feize one of their companions ; and indeed the emperor's hunters are fo quick, that an accident very feldom happens. The intrepidity of the Tartarian horfes at encountering the tygers is very fuiprifing, and yet this only proceeds from ufc ; for they are at firft as fearful of them as other horfes. The Mongols arc very expert in training thcni, and have a great number of every colour. They are par- ticularly dexterous atciitching them when running, with a cord made into a (lip-knot ; and they are alio very expert in breaking of them : they likewife unJerftand their diftem- pcrs, but generally ufe fuch remedies as would be far from agreeing with our horfes. They prefer ftrength and hardi- nefs to largpiicfs and beauty. The Tartarian horfes are indeed not fmall, but rather of a middle fi/c, and amongft luch vaft numbers many aie found as large and handfomc as the Euiopcan. The paus are a kind of leopards, with whitifti fliins, adorned with red and black fpots ; but they have the head and eyes of a tyger, though they are not fo big, and have adift'crent cry, 7 I A. There are plenty of f.iuirrel.=i, foxJS, .-.r.d .•> creature as fmall as an ermine, of whofc ikin^ mantles arc made at Peking to keep out the cold. They arc a kind of land rats, very common in fome of the territories of the Kalkas. They live in companies, and dig in the earth a range of as many little holts as there are males amoni: them, one of whom alwt to tiori heir nder Kalka Mongols, ASIA. 75 and em- the ame drcd anks well ifty- /■•' *""^>' the ords 1 in atcr, nd a north, and after increafing its flrdam by the aJdilion of other rivers, ai. the Sclinrra, at li:n^i,th fa'ls into the- P.iykal, which bcloiigb to the Kuiriaiu, and is the r,ii.a:eil lalcc in all Tartary. The waters of the Twi, which are clear and whnlcfome, after along courlc through fertile plains, finks into the ground near a Iniall lake, and appear no inorc. 'I'hc Selinga ifl'ues from a lake called by the Mongols Kofo, and proceeding from fouth to north, through very fertile plains, is enlarged by many rivers on both fides, and at length difchargcs itfcif into the lake Paykal. Its waters are very good and li;jiit, but have few fifh. The river aiba has its fpring in the mountains towards the frontiers of the Kalmucks, and running call-north-caft lofes itl'elf north of the defart of Kobi. The Dfinmuran has its I'ource in the mountains which crofs the defart of Kobi, and running fouth-eaft falls into the Whangho on the frontiers of Tibet. Two petty khans of the Mongols, under the protedlion of the emperor of China, refide on its banks. The river Argun rifes in a lake of the country of the Mongols, and having purfucd itscourfo towards the m.rili- caft, runs above one hundnd leagues, and at length falls into the great river Sagalian-ula. The perfons, manners, cuftoms, and way of life of the Kalkas, are nearly the fame as thofe of the Mongols ; but the Kalkas pny obedience to one khan, who was once the gre.it khan or emperor of all the Mongols. Indeed fincc the Manchcws have given emperors to China, he is fallen from his antient grandeur ; yet he is ftill very powerful, as he can cafily bring into the field an army of fixty thou- fand horfe ; and though he puts himlulf under the pro- teftion of the emperor of China, inllead of paying him tribute, he annually receives from that emperor prefents of fkins. The Kalkas, as well as the Mongols, have alfo a khutucktu at the head of their religion ; but he is not fub- jeil to the dalav-lama. This prince of the lamas dwells in tents, in thi. largeft of whicn he fits on a kind of altar, and receives the homage of many nations, without returning the falute of any perfon whatever. All conftder him as fomething.more than man, and pay him the fame kind of adoration as to Fo himfelf. The people are fo infatuated, that they believe he knows all things, and can abfolutcly difpofe of the favours of Fo. Regis, who faw the perfon who then aiTumed this charafter, was told, that he had already been born fourteen times, and would be born again when his prefcnt time was expired. The miflionarics pre- tend, that they rcproaciied him, in the prefcnce of feveral Mongol princes, for being the objeft of a foolifli idolatry, and threatened him with the judgments of God and eter- nal torments; but he heard all with great coolncfs, and continued to receive the adorations that were oftercd to him. The high opinion the Mongols entertained of ium at that time drew crowds of people to Iben-pira, v/here he had refided near twenty years. The place rcfembled a large city formed of tents, and the hurr;' was much greater there than any where elfe in that part of Tartary. The Ruffians of Sclinghinflioy traded thither ; there were alfo bonzes from Indoflan, Pegu, Tibet, and China ; Tartars from the rcmotcft countries, with multitudes of lamas of all ranks ; for they are cf different degrees, though I hey all acknowledge as their chief the great l.-ma of Tibet. l>entinekohfervcs,thatthibkhutujktu was formerly fent by the dalay-lama to the Mongols an I KnlmuL-ks of the north to keep up his authority^in thole parti, on .xeount of their being too remote iVoni his ufual place of reii- dence; but this deputy having once t;;lttd the fueets of Ipiritu.il command, made bold to (et up tor himfjll, which he did with fuch addrefs that lome time after Icarce any mention was made among the Mongols of the dul.iy- lama ; and the authority of the khutucktu became fo well ellablifhed, that whoever dared to doubt of his divinity would be held in abhorrence by all that nation. The court of China had indeed a j'reat hand in this new apotheofib, in order to divide the Mongols from the Kalmucks, and therefore under-hand fupported the khutucktu againft the dal.iy-lania. Whenever the khutucktu removes his camp he is f ii-- rounded by a {;reat number of lamas and armed Mon:;ols, whofluck from all parts with their families to meetliim uii the road, and receive his benediiilion, on paying the fees. None but the heads of tribes, and other perfons cf diftindion, dare prelumc to approach him. He "ivcs them his benedicTion by applying his hand fhut upon their forehead, in which he holds a Itring of beads. The vulgar are perfuaded, that he grows old as the moon declines, and young again with the new moon. .At the faired cer. monies he appears at the found of in- llruments, that refemble trumpets and . vinbals, in a mag- nificent pavilion, covered with China vilvet, and open in front. He is feated croiV-lcngd, after the Tiit:ir fafhion, upon a large velvet culhiMn, havln, or fomcthing remarkable ob- lerved in it ; and even the Ruffian Collaeks iettled there underftand by Kamtfehatka, only the country iUuated near the river of that name, and diftinguifh the other parts of the country by the following appellations : The fouthern part is called the Kurilil;i Country, from the Kurilcs its inhabitants. What is termed The Coaft, extends along the weftern (bore from the Bolfchercttki, or Great River, to the Tegbil. Awatfcha extends from the Bolfcheretiki to Fort .^wat- frha, bv the Bay of St. I'eter and Paul, on the Kaftern Coaft. ' KrHjkais thus named from the Koreki, its inhabitants, and extends from the north of the Kamtfehatka to the Te-hil. Ukoi is the Eaftern Coaft from the river Ukoi. 'I'enhil is the Wellcr:) Coaii: from the river Teghil. The principal r^ers are the Kamtfehatka, the (ircat River, the .Awatfcha, and the Teghil, on all which the Ruffians have fettlements. There are alfo fevcral lakes of confidcrable extent. In this country the lime of harveft and winter take up above half the vcar, for the fpring and lummer fcarccly lalt foar months ; the trees ulually begin to bud at the end of June, and fomc of them begin to drop their leaves in Auguit. The winter is however moderate and conftant, and the frolls are neither extremely feverc, nor the thaws fuddcn. The weather in fpring is pleafanter than in fummer, for though it fomcliines rains, yet there are now and th' n fine clear davs. But the force of the fun icfledtcd from tiie (now in this feafon is (o very great, that the inhabitants are as fwarthy as the Indians, and have their eves (poiled bv it. To prevent thefc inconve- niences as much as poffible, thev generally wear lomething over their tace tilled with fniall holes or nets of black hair, to Icften the number of the rays that v^-ould otherwife fall upon their eyes. This is i wing to the great winds, which drive the fnow I'o clofe, that it is almoil as hard and folid at ice ; and, inftead of allowin!> the r.iys of the fun to 7 ,...;... i^e i^, n-niiSls them wiili piudl^iju: force on the delKale and lei.liui'. i"Tvcs of the retina. The weather in fummer is gein'rally dlfa^reeable, and tor the moft pan lainy and cold, owing to the neighbour- ing mountains being covered with |v r|:etual fii iw. In places dillant trom the (ea the weather is virv dift'o'-.-nf, it being fuie and clear fiom April to t!ic middle of June : the rain does not begin till alter the funmier folllice, and continues till the end of Au^juft. In the winter .irc deep liiows, but feljom high winds ; and wlicn thcle happen, they are of Ihort continuaiKC. The weather is generally clear and agreeable in autumn, except at the end of September, when there arc ulually ftorms ; and as the rivers have a very fwift current, they arc feldom fro/en over bekne the beginning of Novtmbcr. 'i'here are three burning mountains in K.imtichatka, which for many years have thrown out acontinual Imoke, hut do not olten buift into flames. The ni'Hint.iin of Kamtfehatka, which rifci from two rows of hilh; fime- what in the form of a fugar-loaf to a very great hi.it;ht, ufuallv throws out aftics twice or thrice a year, fomciinica in (iieh quantities, that for three hundred verifs round the- earth is covered with them : the laft conflagration began on the 25th of September, in the year 1737, and con- tinued burning a week with fuch violence, that the moun- tain appeared to thofc who were fiftiing at fea like ono red hot rock, and the flames that biirft through f^veral openings withaterrible noife, refembled rivers of fire. From the inlide of the mountain were heard thunderings, crack- ing, and blowing like the blaft of the (Irongeli bellows, fliaking all the neighbouring country : the nights were moft terrible; but at laft the conflagration ended, by the mountain's calling out a prodigious quantity of cvnders and aflies, among which were poreous I'.ones and giafs of various colours. The country is alfo very fubitc.t to earthi|uakes,. which fomctimes produce dreadful effects. i'here are likewife fcveral hot Iprings, and fome rivers that never fiee/.e. Copper and iron ores have been found in feveral place-, and native fulphur is gathered in dilferent paria 'if ths countrv : the fulphur brought froi'i Olontofki, where it drops from the rocks, is line and pellucid. On the mountains arc fometimL's found finall cryftals of a bright red ; yellow pellucid ftones, like corals, and femi-pellucid onea that are whitifti and milky, are found near the fprings of fonie of the rivers ; and near Tomlkoy are plenty of hyacinths. j'Ty] ' M SECT. III. 0/ the t',;,-if the G/uttoi:, the Alanati, cr Se.i-C:-M, Se^ii, Seu-Cati, ar.d Sta-Beirjcn, THE moft iifeful wood is that of a kind of cedar, white poplar, and larch tree, which arc ufed both in building houfts and (hips. There are aid) the juniper, the pine tree, and many birch trees, which, upon the banks of a fmall river named the Biftroy, are fo large, that captain S; 3.-.'.v,:rr' built a iloop with their wood, in which he made feveraKliftant voyages at fea; but the peo- ple in general make little ufc of them, except for building fledges. They have alfo the fervice-tree, the cherry- laurel, and the dog-briar. Among the flirubs and plants are the honey-fuckle, cranberries, wortle-berries, bar- berries, bramble-berries, and bilberries. Among the plants which fcrve for food is the flielmlna : its root is blackifh without and white within, and from it grow two or three ftalks of about the height of a man ; the leaves grow on long branches all over the ftalk, their upper part is green and fmooth, and underneath they are rough, and have reddifli veins. At the top of the [hint is a flower, which is like that of the fervice-tree. The root, ftalk, and leaves arc very aftringent ; but both the Rufli.ins and Kamtfehad.des cat them in the fpring, ami prefervc the root for the winter, when they pound and boil it with water for a kind of gruel. It refembles in tafte the piftaeho-nut. The iitchichlcy has leaves like hemp ; but the flower* rcfemblc ihofe of the ragwort. The leaves being diicd U and i !•■•■.(.?■ 73 A S Y S T i: M O !• G E O G R A r II Y KAMTSCir.ATKA. •;t llE! i u.tj r^ i ! and boiled with fifh, give thf broth the Cimc tallc as if i and the fit ry coloured j fo that the Kamtfthadalcs, and rveii thefit/hoC the wild gcjat was boiled in it: they Cry the I the Ruirian', find yreat difficulty in c.itthing them. The fablts 1)1 this toiintiy CNCcl thole loiiMil in Jiiy other plate, both in lar!;ein.('i, thickne(i of hair, and biightnels. I'licir root in the fat of feal Jiift. all iid elhem it very (klie.ite food. ort yruws in i>lLiitv both on the lU and ill the valleys ; they cat it cither trefh or dried, and pounded with caviar. It ib not fo aflringent as that in Jiurope, but is juit)', and has the tallc ot a nut. I he koikonia nrow^ in pj^at plenty on the banks of the rivers. Its root is as thick :n one's finger, blaek on the outfide, and while within. Two or more (talks arife from it of the thickncfs of a gnofe quill, and about ten incht3 high. On the top three oval leaves fpread like a flar, Ironi the center of which rife; a fhort IKilk, which fupports the flower. Thccup confiib of three oblong green leaves, and the (lower of as many white ones. In the mitilt of the flower is the piliil, v.'hich is of a yellow colour. The fruit, when ripe, is fofr, flvdiy, as big as a walnut, and of an agreeable tallc like a good apple. The fruit mult be e.-.'i-n as foon as gathered, for it fpoils if kept one night. 'I he root is eaten by the Kamlfchadalcs, both frefh "and dr:rd, with caviar. Barley and oats have bet^n fowcd in this country, and yielded \ery good crops ; bur cabbages and lettuces never grow to any head ; and peas continue in flower till late in the liar\ eft without yielding pods ; but turneps and radifhcs grow very vtcll. I hey have fcvc.-al medicinal plants, which thcv ufc with fucccf) in feveral diilufes. ]jut wc ought not to omit the 7gate, v.-iuL-h coiu.;ins a poifon of prodigious itienglh ; for with the juice, fpieezed from the root of this plant, they anoint the points of their darts and arrows, which renders the wounds they give incurable, unlifs the poifon be immediately fucked out : if this be negleft delicious food. Sometimes thev (,\([cn their (f;ins to the foles of their feet, to piivcnt their llidinjr on the ice, and with their fhoulder blade-bones made (harp they cutgrafs. In fummer they ufe the guts to cover their faces to keep off the fun. The wolves rcfemble thofe in other pl.iccs, and their furs are much tftecmed for cloaths ; but by their cunnin >• and fiercenefs they do the inhabitants more injury than their furs are worth ; for they not only kill the wild deer, but herds of the tame, though tluy are always guarded. The deer and ftonc rams arc the molt ufeful i.f all the animals in this to jntry, their fkins being molt ufed in cloathing. The deer live in mofl'y places, and the wild rams upon the moft lofty mountains : thele rcfemble goats, but their hair is like that of the deer. The horns of thole that arc cf full age weigh each from twenty-five to thirty i:ounJs ; '! Kamtsciiatka. s I A. H i\ y m piiunds : they run with pre.it fwiftiiefs, thiiiwiii;; their twillfJ horns back upon their flumlJcrs, I'prin^in ^ ojrcrthc rocics, ami (kipjiin^ alon ; tlie n.iriDW riil.'.t. i>l ilic preci- pices. The f.it upon their h.uni.hes i.-ipi;ils t lit of the deer, anJ the tlelh ii molt Jolicioiis foo I, Cluailis m.ilc of their fkiui arc very warm. Of th.; Iioriii art- made fpuoni, laJliS, and other utenfils ; and when the Kamt- fchad.ilcs travel, they fticic a:i entire hum in their girdles, which ferves for a bottle. The Jo.;s of this country rcfcmhie the villaa;c dogsnf Eu- rope, and arcwhite, black, fpotted, or>;rey, like the wolves; biithrjwn or other colours are veryrar^-: thefe dot;^ arc elK'cmtd fwifter and Inn^er-Iived than thofe of other coun- tries, which may be attributed to tli'ir food. In the fpriiij they run at li'.ierty, feeding upon what they get in tlie lields, vvhire they f ratch up the 'ground for mice, jmd cucli tilh in the rivers. The Kamtfchadalcs call tluin linmo in October, and they arc tied u|i till they lofc much lit tticir fat, in order that they may be lii;htcr fur the road ; when nothing is to be heard ni^jht nor day but their howling. In the winter they are fed with fifli-boiics and opana, which is thus prepared : they pour water into a large trough, into which they throw foine ladkfulls of rotten filh, prepared in pits for that purpofe, addin;' fome fdh- bones, and heating thj whole with red-hot Hones till the filh and bones arc boiled. They are fed only at night, which makes them deep well ; but they never give tliem any in the day when tlicy arc to travel, becaiiic it would render them heavy and lazy ; though if they arc ever fo hungry, they will not cat bread. Dogs arcabfoliitely necelFary in Kamlfchatka for draw- ing the fledges over the fnow ; for had they plenty of horfes they could feldom be ufed in winter, im account of the great depth of the fiiow and the number of hills and fivers. Bcfidcs, in the greatcft dorm, when a man can- not fee the path, or even keep his eyes open, they feldom mifs their way ; and if they ftiould, they fooii find it again by their fmell. Thofc bred to hunt the deer, fables, foxe?, and wild rams, are fometimcs fed with jackdaws, whicli are thought to make their fccnt the (Ironger in fmelling out birds and wild beaits. Their fkins are alfo ufed for cloaths, par- ticularly thofc of the white dogs, with w.iich all their gar- ments arc trimmed. There are three forts of rats, thofc in the huts, where they runabout without fear, and live upon offals ; another fort live in the fields, and, like the drones among the bees, ftcal their food from the third kind, which alfo live in the fields, woods, and high mountains, in a kind of commu- nity, having very neat ncfts, which are large, and divided into different apartments fpread with grafs ; in fome of which they ftore up r ,uts of feveral kinds, which they gather \/ith great labour in fummer, and lay up againit winter ; dragging thorn out in dry fun-(hiny weather, in order to dry tiicm. All the fummer they live upr-r. berries and fuch other food as ihey can find, never touching their winter-provifions while any is to be procured in the fields. Thefe change their habitations, and fimctimes they all leave Kamtfchatka, which the Kamtfchaililcs iniflgine forebodes a rainy fcafon, and a bad year for hunting ; but when they return, they expecl a fine one and a good year for the chace, and therefore exprelll's arc font to all parti with the good news. They always depart in the fpring ; firft afTcmbling in great numbers. They (leer their tourfe due weft, crofling rivers, lakes, and even arms of the fca ; and when they reach the flioie, fpcnt with fatigue, they lie as if dead up- on the banks, till recovering their ihength, they again purfue their march. They have nothing to fear on the land ; their grcated danger is, left fome ravenous fifli Ihould devour them. The Kaintlchadales, on finding them weak on the banks, give them any affiftancc in their power. From the river IV-ngin they march fouthward, and about the middle of July ufuallv reach Ochotlka and [udoma. Their troop is fomctimes to numerous, that travellers are obliged to wait two hours for their paffing by. They ufually return to Kamtfchatka about the month of October. It is extremely furprifing that fuch fmall animals are able to pafs over fuch «n immenfe tract of land j and nothing c.;n be more admirable than tliJ oulcr and regularity they oblorvc ii their march. The amphibioui animals of Kamtfchatka arc of many different kinds. The manati, or feu-cow, never comes upon the (hure, but lives conltantly in tlie water. 'I'll..' this animal has the name of fea cow, it tefembles the cow only in itj fnout, and has neither horns, Ifiaight cars, nor hoofs. It is an animal like a fejl, only it is iiKomparahly larger j it being about twenty-eight (eet long, and lome of them weigh eight thoufand poiinJs. Its ikin is black and thick like the bark of an aged oak, and fo tougli .inJ hard, that it can fcarcely be cut with an ax. Its head ia fmull in proportion to its body, and falls otYlrom the necic to the <'nout, which is white and rough, with white whifkers about nine inches long. Inllead of teeth it has twt) tlic white bones, one above, the other below. Its noftrils, which are near the end of the lii'Mit, are within rouj'li and hairy. Its eves, which aie placed nearly in a line with the noltrils, are black, and no larger than thofe of a fheep, which is remarkable in a creature of fo inonllrous a fiic. It has r:either eye-brows nor cye-l.iflies, and its ears arc only Imall openings; its neck can Icarcelv be difcovered, the head and body being fo cloftlv joined: but there arc Ionic vertebra; which enable it to turn its head, and to hang it down in lecding like a cow. The body is round like that of a feal, and the female has two te.;ts ( n her brcaft. The tail is thick and a litt'c bent towards the end, and has fome reUTiibl.'uce tothe lins of a h!h. It h.'.s two fins under its neck, about tv.'entv-one inches long ; t'lefe it ufcs like hands, with which it fwims, and takes hold of the rocks with fuch force, th'.t, on its beiiv^ d.-a. ;;ed rom tne:;ce v.i :h honks, it will le.ive t'.ie (kin bcliiiid : ttiele fins arc foineiimes divided in two, but this fetms ti> be only accidental, Tin fe animals in calm weather f\viin in droves near the mouths of the rivers ; and th(>u^ii the dams obliiie their young to fwim hciore tliem, tluy arc co.ered on al! fides by the rcll ol the herd, and conllar.lly iwim in the nilvldle. They live in families, confilting of a mal' , a female, lo:no half grown, and one fmall calf. They bring fuith in harveli:, and never have abo\c one at a time. They are almoft continually eating ; and, as they feldoin lift their heads above the water, any one may go among them in boats and carry of^what hepleafes : they feed up- on feveral forts of fea-wtcd, and have their b.icks i.nd fides above water, upon which flocks of crov.'S fettle to pick oft" the vermin they find there. They are caught with great iron hooks, fomcwhat re- fcmblingthe fluke of a fmall anchor. Tiiefe arc carried by a man in a boat, with three oi four rowers ; who, on his coming among the herd, ftrikes the hook into one of them : then about thirty men upon the fhore, who hold one end of the tope that is faftened to the hook, draw the manati towards the land ; while thofe in the boat ftab and cut the animal till it die;. AVhen one of them ftrugL'les to clear himfelf of the hook, thofe of the herd that are Tiearelt come to his afliftance ; fome frequently overfet the boat by getting under it; and others Itrivc to remove the hook by itriking it with their tails, wliich fometimcs fuccceJs. The male and female have fuch an affection foreach other, that when one of them has in vain ufed every method in its powur to give afliftance, it follows the bodv, after it is killed, to the very fliore; and has fomctimes been obl'eivej to remain bv it two or three days. Their flefh, when thoroughly boiled, has a good tafte, and rcfcmbles that of beef ; the tat of the young eats like that of pork, and the lean like veal. The number of feals in the fcas and lakes of Kamtfchatka is fo great, that all the iHands and land-banks are covered with them. There are reckoned four forts of this anini;?l, the largcft of which is caught from thefifty-fixthto thefixty- fourth degree of north latitude, and differs from the others only in its bulk, which exceeds that of a large ox. The fccond fpecics, which is of the fi/.e of a yearling bullock, has a ll^in fomewhat like that of a tvger ; it havin? I'potj of an equal fize on the back, with a white and yellowifli belly ; but the youtig are as white as fiiow. The thi-d fort islefs than the fiirmer, and has a ycllowifli (kin, with large cherry-coloured circles. The fourth is of a whitilh colour. No animal has a more difagrecablc cry than that of ! ! i ! !!.i I ; "' ■ ' ' • '■ M 1 1 ''\ ! '1 nf : 1 m 1 :■;. 'I I'll i -jt^JI^ &im 1 f! II i| i I I- 1 ; Bd A SYSTEM OF G F. O (, R A P 1 1 V, KAMTSCIIArK.1i t)t' the fell:, ami tliuir iioifo ii inctlliuif, \VI goes out th;y lie ti|))plar wood at the holtom, thev put another ot Teal's tlclli or Tat, each Tepa- rati ly, and thu., alternatelv wood and lliOi till the pit be iillcd : then thev cover it With jjraTs and earth to keep in the heat ; .ind Tom; hours after t ikin:; out the tat and flefh, ihevlavitup Tor the winter. It ia laid, that wlun the flcrfi and Tat ii thus prepared it tailes much better than when boiled, and will keep a whole year without Tpoil- ing_. Sca-hnrfcs only appc'ar in the moll northerly parts oT KanitTtliatka ; their teeth are w'l.it is c.dleil lUh-hoilc, and iT any one fteiii. to be dr.vcn hack ever fo little,othci< appioieii u) jirtveiit hi. runiiii li '11 It, la nd il tie appeari ludc ipon liim, Soiiietiuies they aie leiii b^htiii. and their nriee depend on their fi/.e and wcijlit : the ^^J' liearelt wei^h about twenty pounds each ; but they arc leidom To large, and commonly weigh about five or fix pounds. In Iprlng and in September arc cntight the fea-cats, whicli are thus called at K.i;r.t!'eh:uka, from long hairs (landing or.t on both li.ks ot the mouth like thoTe oTcats. Dampicr, who Taw them in the South Siu, h.is deTcribed them under the n..me oT lea-bears. The largell weigh about eiglit thouTand weight. Moil: oT the Tem.dcs taken in Tpring are pregnant ; and thoTe that are near the time oT bringing forth their youn:; are immediately opened, and the young ones Ikinncd. They breed on tlie neighbour- ing coall oT America, where they iiuiie tiieir young three months, and then leturn with them at tlie end of the fum- luer. 'I'he Toiialcs give Tuck with two teats placed be- tween their liindtr-leg!> ; but they have llldoni more than one at a time. The young fee when they are whelped, '["heir eyes arc as large as thoTe oT an ox, and they have thirty-two teeth, befidcs two tuf!s3 on eacli fide, which begin to appear the fourth dav after their birth. At firfl their colour is a dark blue, but in tour or five days grey hairs begin to appear, and in a month's time their belly is black and grey. The male is laigirand blacker than the female, which turns almoil blue as fhe grows up, and has onlv grey Tpots between her four legs. The male nnd female arc To ditVerent in their form and flrcngth, that they f'eem ditterent animals : and bcfides, the former are fierce, and the l.itter mild and fearful. The male has from eight to fifty females, of whom he is fo jealous, that he will not allow any other to come near them : and though niaiiv thoufands lie on the fliorc, every family lives a-part, the male with his females, young ones, and thofe of a year old that have not yet attached them- felves to any male ; fo that the family fometimes confifls of one hundred and twenty. Thofe that are old, or have no milhefs, live by themfelvcs, and fome lie afleep a whole month without nourifhment : thefe are fiercer than any of the red. They attack all that pafs by, and will rather die than retire. On feeing a man approach them, fome rufli upon him, and others lie ready to fupport them. They bite the (tones that are thrown at them, and ru(h with re- doubled violence on him that throws them. Even if you ftrike out their teeth with (loncs, or put out their eyes, they will not fly; and indeed they dare not, for every (lep thcv meet a new enemy ; lb that if the fea-cat could fa\e hiiiilelf from ma:i, his own bicthitn \yould dellroy him ; for a Hide to.,ethtr, and then one ntiy pafj ihcm witlioui the kaif il.uiger, IT two Tall upon on, others advance ti> Tupport the weak.lt ; lor tlr y will m>i .jIIow ol an uneijual combat. While iIkIl batiks tontinuv, ihoTe that am fwimniiiig in the Tea rail'e their heads ami look at the com- batant'., and at 1 iigth con e and increaTc ttie number. When only two of them tight, the battle frcipiently lalls an hour i fometimes they teit, Ijiiig by each other, tiien biitli rile .it (Jiice and renew tlie engagement. W'ticu lighting tliey hold up their heads, and turn iheni afide, tu eleape a blow ; for while thtir ilreiigth is eipia!, they tight only with their forc-pau s ; but one of tl.em no loom r beeonies weak, than the other Teiiing him with hi., teetli, throws him i.n the ground. The lookers on then toiiii; tn the afliltancc oTtr.e v.uiijuiflied. T heir molt bliwdy battles aie on acccount of their fe- males, when one endeavours lo carry oft" the miltreli of another, or his )oung Teniales. They al To ijiiarrelwhiu one comes too near the place of another. Though tlie male is fond of his young, both they and the lirge females fear him e.vtreriiely. if ,i man endcavcuri to take a young one, the male defends it, an.l allows thu temale to cfeape with the young one ; but if fhc drojii, ic out of lier mouth, the male leaves hi; cnemv, and lji/.in^- upon htr wiiii h'S teeth, beats hu' againlt the ilonts t..i (he lies down a.^ ii dead ; but (he nofoontr recovers, than crawling tohi> feet, (he licks and wafhes them with lierteara that llovv ill abundance ; while the male iialking about, gnaflies his teeth, and toTTes his hc.ul like a bear. They Tvvim exceeding Tall ; and when they happen to bu wounded at Tea, feize the boats of the filhcrs with thtir teeth, and drag them along lo fwilTlv, that they kern to fly and not to Twim upon the water, i'hc boat is by thi* means iVeiiuently overfet, and the people drowned. The lea-bevcis rcfemble the others only in thtir downy hair; they are as large as the tea-cats; their head re- fembles that of the bear, and their ftiapc the T^al : their teeth are Tmall j their fore-feet are longer than thofe be- hind ; their tail is flat, Thort, and (harp towards the point i and their hair thick and black ; but tliat of the old oiiei turns grey. This animal is to peaceable, that it nevt • makes any refiftaiicc, and only endeavours to clcape by flight. T'hc Temalcs are fond of their young, and carry thofe that c.iiinr.ot fwim upon their belly, holding thcni with their fore-ftet, and fwimming on their back. '\Vhen purTued by the fifiiermcn, they never qait their young till the laft extremity ; and (hould the\ happen to (lip (Jut of their paws, they intfantly return to take them up again ; theretbre the fifliers endeavour to kill or catch the young, as the nioft cfFeiSlual method of taking their dams. There arc a great number of birds at Kamtfehatka, but the natives are not (killed in catching them. Sea-fowls appear in grc.it plenty al _ ut the coalt oi the Kafltrn Ocean. Among thefe arc the puflSn.-, which are fomewhat fmallcr than a tame duck ; the head and neck are of a blueifli black, the back Is alio black, the belly and all below white ; its bill and legs are red, and its feet webbed. Another fpecies of them is all black, but has two ytl- lowlfli white tufts, which lie upon its head like locks of hair. The cormorants here arc of tw-i kinds, and about the fize of a gooTe ; they have a llraigiit rcddifii bill, about five inches long, and four nolirlls. Their eyes are black, their legs are covered with hair to the knees, and their toes are of a blueilh colour and are webbed; tlieir tails arj eight Inches long, and their wings extend above a fathom. They arc fometimes fpeckled. T'hcy flv flow when hungry; but when full, cannot rife from the ground : and havliit; eat too much, they cafe their itonuchs by throwing it up. The natives have a fingular way of catching them ; thry faften a hook to a long cord, baiting it witli a whole filli, and then tlirow it into the tea : the cormorants siathering about It in flocks i)uarre! for the prize, till it is TwalloweJ by the ftiongelt, which is then drawn afliore. T'hcrc arc other cormorants that ftci)ueiit the livers, anJ have a forked tail like that of a hv.d!ow. Thp ^r Kamtschatka. S I A. 5» The gluplllw arc (if ilic fi/c ol ihc iiviT-cormoranti', iirnl urc loiiiiJ 1)11 liii'li itctp places iipun the ruclcv iiUiul'* 'I luir colngrs ;iii- yivv-, white, ami bluvit. I hrv »tc pi ihiipi caikJ glupiiha, ur toolilli, liyin ihi- r fuquciitly tiyiii;; into thf liojt;. I'hcir biliJ arc ciuok.il and mI- lovviili ; thi-ir eves ;irc as lart.": a> thulc ul oil uwl ; .in J thcv iirc oltcMl rpottrd with whitP. 'I'hcre arc gnat plenty in Kanitfchatka of a fowl called u.llc, anil by I'ome writers the Ica-ravcn. It is of the li/L- of a coaiinon ^oofc, with a lunj; neck anj fmall head : the fe.ithtrs on the body are blacic, but thole of the thighs nic whit?, and lon^ white feathers like hairs are fcaltcrcd pii its ncc k. It has a red membrane round the eyes, a llrai;;ht bill, black above and rcddiih below, and its feet arc black and webbed. It feeds upon tifh, which it fwal- lows whole ; and in the night-time thefc fowls Itand in rows upon the edges of the clifts, from which they frc- (juently fall in their flccp into the water. Swans arc very common here both in fummer and win- ter; the natives hunt them with dogs when they are moult- ing, and kill them with clubs. There are I'evcral kinds of gccfc which come to Kamt- fchatka in May, and dep.irt in October. There are alfo many kinds ot ducks. In this country ;u-e alfo many widgeons, partridges, fnipes, larks, cuckows, fwallows, ravens, maapyes, crows, hawks, and caf^les. As to the fiflies, whales frequently come clofc to the very (hore, perhaps to rub ott the flv.ll hlli which .idhere to their bodies, and are very troiiblefume to them. Thefe whaks are from fcvcn to fifteen fathoms in leniih. TJic Kamtfchadales obtain many advantages from the whaJc> : thc-y make fljoe-foles and (traps of the ficin ; they eat the flefn and fat, and the tall they alio burn ; they make nets of the beard, and alfo few their boats with it ; they form a kind of fledge out of the lower jaw, and likcwilc make knife-handles and rings of it. Of the intcftines they make vcfTels, of the nerves they make ropes, ar^d of the vertebr.T feats. The moftdelicatc pieccsof the whale are the tongue and the fins. There are alfo a large kind of falmon, cod, fkate, red fifli, the humpback turbot, herring, lampreys, ajid many other forts, which come from the fea in fuch numbers, that they frequently ftopthe courfe of the river , and caufc them to overflow their banks ; and when the waters retire, a furprifing quantity of dead tiih remain on the fbore, which caufe an intolerable (lench. SECT. IV. O/tht Natives ofKnmtfchatkn. Thiir Perftns, Drifi, Huts, Manntrs, aiia Cujhtm ; p/irlUularly their Alarriai^es, th Birth of their Children, their Difeafes, and Ti tatment of the Dead. Their Entertainments, and their Aliimrr oftraveU ing in Sledges drawn by Dogs. THE natives are divided into three diflFercnt people, the Kamtfchadales, who live upon the fouth fide of the prninfula of Kamtfchatka ; the Koteki, who inhabit the northern parts on the coaft of the Penfchinfka Sea, ar>d along the fhore of the Eaflern Ocejn, almoft to the river Anadir; and the Kuriles, who inhabit the kcond Kurilflcoy ifland, and the other iflands that extend as far as thofe of Japan. The Koreki are again divided into two nations, one called the fixed Koreki, and the other the Rein-deer Koreki ; the former living near the rivers like the Kamtfchadales, and the other wanderiivj with their herds. Their languages arc diil'erent, and they c.mnot uiiderlland each other. The inhabitants of Kamtfchatka hav; three lang'jages, that of the Kamtfchadales, the Koreki, and the Kuriles, each of which h.is dirterent dialecls. The Kamtfchadales, like the Mongol Tartars, are of a finall ftaturc and fwarthy : they h.tvc black hair, a broad face, a (harp nofc, with hollow eves, and fmall and thin eyebrows, and their arms and legs are flender. Tho' in their appearance they refemble the other inhabitants of Siberia ; yet the faces of the Kamtfchadales arc Ihorter than thofe of the other Siberians, their cheeks arc more fwellin?, their mouths are large, and their (houldcrs broad, particularly thofe who inhabit the fca coaft. 7 Their rloaih^ are (jencrally mado of the (kiii'iof dctr, Jo;^i, .Hid leveral other land and lea aiiinials, and rv.n ot the Ikiiis of birds, :ind it i:, not umiiii.il with '.i'..-rT, to uli; thoff of different animals in tin- finiu g.unitnt. Thev cuiiinionly wear two coats, the iiii, (o as to lian'4 l-elow the knee ; and it lias a hood, which, in b.id weather, thi-y put over their heads. They border tlitir coat with white do? Ikin, and upon their backs few finall Ihrcds of dif- ferent coloured ll. Tiiey never comb their heads, but both men and weinen plait their hair in two locks, bindin;: the ends with fmall cords ; and when any hair (larts out, they i'.iWvu it dofe wIlIi thread : by this means ihey are fo excelTive luufy, that thcv can fcr.ipe off the vermin, which they are (o iiaCiy as to eat. '1 heir manners arc extremely unpolifbed, for they never ufe any civil f.ilulatiun, never takeotf" their caps, nor bow to each oilier, and thtir difcourfe betrays the moft flupid ignorance ; yet upon many occafions they appear curiouo and inquilitivc. They live under ground, where they build their huts in the followins; manner : having dug a hole about five feet deep, and of a breadth and length in proportion to the number of pcrfonsdefignsd to live in it, they fix at the corners four pieces of timber, upon which they place beams, and upon them form their roof or ceiling, only leaving in the middle an opening, which fcrves both for a window and chimney. I'his building they cover wi:h graG aiiJ earth, fo that it refembles a round hillock, 'i'he room below is an oblong fquarc, and the fire-place is in one of the long fides. Round thefe huts they make benches, on which each family lies feparatcly ; but there are no benchcj on the fide oppofite to the fire, for there they place their kitchen furniture, and drefs viftuals for themfelves and dogs. In fome huts inftead of benches the place is floored with wood, and covered with m.its ; the walls arc fo adorned with mats. Thefe huts ?re entered by ladders, which are commonly placed near the hearth ; fo that when there is a good fire, the ladder becomes fo hot, and the fmoke fo thick, that any one not inured to it would be fufTocatcd ; but they find no dilficulty in going in and out : and though they only fix their toes on the ileps of the ladder, they mount like fquirrcls. The Kamtfchadales live all the winter in thefc huts, and in fummer have others, which fcrve them alfo for warc- houlcs. Thcfe are thus made : nine pillars, about four yards long, or more, are fixed in the ground, and bound together with beams laid over them : upon thcfe they form a floor, and from thence raife a (harp roof, rifing from each fide up to a point in the middle, and thatched with grafs. On each fide there is a door oppofite to each other. Thcfe fummer huts thus placed high above the sround, are more convenient in fummer than thofe formed beneath it, on account of the frequent rains, which would fpoil all their fi(h, were i' not prcfervcd in fuch places ; and if they were not fohigh, the wild hearts would plunder them j for, notwithllanding all their care, the bears fometimet climb up, and force their way into thefc ftore-houfes, X efpccially ■■■■-- ri -,: ■.■i.->*o I m I- m »■;; ll J HI S; A S V S T i: M O F G 1, O C R A V II V. K/'.irsCIIATKA. il 4 ;i. i f I Mil :i <: crpcciilly in ihc time of h.irvfft, when tht fi(h ait J berrlcj grnw Icarctf, 'I'hvlL- uru built round (htir winter hJtita- tions 'I'lu' rmiluTn K.iinlfih.iJ.ilc^ T iiiiliwci.ililt. .I.tl itu'i' Itoni tlic li'.i, .iiiil tlicir riiiniiiir liiilii' iiiiiii'i lu' II tin- ninuiht i>r' the rivcr^f i lint ilidCc who liwill on the lunlcs ol the KalKTn ()>.'cMii aiiii llic I'ciililiinlkii liM Iniiiil thiir villigcs near tlif (hdrc. Thur houihuU tiirnitiiic cuiilills in Jilho, troii^li], bowls aiiil (ins. VV'h'Mi ,1 K.iiiitl'chaJ*lc intends to marry, he fcck« for a biitlc 111 loinc ot tlic nt;l.;ht) miin^ vill,i|>c», iVIitom in hi] own ; .mil whi ii h.' Ii.is IouikI oiu' tii hi» min>), lie inimc- (li.itt'jy ri:;nilit.'. Iii-i iiiti'iitiiin to the p.irenti ; at the (iimc time dtlirin;;, that he ni iv have the libcity ot luivini; them till llime lime. Alter this time is evpireJ, he lUlire* that Iw ni:iy li.ive liberty to I'ti/.e his briJ • ; whieh, it he has |ile.ileJ th'j p.irents, is inimidi.iti.ly ^rante>t : but il' lis has not, he is diliiiill" d with ,1 prelL'iit tiiihis ferviecs. As the whole eerenidiiv nl nnrri.i.'.e miijilh in hi-: ftrip- piii;; till' vi>uiii; wom.iii ii.ik.id, thev lliive to render this :i:i dilKeiilc ,iv piillible-, llic ha. two or three diti'ereiit mats, and i^ Iwaihed round with lilh-neti and Itr.ipi; and all the woiiK'ii ol tlie village arc (ibli,;v.d to piotect her. The man ihereloie watelies tor an opportiinitv ot tindinj her alune, or with but few women in her romp^nv ; imJ as fonn as he h.Ts foiin.l it, rulhes upon li^r, and begins to pull olf her ilraps, nets and rio.ith?. lint he dues not aUvavj find this .III e.uV t.-dk i for tluiirrh the youiii; woman nalces but a f.iiiu itlill.iiie.', the women that aie peiurallv in her lompaiiy fdl upon him without any nicrey, beating him, drai;gin;; him bv the hair, f^i.itchin^j his Lice, and uliii;{ every other method th- v e-ii de\ ile in order to prevent his accomplifhini!; his dili^n. If he fucceeds in his attempt, he immediately runs from her ; and the bride, as a proof of her bein.; conqueied, calls him baek with a f;)ft and feeblo voice ; and thus the niarriaf^c is coiieluJed. The fame ni^ht he ijops to bed to her, and the next dav c.irrics her home. Some time Miier the bride and bridc;;room return to the bride'^ re- lations where the ni.'.riia:;c feafl is eekbi.ited. '1 his ceremony only relates to the niarriaijc of avirj^in, fir with a widow tlie ;i4reem-.nt of the p.iruc is luffieitiU; but the man mult iiit take her to himfelf before her fins are done awa) . Iliis can only be accomplilhed bv a Itian^er's once Kin;!; with h.r; but as thij taking ofr of fin is confidered by the K..>mtfchada!es as extremely difho- iiourable for the man, it was fomieilv difficult to procure one to undertake it ; but linee the Coluicks are come amont'; them, the poor widows arc in no diftrcls forflran- gers to take away their fins. Marriage is only prohibited between (.ither and dauch- ter, mother and fon. A K.umieuad ile has fieqaently three wives ; but with every maid he is obliged to under- go the above ceremony. The women are far from being jealous, for the wives live togetlier in perb-ct harmony. When the women so abroad they veil their faces ; and if they meet a man, and cannot j;et out of the way, turn their backs to him till he has pailed by. They have commonly ver\ eafy labours : they are de- livered upon their knees in the prefcnce of all the people of the village, without diltinclion of age or fex. 'Ihc child is wiped with tow, and the navel-firing tied with thread made of nettles, and then cut with a knife of flint. The infant, inftead of being Iwathed in cloaths, is wrapt in toy.-, 'i"-.- mother, or nearelt relation, generally per- forms the oifice of midwife. Some women, to promote conception, eat the navel- ftring of the child ; and others, for the fame purpofe, eat I'piders ; fome, on the contrary, endeavour by medicines to procure abortion ; but though this is a capital crime, yet when a woman be.us twins they are obliged to deflrov one of them, as alfo a cliild born in Itormv weather ; thou:;h the laft may be averted by certain incantations. How amazing is it tiiat the barbarous cullom of people's dellroving thuit own ofisprins fhould be publickly allowed in many nations ! How ailor.ilhing is it that parental attec- tion ever lufi'ered fu.;h cruel c tfoms to take place ! The Kamtfehr.dale^ imagine that the difeafes with which they arc alHicted are bro'Jght vip'on tliein by the fpirits that inhabil p.iiliciilar crovrs, for ihtir prrfumiiig locut any III thrill down. I ncir piiniipid difiiidirs ,ii« the liiirvv, jniiidite, tlic vtli.re.d jile.ife, boils, p.dlev, and c.iiini , which thiv eiideavuiir to cure by > h itiiis ami uuanialion- , but yet inev do iu>t neglrit the ufe ot herbs and iol of btforc the animal of the Rullians. They have alio another difeale, called the fiilliiitch, which is a kind of leab that eneompalles the body iindir the lihs like a j'lrdle; whiii this dixs not tuppurate and tall otf, it is mortal) and thev allert that every one has it once in his lile. Jnllead ot burying the di.ad, the K.imllehad ilii draj; tht; I'orpfe out of tl'...' luit with a lliap laltened round the neck, and then deliver it tor f lud to their docs. For this cullom, fo (hocking to humanity, and fo eouirary to the praetitc of all othui n itioiu, tliey give the lollowing realons ; that thofe who are devoured by ilogs will be Uiawii in (ledice.i by fine dogs in tiie other woild, and that the lurple is thu) iiled mar the 'lit, that the ev I fpiiits, who are the ociafloii ot tlie perlon's death, ni.iy be fatisficd with the mifchief they hive dune. Ilowivei, it is not uiiulual when one has iliid in ilie hill to leiiujve to another place, and only leavi the lorjife behind. All the cloaths ol ilie decealed arc thrown away, not from tli'ir imagining that they lliill haie tbrm in the other world, but Iroiii the opinion tli.il whoever we.irs them will come to an untimely end. J'his liiperllition pariicul.iilv' prevails amoiw the Kiiriles ol the Lopatka, who won'. I nottouih any thing that belonged to the dead, thoui'U they had ever fo great an inclin.ition lor it. Alter the body has been thus devoured, they \d\; th« following purihtation ; they go to a wood and cut lomo rods, with which they make a ring, and creeping through it twice, carry it back to the wood, and throw it towards the welt. Iiefide;;, thole who drag'ged out the body mult tatch two birds, one of wliieh they eat with the whole family, and the other they burn, lietore this puriticatioti they dare not enter any other hut, nor will any body elf? enter theirs : it is therefore performed immediately, ami in commemoration of the dead the whole family dine upon a fifli, and burn the lins in the fire. When a tvamtkhadale fecks the friendfliipof another, he invites him to his hut, which is made very hot for his reception ; .'uid he no fooncr enters, than they both ftrip thcmfelvis naked. The maiter of the hut then fetsbcfiirc his guelt great plenty of his belt provilions ; and, while ht; is catinL', throws water upon red-hot (tones, till the heac of the place becomes infupportable. The ftranger ftrives to bear it and to eat up ail the vietuals, v.-hile the mailer of the hut endeavours to oblige him to complain of the heat, and to defilt liom eating, tie himlelf cats nothing, but is allowed even to leave the hut, though the yilitor is not futtered to ttir till he confeiles that he is overcome. They ulually cat fo much at thefe fealts, that for two or three days they can fcarcely move or bear the fight of vidlual ;. At length the vifttor being unable to cat any more, pur- chafes his dilmilTion with prefents of cloaths, dogs, cr whatever the maiter of the hut likes ; and, in return, re- ceives others of no value. But if the man who has ob- tained this advantage over his friend does not loon return the vifit, the guelt pays him another, and then it is his turn to make him fuch prefents as he is able ; and if he makes him none, it is conlidered as the greatelt att'ronr, the man himlelf will be his enemy, and nobody elle will live ill Irienddiip with him, Sometimes one village entertains another, either upon account of a wedding, or their haying had great fuceels in hunting or hihing. The mailer of tiie hut endeavours to make his giieflslick with eating, and lometimek gives them a liquor made of a large niulliioom, prepared with the juice of epilobium or I'lench willow, which intoxicate* them in fo l(r.in^e a manner, that they commit a thoulaiul cxtravai;ati. I KAMrnciiATKA. A S rxtravacanrifi i tnil if ihe dole br tou hrgc, it fomctimrs proves Miut I and ihnre who itte thui iiituxuuud die ruvin;' mill. riie women never ufr It, for all thiir ii,irt!i ninlillj In jcllinf »n liir^ vtiy I iw, i;iviii.; a )'Ciitlo motion to tlitii haiiilii, bill bv dcj^rccj rxllc their voice and iiicrcale thiir motion (ill ihcy arc fiti(;iiid and out nt Imalli. VVitli ihii nnroiiih iiiliitainment the KinilkluJaLs appear hijjhiv dilij;htc.ivijr, ^nd by liei[ui.tit liead- in.>, and li.iapin;^ them with IIuiki, render thciii li.tt and clean. The deer and dog-fl^in* iifid fur tloklbinj are dyej with .ddcr-haik nit and lulibed very liiiall : but tin- feal-(kms 11 led eltlii I li>r ( loaibilig, Huhs, or (liap. Ioi biiidiii(( iIu ii (ledpt's, ihry dye in a partit ul.ii in.imwr. IIa>iiii^ lull I I'.'.iiicd olf the hair, they make a bag of the Iklii, and liiiniii", th'.' hair-fide ouiwards, pour Into it allrniigde- coiltiiin of aldei-b.iik. I hey b t it lie (omc tniii , then hang It upon a tree, and beat It with aliiik. Tli, tluy repeat till the colour has penetrated through the Ik n, Tiieii picking out the Iliiilies they (Irctch it out, diy IC in the air, and at la(l rub it till it bccomen (iil't for ul'e. They ufed to (cw their cloaths with needlis made of bone, and iiillead of thread m.ide u(e ol the tibres of the deer, which they fplit till they brought it to the thickncft re(|uired. They make glue iif llie dried ikiiH of fiflics, and par- ticularly of ih.it of the while Hi (ore tliey were coiupiered by the Kiiflians, the nun m.ide life ol Hoiks and bones Inlle.id of n'cials, and of them made hatchet.s, (peai>, arrows, needles, and lances. I'heir hatchets were foinciimes niaJe of flint, and fometimei of the bones of wh.ilcs or rein-deer ; they v^•ere in the t'orni of a wedge, and (aliened to crooked handles. With thelc thev hollowed out their canoes, troughs, and bowls : but the woik waj (b tedious, that a mm would be three year* in making a canoe. Hence their wooden bewl-, whicli thev were Ion,', in making, weie moie v.iliicd by tmin thaa vcdels of the ninll precious nietaU, and moll cuiiou'- work- manlbip are wlih us. In thcle bnwls they did. their vidliials, and heat (heir broth, by tlnowing red-hot (luiiei Into it. They made ihtir knives of a gtcenilli ni.nintain cryflal, niarp-poiiitid, fliapeil like a lauiuet, and (luck iiilo a wooden handle. Of llie f.inie crvHals they llkeivife mado their lancets, wilh which they Hill lontinuc to let blood. With tliisciyll.il ihcy alio pointid their ariows jiid fpc.irs. Their needle, they made of the bones o( fables, and uith them the women not only fcwcd their cloaths, but allu m.ide curious embroidery. In order to kiiullc a (iie, they ufe a board of dry wood, in which are f veral round holes, and putting the end of a fmall round (Hck into one of thefe, they roll It back- wards and forwards wilh the palms of both hands, till the fridlion caufes the wood to take fire ; and inllead of tinder they ul'e dry grafs be.it fofr. Tliefe indnunents are fo ley ule dry ighly value d by the Kamtfchad.1 that thev are never without them \ lor they prefer them to (led and flints : they arc, however, exceflive fond of iron hatchets, knives, and needles. At the hrll arrival of the RulTians they con- lidered a piece of Iron as a valuable prelenr, and even yet receive it with thankfulncfs ; for they know how to make life of the lead bit, either in pointing their arrows, or their darts, which they perform by hammering it out colJ between two (tones. Indeed, all the lavage inhabitants of thefe parts are par- ticularly fond of iron i but as fome of them delight in war, the Ruffian traders are t'orbid to fell them any war- like indruments j yet they are I'o ingenious as to make I'pears and arrows out of the iron pot.s and kettles that are fold to tliem ; and are fo dexterous, that when the eye of .1 needle is broke, they make a new one, which they repeat till nothing remains but the point. SECT. VI. Of the Religion and Laivs of the Kamtfhadaleu THE Kamtfchadales have very mean and abfurd idea* of the Deity, to whom they pay no n li'jiou.s wo.'-fliipi they call him Kutchu, and lrei|uently reproach him (or bavinu' made fo many deep hills and rapi.l rivers, (br (end- ing fo many (lorms and fomuch rain. They creit a kinil of pillar in afpacious pl.'>in, and bind it round with rags. Whenever they pafs by it they throw to it a piece of hlh or fome other viiluais, and near it never gather any berries, or kill cither birds or beads ; but they offer nothin ' that is 'i J I- ii ?4 A S Y STEM OF G E O G R A 1' li Y. L-UfT'iCHATK A, « i5 ofiifi', nrwliicll thcv would not othpr-.vi!l' I'C obliged t i throw away. Biirniivj; niountaiiis, hot (|)iiii:;N i'nd P'l- tKiiI.ir woods they fdccin (acrod, and inKi",i(n; ihem in- habited by cv;l rpirit?, wh^un they tear and rucrcnci; mor; than their :-oJ ; tor they hnvc tilicd al,-.:olt every place with dittl-H-nt (['irits, to whom th' y niilie (tiniiii^b upon tvery oec; ifioii id lomc carry litilc idoli about then>, or have them placed in their dwcilin;:'. They have no notion that the Supreme Ijiin;'; can i'.ilpcn(c happincl's or niiferv, but tuaintain that cvcrv mar.'s ;_;nod or bad for- tune depends upon himlelf. Tiiey believe that the world is eternal, and the foul immortal ; that it (liall be again united to a body, and live l\.r ever I'ubject to the lame troubles and lati^ue^; ai in the prelcnt lile, only that they fluU cnjov a greater pknty of all necefl'ary accommoda- tions, 'i'hcy even ImajMne that the fmallelt animals will iifea;;ain and dwill under the earth; tor they believe the earth is flat, and under it another (ky and another earth like ours, where, when wc have lummer, they have winter. 'I'htir religious fentiments are fo extravagant, that they nay a kind of I'demn regard to I'cvcral animals t'rom which thev apprehend danger. Thev offer fire at the holes of the tbxcs and Cables ; when huntina; they beleech the wolves and bears no: to hurt tiuin ; and in tifliiiK'; intreat the whales and fea-horfts not to ovtrfet their boats. Being chiellv emplovcd about providiiu; what is abfo- lutcly necctlarv tor the prelcnt, thev take no care tor the future. Thev have no iiotion of riche», lame, or honour ; therefore covetoufneli-, ainbiiion, and pndc arc unknown anion;; them ; but, on the other hand, they arc carclcfs, luftful,.!nd cruel. Thefe vices ficquently'occafion quarrels .iiid wars anion;; them, not fnnn ihc delire of increafing their power, but to carrv ('It their provilions, and more freiiuently theii girls ; wiiich is lometimes pr.iciil'ed as the llioi tell method of procuring a wife. I'hcv heiievc every ihin^ lawful that can procure the gratification of their Jiaflinns ; fo that thev neither elieem murder, fell-murder, adultery, opprclTion, or the like, any crime ; but, on the contrary, th.nk it a mortal firi to lave any one that is clrowniois bccaiife they arc perfu.idcd that whoever fives liiin will loon be drowned himlelf. They alio reckon it a fill to bathe in or to diiiik hot water, or to afcenJ the biirnint; moiiiilaiiis. It is a law with them, that if one man kill^ another, he is to he killed by the relations of the perfoii flain. 'I'he thief for the firll oftence mud rcdorc what is ftolen, and live without c.xpeclin.; any aflillancc from others ; but thev burn the hands of thole who are frequently caught thieving. To punilh an undifcovcrcd theft, they, with great cercmonv, burn the fuiewsof the llonc-buck, imagin- ing that as thefc are flirunk bv the fire, the thief will have his limbs contraiftcd. They never have any dil'pute about their lands, for each has more than he wants. Though they are involved in ignorance, and might be thought, from their manner of lite, extremely wretched ; yet tiicv think thcmf- Ives the happieft (leople upon earth, and look upon the Ruinans who live among them with contempt. This opinion, however, lofes ground ; for as the old people, who arc fond of their antient cuftoms, drop off, and the voung ones frequently embrace the Chriltian religion, they infenfiblv adopt the Ruffian cuftoms, and begin to Jcfpifc the fuperftition and barbarity of their an- ccllor.s. By the care of the late cmprcfs Elizabeth, miflinnaries were appointed to inllruct them in the Chriltian religion ; and fince the year 174.1 many of them have been bapn/.ed, and fchools creeled In fe\er.il places, to which the Kamt- fthadales very readily fend ihcii children. S L C T. VII. Of their hovtc TrtiJi; and Milhd of hrrotvini^, iheir /pito- miict cfXumlirs, Divijhii of the Year, and littlt Skill in any of the Si.ieitcet. THP;iR trade only tends to procure the necefHirics .ind conveniences of life, l.y exchanging what they abuunJ with for wiuc ihey want. This kind ot barter is carried on among tliemfelves under a preat fliow of filead- Ihip, lor if one w;iiiti.iiiv thiii^ another li.is, liegoes free- l\ to \ Tit liiiii, and without any ceremonv tells iiiin what he w.iiits, thou'_'ti he never had any acipiaintance with him ; .ind the other is obliged, according to thecudomof the country, to give him whatever he has occation for ; but iie afterwards returns the vifit, and telling what he defiles, is alio immediately liipplied. They keep no .account of their age, though they can reckon as far as an hundred, but they count every thing with their fingers, and it is diverting; to fee them reckon above ten i for having counted the fingers of both handj they clafp them together, which fignihes ten, then begin- ning with the toes they count twenty, after which they arc confounded, ?nd cry, " Where (hall I take more." They divide the year into ten divifions. Come of which are longer and others fhorter 1 for they do not n ^c thia divifion from the changes of the moun, but from (bnio particular occurrences that annually return. The firft divifion is named the puiifiir of fins, from a holiday at that time, in which thev perform lome afts of purifica- tion. I'ho fecond is called, the breaker of hatchets, from the great Irolt. The third, the beginning of heat. I'he lourth, the time of long days. The fifth, the pre- paring time. I'l-.e fixrh, the red fifii fcafon. The fe- venth, the white fifh fealun. 'ihe eighth, the Kaiko fi/Ii leal'on. The ninth, the great white fiJh feafon. The tenth and \.\i\, the fall of the leaf. 'I'liis lalt continues till the month of N'ovember, or of puiification, and lafts almoll three months. Thefe names, however, are only ufcd bv the inhabitants upon the liver Kiintfchatka; for tholi: of the northern parts give tlitm other names, which are different only on account of their dilfcient employ- ments. They commonly divide our year into two, calllii'» the winter one year, and the fiimmer another. The winter begins in November, and the fummer in May. They do not difiiiiguifh the days by particular names, nor form them into weeks or months. When cclipfes happen they carry fire out of their huts, and pray the luminary eclipl'ed to ihine .is formerly. They know only three conftellations, the great bear, the pleia- des, and the three ftars in Orion. They have no writ- ings, nor hieroglyphics to prefcrvc the memory of any re- markable events; f'o that all their knowledge depends on tradition, which toon becomes fabulous and uncertain with rcfpcil to what is paft. SECT. VIII. Of ih- Method in which the Kamlfihadeilis make Wiir, The Tax they pay Is Rujjia. The Ruffian Forts ereded in the Country, and the Manner in uhiih the Coffiicks live tit Kamtjibatka. BEFORE the Kamtfchadale.i were conquered by thr Ruflians they did not appear to have the ambition of enlarging their territories, or increafing their power, and yet the quarrels that arofe between themfelves were fo fre- quent, that a vear feldom palTcd in which fome village wa'> not entirely ruined. The motives of thefe wars weieun- juft, and frequently trifling: they fought in order to take prifoncrs,that they might employ them, if male;, in doing their laborious work j or, if Icmalcs, make them either their wives or concubines. At other times neighbourin?- villages went to war for quarrels that happened among their ihildren, or for neglecting to invite each other to their fcaft?. Yet they arc fuch cowards, that unlefs forced by necei'- fity thev never openly attack an enemy, which is the more extraordinary as no people feem to dclpife liic n)i>rc than they, or are more freqiiently guilty of fell-murder. In the night time ih'y (teal into the enemy's village, theic being no watch to oppofe them, and Iccuring the entrance of the huts, knock down all who come out, and bind them fait, 'I'he males cipccially, if they are of any con- lequcnce, arc tieated with the utmolt barbarity, as burn- ing, cutting them to pieces, tearing out their intrail; while alive, and hanging them by the feet. Soon after the Kamtschatka. a S the conqui-ft of Kanitfchatka, this, with the fate of fcvcral Kiifliaii Coll'ii ks ; and thtfc barbarities were excrcifcil with rejoicing and triumph. I A. 8. I'hclc quarrci<; aiiuing thcrtiMvcs rcndcnd it cafy for the Cofi'icks to fuliJui; thcin ; for the natives on (ceing tlicm attack one village, were- fn far Irom alTirting their coiiiitrvmcn, th.it they njoiccd at tiuir dcttrudtion, with- out coiifidering that they would foon fuft'cr the fame fate. 'I'hev indeed dellroyed more of the Cod'acks by treachery than by arms ; for on their coming to any village to de- mand the tribute, they were received in the moll friendly manner, and the tribute not only paid them, but they had prtfents made them for receiving it. Thus h.iving lulled them into a (late of fecurity, they cither cut their throats in the night, or fet fire to the huts of their neighbours, and burnt them with all the Cod'.icks that were with them. The Coflacks are now upon their guard, and are particu- larly afraid of extraordinary carclVes, and always cxpcft ibmc treacherous defign when the women in the night- time leave their huts. Whenever they hear that troops arc marching againft them, inftcad of meeting their enemies, they retire tofomc eminence, which they fortify as Urongly .is poflible, and building huts there, wait till they are attacked. They then bravely defend thcmfelvcs with their bows and arrows, and every other method in their pov^'cr ; but if they find the enemy is likelv to make themfelves mailers of the for- trefs, they firftcut the throats of their wives and children, and then cither throw thcmfelvcs ilown a precipice, or, with their arms in their hands, rufli upon their enemies, and fell their lives as dear as poflible. Their arms are bows and arrows, fpears, and, what may be called, a coat of mail : their quivers are made of the wood of the larch-tree, on which is glcwed brick back; their bow-firings are the blood-vefills of the whale, and their arrows, which are about four feet long, are all poifoned, fo that whoever is wounded by them ufually dies in twenty-four hours, there being no other remedy but fucking out the poifon ; and their coats of mail arc made of mats, or the (kins of fca-horfes and fcals, cut into thongs, and platted together. They put them upon the left fide, and tic them with thnngs upon the right ; be- hind they fix a high board to defend their head, and an- other before as u breall-plate. The taxes they pay to Ruflia confift of only one fkin of fuch creatures as every man is ufed to hunt, fuch as fables, foxes, and fea-bcavers ; and juilice, except in criminal cafes, is adminiftcrcd by their own chiefs. There are five Ruflian forts in Kamtfchatka; thefe we (hall particularly mention; only we ni.all firft obferve, that a vcrd is fomewhat lefs than tiirec quarters of an Englifh mile. The Bolfcheretfkoi fort (lands on the northern bank of the great river, thirty-three vcrfts from the Pcnfchin- fka fea. This fort is fcvcnty feet fquarc, and is fortified on the eaft and north fides with pallifadocs, as is the fouth and weft with diftcrent buildings. Beyond the fort is a church confecrated to St. Nicholas, with a bclfrey credlcd upon pillars. It contains about thirty hnufes, one pub- lic houfe for felling brandy, and adiftillcry. It is defend- ed by forty-fiv- Coflacks. The upper futt of Kamtfchatka ftands upon the left bank of the river of the fame name, two hundred and forty-two verfts from the Bolfcheretfkoi fort. This building is fe- ventctn fathoms fquarc ; the gate fronts the river, and over it is a warehoufe. \Vithiii the fort arc two maga- zines, the oflice for receiving the taxes, and a room for keeping the hoflagcs. On the outfide is alfo a church confecrated to St. Nicholas, the coinmifl'ary's houfe, a di- ftillery, and twenty-two private houfcs for the accommo- dation of the garrifon, which confifts of fifty-fix Cof- facks. The lower Kamtfchatka fort is three hundred and ninc- ty-feven vcrfls ditbnt from the former, and is fituated up- on the fame fide of the river, about thirty verfts from its mouth. This fort is a parallelogram made with palli- fadcs ; it is forty fathoms broad, and forty-two long. Within it is a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the offioe and magazine for the taxes and Ibircs, and a coni- millary's houie, all built of larch wood. Without tho fort are twenty-nine private houfcs, a public houfo, ili- ftillery, and nmcty-two male iiihabitaii'.;. G^mc is here 8 in fuch plenty, that the pooreft Cofl"ack fcldoni dines with- out a fwan, goofe, or duck. The fourth fort is built upon the bay of Awatfcha ; its greateil beauty is its church, which is well built in a fine iiciiation. The fifth fort is ercflcd upon the river Teghil, and i:; garrifoned with thirty-fevcn male inhabitants ; but wc have no account of its form. The Cofliicks wh"^ are at Kamtfchatka, live much in the fame manner as the natives; they feed lilte them upon fifli and roots, and their eniploymeiits are nearly the fame. The only ditlcrencc feems to be, that the Collacks live in houfcs, and the natives in huts under ground. The Cofliicks generally cat their fifh boiled, and the natives mollly dry. As it is impoflible for people to live there without the help of women ; who arc very nrcdlary to clean their fifli, dry their roots, and to make their cloaths, and as the Collacks firft fettled there without their wives, it will be proper to obferve by what methods they pro- cured them. The Coflacks did not reduce thefe people without meeting with oppofition, and in their wars with the natives they took many women and children, as well as men prifoncrs, and obliged them to perform all the la- bour. i"he care of overlooking thefe fcrvants was in- trufted to thofe whom they made their concubines, whom they frequently married if tht-y had any children by them; and fometimes the natives oflered them their d.iughters, whom they promilcd to marry as foon as a prieft arrived. Thus it fometimes happened, that the ColKicks h.id a marriage and a chriftening at the fame time; for there was only one pried in Kamtfcliatka, who once in a year or two vifitcd the fettleinents. The Coflacks, who are thcmfelvcs extremely rude, were well plcafed with this manner of life, and obliged their flaves to furnifti them with fables and other furs in abun- dance, while they fpent moll of their Jme in pl.iviiur at cards. Before there were any brandy (hop;, they u^J ^^^ meet in the office where the tax was rccei\eM ; tlure the gamefters brought their furs, and when they had none they brought their flaves, and fometimes played till they had lofl both them and all their cloaths. I'his way of life was attended with great confnfion ; for the poor flaves were fometimes obliged to change their maders twenty times a day. The goods demanded in Kamtfchatka, befides the na- tural produce of Ruffia, are many forts of European goods, as coarfe cloths of various colours, fergcs, linen, fillc and cotton handkerchiefs, red wine, tobacco, fome fugar, and fcvcr.al toys : from the other partsof Siberia unwrought iron, knives, hatchets, faws, and fire-flccls j alfo wax, hemp-yarn for nets, tanned dcer-fkins, coarfe Rufiiau cloth and linen : from Bokaria and the country of the Kalmucks feveral forts of cotton ftufts : from China fillc and cotton ftufl's, coral, tobacco, and ju'cdles, which arc preferred to thofe brought from Ruflia : from the Korcki they buy great quantities of rein-deer flvins, botli dreffed and undreflcd, which they can alway.s fell in what quan- tities they picafc. The goods brought from Kamtfchatka confift of furs, as foxes, fables, fea-bcavers, and a few otter-fkins. As there was formerly no money in the country, they gave furs in exchange forwhat they wanted ; and now they have money, the price is fixed by the fkins, reckoning a good fox (kin at a ruble. The produce of Kamtfchatka, on being carried from thence, pay ten per cent duty, and the fables twelve. SECT. IX. 0/ the K U R I L E 9. Their Perfons, Drcft, Cit/hms, and Manners ; ihtir Iloj^i' talily to Strangen ; their AL-thtJ of catJ ing Fcxei id Be.iven ; a riiliculaus K^tiy of piinijhing AdultOtTS ; their Religion and Treatment ef their Idsli. 1'^HE Kiniles, who inhabit the fouthcrn point of the pcninfulaof Kamtfchatka, from their form and ex- ternal appearance, fecm a very different people from the KamtlVliadales. They are fmall of llature, have black hail, a round vifagc, and arc fomewhat fwarlhv ; but have better features than any uf their neighbours. Their Y beard* 1 jij m\ \\W\ ,M H A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, KoRERT. ■^1 n.ii n i '.I i ; i. 1^ •'I beards are thick, and ih--ir whole boJy is pretty hairy, i/i which rcfpciEl they differ tVom tlio other inhabitants of Katntfchatka. Tiic men lluve the heaJi as tar back as the crown ; but b-hinJ allow their hair to r;:o,v to its full length : a ciilloin they prohablv borrowed fioni the Japa- nefe, with whi:nn they have fome commerce. The women Cut only the hair over their forehead, that :; may not hang over their eyes. The men have their lips blackened about »he middle; but thofe of the women are entirely black : their arms arc alfo ftained with different ti^^ures as higii as the elbows: thi. is a ciirtoni they have in common with • he Tchukotlkoi an I 'run;j,'iri. I'hofe of both fexe swear I'llvcr ear-rings, which th^ y obtain from the Japanefe. I'heir cloaths are made of the Ikiin of loxes, i'ea-fowls, r?a-heavcis, and other amphibious .-inimals, and are com- monly formed of the (kins of very different creatures fo that a whole fuit is fddom fcen of the fame fort of Ikins. Thefafliion has a nearer refemblance to that of the Tungufi, than to that of iheKamtfehadalts. But thougli they pay fo Jittle reg.ird to uniformity ofdrefs in the cloathin;^ of tlicir native country, they arc vcrv fond of acquirin^j; fuch as are made of filk, cloth, or I'erge, particularly thofe of a Icarlet colour ; yet when they have them they will wear them when about their dirtieil v.-oik. Their huts refemble thofe f the Kamtfchndalis, but they generally keep them cleai..r, and co\er the walls and floor with mats. Their piineipal tbod conhlhs in amphi- bious iuii:nais, and they t.it very little filh. During the fummi-r, inllead of travelling by land, tlK v coatl the coun- try, or f.iil up the rivers in bo.its ; and in the winter travel wi(h fnowfhocs. Jn the funimer the women attend their Iiulbands in hunting; anil in winter they arc buficd in lewing, while thtir hulbands are employed in killing the amphibious animals that appro.uh the fliore. Thefe people are more civili/.ed than thofe of the neigh- bouring nations ; for they are perfectly honell: and peace- able : they have a foft and model! way of fpeakinj •. the old they treat with rcl'pccf, and behave witli atfection to each other, particularly to their r^latiorvs. It is impolfible to fee without pliafuie the I'licndlv and hofpitable recep- tion they E;ive to their fricndi who come to vilit them *roMi the hTuriifki idinds. Thofe who come in boat ., and thole that leave tlieir huts to receive theni, march with great ceremony in all their warlike accoutrements, fliak- ing their fpears and fwords, and bending their bows as if going to engage an enemy. 'I'hcy thus dance up toe.ich other till tluy meet, and then embrace, clafping each other in their arm^, and fludding tears of joy. Tlie peo- ple of the huts then tonducl thtir vilitors to their h.abita- tion, where, (landing around them, they hear them relate all the adveniiires of their voyajc. The eKItft man has the honour of miking this relation, and he informs them ot every thing that has happened fince their lall meeting ; how they lived, how they were employed, where they travelled, wh.it good or ill fortune they have experienced, and the like. This relatioa I'ometimes co.ntinues three hours ; and, when he has ended, the eldcll of thofe who are \ ifited gives him .ilfoan account of all that has happen- ed to them. iSefore he has done the reft mull not fo much as (peak to each other, and then thcv either condole or join in congratulations and finilli the entertainment with eating, finging, dancinir, and telling of itorics. The Kuriles catch foxes in a manner peculiar tothcm- f-'lves : thcv have a net made of the hair of whales beards, itmpofed of feveral rings ; this being fprcad upon the j;iound, they bind a magpye to a ting in the middle, and riiund the neck draw a cord, the ends of which arc held by a man concealed hi a pit ; who, when the fox fprings iipon the bird, draws the coid, and gathers the net to- ) 1 thcr, which furrounds the fo,\ as a drag-net does the Ji'.h. In order to catch bears, tlicy fiften a fnnrc upon a tree, and place bciiind it a propi r bait; v.'hich the bear endea vou.ing to feize, is held faft by the head or paw. Another method is to lay aboard dii\en lull of iron hooks in the beai';; tra^k, ncar which they place fomcthing that ea.'il/ falls. This frightening the bear, he runs with picater force on tb.c hoard ; wlien limling one of his fore- paws wounded and ki/.cd by the hi <.k, he endeavours to f.ec himfelf by healing the board with the other ; and thus both being tixcd, he rclb oil hL hiadcr-le^s, which caufes the board to rife before his tycs, and fo perplexes him, that, growing furil)U^, he beats himfelf to death. The Kuriles dilVer but little from the other Kamtfcha- dalcs in their couiilhips, nianiages, and the education of their childien. Though thty have two or three wives, they never publlckly llerp with any of them ; but ftcal to them privately in the night. They have a very extra- ordinary and ridiculous method of punifhing adultery. The hufband challenges the adulterer to accept of a match at beating, which is thus performed : when they meet they both drip naked, and the injured challenger givts the other a club about three feet long, and near as thick as a man'* arm ; and then the challenger is obliged to receive three Itrokes upon his back from the adulterer, who then returns him the club, and is treated in the fame manner. 'I'hij they perform three times, and it is generally followed with the death of both ; but it is efteemed as great a diflionour to refufe this way of fighting, as it is in Europe to rcfufc complying with a challenge : but if the adulterer prefers his fafety to his honour, he mull pay the hufband whatever he demands, either in provifionsj cloaths, (kins, or the like. Thefe people arc as ignorant of the Deity as the Kamt- fchadaks. They have idols In their huts made of chips or fhavingi, curioully curled. They call them Ingool, and arc laid to pay them a kind of veneration ; but whether as good or evil fpiiits is not known. To them they lacrifico the firil animal they catch, but they cat the flefli them- I'.lves, and hang up the (kin before the image. When they change their huts they leave the (kin and the idol be- hind ; but if they make any dangerous voyage, they take the idol with them ; and, in cafe of imminent danger, throw their god into the (ea, in order to pacify the ilorin : and in all their excurfions they think themfelves fafe while ihcy h.-ive this proteflor with them. 'I'hc women are faid to have harder labours than thofe of the Kamtfchadales ; and, if they have twins, one ot the unhappy infants is doomed to death. Self-murder is as frequent here as among the Kamtfchadales. Such per- fons as die in fummer arc interred in the earth, but in the winter they are buried in the (now. SECT. X. 0/tht KoREKl fl«iTcHUKOTSKOI, Or TCHUKTCHI, THE Koreki are divided into the Rcin-dcer, or Wan- dering Koreki, and thofe that are fettled in one place, who live in huts in the earth like the Kamtfchadales, whom almoll in every other refpeiSl they alfo imitate. The Fixed Koreki inhabit the coaft of the Eaftern Ocean, from the river Ukoi as far as the Anadir, and along the coaft of the fea of Penfchina, round the Penfchina-bay to the ridge of a mountain called Naktchatmnin, out of which rifcs the river Nuktchan. The Koriki are from thefe rivers diftinguiilicd by dif- ferent names. The Waiulering Koreki remove to the well with their herds from the Ealtern Ocean to the head of the rivers Penfchina and Omolona ; they rai:iblc towards the north as far as the Anadir, ai>d fouthward to the rivers Lcfnaya and Karaga. They fometiines approach veiy neai- to Kamtfchatka ; but this never happens, except they are in fear of being molefted by the ichukoipKoi, who are their nioft d.ingcrous neighbours. • The people they border upon are the Kamtfchadales, the rchukotlkoi,theUka'-cri, and the Tungufi or Lamuti. The Koreki differ not only in their behaviour from one another, but alfo in t!ie form of their bodies. The Wandering Koreki are low of ftaturc, and very lean ; they have ("mall heads, and black hair, which they fliavc every day ; their face is oval, their eyes (mall, and fliaded with hanging eyebrows ; they have a fltort nofe, a wide mouth, and a bl.ick and pninted beard, which they fre- quently pluck. The Fixed Koreki are fomewhat taller and thicker than the former, efpecially thofe that live to- wards the north, who rcfcmble the Kamtfchadales and Tchukotlkoi. Defides, there is a great difference in their habits anj cufloms. Tlic Wandering Koreki are extremely jealous, and vftcu kill their wivci, upon (ufpicion only ; but when i M^' TcHUKOTSKOf. A S when any arc caujht in aJultciy, b.i'h parties arc con- Jcinncii to death. ()i\ this account the women feem to (irivu to rcnJcr tJ.cnifi.Kcs dilai^rccahlc ; fur ihcy never v/aih their hanJs and faces, nor comb tlicir h.dJs -, and tlitir upper garments arc raj;!;ed, dirty, and torn, the bed bi;ni ' worn underneath. ("his proceeds from the jcaloufy of th^ir hulbands, who afTcrt, that a woman has no need to adorn herfelf, unlefs flic intends to L^ain the afteflions of ftranocrs ; for her hulband will love her without it. Hut the Fixed Korclci confider it as the moft certain mark of fricnd(hip when they entertain a fricnJ, to put him to bed to his wife or daiii;htcr ; and his rcfufal to comply would be confidcred as fuch an atlront, that they are capable of murdering a man for it. The wives of the l'"ixed Korcici therefore adorn themfelvcs as much as they can, by painting their faces, wearing good cloaths, and en- deavouring to fct ofF their pcrfons. They even fit naked in their huts in the company of ftrangerr.. The whole nation is rude, p.itTionate, revengeful, and cruel j and the Wandering Koreki arc ccju-dly proud and vain : they think no people upon earth fo happy as themfelvcs, and confider all the accounts given by ftrangers of other coun- tries as cntiiely fabulous ; for, fay they, " If you enjoy " thcfe advantages at home, why did you take the trouble " of coming to us ? You feem to want many things which *' wc poffefs ; while we are fatislied with what we enjoy, " and never come to feck any thing from you." The pride of the Wandering Koreki appears owing to the rcfpedful awe with which they are treated by the Fixed Koreki, who are never known to do themtlic lead injury: this can only be attributed to the refpeft which the poor "cnerally pay to the rich. Hence the Rein-deer Koreki call the others their flavcs, and treat them accordingly, tho' they are much their fuperiors in number ; hut, at tlie fame time, aie fo afraid of the TchukotHcoi, that fifty of the Rein-dccr Koreki would fly before twenty of them ; and were it not forthe protection of the Coll'acks, the Tchukot- Jkoi would have extirpated the whole nation. The Koreki live in fuch places as abound with mofs for their rcin-dcer, without concerning thcmfelves about the fcarcity of wood or water ; for during the winter they ufe melted fnow, and for firing mofs or grafs. Their way of life, efpccially in that feafon, is even more difagrecablc than that of the Kamtfchadalcs ; for as they arc frequently obliged to change their h.ibitations, the luits to which they remove are frozen ; and on their attempting tothaw them with fires made of green flirubs or grafs, there arifes a fniokethat is extremely pernicious to the eyes. 'J'heir huts refemblc thofe formed by other wandering nations : in the winter they are covered with raw deer-fkins, and in the fummer with thofe that are tanned. They have no flooiings or partitions, but only four (lakes in the mid- dle, between which is their hearth : to thefe they gene- rally tie their dogs, which frequently drag the meat out of their kettles while it is drcfling. Indeed, a man mull be very hungry before he can cat with them ; for, inflead of wafliing "their kettles or platters, they are fatisficd with their dogs licking them ; and the very flefh they tear out of the mouths of'thefe dogs, they, without wafhing, throw again into the kettle. 'Fhc Tchukotfkoi, or Tchuktchi, live upon the banks of the river Anadir, -and extend along the fhore to the north and north-eaft as far as the Cape of Tchukotfkoi, which, according to the Ruffian maps, is in feventy-four degrees north latitude, where the fca turns to the weft ; one fide of that promontory being waflied by the Kaftern Ocean, and the other by the Frozen Sea. Thofe who dv/cll on that promontory keep tame rein-deer, and fre- quently change their habitations between the rocks, while thofe who have no rein-deer dwell on the banks of the ("ea, where the fea-horfes ufually come on fliore j thefe laft live by hunting wild rein-deer, and on the flefh and fat of the whales, fea-horfcs, and feals, feeding alfo on roots and herbs. The Tchukotlkoi who live to the north of the Anadir, arc not fubjeil to Ruffia ; but frequently make incurfions upon thofe that arc, killing and making them ptifoners, and driving oil' their herds of deer. During tlic fummer they fifli not only in the feas near the mouth of the Anadir, but even come a great way up the river, when thofe fubjcdt to Ruflia frequently fall into their hand;. I n When a (Irangcr ("omcs to vifit thtfe northern Tchukot- fkoi, whether he be of their own n.ition, or of any other, they at the (irfl f.ilutation oiler him their wives and daugh ters for his bed-fellows i but if they are too difagreeahlc or too old for the gueff, they bring him fomc from airon;^ their neighbours ; and the woman he choofcs prcfents him a bafon of her own urine, made in his prefcncc, with which he is obliged, in point of honour, to rinfe his mouth ; but if he refufes the otl'er, they efleem him their enemy ; and, from his accepting it; conclude him their fincere friend. This circumftance, fo contrary to the cuftonis of all na- tions, is mentioned by the Ruffians who have been amongft the Tchukotfkoi, and was confirmed by the Tchukotlkoi themfelvcs at Anadirfk. The winter-huts of the Tchukotfkoi arc much warmer and more Ipacious than thofe of the Koreki. In the fame huts live feveral families, that have their feparate benches covered with deer-fkins, on which they fit or deep. Upon each bench a lamp of filli-oil, with a wick of mofs, burns day and night. On the top they have an opening that fcrves for a cl.imney ; and they aie fo warm, that in the coldcft places the women fit naked ; but they arc almoft as fmokey as thofe of the Koreki. Their cloaths arc made of the fkins of rein-deer, in ths fame manner as thofe of the Kamtl'ch.adales. The rein- deer are fo extremely numerous, that fome of the rich have ten or twenty thoufand ; and yet are fo penurious, that they are loth to kill them for thei.- own ufe, and arc contented with eating fuch as die of themfelvcs, or are kjlled by the wolves, which fiequently happens. How- ever, for a particular friend, they will kill one of their own herd. They never milk the rein-deer, nor do they know the ufe of milk ; they eat their fidh boiled, and what is not immediately ccnfuu.^J they dry with the fmoke in their huts. They cat every other animal, except dogs and foxes ; and in general eat neither herbs, ronts, or the bark of trees, though the poor feed oa them in time? of great fcarcity. They eat berries only frefli in the fummer, and fave none of them for the winter. Mr. Kraflicniniei.fi' obfcrvcs, that he faw one of their chiefs greatly furprifed at the firrt fight of fugar, which he teok for fait; but tafting it, was fo pleafed with its fwectnefs, that he beggeil fome pieces to carry to his wives ; but being unable to re- fift the temptation of fo delicious a rarity, he eat it all up by the way, and when he came "home told them he had tafted fait fwceter than any thing he had ever known ; they would not believe him, and infifted, that nothing could be fwceter than cranberries with deers fat and lilly roots. The Koreki arc entirely ignorant of all the rules of ci- vility ; they not only make no compliments, but treat ftrangers with an air of fuperiority. However, whea they entertain their gucfts, they give them what they have in fufficicnt plenty, without obliging them to over- eat themfelvcs. Their favourite food is lat meat, for all thefe lavage nations arc exceffively fond of fat. The Tchukotfkoi would lofe an eye for a fat dog, and the Ja- kutfki for a piece of fat horfe-flefli. The latter know that the ftealing of cattle is punifhcd with the lofs of all their goods, yet when an opportunity offers they cannot refrain from ftealing a fat horfc, comforting thcmlelvcs amidft their misfortunes, with their having once in their lives made a delicious meal. Indeed, amongil all thcfe barb.irous nations, the Kanit- fchadalc excepted, theft is reputable, n' it be not in their own tribe, provided it be performed with fueh art as to pre- vent adifcovcry, yet a man is fevcrely punillied if difco\cr- cd, not for the theft, but for want of adJrefj in the .irt of ftealing. A Tchukotlkoi girl niuft fhcw her dexterity in this way before ftie can bi- married. In their marriages the rich are united to the rich, and the poor to the poor, with very little regard to perfonal charms, or any other accomplifhmcnt. i'hey generally marry into their own family, and with any relation, ex- cept their own mother oc daughter. Tho' the bridegroom lliould be ever fo rich he is oblii;cd to fcrvc five, or at leall three years for his bride; but during that time they arc al- lowed to flecp together, though tho fortn of catching the bride is defeired till the marriage is celebrated, whTch is done withovit much ceremony. They have two or three wives, ^m ■"*?!* M 88 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, TuNcusr, wives, wbom they k.-ep at different places, giving them an herd of deer, aiiJ a ix-'rlon to loolc ai:er thcin. They are very (ond ot their children, whom they inure from their infancy to labour and oecon^my. 1 hi; old wo- men give the children their names, on which occafion viiey fet up two rods, which they tie together w;th thread, and between them hang a Hone, wraj)! in a piece of (hecp (kin ; they then alk in a muttering voice the name they (hall give, and mentioning thoic of Uveral of their rela- tions, whatever name the Hone (hakes at, they give to the child. The child-bed woman never (hows hcifcif, nor leaves her hut for ten days ; and if during that time they remove their habitations, (he is carried in a covered fledge. The children fuck till they are three years oid, but have neither cradle nor fwadling cloaths. T'heir fick are carefully attended, and their (bamans or forcerers beat a little drum to drive away their dilK-m|Krs. 'I'hcfe are their phyhcians, though they are unacquainttd with the virtues of plants. When a pcrfon is dead they erecl a great pile of wood, and having drclltid the dcceafed in his tuiclt apparel, caule him to be drawn by the deer whxh tney imagine were his favourites ; then placing the body on the pile throw upon it his Ipear, quiver, arrows, knives, hatchets, ket- tles, and other furnirure. They tnen.fet fire to the pile, and while it is burning kill the deer that drew the corpfc, and having fcailed upon it throw the fraginenti into the flames. A year after the perfon's death ail the relations afiemblc, and taking two young rein-deer that have ne- ver drawn a fledge, ajid a number of horns, which dur- ing the whole year, they have collc«3ed for that purpofe, they go to the place vihcre the body was burned, if it be near, or if it be at a dillance, to loine other hi^'h place, where they kill tlie deir; and the (haman driving the horns into the earth, pretends that he fends a herd of deer to the dcceafed. Thev then return home, and in order to pu- rify themfelves, pals between two rods fixed in the ground, while the (haman, beating them with another, inireats the dead not to carry them away. The Koreki only ride on fledges drawn by rein-deer during the winter, but never mount upon their backs in the fumnicr, as it is faid the Tungufi do. Their fledges are about fix feet long, and their fides about four inches thick ; but rather thinner at the fore part, where thcv ^rc bent upwards. I'hey yoke two deer before every flcdgc. They h.ive collars fomething like thofe of horfes, and alfo bridles and reins, with four little (harp bones upon the deer's forehend, which are ufcd as bits to pull them in ; for thefe bones, piercing the Ikin, make them Itop. They are only put on the head of the ri^ht-hand deer; for if he ftops, the other cannot proceed, '("hey drive them forward with a goad about four feet long, that has a (harp bone at one end, and a hook at the other. 'l>.rr prick the deer with the bone to mak;e him go lorwards, and with the hook lift up the harnci'*. The rein-deer run much fwifter than the dogs, and will go one hundred and fifty verfts, or near a hundred miles a day ; but care muft be taken to feed them frequently. They ge!d the males, by piercing the fpcrmatic velllls, and tyin'.j them with thongs. The Settled Koreki have very few rcin-decr; and thefe are only ufcd for drawiig; but the Tchulcuilkoi have great herds, and yet generally feed upon li(h and amphi- bious animals. The religion of the Koreki is as abfurd as that of the Kamtfchadales : they feem to ha', c a great refpeft for evil fpiiits, which they i'uppofe inhabit the fields and woods; but this rcfpcel fcems entirely owing to fear. They have no re:;uhr times of wor(hip, but whenever they pleafe kill either a rein-deer cr a dog, and fixing its head upon a (take, turn its face towards the eaft, crying, " This is " fcir vou; .'.ad may you fend u: fomething that is good;" after which they immediately retire. When they are go- ing to p.ifs a river or defarr, which they imagine is inha- bited by evil fpirits, they kill cnc of their deer, and eat- intr the filh, i;iften the bonc» of the head upon a pole. Before they became fubjeifl to the RufEan empire they h.td no magillr.ites, only the rich had fome authority over the poor, nor had they then the form of an oath. At preftnt, inflead of fwc3ringup.on the gr fjiel, the CofTacks oblige them to hold a inul<:]uet by the barrel, thre.itning that whoever dues not obfervc thi] cath, will be fliot by a bill i which they are fo much aTr.iid of, that rather th.in run the rilk of being thus killed for perjury, tluy y.ill, if guilty, confcis their crime. Their other tultoms rcfemblc thoft of the Kanitfclia- d.dcs. Ucfore we leave the coaft of the taflcrn ocean, we ought not to omit obferviiig, that Irom the Lite difcnveries of the Rulfians, it appeg!, and rein-deer. They acknowledge a Supreme Being, but pav their adorations onlj' to fome ill-(hnpcd wooden idols of their own maki.-ig They hang their dead upcn trees till the flefh is rotted off, or devoured by birds, :ind thtn burv their bones. The men and women of diftiniiion are known by black fpots made on their f.ices nnd hand;, which they are accuflomcd to confider as a fingular ornament. The Olcni 'I'ungufi, who dwell near the fprings of the Lena and Aldan, north of that of the Sagalian-ula, or tliT Amur, live much after the lame manner; but hefidcs the game and fifh they catch, they live upon the milk of their cattle, which they breed up in great numbers, and fome- times feaft on their flcfli, as well as cloath thcmfrlvc* with the fkins. Thefe are cfteemed fomewhat lefs barba- rous than the reft, liillcad of bread they ufe onions, and the roots of yellow lilic, which when dry, they either make into a kind of meal, or boil up into a pap, as they fincy beft. They have a (Irangc way of adminilfering oathf to each rther, which is thus performed. He that give; the oath (labs a dog in the belly, aiid holds the wouui THI an produces tent upoi the fake c the little never exc peeps out in fix wc( here in fii ridies the worthy of rains, ant deep. T (lure from invigorate There out all the hoofs to c birch am f.it, durin fomer thai The is fituated the Trozi general. Thefe f^an natioi wh'ch am Ku/lians. of heaven, cd out wit like a bag round it ' tribe has i pcrftitioi they confi fine one, VVhile th< bihuns or rattles an The fie than each tree, and ficc horfe the heads which the drnnk to fprinkle they light JAKvri. A S wound to the man who fwcars, and who fucks the blood as ;i proof of his veracity ; for they imapim: he would im- mediately burft if he fwore falfely. Their chief wea- pons are the broad fword, cutlas, and hatchet, theflrrtof which hath lately been brought amonsj them. Afmall canton of theOlenlTungufiisunderthe dominion of the emperor of China; but nil the reft are fubjeft to the Czarina, and annually pay their quota of furs. The Konni Tungufi, who are fltuated between the Like Baykal and the city of Newzinfkoi along the river Amur, are commonly very ftrong and courageous, nim- ble and adtivc, and as they generally go armed, they arc trained up to ufe their weapons, as well on horfeback as on foot. Both men and women ride a horfc with great dexterity. The Jcnifea, which runs through the territory of the Tungufi, gives its name to a city fcated on its banks, near the confines of the Oftiacs and Tungufi. This city is pretty large, ftrong, populous, and well fupplied with provilions, fucli as S\-{h, fowl, game, fifti, &c. as well as with corn, millet, rice, and other grain. Its juril- diction extends over a long territory of the Tungufi, who have fmall towns and villages along the river uud parts ad- jacent. SECT. XII. Of thi Jakuti or Ja(;uT7,ic. Of its Sltunti-.n, Ciimatf, ami Produce, uSth tlii: Maimirs, Cujhms and Rcligisn of the h'atives, THE province of Jakuti or Jakutzklies to the north, and is fltuated on the banks of the river Lena. It produces foinc corn, but the inhabitants being more in- tent upon hunting fiblcs, foxes, and other animals, for the fake of their furs, n^glccl cultivating the earth. Tho' the little corn fown in the country foon ripens, the ftraw never exceeds fix inches in height; for the corn no fooiier peeps out of the ground than i: Ihoots into ears, and ripens in fix weeks time : the reafon of which is, that the fun is here in fummer hardly ever below the horizon, but chc- riflies the earth by its warmth both night and dav. It is worthy of remark, that during this whole time it never rains, and that the earth never thaws above nine inches deep. Thus the roots are plentifully fupplied with moi- fture from below, while the conftant heat of the fun above invitioi'stcs what is above the ground. There arc here pretty large horfcs, which being turned out all the winter long, fcrapc the fnow afidc with their hoofs to come at the grafs. ']"hey alfo eat the buds of tlie birch and afpen tree, and growing fleek, plump, and f.it, during the feveriiy of winter, they appear muchliaiid- fomer than in fummer, when their hair grows long. The city of Jakutzk is the capital of the province, and is fltuated on the river Lena above four hundred miles from the Frozen Sea, and is the refidcnce of the governor- general. Thefe people compofe one of the moft numerous pa- ;nn nations in Siberia, and confift of ten tribes, all of wh'ch amount to about thirty thoufand men taxed bv the Kuflians. The natives offer facrifices to the invifible (iod of heaven, yet have a wretched type or image of him Itufl- cd out with a monftrous head, eyes of coral, and a body like a bag. This image they hang upon a tree, and fur- round it with the furs of fables and other animals. Each tribe has one of thefe images; and they have all many fu- pcrftitious cuftoms in relation to particular trees, which they confider as faercd ; anJ when they meet with a very fine one, hang u|K;n it pieces of iron, brafs, and copper. While they .ire performing their fupcrftitious rites, their bihuns or pricfts wear a garment adorned with bits of iron, rattles and bells. The fields no fooncr begin to be covered with verdure, than ea< h tribe al1t;mhles at a place where there is a fine tree, and a pUafant fpot of ground, and there they facri- itcc horfes and oxen as a new year's offering, and ftick up the heads round the tree. Then taking a certain liquor, which they call cumifcs, they fit down in a circle, and hav- drank tn car!! ctiicr, dip a brufli in the liquor, and fprinkle fome in the air, and fonie into the fire, which tney light upon that occaliun. At this fcftival they get I A. ^ intolerably drunk, and gorge thcmfclvcs to cxccfs ; foi lomc even llrip thcmfelves naked, that they may have no impediment : in fliort, they continue eating fo long, that fome of them die upon the fpc:. They cat the flelh of coa's and horfes, but no pork, though ever fo hungry ; yet they iicv cr regard whether the cattle be fick or found. If the meat has but one boiling up, it is fufficient : they never fkim the pot j but confider the (Icim as a great dainty, and theiefore diftribute it about to their guefts. Thefe people arc fo extremely nafty, that they hardly ever w.i/li thcmfclvcs. The veflels in v/hich they ftanip their dried fifli, roots jnd berries, are made of cows dung dried ; and the cattle ftand in the fame hut where they thcmfclvcs dwell. They are fond of fmoking tobacco, which they procure from the Rullians in exchange for their furs. In Febru.iry and March, when the Cap riles in the frees, they go into the woods, and cutiiii.; down young pine^, take oft" the inner bark, and carrying it home, dry it for their winter's provifions; they then hc.it it to a fine powder, boil it in milk, and cat it with dilcd fifli, which is alfu beat to powder. They remijvc their habitations like many other inha- bitants of this country. Their winter huts are lijiiare, and made of thin planks and beams, the roof is covertj with earth, and a hole as ufual is loft in the top to let out the fmokc. Their fummer-dwclliiigs, whiih are round and in the (hapc of a fugar-loaf, are covered on the out- fide with the bark of birch-trees, curloullvjoincd and em- broidered with hotfc-hair of many cnlourj. A hole is alfo left at the top for the pallage of the fmoke ; and the fire is made in the niidfl of the hut, where thiy fix a hook t'> hang their pots on ; thefe they make theml'elvcs, as they do alfo their kettles, which have only an iron bottom, the fides being made of the bark of the birch-tree, which they join fo clofc to the iron bottcm, that the veflcl will not only hold water, but remain unburnt in the inidlt of the flame. They have diflerent ways of difpofing of their dead : pcrfons of diltinction fomctinics pitch upon a pine-tree, and declare they will be buried under it; and when thu corpfe is interred, Ibmeof the belt: movcibles that belonged to the deccafed are put along with him into the grave. Some only place the corpfe upon a board, which they fix in the wood upon four pofls ; then coveting the body with a horfe'i or an afs's hide, leave it. But moft of ihcni when they die are left in their huts, 2nd their relations, taking the moft valuable tnings, tlofe up the door and re- move to another hut. Among thefe people each tribe looks upon fome parti- cular creature as facred; for inllanee, afwan, a gool'c, or a raven ; and thefe aic not eaten by that tribe, though the others may cat it without oftcncc. SECT. XIU. Of ihr Bral/ll, the Ktimjli, th^ Jjiirahinjhi, aitd the Afaho- nieton Kiili/»i on the Baiiii of the Irtifh ; with a partLular Auotmt of the U/iitia, their Alaniiets, Cujhmi, and Re- ligion. NEAR the lake of Baikal arc the Dratfki Tartars, fome of whom enjoy a great affluence ; for it is not unufual there for a private man to have tour or five hundred horfes, and a proportionable number of other cattle. They live chitfly on venifon, but cftcem horfe-flefh a much greater dainty. They drink mare's milk, and alfo a ftrong fpirit which they diftil from it. They are extremely hof- pitable, and will fometimes prcfent travellers with iheep, referving only to thcmfelves the guts and entrails, which they cfteem the moft delicate part. They purchafc their wives with their cattle, and often give an hundercd horfes or oxen for a virgin whom they admire. They v^-cfhipaii idol formed of the fkins of bcalls, and bun;; up in tluir \ uts. Somewhat farther to the well live the Kamfki Tartars in huts covered with bark. They arc pagan.s, and their foi'd is fifli and vcnilon, which they cat raw as well asdrelFed, and roots ferve them inftcad of bread. Fartherto the weft is the great defartof Baraba, in which the Barabinfki live during the winter, which they employ in hunting of fables ; but in fummer they remove to the /. banks ■! ': \''M'\ 'i' yA \ '■ 'i' -.m •I,' 4 ■■•'■I I'iWi f)0 A SVSTEM OF GfeOGRAPflV. SamoiedA, ^ I'iil 1 Hi . ,. i ■ i ,.i M banks of the river?, where thev employ themfclvcs in fifh- ing. They a.c p.uam, anJ fccm to live very wretched lives. Their houfcs are low -n the ground, and their f.)ofj, whi^h rile about three feet above the furtace, arc covered with rufhcs or (kins, f n every one of thorn they ha\e an idol, formed of a piece of wood about half a yard long, carved in the ihape of a man, and drefTed up with rags. The defart affording no water, they drink melted fnuw, and eat dried fifh and barley-meal. They fcarce know the ufe of montv ; but for a little tobacco a man may purchafe any thing thc)' have. They, like the roll of the Siberians, waz coats, cap?, and ftockings made of pieces of fur fewcd together. Along the river Irtifch live a Mahometan nation that is wealthy in cattle, thc people having numerous herds and fl.-icks. Their habit refembles that of thc anticnt Ruflians, and the women wear rings in their noHrils. Their prin- cipal food is venifon, dried tifli, and bailey-meal, which thcv make into a parte, and eat much in the fame manner as fome of the Indians do their rice. Like moft of thc Tartars they drink mare's milk, and fonietimcs tea, which thev mix with flour and butter. At Rrcat entertainments they generally drefs a young horfc, and drink a liquor call- ed braga, diflilled from oat-meal and mare's milk, with which they often get drunk. Thcv pay a tribute to Mofcovy of fables, fox-ll:in?, and other furs, notwithftanding their having princes of their own. Farther to thc wcil arc the Oftiacks, who extend along the rivers Oby and Jenifav, and on many of thc rivers which fall into them : they employ theml'elvcs in hunt- ing and fifbing. In fummcr they take and dry the fifli which fcnes ihcm in the winter ; and when that feafon begins, they go into thc woods with their bows and arrows, th-ir dogs ani n:tj, to kill fables, ermines, bears, rein- deer, elks, m3rtc.%?, and foxes. Part of thefe furs is paid :o a tax to the emprefs, and the reft arc fold at a itatcd price t3 thc Ruffian governors ; but fometimes they are allowed to .•'ii;)oi!; of tiicni to private pcrfons. They chii-fly live upon venifon, wild-fowl, fiflj, and roots ; for thr.- have neither rice nor bread. They drink for the mofi part water, and fometimes the blooJ of a rcin-dctr, or of any other beaft they take; and it is faid they can difpenf;: with a draught of train-oil. They arc i Timodcrately fond of tobacco, and of fwallowing the fmoke, which foon intoxicates them. In the winter they build their huts in woods and forefts, where they find thc greateft plenty of game, and dig deep in the earth to fe- curc themfelves from thc cold, laving a roof of bark or rufljes over their huts, which arc foon covered with fnow. In fummcr they build above ground on the banks of thc rivers to enjoy thc convenience of fifhing, and make no difficulty of forfaking their habitations. 'l"hc materials of their houfes confitl of little more than fome ;rrecn poles and the bark of trees, with thc (kins of wild beads for their beds. As to their religion, they have fome little brazen idols tolerably wcI! caft, reprcfcnting men and animals ; but thc reft :.r^ ill made, every man being his owit carver. They place them on the tops of hills, in groves, and in the picaianteft places their country affords ; yet they have no fet time for performing religious worfliip, but apply to their gods for fucccfs in all their undertakings. They have no regular priefts, but cverv old man may de\'ote himfelf to that fcrvicc, and thc office is frequently performed by the mailers and heads of families. If they do not meet with the fuccefs they have prayed for to their houfliold- gods, it is faid they will beat them by way of revenge j and, when their paffions have fubfided, will take a great deal of pains to reconcile their wooden deities, by cleaning and new cloathin^ them. This is only to be underftood of their ill-lhaped houlhold gods ; for they treat thofe they worfhip publickly with greater veneration. Strahlenberg obferves, that when he was among them he faw one of their temples, which was bu it of wood in an oblong form like aoreat barn, coveredatthe topwith birch-bark. Atthe endof the wall fupporting the gable was a kind ofaltarmadc of timber, on which were placed two idols, reprcfcnting a man and woman drefled in all forts of rags ; and round thefe were other fmail figures, as deer, foxC';, and hares ; all which were roughly carved in wood, and alfocloathcd in rags. They did not appear to have much devotion, nor any great fcvirence for their idols. When they ofiVr facrificcs they prcfcnt the bead to thc idol, and having bound it, an old man puts up the petition* of thofe who brou^!,ht the offering ; he then lets fly an arrow at thc bead, and the people affill in killing it. I'ij then draivn three times round the idol, and the bloud being received into a vcllll, they fprinkic it on their houfcs ; they afterwards drefs thc flcfh and e:»t it, rejoicing and finging their country fongs : they alfb befmear the idol with the blood of the facrilice, and gteafe their mouths with thc fat. What they cannot eat they carry home to their families, and make prcfents of it to their neighbours ; and they as often facrilice a fifh as a bcaft. At tlie coticlu- fion ofttie feaft they (hout, to (hew their gratitude to thc idol fur his attending and accepting their devotions ; for they arc perfuaded, that the faint or hero rcprefented by thc image always attends their facrificcs, and when they arc over returns to his abode in the air. They purchalc a wife of her relations for three or four rcin-decr, and take as many as they pleafe, returning them agsin if they do not like them, only loling what thty give for the purchafe. Upon thc birth of their childrci'i fome give them the name of thc firll creature they happen to fee afterwards. Thus the child has frcqucnily tnc name of an animal, and you hear a man call his ion perhaps Sabatfki, or my little do^ ; others call their children ac- (ording to the order ot their birth, as Fiill, Sccuady Third, &c. SECT. XIV. 0/ Sa.moieda, or Samojeda. TZviV Perfons, Drifi, and Houfes. Of titir Love of their Countiy. Of their Sledgei and Rein-deer ; their Cujiomt., A'lanmrs, and Religion. ON thc north-weft part of Siberia is Samoieda, or Samojeda, a very extenfivc province on thc coaft of the Frozen Sea. Thc natives, who arc called Sa- moiedes, are fhort, thick, and broad fliouldercd ; particu- larly the women, who have very fmall feet, and atawnv complexion : for it is obferved, that, in this refpeifl, a very- hot and a very cold climate have the fame elled upon thc fkin. Thcj have long little eyes, broad flat faces, hang- ing lips, with high cheek-bones, and, in general, very difagrceable countenances. Both the men and women have hair only on their head, and their nipple is as black as ebony. The hair of both the men and the women hangs at its full length, only that of the women is fometimes braided, and little bright pieces of copper and flips of red cloth arc tied .It the ends. The men have little or no beard. As to their drefs, they wear fur caps, with waiftcoats and bufkins of thc fame ; but thc women have their cloaths fometimes adorned with a red edging: their coats are made of the fkins of rcin-decr ; and, during the winter, they have an upper coat of fur, which alfo fcrvcs for u cap and gloves, and almoft hides the face ; befidcs thefe, they in winter-time wear boots. In making their cloaths they ufc thread made of the finews of animals. Their houfes are built with poles and the branches of trees, and covered with bark. They are nearly in the form of a beehive, and have, like thofe of the other na- tions, a hole at the top ; for the whole houfe confifts of one room, with the hearth in the middle, round which the family fit or lie upon the (kins of rein-deer, which is their only furniture. Though they live in tents that are eafily reared and taken down, they do not move them from place to place, like many of the other inhabitants of Siberia. They have alfo caves underground, to which they retreat du.ing the fcverity of winter, and are there confined eight or nine months in the year, where they are in a manner ftifled with the ftench of their lamps, and the clofenefs and filth of thefe fubterraneous dwellings. Yet thc love of fociely, during this long ceiTation from labour, induces them to make ways under ground to thc habitations of their neigh- bours, that they may fee and vifit each other durin" thefe months of fettivity and pleafure j which to them have fuch delights, thatOlearius fays, two of their deputies fent to the court of Mufcow told him, that if the czar knew but the was our h.ippy afte ftars, wit! they hope the huma difficult to They h; and to fort occafions \ fifhing, oi ncfs. On fclf into a his oracle it at thefe i tAMOir-DA. A a the charms of tlicir tllnute anil country, he wouM Jonl>t- KTi chufc to go and live among them. They confcll'cd thi'nifelvcH tired of the hurry and vain glitter of the court, and impatient to return to tncirde.ir nalivc foil. 'I'liU!* lias Providence wifely implanted in the human mind this love of the land where man fiift drew his breath, and was rear- ed from infancy to ailivc life ; to fvvcctcn the rigours of every climate, and difpcnfe happinefs in plenteous dreams to thofc human beings, whom we, fond too of our natirc foil, are apt to cfteem miferable. The Samoiedcs live upon the flcfh of horfes, oxen, (lr:cp, deer, and fifll j but think it has the beft rcliflj when it begins to grow tainted. Hence the horfc-flcfti and other meat which hang round the infidc of their huts render thcin extremely ofFcnfive to any one not ufed to them. They are faid to prefer the entrails of an animal to any other part i and ufc at their meals neither bread, rice, nor fait. They travel in fledges drawn by a pair of rein-deer, or dogs. The fledges are about eight feet lon^r, three or four broad, and turn up before like fcates. The driver fits crofs-legged, with his ftafF in his hand, with which he puflies and drives the rein deer, which run with greater fwiftncfs than a horfe, holding up their heads fo high that thiir horns touch their backs. It is faid they never fweat; but when weary put out their tongues, and pant like dogs. They refemble our ftags, but are ftronger, and have Ihortcr legs. Their colour is nearly white, and fomc of them are grey. They caft their horns every fpring, and generally live about eight or nine years. The Samoiedcs fet nets for thofc that arc wild, and hunt them in winter, when they arc fhodwith wooden fcates, with which they run over the fnow with incredible fwiftncfs. While they are hunting they have a kind of fhovel in their hands, fattened to a long flafF, and with this they throw fnow at the rein-deer, to drive them towards the places where they have fct their nets. Thcfc animals cat a kind of white mofs that grows in marfliy grounds, and though the fnow lies a fathom deep, they will dig through to come at it. The Samoiedcs alfo catch the fca-dogs, which in March and April couple upon the ice. Thefe people, covered with hair, and rcfembling brutes more than men, creep towards them with a large hook and line in their hands, and when they come within a proper didancc throw the book. When the fea-dog attempts tocfcapc he commonly /aliens himfdf upon it: but fometimes jumps into the fea with fuch force that he pulls the poor filherm.in after him, the rope being faftened to his middle. They cxtraft an oil from thefe animals, eat the flclh, and cloath thcm- felves with the fkin. They alfo fometimes kill rein-deor, by clo.ithing themfelves with the (kin of that beaft, ami creeping among them till they come within their reach, and then ftrikc them with their darts. They purchafe their wives of their relations for three or four rein-deer, in the fame manner as the Oftiacs. In feme parts of the country, when they arc offended with their wives they fell them for flavts. They bury their dead in the cloatlu they wore when living, and on the next tree hang thci' bows, quivers, hatchets, and other utenfils. We learn from a gentleman, who travelled in thiscoun- try, that on his afking one of the Samoiedcs about their religion, he replied, that they believed there was a heaven and a God, whom they called heyha ; that they were fully convinced that none were greater and more power- ful thin he ; that all things depended on him ; that he was our common father, and that good men would be happy after death. Yet they worQiip the fun, moon, and ftars, with feveral kinds of bcafts and birds, from whom they hope to receive benefits.; they alfo worfhip images of the human form, but fo ill carved and dreficd, that it is difficult to difcovcr what they reprefent. They have priells among them, who pretend to magic, and to foretel future events. Thefe they confult upon all occafions i as what fucccfs they fhall have in hunting or filhing, or whether they fhall recover from a fit of (ick- nefs. On their coming to inquire of him he works him- felf into a kind of phrcnzy, and in this condition delivers his oracles, from whence fome are apt tg imagine that he is at thefe times poirclTed by tiii. J"vil, I A. 9* To thefe pcnplo miiTionarics have been fent, and many of them are faid to have embraced the Chridian religion, and to become members of the Ui'uck church. SECT. XV. Of the [iilmipal Cities of Sibiria, particularly efToholili, the Capital. The Freticl) dcjlroytd between that City and China. Of Cetthaiiiifburet with feme Account of the Alinei near that City. Of the AJannen of the Rujfum who inhahit Siberia. Concluding uith the Alethod tal-cn ly Peter the Great, la people and improve that fuvage Country, HAVING given a general account of the moft confi- dcrableot thofc lavage nations that inhahit this vail country, we (hall now mention the principal cities that have not been treated of in that account ; and, according to the method obferved in this work (hall begin with thofc whicn lie to the caft, and proceed to the we(}. Tomfkoy, a (Irong frontier town, and the capital of a province of^ its own name, is fituated in fifty-fix deyrec A6;^/». (ifty minutes latitude, and in eighty-four degrees thirt feven minutes caft longitude from London, on the ru f/.-.1v'. Tora, ju(t before it falls into the Oby. Narim, the capital of a territory of thi; fame natiu, ., ^ , fittrated in fifty-eight degrees fifty minute north latitude, vy y. and is alfo fcaicd on the Oby. It is a largo and popnlf.us city, defended by a ftrong fortrefs, and a good gariifon ofCoflacks. The territory around It abounds with bea- vers, fables, foxes, and ermines. The bar-.ks of the Oby arc near this place inh.tbited by the Oftiacks. Surgut is featcd on the north-ca(t fijc of the Oby, and is a poor town, thinly inhabited .uid worfe builr, anJ throughout the whole territory that l>(.longs to it, thn ,;?'■' pie arc very poor ; the/ culti\ ire a little land, and fubfilt almoft intiiely by hunting of beavers, f,iblfs, black foxes, and ermines, and the other creature-, with which this ter- ritory abounds. The ermine) arc hire the liiicd: and larg- c(l in all Siberia, and the (kins of the black lb.\cs arc lo hiirMy cllccircd, that they fell at a Very {^reat price. ', Tumcn or ( iiin.i is fituated on the river Tora, fouth of ToboKki, and is a great market for all kinds of fur • It is large, populous, and furrouiidcd with flrong walls and ramparts, and is chiefly inhabited by Tartars, who are very afTablc and courteous, and carry on a conlidcra- ble trade with other nations. The fortrcfs of Pohem, built by the Rii(rian?, is frtu.it- ed on a river that flows from the north into the Tobol, falling from a high mountain, near the confl of the rrozcri Sea. The town is inhabited by Mufcovitcs ; the foil of the adjacent country being very fertile, and the woods affording a variety of wild bcafts, fuch a:; leopards, wolves, foxes, fables, &c. Tobollki, the capital of all Siberia, is featcd at the con- fluence of the rivers Tobol and Irtifch, in fit'ty-ciglit de- 3' c ,'/ grecs north latitude, and fixty-feven degrees ten minutes c "^ / ' eaft of London. It ftands on an high hill, the lower part of which is inhabited by Mahometan Tartars, who carry on a good trade up the river Irtifch. The city is well for- tified, and has a (trong garrifon under the comni.ind of the waywode of the province, who refides here ; and hither the tribute of the whole country is fent and kept in proper magazines under his care. This city is alfo a famed mart for the commodities brought from moft parts of Mofcovy, Tartary, and other countries. Provifions of all kinds are extremely plentiful, and fo cheap, that a thoufand weight 01' rice is fold for about fixtccn- pence, an oxfor about nine (hillings, and the reft in proportion. In this city are held the fiiprcme courts of judicature of all Siberia and Dauria : and this is likewife the refidence of a metropolitan fent from Mofcow, who has a fupreme fpiritual jurifdi«t1ion over thofc two pro- vinces. This ciiv contains about fifteen thoufand inhabitants, an'' their clergy confifts of about (ifty monks and priefts. The women of all ranks and ages paint, though they are in general very handfome, but have not that feminine foft- nefs which is the principal charm of the fcx. This city once carried on a confiderable trade to China by caravans ; but the mutual knavery of the Ru(rian .ind Chincfc 1 i ,.| >K' 92 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A P II Y. n \t ' • ^ I'l -: vh Cliin.'r.' merchants foon reduce:! it to a l.in^ui/hing ft.Uc ; and foiiic dirTcrcncts t'li.it artife lictwccn tlic two powers hivc fince encircly dcftroycd it. 'I'hefe I'.illVrcnccs took th;-ir rife iVoin a rcvolutJDn ;imon;j: the Zungorc Calmucks after the dc.ith of G.ildon Tcheriii in 174O. (Liidun was km or fovcrcign of the n.itinn tliat inhabited that part of Northern 'I'art.iry fituated between Siberia and China ; and upon his death a civil war broke out among fcveral competiiors who wanted to fuccecd him ; when the Chinefc, dreading the power of this nation, which was be- come formidable to M its neighbours, contrived firlt to weaken it by tavouriny; c.ich of the competitors by turn?, nnd then to attack the conqueror, and at once dcllroy his power. This unhappy prince was named Amourfaman, and the remains of this once powerful nation, which was reduced to twenty thouf.'.nd familie.-, took ftieltcr under the pro- tcclion of KufTia upon tlie banks of the Volga. Mean while Amourfaman wandered from place to place, and at Ia(l, in 1757, reiireil to the fionti-TS of Siberia, where he died of the final! pox. The Cliinefe, on he.irinj that he had taken fheltcr in Siberia, inftantly dimaiided that hefhould be delivered up, or, as the Rufiian7 fay, confined for life; and it is faid, that after his death t!ie body was fcnt to the frontiers of Siberia, whither the Chinefc fent commiirarics to ex- amine it. Catherincbur:; is a new city, which began to be built in the year 1721, on the river Ifett, and was thus named in honour of the late emprefs Catlierinc. It is five hundred and fifiy vcrfts from the city of Toboliki, and is defended by a fijuare fortification with fix whole and four half baf- tioiis. The liver runs through it, and has a large dam which has fcveral mills for drawing iron bars, flatting plate iron, making plates for tin, for working rou^h fted and iron hoops and for making anchors. 'I'hcrc arc alfo fix furnaces for melting copper, a faw-inill, and many other fabricks, all kept going by forty-two water-wheels, the direclors of which are nudlly Cicrmaiis, each of whom has ahoufe to himfilf. They have a church of their own and a German miniikr. In the neighbourhood of this city lie the grenteft part of the Ruffian mines, which the Abbe d'Auteroche was per- mitted to fee; and obf^rves, that the mines of gold are in the plains, contrary to thofe of all other countries, which are in the mountains : they arc indicated by a fandy grcyifli earth, and the vein appears at two ftet below the furfacc ; its diredlion is gener.uly north and fouth, and it feldom reaches deeper man fourteen fathoms, below which they find w.itcr and red oker ; the veins arc parallel to each other, and the principal g.iHerics perpendicular to theveins: the extent of tlie vein, from north to fouth, is from twenty to thirty fathoms, and the width in the upper part, which is always the richeli, from four to five inches ; it grows narrower as it dcfcenJs, and contains Icfs metal, which is contrary to the n:;ture of all other mines yet known : the earth which divides one vein from another is I'andy, and in fome places refcmbles a kind of clay dried and re- duc-d to powder, fo that they are generally obliged to fliorc the galleries with timber, 'l" he vein itfelf is a kind of rock, of a blackifli colour, and mixed with earth, but may be broken between the fingers ; many topazes are found among it, of the fame kind with thofe of Bohemia ; but the produce of the mines, upon the whole, fcarccly defrays the cxpcnce of working them. The filver mines arc not worth mctitioning, and the copper turn to very little account. There are however mines of iron, which abundantly atone for thedefccis of the reft : they are extremely rich, and the metal is clkemed the bed of the kind in the known world. There are alfo found jafper, marble, porphyry, and other ftones of the like kind, which abound in all parts of Siberia, where cornelians and fardonixes are a1fo foupd. We fljall now give a general account of the manners of the Ruflian inhabitants, as well as of the original na- tives, from the Abbe d'Auteroche, who however obfervcs, that the rapidity with which he traverfed this vaft country, would not permit him tc> fcnrch into the manners of the Catheui.vedluc. It h how- ■"■{V ' f 5 people with an attention equal to liis willies, ever far the bell that can be procured. They profefs, fays he, the religion of theOreek church, but with a fanaticifm that appears gradually to incrcafc with the diftancc from the capital. Horn in the moll dreadful flavciy, they have loll the very idea of liberty. I heir ftatc and fituation do not admit the iiulul<;cncc of artificial wants, their defircs fire therefore neccfl'arilv few : they have in general neither manufadlurcs nor conitiiercc ; their proviiicn is very bad, and therefore fonfilk of dry or ftinking fifli, peafe, and a roarfe black kind of bread made of rye ; iheir drink is a wretched kind of beer, and a liquor they call quas, which is no other than water fer- mented with bran, and then mixed with a fmall quantity of meal. The people ill gcner.l1 live great part of the vMr in total idlcnefs and inadivity, fltut up in their (loves, the extreme naflinefb of which is not to be conceived ; they are how- ever fond of their condition, and hate the thoughts of flirringout of their dunghill, cfpeciallv to bear arms ; but if they arc forced into the fcrvicc, brandy, and the fear of punifhment, will make them tolerable foldiers. The unwholefomcncfs and inconvenience of their hovels are greatly incrcafcd by the feverity of the winter, which pre- vents their communication vMth the frcfh air; their win- dows arc feldom more than a foot wide, and fix inches high; and in the moft northern parts they are alio dcpiivedofthc light of the fun all the while he is paffing through the foulhcrn figns ; nor have tliey any artificial light but by fplinters of birch wood, whiih they frt on fire, and (lick up in the chinks of the floor : this prafticc is indeed com- mon through all RufTia, and frequently caufcs fires, which almoft immediately fpread over half a town, as the houfcs arc all built of wood, except in the cities and principal towns. But notwithftanding .ill this inactivity, con- finement, and naftincfs, they enjoy robuR and uninter- rupted health ; fo effectually does perpetual temperance counterbalance all that can weigh againll: health and life. There is fcarcc one among them that is weakly or deform- ed, and their manner of education fccurts to them this good fortune. The child, as foon as it is born, is laid upon a heap of draw, or old raps, in a bafket, where itfprawls about, and ftretches its limbs, without any reftraint ; it is nounflied with milk by means of a horn which is fitted to a cow's teats, but is fometimcs fuckled by the mother ; the bafkec is hung at the end of a long claftic pole, fo that it may cafily be put in motion, and the child rocked as in a cradle ; but before it can go alone, it is placed upon the "-round* where it rolls aboutat pleafine, tiil it kainsfirft to iland^ and then to totter along, with noihirg to cover it but 1 ftiirt, which fcarce reaches to the middle of the thigh ; by this management their children walk fooner than ours' can (land alone. As foon as they are able they ;irc futfercd to run about, and at the end of the winter are playins; in the road in tlie midft of the fnow, while the weather is tldl fo cold that the traveller is afraid of going out of his flcdt-c though he be covered with fur from head to foot. They are of a large flature, extremely niufcular and (Hon? and live longer than the inhabitants of any other known' pirc of the world ; this, however, is not becaufe their fituation upon the whole, is favourable to life in the tender years of infancy, but the contrary ; for all the children who are not flrong by conflitution die foon, and none arc reared but thofe who are born with the greatcfl natural advan- tages ; more than two-thirds of the children that are horn here die in their infancy, and it h common to fi id but three or four alive in lamilies that have had fixtccn or eighteen. Many other caufcs concur gradually to depopu- late the villages that are fcattered through this vaft defcrt The fmall-pox frequently carries ofF half the inhabitants 6f one of thefe hamlets at a time, and fometimcs a greater proportion ; the fcurvy is alfo very fatal among them ; and where they can procure fpirituous liquors, the inroads of difcafe .and mortality are in proportion to their want of the advantages which make intemperance Icfs fatal in other places. The venereal difeafc alfo makes great havock amonp thefe unhappy wretches, to whom the method of cure is intircly unknown : it prevails fo much in Siberia and Northern LadrOnes Northern T that it will al Upon a ri immenfe cou folate and uni capable peth; valuable by a country, witi the kingdom the foutn-eal iflands of Jaf part of the politK , and : the law of na in fending fo learning, the through this hinted ; but ders, if we hi particulars of On the del in 1709, abo officers, wer< thefe no lefs 1 city of Tobo foldiers recti which amoui head, and the ever, well ufe on their parol into the Ru their efcape. more ftridtly j thofe who we Were clofe co The brave Ruflians fly b fubfiftence, a ing to a numi fee how manj 0/ the Siluati Mtirian Ijt particular j Prias ufcd WE hay< moft( Sea, and hav appeared wor we (hall now fcribe the orii which are fiti eaft of Canto Thefe iflar tiful, and ab( our circumna Dampier ; bi particular am tieman who < voyage rouni has prefixed make ufe of ' tertainingam The Ladrt Magellan, in I.adrones, or fome of his g full he fell in 8 Ladrones. as Northern Tartary, that there Is great reafon to believe that it will at leni^ih depopulate the country. Upon a review of all that has been here faiJ of this immenfc country, it muft appear to every reader as a de- folate and unconifortablo region, very thinly peopled, but cap-.ibie perhaps of being greatly improved and rendered valuable by a trade carried on by land, and the rivers of the country, with the empires of China and Indoflan and all the kingdoms and dates in the Indies : and by Tea from the foutn-calt coad near Kamtfchatica to the neighbouring iflands of Japan, to China, the Spice Iflands, and every part of the Kail Indies. Nothing then could be more politic , and at the fame time more cruel, and contrary to the law of nations, than the ftep taken by Peter the Great, in fending fo many brave men to diffufe fome beams of the learning, the arts, and the polifhed manners of Europe through this favage country. This has been already hinted ; but it certainly will not be difplcafmg to our rea- ders, if we here conclude our account of Siberia with the particulars of that extraordinary proceeding. On the defeat of the Swedes at the battle of Pultowa, in 1709, about ten thoufand Swedifli prifoners, including officers, were barbaroufly fent into Siberia ; and among thefe no lefs than eieht hundred captive officers were in the city of Tobolfki. During their captivity, the common foldiers received remittances from Sweden only twice, which amounted in all to no more than three crowns a head, md the officers received nothing. They were, how- ever, well ufcd at firfV, till fome who had leave to be abfeiit on their parole did not leturn; and others, who had entered into the KuHian fervice, took an opportunity to make their efcape. After this the unfortunate captives were nioreftri£tly guarded, and difperfed into remote parts ; and thofe who were fureties for the return of their comrades Were clofe confined. The brave Swedifb officers, who had often made the Ruffians fly before them, had now no means left for their fubfiftence, and were obliged to earn their bread by apply- ing to a number of mechanic arts ; and it is furprifmg to fee how many ways thofe unfortunate gentlemen took to I 93 fupport themfclve?, and to what a degree of perfeilion they arrived in their rcfpiYtlve employments. 'I here were among them paintori>, gold and filver-I'mithsjfyioe-makers, turners, card-makers, and taylors. Some wove gold and filver brocade j others applied thcniRlvts to miilic 1 and fome, who had fallen into a way of trade, ha I leave to travel about the country, the pall'es bcinj; fo well cuarded that it was fcarce poflible for them to cicapc to Lurope ; while others, who could not attain the knowledge of any mechanic art, were obliged to undergo the laboiious em- ployment of cutting down wood. I'he men of learning fet up public fchools, and not only taught the children of the Kuifijns, but thofe of their fellow prifoners, many of whom had either their wives with them, or had married Riilliaii women ; for ih ; great towns of Siberia were chiefly inhaliited by colonics of Ruf- fians, whom the czar tranfplanted thither for the fecurity of his dominions on that Tide. Thcfi; officers in their fchools and academics taught Latin, High Dutch, French, ethics, mathematics, fencing, riding tlie great horle, and other manly exercifes. And fome of thole fchools acquir- ed fuch reputation, that it is faid the citizens of .MofcoW fent their children into Siberia for education. It was perhaps impoflibie for the tzar to take a more cfFedlual method to civilize and improve all the principal towns in this remote part of his dominions, than by banifh- ing thither thf fe unhappy Swedifh captives, among whom were fome of the politcft men in Kurope, who, upon the fame of the king of Sweden's fuccefs, had entered into his fervice. It was happy for thofe gentlemen that it was fo cheap a country, that a Tingle man might lire tolerably well for feven or eight pounds a year. I'o alcviate the unhappinefs of their captivity, prince Gagarin, the governor of Siberia, behaved to them with great generofity, and never let any of them appiv to him for relief in vain; and the Swedilh officers thought they never could fufficiently applaud his humanity, and u fed to fay, that their only misfortune was their being baiiiftjed tu a country fo remote from their relations and friends. CHAP. VII. Of the LADRONES. SECT. I. 0/ the Situaihn, Exitnt, and Number of the Ladrones, ot A'ttirian Jjlnnds j iht Number of the InhahitanU, and a particular Acoiint of the Ijland of Guam ; and of the Fifing Prtas ttfed by the Natives. WE have now dcfcribcd the countries fituated in the mod eaftern part of Afia, frbm China to the Frozen Sea, and have given as particular an account of whatever appeared worthy of notice as our materials would allow ; we fhall nd\v, therefore, return to the foutheaft, and de- fcribe the oriental iflands, beginning with the Ladrones, which are fttuated about eighteen hundred miles to the eaft of Canton, in China. Thefe ifljuids have been reprefented as extremely beau- tiful, and abounding with all the neceffaries of life, by all our circumnavigators, particularly by VV codes Rogers and Dampier j but none of them have defcribed them in fo particular and beautiful a manner as the ingenious gen- tleman who compiled the account of commtidore Anion's voyage round the world, to which the Rev. Mr. Walter has prefixed his name ; we (hall therefore here chiefly make ufe of what we find of thofe iflands in that molt en- tertaining and inftriiiilive work. The Ladrones, or Marian iflands, were difcovered by Magellan, in the year I $21, who gave them the name of I,adrones, or Iflands of Thieves, from the natives dealing fome of his goods. From the account given of the two Ard he fell ill with, it feems probable that they were thofe 9 of Saypan and Tinian, they being dcfcribcd as very beau- tiful iflands, and as lying between fifteen and futecnde' grees of north latitude. Thefe charaflcrillics arc ptru- li.irly applicable to the two above-mentioned plates, for the picafing appearance of Tinian occafloned the Spaniards to give it the additional name of Buenovida ; and Saypan, which is in the latitude of fifteen degiees twenty-two /j minutes north, affords tio contemptible profpeft when feen at fea. There arc generally reckoned twelve of thefe iflands, but if the fmall iflets and rocks arc counted, they will amount to about twenty. Mod of them were formerly well inhabited ; and even not eighty years ago the three principal iflands, Guam, Rota, and 'fiiiian, are faid to have contained above fifty thoufand people ; but Tiniari hath, finccthat time, been intirely depopulated, and only two or three hundred Indians left at Rota to cultivate rice for the ifland of Guam, which czn alone be properly faid to be inhabited. This ifland Is the only ftttlcment of the Spaniards: here they keep a governor and garrifon ; and here the Manila (hip generally touches for refrefhmtnt in her pafTage from Acapuico to the Philippines. Guam is computed to be about thirty leagues in circum- ference, and is full of hills, dules, and llrc.ims of good water. It produces the bread-fruir, cocoa-mit, and other fruit natural to the foil and climate j bcfides oranges, lemons, citrons, with mufk and water nr-lons. which were originally brought thither by the Spaniards. C;'.ptain VVoodes Rogers obferves, that the indigo plant grows wild there in fuch abundance, that were they indultriou' they A a might f. A SYS T K M O !• (■ l". O G R API! V. TiKIA*. If ; 1 '' Itl 1 1 '■ i i ' '3 L : :iii ■ mijTht makCfTrcat qu.intllifsof thitvaUi.iblc article of corn- merer ; 'lilt as tlicy h^'■^: '.\i ri.iiotc u liM;iliMti and t'lnall, nnd t;siii.-rallv uimo. The huiis irtun their f.-cduij ;ilnioll entirviv on co.-tti-iiuts ami brcad-lriiit, make cx(;elleiit por'iC i ;uiJ were not the Spanitrds remark.ibly fliJthtul, tliPv mi^ht enjoy ainiolt all tlie delicacies and lui>cril litii's cf life. 'I'hisilland contains near four thoufand inhabitants, one thoiil'.ini! of which arc fiipp-jfcd to live in the city of San Ignatio de Agan.i, wlicrc tfi.: governor iilually rcfidcs. Tiie hou(c.i .lie built of li )ne and timber, and covered with tile.'), an unufud method of biiilJin'^ in thefc warm climate;. I'his il!.i:i I alio h.ih thiiteen or foiiitccn villages. The original I) uivcs .ire tall, Itroiig-, and of an olive complexion ; they go naked, except wearing a cloth before, and the women a fmall p>;tticoat. Tliw men are vcrv dexterous at flingini;, and make ufe of pieces of cl.iy of an oval form which rhey burn till it is as h.ird as marble. They arc I'uch ccccllcnt markfmcn that tluy feldom mifs hitting any maik, and throw with fuch foicc as to kill a man at acoiilidcrable liifcnce. As (jiiam is tftccmed apl.iceof conrequcnceon account of its afl-'ordinj; rcfrefhments to the .M.inila (hip, there arc two callles on the fta-lliore ; one is the cattle of St. An- (jclo, which lies near the road where the Manila iliip ufuallv anchors, and is but an inl'ignilicant fortrcl's, mnunr- in;^only liveci;;ht-pounders : the other is the calllc of St, ]-c'.vis, wlii'.h is four lca.7,ucs lo the north-e.ill of St. An- pelo, and is intended to protect a road where a fmall vel- lel anrh.irs that arrives every year from Manila. This fort inniim- the finie nunibcr of guns as the former. lieliiles thcfe, there is a battery of fwc pieces of cannon on an emi- nence near the tea Ihoie. The Spanifll troops employed at tliis ill in J eoiil'itl of three companies cf foot, of between furtv and til'te men each. This is the principal tlrcngth on w.iieh the .;overiior depcnls, for he cannot rely on the afllllinceof till' Iiili.in inhabitants, with whom he is pc- l^cr.dly upon ill terms, and is fo much afraid of them, that he h.i) ileba;icd them llie iii'e both of fire-arms and lances. 'J'he reft of the iflands, though uninhabited, abound in proviiioiis aivl relVclhments, but tiicrc is lio good harbour or ri..ul ainon.;!! them all. The orij;in.;l Ma;ivc> are a bold, ftrong, and well limbed peopl.', and fcem, t'roni fome of their works, to be no ways iJel'.etivc in uniievltaiidin;r, for their flyin;; proas, which nre the only vctleh th.it forages part have been ulcd by them, arc fii cxtiairJiiiarv an invention, that it would do honour to the molt iiigcniou.^ nation. This vetVc! received the name of flying proa from the fwiftnefs with which it (ails, it being able to run with a bri!!; trade-wind near twenty miles an hour, and the Spa- iiiar.ls fay much more. Its coiillruiilion is contrary to the practice of all the rtit of mankind, for as the head of the vellel is iifuallv made dilFerent from the ftcrn, and the two fiJes alike, the proa, on the contrary, has her hc.id and Hern exactly .".like ; but her iides very different; for that int?ni'cd to be aKvavs the lee I'lde is flat whilo the wind- w.irj tide is built roundinj like < S E •'_ • Of Its Situathii and F.\unt. Tht btautiful jlppiarame ef tki Country. I'h: Animah atui I'rgtioita, -.vith a paniculur Drjcription cf the JhniJ-fiiiit. Tue primipal Inconvmi- tnciis of the Ifhnd, and ly uhat meaiii ibis btautiful Spot I'tcame depophlattd, — THK idand of Tinian is fituated in fifteen degrees, /e.,\^ eight minutes north latitude; and in one hundred and fourteen deyrcrs, fifty minutes well longitude from .Vca- pulco. It is only about twelve miles long, and about half as much in breadth, yet, on account of its extraordi- nary beauty and fertility, it well dcfcrvcs a particular de- Icription. The foil is every where dry and healthy, and being alio fomewhat fandy, it is the lefs dil'pofid to a rank and too luxuriant vegetation. Hence the meadows and bottoms of the woods are much neater and Inioother than is cuftomary in hot climates. The land riles in gentle Hopes from thefca-lhore to the middle of the ifland, tho* the general courle of its alcent is frequently interrupted by vallies of an tafy defcent, many of which wind irregu- larly through the country. Thcfe vales and the gradual fwellings of the ground, which their different combina- tions give rife to, are moll beautit'ullv diverfilied bv the mutiiiU encroachments of woods and lawns, which coall each other, and traverfc the ifljnd in large trafls. The woods confift of tall and fpreading trees, moll of them celebrated cither for their beauty or their Iruit ; while the lawns are ufually of a confider..blc breadth. Their turf is clean and unilbim, it lieing compotcd of a fine trtfuil, intermixed with a variety of flowers. The woods are in many places open, and free from all buflies and under • wood, and the neatnefs of the adjacent turf is t>..quently extended to a confiderable dillance under the hollow fliadc formed by the trees. Hence arifes a multitude of the moft elegant and enter- taining profpcils, according to the different blcndings of thefe woods and lawns, and their various intcrfectioiis with each other, as they fpread themfelves diiiercntly through the vallics, and over the fcopes aud declivities, in which the place abounds. There are, however, no (Ircams, vet the water of the wells and fprings, which are every where to be met with near the fiirface, is extremely good, and near the center oftheifland arc two or three pieces of excellent water, the turf of whofe banks is as clear, as even, and as re- gularly difpofed, as if they had been batons formed for the decoration of the place. Thcfe waters abound with duck, teal, and curlew : and in the illand is prodigious plenty of the whiftling plover. The beauties of Tinian are not folely confined to the excellency of its landlcapcs, fince the animals, which, during the greateft part of the year, are the fole potlclTors of this happy toil, in fome mcature partake of the roman- tic caft of tlic itlan;!, and are no finall addition to its won- dcrtul fcenerv; for the cattle, of which it is not uncom- mon to tec herds of fome thoufands feeding together in a large meadow, are all of them milk white, except their ears, which arc generally black or bruwn, and notwith- llandinj; TisiAM. A S ft.mdlng ih re liiiiv? lui iiiU.ibit.ints, yet the clumoiir and Irvtukiit p.iiadiny (if duiiv. iHc poultiiy, which in i^rcat iiiiiiibiTt r.m^c llic wool', f iilimuUy c.;citc the ui m of ihc in.it;libi)uihui)d ot Uims and MlU^t», aaJ cuiitiibutc to tlic ill-ailuliKls and beauty of tlii; plitcu. 'l'\w cattle, wlikli arc cciniiiutid atk-afl to be ten thoii- fjiid, arc far I'loii lain.; (\\y ; tli'^y ate c.xtrenuly well talKd, aiiJ the fle(h ot an ealy di^eUion. The fiiwU too arc exceeding t;iioJ, and ealily run down. Tlicrc arc alii) abundance ot wild hog>. There are very excellent Jbod, but liicy arc a very fierce animal, and can only be <)btair)ed by Ihootinj; them, or hunting them with dogs. 'I'hc country is equally to Lj admireU on account of il» fruiti and vegetable pruduilions, which arc happily adapt- ed to the cure of thj I'ea-fcurvy, w^iich is of the greater adifantagc as thcfc illaiids are on tlic borders of the v..ll tafljrn ocean, and arc extremely tonvenicnt for landing ;ifter a tedious voyage, whi^h is feld jm made without ma- ny of the crew fullering by that dreadful diftafc. In the woods arc inconceivable quaiiMiies of cocoa-nuts with the c abbag'^s growing on th^ fame free. There are btfiJcs guavas, limes, fwcet and four oranges, and a kind of fruit peculiar to thele illaiiJi, called by the Indians rhu- tnay, and by commodore Aiifon's people the bread -tiuit ; (or they conllantly eat it during their tlay upon the ilund indead of bread, and it was fo univcrfally prcfirteJ to it, that no (hips bread was expended all ths w.nilc ihty llaid there. It grows upon a pretty lofty tree, which, near tlic top, is divided into large and fpreading branches, the Icu^cs, which are of a remaikable deep green, are notched about the edges, and are generally from a foot to eighteen inches in Icnyth. 'I'lic tiuit itfelf is found inJiffciently in all parts of the branches, and is in (hapc ratner ciipticai than round: it is covered with a rough r.nd; and is ulu- uUy (i:vcn or eight inches long ; each grows fmgly, and not in clufters. The truit is httell to bo u;"cd wnen lull grown, but (Hll green; when, being roatled in the cm- bcri', it has (oine ilillant refemblance to the talle of an aiii- thoalc's bottom, and is, like that, of a loft and fpun^y tex- ture. As it ripens it becomes foftcr, turns ycilo.v, 3:jd contracts a lufcious talle and an agreeable fmcll, not un- like a ripe peach, but it is then ellecmcd unwbolelome, and is faid to produce fluxes. Mr. Dampier fays, that it is as large as a two- penny loaf, and that the infiJc is loft, tender, white, and crum- my liici-' bread ; and, f eaten in twenty-lour hours a.''tcr it is plucked, has a fweet and agreeable talk, and that this extraordinary fruit is in ieafon eight months m the year. All the advantages that have been mentioned, with rc- fpca to this delighuul illaiui are greatly enhanced by the hcalthincfs of its climate, by the almoil conftant brctz.es that prevail there, and by the frequent (bowers that tall ; for thele, inftead of the heavy continued rains, wiiich in fome countries ri.nJcr a great part of the year very Jiia- };rceable, are ulu.illy of a fllort and almoll momentary du- ration : hence they are extremely grateful and reficlhing, and are perhaps one caiile of the falubrity of the air, and the extraordinary influence it had upon the men belong- ing to the Centurion, in incrcafin^ and invigorating their appetites and digelHon. This cSeci was extremely re- markable, fince thofe among the officers who were accuf- tomcd to fpareand tcmp^-ratcdiet, and befidcs a flight break- fall ufed to make but one moderate meal a-day, were here, to appearance, transformed into gluttons ; lor, in- ftead of one meal of flefli, they were fcarccly fatisfied with three, and each of them ti'o I'o prodigious in quan- tity, as would at anotlier time produce a lutftit. Yet their digellions To well corrclpondcd with the keeniiefs of their appetites, that they were neither dilbrdered nor even loaded by this uncommon repletion; for having, according to their cullom, while on theiflaiid, made a hearty brcakfall of beef, it was not long before they began to confiJer the ap- proach of dinner as a very dtfirable, tho' lomcwhat tartly incident. F A. 95 The principal inronvcnicnce attending the iflaiid i> the va(l iiuiiib' r of mufch.itocs and (tl.er I'pericj of flies, toge- fhi r with 3 kinil of tick, which, thoiijih prinripally attach- ed to the cattle, will frc(|iientlv lallin on the limbs and bodies of the luinian fpt'cas, .nid, if not perct i\cd and ic- moved in time, uill bury its head iiiidLr the fKin and raili; a painlul inflamalion. I'hcrc are .illo a tew ccnti()«-.lc» and Icorpions, but non^^ of Commodore Anfon's men re- reived the lead injury from them. Anotlur inconveni- ence attending the ifland is the little fcuiity, in fome fea- lons, for a (hip at anchor, the road being extremely iiicon* venient. The only proper anchnriniT plare for (liips of burthen i« at the Uuith-welt end ol the illani, but the anchorage is very unlafe. Howevi r, it muft appear very furprifing that an iflanJ fo lichly furninied with the convenieiicies <.f llle, xnd 16 well provided not only for the fublillcnci', but tor ti.e en- joyment of mankind, fliould be cntir..ly dellitutc of inha- bitants, cipeeially as it is in the neighbourhuoj of othei iflands, that in (<)me mealure depend up(jn this for their lupport. Hut Mr. Walter obferve>, that he was tol I by the Jn.iians, it was not then fit'tv y(•ar^ tinte the ifland was depopulated. 'l"hc three iflaiuls of Tiniaii, Rot i, -nd Guam, were all full of inhabitants, and 'I'iiiian alone contained Jo, coo ; but licknels raiding amcng the illand :, and dcllro)ing mullitiides ol the people, the Spaniarls, to recruit then numbers at CMiam, which wi re extremely di- minillied bv the mortality, oidered all the inliaiitants of rinian thiiher, where, languithing tor their native fpot, the grcatcll part of them in a lew years died of grief. There are lUll remains to be met vmii .n the iflj.iit, which iliew that it was once txtrcnielv popii!,>ujP, for in all parti of It are ruins ot a particular kind ; thele nfuallv ron- lill of two lows of pyraiiiieical pillars, each '!;i- being about fix leet from the next, and the I'iiiance / twecii the rows about twelve feet: thcl'e pill.us are ab<...; f-.c Itetfiiuaie at thebaic, and about thirteen (•jct riigh ; t.iid on the top of each is a fenii-giobe v.ith the fl.'.t lurfacc upwaid>. '("he whole of the p.illar an.l feini-gli,'jc ii fo- lid, bcin •; compoled of land and Hone cenienitd to.^etljcr and plaltercd over. Tliefe were liiid i)y the n-iihoouring Indians to be foundations of particular btiiidir.^s lit apart lor only thole of the natives who luui en'^ugcd in torn • reli- gious vow. l>ut if they were originally the bHl'es or ttieir common dwelling-houles, their number mull have been very conlidcrable ; for in nianv parts of the ilUnd liv-y arc planted very thick, ;md fulKciently evince the multi- tude ot its tormer inh.ibitants. Helore we conclude thin chapter, it will be proper to oblcrve, that the in'icnioiis writer of commodore Anion's Voyage l;iys, that thou^;h the Ladrones have no imiiic- diate ijitc rcourfe with any other people, yet there lie to the fouth and louth-wcil of them a multitude of lands tlu.t are fuppolL'd to extend to the coall of that part of a new-dif- covcrcd continent, called New Ciuinea. Tlufe iflands are fo near the Ladrones, that canoes from them have lometimcs, bv diltrel's, been driven to Guam ; whence ic is very natural for us to fuppofe, that tiie Ladrones weic originally peopled from the fouthern continent, a very fmall part of which has yet been difcovercd, anil that in a very imperfect manner. This continent is thoUi.\ht to extend from New Holland and New Ciuinea through the tar greatell part of the Kaftcrn or l\.eili Ocean ; and v ry (Irong and convincing rcafons have been iven for this fuppolltion ; but it would be very inconfilt. n; with that order which ought to be obfcrvcd in a work c;' this kind to treat of a very dift'erent part of the earth, v.>.en our lubjedl is only Alia and the Ailatic illands, wc fliail therefore defer a particular confidcration of the dil'coveries made on that continent, 'till having almod cncompafled the globe, wc draw near the conclufion of this work, and (hall therefore now proceed to the Philippine 'rutiJi. 1 It ' . 1 iSIt CHAP. t 96 1 P/iiLir CHAP. viir. Of the PHILIPPINE S. f ' .'t ,«i < ! '• I; M 4 1 1 1 i I I 11 SECT. I. 0/ ih/ Nmw PiiiLirpiNis. 7/'/ r>>ffi, Cii/linii, mil Mtuntri tf lit hM-ititnli. Tlu-rt artl'amt Renjim U jujftil iht Truth tf th( Autunli givtn ofthtft Ijluriili. Till', New Philippiiir?, or Ciroline Iflanils, faiJ to be fitiLited between the lixth and one hundred and thirty-i'ightli degree of north latitude, are but iniperfeilly difcovered. The bed if not the only account we have of them, is to be found in the I'hilofophical Tranfa^Uons, iti two letters from Father Cl.ni ami Kather Ciobien, d.itcd from the ifland of Manila, founded on the report of fome natives of thofc iflands, driven upon the ifle of Samar, in 1696. 'I'hefe are faid to confift of thirty-two iflands, fituated between the L.idrones and the Philippines. The country is extremely populous, and all the iflands are under the dominion of OHC kinj;, who keeps his court in the iflc of Lainarcc. T'hc natives go half naked, and the men p.iiiit and Hain their bodies with fevcral figures ; but the wunun and rhildrrn are not painted. In the complexion and form ot their faces they nearly refcmble the tawny Philip- pines. The drcfs of the men only confifts in a cloth f.iilen- cd round their loins which covers their thighs, and aloofe cloth about their bodies which they tie belore. The prin- cipal dittercnce between the drefs of the men and women is, that the cloth worn by the latter hangs a little lower ; bcfidc;, the moft ccnfiderable among the women wear necklaces, bracelets, and rings of tortoile fhell. The people are faid to be of fo peaceful a difpofitioii, that they i\evcr do violence to each other ; and that mur- der or homicide was never heard of amon.;lt them. Their lanu'uagc is diticrent both from tli.it of the I'liilippinesand llicLadrone iflands, and comes neareft to that of the Arabs. They arc faid to have no cattle, dogs, nor any quadrupeds in their iflands, nor any land-fowls but cocks and hens, which they breed up, but never eat their eggs. Without ohferving fet meals, they eat and dtink when thcv have an nppetitc. They falutca perfon by tak- ing him either by tlie hand or foot, or gently ftroakin^' his face. Their lances or darts are pointed with (harp bones. Among their tools they have a faw made of a large (hell, Iharpened with a ftnne, for they arc faid to have no iron or other metals on their iflands. After all, there is fome reafon to believe tbefc accounts fiftitious, fincc we find no notice taken of them by later difcoverers ; and there are even I'omc contradietions in the accounts given In- thofc miflionaries themfelvcs j for Father (lobien fays, thefc illands are eighty- feven in number, and form one ol th^- fincft archipelagoes in the caft. He alfo gives a m.ip of them, which is likcwifc inferted in the rhilofophical Tranfattions, in which he makes them ex- tend from two degrees fouth to feventeen degrees north latitude, though he had no other means of knowing their latitude, number, and fituation, with refpcct to each other, than from fome of the fuppofcd inhabitants ranging pebbles on a tablet SECT. II. The Situallcn ar.J Ktimes cf th/ principal ef tht Philipp'mt IJlands : lie Cl.it.ate and Ferlilily of tht Seil ; uith tht Trees, Plant!, anil Shrriii : with ti particutur Aaeunt tf fome SpeLi'is of the Palm and Plantain, and of fcvtral poifonwi IJrrl'S ; and ethos Providtnct has uijely fon/iid at Antidctes to thtin. THE Philippine Iflands are very numerous, fome fay they even amount to a thoufand. i hey extend from the fifth degree of north latitude to the nineteenth, and from the one hundred and fourteenth degree of longi- I lude «lmo(l to the one hundred and thirtieth 1 and ;ire liiii.itcd abi>ut four hundred leagues to the weKward of the I.adronrs, one hundied anil twenty to the fouth of China, and two hundred ealt ot I'orhin-ehin.i. They were di(- rovercd by M.ii;elhn, and leeeived the name of Philip- pines in honour of Philip II. king of Spain, in whofe icign the Spaniards full pl.inted an Kurupcaii ctdony there. The principal of thefe ifl.inds aie, 1. I.uconia j or, ii« it is railed by the Portuguefe, Manila, from the chief town in the ifland. a. Samar, or Tandago, fometinien called I*hili|iin,i. 3. Mafbatc. 4 Mindnro. 5. I.uban. 6. l'ar,i;;oia, or I'ar.igoi. 7. Pan.iy. K. Leyta. 9. Koliol. 10. Sibil, Cibau, or Zebu. 11. Negroes Ifland. 12. St. John's. I {. Xolo . and 14. Mindanao, The wc.ither in ihcfe illands ii not (o cxceflively hot as iniL'ht be expected from their being lii nearly fituated to the line; they being conflantly rcf'refhed by lea breezes, the winds blowing eaUerly one part of the yeir, and wellerly the other. Thofe from the call begin in (Xlobcr, but are not fettled till about the middle of November. Thin wind ii .leeompanicd with fair weather. It begins to turn to the we(l in May ; but docs not blow fteadily from that ipiarter till June. When the wind firll veers to the welU watd, it blows faintly, and there is one or two hurricanes in a day : but after the ftorm is over, the wind again fliifts about to the caft, and the fky becomes fcrene. In a little time there are fcveral hurricanes in a day, with vij;3 laft till almoft noon, when the fun fliines out. How difagreeable focvcr it be to have fo great a part of the year tempcftuoiis and rainy, yet thcie is not any country in the world that appears more l)t.Tiitiful ; for there is here a pcr|>etual verdure, and buds, bli;H'oitis, and fruit are found upon the trees all the year round, not only in well cultivated gardens, but in the fields and mountains ; and no foil in the world produces greater plenty of all the necellaries of life. In fome of thefe iflands great quantifier, of gold are wafti- ed down from the mountains, and tound mixed with the fand of the rivers. There are alfo found mines of other metals, and excellent loadftones. The country abounds with a variety of fruits, one of the mnft valuable of which, called the fanter, grows wild in the woods : it is of ihe fize, fhape, and colour of a ripe pearh, and has five kernels like the feeds of an orange. The Spaniards prefervc it in the fame manner as quinces, and alfo when half ripe pickle it with vinegar. The tree refembles that of the walnut, but h.i» large leaves that are ufed in medicine. They have a fruit called magol, which is downy like a peach, and of the colour of an orange ; but it is not well tafted, and is hard of dijicftion. The tree is as tall as a pear-tree, and has thick boughs, with leaves like thofe of the laurel ; the wood is but little inferior to ebony. They have alfo durions, mangoes, and moft other In- dian fruits; iH'fides oranges of fcveial kinds, diti'crcnt from thofc of Europe, and fome of them much biugcr. There are alfo great and finall lemons, but thefc arc ge- nerally fwcet. The moft profit.ible trees are the palms, and in thefc confift the principal wealth of the great men. Of this tree arc reckoned forty fpccies, the moft valuable of which is the fago. Thefc trees grow wild in the woods, and of the the pith natives c '1 he b.ir rut diiw out the p tdey the which ca and le.iv ftiaiiied I frt/m it, 1 (food brej the Indie' and It coi who are I The le wine, am fruit r«len caiife as 1. the liquor Anothr! them with pillows, ai tbrlhips, \ hemp. () h.its, mats for tlieir III Tamarii they have ,1 fugar. Tl the wood I In thifc leaves ot w fathers ohl Thefc trees .ind on mai This tree, feet in ciii 1 from flips ; will hear wi native foil ; into other g tree decays j its place. J two leaves, ; twten the others, am body is n'.-ar are about a t rrcafcs in li is at its fu nnd a foot ai loiind (Toint almoft round of the tree tn ll'rintrs from part of the b man's arm , each about fi wrift, much fide, when pulp is Ivvie fame colour, norfton''. and cat it iii( tations fomct boil them in meat is alio them in the i take the pulp them togcthc in two hours and in four h much above injr. It diin alfo the iViiit it has no ill fun, makes \ fruit but one( down, which thin is the wi off the bark t • 9 PlIlLtPPIMEi. A S the pith ii nia.le ihc f.igo brou;;lit fn Eurono, whiili tlic njtivi-ic.it iiidcjii of bread f.mr or tivciivuitni in tlic yiar. '1 he ti.iik and wnnd are thin .isul hard, mil wIr'ii ihcy cut down tlic tree il»cy fplit it in tli • iiiii; lie, tlitii fiiupe cut the pilh, an. I bc.it it wiih 4 woinlcn jKllle in a iiionar i Iticv tluii llr.im It tlu -mh a ili.th, piniriii" in watii, which curiicj the lubltanie of the pith tlirmi-^li the '.'loili, and lc.wc« nothin;? but a little hulk behind. Alitor it ii Uiaiiicd it h.ii afi-ilinunt, wliiih, when the water i< dr.iwn Iri.m it, is m.ulc into ciikci an. I b.ikrd, and provci very pood bn-ad. The r.ij!;o exjjortcd into the other p.irtj of the Indii'H it diicd hard in finill bits nu bi'^u'cr than ftdU, anl It commonly eaten with the milk uf alniund* by thofc who are fuk of the bloody flux. 'I'he fecond fort of pulm-trces ore tliofe wliiih yiild wine, and are ^encr.illy found in falt-watcr niarllics : the fruit rtli-niblii. the d.itc, but new r romei to maturity, be- c.iiifo as loin as it bleillbmj thev cut off the brnnili"?, th.it the lii|uor mav run into the vrlleU they place iin kr ihcm. Aiiothrr IfKcicsof palm-trees, c.illcd yonb.', Iiiniilhi.s them with a kind of wikiI of which are made quilti and pillows, and with a bl.uk thread of which they ni;ike cables forlhips, whien will lalt in (ca-water longer than tiiofo o( hemp- Of the leave? of any of the pilm-ticcs they make hats, mats for looms l.iils for their Ihips, and covering for their Imules. Tam.trinds arc a wild fruit that prows in cods IiKc peas i they have a (harp taile, and are frequently prcfervcd witli fugar. The tree is tall and thick, with finall leaves, and the wood ferves for tho fame ufes as ebony. In till fc ifljiids th.TC are alfo plenty of plantolns, the leaves ot which arc (o bm;; and broad, that one of the fathers obferves tw" r people uf Mindanao and other uf the iflandi Wi.ir no oiliir cloth, The boiuno-ttec iilenildes ilie plantain in fliapc and fite, but the fruit it not hall fo lari;e. It is lef> luiiioiii, and h.ii .1 more delicate tatlc ; and bcfidct it uftour ufetl in iiiakinit of drink. The tadia-tfee is alfo found in thefc idandi. This Irea is fmallrr than that of the tamaniuN, but has much thickci: bough' I the Icavc'i, wliiih are of a beautiful green, aic fomewhat larger than thole of the pe.ir-tree, and beiii;^ boiled with t!ie bloll'oms in the inanner of a confi tve, pro- dme the (.inie fH'ei!l ai the fruit, and .ire li Is n.iuleous. 'I'lic young fiuit made into a cinferve is » fal- and gDoit la.v.itiv. This fruit iibounJ. fo much in the mo.ini.iins, that ill iVlay and June the inhabitants of th ' illaiiil uf Min- danao fatten their hogs with it. kxcillint .in.uui, or piiie-apples, aie alfo loulid lieie. Heie M alio a tree ii.imeil ,inii t, from whence the natives draw wn'er by culling a bide in it ; and alfo a kind of cune, whiih the .Spaniards ca!l vaxuco, wliiili, if tut, yields a jmioiI draught of water; and there i< happily pKniy ol llirm 111 the mountains where water is moll w.ii.ttd. It ufu.illy creeps up to the lops of treej, winding about thciii liki ivy ; but foni'? uf them arc very Ib.ii lit, and of tliefe lall the natives make pikes and lialbcrl'.. In the mountains h timber tit for builJin .• either fliipi or hoiili s ; among t!ic refl lluy h«ve black ebony and iron wood, with fcveral forts of \v< od ufcd 111 dying. I'he caniondog is a tree of lii veneimous a n.tturc, that the fiftt which eat the leaves that fall into the fa ipicdly die ; a> do illo the pcrfiin . v.ho eat the poilbiied filli. 'I'he natives dip the points of their darts in the liqior wliicli, upon incilion, HoWs from the trunk ol this tree. The very (hadow of it is fo dellruiflivc, that no lieiS rr grais will grow within it ; and, if tr.inr('l.:iitcil, it kills ail ih.o plaiits around it, except a fmall Ihiiib, which is an an- tidote agiiiill it, and is always with it. A Icif of thii (hrub carried in a m:m's mouih is laid to be a lecutity ag.iinit the venomous efl'cdls of the tree. Here are allb plenty of fugar-cants, and abundance of (xloriferous herbs an.l flowers that jiiow without cultiva- tion : alio indigo, tobacco, and many medicinal herbs ; one of which i^ ufcd for the lame purpofes as the Turku chew opium, that is to chear the fpirits, .iiid render the people void of fe r when thev engage an enemy. Among the roots which fervc for foml are potatoes of which iherc are fevcral kinds ; and there is Inch plenty of all lorts of roots fit for the kitchen, that many thoufands of the na- tives live chiefly upon tin m. Near to Catbalagan, in the ifle of Samar, is a plant of furprifing virtue . it relembles ivy, and twines about any tree near whiih it grows. The fruit, which riles from the knots and leaves, rcfcmblrs in fr/.c and cnluur a mclocotoon, and has within it eight, ten, or fixteen crecii an4 yellow kernels, as big as a large ha/.ic nut ; which, whrnripc, dropout of themfelves. This is a powerful antidote againft venomous herbs and the darts uUd bv the natives of Macall'ar, Borneo, and the Philippines. Ihc ufual dole is thefi.xtecnth part of an ounce powdered and mixed in wine or vi'atcr. Thefe remedies againft poifon could no where be placed to greater advantage by the hand of the wife Creator, than in thefc iflands, where, befides the poifonous tree already mentioned, the foil produces many venomous herbs and flowers, which in fome of thefe illands not only kill thof.; who taife them, but infe£f the air ; fo that many people die in the time of their bioflbming. SECT. III. OfthiBcnJls, Binls, Rept'iUs, and F'ljla. WITH refpciS to the animals, there are in f"-./. tt' thefe iflands fuch numbers of wild Inifl' '!)e«, .h'lC a good huntfman on horfcback, ari.scd with a 'st ti . \r{\ kill ten or twenty in a day. The Spaniards stt; thi-iji 'o'- their fkins, which they fell to the Chinei'e, ;i'-d ?ae f.c.li fcrvcs the mountaineers for their food, B b The I 1 H- ' I :M4i I tm '■ '! 1! 1» 98 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A P II Y. l';iii.!PriKCi?( !'■ i 1 ' 1 ii " ' 1 • n I I N»1 The wrcuU all'i uboun.l with wilJ hfat"!, (I found in tlic lakes and in the fen near Mindan.u. and XoHo. 1 here are alfo faid to be a ^ thf |{laik«, who dwell in the woods, mountains, and moll inacctrtible places: the polleiityot' the Chincfc, who once poUulled part of the lea coall : the Malayan Moors, or Mahomitans, who came iliithcr from .Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, and Macallbr ; the Spa- niauls, Portuguefe, and < ther liuropcaiis ; and u nii.xtJ breed cdiiipoundcd of , ill tlv.'l'e. Ihe illacks were probably the fiifl inhabitant;, fincc thcv polli'fs all the inland part', and may have hten driven into the woods and niountains by the other nations whicli now pnlkfs the feacoalt. Thefe lila .ks have as regular and well propoitionrd features as any Kuiopeaii, and have Ion.' black liair. All th,- natives ot tiule idands aieof li middle ftature, and wJ[\ fliaped. ihe women tie up their hair in a toll on the hindir part of the h.ad, adorn- ing it with jewels, or fomethiiig clfe that makes a glitur- ing (hew ; and tlicy have alfo necklaces and ear-rings, with bracelets on thc'r arm^ and It^s, and riiii-s on their lingers; the more c viliyed who Ine among the Spaniards wear a kind of wailicoit and a ciuth about ihcui which reaches below tlicir knee-, and maiiv ot thmi conform ci.tirely to the Spaiufii f. Ihioiis. The lllack,. who live in the mountains hai-eonlv a cloth ab lut th.ir h ins, and the mciner fort ot the jxople generally wear neither flues nor (lockings. The Chincfc drcfs alter the manner ot their country, winch h.is all eadv been deUribed. It ought not to he omitted, thttt on- of the tawny na- tions who inhabit thi te illands paint and ft lin their bodies like our anticnt Britons and Picls, and from tlittice have obtained the name of Pintadoe-:. The na'ivcs who dwell on the fea-coaft (It crofs-Iegged like moll of the other Afiaties, both at their meals iiuvf at ail other times. Ihtir ufual food is boiled rue and fifli, and they feldom eat flefh but at their tiilivals. Ihcir common drink is hot water, and they have alfo palm-wine and toddy drawn from the palm and ilains ; foi other coin by giviiiL' jj Witirre of money t his wile, to run the and loriow tainment bt only marry their kiiidrc allowed on is not pern of the India Some of 1 riage ceremi rents and fr to the Mabf The niotl commonly ( asfor inlfanc pearing fo w cult, becaul times they t 1..' iJama, thi attci wards. Ion or daug their paren that is the When a to come an p;>riuic of jei fumed w wiapt up ill cofHn made placed upon arc laid in a utenhls iiccr corpl'e. At place of the funeral ; bu (lain from . Some of thcl fliaving thei agriat nnii veial days tc ulio die in The origi there is Care they do not j (ucli avcucr facrilegc to i i hey have rane^, fioni i in them, am put them to AnlicntU and theie i occafions a to the viiliii pictej, liicf] ?HlLIPriXES. A I A. \i<) The arms of the natives arc bows ati.I ;urnws, ;iml a l.iiKC lic:uU-il with iron or wood harileiud in the lire; thi'y hjvc alio broaii two-cd:cil dj2i;ers ami c.iiics, thro' which thi-y blow little poidmcd darts, whi^li have luch ancrttct, that thefli;;htc(t wound t'ivin by tlicni aic mortal, it':ipr(>|v.r rcmc-dy be not inimcdiatclv applied. They have alio a lonu; narrow thitld, a kiml ot helmet and a guard t'lir the back and breaft, made ot cane c(iv( red with u bul- Jalie's hide, as a defence agaiiilt the poifoned darts. The HIacks of the motnitains are fo fond of liberty, that they ttmld never be broui^ht to fubmit to the govern- imnt nl' the Spaniards, to whom they aie fuch enemies, that if they happen to kill one of them, they invite all their family to rejoice for thiec days fueceflively ; and, while the entertainment Lifts, 'tis faid they conllantly think out of his Caill. On the other hand, the Spaniards make Haves of all the Blacks that fall into their hands. IJut, thoii;xh the Spaniards have no immtdiiite commerce with th^fe mountaineers, they have fome intercourfe with them by means of the Indian nations, who dwell in the plains ; for to them the Spaniards fell tobacco, and feveral other commodities, which the Blacks purchal'e of them by piviiiL' j;old duft, bee.s wax, &c. in exchange. With rcfpect to their marriages, the hufb.uid pays a fiim ef money to the f.ither, or neareft relation, to purchal'e his wife. They both cat out of oncdilh, to ilisw they arc to run the fame fortune and partake of the f.uiie joys and foriows ; .ind havinp lacrihccd fome bcalf, an enter- tainment begins, and completes the cciemony. They not only marrv in their own tribes, but cfpoufe the neareft of their kindreil, except in the iirft degree. Divorces are allowed on both fides ; but among fome of them polvLiamy is not permitted, except the wite prove barren. (3ther of the Indian nations allow two or more wives. Some of the Indians in thefe iftands have no other mar- riage ceremonies than joining of hands before ihiir pa- rents and friends; but in thole parts of the couiitiv fubjciil to the Mahometans a plurality of women is allowed. The mother:; give names to their children, and this is commonly done from fome circumftance of their birth ; as for inltance, Mahiecas, wliichfijnifies ftronj;, fiuin itsap- pearini; fo when biou'lit into the woild ; M.div.i:',or dilli- I'ult, becauli; of the ditlicnlty of the l.ibour ; but at other times thev give it the name of the Iirft thing that occurr, i..i Uama, the nannof an herb; and by this they aie known alleiwards. What appears \er) lingular is, tli.it the full li'ii or daughter, on being married, give their name to their parents, as Amani Malaccas, Imniani Malivag; that is, the faihcr of MaLaccas, the mother of Maliva;;. When a pcrfon of ditliniition die^, ftrangcrs are hired to come and mourn, and to lament in their longs the de- par; uie uf the dcceafeil. The body, beii w.dhed and pel fumed w th beniamin and other Iragrai pums, is uiapt up in lilk, according to his quality, an i put into a coffin made fo clofc as to keep out the air ; then being pLiced upon a table, thecloaths and arms of the decealed arc laid in a chift by the coffin ; and if it be a woman, the utenfils iiecfflary for her work : food is alfo let before the corpfo. At length the body is interred in the burying- placc of the family, and a fcaft made for thofe invited to the funeral ; but the widows and children foi iome time ab- ftain from animal food and live only on rice and herbs. Some of thele nations mourn in black, and others in white, iba^ing their heads and e\e-brow5-, and lonneily when agriat nnn died, the neiglibourhood weie obliged for le- vel al days to keep filente. Sacrifices are otierid to thofe who die in defence of their country. The original natives are li) extremely fupcrftitlous, that there is f.arce a rock, flone, pronionlorv, or rivci to which they do not pay a kind of religious worftiip ; and tin v h.ue fuch a veneration for old trees, that they think it a kind of faciilege to cut them down on anv account whatfocver. They have alfo the fame veneration lor fome anliciit tall cane , from the belief that the fouls of then anccllors dwell in them, anil that the cutting uf ihofe trees urcaiics would put them to [.liii. Antiently they worfhippcd their idols in certain caves, and tlieic the piielts olfcied their facrilices. Onthife occafions a young and beautiful virgin gave the firft llruke to the viilim with a Ijicnr, after which it was flain, cut in piecei, (Ircftld, and rat in a reverential ii-anner, The milTionaries fay they arc fo fupciftitious, that if a fnakc be fuuiid on their cloaths they will never wear thcin again; a.' 1 if they are going out on the nmll important bulincfs, if a iiiake croll'es the way they will defer it, and iininc- diutely return hunie. SECT. V, 0/the IJlind of Mindanao. Ili Sltiitiliin, Extent, tititl dijfcrnit i\',ilvui\.'iis. N defcribing thefe iflands we fli.iU begin wi;h the fomli and proceed to the north, treating lall of Manila. Mind.inao is the largeft of all the I'liilippiiie^, except .Ma- nila, it being fixty leagues in length, and between forty and fifty over. It has feveral fine harbours and n.u ■.;ablc rivers, which are plentifully fupplied with filli. The f uth- weft part of it is lUu.itcd in about the lixth de '.rcc of noi;li latitude, and the norih-eaft part in about the eighth. T"he feas and livers about tlii-, illand are atten led witli an inconvenience that is of the utmoft piejudicc to com- merce ; for they are foinlelled with worms, that tlicy will deftroy a (liip in a very iliort time; and therelore the na- tives, whenever they come from lea, immedi.itcly haul their lliips upon dry land, as they do their caiio s and bi'rgc.-, and never fuller them to lie long in the water. Thif.; worms arc chiifly in the bavs, creeks, and mouihs of rivers; or in pl.iccs near the ihorc. The grcateft part of the inhabitants arc Mahometans, and fuhjcct to the fult.in of .Mindanao, wlio gc\ ins ar- bitrarily and without any wiitten laws. His fubjctts wha divell near the coafts are called .Mind mav.ms, an! lijvc the gieateft commerce with Itiangers : for the whole illaud is not fubject to this prince, nor is either the reli- gion or languiige the fame in every part of it. Thole who live in the woods and mount iins in the midll of the countrv are c.illed Ililaiiooiis, and have rich mints of gold a. .J great plenty of bees-v\ax, which thev cx-han^e wiih ihii .Miiulaiiavans for cloaths and other necelfiries, I'he hido^ues are the leaft nation that inhabit this in.iiid. I'hey are planteil on the ni.rt!i-weft pirt of it, ,ind have little conmi. rce witli the .Mindanaj.iiis, thougli ihey c.irry on a coiilideiablc trade to .Manila and the ncxh- bouring ill.inds. The Mindaiiavan men h.-;ve little heads and oval (:.qc$^ with linall black eyes ; their foreheads are fl it, their nofes fliort, their mouths v^ide, their lips are red and tli.n. tlicir hair black and ftiaight, and, as in other p.irts of India, they black their teeth. They aie of a tawnv compiexion, but of a brighter colour than fome of their nci -Jiluiurs j their limb^ are finall, and their bodies llraiglii ; they wear their nails to a great length, elpeiially that of the lefc thumb, which they never cut but fcrape, and nouiilli it with great indullry. 'Jhcy have a ll.itcly miui, but arc civil to llrangers, andcntert..in them with great familiarity, except they are infultcd or injured, and thin th-y are im- placable in their revenge, which they execute fccretly by poifon or aft'.iftination. Thev wear a kind of linen fliirt, which fcarccly reaches down to their knees, and a pan of dr.iwers, but li:nc neither ftioes nor llockings. They wear a finall tuiban on their heads, which is tied once round, and the ends, which arc fiinged, hang down. The l. i 1 ^A ;ii 100 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Mindanao. I ;i II i'i "1 1 I ■I; h ril'ii;' '■ The MiiiJjn.ivans arc faiJ to be an ing-'iilous and \fitty piojile. They can bt active cnoui'h when thfv plcilc, but arc g.iuially l.i/y, and will kldoni wnrt unit f. they are comjii.lkJ to it by hunger, which is chiefly .'.tuibutcd to the t. r.:nny nf the ptiucc, who will not p.-rmic them to cnj'iv the wealth thev acquiie. Tne A'.>menarc allowed tocnnvcrfc with fnieii'ncrSjand to entcrtji:i thcin wi:h innocent i^jjlaiury at tiieir houfcs. Whi-ii aiiv tbrcigncrs arrive at Mindanao it is cullomary for the men to };■) on board and cmiuir^' if any ol the fhip's company choole a comrade, or a pag.iUv : by a comrade is meant a male hier.d, and by a pagally one of the other fex Alniolt every llran^er ii under a neccflity of conttaif- in'/ fuch an aciui.iinir.iKc, and when he comes on fliore is welcomed to his comrade's or pagally's houfe, where he cats, drink's, and fleeps ; but for this his boll expects to be paid, and feldoni makes any other prcftnt gratis but tobacco or betel. I'erfons of tlie belt quality allow their wives the freedom of cunvcrfinj witll their pagallys in publick. Tin- comninn people live principally on rice, fago, and fniall filh ; while thole in belter circumltanccs e.it buttaloe beef and fowls wiili ihiir rice, but their cookery is very indiflercnt. As tlicv ufe no fpoons, they take a handful of rice out of the didi, which they fqueezc toyether and put into their mouths. Thev alwavs wafli after their meals, and after touchinij anv ihinj thev etieem unclean. Tliey h ive a prrttv ftron.; liquor made of rice fleeped in water, and with this they will be verv mcrrv ; but when they invite fuKi^;iiers, they do not choofo to drink out of the fame veliil, for fear they (hould be defiled by the touch. On davs of rejoicing; they have women bred to finding and dancing', who perform befjre thtm ; but th-y have no indruiiKiits e f mul'ic. Thefe dancers do not leap from the ground, but fliew the I'upplenefs of their limbs bv the odd porturcj t!itv twid thcmielvcs into, fo that one would hardly believe they hive any boms in their flcdi. At thell- cnti.rtainments thty introduce a fm^lc man, who fccms to act the part of a hero, and putting on a dreadful look Ihidcs acrofs the loom with his lance in one hand, and a greit broad fword in the other ; and, having tra- vcrfed it fevcral times in a menacing manner, throws his lance and draws his dagger, then cuts and flaftics the air, till at length, feeminjj to have brought his enemy down, he gives two e)r t):r-C blows with his broad fword on the floor, as if he was cutting off his head. He then with- draws, and is fuccceded by another. Their generals and great men fomctimes exhibit thefe mock battles ; and if the i'ultan be prefent he frequcnily concludes this kind of play by behaving as if lie was really encountering a dangeious enemy. They hunt bufT.does, wil 1 cow5, deer, and other ani- mals ; and freqiuntlv take their women with them to par- take of th'ir fport. As thev have no dogs, they are but little uf.d to firelocks ; their hunting only confills in diivin:; the game into a llrong fence prepared for that purpofe. s E c T. vr. .1 Dff.ript'i'.n eft!eCily of Mlndana) \ ih Sultan's Pnhce \ tht Tiadi if t':t Mindciwymu ; their Sihcsli, nuckar.ic Arts, iiiM Rili^iait, T^HK city of Mindannr), which is the chief town in theiiland, is fitiiated in about the fixtli detjrcc of ^ "0 ■ north latituilc, on the banks of'afmall river about two miles from the fca. It is about a mile in length, but is narrow, tliouidi it has fomc houfcs on the oppofitc fhore. This city is not well fituated for commerce, for there is a bar at the mouth of the river, which at a fpring-tide has not above ten or eleven feet v.atcr ; fo that large fliips can- not cafily come up fo the city. The houfes of Mindanao arc built on pods between fourteen and twenty feet above ground, and have but one floor, which is divided into feveral rooms ; and to tlicfc they afcend by m-ans of a ladder. 'I'heir building in this manner is extremely nect (Vary, brcaufc their towns being fituated i:i the plains by ilic fides of rivers, would other- wife be deftroyed, as tiiefe rivers annually overflow their banks to a very great height. Their buildings, however, are very flight j their walls and floors being made of fplit ^ cane and bamboo, and their roofs covered with palmcto leaves. Underneath their rooms the people keep their I ducks and poultry, and make their dunghills, on which [ account they are not very fweet, except at the time of the inundation. The fultan's palace is very lofty and fpacious, for it Hands on one hundred and eighty pillars, and is much higher than the common buildings j a broad llair-cafc leads up to it, and in the iirll room are twenty iron guns mounted upon carriages. Several of the grandees have alfo guns in their houfcs. ']'he floors of the rooms arc neatly matted, on account of their fitting crofs-legged upon them, for they ufe no chairs. At a finall diftance from the fultan's palace is a houfe erected for the reception of ambaiiadors and foreign mer- chants, which is alfo ufcj for a council-chamber. They build ferviceable ftiips, and vcH'cls both for trade and pleafure, and have al(i> fome (hips of war. 'I'hey chiefly trade to Manila, to which they export gold and bees-wax ; and in return bring back calicoes, muflins, and China lilks. They alfo carry on a trade with the ifland of Borneo, and the Dutch come thither in floops troin 'I'ernatc and I'idorc to purchafe rice, bees-wax, and tobacco ; for the lalt grows more plentifully at Mindanao than in any other illaiul except Manila, and is an excel- lent fort, but the pee)plc have not the art of managing it to advantage like the i'paniards at Manila. The tob.icco at Mindanao is of a deeper colour than that of Manil.i, and the leaf much larger, which is imputed to the lainefs of the foil. The Manila tobacco is of a bright yellow, and the leaf, wdiith is of a moderate fize, is not itrong, but very pleafant to fmokc. The people of that ifland, by well ordering of it, fell it all over India at a very high price; while that of Mindanao, which is faid to be really asgood, is fold exceeding cheap. Mindanao gold is valued at fourteen Spanifli dollars the Englifli ounce, and eighteen dollars the Mindanao ounce, for Spanifh dollars are the current coin of all thefe iflands. In the city of Mindanao they f|>cak two languages, the one the proper language of the ifland, and the other the Malayan tongue, which is fpoken in nil the oriental irtands, and in feveral countries on the continent, as ac Cochin-china, Cambodia, and Malacca. In that city are feveral fchools, in which children are taught to read and write ; and it is obfcrvable, that many of their words, cfpccially in their devotions, are in Arabic, and fome of their forms of falutations in the Tur- kifli language. As the Mindanayans do not underffand ac- compts, they employ the Cliincfc, who live among them, when they have any to fettle with foreigners. There are but few handicrafts in the city of Mindanao, where the chief trades are the goldfmiths, blackfmiths, and carpen- ters. The blackfmiths, confidering their tools, are ex- cellent workmen ; they have neither anvil, vice, or ham- mer, but a great ftoiie or piece of an old gun to hammer upon; and in this manner they not only make common utenfils, but all iron-work for fiiips tolerably well. Al- moft every man is a carpenter, and can ule the ax and adze ; and as they have no faws, they fplit all their planks, and then fmooth them with thefe tools ; but, though this requires great labour, they work cheap. The Mindanayans arc frequently afflidled with a kind ofleprofy, ordryfcuif, which fprcads all over the boety, and produces ?n intcderable itching ; tor which rcafon they are perpetually fciatching themfelves. However, thry do not fecm t() be under any great fear of catching this loath- fome difeafe, and never refrain from each others company on that account. Their other diltempcrs .nre the fever, fmall-pox, and flux ; the latter of which occafions great pains in the bowels. The Malayans are of the Mahometan religion, and the inhabitants of the inland country are pagans." The people of Mindanao, like other Mahometan?, allow feveral wives and concubines, and the fultan has about thirty, with whom he chiefly f|)cnds his time ; but the married women here are not foclofely confined as in other places where the doctrines of .MalKiniet prcvai', but aie IjfFered BEFOR lar:;c( we fliil thole ifland habitants here repeat Thirty 1 ide of Xol. own. All confidcrcd cM. It al Piiiiippines fal!, becau 9 MiMDAMAO. A I A. loi fufrlrcJ not only to walk the ftrect?, but t'recly to convorfe with iuaii^crt. As their rclii^ioii prohibits their eating fwine's fl.ili, the wilil hogs multiply extr -nitlv, and even come c'own Ironi the woods into thetowii>, rcartlinu^ under their houlea tor lood ; while the people d.irc not kill them /or fear of being dcfik-J by their touch, but are very glad when the Kuropeans will do it for them. Yet they will not fufter an huropcp.n to come near them immediately alter he hai touched hog's fielh. SECT, VII. Of the Sultan of MindnntiOy the Manner in ivhkh he gee] abroad, and oft confiderable of thofe iflands ; for as the cufloms and manners of the in- habitants have been already mentioned, they need not be here repeated. 'I'hirty leagues to the fouthward of Mindanao is the ifle of Xolo, or Jolo, which is governed by a prince of its own. All the fliips of Horneo touch here, and this may be confidered as the mart of all the Moorilh kingdoms of the call. It .ibouni's in rice, and is the only ifland of all the Philippines that has elephants, which here multiply very fa(}, becaufe the inhabitants, it is faid, never take them. A great deal of ambergris is thrown on the fhcrc of this ifland. An ifland named Lcyto is fituated to the north-eaft of Mindanao. It is about one hundred leagues in compafs, and is divided in the middle by a mountain, which is faid to occafion a great alter.-ition in the air, it being fre- quently cold on one fide, while it is verv hot on the other. To the weft of the laft mertioned ifland lies Sibu, or Cibou, which is about twenty leagues long, and eight broad. 'I'he chief city is Nombre de Dios, which was was the firft town built by the Spaniards in the Philippine iflands; it is a bifhop's fee, and has a cathedral, and fe- veral monafteries. It had formerly a great trade, and the privilege of fending (hips to New Spain j but the trade is now removed to Manila. Bohol, an ifland of about forty leagues in circumfe- rence, lies tothc fouth-welt: of Leyta. To the weft of Sibu lies Negroes ifland in ten de- ww, grees latitude. It extends in length from north to fouth, and is about one hundred leagues in circiunfercncc. It takes its name from the blacks, its principal inhabitants. Panay lies to the weftward of Negroes ifland in the la- titude of ten degrees ; it is fomewhal of a triangular form, and is alfo one hundred leagues in compafs. Paragoia, or Paragoa, is the largelb of the Philippine iflands, exceptManila and Mindanao. It lies to the wcltward of them all, and is about one hundred leagues in length, and from ten to twenty- five in breadth. The fouth part of the ifland, which lies nearcft to 15orneo, is gnveri\ed by the king ol that illand, and the inhabitants aie Mahometans : the north-eaif pait of it is under the dominion of Spain; but the middle of the ifland is poliellld by its original inha- bitants. Tothc north r"" Paragoia, pre three fmall iflands, called the Calamines, lous for their edible bird-ncits. Philippina or .S ar, lies to the fouth-catl of Manila, and is about one tiundred and thirty leagues in circumfo- rcncc. The capital of the ifland is called Catbalagan, and is governed by an alcade. The north-eaft point forms the cape called Spirito Sandlo. Malbiite lies to the weftward of Samar, and alfo to the . fouth of Manila, in twelve degrees north latitude, and is II 'fO about thirty leagues in compals. Mindoro lies to the weftward of Mafbate, in thirteen /jv^. degiees latitude, and is fcventy leagues in compafs. And to the northward of this laft ifland is the fmall ifle of 1 uban, which is rendered famous by its volcano. Wc (hall now proceed to Manila or Luconia, '• hich is fituated to the fouth, and being a place of the utmoft im- poitancc delcrvcs a very particular defcriptio.i. SECT. IX. f5/" Luconia or Manila. Its Situfitisn, Extent, Rivers, and Lakis. It is fuhjeJl ti F.arth.juakes. Its Climate, and a Dtfcription of the Bijy and City of Alanila. MANILA, by far the largcft of all the Philippine iflands, extends from thirteen degrees, thirty mi- nutes, to nineteen degreis north latitude, and has bien /y..'« fometimes refenibled to a bended arm. It is one hundred and fixty Spandh leagues in length; but is of very une- qual breadtl) , it being in fome places twenty, in fomc thirty, and in others forty leagues over. This ifland abounds both in rivers and lakes, the prin- cipal of which is the lake of Hahia, which is near the city of Manila, and is .about ninety miles in compafs, it is long and narrow, and has great plenty of fifli : but it is in- fefted with crocodiles, that devour both the men and cat- tle which appro.ich the banks. Near this great lake is a finall one upon a mountain, which the natives bcini; una- ble to fathom, imagine it has no bottom; but it has only fome ill-taftcd fifli. This ifland is extremely fibjeft to earthquake?, thefc in 1627 levelled one of the mountains, and in 1025, :l third part of the city of Manila was overthrown, and no lefs than three thoufand per ' ns perifhcd in the ruins } and the following year there »vai another earthquake not much Icfs dreadful. C c Manila /J ■■;.•. ;!■ ! ; T t ; ' 111 ' 4J t'\ i ■ : iVV »: A S Y S T li M OF GEOGRAPHY. Manila. '.! I Manil.i, mfvvitriftjnlin!: in r.tustioii, U eftrcmcd to lie in noticTal ixrrc-iiv.Iv hcaltliy, anJ tac v.-»t in tr.c w.^.'lJ. It i>roJui.e« .!! tlic Cniits of the warm clxi.ito,, and his an excellent brccxi o! hord's, liipjYnl,;d to be t-.rrt carrii.-d thither from Span'. It It \\\l\ iituatcd both tor the inJian and the CliindV tiaJi-, .xnA thi- bay and p-.rt of Minila, which is on iis wc.lcrn fiJ;-, is perhaps ttic mo'l remarkable on the whole gl )bf, the bav bein^ a larie circular bainn near tin Icai'i.es in liiamctjr, and great pi:t of it entirely land- iocktil. On the (.Mil (idc of thi; bay (land* the city of Manila. The port, peculiar to the city, is calU-d Ca- bitc, aiul lic-i near two kaiiKS to t'fi; fmthward; and in this port all the (hips cnipKncd in tnc Acapuku traJc are iiluallv Ibtioi.e.l. The cite of Manila, the capita! of the ifland, is in a hc.ihhv fitiiati'in; it is well watered, and is in the niigh- boiirhoocl o( a very fruidul and p!.n:iful country; but as tiie principal hurme(\ of this place is its trade to Acapulco, itliis under f.imc ilifaJvanta^cs, frt>m the difficulty tiiere is in "getting to lea to tiie caftwrard; for the paflagc is amoiv^ iflan Is and thro'.!;'h clunnels, w'lcre the Spaniards, l>v realim of th..;r u;i!k:lfulnef> in m.irine atfair:., walk- iniirh time, and arj ofcen in great danjer. I'his ci:v, wiiith is lar^e and populous, (lands at the font of a rid;;e of hi.'h h;lU Ircitinz the harbojr. The hour.;s ate fpacious, (Iron,', and cohered with tiles, and the (Irects lar^e and ref»alir, with a maik-.-t place in the niidil, and it ii.is levcral hmifomf chur.hr* and convents, the principal of waici are a cathedral, whicn is lar,;e, but not much aJorned on the inli.!-. Th: college of jtfuits is a ;;reat bjiMin^;, ad.irned wi:.i arches and fpacious dor- niitoiic:-. A.I;oiii;n ; to it is the college of St. Jofcph, wliitli has i\>nv collegians, who ftudv hLmamtv, philo- fi'p'iy, and divinity. "The collegians are cloath.d in put- pie, and have red cloth go^ns, and the graduates, by way of didiiiclion, wear foinething like a collar of the fame cl..(h. There are alui in Manila feveral churcheo, cha-icis, convents, and hof; ;lals tiat arecnJ<>v>xd : in the convent of the c!iureh of Miferi.ordia, dedicated to St. Llizabcth, are received the orphan d.-v-hters of Spaniards and .Muf- tccs, who -:c bnrii of Sjianilh and Indian parents: ihcfc have a portrm of three or foi:r hundred pieces oi cii;!.! paid for them, and if they chufe to be nuns they have a liiiiable annual allowance. The infidc of their churches and ehapels are extremely rirh; that of St. Aullin's in par- ticular has til'tccn altari richly vilt, but moll of the pub- lic ftruCttires are built of wood on account of the frequent c.irthquakes in thcfc iflands. S F. C T. X. 0/l''t Govnunur.t ■/ .M.ini'm, anA tin yamltr tftLPnpit T HI' Sp-iniarJs h.;ve a captain-general, who keeps his jk court in the city of .Manila. T hi> is one ot the nioll profitable pnth under the kinj of Spain, and mod of the grandc-es would be ambitious of obuining it, were j not this in.'.Mil at fi jjreat a uiilance from Kurope. This j officer has under him twentv-two alcadcs, or governors of \ towns and prov • ,, two of whom refidc in the city ol Manila ; one havin!»thc government of the Kuropeans, and I the other that of tiic Afiatics. There u alfo a tribunal of three or four judges, in which the captain-general prc- fidcs, though he haj no voice ; for when their opinions are ecjual he appoints fomc doclor of laws to give the cafting-votc. Both thcfc judgei and the folicitor for the crown have thtir places for life, and cir.not be turned out bv the viceroy ; but all military employments arc in his ;ift, and he appoints the governors of provinces : he has .ikewife the nomination of the captains of the f^aleoni which fail every ye^r to Spain, which port is fan! to be worth fifty thoufand crjwni a year. The viceroy ufually keeps a garrifon of about ri:;hi hundred fuldiers in the city, and has three or four thoufand rtwwe under his com- mand in other parts of the country. 1"he pay of each man it two pieces ol eight and tifty pound* of itcc a month. f, The captain-general is no focner recalled, than procla- m.'itioiiis ma le lor all pcrfoiis wiihin lixty days to come and exhibit thtir eompiaii'ls agaiiiil him; he then under- gcKs a trial, his (uccclKir being liciiweiitly his judj^e j and this trial being over, he is lent back to Spam, with an account of hu conduct, and of the prccecdings ai^aiiilt him. As to the ccclcfialHca! government, there is an ;irchl)i(liop at .Manila eleifUd by the Icing, wlio detiimiiics all appeals Irom his fuhragan bifli<>ps,as wi II as all all'airs in his own diocefc : buttluie lies an appeal liom him tc^thc pope's de- le.;dte, who i elides in one ol thel'hi'ippines. The ri veni;f of the arthbifliop ammiiUs in llx tlioulaild piece s of eight per annum, which he icci Ives (ioin the cmwii ; and that ot the bilhops of S>bu, C.imeriiics, and Caguayan, live thoul'atid. Hefides, that there may be no iiuermiflion in the care of fouls before a new pi elate can arrive, there conllantly ri.ri!e liibui!>s, that eonlill of levc- ral Indian nations, who Ine neai tiie river in houl'is built on wcMiden pillars ; and beyond tiie fiibuibs, on both fulci the river, gardens, farms, and coimtrv houiVs, emenil a great way up into the couiitiy, .mil all'oid an agreeable profpciil. Ihe inhabitants of the mouiitniiis live under the iheltcr of great trees, or in fmall huts made ol their branches ; and when they have eaten up the Ireiit, and the roots proper for nouriniinent that are to be found near them, they remove to another place. .S F. C T. XI. Ofll/t Tradi »f M.m'tla, and the Muntur in uhitf' ihtShipt^f that Ijland jml to Jiupu/tt, 7 hat Ijknd taitn hj tht Engii/i, MANII/A, from its excellent port placed in a manner between the rich kingdoms of the tall and Will, was once confidered as the bell fitiiation lor trade in the known woild, cfpecially when the Molucca illaiids were under the fame |;i vcrnment ; lur the Spaniards had there Ihe Ma.n'il the bed Hither di from CJi: megs an Ceylon ; iK'iigal ; I Cambogi nierly tw fieigiited japaii-wai the count New Sp, returned, filver. The tr: fereiit par as are iiit Peru. T manulaeilu faid, fii'ty great quaii with gold- at the city All the of trading mercc are I fleets and ( number of among the jcfuits, as ; fions lor th( Convents h. on board i their bale* ( concerned i and when tl unprovided convents to bottomry. The trade value, whici limitation is it docs not f. As th Acapulco il and as all good policy mediate dep permitting tl other powers to the court tiie kingdiJii nianulaclurc by this meai from CaJii i filks coming • onfiderably of equal goo maiiejel fuppll the Manila t dependant ii and exhaulls filver, the g hibitcd, will Spanifli com! chants : whe it is, the cnr foils at thcot lo farinfluen prime miiiiil year 1725 h no Indian co •Spanifh poit brought thit the powerful tioM from la The trad carried on in from Manila tember, Janiij •lifj'ufed of tl g Manila. ASIA. ihc beft fli.irc of the Eaft as well aj the Weft Indies. Hither iliamiinds .mid other precious ftoiijs were brouglu troin CiolciiJida; iilver, from New Sp.iiii and Peru; nut- nic 'i and lioves, from the Moliit:t.c> ; tiiiM.inmn, hum Cevlon ; |v-pper, from Sumatra and Java ; fiiics, from Jiciigal) caiiipiiire, from Borneo; benjamin and ivory from Cambogia ; iliina-ware and fillis, from China i and for- merly two or three flips came every yi'ai fiom Japan, fiei"!itcd Willi filver, amlicr, fillts, cabinets, and other jap.m-ware, in excliani;e for hides, wax, and the fruits of the country ; and two vellels annually fail to Acapulco, in New Spam, loaded witli the riches of the Eall, and returned, as they do at prefent, chiefly freighted with filvcr. The trade carried on from Manila to China, and dif- ferent parti of India, is principally for fuch commodities as are intended to fupply the king lom^ of Mexico and Peru. Thefe arc fpiccs all forts of Cliinefc filks and manufactures, particularly filk (dockings, of which, it is faid, fifty tlioufand pair aie ufually (hipped in each cargo ; great quantities of Indian Ihifl's, as ciiints and calicoes, with gold-fmith's woik, and other articles, chiefly made at the city of Manila. All the inhabitan-.s of Manila do not cpjoy the benefit of trading to .^capulco. The fliips employed in this com- merce are found by the king of Spain, who pays the of- ficers and crew, and the tonage is divided into a certain number of bales, all of the fame fize. 'i'licfc are dilhibuted anion;; the convents at Manila, but principally to the jefuits, as a donation to enable then to fupport their mif- (ioiii for the propa.;.ition of the catholic faith. Thus the convents have a right to embark fuch a tjuantity of goods on board the Manila fliip as amount to the tonage of their balc« ; or if they do not choofe to be immediately cimccrned in irauc, they may fell this privilege toothers ; and when the merchant to whom they fell their f.iare is unprovided with a (lock, it is not uncommon for ti.e convents to lend him confiderable funis vt money on bottomry. The trade is limitted by the roval cdiifls tn a certain value, which the annual cargo ought not to exceed. This limitation is faid to be fix hundred thoufand dollars ; but it docs not fall much (hort of three millions of dollars. As the greatelk Iharc of the Ireafure returned from Acapulco is again difperfed into dilleicnt parts of India, and as all buro|)eaii intions have generally efteemed it good policy to keep their American lettlements in an im- mediate dependance on their mother country, without permitting them to carry on direcfly any gainful trade with other powers ; many remonftrances h.ive been prefeiited to the court of Spam againll this Indian trade allowed to tiie kingdom of Mexico. It has been urged, that the fi Ik nianulaclures of Valencia, and other parts of Spain, are br this means greatly prejudiced, and the linens carried from CaJii much injured in their fale ; fince the Cliinefc filks coming almoil direflly to Acapulco can be afforded t onfiderablv cheajicr there than any l.uropean manufactures of equal goodnels, and the cotton from the co.ill of Coro- mandel fupply the place of the Kurnpcaa linens. So that the Manila trade renders both Mexico and IVru too little dependant upon Spain for a fupply of their necellanes, and exiuulls ihofe countries of a coiiliderablc quaiitity of filver, the grcatcll part of which, were ihib trade pro- hibited, would center in Spain, eltlier in payment for Spaniftl commodities, or in gains to the Spanifll mer- chants ; whereas, now the only advantage received from it is, the enriching the jeluils, and a few particular per- fiins at thcotherextreniity of the world. Thefe arguments I'o far influenced Don Joteph I'atintho, who was formerly prime minillcr, and an cnenn to the jefuits, that about the year 17/5 he relolvcd to abolifli this tiade, and to permit no Indian commodities to be introduced into any of the Spanifll pnits in the Well Indies, except fuch as were brought thither by the legiller Ihips from Kurope. Hut the powerful intrigues of the jefuits prevented this rrgula- tion fiom taking place. The trade bciween Manila and Acapulco is (r^nerallv carried on in one, or at moll two annual fliips. Thefe (ail from Manila in ahviut July, and arrive at Acapulco in De- cember, Jaiuiat\, or February following ; and having there ilif'pufcd uf their cli'cilts, return for .Manila in .March, and 10^ ufu.i!Iy arrive there in June. Tluis a whole year is nearly taken up in the voyage. For this rcafon, though one Ihip i-i oiilv Iriiglited at a time, yet another i.'. always ready wlien that ariivts. Hence there are always thiee or lour (lout (liips that ill c;;le of any accident the trade m;'.y not be (ufiieiidid. The largeil is dcleribed as little lel> than one of our (iill-t.ite nun of war, and foiiietimes has twihi; hundred men on board ; and though tlieir oti'.er lliips arc tar inlerior ill bulk, yet they are fKmt l.irg'j vell'-ls, of the burthen of twelve humlred tons and upwards, and generally c irry fifty guns, and have on board from three huiidicd and lifiy to li\ hundred hands, pafVengers ineliided. For thefe and many other oblervutions in relation to .M.inila, and the important branch of trade cariie-d on be- tween that city and Aeapuleo, we are iiidel ted to com- modore Anfbn's Voy.ige ; from which we (li.ill, for the la- tisfaclion of the curious, give a circumltant.al ditail of the navigation from thence to Acapulco. The fliip hav- ing received her cargo on bo.;rd, and being fitted for the fea, generally weighs from the mole of Cabitc about tliC middle of July, win n the wellerly monloon lets in. Iti (ailing through the channel, called the lloccad ro to tlie ealtward, is (i> tioublelome a iiavigition, tiiat it is fome- tiines the end of Augiill before they con^piete it. When they have cleared this pilfigc, and are dileiuangled from the iflands, they fleer to the north-call till they arrive in the latitude of thirty degre. s, or upwards, where they ex- pect to meet with welteily winds, befiirc whieli they (Ircteh .Tway fur Calitorn .; ; and never let go her anchor till (he arrives on that ci-.i:l. Fhis voyai'e liK'.om takes up leli time than (ix nioiuhs, mid the fliip being deejiK- laden with mereiiaiijr/.e, and crowded with people, it nui(t appear (urprifing how they can be fupplied with a (tos k 01 Irefii water (or (o Ion.; a vo)ag.- ; and this b^iiig done by a method extremely lingular, it dcferves to be partic'.i- larly nienlioiied. 'Fluir water is prcferved on board, n-t in c.-.rr;j, but ill earthen jars, that alnmd rel'emble the lari;e oil-iars we often fee in Fiirope. When the Manila fliip (iril put^ to (ea, flic has on board a nuieh greater quantity of water than ran be fbuved between decks, and the jars which contain it are hung all about the (hroiuK and (lav:, i'o at to exhibit at a Jid.iiice a very odd appearand'. Though thefi-jars are much more in.inageable il'..iii cjfks, and arei liabiC to no lea'.cage, iirilef., they are broken ; vet a fix, or even a three months (f.re of v/atcr, could never, by any management, be flowed in a fliip fe> loaded j ;.nd therefore, without fome other fii;iply, this navig.ition could not S_- pcrlormcd : hut this fupply feetns at lirfl fight (o extremelv prec.itious, that it is ania/.iiig t'ueh nunibers (hould run the hazard of |)cri(liing by the moll dicidlulof all deaths. In fllort, their only method of obiaining a frefli I'upplv of water is by the rains they meet with between the l.unudei of thiity and foity ilc^rces north, and which thev .ire al- ways prepared to eatcli : for they take with them a 1; re.it number of mats, which, whenever the rain def'cends, ther range flopingly againll the gunwale, from one end of the fliip to the other, their lower edsjes reding on alarjefplit bamboo ; whence all the water that (alls on the mats drains into the banibons, which connys it into the j.-.r?. Howe\er accniental this method of furiiifliiiig themfelve? v\ith water may appear, it hath been never known to fail v and it IS common for tnem, when their vovat.'? is ,1 little longer than ufual, to till ail their jais feverul timei over. In 1743 commodore Anfon took near this ifland a l.irge Aeapuleo fliip, in v^•hich was one million three hundred lQf3f43. and thirteen thoulaiul eight hundred and (orlv-thiee pieces of eight, and thirty-five thoufand fix hundred and eighty- 3S^"- two ounces of virgin filver, befides fome cochincul and other commodities, which he brought to Kngland in I owards the conchifion of the lafl war, v.-hen Spain, upon the moll idle pretences, joined with France to put a flop to the ama.'.ing (ucceflion of victories, with which I'rovidcncc had blelRd our arn's, it was refolved to att.uk .Manila. V'rce-admiral Cornifli and general Dr.ipcr wcro direilUd to go ujKiii this expedition ; the troops alottcd (or the cnterpn/.e were only the (cventv-ninth regiment, and :i company of royal artillery j but the gentlemen of Ma- dralt furniflicd thini v\'ith tliiiiy ul ihcir artillery, (ix hundred !■) ■I 1 !l .I' 1.: ' ■ s 4'." '1; 'Mi A^ IO+ A SYSTEM O I- G E O G R A P H V. Manila. :}| hundred of thfir f.epoys, a conipany of caflVces, another oftapizis, anJ anoinrr ui pioneers, witl> two companies of Frcn;h.Tnen v/h« had i:iliiied in their ftnicc, and fomc hundrcJj of unarmed La'car^ ; to w.iictl lear-UomiralCor- nifli ai!d;d a fine I'a'tation of Hvc hunJr.-d and fifty fca- mcn, and twr> hundred and fevfnty marines ; the whole force for the l^nd operations amounting to two thoufand three hanJr^d men ; wi.o, with the necclTary ftores, eni- biirked CM b arJ h'.s majefty's fquadrun, and tv/o India lliips empl. ycd as tranfports. On the 23J of t'eptember, 1762, they anchored in !VIaniU-bav« anJ the next dav, ha\ ini; in vain fumnioned the city to furrender, a part of the troops landed in the evening ne-r a church ani village called \lalata, about two mi!es :o the fou:h of Manila ; while the frigates kept up z bri:k f.rc to prjrcil their flanks, and difperfe the incmv, confiffinz of both horfe and foot, that began to all. 1;. hie, in order to o-pofe their defcent. 'I"his had tlie tjefired L.'te;!, for thcv retired, and left a clear coall j but a violent I'urf which arofe daflied many of the boats to piece-i, and oatiaged the arms and ammunition. The x.n^ii(h, however, havinjj t'ormed on the beach, marched and to<.k p-iirelN^^n of Malata, while the Spaniards of the citv of Manila v»*crc employed in burning part of the I'uburb?. On the twe.".tv-fif:J thcv feizcd the fort of Polverifta, v.'hich tnc Sp2n::irds h:id abandoned ; and the fame day color.!:! Montbn, with two hundred men, took potliirion of the church of lIcr.Tiita, about nine hunJr>.d yards from the cif, and the pricft's houfe was made the hcaj- quarter^. Thcv foon found that the monfoon iiad broke uj-jn them, the rains that fell dtlugcd the country, and made it impc to encamp. This poft was therefore of the utrrofl conf^quence, both from its ihength and t!ic iTT-ea: Iheiter it afFurdcd, and therefore to Iccure it major Ivlore marched up with the ftventv-ninth regiment. J hen proceeding lliil nearer to the citv, they advanced, under cover of the houfcs, to the church of St. Jago, which is fituated near the fca, aud within three hundred yards of the citv. Alc.in while the furf continuing dangerous, and the rains increafuig-, the bnJing of the artillery and (lores was attended ■.vi'.n -jreat hazard, and the remaining troops were put on ^;^•re with fome lofs ; but the courage and z^\\\ itv of tiie fcsmen fjrmounted all obftacles. 'I"hc next c'.iv the Spaniard', who had before endeavoured in vain to Oifiodge them, took pofll-lBon of 3 church about two hun- dred va-ds to the ii:;htof St. Jago, and bcjun a cannonade v.-it!i two field-pieces upon the right flank of the poft; but a partv being Ui:t againftthem, they were fjon driven b.ir:: info the :ow;i, w:th I'urh precipitation, that they left cp.'. or the .'-.■,! ;-fiuceo upon the glacis, and colonel Mon- fjn had orJeri to ketp pxiJeffioa of this ftcoiid church ; for as they had neither afuffici.nt number of men, nor dry ground to m^ke regular approaches, they were (orced, by their critical (It-jation, into thefe ra(h mtafures. ' From the fop of this laft poft th-y had a perfedl view of the enemy's wrrks, and found that the front they were obliged to a:t::ck was dcfindcd by the balHons of St. Diego and St. .Andrew, with oriilons and retired flanks, a ra- velin, which covtrei the royal gate, a wet ditch, covered- wav, and g'acis. 'Ilie bafticns, which were in excellent order, were lined with a great number of fine brafs can- non ; but their ravciin was not armed, the covered-way was out of repair, the elacis was low, and the ditch not carried round the capital of the baftion of St. Diego ; which determined t.hcm to attack it, and a fmall part of the feventv-ni'-.th regiment, under the brave captain Fletcher, had the courage to approach the walls and found the ditch, which the^- found to be about thirty yards broad, and the depth of the water only five feet : while the Spa- niards, firing from their baftion, killed or wounded three of thefe bold adventurous men. The great extent of this populous city rendering it im- poflible for the beficgers to invert it, two fides were con- ftantU open to the Spaniards, who made ufe of this ad- vantaje bv introducing fupplies of men and provifions, and the garrifon of eijht hundred men was augmented by ten thoufand Indian', a fierce and barbarous people : biit no difficulties could check the ardour of the troops, who made fafcines and gabions, opened battel ics, and continued their bombardment day and night. Ml. Til while the governor fcnt a Hag ol truce to ajiolo- gize for fome barbarities committed by the favages who liad murdered fome ftraggling feamcn, and to lielire that his nephew, who had been taken in the bay, might be fent afhore. This rtqucft was gr.inled, aiij lieutenant Fry was ordered to conduct him into the town with a flag of truce : but as that gentleman was advancing with him, a large party of the garrifon, irtermixed with Indians, making a fally, the barbarians, without refpe£1ing his chara:.ler, inhumanly murdered him, mangling his body in a molt fliocking manner; and alfo mortally wounded a gentleman who endeavoured to fave him : when it being evident that the Indians alone were guilty of this huirid piece of barbarity, our foldicrs fhewed them no mercy. At length the weather grew fo tempeftuous, that the whole fquadron was in danger, and all communication with it was cut oft"; while the violence of the ftorm forced the South-.Sea-CaftIc ftore-ftiip, from her .anchors, and drove her aftiore ; but even in this fituation (he was of great uk, by enfalading the whole fea-beach to the louth- ward, and keeping in awe a large body of Indians, who menaced the Polverifta and the Kngidh magazines at the Malata. The deluge of rain and the roaring of t'le v/ind continuing, the enemy feemed to trult entirely to the elements; while the arclibiftioi', who acted as goveinur, gave out that an angel of the Lord was gone forth to de- ftroy their enemies, like the lioft of Sennacherib. Hut the weather no fuoncr became moderate, than, by the fliill and management of major ISarkcr and the officers under him, a fiefti battery filcnced twelve pieces of cannon on the baftion of St. Diego : yet foon after one thoufand cf the Indians attacked the cantonment of the feamen. This was performed on the fourth of Oiiober, three hours before day, when their approach was favoured by a multi- tude of thick buflies that grew upon the fide of a livulet, which they palfed in the night; and, by keeping dole, eluded the vigilance of the pattolcs. Colonel MonOin and captain Fletcher, with the picquets, were fent to the afliltance of the feamcn, who bravely kept their pofts, and were fatisfied with repulfing them till day-break ; thou''h the Indians, armed with bows, arrows, and lances, ad- vanced to the very muz-Z\es of their pieces, and died gnaw- ing the bayonets ; but it no fooner grew light, than a frcfli picquet of the feventy-ninth regiment appearing, they fi.J with the lofs of three hundred men. Scarce were thefe Indians difperfed, when another body of them, with part of the Spanifh garrifon, attacked tiiu church which the Engliflt had before taken from th*- Spa- niards, and forcing the feepoys from their poft in it, took pollefiion of the top, from whence they killed and wound- ed fcveral of our people, who were entirely expole-d to all their weapons . yet the European foldiers, with great firmnefs and patience, maintained their poft behind that ftrudlure ; and at laft, with the afliftance of fome field- pieces, diflodged the enemv. This was the enemy's laft effort ; all their Indians, ex- cept eighteen hundred, difcouragcd by their lofles, return- ed home : and the fire of our batteries, which had been a little interrupted by thefe attacks, was renewed with greater fpirit than ever. A confiderable breach being made, on the fixth of OiStober, at four o'clock in the morning, tho troops, to give the lefs fufpicion, filed off in fmall parties, and alFembled at St. Jago's church. At day-break the walls being cleared by the cannon, fixty volunteers, under lieutenant Rufld, fupported by a body of grenadiers, at the fignal of a general difcharge of the artillery and mor- tars, with the greateft intrepidity, ruflied on to the af- fault, under the cover of a thick fnioke, that blew directly upon the town : they were clofely followed by the eniii- necrs, the pioneers, and others to clear and enlarge the breach, and make lodgments in cafe the enemy (hould be too ftrongly intrenched. Then advanced colonel Monfon and major More, at the head of two grand divifions of the feventy-ninth, the battalion of feamen followed next, fuf- tained by the other two divifions of the feventv-ninth, and the company's troops clofed the rear. They all mount- ed the bre.ich with amazing (pirit and rapidity ; upon which the Spaniaids in the baftion difperfed fo luddenly, a> fja. i I -i: Celebes. as to raifc afufpiciDn that they Ji'pcnJcJ on their mines. Tlicy met with little rtfilhince, txicpt Irom itr- tuaiil- hoiile over the Royal-frato, where onu liijinlrnl S;>.iiiiarils and Indians, hi)lilly nrufin;; to riirrindv.r, were put to the (word, and from th: lolty hoiiles that liirround the grand (quare. Three hiiudred men were drowned in at- tempting to clVipe ovlt the river : mean while the gover- nor and principal officers retired to thcritadcl, where they were glad to lurrender at diCerction, and were admitted iriloners of war on their parole of honour ; while all the ndians who were taken were difmiflld in fafcty. The people and their cflccts were taken under his majelly's protciSlion ; and they were freely allowed to enjoy their I A. 10^ r, rdi 'inn, lib^rtiep, and trade: on the other hand, the Spa- maids eiinl'cnted to pay four millions ol dollars, and to d.-- Iiver up the port vi Cavite an.l the < itadcl, will) .dl the ifl inds and torts dependant on Manil i, to hit. ni.ijilly ; with all the military (lores and mapizints, for the prclcr- vation of the town and tluir ttilds. The Kiiglifh alio took fcveral lar;;e (hips and ainon;^ lire rell the aaiuiflinio Trinidad, hound (or Acapiilco. Hut hel'ore this a;;reeable news had reached KiK^l ind, the peace was concluded, by which it was a;;reed, th.it anv acquifitions- made of the Philippine illandb fhoulJ be rcdored to Spain, CHAP. IX. Of the Idand of CELEBES, or MACASSAR. SECT- I. Its Situation, Extent, Climate, Plants, and Animals. TO the fouth of Mindanao lies the idand of Celcbe'i, or Macadar, which is called the key of the Spice l'$^' Iflands. It extendi from one degree thirty minutes north f'i^- latituJc to five degrees thirty minutes foutli, and isdtuated to thecal! of the great ifland of liorneo. From the fouth- wclt point to the north-eaft is about five hundred miles in length, and in the broadelt part it is near twohundn Jmiks over. On the fouth part of the ifland is a bay (even or eight leagues wide, that runs forty or (ifty leagucj into the country i and on the caft fide of the ifland are f.vcral bays and harbours, and many fniall iflands and (hoals. The country is there low, flav, and watered bv many fmall rivulets i but towards the north the land rilrs in hills. The air is hot and moift, for the country lying under the line is fubjedt to great rains. The time of the noriliern monfoons is the moft healthful feal'on ; but if thci'i; fail to blow the accuftomed time, which very leldoni :appens, great numbers of people arc (wept awav by ficknefs. In the country are mines of gold, copper, and tin ; but it docs not appear that any great ufe is made of them. The gold they have is chiefly found in the funds of the rivers, and at the bottoms uf the hills, where it i'^ wafhed down by the torrents. Their woods confiftof the trees ufually found within the tropic^. They have particularly ebony, calamback, and fandi rs, with leveral forts of wood propi.r for dying. The bamboos are remarkably large, ("ome being four or (ivc fithom.s Ion;:, and about two feet in diameter : thcfc they m.iki- life of in building their houfus and boats. Their fruits and flowers refemble thofe of the Philip- piiKS ; but the former are faid to huve a more delicious flavour than the fruits of other coui.tiies cxpofed to floods, 'ihe plains are here covered with the cotton (lirub which bears a red flower, and when that (alls leaves a head about the li/c of a walnut, from whence the cotton is drawn ; and that which grows in this ifland is elieemed the (inell in all India. They have pepper and fugar of their own grow th, and alfo great plenty of betel and arcca ; but neither nut- nic^^s, mace, nor cloves : though they formerly imported fuch qunntities from the Spice Iflands, that they had not only fuffieient for their own ufe, but (bid great quantities of thol'i; I'pices to foreigners. Thrir rice is faid to be better than in other parts of the I".:!l Indies, and from its goodnefs alone the natives arc tlui'.i'Jit to be of a ftronger conftitution than thofe of the continent. This ifland produces great quintities of opium, viiicii is much adm.ircd by the natives, who make it up in little pills, which they often difiblvc in water, and fprinkle their tobacco with it. Thufe who are u(td lo this flow poifon ran never leave it oft'; thcv are lulled a? it were into a pkafing dream, and intoxicated as if with (Iron^ liquor, but it infenlihly preys upon their fpirits and ftiortens their lives. Whin they enter into \i.\v\:: they put about the quantity of two pins hen's of it iii'o a|iipi: ot tobacco i and thev ha\e no looner fnuikrd this pi|«', than thev become ahnoft inl'enfiblc of wounds or danger while the eti'edl continues. The natives are t'umous for compounding poifons Irom the venomous dru;is and herbs produced in the country. In thefe fatal mixtures thiy dip the I'liiit of th.ir dn^jgers, and tlie darts thev blow through their holLiw trunks : and though thel'e hive been poifiHied tivinty years the (atal venom (l.ll contir.ues, and tlie leall wound proves inortil; and fo ("iidder.ly does the poifon fei/.e the vit.ils, that u criminal lieuig by way of experinien: wounded in the ton by one of tliefe little pointed d.:rtj he died, thou h two I'-uropeans ("urgeons, who Hood by, cut ott" the part as I'Lon as it was wounded. Some of thefe poifonous plants fo iieaiiy refemble tl'.at which produces opium, that it i-. diflitult to diflinpuifli the one Irom the other ; yet it is obferved, that the eatil;: have fuch fagacity that they feldom touch a noxious herb, and if thev happen ro tread near one, will hadily fly from it, as if they knew better than man thedangerot .ipproach- ing fuch fatal [ilants. Few countries in the world afford hu;:cr or better cattle than the ifland of Celebes ; but there a:e Inch numbers of large monkies, and baboons, that they are dan.;eioiis to travellers, and a man ought to be well armed in order In delend hiinfelf againrt them. Some of them have no tail, but others have very long ones. Some v. alk on all tours, and others are laid to walk upright like men, and never to ufe their lore feet but as hands. I he wiiiie are as biij as an Englilh maflil^', and much more dangerous than thi; ((raw coloured, ami the black ; but their principiil fpighl; i.s faid to be at women ; for if they meet with one alone, they will call thc'r companions together, and, if not pre- vented, (Irangle her and pull her into a thoufanJ pieces. They are faid to be mailers of the foreli, and by keepin;j in bodies are too hard lor any of the wild beads ; but they are much afraid of the ferpents, who arc of a mondious fi/e, and continually make war upon them : it is even (aid they will purine them to the very tops of the trees, and devour them. In Come of thefe monkeys is (bund the he- 70ar (lone, which is efleenied much better, and is con- fequently dearer than thole found in goats. They have abundance of (mail horles for ridintr, but ufe no other (addle, than a painti-d cloth without any (lir- rups ; and a cord with a wooden bit (erves them for a bri- dle. Thele horfes have very hard hoots, and are njver fliod, nor are they ever put to drawing, lor that is (blcly peiibimed by oxen and biiflalocs. 'i'here is but one conliderable river in the ifland, and that is nuieh infelled by irucoJilcs. D i SECT. ,■ jH^ ■■„'» '♦^1 I 'f?:J >-'t -/, io6 A S Y S T r. M O I- G F. O r, R A P II V. Celebes. { : i ' ' ' k^ U I in S K C T H. 0/ ll'f Pfrftm, Drt/i, (i/>i':ui, Afii'iiini nn.l Cu/hmi tf th A'rt/r;vi 1 tilt Eili4uilii>i if ihcir Chil:t that re.'.ches down to the knees, and is often made of brncadtd fi!k or fcarlot cloth with gold plate buttons; it ha^ a ftraii;ht (lecve like a wailKoat, and ii buttoned at the v.'.ilK " They wear likewife a rich falh, the ends of which hang bvlow the knees, an I in it they wear their d.i;::!'-r, their knife ami purle. The tloaths of the poor people are made of cotton. None of them wc.ir (lockings ur m ev, but the quality fometimrs put on a kind ot llip- pcrs or faiidul .. Tlu-y ufually dye their nails red, and their teeth either red or black. The women havcfiiifis of fine mudin that reach down to tluir knees, the fl-.ives are as Itraight as a wailkoat, and come nj lower than the elbow-, the neck i: fo nar- row ;ndclofc, that their breads are not ftui ; they alfo wear .'. kind of di awcr^ or brcithrs made of filk or cotton, whicii fit dole upon them, and tc.ich to the n.iddle of the Lz\ and the li>!ics of t]uali:y have their breeches knees eriibroidcrcd ; for they ate excellent workwomen, and make their clo.iths th'emfelvcs. When they go abroad, they throw over their fltouldeis a loofe linnen cloth, or a niece of (Iripcd muflin, which completelv covers them. Thov have no other head-drcfs but their hair tied up in a roll on the back part of the head, with fomc curls that fall .;raecfully "n their necks. Their hair is p.-rfumed and oileJ, which .idds to its natural blacknefs, and i;ivcs it a gloli. liic incM alone wear jewels in their hair, for the ■wom.n have no other ornaments than a gold chain about their neck^. 'I'heit bodies areftrnnjniiJ robuft, and being naturally in- duilriius, they are renuy '<> underio any fatigue. They are addiiled to arms, and being confidered as the bell foldicrs on that file of India, arc hired into the fervice of other princes and ftates, in the fame manner as the Swifs are in Europe. They aie even ficquuitly employed by the Ku- ropeans who have fometimes fullered for uirng them with too much fi verity, which is a treatment thy cannot bear, and accordingly never fail to revcng<: it. Thcfe people have excellent memories, and are fo handy and quick of apprehenfion, that they wT' imitate any thin^ they fee, and would probably b.-eoi-.ic good profici- cntiln all the art^ ar.d f.ienccs hid the/ good muitcrs to inllruil them. They fecm infpircd with jull ideas of ho- nour and friendfhip, ' and there arc inftances of many of them wlio haveexpofed their lives even in the defence of foreigners and Chnlliaiis, and of other? who have genc- roufly relieved and fupported people in diftrefs, with whom they have even fliarcd their ellates. Their love of liberty was alfo fo ftrong, that they could not bear the thoughts of beinj cnliucd by the Dutch ; nor did they fubmit to that nation till they' had long ftrugglcd in v.-.in to prcfcrvc their freedom, and after a lon^ and cxpcnfivc war, in which almoft the whole force of the Dutch in India was employed ae.iinft them. T'hcy are indeed haftjf and paf- fionatc ; but this fudden fury is foon over, and if ihcy arc in the wron" they will readily condemn their own heat and rafnncfs. This is the account given of them by the Englifli who traded to this ifland b.-torc it was entirely fubdued : but the Dutch reprefent them as naturally thieves, traitors, and muiJerers, and .add, that it is not fafe for any Chri- (lian f) venture, after it is dark, without the walls of the l)utch forts, or to travel at any time far into the country. Their love of liberty, and avcrlioa to their conqueror ■, may probablv prompt them to commit manv acis of vio- lence, ill return for the treatment they have received ; but they certainly do not ill deferve tlii. character ; for the Dutch thenilelves acknowledge, that abundance of thf natives live un^fcr the profcdlion of liair forts, and bciiitr made free burg^lle:), carry on a conliderablc trade witn them. As to the women of Cclebci, they appear remarkably chade and refervcd, and it is ihcir intereil to be lo; for the lead (mile or glance at any but their hufbands is thought a fuflicicnt rcafon for a divorce. The women dare iiot admit of a vifir, cvtn from a brother, except it be in the prcfencc of the hufbaiid, who may lawfully kill any mail he finds alone with his wife, or on whom flic has con- ferred any mark of her favour. The man, on the other hand, may keep as many wives and concubines as he pleafes, and nothing is more ignominious than the want of children, and having hut one wife. This love of wo- men, and deli re ofchildieii, is here univerfal, and the happiii'-fs of a man is rated according to the number of his women and children. riie women of fafliiun arc, however, allowed at cer- tain fcltivals to go abroad, and fpend their time in public company, in d.ineiiig and other divcilions ; tut the men do not miv with tlv m : however, they have the pleafiire of feiing and being f.cn, which makes them impatiently w.iit for thefe happy times. Thev rub the limbs of their infants with oil to render th?m nimble and adtive, and this is thought to be one reafon, why a I imc or crooked prrfon is hardiv ever feeii among them. The male children of pcrfons of i.iiik it is faid, are always taken from their mothers at fix or fe- vcn years of age, and committed to thu care of fomc di- llant iclation, to prevent their being too much indulged .-.nd rendered cflVminate by the mother's fond carelics! 'I'hcy are fent to fchool to their pricfts, who tc.ich them t(> read, write, and call up accompts, and of whom they learn the precepts of the koran. 'rhcir charadlers very nearly refemble the Arabic, which is not (Irange if jt be true, as fomc have adertcd, that the anceftors of many of them were Arabians. livery child is alfo bred up to fome handicraft tiadc, and if they a. e of quality they are likewife taught fcveral f^Hirts, ami martial cxercifes. Children are generally matched by their parents in their infancy, and fometimes foon after they ,;re born. When the youth is fixteen or fcvcnteen years of age, and has gone through his excrcifes, he is allowed fo wait on his millrefs, and foon after to marry her. The excrcifes taught to youth are learning to ride, to difcharge a fufec, to draw the bow, handle his fcymetcr and dagger, and lo flioot the little darts already mentioned through a fmooth trunk ofelionv, or other wood. This dart is pointed with the tooth of a fea-fi(h dipt in poifon ; and with thefe they are faid to hit a fmall mark at the dillancc of fourfcor- vards. One who ha;- m.ide armr. his profeffion is fo much a .;cnile- man, that he will feldom fubmit afterwards to hullaiidry, or any moan emjdoymcnt. They have games not unlike draughts and chefs ; but as they are prohibited pl.iving for money, they feldom quar* rel on thefe occafions. They are fond of flyin; a paper kite, and even old men are pleafed with it; and cock-li-ht- ing is one of their grcateft diverfions. '' The girls are taught to read and write, and InHruifleJ in all kinds of houfrwifery. They learn to fpin, to few to embroider and make their own, and the men's cloaths • for there are neither taylors nor mantua-makers amoii'* them, nor arc there any cooks, and therefore they arc taught to drefs fuch dirties as are in ufe amongft them. 'rheir common food is rice, herbs, roots, fidi, and fruit. They have likewife beef, kid, and poultry, which being boiled, and high feafoned with fpiccs, is cut in fmall pieces and laid by their rice; but they eat very little (Icrti. They have only two meals a day, one at eight or nine iii the morning, and the other about fun-fet, which is their principal and heartieft meal : the rc(l of the day they chew betel and areca, or fmoke tobacco, with a mixture of opium. Their ufii.il drink is water or Ihcrbct ; ihey alfo drink chocolate, tea, and coftce, the fird of whiili they procure from the Spaniards of the I'hilippincs. They have likcwile pdui vvine and attack. At ♦v.'. ut, nr- icr lit- lich r.all dh. c ill iicir hey til re hry liiii hey At Celebes. A S At their meals they fit crofi-leg!»cJ on the floor, and have low japan tables, on which thiir nr.ivilioni are let ill ililhes of filver, capper, or wood. Nn fpnons, kiilve-., forks, or napkins .ue ufcd, hut they take up tlic rice with their hatidi, and making it up in lumps put it in their mouths, 'i'herc arc but lew flaves in the country, the laws prohibitinii; their making flaves of their brethren of the fame laith ; and on this account tlicy are moie adlive and inJulhious than other Indians, from their being ufed to labour, and to do their work thcmftlves, Their great men are, however, never without a train of vaflals or hired fervants when they appear in public •, but many of them are only hired upon thtfc occaliuns, and may be had upon very rcafonable terms. 'I'heir houk-s art built with ebony, and other fine wood of various colours, and the inlide beini; rubbed every d.iy, makes the wood look more beautiful than any wainfeot. They arc in other refpedts very neat, and have their mats and carpets upon which they fit, dufted every morning, and befides have vcflcls to fpit in when they chew their betel, or fmoke tobacco. 'I hey have little turniture, be- fides the ncceflary utcnfils of their kitchen<. The relt of the houlhold goods confill of carpets, couches, on which they flccpi pillows and cufhions, and the little tables on which they cat. At their vifits a carpet and cufhion is al- ways brought for the ftrangers to At upon, as chairs are fee in this part of the world. SECT. HI. O/thtlr JiuiltUim; vjhh a Dtfiilptkn of the City of Maiaf- j ir. Of the Gtvirnmint and Liizfs t,/ the duntrj. Of ihcir Alaniagci ami Funtruls, THE city of Macaflar is feated on the banks of the great river above mentioned, and here the Dutch Ealt India company have a ({rong fort, defended by a nu- merous artillery, and a garrifon of ftven or eight huiulied men. The ftreets arc wide and neat, but not paved, and trees are planted on each fide. 'I'he palaces, mof()uc5!, and houfeii of the great arc of (lone, but thofc of the meaner fort are of wood of various colours, built on pil- lars, and the roofs covered with palm or cocoa leave. Along the llri'cts arc (hops, and there are aho large nui- kct places, where a market is held twice in twenty-four hours, that is, in the morning befoie fun-rife, and an hour before fun-fct. There only women are fecn, for a man would be laughed at on being found among them. Young girls from all the villages crowd to thefe markets with flefli, fowls, (i(h, and rice; for thry only abftoin from |>ork, which is forbidden by their religion. Th<: number of inhabitants in this city, and the neigh- bouring villages has been computed to amount to one hundred and hxty thoufond men able to bear arms, but there are not now half that number; for fincc the Dutch deprived them of their tJadc, many of the natives both of th.it city, and the other towns and villages have for.'akcn their country. The government was anciently monarchical ; but that the c^iwn might never defccnd to an infant, unable to go- vern or protedt the people, it was inherited by the king's cldeft brother, and all his children excluded. ThouiJ.h the king was an abfolute monarch, his prime minilter (Jifpofed of almoft all places of truft in the civil go- vernment, fill! giving a lift of them to the king; but the officers of the houfhuld, and of the revenue, were ap- pointed by the fovcreign, who took care to mufter his troops every month. His forces in time of peace had no- thing allowed them but their cioaths, arms, and ammu- nition ; but if they wire drawn into adual fer\ ire, they were fubfiiicd at the king's expence, and it is faid, that in fome of the former wars he brought twelve thouland horfe, and fourfcorc thoufand foot into the field. Thefe infan- try, as hath been already obfcrved, arc cfteetncd the beft in this part of the world ; but their horfes are not only fmall, but have no faddles, or other accoutrements pro- per for that purpofc. As for their artillery, the great guns arc of a large bore, but their powder is fo weak, that tlicy feldom do much execution. Their armies .ire divided into regitncntt and battalions, and thcfc again I lo; into comprnic of two hundred mm ca«.li, with ilncc of- Hl^ts, ei]uivaleiit to our eapt.iin, linitiii.int, and > iifi^:n, Tne princes o| iliis ifl.nul fonniilv dni.lcd fonu ol tliiir lands among the great louls, as is ill.- piaclier in Uveal of the iui;.iliboiiriiig tounlries ; ;iiul ,.11 tin- iiilial it.uils of fuch a liirdlhip wire, in a m.iniw r, the v.illals of the lor>!, who himfilf held thele l.iiiils of the piiiue, by ceit.iiii rents and (ervitts, and was particularly linuiiil lo attnij the king in his wars with a CLTt.iin number of (nKliers .it his own expellee. 'I'hcfe lords never appear at court, or in any public place, without being attmded by four- ftore or a hiiiidrtd of their vall'.ils ;iiid tciu.nts. 'Thelc were confidered as the principal iio'.Mlitv of the id-iiul, ..iid accordingly took place inimtdiaiely afu r the ro).il l.imily. I here weie befide.'; two inferior orders of nobility, who held their tftatcs by nc.irly the fame tenure, but had Imaller diftrii'ts, or perhaps no more than a particular vil- lage under their coiiini.Tiid. Uut thclaft war of MacalTar ended in the complete ruin of the prince (if the countrv; r.iid the iiil.ind p.ins of the ifland are under the dominion ol three jmerciii piince?, who, very liappilv for the- Dutch, live in a rc-iillant b..d intellience with each other; and wire it v.v. for this thiv nii^ht at any time drive the Dutch out cf the iflaml. i)ni' of thefe jirinccs is called the conipain 's kiii^', bi'i.niif- he lives in a good correfpondiiut with them, and pioinoies their intereft as far as lies in his power. In iitiiiii, thev tiom time to time in.ikc him prclents of goKt chain.s, co- ronets of gold, (It wiih precious (loiu's uiid other thiiigi ot v.ilue, 111 ordir to keep hiiu iK.u'ily to his .ill . n(e, an,! pievent his coming to a good uiiJcill.;nJiiig v.iili thu other piinccs. Among the natives of rhis country are no lav.'yc";, attor- neys, or bailiff's ; but, every one exhibiting his coii'p'.'.int in pcrfon, f|Kedv JufHcc is cxecuteil, as in other Maliome- tancouiitiies. In criminal matte r~, indeed, tlu.y are fre- quently allowed to do thtnikhes Jullite ; iindwlioi\er takes a murderer, adulterer, <.r robber in the f;:ct, may execute him hinilWf: but the highwaymen in this country hardly ever murder thofe they rub, except in their ov/n defence. ("he d.iughtcrs have no other portion upon their mar- riage, but the prclents male them betcrc that cerenionr is perfoniuJ ; this is done bv a ptieft : after wliith, while all the guefts are for three days rijoleiiig at the houfe of the wife's father, the new- married couple are (liiit up in an apariment by themfeives, with only a feivaiit to briii;r them whatthty want ; and when thac lime is expired, the bridegroom and bride come out and leceive the longraii- biions of their fiiciuls: after which thcbridcgioom comluiSs h?r to his own houle, where flic immediately applies her- lelf to the bul'incfs of the family ; for the ladies arc not here indulged in the lazinel's praclifed in moft other Eaftern nations. If the vi'oman furvivcsher hufliand, and has no children, (lie retains only half of the prclents that were made her, and the other half goes to the fath'.r or mother of the huf- band : but if (he has children Ihe keeps the whole, and difpofes of them as (he thinks fit ; except (lie marries agiin, and thi n flic has but a third part of the jewels, i<;c. When the parents die without difpofing of their cffeifls, they arc divided among the fons ; and if there arc none, among the daughter?. They never fliarc the inhetitancc with their brothers, who arc only obliged to maintain them 'till they get hufliands. If a man is defirous of being divorced, he need only acquaint the prieft ; and if there be the ieaft reafoii to fiif- pe«tt the woman of levity, or even an unguarded eonduiSf, it is never denied. The I'ccular judge ptoiiouiices the di- vorce, and fettles the conditions ; alter vthich they arc both at liberty to marry again. As all the domcftic uncafincfs is occafioncd by thtir concubines, pcrl'ons of quality generally keepthim in an apartment difliniS from the houfe ; tor the ladies cif iMa- catlar have fuch fpirit, that there are inltaiKcs of a wife'.i ftabbing to the heart a beloved concubine in the aims of her hiifband. We (hall treat of their purifications .ind the circumclfion of their children when we come to other Mahometan coun- tries. As to their funerals, the rieanell pcrloui lay up moncv to de'rav the expence of tlieni, while they are in full ! ^• •id;*t [ ■ -ir ." \ i I vlii Iv^ii i I 1 i P i I i 1.: I loS A SYSTEM O F G F O G R A P II V. MoLUCCAti full hcsiili. The fick no l'(Hiiicr find fonic il.iir'irou. fymptoms, tli.iii Iciviiii; die phyfui.in, they rcinl (nr tlliii priffls, wilt) have rccotitCf to |u.iyi'ib .iiul iMinilms, and, aftribiitiMj: their dillale tn thf practut.. of lumc evil (pir.t, write the names of Hod md Mahomet on littli: fcrolls ot paper, and then hang tliim alxiiit the pailiiit's neck : if ihifc have no ert'iiil, they proceed to prepare him fur hu djdoluliiin. A pirloti i» no fooncr dead than his corpfe is waflied, pcrfiiriu'd, and eioithed in ;i white robe, wilh u turban on liis head, and plaicd in a ehaniber hung with white. wliith is rondantly perfumed willi inocnfc and aromatic i.'ums. Me i!i turned on a p.d.inipi'ii, or couch, by hi* lla\es to the ^rjve, liilh'Wul by the prieils, incrnfe and perlumcs biing burnt all the way. The corpfe ii inter- red Without a cotliii, cohered only with ,1 plank, ind the earth tlirovvn upon it. .'\ tomb, adorned with flowers, it afterwards eteited fuitabic to the tjualily of ihc deccafed, and perfumes arc burnt tor tottv day* ; after which a ni.bic enteitainment is prepared lor thole who tome to pay their l.:li devuitb to the d.'ceafcd. CHAP. X. Of the M C) L U C C A S, or S I' I C E ISLAND S. ! ! ■: . ^: s K c r. I. J gt'i:ri:i Hijhry of thf TiiuU ti lie S[>iif ffimji ; '.iilh n ,111, if- 1 iiW nf tlu firjl {'cya.ui ;f tl'f FoUu urft\ Spaiiuir,!i, L'li^i'ijl, iiiiil DulJ) ti the l:.i,i Inilus \ imtifth Pra.-lua h wlitJi ill- liutj) e.w.'uJiJ the En^lijh Jry/i ihut bc>if..'uil U'liiiih of C:ri:mti\t\ FOR. abov • two thnufand years Kiircpc has partaken of the Ipicea uf the tail, tiioiigh it i> little more than twii huiulrid years inite we became acipi liiited with the illanils where they ^^I'w. The l'>iTiiii~, Arabians, and Iv- •otians foinicrly bma 'lit them tlirou ;ii she lied Sea, a id roni thtnce down tne N'iK- to t!ie coall of Kgypt ; and thitiur the Cirth.ii'eiiiaiis, the Greeks, the Romans, the .L-pablickof M irfeilies, a:id .:f;erwards tiie Vcnctian-^, the tun lele, anil C it dans rekirted to buy the fpiees .ind filks I'f Iniiia; which, at a moil extravaganl profit, they tiilp.Tl.d i,\er al! I'.uropc. (iie .VJaluimetans of Arabia, and the neighbouring couniiii -, iinpiop ily called .Minirs bv ih'.' fill difcovereis of the Indies, ill order to carry on this trade to the greatell advaiitajc, piaiu.^d colonies on all tlieoricnial iflands, and drove the native inhabitants from the coalh up into the mountains, where they ritained their former religion, their libcrtv, and cultcims -, but lived in aperp.tual ft ite of hoilility wilh the unjull invadrr., who had driven them from th.ir fpicy jrrovei. Thus trie aroina'.ic fweets of thcfe iflands were almotl as fat.il to the irih.ibiiants, as the gold and filver of Mexico and I'eru were Ion:; alter to the un- happy natives of thole regions or' Arnerita ; but the orien- tals betti r preferved their native freedom. They ftill con- tinue to flay and plun ler thole who fall into their power, and heiiee are ilenomiiiated fjvi|!;e murderers and robbers ; while botli the Chriltians and ^lahomctans, on the other hand, lli/e every opportunitv of dcihovirv.; them, and of reduti!!}; dl who fall into their hands to aAatc of llavcry j and then call themfelves very honcll men. At leiv'th fever.d European republics havinc; acquired inimenfe wealth, by purchafin^i; the fpiccs brought to Kgvpt, and felling them at a prodigious profit, the I'ortu- guelV, w- ) had been fixty years in m iking difcoveries alonj; the coalt of Africa, in i486, reached the Cape on its moll foiilhiin cxtrcmitv ; and li.irthrdomew Diaz, wlio made the important difci.v..ry, g.ivc it th.- n mie of Cabo Tor- nicntolo, or the Capj of Sfrms, from the tempelluous weather he found there; but wlun lie n turned to Portu- gal with tl'.c ioyful new-', king John II. flattering himfelf that his ftiips w.nild loon find a v\av by lea lo the Indies, chaiiifcd tho name to Cibo de linciia Klptranza, or the Cap" ol (jood Hope : but it was not till the year 1497, that \'..feo di (Jama, doibling that Cape with tirec (hips, traced out away to the Kail Indies; but before this time Columbus, ill 14S7, perfu.idel that it was pofTible to dif- cover the Indies by failing to the Weft, m.ide the daiin;.' and prolpcrous voyage by which he gave a new woild to Europe. The Portugucfe, crwilimiinj their difcoveries, fettled fadorics in dilltrcnt countries of the tall, not fulj.-^ to the Moors ; but met with conftant oppofition from thofe tt.iders, who lldl carricil on ilie tommercc of the h.all. And at len^'th the v dilcovrtd the Spice Iflands, and iakinj^ advaiit.igc of the diti'erences which lubliftcd between the kings ol Ttrnate and T^dore, who had long been at war with e.ich other, they cngai^cd thole princes to refer their difHrerices to them ; and the people being ready to grant every thing ihey propofid, inh'>|K-s of their alliance, they liiund no iliiTieiilu in litlling their lacie.ries and buiMin-i- lorts. Thefe they fuoncrcilcd in many parts ot the Indies, and cverv where treated the natives as their vafiils. I'he I'ottui^^ucle having thus cliabliflied ihtinfilvcj in the Kail Indie;., ami having the pope's bull, as well as an agreen'.ent with the Spaniards 10 fcitire their prctenlii ni, alfuiiied the lofty title of lords of the navigation, rcmiicd, and commerce of Kthiupia, Arabia, I'eilia, and liidii ; ami corrtinued to ciedl forts and citiej at convenient ililtances along the Afr. can, Arabian, I'crii in, and Indian coalls, an 1 particularly in the Spice Ifland,. liy the abovementioned bull jkijic Alexander VI. had unjullly granted to the Span;(h crown tiir pr.ipcrty aiiil ilorninion of all places, either already drfcovercd, or that (hould be difeovered, an hundred leagues to the well- ward of the ill inds of the A/ores, leavin;; all the unknown countries to the eallward of this ImMtatmn, to the I'or- tuguclc ; and this boundary being afterwards, bv fiir a^rer- nientofbnth nations, lemoved two hundred and lilrv lrM"ue« moie to the wellward, it w.is iniai;ined, that this regula- tion Would li ive lupprelled all llic feeds of future con- telts: the Spaniard, prefuming, that the I'oituL'm-'c would be pievented liom meddling with their Ami rlran colonies ; ..nd the l'ortu.;uefe fuppofing, that ihiir Kail Indian Ict- tlements, and particularly tnerr fpice iflands, would be for ever fecured from any attempts of the Spaniards. Hut it fecm', as an iiuenious author nbfervcs, that on this occafion, the infallibiliiv of the Holy Katht r had de- lerted him, and for want of being mjrc cunvcrlant in ge- ography, he had not torefeen that the Spaniards, by pur- luing their difenvcrics to the Weft, and the I'ortiigueie to the Kail, mi'.'ht at lalt meet, and be again embroiled, as it actually hippintd within a few years after. For Ferdi- nand Magellan, an oflicer 111 the king of I'oriti.'al's fcr- vice, haviir^ reieivr-d fome difgull, entered into the fer- vice of the king of Spain, and in 1519 ft (3i\ from the port of Seville, witli (ive fliips and two hundred and thirty men, and h iving h.id the g(K>d fortune to difcovcr thole tlrii hts, which have received their nairefrom him, opened a palliige into the South Sea ; he at length croli'ed that e'.tenfive ocean, and firll difcovcred the Ladron-:, and altcrwards the Philippines, where venturing on fliore in .m hollile manner, and (kirmiftiing with the natives, he was fl.iii. M.igellan's original defign of f -curing fome of the Spic! Iflandi was defeated by his dei'.h ; for thofe who were left in command contenteil tliemfelvei with ranc,;nii throiiih th'-m, and piirehafing fnices of the natives ■, after which they returned home round the Cape of (iood Hope, a.id thefe were the lull fliips that furrounded thi. terraqueous gl'.ibc, and by this means dcmonilratcd by an c;perimcnt, ol;'>i;./tri on I'ur- t(» as tr.li- 1 kr- 1 (cr- ihc liirty Ihole llhac ;wi,l li .-.11 I w.\s l.-tt a:i.t llOUS Iicm:, Moluccas. A S obvious to the m fl iinlcttcrcil minJ, the reality of iti long ililpiitcj ("phcrical torm. Hut though S,uin iliJ not arquire the pri'iiorty ol" the Spice Ill.iii.U. vft th^ tiil'rov.-iy nl the I'hilippiii'* w.i. th.mnMt tmi ciiiili ivrablc t j be lugli^lcJ, ai they were J\<)t only ne.i. the pU.ej that proJurcU fpicis, but were well litu.itiil tor u trade to China and the com- nvrci' ol other parti oi' InJia. A lommuniration wat tl>erel'.>rc I'-oii til ihliihed hctwrcn ihclc iflanj« anj the Sp.inilh ci)liiiiies on the cuA ol I'cru ; whence the city on the fourteenth of November, 15;), iind fent a prcl'ent to the king of Teiiiat:! wlio was 1) pleafed with hi$ bciiavi ur, and fo exafperatcd at the infolent behaviour of the I'ortu- •'ucL', who pretended to debar his fubj-xli fiom triJing with any other nation, that he deiired the alliliance an 1 protection of the q.iecii of Knglan I. The admiral had kvcral conlVrenc-s with this prince and the chief men of the country, by whom he was fplcndidly entertained 1 and h.u ing nurchafed a conlidcrable quantity ofclovc;, he fet t'.iil liir K'ljiiand, w here he aitived on the third of No- vember, 1580. In isH; Mr. C.r.?n lifh failed round the world, putfuin; the courfe taken by admiral Drake, and touching at the Moluccas, luuiid the natives ftdl defirous of tracing with the Knglifli 1 he then failed to the Iflc of Java, and aftei- wards rcturiird by the Cape of Good Hope to Eniiland. Spain .uid I'oriui'al h.id been united in 1 jHo und r one head ; and the Dutch, by the alTi lance of England, had freed themfeives from thi ri^'iurofthe Spanilh yoke, an J the terroisof the im|u:fitinn. Tiie United Provinces atr jid- ino; an al'ylum to all wiio fled from the cruelty of the .Spa- niards, a multitude of merchants rcforted thither, )-.ll>d the coi.'Uiy with monty, and in the diiiVrent bra;uhi> of commerce they carried on, bred up numbers of mirinir;, ivhofc experience and boUlncfs enabled tiicm to carry into execution alinoft any fort of naval i:ndcriaking with fuc- cefs ; and haviii;^ firfl endeavoured in vain todifcovcr the north-ealb paliage to the Indies, the city of Amllerdim, in '595» ''""■■J out four fhips for the Ealt Indies, which th- next year arrived at Jjaniam, in the Ide of Java, white they piirchafed (pices, and returned with a rich ca:_'a tn Hi.il.uid. 'I'hey mad.* other facccfsful voyages without difcoveTin:; the Spicc Iflands, tliou^h the Spaniards, cnratr-d th.-it a fvw merchants, the rebels of their ftate, Ih luld thus fuc- ccfifuilv rob them of a valuable branch of their commerce, fitted out ftroM^ fi|'i 'drolls to challifc them ; but the Dutch mercliaiits eonqiitri I all oppclitlon, funk, burned, and took their fliips, and IliU retuni.-d loaded with I'p ccs. Amonj thife adveiiturct.. admiral \' m\ Nort failed throj^h the Sticighf! of Manelliii, :\i\.\ had the glory ot bcin^ the I A. fu!t 1 1. II A Ihip av;u» ferrounded the At lciilW,Tn 1 v')-> James Van Neck failed with eight 1 ^^,^1 to Daiitani, in the Ifland of Java, where the Portu- •ruele had been i-xpelle.l on a quarrel between thc-n and the natives. Here four fliipi took in th.-ir lading of pep- per, while the other f'Mir under \'m\ Warwvk failed to the Moluccas ; two of thcrn took in their l.idin^ of cloves ;it Amboyna and Ternate, mxlI the other two failed to Iianda, when; having fettled a ficlory, as the other Blips did at Ternat ■, they frei_;:iteil thcmfelvcs with nutmegs and mace, i'ndretirncd to Hollatul in i6co. I'iic Dutch in thefe expeditions behaved withamrxlrftv and moJeratim vcrv dilTerent from the pride and infolenrc wliich their own fuetel's afterwards occationcd. So yreit was their hum Miitv to their prifoners, and with fieh ho- nour did they behave in every thing that related f> them, that thL'Spaiiith 'Mive.'iiors at Malacca and in the Moluccas f»avc them ampl' tcllimonies of their kindnefs and gene- rnfity ; a chara.ibT ti.e more undoubted, as proceeding from their rivals and thiir cncmieii. " This goodcon- 19 I Off m " duel, fays the author of The now Hiflorv of the Indies, " contributed in agrt.it meafure to the lurccl> of their *' delii!iis, bv wiping off the iinputaiion of piracy, and " gaining tncm the char.icler ot a luiin.nu and ({inc- " reus nation ainoiigd the l'„ilterii primes ; an advantage *• by fo much the greater, as the Portujiui fe were already " of a lout lime hated for the wci^:.t sn.l fc\erityuf " their yoke." Ill the mean time a multitude of Dutch conipanitj wei.' formed, which, as they Wereriiali in iiiterell, nohjrmony or good iinleilhilidiiig fublilled lietWicM them Shic« were fitted out bv lever.il foci, ties for the lame ports, and thtir cargiK's, conlilling of aliirtmcnts, glutted t'lC mar- kets with the fame commoditiis, .nd d fenuriged M the advdUurers bv (he lofi on the lales, or the iLr/natnti of their tapilali. The Slate:.-;!;cii( r.il, taking into c< nfide- ration tin propu methods tojiut a llop to iheli' evils wb\h threatened the ruin of this favourite ira le, r died tope'htr .It the Hajiiie the diredtors ol all the diHu nt com), :.irl obliged them to unite into one body cirporaf, jrani- ing them particular privileges. Thing . b 'in,; Tins letili d, the company advanced by rapid Iteps ; numbers of the richeft ptrfoiis in the (l.itc added llieir (loiks to it* capiial, which now amounted to fix million : fix hundred thou'.'.nd floiins. The Dutch now enlarged their views, ar.d with thit trcaiuie, added to their united forces, fitti d out llrong fi;ets to the Ea(l Indies ; and being an overmatch for thi; Portugucfe, attacked their lliips wh rever lliev met tliem, and took one place aficr another, till thev h.ir.liv left them a fort or factory in India. In 1605 Van II.;;;'-n, with twelve fiiips, difeated the I'ortiijiiel'e, and m«de them- lelves mailers of the fort at Amboyna. A part of tlic fleet then failed to Tjdore, and attackin.t a I'ortugu' fe f>r- trcfs in tiiat illaiid, the maga/ine 01 powder in the caftlc blew up, and ddlroying part of the wall, gave the Dutch antafier c uiqucll thin thev cxjKeK'd. Diit the next year tbeSp.iniaids rivovercd thefe lorts from thcDntiii: bu'' 'hey fo;>n got fjotiii^ there a^aiii, as alli-s to the kiiij; of Icinat;-. In 1609 t!ie Dutch arriving at Handa with a f.rong fleet and lore's on board, demaiuKd Ic.tvc of the or.in cavas, cr dates of tii.- ctniiitry, to build a f.irt in the fm.ill idn lifNiro, tndel'cnd them tVom the infult' of the I'o'tuiucfi; and Spaniards ; but the Bandanefe alarmed at the propofMl, and at the griatnel's of the fleet ih.'v faw on the coalV, ap- prehended tluir liberiies to be in d.iiiucr, and abf'dutely refufed to comply witli this demand : upi.n which the Dutch making adti.eiit witli a j.icd bod,' of tKi.^ps. at'ackel a'l.l routed liie Hand am (e ; who finding llKmfili :> t.io weak to wilhllmd tiie force of fo powerful an cnen-.v, had .■■ccotnfe to aitihee, and pretended 10 fubinit to the building .» fort ; wlun the Dutch deliviiig to tre.it with tlum on the exclufnn of all other nations, ihe nalii cs drew adi.iiral Varheuf and fjvcral officers into a wood, where, bavin:; laid an ambufcade, they we.e ;dl fl.:in. This tre.ciierv the Dutch reveULted bv making war on that peopie, v\-hicll they continued till they were entirely fubducd; though the natives, as the lull ( xpcdiont to picfervc their expiring; libcrtio, implored the proteiilion of the Englifh, vviio had for feveral ve.irs traded to thcfc idiiids. The Kngii'.l in their firll attempts tn cfl.blifh a trade in the Ealt Indies were very uiifuccefsful ; notwithlhind- ing whith an Englifli Eafl India conijiany was i.icorpo- ratcd by letters piieiit in 1600 ; but the Dutch, who had already gained a footing in the Spicc Ifl.nnl^, foigettin t tltc obligations they were under to the l!n_li(h, and puT'cd up with their extraordinary fuccefs, had begun tn monopolize the Spicc trade, and treate.l all the Kn^tliih who appioach- ed tho.'c i.laiids with aiils of h(;llility and the trrclV.lt abufe; vet, in fpight of all oppofitioii, captain Keeling fettlcJ an Englifli facdoty at Bantam, in the Ifle of Java, in i&cg-, and in 1616 the principal perfoiis of the illnnds of I'cclnrroil aid I'oibiwav m.ide a form.il furrcndcr of tl'ofe ilLinds to .Mr. Nathaniel Courthop, Mr. I'lioma.Spuriv.iv, and Mr. .■<(.:phon Cozocke, for the iik' of his majrlle J.imrs I. in confidcration of their being protcijled ajainlt thcDutch, and ami laiiy lupplicd by the EnJiHi with rice, cioathinc, and oth'r iiecelaiios. Upon this occafion a writing w.^i drawn up .Tnd fl- led by both pariies. They ulfo deliver- ed a nutnie^-tiee, takcii up Wit!) the roots, and the truit £ c upon m i r '! ?Hil : i '^ >v ■ n' i ., r 1"/ r K) A S Y S T K M O !•• (. l" O G R A I' II Y. MULUCCAI, (I r ; I' >{ ■iH 11'^! I I i lf:jH upon ir, anJ a live pmtt by way of (tiCtn i anrni)ii,.iiij ihirty-lix ^iiiii were lirtJ in hmioui nl ihn ttni.n. The kill;; and prim ipal (wt Tun j uf Wjyrv .iihl Kiifin- l^ini; .ill'o liirrciiJeii'J iliofc ill.inJ> lu Klij^lunJ un the Unii conJitimi'. F.iiii'ori-, iir I'jM.l.i, nir.i fmi;'ht (he prcHCwIinn oCihc LingliO) I .iiul on llic twciitv-t"iiith ol N(i\fiiiiitr, |h;;\ the thit:!* 1)1 that ill mJ ('iiirtMiliTcil it up m lorin hv .i wii'- ing, whiih thiy fi,;!'''! an'l ili'li\t-Tk'.l tn Mr. Ihv<<, who tucik the coniin.iiiil nt .ui Kiivjilh lort cri'iflcil I'u i-. Ncthing loiiKI be irorc hnnour-tl'lf with r>.rprcl to the }''rvriifti; iiothiiij < miUI Cdiucy a luttrr lltif, than the (iirriiidtr oltholc i(UiuI->hy tlu' ptopK' who polllficJ them. Thr t'u'c miilint aiiJ voluiit.iry furrindcr ot the nativf* fiitily j'ivfi a ilaiiii to a loiintrv ntorc n')Mc, rtiorr jiii>, aiul viiult.ildo than I'lirci.' I'Jii cvi-r obtain, or cont|iult bi- llow. Hut thi' Diitih, in time of ptacv, to a.;ried. That the Knj:- lilh tonijiiny (lioiild eiiiny a frre trade at I'alicate, ami bear half the thar^'.' ol ni liiita nin^ the loit and gartilon there. " That in the ille- of the .Moluccas, Kanda, and •' Amboyiia, the trade (houM be (o rcculated bv common •« conleiit, that the Kn^liflj lompany rtiould enjoy a thiid " parr of thai iradi', as well for the importing and lellin^' *' of '.nods in thole illaiu's as of the fruits and merchan- " ili/.e of the growth of ihofc iflands', which ftioulj be " 1 \p.irrcd (hence ( and (lie DiKch company enjoy the " r,: .:r two-thirds. And that as to lliebu\in^ and (liar- " inj:(hi fid fruits and inerchaiu'i/.es, th.- princijial fac- " t')i'' ot t.ie two nadons (hould buy (hem at the current " piiic, ai.d ilnide tliem by lot, to i .uli tiieir rffpc;live «' n-.an i and for th.it end it fliould be lawlul for (iihcr " p.ir(y (ohave aceefs to, and abide in, th- forts and ma- " ;:a/.ines of the olbir; and that the forts, ;.> well on the ♦' one pait as tlie other, llioiild remain in the hands of •' thofc who were at pnlcnt in the poll. ir..j;i of thtm." I!ut no fooMcr was thi. trtatv, lo faxourable to the Duteh, known in tlie Indies, than, contiary to the ex- frcfs words of the treaty, they invaded the iflands of ,an(oie .nod I'ooloroon, which were in the polVeffion of the Kiii.lifii, iiKdlaind the principal n.i'iies, demoliflud the foitsaiid factories of the Kii^lifh, murdered lonie of their fervaiits, and ni.ide ihe reft piifoncrs ; ufinj; them in a more iufolent .iiid baibarous manner than would hayc been practiled by a declared cr.emy. It is not eafy to aeeouiit for the ftrange regulation by which tile Kii.'hlh a)nipany were (d)!ii;ed to accept of a third part of the Ipiie trade, when (he Baiida ifland> were their prop rt) ; but y. Ikii it was conl'ented to, and ratified by the fiipreme povycrs of both natii'Ms, the Dutch mi;iht furelv have permitted the En;;li(h to enjoy this one-third in quiet, ami to liave retained the iflands in their pof- rcfTion. In purliiancc r.f th- above treaty, the F.n:^lifh company fettled factories at the .Moluccas, ;.t Ambnyna, and lianda, for carrying on the ti ule in the llipiil.itcd proportion ; imasiniiig that the Dutch had ni.ide fo advantageous a barj;aiii for thenil'clvf, that they for the future (hould re- ceive no moleftalicMi in m them. liut fcarcely were they fixed in their (ettkniints, when tl.e Dutch traders, in the year 1622, formed a lliani plot, cliargini; the Englilh and Japanefe with a coi\l|iiiai y to furprize their principal fort at Amboyiia, and baili.uoiiny tortuicd tliem to make them ti.'n a falle confellion of their iutendin'.; to attack them. They even, contiary to the law of nations, put fcvcral of the I' iip;li(h and Japanil'e to death, as if they had been their fubjects tak^'ii in rebelli<'!i, and then expelled thole who I'lirvivcd their cruelties — Hut the (birv is too dreadful for rcpttition ; the wiittr of this woik is llruck with hor- ror, and ijladly cfcapr* from fcrnei wliieh ftiock humanity. — However, it is iieicflary lo obletvr, that their unhappy viclim* of the cruelty ot the Dutch died proleding th< ir innnceiice in (he Ihoii^'.rlt terms ; and that thele pioCcciU iiijs were alti Ikd, iijion oath, in the lourtof ailunralty, by the Kngldli lailuit who were fullered lu ifcapc lu !■ ni;l.md. The Dutch immcdi.itely after fei/cd upon all the Kiif{. lilli la''lorKs ill the Spice inand.i, and ha^e ever lime ex- cluded lis and all otlici nations liuin that t.duable branch ol lonimertc. s i: c T. II. O/tif Silutllhn iinil I'loJiiii if iht Afuliitots tr Spii IjlanJt ingentT.il. i'h< Ptrjani ,inJ Driji of tin S'litivti, THE Moluccas are a duller of Tmall lllands fttu- aicd between New Guinea, which lies to the call, ^ and Celebes to the wcrt, exteiidiiii; from one hundred and /l;-/J» twenty-one to one hundred and thiity dej^rees of call longi- tude from London, and from the hfth degree of north '* latitude 10 the feventh degree fouth. They are named Moluccas from the word Moloc, which in the language of thofc couiitiies fignifies head, lliey being fituatcd as ic were at the head or entrance of the Artliipelago of St. La- zarus, and arc denominated Spice Iflands from their abounding in fpiccs, particularly nutmegs and cloves, which j>row in no other countries in (he known wo Id. This Imall part ol the globe produces luch plenty of thrfe fragiant fpicis that griat i)u.inlities of cLves diop uiigaihcred Ironi the trees, .nul aic fufiercd lo rot on the ground; and iiiillii'iH il lUUnicgs are often dillroyed eit till' Ipot by the Diiuli, wh'i liavemouopoli/ed llufccom'- iiiodit es loprcviiii the iiiaikus bein;^ ovrrllocked, whicll wou'd iiif.iilabi) lowir Ihe price of them Sir VViHurn i cmple, in his Oh(irvai:i;ns on the Nithcrlands, fays, he was iiiiiiiniid by an K.i|l Imlia leatnan, tiiat lie faw three heaps of nutiiicjs liiiinc at one time, each of which would till a f:i.all c!.u:>.h. The Molucca iflat'iij are I'eparatrd by narrow ftreights, whi.h .re rendered dj|i;;erou5 by lands and Iheltes ; yet fcvei.d of them have ^ooj roads. 'I'hc foil of thtfe iflands IS dry and Ipungy, fo that il inimediatcly foaks up the lain, and is always covered with grafs and evcr-verdant fluubs. Tnc air is unwludefomc, and occafions dropfies, for which the natives formerly ufed wine made in the Philippine iflands, mixed with ginger and cloves, and the Dutch the juice of lemons. There is no ditl'erencc here between fummerand winter, nor any certain feafon for rains. In the Moluccas are neitlicr corn, rice, nor haidly any butchers meat, but uoats flefh. They eat chiefly fago, the pithof atiee made into cakes, inltead of bread : here are alfo almonds, oranges, lemons, and other fiuit. The natives have lar;;c eyes and long hair on their eye- brows, which they paint : they are of a yellowifli brown complexion, but the women are fairer than the men, and tolerably bandlomc. They gcner.dly wear their hair fallinL' I'lnlion their ftioulders, and anoint it with fweet- 1. 1 iilcd oil ; but lonietimes tlicy tie it up neatly with flowers and leathii .. They are fond of bracelets, fkr«tings with bobs and wear necklaces of diamonds or rubies, without any diliincliun of quality ; and mod uf their cloaths are ofVilk. The general Iangu.igc ufed by the natives «)f thcfe iflands is the Malayan, and their religions the Mahome- tan and Pagan. They punifli robbery with great fevcrity, but ealily forj;ivc adultery, from the maxim that propaga- tion cannot be too much encouraged. They extradt a li- quor from the I'ago-trce, called tuas, which, when new, is fwcet and very fattening ; and when boiled has the tafte of wine. They draw another from bamboos and cocoa- trccs. Here are faid to be ferpcnts above thirty feet long, but not venomous. Some authors lay, that alter eating a certain herb they afceiul the trees on the banks of the fea or rivers, from whence they vomit it into the water ; and the fiili eagerly dcvouiing it, are loon fo iiitoxica(ed, that they fwim on the furfatc, and bccuire ancafv prey tu the ferpenls. Crocodile.; Molucca!. A I III Crocixlilt! arc here more djii^'croui by land tliiii bv water . ihcmrc here iillo iwn foitH u( frit-crabs "ih* ot whiih !•> pnil'iinoin, hut the uilivr t'ecJi uii Itcrui, niiJ it hole full very wholcf'umc luuJ> S E C T. Ill Of tht /l/j/x. <•./<, »r Sfiiit IjliitJ't iniluMn^ Tirntlt,\ Tyilirr, A/iiJ'iiii, dWatyi, HiiihiaH, iml Amhsyna \ with tl farll- tutor DffoipiiiH $f lilt CUvt-'l rtt, TUV. iflaiiJ (')' Trnvite ii rhe cliief, ihouph not thf l.irijcit ol the Molucca iflands ; it abotituls with all forts of nrovifioin, ami whatever it ncccflary t be grubbed up anil lieilroycd, and fonutimes when the quan- tity product , I at Amboyna in one feafon is extraordinary great, they even burn a part of that. The clove-tree refembles the laurel, opU- the Icav s be- ing narrower, are more like thole of the almon'l and ivil- lov i the very wood and leaves talfe as llion^; as thi i linf» themfclves. The trees bear a '.reat tiuantlty of b'lnili'-* and Rowers, and each of th.- flowers bimg forth a clove, which is at firif white, then gre. 11, an ! at lall rel, .^ml pretty hard. W' ile they are green they have the moll tr.igraiit aiul relr>-(hm;^ feeiit inuiivn iMe, rhel'c cloves glow with little llal»s, .inJ bnvi o 1 the trees like chertie.. When th-.y gather th m, ir.ife;.d of plucking them off one by om-, foin'.- H:ip themf'Ttiic boughs with a rope, and others beat them dov n with I0113 pole-. Tliey bear fruit when tliey are < ight ve.irs old^ and arc fiid to continue bearing for ahove an hu'iilrcj years ; tliey lipeii from the latter end of Aiigiift till the be ginning ot'January ; and it is remarkable, that their heat IS (() great, that no vegetable, not even a -A-ecd, will iiroiv uiid'.r the tree. A few days att-.r the Irint r (alien, fi -y collevSf the clove;) together, and dry them lief.re t!i'r f.ic on hurdles, by which means they lofe th-.- beautilui tej colour they derive front nature, and chan.re to a deep pur- ple, or rather black. Tins is, perhaps alfo occalioiud by their being fpriiikled with water, which it is f^id i-. neccl- fary to hindi r the worm from gettin;> into the fruit. It might be imagined that fo rich' a commerce as tli.it in cloves would be fulRcient to repay the cxpence the company is at in thi- ifland j but lueh care do theyt.ike to improve every thing to the bed advantage, tha- tiiey ha-, c cauled colVec to be planted in Amboyna Ciuld is ;i',ii> (aid 10 be wafhcd down by torrents fnmi the mouiitaiiis; and among other valuable proiliictious of this idaiul, is \ kind of red wood, which, befules :lie beauty of its col.mr, is exceeding firm and durable, .-ind what mull appear ilill more extraordinary, its grain naiut.illy runs into abun- dance of bcautiiul figures. With this wood they make tables, ticrutores, and other pi-.ccs of furniture, of which prefents are made to the principal perUiiii of the govtni- ment, and the rell fuld all over the Indies at a very hi -h price. The inhabitant"!, who live on the coaft, were probably defcended from the Moors. Thefe are ol a middle ilature, and of a black complexion ; they arc in general very lazy, and moftofthcm have a flrong propenfity to thievin". Some are, however, very ingenious, and have a lingular art in working up the cloves, while green, into abund mcc of curious toys, as fllips, crowns, houfe^ &c. which are ufually fent to Kuropc as pn-fcnts, and they arc elleeniej extraordinary curiofities. Thole of the Amboynefe, who dwell near the coaft, are fubjecl to the kin:r, and profefs the Mahometan religion; but, befides thefe, there are a great number of idolaters, who were probably the original natives, and were driven into the mountains, where they Hill preferve their freedom; but both the king and the com- pany conl'ider them as lavages. They frequently attack and kill thofc pcrfons who fall into their hands, and when- ever any of them are caui;ht, they are condemned to per- petual llavery, employed in the moil laborious works, and treated with the utmoll rigour. An inexprcfllble ha'red I. J ; . i H ■■t ' Mf- i :il *• ,1 good haibour, the entrance of which U defended by a I fuhfiils between thefe 'people, and the rcll of the inhabi- I tants. tants, ii; A S Y S T 1. M O |- r. 1". O G R A 1' II V. B.*.V1).\ IsLAVD*. Mr m \ » * J t.mt«, with \vhcii df.'v arc ill iKT,irtu il w.ir, .iiul to wlio.n thi'v vcrv (vl l.im j;,vc (j'l.iricr. I'hiv aiv .irmcJ wich a (iVfiiil, a %iii.l lit" piki- or uvclin, ;ir..l .i lui UI 'r. Iiii- kitij; of AiiiiioMM has an uiiinal pciili in from th'.' C'linpiiiy, vviilta jvml ot Kirii|vaii (olJic-rs nMiiitaiiu'J ?( iu-iriv|Kiicc. rin;coin|i.iny'» r.irccin Aiiiliiiviia prin- < ip.ilK' 111 ilill'i Ml t'lv ■•aiiil.iii, wliuh u v.r/ niiniTuii', aiiil loiipoud ot tliiir lull lroi>p4, Tlv.- tort i^ lii llron;, boili tV.iMi art an.l natiiro, that it ii in a tnaiiniT impii-^- iia!i!i-, aiiJ M r|}°\.tii;illv i o ninaiul > tlic harlioirr, tnat it k-cmMrn|ioiiilili- I'T a vrlll 1 Ic I'ail in or out wiiiiout biiii;; fuiil; l)v ihi' iMtiii 'II ot' the fort, if the governor fliouM pin- orJi'ib l,ir tli.;t piTj^vfc. It is MO woiuU-r th 11 I'li^ iflanJ is ^ti ftron^ly fortilicJ. Il lia.. hi'oii icrmcJ the (loiil mine of the company, on ac- count ol' the vail profu thiv iliaw lioni it ; ami there heiii,; no i-Mioii to Uar Hi en r h.iii:; cvliaiilltJ. As a proot'ol tills, it ncej onlv be oblerveil, that a poiinJ weight ol'ei- thcr c'lnvfi or iinline^'i iloc* not coll the coinpaio much abovc a h illpcnn/, anj iiery boJy Itnowj the hi^h price at wh.cli thev kll in Luu'pi-. Imlian nation«. I'hii'i, wlu-nevcr tboy enter any fort be- lonjiinp to tlRCoiiipanv, in whattAcr coniitrv it be, they aro permitteil til keep ihiirarni>,»hKh is iml allowed i vciitothe iiihalntants ol tiieplai\-5 wheie the Diileh lurts are liti::,t!'i). Some time a.;o the king of this ifljii.l ti-iu his eliK II Ion aniballailor to ttie i;i'Veinor-j',eiural ol the Dutch eompjnv at Hatavi.i, v.luic he was lecii^eJ with all puflililc maik* of ilillinclion. It would not have been eafy to have di(lin(;iii/lie,1 thi^i voiiiii; ptiiice to have be, n an Inih.in, had he n.it woin a tint. an of thiec rows hi 'h, ticblv i.'iibioijenil \v,ih ^old and precious llones, lor thi: all ol his dull was en;i;clv Kuropean ; and inllead of a euilaf«, he «oro a Ivvord. 111. train was »erv numeioiis, and drilkd after the Indian manner, twelve ol tliein went amud, each with a cuirats, and bui.kkr, and holding a lia>,ej UvuiJ. S K C T. IV. Of the If.anil cf GUcU, fviutimet lii.lu/nl aimnz tht Mtlui- mi, liiul the lui:' ijkiin^ l(hi cj' Qruiii, lltiiij, mij Bl!:tlH. TilKRl". are four iilanjj frequently iniluded amnn.: t'.e Moluccas, wniih are larj'er than the Ipiec illands, but a.'O laid to produce neither tlo\es nor nut- ni.-.:', or lih h l.iiall i|uantiiici of them as aie f arcely w.iiia nr.-ntii'iiiii; i tin f.- arc, liilolo, Ctiam, lijiiro, ■illd lioillun. lidolo extends from tv^'o de;»rcei n')rth, to one dejjrce foiih latitudi-, a liitlc to thj ealhvard of the illaihls of I'crMJte ;;nd Ivdoic, and is upwards of two hiindnd mile, in lini;th, but in moll places is not ahove fniy mdes broad. It is diM.ld hv three deep biys, which, atalin.ill dill.ince, ^Mve i: tie .ippearance of Ij man) illaiiils, and in Chile bavs (hiji may r;Jt in lafety. .9ft, L'crain is fiiiiatcl in t 'tc de.'rees fouth lilituib', and llieuhin.; Itomeail to well is about liliy leaiucs in leiuMh, but not above liventv in breadth. It i< hi^h Ian I, and covered wiih trees. At the principal town, which i, ilimcd Ca^nbello, the kni.r rcfidcs j ,iiit the Dutch h.ive a f irtrcH there, and both the isiilj and pcojile arc vallals to the iimipaiiv. Th- iHindof B'uro, whi.h is in the liliiudeo' two •' ' df^r.t t lotith, is a'-init foitv ir tiilv leagues in cireuniie- r.nce, and the country is in lilVfrcntly leitde. I'he Dutch wer.' loiiiieriv in a .swit n\.' ifurc mailers of it, from rheir hav.ii,; a very llroni; fut tlutej but the inhaliilant., alter alon;lie|ie, dcninlilh'il it, havin/ firll put all the i»ar- rifon to i.ie (\e.)rd. At picfnt the company are latislied with Icndin,; annually a nu:nb>r of nun to root mit tlie clove tr^es, :ind the natives receive a piefcnt at th • fame lime, (or I'uttVii.iu ihi. to be d-m,.', 'I iii- illaiid 's for the moll part |io.(tv in 'h I.iiid, and abounds with t.co and (liruhs of vJiMiiis kinds, Th: litiiataiii of the liland of Ilouton is remarkablvadvan- ,' ti.;co,u i It extend, from the fouith to the (i\lh dc^'rec of "** fouth laiiiude, and is about fjur or fue leagues dilLint from the louih-i ail part oi the iilind ol tlelebes, and is in extent nearly eipi il to the ille ol H mro. It i» exttem-lv firt.l • in fi, e; it alio mjoys plenty of eal.L' and lilli, and would produce a L'.'cat number both of cluvc and iititmeg- Uee , weie thiy |irrmitod topiow. The kiii^; has a vi ry lli'-ni; fott, on whiih tl.c Dutch (laniard is diljda. I, though th-re is no Dutch f itnlon, nor ind' I 1 aiiv need i.f one. The |)u:eli company arc (.\- li.lied with fen lin.; thither every vear lomc deputies to fee t.'i.- fpie. trees dilliivd, and in lonlidcratum of the kov'i fubmitiio; TO thi , the tompi.iv pay him * confi- (lerabl. fni: in reidy mony. Thi'. nation has be ii re- m.iikably i.iii'iliil to tlv Kail In lia company, whom thi y not only .ifiille.l in ex|K lliiii; the I'ortus^uele, but in op- pofiiig the iiih diitaiits of the nei;'hboiiriiit» illaiuf. wh -n- fvf x)\-\ aia npie.l to lake up amis afiunl' them, in con- .S F. C I . v. O/"//.- I'.VNDA tsl.ANn.S. Parti, II ',11, ')■ 'fh'iuiilu Pmfer^xuitltii Ihj.i if'tim nftl f Xulm^^^ trie. Of pDiliwiif, Pi:liretn,an,i t.: cller Jj.iiiJ.; //jndt, WE new come to the H.mi'.i ifijndi, w'litb arc fini.iiu for their nutniei;-. 'Ilulele Iroin three d>L:icea .nil! a hall to the fifth dij'.ree of lo.ith l,iiiiu>le, bavin;; the iflaiid ol Ciraiii to the north, Cikbis on the well, and the oie.oi on the call ami fv>ulh. The iOaiid-s of llaiulaaio full ll.inda, which ^;ucs ii.unc to the tell, I'ooloway, I'fioloii'on, Nero, Kolin.iii:.', Cionapi, and fevcral Imall illaiids, , and is Uiinewlut moie ihan iwil.e Icgui". in i ircmnli mice. The gover- nor IS irrnerallv .in en.ineiit niich.int, who relidcs at Nma, the capital of the counin, and has umler bihju- rifdiction fcMral other Imall ill.iiu'j in ils nci,;hbt)uhrood. I he ciniiitiy is veiy hillv, and produces no lefs prollt to the company, th.in the valuable illaiid ol Andvyna, from the important commerce in niilnie;,'s, wi.iih joow here in luch prodigious i|uaiilities, as tjcn.dl. the jAitch tu fup- pK all the inarkitsin I'urop;?. The tree that bears t -.is cxcilicnt fiuit vrry much re- fcmbles a pear-tree, but itj K.ivrs are like that of 4 (H'.ich, (inly they aie (liorler and rouiuler. It produces ripe liuit tliiee tunes a year, that is, in April, Auf',ull, •iiid December i but the Apiil nutnicps are tlie bcl'., and 111 that month the crop is more plcntiltil than in the other two. The iiiitnieL', when ripe, a n.ui h ol th ■ fmie fi/c as the walnut, and iicovcicd with .itliuk Ibell, uliicll opens and tails otfot itlelf as the liuit lipciis, unl when e.indicd has a \eiy fni" I itie. I'l^ler tnis is a ikin ol 4 line fcailet (olour, and a very fiagran: lilull. 1'liii Ikin, which IS called mace, alio falls < Ii the nutmc^:, when It chaiijies to an ora'n;e i olour. Inmudialely under the mate appears the Iniii, u:lh a lilllc bud at the top, re- lembliii:; a very beantiliil I'ower, Thele nutiiKj.'., b in;; p 1 lerveil in fuL'.ir arc much cf« teemed, as bciiij; tiie bell Iweetmcis in the Iiiilies. Hut thofe commonly iiled in I uropeate only well drud, .iller their beiiij; full ihiown iiuo >pi'< k linr., which is done tu previntthe woims bitnliiu'. in iluin. There are feveial illaiid . in the neij;hbourhood orllaniia, in whiih niitmei-s would ;;row, elid not the company take care to have them deilroyed every year; for theie is a kiiul ol hiids in this and the nci;:hbourin}; ilLinds, Hiap- ed like acuelioo, whiih pi> kin;; ott the ^'tecn hulk, Iwal- low the nuts i and thele haviii;; been fonie time in the (louiach, they void bv the otdin.oy w.iy, alnr which they take liiot in the pl.ue wluie ih y l.ol, .md j.;row up to .t tree- whence the Dutch piopcrly llil'.: thele birds the g.ir- dencts of th>' Ipiee illands. 'I'htie likewi'e l^ow in this iflami, as well asat Amboym, a trre calli'd caiipulte, frmn which they draw a rich and faluiary oil, iliai 1- fol.l at a very hi.'h (nice. Anion.; tht inhabitjiiis aic a kind of free bur-.cfTes-, c.dlctl p ikinirrs, to whon are intiulb d the care id eur- iiii; the natiiKvs, and f.irnifhinj; the company with what ipiantiti.s they think prop i to demand. Thtfe people 'J.f-./6. ' » ffl' ^} Iidrraiion o| wlii. h the mha'.Mi ■its of Itouom arc per- live niuci at their cafe, thuugh tncy receive a very mode iiuttcJ to ciijo, iiuny ptiv ilcj;cs that arc i^raiite J lo no othtt i..ie graiilitaiioii. IJaiiJa Mom I- CAS. A 5 1 A, «J3 1'. lijiul.i is fo well furtificJ, tli.U it 1^ tlioii'Mii iinprcgna- Mc i vet, to |)rc\ci\t ail ciK'uiy lioiu ijcitiii.; into lliopoit umli.r Dutiii loliiiir;, tluTu; i. .il.v.iy ■ i l.in.iJtoii of IiiihII V'lllls (iImiu^ iiiiinJ the iD.ilt, which, on the firit ap- Di aiaiicc ol a llrong fliip, lurrounJ her, and cxamiiiu whi'iuc ilic conies, whitlicr Ihc is bouiiil, and what is her lltiin^th. Tiic (TTiif. n is njmcrou>i, and yet is in a worl'c con- dition th.iii any other in the company's fervice. This anils iVoin the want of provilioii>, lor llie idaiid heint; cx- tuniely barren produces little (ood, on which accuiint the loldieri who h.ive the misfortune to lie (lationed there ate pjad to eat cats, dogs, and any other animals they can get. I'urtle is however prciiv plentiful lor about fix months in the year, and after tint leilon they think thcm- felves very happy if they can lonietiines catch a few fifh. They make their bread of the juice of a tree, which, when full cxtraiiled, rclembles the dre^s of beer ; but, on being dried, becomes as hard as a (lone: yet, on its being put into water, it fwells and ferments, and thus becomes (it to cat, at lead in a country where nothing elfc is to be got. Rice, butter, drrcd fill), and other provifions are Sent thither fioni Datavia ; but are too dear lur the foldicrs to have anv great plenty of them. The natives of this ifland arc reprcfented by the Dutch as fo cruel, perfidious, and uniraclable, that the company were forced in a great meafure to root them out for their own fecurity, and to fettle a Dutch colony in the illand ; but how they will reconcile this treatment of the natives, who had never injuied them, to the laws of jullice and hu- manity, is not c.ify to determine. The colony they have fettled there i> indeed formed of the moft debauched and abandoned people, who may probably much exceed the natives in wickeJiicfs. I'hey are, however, gi'nerally foon carried oft by the dry-gripes, the epidemical difeafc of the country. For this reafon, and becaufe debauched young fellows are fometimes fent thither by their relations, the Dutch at liatavia call lianda, The illand of Cor- rciJHon. i'ciolowoy appcar< a perfcc5\ paradife, where nutmegs and the molt delicious fruits were iifed to abound, the whole ifl.indapiK-aring like a garden furniflicd with all in.iiiiierof varieties. Their only w.mt is Ipiings and riveisi but thcfc are in fomc nuafurc fupplied by the freipicnt lains, uiid, when thefe fail, the natives fetch water Iron Uaiula. The Dutch have a fort on the Oiid fide of this ill.ind, talUil the Revenge ; it is a regular pentagon, and tllceiiicd one of the llrongell places belonging to tj..- Diitih in thefe irtands, and the pleafantell rehdence of tiuir liuliaii rovir- nors. 'l"his ifland the Dutch raviflied lioni tlie l!ngli(h, in orderto ingrofs all the Ipice trade to tn< rniilves, which they could not fo ciifiTy du while other naiiuiu had acccls to this illand, I'ooloruon being a barren ifland, the Dutch were neither induced by the picafure nor the profit it artbrdvd to take it from the KngliDi -, the folo dcfign of that expedition being to cngiiils ih,- whole Ipice trade to themfelves, which they could not fo cafily du while any other nation had accefs lo that illand. The Ifle of Nero is divided from Ciotpi by a very fmall channel, and thcfc, together with the illand of l.antor, or Handa, form a very commodious harbour. The cadle of Nero, or Nafliiu, ftands in a plain dolt; by the warn lidc -, it is a large and ilrong fortification ; and it being lom- manded by a riling ground at about the didance of a nuil- kct-fliot, the Dutch h.ive alio built a ihong foit upon that, and both are defended by luinierous gariifons. The largell of the Handa iflands does not exceed twenty leagues in circumference, and molt of them are nui'.h lefs. The many volcanoes and lrei|uent earllu|iiakcs which hap- pen here are very dreadful ; lor fcarce a year p.illis with- out foinc mifchief done by them, which grealK leliins the pleafuie the Dutch would otherwll'e enjoy in this tcrreiliial paradife ; p.irtlcularly on the firll ol ^leptemher, i-()^, was felt at Itaiida a molt violent (hock ol .in cattlupialio at about live in the afternoon. It l.'.lted .ib'uit lour niiiiutes, during which no perioii could keep on hi. feet ; this (hoclc was fucccedcd by feveral others the fame eveiiin;r and in the night, duiiiig which the fe.i was nuicli agit.ited, over- flowed the Country, and did great ilamage. The cilllc, governor's hoiile, magazine, i*xe. were rrndircd uli le("«, and the chiirih lull of cracks. More than threi: iiuartir i of the noith part of the illand was dcltroycd, and NVira en- tirely ruined : no part cfcaped without great i 'U , . < At the lame time the volcano I'apenbcrg threw .mt vail iloiics, &c. but, what is very extraordinary, "n!v fevrn peiunn were killed. The inhabitants of this illand uei / olilii;.'.! to live under tents on account of the noifi-, in the C/Uh, which refemblcd the firing of cannon, for fear of greater c.ilanntics. f |l,] i'i:i ! 1 ■i 'Ub'; . I Ir. CHAP. XI. Of JAVA, TIMOR, and the neighbouring Iflands. iiJ ur- hat ,,lc de- iJi lilt -.'/(• . .» -f.-ff npit S F C T. I. Of the I fit if Java. hi Situalitn and ExUnt ; tht Climate, Alonfatim, and Fact of tht Ciuntiy, It /'.' fuhjtd ta Earthquaket. ^HF Ifland of Java extends from the hundred and hfth to the hundred and fixteenth degree of longicude from London, and from five degrees thirty minufcj foeij'ht degrees fouth latitude ; and is about fix hundred and lixtv miles in length, and one bundled, and fometimes one bundled and tilty, in breadth. It extends ainiod due call and welt, and has the ifle of Uorneo on the nortii, the illand and llrcights of ILily towards the ea!t, the Indian Ocean to the loutb, and is feparated fioiii Sumatra at tiie w It end hy the famous (treights of Sunda. From this lad llrcight the iflands of Java, Sumatra, and Uornco, are denominated Sunda iflands. As to the lVa;ons and monftKins ; on the north fide of Java, and the illands which lie to the callwanl, the woill weather is ilunii^; the welleily winds, which gcnciallv be- fin in the hrd ve-k in November. 'I'hey blow ficlh in Jecember, and then the rains incrcale. In January tlie weather i» at the worll, with rcljicitt lu the wind and rain, 10 which continue till the latter rnd of March. In April tlip weather becoiius fair, and the winds vari.ible with aliii< ; but fuddcri I'ulls cf wind from the wellward iienerally happen at the full and change of the moon. About the fird ot May the ealtein iiionloon may be f.iid to be fettlid, and in June .iiid July is lieipuntly attciided with i.un, though when the eallerly wiiuls blow lurdell there is none at all. During this monftHin the wiather is juiurally pleafant and wliolefomc, and continues lii till the the latter end ot September. In Odobcr the wind frcqiieiirU (hilts, but the eadcrly winds blow very faintly ; and in the be- ginning of November the wefterly moiiliKin itt^ in aiMin ; however, in (oine years the moiifoons h;.p)Nen fifteen U4ys (boner or later than in oihrrj. It nobfervable, that the currents here condantiv follow the winds and let ca(t-north-taft, or wcltfouth-wcit, at the monloon does at lea. The air is fweet and mild; great part of the Imd is fertile, and (inely iliveilified with hills and vallcy.s which, near the city of liatavia, are improved by regular plan- tations, beautilul canals, and whatever can contribute fo leniUr a country pleafant and agreeable. The ifland pro- duces not only every thing nccefl'ar;' for the fubfiftancc of man, but alaigc proportion of tliuf. valuable elt'c^ts which !'■♦ fvm tj4 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A IM M . AVA. t f form tlu" cnmmcrcc of ilic country. It i^ cliviJtd by m.uiv woods, iiioiint.iiil'., anJ rivors, in vvhii'i nature li.'.s boun- tifully bcHowcd hiT tri'jlurcs ; and it i> ttftaui that ni (omc parts of the ifi.inj arc niim-s of j;oid. Mod of the mountains an- (o hi^h as to be fcc-n at fta at the dilhncc ot thirty or forty lea ;iu--., particularly that tailed the Mluc Mountain, which is by far the hijjhvlt. 'I'herc arc here however ficipient an! \cry terribl.: eatth- cpiakcj, (iiic of which hap|H-neJ when commodore Roj;- gewein was there. It began about e^ht in the morning, and (hook the citv ol Halavia and the adjacent places to liich a degree, that :!"^e fate of the houfes was every momer.t cxpriled. The a^j:itation of the waters in the roid w is fo cxccrttve, that their motion rcfembL-d that of a boiling- pot, and in fome places the earth opened. The inhabi- tants arc pirhiaded that i.iefe earthqiialces are caufed by the mountain I'arang, which is full of falt-petrc, fulphur, and bitumen ; and they maintain, that it is very common, after fuch an actiiicnt, to fee a larj'c cloud of fmoke hang over the top of the mount-'i. Some years a^o general Ribcck, who commanded in the ifland, afcciidid to the tcip ot that mnuntaii. with a cnnfidirable number id at- lendants. On his arriv.i! there he perceived a large cavity, into which he caufed a man to be let down, in order to examine the infide. When the man returned he report- ed, that the mountain was hollow withm ; that he heard im every lide J mi>ll tr <;htfiil noife that feemed to proceed Iron) ton iits oi waiir , and that in fcveral places he had lecn fladic burl! out, and hail been extremely afraid of going farther, from the apprehcnfions ot bis tailing thio' i'omc of thechal.r.-, or at bcins ititHed by the vapouis. The vv.itiTi ill the neighbourhood of this mountain are far Iron) being \vh-'kfome, and even thole that come to liatavia are impregnated with lulphur, to that the people who dunk much ol them contr^cl various dil'eafes, and particularly the dMeiitery ; yet this water is fo freed from ail tlicic lulpluireous particles by being well boiled, that it then d.cs no harm, thoii|jh draf.k ever lo copioufly. O/th T> S K C T. IF. I'.'iiiji r,j 'f.tVii, uit'y II p.rll.utar Drferip- ti:ii ^t iht C:.eti-Tret. Of tht Animal, of that IjlunJ. TilK fruits and plant' ol this ifland arc excellent in tli.ir kiml, an I almoll iiiiiu.nerable ; one of the moll valuable of the fiuii:-trccs is the cocoa. This is a fpeiicsol the palm, which grows in midl places in the l.ajt .in.l Ucit Indu . : it i» large, llraight, and inleiifit'ly j;iows fmalur trim the bottom to the top. The liuit h.ings to the trunk in buiic'ies, united by a tendril not un- like the twig of a vine, but ifronger : the flowers arc yellow, li».e that of a chefnut ; and the branches are all towards the top. As it beats branches of Iriiit every month, fome .ire .il ways ripe, others gruii, and lomcjult beginmn ■ to button. The Iruit is ol a iireendh hue, and of dill'crent fi/.es Irom that of an ordinary ball to the big- nels of a man's head. It is covered with two rinds, the outer compolid of loiii tough threads, of a colour between red .111 I yellow i but tiie lecond is as ii.:rd at a man'^ Ikull. AVithin theie is a thick, tirm, white fubliance, which in talle uleiiibli's a iwcet almond. The inhabitants eat this Jubll.irice with t'leir vi-tuals as we do bread, anlbypiel- fing It draw a lit|u<'r which in lallc and conliltence rclem- ble.s almond- miik. This milk being expolld to the lire, is convi-rted into a kind of till, which they ul'e as we do butter in their faints, ;ind as oil in their lamps; they likewifc life it inedn inally and often rub their bodies with It. IJelides, t'u.. wttite lubltance fojnd in the nut, there i> a conli.lerable ijuantity ot a clean, blight, cool liquor, which tartci like fa^ar-water They alfo draw fiom the tree itfelf a very .1 'iceahle liipior, which the Indians call fura, and the Kuropeans Kile palm-wine ; and indeed it is little inferior to Spanilh wlutc-winc, except in keeping j for in about two days time it turns four, when they ex- pofe It to the fun, and by tais means it becomes excellent vinegar. As tlii- wine is ttrong and hcidy, they gene- rally t' nipei it witii the cKm' water drawn from the nut. In order to extr.wl this wini, they cut one of the large*'. t\yigs at (Ik dillancc of about a foot from the tree, and hang to it cither a bottle or a cal.i'iiafii. Tliis wi'ie, wircn boiled, produces another, and bv iliHilliiig it they alfo obtain a fpitit, which ni.iny prefer to the arrack dif- tilled from rice. Herid.-s all theie advantages the people in the Kail Indies reduce the bark ol thii tree into tlieads, of which they make vi'ry good cordajr, and pariuulatly c.ibles. The timber is equally tit lot Iniilding lliips :.nd hollies, which are covered with the leaves of the fame tn . It is laid that in this country whtn the f.ither of a fann'y has a child born, he orders a cocoa-tree to be plaiitcil, that the child may Sltcrwards know its own age, for on tiie trunk of this tree a circle amuiallv rifes, fo that its age is known by iiifp.ction ; ;:iul it any bodv afks the lather liow old his childtcii are, he fends them lo his cotoa-tne , Pepper and cottee u'tow in the country, and about I!.i- tavia are ftva.il conliderable fiigar plantations, and foniij tob.;cco. However, no other corn lint rice grows in the ifi.ind ; yet, though tliey have wheat imported liom Henpnl, the Kuropeans, alter being a little time theie, prefer boiled rice to bieail. AIniolf all forts of garden IliifF tl;rivc there, and the feeds brought from Kiirope, I'erlia, and Siira!, yield a urcat iiicieafe ; fo that the kitcliin-gatdeiis of Hatavi.i af- loid peas, beaii^, toots, and herbs fufljcient to f'.ipply that. populous city. There are a picat number of woods and fortfts fcatterctt over the ifland, in which arc a prodi';ious variety ef wil.f bealls. Inch as apes, rhino eroles, biillaloes, tygeri, vni wild hoifes : they likewile aboiiml with an inliiiiic va'iity ot ferpeiits, lome of which ;'.i ol a prodiftious lize. C'ro- eodilcs are alio very l.irge in Java, .ind .ire chiefly found in the niouilis of rivers i for luiiig ,\n ampiiibious anim.i!. they diligbt moll in marines ami l.ivannahs. .Soir.c of theie are liom twenty to lliirtv-three tiet long, but thrir legs are extremely lliort ; and it a perf.in ha^ the piele'icn i.t mind to turn frequently when he tlie<. Irom one o( ihcni, I he v^ill talily tfcapc, for they (Annot turn about without takini; up fome time ; and indeed they obtain moll of the r prey while lying among the reeds, like the trunk if an olj tree, by the lide of a riyer, and luddenlv lei/e upon the incautious traveller before be is aware, 'I'hrv arc, how- ever, frequenily taken bv ilie Malayans, v.ho ban a \..r^is iron hoc>k viith a dog, which (ei nis to be his lan.iiiri' 'bod, .Tiid then filh lor them at the mouth of lome rivulet or creek, where they ufually lie to fei/.c upon what is driven down towards the lea. The back ot thi> animal is covered v\ith fuch hard Irales, that they are not to he penetrated even by a nuifket-ball ; but he is c.dily killed if they come at his belly. Theie cicatuus are fo mucli dreaded at Hatavia, that the governmi lit allows a rewaid to thole that take ot kill llieiii. Mere are lov^ls of all furls, and extremely oood, cf'pf. ci.illy phcalant-., partridges, wooil pigeons, and peacoiks: for curiolity they have the Indian-bat, which dill'irs but little in lis li.rni from oiu'- ; and thtnigh the bodv i;. of liio li/.e of a lat, the v^illg^, when extended, nicalure a full yard. They have filli uf different fort, in gicaj nlent.-, and vrrr good ; fo tlut for (he vain- ol thiee-peiue rnou;.li niaylH- hoviijlit to (line lix or I'evcn men, I'tiey have lik.wile a mnltitiule of turile. As the fl.it country thus abounds with all forts of prri- vifions, great quantities are daily brought to Batavia ; .,nj, 10 prt vent any dani'ii ol liartity, the ci)rii|iany's Oups kii' continually employed in iuiiiginj piovili.iiis, Ipiec, ami other iieecllaries, from tlic molt diltant parts of tiic ifland. SEC T. III. A particular Deftripticn cf lit City of Batavta, THK city of B.itavia is fitiiated in the ifla.id of Java, in thf latitude of lix degrees louth.and is the c.ipit.il ol the vail dominions belonging to the Dutch Kilt India company; it alfo lerves lor the enipniium, where all thi- riihisand merchaiidi/.e of that weallliv coinpaiiv are l.iid up. The Outcli having taken the town ff )ai.itra from the Portuguefe in i(jiH, they loon alter built there a tort in its neighbourhood, \^llich they (.ailed liatavia^ but 1: lad Java. a S had not licen loii;; fiiiiflicJ, wlicn the native;, animated and ainitcd li)' llic Kn;;lil1i, attaclci.d it k'vcrsl times, but without ruciL-l's, and at l.iit Mocki-d it u[) ; but the Dutch liLiiij; .It Icnuth Uiiiouicd by a powcrtul t'quadron (rom Kurope, "ndcr the command o( admiral Kocn, the Eng- lifll railed the fici^c, and the natives were obliged to retire with the utmort precipitation. 'I'he Dutch i\ow conl'idering the excellent ntuation of the fort, and the many advant.it!;cs rcfulting from it, im- mediately rcfolvcd to build a tovt'n near it. With this view they di.moli(hcd Jacatra, and upon its ruins erected the famous city which, from the name of the fort, they called Uatavia. This city is cncompalTed by a rampart iwenty-one feet thick, covered on the outfide with i' 'lie, and fortified with twenty-two balHons. Thi* rampart is furrounded by a ditch about forty-tive yards broad, and the avenues to the city are defended by feveral furts, fix of which are built with ilone, and furnifhed with excelh nt brafs cannon. Thefe deferve to be particularly menti- oned j they arc named Aniiol, Anke, Jacatra, k)rwick, Noordwich, and V'ythock. The fort of Anhol is feated on a river of the fame name, caft ward fiom the fea, and about twelve hundred yards from the city i it i;; built lU- tircly of fquare ilone, and is coiiIl..ntly provided with a rtront; g.irrifon. The fort of Anke is fituatcd on a river of the fame name on the coall to the welKvard, and about five hundred yard', from the city, and it is likewife built entirely of fquare Itonc. The fort of Jacatra alfo lic^ on a river of the fame name; it exactly rcfembki the other two forts, and is at the dillance of about live hundred paces from the city, the road to which is between two rows of lofty trees regularly planted, with fine country houfes, .Tiid garJens on each fide. The other three forts are ercifled in the fame manner, and of the fame mate- rials, all of them on the land fide of the citv, and at a fmall diltance from it. The two firft of thefe forts fecure the city on the fide of the fea, and the other four defend its entrance on the land fide, and at the fame time pro- tect the houfes, plantations, and gardens of the inhabi- tants. Thus this citv can never be furprifed by an enemv, fince, on whatever lide it fhould be attacked, the enemy would meet with a iirin^ refilhiue. Hcfides, as a farther Iccurity, no perlon is lulieied to pafs beyond thefe forts without a pali'port. The river, which ftill preP.Tves its ancient name of Ja- catra, palll's thri)u;;h the niidll of the city, and forms tif- tern can.ds of running watei, all faced with free-ftonc, and adorned with trees that are ever gfi^cn, and conlc- quentlv atlord a very a;ireeablc pro(peif. Over thefe ca- nals are fifty-lix bridges, befides thofc built without the town. All the llrcets are |)CrfecHy (Ireight; they .in- ;;c- nerallv niru fettbroau, and the houfes, which arc built of floiic, alur the manner of tl'.ole in Holland, are nuiil- Iv very high. 1 he city is about a league and a hall in circumference ; but the fuburbi contain at lead ten time^ as manv houfes ;'■ ' ic cit\ iticll. The walls have live pates, mcludin- tiLiiolthe port near which is the bariier, which i- ■■••;. ilailv (hut at nine o'clock in the eve.iiiur, and IS ftroii'lv guarded bv a body of fuldicrs night and dav. The ptiaciii.il ''iliKlings are a verv fine town-hcule, four church,.s iic ule of the Cdvinilh, anJ abundance of other pl.ices M worlliip for iierfuis of all religions: a (pinhuys, or h(jurc of coriection, in which women, who l>chave loofelv, arecoiifii'.td, an orphan houfe, a magazine lor (ea-ltotes, matiy other niagaiincs forfpiccs, and other publi: buildings. We ought not to omit, that befides the many forts -bovcmontioned, there is a citadel, which is a fine regu- lar foitihcation, (lUiated at the nioii.h of the river facine the citv, iind Hanked with foi.r ballions, two of which comniiuivl th; i\:.\, and the oih.'r two the town. This ci- l.tdel his two great gates. On both fides of the curtain the keeper., of the iiidga/iiics have their lodgings, and here the govcir.or-t'ineral of the Indies has his palace, which is buiit ., bra/.iers, and fmith., who forge all forts of iron waie. ll thefe worknuii arc inleiior to the Kiiiopeans, it is chiilly where the wuik le- quires line fprings and movements, as in clocks and watches, whieh a.''c hardiv vv>;r bioiight to a proper tem- per in hot cuuntiies ; and even the belt watches ever brought from Kurope, will not uo true in this cliir.at.-. Ihe verv Heels of their firelocks in time become lott. Coaches are almoft as common as in the great town of Kurope, and they have line hoile:. from I'erlla ; l!ie iiianj alloailurd. olheijof a finall fi^e, that arc very fervice.ible. S K C T. IV, Oflh InhaHtants if Balnvin, uith th- Piifms, D',,', ul I'.i ^ii, ly/ij liiv thtie; with a anujl- Ju'^ui/t cf tht M^j!,.crc -f the Chiiifjf. BATAVIA is not only inhabited bv the Dutch, biit by abundance of rortii'/uefe, I'remh, and other Euro- peans, who have fettled there on account if trade. The Portuguele are priiicipaliv the dtfcendants of thole who formeily lived in the illand of Java, and did not chulc to remove when the coalls were reduced under the lioniiiiion of the J)iiich companv, and are now molUy of the re- formed religion. 'I'heie are here likewilc a great niulli- tude of people ol ditlcient nations, ;ib tile Javanc.e, or n.n- tives of the country, Mal.iyans, Negroes, AniboyilclV, Armenians, natives of the ille of Hali, iM.iidykcrs, Ti- mors, Macallars and llougis. Nuthiii;!; can be more ei;- teitainiii;', than to behold fuch a nuihitude of pei p!e i:i one city ot ditlerent nations living at their ow n dwtiliiiiv , and alter tlieir own wav. One fees cverv niomei.t new cullonis, ftrange maiineis, a variet^• of habits, and faces ol dill'erent colouis, as white, black, b.'own, iin I olive coloured , every one laing as he pi -ales, and fpeakin.^ his own language : yet iiotwithllandiiii; this variety of cuf- tonis oppofite to each other, a very furprifinu union is ob- fervable anion:; thefe citizens i this is purely the eltect of comtiierc^, wiuch, like a com:iion foul, acUuies tho whole body. With refptTl to liberty of conlllmce all the Inlialiltar is enjoy it ; lie; are not allowed the public ( xercife of their wotlliip, I'l iells and monks arc not permitted heie, any more than in the I'nited Piovinccs, to w.ilk tlie (Iriets in the habits of their refpecliw orders ; yet they arc all al- lowed to live here, except the Jefiiits, who are excluded, not on account of their religien. Inn for kar of their in- trigues. In order to convey a clear idea of the manner in which the people live at Uatavia, we (lull mention ioR:e parti- ciilars of each nation. Ihe Javaiiefe chiellv apply them- felvcs to agriculture, fifliin;;, and lliip-biiiiding. Tlu-y wear fearcely any other habit belides a flior; petticoat, that reaches to their knees, the nil of tbeii bodies being nak- ed, except their hiiving a little bonnet on their heads, and a fcarf aerofs their Ihouldeis, in whii h han.; a lliort Iword. Their cabin', wliieh are liquiior in !!■ .ilnels to thofc of the other Indians, aie built of I'plit biunbi.-o, with :i large fpieadiim 'oof that hangs c\cr the fides of the houfe, :inil under it they fit to tike the air. Thofe who are ell.iblillud in the neighbi'urhood of Hatj\ia, .iiid in a tr.ii^ about fi rtv b agues Jong the niountiins i'( liantam, arc immidintcly lubjedl to the oovenvjr jjemu!. The co;r.- -m A SYSTEM O !• G E O (, U A I' 11 Y. #1 if It If • . ii6 CDiiipanv fi 111- romr.iirtirie* among thetn, who»dmiriifter iiillia-, iiiiJ lollcct the public roenur»i »nd tnc priniipal iiicn anv'ii^ till- javcnct'eat feruin timci rci«>M ti HjIju* to give an accoiiiK ol' the b<.lu»iour ol thdc loniriiilU- ric!). , The Mil 1V.II1', who live ai Hitavii, chufly employ thcmftUos in tilhing. 'Ihrir vciUU arc »«y neat, and their (lil^ iiigciiiimfly made ot lUaw ; but ibcy aic a mol* wickfd and profligate [Hoplc, and frequently ccMnmit mur- ders for vi-ry trifling c-"n». Ihcv profcfsthe NUhomttan icligion, but arc entirely void of moralt, »nd make a me- rit of rheating Chtilliani. Their habit* arc ether ol fiilc or cotton, and the men alfo wear a piece of cotton cloth about their headi.with their black han tied up in a knot behind. The negroes at Ratavii ire chiefly Mahometans. Some of them work at mechanic trades, other, are a kind ol pedlars i but the moft conliderable of then trade la llmie for building, which ihey bring from the nnghbouring iflaiids. The Amboyncfe fettled in this city chiefly applv thcm- felves to building of houfcs with bamboos, the windows of which are made of fplit rane neatly wrought in dirti rent figures. They are a very bold people, and arc Uid to be fo turbulent, that they are not permitted to live in the citv, liut have a ijuartcr allotted for them at fomc ui- ilaiue from it. I'hcy have a chief to whom they pay (;ieat refpca, and he hii a very majirfirent houfc in then quarter, well furmlhcd after their mannei. Ihc men wear a piece of cotton cloth round their heads, with the two corners hanging down behind, and this kind ot turban thcv adorn with many flowers. Their stms are chiefly br^'c fabres, and lonj^ bucklers. The wwl( The men generally drefs like the Dutch, but (he women like the othi^^t Indiana. Ihey rrftde both in the city and in the cuiinirv, ihcir houies arc m'l. h better than thofo of othei Indian natioi;*, and are ufuilly built either of (tone or brick . they are ftveral Uofies hijih, and \erv Th.re ar. .ilfo at Ilalavia (<>mt of the .VlacafTars, fo (a nlou^ lor their liltlc [wiloiied arrows which they blow Iroiii a trunk. /• /■ n The lluuijiiare the inhabitants of thicc or four (mall ifland. neat AlacalVai, and fincc the conqucft ol iWn lal» ifland hue fettled at llatavia. Ihey arc hardy bold fel- lows, on which account the company make ule d them for foKiicrs. Their arms are bow* aiJ arrows, fabrcs and bucklers. The Armenians, and lome - iicr AfiJtiei,who rcfidc in Batavia, come thither merely on the account ol trade, and II ly no longei than their tKcaftons call ihem. The Chi'iefc at Batavia were formerly fo vny nume rous that tiiofe In the city and I'uburbs were faid to amount at haU to five thoufaiid Moft of the lu;'ar milN in l!..t.nia brloni^ed to them, and the diftilleiy of arratk was intirciv in their hands. I hey were the carrier* ol Afia, and the Kaft India company lUelf frequently made ult of their vtfTeU. Thev kept ail the ftio; s. and moll n| the inni in the ntv, and were l.kcaiie the larnKf. ot the dutie>, excilei, and cuftomsv but in the year 1741 the covernor htini; inlormed that the Chinrf'- hod en:e;ed in- to a coiifpin "y to extefmoi-'c the -ay ..f the compa. iw, ho loft II 1: a moment'i i.ine to prevent its fuccel. they were n n lemned wi:h.>j« trial, and fcnieiKed to fuf- fer death without btin^ heard. The framrn wne m- ftantly landed from thr Aetf, *ud tocncouraj-r th«m in the bloodv flsuRhtrr thry were a.^piMntcd t> n.ake, the plun tier of the Chin.f<- fn'iurb was aSandonrd to ihcm. A:ii- mated by th* rew.-d, tHev fell w.th mercikfs fury on the cuiilpiratuis, and tut them i<» picvt*. Java. S K C T O/tht twtjiifiifnii Countili at ilnliii'iii, nn.i il.f 'Iiihkntl nl tin (lUy. OflL'PiWfr,i'hlSl,ilf 1/ tin Ihjtimi ; Iht (Jffiii- iiiti F.mfly,mt>il of liv Diif.'n iitnti.il. tJf iht A/'inr-lifiiiitJ, uiiii li't LiiHit iin,t i'.d I'iuti <,/ tin Cam- puny. Of ihi Lidltftiijliiul lnUinim:HI of iialjiKi. 'Iht Kft^ultitiini efll't Hiilitui) lijIdHijlirn'it, 1//1.V tlie mwitimc Fiut ef tht Ci,iii(ia)iy, TIIK city of Itatavia, aiul all tlic (l.iiiiinions in liii* I, all liidic» 111 the polielluin 01 the loiiip.iny, arc [;oveiiied by two luprenie eouiuiN, bolli lixcd in the city of llatavi.i, a't the lapital ol .ill tia- countii.s under the eotnp.iiiy's jiirildivlion. (.Vi. ol ihele ii IliUd (he coun- cil ol the Indu'!., and the otli<:r liie eoiiiKil ol jullice, 'Tt> the tirll lielonj? all nutter', ol (;oveiii:iiem, and the di- riction 111 pulilie .ilV.iirs, anil to the l.itler the adiiiiniitia- ;ioii of jiiltae III all its liraneluj. The noveriior;;iiitial always pielides in the lirll, which i* iilualiy cuinpoled of eighteen, or twenty peMoiis llil.d counl.llorH ol die Indies ; but ii lildom hippeii* that Ihey uie all .11 llata- via at the fame tiiix', a* thi v aie utiiallv pr.ivided vvi.lt funic or other i>f the livin noverniiunts in the comp.nu'n dilpolal. They re^iilaily allunlile ivsiee a wnk, ai.d up- on extiaoidiiiai y Ovcalions, ai olteii as the governor gene- ral plcales. 'They ilelilieuite on uli.ittver relates to the inteicll ol the company, luperintend the ifland of |aya, and illiic oiders and iiidriiiilions to other (tnyeriinunti, wiiich arc implicitly obeyed i and in tliii council all let- ters directed to the j;overiior-(jeiieral, or tu the director, arc read, and the aiifwcrs agreed on by a plurality of voices. 'Ihe council of jiifticc ii compofed ol a prefidcnt, who is ulually a counlellor of the liid:cj, ei.'h; ciiunfellors of juftic-c, a hitalor attorney-|;eiieral ior uHairs of (rovctn- nunti another fifcal for maritime all'.iin, and a fecrctary. All the eoiinlcllors of thii colleLfC me liiKlori of the civil law. The lirft attorni-y-j;ener.il hav not only a vole, as well as the other roiiiilcllor'i, but lu* the third of all line* under an hundred Hoiiiit, and a li.xilipart ot the lines that arc above that funi. It n hi . iluiy to take care that the laws arc ftrictly oblcrved, and (o preler inlirmationva^iAinlt thole who preliime to violate them, I h.- tilVal ol the fca takes the rune 1 are with n . ai>l to fiauds committed in commerce, aits of piracy, and vvh.itever has a lendcitcjf (odiftiirb ihe lettlcd rules in nutitinic atiairs. lielides thcfe two loverei,;n boai.!;, then- is the council or tiibunal of ihe 1 ity ol Hatavia, eonijMilcil of nine al- dermen, including the preliili ni, w(io 11 always a c nin- lellor of the In.lics, and a vie- ;)rilideiit. 'Ihc bailill' ot the city, and the comniillary ol the adjai 'iii ciiimliy, have alio feats in this alTeiiilil), and, wii.) ihr lecrtiary, make up the board. The (■uiernor genual r. the l.i.id ol the rnipiie rlKib- liflu'd by the (iimpany in the Kail liulie>, and ti in ualiiy lladlhoUkr, laptaiiijteneral, and 4diiiiial, iiy tlil> olhta he IS pieluli nt ot the couiu il ol the In lies, iii which h>- has two voles i lie hai the il y III all tlu 111 l^a/lllr^, an., ilirculs every thin^ that ha-> a relation to them ; like a detJHiln; piitice he loiiimands by Ins own pro|M'r authority, and every body n liound to obey him, but is liable to Ik- le- iiiiivcd by the iliicLloit of the company at home) and in Cafe ol ttealiin, or other enormous triinei, the council of jiilliic may lei/.e his (KrI'on and call liim to account. 'The loinpaiiy allow him eight luuidred riK dollars a month, and live hundred moti' lor his table; thry alio pay the falaiic) of I'uih as coni|>o(e hii houlhold. 'l hefe appoinl- mei'ts are, however, only a lii;.ill part ol hn revenue, the le^^al emoluinents ot hisofiiie btin^; fu great, ihai, within two or three yean, he may, without opprcfTui)^ the|)enple, ot butthcnini? his toiilVicnie, railc an immciile fortune. Ai the (.•ovtrnor-t^eneial is in aiiunner the lover, ijjn of the loiintrics belunjiing lu the company, in eompliaiuc With the mode ot the Indian nations, hr i^i allowed a 1 niiti, and molt of the honour 1 paid to crowned brads. When- ever he leaves his palai c, in mdir to leiiir to his ' ouniry- feai, he il preceded by the n:«fl.rof bit liuufhold, at ihe bCMl |a\m. S 1 A. if lit ivr .ikc ..li- liiy uu Ui il» iMii; III lol he ith, ihc ne- ilic hill pic. II III AllIC Hill, luii- Itry. th*" h;ui hiMil of fiv '(111101111.11 fill h'ln'cbaclc with .1 tfiiniwi •, '.v.-u h.ilb.iriliir'. on hurl iMclt v/i iiiiiii'.ili.inlv buiirj liit coach. t)il ihc ri;;ht h'.- hai hl^ lu.illrr i.l the limk .it the hiiJ ol fi< h.ilhariliiTs on hnrUli.ul, iliin IdI'.ihv ihi; oihir coaihc? whiih carry his tritTiI'i ..iid itliiiui-, .mil the whulc is rloltj bv a liiii)|> ol hmk-, iM'.lilt.iiy ol li.rty-vijjht null, coin- ni^inJ^'il l>v ac.iptjin anJ ihrcu (|uartcr-nuUciN, and prc- icilc.l liv .itriiir|"t 1 Al.ly 't it i'. cxlK iiii-ly raii^Miin;'. He is i-mplin .-il Iriiiii inimiinj; till nii'lit III :'inii4 aiulicnce tti iholl- who li-ui.- bufiiii'l. with him. 111 itMiling ol Icltirs, an I in riviiii' nrilirs for the iiinipaiiv's (1:1 Mic, r.ithat hi- Ip.ircs mily one hall hmir Im diiiiuT ; and tvcii while at tabic ililp.ili.lus liu h .lll.lil^ .11 arc extremely (uifliiii;. lie all-i urci\es all the liuliaii iirinvC5 iind their ambjlladors, muiiy ol whom coitic cveiy ye.ir to Itatav ia. Nrxt totliej'iivcrnnr, the dirediuis that enter into, or yo out 111 the i^'-ip.iny's in.ua/ims . he orders what fort, aiul what iiit.intity ol each lort ol j;oods (h.ill he finl to lliill.iiid, or cllewlicrf ; he h.i. the key ol all the nu'r'*7.inei,niid everyofliiei in the ifiinpanv'', fern.'emaki'> a dady report to hiin ol the llale ol rwry thin^ mid. 1 his chaise. In Ol' n, hr ha> the liiprcnic diriclimi ol what- ever rel.itcs to the eommeree of the coriipanv, I'oih at )la- tavia and in other plaies ; and the meliibeis 01 all llielai- tnries 111 loni^iiii; to the i omp.iny arc accotinlabie lu liini fur their conduct in their itlpc^'livc olRcTs. The next perlon in the i^ovenitnertt is tlie major I'fner.il, who under the governor ha. the ccnima.id ol all il.t tor>is, whiih ihioii^lioiit the liidici may be coinpule.l .'• twelve thoiiland troops, extliidve of the militia, who aii- .l.i well «lil. ijdincd, and aminint to about one htiiidud ihouland men. In liiii', the rej>iilar military llren^'th ol the roin- |)any by land and lea, oHuers, (oldiris, and liMmeii in- « ludcd, ni.iv anuiiint to abmit twi iity live ihoiifand men kept 111 euiillanl pay, and the eoinpaiiy always keep lot ihc liipport ol then roiiinieuc om: hundred and er.;htv ftiips, H'liieh I any liom tliiity 10 lixiv 1 iiiis ; mid iiimle ol ekirtmiiy, Ihcy ate at .17 time able to ht out forty ol a lar;!er li/e. The ccclcfulliral povfrnment .it Ratavia is crncrillv in the haiidj of eleven (Kiloni, all el whom aic niinllen ul the itlormcd rili; ion; thel'c are five lor the two|;utth chiirihcs in the my.iiid that in the 1 iiadel, befides the niimllcr that idiilcs m the idiml of Oninll, in tlie month of (lie ..■'iMiiir of liatavia ', three i'oitii);uefc minillir , and two Mai.''in« in- live lall are IJutrhinen by biitb, tKoiii;li they pteai h in ih : I'oiliifjui fe and .MaUyan toipiies. As it IS thiught iKC.liafy that ih' llali (liould li'- iiilormed v, the eleventh p-rfoii i> a deputy on tlie paitol the •^overiinienl, who IS to i.e that ihey iiiuKii.ike iioihini; piejudiiial to liie civil )(ov('ri)inrnt, or iiuimfillent with (he laws prc- f iibcd bv Ibi- rompan ,•. Hcfi li i ihele iniiiillin, the rnnfiflr»ry is coinpoffd of ei.'hi ridei ;, and twen'v deacoiii. A piincipal br.iiirb of Ihcif biifnieli is to lend minillrrs inlooihrr I'livemimii'-, where, alter a leriain term of yiai«, iliev are lelieved, and eithti rcluiii to M,ii>.ia or 10 Holland, to enjoy in fiiacc ihe liuits of ihtir laboim. In Imall plans they lave I'll oidinary minilltr, hut out; is regularly (ml every three III liu.i years «■ I'ipii/e, many, and adminillrr the I 'iid'i .Supper, wbiih ii tSie 'nore iitcelliiry, a» thrfynodj havct.iki n the ulululnn not to permit any rrli);ion but that (if C'iK'iiiifin to make anv progrefs in the d.iminioni 111 liie I ad Iiiilii c imjianv. Indeed the Lutherans h.ive for a long (pace il time warmlv (olirite.l for a rhiirfh at llala.ia, bill liavr betii coiillanilv iclufrd, tho.i(;b i;o'.hin|> I iiild be more jull and irafonable than thii rrqiirit, efpe- lully in a plair where Mahometans ai * Pa^ani «re freely loleiatcd 111 thi ex.-icile id iluir ieli|>i.iiis Thii rcililialliial rouniil luve alio iiiulrr thrm ronfolatori «il the fuk, (cho.nioii uf iaiih 10 many dihereiit unions. Ill conleqiieiirc of thefe regiiLitions the r,-forinci! reli- i;ion m.ike. .1 conlidcrable pro-^rel-, particiil.irlv .•"mon" the negroes, ol wSoni .Mr. Roitu'ewein lavs, liir hxs feen one hundred .niul lilty at a time deliie t.) be b;spt;/ed. Tin-; rcipiell, however, is not r.i(hly ;;r.iiited ; tor all who rc- leiye bapt:lm mull liill ;;ive pioot of thi.it being well iti- Itruft^'il, anh as'lie lank of captainsof horfe and loot, and are under the I'.innundol a colonel, who is both on- ot ihecoun- I I'l. > ol the In.li.., and prtl'iJeiit of lllc council of w ar. I he company's nnritime forvC ii rcL'ulurd on the fame niaMiiis as their military ellablilhment, tii.it is, tin re arc no offi.ers w.inim;' th.it are ncceiriiv 10 the pref.rvailoii o| ^'ood dilciplijie, nur are any hon.ntied with lil.'li titles merely to feeiire lar^e app.jintmenis 1,1 tlieni \^ illiou! iiiy bnulit to the ll.n>'. The whole fleet is under the iIum.- Hon ol a iciiiniodoie, who has undei him a yice-coni- modoie. Thele are the only il ijjofiicers ; but every 'ap- tain ha-, thecmnmand ol Ins Oiij). When their vellih.uc 111 llif harl'oiirol Hatavia, the laptanis aie oldij'ed every mornint; t.> lep.iir to the commodore, in oider to I'iec him an account ot the ll.ite of their ven'tN, and to reciivc l\is orders : yet the commodore himlcll can do luithin.: of con- lei|uence vvithouf the confeiit and appiobatioii of the go» vnnor-p'neial, t 1 whom all the offucrs of the company, eivd, militar.', and marine, aie accouiitanle. 'I'hecomp.inv fliips fad from ll.'.t.iyi,i lor Holland five time< a year ; lb-- firll fiiuadron, which is compoled of f mr nr live fail, leaves that city in January : the fecund fai!i ill .Manh, and only confifts iif one fhip ; this velUI doe* nol fail till the Chinefc fleet, which brings the tea, I. ..rrued, and of this tb>- heft part ■ f the cargo t'f tliii VI liel ronlifti i wbenie il is called ll-- le.i ftiip, but tl.c common ponplr i>ivc it the namcof I'u book-ftiip, itom iis biiii;;inp the comp.-.ny's account of all their proceedings duriiii; the lad year, by whiih mcaiiN ilu- dircitlors in llol- l.iiid lee the llatc of ihi,- trade in the In !ies : thcib.ird fiili in Inly, and il rompnfed of lour or fue fliijis, which in their pafiapr louth at 1 he i|1and of Ceylon: the fourth lipiadron, which conl"if;« o' I'lX 01 li-ven veiVels, fail^ in Srpiembrri and the filth, w'-.k h loims a fleet of lixteL-n 01 twenty f.ul, lea. es Haravia in the iii.niiti of Oilob r, AH ihffe yell>!s, lajtii with the nihes oi tlic I. all, l.ij Irom the pen of Mataviai the fliips liom Minl.a, which briu'.; home the cortee, beinj; the only villils in thefeivici; of the India company that arc allowed to piucced dircclly home without goin); to Batavia. S F C r. VI. Oflhnl>tr Tituni in lit Ijlt ef "f.r..!, pailuuUily U.muttt Ch/nit», J,ipani, and PaUmi/ia. TIIK other towni ii, the ifl-iml of Java aie l!inl..m, C'heiibon, .Samarani;, Japara, Ro imboio.', luban. Si lava, Joitan, ind Surabai.-a. Ilicle aie on the north cnal^ ,-»s well as Hatavia, and at the oil end ol the illanj .ire the cities of I'alTaivan, I'anaiuian, and I'alambuan : lijarJ their lhi|«, who lay piayen conllaiill/ eiery \\iv, I about the middle of the fjuth coal! uilie liiy of .Mataran, li> I liatc, it was no lefs than twiive niiie^ in circumference, anJ w.is very [xjpu- lou5. Ic lay open towarJ> the !anJ, but had a virv j;o<)d wall to the fcj fortif.;J wi:h batlion>, and defended bv a numerous artillery. 'I he icing's palace wa> a place of con- fiJerablc rtringtb, and there v.xrc fcvcral public bujlJings and palaces of the jtcii men that made a !;u.,d figure. T.'-.i.- was one of the •^ic^::i\ pa.-ts ir. the Ejikrn leas, and to it tnanv nations refortcd i but it is now a poor and wretched ( 'ace, without tr.iJe, for the principal inhabi- tant? arc removed The head of the Dutch fa3ory at this city has the title cf a chief. The Dutch have there aftr.ing fort and a iiu- meroui ^amfon to keep the pc-ople in awe, who arc far from being wcl! a^^c-^cJ to then!. The king has alfo a fort at the di.lmcc of f^.TtC hundred paces from that which be!cng> to the company, and hai a ilron^ garrifon in it tor the f.eii:i:y of hi» pcifun. The bay of IJantam is very life and plealant, in whi^h are many iHand:. that ftiil re- tain the nancs given them by th. I^n^lilh, who had for- merly a very fine failcrv a: this place, from which they were urj:(t!y expel!;j in itSj. Tiie only coir.T.oiity cf ihi; part of the country is pfppcr, of which ihey are nVle ann'jallv to export ten th jufanJ top?. The Duteh Edl InJia company obh;it th: king to furnilh them v. ith a ccna:n ijuantity of this fpicc, bill in ail ocher rcfpecf; treat hi:n with griat civi- lity. Ta;j ihtir ifiiticil obliges them to do, he bvin;4the fovercig:: of a great ..nJ populous country, and his fub- jeiis bo!J, hirdy, and enterprizing. The country :: very fertile, abounding in cattle, rice, and fruits ; a.-.J at a confiJer.ib!c dillance fiom the lliore : IC freqi:en:Ir fojni precious floncs of great value, but fhcfe fcldoni fall intj the hands of the Duteli, the people dreading !c!l thefe IhoalJ tc.iip: i!.em Jo extend their coii- p,ue(h, by whtch thrv ere :;!rcady t.xi much opprcflid. .At the dillance ot lj::y i.a-ue: fr.im Batavia is Cheri- bon, where t!»e Du'.c'i c jm;!anv have a favtory, t'.ic head perfonof whi>.h ba> the title of rcfideni, and is not de- pendant on any governor or direclor, but corrcfponds dircclly w.th the govcrnjr- general of Batavia. The com- pany hce carry on a very advantageous commerce in cot- t-m, i.-'.d:_-o, carJ.;.r.jm>, and coffee. Tiie land is as ter- til; in rice and oihcr provitlons as perhaps any country «ipon earth ; it is ^.' confiucrablc cMe,-.t, and the people who in.iab:: it ar; ur.d;r the dominion of fuur great lords, whower. lo-miriv lliicJ panj:e:a.TS, cr princes; but are no'.vcaliei fjlta:;:, or ki.-igs, thou-h their authority is nor nri'-h exfeni.J in confequence of this new title. On- of '.he-n i; p^:t;c.Iar!y denominated the company's fuhan, f:c-Ti his bei.'-; a!*iys attached to the Dutch iii- fer.ft. Irdecd a;! of th:m ir.i-'it be very properly termed the coTp^nv's fult-::;, tlncc thtv arc under the protec- tion of the D-atrh, ard are freed froii .ill apprehenlions of their b-.f.^ attack-.d ';'ythe kir.^ of Bantam, who forme; ly carr-c-j I'n ac>"ti;iui' war with thrm, and would probably have re j-.icrd tkem ur.Jer his fubjecticn, had nor :he com- i pany iSi(i'.l ;hcai, a;;d driven the Bantamefe out of their I terr'rtor es. Tnefe p:i.^cv^ have in return, both from gra- ; titude for part favourr, ani from the expectation of being protcJleJ i'.'T the future, granted the company great privi- leges in their dominion-, particulariv that of erectin:; a fort a: Ci'icri'aon, where they have a garrifon of fixty men. At I'ne d.ilancc i.f ibou: hilf a league from this fort arc the tombs of t.^e princes of Chcri'oon, in a vaft tempic, which wvi prc/Hably errctcd for that purpofe : they are three :lo high, iii-l built of various kinds of fine Hone. Thefc tr^mhs are {^i tjcoiit.>in immenfe riches ; but tho' thry zre left cnzuarded, the princes are under no appre- hcnhcrti of fhrrr bc.r>» cairicj away, from the firm per- fuafton thjt they arc protected by fomc fpiritual beings ; mi they report aufiv iafl.ir.za of peifons who they prc- tt-nd dropped down dead on appri'ichlng the plarrs where ihtle riches are concealed, in order torairythdii awav. A iiiuiiiiiide of jiiirlN aie ni.nntaiiied ;ih time, and then dellroyed the town. Japaia is fitiiated at the bottom of a mountain ol a moderate licight, and is chii fly inhabited by the Javanelc and Dutch. I'hc port is i.ilc and commudioiis, and is lie- fuided by a fort hmlt ihutly of wood, and erected at the top of the mountain, where it commands the wh, f*ags tvi!tr«, r.nd the ihinoccro;, which the javanelc hunt chittiv t^r its .h<~r::, of which they make diiiiking-alafies that are h'ghly valueJ, from an opinion that thev will not hold pcilon, but ir.- ftantlv break as loon as it is poured into them. The land is everywhere extrtmcly fertile, producing in vail abun- dance pepper, ginger, cinnamon, catdamoms, iVc. and o! late years they have planted coftee with great (uccefs. 1-ruit-trecs grow every wheic, and as they are green throughout the year, and planted in rows along tne livc- lides, there are hce the moil beautiful walks in the woiiu. Sugar-canes grow very fail, and the vines bear grapes liven times s. year ; but they are onlv fit for tailins, and not iui wine, bccaiile the climate ri|>ens them tcKi halfiiv. The lalt city we lliall mention is I'alamboan, which is fituatcd in a bay on the fouth-calt coall of Java, oppolitt the irtc of I'.allv, and near the Itrciiihts cf that ram':, ir. ciaht degrees fouth latitude, and in cue hijndred and c'.r- even dcgrits thirty minutes cait lon.:ttudc fror,-. Lordci:. It is for many mdvs round cnccmpai'.;d by a pItafjKt cnan-pa ', piKt.'y /)!//,// Java. A I A. iiU ch.impjiii cmiiilr'', aiij r.vciul fin tii lU.'i. fall into (he (lMou c.uii fi Ic ilii- tiiy. As uur i'.xti IiiJi.i (hiiu wtrc ulcJ fiiinctiiiK'i til pill tliis w.iy in llu-ii hi; i •• Iiomh; (roin lli>rili: channel ii nni much briuJcr th.ui ihc Thamci, aiiJ thi" moum.iins on caih fiJj, which arc of 3 pr.idii;!- oiu hiia;^!, .mil hani^ aim ill ll>lpi h ''" A'j ;.•«/, ;■'./.', iiiui Climatt. It l)u:.'' iind P;.:Wurf(. fli I '<•;,- latitude, and in one hundred and twi niv t 'ur i ".'rees Ion- /aj|i:#» j',iludc from London. It is neai two hundred niiln Ion., .Old generally lifiy broad j and has no na. igable river, lior any harbours, but many bavj, m w'dch fllip>, ^\ reirain feafonsof the year, may fafely ride at .iiirhor. Tlie (linre is very bold and free (rom rocks, iflands, or (ho.ils, exc pt .ilew which are vilible, and therefore ealily avoided. Tlie 1 mds are low for about three or four miles up into the c luntry j but then the hills begin to ri' •. Ke.T the fi:» the land is laiuly, and covered with tall (Ireiirht-bodiel tries ; and from ihcncc to the niouiit.iiiis there is a trail of marfliv grouiul, over-run with reeds and ted niantrovcs, aid overflowed at every tide ; the topi and fiiis of th'; riountains .ire doathed with woods, intermixed with paf- ture-groves, and the country is pretty well wateicd with lprini;s and fmall rivers, Tlie (afcll riding for fliips is in the b:'v of l^abas about f.ve leagues from the fort of Concoidia, wliere thev i'.n- deleiideil by the l.ind from well-aiid-bvfouth f• Apiil, or the beginiiin:; ol M.i',', the ealKrlv ni'iiloon and lair we.iiher are generally fettled. But thoujh the ye.ir is ilivided into the ealiern .iiid wellern numf.ions. wl; n the weaiher is (air tin re are every dav lea and land breez"; near the lliote, with which a (liip may tail eitiier call or well. About a league fioiii the foulheall point of the id.ind is the liiiall ton ot Concordia, fitu.ited upon a lolid ro. I; clofe by the lea. ( )n the call fide of which 1., a fmall rivt r of frefli water, over which there is a bro'.d bo.uih.l 1 lul/e, near the entr.ince into the fort, about one hundred yar.is liom the fea-fule, ami as maiiv from ihe lott. I'lie com- pany, as at moil of their loris, have a tine garden, (or- rounded with a good (tone-wall, in winch there is p!( iii'/ ot (allads, cabb.iges, atid roots for the kitchen, and a p.u - terre. In another part of it are fruit-trees, asjakas, pum- plenofes, oran;n"s, and (vveet-lemiiis, nuilk and wattr- niclons, pine apple,-, pomecitroii-., atu! pomegranates ; .m^ by the walls ar.- cocoa-nuts anil t.iddy-tiies in gre.it plenly. Ijetween this pardiii and the river there is a kind ot paddock tor black cattle, whieh aie very iiiinv, loti- . Hevond the c jmp.iny's srround is a Imall town, in which tables anil /fnimjh, iii:h,i I'tej.yi^t'. :■: 3/ the t'eypns, Die/;, \ the natives have about fixty houles an J Af. tuners cf the S'ativet. ' ()ntheiinithcojll,abi)iit(iliy miiis to the eaflward of th : I above f irt, is Laphao, a I'ortuguele tettlenu lit ; the peopli: O the northward of Java arc fever.il iflands, where ' there (peak roitu,;iie(e, but have been (o intermixed w::h X the Fnglifli, in their voyages to Ilorneo, meet with very good reOefliments, at a much cafier rate than at 15 1- tavia. Among the('e are CirinK>ii J.ua, which is fituated lutwienthe coall of J.iva and Horneo ; and there Kuro- pean fliips freipiently touch in their voyage to the lafl- meiiti incd iPaiid. Madura lie> tow.irds the north-ea(l end covered witi: p.dmeto Ir.o -5, end to keep another in fubjeciion I a Itpall ■.hiirch l.uiU up with boards, in a little Tied .\": fix old ''^':\t i I W' :!:P ■. I I, ■ !' ^:^h no A S \ S T I . M O 1' G F. O "j K A 1' 1 1 \ •1 iMOi I* •■iJ irriii t'UT, on a ik-ciVfl |iiatlirm, vvhii h wnul.! ((in- ti.butc 'nit li:;li: tu thiir dttaice, tlu-ir j;n.-.iti.-ll llrcn;;th • iiiiiilimjj ill tlie nu i:!'fis tir.v ;irf i;i;).ililc ut ulKiiiblin;! ( Drii th;- rr -itrv. Kfii.'.i; (.'TJiifd- lin- ihcrc, iiiic', ;i. t'v jink, ot ti. .t roiiiirry iiiuiu.illv vilit I.i|'liiii, itli.i^ni'- \hH trj.lc (il jiiv pl.icc in the illuml, c\ti|i'. I'nitu N'lv.i, wliiiii , is liiu.iti'ij at 'het.ilt cud. Tluic llit |)iiiui|i.il l'oiiii(;uc(c >;)virii',>r tcriili'<, who, it \■^ lalil, tan .illmil'lr, in iwi'iiiy- t'Uir h'liii > I'lnc, live hiiihlrcd nicn ;iriiiiJ uitti liif Kk k^. lint hnih lliii luvsii anil the Dutch town ul' Cuiicuidia h.ivf Ihi •', plumliK.I .mil hunit by a jiH.iif. I'hc iI'liiiJ is tiividij iiiio ni.iiiy kin.;iioms, which r|i''ak liiH'ciciit l.iii^ii,i}',i's, lh(iii{/h ill ihcii (iilliiins and ni.iniiri ol h\iii';, ,19 well as in tin ir fhai^c and ciilmir, tlirv d'cni to bco'ijjiiialK oi iHU- ill (i.iiif. 'I'he chiil ol tlicic kin;', dunib urc Aiii.iIm , Loitiihy, I'uhundu, and Namquiinal i each ol' which ha, .1 Iiivi.tii:'ii, who lia^ ll'vcral rajas under liini., and (hIici inUiiur ultici r>. 'I'hclc piinccb arc. liir ihc mull pait, ciicnii.,s to each other, and their enmity is lo.'-ncntcJ and kept up by the Dutch. They ha\i; fcvcral I'oils ol trees lit for buildinp, though r.one ot thi-!n arc like ours; one ol ihcni grows by the ■.ca-lidc, and rcl'emblcaa pine ; 'tis a hard, ponderoii,, red dilli wuoil, and i:> very good timber. I'hii ill.iiid alio pro- daces palms of levtral kinds, one of thcni leven or eight lect in circiiiiiicrence, \\it!> branchc only at the top like llic cocoa-tree i the liuit alfo relcmblci the cocoa nut, hut is no bigger than a hen\ cgf, and contains no water. 'Ihcre is aiiollKr palm as large as the former; but though it bears (cvcral builiels of (mail fruit, which li.:i!g on the branches, this tree has iiole.iecs,or any thing green about 1:. There are alio large proves of tiie common cocoa- t.'ccs, which, as h.itli been already obfervcd, aic ol the ^•uaiell ahantagc to the people of Indu. In this ill iiid are cotton-lret^, landul-wood, with which nicdlol llic neighbouring illands abound , calabalhes, wild tamarind', wild fig-irets, pine-apples, jakai, orange», lemons, limes, ni.ini'us, plaiuaiiis, pomegr.niatei, i.iid fevcra! othi r Indian fiuits, molt of which arc ripe in Sep- tember and ( 'clober. Scvcfjl kinds of ffood cating-hcrb'; prow wild in the ifland, particiilaily one that eats like IpiiinagCi and pur- ilain grow, wild in the field . Buffaloe-j and wild buais .iliniind in the iiland ; and both the Dutch and I'orttir lefe l-icid horli s, oxen, go.its, and fliccp i hut the latter do neither incrcale nor thrive fo well as III colder ciiniales. Here arc likewile monkies, lizards, and guanoes, ferpenti i^l \anous kinds, feoi pious, centc- pe'dcs, and a multitude of mfeds. The woods abound with poultry that run wild, eagles, hawks, parrots, paraquets, cockatocs, turtle-doves, pi- ^.cons, crows, and .'. gieat vaiictv of I'inal! birds that have a cay plumajc ; and fume of tlK-m, 'tis laid, have very miilical nolo-, w hn h is pretty lingul.ir in this part of the woild, wluieihc bright colours oj the birds pleale the eye more than the notes do the car. One of the fmall birils is called l-y our travellers the ringin^-biid, for he has fix notes which he generally re- peats twice, beginning with the highcll and ending very low ; he 11 about tlu lue of alark, but hi . wings an- blue, anil his head and brealt of a palifh red. Tti.'ir t.i:r.c fowK are common poultry, geefr, ind diirk- ; but the two laft have been broiiijht thither by the Euro- peans, and .ire not very jilentifiil. The woikIs contain great niiinhcrj of bees, which pro- duce a conliderable c|u.iiitity of wax and honey. They have gitat plenty uf fe» UDil ii\er fifli, and, le- li.lis many unknown li> us, h..\e niaikerel, bieain:, mullets, Ineijl;.., (i.ngcr c>.ls, io{|;-ti(1i, feveral kindt 11 oylirs fume ot wl.uh .iie yiiy laije i itukles ol an «\' li.uirdin.iry fi/e, tuitle, (litimps, piawn;., and 1 i.ivs l.lli. Iiitheba)s iiiid iisulil.. aic tuna ui'i^..tur.. ,ttid cru,.ri- diles. 'I he natives arc of fo fwarthy a ri.n'plexion, that the liirope.iiH lrii|utntly rail lliiin bLiki they li..\eli.t'' hi i( k liair, and are uf a midillc llaliite, (lteii:ht-liiidii.l, Willi llihiler liitibs, and 11 lon^ vifagi. Jt iv f.i I l|-.i| tl.ole who aie iiide|H'nilaiit ul (he Dutch and I'uriu.iitfe uic v< ry inholjiifabU to fttangcrs, and eut ttf any Kurippr.ini lh.it I.Mid ii|onthe ciiall whi never ihev have an oppoitu- iiily i but they have pn.bably l..id liillii h nt puivoi..tiuu Imin the roiiuguefe and Dutch, vs ho are tou.ipt tu titat the Indians with great inlolcnce,and fumeiinio barbarity, when thev (all into their hands. 'I"hc only cloathing of the natives is a little cloth tied rinind thiir loins, whith being brought up iietwcen their U;'s .iiid f.di.ned heloie, jull hides their n.;kcdnefs. 'Jheir gieatell liiiiry confills in a fort of coronet of mother of pcail, or thin plaies of filvrr or gold Icaliiiped or indented on the edi'cs, olthcbreallh of a crown pieir, and of an oval form. Three or four of thefe on the (oreheid make a mighty glittering (liow ; but moll ol the peojle wear eap.. ofpalmcto leaves, made up infivii.d foiins. 'f'hcy always I'o armed v.ith Iwoid-., daits, and lances : with th' le they hunt the wild bulfalocs, which they run down, and then llrike them with their darts, a> iliey do alio f (li in the water. Whether they take (Irflt or (ifti, they make afire and dry it upon a kind of wxidin gndiron, in older that it may keep, for they geneially luiitinue their Ipoit two or tlirie days. No ni.in has any other properly in the land th.in wh.it he I'liins by eiiitivating it, for whoever 1 Icars a pierr of gic.ind is lor that year confiiUred as the piojuidoi ; (or they feldiim plant their Indian corn twue m the Ijnie place. Thi V biifii the grals and flirul'. upon any (pot of giiiiind they think fit lor their puipole, and thus prepare It againll the wet feafim : they, howcicr, li\c chufly by hunting and upon theii fruits, and do not care toi.ikethe p.'.ins to low much corn ; fu that aition^ them land is of little value. The common languages fpoken here arc the Malayan, and a ballaid I'ortuguefe. The natives, however, have a lan;;uagc peculiar to themfelves. They aie not much actpminted with arts and fciences, nor would artilh and mechaiiies be of any great ule among them, the materials and implements they employ ut cloathing and buildinij being ol fmall value. Thcle are lupiihed by the Chinefc, who bring hither roarfe rire, coarle or mixed gold, tea, irun woik, poicflaiii, and fiik. both wrought and taw ; in exchange lor which tliey have gold which IS gathcied here, bees-wax, and .'ar.d.d-wood. It is faid that about twcn'y Im'jII Chinefc villels come hither every year from .Vlacio, ai;d commonly < ne vt (111 a year from Goa, which brings European rommociiic.,, caili- cocs, and mudins. Here are alio fnmc bark.s that trade from this place to ILtavia, and bi. ig from thence holh Kuri'pean and Indian ;'oods, and particularlv rice. The vcflels generally come l.nhet in March, and Jiay till Sep- tember, by which nuaiis they (eciire the Iwnerit of the ttade-winds, and obtain regular and advantai-tous markii- for their coinmoditie:. fi. CHAP. 3n, lit ivc lli- > « I «:i I C II A \\ XII. Of the Ulan J of U O R N E O. s 1, c r. I. Of ill S:liMlh»t Exttnty CliiiiiiU, im.l ih Fmi tj tit Ctuntij. BDRNKO, the Uri;cll of the Siiiidj Ifliiul,, ii otgrct i-xtciit, r.-achiiij: IrDm Icviii iliv.rjcs thirty i)iiiuit<'v lurth to roiirilfurvcs limth LuituJc, anJ lioni tin.- hiiiiilri.J and kvciith t the ill.iiiJ ot L.'c!i.his, to the iioitl\-cull the I'liilippirie Itl.iiuls, to th-.- loiilh the ilbiiJ I't Jivj, and to the well the illiiul ut Sumatra. 'The air of the country is not foexeeffne hot as mi, lit hoi xpcckcd Irom \u Mw^ litiiated under the line, l.ir ii i; aim. ill everyday reli\.lhed with (hnwer-. and idhI hie./^-. 'riiole pins ol' the illmd wliieh border on the Ua-i.>.ill form a Hit plain fur feveral liiiiidred milej, and aie an- niiilly overllowrd. I'pon ihe ttiiiii; ', of the wat'i , the whiile fiirf-.ee of the ground is covered wilh niiid, and (he fun darting ii> M) s perp-'iulieiiliily upon it, raiKs niiifoii:e lo^s that aienot dilpeifed till nine or tin in the inoiiiin/, and render thofe parts of the iHaiid very unuliolclonie. The nuiltitu.lc of frui',s and reptiles wliith, when the water i. diied uj', is lelt behind, bein ; UhjII killed by the heat of the Inn, tan'.-, at lliat time of the year, an iniole- rable llencli, whieh fiives to corrupt the an. It we add to all thu ilu- I. lid ehillin;; winds and damps that fuceitd the hotti (i da.'s, It is lafy to conclude, th.il this place iuii:t bo extremely unhe ilthlul, at leall to Kuiopcan coiiiliiu- tion :. ; but the pold and precious (huiC!. wIikIi abound here, make our adveiiluiers flight death in every fiirmi.i- iher tha.i not polllfs them Till- nioiifooiis, ov periodical winds, arc wtflerlv from Seiitember to April, or thereabouts. This is their wet feafoii, wliin lieavv rains continually |M)ur down, inter- mixed with noliiit (torm. of thunder and lij_'htniii;; ; and ;.t thi. fealon there are fcldom two hnurs ii)r:et!Kr f.in weather on the loiith coalt of the illind, lo whiih the Kiiiopeaiis chiefle riliirt. The dry feafoii ufu.iliy hiriiis ill April, and colltlllUC^ till .September ; .iiid evm in iliis part of the year, they feldoin tail of h.uiiij', a iliowei eviiy ilav when the Ua-hue/.e comes in. I"lie river of Uanjai is, towards its mouth, twi^e a-.l)ioad a the 'I'hanr.s at (jravcfend ; and the hanks, beiii;; pl.int- cd with thick jiroves of ever-r.elis, render the paliavc up this river exli'imlv pit .ifint. A little within its entraiue arc three illaiid-, the hill of which, Uin^; coveo d with trees of a piiidi;',ious her. lit, may be fn.ii o(} .it (ea, and fervcs for a l.iiul-in.nk to ful ovei the bar. At tlie iinili and foiithimls aie lai;'e fand-baiik^, wliieh .ne \eiydan- }>i.roiis; and the vail lloats of trees ih.it aie piipituallv drivini; down the linam, inetealc the dant'cr. The bill place "to anchor in !■. a mile or two within the river's mouth •, at a Ini.ill ilillance from it, it is joined by the Chill I river, which is thus named from the China junks tonllaiulv l.ulin^ up it. 'I'hr ti.hs heie rife about twelve leet, and never flow more ih.in once in twenly-lour hours, .nid that always in the day-time ; for iluiiiii; the nij'Jit the water never lifej above half a foot, except in .\i\ extianrdinary dry lealoii. Thi'. proceeds Irom the ilren^.th -if the torrents and the violente of the land wiiuN, which blow much llronijer in the iii;4ht than m the day. The hiirhour . to which the Kiiropcans ufu.dly refert are Uanjar Malfecn, Succadana, and Horiieo ; hut they come much oftener to the hrll than to either ol the otiicr, on account of the great ip:antiiies ot iK-ppcr th.it grow near the fource of that river, which difehar^es I'.l'elf in:o th." fca in three dcijrccs ci^hleeii minutes Ibuth latitude. II The inland part of the country ii dry and mnur.tainous; but upon thi (.iiith coalK, f r a hundred inili-i one way, and two hutidud anothei, the land is a llinkin)' morals i yet is civeud with woods of very tall trees, thoiiyh this I part of the country i. intirely ovcrilowe.l in the rainy fea- lon. The other c;'alts are not mueh better. Ttu fe in- iindalioii-, tlioutjh prejudicial to lieallii, may be of feruec to the inli.ihit mt. in feciitinj; them Irom iiuafioii. In the fair fealon the ;;roiinds .iboiit I'lliy or lixt. milei up the country become ilrv, and hcr.ls ol ciltle .le l< ■ ii i;ra.'.ini; upon the banks ot the rivers ; l.ir the gral^ ; r.,v\ . lluie to a very ereat height : but wh.n tlv i.iiiu ri turn, all the cattle are forced up to the liill.,.;iid the Ilu country becomes a;j.iiii a jireat w.itery j;roye. In the countrv arc mines oi non ami tin, and viry j;dlo.id llone; the moan- taiMs .ilio abound in gold, foiiie of which i. veiv tine. s K c r. ir. (tj'i>-l\;,tl:hl.i iin-iAnimah^f Ih-nr .f.Liiini ef' lilt Oiiiiin-iulit'i^f' -1' part '.'..Ii. B KSiDKS rice, which is ihc only ;rain en '.•• tii.: iri- habitants, the countiy atiords pUntv of I -iion-, orange^, pine-apple , citioii^, cocoa-nuls, pl.i.it.iin , melon., baiuii.i, and all other Indian lrlllt^, I'hev ha^o alio a ;;reatdeal of very fine timber, with the cotton lli'tib, cane., and r.ittansj but lorci';;ier3 chieily lefoit lo ll;ii illand tor its pepper. 1)1 the bl.uk-pipper are three forts found in Ilorneo ; the lirll, (ailed niolueca, or lout-pepper, i- the bell ; the Ucond, n.imed ca\toni,'ee- pepper, is a miiKiliiig fort ; iind the thud, and worit forr, is lu'/aree-pipper, of which they have the preati it iiuantilv, but it i-. liiiall, hollow, .ind li;;hi, ai'.il nlually lull ol dull j it Ihould therefore be hou|',lit bv weitjht, and not by mealiiie. Here is alio whitc-peppcr, which is lold .it d.iuble the pr.ce of the bl.uk. rii.- animals of the j;re.itell life in this country aio tlj- pli.int-, holies, which aie of a (mali li/. . oven, bull.i'ue , deer, and j;oatb. There are here l.nral Kinds of W'ld bealls, as beais, tvuers. and monkie \ of the '..il thiri; .lie v.ill I'limbeis, and a very gie.it \.'.;,.tv. but .ii.Duian- oiilann, Ol maiiof the wiKkls, ii the mo'- ismarkahloi he lb laid to be no leU th.in li.\ leet hi!;h, wii-n full (.'ro-.vn, and v.. .Iks upiiji.ht like a man. Ilis arms are Icmcwtuit lonuer ihan thole ol the hum.ni Ipei le^. If.' ha;, no In!, nor any li.ur on his body, i \i cpl wlu re il is found on man's, lie is viry tiroiii; and niinbie, and will lliiow lloite;, or .Hiy lliiii.' lile that conn: in his wa\, at lli.ile who provoke liim. C.iplain Iteeckin.iii lavs, he tioii 'ht one ol ihi mi, .\\\A Ih.il he wa lo lind ol Ipiiiluous liipiois, tll.it he would diink hr.irlily of punch if he was lelt m the cabin with a bowl of it upun the table; and that he would open his cafe, and take a bottle of br.iiiih , and li.ivin^ drank a conl'idc- rable i)u.intii\ , would return the bottle to its place. Jf the captain was aiii^ry with him he would fi^h and whine, till was recom lUd : he alio llept like .i man, with one ariii he under bis head ; but thouuh he was not twelve inonihs cKl when he died, he w.is llionger th.in .iiiy one man in the Ihip. I'his ifland has Ccarcc any of the birds that breed •,» I'lirope, except the Iparriiw ; but there are p.nrot. anj p.iiroiiucts ol all (i/e«, amoiij; which the luree i, by tar the moll heautilul : he is of the live of a common |)airot, but Ins Uaiheis are of a liicly led, inletmi\id with blue and !;veen, and lo tinclv (h.ided as not to Iv imitated bv the pencil. They are clleemed the molt i.'l'ily taudit of any kind ol p.mots, and, even in ii"' counriy, i A\ two or three euine.is a piece. They a.c lieoueiuiy luiichal'cd by "^ Hh • the !,.; It I a I ' I \ 1' \v. "^ ( ;;, .•:fc.i:iir 1 ':il t j: A s V s 1 K M or d I. O (, k A 1' II V. fioMNIO. h !} llij II iiM[>c.in cjptjini ; but commonly die in tluir vuy.igi! the chaco -, wl ilc itic people ul iltc A'(i!J .'liniacc. iiny uthvr i'<(cr>.i(c Ululct rowmg, anJ mu In liitic nfrd riiiy iiivi: licic very lar,',c luts, or, :ll fim- ncopk' call In ri.lc i»r w.i!k, dial (hey are IjiJ to d'l Imlh vtiydwlc- ihcoi, llyiiit;-i'a:> i llic Ini'ly m Miliur, lluii, .tiiil (null, waiJIy ; tlxy cv\ii l^lcc but Utile |uin« in hftini^, l.ir rtli-iiilil>!i tli.it ut a lux, but i> not lo l.ir^^' , but ihc win •« by uiul' olting a net bef' re tbiir ixnn Ji.dit thi-y l^kc ji Ate ol I'o iirii.li^i.M. a fuc, tlut, vhcn i..\tcniji(!, tiu- Jil- . many fi(h ai (iKvkno'.v uli.il tu Jo wiih m « whole iIjv * ijiu'c lioni tlu' tiji i>l oil to ihJI of till' iiiIkt i, I'lici to lie an>l .1-. ilicy hnd liitli- ilif}ii.'ully m I'huiiiing looj hr llir 110 Id. ili.iii fwc or fu led During Ihc wclk-rn iiioiiliKiii | fnbfillciKc ul' theit lainily, iKty are i^ciicrally t cry in titc) lly Iroiii Will to call for two or tlircj hour., evcrv i doLiit. cviMiri ; 1:1 I'luli nvi!iiinJc'<, ih.it thcv ilarkcii the Iky. i liii iiland h.is alio i;rtMt plenty of Tea and nvcr-fiOl, 'oiiicol whiili aic well known in Kuropc. 'I'luy li in- alio inany oih-'r. ti whi>:h wt arc ftran^-r^, particiilaily .1 lit)) calL-.l the 1-iK.kiip, which i< not iiilvnor in tall.' (o i any otourri. Thcnatini arc very I'onJ nt the i.it hlli , hilt It i!> leldorn citiji by the K-artipcan.. 'I'hc.r hiMiK air lary , aiul are (.inl to have fonie rel'.mblance to the h..il III a cat ; theft hOi are foiiietinirt live or fix feet loiu, hut li.ive no fcalei in thr tiver o; H.mj.ir they h.ivc prawni fix or ei:',lit iiielin in length, anJ luck-uyltcri of a very lar.-e li/.e. I lu- niufntoci ari" Intolcrahlv trouhlcfrn.-, and Co W'v don't find that the Hyayoi h»ve .iny other t!oathin» ihiM a pi.ec ol elolh vk rapped rotind iheir wailU; lliiv p.iint th'ir bodies ii>d:ed of a blucilh eolu.jr, whiih ut .1 ilillante hj« fonie rcfemblance to ilojihin^-, and j;eMrril!v linear thenilelvei with a llnkin,' oil, which, a.l.lr I to ihc Iteanii ul ihiir boJiei in ihii hut 1 Imiate, is lullicieni to llilH.- an Kiirope.:n who happens to hr in a erowd of ihrin. ^'ll jinony ihcfe people vanity ie liva\o« who d--tet'lh to put others niaJi > .' goM in their ro< m ; and their I'leaicll ornaintiit it a lliiin! of lyger's tttth hun^ vcnoindus th.it whin foreigners lirtt come to ihis iHand, I about th>ir ne^k^ likv- .111 aldtrni.m'i j;"!d ihain. their 1,1 ii ate fi IvclL'd by their bite, that a man can li.iiJly kn )W his moll intimate acq'iainiance i but, alter they have bt1.11 thirc funic tiiiii', their bite ha.s iiiit tint I lint. s t. c r. Ill f^m, Diefi, Jfiliifi,ri, Cii/hmiy Ktli'iin, Miirriiign, «»;,/ Fiinf>,iii : I'hir Jnfiii/liliiiii Mili'iU of luaiing iht Sui, and thiir iitt.t Skill in iVul '.'ij/iJt. ''•J-^IIK people of the X la'is and I'aiMiis illand are divided into Mahome- the .Mahometans, who .imalUil Iluijaiiens, inh.ibit the iVa co.ilt an.) all the prim i pal towns 01 Irak-; and llic IV'aiv, who are called lly.ivos, polKi, the iiiian.l roiiniry, and ar<- lepn frnicd hy the Mahoine- t.ins as harb.itians \ while the popilh inilTionarK s, who haveni.iJc lome pri>;;iif. in ihiir eoiuerliini, lav, that they aie more iraCl.ille an. I na^iy to enihr.ice Chrilti.init\- than the M'lors. liiJerd it is not extracirdinary th.'.t two na- tions inhabiting one illand, am' iliireriiiL' lo widely in their Iti.innerj as will as rclii;ii>ii, (h..iiid repieli ill eaci) other as baihaiins, ho.v p aci lisle or polite I'otv tr ihiy iiijy ap- pear to turciirners wh 1 have not iheir prejiiJ'ccs. 'I he B\JVo.s, svho are ikfrended Iroin the orijini.il in- habit. .nt», .ird liweil in ih: wilkIj and mountains in the inl.md pan of the (onntry, .'pply thtmdlvej but little lo ir.i.ieor nier. h.indi/e, or t.i iiiomote the arts and Uiences. Hvin- a ri.hult war-Ike pioplc, they fpend iheir iinietliufly 111 liiinlinji anil atieniilii." their e.ittle , but have little coni- incrie with lore ij;;ui', winch renders it (lilTK'iilt to j.rive a parlii ular .iLkrijUicn of iluni: hut probably were we to hn ome belli r .i.i]'i.iitited with tlicni, all the arcounts that haw liccn ;;iven ff their barb.iritv would vanilh, and Ww ihouM inly till. I that, li'i!c)t him » nh A iiiulliluJi' ut woiiiiiU, every nun Jj (in; hn fpcai at liiiii, aiul Innr' o( flitm iv.'ii iil'icr he uJ .;!, to entitle ihi'iii (i> a ih.irc ot ih. honour liijairiJ hv l)i> u!l. I he llaiij.iniin ihicfly iruvcl in lovcied b<'Jt», anJ in the ni({ht-tmii', m iiijoy the cool jir . thefc veflilj being iiiailc very fli.ir)) .inn llmii' r ilc on eirphjnit, jnj lumc i>ti h.itfis i hut ihv cuniinun j><:o|i|e, for ilw nH>ii piit, tu- Vtl 1)11 lodl. Thf icli^:inii i)f the |)ii)|ile nf the itiljnJ cmintiy i* pa- (•auifin i hut ihf irihjhit.niti <>l' jII the fca-ciuH aie M^lm- iiictans, anJ dJimilil hum toloriiei which trjnrp«itlcd ihenifcKi* troiii I'iili.i, Atahu, an.J Africa aS«ut f<.ur l.uiulrtd jiMiJ a};o tu the oruiiiul ilhnJ), to whuh t!i.y wctc iiiviti'J I'v the f|iiccs JiiJ other rich ni.rihajidi/L'<, fjt whah chc tjll hid for nuny 3j:c» been fumuui. They jrc cxtrciiuly fin)iil;iilou'<, aiiJ h.ivc a way of (harming diriafo hy iii.ikini' a (null hoal, and hllinj; it with vaii- , of which thty maLc an ofTtiiiiT to the incrnfcd dinioni then launching the little »efl'cl, fii'l\r it to drive down the Urcam, inn •iiiing that all the iiitirniiiits of ihi' fick nun will he carried off in thcdrvotrd hoil ; and lliould any one pitfunic lo lake it ii(>, they Ik-- lavr the demon to whom it i« dedicated, •ill cilhir iit- iLintlv llrikc him dead, or at Icait tiantfcr tu him tiie difcale III the Tick. '("hel'c demons they prctonJ lo have ktn unJer various forms i hut if an Kuropi ,in defir. , to In-ar thrm ii.mpins , when i(i''V evpvct lo meet them, ihev pretend thai thrv are aluid of ineuriiii^ ihiii dil'pleafure. It is probihic they are iliemli Ive wleteived by the artiiicct of their prirtU, or hy fume natiiial phenomenon; for if thry aic afkcd in what niannor ih. Ic ilcmons appear, thty fomrtimts an- fwi r, like a dilt.mt (".re in the ni^hl, and ufuilly in mca- i'ow'<, and low grounds, which kcms to be nu mure than an iL;nu'< fattiU!>. 'I hey fie(|ueiiily mnrry their daughters at eijjM or nine years of ajjc, and they have childicn fnon afttr ; but thty are iifu.illy part hearing at twenty-five. Kurnicalien n not aecounled iny great crime, nor ii it any objection to a woni.in that (lie has had a j;allant before hand; for what- foever ha» "leen their eoiuliicl before marrij^r, they ire faid to be very faithful lo llair hulband*. The Mahonic- tani of thi. illand ul'e much ceremony in their marriagci, of which vvc fltall give a particular account from Nir. llceckni.m, wl.o was prcfeiit at one of them. All the partitions of a larjc houfe being taken down, it wa-. Lid inif) one room, tTic floor of which vvij cover- ed with fine mats, and at the ujipcr end was a fophj, ovrr which wu') a lar^;e canopy, and on the floor were lufhi- «in'. and pillows to lean upon. The ni^jht bttote the wed- dpiij, people heat < i);itiiui.i!ly on their gong, or bra/.cn drums, and founded their country pipes and trumpets, which made very huillinuilkk ; while othenjin^jlcd chains, ai;d heat upon btaf^or iron utenfils. The next mornin:' (lajs and llreamrrs were hun^ about the t'oor of the houle, .iiul all the xelfil-i in the river put out tlieii colours, iuvj were contlnuilly firinc: their cun* ; feveral people were illo pl.>nted about the huul'c, who were continually flioiitmi: and Aini^ guns. A I'leat numher of people were invired, an-l in the iri.!- dle of the ufternooii a liandfome dinner was ferved up, and the conipiny having eaten plentifully, each perfon had a balkct, .;iven hin to carry home the remainder of the pro- vifions that were left, .'\ftcr which betel, areka, and opiuni, were ferved round, which had the fame efTcA upon them as (lion^ liquor has upon u<. Towards the evening a lar;;e float of timber came driv- ing down the river, on which was a pageant made in the form of a (hip of abour two hundred tons burden, in the middle of the quarter deck appeared the brideeroom featcd on a throne. The machine (lopped at a houle where the bride was, and twelve young virgins defcendcd from it, each with a lar(;e bowl of gold, filver, (it braf>, in which wi-re t)ie prelents made by the bridegroom to his bride, who fat on a throne to receive them, and in return made prefents to the hridi groom. At length the biidegronm coming to the door of the liDufe was met by a priert, who having re— ateJ fome woi'is, (Ire wed il:o upon hii head, as an otr.c. j( h:s fu- tuie pleillv, t which the people Ih .i;. I, ..nd fired a voU lev ot (mall Ihot : ho liviilj; llicn led (u thj brile, wa. (rat- ed en lui li^'l'.t hiiiid, and (oun alter the companv wiih- diawiii;;, iliey were lelt alone. As iliiir date and j'r.iiuleiir piiiu ipallv lonfiAi in this [ numbei of thill wues and coiiculi.nes, mIiii one o( them dio, or I- iluoreed, wliiJi liequenlly h.ippeiis, the l.ul- band immediately provides another, ,iiid lei hiiii beivvr fu old, heihuieiiine .is voung .iiid iK.iutituI us he Can po(- fihly ohca.ii. They here |hh\Iu1 liair wi\cj as in I'lhtr tallern rountiies ; whence a inaiis daughters, iflhiv an; folei.iMy haiiilfomc, are ill.emid a pan of hit ticaljre, olhriwili' iliiy leinain ahiiitheii to ihel.iniily. 'I he (iiiiwial.i o( the .M..Iionul.iii> aie here f»IclT1ni^eJ in mu(h the (ame inaiin r .is in oti'.er coii'itries, where that leligioii prevails ; only thry praclicc (()ine |>a{iaii cuf* loins, as biiiying feveral neeedaiii i w.th th>.m, v.hicll it ii luppokd may he of ul'e to the deieali.l in the otlui woi'd. 'I he niouriiers aie i loathed in while, us in Japan, and China, and the people who attend tlieu liiend to (|,e t'M'.c generally ciiry li^jhttd torches in ihur hands. 'I hitr bur\iii^'-plaees are always out of thv' leaili of the fl .odj, and the head of the corpfe is coiillantiv placed to ihu north. They have III) mechanics among them,excipt goldl'inithj an. I carpenieis; hut every man has a knaek at caivin>;, and will idt\c the head of a cane, or da^'ger, very i»eatly,"with- out any other tool but an ordinary knife, I'licv have verv little (kill in ph\lu, and are amazed ihil aiiV one fli luld I'ulVer hiiid'ell to be let bli.od, and willingly pait with what they call hij lite. Tliey impute moll dilUmpcis to the malice of (ome evil f],irit, cfjKci- ally i( a perloii he diliiiouv, aiul rainhles in his liilcoutfc. Ill this cale, inllead of having le.ouilc to medicine, they ufually prepare a hamhome tntert.;iiiiiKm of fowl.*, rice, and other provifion ■, vvliieh they cany into the litlds, anJ place undei a certain tiee.wheiea fniall oiatory is erected : they oder their nie.its with prayers for the he.lth of the fi. k, and It he lecoveis, they Icidom (ail to bring nnoihcr oHering, and return thcii thanks (oi his bein^ reltored to health; but if the lick man dies, they cxpieN their rtleiit- ment againll the an::iv demon, whom tliey ima^^iiis to be the occafimi of his death. Th;y have hut little fkill in navigation, thev make nf» diftant voy.Tges, and indeed have not any vinils of force or bulk. Their (mall boats or flying pnias .ue their rrosl remarkable vellels, and tlieCe are heie (oriiied of the body of a tall tree, hollowed, and made fliarp at both eiuls. They hue neither keel nor rudder, but are lleir^d with along narrow paddle. .Soine of (hi I ■ boats aie thirty fi-ct long, and only two (eet wide, and the feats for their lowers arc laid aciufs the boat. Thev have alfo out-Iaycr:, fi)mewh.it like tliole we h.ue def'cribed in the aceoun; we have given ot the proas of the I,.iilronc ifl iiids. The Hanjarecns and other Moms, who inhabit theco.ifls, (peak the .Malayan tongue ; but the people of tnc inlanil countr' , have a language peculiar to thcinCclvcs, SECT. IV. Of thev- M,vmtr cf liuHiiin^ thfir Titvni, till a Dt,\- pt.:i if ail Enuitiwiminl givtn hy lie Sultan cf C.iyt:'. i:. THY. towns to which the Europears trade, arc, for the moll part built upon great bundles of bamboo, .ind fometimcs on floats of timber, but llti'c lar.;er than tiic extent of each houle: the weight of the fuperlhuclure be- ing fo inconfiderablc, that a pait of the no.it» remain a'.iovc the furfacc of the water. L'poii theie floats joitis are laid, and upon them a floor oflplit bamboo. 'I'he walls aic made of the (anic materials as the floor, and raidd to the height of fix or eight feet, and upon them is built a llglit (loping rnof, like a barn, covered with paimcto Icives. The building is divided into rooms by partitions m.idc of fplintercd cane, or bamboo, and the floo.s lovcrc.l with a pretty kind of matting. 'I'helo buildings ate range.4 in a line on each fide the river, and form a regular flrect, and to prevent their being carried .'way by the flream, ports are diiien down at the corners of e;. ii building, to which the (Iruduro is (aliened by lin^js made of rattans, wiii^h •1.(1 i ' r ii>i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■" IIIM IHI2.5 1.8 1-25 111111.4 IIIIII.6 V] ^ ^*W^' '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 W^\ -^ "% .V ^ ■^ <> ^^<^> ^<^ ^ u <^ '*?." ^i^. mvT 1^ \ ^ 12.1. A SYS T !•: M OF G E O G R A P H Y, Borneo. i i>r ^ii . 'v I wliir'i i!o not hincl-r tiKir rifinr and f.illins; with the tide ; but Ibaic liavc flat rattan cables with which tiicy arc (ad moor, ii to the trees on fiiore. ]'i^hini\ pil- lars, am! inh.ibilcd hy the p.:o]>k- in a/lliient cirrumltanccs. From tliele hiuilVs on the pillar-, t'l thofe built in the ri- ver, are l.iiJ timl.ers, on which people walk from one to th^ o;hcr. One ot' the moil confidcr-ible Inland towns is named Ciiton^ee, the Aihan of which is faid to be the mod potent jirince in the iil^nd. This city is about one hundred miles lip the river liaiijar. JJefore the palace of the fultan of that town is a build- ing, which confilts of one large room, in which the coun- cils are lield, and foreigners entertained. It is creeled on pillars feven or eight feet above the ground, and is open on all fules ; but cuver^'d with a roof. This room is about fifty y.irds lon^, and thirty broad. In the middle is the lultan's throne, which is a wooden chair gilt, over which is a larp;e canopy of rold and filver brocade. About the room are [ilanted feven or eight great guns, ill mounted on broken carriages; but ferve neither for ornament, nor defcn.e. At Matapoora, which is fituaied about ten miles from Catongee, in a part of the country that is never over- flowed, is the palace of the prince of Negarcc, who has a handlome armory crc£ted before the gales of his (lalace, in which are depolited, a confiderable number of fire arms, and feverai ;.nuis but they make little ufe of them. 'I'his idand i> divided into feveral petty kingdoms, be- fules tliofe already mentioned ; and when any prince be- comes niore pov. eiful than the left, he frequently brings his neighbours into a ft.itc of dcpcndance, and fometimes fcarlet ftockings and flippers, and over all a loofc gown wrought with gold and filver ; and in his girdle a dagger, richly fet with diamonds. IJcfore him were carried in arms two beautiful children, one cloathed in fcailet, and the other in rich yellow filk, with tuihanson their heads, guarded by twelve men armed with blunderbulles and muft;cts ; befides twelve more armed with f.uTipit5,or the trunks through which thevflioot their poifoned darts, with bayonets fi.xed at the end of their I'ampitf, and daggers in their girdles. Upon the king's entering the hall of audience the Eng- lifiimcn inftantly rofe up to do him honour, which it fcems was the greateil affront they could have offered him ; but their ignorance was their cxcufe. His fubjects, on the contrary, lifting their hands to their heads as they fat crofs legged, fell down on their faces. The fultan fat filent a few mimitc;, Ikadily viewing the Englifli gentle- men, then thanked them for their prefent, and bad them welcome, telling them he hoped they were well ufed by his fubjec'h. He alfo enquired whether theirfhips belonged to the company, which they denied, from the ■apprehenfion that if they acknowledged they were, they fliould be ill treated on that account ; for he had before thought himlVlf ill-treated by the company's fadors, and therefore cxprcffcd his rcfentment on that account. They were afterwards entertained in the fultan's palace : thediPies were of gold, filver, and brafs, fet upon a car- pet without any linen. They had above fifty diflies of boiled and broiled fowls, flrong broth made of fidi and flefh, rice coloured with turmeric, hard eggs, the ilefli of hulfaloes, and vcnifon, which lad was excellent and well drelfed ; hut the prince, being a flri£t obfcrver of the law of Mahomet, treated them with no other liquor but v.'atcr. During dinner-time the king's mufic played, and fometimes the Englifh trumpets, with which he was highly pleafed ; and after dinner little tables of betel and areka were, as ufual, brought in. At length the fultan, ordering the mufic to play, made a fign to an old woman who fat behind with a white wand in her hand, and who immediately rtriking the floor, then; indantlv appeared four beautiful girls of about feventeen years of age, vvith golden coronets on their heads, and their hair ialling gracefully with a feeming negligence on their (houlders. Their arms, legs, and fei't were bare, but painted of a light yellow, only on their wrids and ancles they had bracelets of gold : one of them was taller and more richly drefled than the nd, and feemed to re- prefent fome priiicefs. At their fiid entering the room they prodrated thcmfelvcs on their faces three tnies before the throne, after which they aiofe and fell into a kind of dance, which chiefly confiiied in twiding their bodies in- to antic or lafcivious pudurcs ; but they feldom moved their feet from the floor. This diverfion laded about half an hour, when having again proltratcd ihcmfelvcs three times before the fultan, they withdrew. SECT. V. Tk- ChiKcfc lilom it-cp Shops at Borneo. The Georls proper tt be carried tbitl.'cr ; ami fuch as way with mojt /telvniiteige Le piirelinfed in that IfidiuL Their I freights and AUaJuris, aud the AJoney current there. THE Chincfe are the only people in this ifland who retail goods and keep fhops : thcfe are chiefly fui- niflicd with China and Japan- ware, tea, filks, chints, calicoes, betel, and drugs. The goods proper to be carried thither, befides dollars, are guns from one to two hundred weight, blunderbulfes, fnial'-arms with brafs mounting, ordinary horfc piltols, gun-powder, knives, and other cutlery-wares, except forks, which arc never ufed here. Iron and dcel ba-'s, hangers, the fmalled fort of fpike nails, twcnty-penny- nails, grapplings of .ibout forty pounds weight, flicet-lead, (howy calimancoes, and leather boots, clock-work, look- ing-glafles, and fpcclacles. IVpperis the principal commodity' exported from thence, and turns to the bed account. Diamonds may alfo be bought to advantage, but they are feldom to be met with at the port of 15anjar above three carats weight. (i(dd is purchafed here by giving a certain number of filver dollars for the weight of one dollar in gold. If the n.ativcs offer gold in bars, they ought to be cut half through, and then broke and touched ; for they will fometimes fo artfully cover a bafe metal with gold, that if it be cut through with a chifel, it will draw the gold over it, and the fraud re- main undifcovered. The dragons blood produced in this country is the fined in the world. This is a gum that idiies from a tree that bears fruit as red as a cherry. That gum which appears of thebrighted colour, after its being rubbed on paper, is the bed. The country people cxpofc it to falc in drops of about an inch long, every piece being wrapt up in leaves ; but the buyer ought to infill: upon having it without them, if he would avoid being impofed on. The bed is fold at about forty dollars the pecul. Jambee canes are fold for four dollars a hundred. Their fine monkcy-bezoar is fold for about five times its weight in filver, and the bed is of a greenidi colour. Thefe fbnes are from a penny-v/cight to an ounce, and fometimes more, but the larged are thought to be goat- bezoar. The natives make a compound, which fo nearly rc- fenibles the right bezoar-done, that it is diflicult to dif- tinguifli them. The way to dilcover whether there be any fraud, is by rubbing white-lead, lime, or chalk on white paper, and afterwards rubbing the be/.oar upon it; and, if it be right, it will give the white-lead or chalk a greenidi cad. The bed unrefined camphirc ii alfo faid to be produced in this country. Their pa Sumatra. A I A. Their birJs-ncfls are alfo cftccmed excellent, and are fold for ninety or a hundred dollars the pecul ; thofe that are white and clean are eftcemed the hell. They are particularly purchafed by the votaries of Venus, who imagine that this food inl'pires them with frcfli vigour. Before we conclude this feftion, it is proper to obferve, that if they barter with you, there is no lelying either on their famples or their weights ; but every thing muft be thoroughly examined ; for the Chinefe have taught them to be fliarpers, rnd they are grown almoft as expert as their mafters : nor do they reckon it any difgrace if they are de- tected in attempting to over-reach thofe who deal with them. 125 Their ufual meafurc is the ganton, which contains about a Winchefter gallon. Their weights are the cattee and the pccul. The for- mer is about twenty-two ounces, and thircfore a hundred cattees make one pccul, or one hundred thirty-two pounds averdupoife weight. Their Icflbr weights arc the tical, the mas, the tela, and the mattaboorong : three mat- tahoorongs make one tela, fix telas one mas, fixtcen mafcs one tical,andonetical an ounce andcight penny- weii'hts troy. The only money current amongit them are dollars, halt dollars, and quarter dollars, except their cafh, which con- fiih of rings of bafe metal ftrung, which ferve them in purchaflng things of little value. CHAP. XII. Of the Ifland of SUMATRA. :cc, be ith is lars )fFer icn Iv itii fe- mes our. and oat- ,' rc- dil- bc on it; ilka id to "heir SECT. I. Its Situation, Extent, and Climate. Minerals. Its Mountains and THE ifland of Sumatra is long and narrow, ftretching in a (traight line from the north-weft to the fouth- eaft, extending from five degrees thirty minutes north latitude to five degrees fouth, and from the ninety-third to the hundred and fourth degree of longitude from London, and is about nine hundred miles in length i but is only from a hundred to a hundred and fifty in breadth, the fouth- eaft part of the ifland being the broadeft. On the north- eaft lies the peninfula of Malacca, from which this ifland is about eight leagues diftant. Java lies on the fouth- eaft, and is feparatcd from this ifland by the ftreights of Sunda, and to the weftward it is bounded by the Great Ocean. The air of this ifland is very unwholefome, but is not fo hot as feme countries at a diltance from the line. This is attributed to the cool breezes that blow from the fea, which muft produce more fenfible effefts on account of the narrownefs of the ifland. It may be added, that naturally the air ought not to be fo warm in countries under the line, and thereabouts, as in thofe which lie towards the tropics; becaufe in the laft the fun in fummer ftays longer above the horizon, and the days are longer than the nights ; but here the days and nights being equal, the fun always rifing at fix in the morning, and fetting at fix in the evening, without any fenfible difference, the heat of the air and the earth caufed by the fun in the day, is cooled by the length of the night. The monfoons are much the fame as in the other countries we have laft defcribed, only the rains be- gin fomething fooner than they do farther northward, and they are no where more violent, for they fometimes pour down for three or four days together without intermiffion. There is no country in the Indies where thefe rains, dur- ing the weftcrn monfoons, are attended with more terrible Aorms of thunder and lightning j but the people, being ufed to them, are not much alarmed, but bear them pa- tiently, and are feldom heard to complain of the climate. This ifland ftretches from the fouth-eaft to the north- weft, and a long ridge of mountains extend through the middle of it from one end to the other: one of them, which is about forty miles within the land beyond Ben- coolen, is above a mile perpendicular. Thofe that lie towards the weft coaft are ftony, but produce fmall trees, flirubs, and grafs ; and towards the bottom good timber, In one of thefe iflands is a volcano that almoft continually cafts out flames. The champain country has a rich deep mould of various colours, as red, grey, and black, and is well watered with brooks and fmall rivers, but none that are navigable for fliips of burthen. The foil about Ben- coolen and Marlborough-fort is a fertile clay, and pro- duces very high grafs. The low-lands clofe to the fea are almoft one continued morafs, producing only reeds, or great hollow bamboo canes. II Gold, tin, copper, and lead appear to be the only metals found in the country} and the former is as plentiful here as in any part of Ana ; great quantities of gold-duft being found in the rivers and rivulets, particularly during the time of the weft monfoon, when the torrents roll with great rapidity from the mountains. It is ufually found in duft or fmall bits weighing from half a grain to two or three pennyweights ; but we arc aflured by Mr. Lockycr, that he faw a lump as it came from the mines that weigh- ed an ounce ; but he acknowledged that it is not ufually found in fuch large pieces. The rock-gold, as it is called at Achen, is known by its brij^hmefs, and is very fine. The gold-mines are probably in fome mountains towards the middle of the ifland ; but they are as much as poflible concealed from foreigners, no European having ever vifited them, or at leaft have ever returned from thence. But though the mountaineers are in poflTeflion of the gold- mines, they make but little advantage of tnem. They exchange this rich metal with the inhabitants of the flat country at a low price for rice, cloathing, tobacco, and other neceflTaries ; while the fubjeds of Achen and the Malayans, being better a.:quaintcd with its value, make extravagant demands of all the foreigners they deal with for the gold they bring them 1 and, that ftrangers may have no inclination to penetrate farther into the coun- try, and eftablifh a trade diretlly with the mountaineers, they reprefent them as the moft barbarous and inhuman canibals. In the mountains all forts of precious ftones are to be found, with the value of which the inhabitants are but little acquainted, and yet will not allow them to bo fought after. SECT. 11. Of the Trees, Pruits, ami Plants of Sumatra \ with a particu- lar Defcription cf the Pepper-Plant and SilkCoiton-Trtc. Of the Beajls, Reptiles, Fowls, and Pijhes of that Ijland, THE inhabitants have very confiderable plantations of fugar-canes, which are chiefly cultivated on account of the fpirits they extradl from them, which they find to be of great advantage in fo moift an air. The gardens are furniflied with beans, peas, radifhes, yams, potatoes, pumpkins, and feveral kinds of pot-herbs unknown in Europe. The potatoes are three or four inches long, mealy, and of a fweet tafte i they arc red on the outfide, and, like ours, white within. But the only grain thai grows in this country is rice. Here are found moft of the fruits to be met with in other parts of India in great perfedtion ; as pmc-apples, plan- tains, limes, oranges, citrons, cocoa-nuts, pomegranates, mangoes, durions, guavas, the mangofteen, the pumple- nofe, &c. The mangofteen, which is eftecmed a moft delicious fruit, refembles in its form the pomegranate, but is Icfs ; li th.^ ill', i •»'!!: fii :' \ :'"! illl lily- i .-■ 1.^ 126 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A P II Y. SuAIATRAl fr i !«■ '3 :i I ; f\M. m i I;] the oiilfiJc liii I, or (Iv.ll, is thicker thr.rl that (if the pome- y;i3iiatL', hut Ic.u.T aiul of" a dark red ; tho infidj is of a «!cfp criniliiii, wheic the fruit conlills of four or fivi' cloves about the iize of a man's thumb, ns white; ,is niiif:, and very folt an J juicy 5 aiij in tlic niitiJie of each is a fma!l J'hc p\irr.pIcnofc is olfo a very fine fruit, ;'.nd hi' an a;irccuble tatle i it is bigger th,.ii the lars^ell oralige, and has a thick tinder rir.d. The Mifide contains ahunJancc of feeds of the l'i7.c of a barlcv-corn, and full (jf juice ; but it has no partiii fruit. 'I'he pepper-plai'.t has commonly a white flov;er in April, wliich kiuts in June ; and the next month the fruit beinircreen a!id large, the natives make a rich pickle of it, by deeping it in vinegar. In October it is red, in November it begins to grow black, and in December it is all over black, and confequently ripe. This is generally the cafe, thou^b in ("onie places it is ripe fooncr. The fruit being ripe they cut ort' the clufters, and dry them in the fun, till the berries fall olFthe flalk, which, noivvithUandiiij; the cxcefllve heat, it does not do in lei's than hftecn days ; dining which the clutters are turned from lido to fide, and covered up by night. Some of the berries neither change red nor black, but continue white : thelc are ul'ed in medicine, and fold at double the price of the other. Hut the inhabitants, finding that foreigners want them for tho fame ule, have difcovcred a way of whiicr.inj the others by taking them while they are red, and w.ilhmtr olF the red fkiii with water and fand, fo that notliing remains but the heart of the pepper, which is white. Nothing c,^n be kept neater than thofe pepper pluitations, no rubhiOi, not fo much as a flick or draw is to be found upon the ground ; and if it happens to be a div feafon, thi.-y are indefatigable in watering the plants, almo'.l their w.olc fubfillenec depending on the crop. Cotton and c-bbage-trees alio grow here, though they are not vcrv common; and n?ar the city ofAchen the fiik cotton-tree fli'.uiifhcs. Thefe trees are large and have a fiiiooth afli-colnurcd rind, and are generally full of fruir, which hangs down at the ends of the twigs like purl'es three or four inches long. No treecan grow more regular and uniform ; the lower branches being always the larged and loiigelt, and the upper gradually leflening to the top. When the cotton is ripe the cods drop ofi" the tree, for the cotton is fo fliort that it is not thought worth gathering, though they will fomctimes take the pains to pick it ort" tlie ground to llufF their quilts with. Inthewo'ils they have oaks, and other large timber trees, llraight, t.ill, and fit for any ufes ; but few of them are known in Europe. Scarce any country affords more canes and bamboos, particularly near Janiby, where are found thole fine taper walkinij-cancs called dru^ons-blood. In tnis ifland is all'o I'lnid the plant called bang, which very much rel'embles hemp j they infufe it in their liquors when they would rail'e tiieir fpirits, and it has much the fume cfFccls as opium. The animals found in tlii; iil.ind are a fmall kind of horfes, elephants, buffaloes, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer. This lad is an animal fomethiiiit larper than a rabbet, the head refcmbles that of a hog," and it* flianks and feet are like thofe of the deer. Tne btzoar- done found in this animal has been \aliicd at ten times its weight in gold : it is of a dark-brown colour, fniooth oir tlie outfide, and the firft coat being taken oiT, it appears dill darker, with drings running underneath the coat ; it will Iwun on the top ot the water. If it be infufed in any liquid it makes it extremely bitter • the virtues ufually attributed to this done arc clcanfing the ftomach, creating an appetite, and fweetning the blood. There are Icveral kinds of wild beads, as tyccrs, wild boars, and monkies : they have alfo porcupines, and fquirrels, which are el'leemed good eating : theie are like- wife aligators, lizards, guanoes, and fevcral (brts of fnakes and ferpents, with ants, mufeatoes, and other tioublefome infects. They have great plenty of dunghil-fowls and ducks, and their cocks are edeemed the larged in the world. In the woods are wild pigeons, and doves of fevcral forts, with parrots, parotjuets, and mackaws ; and a great variety of fmall birds ditfercnt from ours, and didinguilhed by the beauty of their colour?. They have great plenty of fc,i and river fifli, fo that two or three nets and a boat will procure a man a very comfor- table livelihood : they have alfo a way of catching fifli by fixing a wooden grate at the mouth of the Ihiall brooks and creeks at high water, and this detaining the fifh that have entered the creeks, they take them when the tide ebbs out. Among other fifli they have mullets, cat-fifh, eels, old-wives, craw-fifh, flirimps, oyftcrs, and green turtle, with fevcral other kinds not known in Europe. SECT. III. Of the different InhaHtants of Sumatra, their Per fans, Drefsi Food, Cujioms, Atamiers, and Skill in mechanic Arts. THE inhabitants of this country confift of two difTe- rent people. Thofe of the inland mountainous parts are the original natives, and like thofe of the other idands are Pagans ; while thofe on the coad: are of the Ma- hometan religion^ and probably came from Arabia and Pcrfia. As to the Malayans, who inhabit the coaft, they are generally faid to be proud and lazy, and like the Spani- ards have mod of their bufinefs done by foreigners ; for they feldom apply themfelvcs to cultivate their grounds, or to improve in any mechanic arts. They are of a fwarthy complexion, and their features not very engaging. Their faces pretty nearly refcmblc thofe of the inhabitants of the other iflands we have al- ready defcribed. They have black eyes, and ftraight black hair, with high cheek bones, and little nofes. They are of a middle ftaturc, draight, and well limbed, and, like the inhabitants of mod hot countries, fmear them- felvcs with oil, which is probably intended to clofe up their pores, and prevent that profufe perfpiration which would exhauft their drength ; and at the fame time preferve them from being bit, or Ifung by the infefts, which arc ever troublefome in hot countries. Some of them wear caps of woollen cloth jud: fitteu to their heads, but they more generally tie a piece of blue or white linnen about their heads, letting the ends hang down, and leaving no other covering for the top of their heads, but their hair, part of which falls upon their fhoul- ders. The poorer fort wear only a cloth about their loins to cover what modcfly teaches thcni to conceal ; but peo- ple of rank have a kind of drawers, and a piece of filk or calicoe thrown loofe about their bodies. They alfo wear a fort of wooden clogs or fandals, when in their towns j but they all travel bare-foot. Their ordinary food, as in other parts of India, is rice and fifh ; but the people who can afford it, alfo cat fowls, venifon, buiFaloe beef, mutton, and goats flefh. They feafon their meat very high with pepper, garlic, and oni- ons, and generally colour their rice yellow with turmeric. Their SuMATRAi A I A. 127 Their bulV.iloc beef is very coaiTc fooJ, .-.nJ th-- little fat that is upon it is as yellow as falFron. When their meat has hun;; a few hours in the marlcet i: turns black, and is little better than carrion : their fowls and mutton are alfo dry and infipid i and thoufjh pork is the bclf meat they have, there are but few hogs. Their vtnifon, how- ever, is pretty good, efpccially the hog-deer, which we have juli delcribed, for its fiefh is as white as a chic- ken. 'I'heir ducks are alfo much better than their land fowls. They have a kind of liquid butter like nil, brought from Bengal, which is faid to be made of buffa- loes milk, and mixed with hogs lard j with this they but- ter their rice. They have alfo mangoes and other fruits pickled when green. Their meat is ferved up in filvcr, brazen, ( r earthen veflels, according to thccircumftances of the maikr of the houfe, and is always either boiled or broiled, and cut into fmall pieces, and as they uk only their fingers in eating, they wafh both before and after their meals. They ufually drink fair water or tea; but they have likcwife palm wine, and toddy, which is drawn from the cut branches of the cocoa-tree : they likewife drink the foft liquor found on the infide of young cocoa nuts, which is very cooling and pleafant; arrack is alfo very common heic. The natives arc as fond of chewing betel and arcka, and of taking opium, as thofe of the other idands alrea- dy mentioned. They alfo take bang, which raifes the fpirits almoft as foon as opium; this plant, which refem- bles hemp, they infufe in their liquors. Tobacco is fel- dom fmoked in pipes, but a leaf of it being rolled up to about the length and thicknefs of a man's finger, is light- ed at one end, and fmoked at the other, till about two thirds of it is confumed, and then it is thrown away. They feldom drink when they fmoke. Like other Afiatics, they fit crofs-Icgged on the floor at their meals, and whenever they meet to converfe with each other. Their ordinary falutations are performed by li.''ting up one or both hands to their head ; but before the great, they proftratc themfelves with their faces to the ground. The people are immoderately fond of gaming, both with cards and dice, which were probably introduced by the Chincfe; as they are alfo of cock-fighting. Inftead of trimming their cocks, they produce them with all their gay plumage, and faflcn fuch fharp inftruments to their heels, of the (hape and length of the blade of a penknife, that the battle is over in an inftant, one ifroke frequently bringing down the ftouteft cock. They ftake their whole fortunes upon one of thefe battles ; but the conqueft is not admitted, unlefs the vidlor peck or ilrike his enemy after he has difpatched him; for if he docs not they draw flakes. Stag-hunting is one of the chief of their rural fports: the game is rouzed by fome little yelping dogs, and the huntfmen, who are almoll naked, run it down on foot, darting their lances at the deer, when they come within their reach. One of our governors of Bencooleii relates, that the company's ilaves being one day feeking for game, inftead of a flag, happened to roufe a tyger, who coming behind one of them, leaped upon him, and with his claws tore the poor fellow's flcfh oft" his back, and the calves of his legs, ill a terrible manner ; but the brave fellow fud- denly turning, pierced the beaft with his lance, as did foinc of the reft of his fellow flaves with theirs, and though they did not quite kill him, he was glad to retire with Ic- veial lances in his body. The wounded flave was brought to the fort fo mangled, that his recovery was thought im- poffible ; but being of a ftrong conftitution, and uled to a temperate life, his wounds were foon healed. Elephants, horfes, and buffaloes, are fometimes iifed I for carriage ; but they commonly employ porters, when they have not the convenience of a navigable river, and for the moft part travel on foot. Their mechanics are, in general, but indifferent work- men, their carpenters, indeed, will run up one of their cane tenemcr.'s in a few days ; but both the model and materials being always the fame, this requires but little ingenuity. Their flying proas are the moft admired of any of their workmanfhip ; they are very long, but fo narrow, that two men cannot ftand a-breaft in any part of them. 'I'lic keel is rmly a large tree hollowed, .md the fides are raifed v.itli a plank about three feet above it, and each end left as ftiarp as poirftile, the keel projecliiu^ beyoiul the other part of the velTel, thdui^li, wIkii lo.jcd, it is quite under water. Inftead of a rudder they ftter witli a long piece of wood not bioadcr than one's hand. 'I'hc(b vcllcls carry a great fail, and have outlayers on e.nch fiJe, with pl.inks of light wood at the ends, ..nJ when it blovvj hard, they fend out a man or two to fit at the extremity of the windward outlayer to keep the \x{[\:\ from ovei fet- ing. Thus managed, they will hear the greatcft fea ; and when an Knglifh pinnace, with two fails, makes live miles an liour, thefe will run ten or twelve ; liowever, they are never ufed but in fifliiiiLi, or to fail 10 fonii; neighbouring i.n-.nd. They have larger proas that carrv fourteen or hUxn ton, with which they trade to Siam,Ma- laec.n, IVl;ii, and other places ; but they have no lai^rc fhips or vellels of force. 'Ihey have alfo blackfrniths, hut th.ii work is not mutli admired, and their taylors arc UiU [greater bunglers. The- Chincfe are the bcft mechanics among them, iiume of that nation live at Achcn all the year round ; but thcro ufually arrives ten or twelve f-il in June, with preat quantities of rice, and all forts of merchandize. Thcl'c take up a whole llrectat the end of the town next the fea. With thibflcet come over various kinds of mechanic?, as carpenters, joiners, and painters, who immediately fee themfelves to work, making chclis of drawers, cabinets, tables, and all forts of toys and utenfils, which arc pre- feiuly cxpofcd to fale ; fo that for two or three months this part of the town is like a fair, all manner of people re - fortipg thither. If the Chinefe t..n meet cl.apmen to their minds, they will even fell their fliips too, rcfeivin^ only fo many as are iiecefTary to carry them homo. Ijiit though the people of Sumatra arc, in gener.-'.l, fuch indifterciit mechanics, there is hardly any great man or even a fovercign prince, upon the weft coaft, but le.irns fome hauilicraft trade : their favourite employment is th.-c of a goldfmith, in which they cx'.el, for tne people are very expert in making all forts of gold plate with very few- tools, and yet with fueh extraordinory dexterity, that: whatever is of their wo.'km uifuip, fells at a very hi'zh price throughout the Indies. The old women are the only pliyficians. Some cf thefe have obferved the nature of their fimplts and drugs, and found their flcill on their own experience. The flux is the moft common diftemper in thefe countries, and the moft fatal to foreigners ; though there are many kinds of fruit and herbs that would beof fervice to the Europeans, were: they to take them when firft fcizcd by this diftemper ; particularly the guavas and pomegranates : they fhould alfo avoid being too free with fome other fruit.s, or with un- boiled water, and (herbct is ftill moie uiuvholefome. There is alfo a diftemper railed the Morteluchii;,or a perpe- tual vomiting and looicnefs, which frequently proceeds from too plentiful meals, and fuddenlv carries off the patient ; butdropfios, the gout, and the ftone, are feldom heard of in this part of the world. All their learning confifts in viitin;:, reading, and fome traditional accounts of their hiftory and religion. The Mahometans, who pofl'efs the grcateft part oftheifland, generally fpcak and write the Malay.in tongue ; hut there are fome offices oi" tluir religion in Arabic, and there are fchools at Achen where the children arc taught thtfe lan- guages. The inhabitants of the niountaiiir, have a l;in- guage peculiar to themfelves, and as the Malayans write from the right hand to the left, the mour.taincers write like us, from the left hand to the right, and inftead of pen, ink, and paper, write, or rather engrave, with a ftiarp pencil on the fmooth outfule of a bamboo ; but the Malayans ufe ink, and write upon a thin brownifh paper that will hardly bear. They are very indifferent accomp- tantf ; but the Banians and Guzarats, who relide smcivr them, and whom they employ when thev have an/ conli- derablc accounts to fettle, are faid to be a match for any European. The greateft part of the people" are Mahom°tans, but they are not fo zealous as thofe in other paits of the world. Their mofques are mean and poorly built; at A- chcn, however, they are of brick or ftone; hut in the fouthcin part of theifland they are lurdK- to be diihiwuKh- " ei $ ;^:» I ■■ ( ;|.:f ma^ nif '\3 iiS A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. SlfMATRA. if 'i ::! ii ■ I ' i m m ;.j la'>i.i! ' ■ cd from the common hnufcs. Yet their priefis, and par- ticularly the cady or high-prieft at Achen, is held in lii^rh veneration, and they fcem to have a great hand in con- dudting the affairs of ftnti'. Polygamy and concubinage are allowed here, as in other Mahometan countries : and it is cafy for the huf- band to obtain a divorce; but the pricft mull be confult- cd, he being cfteemed the only judge of its expediency ; for as he at tirft ratifies the contrail, none but one of the fame order is allowed to diflblvc it. SECT. IV. A Defer iptidn of the C'tty of Achen, with fome Aecouni of the Palace. A diverting Incidint, Jhewing the fagticity of an elephant, ACHEN, or Achcm, the moll confiderable port of the ifland, and the metropolis of a kingdom of the fame name, is fituatcd at the north-weft end of Sumatra, in five degrees, thirty minutes north latitude, and ftands in a plain furrounded with woods and marflies, about a mile and a half diftant from the fea, near a pleafant rivulet. It is an open town, without cither wall or mote, and the king's palace ftands in the middle of it. This is of an oval form, about a mile and a half in circumference, en- conipafled by a mote twenty-five feet broad, and as many deep, and by great banks of earth well planted with reeds and canes, that grow to a prodigious height and thick- iiefs, Thefe cover the palace, and render it in a manner inacccflible; they arc continually green, and not eafily fet on fire. The gTtesare not defended by a ditch and draw- bridge, but only by a ftone wall about ten feet high, that fupports a terras on which fome guns are planted. A fmall rivulet lined with ftone runs through the middle of the pa- lace, and has ftcps leading to the bottom, for the conveni- ence of bathing. Four gates, and as many courts, are to be pafled before you can reach the rojal apartments. In fome of the out- ward courts are the magazines, and the elephants; but the inward courts arc hardly ever entered by foreigners, or even by the natives, fo that no juft defcription can be given of them. The avenues to this palace or caftle, as it is fomttimes called, are well defended by nature ; for all the country round Achen is full of rivulets, marflies, and thick woods of bamboos, which are in a manner impenetrable, and very hard to cut. Several little forts are alfo ereded at proper diftanccs in the marflies, where guards arc planted to prevent any furprife. Some authors tell us, that in the king's magazines are depofited a nume- rous artilleiy, and a multitude of fire-arms ; but that his greateft ftrength confifts in his elephants, who are trained up to trample upon fire, and to ftand unmoved at the re- port of a cannon. The city contains fcven or eight thoufand houfes, which arc not contiguous, every perfon's dwelling being encom- paffed by pales at fome yards diftance from it, except in two or three of the principal ftreets where the markets are kept, and alfo in the Chinefe and European ftreets, where the inhabitants chufc to live pretty clofe together, the bet- ter to defend themlelvcs from the thieves with which this city is much infefted. Moft of the houfes are built upon pofts nine or ten feet above the ground, to fccure them from the annual in- undations. The fides, floors, and partitions are all of fplit cane, or bamboo, and the roofs covered with jpal- meto leaves ; but to fave the beft of their goods from fire, they have a warchoufe of brick or ftone in the form of an oven, and as large as an ordinary room. The entrance is notabove thrceorfour feet high, and very narrow, and they have a large ftone ready fitted to ftop it up in cafe of fires, which often happen, and fprcad with fuch fury through thefe flight buildings, that they have hardly time to fave themfelves. There are a great number of mofques in the city built with ftone, and roofed with tile 5 but they are neither large nor lofty, nor have any towers or fteeples belonging to them. Befides the natives, the city is inhabited by the Dutch, Danes, Portuguefe, Guzarats, and Chi- nefe, of whom the latter are the moft numerous, and carry on a confiderable trade. Elephants are very plentiful in this city, and captain Hamilton obferves, that in 1702, he faw one that had been kept there above one hundred years; but by report wji then three hundred years old; he was about eleven feet high, and was remarkable for his extraordinary fagacity, as an inftance of which he relates a comical piece of re- venge he took on a taylor. In the year 1692, fays he, a (hip called the Dorothy, commanded by captain Th waits called at Achen for refrefliments, and two Englifli gen- tlemen in that city went aboard to furnifh themfclvci with what European neceflaries they had oecafion for, and amongft other things, bought fome Norwich ftuHs for cloaths, and there being no Englifli taylor to be had, they employed a Surat, who kept a ftiopin the great mar- ket place, and had commonly fix or ten workmen iewing in his fliop. It was the elephant's cuftom to reach in his trunk at doors or windows as he pafled along the fide of the ftreet, as begging for the decayed fruits and roots, which the inhabitants generally gave him. One morning as he was going to the river to be waflicd, with his rider on his back, he chanced to put his trunk in at this taylor's window, and the taylor, inftead of givinp- him what he wanted, pricked him with his needle. The elephant fecmed to take no notice of the afiront : but went calmly on to the river, and was waftied ; after which he troubled the water with one of his fore feet, and ^hen fucked up a good quantity of the dirty water into his trunk, and pafling unconcernedly along the fame fide of the ftreet, where the taylor's fliop was, he put in his trunk at the window, and blew his nofe on the taylor with fuch a force and quantity of water, that the poor taylor and his journeymen, were blown oft' the table they work- ed on, almoft frightened out of their fenfes; but the Eng- lifli gentlemen had their cloaths fpoiled by the elephant's comical, but innocent revenge. SECT. V. Of the Government ef Achen, and the other Parti of the Ifland of Sumatra. 7he Revenues of the Princes. The Arms ufed ly the Soldiers, and the Punijhments infii£ied on Cri- minals at Achen. THE moft ancient accounts we have of the ifle of Su- matra, mention its being divided into a multitude of little kingdoms, and principalities, which when the Eu- ropeans firft arrived there, were moftly united under the king of Achen ; but that the king of Bantam, in the ifland of Java, claimed the fovercignty over fome diftridls on the fouth coaft of Sumatra, and particularly of Jamby and Palambam; whofe governors, however, ftill enjoyed the title of Pangarans, or fovereign princes, and continued in the adminiftrationof their refpedlive governments, though fubjedl to the controul of the king of Bantam. The feveral kingdoms and ftates in this ifland feem to be very differently conftituted, and moft of them have experienced great revolutions and alterations in the laft century. We fhall begin with the kingdom of Achen, which is by far the moft confiderable, and includes all the northern part of the ifland. Some travellers fay, that this is a mixed, and others that it is an unlimited monarchy; fome that it is hereditary, and others that it is eleflive ; fome that it is governed by a man, and others that none but women are fuffered to reign. That they have not always been f -i/enied by queens is evident from the letters fcnt by their king," to queen Elizabeth and king James I. and it appears moft likely that they have been governed by both, and that the fex is no bar to the fucceflion. In this king- dom are twelve oran cayas, or great lords, who exercife fovereign authority in their feveral diftridls, and yet are in fome refpe£ls fubjeft to the king, and are the principal officers of his court. Thefe oran cayas have fometimes depofed the king, elc£led another, and rcftraincd his au- thority. At other times the regal power has prevailed, and the oran cayas been aflaflinated or made dependant on the court; and then the prince was abfolute. As to the eldeft have bee hardly ha SVMATUA. A i iKIcft foil's fuccccdliip; to tlif llirotic, tliis doc; not licni to bt much rcfiarilc-'ci by the K.illcrn priiirts, who j;cmi:- r;illy dilpofc of their crown, to whiih of their chlldriii they think lit, whether he W the Ion ot .1 wile or a concu- bine : though this ronieti.iiis occafions a llruggic after their death, but that competitor who ran make the greatell iiitereli among the perfons of highelt dilUndion ufually carries it, and hence the crown is freiiueiitly thought to be tleiilivc. The kin:j of Achcn is rcprcfcntcd by fome authors al the moft vohiptuoiis prince in the world ; his palace is filled with an incredible number of women : fome remain con- tinually about his perfon, either to co.il and refrefli the air with lar-ic fans, to amufe him with their convcrfation, to divert him with their fongs, or to fatisfv his defires. Thire arc about thirteen hundred in the ha(ls and courts of entry, where they mount guard by turns night and day, (Jthers are in the kitchens and the offices, where they prepare every thing that is for the king's immediate fer- vicc. It has been obferved, that his palace is the theatre of jealoufy, hatred, and perpetual complaints. The fcvc- rity of the laws, and the rigour of the punifhmcnts, are the only barriers capable of containing them within bounds. His revenues are acknowledged to be very great, there being fuch plenty of gold in the ifland : for the cuftoms of Achcn are very confiderablc, and the crown-lands, which are cultivated by the king's flaves, fupply his court with provifions. That part of the ifland which lies to the fouth of the equator is divided into feveral petty kingdoms, the princes of which ftile themfelves fultans as well as the king of Achen, but they are frequently called pangarans and rajahs. Each of thcfe has his nobility, of which his coun- cil is compofed ; and atmoft every town and village has a governor, who is ufually chofen by the inhabitants of the diftrict, and confirmed by the fultan. There arc allbfom'-' free towns upon the coaft, governed by their own magif- trates, who are called datoos : of thefe Bcncoolen has twelve, and Siiebar four, who do not feeni to be under the dominion of any neighbouring fultan, but to have the fupreme power lodged in themfelves ; though they generally pay great rcfpcdl to the princes that are near them. The revenues of the kings of the fouthcrn provinces chiefly arifc from the duties on pepper and the gold mines. Their forces arc fepai-ately inconfiderable; but upon certain occafions they have expelled both the Dutch and the Eng- lifh from very confiderablc fettlements. The arms ufed by thefe people are a broad-fword, a dagger, which they wear naked in their girdles, and a long fliield made of' tough rattans, interwoven and covered with the (kin of a tyger, or fomc other beaft : and both in the kingdom of Achen and fomc other parts of the country they have great guns and mufkets. They have alfo fome war-elephants, but thefe fecm rather to be kept for ftate than ufe. They have no written laws, except thofe recorded in the Koran. They proceed upon immemorial cuftom ; and in doubtful cafes the moft ancient people are confulted ; and if a precedent be remembered, it is thought fufficient to regulate the fentence. Murder and adultery are pu- rlflied with death, and a crowd of executioners ftab the criminal with their daggers ; but female oiFenders are ufually flrangled. l''or robbery and theft they cutofFone or more joints of the criminal's fingers or toes, and fome- timcs an arm or leg, according to the nature of the crime; and the third offence is puniflied with death. This cruel punifliment of difmembcring is performed in a very rude and aukward manner. They have a block with a broad hatchet fixed in it, with the edge upwards, and the limb being laid upon it, is llruck with a wooden mallet till the amputation is made. They alfo ufc beheading and im- paling ; and fome of the fultans of Achen are charged with infliifing the moft inhuman tortures on their fubjccts of the higheft rank for very trivial ofrenccs : for perfons of all conditions, who have fallen into a fault, are liable to puniftiment; and in fome reigns perfons of the royal family have been fcen at court without either hands or feet, and have been treated in that manner for faults which would hardly have deferred notice in any other country. The fultan II I A. 17 f is frci|ui.iitly the liMlalor, and eu:i the cxrrmii.ixr of tlir punidinunts infli.;lcd ; .uul is laid to li.iv.; i k pli.inis irainctl to torment criniin.iN, who undeilland by the lealf figns what the prince requires of them, lie b.is been (een V) pafs cooly from that Ipeclaclc t.i that ol coek-hi'.litiiig, 111 which niiny of the Indian kiniis take gic.u plealiire, I'hii wai prob.ibly the cafe under lonie of iluir tyrants. Ad- miral Beaulieu relates a drcadlul lecne of cnieliiis com- mitted by the king in his prcfence : but thele nionarrbs have behaved witli greater moderation fince the Englilh have tr.ided to that city; and Liter tiavclkis give ui 110 formidable idea of their power and grandeur. All otf'enders are brought to a fpeedy trial, and fentence is no fooner palled than it is executed. As to civil Ciuile.«, th'.y arc decided by the opinion of the magillrate, and fuch precedents as tradition or his own experience has furniflied him with. Thofe of their magiUrates who live in the neighbourhood of the Englifli, where the afi'air is intricate, frequently defire the opinion of theprincipal perfons amonT the Englifli, and pay an uncommon regard to an European who is a man of fenfe and temper, when they are fo hap- py as to meet with him ; but nothing endears tlic EngliOi more to this people than their learning the Malayan tongue, they having been greatly inipofed on by linguilts. SEC T. V. // loncifi Jaant of the fir/I Sitihmciit r,f the Trade to Sumatra by the linrl'ijh ; with the Riuflioii th,y met -with from tht king of Achen. BEFORE wc give a particular account of the Engliflt and Dutch lactories on the coaft of Sumatra, for pur- chafing pepper and other valuable articles of commerce, it may be cxjiciSlcd that we fliould give the reader a view of the manner in which that trade began ; which is the niori; necefiiiry, as Sumatra was the firft country to which the Englilh Eaft India company traded in the Indies. Captain Lancalter, who, according to the cuftom of that age, was ftilcd general, commanded the I'Jiiglifti fleet, and arrived in the road of Achcn on the fifth of June, 1602, where he found the fhips of feveral nations ; ancl the fame of queen Elizabeth's victories over the Spaniards having reached this part of the world before him, made way for his favourable reception among the Indian princes. Soon after the general's arrival, he fent captain Mid- dleton, who had the title of vice-admiral, with four or five Englilh gentlemen, to wait upon the king of Achcn, and folicit for his obtaining the honour of delivering the queen of England's letter into his majcfty's hands. Captain Middleton not only met with a favourable re- ception, but was entertained by the king, prefented with a habit of the country, and was ordered to afl'ure the gene- ral, that he might come on fhorc with the fame freedom and fecurity as if he was in her majefty's dominions ; and if he was under any apprehenfions, fuch hoftages fhould be fent on board as he defired. Two days after the general went on fliore, and there being two Dutch faftors at Achen, they invited him to their houfe : here a nobleman from the king came to at- tend the general, and afk for her majcfty's letter; but be- ing informed that it was not cuftomary in Europe to de- liver letters of this kind to any but the king in perfon, fix elephants, with drums, trumpets, ftreamcrs, and a vaft retinue, were inftantly fent to bring the general to court. The largeft of thcfc elephants was about fourteen feet high, and carried a machine upon his back that had fome rcfem- blance to the body of acoich covered with crimfon velvet, and in the middle of it flood a gold bafon, in which the queen's letter was put, ?nd covered with a piece of rich filk. The general w^.s mounted on another elephant, fome of his retinue on the reft, and others walked on foot. On their coming to the gate of the palace, a nobleman, who appeared as maftcrof the ceremonies, defired them to ftay till the king was informed of their approach. They were foon after difinounted, and admitted to his m>ijefty's prefencc, whom the general falutcd after the manner of the country, and, declaring he was fent from the moft mighty K k queen •.if 41 ; >■ . i i 1 ' !^ Hp) ; 'i'l'*^ I * ' i?i!|^ 'ifli '' -i'k i ^ ■.::" -flS •l 1: i ■livj^y f 1 '1 :> i ... . ^ I'' ' i-;i . 1 llll ; I in J.'i. I.; ( '." ■^i 130 A SYSTEM OF G F, O C R A IM [ Y. SuMATnA. Ill queen of Eni^'hnd to prn|infi; an alliap-c an ! fricnilfliip hc- twecn her imJ liis iii;iji.lly, w.ii goiii^ 011 witli a loii;; haraninic, he not beini; int'ornieci of tiu: iivorfion of the Indian |irincei to lung fp'-ich'.'. ; but tn'j kuig, interrupt- ing hmi, (lerirni hini to fit iluvvn, an I loM hiin that he was wiltonic to hi:i country, anil nii^.ht dcpeml upon all the f.ivourj lie could rcal'onabl)' alJ:, in brhalf of that noble princi'fs of whom fame had uttered many f^reat things. The general then delivered the qiccn's letter to hisma- jofly, who jMveit to an ofHier th.it (loud bv liim, and the ciuccn's prelent was let before the kin;;, confifting of a lari^c (liver bafon, with a founMin in tne middle of if, weighing upwards of two hundred ounces, a large lilver cup, a hue lookiri;'.-;;l.ifs, an cmbioid;reJ fword-belt, a very handfome pair of piltols, a plum.- of feathers, and a tin made of feathers. He fecir.ed nioll' plealed with the Ian, and immediately bid one of the women (.u\ him with it. Soon ificr thcrompany were ordered to fit crofs-legcrcd, after the the manner of the Eaft, and an entertainment u\H Itrved up in di(hc3 of gold, or tamback, which is a mixture of gold and brafs. I'he king was feated in a ;;nl- Icrv raifed about fix feet above the hall of audience, and frct]uentiy drank to the general a glafs of arrack; who, having pledged him in that liquor, was aftervards allowed to drink wliat liquor he p'.e.Ued. After dinner thi- king's women were called in, and tianced after the manner.ot the country. 'I'he king then ordered the general to be prefentcd with a country habit, which he put on in his m.ijelty's prefencc ; and then with- drawing, went with his reiinue on board the fliips. His majefty having ordered two of his noblemen to treat with the general on the alil:ince with the queen, and fet- tling articles of commerce, it was at length agreed, that the Englifh (hould enjoy a free trade, and no cuflonis be p.iid for goods imported or exported : that in cafe of fliip- wrcck afliihnce fhould be given to the Kiiglifh, and the goods reltorcd to the owners ; and, in cale of death, the Kiiglilh (hould have liberty to bequeath tlieir etVeiils to whom theyplcafed: that all contracts with the kin;;'slub- jedfs Uioiild be puni^lually performed ; ami if the Knglifh received any injury from the natives, iht king (hould do themjuftice: that they fliould deterniinc all ditRrences among their own people, and enjoy the freedom of their religion. Thefe articles being fettled, the PJnglifli f.iflors proceed- ed to purchafe pepper ; but the I'ortuguefe uling all arts to obftruiS their trade, the general refolved to cruife in the ftreights of Malacca for their (hips ; and, on the third of Oflobcr, i6c7., touk a large I'ortuguefe carrack of nine hundred tons burtlien, with above fi.vi hundred perfons on board, and laden with nine hundred and fifty bales of chints, and calicoes, \ii:h abundance of rice and rich mer- chandize fufficient to freight all the Englifh vefi'els. The general, on his return to Achen, made the king a prefent of fome of the moll valuable things he had laken in the priy.e : upon which his majelly congratulated him, and feemed rejoiced at his fuccefs ; for the Portuguefe had bch.cved with fuch infolence, that all the Indian princes were exal'pcrated againd them. The general having finifhcd his affairs, and fettled feve- ral fadors at Achcn, had his audience of leave, when he received from the king a letter to her majcfty in the Arabic tongue, and alfo two habits for the queen of rich filks embroidered with gold, and a ring let with a fine ruby. The general himfelf was prefented with another ring of the fame kind ; and, on his taking leave of his majelly, that prince alTured him, that whenever any Englifh fhips came into his ports, they (hould meet with the fame kind ufagc he had found there. This our countrymen long ex- perienced, no other nation enjoying the fame privileges as the Engliili at the city of Achen. The general now f.nding one of his (hips laden with pepper to England, directed his courfe to Bantam, in the ifle of Java, whc.-c he met with a very favourable recep- tion ; and having taken a houfe in the city, brought goods ?.fhorc, which he fold to the natives, and bought pepper and other fpices v.'itii the money : then leaving eight fac- tors in his hotife a. Bnniam, to manage the artairs of the company there, he took leave of the king, and fetting fail for England, arrived in the Downs on the clc\xnth of December, 1603, after having niiide a very advontagcoui ■.oy;rie for the company, In(hort, the Enelifh'had a failory many years at Achen; but at length, the company finding that it did not anfwer theexpence, it was recalled. In th.:t city all other fo- reigners pay five and fomttiir.es tight per cent, cuftom ; while the hnglifh made only the ufu.tl prefents to the king and court, amounting in the whole to fixtcen or feventecn ta'.l. Thife piei'ents confiHed of two pieces of fine c(jtton cloth, prefented to the king at the (hip's fird coming to land, and two more at their departure ; two or thne tad to the eunuch who delivered the tirft pre!'en% and two more to him that carried the lall : and when the four futt boats, loaded with goods, were lent afliore, a ti'el and a half was paid iidkad of all cudoms. A piece of filk, or cal.coi, was alfo prefented to the fa- bandar, or governor of the port of Achen ; and another to the chief oran cava, t.r minilttrof (late, when the lull prelent wai lent to the king. lOJ' SEC T. VII. J I'^ihif,- Aiivoit ',f the Riijli/I) Failarhiinthi If e :f Sumatra, pditkiilarly of BimaoUn, M.V/\ and one hiindrjd and thiee de;'rce.. cad ler.gitude from London, and, tiomthe year if'i^S, to the year 1719, was' the principal (ettlenient of the lvn(;,lini upon that ifiand. It is known ,it fea by a high (lender mountain, called the Sugar Loaf, that rifes in the country twenty miles behind it. Kefore the town of Bencoolen a (mall ifland, called Rat Ifland, breaks the fwell of the fea, and with the point of Sillebar, which extends two or three leagues to the fouthwaid, forms a large bay. Within this ifland the (llips iifually ride ; but this roail is inconvenient, efpecialljr during the foiith-wed monfoons. On the north-welt fide is a river, which brings the pepper out of the inland coun- try ; but there is great inconvenience in (hipping it, on account of a dangerous bar at the river's mouth. The town is near two miles in compafs, and was chiefly inhabited by the natives, who build their houfes upon pillars of bamboo, as in other parts of the ifland ; and for- merly the Englifh, Portugueic, and Chinefe had each a fcparate quarter, in which the houfes of the Englidi were crciffed after their own model. Though there was no want of brick or done, they found themfelves under the ncce(rity of building with timber, on account of the fre- quent earthquakes, to which the ifland is fiibjeiSj but the Chinefe, after the manner of their country, had lov/ houfes that had only the ground-floor. As Bcncoolcn is fituated on a (linking morafs, its un- healthy fituation proved fatal to great numbers of the Englilh : bcfides, the natives had for feveral years appeared very uneafy, and feemed to threaten the dedruilion of the Englifh fettlcment ; which is the lefs wonderful, as the Englidi, who were unhappily fent thither, were fo void of underdanding as to treat the natives like their flaves; forUampier obferve-, that wiiiie lie was there, the Englidi chief who governed Bcncoolcn had fo little dil'cretion as to put two of the neighbouring raja>, or kings, in the dock?, becaufe their people did not bring down pepper fo fad as he expc£led. In fhort, the badnefs of the air-, and thj ill conduft of the Enojifh company, made it neccflary to fix upon a fituation that was at once more healthy, and would admit of a more regular fortification than the place where th3 old fort dood. Accordingly a fort was marked out upon a rifing ground about two or three miles to the fouthward of Henccol'-n, the foundations were laid, and the walls, which are of" brick, began to rife, when the country being ripe lor an infurrei^ioii, alVenibled in arms asainil the Engiidi, cut od' part of the garrifon, and the red efcaped in tneir boats to fea, and got on board one of the company's (hips. But thou di the natives had thus driven the Enjrlifh from Bcncoolcn, in about a year's time they fufi'cred the.-n to return, and complete the fortifications at Marlborough- fort, as it is now called, without oppofition ; and there the faiil^ry enjoy the adv.intagcs of a pure sir, found health, and O' It IS agr paid in 1 of their < afraid armed I Pullamb: cargo of the idant The fidered tains ab and the( are extre and com Thei natc as fays com nagemen the adva immenfe via can they ver The tives, ar the folio mountaii rolling d they, in mud whi confidcra rally tho commerc ally five yet very rope, th( gold is h which ir 1;. • .Sf.fATHA. S I A. I|( inj '■' M\.\ ll')iirl(l»in'T tr.ile, thoti,;h it uonly two or ilirri;niilL , il.il lilt tiom IkikooIi'h. About t-iimil.-i tJ tlic liiMihwaril of Dcnrooli-n is Sillc- bir, w!ilcli is fit'i;itcj lii abi/ at llu ii tii (it a l.ir(;i: nvi.r ot triL' f.inu; luini', in tmr dcgii'.r. fiuitli latitiidi-. D'.it thii place li.li no j>oo(l tVclii watM' ; fm if iliat which [Toocal'i lr formerly fiibject to the king of liaiit.uii. 'I'he En;;li(h have a fin.ill coloiiy there, which If ail'.rachment from Marlborough- turt, tu receive the |)Cpi>T brought thither br the natives. lii'l'iilei thefe Englilh fettlemcnts we have Lattoun, whieh if i'ltuated about forty miles to ths northward of l<.nco)!jtii Bent ill, which lies at leall an hundred miles f . -h'- northward of l?encoolenj and Mocho-Mocho, winch ib lituated ne.ir Indrapour, and is now the moll: i.o;tlierly of all our fettleintnts. SECT. viir. Of the SeltUmeiitt of the Dituh n, Sumatra, fmnituliirly cf Padang, Puliamham, aiui litmctilis. ON a part of the coaft of Sumatra, called the Gold Coalf, the Dutch have a factory at I'adaii}^, under the maiia>renicnt of a chief, who has his council and M- cal i and this is confideied as a very profitable an well as honourablo port. The Dutch have likcwife a fai5tory at Piillambam, about eight leagues from the fea, on the banks of a very large river which empties itfelf by four ditTcrent channels into the fea. The great trade carried on there is that of pepper, which the Dutch endeavour lo monopolize in the lame manner as they do cloves, nutnicf»s, and cinnamon ; and arc therefore at a very great expence in kcepin;j: (cvcral armed barks cruizing at the mouth of this river, ti pre- vent what they are pleafcd to call fmii;'j;lin^';. 'I'lity have indeed contrafted with ti^ic king of Fult.imbam to take olF all the pepper in his dominions at the rate often i.lects of eight, or fifty (hillings, for a bahaar, or four hundred pounds weight, which is edcemcda fair price : they have, however, introduced aclaufc in their contrail:, by which it is agreed, that half the purchafe of the pepper ftiall be paid in cloth, at fuch a price as greatly reduces the value of their cargoes 1 and on this account they arc fo much afraid of fmuggling : yet, it is faid, that in fpitc of their armed barks, on paying a thoufand florins to the king of Pullambam^ and the fame fum to the Dutch chief, a cargo of a thoufand bahaars of pepper may be carried off the iftand without any great difficulty. Though the comitry is mountainous, this is not con- fidered as a great inconvenience, fincc rioft of the moun- tains abound with gold, filver, lead, and other metals; and the company are poffeflfcd of fomc gold mines, which are extremely rich, and great care is taken both to fecure and conceal the profits that arc made of t.icm. The chiefs of Padang have, however, been fo unfor'u- natc as to have their honefty always fufpedled. This, fays commodore Roggewein, is chiefly owing to their ma- nagement of the mines, that do not turn oar greatly to the advantage of the company, while all their officers get immenfe eltates out of them ; which the council at J3ata- via can neither imdei Hand nordigcft; and for this reafon they very often change the chief, but to very little purpofe. 'Fhe principal places vvhcrc gold is found by the na- tives, are Triou and Maniiabo, where they obtain it in the following manner. 1 hey dij; at the bottom of the mountain ditches, where the water being flopped, when rolling down the fides of the mountains in the winter, they, in the fummcr, draw it off; and by washing the mud which remains at the bottom, obtain from thence confiderablc quantities of gold du(t. Indeed it is gene- rally thought by thofe, who are beit ae-quainted with the commerce of the Indies, that thii ifl.ind furniflics annu- ally five thoufand pounds weight of this precious metal, yet very little, if any, of this gold is ever brought to Ku- rope, the Dutch diipofing of it in other places, where gold is highly valuable, to purchafe other commodities, which in Europe turn to a better ae^oiint, llefidts I'.idang nnd Pallamluin, already in.'iitidn J, the Dutch have a llroii;; foit and a crJ.U lJi:torv at J un'.iy, and another at Siaek ; but this la!l jilaee i, viiy unheal- thy. It Ih'.nJs on the great river Aiulrajhiia, into whith, at a cert:iiii fcafon of tlie year, come valk qu.iiitilies of fhadsofavery large fi/.e, wliofc roes being accounted a great delicacy, aie taken out, and the rcit of tliv hfli thrown away, which, lying in great heaps, corrupt and exhale pcllilential vapours that inledl the air. The pir- fons thciefoie that are fent to Siack, are much of tho fame (lamp with thofe tliat are fcnt to IJinda, that i , men of abandoned thsi;iclers and defperatc furtunes. The above rocs they pickle with I'alt and tamarind.'.-, and then dry tlum in imoke ; after which they wr.ip them up in large leaves, and carry them to all the countries Ironi Atheii to Siam. Thefe rocs, v/lu n diied, are call- ed Turbaw, and captain Hamilton thinki their talle far exceeds that of caviar. They have another cnnfitlorablc faflory on the bankj of the river liancali'., tliat produces larj;c |iiofit from the- fail of cloth an.l opium, in "old dufl. This was wliich arc coiiflantly paid for dilcoveicil by a t.idlor in the company's fen ice, who, after he had carried it on pri- vately for about ten years, and acquired by it upw.irds of one liuiidiicl thoufand pounds fterling, refolved to fecure what he had got, by making a free difeovery of this branch of commerce to the company, who then took it into their uwu hands. About H,uKali> there are prodiyiinis nuniber.s of wiltl fwine, and in ilu' iiu.nths of Dcci iiiber and J:uiuary tiieir flefli is very fwect and fat. In tliole niontlis great num- bers of people refort thither in Iniall proas. Some go into the woods, and drive them tow.irds the riv^r, while others arc ready with dogs to drive them into it, and when one goes, all the herd follow; othcis ina ready with lanees in their proas, to piirfue thun in the water, and lance them. They arc taken up c/ii the oppolite ihorc, and immediately carried to places appoint- ed, where there are many fires made of bnifh wood, with which they fing^- otl' the hair, and tlieii taking out the en- trails, cut them in proper pieces, and fait thera in thj proas, each proa having a fliare in proper to the niniibef of men it brings. After the pork has lain three or four days in fait, they wafh it, hang it in fiiioak, and then put it in cafks with fome dry fait ; after which it is fold bj' the cafk to the bcft bidder. There arc likewife fevcral other Dutch plantations on this idand, which arc all comprehended under the general title of the welt coaft. SECT. IX. 0/the Coin, Weight!, and Mtafiirts vfcd at Stmiatrn. N this country there arc but two forts of money of their I own coining; the firft is of lead, which they call caih, of which fit'tccn h'.' "d inake a niaG, or fifteen pence, which is tiieir go' S\". : a quarter of a mafs is called a pollam, or copon^. ■ liich is imaginary: fixteen mafs make one tael, whie is likewife imaginary, and equiva- lent to tvventy fhillings Englith. Dollars and other Spa- nifh money arc current almoff all over the ifland : but though fifteen hundred cafh are commonly reckoned tr;c value of a mafs, they rile and fall as the moncv-changcr.s think proper, only there arc feldom lefs than a thoul'and, or inore than fifteen hundred, reckoned to a mafs. At Aehen pieces of gold are oftener ulcd in merchan- dize than their coin, cfpecially in confiderablc barga-ns; it is therefore iiecelVary to exprcfs at what rate you intend to receive and pay gold, as well as wh:.t catty yon buy and fell by. The receiving a thoufand pound.s in the:r gold mafs would be attended with inconceivable trouble, for brafs, mixed metals, and filver gilt, are frequent!/ found among them, and even the money-changer;:, whu arc employed in examining them, are fomctim'S e'eeeivcd, though, if they receive any baj, they arc oblige to make them pood to the pcrfon by whom they ar" employed. A merchant may likcwife be greatly impofed on byre- iCfiving their gold duft, for they will mix fmall bits of other metal with it, which are not eafily diftinguiihcd, and niake it neceflary to employ the money-changers up- on i ,i 1.^ ' I !'4; !'■ '■ K •i|fl-: l^l-l? .'» ' \ . ;l 132 A SYSTEM or G V. OCR A 1> 1 1 W •*?fMATP. Ai on thcfc ncciifir.iii. (Jri-.it number-, of thcfL- pcnplr nrj ti) l)c (o'lii.l in tlK- tlrcits of ArhiM, anil tlioy an- i-rm;. Lilly c-ilhiT (iii7.;ir.U5, or n.itivi, !i(I\m1 tlu'ir ili^ll.'ns fit'ty-fivc yc.irs iiftci wunl ;. 'I'hcy •' iIciIjuJ war .iviinll the I'drtii^^iiifc •, tiley drove thcni froin the |)l.iei s thoy had (ortitieJ 'iiJ holllllcd lor a •' hundred I.I Ml y y bcfn Lizea on •« cities of Colombo and Negombo j tliey placed a t-arriCon " in the tort ol I'unto Ctallo; they m..de thcmfelves ab- ♦' foUitc niiftirs ol tbecoall) am! harbours, but did not •' enter into ibi' iloniinions of the king of Candy, wiiu •' poUinej the middle of the illand i and they are fo anxious •• totiitol:. tlie trade of Ceylon, that they fuH'er no to- •« rei:!n veliMs to ap|>roach it." 'I'hr illand of Ceylon is fituatcd between the fixth and tenth
  • ..i>i:]n-'ltu, tht 'fokn, the (Jinlti, d'lil iht Diivnciaiii. (J/ th iliff'.ioit lis '.f Gi tilt NMiuti. und thi Mtthid of Jlujbiiiuliy piMliJeJ bj o NT. of the mofl remarkable trees in Ceylon ii the t.illi|n>t, which jM'iw-i Itraijilit and tall, and is as lar;;e as che malt ot a lliip : the Uav "s are I'nd to iie In large as to cover fifteen or twenty men, and keep them dry ; they are rouui wear a piece of thi aiKl fold up like afan. The native* eaf on their heads wliin they travel, to fhade them from the fun ; and they are lo tou;;h, that they are not tafily torn, tluiiigb they make their way through the woods and biiflies wuh thtfe kind of umbrellas. Kvcry foldier tarries one, which alfo fcrvcs him Inr a tent to lie in ; and, without thcfe leaves, it would be inipodiblu to 'ive abru.ul in the rainy feafon. I'his tree bears nft fruit till the laft year in which it lives, and th' n has plenty of a hard fruit of the li/c of a nutmeir. I'hc trunk of this tree contains apilh, which is foinetimcs eaten like the* pith of the lagO'trce, and bread is made of it as well as ut fago. They have a tree called reffulr, that is as ftraight anil as tall as the cocoa-tree, and is alio full of pith. From this tree the natives draw a eo(d pleaf.int liquor that is very agreeable, though it is no llnun'cr than water, and an or- dinary tree yields three or four gallons a day. Hy boiliiii; this liquor they obtain a kind of brown I'uiMr, which in India is called jaggory j and, it is f.ii.l, that tliev can reliiu! it, and make it lit toaiifwrr all the purpolcsot fugar. They obtain tliii liquor in the following manner : on the very top of the tree grows a bud, which they cut olt, and bind about it pepper, fait, limes, garlick, and leaves- under this bud they hang an earthen-pot to e.itrh the liquor, and every day cut a thin flicc from the end where the bud grew. The leaves of this tree fall oft", and arc renewird every year till it arrives at its full growth, and then tiic fame leaves continue on it for feveral years together ; but when th y fall no more new ones come in their room. As the bud at the top ripens and withers, others come out lower every year, till they reach to the bottom of the boughs, and then the tree has done bearing, and dies within Icven or eight years after. The wood of this tree, which is very hard and heavy, is black, and of this the inhabitants make the peftles with which they beat the rice out of the hufks in mortars. There are here whole forefts nf oranges, citrons, and cinnamon-trees ; and the lalt are fo common, that the fmcll of them fpreads eight leagues round. Salmon fays, that in his voyage to India, when the fhip wns judged by the bcft fcamcn on board to be a hundred miles from that or any other land, the air was fo extremely fweet, fo replenifti- cd with fragrant fmells, that he was morally certain they muft be near fome land. " I called up, lavs he, feveral " of my travellers, who regaled their fmelling facultv in " the fame manner ; a-id it was the general opniiui, that " this mull proceed froii' thecinnamon-groves in Cc\ Ion. " However, it is obfervacle, that when people have been " long at fea, and draw near any coaft, if the wind fets oft' " of it, it will bring a very refrcfhing I'mell aioi'g with " it, though not comparable to that perfumed air we " meet with on the coaft of Ceylon." The cinnamon-tree is peculiar to this ifland, and is of ineftimable value to the Dutch. This tree grows on the fouth-weft part of the illand, where it is as common as any other in the woods ; but there arc feiv or none to be found towards the northern coaft ; yet the Dutch have fe- cured all the bays and the mouths of the rivers round the illand to prevent other nations fettling there, or having any commerce with the natives. The cinnamon-tree is of the middle- fize, not very large, and its leaf in thickncfs, Ihape, and colour, refcmbles the laurel. When the leaves firft fprout they are as red as fcarlct, and on being rubbed between the fingers fmell like ;i clove. The tree bears a fruit in September that is like an acorn, but neither its tafte nor fmcll has any refem- blance to that of the bark. By boiling the fruit in water L 1 they 'i'm I ,■'! Tt! I ' [\ ■r ■ 1 .■''.ti :;;f' ■ I ' 1 1 i' i I 1 1 '. 1 ,,■ ; iji m m ♦ j4 A s Y s T I', M o F r, V. o r; u A r 1 1 v. C«y;,ox. -3^; if ;, I'! ill! Hi m 'I ; 1. 1 hi 11' il' .1.1. ■•I I ! ,;, ii R i 1 1:1 1 < :i> it' !■•; ij tli.-y c' (.Mil .111 ')i! which f*inM on ll\c top, ami li ii a very apTL-catili: IiirII ; atv.l wluil it is I'olil h whit? ;ini.l Ironi tici.:. oT a iiiklilliii;' j^rowilii fur la'ithci tliol'c that arc vcr/ yimiij», imr thole that arc oM, arc proper for pcoliii'. Haviii,'; (Iripjicil off the outward ImiIc, tiny tut the next fiiuiul the tree in feveral plaiei vitli a pruning- kiiite, a!iJ iiittin^'; th.'ni !eii;;tlnvay3 in lli|is, pei I thcin • irt', ami lay them in the Inn to ill y, < il which they roll up tiV.'Cthcr a'i we lee them hrou'ht to Kiircp:!. 'Whether the tree be kille.l by cutiiitj; the inward liai!i, ai liiine affirm, i. not Vfryni.ctiil.il, liiice th.ere are alniii- ilanily more ol them in thi'; id.uid than arc iiceellary to liip- (ily llie whole world ; and tlwrelore the IJutthdo not tare into how narrow a conipali the cinnanion-{;roves arc broiii'hf, fuice, as tin y have nionopoli/.ed this Ipiee, they can let what price iiiion it they pltale •, ami the li-fs ex- tent thcCe woiid, h.ive, tile t'elt'. r they will he aide to de- fend them. i he hody of the tree under the hark is per- fectly wdiit'-, ami lervea for hiiiluint; .iml other ulcs i hut it lias ntitliir the fragrant fmell nor t.dle of the b.uk. Aninii(!; the other cxtr.iorJin.iry tries of this illaiid, is the Orui.i, wliiih is of the li/,c of an apple-tree, and bears a fruit like an olive ; tl.is thev fonietinies take as a pur;',c; they alio ule it to dye their tloatli'; black, by dip- ping th.'in into water, in wiiieli this fruit has been mluf- cd 1 and it is laid, tli.it if a piece of rully iron be ihiown into this water, it will eit olf the riilt, and the inui he- come bri;',ht i hut tiiat the water will be lo bl.ick, tli.it it will ferve lor ink. Here arc a great variety of fruits; but ihe natives fel- tloni e.it them ripe, or culiivate any but thole which fervo for pickles. 'The fruit called ja.k, or jaka, is a part of their food, it grows upon buj^e trees 's round, and of the li/.eof a peck-loaf: it is covered with a iMcen prickly rind, a.,d h.r. feeds or kirnels within ii, tli.it rc- iemble a chcfnut, both in ll/e, colour, and t.iltc. This fruit ihcv ;;athcr before it is ripe, and when boiled it has the tallc oi' cabba;^e : but when mellov/ it is eaten r.iw, and is very good. The kernels roalled in the embers fcrve thciii for food when on a journey. There is another fruit called jambo, which is very juicy, and has the tillc of an appi •: the colour is white, ftrc.iked with red, and it looks very beautiful. They have alio foine fruits that rcfemblc our plumbs and cherries ; nor do they want any of tli- common Indian fruits, as pine-apples, cocoas, limes, niclons; pouiegr.inates, and mangoes. The kitchcn-Tardens of tliis iflanJ are well fupplicd with roots and herbs ; the ro its they eat are known by the general name of yams, though thev have a great variety of them. They have alfo feveral forts of vegeta- bles, which they cit with butter, fomc of which are nearly cipial to afparagus. They alfo drefs fomc of their green fruit with rice. The Portugucfc and JJutch have introduceil almolV all the herbs and roots ufed in our kitchens, as coleworts, lettuce, fajc, mint, rofcmary, ra- difhes, and carrots ; and their woods afford plenty of me- dicinal herbs, which are well known to the natives, who, by applying them, perform conliderable cures. The country alfo abounds with flowers of the "inert colours and the mort fr.igrant fmells, but thr ruirivcs ne- ver cultivate them, or take any delight in fine rjardens ; yet the vou'.ig fellows and girls adorn iheir hair with them: among others they have while and red rofes, that fmell as fvveet as ours, and alio a white flower that refembles jefla- minc, of which a nofegay is brought every morning to the king, who claims the property of them wherever they grow. There is another flower called the hopmaul that grows upon trees. Thefe have a very fine fcent, and are parti- cularly ufed by the young pi'ople in their hair. I'hey have likcwife a flower called the findricmal, which is remarkable for opening every evening at about four o'clock, and tloling again a'joiit four in the morn- ing. riw do'viuk li.i ii a flirub llit i ■.:.-.. I. :^f«liitt it or,^ ly about two liii'.'et i broad, an I Ut n lit fir ti^^ht feif loii'f, and on both lides full of thorn:.. Tlnfe |.-jvc« fhf • fplit, an. I m. ike ni.it'.of them. Iiim lliiub b":iri » bwi th It opcir. into a bunch of fr.uT.mt wluiii'i llowen, like 4 nofe-.iy, and the tools lu.i;i^ lull oi Ijiiall fibrts, ihcy make their loribuje nf them. 'Ihcy have feviial kindi of licf, fomc of which rci^uiia fiune monihi before the corn is rip", fome fix, otheri live t and thrr- are othtr kinds that will be ripe in three or four months liom the lecd-time : that wiiich ripcin f.itl \\ h.ii the belt tilte, but yi. Ids the lealt iiKreafr. As all fortni.f lice '.'.row in w.itu', the inhalutants take ijeat puns in kvelimg the ground they dLlii-n ft^r tillage, and in mak- ing rli.iiintls f(,r thi'ir wells and rel'ervoiis to convey ihcs water to thefe fields, if they apprtheiul they have water enough, thev f'.'W that kimi of rice which yieljMTioff, ^nij is the longcfl in growing! but if thiy iipprebnul the water will not hold out, they fov that which lipcns fooneft, Thev alfi) contrive to have all their rice rl|ie to .".tlif r j for as thiir fieldi arc common, thev luin In tlw ir cuilu after harvelt ; and if any bulb.indm.in i» much later than his neighbours, bis corn is eiit'li up by tlu- (.itll". As tiiere aie but few fprings in the luutb put of the ifl.md, tiie natives, during the rainy fealon, (.ivc tin: r.iin- w.iter in '..'r::.it ponds a mile in extent ; and when their fields are |i>u n, let it giadually llow into thtni a little at a time, th.it it may hidd out till b:iivttt. 'I'hcir iifial Ue;l-tiine is in julv or Augull, fooii after the bei'iniiing ot the rains, a. id their li.irv If in janiiarv or I'ebruarv i but where they h.ive .dwavs plenty uf watei', thev p.iy lit:le ieg;ird to tile feafoii:., but low and iii\t almoll ;it :uiy time. 'i'heir plough has a handle and foot iliod with iron, much like our foot [iloiighs ■, but tluv are both of .i piere< and much lefs ami (hiuter on account of their turnin.i; oiV the fide (d' bills where they arccr.imped for want of room. A fni;ill be. nil is let into thiit pait which the plnu'^hinan holds in bis hami, and to which the geers of the tiiitrdiies arc f.ilteiied ; thefe ploughs do not, like ours, bury the fward, but only ferve to bre.ik up the ground that is |',,i)u after ovci flowed with water, which rots the prills ami weeds. The lands are indeed ploughed twice; aficr the firft they make up the banks, which ferve to keep in the water, and for caiifeys to walk upon from one field to another ; for the fields, when overHowed, are knce-dccp in water and mud. When the weeds and grafs are rottci? they dr.ag a heavy board edge-ways over the land tu make it fniooth, that it may every where be equally over- flowed. Before they fow their feed they foak it in water, and then let it lie four or five days (ni a heap till it "row.. \Vhen the feed is ready they drain the water off the land and then with fquare boards fallcned to poles ai'ain finoorh the mud ; after which they low the rice as our hurtiand- mcd do wheat and barley, and fuiTer it to ftand v\ithout water till it riles a fpaii above the ground. The women then come to weed the rice, and tranfplant it where it grows too thick ; after which thev again let in the water and the rice grows half a foot or a foot deep in water till it is lipe. Initead of tbrefliing their corn they tread It out with oxen and buffaloes, which is frequently done in the fieldi where it grows When it i.s reaped they lav out a rnun I fpot of ground for this purpofe, about twente-hve fe-?t in diameter, and dig it a foot and a half deep. This method is lb expeditious, that half a do/.cn oxen will tr.imple out forty or fifty bufllcls in a day. It is remarkable, that tht; people, before they begin this work of trcadini; out the corn, always perform fome religious ceremony, and apply to their idols for a blefling on their labours. 'I'here are feveral other kinds of grain v/hich the pcoplj eat towards the end of the year, when rice bc^'ins to ijroi^ fcarce, particularly curacan, which is as fmall a-, miilliird- feed ; this they beat or grind into flower, and make cak-s of it. This grain grows on dry ground, and is ripe within three or four months after it is fown. They have another grain callert ol till- turvclk-wnrli ci.t otV the lai , when it i» ri|i, .iiiJ I iiiy ihi'in hmiic III li.ilki.'li. rhl> • vtiy iJiy loud, .mil i>, iiiiiy iMl< II when ri^e is ivit In lie h^d I'lii re I ki'wiU' i^rovvt here a l> > i dllril (ulLi, uf wliich ihiy Mukc uil, wuli wliii.li chcy . .luiiit (livmklvci. SEC T. III. 0/'//.'i- Rftiflt and Infilll tf Oy/in, parlicu'nrfy lit EIrphiinIs, Ihi- .Inl:, ana the Hfei. 0/ iL- Jlii./i iind h'ljhci. IN this ifl.inil there arc plenty of hnlt.ildi's, nxeii, deer, gd.its, and hdjs i they have liktvvil'i cl(.|ih.mts, num- kii-., lujrs, lyi;cr», j.Kk.ills, hiiri"., and doi;.! but iiii lioiis, wolves, ihuep, horlc, or alies, execpt liich as .ire imported by Kuropians. Some of their deer are larger than our red deer ; but there is anothir animal that is in all re(pe.:ts like them, except in the li/,j and colour, it i.s no bitj^er th.ni a haie, aii.l is urey (iioltcd with white. 'I'liib illaiid is moll lani'iiis tor its elephants, which arc fa numerous, that they do incttdible uani.i:;c to the huf- bandiiieii bv breaking; their trees, and eating and traniplin;.; down tlieir torn. Hence the lountry peuple are obliged to watch thole of their own lields that lie near the woud . every ni;;ht, and they are not fecure of their lorii when it is placed in their yards. It is with (;reat dilHculty that, with lighted torches and makinp a -^reat noife, they can frighten them aw.iy ■, lomctimcs they llioot at them, and wound them with their arrows; but the einaj^'.ed elephant frei|uently kills them. Their tyi^ers and bears are l.ir lels troublclonic, for they do no damage to the corn, and lel- dom attaek people without provocation. The Abbe de CJuyon obferves, that the tame elephants of Ceylon arc more elleemed than any other in the Indies, not only on account of their piodiuious bulk, and the beauty of their ivorv, but alio for their remarkable doci- lity : " They ufe no other animals but their, he add i, " in the carriage of hogiheads, and other fuch burthens. " The elephant takes hold of the rope with his trunk " and his teeth, he draws it, twills it about, throws the *' load on his back, and fo goes olV with it, Me draws *' with equal cafe a caravel, or half-galley, on dry ♦' ground." 'I'heir monkies arc alfo very numerous, and thcle arc of feveral kinds, foine arc of a dark grey and very large, with black faces, and white beards that re.ich from car to car, which make them refemblc old men. There is ano- ther fort like the former, and as large, but both their bodies and faces arc milk-white j neither of thefe arc milchic- vous : but there is a third fort that is very troublefome, thcle have white faces, and no beard-;, but have long hair on their heads like men : about harvell-time thefe come in large companies, and not only eat up a great deal of corn, but carry a confiderable (|uantity of it away in their hands ; they likcwife plunder the gardens about the houfes. In fomc parts of the illand are alligators, and they have alfo a great variety of ferpents, fome of which are laid to be of an incredible fize. They have abundance of pole- tats, ferrets, weazels, and other vermin, which are fo inimcroiis, that they dellroy almoft all the wild rabbits. The ants fwarm here in an amazing degree, and fling fofliarply that there is no bearing them; they devour .dnioft every thing they come at, and people can fcarcc fet down a difh of meat but it will be filled with them. They run up the walls of the houfes, building arches or covered palVagcs as they go ; and if an arch happens to break, they come down and aflllt in repairing it. The CinglalTcs take great care in watching every thing they value, left they fliould be fpoiled by thefe infefls, whicl\ they difcover by thefe arches of dirt, which they always build whenever they go up any thing. At a dillance from the houfes thefe ants raife hillocks, five or fix feet high, of a pure refined clay, fo firm and hard that it will require a pick-ax to break it, and under thefe they contrive their nefts in the manner of an honty-comb. Thefe infeds increafe prodigioudy, and great numbers of them alfo die ' it a timej for when they have arrived at their full growth, j and hive (ib'aincJ win ?i, thev iiVao out of nn rv ninj; alter Inn Itt in fiuli v.ill iiiiinlni , that tl'.cy djikeil ihii lk\ , and li.iMiig flinvii out iit fi.^lit, in 4 Ih tc ii.iu' lail down de.u', when the liiids whii'li arc L'one to rciolt In- qiitiitly piik up a |;i.-ut many ut iliein, I he poiilir) iivc jlniolt viitiielv tipon thcfc ant:,, whuli mult i^uatly dc« ( reale tin ii iiiimbi.i. I'hcy h.ive one lott of bees like thofe common In Knu- land, (liele build in holes in the giound and m holUnv- liee-.. They h.ue alfo a l.itger I. rt of u brighter colour, and tint mike nuali iliinner ho'u y : ihcl.: fi.x thi ir ci.n>b« ii|Mn the boughs of trees at a gnat height, and as thev ni.iy liee.ilily lum, whole villaj'i - ..l the pinpir time i.fthi! year go into the wood, to gather the hmuy, ,nid como home loaded with if Thcv fomelimcs hold toiclus under ihe bees till thcv dii.|) down fu. ni tlio tiec, and thin I >il and e It thim, ihiiikiiig tlu in vi.tv good food. In this illand are leeelus of a reJdiIh colour, of about the thitknefsof a goofe quill } thil.- appiar about the time- when the lains be;;iii to t.dl, and loon alter the grafs aiiil woods are full ol them. At firll they are .iliiioll as fniall as a horle-hair, and creeping up the le^d of t..;vi.lUrs, who always go without Ihoes (jr Itockings, in.:l:e the hluoil run down their heeU i and if they have any fire, will bj lure to get to it. To a\iiid this lime rub their le -s witli h 1111)11 and (alt, to make thim drop uU, .uid others u\'^ a flat Hick to ferape them oH'i but they are fo I'uon ftictied- ed by others, lli.it it .. aluioll in vain, and they moll com- monly let tlieili alone till they reaeli the end ol'thtir jour- ney 1 lor till. iigli their legslinait a little, tins bleeding is clleeme.l l.ilut.iry. Wluii they ci.iiie to their lumfes, they gu lid of ihim at once by rubbin,' their lei's witli alhe.-. As to fowls they h.iyc plenty of tliem ; but it i. f..id the king prohibits the people's ke. ping i ime tiiikies, ;:eer.', ducks, .ind pigeons, though he liiiiil. If keeps them ; lliey have likevvile .i water lowl that i. black, and as bi^r as a duck ; It lives iipnii lilli, and will remain under ve.itcr a long time, an.l at length will come up .it a vail dillanee. There i. another fowl that h.iiintslhe ponds and niarllics j it lives on li(h, and Is larger than a I'waii. There area few p.irtridges and woodeoeks, f.'me fiiipcs, vvood-plgeoii:, and fparrows ; but wild pe.ieoeks and green parrots are very numerous. The itiaeowda fpeaks very ph. in, v;hen taii:'ht, and is of the fize and colour of a black-bird. There is an )!her fpecics of a very beautiful gold colour, and thele too in.iy be taui;bt to fp.ak. The fined bird of this country is of the fi/.c of a fjiarrow ; it is as white as fiiow, except its head, which is black, vvitli a plume of feathers Handing upiighr, and the tail is a foot long. There are others of a deep yillow, but in every other rcfpeiit like the former; neither of them have any inul! j1 notes, or are good for any thing but to look at. 'I'hcie 19 great plenty of filli In the rivers and points, which the natives eat with their rice much oltener than they do llefli. 'i'hev tak'? them with a wicker b.irK..'t, made in the form of a bell, wl.ii b they put down in the water, and foon feel If there be am lifll, by their beating againlt the walls of their little pril'on, and putting their arms in at the top, they take them out with theli hands. They feldom ule nets, except on the fea-coall. In feveral places fifli aie kept for the king's ufe, who diverts hlniflf nitli feeding them ; and in thofe places people are proliibiied t(.> take tliem, which renders them fo tame, ih.it tluy will fwim after any body to the fides of the pond to be led. SECT. IV. Of the Perfins, Drrj'i, Afii'imn, and Ciijlvia of thi Cii:~ glajfeSy or InhabituiiH of Cyin:, THE CinglafTes arc well fliapcd, of a middU> flature, and have long black hair. Their features are re- gular, their complexion dark, but lefs fwarthy than that of the Malabars, and their eyes, like thofe of all other InJvcr, before they fix on thofe they like; but as they giv \h theij daughters potions of cattle, flaves, and mo-icy, fither thefe, or an equivalent muft be returned with the woman, the man keeping the male children, and the woman the girls. Though no man is allowed more than one wife, it is faid to be common fcr a woman to have two hufliands, and thofe brothers, who keep houfe together, and the children acknowledge both for their father. If their daughters are grown up, and marri>;d, they make no fcrupleof letting young fellows lie with them, in hopes they will take them of!:' their hands by marrying them. The men are fo' complaifant after marriage, that if they are vifited by a friend, they will offer him their wife or daughter to fleep with them, cfpecially if he be of a fupe- rior cafl, though it would be an unpardonable crime to proftitute cither to a man of lowe rank; and lying with a man's wife without his leave is even here, where they allow fuch liberties, elleemcd fo great a crime, that the hufljand is indemnified if he kills both the adulterer and the adultcrcfs, when he finds chrm together, It Ceylon. A S I A. 'jy It It is faiJ the women ara very dcxtcroiu at procuring abortion, which they think no crime. They have no miilwiveits, or even foreigners, to ride on them in his territories ; but thcv have oxen with bunches on their backs, which ferve lor carriage, and when the king and lii.^ cinirt go a journey, both by elephants and oxen. the baggage is carried SECT. VIII. Of the Power, Fma, nnd Rrjcnua of the King of Candy ; iiitl) the PuitiJhmMi infiilcd on Criminals, TI IK king of Candy, who polTefles all the middle part of the idand, is formidable to his fubjeits, by the abfolute empire he has over their pofllflions, their aitions, and their lives. The fucccflioii to the crown is hereditary, where the reigning prince docs iiotlimit it in his life-time, for he has the power of appointing any of his children to fuccced him, and, if he fees fir, of dividing his dominions aniongfl them, as hath been lometimcs pra£lifed. The p.'lace, where the kine, of Candy uliially refides, is in the moll retired and inacceifible part of the mountains near the town of Digligiiieur ; it is compofed of feveral buildings intlofed within a wall, and is fo contrived, that it is not known in what ilillinct houfe or apartment he lies. His generals and great officers guard the inner courts, wliere tliey have every night their fixed fiations ; and then they are obliircd to reniiiin without having any convcrla- tioii with each other ; and theit troops lie without the walls. The guards neartll hisperfoii arecompofeJ cf jie- grocs, in whom he places the greateil ccnfidence, and every night (ends out parties at uiicert.iin times, to lee ii the officers and ccntinels are at their refpedtive pods. He ischielly .ittended by beautiful boys, whom the go- vernors of the feveral prcn iiiecs fend to cotirt, as they d^j young gills, who ferve liim for toncubincs, and to dreis his meat for his table. Mr. Knox obferves, that wlitu he was in the country the king lent for all the haiidlbmi; Portuguele women without dillinclion that could be met with, and having made choice of thofe he liked beft, hi; fent back the reft, or had them placed in cer;ain villages to be kept till called for. When he goca abroad he is attended by a numerous body of guards, and among others has a company of Dutch, and another of I'ortuguefe, under the command of oflicers of their refpeftive nations: he is alfo preceded by drums, trumpets, and other inflrumental inufic, together with finging women, and has his elephants, led liorfcs, and huntfmen with hav\'ks, in his train. All this company frequently aflcmblc by his majely's order at the gates of his palace, in expei5lation of his going out, when he hai no fuch defign. He eats by himfelf, fitting on a ftool with a little table covered with white calicoe placed before him. Twenty or thirty diflics are brought into the room, by peifons who have mufflers before their mouths, and the king having a deep gold plate with a plantain-leaf at the bottom of it, calls for what he chufcs, which is alfo brought him by a perfon muffled to prevent his breathing on the me.it. When his fubjciLts enter into his pretence they fall three times on their fu( es, and then fitting on their legs, addrefs him in terms little inferior to thofe they ule in their reli- gious woifliip. One of their ufual expreffions is, " May " your majelly be a god ;" at the fame time Ailing them- felvcs the limb of a dog, or fome animal, which, they fav, is unworthy to approach him, and w hen they retire from' his prefence, they creep backwards till they arc out of fight. He intrufts the management of mofl: of his alTairs to two great officers, ftiled Adigars, to whom his fubjciSts may appeal from the judgment of the inferior judges or gover- nors. Next to the Adigars are the Diflauvas, or gover- nors of provinces, who are entrufted with the civil as well as military power. Thefe rcfide at court, and manage their refpedtive governments by a deputy, who has feveral inferior officers under him; but in every province foms towns and villages are exempt from the governor's jutif- didlion, as the lands which belong to the king, and the pofleffions of the pricfts. The power of the king is reftrained by no laws, fo that he may do whatever he pleafes. The lands are all holderi of him by one tenure or other, fome to ferve him by their labours, others in his wars, and the reft pay certain quan- tities of their manufadhires, cattle, grain, or fruit. la many villages this prince rcfcrves the produce of the foil to himfelf, allowing only a bare fubfiftance to the huf- bandman ; and thcie villages arc frequently beftowed up- on his officers, who enjoy them as long as they retain their ports. The reft of their lands are hereditary, de- fending from father to fon, being only fubjedl to the te- nures by which they were held by their anccftors. Three times a year the people bring their rents to court; and all who have any pofts or offices in the govcrnmeni: make prefents to the king every New Year's-day of gold, precious {tones, plate, arms, or calicoe. The great men ftrive to procure fome valuable jewel, or extraordinary rarity, as the nioft certain way to procure their iulvancc- ment, or, at leaft, to fecure what they already poflefs. Befides thefe rents and annual prefenis, the king fends for whatever he pleafes from any of his fubjedls ; and if his officers appropriate any of their fruit-trees, or other pro- duce of the earth to the king's ufe, the proprietor dare not touch then,. Thus he commands the revenues and produce of all the lands in his dominions, whenever the exigences of the ftate induce him to call for them. The king has no ftan ^ing troops, befides his CoftVee guards and a few Europeans, The ct;mmon folJicrs, whQ hold C'El J (,:i.it C'tVLON'. I A. 14 « II is re id holil their hnJs by a military tenure, mount the j'.uard by I rice ami other tooJ. Thcll: Ir.tle turns, and the dilfauvai aiul generals arc toiiUantly iip.d by pi;oi)l'- dreHed up to reprclc-iit the L^iants, wlvj thev lay furnieily inhabit- ed the t.irtli ; then ccmc drums, trumpets, and other wind mufic, with the danciii; their ttin[}les, in fjvcral priefls ninuntcd on a (lately tiephnnt covered with white cloth and rich trappin:;s, (>ne carrying on his (hoiilders a painted ihft', to wnicli is fixed filk ilreamers and ftrin;^'. of il')vvers, and the other pricds fitting behind liini holds an undirrlla over his liead : then come two other elephants, on each of wh'ch arc mrnintcd two priells of the inferior deities, followed by the fervants of the priells in all their finery : then advance fome hundreds of women of the hinhcfl: rank, riclily ilrclii:d, and marching th.ce a-brea.l. The llre.ts are all the way adorned with fl;igs penons, branches of coroa-nut trees, and lighted lamps whether it be day or night; and the proccflion is clofed by the generals with th'Jr troops and the y;reat officers of ihitc, who make the whole tour of the city, once in the day- time, and again at niglit, and this they repeat every day, from the new to the full moon. In the intervals nothing is to be fecn but dancing, finging, and fuch fports as is fuit..!)le to great feftivals. Another annual feftival is celebrated on the full moon in November, when they plant long poles before their temples, ■which they hang full of lights to a great height, as they alfo do before the king's palace. This feftival lafts only one night. At the new and full moon they prefent offerings to their god Buddou of rice and fruits ; and on New Ycar's-day, which is in March, they perform a folcmn feflival to him on the mountain called Hammalella, or Adam's peak, or elfe under a certain great tree; and to one of thcfe places all the people in the country think themfclves under an indifpenfable obligation to go annually with their wives and their children, unlefs prevented by fieknefs, or any other accident. On that mountain, which is the higheft ground in the whole idand, they worfhip, and fct lighted lamps round the print of the foot, which fome fay that Buddou, and others that Adam, left on his afccnding to heaven, and lay their offering on the top of the rock, which bears the impreffion, as upon an altar. The facred tree we have juit mentioned growi in the north part of the king's dominions, at a place called An- nurodgburro. This tree, like the chapel of Loretto, has travelled frrm one country to '.'.nothcr, and at length plant- ed itfelf at Annurodgburro. Under the branches of this tree, it is faid, BudJou ufed to repofe himlclf ; and near this place arc the remains of temples, hewn with incredi- ble labour out of the rocks, and fuch as the people imagine could only be made by the race of giants they annually commemorate. They efteem it a moft pious act to procure temples to be erccied to the honour of Buddou, and to offer facrifices to him. Women of the bcft quality will fend out their fervai'.ts to beg the contributions of the people towards this facrifico, and others for the fame purpofe will carry about his image, and to thcfe the people are very liberal. On receiving any thing, they cry out, " Let the blefling of " the gods and the Buddou go along with you ; may *' your corn ripen, your cattle incrcaie, and your life be « long." Others caufe a temple to be built, and an image to be made, and then beg for money to pay the builder or founder. Before the eyes of the image are made, it is thrown about the work-fhop as an ordinary piece of metal; but the eyes are no fooner iiniflicd than the idol is com- plete and facred, and is removed from the work-fliop to the temple, where it is attended with mufic, dancing, and facrifices. They have here, as well as upon the continent, idols of monflrous Ihapes and forms, m.ide of filver, brafs, and other metals, and fometimes of clay ; but thofe in the Buddon's temples are the figures of men fitting crofs- Jcgged in yellow habits, like his priefts, rcprcfenting fome lioiy men, who, they fay, are teachers of virtue and bene- factors to mankind. A prodigious number of idol temples of all kinds arc difperfcd over the country, fome biult of hewn-flone, and of excellent workmanfliip. Tlufe mult have flood many ages, the people being entirely ignorant of this kind of arthitctjlurc, and do not even know how to repair the decays occafioned in them by time. One at Vintane is one hundred and thirty feet in circumference, and of a very great height ; at the bottom it is of an oval form ; it rifes to a point like a pyramid, and is gilt at the top. 0/ thnr Dtilth \ Ci'yioii. SEC T. X. Tra/k a:ul Afanufaflura ; the Sitllements of the and the Ojim, ll^Vigkt!, and Alanufailum of THE people of Ceylon have a little home trade, one part of the ifland fupplying the other with what they want of the produce of their rcfpeiitive countries. There arc, however, no markets held in the ifland ; but they have a few (hops in the great towns, where are fold rice, calicoe, brafs, copper, and earthen-vefll-ls ; fword.s, knives, and other inftruments of iron and ftecl, in which they work very well ; making all manner of tools for car- penters and hufbandmcn, and pretty good fire-arms. Their calicoes are ftrong, but not fo fine as thofo of the coall of Coromand';l : goldfmiths-work, painting, and carving, they likewife perform tolerably well. I'he Dutch Eaft India company are pofleffed not only of the whole coaft of Ceylon, but of ten or twelve leagues within land. And as the Dutch, fays commodore Rogge- wein, take great pains to preferve a good underftandino- with the king, thev obtain from him almolt every thing they can defire. The company fend to him every year an ambaffador with prefcnts, and, in return, his majtfty fends the company a cabinet of jewels of fuch value, that the veffel which carries it home is thought to be worth half the fleet. The governor-general of Batavia takes care himfelf to have it fo packed up aTnong the reft of the mer- chandize, that not only none of the fljip's company, but even the captain of the vefl'el that carries it, knows not whether it be on board his fliip or no. The two principal places in this ifland belonging to the Dutch Eaft India company are PuntadeGaloandColumbo; which laft is the refidence of the governor and his council. This city the Dutch have contraflcd into one quarter of Its antient bounds, and have fortified it with a wall and baftions. It is now about a mile in length, and three quarters of a mile in breadth. The ftrcets of the Newr Town are wide and fpacious, and the buildings in the modern taftc. The governor's houfe is a noble ftrudturc, and feveral other houfes are very beautiful. The natives however do not pay any great refpeft to the Dutch, but rather treat them with contempt, fcornfully ftiling them their coaft-kecpers. The Dutch give them- fclves little trouble about this, but, like good politician?, take all poflible care to keep up a perfect correfpondence with the king, that he may never be tempted to quarrel with and refufe them his affiftance, which would deltroy a moft valuable part of their commerce. This, however, his majefty mightdo if he thought fit, without being under any great apprehenfions from their power, fincehis dominions, as hath been already obfcrved, are feparated from theirs by fuch thick forefts, that it is irt a manner impoflibic to pe- netrate them. The Dutch Eaft India company, befides the advantage they make of the cinnamon, gain confiderably by the pre- cious ftones found in this ifland ; particularly rubies, white and blue faphires, and topazes; they alfo receive con- fiderable profit from the manufadlurcs of muflin, chints, and other fluffs ; but the greateft part of the muflins they fend into Europe come from the coaft of Malabar. TheCinglaffes have very little coin, and therefore ufually barter one commodity for another. When the Portuuuefe ivere eftablifhed in the ifland they coined fome filver, which the Cinglafles call tangum mafia ; thefe are about the value of nine-pence, and are flill current all over the country. There is another coin which the common peo- ple thcmfelvcs make, in the (hape of a filh-hook, of a finer Ti fine kin; piec perl I Weij poll; I corn hold callr makt !»-,-?£> //; Slt\ thel Bonn ticuk the A '• Tartars Tibet. A S finer filvcr than dollars : and there is a third coined by the king, which being very thin, fcventy-five of thcni make a piece (if eight, or Spanilh dollar ; and it is, death for any pcrfon to coin or counterfeit thclc. Their fmalleft weight is the colonda, fix of which weigh a piece of eight, and twenty colondas make a polhim. Their ufual tncafure for cloth is the cubit; and the leaft corn-ni':afurc is the potta, which is as much as a man can hold lif:>;)ed up in his hand : four pottas make a meafure called liondcr nellia, or the king's meafure : four mealures make a i.ouiney, and ten couriicys a pale, which is forty I A. '43 meafurcs ; four pales arc an ommounas by which they ufually reckon their flock of grain. People, it is faid, are not puniflicd for making their meafurcs too fniali, but lor having them too large ; for corn frequently pnfling inllead of money, the ufurers make their meafure as large as they can, that when they aie paid they may receive the more from their debtors. We have now furveyed the various idands rich in fpicej. gems, and gold, from the Ladroiies to the coaft of Coro- mandi.l,and fliall therefore return to the continent, and be- ginning with Tibet, proceed toTonquin and the countries of India beyond the Ganges, CHAP. XV. Of B SECT. I. Coldntfs of the CHmaie pmcecd- The Country divided into Its Situation and Extent ; the ing from the Hiight of the Land. 77 the Provinces of Lajju, Great Tibet, and Little Tikt, Th Boundaries of LaJJii, the Produce of the Country, and a par- ticular Defer iplion of th.e Roc-buck that produces Mufk, and the Manner in which it is generated, I HE country called by the Europeans Tibet, or Thibet, is named by the orientals Tibt, and by the -iO. Tartars is called Barentola. This country, which (ome authors call Butan, is fituated between the twenty-fixth and thirty-ninth degree of latitude, and is fuppofed to ex- tend feventeen hundred and thirty-five miles in length from caft to wcfl, and where broadeft feventeen hundred and eighty from north to fouth, though in fome places it is not above half that breadth, in others fcarcely a fourth part, and in others is ftill Icfs. It is bounded on the north by the country of the Mongols and the defart of Kobi, on the eafl by China, on the weft by Indoftan, and on the fouth by the fame empire, the kingdom of Ava, and other countries belonging to the peninfula of India beyond the Ganges. The land of Tibet is in general very high. A manda- rine, who had been there as envoy, informed amiflionary, named Gerbillon, that in pafling Irom China to Tibet he found a fenfible afcent, and that the mountains, which are very numerous, are much more elevated on the caft fide towards Chinathanon the weft of Tibet : " Certainly, " continues he, the little hills whence the Golden river " takes its rife niuft be vaftly higher than the fea, fince " this river, which is fufficiently rapid, difcharges itfelf " into the lakes of Tfing-fu-hay, and from thofe lakes the *' river Whangho has a very fwift current for two hun- " dred leagues before it falls into the Eaftern Ocean. This " elevation of the land renders the country very cold,con- •' fidering the latitude; but on defcending the mountains, " and entering farther into Tibet, the air is mjch more " temperate." On the weftern part the air is alfoextremcly cold, efpe- cially on the tops of the mountains which divide Indoftan from Great Tibet. Thefe mountains appear extremely dreadful, and naturally ftrike the mind with awe and ter- ror ; they arc heaped upon one another, and their fummits are fo contiguous, that they arc fcarcely feparated by the torrents which riifh impetuoudy down, and fiiU from the rocks with a noife fufficient to ftun and terrify the boldeft travellers. The road over them is commonly fo narrow that the paflengcrcan fcarce find room to fet his foot, and at the leaft falfe ftep he is precipitated down the precipices, where there are no bulhes or flirubs to ftop his fall, there not being fo much as a plant or even a blade of grafs on thefe defart mountains. Sometimes over the impetuous torrents that fcparate one mountain from another is a bridge, formed of a narrow totitring plank, or 12 ropes ftrctched acrofs, and a bottom formed of twifted boughs. 'I'he country generally comprehended under Tibet is ufually divided into Great Tibet, Little Tibet, and Lalla. VVc fliall begin with the laft, which is bounded on the fouth by a vaft chain of mountains covered with fnow, and are no lefs difficult to pafs than thofe already mentioned to the weft of Great Tibet ; for the torrents, by which they arc; feparated, are parted on planks laid on ropes ftretched acrofs them. On the eaft it is bounded by the cnintrie^ of KokonorandTufan, which border on China; on thenorili by the defart of Kobi ; and on the weft by G'cat Tibet. The towns, both in this and in all the other pans of Tibet, are in general fmall, and none of them in a ftate of defence. According to Tavernier the foil of this country is good, and produces rice and pulfe ; and the chief commodities in which the inhabitants trade with other nations, are furs, particularly thofe of martens, mufk, rhubarb, and worm- feed. The creature which produces mufk refembles the roc- buck ; his fkin and colour are the f.ime ; he has alfo flendcr legs, a fplit fmooth horn, but fomewhat bending. On each fide he has two white teeth, which are ftraight, and rife above his muzzle, each about half a fiiu'cr in K'n;.'th, and refcmbling in form the teeth of the clcpluint. This is the mark which diftinguifhes this from other roe- bucks. The mufk produced by thefe creatures in Tibet is much preferable to that of China and other countries, from this animal feeding on aromatic paftures, and alfo from the inhabitants of Tibet prcfcrving the bladders of mufk in the natural ftate, while the Chinefe adulterate ail that come into their hands. The moft excellent mufk is what the roe-bucks leave behind them, when they rub themfclves ag.iinft the rocks and mountains; for the humour whence it is generated falling down towards its n.ivcl, gathers like a bile or any other tumour ; and when the fwelling is ripe, the creature feeling a painful itching, fearches for ftones and rubs him- felf againll them, till opening the fore, the matter runs out and coagulates. The wound clofe;;, and the fame kind of humour gathers to a head again as before. There are men at Tibet who make it their bufincfs to collecH: this mufk, and having gathered a quantity, put it up in bl.idders. The mufk that has ripened in the fKin of the roe-buck furpafTes all others in goodnefs, juft as fruit is better when it is gathered ripe from the tree,than whca it is pulled green. There is another method of getting mufk by cnfnarlng the roe-buck in toils, and fhooting him with arrows ; but thefe hunters frequently cut the tumours before tlic mufk is elaborated, and in this cafe it has at firft an ill (cent, that prevails till the matter is thickened, which (bmeiimcs docs not linppen in a great while ; but as foon as it co.igulates it turns to mufk. Nn The ;i A ■ t, ■ m:i :::f' .vtH 14* A SYSTEM OF G E O G K A IMi y. Tib ET- II .' •i! ■ 1 1 ' 1 ■ " t-i U ■ 11! ■;: The mofl excellent rhubarb cnmes from hence. This root they cut in pieces, and Itrinijing them, hang tlicm up to dry. SECT. II. T/ie Perfons diir! Dr/fs nf the Natives. Their Oiflonn, M,m- ntrs, mid Ri/ii;i;n ; uiih a particular Acsiint of tin Dalay Lama, or Sovereign Pinlijf. THE inhabitants, according to Tavernier, arc ftrong and well proportioiitJ, but llnir ndCes and tares fomcwhat flat. Hoth fexcs arc cloathed in rumiiier with a large piece of fulHan or hempen cloth, and in the winter with a thick cloth refembling a felt; on their beads they wc:ir a kind of bonnet, much like our drinking-cans, which they adorn with boars teeth and pieces of tortuife- flicll ; but the wealthy intermix with them coral and am- ber beads, of which their women make necklaces. They all wear bracelets upon their left arms, and none upon their right : the women have them tiL'ht, and the men loofe. About their necks they wear a filk twill, at the end of which hatigs a bead of yellow amber, coral, or a boar's tooth, which dangles on their breaft ; and, on their left fides, their girdle:; arc buttoned with amber or coral beads, (irueberfays, the courtiers are very cxpcnfivc in their drefs, which confifts of cloth of gold brocade. Some wear a habit in all rcfjjciSs refembling that of the women, except its being red like thofe of the lamas : but the common people are very llovenly. With rcfpeit to their food, Tavernier obfervcs, that they feed on all forls of flcfh, except that of cows, which they adore as thccominon nurfes of mankind; and that they are fond of fpirituous liquors. The men arc faid to be reftrained to one wife ; and yet, nccording to Regis, the women are allowed fcvcral huf- bands, who arc generally related, and even fometimes brothers. The fidl child belongs to the cldeft hufband, and thofcborn afterwards to the others, according to their fenlorify. When the lamas arc reproached with this cuf- tom, they pretend that it is ncccd'ary in Tibet, on account of the fcarcity of women. The language of Tibet is faid to differ entirely from that of the Mongols and Manchews, but that their cha- raclcrs rcfembic thofe that are in ufc among the peo- ple from the Cafpian Sea to the giilph of Bengal ; and confift of four vowels, twenty confonants, ten double letters, and ninety-fix charaiSlers compounded with vow- els. The grand lama, who is alfo called dalay lama, or uni- verfal pricfl, was formerly fovereign of all Tibet ; but as he now difclainis any concern with temporal affairs, he choofes one whom heconftitutes governor in his (lead, by the name of tipa. This officer wears the lama habit, which is generally of frize, with a yellow or red hat, but is under no obligation to obferve the rules of the order, which are both fevere and numerous : indeed no one lama undertakes to fulfil them all j but they divide the load among them. One adheres to the obfervance of particular preceprs; another makes choice of other rules, and fo of therefl; yet there are fome prayers in common which they fing .igrecably enough : but they are all obliged to live unmarried, and not to interfere with trade. The principal city has the name of Lilfa, as well as the province ; but the grand lama does not live in it, his place of refidcncc being one of the fincll of the pagods, which are very numerous upon the mountain Putala. He fits crofs-Ieggcd uix>n a large and magnificent cudiion, placed upon a kind of altar, in which pofture he receives the rcfpeels or rather adoraiions, not only of the people of the country, but of a furprizing multitude of ftrangers who undertake long and painful journies to offer him their homage upon their knees, and receive his bleffing. Ben- tink fays, that above twenty thoufand lamas refide in fe- veral circles that extend round the foot of this mountain, according as the rank and dignity they poflefs render them more worthy to approach the pcrfon of the fovereign pontiff. On tlic tops of the mountains trophies arc crefted to his honour, that he may prefervc man and bead ; and al! the kings who pavobcdiiiite to him, before their inau^u- riition, fend aniballadors with lich prefrnts to obiuin his blillijig, a:^ the mean^ oi ditfufing happinefb over their rciins. Princes arc even no more fr^cd from the ceremony of kneeling at his feet, than the nieancll of the people; nor does he treat them with more refpedl : for the grand lamii thinks himfclf above returning any falute; he therefore never pulls oil" his bonnet, nor riUs from his feat out of complaifance lo any who approach him, let their dignity be ever fo great; he only puts his hand upon the head of his adorers, who believe that by this means they receive the remiflion of their iins. Gruebi r all'crts, that the grandees of the kingdom have fuch veneration for this living god, that they are very eager to procure his excrements, which they wear pulve- rized in little bags about their necks .is facrccJ relics, and that the lamas make great advantage by the large prefents they receive from the great for helping them to this pre- cious powder. Tavernier alfo decl.ires, that thofe about the dalay lama prefervc his ordure, dry it, and reduce it to powder, like tiniff : then putting it into boxes, go every maiket day, and prefent it to the chief traders, who, bavin"- rcconipcnfed them for their kindnefs, carry it home as a great rarity, and when they feuft their fiiends, flrew it upon their meat. Thcfe accounts appear at fird fi:;lu high- ly improbable ; wecannot wi.hout difficulty believe human nature fo degraded, and it appears much more natural to fuppolc, that thofe travellers were miilakcn, and led into an error by their little knowledge of the langua7e of the Tibctians ; cfpcciatly as the greatcll errors may be occa- fioned by tlie dubious found, or equivocal meaning of a word. The high opinion which both the princes and people of this large country entertain of the power and holincfs of the dalay lama, make them readily fubmit to the moll fer- vile rites. 'J'hey believe that the god Fo lives in him, and that he knows all things, fees all things, and pene- trates into the very fecrets of the heart; and that if at any time he condefcends to afk any quellions, he does it only for form fake, that he m.ay leave the infidels without excufe. They arc even perfuaded that when he feems to die he only changes his abode, being born again in anevy body, and that nothing more is to be done than todifcover what body he is pleafed to inhabit. The Tartarian princes fometimes engage in this fearch, yet after all are obliged to refer it to the lamas, who alone underftand the marks by which he is to be known, or rather know the thilJ whom the fuccceding grand lama had appointed tobe his fuccelfor. The principal image worfliipped by thefe people is nam- ed Manippe, and is reprefented with nine heads, placed fo as to form a cone, with only one head at the top. Be- fore this idol the people perform their facred rites, with many odd gcfticulations and dances, often repeating, O Manippe mi-hum! O Manippe mi-hum! that is, O Ma- nippe, fave us ! To appeafe and conciliate the favour and cftecm of this deity, they frequently place before his idol, various forts of meat. Grueber mentions a moft deteflabic cuftom introduced into this country and Great Tibet. They chiife, fays he, a lufty youth, to whom, on certain days they grant the liberty of killing without diftindtion whomfbevcr lie meets; for thofe whom he thus flays, being confecratcil to Manippe, are fuppofed to obtain immediately eternal happinefs. This youth, whom they call Fut or the Slayer, is cloathed in a gav habit, adorned v\'ith little banners ; and armed with a fword, quiver, and arrows. At the time appointed he Hillies furioufly out of the houfe, and wan- dering through the ways and (Ireets, kills people at his pleafure, none making any refiflance. The number of lamas in Tibet is incredible, there be- ing hardly a family without one, either from devotion, or cxpeilation of preferment in the fervice of the dalay lima. This dignity, however, is not confined to the inhabitants of Tibet, other nations may arrive at that honour, and there are Tartars, and even Chinefe, who refort to Lilla to obtain it ; and thofe that arrive at the rank of the dif- ciples of the dalay lama, who arc notto exceed two hun- dred. (;' TincT. A -'i J A. drcd, confuKr it us a prc.a happijicfi. From among tlicfo the khutiaktiis or inlciior d.ilay lanins arc chiilui, ami ihiy no loDiKr made of Hones piled rudely one upon another, and trade is ufually carried on among them by exchanging ptovifi- ons. 1 hey coin no money, and the only fpjcie tuirent among them is the Mogul's coin. Great Tibet carries on a fmall trade with the neighbour- ing kingdom>; its principal commmlities are very fine wool of two forts, one of Ihei'p ; but the other, which is called tour, is rather a kind of hair, like the fur of the callor : the other commodities are mufk, tryffal,and jaflien, which is a blucifh (lone with white veins, fo hard that it mull be cut with a diamond : this Hone Is highly cfteemcd at the court of the Cireat Mogul : they make of it cups, and other vefl'els, which arefometimcs inlayed with gold. As to the religion of Circat Tibet, a fmall p.irt of the country is inhabited by Mahometans, and the rcit by pa- gans, who iire faid to be lefs fuptrltitious than thofe in other idolatrous countries. 'They call the fu))remi. god Conchoek, and adore another deity whom they name tir- ghien, and fay, that he was both god and man, witliout lather or mother, but born of a llov.er, and yet they nave the ffatuc ot a woman, who holds a f.ower in her hand, who they fay is Urghicn's mother. They like wile adore faints, and make ufe of beads. No fort of me.it is for- bidden them; they rejedl the doctrine of the tranfrni; ra- tion of fouls and polygamy, in which points thcv differ from the Indians. Their lamas wear a different habit from that of the laity. They neither braid their hair, nor wear pendants in their ears, like the others, but havi the tonfure, like Romifli monks, and are obliced to prac- tife perpetual celibacy ; they ftudy the books of their law, which are written in a language and character different from the vulgar. They chant their prayers, and prefcnC their offerings in the temples, confiffing of wheat, bar- Icy, dough and water, in neat little vefllls ; and thefe of- ferings they cat in a religious manner. They are held in great veneration, and ufually live in communities. They have local fuperiors, and over them a fupcrior general, whom the king himfelf treats with great refpet'., (Ill '):!',, LiiH', an.l two Imii ot' orangis, large anil (mill. 'I'hi: I; ii;coranijt;. Iiavc a Irayrailt Cmell anj moll delitiiiiis t.illc, and may be freely eaten without danL'tr : thele are admired by fomc travellers us the bill in tlic 'world. The other is a fmall round fruit, with a luiouth thin rhind, and a deep ted both on the infide and without. Thiir talle is almolt as agreeable as that of the other I but they are faid to be very unwholcfomc and to oeealion the flux. In this country oranges arc in lealon from (Jilobcr to Kebruary. The limes, wiiich are round, have fmooth thin fkins, and arc as large as an ordinary lemon : they are full of juice, but it is not near fo fli.up ab that of the lefl'er limes of other countries. The betel leaf, fo much valued all over India, is very common in this country. There is great plenty of mul- berry-trees, for the people plant young flips every year, the tender leaves of which being eileemcd much better for the filk- worms than thole of old trees. They feldom mind the fruit, which is fmall, and worth but little. Here is alfo good timber for fliipping, the building of houfrs, and other purpol'csj and pine-trees, which ferve for mafh. In the woods towards the north of this country arc ele- phants of an extraordinary fize : they have few horfcs ; but plenty of cows, buffaloes, and an abundance of bogs. There are no lions, afles, or flicep, except a few of "the lall that arc kept for the king's ufe. The deer and hares of this country arc very fcarce. This country affords great plenty of wild and tame fowl, but there are few I'mall birds. The natives uled formerly to catch their wild ducks in nets, till the Englilh and Dutch coming amongd them, taught them the method of (hooting. 'I'here are here a kind of locufts, about as large as a man's finger ; thefe breed on the banks of their rivers and ditches, and are eftcemed good food by the natives. There arc alfo great fwarms of gnats, which arc extremely troubiefome, and a fp«cics of ants that arc very mil- chievous. SECT. IV. Of the Perfom, Drefs, Food, Manners, and Ciifloms of the IiihnHtanti j with a particular Account of the Manner of chewing the Betel Leaf with Areka, cr Arek, Of their Marriages and Funerals, THE Tonquincfe are of a tawny complexion, but not fo dark as many of their Indian neighbours ; they are clean limbed, of a middle (lature, and have long black hair, which grows very thick, and hangs down upon their (boulders : their nole and lips are well made, and their faces are of an oval form, but fomewhat flattifh. When they are about twelve or thirteen years of age they dye their teeth black, or of a very dark colour ; this is an operation that takes up three or four days, during which they hardly dare to take any nouri(hment, the compofi- tion being fo naufcous, and fome fay poifonous. It is ob- ferved, that they are afhamcd of having white teeth, like the brutes ; on which Mr. Salmon obfervcs, that the true reafon of their blacking them is doubtlcfs the prevailing fa(hion of the country, which, how ridiculous foevcr it may appear to foreigners, muft conftantly be followed by the inhabitants, unlcfs they would be pointed at and infulted by the mob, as well as by people of better fa(hion. The fexes are not diftinguifliable by their habits. Their outer garment is a long gown, bound round the waift with a fa(h. The quality ufually wear filk, but prefer Eng- lifh broad-cloth, either red or green, with caps of the fame fluff. The inferior people and the foldiers ufually wear cotton cloth, dyed of a dark colour, and the upper gar- ment of the latter reaches no lower than their knees j but they wear drawers which come down to the middle of their legs. The poor generally go bare-headed, except in the rainy feafon, when thofe who are expofed to the weather »3 life broad-brimmed hats made cither of palm leaves or recd«. riie poor fi Idnrn wear any thin^ I'ut .i doublet and a p.iir of Jr.mtiv, witiuiut lilher fhirt, (hoc, or Kockings. 'Ilu y fit rrols-le^gcJ, and h.ive a foit ot couchc. Kucred wilii line mat, and rail'i.J about a foot from the j^iounj round the rooms where tjuy make their ei:ti.rtii'iniuitb. Oit thele their fneiuli lit, haviii ' a culliion under tliini, ano- ther at their backs, and an alcove over tl'cir he.ids : tlu-y are faid to be remarkable for then loeiul dilpulition anil hofpitality. As to their food, their moft common ditli, except hnil-.'J rice, is fniall pieces of pork fpitttd lo'jeilur and ro.ilKJ. They alio eat beef, bulfaloes Heili, and tie lleih of hoif.-,s, goats, dogs, cats, fowls, and loculls j with all foits of fi(h, eggs, herbs, and roots. They (bmeiimes mince their raw pork, and making It up in balii; like faufagc-mcat, eat it without any other diol- fing. Thry fui^e their bullocks, and having fteepcil (lices of raw beef in vinegar, eat it with a particular relilli. They think horfc-flcfli as good as beef, and the poor make no ferupic of eating the fldn of elephants that die a natural death, and oficn make a prefent of the trunk to fome great men, as a delicious nioifel. I'ro^s arc alfo edeemtd a great dainty. They have plenty of tunic, crabs, craw-fidi, flirimps, and prawns ; and have a fifh like an .uichovy, which they pickle. 'I'hey throw their fmall fi(h and (lirimps into a jar of water and fait made very weak, and after it has Hood a little time it is reduced to a mafh, which they call bal- lachaun ; afterwards they draw otV the liquor, which both the natives and Europeans ufe as fauce. The poor eat the ballachaun with their rice, which would be wry in- ftpid without fomething to relilh it ; and theielore, when they have no ballachaun, they eat faltcd eggs or dried filli with it. People of difliniSion have generally flefti, fowl, and fifli at their tables every day. Their meat is I'erved up in little trenchers of lackered wood, ten or twelve of which aro brought in a kind of voider of the lame 1 ickcred ware-. They cut the meat into fmall fquarc pi.ccs, and e.u it with their chop-(ticks as in China, ufing neither linen, fpoons, knives, or forks. The people have a method of keeping their ejgs fevcral years, by inclofing them in a parte made of aflics and falc brine, and kept in an earthen- pot dole Hopped. Thefc they eat with their rice, when they live upon the water, taking about the quantity of a hazlc-nut with every mouth- ful of rice. Their moft ufual liquor Is tea : they have alfo a kind of arrack, which they fometimes drink with their t, a, and fometimes by itlblf ; but it is the worff an 1 moll unpaiita- ble that is to be found in India ; they however, 'tis faid, think it a great co.'dial, cfpccially after they have infufed fcorpions and fnakes in it ; for thus redlitied they efteem it an antidote againft poifon, and think they (hew the grcatcft refpO(Sl to their friends when they treat them witli this liquor. When any one comes to vifit them, betel and arcka are immediately prefented : in the leaf-betel they wrap feveral flicesof areka-nut, and having daubed it over with chinam, or lime made into mortar, they chew it as our people do tobacco. The dofe, if I may fo call it, fays Mr. Grofe, mufl ne- cefTarily confift of thefe three ingredients, the betcl-Ieaf, the areka, arek, or betel-nut, andchunam; for wanting any of thefe that deep red colour which refults from their mixture in maftication would alio fail. The betel-leaf is fomething like that of a laurel, and grows upon poles like hops. The leaf is full of large fibres, which, with that of the middle, they generally (Irip * ofF with the nail. It has a hot biting tafte, not unpleafing; when one is ufed to it. The areka, or arek-nut, is exactly of the form and (Ize of a nutmeg, only harder ; marbled in the infidc with white and reddifh (Ireaks ; infipid to the tafte, and muft be (hredded with a kind of fciflars, which they are never with- out for that purpofe, fo as to wrap it up with the leaf. They ufe it both raw and boiled, which laft they fay pre- ferves and adds ftrength to it. But I will not advife any one to tafte it green, fine; it afFedls the animal fpirits fo O o powerfully^ ! I ! ! ,Jky I. A SYS T I", M O !• G I", O (, 11 A I' U V. TONQJUV. t '1 I : 1 h !j' ^ ■ j, ,1 powcifiilK', tint inftititaticouny, ai ii were, ihofe who rL:jj arc not iikd to il f.i!l down as in a tr.inrc ; ic is truu they a ijf recover prc'lintly, aiul wiinciit ;uiy ill ci ii^'i'ipii nrcs. < Cluiii.ini i^ only a lim.; l)iirnr, aiul m;i'lt; out litiy nr fixly iiiui nm. ■, uiiJ I'.iiin; iiDii inort.irs. N'ar thii pl.ico ii u (1;i!)Il' pie, on tJKle occalioiM, git extremely drunk. The other i^reat ledival ii after their having brought in their lirK haivelk. 'I'he lii Ik and fifteenth il.iy ot every moiin arc likewile hiilidayi, in whiih they peilorin lluir devotions with extraordinary/.e.il ; they alio at thel'e times brin ; meat and dnnk to the lepukhres of their deceal'cJ friends, and after they are gone, the bonzes regale thcm- felvcs with it. Their great men and civil magillrates alii) Iblemni/.e tb.eir birth-days, when they are compli- mented by all their friends and ridations. At t\ery enter- tainment a comedy is adled, and in thele they are laid tu excel other n.nions. I'hey are ulually exhibited in the iii|!ht-timc, anil lall from lun-fet to fun-rife; but th:ir playing does not hinder the audience from eating and drinking ; for they are generally aa intent upon the I'call, as upon the play that is ailing. The people are fond of alholoay, and on every occa- fion confult the pretenders to that art. They arc Itrict obfervcrjof times and I'ealbns, of lucky and unlucky days, and as they give names lo every hour in the dav, as the horl'e, the bear, the ty;;er, &c. the beall which give* name to the hour in which a perlon is born is .dways avoided, from the apprehenlioii that this beall will lomc time prove fatal to him. A man's meeting a woman when he firfl poes out in a morning, is elleemed ominous, and on Inch an occafioll they return home, and will not itir out for I'evcial houis. SECT. VI. Of iht Ttniplts, Rtll^ion, ami SuptrJIiiion of the Tsnqu'mtfc. THEIR religion nearly rcfembles that of the Chincfe, and they exprefs the fame reverence for Confucius, which is not at all furpriling, as 'I'onquin was anciently a province of that kingdom. They have a great variety of idols, the mod common of which are the horfe and the elephant. Their pagodas, or temples, arc in the country mean wooden buildings, covered with thatch, and fometimes but juft big enough to hold the idol placed in them ; but in their great towns they are fomething handfomer. Their priefts lead a very auftcrc life, to which they arc in a manner compelled by their poverty, they having but little tol'ublift upon but the offerings of the people, which frequently arr no more than two or three handfuls of rice, a little betel, or fome fuch trivial prefent. They dwell in mean houfes near the temples, in which they offer up the prayers of the people, who bring them their petitions in writing. Thele the prieft reads aloud before the idol, ami afterwards burns them in the inccnfe pot, the pe- titioner lyini; all the while proftrate on the ground. People ot diflinftion fcldom attend the pagodas ; but chute fome open court about their own houles, where they offer up their prayers, one of their attendants read- ing the petition inftcad of a prieft ; while the maftcr lies proftrate on the earth. This paper contains an account of all the bleflings he has received, as health, riches, ho- nour, the favour of the prince, and if he be old, long life, concluding with a prayer for the continuance and incrcafe of thefe bleflings. The reader having iinifhed, fets fire to the paper, with burning rallies that ftand light- ed in an incenle pot, and then throws three or four fmall parcels of gilt paper into the fire, which arc confumed with it. As there are a great quantity of provifions dref- fed upon thefe occafions, the mafter no fooner rifes than he orders his fervantr. to eat, and make their hearts merry ; for thcfe people feldom perform any aft of worftiip, with- out either giving the poor, or their attendants reafon to blefs them : their devotions being always attended with ads of charity and benevolence. They annually obferve two public feafts, the chief of which is at the beginning of their new year, which com- mences at the firft new moon after the middle of January, when they fpcnd ten or twelve days in rejoicing. There is during this time a ccllation from all bulincfs ; people SEC r. VH. A atiif: Hi/l;iy of Tonquin, thf txIraoriUnary Fn'm of lit iioviynmtiit; tlu (.'iT.moiiii't ol'Ji> ved at the I'ur.cral, and Coronation of the lloiiui j //;/ Poivtr of tl'f CInua ; //;/ Forcii of thi Kingdom i and of the Alngijlratc,, Laivs, and I'liniJljiKents. TONC^UIN was formerly fubjefl to the vaft rm- piic of China, when a I imous robbei, called Din, put himfelf at the head of a body of men of his own pio- feflion, whom he infpircd with the relblution of taking up arms, and throwing oft' the yoke .if lervitude. He i'uc- ceeded, and thofe whom he had engaged in the revolt. out of gratitude, placed him upon the throne. The hap- pinefs which the Tonquinel'e flattered ihemlelves they had acquired by their independence, became to them a Iburce of mifcrics and cruel wars, ftill more pernicious than their antient fubjedlion to the Chincfe emperors. For feven cen- turies after their revolt, they were almoft continually in arms one againft another, in fupport of t'c diftercnt iV.clions, which ambition andjcaloufy railed up among them; and the families on the throne were fix times changed. The laft civil war introduced a new and very extraor- diny form of government. Cochin-China haJ, for fome time, been fubjeiSb to the king ofTonquin, who uled to create a general with an almoft unlimitted power in each kingdom ; but at length the general, who commanded the forces in Cochin-China, prompted by ambition, and perhaps alfo incited by refentmcnt, threw off his alle- giance, and made himfelf king ; when the general of I'on- quin, equally ambitious, oblerving his fucccl's, followed his example, and fei/.ed all the revenues of the kingdom : but being lefs defirous of the title of fovcreign than of real power and royal authority, he left the king the ex- ternal fplendorofa monarch, on condition that he fliould have the abfolutc command of the army, with the great- ett part of the revenues of the kingdom, and that their de- fcendants fliould fucieed to the lame privileges. By virtue of this agreement there are two forts of kings j he who receives the honours of royalty is called bona, and the choua has all its advantages. The bona is a kind of prilbncr of ftate in his own palace, where he is allowed to indulge himfelf in luxurious indolence, and to take his diverlions with his women and children. He is almoft every day taken up in giving audience to his fubjcfts, hear- ing their complaints, and determining their private dif- ferences. At certain times he receives the mock homage of the great officers, and is honoured with the acclama- tions of the people, who arc fo devoted to him as to pray for u *!■ ^ *:■ ■'r; ' I ;f- ■f'l. iiH' *f , h 'i'l V, -i' 'l ;!: 150 A S Y S T r: M O F G K O G H /^ 1' 1 1 Y. Tosqj'iM, for hii profperity, Imapjnini; that noihing can be nf worfe riiiir<.(|uenc(.' to them tlun hit ilyini; without illuc The « huiu hinilcll pAy< him the iimil ptofMund irCpcill bclori- the pcoplf, d'rl.ifinj:, that hi- lir. .ill'.iiinil the .iiJiiiinilti.i- liuii ot' the (>'.vernmiii', <'nly to calc him of the iruuhlc, that he ni.iy iiiJDV hit pi ;afure witlioiit iiiterrupiiiiii or re- straint. He n .iH'ciaJJrcdiil by thi loiti;;!! anil).ill.id(irs as it' he wai (fill vtlhj with (uvcrcign power. IJut cx- cipt thcfc Ihaitowa of' royally, which he only receives on certain otcarions he has little real'oii to think hinifcK a 111}; (or he h.M If-w attend.mln, M^ none but tliule w!io are tholeii hy the thotia. The princei his (iins partake of his fcrvltudc. 'I'hey never Uave the p;ilace abovf tour limes a year, anJ th.it only fix days each time, ami lliiy arc befidci attended by f)tricers appointed by the thoua. In the tird of thofe fix days lit liberty they vilit the temple, i in th« two follow- ing they take the divcrfion of hunting ; and during the three lall, they fail upon the river in j;allies magnifitently adornul. 'I"he riyht of primogeniture docs not regulate the furietTiDii to the crown i the will of the father detide'j it in f.ivMii. of him whom he niolMovei or clleems. As foon ashe is deelarcd, the choiia, tollowcd by his pvinci- Eal ofHttrs, the counfeliors of Hate, and the eunuch., do im homage, and take an oath to place him on the thron.; after his lather's deec.ile. It would be tedious were wc fully todefcribe the pomp •nd magnihtTncc of the ceremonies obferved at his funeral. Durint; the lixty-live days tollowinj; his death, he i.s llrved as if ttill alive, aiul provilions are dilliibuted amongfl the bonzes, and the poor. The whole nation |)iits on nioiirninL;, and every one wears it a lon^jcr or a ihorttr time accordin;,; to his rank : the < ivil and military oflicers, for three years; the kiiv^'s hoiilhold, nine months; the nobility, fix; and the people, three. Thele three years are times of (adnefs, during which no rejoicings arc allowed, except at the coronation of the liiccocdinc; prince. The culfoin ii to cai.y the body of the deceafed king into the defarts lying beyond iJodego. It is two day's journey from Cachao, the capital of the kingdom to that city: but as the king and all the court go thither on foot, it takes up fifteen or fixtcen days. All the road is covered with ftufi'of a violet colour, and at the diibnec of every quar- ter of a league there are places for refrtfliment, 'i'hc choua takes care that there fliall be lodgings for every night. In the midil of an immenfe and magnificent reti- nue of officers, elephants, and horfts, is the chariot which carries the boua's coffin, drawn by fix harts, train- ed for that purpofe. After the corpfc comes to Uodego, it is put into a galley, and attended only by the fix prin- cipal eunuchs of the court, who inter it in a remote place, alter having obliged theml'elves by oath never to reveal it. 'fhis fecrecy is perhaps an article of their religion, or a precaution to prevent the trcalurcs buried with him from being carried off, and which they imagine he may have occaiion for in the other world. 'Tis laid, that the princes and princefles give orders for their being buried near him, from a principle of gratitude, that in the other world they may continue to render him their fcrvices. After thcfe funeral ceremonies are over comes on the coronation of the new boua, which difFufes pleafures and divcrfions over the city of Cachao and the furrounding country. He is carried upon an elephant into the great court of the palace, which is covered with rich tapeftry in form of a tent, where he receives the oath of fidelity from the great men of the kingdom, to whom he makes a pre- fent of fcvcral pieces of gold, worth about a hundred pif- toles, and I'mall bars of filver. Afterwards a large camp is creiSed in the midft of a vaft plain. The king goes thither, with all the officers of his houfhold, rtnd a great part of the army, and there receives the oaths of the deputies of his kingdom and of his people. One half of the month paflirs away in rejoicings, every day is remarkable for the diver- fity of fcilivals, and the generofity of the prince ; even the darkncfs of the night is not unemployed, for then are fur- nifhed new amufcmcnts by letting ofT continual fire- works, which arc faid to be infinitely finer and more curious than thofe we have in Europe. Thcfe are the honouis that chiefly diftinguilh the boua, who, during chnua ha* Im guards of horfc and fu'it, anJ two or three liunJred elephiints, with an army of thirty thoulaiid iiieii ijuartrred in .mil about iluTcily ol CjcIkh., and Utility or ei;.Wiiy ihoiilaiid in other jjitt ol llie kingdom. I liele aic ihiitly lout, armed witli niaiili l<>ck> and bnud ■ IwoiiU. 'I'he foldieri are iiujtht to m.ikc their own fiun-povvdrr tlumlelv >, in fmali luiid-niills ^'iteii them fur tIMt purpole) but they ure ignorant ot the art ul corning it. tvery loU dier has a cariouch-box, in which are little hollow canci filled with powdir, each holding a rhaigc ; and, it i i (aid, that no people will load and file ijUKker. Their .iiiii-, .ita kept very i'light, and in bad weather are loveied with lackered cane. Shooiiiig matches are frequently appointc.l rn make the foldiers r,ood markfnun, and every one is rewarded ac- cording; to his fkill : he that (hoott the widelf troin the mark is obliged to do double duty the iicxt time he muuiit« the guard. Moll of the forces are kept on the frontiers of Corhin- China, the natives of which are ainiolf their only ineniii a i and between the out-;',uards of each kiiii^Joni there li.ip- pcn frequent (hrmilhen ; but they very (cMum loine to a general engarement. 'I'he troops can never take the field but in the dry fe.i. fons; for during the rains there is no marchin.; or en- camping. When the army iiianhes, the gencrali and piin- cipal officers arc mounti d in little wooden apartments fi,\cj on the backs of the elephants. They take no field-piecei with them, but fonie Kin|» guns that .ire about fix or fe- ven feet in the barrel ; tliele,wlien they fire them, are reli- ed upon crutches, and uled to clear a pal's, or to fire acrofi the riven. The foldiers tiike little baggaj'C with them, and feem prepared rather for (light (knmifties, than a pitched battle. The naval forccsof the kingdom arc very inconfiderabic, they only confilling of narrow gallics fixly or (eventy feet long : the head and ftern are railed ten or twelve feet above the water, but the middle is not above two feet ft om it. The captain fits in the flern, whii.h is painted and gili^ and the foldiers who row thefe vefFels have a covering over them, to preferve them from the rain : they pufli their oars from them, and in the fame intfant they all plunge them into the water, there being a per Ion who keeps time and gives the word, and the rowers anfwer in a hoarfe voice. Thefe vefTels do not draw above two feet and a half water, and are of no fervice at fea, except in very calm weather. The foldiers are alfo employed both upon the rivers arrd the roads to prevent the running of goods ; they likewife keep watch in the towns and villages, particularly at Cachao : while they are on the watch they have only long ftaves, but they are very infolent and troublefome to thofe who pafs by them j and it h in vain to complain of their ill ufage, for their officers, to whom alone they art- accountable, arc not very ready to receive complaints againlt thrm : however, for a little money a man m.iy paf» their watch pretty quietly in the night. None are capable of being preferred toany offices or pofts in the government, unlefs they have taken their degrees, and gone through a courfc of fludy, as in China ; their manner of taking their degrees, and their examinations, are alfo performed in much the fame manner. Yet moft of their magiftratcs arc eunuchs. Every go- vernor is abfolute in his province; and they are faid trj'be exceeding covetous and imperious. At the death of an officer, who is an eunuch, all his wealth falls to the go- vernment, on which account little notice is taken of their extortions. To the opprcffion and injufiice of thefe of- ficers is imputed the poverty and want of trade that Js ex- tremely confpicuous in the country. An oath of fidelity is once a year adminiftered to the fubjefls of every province, and upon this occafion every one drinks a cup of the blood of fome fowl mixed witii arrack, which is efteemed the moft folcmn oath by which they can bind themfelves. Here are no courts of juftice, but any mapiftrate may caufean offender to be brought before him, and inflidl fuch punilhments upon him as is allowed by the laws of tha his reign, has not «ven a guard ; while the i country i but there is no formal trial, and confcquantly the innocent Tov»i;f|v. S I A. IM Innocent mii!\ romciimci luft'cf (V>r ihc-^uihyi i i i anv lime ulluwcJ fur .111 3P|)<.-aI, Icntcncv bcin^ 11:1,1. i < itvly cxrctited. 'Che ufu;*! punininicnt Tor murilir anJ uthcr capi'jl rriint."' lu hchc^jJin/, whiilt I'l j'.i'iicr.dly iKrlormcJ IhId.c llic ulKiidcr'' own door, or where (lie Uitt w roiniiiiltcti : the irlmin.ll i<> loatnl u|«>ii (In- ^',rounil, with hii Wii IlictchcJ out, urnJ the cKciutiuiter, with i back-lwurJ, Jtrikc* lift' hiJ hc»J at u blow. Thcli ii not punilh^'il with death, but with cutting ofl'a p.irt or a whole member, according; tu thu nature ol' the iirt'encc \ fotnctimes one joint ot a finger, and fomc- times the whole finger i and fur grcter ctimci the whole hand. For fome other ofTencei criminals are lo.iil''! with iron chains and i;rcat wooden cIo^h ; and fomeinn s ai in China, they have larjje heavy board . in.iif<- like a pn" 'ry, Hnd hung about their necks for a nld»m ap- ply thtmfelvei to weaving it till thr; Ihipi arrive ; (or thu people arc kept lo niiferably pnor by the grc.it lord^, iti wli.iin the lanJt bilong, and whcife vallali thty ,ire, ih.il they have not even money fiiiiii^',li to purchal'f nuteri.ili ; and therefore (orti^',n nienli.iiiti .ire frcijuiiilly obliged tu advance it for them, and to w.ul Ii vera! inonthi tilf their gi i.ls arc made. But the Dutch triders remcily thii iiaoii- venicnce by contracting a kind of temporary inairiige wiili the women of the country, whom they make ihrir f.iilor,, to buy up lilk and other materiali at the dead lime of ilm year, and employ the poor people when work i» the.ipill ; and, by this means, they have their goods ready when tin; (hips arrive. Many of the Dutch, it is (aid, have raifed good cUates by thefe female factors, who arc faitlilul ft them, and the women alfo enrich theniCeivei ; ai\d when the Dutch hufbands have left trading thither, have married 'he greatell lords. Latkered-waic is another great manufaflure of thii kingdom, thatof Toiujuin being citcenicd the belt in the world next to that of Japan. The cabinets which are lackfr''d there arc made of pine- tree 1 however their cabi- net-makers are but indiftercnt artifis. The Tonquineie m.ike great quantilics ofacoarfc kind of earthen-ware of a ercy colour, which is cx| nt .1 to I'evcral parts of Indi.i. from hence allii ii hroif^ht rhiib.irh, mufk, turpentine, and fcveral other ilruirs , Int ihd, ihty arc laid to have liom China. They h.ive'alfo li;',nurii ilo. i, and a dying wood not much unlike Campcachy logwood, but not fo large. They make no long voyages, nor do they export ;iriy mcrchandi/e in their own bottoms, except hfli .md ncc to fome of the neighbouring countries : mol^ of the tr.ul.; is carried on by foreign (hipping, and indeed they have few veflels that will bear the Tea: thofe tiiey ufe arethiitly fifhiiig-boats, or a fet of Ion;; gallies, only fit for their rivers or the coalh in fair weather ; and as they h.ive a very large fea-coaft, and many tine rivers well lloek;:d with filh, their fifhcry employs a niuliitude of hands, and many of them live with their whole families upon tlio water. The goods imported into Tonquin arc Englifli broad- cloth, lead, fulphur, falt-pctre, great guns, pepptr, and other fpiccs. It does not appear they have any coin or their own, but they make ufe of foreign coins, particularly Spanifh reals ; they alfo make payments with little piec. ot filver, which pafs by weight, uiid therefore have alwayi their fcales about them. :i ,1 i m t:i I aI: CHAP. XVII. Of the Kingdom of L A O, or LAOS. SECT. I. 7bt Situatm and Produce of the Country, with the Manners and Cujhms of the Inhabitants. LAOS is bounded on the north by part of China, and on the weft is divided by high mountains from the kingdoms ofSiam and Ava, and by another chain on the , , , caft from Tonquin and Cochin-China. It extends from "\ — .J'.i'?''' about the fifteenth to the twenty-fecond degree thirty mi- nutes north latitude; and fome fay that it is not above fifty miles broad from eaft to weft. At the foot of the above mountains are forefts of lofty trees that feem to have been planted as a rampart againft the great torrents of water which in the rainy feafon rufh with fury from the mountains, and to which alone is owing the harveft in a country that would otherwife be burnt up with heat. This country produces a great quantity of beiiioin, of a better kind than is found in any other country of the Eaft : «3 the felling it to ftraneers is prohibited ; but for what rea- fon is not known. Lacque is alfo found here, it is uled in making Spanifh-wax, and is a kind of earth that lies about the ant-hills in fome forefts. There is no country where more ivory is to be had ; elephants being fo nu- merous, that the inhabitants have thence taken their name ; for it is faid, that the word Langians fignific.^ a thoufand elephants. There are great herds of buffaloes, hogs, and wild cattle of feveral forts. The fields abound with rice, and the rivers withfifh of an extraordinary fizc. The country alfo produces a great variety of flowers, and plenty of cotton, honey, and wax ; and the inhabitants carry on a great trade in mufk and amber. They havu likewife mines of iron, lead, and tin; and in the rivers are found gold-duft. The natives, who are called Langians, are very tracta- ble and good natured, faithful and honcft. They are well fhaped, robuft, inclining to fat, and of an olive complexion ; but fomewhat uircr than their neighbours. P p Their •;,?» ^'■i U: A SYSTEM OF G F. O G R A P II V. IP::! ! .51 'I'hrir princip-l lonj !■! rice, InilF.ilocs ficdi, anJ puIfL- of i'cv, r.il Cons. 'VUvy CclJom c.it CDVV-Iitef ot fow!;; aiiJ when any of the latter arc w.iiUiil, xhry knock tlu'iii on t.T-' lua'l with a llick, thinkini; i'. tiie ;^f-MUll tnnie to (htJ their blooii while tliey .'.re living, anJ tlicy roall tlicm .vithoiit plucking ihtil iV;itlur''. 'J'hey apply thein- leivts only to agricilture and tilhing, yet it is very cx- traoriiin.iry to hear of a rohhery or niurJcr among them, whiih wh^'iKvir it happens, ami the criminal cannot be foui'.J, the neighbours arc obliged to make ("atisfadion to the family of the furti-rer. Fornication is permitted to the laitv, but never to the talapoins, or priells ; but an adul- trel's lolcs her liberty for ever, and becomes the (lave of her huOiand. They allow polygamy, but the firlt wile has the pre-eminence. When they marry, both the bridegroom and bride proniife bi'fore a couple that has been long mar- ried, that they will bihave well to each other till death, and yet they frequently part on very trifling occafions. While the women lie-in all the relations repair to her hulband's houfe, and divert thenifelves with dancing and other paiUmcs. They have another fellival which lalh a month at the deceafe of their kindred, whole funerals they celebrate with great fplendor ; and the talapoins who are invited fing certain fongs, which they pretend puts the foul into the right way to heaven. When the month is expired they burn the corpfc, and carry the allies to a pagoda i thefe ftrufturcs arc encompaned by (lately tombs, upon which the rich expend very confiderable fums. SECT. II. OftheGcvcrnmnt of Laos, the Sp'endcr of (he C;iirt, and a cmcife Dejiiiptim of the Qipiitil of that Kingdom ; and of the Re.'igion of the Langltins. THE fovcreign is abfolutc and indcpcndant ; for he difpofcs of all honours and employments, and has the property of all elhitcs, fo that no family can enjoy them by virtue of any teftamentary bcquefts ; and he leaves no- thing to orphans but the moveable goods, io that no other man in the country can properly call a foot of land his own. In order to imprefs on the minds of his fubjefis a high veneration for his pcrfon, he appears in public but twice in a year, when he fliews himfelf three days each time. His ears, by being bored in his infancy, are fo diftcnded by the weight of his car-rings, that they reach down to his fhoulders, which is the char.idleriltic of his pre-emi- nence above his fubjecls ; who alfo bore their cars, but do not ftrctch them to fuch an immoderate length. He wears, inftcad of a crown, a gold ribband round his head ; and when he appears in public the people bring a number of elephants and wild bealls, with wreftlcrs and gladiators, into a large field, or fpacious area, to divert him with their tricks and with their combats. liut the court appears in its greatcft fplendor when he goes with his grandees to make a prefent to feme idol temple The officers of ftate begin their cavalcade with bands of mulic pl.iying before them; but the king makes the moll fplendid figure, he being mounted on one of the talleft and molt beautiful elephants, which is adorned with L.*c«.' embroidered trappings that han:> down to the ground j and the niunarch, upon this occafion, is i'o loaded widi precious Hones, that he may be fiid to wear the wealth of a kingilom. His numerous followers arc all richly drcfled, and being mounted on tine horfes ride in great order, with carabines that glitter with precious Hones. The women, who arc not permitted to go into the llrecrs on that day, generally look out of the windows, and fcatter fccnted waters both on the king and his prefent, which is carried on t.u r'chly decorated with trappings. The talapoins come out .)f their convent to meet the king, and attend him ; while he, as the rcprefentative of both fexes, facri- ficcs to the idol. The great officers of the kingdom are fevcn viceroys, who govern its feven provinces ; the principal of thefe, who is called the viceroy-general, cafes the king in his u.Mthen ot government ; and, upon his deceafe, fummons the Itatcs, ai:d difpofes of every thing till his fuccellbr W placed on the throne. Thefe feven viceroys conltantly attend the king as companions and counfellors, and depute their lieutenants to difcharge their office in the feveral provinces. In every province is a militia of horfe and foot, whofc officers are dependant on the viceroy, and the forces are fubfifleil by the revenue of cacii. The diftercnt rank of the courtiers are diftinguiflicd by gold and filver boxes of betel, of various forms^and fizcs, that are carried by the pages who attend their mailers to all the public aflemblies. The viceroy-general in all pub- lic proccffions rides on an elephant richly accoutred , the other viceroys have chairs lined with cloth of gold, and are accompanied by fervants in rich liveries. All the other officers go on foot, without flicwing their boxes. As the king is abfolute, and the people have little fo- reign trade, they have few laws, but every family is under valiiilage to one who if their head and fuperior; by which means the king can airemble a numerous army in a very fliort time, by onlv giving notice to the chiefs : but if thefe chiefs are found guilty of any remarkable crime, all his kindred are deprived of their rights and prerogatives, and obliged to engage in the mean employment of fervini>- the king's elephants. Crimes arc here fevcrely puniflied, cfpecia.ly breaches of the peitce ; and in all civil affairs, the judge has a right to condemn the parties without appeal. The capital of Laos is called Lcng, or Langionc, which is fituatcd on the banks of the river Mecon, in one hun- dred degrees fifteen minutes eafl longitude, and in latitude twenty-one degrees forty-five minutes. Marini fays, that the palace, which is of great extent, has many of the apartments adorned with bals relievos iiehlygilt; that the great men's houfes are lofty, beautiful, and built with timber, but thofe of the common people are mcer huts ; and that none but the talapoins have leave to build their houfes of brick and (lone. The talapoins are under the ckfs of noviciates till they are twenty-three years of age, when they pafs their exami- nation, and are incorporated. Some of the Langians believe that the fouls of the wicked, on leaving the body, are annihilated ; but that thofe of the virtuous alTume an etherial body, as clear as the light ; and, after paffing through fixteen heavens, and enjoying the pleafures of all, return to earth, and again inhabit the human body. 4 ic. CHAP. [ '53 ] CHAP. XVIII. Of COCHIN-CHINA, and CAMBODIA. SECT. t. The Situation and Exttnt ofCMn-Clnna ; its Climate, Vega- tahles, and Animals ; with a paiticular Acctunt >f the edibU Birds- Nejis. COCHIN-CHINA, or Weft China as the name im- ports, was thus called by the Portuguefe to diftiti- guilh it from Cochin on the Malabar coaft ; and if we in- clude Chiampa, which is a province of Cochin-China, or at leaft tributary to it, extends from eleven degrees thirty minutes north latitude to fixtecn degrees ten mi- nutes, and is about three hundred miles in length from north to fouth, and one hundred and fifty where broadeft from eaft to weft. It is bounded on the north by Tonquin, on the cift by the fea of China, on the fouth by the Indian occar, and by the kingdom of Cambodia and the mountains of the Kemois. Captain Hamilton obfcrves, that it extends along the coaft of the fca fevcn hundred miles from the river of Cambodia to that of Qtiambin. This kingdom, which is called by the natives Anam, or the Weft Country, is faid to be more temperate than Tonquin, from its lying more open to the fea, and being refrcflied by the fca breezes. However, both countries lie upon a flat, and are annually overflowed about the fame time : the fcafons are confequently the fame, and the lands equally fruitful in rice, which requires no other manure but the mud left by the waters, which renders it fo fertile, that they have three harvefts in a year. This inundation happens once a fortnight for three days at a time, during September, OiSlober, and November ; a[id not only gives fertility to the foil, but drowns vaft numbers of the rats with which the rice-fields are pcftercd. At Ihis time they have their greateft fairs and markets, on ac- count of the eafe with which they can tranfportgor)ds from OIK place to another by their boats, in which they alfotake up the drowned cattle, which ferves them for food. Cochin-China is divided into the following five pro- vinces, Renan, Pulocambi, Q^iamgum, Cachiam, and Sinuva ; this laft joins to Tonquin, and in it the king keci-- his court ; but travellers neither give any account of thefitu.;'ionof the other provinces, nordcfcribe any of their towns. The country produces fuMr-canes, and the fame fruits as are found in Tonquin all the year round, particularly oranges, durions, aranas, bananas, melons, and feveral others ; but they have no grapes, nor fcarcely any other Kuropcan fruits. They have, however, valt woods of mulberry trees, and others that afford excellent timber, particularly iron-wood of feveral forts : they have alfo the aquila-tree, the wood of which has a very fragrant fmell and grows upon the Kemois mountains. The wood of the old trees has the lincft fcent, this is called colamba, and is rcferved for the king's ufc. This is fup- pofed to be the fame with lignum-aloes, and is highly va- lued in China and Japan, where a block of it is uled for a pillow; and among tlie Indian nations that burn their dead great quantiti-'s of it are confumed in the funeral piles. The fame animals are to be ftiund here as in Tonquin, rfpccialiy rhinoetrofes and elephants of an extraordinary fiv.e, and the country abounds with wild and tame cattle, fowl, and fifli. In treating of the produce of this country it will not be improper to give here adefeription of the edible bird's neds, which have alrc.ulv been fo often mentioned in this work, and vv'.iith arc admired as an extraordinary dainty over all the Indies. Thefe neils are chiefly found in CorhinChina: thcv an; built by a fmall bird like a iwallinv, in the rotks upon the fea-coafts, and are com- pnfcil of the lea-fioth an^' a juice from the bird's ftomach, %vhith hardens with the fun, uiul is almoft tranfparent: this being foftened vvidi water is pulled in pieces, and by be- ing put into foup, is cfteemed extremely nourifliing, and ij by many people accounted very delicious. SECT. II. Of the Ptrfons, Diffs, Manners, Cujlms, BiiiLllngs, Rrli- ginn, and Trade of the Coihin-Chincji. HE natives rcfemble the Chinefe in their ft.uurc,com- plcxion, and features ; but all of them wear their T hair at us full length, like the Tonquinefc. Their drcfs conlifts of filk gowns or vefts of various co- lours one upon another; the men fwathe their legs and thighs with filk inftead of breeches, and they have flippers or fandals, which, when they vifit, they leave at the door, where a pan of water is always fet to wafti their feet. Their drcfs is in fliort the moft modeft of that of any people in the Indies. The women wear a wailkoat clofe to their bodies, and feveral petticoats, with a veil over all. The coat next their body trails on the ground, and the reft are fhorter than e.ich other by half a fpan. Both fexcs wear fans, and never uncover their heads by way of falutation. The men of learning wear above the reft of their cloaths a gown of black daniafk ; they have .a ftole about their necks, a blue filk handkerchief round their arms, and high caps rcfembling mitres. But the other pcrfons of both fexes wear broad caps embroidered with blk and gold, and never cut their beards and nails any more than their hair, becaufe nature, they iinaL;lne, de- figned them for ornament; but the mechanics, and all perfons concerned in manual labour, are obliged to pate their nails for the fake of convenience. i heir food, and manner of eating and drinking, is the fame as the Toiiquinele, but they reckon it a fin to drink milk, becaufe it is the food of the young. They cat at little round tables, adorned with filvcr and gold, accord- ing to the quality of the owner, and their difhes are plac- ed ijpon them in frames made of fugar-canes. 1 hey are ftrong, adlive, and naturally more courteous and polite than their neiglibours, and though they are (aid to be better foldiers, have a great command of their paflions. They are very liberal and charitable, yet they are ready to a(k for any thing that pleafes them, and to take a denial as an affront. Their houfes, which are of wood, and two ftorics high, are well carved on the infidc, and crefled upon lofty pil- lars with boards betwixt them, which they can remove at pleafure, to leave a free paflagc for the water during the time of the inundation, when they retire into the upper apartments, and have a communication with one another by boats. In thefe houfes are three degrees of feats ; the firft is a mat on the floor, upon which the common peo- ple fit crofs-legged : the fecond is a low ftool covered with a fine mat for thofe in genteel circimiftanees, and the other is a kind of couch raifed agaiiiH: the wall, two or three feet above the floor, for the nobility and pricfts. Their phyficians, like thofe of China, are iKiluil in the; cure ofdifealcs. They feel the patient's piiIlV, and im- mediately pronounce whether he be curable or not. If the latter, they give him nothing ; but if the former, they bargain with the patient to perform the cure in fueh a time, or elfe to have nothing for their attendance. The furgeons are alfo faid to be mailers of fome extraordinary fecrets. Their language has fome rcfemblance to that of the Chinele ; and they have a learned language ditl'eicnt fr.ni that commonly fpokeii. As to their religion, they believe the immortality of the foul, and eternal rewards and punifhments, and are firm- ly pcrluaded that the fpirit pafling from one hodv to ano- ther more noble, is a part of its future rfw.-.rd. They make cnterl.'inments for thedcceafed, who they imarrine feed on the immatcri.il fubftance of the provifions, wiiich th-y M /if - m -i\ I 'lU ^ 1 s 1 : i ■y ; but his parilhioner difregarding this injunilion, the pried made ufe of the weapon of excommunication againft him, at which the other was fo exafperated that he knocked out the prieft's brains. Since that time they have wrote for more ghoftly fathers, but none will come amongft them. When captain Hamilton arrived at Ponteamafs, vv'hich is fituated on a pretty deep, but narrow river, an officer came on board, who could fpeak a little Portuguefe, and bringing him a prefent of refrefliments, advifed him to fend to the king, in order to give him an account of his arrival, and to let him know that he intended, by his per- miflion, to trade with his fubjcfls. This he did, and re- ceived for anfwer, he might fend a perfon with goods, that the king and his merchants might fee them, and two Portuguefe were fent him for interpreters, one to ftay with him on board his ftip, and the other to accompany the perfon he (hould fend to court. On their arrival he fent his fecond fupercargy with twenty-five men well armed with fuzees and biyonets, with two fmall bales of pat- terns, and prefents for the king, ordering him to let him hear from him once a week. The fupercars^o no fooner arrived at the city than a large houfe was given for the accommodation of himfelf and his retinue ;~plenty of provifions was fent him, and he was vifited by many people of diftiniSlion ; but ten days pafied before he could fee his majcfty, who, at laft, receiv- ed him in great ftate, feated on a throne like a pulpit: his face was veiled belo* his eyes, and after many gracious fpeeches, he gave him leave to trade. Captain Hamilton, having flaid about three weeks with- O'lt hearing anv news of his fupcrcargo, began to be very uneafv, and at laft refolved to depart by a certain day, and leave his people, if they were alive and at liberty, to follow him to Malacca ; the goods he had fent up with them being fufficient to enable them to hire a vefl'el to carry them thither. He told his refolution to the interpreter, and informed him that he (hould be obliged to carry him and fome more of the king's fubjefts with him as hoftages for the civil treatment of his people at Cambodia. The interpreter, furprifed at his refolution, fent a perfon in halle to the citv, to give an account of his impatience and defign, who returned in fourteen day^ ; about two days before the time the captain had fixed lor his departure. He was accom- '3 ^55 panicd by three Portugiicfe, wlio brought letters from the fupcrcargo, to inform him that he had taken leave of the king, and was coming in all hade. 'I hrce days after the fupcrcirgo arrived with all his retinue, and a letter of compliment from the king to Mr. Hamilton in the Portu- guefe tongue, and one direiled to ti".e governor of Bom- bay, to invite the Knglifh to fettle in his coiintrv, and to build factories or torts in any part of his dorjiiiiions. The rcafon why he was kept fo Ions: in fufpence was the king's being unwilling to ciiler in;o any correfpon- dcnce with him without the know!ed;:c and conknt of the king of Cochin-Chi who at length conf-ntL-d to allow the Englifli to trade both in Cambodia, and in his own (iominions. ■When the king is difpofeJ to do a fingular honour to a perfon, which he never docj witl'out a h.mdfome pre- fent, he gives him two fvvords, wliich are to be coiillant- ly carried before him when he publicly goes abroad, one of which is the fword of flate, and tlu other that of iuf- tice. All who meet him when thtfj fwoids are borne be- fore him, muft give him place, and compliment him in a fet form of words ; but if he meets with another who has the fame privilege, they compare the dates of their pa- tents, and the firft fulutation muft be paid to the fenior patentee. VVhenever thefe perfons go into the country they hold courts of juftice, both civil ai'.d criminal, and have the power of impofing fines, which are, however, paid into the kinj's treafury. In capital cafes their fentence is law, and is (ollowed by fpe^dy exerutioii. We ftiall now give a concife account of the nianr-.cr in which Cambodia became trihiit.irv to Cochin China. About the year 1716 the king of Slam threat en nig to invade Camhcdia, the king, fenlibie of his being un.ihli rn opnofc fo powerful a prince, ordered thofe of liis fubi-'ft^i who lived near the borders of Siam to remove towards th? city of Cambodia, and to deflroy whatever they could not hring with them. This was performed, and the coun'ry, for the fpace of fifty leagues, v/as rendered a mere defart. He then applied to the king of Cochin-Ciiina for .ifTifl.'.nce and proteiftion, which he obtained, on condition that Cambodia (hould become tributary to that kingdom ; fif- teen thoufand m.cn accordingly marched by land to his afiiil- ance, while three thoufand galleys, well manned, were fitted out for the fea : yet the Siamefe army amounted to above doublethe number of the united forces of Cambodia and Cothin-China, and their fleet was above four times as numerous. But the Siamefe, in their march through Cambodia, finding the country dcfulate, were fuoti in fuch diftrefs, for want of provifions, that they were oblij,ed to kill their elephants and horfes ; and the foldiers feeding on their flefh, to which they had never been accuftomed, the whole army was fcized with a flux and fever, whiclt in two months time carried off half thofe troops, and the reft were obliged to retreat back towards Siam ; while the Cambodian army, being conftanlly at their heels, harra(red them in their march. Mean while the Siamefe navy (leering to Ponteamafs, the fmall galleys were fent to plunder and burn the town. This they accomplilhcd, and above two hundred tons of elephants teeth were confumed in the flames. While this was performing the (hips of burthen lay in the road above four miles from the town, when the Cochin-Chinefefeiz- ing this opportunity, attacked the large vefiels, burning fome, and forcing others on fli'rc; while the galleys, de- tained by the ebb of tide, could not come down the river to their afTiftance. The Cochin Chinefe, having now ful- filled their engagement, retired ; an! the Siamefe, feating a famine in the fleet, returned with dif^race to Siam. SECT. V. O/PVLO CONDORE. T/.'f Situation of thofe IJlaiuli, will) an Account cf the D'fliiic- thn of the Eii^l'tfli Fort on the largcjl of them ; iti l-)od:ae and the Alanners of the IuhabilJi:ts. THF.RE are feveral iflands that lie cfF the coaft cf Cambodia, among thefe are thofe of Pulo Condore, or the illajids of Condore, which are fituated in eight y, f •! V .! ,• 0.4 degrees '5f A SYS • K M 01/ G F, O G R A P 11 V. Si/\.\r. degrees forty minutes north latituJ?, aiiJ are twenty leagues fouth-by-caft from the month of the river Cam- bodia. 'I'he Idri^clt, which kAc ur.ly ojie (if I'lcfc iflands that is inhaliitcil, is between four a:iJ five leai^ues long, and three broad in tlie widert part. The next in fize is abo.it three miles lon^; and half a mile over, and with the other forms a commodious harbour. The Englifh fettled on the largcfl of thefc iflands in 1702; but having bar- fraiiied with fomc Macatler:, natives of the ifland of Celebes, to fervc for foldiers and help to build the fort, I* 'H and not difcharging ihcm at three years end according to their contract, but threatening them for letting two flaves cfcape out of their cuftody, they rofe in the night, and murdered every Lngliihman tl'.ey found in his bed, then fet (ire to the fort, in which nineteen Englifhmen had been llain, among whom was- Mr. Lloyd, the governor ; eleven or twelve made their cfcape in a floop to Malacca ; and of fixtcen who li.iyed behind, with the hopes of faving the money in the fort, all were murdered by the Cochin- Cliinefe, except one or two who were taken prifoners, and afterwards fuffered to el'cape: for in the illand are two or three fmall villages, witli whom the Englifli had not been upon good terms, and therefore would not fufter the inhabitants to have any armii in their houfes. 'I'he cottages in thefc villages arc railed fevcral feet above the ground : they are built with bamboos, and thatched with long grafs, which they cut by the fides of their brooks ; but in thcfe flructures arc neither doors nor ■windows, one fide of thcni being left open both for the entrance of the people and of the light. The inhabitants, who arc of a fwarthy complexion, go almoft naked, except at certain ceremonies, when they are drefl'ed, and fume of them very neatly As molf of them are defcended from the Cochin-Chinefe, they affcdl black teeth and long hair, which in foin? of tliem hangt down below their knees. They have a little rice, fomc potatoes, and very good banan IS. ( )n the mountains grow tine tree , wliicli atloril timber for malts and other ufes, particularly a large 0111; called the damar-trcc, which is about three or four (cet in diameter; its leaves and bark refemblc tliofe of tlie chcfnut, and the wood is very hard. From this tree they draw a kind of turpentine, by making a cavity in the trunk three or four feet above the ground. This matter is at firft a liquid, and of the colour of the oil of nuts, though it afterwards turns whitifh, has the confidence of butter, and a very agreeable fmell. Of this tiiey make flambeaus, which they burn in their rooms inftead of candles. 1'hc ifland alfo produces mancoes, wild nutmegs, which re- femble the true only in Ihape, and a fruit like grapes, which grow on large trees. Here is alfo found the cab- bage-tree. The animals found in this ifland are hogs, lizards, and guanoes : there are alfo parrots, parroquets, pigeons, and wild cocks and hens of about the fize of a crow. The inhabitants chiefly employ themfelves in fifliing j in making brine for falling little filh like anchovies, which abound in th*^ fea ; in drawing off turpentine from the above trees ; and in catching turtle, of which they make oil, and fell it in Cochin-China. Dampicr tells us, that when he was there the men brought their women on board and offered them to the failors, which, as he obferves, is very common in this and the neighbouring countries. As to their religion, he obferved a fmall pagoda in the ifland, on one fide of which was the image of an elephant above five feet high, and on the other the figure of a horfe no: quite fo lurgc. This temple was a low wooden building, thatched like the other houfes. CHAP. XIX. Of M. 1' U ■! hi SECT. I. Tke Name, Sititnlion, Extent, Province!, Rivers, and Seafom of Siam. The i\\iture of the Soil, and the ATtnerah found in the Country. TH E Portuguefe, and from them the reft of the I'.uropeans, call this country Siam ; but by the na- tives it is ftiUd the country of Tai, or of Freemen, iho' they have long loft their liberty. Thus the French, who were once free, were originally called Franks, from tlieir bravely oppofing all encroachments on their native freedom. Trie opinions of ccogr.iphers are extremely various with refpect to the filiation and extent of moft of the inland countries of Alia and Africa, particularly of Siam Proper : for it is not exactly known in what part of the peninfula of Malacca it begins, nor how far it extends above that peninfula, the precife boundaries either of that or the iieigh.bouring kingdoms not being determined by the few European travellers who have vifitcd them. All wc know, with refpciSl to Siam, is the cxaft fituation of its capital, which is of the fame name. However, according to the opinion of the Sanfons, the moft foutherly part of the • kingdom is in about the eleventh degree of north latitude, and it is fuppofed to extend at leaft five hundred and fifty miles in length, and two hundred and fifty in breadth, though in (ome places it is not above fifty miles broad. Siam Proper, by fome called the Upper, to diftinguifli it from the Lower Siam, under which feveral authors in- clude Laos, Cambodia, and Malacca, is bounded on the north bv the Icinndoms nf IVgu and Laos, on the eaft by Cambodia and Cochin-Chin;i, on the fouth by the king- dom of i\Ldacca and the bay of Siam, and 0:1 the weft ty the ocean ; and mntains feven provinces, which receive thtir jianies from their rcfpifiive capital cities, Profciouc, Sanguclouc, Lacontai, Campengpet, Coconrepina, Pc- chcbonnc, and Pitchia. The principal rivers of Siam are the Menan, the Mecon, and the Tenafcrim : the firft difcharges itfelf into the gulph of Siam, in the fourteenth degree of north latitude ; //,' m, the fecond, having pafl"ed through Laos and Cambodia, falls into the Indian fea in the ninth degree of north latitude ; ■ l>^ and the laft falls into the bay of Bengal, in the thirteenth /;i r^"- degree of latitude, and forms an ifland called Merguy, which is one of the beft harbours in India. The chief cities of Siam are fituatcd near the fea-coaft, or upon fome of thefe rivers, for the mountainous part of the countrv is almoft covered with woods, and that which is not, is parch- ed -.r by the heat of the fun, and is lefs fit for tillai^e than the low lands, particularly for rice, the common ibod of the inhabitants. As to the feafons, the winds blow from the fouth upon the coaft of Siam in March, April, and May : in April the rains begin, and in June they continue almoft without ceafing. In July, Auguft, and September the winds blow from the weft, and the rains continuing, the rivers over- flow their banks nine or ten miles on each fide, and for more than one hundred and fifty up the ftream. At this time, and more particularly in July, the tides are fo ftrong as to come up the river Menan as fir as the city of Siam, which is fituated fixty miles from its mouth ; and fomc- times as far as Louvo, which is fifty miles higher. The winds blow from the weft and north in Odlober, when the rain ccafes. In November and December the wind? blow dry from the north, and the waters being in a feiv days reduced to their ancient channels, the tides become fo infenfiblc, that the water is frefti at the mouth of the river. At Siam there is never more than one flood and one ebb in the fpace of twenty-four hours. In January the winds blow from the eaft, and in February from tha caft and fouth. When the ^ind is at eaft, the current feti tu Of the nels cut but not ( They and guid ufc a pi; a ftaft" t( unlike the piece inftea( the peop by degre the offic< thick (k\ and mak The earth is their ric( and as t and the Si AM. A I A. i^f rU ccon, the tude; //, ii>. tails tude J 0^1' eenth /■} '"' chief fome try is larch- than oJ of upon April tlioiit blow over- id for ; this rong Si am, (omc;- riic when winds a few rnmc: 3f the d and nuary m tlis It feti to to the weft ; and, on tlic contrary, wlicii ihc winJ is at wclf, the currents run to the caltvvard. i\i this country is fituated near the tropic, i? muft cer- tainty be very lui! j hut yet, as in i.ilicr pi ici s lietween the tropics, when the fun is vertical and (liin^-'s with a molt intenfc heat, the inhabitants are fo fkrei;nLd by the clouds, and the air fo refrelhed by a di.lu:ze of rain that over- flows the plains which the people chiefly inhabit, tliat the heat is very fupportable. Hard winters are not to be ex- pelled in a fituation fo near the equator ; but there, as well as here, the coolell winds blow in December and January. As the foil of Siam has been gradually formed by the clay and other earth walhed down from the mountains, they have little ftony ground, and there is fcarce a flint to be found in the whole country, Loubicre obferves, that it v.'as antiently rich in mines, and the multituilLS of call- works, as well as the old pits that have been difcovered, fliew that formerly there were more wrought tlian at pre- fent J indeed the gold, with which their images and the roofs of their temples are covered, render it evident that they antiently found great quantities of that metal, liut a king, who reigned towards the clofe of the lait: century, was unable to difcover any vein of either gold or filver, that was worth tiie expence of working, though he em- ployed feveral Europeans in the fcarch, particularly a Spaniard who had been concerned in the mines of Mexico. After all their endeavours, they were only able to find fome inconfidera'.Ie veins of copper, intermixed with a little gold and filver. , Hut Mr. Vincent, a phyfician, fliewed them amine of cryllal, one of antimony, and another of emery : he alfo found a gold mine, which he believed to be very rich ; but did notdifcover it to the king. Several of the talapoins, and others, came fecretly to him to learn how to purify and feparate metals, bringing him fpeci- me.nsof V ^ rich ore. The Siamefc have, however, long wrought very plentiful mines of tin and lead. As to precious ftones, there are found diamonds, fa- phires, and agates in the mountains ; but as the king's officers feize thefe for his majefty's uk, the people have no encouragement to fearch for them. There arc alfo loadftones in a mountain near the city of Louvo, and alfo in the ifland of Jonfalam, which isfituated in the Malacca foart, in the bay of Bengal. S K C T. II. Of the Method of Hujhan/hy praSliftd by the Siamtfi ; and of tbt Tries, Plants, and Animals of Siam, IN the plains the earth is rendered fertile by the mud which the river leaves behind ; and all the higher grounds are dried up and burnt by the fun, foon after the rains arc over : and though fome of th'jir lands are natu- rally fertile, yet they are fo fubjeft to droughts, and fo ravaged by iiilefts, that the natives are fometimes deprived of their harvcd for feveral fucceflivc years ; and thefe times of famine are generally fucceeded by peftilential difeafcs. The natives fometimes fow wheat upon the land which the inundation never reaches, and water it by little chan- nels cut through the fields. They have annually two crops, but not on the fame fpot of ground. They ufe oxen and buffaloes in ploughing their ground, and guide them with a rope run through their nofe. They ufe a plain plough without wheels, that has a (hare, and a ftaft-' to hold it by ; in other refpefls, it is not much unlike our foot-ploughs, only inftead of nails they faflcn the pieces together with pins and thongs. Indcad of thrafliing the rice, the cattle tread it out, and the people feparate theduft and chaff by pouring it down by degrees from a high place, when the wind performs the office of winnowing it ; but as the rice has flill a hard thick fkin, they beat it in a wooden mortar to get it off, and make it fit for boiling. The Siamefc prepare the land for tillage as fonn as the earth is fiifficiently moiftcned by the floods. They plant their rice before the waters rife to any confiderablc height, and as the waters rife flowiy, the rice keeps pace with it, and the car is always above the water, I'licy reap their corn when the water retiicr, and fumctimc! go in boats to cut if, while the waters are upon the (ground. They alfo (ovi rice in feveral parts of tlic kiiiijd.iiii that are no; overflowed, and this i-i thought better tailed, and will keep longer than the other; but they are forced to fup- ply thefe fields conflantly with water, while the rice is growing', from balbiis and ponds that lie above them. Formerly the king of Sian> annually ploughed a piece of land like his neighbinirs of Tonquin and China ; but this ceremony is at prefeiit pertbrmed by an oflaer in his majefty's room, when a great facririce is cfi'ercd to Som- mona Codom, whom they implore to be propitious to their labours. In their gardens they have pulfe and roots, but they are for the moll part different from ouis-, they have alio garlic, potatoes, and radiflics; but no oiiioiij, turnips, carrots or paifnips, nor any lettuces, coleworts, or a;iy of the herbs ufcd in our fallads. They have cucumbers, which are very wholefome, and may be eaten freely with- out any inconvenience, and gailic in this hot country lofes much of its ranknefs. After the time of the inun- dation, they cover their garden plants from the heat of the fun, as we do from the cold. Ihere are here none of the fruits known in Europe, except oranges, lemons, citrons, and pomegranates. 'I'he oranges of one kind or other continue all tlie year; but mofl other fruits have their fcafon. They have bunjiioes Indian tigs, jaquis, goyvaes durions, mangoes, nian- gollans, tamarinds, ananas, and cocoa nuts : they alfo abound in fugar-canes and pepper. As great part of their food confifts in the produce of their gardens, they extend for feveral leagues together upon the Mcnan, be;ween Siam and Bancock. They have fome of the flowers common in Kurope, as the tuberofe, gillyflower, and a few roles ; but th y ?re not fo flrong fcented as in Europe, They have likewife fome jeflamines, amaranthufes, and tricolets, hut nv other lOuropcan flowers, though they have fome pecu'iar to the country, that are very beautiful and fragrant, but ir is ob- fcrvable, that fome of them fmcll only in the night-time, the heat of the day entirely dellroying the fccnt. As the hilly part of the country is almofl entirely un- cultivated, it is covered with woods, but the tree, or la- ther reed of grcatell ufe in this country, is the bamboo, which grows chiefly in marfliy foils, and like reeds, and fedge is found on'''e fides of ponds and rivers ; it alio re- fembles them v».iei. young, but grows to a proei^ious fize, and hardens fo as to be applied to any ufe, though, when it is green and tender, the Siamefe pickle it for fauce. It is hollow, and the fhoots are leparated by knots : but it has branches and thorns, which our reeds have not, and each root fhooting out feveral flems, no- thing is more difficult to pafs than a forefl of bambooes, efpecially as the wood is hard to cut, though nothing will more eafily cleave : the Siamefe an iid to flrike fire with it, and, like other canes, it has ;; eet pith. This country affords timber for bui' g fliips, and for mafls, and their cordage is made of t liufl< that covers the cocoa-nut. They have likewifet ii, -.cr for hiiufcs and wainfcoting, and a wood that will not cleave, called bv the Euro^ cans, woodmary, faid to be fit for the ribs of fliips. Cotton trees arc in great plenty, and others, which yields capoc, a very fine cotton wool, but fo fhort as to be unfit for fpinning, and is therefore ufcd in Huffing mattrefles and pillows. From fome of their trees they alio extrail oil, and there are others which yield lacker and gums. Cinnamon-trees are found here ; but they are inferior to thofe of Ceylon. Thev have elephants and a few horfcs, (hep and goats ; but thefe lafl are not good eating any more than their oxen and buffaloes, which arc chiefly tifed for tillage. Their hogs are fmall but fat, and the wholefomefl flefh meat in the country. They have a few hares, and no rabbits. Deer arc very plentiful, though great numbers are deltroyed by wild bealls ; and many of them are killed by the inhabitants only for their fkins, which they fell to the Dutch, who carry them to Japan. Ducks are plentiful, and extremely good; they have pigeons, and wild peacocks, grey partridges, tiirile-doves that have a variety of gay plumage } excellent fnipes, and r. j ' ii I t ; M III f'% ; (.ti !• ,' 1 ■ ' 1 r't '\ ; lis t Li ''' 'i ]'ii M"? A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A P H Y. Si AM. »•: i i' iim 4 ; M i m ',11 :f if Mi- ll! •'!:! '^ ' I niij abiindjiice nf wild f')wl, wlii'_li the natives will nei- ther kill nor (..kc) but it is ( iiil the iMilinmctans here have taulcons, which tiii?y brini; fni'n I'lrfii to (ly at the ^^nmc. I'hev h.ivc vultures, pirnit", crows, iji^rrows, and many kimls fif Iniall birds, moit ot' winch are very beau- titul, bat h ive dir.igrceiibli; notes, and there are Itvcral that iniit;ite the human voice. The I'parrows arc fo tainc that tiiey enter the houlis, and pick up the infeds. Vul- tures aiiv! crows alio come ii.to the houfes, where they arc fed by the people. I.oubiere lays they give the children, who die before they are three years old, to be devoured by theCe fowls ; for in this country it is fo far from be- in;; tliouL'ht a ciirfe to have their carcalles eaten by birds ofpny, that, next to burnin;.', it is efteemed the moft ho- nourable method of difpofing of the dead. There arc many Inakes, li/ards, feorpions, and mille- pidt^, and their an:s and LMiatu are very troiiblefonie. Thefc ants, to avoid the inundatiun, make thcit neiU, and lay up their llores on the tops of trees. In the waters are a inukitade of infecls unknown to us, and they have a fine fliiniiig fly like a locutl, that gives a confiderable Kght in the ilark. SECT. III. 0/ tin Perfons, Drcfs, Timjyfi; nrd Fii:! of the Siamefe j ibeir Ceremonies, n'ld ma/l rei/uirLib.'e Cujlim:, particularly their Alimner of Travelling, THF, Siamefe are fmall of ftaturc, but well proporti- oned; their complexions are fwarthy : the faces of both the men and women are broad, and their foreheads, fi'ddeniy contracting, terminate in a point, as well as their chins. Tney have-fmall black eyes, hollow jaws, large mouths, and thick pale lips. Their teeth are dyed black, their nofus are Ihort and round at the end, and they have large ears, which they think very beautiful Their hair is thick and lank, and both fexes cut it fo ftiort, that it reaches no lower than their ears. The wo- rn, n make it rtajid up on their foreheads, and the men fliavc their beards. People of diftinclion wear a piece of calicoe tied about their loins, that reaches down to their knees. The men bring up this cloth between their legs, and tuck it into their girdles, which gives it the appearance of a pair of bree;.hcs. They have alfo a mudin (hirt without a collar, with witle fljcves, no wriftbands, and the bofom open. Ill winter they wear a piece of (luft, or painted linen over their iTioulders, like a mantle, and wind it about their arms. The king of Siam is diftinguifl>ed by wearing a veft of brocaded fattin, with ftreisht fleeves that reach down to the wrift, under iuch a fhirt as we have juft defcribed, and it is unlawful for any fubjecSl to wear this drcfs, un- lefs he receives it from the king. They wear flippe s picket toes, turned up, but no rtockings. The king fon>etimes prefents a military veft to the generals : this is buttoned before, and reaches to the knees ; but theflrevcs arc wide, and come no lower than the elbows. All the retlnueof the kin^, cither in war or in hunting, are cloth- ed in red. The \J\\vx wears a cap in the form of a fugar- loaf, encompalVed by a coroi»et or circle of precious ftones, and thofe of his othcers have circles of gold, filver, or of Vermillion gilt, to dilHnguifh their quality •, and thefe caps are faliened with a ilay under the chin : they are only worn when tl- y are in the king's prefence, or when they prefi:!c in cou ; of juiUce, and on other extraordi- nary oecafions. They have alfo hats for travelling ; but in general few people cover their heads, notwithftanding the I'corching heat of the fun. When peo|i'e enter the houfe of a perfon for whom they have any refpcit, they always pull ofF their flippers and go in bare loot. The women alfo wrap a cloth about their middle, which hangs down to the calf of their leg'. They cover their brcalls with another cloth, the ends of which hang over their fhoulders. They have no fhift, for this is only worn by the men ; nor any covering for their heads but t'.icir hair. Jhc common people are almoft naked, and wear neither Ihocs nor flippers. The women wear as man ra anv rings on the three lad fingers of c.ldi hand as they II keep on, and bracelets upon their wriils and ankhs, with pendants in their cars fliaped like a pear. The men bathe two or three times a day, and never make a vifit before this U performed : fumeiimts they go into the water, and at others have water poured on their heads for an hour together; after which they perfume their bodies, and ufe a fwcet pomatum that adds to the natural palcnefs of thtir lips. The women alio bathe in the rivers, and fwim like the men, but never without the cloth that hangs from the wailf. Loubiere commends them for their modcily, anj fays, that fmutty fongs are prohibited by Jaw. The Siamefe have a ready and clear conception, and their repartees are quick and fmart. They imitate any thing at fight, and in one day are faid to become tolerable workmen i but through their invincible lazincfs never rife to great perfeftion in any art or fcience, not even in allro- nomv and ch:miftry, in which they fecm to take moll delignt. They are neither lafcivlous nor intemperate: thefe vices they hold in abhorrence, and therefore wanton difcourfe never pafles amom; them for wit or a mark of extraor- dinary geniu.*. 'riie better fort of people are fo far from being addicted to drunkennefs, that they cftecm the drink- ing of arrack and brandy infamous, and adultery is hardly ever heard of at Siam. They have an averfion to blood ; but if their rage and revenge excite them tofpill that of ai» enemy, they do not care to hazard their own perfons by a duel, but proceed by aflaflination : however, mod of their quarrels end in ill language, and fomctimes, buc very feldom, they come to blows. Yet they are in general polite and courteous ; but they arc too apt to be haughty to thole who fubmit to them, and fubmiflive to tholis that treat them with arrogance. 'I'hcy are timorous, carelefs, and indolent ; fond of the cnUoms of their anceftors, and but little inclined to alter their falhions, or to admire the curiofities of foreign na- tions. 'I'heir mind.s are as calm as their heaven, which chan^, " ut twice a year, and that infenfibly from rain to fair weather, and from fair weather to rain. In fhort,, fays I/oubiere, they have naturally the command of their Iiailions, whi..h we, with all our religion and philofophy, find fo difficult to conquer. When they would profcfsthe fincer<;ft friendfhip, they do it by drinking out of the fame cup. They are fond of tlicir wives and children, and are as well beloved by them. Their children are faid to be of u fweet temper, and fo engaging, that even the king makes it a great part of his diverfion to play with them till they are about fevcn years old ; but when they lofe their childifh innocence, he difmifles them for others. Their principal food is rice and fifli. The fea affords them fmall oyfters, turtles, and lobrters, and feveral ex- cellent kinds of fi/h unknown in our feas : they have likcwife great plenty of river fifli, particularly eels ; but they do not much admire them, for they prefer dry falt- fifli.even though it flunks, to that which is frefh ; and they are very fond nf balachaun made of fmall fifli reduced to a mafh, which has been already defcribed in treatint; of Tonquin. They have no averfion to rats, mice, lizards, and locufts, any more than the Chinefe. A Siamefe will live a whole day upon a pound of rice, which may be bought for a farthing, and as much falt- fifh as he can purchafe for a farthing more, and be ex- tremely well fatisfied j and as a pint of arrack is not worth more than two-pence, the meaneft of the people are under little care about their fubfiftance, and nothing is heard in their houfes of an evening but finging. They milk the female buffaloe, and this milk it is faid afFords more cream than cows milk ; but they make little butter, and no cheefe : they feldom eat fiefli; >> . "-hen they do choofe the inteftines, and what is moft • ■ i;v'->-'able to us. The lanjj-fowls, and all other butchers meat, is dry and tough, and the Europeans who refide at Siam ibon leave off eating them. Their ordinary drink js river water, for there are few fprings in the flat country, which is moft inhabited, and they are fond of drinking it perfumed. When the waters retire the rivers are filled with mud, and the water cannot be drank without (landing three weeks or a montlj in jars ; ior Si am. As for if it be drank uhci, firft taken up, it occafinn; ilvffii- tcries and other ilil'ordcrs, 'J'Iil- water drank by the king ot Siam is taken out of a great cifleni that fhrds in the fields, and is coi\{l.iMtly gij.ircKd by fildicrs : there is aifo a lakt aboiit three Icai^ias in i irciimfcrcnci-, which they call the Rich Sea, where the rain-water is prcfcrved, of which the king fometinu'. drinks, for it being deep the waters are accounted wholelomc. ■J'he Siamefe drink tea at their entertainments, and ufc it alfo as a remedy againft the hcad-ach : they fip it with little bits of fiig.ir-candy in their mouths, and put no fugar into the diflics. The Siamefe poor make no fcrupic of drinking wine or ftrong drink, though it is forbidden by their religion ; but their country aftbrds no rtrong liquors, except arrack and toddy. As they arc cxccflively fond of fruit, they eat it all day long. A perfon's (landing before a man of quality, or before his in.ifler, is eftcemed infolent ; and therefore (laves and people of inferior rank fit upon their heels, with their heads a little inclined, and their joined hands lifted up to their foreheads. In pafling by a fuperior they bend their bodies, joiningtheir hands, and lifting them towanls their heads in proportion to the rcfpcft they would (hew. When an inferior pays a vifit he enters the room (looping, prof- tratcs himfelf, .and then remains upon his knees, fitting upon his heels without fpsaking a word, till he is ad- drefl'cd by the perfon whom he vifits ; for he that is of the higheft quality mu(t always' fpeak firft. If a perfon ol rank vifits his inferior he walks upright, and the maftcr of the houfc receives him at the door, and waits on him fo far when he goes away ; but never farther. The hightli part of the houfe is efteemcd the mo(t ho- nourable, and no perfon cares to lodge under another's feet. The Siamefe indeed have but one ftory, but the rooms rife gradually ; and the innermo(t, which are the highe(V, arc always the mo(t honourable. When the Siamefe ambaftador came to the French court, fomc of his retinue were lodged in a floor over the ambafl'ador's head ; but they no fooncr knew it, than they were (Iriick with the grcatcit coiifternation, and ran down tearinir their hair at the thoughts of being guilty of fo unpaid uiblc a crime. The right hand is eftc^'med the moft honourable at Siam, as well as in Europe ; and the tirft place in a room is that oppofite to the door, which is always offered to ftrangers. A perfon's coming unexpedtcdly into company frequently occafions a general remove, for every one muft fit in a place fii'itablc to his quality; and the pofture is alfo different according to the rcfpett tliey arc to pay. In fome cafes they may fit upright, in others their bodies muff bend a little, fometimes they may fit crofs-Icgged ; but one much inferior to the company muff remain on his knees, refting on his heels. Before the king they fall upon their knees, bowing their faces to the ground, and lie in that pofture, refting upon their elbows. In (hort, a man would be cudgelled in any company who fhould not ob- fcrve the pofture prcfciihcd him. The Siamefe never allow of the familiarity praftifed by gentlemen in Europe. Eafincfs of accefs and afFability to inferiors is in that part of the world thought a fign r)f weaknefs, and yet they take no notice of fome things which would be looked upon as ill breeding among us ; fuch as belching in company, which no man endeavours to prevent, or (omuch as hold his hand before his mouth. They have an extraordinary rcfpedl for the head, and it is the greateft affVont to ffrokc or touch that of another per- fon : nay, their cap muft not be ufcd with too much fami- liarity, for when a fervant carries it, it is put on a (lick and held above his head ; and when the ir.after ftands ftill the ftick is fet down, it having a foot to ftand upon. 'I'hcy alfo fliew their rcfpcft by lifting their hands to the head ; -ind therefore, when they receive a letter from any one for whom they have great refpeft, they immediately hold it \ip to their heads, and ("ometimes lay it upon their he.nds. The perfons who are intrufted with the education of youth, teach them to exprefs all the modefty and fubmif- lioi\ imaginable towards their fupcriors, and particularly not to be too noify or talkative; for in the king's court, and in the houfes of the great, a profound filencc is almo(i coiiftantly obfcrvcd. They arc h cautious of faying any I A. »?? thin^ that i; n\otlinp, that tliov will not rclit? a know.' truth which they apprehend will difguft any of llie coin pany. They ,'ather leemdefiroiis to kain and be inllruft- ed hy their (iiperiors, than rui'cly to otf.-r their opinion without being in a manner compelled to give it. They are fo far from infulting any for their ignr)ranrc, that thev think it very ill manners to pretend to Le wifer than the company. In (hort, they, lik: the Chinefe, ftldom fpeak in the firft perfon : thus the words 1 and you feem to be bani(hed from converfation. When they fpeak to women or their fupcriors they always ut^: fume refpcitful epithet, particularly in their addrclles to the foftcr lex : they not only ftile her lady, or princefs, but, let her be ever fo old, add young to it ; for they imagine, that none of the fex can, with patience, think thcnifelves aged, cr, which is the fame thing, fubjeft to the iniirniitics that render them difagrceable to the other. As to their manner of travelling, they not only ride ort the elephant, but on the ox and the buftaloci yet ufc neither horfes, afl'es, nor mules : however, the Mahome- tans have fome camels, which are brought from other countries. The male elephants arc trained for war, and the females chiefly ufed for carri.igc. Every man is at liberty to hunt elephants, and to take and ufc them ; but not to kill them. Their more commodious method of going abroad is in a kind of chair, pl.aed on a fort of bier cariied by four or eight men on their flioulders, one or two tJ each end of the poles ; whilcothers run by to be ready to relicie them. Some of thcfe chairs have aback and arms-, hut others arc only cnconipalled with a rail about half a foot hij^h : they are generally open at top, and the Siamefe fit crofs,-leggeJ on acufliion at the botioni. The king only fjftl-rs a lev/ of the great men to ride in chaiis. Trie Europeans arc allowed the ufe of palanquins, or couches Covered with A canopy, carried on men's (houldns. SECT. IV. 0/ tht Aliirilii^cs of the Siamefe. The Ornamcnti cf tie Brule, The Cujhmi in relation to Divorces. The lnJujlry miel Cha,'t!t\i of the IFivcs. Their Frineral Ceremonies differ ent according to the Circumjiances of the Relutions. IF a perfon intends to marry his fon into any family, he employs foinc woman to make the propofal to the girl's relations ; and if it be accepted, an aftrologer is called in to calculate the nativity of the young man and his miftrcfs, to know if it will prove a happy match, and to afl; him whether the family they marry into is rich ; for the tyran- ny of the government induces every one to conceal his wealth. Upon the aftrologer'3 anfwer both fides form their rcfolutions ; and if the parents be agreed, the youth is allowed to vifit his miftrefs three times, and make her a prefcnt of bete! or fruit. The relations are prcfcnt at the third vifit, and then the lady's portion is laid down ; and the marriage being looked upon as complete, prclcnts arc made them by their friends. Soon after they proceed to conl'ummation, without performing any religious cc.-c- mony, for the talapoins are prohibited by tlicir law f;om being prefent at thefc folcmnities ; hov.'ever, fome davs afterthey go to the houfe where the wedding is kept, and fprinkling the married couple with holy water, repeat fome prayers for their happinefs. The wedding, as in other parts of the world, is attended with mirth and feafting, and perfons are hired to dance and divert the company i but neither the niairied couple nor their relations ever dance upon thefe occadons. The entertainment is made at the houfe of the bride's father, where the bridegroom has an apartment built on purpofe, and there the new-married couple remain fome month?, and then remove to a dwelling of their own. The ornaments worn by the daughter of a magiftratc at her wedding are a circle of gold like that worn by the ma- giftratc on his cap of ceremony ; her cloaihs are richer than ordinary; (he has more rings than ufual on her fin- gers, and her pendants arc of greater value. They arc allowed more wives than one; but this liberty is fcldom taken, unlefs by the great men, and that is faiJ to be chiefly done for ftate. When they have fevcral R r wives f\ \\>h : ./ i£o A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A I^ M V S»A\f. ■Jl I h:i-:iJ ','1 1 f i ' il : k- ll ' ; 1 ll : ;;i liil;. I ■■i ' '< i 1 1 wives one is intiikJ the chief or great wife, ami the others ■ar« piirthulcil and attcii I upon her. The iliilJreii ot their iiilcfior wivci call their t'.itlKr lord as well a^ lather; and the otiu 1 only call him latiii-r. None hut tlic children of the chiel' wife inherit the hulhand's elLue ; fur thofc ot the inferior wives are elL'cnicd tlavts, and both they and their children may be fold by the heir. The wives of the Sianiefc work for their hiifbunda, and inaiiitain them all the time they are in the kiii^j's fervicc, which is at Icalf fix months in the year j and fomctimes they are compelled to ftrve the piincc two or three years togetlicr. 'I'he liberty of divcjree is allowtdj but it is only in the hufband's power to di\ orcu his wife, and then he reftorcs the portion ihe b,''oii;^l)t : the children are equally ilividi-d between iheni, iiiilefs there be an odd one, which falls to the woman's (li.iie ; for fhe takes the firdand third and a'lthc odd numbers, and tlic hulband the reft. After the divorce they arc both at liberty to marry again, on the very day if they think fit. JJut though thcfc divorces are .nllowed, the people think them very difreputable. The hufliand lias an abfolutc authority in his family, and miy fell all his wives and children except the chief ; and after his death the widow has the fame power, except the children of the even number, which the fatiicr's re- lations may oppofe her felling. There is no fcanJal in unmarried people, who have the ilifpofal of themfelves, lying together. Ihe women of I'e^u who live at Siam olilr themfelves to foreigners, and continue f.iithful to them while th^-y remain there. They are proud of being prciinant by a while man, and are not the lefs eflecmed on that account ; but Loiibiere obferves, that theSiamefe women will not cafily admit foreigners to their bed. Though the Siamefe women manage all the tr.adc, and enjoy perfect liberty, it is faid they will not admit vilils from men, and arc more jealous of their hufband'; honour than tho husbands themfelves. The wives of people of dillinilion feldom ttir ahro.id but to the temples, or to make a family vifit. This does not proceed from their being reftraincd by their hufbands, but from their placing their glory in their chaftity, which renders them extremely cautious of giving the leall colour for fcandalous reports ; and it is obfervcd of the Indian women in general, that they had rather die by the hands of their huflsands, than be taken prifoners by their enemies. Though this is the charader of the women in general, there are iiiftances of ladies who have hazarded their lives to gratify a lafcivious difpolition ; but this principally happens among the wives of the great, or the royal concu- bines, who are perhaps flighted and negleiSfed by their tyrants. However, the Indian princes feldom fail to pu- nifli with th; mod cruel death, thofc who prove unfaith- ful to their bed, though the unhappy creatures, perhaps, whom they have thus imprifoned in their feraglio, are hardly known to them ; and, as a late author juftly ob- ferves, only feek to gratify that propenfity heaven has im- planted in them, and to propagate their fpecies in a way which they c.innot be ignorant nature defigned they fliould. Loubiere mentions one of thefe unhappy crea- tures, whom the king ordered to be thrown to thetygcrs ; and, on their refufing to feize on her, his majelty offered her a pardon j but flie chofe to die rather than live any longer under his tyranny : upon which the tygers were fet upon her, and he had the inhumanity to ftand and fee her torn to pieces. The penances of the feraglio inuft furely be great, when thefe unfortunate creatures rather choole to be devoured by wild hearts than to endure them. The king it fecms is lefs cruel to the gallant, who frequent- ly atones for his crime by fufFering the baftinado. Whtn a Siamefe dies, the corpfe is immediately put into a coffin, lackered and gilt, which is placed upon a table in the houfe, till the preparations are made for the funeral, and the head of the family can attend the folemnity : in the mean while they burn perfumes, and fet up lighted tapers before it. The talapoins alfo range themfelves round the lides of the room every night, and entertain the family with hymns and difcourfes fuitabic to the oc- cafioii. Mean while a fquare fpot of ground near fome temple is inclofed witli a bamboo pale, on which are hung painted and ^ilt paper, made by the family in the form of houfes. goods, animals, and the like. In the middle ot tiie iquurc is tredled the funeral pile, which, bcfides other wood, has yellow landers, lignunu-aloes, and other fweet woods, according to tlie ability of the family, and the pile is raifeU ol earth as well as wood to a great height. The body is always carried to the pile in the morninir, with the found of fcveral kinds of inihumcnts, attended ity the family of the deccafed j both men and women ate cloathed in white, and wear white veils, all the way uttering their lamentations ; thcfc are followed by their friends and relations. Being got to the place they take the body out of the coffin, and lay it on the pile : the t,alapoin» fing doleful hymns for about fifteen minutes and then re- tire, it being unlawful for them to be prefent when the; (hews and plays are exhibited, as they always are on thefa occafions, when there is hkcwife a kind of fcllival. 'I'ho relations of the deceafed feem not at all moved by thefe re- prefcntations, but continue uttering their lamentations. A fervant belonging to a talapein fets fire to the pile about noon, which having burnt about two hours, is ut- terly confumcd ; but the painted papers, which flioulj have been burnt v/ith thi; deceafed, are frequently (cizej by the talapoins, in order to bo fold at fome fucceeding funeral, not rcg.irding the occaiion tTie deceafed is fuppofcd to liave for them in the other world. All the company are entertained by the family during three i.iys, and they alfo beftow alms on the talapoins of the convent near which the funeral is folemnizcd, and are likewile at the cxpiiice of fire-works. This can only be undcrltood of the funerals ot the great : but when a fun is not in cir- cumftanccs to ptrforni all this at tiie time of his father's j deceafe, he caufcs the body to be burned ; and if he after- ! wa'ds ^rows rich, he will fometimes have it dug up to I make his father a noble funeral, and to have the corpfa ] burnt with all thofe ceremonies which, they imagine, beft ! fhew their refpedt to his memory. j The remains of the corpfe that is unconfumed is put inta ; the coffin, and interred under one of the pyramids that j ftand about the temple ; and fometimes they bury with it I precious ftones and other treafure. Thefe pyramids ferve ; inftead of tombs, but have no epitaphs upon them j and the pyramids are fo fli^htly built, that they feldom lalt above one century. 1 hefe burying-places are faid to be held fofacred, that none dare toucii the treafure depofited there ; but Loubiere all'erts, that he has known people borrow files of the Europeans to cut the iron bars which fccurc them. Perfons of quality ufually ercft a temple on purpofe near the place they defign to have their tombs ; and thofe who cannot be at that expence, prefent fome idol to a temple ready built, Thofe who are poor bury their parents, as hath been already hinted, without being at the expcnctj of a funeral pile ; but if they cannot afford to hire the talapoins to fing the ufual hymns, which is the lowefl degree of refpedt they can pay to their deceafed parents, they expofe them on a fcafFold to be devoured by birds of prey. Ihofe who die for their crimes, children ftill-born, wcmen who die in child-bed, fuicides, and others who come tc an untimely end, are never buried, it beini; thoujht that they have drawn the judgment of heaven upon them by thoir crimes. S E C T. V. Of their Languages and their SIcill in the Sciences, THERE are two languages fpoken in this country, the Siamefe and the Baly. The Siamefe ton:jue has thirty-feven letters, and the Baly thirty-three, all of which are confonants. The vowels and diphthongs in both lan- guages have peculiar chara£lers, fome placed before the confonant, and others after; fome above, and others un- derneath ; and thefe vowels and diphthongs, thus varioufly difpofed, are always pronounced after the confonant. Loubiere thinks it probable that, like the Hebrews, they at firft wrote without vowels, and afterwards proceeded to mark the confonants with ftrokes foreign to their alphabet, like the points which the modern Jews have added to the Hebrew. Th! Si AM. A S The Siamefc tongue chiefly cfinfiil'i of moiv>rvlljl)!e5, thut li.nt' mithir conjjjT.uiDJi nor licLlciiliori, I'lij J).ily is u dc.iil l.iMiii.igf, known only to the Icirmrd : ytt tlic terms lit thiir irlijMDn anil l.r.vs, tlic nimub of oilitcs, unJ all (lie Diii.iin'-ius of tin: vulgar Sianufc ton{;iii', arc t.ikin from the Itily j ariJ in thi:> language too their bell funu'i are lompoleil. As the Siamefe have not tin- invaluable art of printing, they Ivavt: hut few books. 'I'hiir hillories do not go far hack, anil thdi'e tney have arc filkJ with fables, and defervc liliT; crulit \'> hen their chil.lrcn nre fivcn or right years of age they ftihl i lem to fchool to a convent of talapoins, or pritlti, where t..ey alliime the talapoin's habit, which they can quit at ph iluri-. They fubfill upon the food font them by thcr fri' nds ; and thofo who belong to families of dif- tinj;uifhcd rank have a flave or two to attend them. They are there taught reading, writing, and arithmetic. They al(';i ''■arn the ii.ily tongue, with Come principles of morality an.i ilie myfteries of their religion : but are not inftruitcd in hiftory, the laws, or any fpcculative fcience, i hey write, as in Europe, from the left hand to the right i and their works, like thofc of other Kadern nations, abound in lofty figures and metaphorical ex- prcflions. As to arithmetic, they have, like us, ten charaflers, one of which is a cypher ; and they likewife reckon by units, tens, hundreds, and thoufands. They are unacquainted with the charms of oratory, and arc faid to have no orators among them; for there are none whofe profcflion or intereft lead them to that (ludy, every man pleading his own caufe without a counfcllor. His allegations and proofs are taken down by a rcgifter ; after which the magiftratc determines upon tnem. The mak- ing of fet fpeechcs is not at all in fafliion at Siam ; for it is ill manners to addrcfs a fupcrior in any terms, though they are ever fo refpedlful. When a perfon appears before a fupeiior, he mufl only anfwer fuch quellions as are pro- pofed to him. Even the compliments and words of cere- mony arc, like thofe of the Chincfc, all prcfcribed : fo that a man of wit has no room todifplay his talents. Their poetry confifts in a certain number of fyllables properly ranged, to which, it is faid, they add rhymes : but their poems arc extremely difHcult to tranflatc. Some of their fongs are hiftorical, others contain rules of morality, and others are on fubje£ts of love and gal- lantry. They have little idea of philofophy ; nor do they ftudy the laws of their country, till they are preferred to fome poft, and then a copy of in(lru£tions is put into their hands, us rules to be obfcrved in the difchargc of their oflice. Their aftronomy is very imperfefl, for they have no knowledge of the true fyllcm of the world: they, as well as the Chincfe, imagine that eel ipfes are caufed by fome dragon, who flands ready to devour the fun and moon ; and make a great clattering with pans and kettles to frighten him away. The earth they believe to be fquare, and of a vaft extent, and that at each corner there is a folid bafis on which refts the arch of heaven. Neither the king nor any of his fubicdls will undertake any affair of importance without conlulting their aftrolo- gers, nor will he venture to ftir abroad if they declare it to be an unlucky hour : but if they deceive the king when he confults them, he orders them to be baftinadoed ) not as impoftors, but for their carclcflnefs. They are alfo governed by prefagcs and omens. Thus the howling of wild beafts and the cries of apes are omi- nous ; and a fnake's crofTmg the way, or any thing fall- ing down without any apparent caufe, is fufHcient to fill them with terror. They have very little fkill in medicine; the king has Chinefe, Peguans, and Siamefe phyficians ; but when any of them adminiffcr a remedy to his majefty that has not the promifcd tffcd, he orders him to be well drubbed. They have not the leafl fkill in furgcry, and are forced to make ufe of European furgeons when they would be let blood, which has been but lately pradlifed amongft them. The phyficians feldomvary their receipts, but follow thofe they received from their anceftors, by which means they cure many diflempers i but yhcn the difeafe is tQO fttong I Ibl Ths fir them, tlioy always protend tliat the patient i. inchant- ed. The phyliciani foMa'tmirs make ule of piirgin;;, but never of vojniting ; they tuu moll difcafes by fudi)iitii-.s, and are laid to advife hathiii;^ in fevers j but it is obfcr- vable, that they never allow the patit-nt to eat any thini- but conije, or riee-^ruel, till his dileafc has Uft him ; and this regimen may puflibly recover mure than all the reme- dies they preleribe. 'I'he principal difeafesof the country are dyfenteries and fluxes, to which foreigners are iniicli more fubjeit than thi' natives j but agues, the gout, tiie ftoiir, phthific, fcurvy, and dropfy, arc fclJom heard of here, or in any other hot countries. The fmall-pox, however, frequently proves very fatal, and is alniolt as mortal as the p!,i;;ue in other countries : to prevent in.'eition, they bury thofc that die of this loathfome difeafe ; but three years atter dig up the remains of their bodies, and burn them on their funeral pile. Notwithflanding the heat of the country, they keep lying inwomcn continually before a great fire for a whole month, in order to purify them, and diirin.', this time they arc almofl fufl'ocated, there bi iii;^ only a hole in the roof to let out the fmokc. At their tirll fitling up they return thanks to the fire for purifving them, and the meat with which they treat thiir friends, is, on thefe occafions, of- fered to the fire. They will nut fulfer the lying-in-wo- nicn to eat or drink any thing that is not hot. They have no greater fkill in mufie than in the other fcienccs; they neither fing nor pl.iy by notes, nor do ihey know what is meant bv playing ..i parts. Moll of their inftruments are very harfli anddira;^!eeable to the ear: they beat upon fmall ill-founJing driini:;, and have a trumpet that makes a Hill more difa^recahl-' noifc; they have fume fhrill hautbois, and a little difayreeab'.e violin with three firings : they likewife beat on biafs bai'ons ; and when the king goes out, and upon other folenri occifioir, all thefe found together, and the uoife is laid to be not difa- greeable on the river. Their calendar has been twice regulated by able altro- nomers, who have taken two reuiarkable cpoclias, the moll ancient is the 545th year before the birth of our Sa- ,'f/,S. viour, which they fay coiiinienres hum tiie time in which their faint SommonaCodom was tianlLued to leav. 11. Tin; lafl cpocha commences from the .ear of our Lird fjH. £3^- The year is divided by them into three fealijusj thr cold months, which anfwer to thofe of Deec.nberaiul January ; the little fummer, or the beginning of lieat, which is their fpring, and anfwers to Februaiy, March, and April; and the great fummer, or the time of their great heats, which includes the other (even months, when the heat drips fome of their trees of their leaves, as the cold docs ours. They tcgin the year at the firfl moon of November or December : their months for the moll part confift of thir- ty days, but they have no names for their months, but reckon them in order, as the firfl, feconJ, and third month: they have likewife no word to exprefs week; but, as in Europe, call the fcvcn days by the names of the planets. Their days are divided into twenty-four hours, as in Europe, and they have four watches for the night, the lafl of which ends at broad day-light. They have no clocks; but as the days are always of an equal length, they eafily know the hour by looking at the fun. In the palace they have a hollow copper vefTel with a lit- tle hole in it, which being fet upon the water, lets it in by degrees, and finks when the hour is out. This enables them to dillinguifh the hours of the night, which they make known by llriking on copper bafons. SECT. VI. 0/ the City tfSiam, and its Tempks. Of tin Streets, Hciijcst end their Furniture. THE city of Siam, the metropolis of the kingdom of the fame name, is fomttimes called Odioa, and by the natives Siyothiya. It is fituatcd on the river Meiian, which fignifies the fea of rivers, in about fourteen dcg. IJ,.'3^- i thirty minutes north latitude, and in the hundred and /oi'.tf. firft ! 1 !/f^ \v i6i S Y S T 1 . M OF G I". O G R A I' 1 1 V. Sj.w:, ■' '^ t : ( ;, - firft dcji^f of e.ift lonpitiiilc from Ijotnloii. It is niii- Itiilc-s ill ciiciimlcrtii.c, .iiiJ bciii » cfic<)Ti)ulli\l liy (cver.il branches of tlic river, i< roniltrcJ almi'lKin ill.ind, only towards the vM\ thrre ii a rauffy i" p.il' "ii( i i the town. Jly land it is furrouiidcd hy a w.tll fortili.d with tower., and IS ralkil by the nitiv^s the admirable, and the cxcel- li'iit tity, bccaufe they believe it iniprcgiiahle, and indeed it is faul to have refources within illtlf liiflicient to fup- port a ficgc of many months a^^iinll an army fi'ty thou- fand Ihong, and has an infalli'.ile fuccour whiih never fails; this 'is the river overflowing every fix months i for there are no lines whicli it will not carry otF, nor army, which ic will not oblijie to retire; but the city itic ; do'.s lint take up above a (ixth part of the ground within the wails, for there are between two and three hundred pa- godas, furrounded by as many lonvcntJ of talapoins. Kound thefc temples arc alio tlicir burying-places, with pyramids crcitcd over them, which, with their fpires, and tile glittcrini; towers of the pagodas, form a very agree- able prolpeit. The riches of the country are chiefly difplaycd in thrfc par;adas and the prince's palace; by the workmanfliip in };old with which they aie adorned, bv their prodigious bulk, their admirable flruwfure, and incrediMc number of jewels. The m.ignificcncc of the pigodas fiirpafs every thinf!; of the kind to be fecn in the Indies, The mod celebrated of thcl'e is that in the king's palace. VVhile the fp-dlator Is llartled at feeing on one fide of tne portal an horrible nnnller, r,\u\ on t:ic other a cow, his eyes and im.ii;ina- tion all at once lofe fight of the objcfts and arc dazzled with the fplendor of the wills, the ci-ling and pillars, and of an infiiiicc number of (i.;ures fo properly gilt, that they feem coveied with plates of gold. Having advanced fome fteps, afmall elevation appears in the form of an altar, •in which are four ligurcs faid to be of mally gold, nearly as big as the life, fitting crofs-leggcd ; beyond it is a kind of choir, where there is the richeft pagoJ or idol in the kingdom. 'l"his ftatue is about forty-five feet in height, and being in a ftanJing pofture, touches with its head the vault of the choir. iJut what is molt aftonifhing, it is faid to be of (olid :;old. This, thofc who accompanied the French ambad'ador were told, and this they believed ; but it is only finely gilt. ' lis alfo pretendid, that this rich colofius was call in the place where it Hands, and that afterwards they built the temple about it. On its fides arc others of Icfs value, which are alfo gilt, and en- riched with jewels. At an hundred paces from the palace is another tem- pi'.', wlilch, thou'.;h iiotfi rich, is a regular and beaudful ifrufluie, adorned with five cupolas, of which that in the middle is larger than all the reft ; the roof is cove-ed with gilt pewter. Forty-four pyramids furround and adorn the temple ; thefe are placed in three rows, and in different ftories. In the circuit which cnclofes thefe build- ings, all along the g.dleries, arc above four hundred clay llatues gilt. The principal pagoda in the city contains near four thoul'and idols all gilt, bcfidcs the three principal ones fallelv f.iid to be of mafTy gold. That which pafTcs for the fccoiul ii fix leagues from the city, and is only open for the king and the priells ; the people remain proflrate before the gate, with their faces to the earth. The third is in the Dutch ifland, where the principal idol Is furround- ed by above three hundred others of different dimenfions, and in all manner of pollurcs. The ftreets of this city are large and ftraight, fome cf them arc even paved with brick, and have canal? cut through them; fothat there are few houfes to which there is not acccis with a boat. The convenience of tranfport- ing their cifciits, and landing thenr quite from the fea at the magazines, and the other advantages of the kingdom, have drawn traders thither from all parts of the world. Over thefe canals are many arched bridges built of brick or ftone, and fome of wood, on which account this city has been compared to Venice. Moll of their houfes are built with bambuus, and crcdcd upon pillars of the fame wood thirteen feet above the ground, the lower part un- derneath the houf- not being of any life. Their floors are alfo made of fplit bamboos, and co- vered with mats j their walls are uf ths f-tm? materials. Th'y have no(i,laied windows; their roofj arcfhaped likt- tiinle of a barn, and inflead «l Itjirs they ateeiid by a ladder ; but in the time uf the iiiuiid.ilioii, nuke ulc ul boats, every man havinj', one lied ul the door, for ihey are all very expert at towinj;. Ihey have neither tliiin- ni:)'; nor hearths, for they Itliloin light a (ire but to drti* tiu'ir in' at, and ili"ii a balket ofe.irtii fervei them inltejil of a hearth, and a hole in tlieroof inlkad of a chimney. Thcle buildings are not contiguous, nor Jo all the ( Mii- ly, if It be very l.irge, dwell under the lame ruof : but every man's f^round is paled in with bamboo, ami with- in this ineloluruare fevcral linall tenements cr<.*.tcd mi pillars, according to the quality of the perlon, a.'d the number of his dependants and fi.ives. 'I heir cattie vru alfo kept in upper rooms to prclerve them during the in- undation. A lew lioules arc built by (oreigiier>, with brick, and the king has erected others ot the fame fort for the accommodation uf foieigii amballadois. 'I'hu C'hrillians, Mahometans, and Chiiicfe, inltead of build- ing their houfes on pillars, raife the ground on whicK tiiey build hij^h enough to befecure from the annual inun- dation. Neither the palace, nor any private houfes, exceed one flory high, yet there is frequently a great dilfcrcnce be- tween the height of the tiont, and that of the inward rooms, both in the floors and the roots. 'I'lie fitft or outward room is always the lowell, and from this you alceiul by two or three ileps to anoilur, then to a third, and fo on in a .lircct lino ; the rools rifing proportion- ably. The palaces of the great ofliocrs of ftate have ufually three floors and roofs rifing one Ingher than the other ; and in that of the king there are at Icalt fcven. The en- trance to the firif room is by very ftraight flairs, and a narrow door to the riglit or left of the building. As to their furniture, fome have couches covered with a mat, only broad enough for one perfon to lie in ; for they all lie Angle, except the poor, who fleep ti ; th.-r on the floor, Thefe oeds, or couches, have but orv curtain, which is drawn before them, that the people riiav not be feen fleeping. Inftead of a feather-bed they maki ufo of a mattrcl's ftuffed with cotton, and have alio a pillow and one flicet to lie upon, with a qUilt over them. As they fit upon the ground they have little lackered tables, with a border round them, but no feet ; and every man at his meals has one to himfelf. They have alio cabinets, chclls of drawers, China-ware, copper, and earthen-veffels, Thefe are the principal furniture of thtir houfes, unlefs we reckon their tools ; for a.' there are no particular trades, every family has a fet of we.; k/ng-tools ; but there belni; no iron nails, all the beams, rafters., boards, and wooden work are faflencd together with wooden pins. Their bricks, with which feveral of their temples, palaces, and pyramids are built, arc faid to be tolerably good; and their cement greatly exceeds ours, for a wall that is plaftcred with it looks like polilhed marble ; but as their buildings are without foundations, none of thcin will ftand lon^. .- E C T, VII. T/jt King's Pti'iue, his Guards, Elephmits, and Horfts. Hu InJoUnce and tyrannic Power ; bis RiVeniia^ and tlie Alan- mrs if his diirt. THE perfons who accompanied the French ambafla- dor fay, that the king's palace, both within and without, is even more fplcndid than the temples. It is fituatcd on a final I eminence, and extends to the banks of the river. Though in extent it may be compared to a city, all its towers, pyramids, and elevated buildings are gilt. The apartments of the king and queen contain in- conceivable riches, gold and precious Hones are laid to fliine on all fides. This edifice is on the north fide of the city ; it is built wi'h brick, and furrounded by a treple inclofure, with large courts between each wall. The inner court, which contains the king's apartments, includes feveral garden;, adorned with groves and canals, in which are airy rooms, each 5!iAvi. A I A. irj I •!, very ullo and nples, L-rably 1 W.lll but i thcjn Man- ibafla- anJ It iii nksof ;d to a igs are im in- aid to built witk which rden;, ooms, each rath rnromp-fTcd hy :» I«w will, .inJ iho roof fippnrtcj lill.r^ i ill ilHli iiDtrii amli.ill.ulors .irc ciit.-rtamej. Si.im.-('c till pi'illiitc on tliu j;r>iund wlir;i vir ihcy tliis iiiniT ciMiit, aiil luncr |.ii. by tlic but at an awlul I'V Th t-nt-T nr jMtcsnlthi: o'.it.r cuiirt ot llic palace dilhincf. , „ , n Thi- c >'"« "'' ''^'' P^^-^" *" uluaHyr kept fliut and if on ^boJs exported and ;nipbitcd, but ..>>'» a cirtiin (um lui tlic fliip itiill, aiiordini.^ to iti i.;|i.iiily ; he Ii.ih lir-' lidt's u duly upon aiuck, and la)s an aiinii.il tax (in »\\ the mult valuablu litiit trcci, iti rucua-trccs, dunoris, niaiijiois, or.ui^i'i, and tliolc t!iat afl'oril bclcl. 11 1- has alio JvDicInc lands and ga.di.n:i in niull parl^ cil the king- doin, which are ruUivatcil by his lii'iijtcl.-, without any dilir^". admittance, the olHccr wlio comnundi cxprnce to hinilelt, and fupply the coml with pKivillons. anv one the I'liard is informeJ of it, and futicri no perlon to enter arrn^'d, or who has drank any Ipirituous liquor, and th''itr,ire he linilN the bieath of every one who enters. Uetwecn the two lirlt w.ilU Hand a guard ot luiarined foldier.1, who alio lerve the kin|.; in the office ()t e.\ecu- tioners : thele amount to a lout hx hundred. They have arms ready for them in the palate ; but they arc never truded with them, except on extraordinary uccafiuns. '1 he- h( rfe-u;uards are compofed of th .• natives ot I.aus and Meen, and are divided into two bodies comniaiided by their rclpeaivc officers. The kinfj li.is likewifeaiio- ihf r cuard of hnrfe, compofed of one hundred and thirty Gentleman, two troops of which, confillmg of thiity nicneach, are natives ncrs by the kin^^of 'I'hc queen In generally one of the royal blood, and I Hcl'H, tontcntedly tultiv.ite the I.iiids he pivei. tliein the Kreiich ambaflador fays, that in the year |66H, when ' within twenty nnli s of their own eountiv, wiihoiit ever h« was there, the ipieeii was the king's daughter by i attempting to chape haek to Si.im ; and thou(;li the tiia- hii oven filler, and that the rell of the women treated I mefe are t.iught to tonfider their prinees as the (ijiii of her .IS their fovereigii. She hail the command ot the black and white eutuiehs, who were not above ten or twelve in niinibcr, and punidifd both them and the wo- men, as (he thought proper. The queen has her ele- phants and her barj^cs to attend her when flic goes abroad, but tier chair is inelol'ed with curtains throuu'h which flie can lee i^ery thin;;, without being feen, and all the pio- ple get out of the way, or prollrate thcmlclvei whiii (he pallcs bv. She has alio htr magazines, her (hips, and trealiire diftiniit from thu king's, and carries on trade on her own account. 'I'he qi'ccn's Ion docs not always inherit the crown ; but iifuaily the king's eldell fon, by the full vs'oman that biings him a child and if his ni:.jelly does not think him qiiahlied to uteted him, he has the power of appointing another. \Vhen the kin-^ goes abroad he is cither carried upon his elephant, or in a chair, and is felJom feen on hnrfe- b.ick, though he keeps two thoufand horfes in hi', liable i, Cire.it can; is taken to prevent his being kvn on foot, he iherelorc comes immediately out of hi . apartment, ci- ther from Come terrace or a window of a proper height, to feat himftif on his elephant, and is never lifted ujifiii him. The king's feat on his elephant is uncovered, and open before, and therefore when he llands Kill, he is (heltcred from the fun by a man on foot, who holds a high umbrella. The man who guides the elephant fits on his neck, and governs him by pricking him on the head with an iion inltrument. But though he is I'eldom feen in the city, he frequently hunts at Louvo, when his concubine"!, it is faid, run on foot by him, and he has alfo a guard of two oi' three 'iindred men, who march before him to clear the way, ;;> J if he flops, all the com- pany inftantiv proflrate thcml'elvcs on the earth. It is an elLihlillied rule, that no officer prcfume to enter into his majcily's prefence without leave. The great officers arc allovveil to vifit each other only at weddings and funerals, and then muft fpeak aloud, and in the prc- I'encc of a third pcrfon, to prevent any confultations againll the ftatc ; befides, every man that hears any thing that may endanger the government, is obliged to tu.'n in- former, upon pain of death, and there arc alio a num- ber of fpies to inform the prince of what is fpoken in all companies. On the other hand, there i,s great danger in bringing him ill newf^, or in letting him know the weak- nel's of his government. No officer dare be fo bold as to tell him that it is impoflibic to execute what he com- mands ; they therefore endeavour to fulfil his orders, and tocccufc the mil'carriage afterwards, which they do gra- dually, in the IbUeft terms, and with all poflibic precau- tions ; for he feldoni fails to punifli with extraordinary ri- gour thofc who ofFend him. He frequently examines his ofEccrs on their profici- ency in the learned language, and on the precepts of their religion, and puniflles the ignorant with the bafti- nado. The vulgar arc in many rcfpccls more fafc and happy than their fuperiors, for the lels a man is known to the prince, and the greater diflancc he is from the court, the greater is his fecurity. Honour here le.ids to danger, not only through the caprice of the prince, but from the en- couragement given to informers. Hence the great ufc every artifice to prevent any .''.ccufation reaching the ears of the king. heaven, an I imagine their fouls as ninth exalted above thole of the vulgar as their rank exceeds theirs, yet a fubjeit no fooner ul'urps the crown than they entertain the lame opinion of the uluiper they had of their prince, and they are ready to believe that heaven has aJoptiJ the rebel in his room. The great officers of rtate appear almofl under the ne- cclfity of opprelfing the people, for they have no fala- ricH, and have only their lodgings, a barge, and a few moveables allowed them by the crown; with elephants, horfes, buffaloes, and llavcs fuitable to their rank, and as much land as will keep their families in rice ; all whicfj return to the crown upon their being difplaccd : pitfcnti are therefore publicly made them by thofe under their tommand, and a judge is not punifhed for taking money of the parties, except it can be proved that he has beun alfo gniltv of iniiillicc. Councils of Hate arc helil twite aday ; at ten in the morning, and at ten in the evening. At thefc council* any member to whom his majelfy has referred the ma- nagement of an affair, reads his inlfruiilions, and give* an account of what he has done. 'I he feveral menibcra then deliver their opinion in his majedy's ablente : after- v\'ards, when the king is prtfent, their debates and refo- lutions aic reported to him, vi'hich he examines, and then determiiies as he thinks (it. If the iW.ur be attended with any difficulty he orders it to be reconfidered, and fome- times confults the fupcrior of the talapnins. As he fre- quently punifhcs thofe who give him what he thinks ill advice, his minif^ers oft'er fuch opinions as are likely to pleafe him, which is fafcr than their declaring theit own. , SECT. vnr. 0/ Ambitffit(bn, the Manntr in which they ar« rictivtd^ and ifthtjcfeni by tlie Kin£. THF.RP' is no addrefling this prince without confi- derable prefents, and, in retiitn, he cxprcfli^s the higheft value for what is given. If it be any thini' to wear, he purs it on in the prefence of the amballador, and if they prefei it horfes, ftables arc immediately built for them. Before the ambaffadors have delivered their prefents, the king's officers come and take a very cxa£t account of them, and enquire the value and ufe of the minutcft ar- ticles, in order that thev may be able to anfwer all tha qucftions the king may afic them ; but their principal de- fign is to difcover their true value. An ambalTador at Siam is only regarded as a royal mcfl'cngcr, and much greater honour is paid to the letter he carries than to him. When the French anibafiador went to Siam the king of France's letter and prefents were carried in the royal barge, with feveral of the king's vefl'els to guard it ; vhile the ambaflador and his retinue were carried up the river in ordinary ve/Tels. Foreign ambalTadors are lodged and maintained at the king's expcncc, and arc allowed to trade during their ftay ; but they are not fufFcred to tranfaifl any affairs till they have had their public audience, or to continue in the citv after their audience of leave j and therefore the evening before the king afkt, if they have any thing farther T bcin^ opinion upon v/ha ing explai When to an ordc tile phiiiit he that Sometime boiling oii m.iiiagemc they have longslt un proof by f\ with Ccve them in innocent. All the gillratcs r4 SiaM. S I and ronfi- the ; to and fur royal letter iflailcr e Tents :)f the lid his at the their irs till nue in re the thing farther farther to prupoiL- 1 An I, .i*. (:iu umliencs ciric.iv>.'i ifihcy are Uti'lK-d. I'uliiu .uiJiciicct utc in tli ' c'.i|ii(4l, mIicii ilic iKiitt .ipiH .111 III all iti fpL'iulijur. rimlv: j'.iviii .it ],i)iivu .iiul otiii'r jiUcci jru cl).:i:iii>.l privutv ituiuiicei, tlicrc bcint; few guaiJa aud atti.'inl.tiu .. The '"unKfu iKvcr fond aiiili,ill4dor'i to nfi Ic.it .iny court, ' only to di'jiii :h T'lnir particiil.ir .I'Kiir, which ut'iicraliy .■l.itu'i to iiaJu : ,itid ii|i^ H !)(li • 1 if! iw lf:M,;V';- = mm I ^ ; [t ; ■! iiHiii : r« -06 '\ I . '^■fj ! i, ■;' 'I ! tu6 A SYSTEM OF G K O G R A P H Y, Si.-\.vf. and tlicn If nny of them arc killed or woutulcJ they fay it is llifir own fault ; for when thf kin;; of Siani's troojv. take the fielil, he orders them not to ki^l, by w'.iich they underllaiiJ that they arc not to iirc dir.vtiy upon tho enemy ; and whenever the bullets or arrows be. Merjte is feated in an ifland near Tcnarerin, one hun- dred and forty miles to the (buth-wtft of Siam, and is faid to be one of the bed forts in the Indies; but of tliii place \vc fiiall give a more particular account, when, on treating of the trade of Siam, wefiiall mention the dellruc- tion of that ccnm'.erce which was formerly carried on by the Eiij,li(h in ihii city. Jonfalam is an ifland within a inilc of the continent, between whiel) is a good harbour lor (hipping. JVlartahan, once an independent kinadom, but now Aibjccl to biam, has Pi-^u on the north, Siam on the fouth and cad, and the bay of Beiii' ! on the wed ; it is faid to extend three hundred milta i in north to (buth, and an hundred and fifteen, where broadcd, from cad to weft. It has mines of gold, filver, copper, iron, and lead, and abounds with corn, medicinal herbs, oil of jef- famine, oranges, lemons, fig^, and other fruit. 'i"hc in- habitants make a (brt of porcelain vellels, varnKhed black, which is much edecmcd. The capital is a well built populous town, fituated in the bay of Bengal, in about , the fixtccnth degree of north latitude : it has one of the rS':fa. bed havens in the country, and was a rich trading place before (hips were funk at the entrance of the harbour, in order to choak it up ; and befides the wnole country is ruined by the wars carried on betwecen the kings of Pegu and Siam. SECT. Xlf. Of the Religion of the Siamefe, contmr;itig a particular J,:- count of the Convents of the Talapoins of both Sexes. Thi Rules of their Order, and Articles of thiir Belief, IN the Siamefe language a temple is called pihan ; but the I'ortuguefe, from the Perfian word Poutgheda, which fignifics a Pagan temple, call both thefe and the idols themfelves pagodas or pagods, and thus they are ge- nerally called by the Europeans in India. Every Siamefe temple is feated in the midd of a fquare piece of ground encompalTed with pyramids, and enclof- td by a wall. Without this wall is another fquare, which enclofes the former, and round it are the cells of the prieds and priedefl'es, which are frequently very nume- rous. Thofc cells, which our mifTionaries tcrnj a con- vent, are a number of finglc houles eredlcd upon bam- boo pillars at a fmall didance from each ether, and thij whole enelofed with a fence of bamboo pales. The ftce- ple oi the pagoda is a wooden tower that (lands by itfelf near the temple, and has a bell without a clapper, which indead of ringing they beat upon with wooden hammers. Of the fplcndor of thefe drudtures we have already given forne account in treating of the city of Siam. The talapoinefi'es or nuns are in the fame convent.s with the men, but being never admitted till they arc of an advanced age, there is not fiippofed to be any danger of a criminal corrcfpondence. Indeed the conditution of a pagan convent fecms in feveral refpccfls preferable to thofe of the church of Rome ; for in the firtl place nei ther fex is teized, and in a manner compelled to enter into a cloyder againd their free confent ; young women ari; not admitted into them at all, and liberty is given .t;. forty day liquors, it is mud one, nor; ous there When 1 po every fields in 1 trees, and camp in which the of their vel!.'rs, m beads ; fo A.M. A I A. fj% ck, sot" l-,;;r itii- t'le lied auf the toot tl.e his pro- allcJ It is "arics hun- iid is ftli.i II, oil inic- un by incnt, now 11 the , it IS Couth, caft to , and of jcf- 'hc in- black, I built about , , of the r*'-M. z place lur, in ntry is Pegu n, ; but tpheda, id the are ge- fquarc cnclof- which of the nume- a con- m bam- md till." ftcc- itfcif wiiich immeis. y given y onvcnts arc of danger ution of table to ace nci to enter women is given t'J to any pcrHjn to r;turn into the worlJ, when they arc tired of that llate of life. All th'j youth bein;; educated by the talapoins, each of them h.is iwj or three ncns or pupil,;, who alfo ferve him while they continue in the convent: there are others who do not go in for education, but live and grow old there in the chara£f-.'r of a kind of lay-brothers. Thofe weed the gardens, and perform other fervile offices, which it would be criminal for the talapoin hiinfelf to execute. Thefe nens have a common room in the convent for their fchool, and there is another to which the people bring their alms on the days when the temple is fliut, and here the talapoins afll'mble, and hold their conferences. To every convent there is a head or mailer, who in fome houfcs has greater privileges than others, and are called fancrats : thefe have the fole power of admitting perlbns iilto the order of talapoins, and of giving them the habit ; but they have no jurifdiclion over any of the talapoins who do not belong to their refpedlive convents. The king, however, gives a new name to fome of the principal fancrats, on whom he alfo beftovvs an umbrella, a chair, and fome flaves to carry it; though the fan- crats never ufe them, but when they wait upon his ma- jeftv. The talapoins are obliged to lead audere lives, by which it is fuppofed they atone for the fins of the laity. They live on alms, but mull not eat in common ; for every one lives upon what he himfelf procures by begging, yet they arc very hofpitablc to ftrangers, and even to fuch ChrilHans as come to their convents, and on each fide their gate have lodgings for the accommodation of tra- vellers. Of thefe talapoins there are two forts, one of the woods, the other of cities: the former lead much the fcvereli lives. Both of them are, however, obliged to ce- libacy, on pain of being burnt, which the king takes care to have llri£lly executed ; for they enjoy great privi- leges, and being exempted from the lix months fer- vice, he takes care to fee that they ftri£lly obfcrve the rules of their profcflion, and have their fhare of hard- fhips, left the grcatell part of his fubjeils, tempted by the advantages they enjoy, (hould become talapoins, and be thus rendered of no ufe to the (late. He there- fore has them fometimes examined as to their (kill in the Baly language, in which are written the precepts of their religion, and juft before the arrival of the French amb;ilVador at Siam, the king had difmifl'ed fome thoufands of them for their ignorance ; they being examined by one of his ofHcers of ftatc'; but the talapoins of the woods rc- fufe to fubniit to the examination of any one who is not of their order. They not only educate children, but every new and full moon preach and explain the precepts of their reli- gion to the people in tiieir temples, and during the time of the inundation, they preach every day from fix in the morning till noon, ami from one in the afternoon till five in the cvcnin.i;. The preacher fits crofs-leggcd on a couch or hi;^h bench, and when one is weary he is re- lieved by anotlur, ttic people (hewing their affent to the dniflrinc, by faviiig, " That is right, or fit to be done." After whicii thty prcfcnt theij- alms to the preacher, many of whom become very rich with the prefcnts they receive from the people. The Europeans ciill the time of the inundation the lent of the talapoins, for they eat nothing from noon, and when they do not fift they eat only fruit in the afternoon. It is pretended that fome of the Indians will faft thirty or forty days without taking anything befides fome fmall liquors, in which a certain powder is infufed; however, it is much cafur to fall in a hot country than in a cold one, nor arc the cfFeiSls of an empty (lomach fo pernici- ous there as among us. When the rice harveft is over the talapoins of the towns go every ni:;ht for three weeks together to watch in the fields ill fm;UI huts made of the branches and leaves of trees, and in the day time live in their cells. They en- camp in a fquare nearly in the fimc order with that in which their cells fiand ly the temples, and have the hut of their fupcrior in the center. They do not like tra- velL-rs, make fires in the night to frighten away wild beads ; for it is imagined thnt their fantlity is alone fuf- '4 fi'-ient to prtftrve them. Indeed they take care to pitch tiieir tents at a diftance from the wocds wiicre wild hearts ehiiily haunt, and they who inhabit tlun'e ilaiiLjcrous phieob, make fires like utiier people to keep oiK the wild beall> ; thou.di the laiiy impute their lafety to their great holinefs. They imagine that a tiia'i will fiiull ;i llceping talapoin, and only lick his han.ls and feet, and if they rind the lemains of one that has been killed, they either deny it to be a talapoin, or if that tannot be dii- puted, they pretend that he had tranfjrclTed the rules of his order ; for they imagine that the very brutes can di- (linguifh a faint from another man by the fmcU. Lou- biere, however, obferves, that their woods arc not (o dangerous as is imagined, fince many families of the laity, as well as the talapoins, have been forced by the rigour of the government to take refuge there. Thefe talapoins go bare-headed, and bare-loot, not- withftanding the heat of the fun ; but have a yellow linncii cloth thrown over their left flioiilder, like a ihouldcr belt, and over all a large yellow cloth, that has its name from the rags and patches of which it is compofed. This hangs down both before and behind, and i.s girt about with a fa(h four or five inches broad. They (have ilie hair of their heads, beards, and cyc-brows, and have a broad leaf, which ferves them intlcad of a dw or umbrella. The fupcrior is obliged to fliave himfelf, becaufc iu» perfon is worthy to touch his head, and, for the fame reafon, a young talapoin mull never lliave an old one j though an old one may (have him ; but when a talapoin grow,, too old to han.ile the razor, which i-. theie niaee of copper, another may fiipply that o.Ttcc, but then Iio muft firfl afU a thoufand pardons, and declare how un- worthy he is of fuch a!i hunour. The talapo ns wafh thenifelvts in the morning, when they can but juU difeern the veins of their haiiu!', a'lj do not do it fooner lor fear thev fliould unknowiiU'lv drown fome infect. They are no fooner dii.liLd than they attend their fupcrior to the temple, wlie:e tliey fpeiid two hours in chanting then devotion-i. Ti:eir Inmns, if we may be allowed to call them k->, are cn;;raved with an iron pencil in the Baly tongu^-, on long le.ivcs, about two fingers broad, and feveral of thele being tacked trj- gether at one end, make a book; but the people have no books of hymns and prayerj. The talapoins, while they fing, keep time with their leaf, or fan, as if thev were fanning tnemfclves. Both the priefts and peopli; at their entering and leaving the temple proftratc them- felves three times before the great idol with their heads to the ground. At the new and full moons the people wnfli the tala- poins, and in every private family the children, with- out regard to age or lex, wafli both their father and mo- ther, grandfather and grandmother naked. The talapoins, after their morninjj's devotion, go into the city to beg, carrying with them an iron bowl in a linnen bag, which they hang over their (lioulders with a rope. They thus (land at the donr of a houle without afiiing any thing, but the people feldom let them go away empty handed. At their return to the temple they offer what they receive to the idol, and having then ate their brcakfad, (ludy till dinner, and lleep as is cuflomary in hot countries. They afterw;uds in(hu£l 'i.eir pupils, and towards the evening, having fvvcpt and cleaned their temple, they fpend two hoiir-i in fingin;; their devotions, as in the niorning, and then retire to idl, feklom eating ang thing but a little fruit. They never go out of tl-.eir convents without proflrat- ing themfclvcs before their fiip?rior, aiid kilTiiig his feet. Their convents have gardens be longing to them ; they are alfo endowed with cultivated lands, and the talapoins have flaves to manure them. Befiiies thefe Ihvis they have, as halh been already obferved, a kind of lay-bro- thers, who wear the fame habit, only it is white, thefe receive the money given to the talapoin?, it bein;; a fin for them to touch any of it. Thefe fervants alio look after their gardens and hulbandry, and tramatS all fuch affairs as it is unlawful for a talapoin to be concerned in. When a f iperior of a convent dies, another is cleflej by the focielv,on account of his .;:;e and learning. When a perfon erciits i temple, he appoints th; fupcrior of the T t convsr.t. 'i--'»! Jf I ■ ■ ; 'i-' (J ■ 'Ml? •i M in i •a\ i til ii ii- 1 i; •?( S I ^if ^'S'ii|3f \Si A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Sum. '■l> convent, but builds only a cell for liim. The reft arc afterwards ereckd, ns other niemlurs areiuimittcd. When a pi'rfou dtfiri^s admifliun, he fir'l applies himflf to the fjpcriurof tlicconvi-'nt, but receives his h.ihit iVam fjme faiicrat : none arc ever oppofed in aflumina; the ha- bit, that b^ing e(lcci-.K.I higlily criminal, and their pa- rents are commonly fo far from being againft it, that they hire people to fing and dance before them, when they ]ead their fons to the convent to aifume the habit ; but neither the mufick nor the women muft enter with them. The new cledled talapoin has his head, beard, and eye- brows Ihavcd, and the fanerat bavin;; pronounced fome pious fentcnces on his devotin;; liiuifelf to religion, he is fllut up in his cell, and is never to fee a dance, or hear mufic more. The talapoinefTes, who .ire cftccmcd partly fccular, and partly religious, may receive the habit from the fu- pcrior of any convent, or even from the young pupih, without the confent of a lancrat, and if any of them are furpriled with a man, they arc not burnt as the talapoins arc for entertaining a criminal commerce with women ; but in this cafe are delivered to their relations to be baf- tinadoed; for the talapoins muft not ftrike or chaftife any perfon. Though all the Indian pricfts believe the doftrine of the metempfychofis, or the tr.mfmigration of fouls, yet in many otb.er things they ate not agreed. Some allow of marriage, others do not : I'^me think it a fin to de- p,-ivc any anini.il of life, others make no fcruple of it, and a third fort kill them only for facrifice : fome will cat any animal that dies of itfelf, or is ready killed to their hands, though they v.'ould no more put an animal to death than they would murder one of their own fpecies. The tndians believe that all nature is animated, and informed by a rational foul, and fuppofe the heavens, the earth, fire, v/.itcr, rivers, woods, mountains, cities, and lioufes are animated by fome fpirit, or genius, and all of them firmly believe that each man has pafled through in- numerable fhites, and that every foul that pofTefTes a hu- man body, was confined to it in order to be punifhed for mifdemcanors committed in fome former life. This they infer from the obfervation, that the happieft mor- tal has his pains and difappointments ; whence they con- clude, that the higheft felicity is found in a ftate of fe- paration from the body : and the better to ftrengthen their opinion of the foul's pre-exiftence, fomeof the talapoins pretend to remember their feveral tranfmigrations. They alfo believe that the heavens, the earth, the plants, and every thing elfe have their period, and will be fucceedcd hy new heavens and a new earth ; and they do not even fcruple to affirm that they have feen the decay and re- al of lU nature. They imagine that the foul confifts of matter fo fub- tile, as to be free from touch, and yet that after death it retains the hurcan form, with fomething analogous to the folid and liquid fubftances, of which our bodies are compofed, and that if a perfon dies by a wound he has received it mav be feen in the aerial body, with the blood flowing from it, but though the foul be in their opinion material, they will not allow, th.it it is perifhable, but that it animates fome other creature, and is fenfible of pleafare and pain, and that it will at length re-enter an human body in a fituation fuitable to the behaviour of the foul in its f rvcral tranfmigrations. They not only maintain that departed fouls fuccef- f:vcly animate plants and animals; but believe that there are certain places beyond the vifible world where they fhall be rcwirdcd or puniflied ; that the happy fhall afcend far above the ilars, while the niiferable fliall be doomed to dwell as far beneath them. They ufually aflign nine different regions, both of happinefs and mifery, each dif- fering in degree, the higheft and loweft being moft cx- quifitc in their kind ; and as they do not imagine that fouls pafb immediately from one flate to another, but arc new born into whatever place they happen to go, fo they are perfuadcd that they fhall want the fame things as in this life, and theiefure in fome places burn their moft valu.ablc moveables, and even animals and flavcs with them. As the Siamefe imagine that they can contribute to the relict of the dcceafed by thus fupplying their wants, fo they alio believe that the dead are capable of doing them good or hurt, and accordingly pray to their departed friends, and do them all the honour they poffibly can at their funerals, cfpecially to the fpirits of their anceftors, as high as their great-grandfathers, imagining, that thofe bcyondjthem have futfered fo many tranfmigrations, that they can hear them no more. They are not allowed to kill, to Ileal, to commit un- cleannefs, to lie, or to drink intoxicating liquors : the firft precept they extend fo far, that they think it criminal not only to kill men and animals, but even vegetables, and therefore do not deftroy the feed of any plant ; but as the fruit does not affedl the life, they think thcm- felves at liberty to eat it, but always preferve the ftone or kernel ; nor will they eat the truit before it is ripe, becaufe then the feed would never come to maturity. As they think every thing animated they will not cut down a tree, or break oft" the branches, left they ftioulj difpofl'efs a foul of its habitation i but when it is cutdown, or a beaft be killed, they make no fcruple of ufing the one or eating the other, becaufe they imagine no mifchicf can proceed from it. As they imagine the foul refides in the Wood, they think it unlawful to open a vein, or to make any incifioii by which the blood may be fpilt ; and fome carry this fcruple fo far, that they will not wound a plant to let out itsjuices. The Siamefe, however, have ways to evade moft of the precepts enjoined by their religion : thus they fay, that in war they are not the occafion of the death of an enemy, but their enemies themfelves in advancing upon their ihot ; for, as hath been obfcrved, they alway^fhoot fomething fhort of them. When the talapoins cat rice, which is a feed, they do not boil it themfelves; but allow their fervants to boil it, and kill the feed ; and then they think they may eat it without being guilty of any crime. The talapoins are not permitted to hear mufic, or to fee plays or dancing ; thev muft ufe no pertumes, nor muft they touch gold or filver, or meddle with any thinw that has not an immediate relation to religion. A tala- poin muft never borrow of a layman, or contradt a fricndfhip with him in hopes of receiving prefents ; he muft not lend upon ufury, nor muft he judge or cenfure his neighbours : he muft neither buy nor fell, nor muft he fet by what he begs one day for the next, but give what he does not eat to fome animal. He may not look upon a woman with complacency, fpeak to one in pri- vate, or fit near her; nor muft he' receive any thing from the hand of a woman, and therefore flie lays down her alms for the talapoin to take up. They are not to en- joy the indulgence of riding in a palanquin, or an ele- phant, or a horfe ; nor muft he vrear rich cloaths, or any colour but yellow ; nor eat in gold or filver. If he laughs aloud, if he boafts of his defcent or learnin", or vifits any but his father, mother, brothers, or filters,°they efteem it criminal. He is not to be angry ; he muft not return railing for railing, nor threaten any man ; but muft behave v/ith the greateft decorum and modefty, and in his drefs be diftinguiflied by his neatnefs. It has been obfervetl, that the Siamefe think there arc nine degrees of happinefs or mifery to which departed fouls may pafs, but in all thefe itates they imagine that they are born and die, they not being yet arrived at their ultimate happinefs : but after feveral tranfmigrations, iti which a foul has performed a multitude of good works, they believe that it (hall be at length exalted to an unchangeable ftate of felicity, and, being exempted from future tranfmigrations, ftiall enjoy eternal reft. This is properly the heaven of the Indians ; but they do not irnagine that any fouls will be eternally puniftied in the difmal abodes appointed for the evil genii ; but (uppofe that if the foul be never fufficiently purified, it will be dcftined to an eternal tranfmigration. When a perfon has merited this ftate of endlefs felicity, they attribute to him invincible ftrength of body, a pcr- (e£\ (kill in all fciences, and think he will become a moft- perfedl prtacher of rightooufncli ; after which they fav he 0/tL'\ An T' fettle quartcil choofir aftairs mined I the Mj ment the prl hands, f at his religioil nionthJ difgracl eparted he SlAM. A S he is taken out of their fight, lilce a fpark that is loft in air; and to the memory of thefe ima;;iiiary perfect men they dedicate their temples. But the pcrfon who they fuppofc haj furpafled all the men that ivcr lived in holinefs, and whom they therefore worlhip with the highcft devotion, is Sommona Codom, Sommona figni- ficu atalapoin of the woods, and Codom is his proper name. The books of the talapoins fay, that he was the fon of the king of Ceylon, and not only heftowed all his eftate in charity, but pulling out his eyes, and killing his wife and children, gave them to the talapoins for food. They alfo imagine, that before his entrance into the ftate of blifs, he acquired a prodigious ftrength of body, and had the power of working miracles, being able to enlarge his body to what fize he pleafed, and then reduce it to fo fmall a point as to become invinfible. They fay he had two principal difciples, whofe images they place behind his on their altars; thefe are of a much inferior fizc; he that is placed on his right hand is called Pra Mogia, and he on his left Pra Scarabout ; and be- hind them, on the fame altar, they place other images, reprefsnting the officers of Sommona Codom's palace. They pretend that Pra Mogla, at the defire of the evil genii, overturned the earth, and took hell-fire into the hollow of his hand, in order to extinguifli it ; but find- ing it out of his power, he prayed to Sommona Codom to put it out ; but he denied him, from the apprehenfion that mankind would abound in wickednefs if the dread of this puiiifliment was removed. It is remarkable that whatever power they afcribe to Sommona Codom, they imagine he exercifes it only over theSiamefe, without interfering with the concerns of other nations, and that every kingdom has its peculiar deity. It is alfo obfervable, that they do not confider .jommona Codom as the perfon who firft inftituted their religion, but that he reftored it after mankind had forfaken thofe rules which were originally enjoined them. One of the mod extraordinary particulars of the reli- gion of the Siamcfe, is their believing that all religions are good ; and that though they are extremely tenacious of the principles of their own, they allow an unbounded indulgence to others : but of this fpirit of toleration we Ihall give a more full and particular account in treating of the Gentoos of India. We (hall conclude this feftion with obferving, that liow extravagant foever the doilrine of the tranfmigra- tion of fouls may appear, it is attended with feveral con- fequcnces favourable to the caufe of virtue. The pro- hibition of eating animal food is in that climate wholc- fome advice, and its creating a horror at the fight of blood m.ikcri them tender of (bedding it. The alTurance that they (hnll fome time revive in a appier ftate is a great fupport to the Indian's under any calamity, and leffens the dread of their didblution; hence the eunuchs, who there confider themfclves as the moft unhappy of man- kind, arc extremely fond of this doflrine. SECT. xir. Of the Trad: of S'tam in general ; noiu engrojfed hy the Kiig. An Account of the Englijh Settlement at Merjee, and the Trade carried on by the Dutch at Siam. Tlje Skill of the Sicuncfe in mechanic Arts, and of the Coins, JFcights, and Alcafures of Siam, THE liberty of commerce which was formerly grant- ed to Siam invited great numbers of foreigners to fettle among them ; every nation pofTcfred a different quarter of the city, and had a chief or conful of their own choofing, and a perfon appointed by the king to tranfa£l affairs with him ; but nothing of confequence was deter- mined without the prime minifter. The Mahometans of the Mogul's dominions had formerly the beft eilabli(h- ment here, one of the minifters being of that religion : the principal ofHces and governments were in their hands, and the king caufed (everal mofques to be crei5ted at his own cxpence : the Siamefe who embraced the religion of M:ihomet were alfo exempted from the fix months p^jrfonal fervice ; but this minifter falling into difgrace, the credit of thofe of his religion funk with I A, i^ him, and all .Mahomct.''.ns -.vcre turned nut of their em- ployments ; bur they arc (till allowed their mol'ques and the cxercil'e of their religion. It is compuf.'d that there are now about four thoufuid Mahomet-ins at Siam, and as many Indi.m Portuguefe, or of th.- mixed breed, which are very numerous on all the Indian co;ilh. The num- ber ot the Chinelc are at leaft ecju.il to thu others, and there are about as many Maiay.ms ; btfidcs, there are fome of other nations; but fince the kiii^ has eiigroll'ed the foreign trade, the richeft merchants have retired from Siam. M(;(^ '^art of the trade of Siam is engrolTed by the king, who e .1 defcends fo low as to fell goods by retail ni (hops by his faftors. Thus he fells to his fubjefts all their cotton cloths, which is the common wear of the people. He claims all the ore in the mines, and fells it to foreigners. His fubjefts are obliged to I'ell him all their ivory and arrack, which he likewife difpofes of to foreigners. Sapan-wood, le.id, and falt-petre, alfo be- long to him ; and fulphur, gun-powder, and arms can only be had at the kind's magazines. He fometimcs agrees with the Dutch to fell them all the fKins and furs the country affords at a fet price, upon which his fubjedls are obliged to fell to him firil ; but ambergris, brown fugar, and fugar-candy, the merchants may, with- out reftraint, purchafc of his fubjeets. Formerly a thoufand vellcis, at leall, annu.tUy traded to Siam, yet there are now hardlv any hefiJcs a few Dutch barks, for none care to deal with the iciiii;, who will make his own terms ; and as the produce of the rountry is not very cuiifiJerable, and foreiiiuers are nutallowed thclibcrty of trading either with one another, or with the na- tives, till the king has had the preference of all the beft merchandize, it is not very advantageous tiaJin^ thither. At Mcrjee, a town fituatcd on the banl;s of the Tona- ceri;in, in the dominions of the kin:' (}f Siam, were for- merly Cottled a confiderablc niiii:bcr of r'n:,l,fi! free mer- chants. This place enjoys a good harbour, ..nd tiic ad- jacent country produces rice, timber for building, tin, and elephants teeth, in which tlie above merchants drove a confiderablc commerce, till they were ordered front thence by the old Eaft India company, who threatened the king of Siam with a war if he con.inued to harbour them. One Wcldon was difpatchej to Merjee with this mclTage, who added the outrageous murder of fome of the Siamefe to the infolcnce with which he provoked the government. The people refolving to be reven'^ed for this barbarity, lay in wait for V/eldon by night when he was afliore. Hut he receiving notice of their defign made his efcape on board his (liip ; and the Siameic miffing him, vented their fury upon all the Eiiglifiimen, without exception, that fell into their hands. Seventy- fix were mafiacred in this manner, fcarcc twenty efcaping to the (hip. Till this time the Englifh had been greatly carefl'ed by the Siamefe, and promoted to places of the higheft truft in the government ; one v/as advanced to be head of the cuftoms at Ten.iccrian and Merjee, and another promoted to the rank of admiral of the royal navy ; hut a grcit revolution whieh I'ell out at this time in tlic Siamefe ftate, and the jeaioufics of the Englifli conipan), caufed moft of the En^^lifti inerciiants to difperle, fonic to Fort St. George, others to Bengal, and others tu Aclien. The Dutch company carry on a confiderablc trade hers in tin, lead, elephants teeth, gum-lack, and dccr-fkin-:. Thev have a factory about ? mile below the city of Siam, on the fide of the river : the factor's houfe is extremely large, beautiful, and lirong ; the lodging-rrronio are ftate- ly, and the warehoufes fpacioi:?, and ftored wit!', all forts of commodities. It was firft built in the year 1634, and is moated round. Mallet obf. rvcs, that it is one of the fineft houfcs belonging to the Dutch Eaft India company in thefe parts. Here arc no particular handycrafc trades, but every man underftands f(!methin;i of for as the kinc: em- ploys h.ilf his fubjccfs in any bufinefs indifferently, for fix months in the year, ftioidd any jierf m be perfecKy ignorant of what he is fet about, he '.voulJ fuffer the baftinado. On the other hand, none ftrivc to excel, for fear of being retained in the king's fervice as long a , he live*. ill m (% !> I Hi ' iHEj'J ;■; ii'aK'1 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. S;A.si, i' H rl{ ■^•■r m ''. hi I '■ in ' i' 11 live,-;. The ilioft Hicadful (lifcouragcmciit to all iiiduftry is the tyranny of the govcrnmcMit, which will no! permit a man to enjoy a fortune, (houlJ he be able to acquire it ; but whenever he is thought to be rich, his eft'edts are feizcd. The Siamefe arc however indifterent carpenter"! ; they know how to burn brickn and make the hardcft cements, and are not unfkilful in mafonry. They are (killed in calling metals, and in covering their idols, which arc monllrous maflbs of brick and lime, with plates of gold, filver, and copper : they alfo cover the hilts of fwords and daggers, and fome of the king's moveables, with thefe metals ) but they are unacquainted with the method of beating gold, and can gild aveflcl tolerably well. The people here are but very bad forgemen, and only make ufe of call iron. Their horfes are never (hod, and have but poor faddlcs and furniture ; for they have not the art of tanning leather. They make a little ordinary cloth, but no kinds of fluffs, either of wool orfilk ; and yet they embroider very well. They have an extravagant method of painting, and, like the Chinefe, repreient animals that never had any exiftence, and give men the moft abfurd and hidious proportions. The moft common employment of the people is fifti- ing, and thofc who have money follow merchandize ; but the fimplicity of manners, and negledl of fuper- fluities that appear very remarkably in the Siamefe, reftrcin them from following fcveral mechanic arts and employments in which the Europeans bufy them- felves. Their retail traders in (hops and markets arc fo diftin- guiflied by their honcily, that the feller hardly counts the money he receives, or the buyer the goods he pur- chafes by tale ; and when they obfcrvc the Europeans buy every tri.li; with caution, they laugh at tllcir fupcrabui'- dant care. Their markets begin at five in the evening, and l.ifl till eight or nine at nitjht. They have but one fort of fiU'cr coin, called a tycal ; thefe are all made in the fame form, m-h\ have the lame impreflions, but fome are Ufs than others ; tht v are of the figure of a cylinder, and have a ftamp on cilh liue, with odd charadlers, which none of our travellers have been able to explain. ThoL- on one fic^c arc included in a ring, and thofe on the other in the fiLjure of a heart. The tycal is worth three lliillings and tTirce half-peiite. They have no gold or copper money, the former is reckoned among tlieir merchantable cominoditi'.s, and is twelve times the value of filvcr. The (hells called cowries, or what we call hlackmoors teeth, ferve to purchafe little matters, and diflVr in their price according as they are more or lefs plentiful ; but their value at Siam is generally eight hundred for a penny. They buy muflin and linen by the piece, and none but thofe who are very poor buy it by the ken or cubit. They have, nowcver, a fathom, which they ufe in building, and in mcafuring their roads and canals ; and their roads are marked with a (tone at the end of every mile. For grain and liquors they ufe the (hell of the cocoa- nut, and as thefe are very unequal, they mcafure their capacity by the number of cowries they contain. They have likewife a kind of wicker meafure, called a fat, witli which they meafure corn, and a pitcher for liquids ; but there being no ftandard for thtm, the buyer fomctimes meafures their capacity by his cocoa-fliells. Their weights are no more certain than their meafures ; for thefe are ufually pieces of money which are often light. CHAP. XX. Of the Peninfula of MALACCA. SECT, I. 0/lhi Siluatloti atiil Extent of the Peninfula, and of the Ve- getablet ami Animals of tlu Kingdom of Malacca, with fome Account of its Inhabitants. THIS peninfula fome authors fuppofe to have been formerly joined to the ifland of Sumatra, and to be the Aurea Cherfonefus of Ptolomy. It is bounded on the north by the kingdom of Siam Proper, which ex- tends into the peninfula, the fouthern part being fub- jc(Sl to the king of Siam ; on the well by the ftreights of its own name, which divide it from Sumatra ; and on the call and fouth by the Indian fea. It extends from •tr. about the fccond to about the eleventh degree of north latitude, and is fuppofed to be about four hundred and fixtv miles from the north-weft to the fouth-eaft. 'f he peninfula of Malacca is divided into feveral petty kingdoms, fome of which are tributary to the king of Siam, and others are indepcndant ftates. The above kingdoms, which are fo diminutive as fcarcely to deferve the name, are Malacca, Johore, Sinca- pour Patana, Pahan, Tringano, Pera, Queda, and Ligor. We fliall begin with the kingdom of Malacca, which gives name to the peninfula, and is fituated on its fouthern extremity. The coafts of the kingdom of Malacca are flat, marfhy, and unwholefome ; and the inland part of the country is covered with mouniains and defarts that produce nothing for exportation but elephants teeth, a little tin, and few iieceftaries for the fubfiftanee of the inhabitants, except what is planted in the gardens, and fome rice and peas among the mountains. The people are, however, daily fupplied with provifionsfrom Sumatra and Bcn^nl ; and all their wheat is brought from Java, Cambodia, atiJ Siam. Befules the fruits common in India, they have the mangollane, a delicious fruit nearly rcfcmbling an apple; the rind is thick and red, and when dried is a good aftringent ; its kernels refemhle cloves of garlic, and arc of an agreeable tafte, but very cold. The ramboftan is about the fize of a walnut, and has a tough (kin belet with capillaments, within which is a very agreeable pulp. The durian is alfo an excellent fruit ; for though It has a difagreeable fmell, it is grateful to the palate : the rind is thick and yellow, and its pulp refcmblcs thick cream, but is more delicious. It is ellcemed hot and nourifhing to fuch a degree as to be efteemed a provo- cative, and, inftead of caufing a furfeit, it fortifies the ftomach. Here is alfo plenty of cocoas, oranges, lemons, limes, fugar-canes, and mangoes, particularly a fpccies of the latter called by the Dutch a (linker, from its being very offenfive to the fmcll and tafte. Here is a tree called the mourning-tree, hecaufe its flowers clofc in the night. The pine-apples of this country are efteemed the beft in the world, and are befides not fo apt to give a furfeit as others. There is alfo plenty of aloes, and a few ciii;;a- mon trees ; but they are inferior to thofe of Ceylon. There are here tygers, elephants, wild boars, and plenty of fwine; but the other cattle are few, and be- ing generally lean, they are fupplied from other countries. They have wild and tame fowl, feveral Ibrts of game, and plenty of fi(h. The inhabitants both of the kingdom and peninfulaof Malacca are called Malayans, and arc very tawny. The men go naked, except wearing a piece of ftuft round th'Jir m.ee. Hot ; north from hundr hllMcil fifty fr prince, capora who li who planted Mahiklc Ace hunilii. guefi-, 151 1 A city, to the (and bexity, was th neighbo town by lea. ■"■ the eaftl f'-rt, an nallerici their tir thoufam the city of the " their po ho(iili(i( ner in was ("on particul Pi I i.i Malacca. A I A. i;t and limes, of the ig very lied the night. bcft in irfeit as and and be- luntries. m : fl> their waid, to hide what modedy teacher thcin to con- ceal, and yet thi.y adorn themfcivr': with ^old, bracelets andearings, fet with precious iloncs. The wom.'r' wear filk (kirti, which are fumetiincs embroidered with gold ; and have long hair, which they anoint with the oil of the cocoa-nuts, and adorn with jewels; They arc ex- tremely proud, and demand more refpedt than other In- dian women, yet are faid to be very wanton. Some authors fav, there is a people here who deep molt part of the dav, and do all their bufincfs by night. Thefe refemblc the Europeans, both in their (hspe and complexion. Their hair is of a yellowilh colour, and their feet turn inwards. Thcfc arc probably the inland inhabitants, called bycaptain Hamilton theMonocabocs, which are iiiuch whiter than the Malayans of the low- lands, and are efteemed a favage and barbarous people : their greatell pleafure is faid to confift in doing inifchief to their neighbours ; far which rcafon the peafants about the city of Malacca fow all their grain in g-rdtns, in- clofed with hedges, and deep ditches. The Malayan language is efteemed the fined in all the Indies, where it is at lead as common as the Fn nch in Europe. It is very cafily acquired, becaul'c it has no inflections cither in the nouns or the verbs. This ren- ders the Malayans well known in th i Ead, though their country is only rich on account of their commerce with the Chinefe. A dictionary of this language has been publidied in London by captain Bowry. SECT. II. C/tlje City ef Makeca ; its king takm by the Portugueft, and the manner in which the Dutch made them/elves Majlen of that City. A Defcription of the City, and of its Inhabitants. THE city of Malacca is fituated at the bottom of a bay, where the Itreights of Malacca arc not above three leagues broad ; and though the oppofite fhorc of Sumatra be very low, it may be fecn from thence in a clear day ; the lea which feparatcs that idand being ge- nerally as calm as a pond, except when ruffled with fqualls of wind, which are generally very violent, but not lading. It is fituated in two degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and one hundred degrees ead longitude The Dutch, bciiii> informed that great difputcs had arifen between the Portugutl'e inhiibitaiits and the kinj; of Johore, immediately conceived hopes of reducing it. For this purpofe they fitted out a ftiong tltct at Baiavia for the dreights ofMahicc;!, with a ciinfKlcriible body of land-forces on board, and druck up an alliance with the king of Johore, oftViifivc and defcnfive, as long as the fun and moon gave light to the world ; on which that prince laid fiegc to the fort by land with twenty thou- fand men, while the Dutch blocked it up by lea ; but: finding that they were unable to t.ike it by force, and that reducing it by famine would take up conl'iderable time, they had recourfe to fraud. Hearing that the governor was a fordid avaricious fellow, and much hated bv the garrifon, the Diilch, by fecixt coineyance, tampered with him bv letters ; ortering him great wealth, on condition of his contributiiv; towards the rcduclion of the fort. At length the price was fixed ; eighty thoufand pieces of eight were lo be the reward ot ^/l.ffOP- hi'; treachery ; he was to be fafclv carried to Hafivia in their fleet, and be made a free denizen of ;'iat city. Upon this he fent fecrct inltructions to the Dutch to make an attack upon the ead fide of the fort, r.nd then calling a council, declared he had a mind to circumvent the Dutch by fudering them to come dole to the walls of the fort, and then to fire brifkly on them from all quarters, and dcdroy them at once. Accordingly the Dutch made their approaches without moledatinii, and even placed their ladders. The garrifon fent mcflaoc after melVage, to let the governor know the d;'.njcr they were in for want of ordeii' to fire, and to make ;i f.i||y as was agreed in council ; but he delayed till the Dutch, getting into the fort, drove the guard from the eaft irite, and, opening it, received the red of their army ; who were no fooncr entered, than they gave no quarter to any that were in arms, and marehin;; towards the rro- vernor's houfe, where he thought himfcif fccure by the treaty, they bafely murdered him to fave the ci;rhty thoufand pieces of eight. The city of Malacca is large, populous, r.nd encom- pafll'd with a done wall and badions ; the houfes are clofe built, and fe\eral of the dreets are handfomo, fpacious, and planted with trees on both fiilcs. Some of the houfes are of done, but they are principally built of bamboos. The Dutch have demoliihed the noble college which belonged to the jefuits, but have prcferved from London ; and, according to Martinicrc, is three the church belonging to it for the exercife of their re hundred and forty Spanidi leagues from Ceylon, three hundred and eighty from China, and one hundred and fifty from Achen. It received its name from a fugitive prince, who, after being expelled by the kings of Sin- capora and Siam, put himfelf at the head of the Saletes who lived by fifliing on the coad, and the Malayans who inhabited the mountains ; and, by their affidance, planted a colony here, to which he gave the name of Malakka, which fignifies the wanderer. Accoidiinj. to Nieuhoft" it was founded about two hundred anil fifty years before the arrival of the Portu- gucfe, wl.'i dilcovered this country in 1509, and in 1511 Alphonfo Albuquerque made himfelf mader of the city, after a brave reliftancc, and plundered it of cft'ects to the value of one million two hundred and fifty thou- fand pieces of eight; and, rot contented with this booty, had the cruelty to put the king to death. This was fo rcfcntcd by the king of Siam, and the other neighbouring princes, that they afterwards took the town by dorm, but Affered the Portuguefe to cfcape by lea. I hey, however, afterwards retook it, and built the cadle, with three churches and a chapel within the fort, and one without j a confiderable number of mo- ligion : this being placed on the top of a hill may be feen up or down the drcights at a good diftance, and a flag-ftaff is placed on the deeple, on which a flag is hoided on the appearance of any diip. Another of the churches, which had the name of Miferiordia, they converted into a magazine. Near the church on which the flag is fixed is a fort, which commands both the town and road, and is commonly garrifoncd by two hundred Europeans. The only palTagc to i: is by a draw-bridge. It is both large and drong, one-third of its walls being wadied by the foa, and the red fccurcj by the river, which runs through a deep ditch. The houfe of tlie governor is both beautiful and convenient j and there arc feveral other good houfes both in the fort and in the city. The harbour being one of the bcP in that part of the world, on account of its being (a['c in all feafons, it is frequented by veflcls from mod parts of the Indies. While it was in the porfcflion of the Por- tuguefe, it was, next tnOrmus and Goa, the riclied city in the Indies, and a place of rendezvous for their flips from China, Japan, the Spice Iflands, &c. as well ^s a irreat mart for gold and precious dones. Before the Dutch made Batavia the emporium of their trade, it was naderies, and a noble college for the jefuits: and in • the daple of thefc parts for all the rich commodities of 'I'he their time the inhabitants were faid to amount to twelve thouiand, including the places under the jurifdidlion of the city. In 1606 the Dutch, fupported by the forces of the king of Johore, began to dilhirb the Portuguefe in their pod'eflion ; and, after thirty-five years of continual hodilities, took it from them in 1641. But as the man- ner in which they obtained the poillflion of this city was fomewhat extraordinary, it will be proper to give a particular account of this event< Coromandel, Pegu, Siam, Banda, the Moluccas, and all the neighbouring countries and iflands, and was therefore frequented by vad numbers of foreign mer- chants : but now it has no great trade ; vet Mr. Lockver fays, they have two or three diips a year from the Enp-- li(h fcttkmeius on the coad and bay of Bengal with opium, flight lilks, calicoes, i\"c. wliich they illl here and make profitable returns in long-iiepper, benjamin, cane'', rattans, and gold, which i-. h.'.d here at rcafon- U u ablf 'm. Bi i\\^... 'V' ip A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A 1' H V. JOIIORE, Ml 'I ■ 'i Mf rn*cs ; but this trade ii c:iriliil on by llic rnnnivaiici; «)(' ihw- irovi-rncir, coinicil, aiul tilcil, wiiolV liufiiur-. it is t I prevent it : ti<>wrv(.r, tlie orilin.iry i-lMriiio ol tlu- li'it ami i'a:ri(('n arc laid to liccinial tci tin' prolit!. in.u!c luic by thLDiittli. The ether iiiliahilaiits arc tlK- Cliliitrr, Moors, Por- tiigm'fe, ;"iJ :rlVv.- Amei ieans. I lie lull lliops arc lliol'c of'tiic Chiiiefc i tiierc arc well (to'.keil with ihc proihifc of their own coiiiitry : there arc three or four j;reat Ma- hoiiH-taii nierehaiils ; Init the natives live very nieanty in the fiihinhs. They n lejiihlc thole of Achen, I'ml arc very iie|.',ligent in their atlairs. 'I'he river is very hroail, anJ at lil;;li water is hrael-cilh ; but is freih at low-water, when the fliore is Co imiddy that there is no landiii;;. The inhabitants have rc of fowl, iifh, fruit?, and roots, but there is little pallurage. SECT. III. Of the Kin^ttcm of J o ll <> R £. lu Siniatisn, Extent, iiivl Produce. Its InhahitMts, mdiTn Jicour.t rfjehorc Limi, the C.i^itu!. Of the Tnuit and Ijlmdsf Siiudpoiii, mid the 'feUirc If nidi. THE next country to the north cf Malacca is the territory of tlic king of Johore, which is vvaflicd both oil the call and well by the Indian ocean, and is ah )ut eighty leajnics broad and one hundred in length, from the town of Pora on the north to Point Romano, , , th:.- fouthern cape of all tlie continent of Afia, it beiiyg / -.60. iituatcil in one degree luirth latitude. This is a vcry^woody country, and has plenty of lemon", very large citrons, pepper, and the other com- mon fruits of thc-^Indies ; it has alio aquila-wood and canes : the country likewife produces gold, tin, and clepiiants teeth ; and among the cattle arc buflalocs, wild bears, cows, and deer. The conimen people wear only a piece of ftufFhang- ini/ down before, but thole in better circumftances ha\e calicoe fhifts, with a f.lk head-band and girdle, and by their fides ha\c poniards adorned with precious ftoncs. They paint their nails yellow, and thofc of the grcatcft quality wear them longeit. The people who inhabit the inland part of the coim- trv live chiefly on fago, on fruits that arc ripe at all ie'afons ofthe year, "on roots of which they have great plenty, and on poultry, liut thofe who live on the fea- coaftleed chiefly upeii fifh and rice brought thither froin Siam, Cambodia, and Java. Thev are fiiid to be naturally brave, but lafcivious and proud ; the only people among them remarkable for their indultry are' the Chinefc, who rcfidc in their great towns, (if whom there aie fuppofcd to be about one thoufand families fettled in the Johore dominions, liclulcs a much greater number who carry on a foreign trade with them. The capital of this kingdom, which is called Johore Lami, is lituatcd on a river twenty-one leagues fouth of Malacca. This was a confideiahle city before it was dedroyeu by the Portugutfe in 1603, when the king, being driven from it, built another city in 1609 higher up the river, which he called liatufabar, and to which the Dutch contributed out of the ("polls they had taken from the Portu'^ucfe on th.ir driving them out of the country. At t!ie entrance of the river arc two iflands in the form of l'ugar-loa\es. The town is divided into two parts, the one thirteen hundred paces and the other five hundred in compafs, and contains about four thou- fand Hghtiin; men. The houfes, which are built along the bank of the river, arc of free-rtone, raifed on piles eight or ten feet high, and have a noble appearance. The natives are a mixture of Pagans and Mahome- tans, who are (upplied with priefls from Surat. Their money is a gold coin, called macy, worth about three Ihillings and fix-pence fterlinr, and a coupang, which is one quarter of a macy. The town and ifland of Sincapour, or Sinapore, are fituated at the fouthernmoft point of the pcninfula, and give name to the fiiuth-eaft part of the ftreights of Ma- lacca. NituhofF fays, that it h twenty leagues, but others f..y that it is a htnidred niilis in tlu; foulh-eaft of .Mal.ieca. Ikfore the building of this hill city Sin- capour had a king ot its own: it was then the principal trading town on the coad, on aciouiit of its lying in the center of trade, and its having good rivers andfafe harbours, fo conveniently fituateil, that all winds fervc- fliipping to come in and go out of them, it has ;i mountain of the fame name, which produces excellenE diamonds. The foil of this country is black and fat, and the woods abound in timber fit for mail and for build- ing. Large beans grow wild, and arc not inferior to the belt in Europe ; as do alio I'ugar-canes of a prodi- gious fi'ie. To the north-eaft of Cape Romano lie the Johore iflands, which are the principal of thofc on the eaiterii coaib : thele are Pulo-'I'ingi, Pulo-Aure, I'ulo-Pifang^ I^ulo-Timoun, andLingai which lart, NicuhotFfaylij abounds with fago, but has no rice, and has about: three thoul'and inhabitants ; and all thefe iflands in ge- neral produce goats, poultry, and fomc I'ruit ; but no commodities proper for exportation. I'ulo-Aure, or the ifland of Aiire, is inhabited by Mal.iyans, who profi-fs the religion of Mahomet, anil are laid to form a kind of republic, at the lic.id of which is a captain, or leader, of their own chooiing. The ifland abounds with relrelhments of every kmd, and chiefly confills of fi\e or fix mountains, in which are many plantations of cocoa-trees. It is extremely jxipu.- lous ; Icttlcmcnts aredifperfed through the country ; but the married women and maids are never leen abroad. Commodities are here not purchaled with nioncy, but with iron, with which the inhabitants make military weapcMis ; and more cfpecially tools for buildi.ng houfes, and tilling the ground. They have canoes formed only ot three pieces of wood, and have thscharadler of being an humane, friendly, and fincerc people, remarkable for their honrfty. Pulo-Timoun, or Timon, borders on the country of Pahan, and is the fafeft as well as the largeft and higheft of all the Johore iflands; it is extremely pleafant, its mountains being covered with trees, and its valleys watered with clear ftreams. It produces the beft betel, of which the Javans fetch great quantities. Pulo-Pifang, or the ifland of Pifang, is three leagues fouth-caft from Timoun, and has a town of the fame name, where there is good anchoring. The ifland is well fupplied with refrefliments and good water. SECT. IV. Of P A T A N A. Its S'ltUiithn, Extent, and Produce, Its Capital of the fame Name defcribed, and the Manners of the Inhabitants. The Powir of the Kin^, and the Trade carried on there. PAT ANA is fituated on the eaftern coaft of the gulph of Siam, and had once an Englilh and Dutch fac-' tory. It abounds with wild buffaloes, and is about fixty leagues in length, It is governed by its own magiftrates, yet pays the king of Siam a kind of annual homage by prefenting him a gold flower worth fifty crowns. The port, which is about two leagues from the town, had formerly a very great trade ; it being the ftaple for Surat fliipping, and carrying on a confiderable commerce from Goa, Malabar, Coromandel, China, Tonquin, Cam- bodia, and Siam ; but the merchants, finding that rob- bers and murderers were under no reftraint, turned their trade into another channel, which was of fingular ad- vantage to Batavia, Siam, and Malacca. Patana abounds with all the grain and fruits of the Indies, befides fome trapfplanted from China, and each month has its peculiar fruit. Here are tygers, elephants, apes, wild boars, and other wild and tame hearts, fowls, ducks, and beautiful turtle-doves that have as fine colours as the peacock : they have plenty of turtle, oyftcrs, and craw-fi(h. The apes and wild boars do incredible mifchicf to the fields; the inhabitants therefore kill as many (if the latter as they can ; but, as they eat no fwins's flefli, they bury the carcalTes. Th^ PAH mi dom to river of at its t river is cult, cv then to there i; Malacc; for exp woody, the rive not rec The the corr very Cm the trur high, ar hedged trees, rally 1 wood. Capt.i exprelle and tolc trade, tit) whi hundred own reb that not protectii fllake it The 1 tremely fcape fn are of a that bea lemons, letchees canes ; theeartl try alfo ported The its rive: Pahan and TrancanOi A S The town, which is cncnmp.ini'd on the land fide by bo -s, is about half a li-aguc in length, but is narrow anil fortified with wooden palifadoes as tali as the main- mall of a (hip. Tlie houfcs are built of cane and wood. ■J'he fiiburbs, which are a'fo long and narrow, are waf.-rL-d by a fine llrcam, and here the king has a palace inclofed \vith palifadoes. In this town the Mahome- tans have ftately mofques, and the Gcntoos fcvcral temples. The inhabitants of this city arc of a fwarthy com- plexion, well fhaped, proud, but obliging to their friends; bvit they have an averfion to wine and ftrong drink. They have as many wives and concubines as they ca i maintain, and let out their daughters and female flaves to forei!;ncrs for fo much a month ; and by this infamous commerce the nobility make n;reat profit. According to NieuhofF, the king is able to bring eighteen thoufand men into the field : this country has more (hips than any of the neighbouring nations. The Chinefe are the chief manufaiilurers and traders : they brim' here porcelain, ftoves, kettles, lock-fmith's-warc, dry and falt-fifli, calicoes, &c. in return for which they receive feveral forts of wood, cordage made of cocoa-nut-(hells ; the fkins of butfalocs, oxen, rabbits, and hares ; cocoa-nut-oil, rice, grcen-peafe, feveral forts of fruits, and edible birds-nelTs. SECT. V. Of the Kingdims of Pahan and TrancAno. iheir Situation and Produce. The Capitals ofthofe Countries d/fcrikd. PAHAN, which is fituated one hundred and fifty miles north-eaft of Malacca, is the capital of a king- dom to the fouth of Patana, fituated twelve miles up a river of the fame name, which has a pretty large ifland at its mouth that divides it into two channels. This river is a mile broad, but fo full of ftioals that it is diffi- cult, even at high water, for a (hip of thirty tons bur- then to get up to the town. This river, in which there is abundance of gold-duft, wafhes the foot of Malacca-hill, and along the fides of it pepper is planted for exportation. The country on its banks is low, •woody, and ftored with wild game and fruits, and in the river and the fea are excellent fifh, but the air is not reckoned very healthful. The nobility alone live in the city of Pahan, and the common people in the fuburbs ; the city is therefore very fmall, and is furrounded with a fence formed of the trunks of trees joined together about four fathoms hich, and has a baflion at each corner ; the ftreets, being hedn-ed in with reeds, and planted with cocras and other trees, refcmble fo many gardens. The houfes are gene- rally built of reeds and ftraw, but the king's palace is of wood. Captain Hamilton informs us, that the kingcarneftly exprelTed his defire that the Englifh would fettle there ; and told him, that Pahan might be made a place of great trade, were there (hipping to carry off the pepper and tin which his country could furnifh ; adding, that one hundred and fifty men would be fufficient to curb his own rebellious fubjefts and their allies the Bougies ; but that none in that country ever put themfelves under the protevition of the Dutch, who would not be glad to (hake it off again. 'I'he next country to this is Trangano, which is ex- tremely pli afant and healthful, and affords a fine land- fcape from the fea. The hills, which gently rife, and are of a moderate height, are covered with ever-greens that bear a variety of delicious fruits, as durions, oranges, lemons, limes, mangoftans, rambolhns, mangoes, and letchees ; and in the valleys are corn, pulfe, and (ugar- cancs ; but the Malayans, being too li/.y to cultivate the earth, this is performed by the Chinefe. The coun- try alfo produces pepper and gold, which are chiefly ex- ported by the Chinefe. The finel filh come from the neighbouring feas into its river, and arc caught in the months of July and I A. >7J Aujuft; but fiom ()61obcr (o March the river is (liuC up by a barformeil bv the imp^tuofitv of the or^at l>as, which the north-caff monfoons produce near that fliorc. 'I heir poultry arc large, plump, and fwcct ; biitbn.fi< fcarce, except that of the butValoc, of wliicli thcie is plenty. The city of Trangnno, in which the kin;; of the country refides, is pleafantly fituatcil en tluHule of the above-mentioned river near the fea. 'I"hc hoiifis, which amount to about a thoufand, are not formed into re';ulnr flrcets, but fcattcred ten or twenty in a place at a fmall diflancc from each other, forniini'; manyliparate vill.l^. Above half of the inhabitants are Chinefe, who trade to feveral of the neighbouring countries. SECT. vr. Of Per A, the /jhiid PvLoDiNc,niSii,QltED,\, nndLicoR. Tlieir Situation, Product; and th ?,L:ir.cri cfihe Ldhtbitants. PE^RA, or I'erach, is fituated at llie bottom of a bav one hundud and fifty-four miles north-v.ctf of Malacca, in four degrees forty minutes north latitude, and one hundred and two degrees ten minutes eafl lon- gitude from London, near a river tliat difchargcs itl'elf mto the ftreights of Malacca. This is the capital of a kingdom of the fame name, and abounds with more tin than any country in India. It has very high moun- tains, thick woods, anil frightful defarts, which abound with rhinoccrofcs, wild elephants, buffaloes, tvin-rs, and fcrpents ; :uuf the rivers are infcfled by crocodiles. According to captain ffamiltnn this is properly a part of the kingdom of Johore ; but the government, when he was there, was a kind of anarchy ; and the people, who are Mahometans, are fo untraitable, treacherous, and barbarous, that no European nation can keep a facfory there with fafety, as the Dutch experienced when they fettled a fadtory and creeled a fort at Pulodingdinir, an ifland at the mouth of the ri\er Pera, but were all cut off. According to Danipier and NieuhofF, this ifland is mountainous, and well fupplied with fprings of water. It has large timber, and trees proper for malls and fail- yards. 'I'hele trees are tall, and have a red pith, valued for its beauty by the Indians, who make curious works of it. It has feveral good bays, excellent water, and plenty both of fowl and fifli, particularly turtle, and a fmall fort of very good oyflers, which often hang in ciuflers to the branches of trees that grow by the fides of the water. Here are likewife many wild boars, (hat fwim hither from the neic^hbouring continent to feed on the roots i but the coal^ is infefied with a venomous flat fifh, called a fea-qualm, that is dangerous to thole of the inhabitants who wa(h in the fea, by caufini; inflam- mations wherever they touch : thcv are about the i\7.<^ of a common plate; their flefh is loft like a jelly, on their backs are red and purple fpots, and there are eight teats on their bellies. Qiieda, orKcda, is a fea-port town, one hundred and thirty miles from Patana, on the weft fide of the penin- fula, and is the capital of n country which has alfo the title of a kingdom ; bi,t its territory is fmall, and the people poor. It Is fituated in a good foil, watered by feveral brooks that come from a navigable river, laid to abound with crocoitilcs. The poor, proud, and beg- garly king, fays captain Hamilton, neier fails to vifit foreign merchants as foon as thev arrive in his port, and expects prefents from them when thev repay his vifit ; in return for which his niajefly will honour the foreigners with a feat near his ("acted perfon, and chew- ing a little betel put it out of his mouth on a little cold faucer, which his page hands to the foreigner, who mult take it with all pollible refpeCl, and chew the renal morfel after him, for the rcfufal would be attended with danger. Ligor, the capital of a countrv of the fame name, is • fituated in one hundred degrees twcntv-fi\e minutes eaft /Af longitude fiom London, and in eight decrees north o latitude. It is f"ubjecl toSiam. On the ecaft is a ImiU illaad 15- 0. '\ ■ 1; m The »74 A S Y S T K M OF GEOGRAPHY. AVA. 'fl.'.iu! lilfo callti) Ligor. Tlic Dutch ha\c a fadlory here that carries on a cniiru!cr:ililL' trade in tin ami pep- per i tile country prodiu in;,': abiiiulance ufe all lluir end( .ivours to proih;ee a rc- loncili.ition, and never leave their good offices till they have (dxained it; when, in token of friendfliip, the ))arties, according to an ancient euftoni, eat champnc from caeh other's hand to feal their frieruifhip. Tills champoe is a kind of tea that has a very dilagrccnblc taftc : like other tea it throws on bulhes, and is ufed on inch oeeafions all over regu. 'I'he telapoins frcquentlv preach to numerous audito- ries, in which the ui'iial i'ubjeiil of their difcourfes is, that charity is the moll fiiblimc of all the virtues, and ought to be extended not onlv to mankinil, but to ani- mals. 'I'hey alfo e.xhort the people not to commit mur- der, to take from no perfim anv thing belonging to him ; to do no hurt; to give no ollciicc ; to avoid impurity and fuper(liti(>n ; and abo\ e all not to worfhip evil fpirits. Kut their difcourfes on this lad point have no .cffcft. The people attached to manicheifm believe, that all good comes from (Jnd, and tint the evil fpirits arc the author of all the mifchief that hiippcns to man; and that therefore tlv '■ < tight to worfliip thefe demons that thev may not afHict than. This is a common notion among the India.n idol.iters. The images in tin. ir temples are placed crofs-Iegged under domes; their faces are longer than the human; their ears are very large, and the lobes arc thick; their toes arc all of an eipial length, and their arms and hands are very fmall in proportion to their bodies. The congregation bow to them when they come in and go oin, and that is all the worfliip they pay them. 'I'lure are two large temples near Syriam, which fo lieurlv refeniMe caeh oilier, that they fccm to be built en the f.mie model. One of them, which ftands about fi\ miles to the fouthward, is called Kiakiack, orthe tem- ple of the god of gods, in which is an image twenty yards in length, lying in a deeping pollurc, and they pretend that he h.is lain in that manner fi.x thoiifand years. The doors and windows of this temple are al- ways open, and every one is at liberty to fee this idol. Thev are perfuaded, that when it awakes the world will be deflroyed. 'ihc temple is erected on an eminence, and in a clear day may eafily be feen at fix leagues di- ftancc. The other temple, named Dagun, is fituatcd in a low plain about the fame diftance, to the north of Syri- am, but the doors and windows are always fliut, and none arc allowed to enter this temple but the priefts, who will not dcfcribe the (hapc of this idol, though they fay it does not rcfemble that of an human being. As foon as Kiakiack did'olvcs the frame of the world, Dagun, they imagine, will gather up the fragments, and form a WW one. Ne.ir thcfo tiniplcs arc held annual fairs, at which aie ni.ide fietwlll Offerings lor the ufe of thole temples. Ai cording to ll.dhi, the I'eguans in his time h.ul an- nually Cue prineip.d telHvals, which they call ti.iiM/n and lelebrate with extraordinary in.ii;infiei nee. In on,, ot them the kini; anil ipiccn went in pilgriuuige alxnit twehcleaguesl.oni the city, on which occilion theyiode on a triumphal car, lo richly adorned with jchiIs, that it might he l.iid, without ,ui hyperbole, they c.nned aboui them the value of a kingdom. This prince was at that time extremely rich, and had in the chapel o| his pal.iec feveral iihds of ineftimable value. One ot tli. m he f.iys, was of the human form, as big as the lile and ft mali'y gold, Ilu iug on its head a triple crown, adorned with all lorts of precious (tones; on the front was a ruby as big as a jirune; at the ears were the rieh- cft pendants that ever were feen, and on the belly a fcarf in the m.uiner of a belt covered with diamonds and (tones of an ineftimable price. Two other idols of filver were by the lides of the firit, hut higher by two feet. A fourth idol palled for the richell of them all, both from the tpianlity of metal, and its ornaments ; and a fifth was no lefs tlleemcd, though it was only made of brafs and pewter. Mr. Hamilton obfervcs, that he faw the ceremony i.f an high-priell's funeral, and was not a little pltafej with the folemnit). After the body had been kept three or lour months Ir. Mil putiefattion by fpirits or giuns, a great malt was fixed firmly in the ground, and at lifty or iixty yards dillance on each fide were placed four fmaller malts, all of them perpendicularly. Around the gre.it malt in the middle three fcatfolds were ercc'ted abcjve each other, the lowermolt the largelt, and the fmallefl at the top, fo that it refemblcif a pyiamid. Thefe feaft'olds were railed in, except an open place of three or four feet on each fide. i\\\ ihe Irallolds, and the ground below them, were filled with combulti- bles. J-'our ropes were carried very tight from the malt ill the middle to the other four m.ilis, and a rocket on each rope was placed at each of the linall malts. I'he corpfe was then carried to the upper ilory of the pyramid, and laid flat on the fcafl'old, and after a great fhcw of forrow among the people who were prefent, a trumpet was- founded, at which lignal hrc was put to the rockets, which, with a quick motion, flew along the ropes, fet fire to the combuftibles, and in a moment they were in a flame, and in an hour or two all were confumed. The people entertained (uch veneration for this tala- poin, that they efteemed him a faint. He was highly re- fpedted by the king himfelf, and when any noblemen hap- pened to incur the king's difplealurc, he ufed his intereft with his majcfty to have him rcllored again to favour. This always happened, except the nobleman was guiU ty of atrocious crimes; and then he uled his endeavours' to have the rigour of his punifliincv.; abated. SECT. IV. lie nhfohii: piwer of the King ; the mmiier irt Khich Trai- tor i are piinijheit. The fulfime JiiiiliitioH ivilh u-hij> he It treated hy hii SubjeSls. Of his Army, and the Mainte- nance of his Troops. The Forms obferved in the Court! tf Jiijiice, andjome Account of the Palace and City of Ava, THE king is defpotic, and all his commands are laws; he, however, holds the reins of government in his own hands, and punifhes with the utinofl feverity thofe governors of provinces and towns whom he finds iruilty of opprcflton. That he may be informed of every thing that pafl'es throughout his dominions, every province or city has a deputy refiding at court, which is generally in the city of Ava, the prefent metropolis. '1 hefe de- puties are obliged to attend the court every mornini' • and when the king has breakfafted he retires into a room where he can fee all his attendants, without being feen : mean while a page waits to call the pcrfon from whom his majefty would obtain an account of whatever has paired ill his province or city, and this news he relates, lookina: AvA. S I A. >7/ Vi Itupkiiifr witli |)rnf(j\in(l rovcivni? tow;iriN the ro'ini whtrc the kiiv IIjvs . bur it hi. omits aint'Miij iiiii(hment he is to unilerjro, whiih is either bein;^ bcheadeil, made fport for the elephants, which is the molt cruel death, or ba- iiilhcd for A time to the woods; whence, if he ffcapis beini', ill voiirtd by the wild bealls, he may return when liis banilhmcnt is expired, and then nui(( fpend tlic re- mainder of his days in ferviiig a tame elephant : hut for (mailer crimes people are only fentenccd to clean the Ihibles of the elephants. The king is treated by his fubjcdts with the mod ful- fomc adulation. In fpeakinj; or writing; to him they llile him their god ; and in his letters to foreign princes, he aflumes the title of king of kings, to whom all other fovcreigns ought to be fubjeft, as being the near kinl- nian and friend to all the gods in heaven and on the earth, by whofc friendfliip to him all animals are feci and prelerved, and the feafons of the year keep their regular courfe. The fun is his brother, and the moon and ilars his rel.itions ; and he pretends to prefide over the ebbing nnd flowing of the fca ; hut, after all thefe lofty hyperbolical epithets, he finks fo low as to call himfelf king of the white elephant, and of the twenty- tour white umbrellas. When bis maiefty has dined a trumpet is blown, to fignify to all the kings of the earth that they may go to dinner, bccaulc their lord hath already dined. And when any foreign fliips arrive at Syriam, he is informed of the number of the people on board, with their age and fex, and told that fo many of his flaves arc arrived to partake of the glory and happinefs of his reign. When an ambaflador is admitted to an audience he is attended by aconfiderablc body of guards, with trum- pets founding, and heralds proclaiming the honour he is about to receive, in feeing his majefty's face, the plory of the earth; and between the gate and the head of the flairs that lead to the chamber of audience the ambail'ador is attended by the mafter of the ceremonies, whoinftruftshim to kneel three times in the way thither, and to continue on his knees, with his hands over his head, till a proclamation is read. When baikets of fruit and pots of water arc carried through the ftrects for the ufe of the king, they are at- teiukil by an officer, and all the people who happen to be near mult fall on their knees, and continue in that polture while thcv pafs by ; and when the king comes •abroad, fome of His elephants arc inftructed to fall on their bcllv. The officers of the army have no falary, nor have the foldiers any pay J but the governors of the provinces and cities are obliged to give fubfiftance to a certain ntmiber of foldiers, and to find the pal.ice at Ava fuch a quantity of provilions as is appointed. However, in time of war the king allows the army pay, cloaths, arms, and alfo provides magazines for the fupport of the troops i but the war is no looner over than the cloaths and arms are returned, by which means the foldiers, being almoft conftantly without their arms, know not how to ufe them, ami are little acquainted with dif- cipline. The quality of an officer is faid to be known by the head of his tobacco-pipe, which is of earth or metal, with a fockct to let in ajointed reed, which at its up- per end has a mouth-piece of gold jointed like the reed, and by the number of joints in this golden mouth-piece, the quality of the officer, and the refpeft that is due to him, are fully kn jwn. All the towns ii< the king's dominions have a govern- ment that refembici a kind of arillocracv. The gover- nor feldom fits in council, hut appoints his deputy and twelve judges, who fit at leaft once every ten davs, but oftcncr when bufinels requires it. They allemble in a Jarge hall, on akind offtage about three feet high, and benches are placed round the floor lor people to fit or kfieel upon to lu'.ir tlu- lii.ils, TliP h.itl is crci5>ed on pill.ns, .md is(i|)tMiin ^jII fide< ; and the judj-es littin^ nn in.ils in tlu' middle, in the l.nin ot aiiu', there \h 111) place of prceeileiue. Kvery man has the libertv of pUadiii!^ his own caufe, or fendin ; it in wiitini; to bi! r^ad publickly ; ;,nd all ftiits are determinid tvithiii three littiiigi ; but if any man qucitions his own elo- i|iieiice, he may impower a friend to plead for him. Thefe trials are attended with no expence ; fur the town, by an tafy contribution, provides tor the mainten.uui! of this coiiir. At the backs of the juiT'es :ue Icated I'erks, who wiiir down what is (aid bv the plaintiff and delend.int, anil the affair i; detiTiuined bv the i-o- vernor and thefe twelve judges with the u'moll eciuitv ; for if they -ire fmind guilty of the lealb partiality, aiul the king is informed of it by the deputy nf the town, the I'entenee is ie\iiked, and the whole board correcled| to that very few appeal from tluir decifion to the king, which they niav do if they think theml'eh is aggrieveilj but if an .ippeal be made on ill grounds, the appellant is fure to be chiiltiled. 'I'hough the king's palace at Ava i; very large, ami built with Itone, it is a mean ilructure. It has four gates ; the (loldrn Gate, at which ambafladors enter, is thus named becaule all ambalVadors procure an au- dience by iiiefenti. The I'niith gate is called. The (late of Jultice, and is entrred by '^J who brin:; petitio1l^, accufations, or complaints. On the welt i'l the Gate of (irace, where all who have received favours, or have been acquitted of crimes, paf: out in Hate, and all per- f'ons condemned are carried away l"i!eil with fetti. rs ; and the north gate, fronting the river, is filled '1 hu Gate of State, ami through it his majeftv palles when, according to the language of thefe flaves, he conde- fcends to bid's his people with his pretence ; and all his provifions and water are carried in at this gate. l"hough the city is of confiderable extent, and very populous, it is only built of teak planks, or f'plit bamboos, becaufV if any perfons are char'';ed with treufon, or any other capital crimes, they may find no place of fecurity ; for if thev do not appear at thefirit fiiinmons, fire ii fct to their habitations to fetch theiii out. SECT. V. 0/ the Kingdoms if Arracan and Tipra. No authentic ylccoiDils of thof,' duvtrin, except the iir.pcifc'.l one eiven hy Afr. Hamilton. The cruel Mimner in nhicb the King treated Sultan Sujah, and the Dejhuiiion cf the Country, IT may here be expected that wc fhould give a dc- fcription of Arracan and Tipra ; but a regard to that veracity which ought to be dear to the gcoi>;rapher and hiftorian, makes us more willing to acknowledge our being unacquainted with thofe countries, than to give abfurd accounts repeated from authors, who, fond of the marvellous, relate the mod extravagant and ridiculous ftorics, and (hew fo little regard to truth, that what would othcrwife appear probable, is rendered do\:btful. Thus, 'tis fiild, one of the kings of Ar.-acan built a palace', and laid the foundation of it upon woinen with child ; and that being told that bis life would be of (hort continuance, a Mahometan, whom he confultcd, ad- vifcd him to avert the prcdifticn, by eating a ccmpo- fition of \]x thoufand of the hearts of his fuhjefts, four thoufand of the hearts of white crows, and two thou- fand of the hearts of white doves. In fliort, it does not appear that any traveller of credit hasvifiteu the interior part of either Arracan or Tipra; and it is certain, that Mr. Ovington, who has faid fo much of Arracan, was never nearer that country than Bombay and Surat. Mr. Hamilton has indeed vifited the coall of that kingdom, which he fays extends four hundred miles in length, from Xavigam, a town that borders on Kengal, to Cape Negrais ; yet llw places are inhabited, on account of the vaft number of wild elephants, bulFaloes, and tygcrs ; the foimer of which would dellroy the productions of the earth, and the latter ,11, m 'I'l'ilil i ■ ri, > 1', ' ! ) ;f' x\': k>9 A SYSTEM OF G F. G R A V II V ^ciUM. i? m I li it St! l.ili'r the tame aiilm.iN brou'.-ht thither ; only l-unc fiiiuli i ill.'ii.li iiiji the (liorc ;iit pccf !iu by a Itv/ jmor tilliii- iniii, Aii.ii';ui pnnIiKi-i »lr]ili:iiitH Ici'th, till, )• !, IH' k- l.iik, aii.l tiir.li.r Cor IniiMin'^ ; ;iml lotnc i.i the M»;.;iil'» Ciihici'l . l....lr ihiihir fill thi l( iciinnioilitiis, atiJ (iimc- t.irAs mi It with go dl j'oM, ill.iinniuisi'iliics, itiul f)thcr pjiriiiiis Itimis, which arc luppolcd to he Idiir- of l\ilt;iii Siij ih"'; ircifiirc. This \u\un Siiiiih h:iil luiii driven f'rum Ikniiul hy Fiiiir Jciiihi, lilt 'j:cticr.il ol' Aiircn;.;/.clH', ami cum- a fiijipliant lor protcctit)!! at Arracan. This uiilnrtunatc liiiKi.- Ii.ij M'iili him hi . wives aiidchililriii, with about t..ci hiiiulrcd "Ihi. ri'tiiiiie, who were rtlnlvid to tollow hi. ioitiinr, and fix or cujit camels loa;led with (;oKI and jewel'., wliieh |irovtd hij niiii, and at len^rth ihe ruin of the kini'ilom. When (iihanSiijah nrrtvifitcd the kini^ofArraean, he- ma i!i; him pri lints fiotable to the i|ualiiy of the i;iver nnd reecivtr, and the kin;; promiled him all the eivili- tie>! due til lo ;;;eat a pi inee, with a I'afe afj'hini lor him- felf and l.imilv. Kmir Jenila, knowiii;^ where he h.id t.iken (aiiCliiarv, fent tii the king of Airaeaii to demand the uillrelied prinee, tlireateniii;s if he refilled to de- liver hiiii lip, to inarch with his .iiniy into his (oimtrv, nnd take him away by force. This letter had Inch an effect on the king of Arracan, that he hafely contrived the means of qiiarrellin;; with his gnelt, in order to ob- tain a pietenci,' fur I'acriiicing him to the ambition of liiiiir jeiiila. Sultan Suiah ha\ ing a very beautiful daii;',htor, the kiii^ of Arracan defired her in marriaja', well knowiiv.-, that f'.iltan Siijah would not conleiit to the matcb, ho bcinj; a I'aL^an and Ihe a Mahometan. Her lather in vain e.vpolhilated with the king, who daily becomini; more prelFin^, he L'avc him an alil'ohitc denial ; on which the kin;i; lent him orders to leave bis dominions in three days; and commanded that the markets ftiould no longer I'umilh him with provifions for his money. Sultan Siijah, knowing it would be death for him to return to IJeng.d, refolvtd to pafs over lome mountains, overL'rov.n with woods, into the dominions of the king of Pemi, which were not above a hundred miles dirtance; and therefore the next day after his receiving the mef- ('a[ic, began his march, with his family, his attendants, aiul his trcafurc ; but the barbarous king fent after him a ftroni? party, which overtaking him before he got into the woods, killed mod of his attendants, and feizing the trcafure, brought it back in an inglorious triumph. But what became of the fultan and his daughter is unknown; none being able to tell whether they were llaiii in the (kirmifli, or afterwards devoured in the woods by the wild hearts. So much trcafure had never before been fecn in Arra- can ; but to whom it (hould belong caufed fomc diftur- bancc. The king thought that all belonged to him ; thofe that fought for it claimed a fharc, and the princes of the blood wanted fome fine larg? diamonds for their hidies; but the priefts pcrfuading them to dedicate all the trcafure to the god Dagun, and to dcpofit it in his temple, they all unanimoully agreed to the propofal. In 1690 the king of Arracan dying without ilTuc, two princes of the blood, contending fort the crown, took up arms, and both refolving to Teize the trcafure, the priefts removed it to a place only known to themfelvcs ; and the two princes purfued their quarrel with fuch warmth, that in one year both themfelves and families were deftroyed, ana the kingdom left in anarchy ; but it is now laid to be fubjedt, or at leaft tributary, to the kill' of Av.i I and thin ii alfo f.iid to lie the cafe of I'lpi.i, which txtciuK alon^ the north of Ava, and in probably no mure thiii 4 province of that kitJijdom. SEC V. VI. Of ihi Kln^flam e/ A c ir a M. .''I Sitiiiition iind Minei. The Ptnfili frtt from Tiixtt. Of l''f C.iii oj /lil joined to fuperftition, and the woman he loved beft, with the principal officers of his houfhold, poifon themfelvcs, in order to enjoy the honour of being interred with him, andof I'crvinghim in the next world. V\ hen a private perfon is interred, all his friends and re- lations aliift at his funeral, and throw into the grave the bracelets and ornaments they wear. This country was hardly known before Mirgimola, general of Aurtngzcbc, conquered it, .nbout the lart century. He undertook this expedition with the greater confidence, as Acham had been without any wars for the fpace of fix or leven hundred years, and the people had entirely ncgledcd the ufe of arms. He found no difficulty in conquering fuch a people ; yet tradition at- tributes to them the invention of gun-powder, which is faid to have parted from Acham to Pegu, and from Pegu to China ; which has given occafion to fay, that the Chincfc were the authors of that difcovery. It is alfo faid, that in this war Mirgimola took feveral pieces of cannon, all of which were of iron. if i , Hi '? ' (i'l CHAP. H (tn II 1-* ^M i \ li #i % I L I I 1 ri !•', 'Lp.l IJ!-'? itj m..i A:i i('~^. i-^0- VattJ. ■ 1 tJ. r'l .1' m Tf 4 I ^ Um> -€> I «7i} J C II A P. XXll. y Of SEC T. I. I N D () S T A N. III Sitiialion, Extent, Provinces, Climate, principal Rivers, and Minerals ; with an jlccount of a rcinttrkabU Fhuio- mtnon in natural Hiftory, occafiomd by the Chain of Moun- tains that extend through the FeninJ'ula. 4HE name of India wa? doubtlefs derived from the river Indus, the weftern boundary of this cxten- fivc country, which is fituated between the Indus and the Ganges ; but it is at prefent icnown by the name of In- doftan, or India Proper, and by the natives is called Mogulftan, or the empire of the great Mogul, who u defcended from T'amerlane, who was a Mongul Tartar. This country is of very great extent, and is bounded by Ufbec Tartary and Tibet on the north ; by another part of Tibet, with Ava, Acham, and the bay of Bengal, on the caft ; by the Indian ocean on the fouth ; and by the fame ocean and Perfia on the weft. It extends be- tween the fixty-fixth and ninety-fecond degree of eaft longitude from London, and between feven and forty degrees in north latitude ; and is two thoufand and forty- three miles in length, from north to fouth, and in the broadeft part one thoufand four hundred and twelve in breadth, from eaft to weft ; but the moft fouthern part of the peninfula is not three hundred and twelve miles broad. The north-eaft divifion of India contains the province of Bengal, which is fituated at the mouths of the Ganges, and thofe of Naugracut, Jefuat, Patna, Nccbal, Gor, and Rotas, which are in the mountains of Naugracut. The fouth-eaft coaft of the peninfula, called the coaft of Coromandel, contains the provinces of Orixa, Gol- conda, the eaft fide of Bifnagar, or Carnate, Tanjour, and Madura. The middle divifion contains the provinces of Afme, or Bando, Jengapour, Caflimere, Hendowns, and Labor, or Pencab, Delly, Agra, Gualeor, Narvar, Ratipor, Chitor, Berar, and Candifh. The north-weft divifion, on the frontiers of Perfia, and on the river Indus, contains the provinces of Cabul, Haican, Multan, Buclcnor, Tata, or Sinda, Jeflelmcre, and Sorct. The fouth-weft coaft of India, generally called the coaft of Malabar, contains the following provinces : Guzarat, or Cambaya, Decan, or Vifiapour, and Bef- ua^ar, or Carnate. The dominions of the Mogul are chiefly above the peninfula, though it is generally imagined, that the whole is under his immediate government, and that the royal mandates from Delli are obeyed in the moft remote parts of the coaft : but Mr. Cambridge obferves, that " this is fo far from the truth, that a great part of this vaft " peninfula never acknowledged any Aibjedion to the " throneof Delli, till the reign of Aurennzebe ; and the " revenues from thofe Indian kings and Moorifh gover- " nors who were conquered or employed by him, have, •' fince his death, been intercepted by the viceroys, which " his weaker fucceflbrs have appointed for the govern- *' ment of the peninfula ; fo that at this time neither can " the tribute from the feveral potentates reach the court " of Delli, nor the vigour of the government extend " from the capital to thofe remote countries. And ever " fince the province of Indoftan was ruined by Nadir " Shaw, the weaknefs of the Mogul, and the policy and •' confirmed independency of the viceroys, have in a *' manner confined the influence of the government to its " inland department." Whence, as he afterwards ob- ferves, the fovcrcign really poflcfles only a third, and that the leaft valuable part of his own vaft empire. As the tropic of Cancer extends thro' the middle of it, the air is exceeding hot j but in the moft fultry feafon the rains, which nfually begin at the l.ittcr end of June, and continue till about the tlofc of Uitobcr, cool the air and refrcfhthe earth. When thefe rains fct in, a day ftldom pafl'cs without terrible thunder and lii;htning } and even during the tair feafon, iluy have lightninir, tho' without thunder, for feveral weeks together ; but this kind of lightning docs no manner of harm. The heavens arc clear and ferene, except in the rainy feafon and about the time of the vernal equinox ; for all the reft of the year is exempt from ftorms and hurricanes, and there are only fuch moderate breezes as the heat of the climate requires. The pleafure to be found in the mornings and evenings is not to be conceived ; for not only the heavens feem to enjoy a more than ufual purity and brightnefs, fuch as is never feen in thefe northern latitudes, but all trees and plants retain a perpetual verdure, and you be- hold blofToms and ripe fruits on fome tree or other all the year round ; and a late author obferves, that the fight, the tafte, and the fmell, are all regaled in thofe delicious gar- dens, which come up to our fineft ideas of aterreftrial paradife. The excellence of the climate appears from the uninter- rupted health and long life of the natives ; hut this is partly to be afcribed to their innocent food and the liquors they ufe, namely, rice, herbs, and fair water ; and partly to the falubrity of the air ; but there are low grounds near the fea, where the vapours arifing from the oojc and fait mardies render the air mihealthful, paj*r6u- larly in the Englifh fettlement of Bombay, andthe coun- try of Bengal, through which the Ganges-^Wcharges '.l- ftlf by feveral mouths into the fea, and the whole pro- vince is, like Egypt, annually overflowed. However, nine parts in ten of the continent of India is as healtliful as any part of the world ; and as agreeable to European conlH- tutions, after their recovery from the illnefs they generally contradt during the firft months after their arrival, which proceeds as much from the alteration of their diet, and a dift'erent regimen, as from any other caufe. The principal rivers of this empire are the Ganges and the Indus ; the former is held in the greateft efteem, not only from its longcourfe, the depth of the channels thro' which it falls into the bay of Bengal, and the purenefs of its waters, but from the imaginary fanflity attributed to it by the natives, who worfhip this river as a god, and happy is the man who breathes out his foul upon its banks. The Indus waters the weftern fide of India as the Ganges does the eaft, both running a courfe of about three thoufand miles ; but the entrance of the Indus is fo choaked up with fand, that it is not navigated by great ftiips. It flows from the north-eaft to the fouth-weft, and difcharges itl'elf into the Indian ocean by three mouths, in about the twenty-fourth degree of north latitude. Though thefe rivers run fo faramnder, their fources arc faid to be near each other, and both are held to be in the kingdom of Tibet. Befides thefe rivers there arc many others, moft of which will be taken notice of in mentioning the places by which they pal's. The mountains produce diamonds, of which v.e (ha'l give a particular account in treating of the kingdom of Golconda, and alfo rubies, amethyfts, cryfolites, gra- nates, agate, andjafper. Before we conclude this feftion, it is neccflary to ob- ferve, that the chain of mountains, which run through the peninfula from north to fouth, are the caufe of an extra- ordinary phasnomenon in natural hiftory. The coun- tries which arcfeparated by thefe mountains, though un- der the fame latitude, have their feafons and climate en- tirely different from each other ; and while it is winter on one fide of the hills, it is fummer on the other. On the coaft of Malabar a fouth-weft wind begins to blow from the fea at the end of June, ^ith continued rain, and Y y ragei m :>,!! iM' J !•: J i'«: iSo A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. "1 ' rages agiiiiift the coafl fur four ninnths, during which tiiii'j the weather is cahii and Itrcnc on the coa(t of Co- romiindc!; ;md, tuuMr.':i the end of Octulv.-r, the rainy fcalon, which thcytLrni thcch.inj;e of the nunfoon, be- gins (111 the coaft of C'Droniandii : at which time the tcmpelluou;, winds hearing roiKinually againft a coaft in whi( h there arc no good ports, make it lo dangerous for the Shipping to remain there for the three unfuing months, that it IS fcarcccver attempted. This isthecaufc of the periodical return of our fliips to Bombay, v/herc there is a fccurc harbour and convenient doci:^. SEC T. II. Ofth^ Soitnnd Hujhimdry of the Nathh's ; wth the Trees and Pliints i pailkularly if the Indigo SLiul/, and the Banian Tree. AT the end of the fair feafon the earth refembles a barren dcfart, without one fpire of grafs or any thing green on its furfice, except the trees, which never lofe their verdure; hut the Ihowers no fooner begin to fall, than the face of nature is changed, and the earth almoft inllantly covered with grafs and herbs. The foil, confilHng of a brittle fat mould, is eafiiy broken up and prepared for tillage ; and though they fow the fame land eviry year, it is never ni.uiured, but is rendered fufficiently prolific by the annual rains. In the northern parts of India they have as good wheat and barley as any where in the v/orld ; but in the fouthern part of the pcninfula they fow nothing but rice, and in- deed the natives fcarcc cat any thing elfe. The fields lie open, except near the towns and villages, where peo- ple form little inclofures for their own convenience ; and as no man has any property in the lands he fows, the prince's officers take a third, or one-half of the crop, or more, as they think proper, and leave the poor luilband- incn the reft. Nor is it left to their choice, whether they will fo-.v or not ; fortlie refpcdlive governors and generals, having towns and villages afligned them to enable them to fupport the quota of troops they are to furnifh, order a particular fpot of ground to be cultivated by every vil- lage, and at harveft fend their officers to take as much of the crop as is thought proper. They have no oats ; their peas and beins are fmallcr than ours, but full as good : they have alfo a fort of peas called donna, rather larger than tares, with which they feed their horfes ; thefetliey boil, bruire.and mixing coarle fugar with them, make them up into balls, which they give to their horfes : they alfo (omctinies give them balls made of a compofitioii of barley-meal, and other ingre- dients. Their cream, inilead of butter, produces a fubftance like thick oil, and will never be brought, in that hot climate, to fuch a confillcnce and hardnefs as ours, yet it is verv fweet and good ; md as they have plenty of milk from their cows, buftaloes, and goats, the people in the north of India make a confiderable quantity of cheefe. There cm be no whiter or better wheaten bread than that made at Hcngal and fcvcral other parts of India, but the natives feldom cat any of it : they, however, make thin flat cakes of wheat flower, which they bake upon iron plates, and always carry with them in their journies. The country produces no great variety of flowers, and yet the gardens arc extremely pleafant, being adorned with winding walks of fine fruit-trees, always green and blooming, with large bai'ons of water; and handfome cafcades. Thofc flowers that are natives of the country lad almoft all the year ; but, though they have a beautiful mixture of colours, few of them have any fmell. The rofc and a white flower like that of the jeflamine are the oiilv ones that are very fragrant. Their fruit-trees are the banana, or plantain, the cocoa- nut, mango, guavas, oranges and lemons, limes, mirabi- lons, pomegranates, jaccas, tamarinds, ananas, or pine- apples, and mulberries; to which maybe added theareka- nut,and hctsl. In the north part of the empire are apples, pears, and other European fruits. The kitcHin gardens are well flocked with water- melons, niulN-inelons, potatoes, and other roots, and Inuostan-. pot-herbs. They have alfo f.iffro turmcrick, opium, the pepper-plant, ginger, tardamum-., and confide rahic plantations of fu!;.!r-canes, particularly in Bengal, 'I he cotton fhiub is of great ufc, tor of this are madu their ginghams, muflins, calicoes, ^o. They fow lar^e fields of the feed, which grows up to the height of a rjfe bufh, and then puts forth yellow bloflbms, which arc fucceedcd oy little cods, which fwell to the fizc of .1 fmall walnut, and then the outer fkin burlfing difcovers a fine folt wool as white as fnow. The feeds arc al- ways found among!! the wool. 'I'hey have alfo the cotton tree, which grows to a great height; the fruit', if it may thus be CJlIed, becomes of the fize of a hen's egg, and then burfting like the other, yields a fine white wool. The indigo flirub grows to the height of a goofebcrry- bufli, and has a thick round head, but no thorns. The people ftrip ofl' the leaves, and having laid them in a heap, they lie ftveral days till they have fweatcd, and are then put into deep vcflels, with a fuffuient quantity of water, to which they give their blue tindhire. The wa- ter is afterwards drained ofFinto broad fhallow veflels made of a kind of plaffer of Paris, where the fun hav- ing exhaled all the moiflure, there remains at bottom a hard dry cake about a quarter of an inch thick, which is our indigo. The heft fort is brought from Biana near Agra, and a coarfer kind is made near Amadabat. There are alfo abundance of fine woods and groves, that afford timber for building ofhoufes and/hips, and conlider.ible quantities of red wood for dyino-. One of the moft remarkable of their trees is the banian tree the boughs of which landing to the earth, take root and grow up again like the mother-planr, whence one of them will have forty bodies and upwards, and fprcadin"- themfelves far around afl'ord fhelter for a regiment of fol- diers under its branches; which bearing leaves that are ever green, afford a noble fliade. Under thefe the geii- toos frequently place their idols, and here their devotees refide, and perform thnfe penances which appear ex- tremely furprifing to all Europeans, and which we fliall mention in treating of the religion of the Gentoos. SECT. III. Of their Caravan!., in which they ufe Oxen, Of the Camels., Elephants, and other Bcajis of India, with a Defer IptioH of the Shcegosfe. Of the Birds, Infciis, and Reptiles, partictdarly the Scorpions, and a remarkablt Kind of Serpents, with fome curious Particulars relating the lat- ter. Of the Fiflics of India, among luhich are defcrib- cd the flying Fijh, the Bonito, the Albacore, the Dora- do or Dolphin, the Shark, and its Attendants the Pilot-Fijh, and fucking FiJh. OF all the animals of InJia, none appear more ufeful than their oxen, which generally ferve for drau»ht and carriage, and are fometimes fliod : they are not verv large, butlwifterof foot than ours, and will carry a man twenty or thirty miles a day. Caravans, in which are fometimes eight thoufand oxen, are employed in car- rying rice, fait, and other things from place to place. Their drivers have no fixed abode, but take their wives and children with them. Each of thefe caravans has a captain, who wears a firing of pearls around his neck, and ailumes the dignity of a prince. The people who follow the profefTion of carriers are divided into four tribes, each contirting of about one hundred thoufand fbuls,who always fleep in tents. One carries only corn, another tribe only peafe and beans, another rice, and another fait ; and the perlbns of each tribe are diflinguiftird by certain marks made in their foreheads. The horns of the oxen would endanger the lives of their riders, were they not fawed pretty fliort, by their tcfling their heads back, when tormented by the flics. Ten or a dozen of them are employed in drawing one of their he.avy carriages ; but they have no more than two to their coaches, which will hold only two peojile. When they bait, they are fed with balls of paffe. Canitls are alfo ufed for carriage, though lefs frequent- ly than oxen. They cannot tread furc in flippery ways. but ureful raught ot very a man 1) arc i rar- place. wives has a neck, who tribes, is,who nothcr mother hed by of the re they back, f them liases ; , which are led IXDOJTAV. A S but fccm peculiarly formcJ by nature far thofc dry an.l (ai)dy dcrarts, which, without their alTidaiue, wmild be impaflable, lincc they will travel fevcral diy. Incceffively cv^r hut burning fani!> withoiit w-i'-er, The elephants of Indi,*, when at thtir full growth, are fomc of them twelve or liiteen fc:t hi{;h, and yet fo trac- table that a boy may govern them. It is a commoJi n'.if- take, that they have no joints in their leg", for they lie down and rile up like other aciiinals : their pace is a walk, but they ftretch fo far ai to travel five miles an hour, and are fo fiire footed, that they never ftumble. Their keepers by figns, and the found of their voice make tiieni undeiltand their meaning, and if they make a fi"-n to them to terrify any man, they will advance towards him in a threatening manner, as if they inteni'ed to tram- ple him to death, and yet not hurt him. If the keeper dircfls him to throw water or dirt hi a man's face, he will CO it without farther mifchief. The elephant takes up whatever he eats or drinks with his long grifly trunk, and thus conveys it to his mouth, and this trunk, tho' extremely limber, has fuch ftrenjth that if he ftrilccs a horfe or a camel in earneft, he will kill him at a blow. It indeed fupplies the ufe of hands, for with it he will pluck up the corn and grafs by the roots, knock oft' the dirt that hangs about it againll his legs, and then convey it to his mouth. He will alfo tear down the blanches of the trees with it. and cat the tender twig';. Scarce any animal will fwim fafter, for at fort St. George, where the fliips that bring them can only come within two or three miles of the Ihorc, they frequently make them fwim to land, but they have little more than their trunks above water, through which they breathe. The male elephant is fometimes mad after the female, wiicn he becomes fo mifchievous as to ftrike any one he meets, except his keeper ; at that time therefore they chain the elephant by the legs, and if he happens to get loofe, he will overturn every thing in his way, nor is it poffible to divert his rage without fireworks, which burfting with a loud noife will make him ftand (Ull and tremble. When the elephants are in thefe mad (its they fweat prodieioufly, and fmell much ranker than a go,it. In the Mogularmy arc feveral elephants that will nut only ftand fire, but fuffcr a great gun to be difcharged from their backs. Thofc they carry arc about five feet long, placed on a fquare woodm frame that is fallened to abroad thick panncl,tied on with ftrong cords and girths. At the four corners of this frame arc four filk flags fixed to little ftaves. Upon the neck of the elephant the man is feated who guides him, and has an iron rod in his hand, about half a yard long, fh.wp at the lower end, and a hook turned up, with which he pricks him for- ward, or pulls him b.ick. The gunner is feated on the wooden frame, where he has his ammunition and ball with every thing neceflary for loading and firing. The balls difcharged from thefe guns are about the lize of a tennis ball. The elephants are ufually faftcned by a chain about one of their hinder legs to great trees, under the fliade of wnich they are kept? Each of the great war elephants is allowed by the .Mogul four females, and they arc faid to be fo modcil, that they will not permit any one to fee them in the adl of copulation. They have alio buffaloes and afTes ; the former are more flugiiifh than the oxen, and havcafmooth tliickfkin without hairi the female gives milk, and the fielh, which is fometimes eaten, is coarfe food. In the Ibuthcrn partr are thin long legged fheep, whofe backs are covered with a reddifli hair inllead of wool, but their ficih is lean and dry. However, towards Perfia and 'I'artary they have fine ihcep with good fleeces and large tail?, that wci^h fevcral pounds. It is obfervable of the Pcrfian fheep "brought into India, that they have each from three to feven horns, fome of which ftand upright en their forehead*, and tlie battles of their rams are very bloody. They have alfo plenty of goats, and their kids are pretty good eating. 'I'he Indian hogs are cdccmcd the beft butchers meat in India, efpecially the wild hogs, which are very plentiful. There are great numbers of antelopes, deer, and hares, and as nobody claim any property in them, every body are at liberty to kill them, as well as all other ga-ticj for tho' I iSt tho .Mogul !•: t'lc proprittor of all the lands in the coun- try, hv d(j'-s nt;t monopolize either the wild healls, or the wild lu'.vl. Kvcn tho isal";, h^rb;, and lrv.\.s, aiul whatever grows fpontan.;oiilly in the woods and extcn- five field), are enjoyed by the people In common : fothaf though they have no lands they cm c.dl their oA'n, they have almolt an equivalent from the privileges tliey enjoy in thole of the prince. The only bend of the foreft, the hunting of which the emperor rcfervcs to himfelf, is the lion. There are alfo tigers, leopards, wolves, monki.s, and JHckiills, which lalt are a kind of wild dogs of the colour of .1 fo.\, but fomcwhat l.irger. Thefe run about at midnight in companies, making a dreadful howling, not only in the country, but in the midft of the great towns. It is laid, that one or more of thefe always at- tend upon the lion, and hunt his prey for him. How- ever, there are great numbers of them in all parts of the country, as well in thofe parts where there are nr> lions as where there are : they are very fierce, and if a corpfe is not buried deep, they will fcratch it up out of its grave. Among the hearts of India we ought not to omit a fierce little creature called a ftioegoofc, which is about the fizc of a fox, with long cars like thofe of a hare, and a face like a cat; its back and fides arc grey, and its bread and belly white. Th'.fe, as well as dags, arc ufed in hunting; on which oecnfion ahorfcman carries the fiioegoofe behind him, hood-winked, and as the ante- lopes and deer arc pretty familiar, they will not ftart before the hurR;. come very near. He who cairics the (hoegoofe then takes ott' the hooJ and fliews it tho game, which wit!i lar^^c (wilt leaps it loon overt.ikcs, when fpringing on their backs, and getting forward to their ftioulders, it tc;irs out their eyes with its claws, and makes them fall an eafy prey to the hunters. They alfo fometimes hunt with the leopard, which runs down his g.inic, and frequently gives tlie hunters as lon'^ a chace as the dogs, and when the ;:anic betake them- fclves to fwimming, which they ficqucntly do, it will follow them into the water. With refpccl to the feathered raco, they have here plenty ofr.il kinds of poultry, and alfo pigeons, turtle- doves, quails, partridges, peacocks, and paroquets. The flcfh of their poultry is, however, gi nerally lean and drv, and fovne of them have bones as black as jet; but their flefh is thought as well tafted as that of the others. Vultures are hero extremely common, and perfectly tame, which probably proceeds from the banyans feed- ing them as they do other animals ; they are faid to be confiderably larger than an eagle, and niurh of the fame fliape. There is a kite here with a white head, for which the banyans have a high veneration, and leem to pay it reli- gious honours. Thefe birds, when flying in the heat of noon, are frequently overcome by the fcorching r.iys of the fun, and drop down in the ftreets. Upon fiuh an accident, the foldiers in our fettlemcnts always make money of it ; for carrying the kite into the market-place, they threaten to wring his neck oft', upon which the fu- perlUtious crowd contribute fmall pieces of money to purchafethc bird's life and liberty. They have not many finging birds; but they have one lefs than a wren, which has ravifliing notes, and a beau- tiful plumage. The multitudes of monkics which in- feft the woods in the fouthern parts of India, are tetrihlc enemies to thefe little birds; but nature has taught them to prefervc both themfelves and their young, by building; their nefts at the extremity of the twigs, where they hang like fmall purfes out of their reach. There are alfo in this country bats almoft as large as kites. The pleafure of living in fo delightful acountry as In- dia is much abated by the multitude of troublefomc in- feiSls and reptiles. The mufketoes or gnats, and their bugs, immediately feize upon the Europeans on their firlt landing, and arc (o venomous, that in one night's tinij a man's face will be fo fwellcd that his companions tannoi know him; but when they have been fometimo in the country, though they are always peftercd with ihcm, they do not leave fuch fwcllings as at firih They are indeed lotroublefomc, that every man who can afford ir, keeps a fcrvant to bruft them off his pcrfon, and it is in t J'i im m ' ' i i' f-H' IS2 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A IMl V Jm/o STAV. ' !; ■m ill vaiu to attempt to flccp with tho fare uncovered, witluiut fonvjlKuIy to licat avv.iy the unats and as for tlie buj;s they f«-arm aitumg the foldurs .ind the- common people. They h.ive, howwef, om; way of avoiding theoi, and that i;. by daubing the feet of the couch on which they liewilh tar, which they have eitlicr an averfion to, or are Ifoppcd by their (litking in it. During the rains frogs and toads multiply prodigiaufly, and grow to a confiderablc fize. The rats are three or four times as large as ours, and ate fo bold that they will hardly give u man the way. Of all the venomous crcatiir^o of thi.s country the fcor- pions, centipedes, and ferpcnt>, of which there are many ilifH-reiit kinds, are the moll dangerous, for they breed in every corner, and there is no polTibility of being fecure from them without continually fi»'ecping. Of the fcorpions there are various kinds, thofe in the woods are faid to be black, and their fting mortal. The houfe feorpiuns are about the length and thicknefsofa man's little finger, and, according to Mr. Salmon, are fliaped almolt like a lizard, but carry their tails turned up to their backs, and at the end of the tail is a fUng not much bigger than a hornet's, and always vifible. They creep very flowly, and it is cafy to cut off their flings, which the above author fays he has often done. The fting of thefe are not mortal, but they create a vio- lent pain, like that of a red-hot iron applied to the part, which lalts near twelve hour.s. The anguifti is abated by anointiii:' the part with the nil of fcorpions, and in about twenty-four hours the pain entirely ceafes. The centipede derives its name from the great number of its legs; thofe of this country arc foniewhat bigger than a goofc(|uill, and thive or four inches in length j but though they arc fo fmall, their bite is very dange- rous. There arc here many kinds of ferpent.s but they will not attack a man, unlefs firll provoked, or incited to it by their keepers; for tlurearc people who keep them in bafkets, and carry them about to (hew their tricks. One of thofe which AJi. Salmon faw, railed himfelf up near half its length, then Ipivad his head as big as the author s hand, and (hewed a beautiful face, nearly refembling the human ; this fpecics the Englilh imagine is the fame that tempted Eve. Mr.Grofe mentions a kind of incantation of thefc rep- tiles, and fays, that when a fnakc, lurking in a hou(e, has bit any one, one of their jugglers is fent for, who will with an inllruincnt, fometliing refembling a flageo- let, play certain tunes, the found of which operates fo powerfully on the fn.ike, that he leaves his hole, and with vifibic reluclance prefeiits itfelf to thofe that (land leady to kill him. " I am fully aware, f.iys that gentle- " man, of the riuicule this will meet with from many, " but prefer even the certainty of incurring it, to the " fupprcffion of what I tried myfclf to difbclicvc till *' convinced of it." A clergyman, who was with our ambalTaJor at the Mogul's court, relates, that while he was there the Mo- gul fenttnced a man to die for killing his mother, and as the nioft terrible death he could contrive, ordered him to be biiten by two fcrpents. Accordingly one of the people, wiio keep ferpents in a ba(ket for (hew, was Cent for : the criminal was ftripped naked, and (lood trem- bling, while the mailer of the fnakes, having irritated and provoked them, put one to the wretch's thigh, wiiich immediately wound itfelf about him, and bit him in the groin till the blood followed ; the other was fct on the outfide of the other thigh, and bit him like- wife : notwithftanding this, the criminal kept upon his feet a quarter of an hour, but complained of a fire raging in all his limbs, and his body fwcllcd to a great degree ; the ferpents were taken off before he fell, and about half an hour after the wretch breathed his laft. The Indian fcas abound with vaft (hoals of fi(h, among which we (liall only mention a few of the mod remarka- able. The bald pite is thus called from its head and neck being witJiiut feaks, and is very good eating. The raveri-fifli is lb named from its mouth having fome refemblaiite to the bill of a bird : it is only a fpan long, red on tlic back and tail, and yelluvv on the belly. The flyingfifh, which arc moft generally feen wiibiii the tropics, are commonly of the fize of a large hertiii-, 1 1 which they have fome refemblaiice. 'I'he lar^ie lizu of their fide (ins countenance the opinion of their being aflilltfd by them, in the fpring they make out ot the water, on being purfued by larger fidics ot pre\, .is th.olij fins continuing fprcad mult naturally gather lome airj but it is highly probable, that what is called their (light, is no more that an extended leap, like that of the flying- fquirrels on (hore ; and that their nccc(Etv of rcplunging in:o the water is not fo much owing to iheir fins diyinjj in fo (hort a fpace as twenty-five or thirty yards, and requiring a frtfli wetting, as to the force of their Iprinj; being (pent : for it is evident, that they are not guidej by their fight, but are urged on by a mechanical im- pulfc, fo that they frequently fall into (hips. 'J'hey are well tafted, and are frequently feen in great flioals (lyin.r from the purfuit of the bonitos, albacores, and dor.idos, whofe favourite prey they are ; nor docs this fi(h find enemies only in its own element, for feveral (ea- birds watch hovering for its cmerfion, and dart down ujion ic with fuch rapidity, as to make it their prey before its re- plunging into the water. The bonito undoubtedly takes its name from its being highly agreeable to the talte of the Portuguefe, ihefirit Kuiopeans that navigated the ocean, and gave it this name, which, in their language, figiiifies delicious, ic is indeed a firm and not unpleafant fi(h, but rather dry, and requires a rich fauce to intitle it to its name. The albacore is nearly of the fame kind .is the bonito, but grows to a much larger fize, fome being taken Croni fixty to iiinetv pounds weight, and upwards. Its name is alfo taken from the Portuguef..-, who thus dtnominat- ed this fifli on account of its whiti'nefs. Jt is rather dryer eating than the bonito. Both thefe fi(h are often caught by an imitation of the flying-fi(h, which beinr fwung to and fro, reprefents their flight, (o as to bring them greedily to the hook : they are likewife frequently ftruck with the fi(h-gig. It is remarkable, that both arc alfo at certain feafons infe<2ed with a worm that makes them in an agony fpring fo high out of the water, as to fall into fuch boats as are in the way of their leap. The dor.ido, or dolphin, is allowed to have obtained that name very improperly, it having not the leafl re- femblance to the defcriptions and delineations of it given by authors, painters, and ftatuaries. The Portuguefc give it the name of dorado, from its golden hue, which appears through the ground-work of a beautiful azure that is blended with it ; but though nothing can be con- ceived to have a more lively glofs than its colours, this fi(h is no fooner taken out of the water, th.-in they be- gin to fade. It is caught in the fame manner as the bonitos and albacores ; but is greatly preferred to thtm in point of tafte. They are commonly three or four feet long, and finely (haped, only the head fecms rather" too large ; though the chief bone of it, on difledtion, ap- pears admirably modelled for a cut-water, and indeed they fwim with inconceivable rapidity. The fhark, which is commonly met with near land, is not unfrtquendy found in the main fea ; but this i.s chiefly in calms, or very light breezes, when he will follow a (liip for a confiderablc time, unlefs betrayed to the hook by his natural voracity ; for he is generally too large to be maftered by a harpoon or fi(h-gig. Afmolt any bait will ferve, but it requires a (irong hook of the larger fi/e, and running tackle to bring him on board. He no fooner touches the deck, than he makes it (hake with the violent flounces of his tail, which are cap.ible of breaking a man's leg ; but he is ("oon fubdued bv a cut of an ax upon it, which inftantly depriving him of all power, he is foon difpatched. This fi(h is commonly from nine to fifteen feet in length, and it is faid fome of them are upwards of twenty feet long. It has no fcales, but the (kin is rough', like (higreen, of a deep brown, inclining to a greenilli colour, and whitening by degrees to the belly. The (hark would have been much more terrible, had nature endowed it with an agility anfwerable to its voracity, v^hich is remarkably aflifted by a dreadful triple row of teeth aa (liarp as razors, liut, bciidcs its not being the fwiftcft 0/tlje Pa T HE aiu crooked - divine obi tions, ai'r blc mien, quently northern | colour, a inhabitaii w. and, is this is he will aycil to V too Afmoll of th(i board, it (hake capable J lied bv him or foct in twenty rou'^h, ;recniil» . The 1 nature Indostan. ASIA. fwiftcd fwimnicr, Its moiitii, by lu'iiig placed fdiifidc- ; rably within the projection of its fmnit toward .the billy, obliircs it to turn on its back, rendered mild and cool, liy tirll [nffing through the water, which it rirules to gurgle, li) an to fcrni no unplealing noilt. The poor make ulc cither of . a cocoa nut (lull, prepared in the lame manner tor fmnak- ing through the water, which is vulgarly caMed, From the noiCc it makes, a huhhle-hiihhle; or merely the to- bacco leaf rolled up, of about a (inger's length, which they term a buncus, which is chiefly uftd by tire Uen- toos. As to the manners of the Moors and Moguls, they are nearly the fame as thole of the fouthcrn Afiatics, they toeing pieatlv degenerated from the hardinefs and mar- tial Ipiiit of the northern Tartars, as well from the re- laxing foftnefs of the climate, as from their Aiding into the Indian voluptuoufnefs and ctKeminacv. They arc, however, from their childhood tutored and trained up to great gravitv and circumfpedlion in public, and efpe- ciallv to curb their pafTions, to prevent their breaking out into outward emotions of anger and refentment, which tlicy confider as the higheft indjcency. It per- haps proceeds from this early habit of redraint and dif- iimuhition, that their refentment^, which might other- wife evaporate i/i menaces or opprobrious terms, wran- kle in their boloms, till it breaks out into more fangui- iiary cfFeiEls, and a vindiclivenefs much more fatal : thence arife the frequent plots, perfidious circumven- tions, and deep laid fehemes of the great to dcllroy each other. Their fchool education, which is generally no more than learning to read the Koran, and to write Perllan, or Arabic, is followed by their introduftion into all com- panies, and into public bufinel's in their tenderefl youth: thus their fathers carry them without due preparation into the great fchool of the world. The Gentoo merchants alfo ufe the fame method with their children, initiating them with the firfl dawn of rcafon into all the myfteries of trade ; fo that it is not xincommon to fee boys of ten or twelve years of age fo acute and expert, that it would be difficult to over-reach thcni in a bargain ; and, indeed, their docility, fedate- ncfs, and the ay/ful rcfpcft they pay their parents, are (iirprizing, confidering their extreme fondnefs for their children," which they temper fo judicioufly as not to fpoil them. The common Indian faluteis lifting the right hand to the head, and if it be a perfon of diflindlion, bowing the body a little, but they never falute with the left hand alone. When the Mahometans meet, their moft ufual compliment is, CJod give you health ; to which the other replies, God give thee the fame health, or Mayeft thou have the prayers of the poor. The falutation ot^a prince is bowiijg the body low, putting the hand to the ground, then to tne breart, and afterwards lifting it up to the head, and this is repeated three times. A perfon vit'ited does not meet his gueft, but intreats him to fit by him on the carpet, and betel and areka are ofl'ercd him to chew, which, as in the neighbouring countries, they have almoft conftantly in their mouths. They are very referyed, and feldom talk aloud or very faft. They play at a game that nearly refembles chefs, and fometimes at cards ; but feldom nigh, as in China, and in the neighbouring ifland of Ceylon: nor are they nuich difturbcd when they lofe, but prefervc an even temper. SECT. V. Of the Plenfriif! arJ Liix:irici of the Indians, particularly cf tljcir flmici'i,"^ Girls ; their F-iuipagts ; an/I other AiticUi If Luxury, ^I'hc Alcthod of Champing ujcd in India. AT fcllivals, and on other occafions, it is ufual to fend for the dancing girls, who fing and dance before the company, and readily retire with any yonn;- nien that delire it. They act comedies in the upVii .lir by torch light, nor are they ill performed : lou' and g.d- lanlry are thr ufual fubjciiU, The ilancin.' girlii form a diflini^ branch of the c<.m- nuinliv. 'I'h«le are lent for to a particular place, which i» their dillriif, where there are never wanting a luffi- cient number for the uft of the public, to which the/ arc fo devoted, that they I'eem to have made vows of un- chaftity: according to their inftitiitcs, they are bound to rrfufe none who will come up to their price, which vi governed by their degree of beauty and accomplifh- ments. Particular fcti of them are appropriated to thu fcrvice of the Gentoo temples, and the ufe of the bramiii priells that belong to them. They live in a community under the dirciitioii of iome fuperannuated female of the lame profeinon, under whom they receive a regular training, and learn all the arts )f pleafmg, in which they are but too fuccelsful ; foi nothing is more com- mon than for the princes and chi'f men of thofe coun- tries to take a particular liking to one of tliefe women, and to lavifli immcnfe funis upon them, though their harams arc flocked with far fuperior beauties. I heir dances would, however, at firll appear difagree- able to the Europcani, cfpccially as they are accompa- nied with a dull kind of mufic, confifling of thofe lit- tle drums called gum-gums, of cymbals, and a kind of fife, which make a hideous din, and arc playtd on by men, who, with their grimaces and (hrivellcd features, fhock the rye, and torture the ear; but by uie they become reconciled to the nolle, and may obferve fomc plealing airs with which the dancers keep time. The words frequently exprefs the fubjecl of a pantomime dance, tuch as a lover courting his miftrefs j a procu- refs endeavouring to feduce a woman from one gallant in favour of another ; or a girl timorous and afraid of being caught in an intrigue. Thefe love-fccnes the girls execute in charadkr-dances with no defpicable exprelTion. In fome of their dances they pay little regard to modelly in the motions of their limbs, and the lafcivious atti- tudes into which they throw themfelves, though with- out expofingany nudity; for they are richly drcfl'ed, and adorned with jewels. In (hort, they omit no allurements, and meet with fuch fuccefs, that feme of them amafs great wealth. Mr. Grofe obferves, that the drefs of thefe women is the moft fplendid and alluring that can be imagined. They are generally loaded with jewels from head to toe ; for on their toes they wear rmgs. Their necks are adorned with carcancts, their arms with bracelets, and their ancles with chains of gold and filver, generally enriched with precious ftones. They wear alfo nofe- jcwcls, which at firft have an odd appearance; but to which the eye is foon reconciled. They, as well as other women in that country, have a peculiar way of covering their breafts, which make no inconfiderable part of their finery. They inclofe them in a pair of cafes cxaflly fitted to them, and made of a very lichl: wood linked together, and buckled on at the back. Thefe confine the breafts, and prevent their growing to a difagreeable fize, and yet from their fmoothncfs ami pliancy, play freely with every motion of the body : they are belidcs gilt, and fet with gems, according to the ability of the wearer, and thus compofe the richcft part of their drcfs from the difplay favoured by their orbicu- lar form; at the fame time they are eafily laid alide and refumed at pleafure. Many of them ufe the ancient cmbellifhmcnt praelifeil through the greateft'part of the Eaff, of forming a blaeit; circle round the white of the eyes, by drawing a bodkin between them and the eyelids, that both may receive the tint of the powder of antimony, that fticks to the bod- kin. They pretend that this rcfrefhes and cools the eyes, befides increafing their luftre by the ambient black- nefs. The dancin" girls occafionally afTume another orna- ment, compofed of a necklace of many loofe turns, form- ed of flowers ftrung together, that refemble double Spa- nifh jeflamine, but have a ftronger and more agreeable fragrance, and are far preferable to any perfumes. A? ( ; Hi 1 ;i s ;« I !:. ■IJ ;hi .ii il . t- I'.l n iti id nM •M !l Inuostan. a S As to thccqiili'.v.'i'i .111.1 c..ril:i 'c of ill" Mo.^rs, ili'v ihirfly coiifift in clcjili.iiit ., IkmUs, |Ml.iiii|iiiii:, and li.iikicei. KiJing r.n c!;'ph.inti i:. a pii-rc nf ftau- i>iin.i|ial!v ap- pn>priati'J to tlic Mo'riil liinililt, tlu- primi'i ot' tlii' 1)1(10(1, the i;rcnt (ifficds ol (hitc, aihl tile N.il'nlii, or Viccrnys of priiviiircs i and iiotliin.; laii (iirdv lie more aJapti-ii to (liiltc tlic ni'itd with awe, and raill' tlic ini- prcffioni (if pomp and graivlcur, than one of thofo inornioiif hi.;',lls riclilv cpariloncd, and hen in;^ on its luck a icind of caiKipifd thpiiu', in w'liih the pcifon v.'hi) fits in fiich niajcllii ll.itc is fully i-onf;)!! iioirs lioni fiich an cmiiieni-c. 'I'hcfc unwieldy animals arc, how- ever, growinp; into difufe for w.ir, fnice ihc more pie- vailini? ufc of tirc-arms, ami its beinj; difiovcrcd that, nntv.'ithllaiulin.; their am;v/in.i; docility, it is inipofli- ble to break and train llicni (o the li(dd fo perfectly, as to be certain they will not do more milehicl to thofc to whom they belong, than to the enemy, elpi'ciaMy when txafperated with wounds, to which their prodigious bulk makes them a mark hard to mil'. Thcbeft horfes ufed in India are brought from Ara- bia, but chiefly from I'eili". ; thefe make a conlldorablc article of trade both by fta aiv.1 land, and, indeed, no part of the world produces finer horfes than either of thofc countries. The Moors li!:ewife fpare neither care nor cxpcncc in their keeping, and in breaking them for war. Of all the methods of travelling that of the palanquins, or, as thtv are ufually pronounced, pahuuiucen., ap- pears m(dl adapted to huiTiour their conllitutional in- dolence, as a more lazy method of conveyajtce cannot well be conceived. It C(mfifts of a bed and bcdilcad, with fliort feet, covered with an ainple canopv, wIikIi is commoidy cither of velvet or doth, f.iHened by means ofcrofs (licks and filk, or cotton cords, to an arch of bamboo ; from the ends of which arch proceed the poles, which are all of one piece. The perfon carried may conveniently fit upright under the arch, and be bolftcred up in that polhire by one or two large pillows ; and occafionally be may lie at his whole len^'.th and fliop by the way. 'Phis arch is prepared, while the bamboo is young, by keepinr;; it bent fo as to grow in the defned form, according to the perfe(ilion and fize of which it bears a greater or lefs price. Sc^me of thefe palan(iuins arc rendered very expenfive from the decorations em- ployed on them, as the rich ftuft' with which this porta- ble couch and its canopy arc covered ; from the cxpcncc of its gold or filver tartcls, and the feet being carved and plated over, reprefenting couchant lion.s, griffins, or other Hi^urcs. 1 he ends of the poles, on which the palan(]uin is carried by fix, but mod commonly by four bearers, arc likewife adorned with the fame metals, in the form of tygers heads ; but tliis is a badge of autho- rity granted only to a few perfons of the highcft dirtinc- tion. In this point they are imitated by the Englifti ; for though there arc few men of eminence in our fettlements that do not keep palanquins, the tygers heads are rcferved for the governor and fccond of the council. Some of our gentlemen at Calcutta, difiiking per- haps the indolent attitude in which they are placed in thefe carriages, invented a new one, in which the bcd- fte.id is converted into a platform th.it fupports an armed chair fixed to it, in which they fit more decently, and full as conveniently under the canopied arch; and others have contrived a pcrfeft fedan-chair, only preferving the bamboo form at the top and at the ends, fo as to be car- ried on the (houUkrs of the bearers. In Bombay and Surat they cover them during the rains with a kuid of thatch, eafily put off or on, made of the leaves of the brab-trcc, a fpecicsof wild palm, and lined with calicoc, thus forming a (hclter impenetrable to the moft violent rain, and having windows that (hut or open at plealure. In Bengal and other places they are defended, but not fo effeiSlually, with an oil-cloth thrown over them. The jealoufy of the Moors makes them cover the pa- lanquins, in which their women are carried, by a various coloured filk netting thrown loofe over the whole ma- chine ; which, without excluding the air, or obftruct- ing the fight from within, only hinders thofc without 1 «'»5 fic'm.(eeiiiL' them. Thj Moori have indeid aflixcd fuch .III idea of ilate to palan(|uins, that in n'oll coiinlriei they have ciin(|iRred (loin the (ientoo., they .lie forbid tVom iifin;; them, except on the day of their matrij(;e ; lor which inllitution they prilerie lo high a leiuratiuti, that it is proverbial with tliLin that a man on that d.iy is as great as a kiiii^ and confti|uenlly they iMudge him no fiifij;!!'. of ro)all\. They have a ni.ichine called andola-, whiih are ol the fame n.ilure ai the palanquins ; but the dof. Hieki bi iiig fadened to a llr.ii^ht iiiltiad of ,in .inlud bandioo, will only admit of their lyin;; at Im^tli. Tlufe .iic much chi-aper, and lefs tlleemed than tlic palani|iiiiis. I hey have another carriage called .i (iooly, wli eh re- fembles the andola, but is only made of ih;' iiuaiull materials, and is (eldom ufed but to cany the i.ooier fick. The haekrccs are drawn by oxen, fomc of which be- ing trained for drawing will go as fa(V as horfes on :l fiill trot, and the fmaile(J arc gencially the moft fleet. Thefe arc chiefly ufed by the (5entoos, efpecially by the banyans and merchants of Surat. Thel'e oxen are kept as fleck and as clean as pofTible, and a pair of them joked together are far from having a difagrceable appearance; the oxen of that country, efpecially of Guzarat and Cambay, being generally white, an(f fomc of them at leaft as large as our Lincolnfliire cattle. As a contrail to thewhitenefs of their (kins, they paint their horns with a fliining black, and hang bells aliout their necks. The hackrees are open on three fides, covered on the top, and made to hold two people fitting crofs-legged in the oriental m. inner, with a pillow at their backs to fupport them, or to recline upon ; and conli-quently they have no railed (eats. Here their jealoufy has invented another method of concealing their won'.Lii,by m.'ans of luldinp; blinds or checks let fall round the (ipen I'ldts. Thele" arc generally coarfely painted, and made of the fibres of the cocoa-nut or brab-tree-leaves, lo difpofed and loofely fewed together as to let in the air, and lUit hinder tho fight ol thole within. Kach haekree h^s it.s driver, who fits on the fli.ift equipped with a goad, and takes card of the oxen J but in Bengal the mofl eminent of thci (jentoo merchants ride on horfebaek, (^r in a cliaifc ; and, being under no (ear of fleecing under the Knglidi government, they fhew thcmfelvts fond of a parade which they dare not (liew in a place under the govern- ment of the natives, and therefore have them richly or- namented, and even the reins adorned with filver or gilt ftuds. The Moguls themfelves and the principal Moorifli courtiers generally afiedt jjreat ftate and Iplendor, and none ftudy more the luxuries of life, though in a man- ner (omewhat difl'erent from the Eurojieans. I hey take care to have their harams or feraglios furniflied with the moll beautiful women that can be procured. Thole of Cafhmirc are the inolt admired by the Moguls, they being much fairer th.in in any other province, and have a delicacy in their (hapc that greatly pleafes the Moors. Their tafte of beauty is pretty fingular, for they fcarcelyr fcrupic any price for a female (lave, which, added to her other beauties, has a plumpnefs that covers the fmalleft bones. They arc extremely jealous of the women they fluit up in their harams, and follow the ufual .Afiatic melhod of committing them to the guard of eunuchs, who are generally made fuch by a total ahfcilTion ; and the biackeft Abyffinians are preferred both on account of their colour and of their fidelity and di('crct;'jn, in which they excel the flaves of other nations. Nothing can well be imagined more cruel, or more oppofite to the benevolent intentions of nature, than thus f.icrificing a number of poor creatures to the jealoufy and caprice of one man, who, perhaps, amidd three or (our hundred, nay as far as a thoufand and upwards, confines his em- i races to a very few of them ; while the others, in the flower of their .age, and with all the violence of unfa- tisficd defires, infpired and nurfedby the heat of the cli- mate, languiih and pine away in mifeiy and gloomy difcontcnt. This cudom of engrolTing fuch numbers of the fair- fox is, as a learned and ingenious traveller remarks, at- tended I '1, li! ,.! ' 1 lU A SYSTEM 01' G V. O C, K A P 11 V I.M'O^rAV, f !! i w ] '1 -' '\- '' ■ t 111 ^y. ; -i ' iiJkSi c. i-< iif fl 1 ; ) ik '|pp ^ ' ' w jii ^ ^ tiiuli-il witli tlic moft f.it.il irmrcqiKiicci I lor lit fide, ehc iiijiiHiic (if rii'.iliTin^ lo m;\iiv imiaMr pi rldJi.s mill • r.ibl-;, iiiul the iiiiiiry dime to fho |i"|)iil.iti(iii ol the toiintry, it LmiI Imth the ^Ti-.it ami llii' miMiu-i (iirt frnm very ilitKcririt laiiCti to the crinu; aiMJiill itafiitc i for ,ii thi 1 I iidom iKiclliirily thini (utii-ty ip) the wonu'ii that vvrmlil othi i will' apniar on tht- rank (or wives, thr poorer (on, (lom tlic dainty " in peneral, under that detcllable loiin of gmcriiineiit " delpotilm i wlieri' not the prnluUtl lirtilitv ot ihe " liiil, not the I'.Ullaii teinpeialuii' o( the air in in.inv " paifs, nor the I hiiicert blelliii;", ol natun , lan.iiono " for the ^^ iiilol the gre.itiU o( tluiii, libertv. lid,- " an Kngliftimaii c.iiinot but, in tin- companion, (luj " incentives, if th.il could be iwceliiitv, to the love of " his country, in which the mildelt laws, under the *' molt admirably tempered conllitiition, leeiiie in luiu " his lilV, his property, and, what is dcaidl ot all, his " Ireedorn." SECT. VI. 0/ till RMdi ami iht Mtthod of travelling, Ibtir BaiU- iiigi anil Furnituri, THK roads arc generally a deep find, which in the f.iir (eafon is Co hot about noon, that it would burn the feet of the poor t avellers, if ihev were not a» hard as a (hoe-fole ; and there is no fuch thiii^ as walk- ing in thife I'aiidy roads with Ihocs. Upon" the trrcat roads, at thedidance of every ten or twelve miles^ arc choulteries, or caravanllras, which are houfei for tra- vellers to refrefh themfelves in : they have no doors but are open on the fide next the road, and gener.dly conlUl of two rooms, in one of vhich the travelh rj Ipread their carpets and deep, while the pooiiv, or fod people in the neighbourina; villages frequently take care that fire (hall be provided ?or drerttng provifions. ^Vhcn a n\an of fubdancc travels, he iifitally hires eight or ten cooleys, or chairmen, to carry hi.s palan- quin ; four of thefe run at the rate of four or five miles an hour, and their companions relieve them at certain times without ftanding ftill. Hefides thefe chairmen. It is ufual to hire as many mufquetccrs and pikemen to defend them from wild be.iUs and robbers, and thcli; twenty men will not coft above five (hillings a day, they being hired for three pcjice each, ik'i'ore a periou intends to bait, he fends Come of his coolcjs to the \ il- lagesto buy provifions, and an earthen pot, which does which need no particular defcriplion ; but the praitice of | "ot colt more than a half-penny, to drefs tliem in, and they pick up (licks for firing as they go along. The ufual time for travelling is in the moriiini and evening; (or during the heat of noon people generall/ (leep. In many parts of India, where people are in dan- ger of being attacked by the mountaineers, they travel in caravans, or large companies of two or three hun- dred men. On thefe occanons, camels, oxen, and a/ies, arc ufed for carrying of goods, for the Perfian hnrfes are too valuable to be ufed merely as bealls of burthen, and their own fmall breed are not very fit for it. 'Iravelling in the rainy feafon is exceeding troublc- fomc, the flat country being overflowed, and innumer- able torrents falling from the mountains; yet this is not (ufficicnt to hinder the common piople from takin" journies at this time of the year; for the people arc ex- tremely expert at fwimming. Mr. Salmon (ays he hap- pened to be in the country during the rains, and having two or three bro.ad rivers to pais, which ran with very great rapidity, he trufted himfelf to two blacks, 'who took him between them, and fwam acrofs a rivtr with one hand with all imaginable eafc ; and in the fame manner the whole company, amounting to twelve or thirteen perfons, were taken over. There are no fuch things as pofts cftablilhcd in the country, but all letters and pacquets over-land are I'ent by mcfl'engcrs on purpofe, who are very rcat'onable in their demands, and travel on foot with great expedition. Having mentioned the roads, we (hall now take notice of their manner of building, which is ot two forts, thofe trcdted by the original Indians, and thole of th*' Moguls champing, which fecms to have been praiftil'ed by the antient llomans, is worthy of being fully explained. After a perfon has gone through the ceremony of fweat- ing, bathing, and rubbing, which, however, are not always previoully ufed, the perfon lies down on a couch, hcd, or I'nph.i, where the operator handles his limbs as if he was kneading dough, or pats thetn gently with the edge of his hands, and chafes or rubs them, concluding with cracking all the joints of the wrilh and fingers; and, if the perfon pleafes, thofe of the neck, at all which the\ are extremely dexterous. This they imagine not only lupples the joints, but procures a brifker circu- lation of tile fluids, which, from :he he.at of the climate, are apt to loiter through the veins. This excites in fome a kind of plcafing languor or delirium, under which they arc ready to faint away, and fometimes aiStunlly do fo ; and it is fo common, that it would be difficult to find a barber, who is a native, unacquainted with the method of practifing it ; this being one of the cirtntials of their profelhon. In fliort, " in mod of the particulars in which the " luxuries ol" lite confift, thefe orientalifts are, as Mr. " Giofe obfer^es, little, if at all, inferior to the Euro- " pcans. If they have i\ot their tafte for ftatues, paint- " ings, cabinets of tnedals, and fuch articles of refined " curiofity, they are at leaft not deficient in thofe of " a fentuality, to which the warmth of the climate fo " Itrongly and (b unhappily inclinesthem ; being by this " encrvity and relaxation, generally fpeaking, reniili or Mahojtir|.ni% A. llicCicntr.o iiih,»hit.inti .irr at Irall twenty to one iliroii;^h">it ttif whole cm|iire, ihcir hoiili. till the moll conl'ukr.iblc toWM'.| Imt noihin;; lan ;i|i|)i-.ii niunir tlun tin: ntncraliiy of tlieli- (lriiitiiii», wliiiliarc l'>w thatihiil cotli^jt , with ilay w.ilU, ami havo 1 nly om: flooi. Howcn r, in thr |>iinciniil llriit«, .uiJ HI the ha/.ar., or in.itkct-|>lan ., llicie i, lonie iiiii- lorniity oblfrvcil : in the lioiit ol the honlci are (htds riil)|ioitcd hv Iniall |iillar'., uiuLr whith ate ttirown up lianks of cairh. Undrr the (hade of thife (hedi people cither cxpole ihcii pi«'d. to fale, or lilting upon mat and carpi ts, entttlam their friend , or tianlaiik their bufinefi, wliilU they enjoy the iKMiitit of the open air, and of cvtiy brte/.e. fhey have no windows to the Greets, whieh render them'llill more dila-reeable i even the palace* of the primes or rajan have nothing on the outfide that appeals very elej^uit, and are iumII of them built ill one form. lUfore the gale i'. a large piazza or roof fupporled by pillars open to the »/ont. I'ponad- vancin" towards the ^ate, the earth ii railed to the right and left, about a yird high ; and upon ihefe banks are fprcad fine rarpets or pieees of Kuroptan fearlet eloth, with culliions of the lame fori, to bdl upon. Here the raja fits to hear the eomplaints of his fubjccis, to entertain foreigners, or tranfaiit affairs ol Ihite. A late author fays that he fawone of tliefe princes fitting un- der fuch a cover before the gate of his palace, attended by his guards with glittering arms, and a hundred flam- beaux : he was drelVed in a mufliu velf, a white turban, and abundance of jewels fparklmg about him j but the next day when our author law him ihipped of his orna- ments, and with a fmall retinue, the tearltt cloth and carpets removed, and the building, which the nii>ht before he imagined to be a fplcndid palace, to have only clay walls, it abated much of the opinion he had enter- tained of his grratnefs. Thc'c are, however, fonie good houfes in their ftilc of building, which is partly Gentoo, and partly Morelk. Thofe of the grcatcft luite have the gateway Co contriv- ed as to render it defenfible againfl .i I'udden attack of a few armed mcnj a circumltancc of confidcrable im- portance in cities where oppofuig the firll attack of any perfons fcnt by the government to opprefs or de- ftroy the owner, is often attended with future fccurity, by giving time to raife a party capable of oppofing fuch proceedinus. For the greater fccurity of the women, of whom the Moors efpecially are remarkably jealous, the private apartments always lie backwards. They are extremely fond of having one room, in the middle of which a fountain is kept playing; for by the noife of the falling water they arc lulled to fl.^cp, and at the fame time they are refrefticd by the coolncfs it ditFufes thro' the apartment ; hut it is attended with a dampnefs that might be prejudicial to the conllitution of an Euro- pean. They have the common convenience of the call- cm fophas, fo commodious for fitting crofs-legged, and they are fond of European looking-glafles, with which they chiefly adorn their rooms. 'I'hey have another or- nament which has a plcafing effedl ; the be.tms of the cieling arc fometimes curioufly inlaid with ivory and mother-of-pearl, in flourifhcs and fcroll work. They have generally a kind of faloon, which they term a di- van, e.'itirely open on one fide to the garden. SECT. VII. Of thi'ir Fosd, and their principal Dijhet. An Account of an Indian EnUrtainmint. Of their Fondneft for Drink- ing fpirituous Liquors^ though prohibiud. A Story of the Effths of Drunkinncfs, THE times for eating arc chiefly in the morning and evening-, for as the middle of the day is general- ly very hot, they endeavour to pal's it away with flecp; tne Europeans, however, eat at noon, ana lie down to fleep foon after; but when they make an entertainment, it is ufually in the evening. As "o the diet of the Mahometans, it is far from be- ing d' ijiicable. Inftcad of bread they ufe rice ftcwed dry, ui;i think it more wholcfome, light, cooling, and I A. 1S7 n.itiiral to the clmi.itc Tlicy corrci.'l in inhpidity by the fiiKis vMih which thi.y acLiiinpanv it, whuh are made ^l|||]^^|, ihOi, nr hill, giiurally,.ut m llewtd, fo as not to want llicknik- when Uiwd up. I In j'ujt iiiiint v«iili thi.111 IS to have It lavoiiiy and hi('h-l'e iliined : Meat liUldiii (Hints lo llieir table in jiiini', yit tiny are vi ry fond i,| a Iamb 01 liid 1.. ailed v»liulo, and (lutf- ed with railiii-, ,iiid |iillachio nut'., winch they ihi ri eat with it inlKadot bread. 'they have a great variety of diflics, f.-r which tlicy have dirterent luiiusi but tlu thiee inotl ioiiiini, "< I y l;;'5T It , I ■M '•^;f'a ilf A a a Fet» ■PF^ 1 l?M 'i H' ■I ■. lit.' ■) ■ii) i : 1 ■w I ♦:8 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY J:<()CiTA<4' Few of the M.iliomet.m.s (if Iti'lia abrtalii t'rom wiiic?, when ilicv ha'.c an oppoitimity of bcin^ trcatttl with it hv the iairopcaiis : but tin-) are nuich lomler of cor- dial's aiul drams ; but do nni think, even r.irack Itroiin enough for llieni, unlcl'> ti ijiL diltilled ; they are, how- ever, fo caiitioi!'!, that the grcatelt drinkers among them are nevei feen in piiMic difordcrcd with li([uor; yet the vice of dnnikennels i'uinetimes precipitates their {governors aiul great men into a dangerous abiife of tlieir power; of which the following llory, which we fhali take from Mr. Grol'e, will both fcrve for an inltance, and ftrongly characterifc the genius and government of thefe people. The Nabob of the diftridl of Ahmadavad, a prince of the Mogul's blood, not nianv ve;.rs ago, in a drmkefi fit, had given an order to fet tire to the great city of that name. His vi/.iar, who faw that he was not in his fenfes, and yet durll not by a wife but haz;'.ri'ous difo- bediencc (hock the profo^n^d eaftern jealniiy of defpotic authority, in this nice dilemma, applied for advice what to do to a Perlian princefs, wife to the Nabob, and not more remarkable for thecxquifitcnefs of her beauty, than for that of her wit and good fenfe ; being befides, not only more learned thai the generality of women in fhofe countries, but (killed in the compofition of Per- fian (joetrv, all which merit of the mind and perfon was not thrown away, fmcc it had fucceeded in entire- ly captivating and attaching her hulbanJ to her, who repofed himfelf principally upon her for the care of his government. Her aiilwer upon this confultation was en- tirely conformable to the maxims of eallcrn govern- ment, and to the diiilates of humanity. " The autho- " rityofthc prince, faid (he, is too facrcd a point, for " cither thee or me to take upon us to revoke his order. " He mufV then literally be obeyed. Find out in anv ♦' corner of the town, fome of the moff detached little " houfcs, from which there may be the leall danger of " the flames fprcading. Set tire to them, firit giving " the owners time to efcapc, and paying them amply *' for the damage ; and thus my huiband's authority " will be faveil, and any material mifehief prevcnt- This counfel was immediately put into execution, and, befides entitling the authorels to the thanks of her hufband, when recovered from his intoxication, railed the reputation of that princefs all over the empire of the Mogul. But, to rctmn from this digrefllon, fomc cafts of the Gentoos wholly abilain from animal food, and among thefe the fimplicity of their lives appears wholly an- fwerable to that of their diet; for this regimen, an in';cnious traveller obferves, feems to have an influence on their minds as well as their bodies, they being ge- nerally free t'rom the more violent paflions and views, in which the cold one of avarice is certainly not in- cluded ; thole of them at leatt who enter into tem- poral aft'airs, vie with any other condition of men ; and with rel'pcct to their contlitution, thev are gene- rally healthv, though not ftrong bodied. Their fcnl'es of fmell .Tnil tafte are extjuifite, which they doubtlefs owe to their abftincnce t'rom flefh : thus to them flowers produce a much ftronger odour than the lame fort would to Europeans ; and they are as nice in the talk' of different waters as the latter are in that of wines, and make as great a point of luxury in the choice of them. It is alfo oblervable, that the wounds of thofe ufed to vegetable diet are much liioncr and much eafier cured than thofc of fueh as cut flefli. SECT. viir. Of their Gtniiis, Laiit;inii:fs, Mmner oflt'riting. Learning, iikA Skill in the Scienies. THE Indians are men of ftrong reafon, and had they the advantasre 'if literature, might have been the authors of many cxcellcn' works. Thev are, how- ever, laid to h.p. e fom:-of Arilt.itle's books in the Arabian tongue, and lomi; of tin; works of that celebrated phy- fician Avicenna,and likewife l'o::ie f:p.:';Ticnts oftheOld 'I'ellament in the f.une liniguagc; but this is only t(» he uiiikiilood of the Mahometan inhabitants, man\' of whom are defcended from the Arab . Thele haw hut few book:, which are all in manufcript, t'or the an of printing ha~. not been introduced .'.mou'-'lt them. The languagv? of the Muhomet.uis is very dift'cient trorn that of the anticnt original Indians; yet, biiiiL-- dcltitutc of letters, tl'.ey have borrowed the Indian rh.i- raiiters, and in aU their writings ulc cither thofe of the Pagan Indians o"- of the Perfians. The court languai-c: is the Pcrfian, which is not only fpoke by all thegreat omrahs, but by all the polite in general ; but the learn- ed lang-iage is the Arabian. The Indians ha\c a great variety of languages vcrv different from thofc ufed by the Moors. '1 he J5ra- mins, the chief fcit of the Gentoos, ha^e a lan^u;';rc peculiar to themfelvcs, called the Hanferit, in which the Vedham, Shatter, and the other books of their \:\w are written. 'I'herc are alfo the Malabar and (Jentoo tongues, which are mofr commoidy fpoken by the Pa- gans ; the firll upon the coaft of Malabar, and the other I upon the coalfof Coromandel ; but no languai'e is more univerfally underftood, both on the coalts and in the trading towns, than the Portugutfe, whic h is thej.ingu.i Franca of that part of the world; but it is mixed witli tome Indian words, and is far from being fpoken with the fame purity as in Portug.il. The Cjcntoos generally write with .in iron flile, or bodkin, on cocoa or palm-tree leaves, not like the Chincfe in athaight line dowiivvards, but from the left hand flanting to the right. 'I he Moors have, however, a thin (billing paper, lometimes ten feet in length and ;t toot broad, and tack as many (heets toi;cther as the I writing rcijuires : the pen they write with is the ancient calamus, or reed, which is about the thicknefs of ;i I goofe-quill. When they write to a prince, the whole ; lurfacc of the paper is gilt ; and for the fecurity of thofe j letters of confequence that arc feiit to court, thev are rolled up clofe and inelofed in a hollow cane, or bamboo j and the end of it fealed up, that no wet may be able to injure them. Upon their (eals, or chops as they are called in this country, they have no coats of arms - thel'e are entirely unknown in India ; but they ha\ e their own names engraved on gold or iil\-cr, or on a cor- nelian. They have a great value for their hiflory, which is written in verfe, and confith of fabulous relations of their fubordinate deities and heroes : they have alfo their taints and martyrs, whole memories they celebrate, and give entire credit to all the .idventurcs and miracles re- corded in the fongs of the Bramins. 'ihc Gentoos, or original Indians, begin their ^car on the f.rti of March, and the Moors on the tenth when, according to their aftrologers, the fun enters intti Aries ; and the year is compofed of thirteen moons. They divide the day into four parts, and the ni<'ht into as many, which they call pores; and thefe they again fubdivide into eight parts, which they call grees, or graris ; and, according to the ancient ciitfom, mealure them by water dropping out of one velfcl int(» another. In fomc threat towns a perfon is appointed to look at'tcr the vedel, and to turn it up when ;'ll i< dropped out, at which time heftrikcs the ninnber vi' the pores and grees as they pafs with a hammer u;: :!i t!-.e brim of apiece of metal like a pewter-difh; but t.'ie common people in the country are obliged to guefs at the time of day : and indeed it is not very iii;Ticu!r t'> know it in the fouthern part of India, where the fun conftantly riles and lets at alwut fix o'clock. Few people excel the Bramins in the pradtic il pirt of arithmetic, this being their principal (hidv ; for, tr.uu their infancv, they arc taught to ca(t up (urns by their fingers, without the hel|) of a pen. I'he Biamins have (oinc tables, formed bv theancient atlronomers, for calculating cxlipfes, and are pref.v ex- ladin their prediiitions ; but they arc entirely iiniorant ^ of the theorv. Thev confidcr the day in which an jcclipfe happens as a time of plenary itidiilgenec ; and, by w.idiing themfelvcs in water, believe they receive the lemiilitn arms ; .uc their a cor- cir year e tenth, tcrs into loons. he night icfe they II grees, cultom, \\U into )intC(l ta n :'li i« er !•-, thi; ;:^'l the br.t the- ^'iiefs at ;Tiiii!r t,lly rubbing into them what they call wood-oil, which the planks imbibe, and is of gieat fervice in nourilliing and keeping them from decay. Their (hips are not launched from flip^, but by di;»?inrr canals from the water to where the (locks, or what they call their cradles, are, and dropping them into the ftieam that is brought up to them. They ufc pohoon-malts chiefly from the Malabar coaft; but all the cordage that is good for any thing muft come from Europe ; their cr.vr-ropcs, made of the fibres of cocoa-nut hulks, beiii'; more h.uih and un- manageable for either limning or Itandini' rigging than what is prcduttd iiuin heuip, 'J hey havi, however, very 5 I h ; ] *i! :m \ 190 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Indostav. 11 ;^i' •f .11' i i : . « 'INI^ IV m ri ill M very larpo aiiJ fci\'iccablc coyr-cab!cs, wliicli laft much longer in lalt-wator than in tVoih, which is ai)t to rot thcni ; and as Oiir iron is much better than theirs, their anchors are mnltly Eurojjean. Their eountry manufac- ture ot" cotton into a fail cloth called dungaree, lupplics them with fails, which, though neither fo ilrong nor i'o lafting as ours, arc n\orc pliant, and lefs apt to fplit; and, in(tead of pitch, they make ufc of the gum of a tree called damar, which is not inferior to it. Their navigators have b\it little fkill, but are fufEcient for the purpofes of conducting ihips where they fcldom put to fea but in the fair feafon, and confequently rarely meet with ftorms. Their common failors arc rather better in their clafs, though they want the vigour, cx- pertnefs, and patience of fatigue, for which the Euro- peans are diftinguifhed. The Banyans, who arc profefibdly merchants, have liecn rcprefented by fome authors as a tricking artful fet cf people, and full of fuch low cunning as renders it difficult to deal with them ; but this is fo far from being true, that thcfe merchants are in general the faireftand openeft dealers in the world. Thofe of Surat efpecially are famous for the fimplicity and franknefs of their tranfacfions. As an inftance of this, on a (hip's coming thither laden with goods, nothing more is ncccllary to be done than for the commander or fupcrcargo to bring his mufters or famples on fliorc, together with his in- voice ; and thcfe merchants rel'orting tohim, will, if the allbrtment fuits them, immedi;>tely ihike a bargain for the whole cargo, with no other trouble than fettling the per centage upon the items of the invoice. In this man- ner, fays Mr, Grofc, many a cargo, from five to thirty thoufand pounds, and upwards, has been fold in half an hour's time, with very few words, and the amount immediately paid, either in ready money, or by barter, according as the buyer and I'ellcr have ageed, with at leaft as much probity as is ever praftifed by the Euro- pean merchants of the moll eftablifhcd character. Thcfe Banyans have indeed one advantage over our merchants, but yet we cannot rcafonably complain of it ; this is the remarkable coolncfs and fcrcnity with which they conduft all their tranfadfions. If you offer them flianiefully lefs than their goods arc worth, or fly into a paflion at their under-rating yours, there is no fuch thing as provoking them to (hew the leaft indecent heat of temper. They calmly fuft'er you to evaporate your refcntmentwitho'it interruption, and patiently wait till yourfit of drunkennefs is over, for they confider it in no other light, and then calmly return to the fame point; and if they depart from it, you may be certain it is not occafioned by any thing you have faid in the heat of paflion, but in confequence of their own in- ward reflections. In this particular they have the fame advantage over the Europeans, as a cool gamcfter has over a paffionatc one. Amongft their meaner trades we fliall only mention here their barbers, who conftantly fliave with the grain, and perform their work with great eafe and dexterity. They have all one uniform fet of materials, around glafs with a handle, which they ftick in their girdles like a dagger, and put it in your hands while you arc fhaving ; a fmall copper tumbler, no bigger than a tea-cup, and fome in- ftruments for picking the cars and paring the nails, cither hung on a wire, like a bunch of keys, or put in a cafe. The orientalifts in general muft be allowed to be ex- tremely ftudious in the cleanlinefs of their pcrfons, which they imagine conduces to the pleafure of the mind. In defciibin;); the ingenuity of the Indians it will not perhaps be defcending too low, to take notice of their tumblers and jugijleis, who, as in other countries, go from town to Kjv/ii ; and arc fo dexterous, that fome of our countrymen have very weakly attributed their tricks to magic and the power of the devil; and the ingenious Mr. Grofe f.iys, their deceptions are fo amazinij, that he has not the courage to relate what he himfelf has fcen them perform, for fear of being taxed withriinnininnto the marvellous, of which travellers are fo fond. Wc have already meniioned their incantation of fnakes, and it will not be iinpioper to add hero, that people carry thul'u rcpiiko in round balkctsj and when they uncover them begin to fmg and play upon their pipes, at which all the fnakes raife up tlie upper pans ol their bodies, and keep time with tlic mutic by ilio motion of their heads, while their lower pans remain coiled up in the bottom of the bufkct. If the mull,- ceafes ever fo little, they leave this kind of dancine, and getting out of the bafkct hifs at each other, as if tiie - would fight; but on renewing the niufic, tiicy inuiiedi^ ately fall to dancing again. The Eutopeans are not very fond of having thefe fnakes, lome of which are very large, come near them ; though they are told by their owners, that there is no danger to be feared from them, for it is faid their teeth are pulled out. What degree of fkill and ingenuity is necelfary to teach tliefc reptiles thus to divert the people by their adtions, it is impoflible for an European to conceive. SECT. X. 0/ lilt different Tribes of the Gcntucs. THE diftindtion of the Gentoos into caffs or tribes forms a remarkable peculiarity in their reli'iou and government, and has both its conveniences and in- conveniences. Their warriors, priefts, merchants, hul- bandmen, and all the various artificers and nieclianies known among them, arctacli clalled in their refpeclive tribes ; and though all profefs the f.mie religion, they tiiuft neither eat, drink, nor intermarry with each oilier, fo that a carpenter cannot marry his child to a fniith's * (or all imill: be born in the profeflion they excrcife, and no tranfition or mixture is allowed. 'J'luis great injuf- tice is Irequcntly done to genius and talents, to wliicli they pay no regard, nor make any allowance for tlut infinite diverfity produced by nature. Thus fome arc confined to make an infignificant figure in one fphcrc, who might fliine in another. Yet this diftribution has the advantage of order, and the prejudices of cducatioa in favour of this cuftom diminilhcs, and even annihi- lates the fenfe of the injury done to a few. Befides, as moft of the tribes have a Chief, who is in fome meafure accountable for the conduct of the indi- viduals of which his tribe is compofed, it is eafy toelti- mate number, or alTemblc in any government, the in- dividuals on any iieccflary occafion. One would ima- gine, that moft profeflions, and more particularly the manual arts being tranfmitted from father to fon, through a long fucceflion of ages, would be carried to the utmofl: perfedtion ; but it does not appear that this is really the cafe ; for they ftick pretty nearly at the fame point they were at many ages ago. Emulation is peruaps deadened by this confinement, or perhaps the people of thofe foft climates want the folidit)', curiofity, and application ne- ceflary to carry them beyond a certain degree of perfec- tion ; and befides, the precarioufnefs of property muft be a conftant difcouragcment under adefpolic government. As the Indian (Jentoos believe the dodlrine of the me- tempfychofis, and the ftridter tribes will kill no animal whatfoever, left they Ihould oblige the foul of a parent or a friend to quit its habitation, it might be expedted, thai nothing but mildnefs, geiitlcncfs, and humunitv, would prevail amongft them, and that the horror of ftiedding blood would endanger every (Jentoo Ihtc, and render it a prey to the firft invader; but that fo rich and delightful a country might not want defenders, the pro- vince of war was, according to the Gentoo fyfteni of religion, left to other caftj, particularly the Ketterces, from which are taken their rajahs, kings, chiefs, and generals, who are born to the profeftion of arms. Tlie Nayrs, Rafhboots, and others, are alfo born warriors; and thefe being the men, who, by the conftitution of their religion, govern the ftate, it is the lefs wonderful that they commit thofe adls of injuftice and violence which generally accompany the fword, and fhews how a reli- gion that breathes nothing but humanity, mildnefs. and univerfal charity, produces fuch tyrannical forms of go- vernment. It alfo appears very extraordinary, that while they are fo tenacious of their fupcrftitious obf-rvances, they are liable to lofe their right of communion, nut only tor va> luntary vm 1) ho IS in indi- te elti- the in- ima" larly the through utmoft illy the lit they .id.'ned )fc foft ition ne- pcrl'ec- uftbe mcnt. :hf me- ;i!iimal parent pe(ftcd, niaiiitv, rror of ite, and kh ;iiij he pro- Ikni of ttercts, ■(f, and 'Ihe ors; and of their ■ful that : whicH ' a reli- {■is and s uf go- thcy arc hcv are lor VO' luncary IndostaM. I A. •9« Uintary breaches of tliem, but for fiich as one would ima- gine txtreme force or ncceflity might jiiftify. Numbers of them, though in other refpccls afraid of death, would fooner futt'er it than violate any of thofc fun.'...nicntal points, on which their right of communion depends fuch as tailing of beef, drinkin?, or eating out of the fame vcflll with thofc of another relii^ion, which is a defilement never to ba repaired. As for inlfance, when Llofdafs Vittuldafs, a confiderabic Banyan merchant, was on his pallage from Bombay to Surat in an P^nglidi lliip, he having made a provifion of water, in vefTcls of his own, under his own feal, fuch as might ferve for that fhort run, being ufuilly of no more than two or three days, it happened that through delays occalioned by calms and contrary winds, it was expended, and he reduced to tlie condition of pcrifhing with thirft, thouah there was plenty of water on board; but that being profane to him, no intreaties could prevail on him to break his law, though he felt all the torments of thirft, under which he would actually have funk, had not a favourable breeze fprung up, and brought him to Gundavee near Surat, but fo faint as to have his foul, as they cxprels them- felves, between his lips. This religious fcrupulofity not only fubfifts among the Cientoos with rcfpeit to thofe of other religions, but between the different tribes of their own, who ne- ver cat or intermarry under the fame pen.ihy. In fomc parts this nicety extends even to civil diftinitions, as on the coaft of Malabar, where it is capital for a nair, or noble, to approach fo near an inferior caft as to receive a wound in which blood is drawn. It is not many years fnicc an extraordinary accident of this kind happened near Peiiany, the refidence of the famorine of Calicut. A nair happened to have a ftruggle with a thyvee, or tiller of the land, when as in jell they grappled each other, and the thyvcc's fickle accidentally wounded the nair, who no fooner faw his own blood, then letting go his hold he en- treated the thyvee to make oft as foon as poflible, and for both their fakes to keep the accident a fecret. It happcninc, however, to take air, the nairs adcmbled ; and one of the ciders rifing up and cxpofuig the cafe, they inftantly fell upon the poor nair and cut him to pieces with their fabres, aftti which they lamented over him, and then proceeded by w-iy of revenge for the fa- crifice their law had compelled them to make, to exter- minate the whole tribe of the thy vces in the village where the author of the mifchief dwelt. Yet even in this they Ihewed, that amidft this wild fuperftition they could re- member equity, for care had been taken to inform the thyvees of what was intended, that they might efcapc till the day fct for the mafTacrc was over, after which it is unlawful to revive the procedure, and they migh: without d;m2;cr return to their habitations. Amongft thefe naires principally prevails the ftrange cuftom of one wife being common to a number ; in •which the great power of cuftom is fecn, in its never producing any jealoufies or quarrels among thofe who poflefs the fame woman. Kefides, the number of thefe iiiifbands is not fo much limited by any fpecific law, as by a kind of tacit convention, by which it feldom happens, tha't it exceeds fix or fevcn. The woman is, however, under no obligation to admit more than a fin- gle attachment, though ihe is no' the lefs refpciftcd for iifing her privilege in its utmoft extent; and they are fomctimes faid to have twelve hufbands; but they, as well as (lie, muft be all of the fame tribe. When the daughter of a nair is married to the firft of her hufbands, he builds her a houfc, in which he alone cohabits with her, till flic takes a a fecond. The huf- bands all agree and cohabit with her by turns, acconl its education, aftfr (lie has fuckled it, .Tnd taught it to Walk and fpeak : but from the impoflibility of afligniiig the true heir, the eftatcs of the hudiands dcfci-nd to their fiftcrs children, and if there are none, . to the neareft in blood to the grandmother. ' -• ■■ This account, improbable as it may appear, is menti- oned by feveral good authors : the telthrated baron dc Monteiquieu, treating of this culloin in his excellent work, entitled^ The Spirit of Laws, thus accounts for its origin : " The naires arc the tribe of nobles, who " are the foldiers of all ;hofe nations. In Lurope (ol- " diers are forbid to marry : in Malabar, where tlie cli- " mate requires greater indulgence, they are latisticd " with rendering marriage as little burthenfome as pofli- " ble; they give a wife amongft many men, which con- " fequently diniiniflies the attachment to a familv, and the cares of houfekecping, and leaves them them ia the free poflcflion of a military fpirit." SECT. XI. Of the Alarriagn of the Gtntios in general ; the Bchavkur ef the ff^omen ; their early Pregminty ; and their Manage- ment of their Children. Of the Funerals of the Gent-im, and the If^omen's burning thenifelves on the Funeral-pile of their Hujbands, NOTHING can be more public and fplcndid than the folemnization of the marriages of tne Gcntoos ; the little briJe and bridegroom, who are frcqutntiy no more than three or four years of age, are carried thro' the ftrcets for feveral nights fucceflivel-, drellld in the richeft cloaths and adorned with tile fineft jewels their parents can procure ; at the ''ame time the ftrcets are rendered as light as day, by l> great number of torches lighted upon theoccafion: am ley are preceded by flags, ftreamcrs, vvind-nnifir, and a crowd of their friends, who come tocxprtfs their joy upon the liap|n occafion ; which was not determined bclore the aftrologer was confultcd, and the fortunate hour fixed. After the bride and bride- groom have finiflicd their pompous cavalcade, they arc taken to the houfe where the father of the little wife lives, and being ftated oppofitc to each other, with a table be- tween them, they ftretch out their hands, and having joined them acrofs the table the prieft covers both their heads with a kind of hood, which remains fpread over them about a quarter of an hour, during which time he prays for their happinefs, and gives them the nuptial be- nediftion ; alter which their heads are uncovered, and all the company fprinkled with rofe-water and pcrfuiiics outoffilver cruets, 'till their cloaths are wet and dif- coloured with the faftVon with which they arc mixed ; and thus they arc worn for a week after, to (hew that they have been at one of thefe joyful meetings. The evening concludes with a magnificent entertainment fuitable to the quality and wealth of their parents. : .iJ fometimes thefe feftivals laft feveral days. The Gentoos, though frugal in every other articU-of life, are fo very extravagant on thefe occafions, that fome of them alinoft rum themfclves, and lavifli away upon lh • r -////tf rr/// tf ' y •1 J ?T' [ndostam. A I A. |cj» •« proccfTion. She haJ wafhcd hcrfclf before in tlic «' riviT, that (he mi^lit join her hulbaiul without any " defilement or (lain. The funeral-pile wa'. nviJc of " apricot-wooJ, with whitli they hal niixi^l branches *' of fanJalanJ cinnamon. She beheld itlmni afir with •' contempt, anJ apiiroachecl it without bein;;; liillurhej : ♦' Oie took leave of h^r frienJs anJ relations, and dillri- •' huted h^^ orn.iments amongll them. I kept nivfelf '• near her on horfeback, along with two Eni;lilli mer- •' chants. Judging, perhaps, by my countenance, that «' I was forry for her, to comfort me iha threw me one "• of her bracelets, which I luckily catchcd hold of. «' When flic w.is feated on the top of the pile they fet " fire to it, and flie poured on her head a velFcl of fwcet- " fmellini; oil, which the flame immediately feized on : •' thui flie was ftiflled in a moment, without being ob- *' ferved to alter her countenance. Some of the afliltants " threw in feveral crufes of oil to increafe the fire, and «' filled the air with frightful cries. When flic was ♦' entirely confumcd, her aflies were thrown into the " river." Mr. Hamilton fays he has feen the ceremony perform- ed feveral ways ; he adds, they fumctinies dig a pit about ten feet long, and fix broad, which they hll with logs of wood ; and when all is ready, a great quantity of oil, or the Indian liquid butter, is thrown on the wood. Thecorpfeof the hu(band is then placed in the middle of the pile, and fire being fet to it, it is inltantly in a blaze. The wife then takes leave of her friends, and the drums, trumpets, and other inllrnments (Iriking up, (he walks ;wo or three times round the pile, and then leaps in upon the corpfe. In other pans, he obfervcs, they ufe no pits, but a pile being built, the corpfe is laid upon it, and the vic- tim dancmg roind it for fomc time to the found of loud mufic, leaps in ; and if flie hcfitatcs, the priells puflj her forward with long poles, making fuch a hideous noife that Ihe cannot be heard; and all the while fhe is burning the priefts dance round the fire. 1 heard allory, he adds, of a lady, who having received the addrcHes of a gentleman that afterwards defertcd her, was obliged by her relations to marry another ; who dying foon alter the marriage, flie was, according to cuftoni, to be laid on his funeral-pile. The fire being kindled, ihc was pre- paring to aft the tragedy on herfelf, when obferving her former admirer (he beckoned him to come to her. This he did, when taking him in her arms, as if to embrace him, and being Wronger than he, {he ruflied wich him into the flames, and they were both confumed with the corpfe of her hufband. It has been pretended that this inhuman cuftom was introduced by the Indian Gentoos, to put a flop to the cruelties of their wives, who, from jcaloufy, frequently poifoned their hufbands, Mr. Cjiofe, however, main- tains this opinion is an over-refinement of conjecture equally falfeand injurious to the Indian women, no fuch pradtice being either related by credible tradition, or warranted by the behaviour of the other Indian women, who arc not fubjeiit to the ncccflity of complying with this culloni, and whofe minds are generally too loft and tender to incur even the fufpicion of their being inclined to fuch adis of cruelty. He attributes it to their pro- digious affcdlion and veneration for their hulbands, and the dreadful power of religious phrenzy. Their extreme fondnefs for their hulbands, fays he, is owing to their early m:;rriage, after which the parties in the tenderncfs of the ductile age of childhood arc brought lip till that of confummation, in theconlhnt inculcation to them of mutual dearnefs, as a facred point of relijiion; and the women cfpecially retain fuch Urong impreffions of this doftrine, that numbers of them readily embrace this cruel practice of burning themfelves with their huf- bands. Some of them livitig under governments where this barbarous act of fuperll.tion was not fufKcred, have voluntarily gone to Gentoo countries barely to enjoy the liberty of performing it. Others, after bringing up their young children to a itate of maturity, which it feems is an allowable reafon of difpenfition with them, and many years after the death of their hulbands, have, as if they had endured life only till that duty to their children was fulfilled, paid that tu their deccafcd hul- bands of fe'-kinj (o rejoin them by burnin'^ themfelves with the ufual ceremony. Some indeed, who have not the courage either to undergo that fate, or the patience to endure the indignities aiicf flights that fall upon lliofe who decline it, fuch as cutting olf thur hair, wliith to them is the moll intolerable of all pain;, fervile oflices, and wearing a particular colourcil garment of a dingy red, will, cfpecially if they meet with encouragement, turn Chriftiaiis or ^Iahometans. It mull not, however, be undcrftood that this practice of voluntarily burning is very general, many of the lower tribes cfpecially are in- tirely exempted from it ; and it is only with refpcct to the more confiderable fjcrronagcs that it is ever ufed, and even amongft them the iiillances be^in to be mucli rarT, and that point to be Id's infille ! on. We Ihall now take an impartial liew of the religion of the Ueiitoos, and Parfees, or worfliippers of fire, SECT. XII. 0/ the Religion of the Gentcos. THOUG H the religion of the Gentoos is at bottom every where nearly the fame, yet in the diftereiit parts of Indoftan fuch various modes of opinion and prac- tice are built upon it, as would require many volumes to fpccify the dilFerences by which they are diftinguifll- ed ; we (hall therefore only mention fuch as appear the mod remarkable and Itriking. Nothing feems more aRonifliing than the extreme te- nacioufnels of the (ientoosin their reliiMon and cuft ims, while, at the fame time, they behave with the molt per- feiit humanitv, and give an unbounded toLTation to thole thatditrer from them in points which they cltecin the mod facred. This is doubtlefs owing to tlia' lunda- mcntal tenet of their religion, that a divcrfity of modes of woifliip is evidently agreeable to the God ot the uni- vcrfe: that all the prayers put up to him by man are equally acceptable, when fanftified by the fincerity of the intention ; and that the true univerfal religion being oniy that of the heart, the various outward forms of it arc in themfelvcs indiH^'ercnt, and that therefore all change of religion is only a dangerous and neeJlefs experiment, fince every honeit man is fure to be favcd in his own. Hence, inlfcad of pcrfecuting others for not being of thcif religion, they will admit of no profelytes ; and though whole nations have adopted their principal tenets, as fur inftancc, the vulgar among the Chinefe, who believe t'e tranfmigration of fouls, and follow their idol worfliip, they neither admit of a community, or hold any corref- pondence with them, and would as foon fit down to eat, or intermarry with Chriftians or Mahometans, as with thofe of their own religion in China. Even wlicn any of their religion renounce it, though it be in countries where they are mailers, they have the charity to fuppofe it was through a confcientious perfuafion, and never perfecute them any farther, than by cutting oft all com- munion with them, and irrovocibly expelling them from the call or tribe in which they were born, after which they content themfelvcs with only pitying them. Nothing fliews this tolerating fpirit in a ftronger light, than their behaviour to thofe who differ from them in their treatment of cows, or of that fpecies in general. For thefe animals they have a moft fuperftitious venera- tion, though the fpirit of the law which forbids their being Haughtered, feems chiefly founded ingratitude, as their killing a creature fo fcrviceabic to mankind lioth in agriculture, and in furniftiing fo innocent a diet as milk, butter, and chccfe, would they think be extremely cruel. They, however, annex a general fan£lity to every thng produced by that animal ; they purify thcmi<;lves with its urine, and burning the excreir.cnts into a greyifh pow* der, fprinkle it on their foreheads, breads, and bellies : alfo when the dung is frclh made, they fmear their houfcs and pavements with it as a kind of ludration. In fliort, their veneration for that anim.il is fo cxceflive, that there could hardly be found a Gentoo, who, if under the ne- ceflity of killing his father, mother, child, or a cow, would not, with fcarce any hcfitation, prefer facrificing any, or all of the former, Yet With this ftrange reli- gious .1 \ ;,li .,■ i \h ■iii : ^ :H!i' illil '«'rr A SYS T !•: M o I- (; r: o i, r a p ii y. I), though tiiey will wuik. harj not to (cc it. This principle of tcnJerncf') is, however, not confined to the horned fpecies alone; their belief of the mctempfy- chofis ni.ikes them extend it to eveiy living creature, none bein^ of" lb low a clafs or lb minute, but thty illu- mine it may be the rcceptaele of a human foul, and lonlaiuently of their re! iti(jn:i (jr friends. Hence that ilirierencc of fize, whieh is apt to affect the eve with contcn-pt or regard, and lefllns or augments. coinpalTion t'j an animal in the act of deliroying it, has no luch ef- fect upon them. 'l'ney;annot without horror thinlc of tleprii ill;; any being ot that precious gift ot God, life; anil do not lefs relpeck it in the flea that bites them, than in the cleplmnt. liut this is only to be underlloud of the Uramins, Banyans, and fumj other of their liricter tribes. Authors mention fevcral rcafons, bcfidcs that jull men- tioned, for the veneration thry pay to thefe animals : as that the h.'.ppitll fouls take up their abode in them, and th.it alter death this beaft is to conduci the people over a great river, which it would be impurtihle to pal's without holiliiighy her tail. They ahoalled^e, that the god Mahadeii being highly pri.voked by the fins of the people, and refolviiig to dellroy the v.'uild, was appeaf- cd by a cow. 'I'hc IJaiiyans not only forbear to kill any living crea- ture, hut erect hofpitals for them, partieulirly within a mile of Surat, th;: cows, horfes, goats, and dogs that happen to he lame cr enfeebled by age, are plentifully provided for i and they will purchafe a lame ox of his Mahometan or Chriitian owner to prevent his being hilled by his matter. The Banyans alio once a year prepare an entertainment for the flies, fctting before them large diflics of milk and fugar ; and at other times they take a bag of rice, and walking out two or three miles, fcatter the rice round the ant-hills. Indeed, the Banyans are fo firmly perfuaded that de- parted fouls enter the bodies of animals, that they no fooncr obfcrvc any of them fretjucnt their houfes, but thev immediately conclude it is fome of their deceafed friends come to pay them a vifit. Thus it is faid, that a pcrfon named Aloradjfli, who was fecrctaryto an Kng- lilli broker, being very melancholy on the death of his father, and feeing a fnake enter his houfe, immediately concluded it was animated by his father's foul, and came thither for relief. This thought gave him no fmall com- fort, and he refolved to pay the fame duty to his father under this mct-.morphofis, as when he was alive ; and therefore provided milk and rice for his new gui(t, who liked his entertainment fo well, that he took up his ihvelliiij; in a corner of the room, and came out lo eat, when his food was fet him, as regularly as if ' . was one of the faniilv- 1 he fame man made a prr vifion for the rats in his houfe, from his perfuading himlelf, that thty were his rel.itions ; upon which they grew as tame as any other domellic animals. But ridiculous as this may appear, it is a fault lefs in- cxcufable than the barbarous treatment animals meet with from the moil civilized European nations ; for furcly nothing can cxculc the taking away their lives from mere wanicnntls, and without any advantage to ourfelvcs. Lifj is certainly a blcffing of the greateft va- lue, and pcrhips more fo to animals than to us, fince they enjoy all the fatisfaiSions of which their natures are capable, and tafte their pleafures unmixed with care, and unalbycd with apprchcnfions of futurity. They were doubtlefs created by the benevolent and all-wif; Creator for happinefs as well as for the ulc of man ; and to deprive thrm of that is to defeat, as much as is in our power, the defigns of his infinite goodncfs. But to ufe thofe animals ill, which contribute to our convenience. and ferve us by their labour, is adding baftiiefs and ingra- lituile to cruelty i and putting thofe .nnimals to a pain. till and lingiring deaih, whieli nature defigned for our lood, by b.nliaroully fiourgincr and roaiJing them alive, III order to ■•ive a relilh to their tleftl, and indulge our .ippeiites Willi a more deK ious regal'-, is a<5lmg ben/- itli tiie charaiiler of human and rational beings, and oH'er- ing a more than lavage inlult to him who beKows th(pfe reliefhments, and whole goodnefs extends lo all hij works. According to theponifh miflionarics, the Bramins teach that there is but one (lod, inhnitely perfeif, who has ex- ilted from all eternity, but that he created three fuh- ordmate deities, Brama, Wiltnow, and Kouteren, To Brama he gave the power of creation j to Wiffnow that ot prefervation; and to Routercii that of delfroyiiig ; but they oblerve, that the wil'cr Iiitlians rrjrdl this account, andafiriuc all to the Supreme Being, who by thefe le- veral ways has manifelled himlelf to the world j and maintain, that fome of their images arc allegorical repre- ftiitations of his attributes, though the greatelt number ot them, perhaps, ftprefent thole perlbns dillinguifheif by their virtue and piety, who being <'xaltcd to heaven, lliey fuppofe to he mediators for them to the gnat Su- preme. They have alio fome confuted notion of the crea- tion and dedrudlinn of mankind by a flood, whieh pro- bably gave a hint to the jefuils to imfirove upon the ' iiir, by repreleiitmg iirama as Abraham, and endeavouring; to fh';w a particular conformity between the traditions of the Cienloos and many of the principal pailages recorded 111 the Old Teltament. Tne Uramins m.iint;iin that Brama received from I\Ia- hadeu the power to make leveial wo: Ids, an I that he formed fourteen at leafl. To our world thev afli '.n (bur fevcral ages, the duration of each of which they luppole- lalted fever.il hundred thoufjnd years ; and the prcfent age has yet upwards of four hundred thouland years to come before it be (inifhed. They have ten principal images, which arc the ob- jeiSfs of their adoration, and reprefent fuch figures as, according to their facred book the Vedaii., their got! Mahadcu was at feveral times pleafed to ad'ume for the ferviee of mankind. They have idols in which he in rcprefented with four heads, and as many arms; in otlTs he has ahead like an elephant, with the body ot a man, and feveral arms and hands : and a proteftant divine re- lates, that a Bramin told him, they arknowledi;id one Cjod, whom thev defcribed as having a thouland eyes, and as many hands and feet, by which they endeavoured to exprefs his omnifcience and power. Thev have feldom any public ail'emhlies in thtir pa* godas, but every one performs his devotions when he thinks fit, and towhichofthe imat'es he ,1 ales. I ne greatdf part of their worfhip Ic'ems to conlilHn finging, dancing, playing on mufical inllrument», an ' in making offerings of rice and other food ; but al.tre author fays, he has feen the people at Madrafs praying before the Ihrines of their gods with all the fervent devotion wliicli a feiife of their wants can be fuppofed to infpire. Their Gioghies, who are a kin I of wandering Bra- mins, feem defcendcd from the anticnt CiymnofoplijUs . but, like other human inllitutions, h:ivc li-en at lengtfi vitiated by abufes, hypoirily, and the adn'flior> or cor- rupt members. Iheir original regulation inehid s a re- nunciation of the world, an itinerant life, and that per- fect nakednefs from whence they derived their Greek name. At prefent, when they occafionally travel into countries under the jurifdiiition of the ChriKians or Moors, they difpenfe with this lalf precept ; and, out of deference to their cuftoms, wear a fcantv rag that fcarce covers the parts to which their own opinions an- nex no idea of (liame. As to thofe painful poftures, and other cruelties they impofc on thenifelvcs, a learned and ingenious author fays, they do not mean by them to iii- finuatc that any torments of the creature c;in be accep- table to its Creator, but purely for the fake of the merit they apprehend arifes from the intenfenefs an , it is r.iiii, m.ikf 11 vow never tu lit or Ive i!>i\vn, hut cither walk or le.'H •, atcordinijly a rnpc bein^ tleil fioni one bough (it a tree to another, :i piilow or (|uilt i; laid \ipoii it, on which they lean ; biitthefe are faiil to alo r tlieir polhirc when they pray, beiny; dr.nvn up by the heels to the bou|;h of the tree, their heads hani^mivhuvn towards the earth as unworthy to hnik up to heaven. From the prayers of ihefe people fireat blellinij-. are cx- pedlcd, and many calamities thouj;ht to hcaveiteil. 'I'lie people relort with much devotion to the places where thole penances arc performed ; and the devotees, by torturiii;; their bodies, obtain the reputation of great fandlity. Mr. Cjrofe mcntinn.s otic of thefe Gioghics, who erect- ed a fmall pagoda out of the alms and voluntary dona- tions he colk-ctcd from the (.icntno.s of the ifland. This man, on his ariival at Bombay, war. about five and thirty years of age, tall, (Iraight, and well made; and, by his own account, had been all over Tartary, 'I'ihet, and on the borders of China, and at length took Bombay in his rounds, where, according to his inditution, he ought to h.ivc been perfecHy naked ; yet, out of deference to our manners, jull covered thofe parts which the common ideas of decency oblige us to conceal ; and yet not lb inuch, but that there might plainly be fccn a brafs jfing paflcd through the prepuce, which to thole of this frofellion performs the fame office as a jKidlock to the talian ladies. His hair, which wa.s twice the length of his body, ami reaching down to his heels and thence a- gain to the crown of his head, was wreathed in roils round, and rofe in a kind of fpire of a ruffet colour, into which it was fun-burnt from its original black. On his arrival at Bombay he addrcfied himfclf folcly to theCJentoos for money to found a fmall pagoda; but his I'cheme for exciting iheir devotion was fomething extra- ordinary. He preached to them from the midil of a great fire which funoimdcd him, and had fomething of a miraculous appearance, though there was nothing in it hut what was very natural. He bad a platform of earth raifcd about two feet, and about twelve or four- teen feet fquare ; round this was fet a pile of wood, which, being lighted, made him appear as if preaching from amiJil the flames, though they never touched him; but mull have been infupportablc to any one but him- fclf, who had from hia childhood inured himfelf by de- grees to bear fuch a hear. This device, however, had its effeiit, for it produced a collcdlion at feveral times to the amount of what he rti|uircd. It is alio in the character of contemplatifts, that they prove what is perhaps harder to attain, an infenfibility to plcafu.-c. Thus fomc of them will fit by the fide of the banks, where the Gcntoo women perform their ab- lutions, and fuffer them to falutc, with the utmoft re- verence and fimplicitv, wh.it they exhibit for that pur- polc, while thtircyes roll frightfully in their hcids, and liO fyniptom or aclfure betrays the leaft indication of human feeling, fenfual emotion, or attention to the flight or touch of thole females, who have formed an idea that there is great prolific virtue in this ffrange .let of adonitinn. They have generally, like the perfon jufl mentioned, that part bored, withafmooth foldercd ring palied thromih it, .-.s nn attellation that incontinence with them is impracticable. The Gentoos, to whom the abnfcs of tliis profeffion are perfecUy known, and who have hetn put on their guard by the impolfures they have committed, ftili retain the highefl: veneration for thofe whom they think fincere in the cxercife of the torments they infiiil upon thcmfelvcs, and even pretend to produce, in excufe for this branch of bigorry, a number of miracles performed by thefe Gioghies. Mr. Grofe, fpeaking of the mendicant friars, fays, " thev fcem but a copy, and a wretched one too, of " thefe iiH-ndicant Gioghics, whofe abftincnce from all " animal food, contemplative life, aufterilic;, and ma- *' cerations, far exceed whatever th»ir moil f.'.mous ^7 •9S From th^'m too, the inliitution ol' both Kuriipe and " afcetics ever fn much as attomptej, '• h.-adil;,, the Mahnmet.ins borrowed " Fai|uir-, or holy begjars ; fo th.it " Alia <>v\e .ill that fw.irm of vermin, the mniks ofbotli " ihnle rili|',ion^, to ,i perverted iniilat'on of theGentou " religion in th.it point." There are many re.ifons, fus the above author, to think the Gcntoo uligioii one ol the moll ancii lu in tho world : noiliiii|; of fo teniote .111 origiiMl can In- p'.iliin- .iMy liif|ii.Lled of boirowiiig iVom otheis, efpeci iHv a- iii-n/.i people who ha\c ever made it a faered poiiit to lolliiw tlieir invii peculiar inliitution'. without dei_;nin'; to ;'.ilniit of any foreign mi>:ture. It is then hijlily probiible, that the doiilrine of the metem]>rvchol'.ji^ by which I'ythagoras was fo particul.ii ly dillinguiftied, was derived from them, with many other articles and modes ol worlhip ami opinion, which, from certain reli;m- blances, might be traced from the fame fource. Thus, among manv other conjectuial inllanccs may he quoted the Paphian Venus; for the form of whieli T-icitiiscoulJ not .account, it riling from a broad ba'i^ toanarinw point; at the top, which is exactly the figure of the idol in India confecrated to fuch an office as that heathen deity was fuppofed to preiide over, and fo which, on tin.- borders of the Ganges, the (Jentoo virgins are brought to undergo a kind of fiiperlici.il delloration, before tjiey are delivered up to their hulbamls. 'I'his idol, which is woifliipped bv the Gentons undo the name of J;iggernaut, is reprefeiited bv c.'.j)tain Ha- milton as a pyramidal black (lone, fabled 'to hiue f.illeii Irom heaven, or at leall to have miraculoiillv appeared in the place where they have creeled his temple. It ap- pears that this Hone, of which all the images of t'liat form in liuli.i are tlleemed but copies, is meant fur the power preliding o\ er iiniverfal generation, which they attribute to the getiial heat and influence of the fun ai.'f- ing in fuboidination to it, and to whom is adilrelltd the following prayer, which the Bramiiis efpeciallv often re- peat in a d.iy, with their eyes lift up tow.Uvis tlie fun : " Thou, power, which illuminates that ri fplcndant " orb, deign alfo to illuminate mv mind, lo as that I " may thereby be directed to walk in the w.iy the molt " plLafing to thee." Now ct'jiifidcring the dignity which the ideas of the Gentoos attach to the generative power, it is no dero- gation to the fupremarv attributed to Jaggcrnaut, by their making his temple and image the he.id place of their worfhip; to infer that he is tiieirgod Brania under that title, juft as Jupiter had feveral names, according to his various functions, and equivalent to the Mvthi.is or Vemis Urania of the Pcrfians, or fimply the Vemis of the heathens. The Gentoo inhabitants on the banks of the Ganges form domeflic idols after that of Jaggernaut, to which they give its name, and which are placed in a conveyance decorated with gilding and tinl'el, that is to ferve them for a triumphal car. Vorincrlv this idol uleJ to be adorned with jewels and cxpcniive iiiicry, accord- ing to the circiimdances of the owner, but of late itiey are much abated on that point. This machine is kept for fomc days in the bell apartment of the houfe, duriiui- which time it is matter of de\ otion with them to exhibit the moll obfcenc poftures, and to act all manner of lafcivioufncfs before the idol, as the moll acceptable mode of worfllip to the deity it reprcfent.^. After which tlu\- carry it in its gilded car in aprocefT.'.-n ta th.c Gan- ges, and tlirow ail in together, as an acknowlcii.nnci-.t to that riverof its congenial fertilization with tl'.at eft he fun. As to tile canl'e of the Gentoos chodir.g ti-.i.; pvrami- dal form it I'eenis loft in the remoteft a;;! c.iirv. ' Hut I might be allowed, fays our ingenious author, to h.\zard a conjecture, it fliould be that ii was oririiiallv I'usjjcfled to them by that pyramidal aljiiralion of name, which U oac of the moft confpicuous properties ol li. e. SECT. XIII. Oflh/ Oiihil Tiiahlraci:/,.! ly the GaiUis. HE ordeal trials of melted lead, or boiling oil, as pracliftd here, are eonfideied by the (leiitoos as a Handing miracle; and, according to .Mr. Grole, they C c c are T i * n t'l (>} ' '• : ' t^O A S Y S T l, M O I f, I. O G R A IMl y hDo*r.\N. lii :^ '' l; I: vM m. Ikl Kff). lire Hot in;iii.i;;Cil by t!iL' Icill ili i:riT of |irirrt-t r.irt,iiiilir' it KMitil lie liipiviUil ii)mliim;il wiil> llic \iImi|c ;.'(ivfm- iii^i:liity ;i;';iitilt the ir\ti.i\lt nt' jiilliic ;rnl llvlr own, it luuiti;^ I'M'ii pr^'CHli il IniM /i ■> lnniiij'li liiv \ai inns pro- viiKCi, I'iicllciil.irly oltlu; M.il.ib.if «'().ill,;i> thi; itilcrii>ii'> l-ro(nn, orpriCdii, hut iVcn th.' hand that WiK to be pliini'.cd into mcl.. >l liaJ, or (jil, hoiiiul up with a haiul'ricn hicf, ilolcly tinl ronml the wrilV, and feali.d with their own Icais, which reniainiii iinbroke til! the inlh'.nt of the pnMic rercmnny i ami, nntwiili- itandiiur thi", and i very other preeaullon wdiirh the nndl tlctcrniincd incrednlity and I'.i'pieinn ot' fraud could de- vife, tlr.y v/erc unable to ililVover that there was any trick or iu^;;Ie in it. Indc.d there is t!ie hi;_'he|j impro- bability 'hat lb I'lanv princes of diriVrent iloininions anil intcrdts lyuuilJ for manv agts join in a cheat only to (kreen obnoxious crimiiiab, and to balfle that juftice by which aloiK' a.ny government can fuhlilh The ccremonv is pLrformtd with irreat folemnity. The party who has appealed to this trial for his iniio- ceiue, whether on fufpicion of nuirdtr, theft, conjugal infuklitv in the women, or even in denying a debt, is puldickty b;(i.i^ht to th" fide of the (ire, on which is a cauldron, or ladle-full of boiling water, or oil, hut mod lommonlv melted lead : the prince or ma;;illratcs of the toiintrv bcin;.' prif^nt, his hand is previoiifly clean waflieJ, and a leafof the biab-tree, with the aceiif'alion written upcn it, is ;;i.t round his waift ; and then, on a I'olemn ir.vocatlini of the Deity bv a Bramin, the perlon plunges in his hand, fcoops up the boiling fluid, and if he draws it out unhurt is abfcdvcd, otheiwife he rc- cei'.es the punifliinent prcfcribed by the laws for the crime on which the arcufatif)n lay j and fo firmly be- lieved is this method of pur'.^alion on that coad, that our author favs, he has been allured, that even fome of the Indian Chriilians and Moors have voluntarily fubmitted their caufe to its decilion on their own perfonal expe- riment. Mr. Grofe, from whom wc have borrowed this ar- ticle, on account of his having treated the fubjetit in a fuller and more curious manner, concludes with the following obl'ervation : " As the princes ofthofecoun- " tries, where this ciiflom (lands at this day in full " force, uk no (nrt of rcforvc, or reful'c any cxanii- " nation that nii;'ht be required, certain it is, that, on " the lead intimation from any perfon of authority here " to an\' cf the bngli/h gentlemen on that coad, fiich " an inquiry would be very readily fet on foot, as would " fatisfadorilv liiiuidate what truth and falfliood there is " in this practire j and the iflue mud be, fince the fa£t *' is Incontcllablv true, cither to dilcover a natural me- " ihod of refilling (ire, far more fubtle than what is " k'-.oAii to our European jugglers, or to prove that *' Divine Providence, when folemnly appealed to, docs ♦' not Jifdain its immediate interpofition in favour of " innocence ; an act which, though not unworthy of " the eoodnefs of God, the Romifli priefts in tliofc " part', not de:". ing that the c(}"edl produced is fuper- *' natural, attribute it to the power and craft of the " de\ il ■• but with what propriety let any one judge.". SECT. XIV. Cf t'le RtUglon cf the Parfees. THE"K fecms to be two didiniSlions nece(rary to be made in lli; religion of the I'arfees, or Gaures, who tranfplaiued thcmfclvcs from Perfiawhen the Ma- hometans conipiiLed that country : the tiril, the pure rc- lision, as taught bv Zoroader ; and the fceond, and more modern one, disfigured bv various adulterations, as it is at prefent praciifed among the Parfees of India and Perfia. Zoroader flcurifticd under the reign of Myftafpcs, king ofPtrfia, about five hundred ye.irs before the birth of our S.iviour, and w.is prof.iundly icrl^.d in the mafjio- inaliis ;(Md iKiMiral philnli.phy,' whence he pi,.hjMy. drew th'iC- (ublinie notions iii nlutioii to (ire, on wli> 't he foundtd the h ifu of his religion, and which hi» lol- lower, dill ret.iin. it is however evident, that he found an Iiomaoc i,aij to th.it clement already ed.illiftied in th.it ci.;intrv~ (inn- l'yr;eun-s or confervatorie.i of ptrenni.il tire were known to he tlure long before his timei but whether thai wor- diip of It was a religious act, or whatever it was, ii was areompanicil with fuch idolatry that /oroaller tn'ploycj himlell in purging it ol it^ '.'.rofs nrois, and redu(i,.- it to the twi. grand poinf on which he ((uinJid his re"- ligion. '1 he belief „f „:,.• fupr.nie (Jud, and o| ^\^^^ (nil Ol elemriit of lire bring hi., tirlt niiniC.er, and alio tlif lunbol of his purity; from thete principles the red ol 1,,^ opinions lluwed. t far from confounding the fubordination of the fervant with the majedy of the Creator, that they attribute no degree of fenfe to the (un, or fire, in any of its opciaii-uis • but confider it as a purely, paiFivc, blind in'drument,* directed and governed by its Creator. I'hey even i>ivc tiiat luminary, all glorious as it is, no more than'^^thc fecond rank among his works, relrrving the firft for that ftupendous produiilion of divine power, the mind of man. They believe the immortality of the foul, and found the doiilrinc of rewards and puniflimcnts in the other life on the light of reafon, which enables them to per- ceive the di(rerence between right and wrong; or, to (peak in their figurative dile, the conflict between Oroo7.m the good principle, and Harryman the evil one- or between the flcdi and the purer fpirit. As to their punifhmcnts, they exclude material burning from bein-r any part of them, and edeem the element of hre too pure° and too noble, to be employed in the office of an execu- tioner. 'J'iiey even pretend, that the fire of divine kive i \ V* 1'^ fervant ril^utc no i.i.ili'msj trumciit, tvcn yivu thun the for that mind of nd found he other to per- ; ; or, to between evil one; to their oin btinjj too pure, in execy- ii divine love "^vjR^^ y< !i''*l ', I.' ■.:;!! m /n ikM ■■:m I •i : 1 : 1 i ■ i i; i !.'! i tuDOJTAV. A I A. 197 Invc will nv)Jcrltc (he |iiiulflinwn!> iiitUu'.l by ' t>r.il jul^iic. The miKlcrn I'jrfWH fpaTi'iit (he \A.\cv i.i riilVi iliij» ai n 'lark, ilrv.iry, iliivniiroi.itr n "nii, wlm viry tiling i. M'Mvidi Imrrnr, pilii, uii I ilil "lit ; i':k^i.'iiH .iIkiiiiuU iii'witli rLriw-iitH, WJt'-r thick lil.j mcltiil (litih, jii.l cdU at lii'f'.v. Thiy ilo not, h(iv..iir, bclic\i tlum t» hi- fti.rti.ll, hut iin.\^',inf tli.it th.; I'liilty futiciiit will hi. at liivith liciivcrcii, when they will h; pl.iccd 111 a It.iti; olblih, bit irilVricr ti) th.it ot' the ];i«kI, I'ltim whuiii thcv will alio he 1l1fti11nuilli1.1l liy a hitiul in their I'uri;- hcaiU, 111 hiK', they iiiiaj^iiu' tli.it buth in Jc^roe and tliiratinn thcl'i- (imiirtiitKiiti will be |n'i|iiirtioniJ to hii- iiiaii tVailtv i hut that rcwauls, lilkc tlij Divine ^uoj- iicfs, will he n.finitf an^l iiiihoiiiulcj. Such w.'.s the iloclrinc of Zotoallc'-, as may ftil! be rolK'iik'il from the aJiillrtatidiis it hi* fiiue uiulcrg.fy the (jrofi tonccptioiis of the vult,'ar, or to aiifwer th'- liicr.itivc \ic\vs of the chief M.i;i, now known in iiiilia by the nam.,- of di|Hn ts, or iliieclors of th-ir ritual. A nunihi r of vaib bt ni^', i l.ipleil fiiice the djatli of /oroatltr, hi* relij;ioii wa.< no lon;j;i r fufiireil to lun- tinuc in it-, original puritx. II. s boolci hail hem lolt, anil the prifcnt work, call --J, 'I'he ZeiidavalLi'.v, w.r; wrote in tlic fame old IVrfi.in l.in;;ua;^e by hrd.i Viraph, one of ill.- chivf M.'.!i, who pi\t.iidi.d to compile it by memory from the p.ruiiiit work, and of this a trandation has been made into the modern IVrfi.ni by aperl'on who lived about tv'o hundred and littv yeari at;o, and in- titled it Saad-dir, or The Hundred (iates. '1 heCe works feetn to have tjreativ fopiiillicatcd the original doctrine bv intcrpcdatiuns, and iiitrodiiciin fiiperltitioiis that have gi-eativ disti|.:ured the religion of Zoroalter. Hence, they clarc not be a moment without their girdle ; and pay fuch a f'.iperftitious reverence to fire, as not 10 venture to pray before it without covering their mouths wall a Ujuare flap of linen, left ihcy fliuuld pcdlute the (ne by breathinj:; on it. 'I'hev (till keep pyris;ums, or coiifcr- vatorics of fire, in which lamps are kept continually burning, by being f;d with oil by the prielt, who con- (tanilv attend them; and, as they relate, have buriil, withiiiit ever being cxtinguiflied, for many centuries. Vet, notwithftanding the fuperftitious lollies ingraft- ed on the original (lock of this religion, fuch, continiies our .luthor, has been the force of its fap, as to prevent the fruit from being fpoiled ; for even at prefent the I'.'.rfees are remarkably diftingu:(hed by the purity and innocence of their morals, and no people in general beiuue better cither in public or private life. It is faid tint the gr;:«tc(t honour thefe people think t.r.ilar accoiiiit i.f h ; b.if t!il» we fli.ill icfili" tilt we I'oine to I'eilia, iinU obfii\iii^>, tint it is prat-lifed In lu Willi h |v bi;!uiry than ,imoii;j! thTtiil,- , .md tli.u, though af..liit r.veriMcc i» kept up fur the iiimi-ofMa- lioiiict, it Is rather a m.ittt 1 of h.ihit than of devotion i and the t.matii ilm of the Mahonv.t.nis bvir liihrideil into a fobir lomiiioii f. nic, lhr\ arebiioi.K I.f, trou- hkioiiie to tilt- CJiiilli.in-.andall iili^ioiuiivc ; 'uw>.al>l/ under their ^'overnment. The', indeed Iccin to grow more piirtly Uii'i!ari:ini in propoiiion as tluir 7.cai lor the iiiire < iiuiioni.d p.iit of ilieir religion reta.\>s, nor will liny |.i much as licar with p.iiieni.1' any ar^'ument a'ainlt lh.it fund iiiu'iital point of their nligioii, the iiiiny ol'Ood, whole iiaiiv alone they invoke at the hour of dr.'ih, and geiui.illy iliewith it in their niouih. j ilnir diltanie Iron ihu country v^duiue that reliyion Ipt.ing rendering thcin more indiriiieiil to any mention of tin. name ot M.iho- nut. liulicd molt ol his followir., ;"> an ingi'iiioiH aii;lior oblVrsci, carry their vmeration for the Supremi! iieing fo fir, as not only never ti mention the woi.l Alia, or CJod, with the Icalt irrevtrence, hut think it in a manner bl.iljihemou.'. to praife or define a luin^ whom they coiilnler as fo iiilinitily above all pr.iii'i , delinition, or comprehenl'ion. Thus iliey carry their liriipiilofity to a fupirllilious Irn'lh, and' do not even ap]iiove of i.illiiig him good, ri.ihtcous, iiureiful, from their thinkiiig liiih epithets a. luperlUioiis and imjicrti- ncnt, as if one was eiiiphatieally to fo, of a man that h'.; had .1 h-.id, 01^1 1 IV oilirr iiKinhers neeeli'arv t 1 tlie hu- man lorm : tnr thi y connive it a.* profaniii;; t!ie iiamo " P-prlpthn 'f tin I'ejiuuiL ,;!,h d. fpniie, ih.it h.' hai ihe fovenign difpof.iT of the lives and etVects of his fuhjeiitj. Ili^willi.i their only law j it decides ;.ll lavy-luit ;, without any perfon's daring to difpute if, on pain of death. At his commanil alone the greatelt U.i.lt are executed, their fiefs, their lands, tliei'r polls, and olfices arechanged or taken from them. The higheft officers ot his empire are the prime \ i/,icr, which aii- Iwers to the firll miniltcr ; the trcafurer ; the chief of the eunuchs; the firit ftcrctarv of (hite ; the general of the elephants; the great malter of the wardrobe, who has du' c.ire of the furniture, the tents, doatlis, .ind precious floncs that are commonly iii\-d. 1 his prince iifiially appears at a v.'indov.-at fun-rlfin!;, when the lords of his court are obli-cil to attend in Im apartment to pay him their liomaL'e;''hL- alfofhcws him- lelf at mid-d.iy to iVr the light of the wild bealls, a.i I in the evening al'fo appi-ars at a window, f.-nm which If: lees the fitting fun. He retires with that ilar amidfl- a multitude ot drums, and the acchm-.ations of the peo- lit, widiiiig him a long and happy !;f;-. No other porlonL arc allowed to enter the pr.lac'c but the raia s, or princes, and the great ofl^cers; who behave towai'd.s him with fuch vciKr.itlon, that it is impoliihk- to approach the molt liicred things with more profmnid lefpciil. All the dileoiiilc. is accompanied with continual levereiires. At taking Icue they prcdtrate themiclvis before him; they put thiir hands upon their eye , then on their hrcaft, and laltly upon the earth, to'fhev.- that with ro- fpeilt to him thev are only as dult and I'.fhc.;. As they retire they willi him all maniur of profperitv, and re» backwaids till they are out of fight. In Older to give feme idea of the magnificence in whieh the Mogul appeals, we fli.,11 here give Sir Tho- mas b'oe's deleription of his diel's at his going abroad, lor though it be a long time fincchc was at that prince's court, zr<.\ though he ha, loft much of his wealth and power. i'\{ W ii !■ tJ ■■•Am I .!i I' m ,95 A SYSTEM OF i!? ■"" K? ;-' 'it Pil' |:^ tlic r, diir:?!'.!' bjinu; cnmjikiy.! hv Nadir SIi.i, yet ,".3 ,-.(lc:r!i.; rflci'.".! or ni'Vi-r ;ilt>.-;- riicir f.ifliloiK, tho pr^r. ;.t MoTiil in::y probaWy :ij)p...",r much ii\ t!io fame i.i.ir.D'r, tlu)ii.-h he may have i'cw^r jcv.t!-;, ;'.:;.l fmrj of tii';m ir.-.y be of li- ', v::!iir. As he came (.m, (ay^ lliat muliallail.ir, one 'jiit on his fwonl, .-.ml nnntlier him;^oM III fhii.'; l,covcrcilwith il-amdiv!-- and riiMt : ; an- other hinu;i'!i his (|iii,cr with thirty arrow-;, am! hisho'.v in ;•. tale. (Jii hi> iu'a.l he wore a rieli tiirhan, in which wa; a j-himc of hcroir> leathers, on one fiJe hinv; a riilv, iwiil; a'i !>i'^ as a walnut, en t!ie othjr a diamond as iii'^, ; in t!v.- !iiid'.l|j an emeralJ in the fcrm of a heart, 1m: miich lar.^er than the dl:imr'Pd a]id the ruby. His li:.;}" wa', W(v,n;d about with a chain of lar.-e pear!:, ru- liie., and diamonds drille.l. About his neck iie wore a thain them his boun- tl.;, cinlltim; in places and li^nities which he con- r.r-. on tl'.ofe v.-'a.! h.ivc made hiiu the mod valuable pre- Cents. Tavcrni.r f.'.; s he (aw him leceive at one of thef: fci.l ; abow ilie value of ihittv ir.illlonr. of livres in tiiamr.r.J;, r.'i !■<, c.iurald., pear!'-, gold, filver, Jine Uut}"s, t!.p!i,'uts, car.iels, and horfes. Tl;e o;lur f.' Hv.d is the anniv t.fary of the .Mogul's birili. lleb. !;ij the day with all manner of divtrli- vn- , will; i> he bre;;i;s olT, to wait upon the (]uecn his rrtutlier, il'llie be yecaiive, a.t her palace, and fliews his jxratitude ;o h. :•, iw cauiin:; the grandees of his empire to maite her r.i. nil".( ent pivients. After he has dined he dreflls hliVif !f in hii fiii'Tt robes, cover, himfelfwilli pold and ievvc! , and bfiii'; ratliT load.d than adorned with ricb.cs, i:iters a fup -rb pavilion, where he is at- tv.nded by ;h. principal lords of his court. He there liiidi the jj:^ac fc.de.s, and ih; ;hai:;3 by vvhi'.h they ate tilled withhold, filver, jewids, pieces of lilk, fine linen, einnumon, mace, doves, jiopper, corn, pulfe, and herb.s, and an cx.iet regiller is kept every year of the ditlercnec of his vveii'ht. It is a fubjeiit of treat joy when In; Weighs one '.ear more than another, and of as gre.it con- cern if he be f(umd to h;\ve t'.dlen away. This ctremonv is fucceeded by the greatcft afl of gc- ncrofity, whirh the Mogul exhibits during the whole ear. it (.inlills in his giving to the poor fome I'mall niecis of money, and in throwing .unong the grandees, nuts, pifhirhios, almonds, and other fruit made of gold, but fo final! e.nd fi> thin ih.'.t a thoufmdof them are not wortii more than fcvtn or ei|',ht pilloles. Alter experi- ment made, a b.ifon filli il vvilh thole triiles was found not to exceed the value of ten crowns. Thus the libe- r;ility oftiiis wealtliy monarch on his birth-day amount* to no more than the pitiful fuin of a hundred crowns. The feftiv;il concludes with his giving a magnificent flipper to the lords of his court, wiih whom he pullci the night in drinking. The fons of the Mogu! have the title of fultjns, and Ills daughters of fiiltanas. The viceroys, or gover- nors of provinces, arc called nabobs. I'hc next in de- gree, which anfwcrs to our nobility, have the title of khan, or cawn, as it is ufually pronounced, and thefc arc didinguillied by names which they receive upon their advancement, as Afixph Khan the rich lord; Khan Khanna, Ion! of lords. The great military offi- cers are n;m'.ed Omrahs, and one who ha.s been gene- nil is called -Vlirza. The chief eunuchs have the poft of treafiirers, Rewards, and the comptrollers of the houfliold. The other great officers arc the fecrctarics of Kate, the governors of the elephant.s, the mailer of the t'liis, and the keepers of the wardrobe, who ar« i.itrulUd with the jewels. The women of the feraglioarc either wives or con- ciibin"«, princeflcs of the Mood, governefi'es, or flaves. Thofe called wives ;ire contracted to the Mogul with much ceremony, and feldont exceed four; but the num- ber of his concubines is uncertain, thou;;h they gcne- rilly amount to ;diove a thoufand. The Mogul ne- wr nianies the daughter of a foreign prince, but gene- rally hur- ried to his CNccution, whi».li is generallv performed in the market-place. Some malefactor . are hanged ; others beheaded ; fomc impaled on (harp (takes ; Come torn in pieces bv wild beads, or killed by elephants. If an elephant he or- dered to cillpateh a criminal inllantly, he lianqis upon the wretch, who lies trembling before him, with hl,^ broad round foot, and in a mon\ent crufhes him to death : If he is to die in torture, the elephant breaks lirll the bones of his legs, then thole of his thigh', and arms, and loaves him to die by the wotnids he h.is given him. Sir Thnmiis Roe ohferves, that when he was at llie Mo- gul's coiMt, one hundred robbers were brought ihaliu-d before that prinrc, witli their accufation ; and the Mo- gul hiving pallid fentence of death, gave orders that the chief of them (hould be torn in pieces hydog<, aiul the tell pu' to death in the oidiii.nv wav. 'Ihepii foners were accordingly divided into feveral quarters of the town ; their chief was torn in pieces by twelve dogs before the ambalTadoi' '7 ililrico of the robliers had i!,cir heads tied down to tliiir fist, and their net ks ch.-piied half oft'with a labre, .ilur whicli tlK-'v wcie left n.ii fulVeied to ap- proach ii within the dilLmce ..f .1 n)'ufi]iiet (liot. The tents of the omrahs (land at a dlUancc round the em- peror's, thofe of the lirll qualitv ncard}, and the infc- nor pu.ple are placed in the remorclt pail.; of the c.ir.-.p, The (I leets, fonneu bv the tent- are u idc and (Ir.ii'ihr, hoiifc, aiul at the fame place and the principal of them extend In a diicct line iVoni the fp-ceuf the royal qu.irtcr. In thefe arc fliop.s, .'ud all manner of trades arc carried on as in a city ; and in every ipiarter is a maiket-place, where pidiiruins aro Irecpiently fold ainioll as cheap a. in giurii'n ; tiv caiii;> of the Mogul was formerly (aid lu be the grcatell mar- ket for diamonds in the world. The camp feldom moves ten miles at a tiine, and is generally fixed at a place where there is pleiii)- <.f water. I'he Indian armies have frccpicntly a number of baiges, placed on carriages which foll;,w the camp, and thefe'aro uled by the Mogul when he takes his pleafure upon the lakes and rivers, as well as in paffing over his army; he has alfo with him hawks, dogs, and leopards bred for the game. Thus while he ranges from one part of his dominions to another, he divides his time between his recreations and his enquiries into the conduct of his viceroys and governo's. In thefe marches fomc of the Mogul's women are car- ried in little towers upon tlic bavks ijf elephants ; others In coaches; othtis in palanquins; and fomc of the mcancft are laid to have no better carriage than a kind of cradle" hanging on the lides of c:'mels; but all of them are clofc covered, and attended by eunuchs: befid' s, they h;iyc an advanced-guard before them to clear the- way; for though it is impoffiblc to fee theni, it v.oiild be ihougbt a crime even to look at the vehicles in v.KvA\ they ride, and the men are fiequently ordered to quit the vill.igcs through which the road lies, till the ladies I'.avc palled by. The Mogul's forces arc principally compofed of the troops furniflied by tl'.e r.aialis or pagan princes; he has alio Moorifli foot, but Kc principally depends orr his ^ horle. He has alfo feveral regiment*, named thebody- I guards or houfliold troopi ; tiic principal of thefe is a j regiment of four thoufand men, called the emperor's llaves. 1 his is the mod honourable body amonp the Mogul's troops: tlieii captain is called the darogalj' and is an officer ot great authiuity, who has fomctimcs the rominand of the whole aim'y. Every foldicr .admitted irilo this regiment is niarked on the fo'reheiid, an,l from theli- troops the fuhaltern officers are taken, who are by degrees preferred to the dignity of omrahs or gene- ral officers. There arc alfo the guards of the golden mace, of thrf lilver mace, ,;nd the iron nvacc, who curry a mace or \) d d lubi ■»■■>' i;i 'iv ^ '. 200 A S Y S T !• M OF GEOGRAPHY. Jndostav. 14' t-: l.i : i dub on tlu-ir fli'nikii.r'i with al.ir^c hall attlu riiil. 'I'hc put a coiifiJcncc in their own, placing their chief dc- Idliliur-; of tliLfi.- boJits arc ditt'Liviitly marktil in the pcnilance on the largcft pieces, wliieh they neither know Joreheads, anil their pav pmportione.l to the metal ot how to manage nor to move. Some of thefe carry a ball the nin^i-. '1 n.-fe ave a'i ;i!LknJnu:i, « ho ha\ e recom- of I'eventy pounds. When the European . march round nicniieil tlic;r.:elves hy tJKir coura-e. 1 lie arms of the them with their light field-pieces, and make it ncceliary horlLmcn are a i'.ibre, a d.!;:i:er, a how and i|uiver of ^ to move thofe cnor.Tious weights, if a fliot comes ainnn.r arrows, a lance, and fun. nimcs a ilioit piece like a car- bine, and to tliefe arc added a great fliield, fo that they are incumbered with arm.-. A foot foldier alfo carries a fword and d.i;jger, a bow and arrows, a fhield, and fonictimes a inatch-lock muficet. Uthers of them li.ive pikes inflead of nuilt|ucts ; thev have alfo heavy artilkTv; but have 'generally European guniurs to ma- nage them. Some llu)rt piLtes have been already menti- O'ltd that carry a bi'litt of about the li/.e of a teiinis- b.-.ll, and aic tned from the back of an elephant; there are ,iI|o about ihrecfeoie Ini.'ll iield-pieces, which at- tend the grand arniv. Mr. Ca.mbridgeobfervc;, that it is ciiually difficult to concei\e b\' what means a handful of Europeans have rendered ihemfelves lo ;elpe>:table in liie field when op- poled to a multitude of Alialics, ai;d the pofTibilitv of fublilh'nir fucli v.ilb numbers as the Afuitic armies fre- thcir bullocks theybccomc quite ungovernable, and art lo ill harnellcd, that it caufes no fmall dilay to free the reft from any one that happens to be umuly or (lain. Wc have a much greater advantage in their beinir tenacious of their aiitient manners, than in their wan" ot bravery; not only the prince, but every r.ijah, who has the command of all the forces he can bring into t)i<; field, always appears among them mounted on an ele- phant, and is at once the general and enfign of his men, vyho conlhiiuly keep their eyes on him ; and if they lolc light of him for a motnent, conclude th.it all is loft, and inlhintly difperfe. This affords our engineers a fair op. portunity of deciding the fate of a whole detachment by one well directed difcharge of a fix-pounder ; and thole enormous beads now feem brought into the fielj only to be a mark for our artillery. 'I'hofe rajahs, fen- fihle of being thus cxpofed, fometimes avail themfelvcs queir'v conl'.fl of, efpeciullv with a verv large propor- I ol theonly expedient that can afford them any fecurity ; t.<.'n of horfe : but our .iltoiiiihment muit be incre.ifed, ' 'or it haj been obfetved, that feveral elephants, witii if we add to the account, that e'.erv horl'enian has two the fame cr.pnrifons, and with riders in the (iime rich fervants, one to take care of his hurle, ami tlie other to i and fplendid habits, have appeared in ditTcrciit parti of procure him forage ; ;.nd thr.t all thoie, as hath been i the field on the fame day. already mentioned, are accumnauicj bv their wives and | Though thev have feverely fuffercd by being fur- children, and that thero .dv.avs follows the camp a prized in the night by the Europeans, they can never moveable town of Ihops, where every thin;'; is to be fold, be brought to ellablifh in their camp either order or vigilai;ce ; for at the dole of the evening every man eats ' a great quantity of rice, and many take after it fojiorific drugs, fo that about inidniL'ht the whole army is in .-» dead deep ; the confequence of v/hich is obvious : and yet, fays the above author, an eaftern monarch would think it very ((range, (hould any body endeavour to ... in their cities, I'oi!;;' hur.jrcds of elephants merely ' for Kate, and a train of wornvn with a numerous reti- nue belonging to the prince anil the great oflicers. '.Vhcre\er the foMiei'Mi troves, he is more taken up with a v;.in ollentation of pomp and n)agniticence, than U'ith the object of the w.ir ; and it is his pleafure that his ful-jec^s (liouiii abandon the capital, in order to aii_ m.'nt his ntimber^. 'I'o provide tor all thefe the whole country is put into motion, and (IriOl ordeis are difiiatchcd for proiilions to be brought into the camp ; bv which means all the cities far and mar are exhaulKd, while the camp is in general plentifully fupplinl. 'I'he piifon allowed every hnrfemaii to procure tora;!e, is conllantly employed in cutting turf and wanting the roots, and this affords a morelieaity food for a horfe than grafs. A (hower of rain may in .i few ilavs pro, luce anotlier crop ; and if the Weather continues dry thev move their camp. !lowi.\er, thefe numciiHis armies fildom keep the field aiiv time without great lofs by famine ; for a very conlider.ibte dinimution is fcarccly lelt aniongll fuch multitudes, r,ni\ are verv little legauled tioni any fenti- mcnts of humanitv. a t'aniinc is therefore neither con- fidired as anv thing extraordinary, nor will the memory of it ever prevent the aifembly of another multitude, that mull alib be liable to the fame el'.ances of fubfilf- in!» or llnrving. Allowances muft alio be made for the Cre.it lofs they I'uftain in men, hearts, and all the iitiplc- r,-,cnt,- of war, as often as thev move in difficult roads, and particularly in their manner of palfmg over great riMTs; for their rivers, in the rainy feafon, become fo r,;pid, that the l.indinL;-pi.ice is frequently a mile below the place of cmnarkatioii. In erolling them they ufe large boats of a kind of bafiy our own factories. The Ihips al.o frequently take in Hints with their ballaft, for there is not a Hint to be found in India, at lealt in the parts vilited Iv the Eur'-pcans ; lb that in the inland country, whc.e the t- -pie have not an opportunity of being lupplied by oii Ihipping, a bag of tliius is almoft as vaUiahle :„■ .. ...ig of money. It nuilt howc. er be confelled, that all the goods wc carrv to India are -' 'rifle, conipaied with the bullion and foreii-n coin c ., ted tliither. Our (hips, when they go (Hit, are in a manner empty of merchandize, though few ot thcin carry lefs than three or four fcore tho'.iiand pounds in fpccie. This has lailed a queltion, whether the India trade be of any advantage to this nation ; but, in return, the company anlWer, that the Indian merchandi/e they rc-cxporr and fell in fevcrai parts of Europe bring in more treafuic than they carry out ; and were it otherv.ife, wc (hniild have other natirns monoiioli/,e the trade, and fupply us with the fame com- modities, and confequentlv more '.ealure would be paid to them than is now carried to India. Hilt to return, there are u) gieat.'r men hants in (he wor'd than the Mogul fuhjecls, though their (Itip^ mver pal's the Capo of Ciood Mope ; for they carry on a pro digious trade to I'erfia and the .'^(d Sea, and lupjily both Tiiikcy and I'erfia with ail the rieh mrrrhanili/c | but from the town it appears t i b of India; ill rctu.n lor which they briii'^ back Caipcr-;, or four loaguti in circumference, pearls, and oth-r Perfian commodities, but chiefly tiea- lure, which t!iev liequentlv load on board Eii^lilli or DiiU'h Ihips, 'and the freight is faid to be one great branch of the companv's profit ; for they feldom difpatch a (hip trom I'erfia to Sui.;t but Ihe i- as deep laden as (he can Iwim, lull of pallengers, with va(t (|uantities of pearls and tnafures on hoard, lometimes to the amount of two or three hundred thoufand pounds. The Indians make ufe of European (hips to import their treafiire chieflv for I'eeuritv ; for thcv confider them as being in much Icf. danger from jiiratcs than their own (hipping. Thcv have Ihips indeed of four or live hundred tons burthen built in India after the Eng'ilh model ; but their lalkars, or Indian lailors, would make but a poor defence (hould they be attacked, and thev have but little Ikill in navigation. Wc have already given an account of the Indian Olip") and their manner of conllruiitioii, and (hall here onlv add, that their boats ufed on the coall, called muflbulas, are flat-bottomed vell'cis, the fides foipiion of the t'akice. A(iR.A, the capital of the province of the fame name, and the ancient metropolis of the whole empire, is fituatcd in twenty-fix degrees twenty minutes north latitude, and in feveiitv-nine degrees caft longitude from Eondoi,. It is .nbout W\Qi\ hundred miles north-eall ofl" Surat, and is tituated upon the river lemma, in the midll of a fandv plain, which greallv adds to the hear of the climate. Thecitvis fevcn or eight miles in leni>th, hut not nc\r io much in breadth, and no part of it is fortified except the palace ; hut there is ■.;eiurally a great arm"- in the place, elpecially if the Mogul be there. The palaciS of the omrahs and other great iiien are built with (lone in a ma^nificenr maimer; thev ftarul upon the banks i>t the river Jeinma, and have large gardens adjoining to them ; but the rtft of the houles are mean buildings : however, the great number of mol'ques, caravanleias, large fqiiarc^, baths, and reler- \oirs ot water, intermixed with trees andgiiidens, adiled to the river Jeinma running the whole len^lli of tin- city, renders itsprolpect very agiecable; and the Mo/ul's palace is a noble building. A large area extends between the town and tlie palace, where the rajahs draw up the rafiiboots when f hi y mount the Moi.rul's guard, as they do every week in their turns \vith lil'teen or twenty thoufand men. The palace is fiiuatcd by the fide ol the river in tiie firm ')f a crefci.nt, round ; it is three nd fortified with a hijh Ot. \ t ' ' 1, \\- \ \ 202 A S Y S T F, M O r EO G R A P II V. IHDOSTAN. r- ■■'■ ■ ;i>,ft ?! hi;.;h (\inc wall mouiucil with artill.Tv. A., tlic ftcnc with which thi;i w.ill is Uiiilt arc red, and li.ivc a lath. liicL- pi'liihi/J marhio, the wall app;.'ar.s rxtrcnicly tuiblc whi'ii tlK' fun ihiiics. iipuii it : it is hirriaiidcd with a litcp hiuadmoat, OM.r whicli arc drav.-bi id^cs, and the tLrrac'i:; ot" the gariLi.s i'crvc tor a rampart. On entering the firlt irate ot" the palate vou find a handrorne broad llone walk, with canals runnin;^ alonLi; tile lides i and heyond it a huge (i|uare, where the Ma- hometan guards are drawn up, and here the omrah^ pitch thiir tent:.; fo that vou pafs through two armies, one on the out-fide ajid the other within the palace, be- fore you reacii the roval apartments. Hiyond this i'c|uare i; another court, where the Mo- fiui's niiific u(ed to finuid every morning, noon, and night, .ind whenever he went abroad. From this court you come to the Durbar, another large court, where all people relorted at the time ol audience. It is divided by baluftrades into three parts; at the outer baludradc flood the common people ; without the next, which is railed on a platform fomething higher, were thofc of fupcrior rank ; and witbin the thiid, upon a platform Hill more elevated, (lood tho omralis and great lords of the court. In this maimer all waited the approach of the Mogul at the time of audience ; who, upon the playing of the mufic, appeared in a kind of gallery a- hove the place where the onuMhs Hood, and feated him- lelfupon a throne covered with jewels of inellimable v.due. Here tiie emperor received petitions from his lubjcdls, and fpiiu fevcral hours eveiy day in Iv.aring caule:,. On leaving the Durbar ;hc emperor retired to his baths, followed onlv by fonie of his prime minillers, \\ith whom headvifed on atiairsof Uate. I'Vont another uallery in the palace the emperor reviewed his troops, his elephant:;, and horfcs ; and faw the combats of wild beads, or thofe of men and bealls, which lomc of the Moguls cftoemed a f.ivoinite amufcment. Here alio nialefuSlors were freipiendv (,'xecuted before bin), by being torn to pieces, or Iramjiled to death by elephants; and (omctiuKs beheaded, according lo the emperor's pleafure ; the execution i.nmediately following the lenience. The Uar.mi, or women"; ap.ntmcnt, where there were feldom lef;. than a thoul'and, who had theireunuchs .md Hive:, to attend ihem, takes up a confiderable part ot the inclolure ; and, as it w:iuls neither gardens, can.ils, parks, or any thing which can contribute to the beauty or ple.ifure of the pl.ice, the circumference null} he very great. Htlides, within the walls was a qu.irter where all manner of artificers were daily em- ploved in the emperor's Icrvicc. Thefe obl'erved a pro- I. mild filcnce, and no other iioil'e was heard but what was unavoidably occafioned bv their hufinefs. \Vith relpcct to the citv, the molqucs and magnlfi- tent tombs which are feen there, fhcw t' : it has been one of the moft Hourilhing places in Lie Indies. In the year 11)38, it was computed that it had feventy great mofiiia ^, among which were fix principal ones, at which the Mahometans ottered up their devotions at their pub- lic feltiv;;!-. In one of the laft is the fepulchre of one of the laints, thirty feet in length, and fixtc 1 in breadth. I'he p.eople lav be was a giant, and the greatell war- rior tiuir nation ever produced. To this tomb they make fiequent pilgrimages, when their ofi-crings amount to prcidigious lums, which ferve tr) feed everyday a vad ninnber of poor. Thefe mofques and their couits af- I'uid an afyliim for criminals, and fiir thofe who are thrc:iteMed with a prifon by their creditors. Kven the Mogul liiiiifelfdare not lo much as attempt to take a cii- miiKil tVoin thence, for fear of violating tiie refpeet which his religion ir.;:kes him think duo to thole who are ho- noured with tile title of f.iints. The wife of the empe- ror Sha Jehaii li. ought to render her memory illultrious, and to merit 1 hi- veneration of after ages, by the mau- folcum which (he caufed to be creeled ne.ir the walls ol' Agra. This v.oilc is laid to be cxtremclv magnificent, and was twcnt-.-two years in buildiii;.', though twenty thouf.uid men were incell.intly emplo\ed about it. There arc in Agra ne.ir eiglu hundred baths, from which the Mogul aaiiually receives very confiderable kims ; (or thofe purification', being one of the principal points of the .Maliometan religion, there does not pals .1 day in which thole places are not fiequeiilcd by an al- molt infinite number of people. 1 lie inhabitants are cbietly Moors and Moguls, who have the government entirely in their hands; there arc alio a confiderable number of Cientotis, Jcw.s, Arme- nians, and Portugiielt. I!ut though Agra is extremely populous when the court is there, it is at other times a perfeft defart ; for not only thofe who have an imme- diate dependancc on the court and armv, but the mer- chants and tradelmen remove with tlieii families to fol- low the camp. SEC T. XX. Of the City ef D fill, the prefent mctnpoUt; a Drf.iiptun if the Palace, and an /iaoiitit of the Reveliiliani thut have Itiitly happtntilin that City, DELLI, the cipital of the prrnince of the fanu- name, and the piefeiit capit.il of the empire, i> li- tiiated in liventv-nine degrees tall longitude liom l,on- 73 M>. don, and in iwenly-iii'ht degrees north huitude, and ■J.r'.vo, lland'. on the rivi r Jemma, wliich divides it into two paits; that l.ill built wa, cre.:ted by Sha Jehan, and from thence is called Jehanabad ; but they are both to- gether called by the Kuropeans by the name of Delli. In the p:irt built by that emperor, all tl-.c houfes en- clofe Ipacioiis courts, and in the inner |>art of theli* buildings the peojile lodge, lo prevent any from ap- proachirig iliepl.ices appointed for their women. Moll ot the gie.it nun hai'e houfes without the city, on ac- count of the convenieney of the waters. The entrance into the city is by along ftreef, on each fide of which are regular arches, under which the mer- chants h:ive tlieir fliops. This llreet leads to the pa- lace, which is above a mile and a half round, '["he wall is built of hewn Hone, with b,)ltleincnts, and af every tenth battlement is a tower. Tlic ditches which furround the w.ill, are full of water, and allbf.iced witii hewn ftone. The grand portal has nothing extraordi- nary in its appearance, and ;is little has the firll cmirc into which the great lords arc permitted to enter, fcate.l on their elephants : this leads to a large and long paf- fage adorned with fine porticos, under which are manv (mall rooms, into which a part of the guards retire: on each fide are the women's apartment, and the great halls where jiifticc is ndminillcrtd ; and in the middle of the pall.ige i> a canal filled with water, which at equal dif- taiices it formed into little bafims. From thence a paf- lage leads lo a fecoiivl court, where the omrahs mount guard in per(i:)n. They have their quaiters there, and their horl'es are tied before the gates. On entering the third court, the divan, where the king gives audience, appears in front. It Is a hall, to which is an afccnt of fevcn or eight ficps; ilij., (Imr- ture is open on three fides, and its root, which conlilis ot a number of arches, is fupported by thirlv-two m.ir - bic column.. When the emperor Sha Jeh:in caufed this hall to be eieiSlcd, he gave order, that it fluuild be all over enriched uith the fined work formed of iewels in- laid ; but when the men had made the trial on lomeco- liiiiin.i to the l.eight of two or three teet, they found it would be impolTible to find a numlier of iowcls fiitficienl to execute fo grand a defign, and that the expciee would be immenle ; the Mogul was therefore obliged to aban- don the projedl, and to be contented with painting it witli difielellt (lowers. In the middof this hall, oppofitc to thj wall which looks into the court, is a kind of alcove, and there thir throne on which the king gives audience is created . :itter the manner of the ancient orientals, i: is in the fi:rm of a fmall bed with three feet ; but its m.iinificencf could not be believed, were it net attelkd by the muli" credible witnelVes. This bed is adorned with four co- lumns, a c:inopy, a head-board, a bolder, and a coun- terpane: one would imagine that Sha Jehan, who cauf- ed it to be made, wa, refiilved to exhatid upon it nil the riches of his kingdom. Itlhinei with 2'dd, filvr, tniei.dd ., \\< ' !■ ! Ml Indostav.' A I 20} OSTAN. rincipal t pals A y ail ul- ils, who litre are , Armc- itrcmely times a 1 ininic he mer- S t'l tol- ilpti:n if that have the ("nme re, i-. ii- nm Loii- j(lc, .111(1 lli'O two tail, and both to- of Delli. juies en- ol the(f from ap- II. M-.ll: , on ac- , oil each the iiicr- ) tlie pa- id. The , and al- es wliich iced with xtraordi- [\ KuirC , featcd mg paf- re many ire: on Tcath.iils of the ,ai dil- ce a pal- s mount re, iiiJ here the mil, to '. Ilriir- conlids wo mar ■ ilVd thi-i he all wvis in- line c.>- Hiiid if iilficiinl would o ahan- it witli 7a M. ill %v'iicli tlu'iv th>- crcdej . is in the niticoncc th; moll: lour eo- ;i couil- ho ca'il- >n it all 1, filvr, iincr.iUl ., tnieraKK, di.mifind., .ind mines mIiIc'i h.ivelvj.n dil- I'ul'cd over it wltii giv:it iirorulion. 'I'h.- c.in-'p.' is I'o fovired with thini, that the eye; of the lic:i 'l.lir'. are d.i//.li.d; il ; Iringt i. coiii|ii'lVu oi ;.'(i|d and pe.iri-i ; the iclinr.ns wi'.i^h liipport it at .■ tipiallv lovired willitluin. '1 lie I'lirnitar.: of the hed with theeoiintcrpane whuli tin- prince has over him, are enihn.ulered with ;.uld .in J piaiis ; aiiJ the feet on which the h>;d llainl-,, arenoIe(^ adorned than the columns : to eat h of tlule lail .iie fixed the IVlo;;ur') bucl'.ler, lalire, bow, ipiiver, arrow-., and otinr arii'.i. At a (inail dillaiicc from the hall of the div.m are ilu- creat Hah!->s, wiiith are al-.vavs full id" the tinell horles, ni which tl.-j .Mo;:ul uftially takes great delight ; thefe are brought from Arabia, l\rlia, and Taitary at a great expence. Hefcre every (lable-door is hung a kind of mat made of reeds, and bound logtlh^T with filk twilled in the form of flowirs. Tbefe are intended to preM nt the flies from entering: but tbev are nut fatis- heii «ith this precaution ; everv liorle has two :• rooms, who relieve one another, and f.iii tliem contim: lily. All the day they have carpets o\er them, and ..t night they lie upon .1 litter made ol their own dung dried in the lull, and well pounded. 'I'he olher public buildings in this city are a gre.-.t inofipie, whitii h.is Icveial Iiih- marble domes, and a no- ble caravanfera built by ■' Mo^ul prineei's for the ac- commodation of llranri rs. It is necell'arv to inl.imi the leader, that the account we have here i]i\eii of the fpUndor of the divan, was written before the city w.is plundered of its jewels and trcalures by Nadir Sha, :iiul belove the Lite revolutions inth.it < ity, which b ne rerveii to reduce tli.il capit.il lioin irs ancient grandeer, and to weaken the llrciigth ol' the Mogul. The I'attans, a race of ncrthcrn people who inlv.diit the mountains of Uandahar, though M.diiiiiutaiis, are no lefs enemies to the Moorilh mivernment, lliaii the Morattas, or oilur Indi.in Cicntoos. They weie alw:iyi tlleemeil good foMicr^, and arc now eonlideied as the very bell inf.intry in the whole empire. 'I'hi-. warlike nation rendered tliemlcl-ies lurmiilable to Nadir Sha in their inarch /and afier that eoiu|ueior had hi! the .Vlo- gul empire in the weak and iiuleienfible ibite to whith he had reduced it, they .invaded that country, on a (iip- pofition that it was then in tix^ low a eoncHtion to be able to refill the force which he tUs- thought ht to bring againll it. The emperor being npprifej of their n'.ar;:h, aflem- Med his council, ;uid fitting on his throne furroiindeil by his pMicraU and twentv -two principal omrahs, held in bis li.iii I a bettl, which, according to theciillom of the countrv, he cllered to that chief who would imme- diately ciigugj to t.ike the eonnn.'.iul of the arniv, and repiille the enemies of liis countrv. Jiut fo iiniverlal v.as the treachery or the cowardice of his courtiers, that not one of tlivni advanced to take the betel as a plcdt^e of their iidelit\' ; which the voung prince, who was then about eightem, obferving with extreme concern, pre- fenled himfelf before his f.itlur, earnellly iiitreating that he might he jicrmittcd to rective it. His f.ith'.r, refufing his requcll, told lii:-n, that it was not proper for the heir of the empire to expol'e himfelf in fo dangerous an enlcrpri'/.e, while there were fo many e.xperitnccd generals n'ore fit for th;;t lervice. Theom- ralis, on the oilur hand, all maintained, that as his Ion had oflcred to like the betd, he alf'ii.-lliould putliimfelf at the hc.ul of tlic troop,; anil joining their fi-lieitaii- <>ns with tlioi'e of the piince, at length prev.iiled on the emperor, who iir.mc.iiately gave orders fo.- railiii;^ three lui.i'licd thoul'and men. 'I'he oinr.di-, exafperated at the prince's boldnefi, on their withdr.iwing tiom court, entered into a confpir.icv, and gaining t!ie chiefs of the ieveral bodies of which this arniv, loliaiiilv ali'einli d, was coin|)ol'ed, conciited with them the means of bLtruin i the prince; but the voung hero being informed of ilic plut laid againll his life, h.i I the addrcfs, a little before he eivagcd the I'.iitans, to (eciire the perloiis of thole trcaiheious cor iiianders j Ulid then attaekii'j; the emniv, gained a ci -ipltte viito- '7 rv, •nd obli;',v.d thcin to ijuii the cj'jntjy by a precipi- tate riigiit. VVh.le the brave prince w.is thus gl.rioullv deli- vering, his countrv loin tlie I'attans, tlie coiilpir.it n 'iieli lic'e e-t' i 'he d.l 1< B Til liy jicculiir aJv.iiUiiies, or !■",• their contain;:!.' K'.i- io|)..aM rii!', iruMits, wliiiii (li.iii lie ili-i'irilii-.i, ■•■uA loint acioiiiit he I'i.ia of thi; ii'.iilt.irv niicr.itioiu lii tatli. s i: c r. XXI. li.im lii C/i/tiiiid, 4111J iLjJ if Cl':.in.ii:.i^oic ii'id llii^lty or Outijiii, vyu't (I rtmiii kMlinj'.iinci if th: St'tnglh 'j'tlit Opmin ai I'e lUiii.i of ih U.iii\.', Of tie 'leaiii cf S.in»i{,'[>jni , Di/iii, Ci'iiili\:un , ii.u/ Piitnu. IN(iAf> i> Will known Iv. ;;ivinj', its name to the !:i»;itrft "lilt in At'ia, v.h;;.ii llparatc^ tlio two pcn- inliila . lit' til'' InJio-.. I'lir. kin'.'di)in, which is I'uuatcd at the norih-wi'll c^tr^:lnitv ot thf i;iilf, is m-ar two Iniii.lrcil anti liltv lta';iu ; from call to well, ami is tf- tii'piHil till' Ml )lt tVrtilc I'oiintiv of the Indies in fiigar, filk, iViiits, |iip|)ir, (ipium, rici', I'alt pLtrc, <;iinilafk, ami civ't, with all which c-nmmiKiiti.-i it liirnilhcv ihc niull iliiiaiit pri)\ iiiccs. '1 he country is i n mice led hy niinicrous ((reams, which Icrvc to wat'.r it, and to faci- litate the liaiifportiii;^', of ilKTcantdc L'ood'.. i heir hanks arc covered with towns and \illa£rcs e-xtreinelv well peo- pled, and will) crrcat licMs of iicc, lii;.'ar, and wluat, iinicii lariuT tiian that of Lurc.pc. it is nfiialiv coni- paied to Ks". pt tor its Ic'tditv, tlio river (iani;cs htic di- vidin.' itfflf into fevcial hranches, and aiiiuiall/ oNcr- ri;nvinir the conntrv as the Nile docs K;.'vpt. I he liMel^ canes bi"o:i^;!u to Kinnpc come" fr.ini this kin;idon), and ,i fina'l I'ort of canes unnv here much nunc finiple than o/icis ; thefc the inhabitants work into vel- (cis ill fo dole a manner, that having L;la/eil them on the infide, they arc ahic lo contain all kind of liipior, as fccnrelvas ^^lafs or filver. An herb is alio ;i,aihtrcd in this coiintrv, which fends up tirll a prettv liiLrh (fein ot the thiekncis of one's hni'cr, at'tcrwanls leaves, and on the to[w>f all a l.iii>;c Inid like a tuft. The Indians fpin it and make it intn t ipcllry and verv hcaulit'iil llutrs, iipnn which they reinefml ,ill fmts of tv'uivs. I'ort William is a factory bel(iiU';inL', to the Knglifli I .ill India companv, fvatcd up the river Hu:;lev, the moll welKrIv branch ot the river (ian;MS, and received its name from kin'^ Willi am ill. wdiorame to the throne jull .ihout the time when it was built. It w.is full tree ltd in the tormofan irrc^^ular tetray,on ol hrii k and mortar, and the town is built without llie Kali order, tiecaufc cverv one built a hemic where he liked bell, and as mofV fulled his own convenience. Al"iul I'iftv \aids tVoni the tort Hands tlic chuicli, which was ereihled b)- the contribution <'t the inerchants who reliJed there, and of the Ica-fatin;: people who traded to that place. The I'o.crnor's lioule is within the tort, and is a; re- (lularn puce of architecture as is to be I'ceii of the kind in India. Here are alfo convenient lod 'in.s both I'or the f.ichirs and writer., Ilorc houlc., lor the company's good.s, m.Tc:v^iiies for ammuniiion, and an hofpital. The romp.'.nv have a 'garden .md filhpo;id I'or the u(c of the rovernor's kitchm ; and moll of the inhabitants, that in.ikf anv tuierabh.' figure, have the f.uiie advantages. l)n the other fideof the river aredocks for repairiii.r the Ihip's bottoni.s, aiul a garden beloiuiiiL; to the Arme- nians. 'I'he I'anifon (.'cr.erallv conilfls of two or three hun- ccnud very unhealthy on account of there bein j; a (alt-wat.r lake three miles to the north- f ill, which ovtrtlowinr in September and Ocltdicr yall iiiiiiibers of lilli ;ue left drv, when the (loodt retire, anil infect the air by their putrefiction. Another inconve- nience is the houfes fronliiei; the afternoon's fun, wlm h renders t'le llicets, Inih ;diii\e and below the foil, fo I'.ot as to lie aimoil ini'u; portable. In the year 1757 ll\e viceroy of Uensal, being irritated by lyme 11 ...:.-. rior.i of the compaiii, IjvieJ a mmieruas ;irmy and invcdtd Caicutt.i, wliiih w.is then in nopof- turc of defence. Th'; ^'overnor, intimiditcd by i.,c number and pi-wer of tlie cneniy, deferted the fortj and with leveral ot ttvc principal |icrlon5 in tin- littienient, went on lioard .1 Hup in the river, takiii:; with tluin their iiKill valuable iti'iiSt';, and the company's bi„ik';. Mr. Ilolwell, the ficond in ciinimand, defended the plaie ; and, by the aililUiue of a few brave ofticcrs and a Iceble L^lrlilon, repullcd leveral att.uks of the enemy with ;>rcat intrepidity ; but vv;is at leiK;tli obli;'td toluli- mit, alter he had received the proniile of the luba, or viceroy, that no injury Ihoiilil be done to any of the ;;arrifi)n. But, iiotwiihll.iiu'injr this pr.in,iri, he no iooner entered the foit, than the paiiiion and inluilu- t;ints, conlidiM;^ of one hundred and forlv-lix prrl'on- were driven into a place iilxiut i itrhteeii lei t lipiare, called 'I'hc Hhickhole pril'on : there they w. iv ciiiellv confined during the whole' ni;.',lu, aiiddepjivcd of the frelh air in a very fultry cliniaie ; by vvl.ieli rnians only twenty-three furvived ; for all the rell [iciilhed in a molt dreadful manner bv a lin;;eriu|j; fulfi.catu.n, in uliieh they experienced all the mileries of extreme lie.it and third. Hciwever, on the thiity-full of January lull, .win'/ iid- miral WatUm and colonel Clive appeared wil.'i twi> ihips betore the town of Calcutl;i, to reveniie the tra- gedy acted upon their countrymen, and were received by.ibi.ll; hre trom the batteries: but they Coon filcnccl the enemy's guns, and in Icl's than two hours the pl.ict; and liirt were ;ihaiuloncd ; tor colonel Clive hid, in the mean time, iiivelled the town, .lul bv the vigour of his .iltack preatly contributed to \:, I'udJen redu^'tion. A lew days after they leducevl ilii;i|ev, and the Nabob's llo[e-h;ufes of fait, and vail ipianiities of provifiiuis for the fupport of his .uiny, were biiriit. The \ iceroy, now more than ever ir.cenfed a'.iirill the Kn:;li(h, rcidlvcd lo take ample rcvciii>e for his bite ililer;icis. ij,- nv.iiihed tow.irdsCilciitta, and encamp- ed about a mile finin the town; when coli.iiel Clive applviui; to the .idmir.d for a reinforcement, obt;iinc(I li\ hundred men, .md then dr.nviiii; out his forces, ad- vanced in three columns towards the enemy. He bc- u:in the att:ick with fuch vij;our, that the viceroy, after a lechle rcfitlancc, retreated, with the lofs of a th'oiil'anil men killed, wouiuled, and taken prifoner.":. Chanden.iuoie, a French fettlemcnt hiu'hcr up the river than Calcutta, and the moll confidcrable place poll'eired by that nation in the bay of Heni5;il, is (lron'>l\' fortified and encompalled by a wall, but was befici^eil ;ind t.iken bv the lulmiials VVatfon and I'ocock, \vho b;ittercd it with their (hips, while colonel Clive m.ide his approaches on the land-f.de ; and taking polliflion of the place they t'ound that the ^arrii'on \o:ili(led v( .<•',(- iiuiulred Kuropeans and twelve hundred Indian , and that the fortrcf:, was detendcd by cnc hundred and twenty-three pieces of cannon and three mortars. Fifty miles to the north of Calcutta i. Hu' ley, or Oiiglia, where the En-lilh once had .1 f.uilorv", \!'hich ihey afterwards removed to Calcutta. This' town is fcated on the mod wcllirly branch of the river Cian"cs and i.. of cenfiJerable extent, it reaching above two miles along t!ie fide of the river, and c;trr;es on a con- liderable trade in all the commodities of Hengal. It an- nually atl'ord,. rich cargoc for fifty or fixty fliips, behdes what is carried in carriages to the neighbourin:: towns. Salt-petre is brou['ht hither from Patiia m vcllels of a- bout two hu;%lred tons burthen. The llrccts are .vide, but not paved. Tluv are full of rich ware-houfes and fhopsof all fort' of India '^ood' elpccially filks, hue cloth, and llulL. 'I'hc bell opium in the world is l.iid to come from this town, whii h, at lead, tairie:, on the greaied tnulc in this commodity, it beiiiij; exported from thence .ill over India. The foil of the(ianges is edecmcd the mod: proper for producing the llronyell fort of tnis druL' ; in proof of wiiich Mr. Cirole mentions a remarkable inllancc : a N.ibobof thole paits having invited :ui Fniijlilh fictn.-/ to.m ci)tert;;innient, :i yiiin;' gi ntleman, a write: in the- comiiany';. lervice, liuintcriug aliout the irirden plucked a poppy, and fucked the he;id of it, probably apprehend- in- iio j^;-.a:.T daiu ■•r frvii it than li to be iouiid fro.-n Ihofc ':i to. T* Indostam, a S ih.il'f pl.int'j ill !''ii"l.ifiil. 'ill lio fo'iii I'll liiio .1 |)iii- Imin.l lU-p, 't' wliiili llic N.iliiili iR'iii;; iiiionuLil, i.i;-.. r- Iv tni)ii:uil, wilh mill. U tiMWi 111, or liir p'lcicilar Ix-il liiit ol wlilcii ttic piijipv w.ii ^'.itli(.riil i ami liLiii^MdU), Ik-, witli Itr I'll;; cxprclHons ot lorrow, i-.polonizuii tor Ills luviii'i; ruiipoCi'il that tlic naUiii- of poppk-. wa . too will kiinvvii t.i n(|iMri' aiiv waniiiu',, ilp;.(. lally as tlic fall'- WIS l.ir IViiin In'ini' Icnijitiii;.'; ; Init tliat the fort whl'.h till. Km ",l''l» jv'ii'lt'iiiaii was (o iintortiinatf to piti h upon aiiiiiitii'l of no hiiinan icmtHv, ami iiothiii; conlil l>vc liiin ; this was really the calc, tor that llti-p was hislatt. Th'.T? an.' ahiiinUme of MoorKh nn-rchant^, who car-y on a i oiil'u!i.T:ihli.- trailu here, and have live pagodas in the • rear lua'ket-place. 'Vlw .>utch have .ilii) a factory here built in an open place, ai); It a miilkmitt (hot frnni the river. It re- J'.-iiil'Ici a t .'t'lc, hi.in?' eiRompalled with deep ditches iiill of water ; lii.l alio dcfciulcd bv hi;:h ttone walls and t.i balHons, beinir fated with Hone and nnniiited with ) • ipoii. 'liieir iireat ware-hoiifes arc allbof (lone, and t'^.r apartments tor the oIHters and nierthants are Ipa- cioiis and convenient. Saumelpoiir, iltiiatcj in the fame kin^.doni about thirty lea" lies to the north of ()uL;li, is famous for the fine diamoni's which are not found, as in other places, in the bowels of the earth, but in the f.inds of the rivi r (jauel. rh( y lu'Liin llitir fearch at the town of SauHK I- pour, and carry it up to the nioiintiiins whence the C'luel has its fource ; a fpnce of about fifty lca 'le houfc-, which are only ol cane, are i .-led :'t fome didance from each otiur. The KnglifH and Dutch have fae'tories here for falt-pctre and r.i»i, lilk SEC T. .XXII. OfGolcomla., w'tl' nn Anunl of the Di.uiond Miirs rftht Prrjime, iil of lie Fii.'.'srirs Jtltiatcd on il^ O.ojf, par- ticularly yiziigtipalaniy ALijiuifatan, and miicn rj' h-fs Note. THK kingdom of (5olconila extends two hundred and I'lxtv mdes along the b.iy of I'engal, and is about two hundred miles where bioadeit from ea(t to well. This country has neither nuncs of gold, filvci, or cr)ppcr ; it ha"^, however, many of fait and line iron; but 's moit remark dilc on account ol if diaiiv.nd mines which have rendered it very famous. 1 A. ID- TliC diuiiAnd iniiU'i are gen'i..lly adj.i.'/nt t.i th,- io>!iy hdl, and mountains which run throuj>li the ouiiliy, and it i- fuppofed tliat tliey .ire to he lound ill all ihel'e luour.t.iius. In fomc of thefe mines th ■• diamond! a:e found Icattere.l in tlie earth williin twci oi three t.iiliiun > of the lurlace, .uid i.iothci . th. y arc found in a miuLral in the body of the rocks forty or tifty t.ithoms deep. They here dig, |ivi- or lix feet into the rock, and then foftcnlng tlie ihuie bv fuv, proceed till they find the vein, which often run. two or three fur- longs iindir the roik. All the eaith is brini^>lit out,a;;.l being carefully Inarched, affords Kone-. of vanoui (hapes- and of a good water. The euth in which fhev arc lound is of a ycHowilh and (omctimes of a rcddilh colour, which fiei|uentlv adheres to the di.mioud with fo ilrong a crull, that it is ditlicult to get it off. In Older to find the diamon.Is tl-.e workmen form a cillern, ir:!de of a kind of clay, vith a fnr.'ll vent mi one fide a httle above the bottom; into this they put a pliiLT, thin tlirowii;g into the cifltrn tiie earth tiu<' h.ive dug, 1 our in water to diiiolve it. They then break the clods, and Hir the. wrr c.ith in the ciltcrn, the lighter ('. .rt of wdiieh is carried ott in mud wlieu the VI T.i-iiole IS opened to let out the w.'.ter. Thus tiie\' contnuie waftiing till what is in the cittern is pretty clean ; ani then in the middle of the d.;y, when the fun Oiincs biiglr, carefully look o\er all the land, at whicli they are lo expert, that the fm.dhJf Itono cxinnot efcape iheni , fur the bri;ditiud\ of the fun b. ing refected oy the diamond, .idills ihem in ll.i.' leauh ; and if a cloud w.is to inteivene, tliry would bj apt to oierlou!: them. The uudert.ikrrs w.uch the l.diouicr. very narrowly lell they tlioid.l conical wli.iv they find ; arivl take I're.u care that the labourerseypofe to view no I'diie of a \' .'•jr\ li/.e than comnu'n, which if the goyrriKjr iliould hear of he would eaule it to be fei/ed ; for the governors of tlv mines enter into an agreement will; tie- .!dventurer^, lh:!t all the ilones they find uiider .1 pagoda wei-lit are- to be their own ; but ilic lari;e ones .ihove that weight belong to the king. A pa:;oda is nir.e mungelleens.iirul the mungelleen is live grains three-tlftle . Thefe governors generally u(e the ad'.eiit:;rers :m,I miners very tyrannically ; and by their e;tottions, and the taxes they oblige thcin to pay, keep them poor ; at lealt they are obligi d to appear fo, to avoid their imiio- litions; and therefore both the merchant and thcniiiur generally go naked, with (uily a cloth about their wailt and a turn. Ill on their lie.uN. 'I'lii, only relales toCjol- conda ; for inVifuipour they are laid to Ik kindly treat- ed antl permitted to enjoy their owi!; fo that when they hnd in the mines of Golcenda a larger iione tiian or- dinary, they run away with it, and remove with their families to V'iliapnur. This trade is alniolf entirely cnL»ro(r.d by the Ran- yans of CJii/iirat ; and the workmen ;n th^ mines, as wcl! as their employers, are for the mod part (Jenioos. The kingdom of (jolcoi-.da, whole princip:d haibotir is Mafulipaian, extends frcim the gulp'i of lien;;il to the kingdom of Vii'.ipour, .iiid licm north to fiiuth i-, coiuained between thofe of Herat and Ca'nate. It v\-,.s antiently a part of a \\\\\ empire, the foveiei^n of uhieli was called theempirorof liil'tia^Mr, and ci'ntained al- moll all the peninlula from the northern extremi'v of Orixa to Cape Comorin. Ihe I'attans, a nation of northern Tartars, de[)iivcd him of part of his dominions another part was t.iken from him by the Mogul prince'-, who had advanced farther and farlhcr towar.'s theloiithi and the generals of this unfortunate prince, .ilter be- traying him, div ided the rcH of his dominions amoi. ■ themfelvcs. l-'rom them the kingdoms of Dccan, V'ifia- pour, and Carnatc, had their beginning, about two cen- turies ago. The prelent N.ibob, or prince, is of tin; Mahometan religion, as are alio a great part of hia fubjec.ts, and is tributary to the Great Mogul. I'hecitx of Ciolconda, which gives name to the king- dom, is now two le.igues in circuit. Its walls are hinlt ot hewn-ftone three feet fipiaie, and furroundcd with deep ditches. It has fevcra! fuperb niofqucs, in which arc the tombs of the kind's of GolcoiuU. On M; ' ')| ^■1 i J! i iSH .j/fisi^a'i t) *v'J A S Y S T J-. M OF G E G 11 A IM 1 I.VDO' TA.V, 0:\ tir. I- )a.T il.uiJs \'i/,iM'i..t.i!ii, F.n li.ll f toiv, wlf'i li'.'htcci) c.iri.i.H' ■ mi- iiKiiiiitcJ f.i: v.. r.i.ii- p.ii'ti. ■I'iKiiiiititry romii it .I'l'.rJs tim; ..i..l ■ r l;iury I'Dttijii c!.).li>, a:iil tlio I'.ii iliiK.u (irni'illiii. of ill lii- ili.i. But ill ill. yi'.ir i;(M) tlii: N.ili'iliot Cliiiiaciil Icvycil w.ir iijioii thin j'.icloi\, Iil'>'.iIiIc tlitlr roiriicr tlik't huii Iviriiiwt'l r.K:i'.v ot liiiii on the t'linp.uiy'^. I.'.il ; v.vA .iltiiw.u Is d\iii;;, his ructwliur rd'uk-il tn p.iy it. The N.iliili.i|);il:.-ii ti) tin: i^ovciiior i>( I'ljit St. (icor^--, but v'lth II') l).il-i- I'lULflj. lie ihi.ri.'to.o ni.iiclifii a;:.iiiirt Vi^..i"a|i.i(,ini i Init tlic w.ir hi.iiigilr.;-,ii! to a coiiluLraMc Kri;;ili, pitvv bur!!u';iU>nK' t.) ill.- Li)!ii|iaiiy, .iiul tlu-y .11 lall tMir.pioniilcJ tlu- aliair, a;ul p .iil tliL Nabub a I'lMil .ilinoll L()u:;l to wliat lie ilctuaiKUil. iMaliilip.iiaii U.irul.s on tlu- iioitli liiU' of ilk' river Na- ).iiiuli, v.huli parli tiie provinces of Cioleoml.i ami Mil- lia;4ar in ei.'.l.lv one ilej'.iees loity niiniiles eail Ion 'itii.lc lioni l.nnJon, ami .in liMeiii ue^oees lliiriy niMUite'. i;oitli l.ititiiJu. In tile I. Iter part of the lalt tentiiry this W.I . clLenuJ one of the moll tloinilliin^ t'uvns in liulia, .;n.l one ol iJie moll prolii.i'nli: laeloiies t)e!iiii;;ini; to the l-ii..'i,lh, tlioii;;li not only they, but the Diileli, IJanes ami l'ortii",ue(e, h.ul fa'.lories here, ilhein;^ at tli.il innc the i.'realelt plate of truile for talieoi", imli;.',o, Jianioiuls, .mil otliii piieiou'; llone- . lint notwithllamhn;; its i^reat trade the eilv i> ill built, though very popnlou.-. V\ li It 1-. iel.;ted of the lieuls fell in tins city, appears .ilnioll inereui'iile. It 1 . laiJ ;',nni;al!y i;i tlu- inor.tli of .Ma\ the well wind blowi durini; feven or ci^ht hoiir^ ri a d.iv, the heat of '.vhi'.h exceeds that of tlvj iV'ir.h- uii rays of the fun, and refvmHes that felt on ap- proaehifv.; a lioiife in fl;;ines. 'I'hoiigli thiir chambers are tloK'lv iluil up, the wrod of the chairs, table.:, and wanil'eot is lb healed, th.'.t people are oblij^ed continu- ally to throw water upon thiin; but the rains which I'.ion after fail plcntilully, r.^lri(li the air, and l.iy the whole c nnitrv iiinkr w.iierj [^n^ the inh.ibll.iiUs receive the fame beiiellt tVoni it, that the I'lrvpiinis d.i from the inundations of tl.e Nile, lor tluy lo-.v their land thus prep.ircd with rieeaiul other ijrain, wilhont e.xjiect- in^ aiiv more r..in for ii;',hl m.uuiis, in all which time the trees aic green, and alteiii..tily loaded with ripe friKt:, The cily is cnconipalled bv a wall and ditch, and to- wards the laiul-lide is a deep nioials, fi'metimis over- flowed by iho lea ; ai'.d over it is a wooden bridge half a lea;.'iie in lennlh, on brealcin;; of which llu- town wa. fuppofed to be feciiie lVo::i in', aiicr.- ; but in the year lyijf), wIkii it w.is in th.' poli'ellion of the Krench, it w.is befiei'ed bv the KiiLtliiii, t.inim.md^d by colonel Tord.'. C)ur troops were emplovivl in in.ikiii;; the iu- i eli'ai 1 ajipioiu lies fioin the fcveiith of M.iieh to the Uveiuh of April, wlun lindiii;^ tluir aniiiuinition .dmoll fpent, and levir.d brc, idles maile in the wall, a parte of the troops tiodid the morals, and took the town bv Itorin, when the maniiiis ile ConHans alkiii:; quarter for the L'.uriion, it w.is i;ranted ; the Kngrih found in the pl.ic'.' fine hundred and lifty pieces of cannon, and a great ipiantity of ammiir.ition. Ah'jiit thir;v n-.iles to tne I );ith-wc(l of M.il'ulipatan, It m.is t!ie tiwa of l''-tti'|-nlv, where the Kn.'liih have a fmall f.ieuirv. About a hundred miles farther fouth is «."oIetoie, where thcKn. Ii(h h.ive another fm.dl taiitory i .".n 1 about a d.\y's fad taiiher io the fouth i. I'.ilicate, or Pii'bcat, wliicli Is litiu.ted at the mouth of .i river of the fame name, ab'jut (vvi nty-llnee miles from Madrals. 1 hi.s pl.ice has bixii ill 'he poll'ellion of the Dutch u|'- w.;rds of .III hundred .e.irs, and wa:. one of their tirit let- tknv.ai^ ''11 ihe eci'.. .ii:t v.t India. S K C T. XXIII. (if M:ii\i;<, cr F.yt Si. r;.;re,', the C'lpiUi! -f the Engl'fl) Cii'/-ci")'s .V. .'//<■ w.r;./) in tht Eiijl /m/iis. MADlv.\''S, Ol F. Li>'.'.iiiii CI mp b.is its l;',!! m'-nlione. iiA i; fitaat'.'d in iliir:;eii d.-'rees north latitud. I .St, Cli.or'!f, ihc cajdl.il of tl•.e ;:. '. dominions ill the Kall-liidies, r.nie from the- fort in that cltv. lijhty dc lee. i.iil lir it.i.l,. T'l.is it i, ncir fon-' thoiiland ti;'ht liuiuhed miles to the eattward ol i.i n don, (ii that the fun vilits the:;» about lix hours b' n !■.: he rilis ill I'.n/l.nd, .md fit- before we lit ilown rj i:n- ncr , and tlieie is fo ht'.i'j diffeience in the- lcn;;ih of ti\c days, tliat the Kii.!li(h alw.t;, s reckon it to he fix o'clot.: at fun-iiliiij^ .ind at lun-lit. This place is litua'.ed (ui one of the mnll incuinoiO' dioiis Ipnts iina;',inabli.' ; lor the lea bcat« perpi tiiallv' With pioJi^ioiis violence I. M ihelaii.l on wliii li ii Hands j thvie .. iiofrefti w.itei v. .tliui a mile of it ; in the rainy le.ifpii it is fiibiect to inund.iliDiis, from a river of f.ilc w.iter fh.it runs behind it; and the fun from Apiil ti» iipirmberis CACeediiii^ hot, the fca-brie/es alone reii- denii ; it h.ibit.ihle. Various reafons are '.'.iveii for fhi'i iiijiulicious choice of a letllement ; aecouliii;>; to fomc .U'coiinis, the pcrfon eiitriilled by the comp.'.nv about th.' begiiinin;'. cd the reign of kiiij;; Cii.ole.s II. to erect a forti-Lls on tint ti all, made choice of this place a^; the molt proper to ruin the trade ot the l*ort»:;uefe fet- tlement at bt. I homas j while otUMs a'i'rt, that hi; only motive was to be near a millrcls he had at the i'or- tiiLj^uele culoiiy. It is liowiver, eerl.iiii, that there: were liveral pl.iccs in its iiei^hbouihood liee fioni iiioft or nil <'l tlieU- iiuoiivenieiu ics. However, the w.ircarried on by tlie Co'iipany at Boni- bav and l!cnL;al Iroiii the year lOHi; lo lOSc;, ai|,ainll thi: luhieets of the Moj;ii|, was .i lonliderable .idvanta'/e to Jvl.idrals; lor the lr.iiu)uiiit,' wlii'. ii reii/ned theie,"and its viiinity to the diamor. 1 mines .i| Cjoleonda, when! ^;ood purcinifei aie fieq.ieiuly to be made, caufcd .» piodigious lelort oi Indian iiiercliaiits lo this place, and contributed to render it populous and ilouiilhiiiir. The fort is a re;;ular iiiuaie extending about one liiin- drcJ yards on cieli iide, and has four l)a(lions built with what is theie called iron Hone, fumi its beint^ of the colour of unwrought iron, and very rouuh. I hi: fort is dLleiidcd by no ditch, and the walls are arcliej and hollovvid witiiin. It h.is two gales, one of which op..ns to the e.ill, and the other to the welt. The for- mer, which is towards the lea, is luit fmall, and is only j^^uarded by a file of miifi|ueteers; but the welKrn j^atc, whivh opi lis towards the land, is pretty large, and de- leiidcil by the main guard, the loidiits bclongin'.', to it lying on the right and left under tin- wall, which, beiiitv hollow, aiifwers the purpole of a giiard-lioiife. In the mivlvlle ol the fort is the governor's lioiife, in which arc .ipartments lor the company's fervaiits : it is a very handfoiiie lofty building of fipiare (tune, to wliicli there is an alcent to llie full rooms bv ten or twelve fleps, .md fiom thence a p.iir of llairs !e.'..!s to the couikH- ch.iinber and the !odt;ing5 of the goveriuir. To t!ie nortliward of the fort are three itraiglit liand- fome (Irerl', ^md there are the fame number >> the fouth. The buildings are inv'': foLliers are obliged to lodge '.vhen otF the guard ; ami .idj'iiniiiir to it, on th'.' north, i.s a commodious hcfpital, where care is taken of them win n tlu y are lick. At the other end of the barr.u k is the mint, where the company coin builion bioiight from Kuiopc, and c!i where, into rupees; and this brings them a confide r.^ de rcicnu''. They alio coin gold into pagodas of dilfereiit denomi- nations and value. On the fouth fide of ihe fort i. the Knglifh church, which i'j a pretty elejant huildiiig (f a moderate Hie, and has a handfonie altar-piece, a gallery of Kn:: carved wood relembling cedar, and an or^Mii, with which ihcv filutc f/f.M. '1 Hf>:co. ii'.nii, tin; \vn% and lliiiii, ;iiut Iniii witli I'J i.i till- .in.s, .111(1 it not halt' w.il!.. Iii<;s, ami iior. Irr:'.fk, fir I"-; |n!Jicr-i Luij'iinin.^ il, whiTL- Itho otlur ji'i.uiipaii)' lierc, into liLiiomi- i;luM\Il, Irate iVic, Ir.; carved Ihich they I'iluc'c I.VD05TAV. A ."5 falutc Goil anj tlie ;'(.\cninri for lij no loon^'r fntcr> the cliii rill th.in thi- (iri;;m Itiikti up. 'I lie 11 lor i. ot bhulc am. whiti; nmibk', ihf liMts rcvil.n :i!u! cimvc- nicnt, .111(1 the winJiiws l.irjj and lui;^,!.:/,' ,1, to aJniir tlic cooliii": br(t/(.<, liir otlicrwilu- the heat would he inl'iipport.iblc, as the pinjd-', who are as thinly do itliid when at home as poUihle, aiwayi. tome to ehiirch in the European dre(\. The church has iilually a llotk of three or four thou- fand pounds, which is put out to interett, and that ap- plied to the repairs of the chureh and tile relief of the poor i but thcfe are generally (o few, that the j;reatell part of the interell i^oes to iiicreafe the principal ; and as there is alfo an addition of a hundred pounds and up- wards annually colleded, the buildinjjs belonj^iini; to the church are always kept in goo ' repair and properlv beautified. The orphan children of the wealthy inhabitant' are frequently committed to the care of the truUecs tor the church, who put out their fortunes to intcreft at (even per cent, out of which they maint.iin and educate them, and rellore the principal with the furplus when they come of age. Where there is no will made, the ['O- vernmcnt takes care of the effects of the intellate, and redorcs them to the relations of the deccafed who are intitled to them, whether they refide there or in lin;.^- land. There is a frec-fchool, where children are taught to read and write ; and a public library, which chielly con- Cfts of books of divinity. On the north fide of the fort ftands the Portugiicfc church, in which they are indulged the free cxcrcifc of the Romifh religion. Thefe are the onlv public build- ings in the White Town, except the Town-houfe, where the mayor and his brethren, chofcn bv the free citizens, ailemble, and a court of jullice is held for civil caufes. A river runs clofe to the buildings on the weft part of the town ; but on that fide there is no wall, and only a large battery which commands the plain beyond the river. On the eaft is a (light ftone wall |)rctty high, which to the (hipping in the road haa a grand appearance ; but on that fide there is little occallon for any fortification, the fea coming up clofe to the town, and bci'ig fo very fliallow that no large vedels can ride within two miles of it ; and yet the (iirf runs fo high that there is no landing but in the country flat-bottomed boats, tioth the north and fouth ends of the town are defended by a ftone wall of a moderate thicknels j but, like thofe of the fort, each of thefe is hollow within, and would fcarcely hold out (jne day's battery. To the fouthward of the White Town is a fmall (uburb, inhabited only by the black watermen and fifhermen, confiding of little low thatched cottaL'cs ; and beyond it is an out-guard of blacks who ferve to give intelligence to the fort. Adjoining to the White 'J'own northward is the Black Town, inhabited by Portugucfi;, Armenians, Indians, and a great variety of other people. It is built in the fi m of a fquarc, and is above a mile and a half in circumference, ("iirroundcd with a brick wall fcven- teen feet thick, with baftions at proper diilances, after the modern way of fortification : it is alfo waftied on the weft by a river, and by the fea on the eaft ; and to the northward a canal is cut from the river to the fea, and ferves on that fide for a moat ; lb that Madrafs, confider- ing Its (ituaiion, may be reckoned a town of ftrcngth when properly garrifoned. The ftreets'of the Black Town arc wide, and fome of them planted with trees ; and having the fea on one fide, a. J a rivti on the other, few towns are more plea- I'antly fituated, or better lupplied ; but, except a fev/ brick hollies, the reft arc poor cottages, buiit with clay and thatched, without lb much as a window on the outfide, or any furniture within, except the mats and carpets on which the people lie. The houles of the more wealthy Indians arc ufually in the fame form, and have a little Iquare in themiddle, from whence they receive all their light. '1 he great ftrccts and the mar- ket-place are thronged wi;h people ; (or though the houfcs are low and fmall, the place is extrenielv popu- lous, fix or feveii people (Iceping in one little r>jom, with no oiher bed than a mat or cloth (pread und.T theni; I A. 2^7 but, nntwithftanding this appearance n( poverty, ihcic is no place while we.ilth abound. iM'ne, <i!.'. I, or tit pDiniiii fix Ihillitii;', ii '""I'tli ; .111 fMlt.'n is alldvvcj tniir pnuiids iiiiutnii Oiillinr-. .i nronlli) ihf turji'aiits hue two poimiU live (hilliii/i a iiioiilli i the corp'Tal > ami :;iiiincfi iit the fort one poiiiid hie lliilliiiij. a month i aiul the private foMicis oiu' iniiiiul two lhilliiv.;s and iiine-peiKe a month each ; upon vvliiih they inavlive vni' comfortalilv, and Wiar aclean lliiit every dav : and there i-i not a cuiiunon foldjer iii the plaeewhoha. Hot a liov lo wait on him, thj Indians lutl'eiini; their i hitdren lo firvc the Kii'lilh fur a trifle, on ai eoiint of their le.iriiiiii' their lamua/c. I his eolonv, however, pio.iuees very little of its own urowih, and leareelv ,;nv mainit'actures for foreij;ii mar- kets, and the trade i* in the hands of the Arineiiiaiis tiid (lentoos. The ehief things in whieh the Kii;;li(h hrre deal are diamond;, callieoes, (hint/, mulliiv.,and the like. The di.imond mines are hut a w;-ck'' journev (lom thisciu, which n n.lcrs thefe iiv.'els pretty plentitii!. Some \e.ir> .ii:o there were i omputed to lie in the tov.-ii;i Jiid \illa^es beloiiitinc; to Fort St. (ieor;^e ei^ihtv thou (and inhabitants, and ahoiit live hundred F.uro|)e.in-.. As the country docs not piodiiee foo,l fiifiieient for the luppoit of the people, they have rite from (J iiii.im and Orix.i, whi.it from Heiv.'ai and Siir.it, and wood lor lewi I fiom the ill.inds c.f I)ni ; hence they mi'dit eafily he diltieliid hv an eiiemv who hji; a fuperior force at le.i. In fliort, this citv was acliia!iv taken h:' the Frcm h ill l"4(', who rdti red it alter the pei'e. Hut iii ijcS the Freiuh army, under the command of M. f.allv, at- tacked it au.iin ; it was then defended l>y the colonels J,aurence and Draper ; hut though the I'nnch entered th'' lil.iek Town, the I'irrilon in the foit m.ide (iijudi- lioiis .iiid lo hr.ive a del'clice, th.il they at li'Mi'th (di Hyed tlie tneiny to retire and .ih.iiidon the cllterpn^e. SEC r. XXIV. Of iht l>i in,ipnl r.n>it',,iii S,ll!-mi-iill fr'.m Miiilriifs /j Cape (.'omiriii ; p.irli^nlni ly M,li.'ip'^i:r, Siidififs, Pondiihrriy, i finite, fctt St. Diivi.i, 7ivw;:rc, 'I'luiijbthir, Ne^apo- tun, '/ri(/inrpid Kiiiuat. TIIRKF. miles to the foiith o,' Fort St. (icorgc is Mtliapoiir, or St. 'I'homas, which was once the moll' confiiler.'.hle place on the coalt ot Coroinandel. Whin the l\irtii2iiefe fettled there it was in ruins, and .ilmolt ahaiidoiied by the inhabitants. 'I'hc I'oitiigiiefe, on their rebiiiidiiii.', the city, -.nuc it the name of St. 'I hom;u;, from that aptiftle, who is faid to have been martyred theie ; and it is preteiided, tint his (epulchre was on .1 hill at a fmall dilt.ince from the town. The I'ortuiiuefe, however, found fomc bones which they reaiiily (uppofcd were thofe of that apoiHe ; and bavin'' «nlhrintii them, they became the o!>it^t,s of adoration. As tjiis town had fevcral yillages under its jurifdicfion. It was crciltid into a birtiop'.s ice, and its churchci, mo- fialleries, and private buiidint;s were very macinihcent. Jt was alfo reuiilarly fortified ; and, as hath been ob- lerved, bcc.ime the greateit place of trade upon the coafV 'd it willi French, pielrml- II' that he did It tu picveiit ils biiiig taken bv tliu Eii'ldh. I'ondicht.-rv, the capit.il of the French fettlements in India, is a l.iri;", llron;.', and handlieiie town on ihe co.ili of Coroitiaiuiel,fituated 111 twiKc ki..r'rit;,twinf\ niinuie'* >i . ti) north lafi!u;le, and 111 iighly tle^ie.s, thirty niiir.it, , jfi7;j(i cad loii;:itudc from LonJun. 1 he ground on whu h it 11.1:1 is is low, and the Ihip'j k'unnut Call aticlior luater to It than aliotit a mile and a half; liur can llie boats oi- canoes come nearer it ih.iil the diflaiice cf a t;iulini..t (hot; fi) that the blav ks loin.' in fl..i -bottomed boats tj curry the men and mercliandi/e to the fleet. Tiie city is extremely regular in its building' 1 for tbe llreet.s an: entirely fliaight, and the princijial (liett, winch riiiw from iiortil to louth, is hall .< ii.iguc in ieii'-th, i\iv\ that which irolics the city in the middle t.xteiids tweUu huii'lnd v.irds. i Iu loit is two liundred pa'is fiom the (la, and is very irreg.t'ai, but 11 .. built wi'.li bucks, covered with fuch fine plaller, llt.ii it relLnilMes white m.iible. 1 l.t city is alio walled round, and has t'evtr.il great iiiaiM/ir.e , lix g;iles, cLmii forts or lall:'ii',, and four hiindiid and live pieces of cannon niuiiiULd upon the w.ill i bi lidi-s bombs, mortal'., and oilier lueces of artillir> in the ailenal. I In plincip.il houle i.-. the go- vernor's, and on tbe other (ide, toivaids the WlII, lie t!ie cc.inpaiiy'', garden;, pl.inted wiih fiiK- vilKe, whi. h k:\:- f'lr public w.ill.s, with a larj;e building lichb, furuillied, where foieign princes and ainballadors ate lodged : thi: jefuit.'i have a line houle, in which are twelve or fifteen piiells, whote.ith the youth lealiiig, writing, and m.i- ihein.iiics, but Latin is not t.iught in the city. rhiie are only two or three prielh ill the houfe ot the fori ij^i-j miflion , and about (even or ei;;hl in the convent of tnn capuchin^. Some [>ri\ate perfoiis, who arc rich, are ve-- ry Well accomniodaled in their hoiiles, though tliey conlilt only of one llory, as is ulu..l in iiiolJ cl the ci- ties of the pro'.iii'.'e. 'Ihe tientoos have two pagodas. Thefc people arc poor, but indet'ati(;ab)e and laborious, and, in reality, are the fole fource of tlie riches of the city and coun- try. Their luiufis arc ufiially eight I'athoms in length, and fix in brculth, containing about I'.ftecn or twenty pirl'ons; but ..re all fo d.'.rk that it is difficult to con- ceive how thcv a'c ab'e to cairy on their iiianulai:tu:is for want of light. MolJ of tlum are we.uer;, pjiii- ters of ffufr's, and goldfmiths. Thty pafs the nights iii their conns, 01 on the lops of th.ir houfes, lying .d- mo(f naked on a mat, which is indeed cuinniiiii witit them with the reff . At cer- tain diftances in the Gelds they dig wells from ten l» twelve feet in depth, and lix a ivvipe oil tlie top wi'.li ;■. wcicht without, and a great bucket within. A Cjcniio gets upon tlie middle of the fwipe, and v.oiks it by leaning alternately with one foot on cacli liiie, fiiigiiig, as he makes each movemtiit, in the Malabar, their ordi- nary languai.'C, " And one, and two, uiul thicc, .Sec." th'is reckoning how iii.'.iiy buckets he has drawn. Oiii^ Weil being exhaulkJ, he goes to another, and tliLi, proceeds through the whole day. 'I Iu I'e people dill.i- iuite .ind manage th'^' water with furpri/.ing dexterity, and after the overflowing of the great livers, i)r..ferye it. in c.iiials or ponds. IJut the Mahoiiittans i.:e ai i]i.ici lent as, the Geiifjos Jie indullriuus. TL' ]'■ tJ. ill >ff tance, < xccpt cominii place cc gc-c, north w; 1 riles ill and fi' which div ideil vyhicli are four ii.accefli Jvlogul fiC2c thi Th'-- colony 1 atcd iivt degrees grecs by the dia com 'l"he fo right m land, fevcral and fun fides ; This is the Kng which i This commai an arm' after b; J.' >ff |\nf»STAW. A o I A. 'J'lie p'lvi-riinr-jpfi M.il nf llic o iMnv h l- tw Ivt- hnrff (;iiir'U tlntlinl in (ijrLt, win W u-k r,icini'>, jri'l a liorilir of yAA , thiir ciptaiii i< rl.illirj in t:\c ) III!'' iii.iniu r, hul wilh Kuc on thi- I'.r.', r . .i|iil rciiiu. Ik li.is all'i) tlir.c h'.iinlrcl t\i )t ;;'.i.'.r.l ., imIL.I I't'inn, V, 111), 11)1:111 oc.iir.'iii, ;iri: tiiipliiyi.l ill iitiicr iVrvice,. All tli^ ri'tii\uc lUfiiJ". tilt ;;, lie is cai ricil by fix men on a |'al.ipi(]iiiii, tln' mmli ami raiinpy of (•liii li are aJiiiiHil wiili tinlioiiiiry aiul talli K of ;;(i!J. '\"\w coinii.iny alfn maintain a L-oinniinlint i>i llic iiirintiv, a major, thrte irini|)anits ol I'ri mli iiitanlrv, ml bitwciii two ami three liuiulred topalll'., wiv) have biin inlUikl 1 in till- Romilh reli^-ion, and arc clothed .-ill I ilifci|iliiud in the l-'reneh manner. I li ■ com(iaiiy, as lovcrti;Mi> of I'ondiiherry and its (li-peiiikiicies, have the privile^'C of coiniiij; nmney. I'onillclierrv was taken liy the Duuii in |6()^, hut r llored to the French at the peaee of U , us ick. In 174H it w.is bcfitia'd bv admiral Hok.iwen, but the periodi- ral rains obli;red him to difill: but in the next w.u the i;ii';lilh were niore fiieeef>fuli for in 1760, ml, L'oote formed the blo;;kadc of that important city bv land, while an ll'.nglifh (l.-et, luiiK' malkr . of the fe.i, pievun- t 1 any fuccour,-. beiiv; lent to its reli.l. Uy tbis Jifpo- I'ltioii, and the vi'.'.ilaiite of th-- llritilh oflieer^, the place was foon dillrefled for want ot piovihipii;, tun before the fi-'t'c coul.l lie undertaken in form, b)r the rainv feafon rendered all reinilar approaehc - inipracliea- ble, but thnt was no fnomr over tli.iii baltiries weie creeled, and, at leir^th, a breach was made in the eur- tain. 'l"he welt: fate and flank of the nortli-weii ballion were ruined, and the enemies giin'i entirely filenced. While their walls were in this fitiiation the L^.irrifon and inhabitants kift'ered by the mod fevere famine, and lur- rcndered to Mr. Coote prifoneis of war in J iiiiiary l-^I. Of whatever detriment thelofs of this inipsutaiit place might be to the Freneh, it eould not be of any rreat advantage to the Kni-lilh, after the eoiKlulion of a peace : it was therefore relloreJ by the delinilivc treaty I Diuluded in 176 ;. 'I'hirty-five miles to the weft of Pmidieherrv is- Gin;.'i, f.r {iin;;ee, which is fiirroi. led with mountains, ai, 1 the roads, or more properly the palles wliicli le.id to it, bei'in between thofe mountain ; at about ten miles dif- lancc, and in them an army may be eafily blocked up, I xrept thes' arc fo numerous as to he able to keep up a cnmmunic.ition with the neighbouiint; country. Tlie pi.icetonfifls of two tov.'iis, called Great and Little Gin- ';ec, the firft to the fouthward, and the other to the northward: but both arc furrounled by one will, three : liles in circumlerence, which incloks the two towns, and live hii>h and rugged rocks, on tiic fummits of which arc built five llron;^ forts. 'The two towns ar; Ji\ ided from taft to welt by a wall lined with carinun, which one of thofc five rocks dek-iids as a citadel. There arc four roads which lead to (linsjcc ; but the place is ii.acceflible, c.vcept from the eaft and fouth-ealK The Tvlivi^ul beficgcd it in 1690, and though he carried on the fie^e three yer.rs, was at length obliged to dcl'ilk t"lv,' next place of conftipience is Fort .St. David, a colonv and fortrcfsbelongiiVA to the Kngiifh. It is fitu- atcd five leagues to the fouth of I'ondicherrv ; in twelve dcrees three mi.iutes north latitude, ami in eighty de- grees call longitude from London. It was purchafed by the governor of Fort St. George for the Kaft-In- dia company in ib86, for the fum of 90,000 pagodas. The fort is pretty llrong, and its territories extend right miles along the fhorc, and four rniles within the land. The country is plealant, fertile, and watered by fcvcral fmall rivers. 'Ihe company have a good garden and fummer-lioufe, where the governor generally rc- fides ; and the town has gardens to moft of the houfes. This is reckoned a place of tl.c greatell conl'cquencc to the Knglifh on this coaft, next to F'ort St. George, to which it is fubordinate. This fettlement was taken by the French under the command of M. I. ally, who befieijed the town wiili live feet long, and an army of three thouiand live hundred huropcans, and eijjitten feet hi;'li; after baf.eriivj the plate from the fixtccnth oi April tt: «>. 1758 to tiij th.ii.eth, (diii/ed ihtf deputy-,. iV.Tiior fj fiirieiiikr. Alr.r whu.htlit I rei.ch bk w up the tiitili'a 1 1011,, and redir idtheilitu a he.;p of ruin.s. For tlii , f.ti 1 Mr, I'ainbridge, they diiiiot be conJeii'ti' d 1 •' bit lll^• '* ruin of villas, .m.l the miiirv d 'lie to ni.mv beau'iliii " (tructiMes in the neiehl.ounii;; cnuiiin , will he .il.iil- ** ing reproach of waiiion bailuiiiyli. the linuli." Ijiit victory loon foi look thiin, andtlu) wercobli.id toluf- rciider mill ol their own pou'diions to the Fiulifti. Tanjore, the capital of a kingdom of the l,;:iu ii.;me, is litiiated to the loutli of Fort .*)t. IJavid, in eU\en de- grees twinty-jeun minute., noitli latitude. I he king- dom to v^hlrh it belong, is boiird d on '.he north b/ the liitr Cokioon, on the calt bv the Uux, on the foutli bv two powerful poligars, or lords wiioft in litori.i are fmall j and on the \\ell by TriJuiiojioly, Near the mouth of the Cokioon the I!ii^li(li Ilaie a lott caihd IXuccotah, with Ionic leriiloiv .ninexid, gi.iiited by the king of I ..njore, who was a friend to the Kn.;li(li during the late w.ir. ]n 17 (S .M. I, .illv inarched up to the town of laiijore, and while he wa, amiiliii,: the king with a negotiaiion, creeled li.uteric., and bc^.ui to fire upon the toivn, and hadciLii iii.ide a lonlideiable breach, when the r.iiijoie.in^ made a general lally, anil at once attacked the French c.imp and batteries with luth luccclj, ih.u M. I. ally fpike.l up the heavy guiii on hi-, batteries, an I made a (uddeii retreat. The next (ettlement on the coall belongs to the Hiiies, and Is called IMiupubar. A foit was built lu;e in lUlO, bv a D.inilh adiiiiial, wiili the pciniilliwii ol thu governoi 01 the eoumi), aiul in 1(121 it was pdrelialcl ol the king of r.iiijore. I'his town, which is lltii.ited in eleven degrees li\i,en .iiinut> 3 r.or.li l.ilitiide, isabgm 11 t(> two miles in em umleieiiee, and fin nuiuled with .1 L'ood w.ill fated Willi llone. The houki of the Indian! .ite mean; Imt thofe of the D.iiies ami other Furopi..iis are built of hi ick and llone, and fufiici.i.ilv commodious j hut b.uve o.nly the ground floor. The llitets are wide, ilraight, and pa\ ed on the fiJe;, v. it!i brick. The t(,v. n af- fords a pleaf.nt prol'pect from the lea, which wafhe.soiic h.ilf of the walls of the lort. Theie .\re I'.re Daiiilh liiiirionarie.'i tor the proparjation of ilie gofpi I ; but th -y have been much op|iol'cd bv t!ie popilh inifTionaries in this lountry. They h.ive a fchool, wkIi ni.iders who under- (laiul the Ma|j\iar tongue, into wl'iiili they hive trail- dated the Uible; they ilfo indruel voiilli ill the protec- tant religion, and have erected a printing pref-, and ,1 paper mill. In 1699 this town laid out a luge of 11^ months agaiiirt the whole forces of the king of T..njoie, and had not Mr. I'lit, tlie governor of Foit St. (Jeorge, fent a reinforcement of Lnglifh to their .iflirtancL-, it would probably have been tuKcn. Negapatan, a town helongin.; to the Dutch, is fitii- , , atcd in eleven degrees latitude, and was built by the H fC>. I'ortuguefe, who creeled leveral churches there with .1 monallery, a college of jefuits, and other public ftruc- tures; but was taken by the Dutch in I'ljS. It is po- pulous and well fortified, and in leveral of the neigh- bouring villages the Dutch have planted Chriflianiiy. The adjacent country abounds with lice, tobacco, and long pepper. 'I'rirhinopoly is I'ltiiated in a pLin once crowded with ricli villages and plantations of tives, but linco the late war hardly any trace of cither is left. 7"he towii is in the form of an oblong fquare, the 1 mgell I'l ies of which face the ia;l and wefl. On tlie north tun. the river Cauvery, at lefs than half a mile from the fort; This town was formerly incloled within a wall about twelve hundred yard:.' in circumference round the foot of a rock, but as the inhabitants inereafed it was aug- mented to half of its prefent length ; and the thiru aug- mentation being m.ide, indoles the town .is it now Hands. It is at prelent near foui niiles round, foiiilied with double walls, and defended by round towers at e(|ual dilKinces, according to the callern method of fortilici- tion. The ditch is near thirty feet wide, but not half to deep, and at ditlerent feafons is more or lefs fupplied with water, but is never quite dry. The outward wall is built of a grp)ilh llone, each of them from four to ill of them laid endways and four or five thick. it is about The other is :i'J IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 M 116 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation y WJ.. ^ ^ .<$> # ,\ :\ ,v \ ym. ^ ^ '^^ . ». 6^ ^ ^. ^ '% 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 5 w liii. ! VA t J) 'I );! 'ti n^ >3S ■ U-iS. »ild A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A i' IT Y. I N'DOST/.V, is more properly a rarapnrt thirty fVft hi^^li, placed ::', about twenty-five teet within the wall. A very cxtraorJinarv rock ihimN in ihf middle ot the ■ old town : it is aiwrt three hiMuhv.l ket in hti^|,ht, and on the top of it is a paijoda. 'I'lie building', on this rock, and thole cut out of the f.dcs of it, are fur- prizing worlc; in a country where the people have lew tools to facilitate their labour. The town is well I'up- plicd by water coiirfes from the river, which carry the water into large fquare tanks or ponds, that have a communication by aquedufts. This city was taken by the Marattas on the laft day April 1741, after a fu-ge of five months, and in the lalt war was the chief feenc of our military operations, it b'ing of the utmoft importance on account of the ftrengthof the fortification, and tiie large trait of coun- try it"commands. In ijst the French made an attempt to take it by furpri/e; for on the twenty-eighth of September, at three in the morning, fix hundred of the French, under the command of Mr. Maffin, fcaled the outer wall, while two hundred more, and a body of fepcvs, waited the e\ ent below, and prepared to fe- cond and join the firll parly. The French, perfuaded that firing alone would frighten the garrifon, turned two of our twelve pounders on the battery againft thetown, and difchargcd them with a volley of fmall arms, their drums beating, and the foldiers crying, vlvc le roy. Captain Killpatrick being ill of the wounds he had received in a \'idtory colonel Laurence had juil gained over the French, the next officer in commaul came to him for orders. Mean while the French came down from the battery, and were between the two walls. There was a fiight gate in the inner wall, which led in- to the town; their guide knew where it was, and had two petards ready to clap lo it, while, to amufe the Englifli, another party was to fcale the inner wall. The fchemc was well laid, and had not the French difcovcred thenifelves too foon, they might, per- haps, have entered the town. The Englim officer, on coming to the place attacked, found it difficult to dif- covcr the enemy's fituation ; but in his hurry and con- fufionhe did not forget the gate, on the flanks of which he ported a number of men, with plenty of ammunition, to fire from thence incelTantly, whether they heard or faw any thing of the enemy or not. And luckily he did, for both the guide and pctardier were found killed within ten yards of the gate. The cfcaladers began to mount, and their commanding officer, preceded by his drummer, were the firll who attempted to enter, in which the latter loll his life, and the officer, receivina;a ihot and a cut at the fame time, was pulled within tne town. The friqucnt flafliesof fire, proceeding from the briiknefs of the attack and defence, were the only guide to the officer of the artillery for pointing his guns, which he did with fuch fuccefs, having loaded them with grape, as to (hatter the ladders, wound and kill a number of men, and entirely difappoint their well-con- certed fchemc. The ei'.emy now only thought of making their efcape, nr fkrcening thcmfelves from the fire; fome therefore leaped from the battery into the ditch ; but the greater number lay hid under the parapet- The long-wiihed for day at length dawned, which difcovered the enemy, who inftantly begged for quarter, which was granted them, :ind three hundred and fixty-four Europeans were taken prifoners, fixty-five of whom were wounded; and forty private men and one officer were found (lain. Madura, the capital of a province thus named, and fometimes the refidence of the prince, is fituated in ten degrees live minutes north latitude, in the center be- tween the cart and wefttoafl, and is a large town, for- tified in tiic old way with two walls, round towers at proper diltances, and a ditch. This city was taken by the FngliUi under the command of captain Caillaud in 1757- Karical, a French fettlement, is fituated in ten degrees thirty-five minutes north latitude, four leagues fouth of Tranquebar, and twenty-five leagues fouth of Pondi- cherry. The ritv, which is ancient, appears to have been very lonfiderable, and has at prefent upwards of fix huiuh\d houfcs of (lone a:id brick ; bcfides a great and is faid to contain fiic pagodas, nine finall ones, and a- It is Icated on one of nto which fluupj number formed of molque^, five large bout five thoufand inhabitants. the branches of the ri. er Colram, 1 may eafily enter, and has the following places under ;ti jurildiftion. The fortrefs of Karcangcry is built after the country fa(hion, it being flanked with eight large towt•r^ ; it lies about a cannon-(hot from the city of Karical, aiul half a quarter of aleague from the fea-iidc. The French have blown uppart of it, having judged it more com cnient to fettle at the entrance on the banks of that branch of the Colram which runs to Karical. Tiroumale RayanPatuam is averyconfidcrabic town lying to the fouth of Karical, and one of its dependen- cies, being about a league diftant from it, and ojie thou- fand two hundred fathoms from the fea : it confifls cf five hundred brick houfes, four mofques, four larje pagodas, twenty-eight fmall ones, and twenty-five inns for the reception of travellers. According to a compu- tation that was made at taking pod'effion of it, it con- tained two thoufand iwit hundred men. The reft of the territory of Karical confifls of nine towns, or villages, extending five or lix Icaifues round. The foil is excellent, and produces great quantities of indigo, cotton, rice, and other grain. A ^rcat quan- tity of cotton and painted Huffs are alfo manufactured there. We have now taken a view of the iwo capitals of Indollan, ajid of the principal European fettlen-tnts 011 the caftern coall ; we (hall therefore return to the in- terior part of the country, and afterwards proceed with the wefterii coall of the peniufula. SECT. XXV. Of the iiiterisr Part of Indojlan, particuMy a coihfg A:~ count of the Pattans, the Country and City of Cajkmirc and of Labor. IVith a gtntral View of the modern Divi- JioHS of the Peninfuhi and fome Obfervations on tl>e pecu- liar Cufhms of Malabar i and particularly of the ffomen's expofing their naked BreaJIs. THE Pattans, a nation which in former times fled to the mountains on the borders of Perfia, in or- der to efcape the fword, or to avoid fubmitting to the conquerors of India, there formed a feparate flate, which was never thoroughly fubdued by the Moguls ; and oc- cafionally exercifed their depredations on the adjacent: countries, without its being polTibli; for the .Moguls to extirpate them. Scnfible that the climate and foil of the delicious plains would only ferve to rob them of that hardinefs they contrafted in the hills to which they were confined, they for a long time gave no indications of a defire to exchanoe them for more pleafing abodes, or a moreacceffible (ituation. This enabled "them tj brave the viftorious army of Nadir Shah, whofe troops they quietly fiilfered to penetrate into Indoft.an, and waited his return with the fpoils of that country. They tlien harrafled his troops in the (Iraights and defiles of the mountains, and (hewed that they were fo much mafters of the pafl'es, as to force him to come to a compoiitioii with them for leave to pafs them. Since that time tJiey have imitated the Pcrfian conqueror in plundering the city of Delli ; and the chief of that people has at length even placed Timur, his fon, on the throne of Indollan. Cartimire, one of the moft delightful provinces in In.li.!, is fituated on the north of that empire, and is di\ idei from Tartary by Mount Caucafus, and, according to Bernier, who was many years in India, is but thirty leagues in length, and ten or twelve in breadth. Jt enjoys a clear healthful air, as tempe itc .is any in Eu- rope, and a foil fo well cultivated and accommodated with all the necefliirics of life, that it is ftiled the I'ara- dife of India. It is furrounded with mountains rifinr, above each other, the lower abounding with cattle and all kinds of game, and the higher covered with fnow, which melting forms many rivulets and fevcral (mail lakes, rendering the country fo fruitful, that '.^. rcfi-mblcs a fpacious garden of evergreens, It abound', with fruit- trees JfJDOSTAN. A I A. 911 imes fled la, in or- ing to the te, which and oc- adjactnc Uo^iils to ifof the of that :licv were oils ot 1 idi.'s, or a tj brave lops thcv id waited tlieiL les'of the maftcrs ipoiitiDii iiiie tliey L'rini; the lai-th tiduibii. in In.ii.s divided irding to lut thirty idth. It in Ei;- imodatcd the Pari- iiis rilinr, attle and th fnow, ral I'lnall ■clcmbk's ith fruit- trcj its operation, they fwallow a fpoonful or two of lime juice, or any other acid of the fame kind; but tlioic who ufe it, by thus forcing nature, wear out its fprings, and prematurely bring on all the inconvcniencii.s of old age; but this is of little weight with the gener.ility of the Oricntalifts, who are always more ailuatcd by prefent en- joyments, than a regard for the greattft remote advan- U^lJS. Thcv WV: i:!!'! J:?:.iii' country imific phiy in the morning, at noon, and ni the cvL-nin". The l.nalifti faftory is in the midJle ot the town, and the Dutch have another in the great llreet, and tlicir warc-houfes arc generally filled with rich In- dian 'lOods. . . TVJ In this citv arc many mofques belonging to the Ma- hometans ; but the moll noble of thefe rtrudtures is one called Juna Mefgid, or t)ie Friday's mofque, to which vaft mimhcrs rclort on that day. It has an afcent ot feveral larue ftcp,, and before it is a fquare cloiftcr one hundred and forty paces in length, and a hundred and man tne uitin, iii\,v¥ im-u iivm, nj mc iva to f^rci^r ad- vantage, and within they are adorned with imagis and paintings. It has the advantage of a very good port, where the Portugal fe fleets were iifualiy laid up wliilo they poU'cfll'd tlic liominion of the Ealtern feas, and here tiie Moors and all other traders in the Indies wcii; oblii'cd to take out their paiiports before they were per- mitted to fail anv farther towards the ea(t. At prckiit little of its antieiit trafiic is left, the greatcft part ef it being removed to Surat, and tlie fmiU commerce lli.'l in tiic hands of the I^ortuguefe ii carried on undi:r t!i'.- :l ^ ^ X V fjood port, li up wliila 1 leas, and iiidics wt-ru .' were per- At prcl'-ur I part ef it :imcrci; iliU tK'.- Indostan.' Asia, thcprotcctiun rif Gcntoo colours ; for they bcliLvo tlicir irt'cth Cater with them than under the fla;; ot' I'ortuj/al, formerly fo much rtfpcctcd in thnfe fe.-.: . The I'oriii- cuerein the calUe and cicv do ii;, of whom there arc faid to be about forty thoufand, but few of them aie rich, the Infoleiicc of the P<)rtu;;uefe rcnderijit^ it unfiifc for llrangers of great property to dwell among them. The king of Portugal hasabouttwelve thoufand pounds per annum in poll-money paid fron hence into hi^ trca- fury, and the cultoms and taxes amount to about fix thoufand pounds more ; but, was this idand in the hands of fomc induftrious European nation, it might be made the beft mart- town on the coalt of India for car- rying on a trade up the Indus. 'i SECT. XXV III. J particular Defer iption tf the City of Sural ; luhh the Man- ners of the People. An Injhmce of the jlrunge Effeil of Opium. The Manner in which the Genl:o I (''omen of that City bathe in the River ; the Alanufailiircs carried on there., and the Manner in which the Engtijh lately became p<>f]'ff]ed of the Cajile. SURAT is fituated in the province of Guzurat, a little to the northward of Bombay, about fixtcen or twenty miles up the river Tappec, which li;;s notlung remarkable, though the city on its banks is perliap-; one of the greatcft inftanccs in the known world of the puwer of trade to bring in fo finall a time wealth, arts, and ]io- pulation, to any fpot where it can be brought to fettle. No longer ago thari in the middle of the laft centu- ry a few merchants repaired to this place, and under tne fhelte. of an old infignificant caftle, built a town, which in a few years became one of the moll contider- able in the world, both for its trade and fize, it being at leaft za large, and as populous as London within the ■walls, and contains many good houfes according to the Indian architedturc. Soon after its taking the form of a town, a wall "vas built round it to defend it from the infults of the M'arattas, by whom it had been twice pil- laged; but ;his wall is far from being capable of rtand- ing a regular fif^ge, and the caftle, which is by the river fide, and which you pafs in your way up to the city, feems a ftrange huddle of buildings, mounted here and there with cannon without order, or meaning, and without the leail attempt at any thing like military ar- chitccfurc. I'eforc the Englifli Eaft India company obtained the polleiuon of Bombay, the prefidencyof their alFairs on the coaft of Malabar was held atSurat; and they had a factory eftabliflied there, which received from the Mogul go- vernment feveral important privileges, and even after the prefidency was transferred to Bombay, the factory was continued ;u one of the beft houfes in the city, and this becoming too little to contain their (ifl'edts, they hired another nearer the water-fidc, which oblii ned the tiame of the NcwFaiStory. Mean while this city flourifhing extremely, it be- came the centre, and indeed the only ftaple of India, it being much frequented on account of the vent goods of all forts met with there, from whence they were dillri- buted to the inland provinces; and at the fame time the manufactures of the country form a confiderablc part of its commerce. Thus there is hardly any article of mer- chandize that can be named but is always to be found here, almoft as readily as in London itfelf. The com- pany annually carries on a large trade in piece-goods, efpecially of the coarfe ones, byrampauts, chelloes, and others, for the Guinea market. While the Mogul government was in its vigour, there was fuch a ihew of jultice, as induced the merchants of all religions and denominations to flielter themfelves under it, particularly the Gcntoos, who came to relide here, not only from their preferring the Mogul form of government to their living under that of the Gtntoos, who had none at all ; but on account nf trade. At that time no flagrant ads of opprclfioii were cgmmitt'.:d -, but the mivchants, fmin [leriijiial pique or joaloufy, would fonutiiiies hiid nieaii^ toeng.ic.e the go\eiiiiiHiu lu interfere ill their (luairels, to v\hieh it v\ao not Uiene, being lure to be the only j'.ai'"^'- Beliilci the number ot Cjeiilou iiili.ibitaiits of Surat, .iiul in the lubuibi and neighbourin;^ viiiagis iinplovej ill trade, money-eliangin;;, brokerage, and nK^miracluies, thiy have trec|ueiuly polls under the Muorilli ijdvtrii- inent ; as colleelors, lurveyois of the tulloms, and other offices of trult, where attomptaiillhip is required, in which they geiurally excel the Moors. And it has been found that none arc more rigorous exacttis over the Gentdos, nor more ready to opprefs them, than thefe Gentoos tliemfelves. The ftrcets of Surat are irregularly laid out, but have one advantage which renders them agreeable to thole who walk through them duiing the heat of the day; that is, they are I'lifFiciently wide at the bottom ; but the Itorics of the houfes prujeCl fo l.ir over each other, that the uppermoil apartments on each fu'e '■('ihe llreel ar;; fo dole, that people may eafily converle tniin then'., by which means the Itreets are overfhaded, and a free ven- tilation is prcferved. But the flrops in this great trading city have a very mean appearance, the principal dealers keeping their goods chiefly in warehoul'es, and fellini;^ by lam pies. Ill funimcr, when the heats are moft intenfc, though they are never lo intolerable as in many other places, the principal inhabitants have country houfes a little way out of town, where they rcfidc, or go in parties to enjuv I themfelves in their gardens and frefeadci, bv the fide of ! the waters with wliirh they are furnilhcd. The Jinglilli company in panieul.u have a very pleafant garden kept for the ufe and recreation of the gentlemen of the fac- tory, though the incuriions of the Aiirattas have fome- times rendered thefe rural recelles very unfafe. While the communication with the country i;. kept open, there is no better place in the world for provillons; lor befides the abundance of everv article, which an un- bounded importation brings into the market, the natu- ral productions of the foil arc excellent in their kind. All manner of eatables are at a realonable price, and as good as can any where be found, particularly the wheat of Surat is famous all over India for its remarkable whitenels, fiibllanee, and talte, and nothing can ex- ceed their roots and fallads. There arc likewife many kinds of wild fowl and game exceeding cheap. The Eu- ropeans depend chiefly on importatior. for their wines and fpirituous liquors, few of them relifhing the diltil- lery of the countrv, which produces various itrong ipi- rits to which the natives give very odd names, as the fpirit of deer, fpirit of mutton, fpirit of goat, v.hich arife from their throwing into the llill a haunch of ve- nifon, a joint of mutton, or a quarter of a goat, which refpeiSively give their names to the diltillation, and this flefli they imagine gives the liquor a mellowncfs and foft- nefs that corrects its fiery fpirit. Moft of the hard labouring people of Surat, and ef- pecially the hamals or porters, who get their living by carrying goods to and from the warehoul'es, and bear loads of a very great weight, have contracted I'ucli a habit of taking opium, that an author of great veracity fays, he has been credibly alVured, that loine of tliell; fellows will take at one dole three copper gorze weiglit of this drug without danger, which is confulerably above an ounce, and pretend that it enables them tu work and carry heavy burdens. Many of the great and wealthy al:b contraft a habit of it, from their coji'idering it not only as a high jjoint of fenfuality, on a. count of the pleafing deliriums they experience from v, but as an extraordinary provocative ; they ufually take it in milk, bailed away troin a large to a fmall quantity, and when they would put an end to Its operation, they fwallow a fpoonful or two of limi; juice, or any other acid of the lam? kind ; but thofe who ufe it, by thus forcing nature, wear out its fprings, and prematurely bring on all the inconveniencics of old age; but this is of little weight with the gener.ility of the Orientalifts, who are always more actuated by prefent en- joyments, than a regard for the greattft remote advan- tajjes. Thcv v\ i l! ■w ,( •, \\\ m ■ ! ; ' : m ■■■ it $.'l. M •■; rii' ' ;i ■ ' ;i^if ;.J ■ ■«! 8.1 I ■• Ell if N 4i*l l\ 2i4 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. luDOitAu: Thcv prctcriil tlr.t opium has a ftranj.^c paradoxical mixture of ctFi-its ill its op^-ratioii, cuiiiii^ at oikc a CiciTiin:; licaMiicfs of the hvad, an app.iriiu llefpincfs ot tlie c\:, .i;ui yet an extraorciiiury wati-lifuliicls; m coii- rirmati, :i uf which the people ot Siirat rehite the foliovv- iutr ilor. : One of the |,'Overiior,s of the town rtccivin;; a vilit H.niaGentod rajah his frieiui, at a [jardiii wiiti- oiit the tity walls, they met with each their guards and attenilan;:. As they were walking the governor took notice I'l the rajah's guards, wlio were fquatted down after iheir manner, in an open guard-room, with their head'- Icaning on their naked fwords, and in api^arance either dj'/.ir. " or fait adccp. 'I'he i;overnor oblerved with a iinilc "to the rajah, that he had a very jult opinion of his [;i>od faith, fnice he would venture this interview with ^'uards in I'uth a condition from the opi\im he knew it was their cuftom to take. " That, lays the rajah, is " a i .,;'ake, and if there be any body here for whom •' thou liall no concern, bid him pluck a flower as foft- " ly as he pleafes out of any of their turbans," The go- vernor inlhintly ordered a perfoii, who was near him, to do what the rajah had mentioned. The man obeyed; he proceeded with the utmoft caution, and approaching liim who fcemcd the moft ove!"comc with fleep, fnatch- cd off the flower. The rajah's guard felt what was done, and without more ceremony, at one Ihoke cut oft his arm, and the relt were inftantly on their feet. Thus the governor was convinced of their vigilance at the cxpence of a fcrvant, who, whether he w.is innocent, or lb guilty as to dcfervc being expofed to fuch a tri.tl, was probably thought of no confequence under that arbitrary govcrii- intnt. Hang is alfo much nfed at Surat, as well as all over the caft; it is an intoxicating herb, and it is diflicult to conceive what pitafure can be found in the ufe of it, it btini very difagreeahlc to the tafte, and fo violent in its operation, as to produce a temporary madncfs; for it caufes fome to run furiouflv about killing all they meet, without any dilHndtion, till, licemaddogs, they them- felvcs are knocked on the head. The Cjentoo women of the bed fafhion at Surat make no fcruple of t;oing to the river, and bathing publickly in the fight of the men. They indeed go into the wa- ter with their cloaths on, but wetting them makes them cleave fo clofe to their bodies that they perfeiilly exprefs the turn of their limbs. When they come out of the water, and change their wet for dry cloaths, they fhift thcmfchcs with fuch dexterity, that though it be done opcnlv not the leall glimpfe of any thing immodeft can be fecn. All religions arc toleratei'. in this city, and nothing can be more political in a place of fuch univerfal trade. The Moors, v/ho have the government in their hands, here fecm to lay afide that rigour, and that fondneCs for mak- ing of profehtes, they have (hewn in moft other parts where their religion prevails. Thus, if they take an Eu- ropean into their fervicc in quality of gunner, for they imagin° all Europeans are born engineers, they never gi\e themfelves the leall concern about his religion. The inhabitants of Surat and the neighbouring country arc commonly very induftrious, and have a number of maiuifadures; but the moft confideiable of them is the atlafics, or fattins flowered with gold or filvcr, which have a rich fubftantial look, but are not performed in a very elegant tafte, the flowers being ill fancied, and ■without ai^: and the red ground moftly ufed, dull, and unpleafant. A few fhavvls arc manufaftiired here, but the fincft fort come from the province of Cafhmire, they being made of a peculiar kind of filky hair, that produces from the loom a cloth beautifully bordered at both ends, with a narrow flowered felvage. The pieces are about two yards and a half long, and a yard and a half wide; thefe, without the trouble of making up, fcrvcs the na- tives for a wrapper or mantle. The price is faid to be from ten pounds and upwards to fifteen fliillings, and though it is extremely fine, it has a fubftance that ren- ders it warm, and the fine ones- are fo pliant as to be cafily drawn through a ring for the fingers. The manufafturcrs have commonly their work bc- fpckc by the wholcfale merchants ; but when this I* not done, the workmen repair to the ba/.a; or market-place, where they Hand holding up the piece to any cliao- MKii that will give the price, and feidom return witl'i- out difpofni;; of tlu-m ; for there arc a number of pitty dealers, wlio tbuspurcliafe goods at the lirlt liand, and afterwards fell them in (piuntitivi to the mer- chants. This being the only fea-port of any confuijuciice in the dominions of the Mogul that is not pollelled by the Europeans, the inland trade, p.inieularlv to Uelli and Agra, employs a number of caravans in diltribut- ing the goods imported. Hut the roads are never per- leitly fate, on account of the indepcndaiit rajahs, and tilt troubles of the country. A cnnftant intercourfe is prefcrvtd betwixt Surat and Bombay, not only by fea, but bv toot palieiigers over l.uid, hired at a moderate rate. 'I'liey are very expedi- tious in thtle journies, and commonly ufe opium to preferve them from wearinefs, and bv this means keep running and dozing, as it were with their eyes open, without feeling the fatigues of the wav. The governor of Surat keeps his feat of adminiftratlon at what is called the Durbar, where he is generally prefent in perfun, and i^ives his orders. All actions of a criminal and civil nature are brought before him, and fummarily difpatched in the eaftcrn manner. He ob- ferves one piece of ftate that appears pretty remarkable : he never, on any material affair, fpeaks to his atten- dants ; but writes his orders in the I'crfian tongue up- on fmall flips of paper that lie before him ready for that purnofc, and when written muft be obeyed without reply. ']'hefe are afterwards brought him, and being ftrung ferve as a record of his adlions. It will not be iinlntercfting to the Englifh reader to fee here an account of a remark.ible revolution which has happened in this city; a revolution that muft be attended with confiderable advantages, with refpecl to our India company. The late Mogul, moved by his 7.cal for the Mahome- tan religion, and a concern for the interefts of com- merce, in order to keep the fcas open between Surat and the Perfian and Arabian gulphs, had been at the annual expence of fitting out a large ftiip to carry pilgrims to Judda, which is at no great diftance from Mecca, and to protcft the trade of Surat. For this purpofc he grant- ed his admiral the Siddec, a revenue called the tanka, of the yearly value of tlt-ec lacks of rupees, arifing partly from fome adjacent lands, and partly from the revenues of Surat, which were annually paid him by the governor; but he had not the lealt title to any thing independent of the marine. At length the government of Surat being back- ward in their payments, and with-holding trom the fiddec great part of the fum, that officer fent fome of his crui'/.ers into the river of Surat, when the monfoon was fetting in, and made the feafon a pretence for re- maining there. Siddec Miiflbot took this opportunity of getting fome footing in the government, and feized on the caftle, which he held till his death; after which he was fucceeded by his fbn in 1756. Mufoot not only kept the caftle, but appropriated to his own ufe one third of the revenues of the town; and another third had lor a Jong time been annually paid to the Marattas, who farm them out to an officer who refides at Surat ; and as they are mafters of the whole country up to the very gates, it has been thought expe- dient to pay them duly their allotment, rather than lub- jeft the inland trade to be interrupted by them. The fiddee at len>;th depofcd the governor, and placed Meah Atchund in his room ; the city was then reduced to a ftate of anarchy; for the lawlefs behaviour of the Sid- dee's fon filled the city with riots and murders, while the new exadlions and burthens upon trade grew into- lerable. Hence in the year 1758, the principal merchants and inhabitants earneflly iblicitcd Mr. Ellis, the Englifli chief, to perfuade the prcfidency of Bombay to fit out an expedition for taking polTefTion of the caftle and tanka, and entered into an obligation to be refponfible for five years for any deficiency in the revenues of the caftle and tanka, which were rated at two lack of rupees per annum : chants and Kngliih ;« fit out ail and tanka, le lor five the caftlc rupees per aim Jill ; (nD0STA!4. A annum-, anvl as Pharrafs Kh:'ii or Cawn, wh'i h,vl lv> ii (lc|nity-t;leiity, ii w.i . iiropoilil to liave liini for uovcrnor. In tlii: liJ"innni;; of the year 1759 Mr. Spencer, ului CiicivcileJ Mr. Kill., inlonneil the ;j-rnerniir .nid eonn- lil of IJoniliay, that th<)ii!!li Meah Atciuid was (till go- vern. ir of the town, the biddee left hhn fo little power lliat lie was not even allowed to nominate the officer^ that properly hcloii'v'd to him. 'I'he dreaj of the con- tinual ravai-es ami the frequent murders n(>w com- mitted with impunity, (IrucI*. fueli terror into the iuh.i- bitants, that many people of I'uhrtanee lett the place, and thofe who llaid there became dill more folieitous that the calUe fhnuld be in the hand, of the company, from their confidence in the humanity and Jnftice of their government. There feemed but one thuig to be apprehendeil, which was lell Atcund or the Siddec, lliould, in diHrud of their own ftrength, fly to the defpc- rate refource of calling in the Mariltas. The prefidency of Uombay at length complied with the earned follicitaticis that liad been ofFercd them, and, in order to fecure tluniKKeb from any danger from the Marattas, cither by fea or land, defired admiral Poeoek to join the cnterprize with two (hips of his fquadron. The adniiral confented to their requeft, and gave order:. for the Sunderland and Newcallle to countenance the cnterpriv.e. 'l"he Siddce, who cnjoycil the tanka, on condition of keeping up a fleet for the Mogul, had fo nei'jcdted the marine, that it was incapable of oppofing the company's (llips. Captain M.dtland was now ap- pointed to take the connnand of eight hundred and fifty men, artillery and infantry, and fifteen hundred fcpovs, which, being put on board the company's velfels, landed on the ninth of February. On the captain's approach- in" the town he bad a fmart engagement, which lafted four hours, with fome of the Siddec's people who had taken poft in the French garden. A battery w.is then treiiled, and a Lirifk fire kept up againib the caftle from two twenty-four pounders and a thirtceen inch mortar, but without etFedi ; when a council of war being called, it was determined to make a general attack ; and, in purfuancc of this refcdution, tlie company's grabs and bomb-ketches warped up the river in the night, and an- chored early in the morning oppofite the Bundar, or cuflom-houfe, which was pollcfied by the enemy ; and a "cneral attack began from the vcfl'cis and a battery, in order to drive the enemy from their batteries, and to facilitate the landing of the infantry. The firing lafted till after eiii,ht, when the boats putting oft", the .ncn were landed, and putting the enemy to flight, took pof- llflion of all the outer town. Three mortars were then planted at the dillancc of pbout feven hundred yards from the caftle, and five hundred from the inner town ; the bombarding and cannonading, which continued a whole day and a night, threw the befieged into fuch conlkination, that they never returned a gun. Pharrafs Cawn's friends, who had not made the leaft effort in his behalf, now fignified, that they chofe he fliould be naib, or deputy-governor ; and that the go- vernment fhould be continued to Atcund : it was there- fore a'^reed to fecure the government to him, on condi- tion of his making Pharrafs Cawn naib, and eftablifh- hvs the Knglilli in the poileflion of the caftle and tanka. To this Atcund readily agreed, and opening the gate of the inner town, ordered a party of men to bring the Siddee to terms, who was now fenfiblq that it was im- polTible for Ivm to hold out againft the combined forces, and the general voice of the people. After many re- peated nieilager, and a variety of propofals, it was at laft granted, that the Siddee's people fhould have liberty to take away all their valuable cftedts, and even the common furniture of their houfcs. This was done with the greatcft regularity, and the Englifli were peaceably put in pollcfTioii of the caftle and tanka. The guns and ammunition found in the caftlc, with the vcflels and naval-ftores, as part of thetajika, were fecured for the companv, till the Mogul's pleafure was known ; thcfe advantages were I'oUicited and obtained, and grants ar- rived appointing the company admiral to the Mogul, before the murder of that prince and the revolution at 18 I A 11-. Ihir wa. accMnplKhed a revulution of geinral peace and .ood j;overnmLiit was reftored to the duablc pcjllefliun, tu r),ni. b.-nctlt litv, i.nd the Kn'ililh acquired a the i!:i!\ul.il fatLsfjikion of the inhabitants. S K C T. XXIX. O/lhf PiHiif;urf> Siltlimenls of Damnii mid Bdjjliim, and nj th-: Cily of :luie>i^abad. \yt AM.AN, a Pnrlu;',uefe faciory, fiflv miles fouth of urat, is, like their other Indian factories, de- pendent npo/i t loa, whofe archbifhop has a vicar-!;encral lure. The Portuguefe firif took it in I5'^5, and it be- inir recovered from them, they tool: it again in 1559, and have kept it ever fince, though the Mo.ails have niadi: fcveral attempts to regain it ; but they have nude it fn ftrong as to baffle all their force. Aureng/.ebe befieged it about the middle of the lalt centurv with above fortv thoufand men ; but the garrifon making a Idlly upon x part of his camp guarded by two thoufand elephants, thofe unwieldy animals were (i) terrifild bv the fire- works, that they broke in upon his camp and trampled down half of his army ; upon which he raifed the fiege, and never more made war upon the Chrittians. It is fituated in a good air, at the mouth of a river of its own name, which running through it divides into the- Old and New Towns. The New 1 own, which ft.ind.* on the fouth of the river, i.; built in the Italian tafte, and molt of the lioufes ftand bv thenifehcs, auvl have an orchard or guden. They are tiled, but are gene- r.dly onlv one ftory high, and have windows of tranlpa- rent oyfter-flv-lls. It is about two miles in circumfe- rence, and has four good baftions, with a fmall intrerieh- ment call up on the fouth and call fides ; and on the other two fides a branch of the river enters it, ditch. The walls have a platform and two gates. The port, which is but fiiiall, is formed by the river b.-twi.st the two towns, but is quite drv at ebb, lb that no vcfle! can enter it except at high water, and the great Ihips only at tho fpring-tides. Its entrance is defended on the fide o;' the Old Town by a fmall fort of white ftone, called St. Salvadore, with three balfion.;. The Old Town is in a manner dtferted,and the New is far fiom being fo populous as might be expected from its extent : however, there are fome manufactures of filk carried on there, with which they furnidi the mar- ket of Goa ; and there are fcveral villages and ifiands belonging to it, which pay tribute to the Portuguefe. Ballaim is a fortified city belonging to the crown of Portugal, and fituated about eighteen leagues to the fouth of Daman on a fmall ifland, feparated from the continent by a rivulet. The walls are pretty high, and about two r^iles in circumference. In the middle of the city is tl, ';adel ; it has three or four churches, f otlur ill.iiiw^ al'»iiir tho i-i)iitiiiciii, to form one ot the moll ro lo- lii Iji.i lious ;is to roiitain anv number of fhijv., hi. exeelliiil jiir ulu L horiii'j 111) fr J L'round, anil from it-, cirenlar fi>rn\ laiiaHuril ihem a land-lot ktii (lielter againll any winds to whitii il> mouth i . I '.jiofeJ. Thli iflanii, which i< feveti miles in len;^th, and twenty ittcircumfi.rei-.ce, i, a.lmirablv lltwated for the ci nttr of thr coninmee between the Vialabar coall, the ('iilph (I IVrlij, the Re.l Sea, and .'11 the trade of that I'ide ot the •!rc.it IiiJi.m iKninfitl % and the noilheui pans ailjoinin!; fi) it ; which are therefore propel ly fiibordinare to the govirntnint of the prefident who refide.s there. 'I'hiujh this illand ii within the tropics, it*, climate is t,;r trom bein:; intolera.iie with refpect to heat, and is nrvcr fo cold as to he difa;;reeal)le to an Kurop-.;n cn;i- Ititutior,. In the \eryhottetl fcnlon, which is tiiat whicli immrdiatelv precedes the pciiodical return of tht' rains, »h'' iiihaliitants feldom want the alternate reirefiiment «>f!.. Though this rainv feafon is very hot, yet in any dry intervals, when the fun fhines out for a fe-.v h'lurs, it is accounted the pieafanteft ; and the tnd of it, and lome days alter, is ellecmed the licklieft time in the vc.'.r, from the exhalations forming a kind t>t faint vaporous bath, from which thofc who lodge in the hirheil apartments are leail in danger. The trading veiuis of the country are laid up during this fealoB, cfpcciailv thofc belonging to the black merchant!, who fend none to fea till after a fcftival at the breaking up of the rain.s, when they confecrate a rocoa-nut, which tlu-y gild and ornament, and throw it, bv wav fit f blation, into the Tea. The cht'.f town, which is alio named Bombay, has a c.ifllc, which i.s a regular quadrangle, v.xll built of (Irong hard fti ne. In one of its baitions that faces an eminence, called Dungharce-point, is a large tank, or ciilern, hr^llov.-, which contains a great quantity of V. :rter, that is conftantly replenifhcd bv the periodical rains. There is alio a well within the fort ; but the water is not extremely good, and in general that of the wiiii w.iter, and i, ellcemed one of the Arongeil places piitiellid by the company in India. C'onlidering the coin- n.udioulnel., of its h.irboui, it might have been made c.ipil.il pl.iie of .itiii^, and been of nearly the lame to the hiiL'liIll cump.uiy ai U.itavia ij to liji,- i)„ti. elpiii.dly if the I'oituguefe had not 'irliiMly Jii,,j,,, ,) lioiii us the larj'.e and I'ertile ifl.ind of Sallett, whicii would h.ive ftrvcd aj agianary to it; and which tiny luHered III bi\.ornc an vafy conquell to the MaMttai who ihh.ibit the nei|ihbouriiig eoalt of the contiiiunt. At pioper potts round the Illand are feieral litrle out- pol' , none ol' which arc c.ipable of ir.ikin^ .-.nv luiur ilelence, excejit the lort of ivlahim, which Ts ilio ,|„,it conliderable next to that of Honibay, and is I'ltu.ittd at the oppolite extremity of the illand. 1 he Knplith church at Hombay is able to contain all the tnglifh that an- ever th -re. This is a building tiiat has nothing to boan of with lefpcct to it; architecture • but is extremely neat, commodious, ;Mid airy. It is htu.ited on the Green, a fpacious area that extends trom it to the fort, and i.i pkalantly laid out in v/alks planted with trees, and round it arc the houl'e. of the Knjliflj inhabitants. '^ Tliefe have generally only a giound-floor ; but thty have a court-yard both before and biliind, in which ar' the offices and oiit-houi'es. Tluy are t'libd.mtialK built witii (hme and lime ; and being Iniooth pl.illered on the out-fide, and kept whitc-waflied, they have a neat air but arc oHenrwe to the eye.;, from their reflcdtinir t|,J too dazzling r.iys of the tun. l"ew of them have glali- windovvs to any of their apartments, the faflus bein-r generally paned with a kind of tianfparent oyder-fliells^ which have the lingular property of tr.anfmitting liiifi. cient light, while they exclude the violence of iLs^i-larc and have a c(n>l look. I'he flooring is generally com- pofed of a kind of Ilucco, calledchunam, made of burnt Ihells, which, if well tempered, is extremely hard and lalting, :uid takes fo tine a polilli that one may lee one's lace in it. Thchoufesof the black merchants, as they arc called thiuigh lome are far from being of fo deep a colour as to delerve the name, are generally ill built .and inconve- nient. The window-lights are fmall, and the apart- ments ill diftributed. .Some, however, make a better appearance by being built a ftory high ; but the bed of them have a meannefs in the manner and aclumfinefs in the execution, that renders them inferior to the build- ings ol the moft ordinary of thofe of European architec- ture. Both their and the Englilli houfes have fmall ranges of pillars, that I'upport a penthoul'e, or fhed, tither round, or on particular tides, and afford a pleafin'^ flielter from the fun, at the fame time that they keep the inner apartments cool and refrelhed, by the draught of air under them. However, moll of the beft houfc? are within the walls of the town, which is little more than a mile in compafs. As to the pagodas of the Gcntoos, they arc fcarce worth mentioning, they being low mean biiildin<>s, that ifland i'. braci:ifh. There is a linall fort on Diingharec- poinf, .iiul the tov.-n is encompatled with a v\all and a ditch, into which water mav be admitted at plcafurc, ^y Idling in the foa; I'o that the town is furroutidcd commonly admit the light only at the door, facing which is placed the principal idol. The CJentoos ima- gine, that darknefs and gloom infpire a kind of rehVious reverence, and are remarkably fond of having tlieir pa- godas amongll trees, and near a tank or pond, for the lake of their ablutions, which they do not, like the Mahometans, praiStife xs a religious ceremony, but merely out of clcanlinefs, and the plcafurc of bathiiiiT in t.Hofe hot countries. Thefe tanks arc frequently ex- pcnfive works, they being generally fqu.ve, anJ en- compafled with (lone ftcps. The moft remarkable pa- goda on the illand is on Malabar hill, above two miles from the town, and i.' a promontory that ftretche* into the lea. From one lideof the pagoda is agentledefcer.t to the fea, and the other three tides are furroundevi with trees that form an amplilthcatre on the flopes of the hill, affording a moft wild and agreeable landfcapc. Thefe trees being cxpofed to the winds follow the gene- ral law, and take a Itrong bent to the oppofite poinr with fuch regularity, that they appear as if trimmed or pruned into the figure they exhibit. At the extreme point of Malabar hill is a rock on the defcent to the lea, fla; at the top, in which is a na- tural u f Indostan. a t> t'lr.il i rcvkc, ili.a lias a coniniuiilc.ition with ;i liol- luw tli"t tcriniii.ili'' •*<■ .m opi'iiiii"; oiitw.irdi tow.jiU tl>c ThU is iiliil b) llii: (Jiiitiioi .11 :i plu'o fur thi' I -'7 1..1. llicir liu", wliiili the; at llif optiiiii^ aii',1 ■ liv CIIIOI i ; ci'icCltil ;iii" out of (iiirihc.itum ot hy thi'ir i;u'''S '" tliL' irc\i'.c. Ihf kiiijj ofPortiuMl, ill the year 1663, Iransfcrreil tiic property ot' this \lhns of the grcatelt trulf, as the acc'omptant, the warehoul'e-kceper, the land-pay- mafter, the marine-paymaller, and other officers for tranlading the company's afFairs. Thefe arc generally fuch as ba've rifen by degrees from the ftation of wfjtcrs, and take place according to feniority. '{'hx: prefidcnt and the members on the fpot conlUtute a regular coun- cil, in which every thing is determined by plurality of votes: vet the inlluence of the prefidcnt is generally I'o great, that everv thing is carried according to his dic- tates : for (hould anv of the council oppofe him, he can make their fituation to uiieafy, as to oblige them 10 quit the fervice, and return home. As to the military and marine force, they are more immediately under the direi:fion of the pre.fident, who has the title of general, and commander in chief. The common tnhiici' ire rhithy tliofc whom the company I'.iiil Ml then ihi|isj del'eitcrs t'rom llir levir.il nation- KUkd in India, .i> Hortu^u'.'le, Jjiitch, and Kreiu h, which l.ill .ire iifu.illv calleJ Rivnol. ; and l.illly, I'o- p.illes, who iiienioltiv black, or ot aiiiixeil breed from ih.' I'nriugiicfe. Thel'e are formed into compaiiie,, miller Kliglilh officers. {11 this t'ervice may alio be' in- cluded regular companies formed of the iiatues : thele foldiers are c.illtd fepoys ; they ule mulkct.,; hut arc chiefly armed in the countiv manner, with Iwoid and t.irget, and wear the Indian ilrels, the turban, veil, and loiij; drawer:. Nothing has contributed more to render this ifland po- pulous, than the mildnel's of the government, and the* tolei.ition of all religions, which is f.i uiiiverl.il, that the Knmaii c.itholic chuiches,the M;dioMiet.iii moli)uev, the (leiitoo p.igodas, and the worfllip ol the I'arlees are all ei|ually tolerated : they ha\eall the free cxertil'e of their religious i ites and ceremonies, withuut either the Knglith interferiii;;, or their clafliing with each other. This tole- ■■.ition forms an amiable and a very advantageous con- trail to the rigours of the iiu|uifition exerciled in the neighbouring territories of tin I'urliigiR I'c, whole un- chridian /.val has rendered them odious, and was oiu; of the principal reafons of their being driven out of the greated part i>f their conquells there by the Marattas, who are ,'il Gentoos. s E c T. xxxr. Of the (inn ijifi! Jjhm.h iitjr fltmi'ay, partiailiih Butcher': lllani and lilephanta ; lu'ilh a Dtjoiption of the rcmaihilde Timplt hi ihiil IjlmJcut in u Rui ; a>id un Accaimt of the Ijland of Su!j,tt. THE principal of the fmail iflands near Bombay arc Butcher's llUnd, fo called from the cattle being kept tlure for the ule of Uombay and Elephanta. 'l"he I inner i.s I'ubject to the Englifii, who keep an cnfign's guard there, with a very fniall fort. Thi.s ifland is not above two miles long, and is lio where above a mile broad. The moft remarkable of thefe iflands is that of Ele- phanta, which fronts the fort, and is two milc< from Butcher's Ifland. It does not exceed three miles in com- pal';;, and confiils of almoft one entire hill, at the foot: of which, as you land, you fee above the fliure on tho right h.and an elephant, coarfly cut in ftonc, of the na- tural fize, which, at a fmall diftance, may be taken for a living elephant, from the ftone being naturally of the colour ol that animal. It ftands on a platform of ftoncs of the lame colour. On the back of this elephant was placed a young one ftanding, that appears to have beeil of the fame ftonc, but has been long broken ofi'. No tradition is old enough to give an account of the time or ufe for which this elephant was formed. On afcendingan eafy flope, near halfway up the hill, you come to the entrance of a ftupendous temple, hewn out of the f'olid rock. It is an oblong fquarc eighty or ninety feet long, and forty broad. The roof is formed of the rock cut flat, it is about ten feet high, and is fupported towards the middle, at an equal dilTancc from the fides, and from one .inothcr, by two regular rows of pillars of a finguiar order. They are very maify and tiiick in proportion to their height, and have capitals, which bcarfomerefeinblance to a round cudiion, preft'cJ iiy the weight of the I'upcrincunibent mountain, with which they are alfo of one piece. At the farther end are three pig.uitic figures, the face ol one of which is, at Icaft, five feet in length, and of a proportionable breadth ; but thefe monuments of antiquity were much disfigured by the blind fury of the Portuguefe, when they made theml'elves mafters of the place, and niufl have taken great pains thus to mutilate and deface them. About two-thirds of the way up this temple are two doors fronting each other, leading into fmaller grottos that open upon the hill. By the door-way, or the right hand, are alfb feveral mutilated images, finglc and in groupes, particularly one that has fome rcfemblance to the flory uf Solomon'* dividing the child ; a figure ftand- . \i\ I ! I, 'Wi ft :\\ I ■it Hi A S Y S T I. M O !• C; r. O G U A 1' 11 V. IvDon a W . I livr with a ilrawn Cudril- in (.iic liiml, anj lioMiiy .111 iiit'.iiit 111 tlio i.tliii, witn thi' tu'.iil ilnvviiw.inl .. Tlic i!.uir-\.;iy III! till kit l):iiiil oinnsiiito 1111 iiriM iil' ahdiit tuciitv Kit in Un.'.th, AAi twil*c in liri.-.. i.txtcutiil in a talK- viry ililVcrcnt froHi any nt'ttie oiilfd and the- licit (nMitnn luiiUiin;^'. any wiicic ixiant. It is rcinaikalilo that roiiiul thi, oriiicci arc I'onK' painliii^r', the mlotiis of wliiili uniain cNi'ciil- iiu; hri;',ht ami iVilh, tli'iii;;h, ('irppofiii^:; tlit-y an; ai n!,! .1 . the (rnipli, th< v Miiilt hasc bi'Lii tlicrc rome thmi- I'anil vcars. Th" time whin thii i;rcat work \.a, p> 1- J'liriiu'il is emi'eiy unknown. The moll prohahlt 1011- jecliire is that it was toimeil hy tlie abori^'ine-. of the f rintrv, niul tli;'.t the religion ot' the (ientoos has un- ilfij'one I'diiie re. oliitinn i which i . the more pmlialile, as the prelliit CJentcd.s do not appear t« retain .iiiy ve- neration lor the place, except on account tciption, but where the foil and fitiiation arcoffuch a nature as to continue the heat aftc.- , ■ the ailtiial prelVnce of the fun is withdrawn. This iflaiul contains nothing; moi^ that is worthy of ' notice ; for there are not ab(j\e two or three hut-, upfin it, a.nd it has no water but what is faveil from the rains. The L^rowth of tlie hill is onlv underwood and P/afs, whicii in the drv feafon are often let on tire, and wilt , j continue burnini; for three or f(;ur days. i ' To the northward of Uombay is the fertile ifland of ■■'. j Salfett, wliich in one place is only diviiled from it b\' a ' narrow pafs, fordable at low water. It is about fwenty- ' i':\ milts in leiuith, and, on a medium, tight or nine , in bre;!dth. The foil is very rich, and capable of bcinu' impioved by cultivation, fo as to bear every thinjr produced between the tropics. It is we" watered, and was employed by the Portui;iiel'e chiefly to raife rice, with which it ilfed to lurnifh Goa, whence it was called (ts ixranary. It has alfo great plenty of almoft every fpecies of game, both of the fur and feather kind, and it is not eafv to conceive a more agreeable fpot in the univerfe. It was formerly comprehended under the rc- !/:'.lity (>f Bombay, and was confequently comprehended in the treaty ofccflion made of that illand to En^and ; but we were afterwards defr.iuded of it by the Portu- guefe, thoiK^h it is fo elTcntially neccfTary to Bombay, that the numerous inhabitants of the Lift mentioned illand, cannot well fubfitl without fupplies of alt man- jicr of provifion? from thence. But while this ifland remained in the hands of the Portii^ntefe, it was at lealt fomc alleviation of the da- mage we fufi-ained in lofing it, that it formed a barrier /or us againfl the inv:ifions of the Marattas. But fucli «vas the fupine indolence and blindncfs of the Portu- •niefe governnient to it:, own interett, that no care was taken to defend it from thofe their conftant and natural enemies, who had not then the lealt maritime force. As the ifi;md could only be attacked by land at one r,\v. n.nrow pafs, fnrdablc only at low water, (he I'l.riu- |iiel't; had onlv a in ill r.dde redoubt of no llrenL-lh ; bur ,it lin;;th the ipniiirance rf an ipproachin:; ruptutc induiid them abuiriHy to he;iiii the tonftuiC^ion o|' 4 foif, wirlunit jiio-.idin^ any iiicins of to\eriii|» the build- ing. T he iVIar.itt.ii let tlieiii j;o i|uivtly I'li, that tllev might huild it for them, and, when it wa.< ne.ir finilhn! [loured till ir liiMips into the ifl.ind, and cafily t.jok tin foif, bi.fore any of the batteries were mountid with c.ninon, arul thus the whole ill.ind fell as eafy a prey tu thtm a. they (ould wilh i I v v>liieh iiie.ins Hoinbav i' now become a hontier open lo tticir iiicurllons, anJ they are aIw.ivh abk- to dillrefs that fettktncnt, by re- futin; them fupplies of piovidoris. Hut to return to the irt.iiiil iifelf. It has nothiiii' rein.iik.ible in it, brfii^ . the ricliis of nature, except the mins of a place c.illed Can.it.i, where there ate leveral cues in the rocks, fuppofed fo be cotcmporarv with that of K.leph.inta, but none of them approach iit.i'r it, lithtr in point of lizeor workmaiif!ii|). I'hc niuun- tjiii' lie pretty hii;h, and there is a tr.idition, that they, toi'ither with the reft of the illand, were railed from the fea by a violent earthqu.ike, in contirniation of which it is prvteiuled, that not many vcars asro, one of the ftonc anchors, anciently iife.l in tfie veliels of that country, was found on the top of the highelt hill ; but it dim not appear that there is fulF.cient foundation fur ihii ftorv. SEC T, XXX ri. A pmlkiilnr Account nf an liidinn Notion, crlled th Afarai- tin, ti/;3 inhMl the Couttlr) near Bsmbay, HA\'IN(i treated of the iflands, wc ftiall now adil fome .iccount of the continent bordering upoii Loiiibai'. It is inhabited by the Marattas, a powerful tribe of Indian Cientoos fiifiject to the niar-iajah, or arcb-r.ijah, who is their king or chief, 'i'hey arc "e- nerallv a clean limbed, (Iralghl people: their com- plexions ;;re of all Ihadi-. from bhiek to light brown, .ind they arcobfened to be f.iirer in proportion to their diOance from the fea. Their feature; are generally re- gular, and even delicate. Thev ftiavc their heads, on- ly prLlerving in the middle a lock, which grows to its lull length, fo as to lie and hang down behind, and two curls, one on each fide, juft above the cars. 'I'heir women are for the molt part very handfome, while the bloom of life rontiiuK'. ; but that foon fades, for few prcfervc the charms of their Ihape and fkin till they are thirty. The common people wear round their head.i a fmall turban of coarfe muflin, or a fmall piece of cloth or calicoej they have alfo a lliort piece of cloth about their waifts, and a loofe mantle, which they throw over their fhoulders, and when thev take their relf, fpread it on the ground. They arc equally bred to agriculture and arms ; but the p.ay of thofe in adual fervice is ex- tremely fmnll, and not furniflied in moiicv, but in rice, tobacco, fait, pieces of cloth, and in the other nccefiaries and convenicncies of life. They have extended their dominions by rhe fv\'ord, and as thev encourage turo- peans to dcfert to them, have learned the art of war, and can form regular fiegcs, but are moft fit for fuddeii cxcurfions. Their horfcs, on which they principally rely, arc fmall, but hardy, inured to fatigue, and lure footed. Many of the men have mufquets; but they arc very indift'erent ones, and moft of them match-locks : but their chief dcpendancc is on their fwords and targets; the former are of an admirable temper, and the men, who are well trained in the excrcife of them, look with great con- tempt on thofe brought by our fliips from ?-urope. Their targets are pcrfeiitly round, and rife in the mid- dle almoft to a point; they are hard, fmooth, light, and well v:irniflicd; they will therefore eafily turn a piftol ball, and at fome diftance the ball of a mufquet. They ha\e likewife among them excellent iirthers and (lingers. Their iu>ihiiu< II now ndil rring u[im\ a [lowirliiJ r-i.ij;ih, IT licy ;!re ^'c- thcir tom- ht brown, ion to their ncrally rc- hL-ada, on- rows to its and iw(» 'llieir while the lor iVw till ihcy a piilo] niufqiict. lIr-is and Their T.vinoJTAJf. 55 I A. ti'j Thiir fodd ii cviremrls' pnrcihlc, s little liic, and ,i It iihi.rii fl.ilk lor w .icr, n all thtv rii|iiirc, I'o I'n.it i in I'dMitr I'lirric't liii uwn allow iiiii' . the (ittii.tr- ih. nifilvii li.nt no better il ft, clpci i.illv durnii thiir vxi.vJitnms, whit li arc coniiKtcd with ^rc4t •iddtvU und amazing rajiiiliiy. 'I hi ^looplc .iftcik the appeiiraitre ot the iitinnll pn- vcily in their drcls and hoiilcH, to avoid Ik coin in •, a prcv to their ra,)aeiiHm;(ivcriin>int, wliiili never lii.iie^ a lul'ieCk known t, great quanti- ties of corn are conllantly kept in the inaga/ines th.rc. A Iniall lumilierof men is lufficiunt to defend this natu- ral f.jrtrjfs as'ainit the t're.itelt armies that can be brought aj^aind it, as all the pall'es and dchks leading to it thro' the moiintains, are extniiulv narrow and ruv'ged. Here the mar-rajah iifually relidej with a kind of nii- lltarv court, compofcd of his generals and (idiceri, in all the Hate of a fovereign prince; but both he and his cour- tiers are lo tntirtlv cngrolled by military operations, that they are extremely incurious with refpeclto the arts, manufactures, and rarities of the Kiiropean<;. It would be in vain to lliew them any of thofc exquifitc pieces of workmanfhip, which arc produced by our artiih ; thcv would indeed out of civility praife them with an air of carelefs inditicrencc; but have fo little talk', that tho' no people are fonder of adorning their women with rich jewels, yet they would prefer thofc of their own work- men's comparatively coarfe and tlumfy Icttiiw, tu thofc of oiir greatelf artilts. Thcfc people, from time immemorial, have had feftle- ments to the north of Delli, great part of which they ftiU poffef:, thuu;;h fuch numbers were driven from thence by AurcnL'Zcbc, that he employed above twenty years to reduce them in their new lettleinents in the mountainous partt of the Decan. Kver finer they have carried on continual wars with the Moguls, liii>ahs and nabobs, and have made innumcr»blc treaties ot peace, which thev only obfervc while it luits their intcrefl. Thofe who liave had a fliare in the late wars of India, weic oiilv a body of horfc, who may be termed frec- Iniotcrs, iliat altcrnattlv take the pay of the highcft bid- der, but render thimfclves formidable to the Moors, who marching fncli numerous and incumbered armies into the field, are by them perpetually barralied and re- duced by famine ; for continually galloping round the country, tliev cut od' the convoys, and as they have no bai^gage, eatily elude all purfuit, and it purfued by fupc- rior miiiibcrs inltantly retire to their ialtnencs in the mountains. Thiy have principally enriched thcmfelves by obliging their more wealthy neighbours to become tributa- ry to them ; who fubmit to this from the confideration, that it is lefs cxpenfivc, and a lighter tax upon trade, to agrcj to fome certain payment, than to engage in the unknown expence of armies, to free thcmfelves from lb irregular a foe. In ftiort, thcfe people are dcftruiElivc enemies, and un- ferviccable friends. They ruin their enemies by plun- dering and burning the country, and their allies by their avaricious demands for money. Inftead of meriting their pay, which they might eal'ily do after a defeat, by cutting off all the broken troops, thev fly to the camp, where every man procures a good burthen for his horle, and walking oil foot, drives him away loaded with fpoil. '9 S K CI. SKKWl Of Anuria iht Piiau, will) an Jtitmii tf ili Cmjuf/I tfhU DiiitiiiiiHi lijtln Eh^IiJI, AS the f.inie of Aii;iria h.is fproid .ill oMrKurope, .ind .1. he has given v\\..\i dilliirhance lo .ill the nations who li.ivi' tr.tded to India, it i. piopertli.\t liiine .iriouiil (hoiild bei;innol lo formiil.'ble an uutiu, th.it the Ivnglilli re ader may lee by what mi.itis .i im.ill lult ut pirates eK.iblilhid a little empire, and how the domi- mop , acquiuil hv thole pelts of fociety were coiK|ueieJ by the braMiv of our troops. About a hundred years ago Cono'iee Anuria, from Anor/tt . being a private M.iratta, role to be i',i lu ral and admiral under the S.iha R.ija in hii w.m . witii tin admiral of the Mogul i and being afterw:.nK m.iile govi riior of a lin.ill, rocky, well lortilied illaiid, n.iniid iim nulroog, fei/rd many of the vellels he had forinerlv commanded, and with thefe began to commit ads of piracy, but confiiK-J himfelf to this idand till, by repeated luccelies, he be- came more formidable. The Marattas v.'crc alarmtil j but as he had taken molt of their Hiet, thev were unable to .ittack him in his illand, and therefore ereded three- forts upon the main, within lefs than point-blank (hot of his little territory, which was only about a mile in circumference. They flattered ihemltlvcs that, bv nieam of thefe fort., thev (liouUI reduce him lo obediinie j but he beini^ liiperior to his couiui \ luen in Ikill and braverv, attacked and took fcver.il nl th^ir fca-poil-', .ind at leng'b extended his conqiieHs on the Ita-coall mar I'lNtv leagiuij in length, in which fpace were feveral comnuidious har- bours. He alfo in Ionic pl.iees extended his coiupalt twmty mill-, and in otiieis thirty, iiuo the country, and licured hi:, conquclls by build. ii;j, Iniall loits I'lat conmiaiulid all the narrow pall'es. His fuicillors increafed their ftreiutb by entertain- ing every dejpii ate fi.llow they could liduee Irom thr Kiiropean leltlements, and became lopowtrlul, that ihc Marattas a^rfcd to conclude a peace with them, on condition of their ai'knov^'leih'in!; the fov^'reignty of the Kaj.i, and p.iyin;^ him an annual iribut.'. They now made very conliderable captures, and not only took fe- veral India (bips richly laden from the Knglifti, French, and Dutch, but had the prefumption to attack commo- dore l.,i(le in the Vigilant, of lixtv-lour guns, the Ruby, of fifty guns, and feveial other (liips in company ; iinj the Dutch futlercd io nuuh, that about twenty years aL;o, they lent fevcn armed (iiips from Batavia, and two boinb-velVeb, with a number of land-forces, and attack- ed Geriah vxiibout fucccfs. Anuria now threw olF his allegiance to the Marattas ; upon which their chief lent amballadors to rcmonllrate with hini, but he was fo far from regarding them, that he ordered ;'"■ ears and nofcs of thefe amballiidors to be cut oft". The Marattas, cxalpcrated at this infult, meditated his ruin, and made repeated application to the governor and council at Bombay to aflill them with their fhips. The piracies of Angria's fucccd'ors, who being of his family, bo.'c his name, (till greatly annoyed not only the natives both by lea and laiul, but ail European and Moorifti (hip;, and our Eaft India company was at the conitant expence of a marine force at Bombay to pro- tect their trade ; thcv therefore made fome attempts to dcftroy ihcl'e pirates, but without fiiccel's, till the ye.ir 1755, when commodore James, commander in chief of the company's marine force in India, failed from Bom- bay in the Protector, of forty-four guns, with the Swal- low, of fixtccn guns, and Viper and Triumphant booib- velllls, and attacked the foitrels of Se\ertuli()og. This fortrefs is litL-atedon an iflaiul within mulkquct- Ihot of the main- land, and is ftrongly, but not regularly fortified ; the grcattft part of the works being cut out of the folid rock, and the reft built with (tones ten or twelve feet fquare, and on the baltljns were (ifty-four guns. The largcit of the forts on the main-land, called fort Goa, is built in the faine manner, with large fquare (tonci-, and mounted with Icrty t'un'^. '1 Wo other forts, lit '" i)' « 1; 'Mh r r '1- ■ A S Y lil * l.io ill which were niountcJ iibovc- twenty i;imr, each., were tonivjcl with lels art, of It.'iKS of an irregular (hape. 'I'lu- CDinnioi-lore hei>aii to cainionaJc anil bo'Mb'rd the Iilaii.i Fort on tJK fecond of April i luit tiiidui.; the wall:- on the fiJc wliere he hej,an his attack ot cxttaor- (linarvllren.'th, for thev were tifty feet high and ei^h- tven thick, 'he chaii-ed his Itatioii, lo as to reach bort Goa with Ills lower-Jcck guns while he plied Severn- droo' with his upper tier. About noon the north-talt haftion of the latter and part of the parapet were laid in ruins, when aihtUfet fue to the houles, which the garrifon were hindered from extinguKhing by the ince(- fant tire from the round tops. The wind being noitherly thellanic fprcadalnioll all over the foit; one ol their iiiaaay.iiKs blew up, and a general eoii!lagratioii eiilued. Anuiltitiidcof men, women, and children running out on the farther lidc of the ilUnd,embarki.d m boats; but moll: of them were taken bv the Swallow, who was ita- tioned to the foutluvard, to prevent any luccours being thrown into the ifland on that fide. The commodore then directed all his fire agamrt tort G(;a, and, at'ter a fevere cannor.ade, the enemy hung out a flag of truce ; but the governor, with lome cholen fcnovs, crotl'ed over to Severndroog, which was lliU te'iiable ; but, upon the blowing up of their lecond, and [;rand magazine, the houfes there were entirely evacuated. The uovcrnor was now in pofllflion of the Ifland Fort aivfthe commodore of the otherthree, from whence he kept afmart (ire on Severndroog; but the governor, trullinsitothe natural llruigth of the place, relblved to maintain it till he (hould receive fiiccours Irom Dabul. A number of feamcn were therefore landed undercover of the fire from the iliips and the Ih-rc, who bravely ran up, and with their axes cut open the gates ot the fally-port, and, with little lofs, procured an en- trance. , 1 n- On the eighth of April the commodore anchored ott Rancntc, now named b'ort N'ictoria, the moll northern port of any confequcnce in all Angria's dominions, which furrendcred the next day. This place the Kail India companv, with the free confent of the Marattas, have taken into their hands, for it has a good harbour, and aronfiderable trade for fait and other goods ; and befidcs, thecountrvabounds with cattle, which aic much wanted for the I'lfc of the garrifon and fquadron at Kcmbav. As all other places were by treaty to be de- livered 'up to the Marattas, the cewimodoie ftruck the tnL'lilh flair, nnd 'rave them up to that people. In No\cmber fallowing the feiuadron under the com- mand of rear-admiral \Vatfon arrived at Bombay, and on the eleventh oi' February the admiral and the v>holc fquadron, with the fliips under the command of com- modore James, and fonic of the company's armed (hips, appeared before CJeriah, the capit..! of Angria's do- minims. That pirate, terrified at feeing io large a force upon the coalV, abandoned his fort, in hopes ot pure haling a peace with the Marattas; who, knowing how to make their advantage of his prefent fituation and pertu:bai::>n of mind, turned their thoughts on the riches (.f their pn.oner, for fuch they confidcred him ; and, in Older to obtain the plunder of the place, infifted on his finding orders to his brother, who commanded in the fort, to put them in pelleflTion ot it. The admiral, being informed of thefe clandeftine pro- cceuin^s lent a fummons to the fort the next morning, and reeeiving no aniwer. lieunl into the harbour in two i!i\iiions. The Bridgewater leading his majefty's (hips, was followed by the Tygcr, Kent, Cumberland, and Saliftmrv, with the I'rot'edor, of forty guns, belonging to the Fail India company. The King's-fifter led thofc of the company, which were the Revenge, Bombay, (Jrab, andGuafdian frigates ; with the Drake, Warren, Triumphant, and Viper bomb-ketches. The fhips leion be^an fuch a fire as filenced both the batteries and the 'jrabs. About four o'clock a flicll was thrown into the kedoration, an armed flrip taken by Angria from the companv, which fet her on fire ; and foon after his whole fleet was in a flame. In the night the admiral landed all the troops under the command of colonel L'live, and the ni;>.t morning T E ^i OF G l: O G R A p n Y. I N'OOSTArf. Ini fent to let the cimmandant know, that if he did not deliver up the place to the FngliHi in an hour's time, the att.ick fhould be renewed, .inJ he mufl expect no quarter. In return, be defued a cellation till the next morning, as he could not deliver up the place without Angria's permilllon. Fhi^ being thoe_-ht a trifling pre- tence to gAintime for giving the Marattas the poli'eflion of the place, the admir.il renewed the attack about four in the alternoon, and in lefs than half an hour tlic gar- rifon hung out a flag of truce. It was then expected they would haul down their colours, and admit our troops ; but this demand not being complied with, the attack was repeated with fo terrible a fire, that the garrifon cried out for mercv, which our troops rould hear dif- tincllv ; and foon alter they took pulleflion of the fort. Colonel Clive had blockaded the fort on (horc, and prevented the Marattas getting poirefllon of the place in a clandertine manner. This evidently apf>cared to be their defign, fincc they ottered the captains Buchanan and Forbes fifty thoufand rupees to fiitter them to pafs their guard ; but they, rejecting the otl'cr with indigna- tion, difclofcd it to colonel Clive, and ''en thcMarat- t;is fe>und it as impoflible to elude I . igilanc of the coMunander, as ro corrupt the integ-ity of his ofiiccrs. 'I'he lofs on both fides was very inconfidcrable ; our people found their (afety in their own bravery and fpirit, and bv driving the enemy from their works with the I'rifknefs of their fire. 'I'he garrifon had no fooner abandoned the batteries than they were flieltered by the height and thicknefs of their walls ; for all their ram- liaits which were not hewn out of the folid rock were built of maiVy flones, at lealt ten feet in length, laid end-ways ; lb that the greatelt weight of metal could never have made a breach. It is therefore evident, that the garrifon was fubdued merely by the terror of fo unulual a lire. The Englifh found in the place above two huii'ired guns, fix brafs mortars, a large quantity of ammunition, and above one hundred and twenty thou- fand pounds in money and effefls. SEC Of the City cf I'ifapcury o. jcription oj'Go.iy the Cap. in India. XXXIV. ijapirf ; and a particuhr De- of ibi Partugueft Scttlemtnti of a kingdom of the fame territory conquered from cnteen degrees forty mi- nks of the river Meifdeva: ounded with high walls, ig H'.fendcd by a thoufand . the walls, which arc two -c five fpacious fuburbs, ... /e leafi^ies. The kinir's VISIAPOUR is the capi name, to the eaft of t Angria. It is fituatcd in : nutis north latitude, on the the city is very large and ' and authors reprefent it as I pieces of cannon. With leagues in circumference, which render the whole circi palace is in the middle of th'- tov, n, from which it is feparated by a double ditch, and is three miles in cir- cumference. 1 he houles are only built of ftraw and reeds, and 'he doors fo (mall that one niuft (loop f) enter them. This kingdom is tributary to the Great Mogul, and the people can hardly acquire by continual labour fudicient to pay the ddFerent fubfidies with which they arc opprert'ed, under the pretence of the tribute that muft annually be (ent to Delii. The inhabitants are (bmc of them goldliniths, others work in Lrafs, wood, cotton, or (ilk, which they fend abroad to foreigners, ' or fell to thole who come thither to buy them. Others ! trade in diamonds, pearls, or lace ; and, though thev i fell their goods dear, lew acquire a Ibrlunc. Thcplcnty j of pepper renders it cheap, and the Dutch get confider- j able quantities from this city, and the neighbouriiig country. I On returning back to the coaft we come to Goa, which formerly belonged to the fame kingdom, and is ' the firft place of confequence to the tbuth of thedomi- ] nions latel-y in the pofl'effion of Angria. (loa, the metropolis of the Bortuguefe dominions in I India, is fituatcd in an ill. md about twelve miles long land fix broad, in fifteen dii^reC3 twenty minutes north latitude. ry :^. is DOSTAN'. I A. , ..„ ' l-.ititiulc, nnd in Itnxnty-tlirco ili;grecs twenty niiiuitcs '■*" c:ill li)n'j,itiKlc tVoin Loiuloii. This iflaiul is tiaonipairod by a I'alt water river, which falls into the oci.m with two mouths a tew leagues b^'low the town, where it forms a very commodious harbour capable ot receivinjj; (hips of the lar;!;cft fize, which lie within a mile of the citv. The Ihore of the ifland next the river is adorned with noble ftruclures, as churches, caftles, and gentlc- inen's lioufci. The houfes of the city arc large, and their out-fides niainilicent, they being all built of flone, but are poorly furniflied within ; and their llreets arc cleaner tli;'.n the tops of their lioufes, where they do all their occafions. The city contains a large, neat, and rich cathedral, witli twenty-feven churches and convents, a very fuiehofpital well endov,fed and lichly adorned, the houfeof the inquifition, and other public buildings. St. Roeh"s monaftery is a magnificent Itrudlure, that has a library, an hofpital, and an apothecary's fliop well furniflied. The Dominicans have a very large college, which is a plcalant magnificent fabric, that has a noule front towards the Ihx-et : their church is rich in orna- ments and plate ; its pillars are gilt, and the martyro- loiry of their order is painted on the walls. The Fran- cii'cans have a fmall church, which is one of the fined: in the city, there being fo much gold about the high altar, and' in the eight chapels on the fides, that it re- fembles an entire mafs of that metal. There is a fine church here dedicated to St. Paul, in which lies the body of St. Francis Xavier, the Portugucfe apoftic of the Indies. It is vifited by numbers of people with great veneration, who leave fomething at his flirine to pay for the candles and olive-oil that continually burn be- fore it ; but none are permitted to Jiave the honour of entering within the iron rails that guard the tomb. It is richly adorned, and the late duke of Tufcany fent a magnificent pcdeftal of green jafper, cmbelliflied with a brafs nlate, on which the mod lignal actions of St. Xavier are finely reprefented. The jcfuitsexpofe his relids on the anniverfary-eve of his tefiival. Of all the churches in and aboutGoa none have glafs- windows, except one in the city dedicated to St. Alex- ander ; the reil have panes of tranfparent oyller-fhells, ] as have likewife all their moft ftattly houfes. Every church has a fet of bells, and fome of them arc con- tinually ringing. The viceroyufually refidcs at the powder-houfe, two miles bc'.ow the city, where are fprings of the bell water in the ifiand. He has, however, a very noble pa!ace over one of the city gates, which leads to a fpacious llreet half a mile in length, containing rich (hops of fdk, porcelain, drugs, and other valuable commodities, and is terminated by a beautiful church called Miferi- cordia. In this palace is a long gallery, which contains the pictures of the former viceroys, and has a chair of Hate at each end. He has another feat which he fre- quents in the fiimmcr, at a pl.ice called Pengeim, which ik a mile from the bar. The market-place, which ftands near the church of Mifeiicordia, is about an acre fquare, and in it arc fold moll things produced in that country. In the (hops about it nuiy be had not only the produce of Bengal, Init of Europe, China, and other countries. Slaves, cattle, and fevtral articles of provlfions, are fold in the m.irket by uuillion ; but they leave off early on account of the cxceflive heat of noon. The cftablifhed religion is that of Rome, the pro- fiflbrs of which are the moft zealous bigots in the world, The court of inquifition proceeds with the greateft feve- rity againft all whom the mercilefs inquifitors fufpeel of being guilty of herefy. The victims of their cruelty, inftead of beinii Jews, of which there are not a fu(H- cient number, have been nioilly taken out of the body of the Indian Chriftians i for its familiars or emiiTarits have their eyes pai Ocularly on the converts, or their defcendants, efpecially if any of them are become rich, and will afiord a handfomc confifcation to that holy tri- bunal : but though the fevcrity of the inquifition (hikes an awe both into the clergy and laity, many G?ntoos are fuflered to dwell in the city, where they arc tole- rated on account of their being more induftrious than the «2 c Portugucfe Clirirtiansi hut the mcrcr.;itile part of them are very liable to be infultcd ; for it is even dan:;er-jUi for them to relufe letiin;'; the Portuiruefe hawT their goods, or toalk for their money when n is due, for fear ot the baftinado, and fumetinies worle ccnfequcnces. 'I"his neceil'arily renders the circulation of trade very in- conllder.ible. 'J"he clergy of Goa are cxtrenuh- mimcrous and il- literate. Captain Hamilton fays he ihuid on a little hill near the city, and counted near eighty churches, con- vents, and monaftcries within his view; and he was in- formed, that in the city and in its dilhifts, which ex- tend twenty miles along the coal! of the continent, and fifteen miles within land, there are at lead thirty tliou- fiuid monks and churchmen, who live idly and luxuri- oufly on the labour of the miferable laity, for here the tyranny and oppreflion of the domineering clergy are in- fupportable. , The firll, or grand inquifitor, is always a fecular priefV, who pretends to have the fole privilege of being c.irriea in a palanquin, and is treated with much greater refpecl than even the archbifliop, or the \ icerovs. His autho- rity extends over all perfons, both eccleriaftics and lay- men, except the archbifliop, his grand vicar, who is always a bifliop, the viceroy, and the governors who rcprefenthim ; but hemaycaufe even thcfe tobe arrefted, and begin their procefs, after he has informed the court of Portugal of the crimes laid to their charge. His pa- lace, as well as that of the viceroy's, is very magnificent: his liou(hold confilb of gentlemen, equerries, pages, foot- men, and a multitude of otlier domelHcs. 'I'he fecond inquifitor is a Dominican, and the other officers, called deputies of the holy office, are t.iken from anion;.; the Dominicans, Augullines, and bareheaded Carme- lites. 'l"o return to the city : Ibmc reprefent the walls that encompafs it as twelve miles round, incluJiiU'; within this fpace feveral fields and gardens. \Vitliin a muf- quet (hot of the bar is the Black I'ort, and about a mile within it is a battery built dole to the fea, on a final! promontory, called Nos Senhor de Cabo, and oppofite to it, on a little hill, which commands that fide of th;; river, is another fort. Without that is the Aguada, with a tort on the top of it, and feveral batteries at the foot of the high grounds. In the caftle is a large Ian- thorn for a light-houfe to dired (hipping into the road, when about the beginning of September, the land is ob- fcured by thick clouds. The harbour, in fliort, is fo well defended by forts and large batteries, that it is the (trongeft in India. The ifland produces little corn, but has fome excel- lent fruits, and the mangoes, in particular, are laid to be the largefl, and molt delicious of any in ilie world. The moft fingular vegetable in the ifland is called the forrowful tree, beeaufes it flouriflies only in the night. At fun-fet no flowers arc to be feen, and yet half an hour after it is quite full of them. They yield a fwcet fmell, but the fun no f'ooner begins t< fliine upon them, than fome of them fall off, andotluis dole up; and thus it continues floweriii": in the nii>ht durin^r the whole year. It is nearh' as large as the prune-trec, and its leaves relcmble thofe of the orange. The people cmi- monly plant them in the courts of their houfes, in order to have the advantage of their fliade and fmell. The Portugucl'e of this city are laid to be idle, lu(l- fid, and fij generally tainted with the venereal difeale, that it is thought no difgrace. The chief inhabitants of the ifland are always attend- ed Ly flavcs holding umbrellas to (hade thir.i from the fun. The women load themfelves with jewels, and rofaries of gold and filvcr, bracelets of gold, pearl neck- laces, lotkets, and pendants of diamonds. Their Ihifts reach only to their waifls, over which thcv wear a clofe jacket, and a petticoat. They have very rich flippers, but wear no (lockings. Their fliape and fea- tures are agreeable, but their clofe confinement, when- ever thcv are luftered to appear, gives them a very (HfF and baflilul air. Their chief diverfion is fingin!';, and playing on the lute, and their principal bulinefs is mak- ing conlectioii':, pickles, foups, nvrc.uts, olios, and other iliilics, in vihich they .ire very expert, isut they feldoni (it m ■\-\ i« ■ '. i. m V. *: fi. 222 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. N I i ^- 1 *■ 1 i i ■\l] n,i f.r :'.t ta'ulc wlieii a ftrani^cr diiics with their Inifiiaiids. A- to their chilJrcMi, thivarc I'lirfcrt-d to run alumt iiak- td till th'.'v arc afh:i:ncd ot'it thiindlvt's. All bunricr's nv.-at is prohibited, cxi-ipi [virk, on ac- count of the Icaimcis of their tattle, which, whin killed, the flcfh refcnibli's carrion. (}rccn fruit ami roots in their proper feafons, with a little bread ami rice, arrthe principal parts of their diet; but in all feafons they re- pale thcmfelvcs with candied and preferve and the moil fierce does nor exceed two feet higli, the fccond is about three feet in height, and hunts wild ho\s, deer, and a little creature called a pill'ay, whicli is of the fliapc of a deer, and has the head of a hog with two long tiilks, like thole of a wild boar, grow- iii'j; upward:, and two others which grow downwards from tb.c upper jaw, reaching to the under p.irr of the lower ;.nv. This creature is harmlels and timorous; it i.s of the f./.e of a cat, and feeds on grafs. 'I"he third (jKcies of tigtro Is about three feet and a half high, but feldom attacks mankind. The woods alfo abound with wild peacocks, and other birds, among which are a fpecies of the fize <>f a pigeon, called bill-bird:-, on account of the largenefs of their bills, v.hich are of feveral forms and colours, and make exeelli nt powder-flalks. Mr. Haini'ton iiifoims us, that he was once here in the woods with his fuzec, when a fmall rain f.dling, liappcned to d.mip Iiis powder, which was only wrapped in paper. His gun being thus rendered ufelefs, he (truck into a fjor path, that led from the mountain to the t'aclory; but before he had gone far he cfpiei! a very iar^e tiacr In the fame path, with his face towards him. The tiger, on feeing him, I'lpiatted with his belly to the ground, and wagging his tail, crawded (lowly to meet him. (Xir author thinking it in vain to (ly, walked lei- furelv forward, till coming within ten yards of him, he clubbed his [licce, and made all the noife he could to frighten him, on which the bead: ruOied into a thicket, and leavint; t!ie path free, Mr. Hamilton cfcaped with i fmall river about four miles from^thc fca. The RQ Other harm th.ui being greatly tcrriticd. About two liinulred miles to tlie caft of Canv„., „„,, in thirteen degrees twenty minutes north latitude^";' /-/■ the city of Bilnagar, which is alfo called Nar(in-, a,'d " ' Chandagri. This city, which is tht capital of Bifna. gar, is built on the fummlt of a high mountain, and en compafled with three walls, the outcrmoft of which i? (aid to be above nine miles round. The palace of the prince is lofty, fpacious, and I'urrounded with !a.'-c and deep ditches. None arc fufFcrcd to enter the tortrcfs without his exprefs permi(fion. He allows European? and other (Irangtrs, to pals fome days in the city inihj quality of tiavellers; but none arc 'permitted to fettle there for the fake of trade. However, many ha\ c (hid there long enough to inform us, that there is no place in the Indies, where jullice is lo impartially admini- ilered. The king of Bifnag.ar callshimfelf king of kings, and hufband of a thoufand wives; and has fometimes made war to maintain thefe ridiculous titles. He has feveral fortified towns, but his cannon are (aid to be only form- ed of thick plates of iron, firmlv joined together, and (frengthcned like l)utts, with iron' "hoops. Every vcar he vilits his kingdom, and reviews his troops, whicli are ("aid to amount to thirty thoufand c.ivalrv, I'cvcn hun- dred elephants, and one hundred thou(and infantn-. He has feveral other cities, the principal of which are Kaf- conde, where is one of the riched diamond mines in th- Indies; bezouar and Gandecor, fa-ious for the num- ber and iingularity of the pagodas, and feveral other places, whole fields pioduce rhubarb, ginger, pepper cocoa-nuts, palm-trees, and rice. ' Still farther to the fouth is the province of Canara Its mod northerly part is Oncar, which has a river of (uch depth as to admit fhips of two or three hun- dred tons burthen. Here is an ancient caflle built bv the Portuguele, when they were lords of the coadjf India; but the natives blocked them up in the cadlc till hunger forced them to furrcnder. ' ' riiis is faid to he the country in which the cuftom of the w'idows burning tliemfelves on the funcral-pilc of their hufbands was firil introduced, and where it is ftiH praaifcd; but the manner in which it is performed wc have already defcribcd in Sect. XI. page 192. The Country of Canara is ufu.illy governed bv a fe- male, who keeps her court at a town'callod Bavdoiir, two days journey from the fea. She mav irarry whom (he plealcs, but her hufband never obtains the title of raia though it is beftowcd on her eldeft fon : but, while ('lie lives, neither her hufband nor her Cons have any thiiv to do with the affairs of government; nor is fhe under any obligation to burn herfelf when her hufband dies. The people here pay ("uch obedience to the laws of juftice and humanity, that robbery and murderarc hard- ly c\er heard of among them, and a flranger may pafs through the country with the utmoft fafetyt However no man is permitted to ride cither on an elephant, .1 horfe, or a mule, except the officers of ftat« and (ol'- diers ; but others arc allowed to ride or, buffaloes ?ini\ oxen ; nor are any permitted to have umbrellas carried over them by their fervants ; but if they arc incom- moded by the fun, or the rain, they th'emfclvcs mufi carry them ; but in ever)- other rc("pedt their liberty is not cdrained. T ic next port to the fouthward ofOnoar is Batacal.i v.-heie arc the remains of a large citythat (hnds on a fmall river about four miles from the lea. The country produces a conlidemblc quantity of pepper, and the En^- "ji'fh CALI tot degrees t title of and is tlu fome (iiy into the trees, fai it alio pri h f.iinou! jMJO-iTAr^. A I A. ?•'-.< Ufa company liiJ I'l rmcily a fafiory thciv ; but aimiit tin; \i.Mr 1670 an liiijlilli iiiip vvliicli caitii-to tiailt tluri.- h.uin'.c a Hue Enulilh biill-ilo^', the tliicf of tlic I'lcliiry bL'!}:!r.'il him of the captain. Soon afur thLfliip ha 1 ...ilcil, tlicVaiU'i'v, which confilK-J tifti;;hti'Lii ptjrKm-, L,i)in^' a huntim^, iintortunatcly took tlic buil-iioy with tlicni, anil 'lallina; through the town, the ilog rci/.ccl a cow anJ killcd'hcr. 'Vhc priclls, t'/ca'ly enraged at ilii:; pro- lanatlon, incited the mob to revenge the I'acrcd animal, which they did by murdering the wlinle taciory; but (bme oi liie natives, who were triends to the Englifh, dill' a large oravcand buried them all in it. Ai'terwards the' chiet' of the Englifh factorv- taufcd a ftone to be placed over the grave, on which was thi'i infcripiion. " ']'his is the burial-place of Joh:i Beft, and feveiitecn " other EngliHimcn, who were facriticed to the tury ot " a mad prielUiood and an enraged mob." Alter this tlie En!;li(h never fettled there, though they frequently go thither to buy pepper. 'I'hc next town to the fout»hward is Barcclor, which is fituated on the banks of a broad river about lour miles from the fsa, and a hundred and thirty miles fouth ot Goa. The Englifh, Dutch, and Danes have fadorics liere ; and here the Portugiicfe obtain fupplies of rice, and, in return, fell the inhabitants horfes, dates, pearls, and other merchandize of the produce of Arabia. The next fca-port town towards the fouth is Man- galor, which is one of the molt confidcrable phices in the kingdom, and is fituated in I'^ivtcen degrees north latitudeT It has an excellent road for fhips to anchor in wliile the rainv fealbn lalls, and carries on aconlider- able trade. 'I'hc town is featcd on a riling ground, and is inhabited bv Maliometans and Gentoos, but it is poorly built, and only defended by two fm all forts. The ir. - J.'W. ill' name of thi-; country is called c.dlicoc, nf whi.d imtmnf.- f|uaiititics ha'.e been exported i'rnm thtnce tn .diuoll all parts of the world, "There arc alio here numkies of an extraordinary fizc, whichjunip from tres to tree with furpriling agility. Some a^ithors fay, when the Samorin marries he mult not toliabit with his bride till the namboury, or chief prielf, has enjoyed her, for which that prielt leceive., fivu hundred crowns ; and, if he pleafes, he may have her company for three nights, becaufe the hrlf-fruits of her nuptials miift be an holy oblation to the God ftie wor- fiiips. The naires, or nobles, who marrv a maid, alfo pay the clergy for doing them the lame lavour. Here the daughters of the naires are allowed lo marry a num- ber of hultands ; but of this cudom we have already given a particular account in Seiff. XI. The city of Calicut is f,.id to be three leagues in cir- cuit, but is not cnt .mpall'ed by a wall. It" is fuppofcJ to contain fix thoufand houfcs, mod: of which arc pl,-.ccd at a fufficient diflance from one another to allow each a garden. A merchant may here purchale a houfe foi twenty crowns, and thofe of the common people fel- dom coft more than two ; tliey are indeed only built of very large bricks dried in the fun, and do not exceed feven or eight feet in height. This was the firft place at which the Porti;gucfe landed in l+gS, when they full difcovercd India, by doubling the Cape of Ciood Hope. In 1 7 14 the Samorin ipiar- relling with the Dutch, they carried on the war, till they obliged him to confeiit to allow them feven per cent, on all the pepper exporte.' i,..t of his country for ever. This war was i great lofs to the chief of the I Englifh factory at Caliiut, who had annually fold live uindrcd or a thoufand thefts of opium into the inland i'ortu'gucfe have a factory here, and a pretty large countries ; but by the agreement made at the peace, that trade alfo fell into the hand., of the Dutch. The Eu''- lifh, however, llill export from this place what |ieppcr and Indian goods they can procure. The French h.ivc; an inconlidcrable factory here. The princes and chiefs of the Malabar dominions, and particiijarly the Samorin of Calicut, on extraordi- nary occifions, make entertainments, to wliich the whole country is invited ; but the cxpcncc rather aiifcs from the quantity than the quality of the provifions, which chiefly confift of rice, the grain called dlioll, with the faucc of turmeric, cocoa-nut, and other \egetables, .all which are exceeding cheap; and their only liquor is pure water. Thefe entertainments are literallv cram- ming matches ; for it is not unufual for fome of thegucfts, tempted by this food being at frcc-coft, to over-charge their rtomachs, fo as to die under it. This, fivs Atr. Grofe, is treated as a matter of pleafantry ; and when they would celebrate the m.ignificence of one of thcfc fcafts, they do it by telling the number that burlt: at it. On the back of the Samorin's dominions, and conti- guous to them, is the country of the raja of Sarimpatam, which is laid to have been never yet fubducd. It has been a conltantly received law with thefe humane and equitable people, never to make any but adcfenfive war, and even then not to kill a man though in battle ; in- ftead of which tlicy praclife a fingular method of fight- ing, wliich is attended with fuccefs. Their warrior.s arc trained up to a particular dexterity of cutting oft" the nofes of their enemies in an engagement ; and the dread of incurring this deformity has proved fufHcienC to keep neighbours not more martial than thenifelvcs from difturbing their tranquillity. This, as the above church, freciuented by the Indian converts ; but both the priclts and the laity arc very debauched. The plains annually bear two crops of corn, and the higher grounds produce fmd.d-wood, betel, and p;;pper. Cananor is a large maritime town in a kingdom of the fame name, and is fituated in twelve degrees north latitude: it has a very large and fafc harbour. The Dutch have a fort here of confidcrable extent, and at the bottom nf the bav is a town independant of the Dutch, whole prince can bring twenty thouliind men into the field. I'his place formerly belonged to the Portuguefe, who had a ftrong fort ; but in 1 660 the Dutch took it, and having; auiled a large curtain, with two royal baf- tions, demollfiied the Portuguefe town. Tellicherry is fituated farther to the fouth, and here the Englifli Ea;t India company have a factory pretty well fortified with Hone walls and cannon. The town is fituated at the back of the fort, and is alfo cncompall'ed with a (lone wall. The elcabliflied religion is that of the Gentoos ; but there arc a few black Chrillians who live under the protection of the factory, and fomcofthcm fcrvc for foldiers in the garrifon. SECT. XXXVI. yi Difaiptien rf the remaining Part cflhs Peninfula ofhitUai paitkukriy the Kingihin a>iil City of Calicut. A rimark- ebk Afi-th'J cf makim; IVar in the Daiiiniom of the Raja cf Sarimft.t.vii. Of the Cily cfCranganor ; with a parti- cular Ae'cuunt of CoJnii, the ijapital of the Dutch Settle- ments O'l ti:e Cr,;iil of Malabar ; and of the Jext-s fettled there. Of Anjengi and fome remarkable Circumjlanees r lating te the . lliit'^'State- iicen of Aitinga, and the Government of\ ingenious author obfervcs, reminds us of the celebrated flratagem of Julius Ca'far, at the battle of Pharfalia, i who, riding round the ranks of his hardy veterans, di- del icate CALICUT is the capital of a confidcrable kingdom : rciSlcd them to aim at the faces of the youn to the fouth of rdlichcrry, and is fituated in eleven , patricians, degrees twenty-one minutes. Its fovcrcign bears the i Still farther to the fouth is Cranganor, which was title of Zamorin, or Samorin, which fignifics emperor, ' " " and is the mod powerful of all the Malabar princes ; for fome fay he is able to bring an hundred thoufand men into the field. The country abounds in pepper, cocoa- trees, fandal-wood, iron-wood, and timber for building: it alio produces cotton and precious floncs. This country ' poflefTed and fortified bv the Portuguefe foon after their arrival in India; but the Dutch took it from them in January 1662. The Dutch found here feveral magni- ficentedificcs built by the Portuguefe, particularly a noble college of jcfuits, with a (lately library belonging to it ; ami, as this place waa a bifhop's fee, it had a cathedral. is famou.s for producing the cotton-cloth, which fron. i and fix or feven other churciics. ijf which the ruins only m , ,r. ■! !l !i m ;M';:;{!. ' 1 ) ■•! lit »9 K kk remain. A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Ind OS TAN. ! r) romal.i. Wlllioiit the wall:; w;i:; alfo the coIIclto of Cluiiiotc, f.iiiioiis for the R-roit of the Chriftiaiis of St. Thomas, .vho peiroriiicil the offices nt' their rell;;lon in the Svriat toii^nie, and had a Syriac fchool lor the in- ft.-iiotion of yoiali. Foiirte'Jii or fil'tccn miles farther to the foiith is the , ^ city of Coehin, which is fituated in a kiiuulom of the ti>:M fame name, in ten de-^ree;. north hititiide. There are two towjis of thiiiiame, called (31d and New Cochin ; the fornur is fituated up a ri\ er hidf a league from the iea ; and, as the (i:.\ has gained upon the land, the other is not now above a hundred paces trom the (hore. New Cochin war built by the I'ortugucfe, who adorn- ed it with fcveral fine edifi'.es, churehe-, -and monaf- terics, to wlneli belonged fine walks and pleafant gar- dens. 'I'he jefuits cliurch and college faced the lea. flloro, and hail a lofty lleeple. The convent and church of the Audin friars flood upon the bank of the river. The cathedral was a nob!c piece of architecture ; and the Cf)nvent and church of the Dominicans were fine build- ings, beautified with a double row of pillars of excellent ftonc. This city is fo pleafantly fituated, that the Portugucfe tifed to fay, " China is a country to get money in, and " Cochin a place to fjiend it in;" for the great number of canals formed bv the rivers and illands make fifhing and fowling very diverting, and the mountains arc well ftorcd with game. The Dutch took this city about the year 1667., by the adiftance of feveral neighbouring princes; the king of Cochin, ill particular, who had been e.xafpcrated at the infolence of the Portuguefe, befiegcd it with twentv fhoufand men. The Englilh had then a factory in the citv, but were obliged to remove. It was then a mile nnd a half long; but the Dutch immediately gave or- ders for deniolilhing great part of the houfes, and I'evcral of tl'.e churches, in order to add to its itrength, and render the fortifications more regular. Thus it is now only about fix hundred paces long, and two hundred broad ; yet it is fortified with feven large baftions, and curtains i'o thick, lliat two rows of huge trees arc plant- ed on them for (bade in the hot fcafon. Some itreets built by the Portuguefe were lately Itanding, with a church for the Dutch fervice, and the cathedral is now turned into a ware-houfe. The commander's houfc, which is a (lately ftructurc, is the only houCe built after the Dutch manner, and the river waflics a part of its walls. Their flag-ftafr is placed on the ftccple of the cathedral, on a ma!^ fevcnty-five feet high, on the top of which is another .about fixty feet ; thus their fl.ig may be feen at above feven leagues diltancc. The garrilbn generallv confills of thiee hundred eftectivc men. Old Cochin, in wliich the king refides, has a bazar, or market, in which may be found the produce of the country. It is built on the banks of the river, and has feveral pagodas. This place is remarkable for having been formerly the feat of a Jewifli government, that people being once fo numerous in this kingdom, that they amounted to above cightv thoufand families, which at prefent are reduced to about four thoufand. Thev have a fynagogiie about two miles from the city. In which are carefully kept their records, cngr.ivcd in llcbrcv/ chara>lters on copper- plates, and can fhew their hiftory from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar to the prefent time. About the year 1695 M. \ -in Rccde had an abftract of their hillory tranflatcd from the Hebrew into Low Dutch. They declare, that they are of the tribe of Mana(reh, a part of which was by the above haughty conqueror carried to tlie molt ea(terii province of his large empire, which it leems extended as far as Cape Comorin ; and, it is faiJ, thev (pent three year;, from the time of their leav- ing Babyl.iii, m travcilini; thither. On their entering Malabar they met with a friendly and hofpitabk recep- tion ; the inhabitants allowed them liberty of confcience the tree life of their reafoii, and of the power of exertini"- their induliry. Hence they incrcafed in number and in wealth, till at length, either by their policy or their riches, or bvboth united, they obtained the little kiiirr. dom of Cr.mganor ; when one family among them bciiTir highly e(tecnied fo;- their wifdom, power, "and wealth two of the fens were chofeii by their elders and fenators to reign jointly o\er the people, liut concord, the (trongelt band cf focicty, being foon broken, ambition took place, and one of the brothers inviting his colleague to a fealt, quarrelled with hiin, and bafely (laying lifn, reigned alone till the fon of the deceafed revenged his lather's death, by killing the fratricide, and thus the Itatc fell again into a democracy, which (till continues among the Jews fettled there. ' But the lands have fe- veral agvs ago returned bark into the hands of theMa- labars, and poverty and oppre/Tion have induced many to apoltatize. Farther to the fnuth is Anjengo, where thcEnirli/h have a fort, lecured by the fe.i on one fide, and a imall river ontheothir; but not a drop of water fit for drink- m^ is to be had within lei's than three miles of the facton-. This place is fubjcift to the queen of Attingii, who is the hereditary fovereign of a (mall territory. By the conftitution of the country it muft be always governed by a queen. It is againit the law for her to marry • but that heirelTes of her blood may not be wantint, (he maychoofe to admi," whom, and as many as (he pleafes, to the honour of hi r bed ; her feraglio is therefore gene- rally compofcd of the handfomeit young men of her court. The fons have the rank of nobility, and none but the daughters have any title to the fucceffion. The cultom of the women not being allowed to cover any part of their breatts, fo generally praitifed in the countries of Malabar, is here more rigoroufly obfcrved than in many other places; and we are informed by Mr. Grofe, that a woman of that country, who had been (ome time in an European fettlement, where (he had con- formed to the fafhion, continued the concealment of her brcalts ; but coming into the prefencc of the queen, (he ordered them to be cut ott", for daring to appear before her with fuch a mark of difrefpedt to the eftablifhcd manners of her country. To the fouth of Anjengo "s Tegapatan, where the Dutch have a iettlement near cape Comorin. Thus we have finifhed our intended defcription of In- dia in general, and of the principal fettlemcnts on the coaft, and fhall conclude with an obfervation from an ingenious author, that from fuch (Irange cuftoms as have been juil defcribed, it fccms natural to infer that a barbarifm reigns among the Malabars equal to that of the lavages of America; yet this is fo far from being true, that they arc diftinguifhed by their politenefs, and efpecially by a fhrewdnefs in difccrning their own in- tere(t, which thofe who treat with them are fure to ex- perience. Like molt of the people of the Eaft they are grave, know perfedlly well how to keep up their dig- nity, and are great obfcrvers of filencc, efpecially in their public employments, for they dcfpife and diltrult all verbofcnefs in the management of affairs of (tate, and their harangues are concife and pathetic. Thus t^vj ambafiadors being fent by the naick of Madura to the king of Travancorc, whofe dominions are fituated by thole of the Samorin, one of them making a long fpeech, and the other preparing to rcfume it where the other had left off, he aulterclyadmonifhed him in thefe words, " Do not be long, life is fliort." We have now compleated our view of India, and (hould next proceed to Perfia; but as we have already given an account of the illands to the eaft of Cape Co- morin, we (hall firlt give a concife account of that amazing duller of illands called the Maldives. as it refr well as ir Thei The fair never rail proach Thefo as it prod and chief! country CHAP, ■.11 [ 225 1 CHAP. XXIII. Of the M A L D I V I A ISLANDS. Of their Situiitiin, Extent ■, Number, and Produce ; the Per- fans and Manners of the InhjHtants. JFith it concife Ac- count of the Settlement of thi Portugurfe there, and their DeJIruilion, THE Maldives were the firft id-inds difcovcrcd by the European navigators on their arrival in the Indies. The mod northern of them are reckoned fifteen leagues from Cape Comorin ; they extend from fevcn decrees twenty minutes north to one degree fouth lati- tu(Tc i but arc no where above thirty or thirtv-tive leagues broad. Within this fpace are contained i'uch a prodi- jrious multitude of little iflands, that their number can- not be fixed. The prince, who is fovercign of them all, takes the title of fultan of thirteen provinces and twelve thoufand iflands. There is doubtlcfs fome pride and great exaggeration in this pompous title, which ftrongly favours of oriental vanity. In this multitude of little iflands a great number arc uninhabited. Some arc only covered with herbs and timber; others have no verdure, and arc nothing but movin" fand : fome of thefe laft difappear with the flux of the tide ; others are daily walhed away ; and thofc that have only trees and herbs arc covered with crabs, large lobfters, and penguins, a fpecics of birds as large as a goofe. Not only the defart iflands, but thofe which are habitable, are extremely fmall, fince Male, the moft fpacious of them, and the place of the king's refidence, is no more than a league and a half in circumference. They are divided into thirteen provinces, ordivifions, called by the inhabitants attolons ; and are feparated from each other by ftreights, which either their nar- rownefs, the rocks, or fand-banks, render impaflable to merchant (hips. Nature has in a furprizing manner fortified thefe iflands againil the rage of the impetuous torrents, by cncompaffing them with rocks, which ferve as a rampart, againlt which the waves dafh in vain : yet they have four openings oppofitc to each other, where ths channels which crofs this long and narrow clufter of iflands ferve them for harbours, according to the ditFercncc of the feafons. As thefe iflands arc in the midft of the torrid zone, it may be imagined that the heat is exceflive. The days and nights are equal, and the nights are always extreme- ly cool, and attended with a plentiful dew. This cool- nefs renders the heat of the day more fupportable ; and, as it refrcfhes the earth, the vegetables thrive here as well as in temperate climates. The rainy feafon begins in April, and lads fix months. The fair weather begins in Oftober, after which it never rains, and the wind is always at eaft, till the ap- proach of the rains. The foil is as fertile as can be defircd, in fuch things as it produces ; which are millet, pulfe of various kinds, and chiefly cocoa-nuts ; and, 'tis faid, that there is no country in the world where that fruit is fo fine and plentiful, and as this alone Is fuflicicnt for nil the rie cellaric:; of man, the expcnce of living in the Maklivi,; iflands is alinoll nothing. With the cocoa-trees they build velllli of three hundred tons burthen, and from them have all their rigging. They alfo make oil of the fruit for their kitchens and lamps. Oranges, cit- rons, and pomegr.inates are no lefs plentiful here. The fea alfo abounds with variety of fi(h ; and on the land are tortoifes that have large and beautiful Ihells. Black and green amber are found here, and alfo black coral, and the (hells called couries,orblackmoor's-teeth,wIiich in many parts of the world ferve inftead of money. The Maldivians are a tradable people, eafily dealt with. They arc of an olive complexion, and fmall of ftaturc, but well proportioned. Moll of them go quite naked, except wearing a cloth about their waift ; yet they are faid to excel in manufaftures, and alio in letters and tlic fcicnces moft of the Eaftern nations, and have particularly a very high eftecm for altronomy. They arc bcfidcs prudjnt and fedate, (killed in the manage- ment of their naval veflils, brave and courageous, ex- pert in the ufe of arms, and there reigns amongit: them a well regulated police. The people are of the Maho- metan religion, and when one of them has made a voyape fo Mecca he has the privilege of wearing a long beard as a fign of his fanftity. The king's revenue chiefly confifts in the fifth of the fruits gathered by his fubjcils, and of what they can favc from vefTels wrecked on their coafts. The allure- ment of this fort of gain has rendered them furpnfingly dexterous in recovering goods from the bottom of the fea. However, the fmall profits to be made here is the reafon wliy none but the Portuguefe have endeavoured to eftablifn themfelves in thefe iilands. Thev were dif- covered in 1507 by admiral Soarcz, who concluded aa alliance with the king of the country, which was con- firmed by Segucira, who, according to cuftom, aflced leave to build a fortified magazine at Male ; which was granted without difliculty by the prince, who was de- lighted with the prefents he had received, and hoped to derive great advantages from an union with a nation then fo famous. Gomez erefted the fort on the fea-fide of wood and earth; he having neither ftone nor lime to raife a more folid (IruiSure. But this work was fcarcely complcated, when, trufting too much to the reputation of the Portuguefe, and to the friendfhip of the king, he (hewed that he was difpofed to rule both over the fo- reigners and the natives of the country, and to give the law in matters of commerce. The Mahometans plotted fecretly againft him ; they attacked the fort fud- denly, when he had only fifteen or twenty foldiers with him ; they killed him, and made themfelves matters of the place. Thus the Portuguefe, by their own pride and folly, loft that eftablifhmcnt a« quickly a« they had acquired it. I CHAP. f. \ '\S m- \i '■ I ir ■* it «y i !| vt« Im: •\i \ 'CI a. 1 !„■ ■;. t : I'l Of ( 2^6 ) CHAP. XXIV. R S I A. SECT. I. Of its Nimf, Bmiiilarie!, Siluation, ami ExUnt. Its Pin ■ vinces. Climate, Rivets, unit HHiurnli ; with a particiilur Account of till Springs ofNapthn, found in Pafu. PERSIA, according to the Poets, derived its name from PerCeus, the Ion ot' Jupiter and Danae. LeCs fahulous authors fuppofc it derived I'rom Paras, which fignitics a horfoman, the Perfians being always celebrated for their fkiil in horfemanfhip ; but the name is too an- tient tor us to receive any certain account ot" its origin, and it is to little purpofc to give an account of the con- jcflures of authors when ail difagrce. This kingdom is bounded on the caft by the dominions of the Mogul J on the north bv U(bec Tartary, the Cafpian fea, and Circaflia ; on the foiitli by the Indian ocean and the gulph of Perfia, or Hallora ; and on the weft by the Turlcifh empire. This extcniivc kingdom is fituatcd bctwc.Mi the tvventy-fitth and forty-hfth de- grees of north latitude, and between the forty-fifth and the fixty-fcventh degrees of eatt longitude from the me- ridian of London. The length and breadth of this kin::dom is therefore nearly equal ; and were not the north-eaft parts of Pcrfia divided from the north- welt by the Cafpi.m fea, the form of this country would be alnioll fquarc. However, it is twelve hundred miles from cad to weft, and nearly as much from north to ibuth. Thisextcnfivc kingdom is dKided into the following provinces : on the frontiers of India arc Chorafan, part of the aiitient Hyrcania, including Herat and Elterabad; Sableuftan, including the anti-jnt Bactria and Can- da'iar ; and Sigiftan, the antienc Drangiana. The fouthern divifion contains Makeran, Kermnn, the antient (icdrofiia, and Farfiftan, the antient Perfia. The fouth-wcft divifion on the frontiers of Turkey contain the provinces of Chufiftan, the antient Sufiana, Irac-Agem, the antient Parthia, and Curdcftan, part of antient AflVria. The north-weft di\ il'ion, lying between the Cafpian fea and the frontiers of Turky, in Afia, contains the provinces of Adcrbeif/.cn, the antient Media ; Georgia, Gangca, and Dagiftan, part of the antient Iberia and Colchis ; Ghilnn, part of the antient Hyrcania ; Shir- van, and M.izandcran. The longeft day in the fouth of Perfia is thirteen hours and a hnlf, and in the north above fifteen hours. In a countrv fii extcnfive the air and fcafons mult nc- ccflarilv be \erv dittcrent : thus in the middle of the kipLulom their winter begins in November, and con- tinues till March, with fcvcre frofts and fnovv, great quantities of which fall on the mountains, but much Jefs in the plains. From the mcntli of March till May the wind is generally high, and from thence till Sep- tember they have a calm I'orene Iky, without even a cloud. In the day-time the weather is pretty hot, but the rcfrcfhing breezes wliich conftantly blow in the mornings and evenings, as v.'ell as in the night, render the fumincr very tolerable, efpecially as tlie nights arc ten hours lone. The air is I" pure, and the ftars fhinc with fuch luftrc, that people ufually travel in the nigh*:; and the air is fo dry during the fair feafon, that not the leaft dew or moifturc falls on any thing expofcd to the air. No country is more he.dthful thiui the heart of Pcrfia ; and the foreigners, who come there ftrong and robult, generally enjoy a conftant I'eries of health ; but it is obierved, that tliofe who are fick at their arrival feldom rcci.iiitltii.'s (it' tiolj-arjiKilliac, uiiJ ;i iii.u I iti.J li) the i ci.iiiitrv |>t'- liuncs. SECT. II. Of Iri Fiiccr,/ 1')! Coiinlry. The Cjni, rin;:ti,Ti\-ts, Fiiiils, ,md Siiubi of Pcrjh \ fartkuUirly of the Senna Tree, t!:e Tree that produeei Munnit ; the Ferfum Poppies, ami the Alanncr of ixtraci. .^^ Opium from them \ the Tree uhieh yiehh Afl^fwliih, und the Method by iMch it is chtalncd. Of the Henjls of Ihirthcn, p:irtiii^ I Ml I !' . 1 I 1' :.|. i : I 1 7.i8 A S Y S T !■. M O !• I. !• O fi K A 1* ll Y. l»t HSIA. Ill (')ino pl.ici't tliiv ;',r(iw I'liiii- dttln'h, anil II .. v/Iilti' U.i.c'. Tlioy ixiiact till' juiiv; rniin tlu'tii III JiMii;, by iii.ikiiii', litilc iiKirionn in the lii.i-l vt the pni ju', nil v.'hich .1 illicit liijul.l ii'i^i I Irnni ilu'iii, wliiih is j'.uluuJ liitiiic iiin-rilV. 't i.i fail m li.uf I'luh iiii I ll'ti-l iii.oii tilt pc(>,)li; wlvi :;ri' implii;i.J in this wmlt, I'l.it tluy ii'iilc vtiy Piilf, ami their liinl'i trcniliU'. Thf la|iii)r tliii'i ilr.uvn t.diii th^' puppies lujii grnwi ihi' k, uiul is iiuiJo iiit>> pi!l ;. A yri.'.t 'Ic.il ot laiiVdii In .-.l:"i proilucfil in Ptrfi.i. Aiial'ivtiil.i IS nukh ai!niii:.l hy the niiHi.. buth <>< I'lifi.! ami lii.lia, wlio iVciiii.iitly iit it with their loml. Jt i. a liiiu.ir that llows Im:;! a plant i.-alleil liiltot, an iiu-ilion beinu; ina.Ii: in t!i'; root for that piiipDlc. It t!ilt'»Ci-ns alter" it is drawn, an>l 'jrows as ti ml as ;^nm ; il is of two liinJs, the white aiuf the lilaik, the tonner of which th."/ cllceiii th-' ht'll for latiii:';. The fmell (if t!ii, iliii^ in fo c\cveilin ' llron;;, that it ii i-innniu- llicjtcJ to Inch gooJs lis lie near il in the fhip, let them be wr:nipeJ up iTvcr fj dole, ami it i^ alinolt lilipollibie to tkar lliem of it. In tile ilel'atts of Carm.inia arc two fni ill fliriihs of a poifoiioiis nature, the firlt ealleil |vi!l'..ii (aiiiunr, orthe (lower wlii.'h poiloiis the winj, lor fome people una- luin;: folil for two or thrt-e hutiilrcti poimJi, and thfv ire leKhan folil f .rlel thin fifty each, whieh i< ihiifly owinj/ (o (lie miiv.h'.rs lent into liiilia anj 1 urky. 'I lu-y have a! I'd ixccUtnt iniih , vuluivl at thirty «>r forty pounii> each. I he iifiial fniiil fir liorlei ii b.irlev niiil chnppcil rtraw: they have no nnin^. ri, Init pive thi ii liorlis then e.irn in ha,M, .ii on ■ hae»iiey loailinien do ^ but foine- tinui they fied thim with hJll», orhirlev niiMJ. There ;s\' lure jjieat picntv of ftleep aiul ^;oat' , and the natue. leldoin eat Jiiv other meat. Their (heep .iro l.ir^e, and reinarkal'le fur thwir fat tails, whah luin- moiily wei;;hii_;ht oi ten pound., and (omc ate laid ut w> i II above twenty pounds wei^'ht. In Come p.nts ot" I'.rlia their flieep hue tix or (even horns, f mic Itand n^ l(i.ii;'ht out of their forehead'., fo th.it when thiir rann iii;.'i,:e niiiell blood is ufuilly (pilt. Tlie Mc rlian g ati ar.- not only \ilii.ible for th-ir ililh, hut for iheir hair or W(i(d, of which eoiil'uler.ihle »pMiui;ie'i arc txparuj fioni C.irmaiii.i. There .irc few ho^i, f..r as thr Mahomttani •" • the (Tnveminent rif the loimiry, an.l are taught b, . ,, re. li_'ion til abhor thole animals, their Chri:i,..n luhji do not m havoiir to breed iiuli thiiii, exeipt low.udsCieor- giliJ that tliis oecaltniis thofc killing wind ., wliich, in j ;;ia and Armenia, where the Chriiliani arc v.ry nuiiie- the hot feafon, bhnv in this pro\ iiiee. Theothei (hrtih roiis ij called kerzebre, thetiiink of which i . about .u thick as a man's le^', and ;^rous about fix feet hy'.i, its leaves arc alinoll round, and it bear, a llowcr relciiibliiig that of the l\v>.et-briar. Anion;; the c.itile of Perfla th.; came!-;, horfes, mules, lilies, oxen, and buli'alovs, ,ire ve;y fcrvieeable, and more pariicularly the eani.l, which is valuable, both on .le- eoiint of the weight he ..irrics, and the little cxpencc of !;evi,iil.5 him. (){ tlufe came hi there arc feve.al kinds, am.jn.; which thoie eiuundered between a dro- incilarv er eiunel with two bundle, on his back, .ind a Icm.ile wiiii one, are elleemcd the belt, and fold for twenty "r thirty pouiu'v c.cli ; for they are leldom tired, and are laid to carry nine liundred or .1 thoul.uul vveii;ht. Tilde lliat travel between Ilpahan and the Perllan ;.^ulph are of a much fniallcr ll/e, and cerrv no more tlian hve or fiX' hundred weijht, yet thefc are almufl as fcrvice- i.blc as tlu- other, tor they arc much fwii'ter, and will gallop like ahorfe; but the others leldoin exceed a foot pace. A:, thele fwift camels aie kept by thckinj; and 'There arc few wild beads, cither in the fouthern or miiKlIf part of I'crlia, v\ here tlv.re are no cover for iIkui. Tliey liaie, however, fomc deer aiul antelopes, whi.h arc nearly of the (amc nature, only they liavc (iiur limbs, .ind arc fpoltcd. In the woody p.nts of Cur- di(tan and llvrcania there ire liens, tv;.'ers leopard', v.'ild boar-;, and jack lis, and in Aimeina and MedJ there arc abunl.incc of deer, wild goats ami r.il ' '■■ 'They liaie' the fame fort of tame and wild lo«l .n we have in Kiirope, but have ii.ort 1 f them in the noith than in the fouUi part of the coiiiitrv. Their partr'd'res are the largefl and bell tilled that arc any wticiL to^be nut with. I he pilican, which the IVrfiaiis call tacob, or the water-dr.iwer, is a very remarkable fowl : its body is (aid to be as lar;a;e as a Iheep, and irs liead very final! ; but has a bill (ixteen or tujliieen iiiclie: lon^, and as thick as a man's arm, and uiulcr it is a larji:c bau, which will hold a coiifiderable <|uantity of water ; "lor they build their nells in the delart ., and frequcntlv >'0 two the great men, for carryiii;^ their women and their baj;- days journey to fetch water lor their yr.uii;' oii'-s j and gii^e, they arc generally ad'jrncd with embroidered then briii^ enough in this receptacle to lull them a con- chulis, and have fil'.cr bell .bout their necks. \Vhen thev are to take their burden th'J driver tenches their kne. s, upon which they knee! down till they ,ire loaded, and when that is done fuddenly rife. 'They fufl'cr ihcm to !;i'a/.e bv the road fide with their loads fidcrable tii'ie. ^ As to ca;;lc5, falcons, hawks, and other birds of prey, liierearegie.it luimbris of them, and many of them in- iiriictcd to y .It (lie g.nne. I luy are taught not only to fly at birds, but at hares, deer, and all manner of upon tli.ir backs, on weeds and tliiflles, and when wild beads ; and, by fixing on the animal's head, and they travel tlirou;;h defarts, in which nothing; [;rccii is bi'.uiiijr him with their wings, he is fo terrified .i:d to be found, they feed them v.ith b.ills compounded dillraiieil, th.it the huntfmcn and do<'s which follow of barl.v-iiieal and duff made up into a parte, and ol'ten cafily take them. mix cotton feed with it ; but, coi.liderin^r his bulk, he. They have the fame forts of fingini» bird's as wc haic is the Icail feeder of any animal. It is a great liappi- ^ and fome that are taught to (peak; but it does not ap- ncfs, thai camels will live two or three da\ s together I pear that they have any parrots or parroqucts. 'They withouc water, there being fcarce any to be met with have birds whofc idumage has a beautiful mixture of in the uclarts they are freiiuently forced to crofs. 'They ' yellow, green, and blue; and have- fuch iiumbeis of fhcd all their hair every fpring, and become perfectly : I'parrows, that when the harvcft approaches the hiif- nakcd. Of ibis hair abundance of line IhifTs are made, baiulmen arc obliged to place their I'ervants all day in They are extremely traiitablc, except in their rutting : the fields to keep them from the corn, time, which lalV, thirty or forty d-iys, and then they I The country near the Cafpian and .^rcanian feas is arc vcrv unruly, on which account their drivers in- - full of fcrpents, toads, fcorpions, and other venomous crcafc their burdens to tame them. 'They go with reptiles, ni.iny of which die in lummcr for want of wat'.T youni eleven momh- , and (bmc fay twelve. j and infect the air of that part of the country. 'There are All'es, mules, buti'alocs, and oxen, arc alfo ufed in- 1 fcorpions in particular of a monftrous tlzc, whofc ftiiif difFcrently for carrying pallengcrs or burdens, and their } is I'aid to be mortal, if proper remedies arc not inftantly land bciiig ploughed by buffaloes and oxen, they are i applied; and, at bcif, a pcrfon ftung bv one of them is feldoni killed for iuod. The all'es of Pcrlia arc much i in fuch torture, that for lonu' time he' is ravin" mad. larger and fwilur than ours, and will travel very w^ll; I Mufcatocs arc very troublclome in the flat country near but the finell beads arc the horfes, which are very beau- | the Cafpian fca ; and there is a white fly, no bigger tiful and well managed. 'I hey arc finely proportion- ed, and arc light and ("pri^htly, but arc only ufed for the Caddie : the and alwa'/s wear their tads at the t'uli length. '1 hey are, however, in their fo I'wiftas the Aral^ian horfes, nor fo hardy as ihofe than a flea, whofc iiing is like the prick of a pin. Hcr_ are alfo millepedes, whofc bite is as pernicious as the fling of a fcorpion. However, in the heart of Pcrfia, which is very dry, they arc not much troubled with infects, except their bcinu of the Tartars. Horfes arc ycry dear in Pcrfia, fome ■ fomctimes vifitcd by fwarms of lucuCts, wliich fly in fuch numbcri.. haviii;i a crinili blue, wli their 111(1 afadi o turbans twcntv-t are gon, kept ver but wi . Next to I rhtquere (eldom 01 eolom, dole to 1 and upon id heroic 'This co.i their km upper Co, lipiirrcl: -nd alfo i (it in his muft be o 'he waiiK loll, or w withiJut b they aKva garment 1 Wear clot for the nil over tile ; without q Ikin of h feal's (kin carry the wiio arc Uowfeis, I'eksia. A I A. U.) ,( prey, thvPi iii- rm: only matiiicr i' thei iflv dry, they ir being, in fuch lumbers. niimlHT', thai ihty riTinible acUintJ, .\nJ ol'icuro the Inn. WIlcreviT thel'. Ii;;ht, thev ilellrny the truil'i nt ihi ■ nth; Init hippilv iiitain hir>l ' ii ii.t.iHv \ilit ihu (iiiiiilrv ahuiit the fame liiKe, aiul, by liIiii;; up the |oiiill>, prevent the ruin ol ihi hiilli.indniLii. Thtre are (.Teat plenty of le.i-(illi ol al'nolf all kinui in the IVrllan unlph .nui ili.' Calpi.!!! Iia , .md the riuii K.ur and Arra4, whieli fall into the I'fllpiaii, lia\oplentv of riier-liOl I Init they are at loo '.'re.it a ilillailie iVorii Ilp.ihan to ftipply that city. aiiJ chcrcluic Hill i> IvKloin (ailed (here. S E C I. Ill Ofl)/ P/rjint, Driji, Fi^l, Mi'imrs, ail.l Cu/lum t/iln Tni; Perfiann have .1 rceablc (^Martf, »nd are of a giiod llaturc, well li, P' d, robiilt, warM"'i and hardy. In (itorgia and then. n provinces they ti., '' 1 line i'omple.\iun, hut t'lward^ t/. fouth are a little ii'i'on the olive. However, at many ^,l the preat men have (or a long time palt had their wives thieflv from liiorgia and Cireadia, the breed in the louthern provin- i •. 11 nun h mended. Thtireves and hair are generally blaik, .md the men, in moll parts of the loinury, lliave th' ir he.ids verv elofe j lint the young men have niun a loek on each temple, \^•hich hangs down, and fcrxes as an urnameiit to their t'.iees. Ihtir checks art flia^td, hut the beard of the chin reaches up to thiir temples. Tlieii inoll.ihs and religious people wear long heaids, which tluv only clip into form ; imt the common peo- ple lilt theirs pretty lh i low leather. Their biidles, (addles, .uid hoiilings, aie .iliiinll covered with gold j ,md the l.itter arc fo lar,;c, ,is ,ilmoll; to hide the hinder part of the Imrfe. I'hedrels (it the women dillu from tliat n( the men, ijtlli T for the ditlinclioii of irsi-,, than by .iH'ecling any prenolleinii lorm. 'Ihcy adorn th.ir arm wiih bi leclets, .mil neither the iiilii nor women wear gloves, Tli.or- n.iments of llieir heads conlill of jewels dil'poled in fc- ver.il dirtcrent (orms : one of thele is compofed of a light g'lldch.iin let with (mall pearls, wiiii ,1 thin gold plate peiul int about the bignels of a crown-piece, on which is impeded an Ar.dti.in prayer; this ii |i.\ed to the hair, ar l!\e upp..r pait of the temple, and liaiif;S upon the cheek below the car. 'I'he poorer fort wear the ('.ime thin s in baler metal. Il ever they go into the ltrei.t;, wlli.li the l.ulles of rank feldom do, ihey wear a whilo veil, which eovcr.H them (Vi.m head to foot. The girls wear 011 their lieadt .1 itilFened c.ip turnL'd up, with a heron's Leather in it. Their hair, being made up in trelits, fall* down their liai ks to a very great length. TIic ini.iriej wonuii Ininetimes comb their hair back, and binding it vi il a bro.id ribbon, or rii li tiara, let with jc..'. Is, r.-rembiin;.'; a coronet, lit the red of their li.'.ir I'.'.Il gr.icefi:lly I't.v.'il their Ihoulders, a;id nothing can .'.ppear n.e.re becom- ing. Illack hair is not nnlv the mofl eommon, bitthcmod erteeiiie.l, and the thiekcll and bro.i>'(if ey.'-bro.Vs arc molt admired. If their cyc-brov/s are not I lie'', tin: women will colour tliim ; and it is not uncommon to paint their f.icct : they ulfo rub their hands and feet with .m orange cohnired pomatum. Some lia\ e fe.ither s (land- ing upright in their tiara, and others have .'. Itrini; of |iearls or precious ftoncs (aliened to it, and h:iiv.in;» dov.'ii between their eye-brows ; tliev alio wear jvwels in their cars, and rows of pearls fall down their temples ao low as the neck ; and in fome of the provinces that border on India they ha\ e nol'e jewels. Their necklaeej are either of gold or pearl, and tall upon the bofom ; and to thefe ufu.illy h;ings a little golden box tilled with iTioil reviving perfumes. The women wear drawers and flippers like lliofeof the men. As both the men and women are drell'ed in the richell flowered and broe.iJed I'liki, it is evident thev Ipare no expence in adorning themlelves. Their I'aihes are alio brocaded, and are l.iid to coll from twenty to a hundred crowns, and over this the\- have frequeiuiv anrther of camels hair, (o curiouflv wrought, that it I'eldom coils much lefs. All this, with their rich furniture when they ri.le out, a5 thev do almolt every day, keeps them poor; hut it is verv commiui (or them 10 feel tlieelleels of po- verty at home, wliile they arc lo.ided with ;^old .md iewels when thev '.'.o abri>ad. Ill tine, the rerl'ians oblervc an outward doeencv in their cloathing ; this their very religion I'cenis to exact of them. They are neat in their houfe:; ; and even ilie me.inclt: fort arc ufually verv clean in their cloaths, which have feldim any rent : but if it was not for their repeated bathings, the want of changing tlicir Ihirts would tender their perfons indelicate. As to the lood of the I'eriians, they ufiiallv drink a difh of cotFee cirly in the morning, am! .:hout eleven o'clock go to dinner, when they e.it fruit, fwcetmcats, or curds and mil'ic ; but thei? principal meul is in the tvsninjj. II IIU i ;.'! n A .S V S T !•: M O F G L O G R A 1^ 1 1 V. V i:r.siA. I niiiT,v.T.>.-n t:i;v r..-.vc r'Ticr...;-. ;;i;:.ii m |..iOv.. which Is bt.ilJil li-c wc;;hi!ttt.Ti;J, ;'.h.l UMl'oiial, with a t-.vvl, a jii-jcc of r.iiitton, or kill, Cltvi-.I up witli it. 'I'hoy hoil their ricL- till the v.:;tcr is pi ilc-'lly Jritil a-.v.iv hv the tin:'.' the rice is tiioii-h, ;iinl thjii kalon it v.ith Ipues, ;;iul r.iix f.ift'ron <.r turmciic with it to make it yellow, or uivc it wliJt other colour they choole Their iifii;'.! wa' ■ of drediii'^ t'liclr flefh is by nittiiv'- it Into little dices, aiiil then Ikewerin ; them tn;;ethcr, > .; them overacharcoal-fMei bu: whctherthcv ho.l or ro..n, it is alw:i\s done to ra-s, or it wciiM he iinp<.!r.bL' to piiil the meat in pieces^with their lingers, whicli they are ferced to do, a', thev life neither knives or forks. Ther arc natiirallv inclined to temperance, and with refpec^ to diet feem more in a rtate of nature th.-.n the I'eropcans. 'I'hev, lunvcwr, iil'e opiates, hut not near io much as the 'I'iirks ; and, befules eotiee, they drink feveral kinds of flierbet, and an infufion o\ cinnamon with fu'.';M-. Hofjiltality is apart of their reliu;ion, and, on occaf.ons of the lealt'intcreourfe, men of any diftine- tion in\ ire llranuers, as well as their friends, to their table, and take great pride in the tclUmonies of refneel (ou iectl\<'s a vil'.t i'lom his fupcrior, he no fooncr feci him but he rifcs, and meets him halfway, and if he l)a;i notice of his cominir, receives him at the ^Mte. In flvirt, the refpecl Ihewn is in [iroportion to the (pi.-, litv of th.e pcrfons ; but they place thofe for whom they h.ue the ^oi^atelt refpeet on their left hand. 'I'hcy lit trofs-le.';"ed, \'et have frecpuiuly llooLs brout;ht for the tiiropeans of r.-,nk, v.-h-ri they vifit tbem. Thev .ire CNtremcly fond oftob.ieco; and fomc of them draw the finokc in fo prodigious a quantity, that it comes out of their nof^s. The caalean ufed by the I'erlians in fnioakiiiL; is a glafs vefill, relVnibling a de- canter, and filled about three pa.rts with water. Their tobacco is vellow, and \'ery mild compared with that of .America! I!ein^ pn pared with wat r, and made up into a ball, it is put into a !"iKer iiti-nfil, not unlike a I tea-cup, to which there i,s a tube aliixed, that reachi;. I a.Inioit- to the bottom of the vcllel. 'I here is another I tube fixed to the neck of the vellel above the water; to j t!iis is f.illened a leathern pipe, thnMiidi which they draw I the fmokc, which, as it palies thruu;;h the water, is cool .Tnd pleafant. 'i'he I'crfians, fays Mr. Hanway^ the- fhew them" The reader will doubtlefs be plelifed } have for many aires been iii-.moder.itely fand of I'lecaa- with (Vei-i- Ivrc an account of an cntert.iinment, at ! lean. Shah Abas the Great made a hv.- to punilh this which Mr^Haiiwav was prefcnt, fince the defcripticms ' iiiduhienee with death; but manv chole to torlakc their p t:) a ciillom, which di-feribe from the rehuions of others. } he conlideied as unnatural, .rreligious, and attended Supp-rbein-hrou"ht ill, a fervant prefented a bottle ! with idlenels and unnocchary cxpcnce. of w.Ter, and,~\vi:h a ivpkin over his fhoulder, went to i In then common dileourle they frequently introduce every' one in the companr-, and poured water on their ■ moral fentcnccs, and poet:c.-,l narrations extra,ited from ha"d's towifii. In the court-vard Hood a lan_;c lamp; llicir poets, and other writin;:s; and it was formerly fupplicd with taliow, and in 'the middle of the room, \ their cor.fla-it cullom to entertain their gucfts with la- upon th" floor, was one lar-e wax candle, which thev | vourite paiLiges out ot their poets. I hey arc polite, fnuffed with feiliars into a tea-cup of water. A larire ] hut r^ the fame time are extravagantly hvperbolical in iMvcr, in the form of a tea-board, was fet bef.irc every I their compliments. 1 he I'erlians were once celebrated overcd with a plate of pilow, on which was a i tor their poetic genius ; jicrfon, cf ^ . . - but war, which has dcftroyed fm-ll q"nitit"'orm'i'n'c(d' meat,' mixt'up with fruit ami ! their morals and ieariiing, feems likowife to have d.imp- fpice- There were alio plates of comiits feveral china <-J t'l'-'i!' P'«-tic fire. I he ancient I'erlians arc faid to hifoMs of fhcrhets, a; fwect, four, and other waters, I have taught their children a molt exact reverence for with" c-kes of rice, .-nd others of wheat flour, on which j truth ; bi.t the prelent generation arc notorious tor their were nirinklcd the ka'r, of poppie;, :.:ul others of the I falfliood : and as the above moral hilforian obferves, like niturc As they cfteem it an abomination to cut llicv P"il"" vvith a Iweetmeat, m always laving wh:.t cvher bread, or any kind of meat ai'ter it is drelled, thefe j is pleaimg, without regarding the truth. 'J'hey are <.f c-kc^ are ma.ie thin, that they may be cafilv broken with | a cheartul dilpofition, and yet are the hand- their mc.u,whieh i^ i;enerallvnn:tion or fowls, lerioulnels than loud mirth. the truth. r.'.ther inclined to is fo prepared, that they divide it with their fingers. When every thini: was let before them they ate fall, and without ceremony, feeling thcmfelvcs with tlieir fin- "crs. The Pernai'S indeed, are not very nice in tlicir inr.nner of er.tiu'^, for they grcafe their hands, and be- (mear their beards. Supper'was no Iboncr o\ er than warm water was broui;ht to wafli, which being done, they re- fumed their dileourle : and it is worthy of remark, that when the oKleit man in the comp.iny fpeaks, tho' he be poor, and let at the lower end of the rocm, they nil "i-.e flriit attention to his words. The uiu.l faUite in this country is by putting the riaht hand on the brealt, and bowing the head; but thev nt\er move their turban. Thofe who are familiar prefs tlie palm of \our hand between the palms of both theirs, and then r 'e them to their forehead, to exprefs the hii'h and cordial refpict they have for your perfon. Thev bow be.^ore the king, the viceroys of provinces, and other great men, with their faces three times to the ground. Upon occafions of mourning and rejoicing, the I'er- fians do not fail to vifit each other, and people of rank always expect the compliments of their depctidants. Thev are introduced into a large hall where coffee and tobacco are placed before them ; but the i;reat man no It does not appear tliat they are vindiiftivc: yet if their Uiiulnefs to their belt friends happens to be turned by anv fortune of 'var into enmity, they Irequentiv be- come infenfible ; but this I'eenis more owing to :* eul'.mi of cruelty than to a revcngetul temper. IJut thou dl there are not many inltances ol that |)laeable dilpofition fo llronidv recommended by the L'hriliian religion, they are in tiieorv friends to this virtue, and in the dutv of refign.iti(Ui apparently exceed the Chriltians. SEC T. IV. Of th Lfm^ur,!^f of t!>r Pcrfuint ; ih,ir P,ip,'r, Int, m:.l Sifiili ; their Aliiiwer of ll^'riting, Li/irnhi;, mid Shi! in the Scieiias ; tlicir Diji-afs, and Alethids of Cure. TH I", Turkifli langu.igeis the moll comnKui in Per- lia; it prevails on the fouthern coalt of the Caf- pian lea, and in thofe provinces that were formerly coii- i|uered by the 'I'lirks, as Shirvan and Aderbeif/.en ; but the illircrate people Ipeak .1 b.ubarous mixture, and there isaditrerent di.deet in (ihil.in and .Mazandcran. The pure I'erfic is little known hut in the fouthern parts, on the coall of thePerlian gulpli, (Ui the confines of Ara- fooner-irne- ' th'n thev all rife up, and he havintr bowed hia, and paiticularly in Ifpahan. In matter.-i of learning . I' ...■'.,■ ' 1 '11 .1 .'. .1. A...1.:... 1 : ki.-i. :. .1 r:..,,i .1,.. to thcni while palling by, everyone bows much lower to him, and after hel-ias taken his feat, makes a fign to the company to fit. If the mailer of the houfe be alrea- dy in his lull the vifitor comes in foftly, and lleppiiig to the next vacant place, Hands with great graviti' with they life the Arabian language in which is de|iofiteb('crvin;4 the proportion of words. Tlicl'erli;ins iii;ike their p.iper of cotton and filk rnijn, and after it is niaiiulaiStiired fet a glofs upon it with a fmooth iloiic or /hell ; and, as it is foft and liable to be torn, thiy always roll it up. Their letters of corrcfpon- tlence are wrote on fmall llips of paper, gcnerallv in few ■words, and with great cxaftnefs, no interlineations or blots being ever fufttred to appear ; they are then made up into a roll about fix inches lonu;, and a bit of paper is faflened round it with gum, and fealcd with an im- prcfllon of ink, which has foinc refemblance of that ufed by our printers, but is not fo thick. It is compofed of a mixture of galls, burnt rice, and tiums, and anfwers the double purpofe of ink and wax, as it not only fervcs for writin;^, but for fiibfcribing with their feal. They write with pens made of reeds brought from the foutheni parts of Perfia ; and in their rings they wear agates, which generally fcrve for a feal, their name and feme verfe of the Koran being ufually engraved upon it. The Perfians, like other Mahometans, confidcr paper as fomethiiig facred, and clleeiii it as a very ill aclion either to burn or tear it, and much more to put it to any ignoble ufcs ; for, fay they, the name of God, or fome of his faints, may be written upon it, and there- fore it would be impious to prophane it in that manner; and if there be no writing upon it, they f iv it is dcfign- ed for great purpofes, for containing fubjcds of religion, laws divine and human, and other things of great mo- ment, and therefore ought not to be applied to common ufc. As they have not the art of printing amongft them, their books are all manufcripts, and they excel in writ- inc:, which they cfteem one of the liberal arts. They are faid to write eight different hands, among which that called Ncfky, in which the Koran is written, is in moft eftcem. They ftand or fit gracefully, holding the paper in their hands, and write with all imaginable cafe and ilifpatch, though they have no table to lay their paper upon ; and it is faid, they will tranfcribc a book .as large as the Bible, in a fair charaJlcr, for about ten puj'ids, provided the paper be found them. They have iomi; d.-rks in all their great towns, but half of them hardly get bread. They ufually write from morning till night for 5ve-pencc or fix-pencc a day. But at prefcn' the want of literary curiofity, even a- mong people of i.''ftin£lion, is very remarkable. Indeed moft of thefe are of mean birth and education ; and, tho' they have good natural parts, are fallen very low in point of knowledge ; which is indeed the Icfs furprizing, as reading, the firft ftep to knowledge, has been of late years little taught either to thoi'e bred to arms, or to the vulgar, and is almoft confined to the mullahs, nr prieRs. They alfo f.dl into a great abfurdity in their niaiiner of initruding. I ha\c obllrved their bovs, fays Mr. Hanway, reading leflons out of the Koran In Ara- bic, which rhcy do not im.'.crftand ; and, to add to this faree, as they l"it they make a motion with their head and body, alledging that this helps ftudy. Thus docs alfeflation fupply the place of real learning. In arithmetic the Perfians make ufc of figures in the fame manner as we do, and their method of addition, fubftraction, multiplication, and divifion, is but little diflcrent from ours ; but they go no higher. As to aflronomv they uiiderlland little of either the releftial or terrcftrial globes, and their aftronomers were furpri'/.cd when (ome years ago an European brought a pair of them to Ifpahan ; but they have fince endeavour- ed to imitate them. They have, however, an aftrolabe, and can name the figns of the '/.odiac, and are not un- acquainted with the other Itars. Aflronomy is ftudied in Pcrfia merely for the fake of aftrology, which they term the revelation of the ftars. Thev look upon it as the key to futurity, and confidcr a pcrfon as grofsly ignorant and fhipid who (peaks (lightly of that pretended Ricii'-.c. 20 There ave c-onftamly n certain niiml , r of .idrologcrs in waiting at tho royal p.il;u-e, and f'lir.e of the chief of them arc always abo'it tin- king's p-ifon to inform him of the lucky or uuluei'iy nioniiiits, except when he is in the harrai-,1 witii his women, and each of them carries an alhulabe in a neat little iMle hanging a; his girdle. They are not only confultcd in affairs of Impor'tancc, but frequently upon trifles ; as for inftancc, if the king fliould go abroad, if it be an aufpicious hour to enter the harram, or a proper time to eat or o;ive audience. \V\vn thefe quellioiis are afl;ed, the aftrologer takes out his alln.lab.', obfeives the fituation of the ftars, and, by the -.'(riftance of his t.ablcs, draws his aftrologieal conclufions ; to which they give intire faith as to an oracle. They oblervc pretty juftly the cclipfes of the fun and moon i but there arc inllanccs of their bein:; miilakcii half an hour, efpecially in the cclipfes of the llin. They imagine that comets portend fome great calamity, but generally fuppofe their malign influences are dirocled againit fome i.tiicr kingdom rather than their own. The Perfi.in :i!manack is compofed of a -'i\turc of aftronomy and judicial aftrology, it containing ii:i ac- count ot the conjunctions, oppofitiou'--, ai'pccts, longi- tudes, latitudes, anu the whole uifpolition of the heavens; with prognollics on the molt remarkable events, as war, famine, plenty, and dife;;fes, with the l-.icky and un- lucky times for tranlacting all aif.iirs. But they en- deavour to de!i\'cr thcmfelvcs in dubious and equivncal expredions, that wdl bear fe\ eral meanii-gs ; and if their predictions prove true in any fenl'.-, or b'.it in p"rt, they are fine to meet with applaufe. The Perfians have folar and lunar years, bv wlii'.h they regulate their diH'erent coiKcriis. The I'erfian year begins at the \ernal equinox, when their alliulo. gers arc employed in making an exaft obfcrvation bv the aftrolabe, of the very moment the fun coming to the equator enters into Aries. As their lunar year onlv con- fifts of twelve moons, or three hundred and fiftv three days, their folar computation exceeds their lunar at leaft twelve days. Their epocha, by which they reckon all their years, begins with the Hcgira, or flight of Ma- homet from Mecca, the place of his birth, to which he was compelled on account of his new doflrine ; .iiid which happened in July, fix hundred and twenty-two years after the birth of our Savio-jr. Their week bi gins on Saturday, and the fcventh day, which is their lib- bath, therefore falls on a Friday, which they call ihc Day of Affembly. Their dav confifts of tweiuy-fiuir hours, which they reckon in the fame manner as the Italians. Upon New-vear's-dny the great men wait on the kin;; to wifti him a happy new year, every one making him a valuable prcfcnt ; as do the abfent khans, or ca\. ,is, who rcfide in diftant governments. At this time tlicy clothe all their retinue in the gayeft manner, and the meaneft of the people endeavour on that dav, as niueb as poffiblc, to be new cloathed from head to foot ; and the time is (pent in entertainments and in making pre- fents to their friends or patrons. There is no country in the Eaft where phyficians arc more cltecmcd, or that produces a gre.itcr variet\ of phyfical drugs. They are called the prefervers .11' life, and the king always entertains aconfiderable nuinbci of them in his pay ; but there are perpetual difjiutes be- tween them and the aftrolngcrs ; for when the pliyfician has prcfcribcd and prepared the medicine, th<' patient muft wait to fix the lucky moment in which it is to be taken : and if it has not the deiired t tteft, the aftrologcr lavs the blame upon the ignorance of the phvfician j while the phyfician, on the other hand, allures the pa- tient, that the reafon of its haviii'j; no better fucccf-, was owing to the ailrologer's being miftakeii in his cal- culation. They form a judgment of a difeafc chiefly bv feelincj the pulfc and infpccling the patient's urine; mJ, witU refpcdl to the female lex, this is done without their cer feeing them ; for when a phyfician delircs to feel a wo- man's pulle, they give him her hand eovcred with crape or fine linen throusli a curtain which hangs between them. I They however Icldom bleed in Pcrfia. but give c.nul- ' M m m lions ^^i (■',' 232 S V S 'i' !•: M O I- G E O ("i R A I' 11 V. LFZIA, r, i ■ i;v,;i fioi-.f, and o'I-.?r poii.nis in a I'jv.t, vvliich is ii;;; iv toiiiiiu),! iliikir.iKr ill lh.it country. In tlicii jircftrip- tions tl-.cy iVcqui ii:!y folLnv Cjaliii, wUiy.n the IViliaiia call (laltiioiis ; ili.'ir'othcr j:;cat :ii.ifli.i > iii |)h)fK- i-. Avi- ciiiii.., the mi.!l ockhi-ti.\l iiliylki.m aiiJ piiilolujilu i in Afia ol his tiiii-'. Tlif !'crriiui> aic vti)- ii.-:iioraMt in Curgcry, tlic barlitrs b;;inf, ihc Oiilv riiig<.(iiii, auJ lew ol ihem nil leiilanJ any tiling more than Ifttin.; liloml. JjoJics aic never ililicktcl Ml PcTlu, aiul thcixloic llayean liavc but liltle idea of the animal icconomv : but they have the lelii h •t-^ the a;r i,. lo that 9,rc'en oec.ilion wonn.li heal alnioli- ot' theml'elvcs ; anJ they are exempt from manv of thole iliieafes which aril'j from a eorruji- tion and flux of humours among us. The plague very feldom \ii"ts Perfia, ihoiiph the neir^hbouiini; kingdom of Turky ij feldom entirely fn.e from it. 'I'licyaie alio faid to be (hangeis to the gout, the ftone, feiatica, h^-ad-ach and tooth-.;ch ; and tl.e Im.ill piiA-, confumptions, apoplexy, and falling fiek- nef:,, .lie fcaree known amongft them. 'J he difiafi's to wliieh the Perfians arc moft fubjeJl arefcveia, St. Antiior.y',-. fire, droplU-.s, dy fenlerles, the cliolic, plf.ui i(V, and venereal allfeafe ; yet this lall lias not fame tilt pernit ious cttecls as in Hurope. The [)e()ple eat, diink, aiul baiiie togetlier while they are afflieled with it, and this ma/ he one means of fp.eading it ; Init it is faid that nobody i;; there aihamed of ha', ing that loath- fomediilerapcr. Nc.-.r the gulph ofi'erfi.i they are trou- bled with a fm.'.il worm of a prodigiou.s length, whieh breeds in the ie^s. Thefe are drawn out by twilling them round .". ilick ; but if they happen to break while this is perforniin;:, it i^i of ill confeipicnee to the patient. 'l"hc ccmmcn di;lcmper near the Calpi.in (ea is the yel- low jaundice ; and ira\ellers oblerve, that in Myrcania the people in general ha\e afiiklv vellowifli call. The I'eifian phviieians, it is faid, remote a fe\ervorv fuddenlv, by giving the ccdd feeds in water; but then thev frequently throw the patient into a (Irojify, the moft f..ial dife..le in I'trfia. Fur the hemorrhoids they apply the oilof naptha; in the chulic and other diliem- pers thev ul'e the .idual cauteiy ; and in a d\ fiiuerv they give four milk, boiled with rice till it be dry : but the I'liltl moft general reme.:y is l.uliing. I licy never kilter their patients to change thi-ir linen or cloaths while the illnefs latls, cr to cat either bread or flefh ; for the Tick are permitted to have fcaree any other food befidcs boiled rice, and rice-gur-l. s r, c T. V. Ofth- TiJ.uj aid ManufuJuics cf Pcrfia. I~^\'1'KV trade hai a warden appointed by the go- 2y Minnunt, \s ho t.ikes notice that the rules and oiders lel.uing to the profeflion are duly obierved ; and whoever intend:, to let up a trade regiders his name and pLice of abode with this otliccr. No eiujuiry is niavle who vv.i; his in.iller, or whether he underflands his biilinefs 1 nor is tliere any lellraint laid upon him to pre- vent his Ciiiro.aching on any other protefilon. '1 hey take no apprentices, but hire their fervants, and allow liiem w..ges iVom the lirll day in whieh they are enter- i.i'iied. Almoll every tr.;de is obliged to work for the kinv whenever he requires it; and thofe who aie cx- tmptcd from this ferv ice pay an annual tax for enjoying tiiis pi i\ ilcge. The I'ciViai.s fall much below the Europeans in paint- ing, iiiilead of imitating nature they fecm to delight iiiniia-fllupen hL ires, and, like all the other Eaihrn nations, arceat.i.lv i^:nora;;t of perfpeiilivc, and of the proper manner of diip.if.ng the lights and fiiades. 'llieir luin^an fi-j.ire:) are coiTin'only drawn in profile, for they fcaree ever dr.'.w a full face ; ar.d when ihey ilo, they fucceed very ill. Even the figures of animals arc ill performed ; but their floweis aic pretty well executed, and here thev have tlic ndvant.'.gc of us in the livelinef, of their colours and the dryiivl's of the air. 'I'heir re- ligion indeed dikourarcs all the arts of imitation ; for fomc of theli rii'id doelors prohibit il;C rcp.vk.it.iiii-n cf every created animal. Modellin.-, lK;tti..rv, lounJim- and the cun.jiis .11 1 of eiigr.e. iiig coj-p^r-j.!-:..., arc un kr.o\vn. The I'dfians excel in maling <'f e.ir' n-w-.ire, in which they alinoll cqi.'al th.-L'liincfc ; and 1.1 the mend- ing of gl.ifs and eaitlaii waiebv drilling hcles throu 'h theni .;iid f.iili ning the pieces with wire. The e.iipi. liters are very indiftcrcnt art!f!o, which ij laid to be owing to the fcarcity of timber, little of it be- ing ufed in biiiiding ; but their joiners and tu-iicrs are more o.pert, an 1 aie well H-cilled in v.^rnifhln::. Uraziers and tinmen woik well with their hammer-, files, and tinning iiilhuineiUs. .Mod of the -.tirel; uf J in their kitchens are made of copper tinned ; and amon •■ tli.ir kitchen furniture llicy lia.c neither braf;, iron, nor jiewter. Their ariiiourcrs make ^ood fabrc bl.ulcs, and daniafii them as well as any Europt.ins. The barrels of their fire-arms rrc very i'ron:^, but the (locks are ill contri\ed. '1 hv\, bovver. r, tither piiich..fe x\v: lotki abro.id, or em|)loy Euiop-.an workmen in niikiii.' them. " They are well fKiiled in lutlery-warc, and make goo 1 kr.ives, razors, and f'-idar.^ ; thev likewife make li::>j ftcel mirrors, which r.re ufed inl'ead of looking-', lailci. I hefc are generally convex, and the .iir i', lo p-iftclly ilrythat they feld'jin luft or glow dull. They are not llsillcd in ihe art of m.iklng lookir':- glal'es, but h„ve them liom Eur. i|'e; ho-.v.\er, tii. , have a manuf.iclure of glaf , whieh fervcs lor window j and bottles. As the Perfians \:;lue themfelvcs mi ufing the bi'W, there ;'.re no where better bows to be ma.k' . the ch,cf materials arc wood and hoin, with iinews bound round tium: they are painted, vamifli'd, and ma.ie as neat a^ p-jliible. The bow 111 iiig is of twilk'd filk of the ihick- nef:. ol a goofe-qiiill, and their ipiivers of leather em- broidered with fill;. Their leather is exaJlly the fame 3-. that wc call Tur. ky-leather; and, when the trade of IVri'ia fl lurilhcd, much of that brought to England as Turky-leathcr was mule in I'eifia. The Perfians arc extremely well vcrfcd in embroidery, efpeeially with gold and filvcr on c'.ot)), filk, or leather. I heir faddles and houfings arc covered with it, and their fiitching of the leather exceeds any thin:; of the kind done in Europe. Their faddlcs are after the Morocco falhion ; the ftirrups are very fiiort, and where '.vc do bra^^ in our furniture the men of quality ha\cgoi 1. 'I heir gold wire-drawers ate prettv good airif;?, and their lapidaries undcrfhnd the grinding of foft il.-r.ts and of cutting them pretty well, but thei-jewe'.'ers and coiu- fiiifhs are clumfy workmen. The Perfiaiij have r.Jt the leafl idea of enamtiling. Their dying is prcfc-red to any thing ti^. the kind in Europe, whicii is not fo much a.'cribed t.) the .-.rtifl as the air, which being dry r.r.d clear gives a liveiincfj. to the colour?, and fixes thein. The Pcrfian taylors are ncit workrren, and themrn"^ cloaths are fitted exaitly to their bocies without the Icall wrinkle ; and their fewir.g cxcec:!s :h..tof our v/nrkincn. They alio work flowers upon v.'indow-curtain;, ca-pet: and eufliions fo painted. The barbers arc no Icfs friilfui, for thry fhave the hr:.! at a lew fliokes of ihcir ra/.or, and have f) ii^ht a hand, tiiat you cm fcar.:c feel thtm; they uf.- only cold v.'.:tr.', and hold no bafon under the chin, but have their water in a liitlc difli, of the fi^c of a tea c::p. After thry have fli.ivid a man they cut the nails of his fc; : nnil handi, then (lietch his arms, and rub and chafe h^ fiefii. The principal maniifaiTures of the country arc fill:', as fatliiis, tabbies, latieties, and filk mixed with cotton, or c.mu'l or goals hair. Th(y al gold lilTms. 'The gold velvet of P, their rich ftufls are ilur.il.le, and the gold and filvrr d" not wear oil" nor t,iriiilh whilll the (luff" lafts, but kerp their ( olour and hiii'lunifi I'hcy alio make calico cloth, c.iinMcrs, and filk and worltcd druggets. A mcr- iicatly, that th.y look .i^ if they '*(i make brocades ana :fia i, admirabi-. All table out, an which it, the fionr. Thci hinges ; torn oft it turiv, quciitlv TiiJ out of on tiie ( quilts, mattrel"'. pillow iindi r lef, fubj ''relied : hut theii nfe flicci xvithout they en fiuiius 'I'heir .vi;h ciif t^llfc 't?:i.\. (••jnJiii.', . , .irc liii ;i-w.irr, iti the lIKllJ- Ics thioujh !, \vl-,ich ij ik- of it bc- tinicri a:c r hammer-, -.tfil'liurj and amon^ f:, iron, nor b'ailcs, and be- barrels of fioeikS are .iiiiliilc th-; 1 ill makiiit^ il in.iVcgooi m..kj litt'x' Uinr-'^laiTc... to i>,ikd]-j i!\j lookin^- .■.V.M.T, ih>.- lor windows in^ the biw, io"; the chicl" bouiiJ rounJ ulc as neat as ot :'.\: :hick- Icather cm- \vc call Tur- iia fl.)'jr:lliLJ, y-kathcr was 1 embroidery, or leather. :, and their of the kind the Morocco icrc we ufo e ^oi 1- ar.if:?, ant! ft il -nts and ers and goid- \'c not the the kind in the r.riift as , l;ve!incf;> to nJ the men"'! hout the lcr.ll T -.vorkmc:). :a:n:-, ca'peu, if they wer; h..ve the htzi V\zht 3 hand, LiilJ v.-..:cr, '.iu-ir warcr .Vfrer thry nis fct t and nd chafe h;^ itry arc fill;', with cotton, brocades and mirabi'. All and filvrr d'"> ifts, but keep ; calico cloth, Amcr- Pfrsia. A A. A merchant ii ff-ccmcJ a very hcnr,iirabi; proKlTion, and the more ib as there arc no hereil;i.irv nobility j (or llic hoi. ours of thofe in great polij tern iii.Ue witli their otiice, and tlieir live: and fortuiiei are in perpetiul d.ui- jt^ur iiuni tlie weaknefj ot cruelty of the piince. s i; c r. VI. Of the BuUitingt of Pcrjta fiml thiir Fiiriihme. A Dcj\r'ip- t:on of the Cities of Jj/>flhrin, Shims, iiiulCaJbin, iontaiiting nn Account of the Puluas, Alofqms, Bagnios, and Brij^is cf Pcvfia. THE houfes of the quality generally ftand in the midftofafine garden, and make little or no ap- pearance to the (Irect : nothing is to be feen but a dead wall with a great gate in the middle, and pcrhapj a wall within the gate, to prevent people from looking in. Thefe houfes. have feldom more than one floor. In the front Hands a fmall piazza, or cloylter open before, where they fit and tranfadl their ordinary affairs. l>evond this is a large hallcigliteen or twenty feet high, in which they fit at great entertainments. On the farther fide of the houfe is another piazza, and before it a bafon, or fountain of water, beyond whicli is a walk of fine tices, as tiierc is alfo from the llrcet to the houfe. At each cor- ner of the hall is a parlour, which alfo ferves for a lodg- iii" room. Between thefe parlours, on the fides, arc- doors out of an hall into an open lijuare fpace as larg; as the rooms at the corners. 'I'here arc alio feveral dt«)rs out of the hall into the piazzas both before and behind tl-.e houfe, fo that in tiie hot leafoii they have nine or ten doors open into the great hall, and if any air be ftirring thev enjoy the benefit of it. In f'ome palaces is a haiid- fonie bafon, and a fountain, which plays in the middle ot the hall, and contributes greatly to cool the air. The walls of their houlcs arc fometimcs built of burnt bricks, but more frequently of bricks dried in the fun. The walls arc of a confiderable thicknefs, and the roof of the great hall is arched and railed five or fix ket hieher than the other rooms. The roofs of the build- ings on every fide of the hall are Hat, and there is a pjir of flairs up to the top, where the IVrlijni walk in the cool of the day, the roof being funiiunded with a wall, or with balullers, and fonictiiius they carry up a mattrels, and lie there all night. The kitchens and other offices are at a ditlance on the ri^ht or left; and all the rooms, except the hall, ftand feparatc, there being no pail'age out of one into another, but only from the hall. There are fome chirnnies, but iifually inflead cf a chimney they have a round hole about f.iur or five feet broad, and a foot and a half deep, in the middle of the room. In this hole they make a char- coal fne, and then cover the place with a thick board or tabic about a foot high, fo cloli-, that no Imokc can get out, and over that table fprcad a lar^c carpet, ui.dcr which they put their legs in cold weather, and fit nuind it, the In-.okc being carried olf by pipes laid under the floor. Their doors are narrow ami feUiom turn like ours upon hinges ; but a round piece being left at the top and bot- tom of the door, and let into the frame above and below, it ttirn-j upon them, and the very locks and bolts are fre- qiiciuly of wood. Tiie I'erfians go early to flccp. The beds being taken out of niches made in the wall fur that purpofe, aie laid on the carpets. They confifi: of only two thick cotton quilts, one of which being folded double, lervcs as a mattrefs, and the other as a covering, with a large flat pillow for the head. Tlic I'erli.ms ufually fleep in their undir garment and drawers, by which means they ar.- ief^ fuhjeift to catch cold than we, and are much foonet ('relfed and uiulrelled. This Is their ordinary method ; hut their princes and great men who indulge themfelves, life flieets, and other delicate .ippurteiianees of a bed, tho' without any of the paraile pradiled in f'.iirope; nor do they crowd their apartments with iiiineci.iraiy and luper- Huous furniture. Thjir lurnitiire confifls in carpets Ipread on the floor .vith cufliions and pillow^ to fit and lean upon. The floors oi'th': roaxs .lie cith-r pjvid or formed of a hard ccnicn!, on which they lav a lO'.rl'..' cloth, and over thatacaiprt. 'liicfidf, of fonie iif the rooms are lined with fine tiles about a yard high, an.l the rell ot the w.ill is cither hung with pioturi-s or p.anteil. Ifpjhan, or .ii it is pron luneed bv the I'^ifiuis, Sp.ih.iwii, illeimed the capital of I'ctlia, is fV.ited in liiiy dc^;ret,. caff longitudi', ,ind ti'irty -two degrei s ti'.iitv niin\iti> north l.ititude, in a line pLmi aluioii e:ieon'|).il- led by mountains, at about two oi three lea'.;ues iJ:|'.. nee, in nearly an oval form. The river /indcihoud iun> by it at the dilKince of about a mile ; but tliere are lev lal channels .-.nd pipes whi. h convey tl-.e water lioni it in- to canals and baf<)n^, lor tlie Icrvicc of the court and city. Ifpahan is v.'ithout walls, and is ten or twelve milts in circumference. It had fornicily twelve gUt>, bu: four ot them are doled up, and the others ;-lways open. It is probable that it was furnurly walled, and thfie are ildl the re'oains of an old callle. 1 he llrcets are for the molf pirt narrow and crooked, and cither exceeding dully or very dirty ; lor fearce any ot tlicin are paved, and ihoui'h the peo;-le ufe neither roaches nor carts, yet as all people ol'rank rivle through them, attended by a great tr.iin of iVivants, the palla;;.; i; i.eciil.itily K Ildl red very dil'ai;ree;ible. I he city has, however, fome lino fip'are;, p.irticular- ly the rov.il Iquare, or MeiJan, i.n one fide of which ij the ro\al pjl.ice. This fquare Is one third of a mile in len^thi and above half as nine!) in breadth; and on the lideo .ire buildings which refemble the New HNeh:in.;c in the Straiu', they beiiii>, covered at the top, and h.ivi- 111 ip, on hntn fide^. I'lvery particular trade has .i qu.ii- ter afligred for it, and above the fliops .iie others, wlieie: the mcchaiiies peifoini their woik. '1 here' are, how- ever, no windows in thel'e buildings ; but inl'ead oi them aie prcat openings at proper diltanees, to admit tiie li 'Jit, and people tide through tlieni on horfebaek. Ill the middle ol the fquare is a maiket fur ho.les and other c.ittle-, An\ tlv.re all kinds of goods and eata 'les arc ixpof- ed to fale. (Jii tlic li'lc next the palace is a fine rov.' of trees, a handlome bafon of w.iter, and fume biafs cannon t.iken l.oni the I'ortuguelc at Oiniiis. At the fouth and ealt ends of the Iqu.-.ie aie plaeed a mofqu •, and opjiolitc the great gate of the pal.i.care feveral ftreets arched over, which renders them pretty daik. It is remarkable, that their houfes and flmps are never in the fame place, and frequently their lioiifes are half a mile diflant ; however, their valu.ible'ciTedts are locked up at night in cheif, ..ud counters, and it is very rare any thing is loif. The foreign merchants leave their goods in the pub- lic caravanferas, wliich ah') ferve them for lod^in^ and diet. There .ire laid lo be no lefs tbanfiturn hundred of thefe ftrucluros at Ifpahan, built by chi^ritable people for the ufe of Hrangcri, and molt of them are t'ormed upon the f.ime ir.'.idel, and differ only in the dimeiilions. Tl-.ey arc entered by a handlome gate, cii each fide of woieh are fhop-, and Irom thence you come into a fquaie, roui'u which are piazzas, and within lodging rooms, ware- hoiifes, and ilables for horfes, and other bealfs. In the principal parts of the tou n are hatielloinc ro'ie.'-- houfes, where people meet for the fake ol converfation, and are frequently ..i, ifed bv the harangues ot their poets, liitloria!!-, and pnclts, who ludd fortli, and expecT: a Imall prclent lor th..ir ii'llruclions. Tlie buildings bcKmgiiig to the palace with the ad- jacent gardens, ate three n.iles in compafs. Over one of the gates, which opens ii^to tlie royal fquaie, is a gallcrv In winch tlie king uled to lit, and lee martial cxcrcifcs performed on horleback. However, nop.;itof the palace, in which tlie court lefid.s, is to be (klcai from the Iquare ; hut ha; ing entered tlie p: ineip.il irate, you fee a hall on the le!t hand, where, on certain c!;iys, tho vi.'i.r and other judges .idniiniller julliee; and on the right hind, looms in which ollendeis ;ire allowed to t.ikc f.iictuarv. From thence it Is a confiderable diliance to the hall where ttie Sopha ufually gives audience. This is a long room well painted and i^ilt ; it is fupported by forty pillars, and dividea into three parts, (vie a Ib.p h|jtier than the other, on which the great ofh( ers Hand aevOiJing to their rank. On the third afccnt is placed the ''M n'i ■A ■ ! I 'K' 1 ;m;^i ;t;^ 1 1 mu MA '?& 234- A SYSTEM O i' G I: O G R A P II V P£ p >; f A , the royal throne, wl;ich is r;iifcJ about a foot nnJ a halt' above tlii; floor, and ii about ci:;ht Itv't Ujiian.-; on flic iJ bottom of it is fpro.ul a rich carpet, aiiJ ciilliioiis ot bro- cadf, lipon whicii tliis monarch, iip.)ii lulcinii occ.ifioiis, f.ts crol- -le.'u^'d. 'I'iii.- other apartments of tlic pahut, and pirticularly thofc bclon;;iii[; to thtj woni''n,are ncvci cntiTcd by any but the eunuchs, and therefore it is im- pi)flibIeto obtain an cxaiSl defcription of thtm; but, in ^v neiai, there arc many frparatc pleafurc-houlls difpcrlcd tiiroiiLih the pardi'fis, wl'.ieh are adorned v\ ith hne walicj, fountains, and cafcadts; and beyond the gardens is a park, in which the ladies hunt and t.ike their pieafure with the bhah. 'I'here arc above a hundred and fifty Mahometan niofqiics in the city, covered with ciipolas, which ap- pealing throui'Ji the trees planted in the ihccts and gsrdei;^ almolt all over the town, atl'ord a very f:ne proijiecl. Though no Chriftians arc allowed to enter tbeinofques, fume travellers fay, they have taken a view of them in dil^'uilc, and particularly of the great niofquc, called tiie king's, from its being credtcd by one of their (bvereign princes. 'J'he gate which leads to this mofcpie is coveied with lilver plates, and through it you paC into a court v/hich has piazzas on each fide ; and in thefe houfes the priells lodge. Oppofitc tothc great gatf are three lai.'c doors thsi open into the mofque, which lias three il'is beautified with gold and azure. In the mid- dle is a cupola, fupported by four [>reat fquare pillar:-. The ides on the fides rae lower than that in the middle, ;:nd the cicling is fupported by thiik columns of frce- ftone. The light is admitted at two great window;: to- wards the top of the middle ide. On the left hand tn- vards tlie middle is a kind of pulpit, which io alccnded by a flight of lloiu'-fteps. On the out-fule of the build- in',; tlie bricks and tiles arc painted with varioas colours, and the floor of the niofquc being covered with carpets tnc p,.opIc who enter it |iull olF their ilioes. It is adorn- ed with neither images nor pictures, nor arc there any pews as in protcftant churches. At the fouth end of the Roval Meldan is a mofque, which is built with ftone, and is of a circular form : it is however divided into ifli.s, and the walls are lined to the height of fifteen feet with white poliflied marble. In tlic midll ef the fquiire beloie the mofquc is alarce bafon, whc'c the people walh thenifelves before thev enter that Uruclurc. Inihoit, mod of the inofques are adorned with cupolas and h,we mincretts, or fteeples, which the mollas nfecnd in order to (uminon the pecple to their devotions, for thev imke no ufc of bells. Tnis was the llatc of lipahan about tlie beginning of the prefent cen- tury, when it had a hundred thoufmd houlcs well in- habited, many of \\hich were not much int'erior in fplen- dor to the roval palace; but its glory has been tor fome vrarj laid in the duft, and from the dreadful depopula- tion occafioned bv war, when Mr. Ilanway was in I'erfia, in I -44, there were faid to be in that city not more than five thduiand houfes inhabited. The many huniir.ums, or bagnios, at Tfpahan are ano- ther luhjecf of admiration for the traveller. So.ne of them are fquare buildings ; but moll of them are circular, ;.i;d fo:n-.cd of a white well poliflied ftonc, and the tops ccv.Tcd wi:!) blue til". 'J he infide confifts of three roomy, which, receive their light iVom fittic round fquarcs of glafs ill the arched roof, '['he firll is a great room furround- cj with wooden benehc-, in which they drefs and un- drefr;. The iecond, wliich is ufually fquare, is about ii.\ feet ill diameter, and has a kind of copper three or four f-ct fquare fet in the floor, which is covered with a cop- per-platc, snd is heated by a lire un .erneath lighted on the out-fuie, that h.ais both the water and the room. In the third room i-. the place for bathing. The floors are formed of black and white maible. The Pcrddns generaliv bathe every dav, for they not onlv eonfidor it as extremely lefre/hing, but as conducive to health, and an cfFcdIual remedy for colds, achs, and many other diibrders. K.nly in the morning ?. fervant goes up to the terrace en the top of the hi)ufe, and founds a ftiell or horn, n give notice that the lv:th i:, r-'ady. When a pcrfon coirrs to bathe, a.''ter undiefling himfelf in the firll room, he ties a cloth round hit waift that reaches to his knees, then into t!;c flove, and foon after a f. rvant com, -, an) w-.tcron hi:, jhoidder.';, after which he rub, hiiii tlmt thofe un- cntcr poiif. t.'oni head 10 foot in (o rciigh a m.iniier. uli'd to it think b.: i^ about V> flea them He aftetivards fli.ivcb tae perfon':, head and face if he d-fiiej i;, cuts the n.iili (it liis hngtrs and toes, handles and rubs his Lodv and (trctches every limb; alter which the perlbn pluii"e3 into the bath, and being wiped on his coming out with a clean linen clutn, he returns into the iitU'loom and drcnVs. The men bathe from twilight in the morning till four in the afternoon, and the w->mcn go from th.u time till midnight. V'.'hen it i.^ the women's time to bathe, all the male fcrvai;ts of the bagnio withdraw, and are'fuc- cceded by females. The ladies are never fo finely drell- I (I as when they come to bathe, this being the only op- poitunity they have of vying with each other in the ar- ticle of cloaths ; and their 'perfumes and cfl'enccs are enough to Hifle a pcrfon not ufed to them. Nothing is more admired at Ifpahan by all foreigners than the Charbag, which is a walk above a hundred v.irds wide, and a mile in length, cMending from the ciiv to the river Zcnderhoud. On each lide are planted double rows of tries, and along the middle runs a can.il, which, at t\v dilfance of every furlong, has a InrHc baf .11, into whii.h the v.-.itcr falls in a hne"carcude. IJoTlj the fides of the canal and bafoiis arc lined with hevvn- Itone, broad enough for f.-ver.il men to walk a-brea(t upon them. Ont.ich fide of this walk arc the luva! gardens anil thofc of the great men, which have iileafuie- lioules -.t finall difianccs, and all together form a pro- fpei!t ai agreeable ns can be conceived. This walk is terminated by a biidgcovcr the Zcnder- houd, which leads to the town of julpha. There are alio two other bridges, one on the right and the other t > the left, which form a communication between the neighbouring villages and the city. The architedure of thele bridges appears fomewhat fingul.ir ; for on ctcli fide, both above and below, are arched p.'.ft'ages throuidi which people ride and walk from one end of the brid^'c 10 the other, as in the covered firects of the citv, and^t little dillances are openings to admit the light. The arches are not very high, no veflels paffing un'der them ; tor neither this river nor any other of the Perfian ftreams, is navigable. Indeed in Ipring, on the melting of the fnows on the mountains, the Zcnderhoud makes a pretty good appearance, and is almolt as broad as the Tliames at London ; but at the latter end of fummcr the channel becomes (0 ftiallow and narrow, that it does not contain water enough for the gardens that belong to the city. To fupply this want the people about 'ifpahan have abundance of wells cf very good water. On the fouth fide of the river {tmJs the town of Jul- pha, which is chiefly inhabited by a colony of Arme- nians, tranfplanted thither by Sh.ih Abas. ' This town is about two miles long, and near as much in breadth ; and is in general better built, and the ftrtets wider, than thofe of Ifpahan ; but the trees planted in the ilreets, and the large gardens about the houfes, give it the appcaranca of a counuy vill-igc. There are CJcorgians, and fcveral other C'hriftian infinbitants, as well asArmenians. This colony has flourifhed extremely fince their being fettled there, and they .are faiJ to be the moft coiifider.ibie mer- chants in the world. The citv ofSchiras, or, as it is pronounced, Shcrnz, is lituated about two hundred miles to the Ibuthward 01' Il'pahan, and is generally reckoned the fccond city cf the kingdom. It is the capital of the province of F.-rs, the antient Perfia ; ami tome imagine it rccei-. ed it; name from C')rus the (ircat, who is faid to have been buried there. The city is fcated in a plc.ifant and fertile valley, about twenty miles in length, and fix in breadth. Through it runs a rivulet, which in the fpriiig feems a large river, .111 1 is fomrtimes fo rapid as to bear down the houfes in its wjv ; but in the fummcr it is almoll dry. It is not defended by any walh, and, thougJi it is about i'cvcn miles round, it does not cont.iin at prefent above four tl-.oufand houfes ; but the grcatelt part of this fpacc is taken up with gardens. The feveral as orar none are ran a wild flowers order a their tt rafcadc Ifpahar than iv a wall I We the chi ./;. of the f the fa"'-: on very mounta fiibtile, each oti in the n the reig cd ; i ..I than el ruins. Thel the carti brought nels ; f( they lev ever, nc general 1 with a It quently clofed w OJter ft; called tl fide: he they do arenichi the floor and on broad, are m.ad very thii wings o and in t the Ihibl likcwife vacy, is harram, futt'ered Thci the old ' luinJi- ofiofi, thick w. which the t>.),) liaflern with lof give the apartmei the aivai with I Indian t, cmbellifl ters. iV Persia. A 1 A. w alloy, aboiir Tluoii;;!! it, l;)r<;c river, ic IiomIVs in It i< not about fcvcii t above four thij Ipace i« The H:'a''i 'I'liL- viceroy's palJCf , tlic niofi|UCS, b2^'ii( s, caravaii- llra?, and vaiiltal (Irccts, arc built after the Canic nioJtl as thole ofirpahaii. The niofiiiics arc hero i'u numerous tint there is one to every twenty or tl'.iity hiules; and (heir domes, being covered with new varnillied tiles, have a pretty appearance amon^ the trees. Tner.- is alio a college tor the lludy of the liberal arts. The ilrectsof Schiras are generally narrow and dufly ; hut there are lonie broad ones that have canals andbafons faced with (tone, Schiras is moft remarkable for its gar- dens. The cyprefs-trees, which form the walks, are the largcll: and tallcil that arc any where to be found, and grow in a pyraniiJical form ; intermixed with thefe are ftvcral broad-fpreading trees, and fruit-trees of all forts, as oranges, lemons, apricots, cherries, pears, and dates j none of which arc planted againfl walls, as with us, but arc ranged in lines, and fometimcs irregularly, forming a wildernefs. They have alfo abundance of fragrant (lowers, which arc not planted with the fame regular order as in the gardens of Europe. Their vineyards and their wine arc the beft in Pcrfia ; and the fountains, rafcadcs, and pleafure-houfes, arc not inferior to thofe at Ifpahan. The king's garden in this city is no k-fs than two thoufand paces fijuare, and is furroundcd with a wall fourteen feet high. We (hall now give a defcription of the city of CafDiii, the chief city of anticnt .Parthi:, the rtfidcnce of many of the Perfian kings, and the burial-place of Epheftion, the fa"Ouritc of Alexander the Great. Thij city ftands on very high land, though a plain, and is furroundid with mountains at fome miles diftance. The air is fine and (iibtile, and in fummer heat and cold akcriiattly fucceed each other ; for though the days arc very hot, tlic v\inds in the night are extremely piercing. This city, before the reign of Nadir, had twelve thoufand houfcs inhabit- ed ; * "t when Mr. Hanway was there it had no more than eleven hundred, and was reduced to a heap of ruins. The houfcs arc for the moft part below the furface of the earth, to obtain the convenience of water, which is brought to them from a confidcrable difiance in chan- nels ; for as we ufually bring water up to our houfcs, they level their houfcs to their water ; which arc, how- ever, not the lefs agreeable in hot weather. They are generally built with bricks, dried in the fun, cemented with a ftrong mortar. The roofs are flat, and they fre- quently flcep on the houfctop. The buildings are in- clofed with a mud wall, and confift of two divilions ; the outer (lands in a large area, and is only a fpacious room, called the aivan, fupported with pillars, and open on one fide : here they difpatch their bufmcfs, and alfo cat when they do not retire to the women's apartment. There are niches in the wall, which anfwer the purpofe of tables ; the floor is generally covered with large worftcd carpets, and on the fides of the room are felts about a yard broad, and generally two or three yards long. Thefe arc made either with wool or camcl's-hair, and, being very thick and foft, are ufed for fitting upon. In the win!;s of this apartment are fmaller rooms for lodging, and in the fame yard arc apartment? for the fcrvants, and the Itahles. On the back part oi this building is another, likcwife inclofed by a wail, which, for the f ike of pri- vacy, is generallv entered by two turnings. Here is the harram, or women's apartment, into which no man is fuft'ercd to enter, except the mafter. The palace built by Nadir Shah in this city joins to the old one, and has an avenue leading to it near three hundred yards long, and fifteen or twenty broad, formed of lofty trees. The palace is encompalfed by a high and thick wall, about a mile and a half in circumference, which has onlv one cntr."ncc. This is an arched gate, the top of which projects, and is ornamented in the Eaftern manner. Within are four large Iquares, adorned with lofty trees, fountains, and running water, which give the place an awful ;md majcUic appearance. The ;'.partincma are raifed about fix feet from the ground ; the aivan, or open hall, is in the center, and fliuts in with falling doors. The apartments are adorned in the Indian talte, and the cielings formed into fmall fquar> s, embelli(h>jd with moral fciuences in verv ie^ibl.: charr.c- ters. Moft of the wiitduvvs are ol thick colou,"' 20 i^ lafj. p.untrd witii lii'.h nrt that the glaf^ 'cjnis rut into the * fe\iy:jl ii;;u:..s it is d ri|ii-.cd to icp.cUnt. Many of ih.; floors are only formed of hard earth, and olhcr.s ot a tonip ilition artof the walls of three of its fides ftill (landing. 'I'he front extemied fix hi'ii- dred paces from north to fonth, and three hundred and ninety from caft to weft. 'I'hc ilones ot the wall are black, harder than marble, lome of them finely polifh- cd, and many of them of fuch a furprifing fize, that it is diilicnlt to conceive how the antient Perfians were able to remove and raife fuch prodigious malies. On the front of the building was a fpacious platform, to which there are llveral flights of (ieps, the principal of which is placed between the middle ol the front and the north end of the edifice, where two flights wind orV from each other to the dift.ince of fortv-two fi et at the bottom. Thefe Heps are only fi)ur inches hi;ih, ami fourteen in breadth. There are fit"t\ -five of them on the north fide, and fifty-three to the i th ; and there are probably others that have been coi 'd bv the larth by length of time, as well as a parte le wall which riles forty-tour feet eleven inches high, i the front. At the bottom of the two flights is a .j^glc flight extending fitty-feven feet four inches from one to the other ; fioin thence the two flights are carried oft' from cacli other, and returned b.ick from the center at an equal dill.ince from the extreme parts of the top. Above thefe rii:.'hts is a pavement of long ftoncs, and another fingle fl:!rht of fteps feventv-five feet wide anfwcring to that at the bottom, and leading up to the grand ciitiaiue of the edifice. This upper ilair-cafe has a noble .'.nd finirular cftcft, anfwcrable to the magnificent remains of the reft of the building. The tpcilator, on afcending the upper llcps, fees be- fore him two grand portals, and as many columns. Thele portals are thirteen feet four inches in breadth, and twenty-two feet fnitr inches in depth. Onthein- fide, upon a kmdol pil.ifter on each hand, is a lari'e figure rcfemblin:: the Iphynx, in bafiij rtlie\o, fourteen feet and a halt hi^h, and twenty-two feet from the fore- legs to thole behind. The faces are broken oft", and the bodies miuh damaged; but what i' exlraordinarv, the breail .uid fore feet project tioin the pil.iller. 1 hofe of the fiill port.il .-:re turned tow.irds the llan-eafe, and thole of the fecond face the mountain. 1 hofe pilallcrs N n n ftani \~i ' i ,11 ill ■ I ■! % -m. X. '•■ ] ■ ' I ■A v sp 436 A SYSTEM OV GEO G R A P il V. b * i* -i' |i u ?'.■■■ i! ft:iiul on ;'. bar- five fci-t two inrh-s in li-ji^lit, and tlie firll portal is thirty-ninv t'lft h'i.Mi. Th'.' two columns that ftand |v.'twfc:i ihc port.ils arc the K'alt dairiiitcil, partici!l:'.rly with n.rpr:t to tlii'ir capit.il.'-, and th" otlior fMnainciit. ot' t!ic upper paits ; tint the baiVs arc tntiridy covered with earth. 'I'htie culimins are tnurterii (Vet in circumference, and filty- foiir fiet hi^h. There were f'rnierlv two others be- tween thefe and the portal, I'everal pieces of which lie half I'uried in the earth. At the dill.ince of liftr-two feet to tlie fo\ilh of the fni'.e portal i^> a lar[N> bafon for water, fi'rnied out ot a fiti'/Ie lione twenty fe( t in len;;th, (eventeen feet five inclie-, broad, and raifed three feet and a half above the fiirface of the floor. From thi'i bafon to the noith wall is an extenfne i/round a hundred and fifty paces in leiiiTtb, where notliin;' is to be Hen but the fragments oflari^c (loiii's with part ol the fli ift of a cohimn, and the earth is covered with he;:ps of Hones us far as the mountain. To the foiithward of the portal; ]\A} deicribed there are two other ili dits of (Icps r'femblin;!; the former, the one to the e.ill, ,'nd the other to the well, t)ii the upper part the wall is embellidud with foliage, and tin- reprelentation of a lion t' ariiig in pieces a bull, in b.ilfo relievo, much larper than the life. There are likewile fmall lijures on the middle of the wall. C)n the top ol the (Icps is an entrance into an open place paved with lar^'C llones, in which are two lanije.-. of cfduiiins, llx in each, and twentv-two feet diliaiit from each otlivr ; but none of them are entire : there are alio ei;dit pedertaN, and the ruins of foine others. At the ililt ni'.c of above feveiity feet were formerly fix rows of other pillars, lix in each row, and twentv-two feet dil- lant from each other ; but, thou<;h no more tlian I'rvvn of them are now iiitire, the bafes of all the lell: arc llandiii!!;. At above fevcntv feet dilfancc from thel'e lafl rows of columns on the well, towards the front of the iiair-cafe, were once twelve other coiunnis in two iani;es, fix in each ; but only tive are now renuininvt. '1 he ground is, hou'ever, co\'ered with pieces of theie columns, and the ornaments that ferved for their capitals, lietween them are pieces of fculptiire, reprefentin'^ camels on their knees, and on the top ol one of the i olumns is a compaitnunt in which camels are alio reprefentcd in that |wilhire. Farther towards the calt vou arc prcfcnted with a view of I'everal niins, confitling of portal :, pali'a-es,and win- dows. The infidcs of the portal -.arc adonn-dwith figures in bafs relief. Thefe ruins extend ninety paces from eait to well, and a hundred and twentv-five from north to fouth, and arc fixtv paces both from the columns and the mountains. In the middle of thefe ruins the earth is ctnercd wilh feventv-lix broken columns ; nineteen pf which rtill fiipport their entablature ; their flialts are forn-.ej (U four pieces, belides the bale and capital. To the fouth of thefe columns, at the dilhmce of one hundred and eighteen feet, is an edifice that riles higher than anv tnher p.^rt of the ruins, from its being fituated on a hill. The iVcmt wall, whicii is five feet fcven inches hii;h on that fule, iscompofcd of ahngle range of If ones, (oir.e of which are eight I'eet deep ; and the wall extends a hundred and thirteen feet fiom ealt to weft, but has neither H^uies nor anv other ornaments. However, in the middle of the front are the ruins of a double Ihiir- cafe >iithe lides of which are feveral figures. The rcit oft! building was chiellv conipofed of larje and fmall portals, and is entirelv deilioved. The largeft of thefe portals is five feet wide, and five feet two inches deep. Among the reft, two portals appear to the north, with three ni.-hes or windows walled up. Under thefe portals are the ficrure of a man, and two women, down to the knees; for their legs are covered with the earth that is raifed agiiiiift them. Under the other gate is the fiiiure of a man holding a lion by the mane. l"o the fouth is a portal and four open windows, cncii of whicli is five feet nine inches wide, and eleven in heigiit, including the cornice ; their depth is ti]iial to that of the grand portals. 'I'hetwo lides ol this gate are carved with the figure of a man, with foiiielhing 011 his head rcllinbliiig 1 1:11 St. 1, s tiara. He i, accompanied by two women, out! of whom holds an umbrella over his head. On the iiiti,!i, three niches .ire covered with antient Perfian ch.iraiter . To the well .ire two other gates uncovered. VV'itlnn one of them are the figures of two tnen lighting with .1 bull, that has a fingie liorn in its forehead : this horn om; man grafps v.ilh his left hand, while, with his right, lij plunges a dagger into his belly. On the otf.er lule thi; figure, anotiitr man holds the horn with his right hand, and Ihvbs the bull with his left. The other j^ue |i.:j ihe figure ot a m:!n fighting in the fiiiie manner with 3. winged deer, that has alio a horn in its forehead. Horn.^ were anciently the emblems of Ihcngth and ni.ijellv, and the orientals called .-Xlexander the Horned, beeaufe, fiv they, he madj hinifelf king of the horns of the fun, that i3,ol the call and weft. Behind this ftruclurc arc the ruins ofanother,w!nche\-- cced it in length by thirty-eight feet. They have alio niches and windows, the former of which are cut out of fiu'rle (tone;. A little to the fouth is a double flit htof ftrp. lep.i- rjted by walls embeiliflnd wiih toliage and fmall hgures. A little farihfr to the fouth are fubterraneoiis palVa-ts, into which none of the Peiliaiis daretoentir, theuidi they are (aid to contain great treafiires. This proere^lj from a general pcrfuafioii, that all the lights carried into them will gooiitof tl'.einlelves: hut both Sir John Char- din, and Mr. I,e Bruyn, far from bein^ intimidated by thi; opinion, examined tluCe pallages with the utmod caie, and proceeded througli them with lights till they crded in a iiarriiw opening, w liieli rv tended a great length, and apiH-ared to have been lorm'd originally for .in aqueduct ; but its llraightncfs lendered it impo(rible for theni to pro- ceed through it. On proce;.ding llill farther to the fouth, you perceive the remains of another edifice, which extends one hun- dred and fixty feet from north to fouth, and one hundred and ninety-one from weft to weft. The portals belon"ini'- to it are (iiU to be feen, together witli (even windovvs and torty enelofures, that were formerly covered rooms. In the middle are the bafes ofthirty-lix columns in (Ix ranges, and the ground is covered with large ftones, uii- ilcr which were aquedue'ts. Anciently there ftood another ftructure to the wcftvvard of the laft-mcntioncd building. On the ruins of the wall, which ftill riles near two feet above the pavement, are cut the figures of men in balTo relievo, each reprefentcd with a lance. The ground cnclofed by this wall con- tains a number of round ftones that were the bales of co- lumns. On the taft fiJc of thefe laft ruins are the remains of a bw-iutifii! ftair-cafr, fixty feet in length, refemblin ■; that of the front w.iil : but though moft of the (leps are deftroyed by time, the wall that feparates the two flight* is ftill eight feet in height, and adorned with figures al- moft as big as the life. The front contains the rcpiefen- tation of a lion encountering a bull : there are alio lion? ol the fame worknianfhip on the wings of the ftair-cal'.', both o''them accompanied with characters and figures al- moft as big as the life. Columns were formerly dilWil- ed between this edifice and the other lall mcnticiied. .'\. mong thefe ruins are four portals, each adorned on the infide with a man, and tv\'o women, who hold over his head an umbrella. To the north of the two laft edifices arc two portals with their pilafkr>, on one of whith is alio the figure of a man and two women, one of whom holds an umbrella over his head, and above the women is a fmall fii'urc with wines expanded. There are alio feveral other fi:.'ures in relievo on both of thefe portals, and the earth is co- vered with fragments and other antiquities. From hence you proceed to the l.ilt ruins of the (truc- ture on the mtuintain. On the fr-;th Ijde are two pir- tals, under each of which a mai 1^ icCjU in a chair hold- ing a fta(t"inhis right hand, ::ij a kind ofvafein his left, liehiiid him is another figiiie, who has a cloth in his right hand, and lumething on liis head refetnbling the tail of a fe;i-horle. liclow are three rows of fii'ure; with lilted hands : thcic arc three (cet four inches high, but the man in the ch.iir is much larger than the life. Above are Icvetal ornamental ranees of foliage, the low- cft of v hich is intermixed with fmall lions, and the hi theft Pt: 1151.1, 1, one (it' the ImI'i.!, , .li.iraiii.i . . VVitlmi ting with .1 is hum oni: is riijlit, he cr lulu ill;; right ham!, ■r j',:ni: \\.::; incr with ;i ■ail. Horn; lajcrty, and iccauk', (av lie fun, tha: r,\v'iiichi";- ealloiiiciifs ut (it flM^'lc it itrp-. Ii.-p,i- lall hgiircs. 31IS iMl'.a|;cs, tLi, thcuj^li hii proi'i-filj caiiijil int;i John Char- dateil l)y tlii: iitinoR c:'.rj, i thry cr;i;'',l Icntrth, and II a(Hifduct ; them to pio- you pcrccivi iJs one hur.- (ino hunJiud als belonging x'li windows )vered rooms. Inmns in fix e ftoncs, uii- thc wcftward s of the wall, ement, are 1 reprcfentcd wall con- bats of co- remain? of rcl'iMiiblinj; the (lops are two (light? figures al- thc rcpiLlen- irc alio lion"! Hair- (Mi'.', id fiiriires a!- icrly dilpc'.- :icntd. A- nc-d on the )ld over his two portals the iijiire of an umbrella fmall (i^'uie other figures earth is co- of the ftruc- are two prir- chair hold- if vafe in his a cloth in his femliliii'j; thi; ?s of figures inches high, han the lite. ^c, the low- iis, and the hi^hirt Persia. A S highcft with n\i'!'. Tlitfr p'at.;!; ar: twelve fcrt five inches in lueaJtli, and ten feet tour inches deep, ami l'".- highell of thepililters aie from twenlv lidit to thirty feet. On the two pilaftcrs towards t!\e nortli a man is felt- ed, with a perfon behind him, lilce the preeedin;^ fii;iires, and behind this are two other men holding in th' ir h iiids fomctliin;; that is broken ; betorc the lii;ure reprefented fittiiiL;, are two otiier figures, one with his hands placed on his lips with an air of filiitation, and the other hold- iiij; a fm.ill vellel. Above thefe fii^ures is a Hone filled with ornaments, and below are five rantres of fi;.;ures, three feet in height ; thele are a band of foldit-rs armed in difterent manners. I-'rom the foot of thcfc moun- tains you have a full view of all the ruins, except the walls and Ifair-cafcs that cannot here be feeii. The principal diflereiice obfervable in the coliinins, confills in fome of them bavin;; c.ipitals and others none ; and mod of them arc fluted. With refpecf to the eleva- tion of thofe that are perfedl, they are all from fevent;' to feventy-two feet high, and are eighteen feet five inches in circumference, except thofe near the fird portals. The bafes are round, and twenty- four feet five inches in circumference; they arc four feet three inrlus high, and the lower moulding is one foot five inches broad. Thefe colurr.ns have three forts of ornaments towards the top, which may be termed capitals. Befides the ballo relievos already defcribed, there arc many others, particularly the reprcfentation either of a triumph, or a number of people going in piorefilon to carry prcfents to a kinj, confilling of a multitude of fi- gures with an empty chariot, a led camel, fome led horfes, &c. It is obfervable, that the drapery of all the human fi- gures in this edifice is extremely fingular, and has not tHe leaft relation to that of the ancient (jreeks and Ro- mans ; but their military habits refemble thofe of the Medes and Perfians. Nomufcles are vifible in the naked parts of the figures, which have a heavy aii, and nothing has been obferv- cd but the contours ; this neglect makes them apjwar flifl-'and inelegant. The draperies have the fame defedf, and the whole has a taftlcfs famcnefs. The proportions, however, have been finely kept, both in the great and fmall figures, which is a proof that thofe who made them were not intirely dcftitute of capacity, but were proba- bly obliged to be too expeditious to finifh them with proper care. The ornaments arc, however, exceeding beautiful, as arc al fo the chairs in which fome of the fi- gures are fcaled, notwithftanding their being now much impaired. It is, therefore, probable, that fome fine frag- ments h.avc been deftroyed. Befides, moll of the Hones arc poliihcd like a mirror, particularly thofe within the portals, and that compofe the windows and pavements. Thefe are of various colours, as white, grey, yellow, red, deep blue, and in fome places black ; but the Hones of which the greatcH: part of the edifice is formed arc of a clear blue. In fhort, every thing corrcfponds with the grandeur and magnificence of a great king's palace, to which the images and relievos pi\e a furprifing air of maieltv. There is no doubt of there having been very llately portals and grand giUeries to at!' id a com- munication with all the detached parts of the edifice : moft of the columns, whofe remains arc Hill fo beauti- ful, were doubtlefs intended to fupport thofe galleries; and there even ajipears to be Hill fome remains of the roval apartments. In a word, the nia/nificencc of thele ruins can never be fiifficientlv admired, and this Hnie- turc miiH undoubtedly have coif iinmeiil'e funis. Near the mountain are two ancient tombs of the kinsis of Perfia, one to the north, aiid the other to the foiith. Thefe are both hewn out of the rock, and are noble fragments of antiquity. Their fronts are covered with figures and other ornaments. The form of both are iitarlv the fame, and therefore it will be fiillicicnt to ;;ive a defcription of one of tliem, and we fliall take that to the north. That part of the lepulchrc, on which the figures are carved, is forty feet wide. The hei::ht is nearly equal to the width, and the rocic extends fixty paces on each fide. A range of four columns fupport the entablature with their capitals, each of which is form- I 4;r td of the ho,-.,! of two oxen .!■ lar a . tlu"" brciH, with the* lore le:'s bent on the top of each c(Cri.iri-, tiny art laiii to taki; the Ikin of out! (il thtle bealis, ami liaviu;; (hilt'tj i;, fallen a piece nf flefh on its h.aJ, on whiiii tluv fiill'tx the hawk to feed while they draw the ftuli'td fkin alon ; upon wheels, to ufe them to tix thcmfelvcs {>n I lie heail, while it moves. When the young hawk has been fur fomc time aceuftonied to feed in this manner, tluv carry him to the fport with an old Haunch h.iwk ufed 10 the game. The dojrs being let loole, the hawkb are fooii after thrown up, and faftenin;jon the head ot the bealt, Krike their talons into his flefli, and beat their wins'j about his eyes, Co that not being able to fee his way, the do;.i;s romc up and feizc him. They ul'ually carry ;: fmall kettle-drum at their faddle bow to call off the havvk< ; and it is (aid that fonie of them were formerly tauelit to fly at men. When the king or th'; ercat men go a huntinir, tht; country people, tor ten or hfteen leaiiucs round, are or- dered to drive all the v/ild bealls and game iiitoacirlaia place furrounded with fenees and ftrong nets; and when they arc thus encloied, eveiy perfon in the company (boots at which he pleales,and tlvre are frecjuentlv Uve- ral hundred killed at one of thele hunting matches j but they gentr.illy Hay till the perfon of llie hij^heit r.uik conies up, and difcharges an arrow, after which ihey all let fly a;i f.'.K as they can, there being generally a llrange medley of animals, driven inacrowd logcthtr, as antelopes, deer, wild hogs, vvolvcj, horfcs, and toxes. They know nothing of hunting by the fcent, but thty freijucntly bring up leopards and panthers to hunt, or rather furprife the game, for they creep from one cover to another, till they can leap upon tlieir prev, but ne- ver purfue it in a continued courfe. 7'he Perfians arc not much addiiSlcd to gaming, and fomc of the moft fcrupulous look upon all games of chance as unlawful; however, fonie play at cards, dice, chefs, tables, and other games. People of diftinctiorj alio divert thcml'elves with the fighting of wild beafls, and the common people amule themlelves with (eeing the feats performed by rope-dancers, tumblers, and jugglers. We (hall now take a view of their manner of tra- velling, in which they difler greatly from the inhabi- tants of Indoftan; for they have no vehicle that has the leaft refemblancc to the palantjuin, fo adapted to indulge the indolence of the crt'eminate and luxurious j nor arc thcic any wheel-carriages known in the countr)-. The only method of conveyance is by means of ca- mels, horfcs, mules, and aflcs. The women of rank, who are as much ns polTible concealed, arc put into a fquare wooded machine, two of which are hung like They arc alfo taught to manage the fabrc, and to 1 p^niers on the back of a camel; they are about three throw the lance. 1 he itavcs thcv throw by way of I feet deep, and juft large enough for one woman to fit cxcrcife are unarmed, and about five feet long, and I down in it, and over their head are three or four hoops, with thcfe they engage on horfeback, and, though they j ''^e thofe which fupport the tilt of a waggon, with a have no iteel point, frequently giie each other dange- : cloth thrown over them. rouR wounds. After they h.id gone through tncfc ex- In times of peace, before the late reigns, and the crcifcs they were formerly permitted to flioot for a prize I civil wars that have fprcad dcfolation through the coun- in the royal Meidan before the king and court. In that j try, people tifuallv travelled in caravan?, confifdng of fquare is a high pole like the mail of a fhip, and upon ' four or five hundred camels, bcfidcs other bcafts ; this it was fet a cup, fometimcs of mafly gold, efpccially if ' was attended with little expcncc, there being caravan- the king and great officers intended to (hoot at it, as 1 feras at proper diftances, v.-here thcv had their lodgings they frequented did before the reign of Nadir. Thofe ' gratis, and purchafcd provifions at the beft hand ; and \vho contended for the prize, rode full gallop with their , though the roads arc frequently ffccp and mountainous, bows and arrows in their hands, and when they had yet fuch care was taken in laying bridges and caufeways, paflcd a little beyond the pole, without either (toppintr ' and in levelling and enlarging the ways, that a traveller or turning their hnrfes, they bent themfclves backward, feldom met with any difficulties but what were eafily and let fly their arrows at the cup, and he who brou:;ht furmounted. it down gained great honour. By thcfe cxercifcs the ! The Perfian couriers are armed with fabres, and wear Pcrfian troops have rendered thcmfelvcs extremely for- \ a white fafh girded from their flioulders to their wailt, midabic, not only when they attack an enemy, but : many times round their bodies, which enables them to when put to flight. ride for feveraldays with little fatigue: they rake borfes As to their rural fpnrts, their manner of hunting feems wherever they can find them, which are frequently never no Icfs rcmurki'.ble. They have very fleet grey-hounds, i returned to the owners : they even dilmount travellers, but the ftags and ant; lopes they courfe, arc fo fwift of ' and often leave them to walk and carry their baggage. foot, that the hounds cannot cotiic up with them, with- j The injuilice of this behaviour occarions their hsinf; out the affidance of their hawks. Of thcfe they have fometimes repulfcd and feverely treated ; though ac- various kinds brought from Circaflia, the northern part cording to the laws an entire fubmiifion is reejiiircd, as of the empire, and even Riiflia. Thcfe hawks are not they arc employed in the king's fervice. Poll-nir.fters only taught to flv at nu.iib, partridj^cs, rabbets, and arc fupplied by the king's orders with thirty, forty, o.- Others imagine that thcfe figures rpprefent two potent princes, or i>eiier.ils, who, alter being enijaged in a long war, without obtaining any adv.iut ce over each other, at lall agreed, that he who (liould reft this circle out of the hand of his competitor (hould be acknowlegcd the viilor. Hut thcfe arc at bttt no more ihaji con- jetSliircs. SECT. VIII. Of ihe Excnijh, rural Spurts, Games, and Diverftms ufed in Perfu. Of the Manner of travelling ; of their Cou- riers, ami Foot Mejfengers. HAVING confidcred the buildings of the Per- fians, and the noble antiquities flill remaining of the grandeur of the ancient kings of Perlia, we fliaM return to the moderns, and take a view of their cxercifcs and divcrfions. As the Parthians were for many ages famous for their (kill in horfemanfhip, and the ufe of the bow, tlicre are at prcfent no cxercifes in which the young men of rank, both of that province and of Perfia in general, more ex- cel. liefore Perfia was laid wafte by civil war, it was ufual for the king to come into the Meidan at Ifpahan, at cer- tain times every week, to be witnefs of the adtivity and addrefs of his fubjed^, and it was not unufual even for them to contend for the prize. In teaching this cxcrcife, a vouth is firfl inftructeil to bend the bow, firfl a weaker, and then a Ifronger; after which he learns to flioot forwards, backwards, fide- ways, and almolt in every polture. For fomc timC they are cxercifed in (hooting upwards into the air, to try which (hoot the highefl ; after this they are brought to (hoot at a mark, and to dil'cha.-gc their arrows with (teadinel's and truth. In thcl'e cxercifcs they ufe arrows that ha\e blunt iron heads; but for fervice thev have them fbarp, and (h;>ped like the point of a javelin. Their pupils are next taught to mount a horf'e with dexterity, to lit fteadily on the fadJie, to gallop with a loofe rein, to ftop (hort, and upon the Icafl fignal to turn to the right or left. They arc alfo taught to play at a game that has fomc refemblancc to the game of bandy, only it is performed on horfeback. E.ich perfon has a (liort b.it in his hand, and a ball being thrown aniongft them, they ride after it, and (looping almofl to the ground, (trikc it while on a full gallop, and he who ftrikes it oftcnefl before it comes to the end of the place appointed, wins the prize lihi'rty Mullah mitted in the nil ed him to one VI time inti a war ag Indeei inong th viewj as as the n though t and thcii Incht they rccc ments. the leaft This (he ments aij Persia. A I A. 239 fifty horfes, according to their appointments •, but as the Jctnrtiid is frequently greater tlian thcv :nc able to fupply» iind the (iiah's allowance vctv fnniil, they are oftfM obliged to abfcond, wliirli is a principal caiife of the barbarity of the couriers. One of tbcfe poft-mallcrs, fays Mr. Hanwajr, being challcn^red upon this account by N.idir, anfwercd, " That I have not fiipplied thy " couriers with horfes, is moft certain ; becaufe for every " ten horfes thou haft provided, ihou halt fcnt mr ♦' twenty couriers : a man had better die at once, than " live to ferve arafcal ;" and immediately ftabbed him- Mt'. The ihah cried out, " That is a brave fellow, " favehim:" but it was too late. Thofe here called poft-maftcrs are onlv appointed to keep the horfes in rcadinefs for the kiiijj's couriers, ai\d have no concern with the letters of private pcrfons. 'I'hefe arc carried by fhatirs, or footmen; and if any man has letters to fend, he difpatchcs one of thefe with them on purpofe. They will travel a thoufand miles in eighteen or twenty days, and not a(k more than twenty-pence or two fliillings a day for their trouble. They take with them a bottle of water, and a little bag of provifions, which ferve them thirty or forty hours. They generally leave the high road, and crofs the coun- try the neareft way. Some tamilies make this their only employment, and breed their children up to it, by making them praclifc running from their infancy. The (hah and the great men have feveral of thefe in their retinue; but before a man can be admitted one of the king's running- footmen, he muft give a very extraordinary proof of his being fwift of foot ; for he muft run from the great gate of the palace at Ifpahan to a place a league and a half from that city twelve times in a day, and every time bring an arrow delivered to him by thofe whoftand at the end of the race, to fhcw that he has run the whole courfe ; and this he performs between fun-rife and fun-fet, that is, in thirteen or four- teen hours at mod, though it is no lefs than a hundred and eight miles. None but the fhah's favourite fcr- vants are admitted to this honour. On the tjay of trial the elephants and horfemen are drawn up in the royal fquare, with the drums, trumpets, and other mufic founding, as if it was a great feftival. All the great men make prcfents to the (hatir, and feveral of them ride the courfe with him ; and the mob, every time he returns, cxprefs their fatisfadion by their fliouts and acclamations. Whenever the viceroys and khans admit a fhatir into their fervicc, they oblige him to run the fame number of miles, and he is carefl(:d and prefented with gifts by all their dependants, in the fame manner as the fliatirs of the king. SECT. IX. O/lhtii Aliniia^es., and Trtatment of their tVomen ', and of the Death and Funerals of the Perfmns, THE Perfians are allowed four legal wives, but the people in general are far from making ufe of this lihi:rty : and we are informed by Mr. Hanway, that a Muilah obferved to him, that though their law per- mitted a plurality of wives, and did not reftrain men m the number of concubines ; yet they always confider- ed him as the molt virtuous man who confined himfelf to one wife, without any concubine ; and at the fame time intimated his opinion, that celibacy feemed to be a war againft nature^ and was confequently a crime. Indeed few men have more than one wife, who, a- mong the great, fecm to be taken from fome political view, as the quality or intereft of her family, and to ferve .IS the miftrefs of the concubines, who wait upon her, though they are equally admitted to their matter's bed, and their iltuc is no lefs legitimate than her's. In choofmg a wife they are fatisfied with the account they receive from others of her beauty and accomplifli- ments. Love, efpccially among thofe of high rank, is the Icaft motive for entering into the marriage-ftate. This fhe docs not much expedt. Her great induce- ments arc the number of flaves, the ctoaths, the equi- 20 page, and the fij;urc the man makes in the world. In- deed if avvo;ii;i;\ is lo unt)rtunatc as to feel a\ery tender paflion for her hufl)and,ihe is cummonly unhappy, from iceing him l.'ave her bt'd for that of a flave, and per- haps for a ci.ninion proltitiito ; and if (he has the buKl- ncfs to cxprrfs her refcntmcnt, (he will probablv have the mortillcalioii to fee another wife introduced into thehnufe to i^overn in her Head. The I'erlians, when they rnett with an advantageous match, marry their children in their infancy, othirwifc they are in no halle with refpect to their fons ; but allow them in the nie.in time a Icmale llave for their bed- fellow. I^cforc mar] ini^c the won'ian is examined in rcsard to her perfon by the mother, or other relation of the man, as the man is by the parents or friends of the woman. A report being made, the woman 'sparei'ts demand the price; which being paid, the judge, or, where there is none, the prieft, having received notice that the parties arc re^dy, marries them, ofti. 1 without their having feen each other. The day before the briderrrnom takes home his bride, he fends her a habit, ornaments, and jewels, fuitablc to her quality ; and the next day, towards the evening, he goes on horfeback, with the richcft furn'ture hecan procure, attended by his friends, with mufic and dan- cing-girls, to fetch her home. She meets him part of the way mounted on a camel or horfe ; but fo veiled that her face cannot be feen. She is attended bv her relations and friends in their gaycft equipage, with her (laves, cloaths, and baggage. Both conipaiiics iiein;^ ioined, they march to the hufband's houfe with li:;hted torches* and mufic playing before them, and followed by the mob, who, with joylul acclamations, txprcfs their wifhcs for the happniefj of the new-married pair. On their arrival at the houfc the briJe is led to her apartment, and the hufband foon follows her. This is in general the lirll view he has cf her face. The company Ipend the remainder of the evening, and fometimcs fe- veral days fuccelTively in fcafting and rejoicing at the houfe ; but the men and women arc in feparate apart- ments ; and if it be the wedding of a man of quality, the mufic, the dancing-girls, and the mob, are alfo generally well entertained. But marriage docs not give the women any liberty; for they, to all appearance, are confidered as little more than fervile creatures, form- ed for the pleafure and indulgence of their lord. " Happy were it for the Chriftian world, fays a pious " and moral hiftorian, if women were more generally " taught from the earlicft time of life, that rebellion " againft hufband^ in Europe is, at leaft, as great a " crime as Afiatic tyranny over wives ; and the thoughts " of the latter mull necelTarily make them fhudder. " Women are not often taught the dodtrine of fubor- " dination othcrwifc than by cuftom, which they fomc- " times call, and much oftener think, an arbitrary in- " vafion of their rights ; the underftanding and the " heart ought to fubfcribe to this doftrine, in order to " eftablifh this rule of conduft upon a folid bafts. This " women might more generallv comprehend, that " fubordination is necefiary to the very being of go- " vernmcnt ; that the pre-eminence which men enjoy, " confifts chiefly in afuperior toil ; that whether aman " has the mind of an angel, or a brute, ftill the gentle " paffions, and the fubmilTive conduit of a wife, mult " eftablifh her power in the heart of her hufband, more " permanently than all the arts of pride and rebellion j " thus it muft be if (he means to ponifs his atfeiitions : " and if fhe does not mean it, he has the greater rea- " fon to maintain that fuperiority with which nature " has inverted him. And as Providence has appointed " man the guardian and protc> without. my ceremony, ami yit tl\ciriliil- drcn ii.hcrit accordini tothtir rcnionty ; ;,iiii i( the Ion ' of a. ilavc be the ildilt, he has an tlJer brother's por- tion. With rcfpccl to the children, e»ery pci Con has a ri^'ht to difpolcothis ifiic't-' to Inch Dlthcm, and in Cuch pio- portions. ai, he thinks ht, except iliat he i.s liinitnl by the marriage-contract to leave aceitain part to his legal wile, uhirh dclcends to her iliiie. lint where the la- ther makci no will, and ij undt no obligation to have anv part of his fortune to any particular woman and Ivr chi'lJnn, the el lilt f.ni takes two-thirds of his citate and t?f;;ct', ind the roll are divided among the yoiuiger children without dittinclion. Div( rces arc ealilv obtained, efpeeiallv where both parties agree to part : the wiie ufiially alledgcs, tliat the ! hufband takes up too much time with liis (hues andtim- cubines to at ford her dii'- benevolence, or elfe that he is impotent; m cither of wlmli cafis a divorce is readily granted, and both the man and woman are at liberty to marry a-'ain. It will not he improper here to lake fume notii e of the employments of the women. 'I'liofe of lihilan are very inituftrious; for the common fort are often (an abroad, without veils, plju'ins nee, and pcrloiming otiii rofliees cf agriculture; and within doers they are employed in fpinning and working in ditterent niannfactuiis ; but women of fuperior quali;v work vcrv little, if at all. i-Ltrrttl/j' QtiiiitUN Curtiuj c^blir\es, that Alexander lent D.iriiis's mothtrfe\craI pieces of purple, and ollvr velhne-, which he had received iVini Maeedon, that if the nninufacture pleafeJ her, flic mi-ht cauleher i;rand-children to make them for her diverfion. 'i'his was reliifed as a great in- tiig-iitv, it being efteenied mean and difhonourable for ladie? in Pcrfia to work in wool. Alexander exciifed himfelf a., bcin^ ignorant of their ciilloms, alledging, that his filler liad worked the rube in which he was ar- rayed. ThePerfian ladie?, fivs our author, arc ftill of the fjmc opinion ; nor is this iurpri/.iiijr, if we confidcr that in Europe, where induftry is reckoned a princii)al virtue, there arc many women wliofe birth, lortunc, and bcautv, mi^ht chalknge the highell attention, who rather choofe to be ignorant of the eliential duties of life, than of its vain ceremonies and amulements. The females who do not labour in the field arc feldom fccn abroad, except in a mornin;; before the fun riles, and then thcv are covered with veils which reach down to their feet. When they travel on horlcback, every lady of difti.".ction io not only veiled, bu: generally has a ler- vant who runs cr tides before her toci>'ar the wav ; and, on fuch occafion.', the men, even in the maiket-places, sKvaysturn their br.ckstill the women are paft, it being thought the higheft ill manners to look at them. " But " this awful refpect, fays Mr. Hanway, is only a proof *' cf the fl.iverv in which they are dcxmied to live. 'Jlie " care which they take to conceal their faces, to avoid " the imputation of acting indelicately, and contrary to •' cullom, has made fo ilrong an iniprcinon on them, " th:;t I was told of a woman, who being accidentally *' furprifed in bathinj, fliewcd her wliole perlbn, ex- " ccpt her face ; to hide which all her folicitude was " employed." The girls are eficcmed at age when nine years old, and the bovs at thirteen; and are no longer under the direction of their guardians : and when a guardian dies, the m.igiftrate, upon examination, will admit them to be of 3:re fooner. The elded fon is always guardian to the younger children, and the infants have the privilege of not havin:: their cftatcs feizcd for the debts of the deceafcd till they are of age and able to plead for them- felves. Wc fha!) now give fome account of their treatment of the dying and the dead, particularly of their fevcral funeral rites. VVhen a man is thought to be drawing near his lafb hour, they fet up lighted lamps, or make fmall fires on the terraces of his houfc, that the people jf the neigh- bourhood and thofe that pafr; by may pray for him. 'Ihe inu!la!i, or pricft, is alio fent for, who reminds him that itii time totcvicw his paft lite, and repent of his fins ; P£R$I.'.. they likewile make him rcpe.it liis cr.-c.', th.lt there i< butoneCioil, who has neitiier comp.niion nor equal ; tiiat Mah that Ji place, crucifie our Sa\ littin;; ill. Persia.' A leave at thfir (Jrave c.tkcs, fwectme.its aiul fruit, in or- JcT t(i [iliMli.- the angels wlm I'li.irJ tlii. (cpiili hri.'. Thi'V iiUi.illy iTiouiii fiirtv il.i)'., not l>y wi.aiii;' bl.uk, which thi'v ilittU as an iiil'tiii.il hahit, but by (hewing the moll bvely exprcnidns of j;rief two or three limes a week, aiiil wearin:; a torn anJ nepli 'ent ^.iib of a tl.trk bUie eohiur. 'I'his time beinj; exi)iietl,tliey bathe, (ha' e, andilrels thcmfelvts iji tl\eir ufual habit.. Their wives appear moll iiieonfolable, for a wiilow in Cerfia feliloin niarries a fctoml hulliaiul. Tilt I'crfian kini's arc tre(|iienllv biirieil at Kom in preat lialc, as appe.irs Ironi the followini; aecoiiiit ol the interment of Soliinan. The corpfe was preeeileil by one hundred eamela and mules, which carrird provifi- ons for a thoiifand people, whi> were to atlend it on the road i after which was carried the body in a large litter covered with a pall ot dotli of [lold, by two camels led by the Nazir or hiph-lkvvard. On the fide of it went two I'ervants biirnin[r pcrlunics in golden cenfu-,, .md ? comiiany of prielts hnging their prayers. Thefe were lollowcd by an empty litter coitrid with red and yrccn J then followed ail the great olHeers of the cou.'t In foot with their cloaths rent, except the prime mi- niftcr, who was permitted to ride, on account of his great age. Many thouf;;nds of the people joined the proceflion, and made dreadtul lamentations, a;, tor their tommon parents. In tills order they proceeded about a league fron Ifpahan to one of the king's country pa- laces, where llie corpfe relied ; and the Ibllowin^ night thofe appointed to attend it |)roceeded on tiieir joiirnev to Kom, while the great oflicers returned to Ifpahan t<) attend the new king. The fliops were then opened, which had been fluit ever fince the people had notice of the king's death, and the court refumed its ufual fplcn- iluur. SECT. X. 0/ the Riligi^n iind Superjiitton of the Pii/iiim. AS to the cftablifhcd religion of Perfia, the Turks and I'erfians equally acknowledge the Koran to be the great law of the prophet Mahomet ; but trace their divitions and inveterate animolities as high as his imme- diate fucccllors. All was Mahomet's brother's fon, and married to Fatima, the daughter of the falfe prophet. Hence thePerfians infer his right to the luccellioii, which was notwithftanding invaded by his uncles Abiibekcr, Omar, and Ofman, the brothers of Mahomet, whole ufurpalion, both as kings and prophets, is approved of by the Turks. Ali, at length, fucceeded, and the dif- putc might have been loll m oblivion, hid he made no iliil'erent explications of the Koran. 'I'his, however, produced no extr.iordinary cft'eils till the fourteenth cen- tury, when Sheffie, a man of an exemplary life, who pretended to a regular defcent from Ali, began to teach and expound the Mahometan law, and the dodtrine of Ali's followers, in preference to the precepts taught by the Turkifli doctors. This reviving the remembrance of the injury done to Ali by his uncles, the Perlians began to curfe them in their public prayers, and chang- ed the form of the Mahometan creed, by giving Ali tiic title of the friend of God. Thefc two lects being thus divided, thofe who maintained tlic fucceflion of Abu- beker, Omar, and Ofman, called themfelves Sunnis, while the followers of Ali took the name of Schias. The I'erfians acknowledge that the Mofaic was the true religion before Chrill, whom they alfo believe tobcatrue, jirophet and teacher lent from God ; but that the religion he taught was contained in a book, which, at Maho- inet's coming, was taken by the angel Gabriel into hea- \cn, and the Koran brought down in its Itead. They alio, like the other Mahometan.-., fay, that Jefus Chrilt did not die upon the crofs, but as he was going to his crucifixion, he was invifiblv tranllatcd to he.-iven, and that Judas being miraculoufly brought thither in his place, his face appeared like that of Chrilf, and he was crucified in his (lead. Thus they confcfs the truth of our Saviour's million, but mingle almoft every thing ic- Ijtin^ to him with extravagant lidions. I A. i4i The Mahomet ins h.-,\e two artiilei of faith, nnd live of pi.iLliie. That there is no other God but God, and that Mahomet is hi> prophet; that nun ought to ob- lerve IxMlily |iuiificatiotis j pray to Ciod at the ajipointeil times; giie alms to the poor; fall all the month of Ra- iiii /.111, and, il p dfibic, go in pilgrimage to the ti.niple of Mecca. To tliele the Pirfians add an cij^hth artiile, which i-^. that Ali is the friend of God. ThePerfians maintain that all fouls were formed \onr befdie tile creutinn of the world, and many of tluir doctors belieie the metempfychofis or ttanfml 'r.itinn of fouls. Their hitiorv of the creation has manv f.M -, mixed with the truths they have taken from the book.-; ol Mofes. They fay that both pood and evil angel, wirt- nrule of tile fubllance of light .md fire, and b.ing conipol' d of foul and body, their aerial tV.rms mav be fo coiulenfed in to become ^ilible. That the lull time the evil .ingeU iliiobcytd God, the good angels fo'i 'lit them, and 'iroi!9,ht iliem captives to heaven, where ljo,l parvl'.ried llicm ; but he dlierward, creating man, and i omm.iiuliiV'; ,ill llie angels to bow before him, tiie evil .uige!.., lille.l with pride, again rebelled ; upon which they were rurf' by the Almijlity, who precipitated them from lu.-nen into a pl.ice wliieh their fury and delnair has rendered hell. They imagine that as fojn as tlv decealVd is laid in W\r. tomb, the grave elofed, and the company retired, the depr.rted foul re-enter^ the bi'dy, and is \'iriiid by two black angeli , terrible to btlioul, the one called Munkir, and tlic other Nekir, who oblige the perfoii to fit up- right, and ipieilion him concerning the unity of (;'ii nuill pafs o\er a eertain bridge no wider than a ra-or'a edge; that iinbilievers and the wicked will inf.dliliiy fall in their pall'agc into lull ; but lh.it the faithful fhail pal'i the bridge fwiftcr than a bird (lies through the air, and enter into paradife. They maintain, tint the torments of hell ronfill in being put into the hands of dcils, who fliall hang iin the holly in dreadful caverns full of dragon.i, fcrptnis, and all manner of noxiou;, and loathfome animals, which fliall iierpetually gnaw it, and fill the foul with r.ige ami remorfe. On the othor hand, the joy,'; of panidil'e will, according to them, entirely confift in fenfual delights. The blelled, lay thev, after they have tailed of thu" fountain of living water-, (hall feat themfelves on the banks of the river of delight, which is fliaded by a tree fo imnienfcly large, that was a man to ride poll fifty thoiifand years he would not paft the extent of one of its leaves : that Mahomet and Ali (h.ill fervc the hap- py with the water of this delicious river, mounted on the Pay DiilJ'jl, an animal that has the head of a wo- man, the foot of a flaz, and the hinder part of a tygcr : that thev will be attended bv innumerable coinp;inics of fair celefiial beauties, with large black eyes created on purpofe for the eniovment of the elecl. They alfo maintain, that they ihail enjoy the free life of thele vo- luptuous pieafures, without being capable of finning, bccaufe nothing is forbidden, nor fliall they there i x- ptricnce the crfecis of fatiety, bur their life, and health, and vigour will be immaterial. If they be ;i(ked how they can fuppofc, that in pnra- diie they (hall be taken up with mere corporal enjoy- ments, which perlfh in the pofllflion, tlicy boldly re- |)ly. That thefe arc not formed to liipply any necefii- lics of nature, but for plcalurc ; and that all the dtlights we tr.ile in this life, we (hall enjoy in a much higher' degree in paradife ; for this world, fay they, is but a type of that, and all that \vc fee came from thence, thou?h I'll n i: il f 1' .,! 1 r;', ■li' ,tv ! Il ■'■■, .Y\ .t\ /ttrl r , < .1: ;i: iL^ ,1 ! 84^ A SYSTEM OF GF, OGRAPHV. PmsfA, though thfv nrecxtrfmcly ilcpcncMtid frnm their ex- I grows dark and at bcd-titnc may alf- |)'iintod timri by any prcfliii;; ocoalion, they may afttr* warJs f.iy thrm »n fnon ai they have an upportunitv. I'hi'Ci- (ii hoiiri of prayi-r give ihc I'trfiam m\ oppor- tMiiitv f>(' ritltin;; tV'iiii iditipany whenever they thiiilc tit, without bcitif; thi>ii;>ht guilty ot ruUencft ; lor n.s of religion, as to pray to (]od, or read ihc Koran, while he continues in this (tate of uncleannefs. They not only pretend that it is unlawful to drink wine, but that every thing is defiled in which wine has been put, or on which a t I cufc* ul the of prayer are > from their e the time of ion common yers are em- mri ten or 4 heir I'abbath i • their voicet 1, " O G(k1, mei, turning tcllimony wu her G'xl but i his friend." and then U)\ xcellent dut/ cil of trcateil at midnight, up prayirs of dil, " Awake rd the words, feme verfes of Omar be ac- : criirs, they I or wherever c feveral cerc- t thev put ort-' en their tur- r embroidery, ilicoe turban i uch times no jhibitcd to be ir face, feet, ct, about five e wrapped thr Coran, which n di/h, their w tattered re- )rcad the lit- thcy fit upon order. They their beards ; their fabrc es before God ng their faces at certain nd then pro- 'orcheads on a c. s on a ftrinf, mbtlcfs learnt ng pagan na- lycrs are pret- tvotions with thing can di- ir eyes remain nd fui table to this duty with l^hriftians. It vation of Mr. ;, are become proof of roli- for I never name of the xafions, or at but not en- mlc it an a£l Mm : 1 m m m ■i i I "Hi HI • ! ; ' 'I 1 ' 1 ( 'llKi|j S ^m \ :i iplH ^|fyi|i| Persia.' A I A. i^i of piety to coinmciiior.ito at ccrl.iiu tiiiit.'s th.-ir i!t."jc:;('-J I'ritndb, and fomc of tliciii an; ut upiiiioii, tlut (j:)il will iiicrciilc the hnppiiiL'ls, m KTiii tlif rniftiy of ik-- ii:irtcJ fouls, in conipliaiico vvllli tlic cariirlt iiitr<;at''-s of their fiirviviiii; friiiul .. Nojk of llifiii, however, pray to their faints^ or even to Mahomet or All to intcrtecL- fill them ; for they do not believe that they t-vcii knov/ what is done upon earth, but a;. CIuJ is plealed to re- veal it to them. In all their reli;;iou:i book.; and ilireoiirfi-s charity is warmly recommended, without which their prayers are held to be vain and inefteCtual. They difpofe ot their alms chiclly in public buildings, as incredtint; caravan- feras, bridjies, caufcways, cilteru'., receptacles of wa- ter, mofqne^, idlh.'ges, and ba,^;nini,. The alms particularly afcertaincd are a kind of tythca of cattle, corn, money, and merchandize, only t'.dcen out of the neat profits after all rent and charges are deducted, and thefc are not given to the prieit, but like I their acts of charity, are applied to different purpofes; | as to the maintcnaneo of the Mahotneian faquirs, i or becging priefts, to redeeming flaves feverely treated by thcMr matters, to the relief of infolvcnt debtors, and ' of ftrangers in diftrcfs. The reft arc employed in public buildings, in crcding mofques, caravanl'eias, &c. They have no fct time for circumcifing their chil- dren : fome maintain that it ought to be at thirteen years of age, becaufc Ifljmael was cireumciftd at that a"e; but they generally adminifter it when the child is four or five years old, on account of its being Icfs pain- ful and hazardous than when they arc older. Some bar- ber performs the operation, and applies Itiptics and at- tringcnts to ftop the bleeding. 'Ihey obferve neither any particular day nor hour for performing this cere- mony, but do It when and where they plcafe. How- ever, on the circumcifion of a great man's fon, a mul- lah comes to his houfc, and reads in the Koran durinp; the operation; but th •'/ have no office oii purpofe for it. The reft of the day is fpent in rejoicings. The Perfians have feveral fatts, the moft remarka- ble of which is that named Ramezan, from the name of the month in which it is held, and which lafts from the beginning to the end of it. When this moon firft ap- pears, it is proclaimed by the holy criers in great num- bers on the terraces of their mofques, as a furprizing piece of news, and this publication is accompanied with their finging hymns on theoccafioii : the people anfwcr in joyful cries, and illuminate the ftreets ; wliile the horns found from the terraces of the bagnios, to give notice that the baths are ready; for all their acts of de- votion "bfigin witk wafhing thcmfelvcs. Every one is ob- liged to tall during the month of Ramczan, from break of dav till fun-ict, during which time they arc not even allowed to cat or drink any thine, or to wafh their mouth';, or even their faces, left it ihould be any renefh- ment; and fome even make a fcruple of fwallowing their fpittle, or opening their mouths to let in the air. All amorous commerce is pioiiibitcd, even in words and looks. At fun-fet, when they are allowed to cat, this is proclaimed from the mofques ; then the people h.iving performed their purifications, and fiid a fliort prayer, begin to cat fome light food, as fruit and fwcet'meats, and fome time after go to fupper, in which they fpend more time than ufual ; for they eat very flowly to pre- vent any ill confequence from a full meal after (o long a fall, 'i'hofc who live by their labour generally make a meal about two hours before day, and then lie down to fli'ep. 'i'hofc of diU'olutc mor.ils fcilt all nlgt.f, and deep the grcateft part of the day ; fo that in many places th" Ramezan rather refcmblcs a feilival th.iii af.ift,\vith tiir. only difference, that like the debauchees in this part of the world, they turn day iiuo ninht. Thofe who live regularly rife in the inornin;; to go to b.ithc, in or- der to puiify themfclves from all pollution, and both their habits, their countenances, and difcourfes are fuilable to the occafion. Great part of the day is fpent in retire- ment, praying, reading the Koran, and other books of devotion ; and though thcv do not (cniple to tranlaOt bufinefs, they are more cautious of convcifini; with peo- ple of a different religion, left they ihould be defiled, and rendered unfit for tlieii dcvotiui ... \u tlr li-^y-time 21 fewer people are t.) be icon in the l'/i?rl-. (h ui in tin: other month;. ; hut in the evcniiij^ crowd:, of people ,ip- jiear in the niarkcti and other places ot riliiit: henee it is fometlme.-. called the tealt of c.indkj, !rom the mul- titude of li'>hts fet up in all parts. The Perlians are alio required once in their lives to make a pilgrimn.'c to Meccn, the place of A'laliornet's birrli, where is a little chapel, called the houie i;f (]o.l, which, aecoiding to tradition, wa-i built by .Ahrah im, aiut to which all the .Mahometans [.av an extr.uirdinarv ven^-- ration. Of this chapel we (ball give a p.irtieiii.ir d.;- fctiption when we come to Arabia. The principal religious fellivais of the I'eifians ara thole in commemoration c*" Abraham's faciificin'^ I'.is fin., and that of the martyrdom ol i! ■ two Imaii", Hodriii and HafTein. Thofe who keep the i^ull of the facrifire rife early in the morning, and ride out of the city at break of day, in order to faerifice a (heep or goat, .ifter which they caufe feveral to be killed in tlieir own houle:, and diftribute them among the poor. In every preat town there is alio a general facrifire of a c,'.mcl,at which, it is faid, the king himfelf n'-fifts, when at Ifpahan. This feftival is performed in the fi.llowin^ manner. On the firll day of the month Zilhah, one of the king's camels is deli\ered to the people, wl.o, haviii'^ drcfled him up with garlands and ribbons, lead him throuiili the city, preceded by trlimpcts and other muiic. This is done every day till the tenth, the people all the while following the bealt in crowds, with loud acelaniations ^ and he :s even brought into the houfes of al! tin- i-reac men, that the women of their harrams may f"" liim un- piiceived, while the mob who attend the procellion re- ceive money or good cheer at every houfe. The day of facrifice being arriveil, the camel is led to a field neai the city, to which ti.e king fometimes com"s in his cap of ilxte, attended by all his courtiers, whos; turbans are adorned v.'ith precious (tones, and who ;'u- attended with a magnificent retinue. 'I'hcvthrn r.inkv- the ( amel lie down on his bell)-, with his head tov.-:;;si ; .Mecca, feveral men holding him with ropes ro p crnc his (tirring ; and being furroundcd hv the kin/ and tlu- olKccrs of hi.> court on one fide, and the prici*- on th>! other, who offer upccrtain pravcrs on the oceali m, th,- bcaft is (truck on the left ilioulder wi;h a laive, .-,n,l immediately after his head is cut oft' and prefentcd to the king : the body and the fore-quarters are ^iven •■) the five great wards into which the citv is divided, and the people carry them away in triumph amidlt fong'- and rejoicings. A certain family in every ward has the pri- vilege of keeping the facred flifli, and the chiefs cf thele families make an ei..ertainment for thofe wlw) a(rifted at the facrifice, thcv being fiirniflud with pro\i- fions for that purpofe by the wealthy people in the neiifh- bourhood, to whom in return thty fend litt.'e morfels ot" the camel facrificed the preceding year ; for the (jii.ti- ters of the camel are always falted, and I'.ept till ano- ther camel is flain. Tiiofe who get the lealt pi^tv to eat, imanine that it is accompanied with ever, blclTuig. The next rrrcat feftival, which, in many relpefts, ha; the appearance of a fait, is in mcinorv of the diatli, or martyrdom, as thev term it, of their patria-eh Holii-i.-i, who was (lain in a battle with the caliir'of Damafcus, who contended with him for the empire, in rhv llxty- firft year of the Hegira. They fav, that after he had loll the battle, he retreated with his broken tror^ps info a del'art near Babylon ; but, when he had been pin i'lied fourteen davs, was overtaken by his ciieinies, and died bravely fighting and covered with wounds. This feftival continues ten A.\)^, duriiv; which •:.:> trumpets or mufical initiumcnts arc fou-uie.:, and tholo who ohfcrve it ftrictly neither fliavc nor ;;o to the ha>'nlo. At this time they never be^in a journey, nor c\ en un- dertake any important aft'air. Many of them rend their cloaths, paint their (kins black, and appear with lor- rowf'ul countenances. The ilrccts from morning till night are filled with people, fome alinolt n.iked, others (taincil with blood, and others in aimoiir with nakeil (words in their h.'.nds : lomc fcei'i fiint ami ready to peiifh, and, with .'II the figns of anguilh and tlcfpair, Lty out aj loud a; pciftible, HoUtiii ! Hallein ! This P p p Hafftin ']■■ i. 2' i - 1 r:l ;\. i '■' ■\'\ 1 ; :|i'^ '. -'Jl ■'■1 #^ t ^ ,rtV ^•i-l- A S Y S T F, M OF G I'. O G R A P li Y. Per SIA/ ll'i^; ■■!• M^i . El It " » "Hi.|:, i!H'^ :] y ili'.flliii wv.? tlv:tL!.rt brother of ffiHi in, wlio w.is (lain 111 the r.mij w.:r. \V'h.U the pcnplj rnJcavntir rhii Hy to ix|ir(-(\ is th.- h?.it an.i thirl!" \vl:li wliieh Iloireiii wns ;ililictal in the ilei'jrt, which, tl-.ev lav, w.is To j;rc.U, that hi.^ tnivriie h'.iiii: (i':t ot hi;, mouth. Il' thev iii^et either ;i l'.ij;.ia or a Chrilli.in they crv, Curll-il he Omar ; to which tlic other, ir" th(.ywo;;hl not be inl'iih.';!, nuiil reply hy repeating the fame wurtl':. Diirini;the ten liays ot mourning' there art altar-: ;n tin. corner ot'i-verv llreet, ;'.ml a jilace incloled ami hiini; roiiiul with fliieU!;, fire- arins, colours, (KiM.larJs, ilrunis, trumpets, and all kiiKJs 111 war-like iiil'trumenls. In the ni'jht-tinie ilie llreets are illuminated, and their dn^tois prearh to the people on the fiihjeet ot" the t'ellival, inflaming their rage aeaiiift the enemies of their faint. It is impoflihle to conceive the grief and anguifn e.xprelied on thefe oc- cahoiis ; they heat anJ utter lamentations, as ifuml.r the dee|H-d afflictions. On the I'.rft davs of the feaft their preai hers entertain them with an account of the hirtli of Hofiein, in wiiicli they relate a thoufand fabu- lous circuinftanres. In the latter part of the feafl thcv expatiate o;i Hollein's reAL'nation, i:i \oluniari!y devot- iiitr himfelf to death. 'I'hey pretend that four thoufaiid an^ielb in \.iin oftVred him tiieir afTiftance ; and th.it o:;e in particular, in the foiin of an hermit, brought liim a cup of w.iter when he was ready to expire with thirif ; but Hodein, refufmg to accept it, told him, if he pleafed he could cominand a brook of water to illue out of the cartii; and then touching the ground with his finjcr, tliere fj)run:; up a large fountaiii ; but dtclariivj, that it was ilecrccd he fhould die under his misfortunes, he ne\er attempted to quench h's thirll. I'he fermoii be- ing oyer, the people renew their cries of HoUein, Haf- i'ein, till being fpent with this exercife, they return home and fealK During this fellival the Peifians are fxtremtlv charitable, and think it a crime to refufe aim. to the poor. I'efore the houfes of the great Ifand vedels of ice and water, that none may fiitt'er by third ; and the king daily entertains at leall four thoul.md peo- ple, who attend the prorclTion. A number of machines and pa;'eants arc carried at this fcart: ; and among the retf opai chariots and biers in which arc the reprcfen- tatioiis of the mangled bodies of Hofiein and his friends. Th's fedi'.al fecms folely intended to kfep up, from );■ litical yicws, an inveterate hatred againfl the Turks, whom they cfteem their n.itural and molt formidable tiiemics. As thereli;ion of the Pcrfians Icails them to conceive the molt wild .u'.d extravagant ideas ol the agency of in- \ illblc beinps, thefe have an influence on their conduit in piivate life, and the mod aina7in:: luj) rftition tinc- turts all their aclions ; and, by rtmngly influencing their hopes and fears, frctpientlv prevents their taking thofe rational meafurcs which alone can enable them to cfcapc the mi^fortuuis they dread. Hence, irftead of having rccourfe to the dictates of rcafon, and the nieafures in- fpirtd bv p; udcncc, thcv have rccourfe to charms and amulets, formed of infcriptions on paper, and lometimcs on prtciou' rtcnes ; thus certain paliages of the Koran, worn in a little bag about the neck, arc efteemed a fo- \creign remedy againft difeafcs and inchantments. Sneezing is held a molt h'ipjn' omen, efpecially when often repeated; the hands with t!ie fingers interchan2;ed, and fiuiie particular pofture of the body, arc cfteemed full of magic power ; and, if ufed malicioufly, of dan- gerous confeiHience. Mr. H.inway mentions an ofHccr whom he travelled with, and that was going to the fh ah to aiify.-cr for his conduct, who en.le.n oured to learn bv heart a prayer compofcd by Hollein, which, if rc- pcatei! ritrht in the prefcncc of the king, he im.igined would diver: hiswiath; butiffalilv, incrcafc it. This o:?.ccr had another fpell which I'.c propofed to u'ic ; this •,v.;s the repetition often particular letters in the alpha- bet, a^ he entered the royal tent, cloftng a linger at each, and keepiiuc t!ic f.it clafped til! he came before the throne, wIk n he was fuudeiily to i>pen his hands, and by the difcharge of this magic artillery, to lubduc the king's wrath. As llie minds of the iVrfiaiis arc tainted with an extravagant fondncfs for tlic marvellous, they imagine that the tivjt-ors, which rtftnible failing liars, and are vulga.rly called fo, arc the blows of annlor lent to that prince to dellre, that as none but their iro- phct and his children liad bci n drelUd in :;r-cn, ;ut!:? ol his bibjecis miglit be [lenniited to wear th^t coh'i;' cl]iecially in {lockings. I'o this Shah Abas, v.ho v.■a^ .a man of underltanding, made anfwi r, that if the Ijrand .Signior Would prevent the ilr.gs plirin-; on the crrals in Turky, he would comply w.tli the requtlt. SEC T. XI Of the Rt!'n'ioi! I:!a;iti--i in Pnfu; pa'-luuliiriy tf t'f Gcbtn, cr Gaun ; ivith an A\:uy,t if an txtiajriUnurj Phanammm cal'.id ihi evcrtajh'i^ Fin. UNDER Indoftan we have given a particular ac- count of the I'arlees of India, who were once driven from I'erfia, and are of the fame religion as the Gebers, or Gaurs, (uilv dilFering iti feme points of fmaller moment. They are both defcenled trom tlij antient Perfians, and both are of the reli^-ion of the : i;- tient Magi, the followe;, of /.oroaller ; t>./tli conlidcr light as the molt perfcit iVmbcd of true wifiom and intelleiftual endowment, and darkiief~ the reprcllritation of ignorance, vice, and tviry thing hur;l..l and deftruc- tive ; both abhor the wordiip of idols, and adore (loj under the form of hre, conlidering tlic bri'.htnel", ;.c- tiv'itv, puritv, and incorriiptibihtv of th.it clctrcr.t, a-« beariii'^ the moll perfe>5t refemblancc of the natu."-,; ar.d I erfe. t ons of God ; and therefore iTi^w a particular ve- neration to the fun, as the noblelt reprcftntative r f the all-wife and all-perfect Creator. Tti'_- Parfecs of India, however, cenfurc their brethren of Perlia for corruptin.! the antient docTrine, and introducing en evil principle into the government of the world. This many autliors rcprefcnt as the antient doctrine ; fome alTcrt, that the followers of ZoroalUr held a co-etcrnitv of ihtlc prin- ciples, which they termed Oroo/,!n and Harrin:an, which the Greeks called Orofmades and Arimaniiis ; while others lav, that, according to the IV-rfian nutho- logy, Oroo/.m lirft fubli'kd alone ; th.-t by him both the light and darkmfs were created ; and that Harrirr.an was created, or rather arofe frcm darkncfs : that cood and evil being thus mixed together, thcv would coniiput- till the end of all things, when each fhould be Itparated and reduced to its own fphcre. Hut what is mod remarkable with rcfpoct to thcfi- people, is commonly called the cvcrlaliinj fire, aph.T- iior.icnon of a very extraordir.arv nature, abci;t ten Ent:- liHi miles from Kaku, a city iitiiated in the north of Perfia, by an excellent haven rf the Calpian iVa. Thi objeft of their devotion is on a dry rocky foil, where there are feycral antient temples built with flcnc, fup- poled to have bcc.T all dedicated to f.re, ir.cft cr thtiii arclied, and only ten or fifteen feet high ; amon:,- which is a temple, in which the Cjcbers it'll pr-?fervi: the facred flame, which they pretend has continuid burn- ing ever fmce the flood ; and they l>elieve it will lait till the end of the world. It riles from the end f.f alir:_- hollow cane, which is liuck in the groimd, in a blu.- flame, in colour and gcntlcncfs not unlike a lamp that burns with f|)irits, but iVtmmgly mote pure. IKicarc generally forty or titty poor devotees, who come hith.r in pilgrimage. At a fmall diflancc from this temple is a cleft of a rock, in which is an horizontal trap two feet Irom tlr.- ^roiin-l, near fix long, and about three broad, from which rifrs a conltant tlan".c, of the colour and nature of th.it jt'lV dcfcribcd. In calm weather it burns low, but when the y.'ind blows, it Ibmctimcs riles eight feet hiL'h ; anJ vet the flame cannot be perceived to make any imprntion on the rock. The Gebers here alio p\y their ad'iratioii^, and fay, that if thefe fires arc ilopp-.-d in one place, they will rife in anotl'.er. Wlui Persia. A I A. W, AV'hat appears ftii'i niori; cxfr.ioii!in:.i-y, thf.o ;.; un- iloiibteil prool that thtil- firfs conllantlv l)'.;rn with lu: any lupplv bcliiK aililtd by th'-' (icMpL- to tltJ th-' Hume; lor Mr. iliuuv.iy oblcrvis, that tor above two miles round this place, tin. e.irth ha!> this fiirpri/irr^ propcttv , lliat bv taking up two or three jii\.Irs f'ro!ii '.he lurtaee, and applying a live eoal, the part lo iineu'. ereJ lake^ tire alnioit bttorc the eoal touclKb the cattb : ibe flai;ie> he.it the earth vvithout conluming it, or attlinin.! what is near it. Yet tliis earth earned to another plaee does not produce the lame cU'evit. It a cane, or even a pa- pi'r tube be fet about two inches in the ground, and eloled witli earth below, on touching the top of it with a live coal, and blowing; upon it, aflame inllantly iliuos, without injuring either the cane or the paper, provid- ed the edges be covered with clay. This method they \ife for light in tluir houfes, which have only the cartli for their floor ; three or four of thefe lighted canes will boil a pot, and thus they drefs their provifions. The flame may be cxtinguiflied in the fame manner as that of fpirits of wine. The ground is dry and ilonv, and the more flony any particular part is, the llronger and clearer is the llanie ; it has a fulphurcous fmtll, like n.:p - tlui J but it is not very offenfive. Hv means of this phienomenon, lime is burnt to srcat perfection, the flame communicating itfclf to any dif- tancc, where the earth is uncovered. The ftoncs murt be laid one upon another, and in three day's time the lime is completed. Near this place are found fprings of naptha, and brimflone is dug iij). Since the grcateft part of the Gebcrs were driven out ofPerfiaby Shah Abas, there have been few of them who have openly profell'ed their religio,. in that kin:;- (lom; there is, however, a village near Ifpahan inha- bited bv them, from whence it receives the name of Gutbarabad. There is alio a feet in Pcrfia named SoufFees, who, thoucih they outwardly conform, for the fake of peace, to the Mahometan religicn, h.ive a fvllem of doctrine^, that contain the purell myfticifm, which contradicling no religion, can put on the forms of all. Their prin- cipal aim is to form within thcmfelves a mental elvfium by an extincfiim of all the paffions in facrificc to tiod. In this Itate of quieiifm they fay they feel a certain plca- fure, like that felt by the body, when, after its being over-heated, it is cooled by a refrefhing breeze. Thcv recommend three point.s to be obfervcd in the conduct of focial life; thefe arc a grateful return to friendlhip, and for benefits received ; to win all hearts bv geniTofitv, and never to depart from fwcctnefs of t-mpcr, truth, and candour. There are alfo another people in I'erfia, whofe rcli- cion feems compounded of Chriftianitv, Judaifm, and Alahometifm. 'J'hefc are called Chrillian) of St. John, and fometimes Sabean Chrilfians. They dwell near the Perfian gulph, where there are faid to be many thoiifand families of them. St. John liaptift is their , :^it laint, and it it faid they acknowledge Chrill in no other light than as a prophet, and yet i)ay an idolatrous worfhlp to the crofs. They are f.iid to have lofl their ancient facred hooks, and to have onlv one at prefcnt, which is rilled with Jcwifli ami Mahometan legends, and contains their doitrine and myfterie^. There are alfo in Perfia a number ot the Armenian and Georgian Chrillians ; but the latter are not found out of Georgia, the ancient Ibiria. SEC T. xir. Oflhe Ihvcniinmt cf Pcrfia ; the iliilSjii'.y nii.l Til.'.s cf Oie Kini^ ; the cruel If/i' he i/uiia of hit unlim te.i Power ; the 7ic.ll/nent of the Govcrn:n of Piovinccs, and cf the royjl Irf lilts, iff the Ladles of the Hunam and the Euiituhi. T IIFI Perfian covcrnmcnt is monarchical, and in evc- IV branch of it ftrictlv dcfpotic. The favour of the prince, ami of thofe on whom he devolves his authority, is cfl'eiitial to tiie fecuritv of the great, and particularly of foreign merchants ; ..ml this may be bell prcferved bv proper and tiniclv prefents, bv a goo! .;p- pear.Tncc, and a rcfolatc dilbrc: i'u;>port cf .!'.-lr own .iigmtv. The Pe, lians .'.re not igno.-am of ti'.e lav.'., ol iullice and huma;.i;y ; but war liaviiig been for ir,.in)' ye:;rs their only Itud;, and a fondnefj f-..r cutw.ir.l !!..-v their pr.dominant palFion, tbele laws are little rei>arded wh-.'ii tl'.ty intcrfeie with their inclii'ations ; hence it i.- laid, V'\{. a good lioile, a liU r-UKjuuted biidle, ;ind .1. gill, w ill geiierullv induce a IVrli.in to violate juiliee, .iiid f. en commit .idions for which he is morally cir;.i:ii ' f death. The ufii.il titleof the king is Shah, or Shaw, a, it .'- ,S%tA . inounccd, which llgnilici the difpofer of kiiudoms, ..lid li. the highcll title knov.n in Ana; it being e.jiii.a- lent lo that of emperor m Europ;:. Tluy ail'o auil icj the k;iig'> titles tliele cf Sultan, and Kh.in cr C\uvii, which IS the title of tlie Taitar foverugns. Hi. arms arc a lion couchant, lo.jkiiig at th.- fun as it rifes over his back. When his fubjecls addrefs bim they ftile liim tl-.i- lource of power, majcftv, and glory, ei)ual to ib.e fun, lub'.titutc of hea\cn, t!ie head of the mull excellent re- ligion, prince of the faithful, the father of victo.'-y, the; Ihadow of Almi:;hty (jod, and lord of the reii>:utions of the world. With thefe and the like titles all petiti- ons to the Shah abound; but when they fpeak to him they ufu.illv fide him the litiitcnant ofCjud, or the prince by whom God difpenfes his grace a!id favour to men. This prince has the lives and elfates of hi', fubj'.-dls intirtly at his difpof.il: there is no prince in the wrrld more implicitly obeyed, even though bis orders are ever fo unjuil, or given when he is lo little mailer of his reafon, that he knows not what he f.ivs or does. No- thing can lave the greatell fu^jecl if he tefolves to de- piive him of his life or his ell.ite; for neither zeal for his peifon, merit, or pall fen ices, will be of the jeair avail : if he be in a humour to ruin tlicrn, to put out their eyes, or to inflict on them tiie moil cruel ileatli, it is done by a word of his moutii, or mcrelv by a ti.rn, and inllantly e.vecuted without any lo:in cf la'.v or evi- dence (.f guilt. The Pcrlians rcadi'v obey all the commands of tli.'ir prince without referve ; fo that if tlu fup. be co'r.nuiiid- ed to he his father's executioner^ or the father the Ion's, it mull be complied with. Vet they fay, if he com- mands any thing contrary to the peculiar tenets of their religion, they are under no obligatien to obey him. Se- j veral writers mention a miniller in the Peilian court, I whom the king commanded to ilriiik with him ; but he i excufed himfelf by faying, he had been a piU'rim.i:>e tu I -Mecca, and could not drink wine without violatin;', thj ; Lr.vs of their religion: to which ti'.e king replied, " '1 liou- ;" lands have gone in pilgi image to Mecca, r.iid yet I " drink wine ; drink therel'ore when thy foverei'^n com- l" mands thee;" but the minifler ftill refuiin:;, the j king not only abufcd him in tlie grolllft manner, but: ; made the fervants throw the wine in bis face, and pour it by force into his mouth : then threatened him ; with immediate de.ith, to wlii'. h tlie other returned, • that he had a right to his life, but not to his relii;ion, j and he chofe rather to die than drink. 'I'he kini^ then difmiired him from his eniplovments ; but he was (bon I after rellored, and I'eemed to be doubly honoured by the 1 king for the refolution he had fliewii, m rcliiliiig to vio- late his confcience. Scarce any thing .-ippcars more tvraiinic.il in the Per- fian government, than the cullom which has for a long time pre\ ailed, of executing the go\ernors of provinces and great officers of Itate, without giving them an oppor- tunity of n-..'.kii!g theirdefence, or letting themknowthp Clime laid to their cha.-ge. It isul'ual for the king to fend e\ery governor a royal veft, and as thefe are lent by per - fons whom the court intends to fa\ our, the khan or go- vernor always makes them a confideiable prelent. Wliea this meflenger comes within two or tii'ee milts of the place where the governor rcfidcs, he fends him word, that he may come and receive the preient ; but iii!!ead of a royal veft, he is fometimes prefenteil wiih an hal- ter, and di(|>atchcd without farthi r cercinnr.v We arc informed by Thcvcnot, that Shah Sefi, without any provocatii/ii, gave orders, that one of the grcateft olRccis of hi3 couft (liould have his ears cut olFin .':'* prcKiice .ii:'flli. ' r-. i)5 rn^i % H P w I j; ; ■ i'y I 51 ' ;>i ( - ■■!■■ !. ji •■i u i'K; ■! |; Mi '•:«H 1 446 A S Y S T L. M O F G K O (, R A P H Y. I'iXSi Ai '! -I * I I! i| ii m III ^^f] i prdcncclir lii.s own fun, whicli t'lst iinii.uural fon im- luciliatcl) pi.Tl'ormc(lj lie tlicii c mi m. unit J lili.i to tut ort' his t.itlicr's nolo, ami la' iiilKinily (ih<\\.-.l. 'I'lio t)!il courtier finding himliir tliuj ill-trcatcJ by liis own (on, to ''iMtify thf catiricc of a prince, whom l\c iK\cr intended to ofUnJ, entreated tiu\t he niii'ht be put to death. 'I'liis favour he cafiiy obtained ; hut th.c tvr.'.nt ordrred hi^ Ion to be the executioii^r, teliini; liiin, tnat when lie had cut off his father's head, he fhoiihl h.i\e hij whoL- elhite, on whicli the panicide drawing his Tihre, ffvered his head from his body. A prim e of a cruel dilpofition niav here give full fcopt to his iuhiinianitv, ami wantonly (port with the lives h'- !•, iindei- the moll lac red olli^jatioiis to protect; he may enjoy the infernal fatislaition of making the tor nients of the '.Miilty a fultje.' t of mirth ; and of wanton- ly facrilicini; the innoceni. to his ;'.varice, h'n humour or his lult. Mr. Hanway ;.i;ives feveral iiillances of the crueltvof Nadir, that mult (hock ever)' benevolent mind. A perlon, \\-ho had collciitid taxes, was complained of bv the pcafaius, of whom it .Tppeared he had exacled more than he h;!d accouiued for to that prince : this was a capital crime, ami he was therefore condemned lo futl'er death, liut Nadir, a.s if he had rccollcclcd fomethin^ particular of this pcri'on ; cried, " I unJer- " Hand \ou can dance well ; dance, and t w.ll favo your " life." I'hc man immediately beiran to dance, doubt- Iffi with fome tranfports of joy ; but the fliah ordered the executioner to llrike him on the legs, which pre- \cntiiv; his performance, the tyrant cried, " The ral'cal ♦' does not dance well; kill him." After his execution he was left near Mr. Hanway's tent, whence his friends removed him In the nijht. We fliill here mention, from the fame worthy author, rnot'icr inftance of the cruelty with which that prince abuled the dcfpotic power with which he was in\ cited. 'I'he fhah havin;:; appointed .-» certain capt.-.in-ceneral as povernor of a province, impofed on it an exorbitant tax, to be levied in iix months. At the expiration of the time the "overnorwas lent for to the camp, and ordered to produce the account. Me did fo, but it onlv amount- ed lo half the fum demanded. The fhali called him a r.-fcal, and telling him that lie h.td taken the other half "f the moncv, ordered him to be baltin.uloed todeath. Mis ellate w.is then confifcated, but the value of all his elfccls ftll verv ftiort of the fum demandi.d. The fer- ^ ants of the deccr.xd bcilin; then ordereil to come into the f 's pretence, he enquired of them if any thing vas lett bt!on:;in^ to their mafter ; to v.hich thcv an- fwered, Onlv ado;:. Me then commanded the dog to be biou'iiit before him ; and (ibfirved, that he appeared mncli liontller than his mader h.ul been ; hi.\ve\er, he fhould be led tlirous;!! the camp, from tent to tent, and beaten wiih (licks ; and wherever he expired the matter of fuch tent fhould piv the fum dehcient. Accord- insilv the do:?; was fucceilivclv carried to the tents of the mmillcrs, who heanng the cafe, immediately gave fums of monrv, arcordinp to their anilities, to procure the doll's rj:'.if!;ai ; bv which means the whole lum the fhah demanded wa.s payed in a few hours time. The kinc; has no privy council, as in the European government?, but nets accordini; to hi< own caprice, or as he is advifed by thole about him. That which molt perplexes tr iflry is, the cabals carried on by the women in the harram, who frequently thwart their bett: laid fchemcs ; and the minifters not only run the rifquc r)fh.ivin5 their councils rejected, but, if they are con- trary to the inclinations of the ladies in nu-il favour, they frequently turn to their detlruclion. liy the laws of Perlia (he crown is hereditary, but the females arc excluded. However, the Ion ofadaueh- tcr m;'.v inherit, thou'_:h his mother cannot. It i.s alio a law in I'erlia that no blind man fhall be railed to the throne : hence, as thofe males that proceed from the female branches arc as capable of fucceedinj as thofc that rpiin;.from the male^, ;hat horrid p(.licy of putting out the eves of all tliat have the inisfortune to be al- lied to the crov.ii, is executed upon everv male of the royal family, whether they procccil l.-om lims or d.;i;2h- ters ; .~ndas th. re are no. ommon executioners in I'crfia, the oukru f'ir puttiu'j; cut the evcb of the royal infants arc executed by .any one the kiiij i l.oofes : they arc even not contented, as formcily, with tviln.niilhini; the (i^h.t bv holdm!' a hot iron to the eye-:, bi.t tlic very eve-balls arc fcooped oi.t v.ith the point uf a k;.;fe orda.ilrer, jult a; the peifon lent happens to bc white eunuchs, who keep the outward gate ; hut ncier come within tlu ii fi"ht : the black eunuchs are Itationed in the fccond cou.t, none but the cld;iland molt deformed of whom attend the ladies and carry mell'ai'es to them. 1 he third and innermoft guard are faid to be compoled of women, who arc commanded bv feme antiquated matron, wlio receives orders from the prince himf.lf. The wnnien who frequent the harram relati. furprifm:: things of the jcaloufies which fubfill between the Luiicj there, and of the plots and confpiracics of one favourite milfrefs acalnft another. Thcfc who oivc the hi^helt entert.iinmcnt to the ftiah, with their fm^'inj, the-- dancing, or their wit, arc fure of beeoinin;: th;' en.y pf the reft. The miftreires with which the kin;: i, in- timate are never very numerous, and the otf.eri only fin<», dance, and play before him ; but, fro.m the dil- traftions he meets with from a variety of concerts, he frequently fixes upon one who may prf)pcrlv be itiled the queen of the harram. Amidit Inch multitudes of rival beauties the prince is fenfibie he can gain tlie hearts of a very few, and flie whom he molt admires has perhaps the Icait affection for him; but happy ii the ladv whom he really loves, and who can make him be- lieve that (he has a real fonnnefs for him. The eunuchs bclon;;ins to the king's palaces generally amount to three or four thoufand. .Vle.n ot the firit rank have ufuallv half a dozen in their houles, and ihofe of inferior qualirv twoor three. 'Ihe eunuchs are uluallv cut when the\ ..re between I'evcn and ten vcar= of ape ; for few of thiin liirvivc the opcr.ition it it be deferred till they arc fifteen. Thcl'e unhappy men, if thcv de- fervc the name, who have defires which thcv can ne\ er gratify, are fuppofcd to be the belt guards a;jainlt thof'.- who, with the fame defires, have the power which they have loft, and with them envy is a fpur to vigilance. Befides, as they can have no views of raifing families of their own, they are generally verv dilijent in their re- fpeftivc employments, and their whole itudv feems cen- tered in the delire of procuring the elteem and confidence of their lord, which they feldom fail to obtain. Thcv are however faid to be revengeful, treacherou-, and cruel, and that there is feldom found a man of true courage anions them ; but there are fomc inftances in which they have behaved with great bravery. SECT. xin. Of the Perfinn Ctimp, will' n De\'cr'fM:n cf the Trnts of t'r Shah iinil his greiit OJfitri. Oj tie Cjml'-.lliirtet, mui ihe Removal of the Cimp : the lieh Hjrjt-Fwniture hc- hn^iii^ to tie H/kili ; and lie Aliiituiy Exeraja of tl>r Perfmn Army. WE fhall now give a defcriptionof thel'erfian camp, as it was formed in the time of the late N.:dir Shah, which we fhall do from the account given of it by that accurate writer on the ati'airj of Perlla, Jonas Hanwav, Kl'q. In placing it a general regularity is ob- ferved, in proportion to the fire and (hapc ot the ground. The tents of certain principal minilters and officers are conftantly pitched in the front, or to the right and left of the (hah's quarters, that fome of them may lie always near him. The circuit allotted for the (hah's own tents wa.s very large: one fide of the entrance confiHtd of a line of uniform tents, ferving for guard-rooms ; and the other of the tents in which were tranfaclcd the aftaiis ol the ( hancerv and the like public concern--. About two hundred yards beyond this avenue was a pavilion, in which the (hah ufuallv fat to give audience , and fiip|,ii!ted by three poles, adorned v.'iih gilt balls at tl.e lop ; tlve Cu\eTing was of cotton cloth of .1 brick tart ot this tent is divided into fmall r.parln; .iits, wlieie the officers at'eiul who do not appcir 111 hi.s iii.'.ielty's pie- leiice. '1 i^ercwas iioiliing inagiiilicent in this p.iv iliuu, the Iront of which was alwavs open, even in the v.'oiil weather; however, when it was extremely cold, ieveial pots o^' lighted charcoal were placed in the middle. At a conlidcrable dithince behind wetc the kill's pri- vate tents, to fomc of which h: reiired a: his meals; and, to render them warm, had Indian paiin. Is, uliieh were occafionally fct up, and formed the linings of two fmall apartments. ID thefe were only adniiited his fecret einili '.ries, when they had any remarkable intel- ligence to communicate. Almolt contiguous to thefe were tic tents of hi, ladies, "■hich ilittered from the others, in heiiiir divided by le- ve-ral curtains, that formed feparar.e apartments one within another. The boundaries of the king's quarter v.'ere occupied bv eunuchs and female llj'.es, and almolt til J whole circuit, efpecially towards t.'ie refideiiec of the w< men, wascncompalled bv a Itrong Jeiice of net-work, round which the night-guard patrolled, and fe\eiely punilhcd all intruder.-. A: there were no lights, nor anv tents near them, it frequ. ntly happened tliat peo|de • oningby night to the camp igiu^rantl) Itr.ii'gled thither , and, whenever this was the cafe, were lure io be ufed ill. It has been obferved, that nonebut the ofTicers in im- mediate waiting were admitted into the royal pavilion ; for the officers of llaie and people of bulinefs Hood in all weathers in the open air, funning a feini circle at the front of the tent. If ihev were brought to ani'wer for their conduct, thcv were held under tiie arm by pvopcr officer-, to prevent their el'cape. The fame ceremony, with little diftereiice, was alfo obferved towards foreign ambali'adors or great men. 'ihe Perfians cover their cotton tents with a kind of glazing., tei prevent their being penetrated by water. The tei.ts of perfons of diftinction arc of various (liapes, but generally oblong, and fupported by three poles. The ourfide is always of coarle cotton cloth, and the infide is cither lined with the fame, or witt, .|lk or woollen, accordiii'j; to the feal'ons of the year a.il the circiimftances of the '.v ; ;iik1 tlic other ot" rcJ, hliif, ;niil white, withmit n'.-y mhtr oriinnitm ; uiicJ th'.niih the old il.Mulanis ifqulred tvvilvc jmii to move till-in^ Nadir K-ii^th'Jiifd tli?ir iKiits ami ni.idi; thini (Ml hcaviiT, toptc\-r;it th:ir bcinu; i:'.rrii.-d olVhy tlfj cnfiny, «XL-i'pt ill an I'litirr dot'cit. '11.2 rLjiiincutal cidoiirs v.-crc a n.Tirovv fnp ot (i'k flopvJ to a point, Ijiiii: icd, I'orit white, niul others flripcd. Several h:^iirs b'Jl'ore tlic ainvl.ic ot" the cirtip, one of the ft.mdards wat taltcn down aiil (..T.-ied l" the place udicre the n'rwcamp \va- to he pitehrii, ar.d with it went other rent* beI-.n;.',i"L; (o the lliah and ii'-- great men. The Hulk of the army fienuentlv m.'.rched an hour or two brt'ore the fluh ; foi- in reniov inj frnni one camp to nnr.thcr he tbnu-timci; catlopcd the whole way. He had about fi\t" women, and near tl;c '.inif! niinilxT , and mixed amont; the crowd : they had a linen veil over their laces, and wore great coats rei'.'mb'inf; tho'e of the men, but the poorer fort wore a white veil which co-cred their whole body. Mr. H.niwav, who, at his defire, was peimitcd to fee the horfc-furnitiMe belonging to the fhah, lays, th.it he had four complete fet^, one mounted with pearls, another with rubies, a third with emeralds, and the lall with diamond ■, moll of which were of luch an amazing fi/e, a", hardly to merit belief; for man\' of them ap- peared as big ai a pigeon's egg. He ohferves, that he Was eipiallv ama/ed at ibcir imme'ifc value, and at the b.irbarous lafte in which they were let ; for Ionic of them did not appear to have any art bellowed on them. That iienlleni.m, on his atterwards vifiting one ot the minif- ters, took occalion to mention bis furprizc at their prodi- gious value; which, he fays, greatly exceeded anything tic had e\er formed an idea of in that kind, thoiiijh the iivyel>in Kurope appear incomparably hrighterand neater let ; and olifencd, that if his maielly would triifl him with one of thole bridles, he would procure a complete hoile-UMniluic to be made in Europe, that Tnotdd ex- < ecd any thing tliHt had yet appeared in the world : but wa^ ii'.t'ormi-d, that the (hah had not patience to wait r:'.\ it could be rinitlicd. The pay given hv Nadir to his foldiers was com- puted at a hundred crowns per annum, one with the oth^r, beliiles an allowance, which chiefly cnnfiftcd of rice ; but ihc cxpcnlivc manner of livinsj in the camp rendered thi'.. larii^c pav abfoliitele neccd'ary. Thev wear no unilorm, but arc obliged to buy all their cloaths of the king at an rvtravagant price, and to ki-cp at their own expencc yetiiiv, or orph.in'^, who arc conlidered as their fcrvants ; and, when tluir maller'i die or tall in battle, ftipply their place by lervlng as foldiers. Eight or ten at a time of the foldiers nmul'e themfelvci hv galloping before (he army, and difch.-.rgnui; their piece."! at each other with powder. .\'Ir. Hanwav ohferves, that he was much f..rprifcd at their being permitted, fven in the camp, to lire ott" their pieces, blow their ' • mpcis, and beat their drums for their ainufcment. 'I ;-,iv are feldom cxcrcifed, c.\cept in fliooting with the btw, or wiili a fingle b.ill at a m.nk, at which they G i; O G R A F {I y. P£SS.M4 are very expert. They arc no lef- cx.ieii in loading their pi'.cc', to; cxii pt it be in time ot acti(,n, they wei .h their powdei a^ well as ht thi ball to the bor'j. L!ut tlie bai- rel.. ot tludc pieces, loini: of which arc ni 'tch-loeks, an- li'ill tempered, that they will not bear a ipiick lire. J )„. grenteli p.irt of their regular Icrees carry .i mnleuet and I. dire ; hut thejs are others in the army not fo well pro- tided ; foine haling .■* fpear or a h.ittle-.ix, and others ,i tingle piliiil : but all of them wear labrcs, in the iife (,(' which thev are very dcxtcious ; but as to bayonets they have no notion of them. N.ulir, according to the cuftt^m of the Perfian kinys lays the above author, had the policy to oblii'e loiiie and to encourage all his army to ule colHv furniture: the ofTicers, and even the foKiierSj of rank h.ul the bri- dles ot their horft!! mounted with filver, with a mane- piece L't plate, and au ornamented chain. Their (word belts, and leathern accoutrements, were mounted with the liimc metal. 1 he handles of their battle-axes were alfo for the nioft part (ludded; or covered with thin filver plates, and in their lafhes about tluir waift thev wore a knife, the handle and cafe of which were alio covered with tilver. Cerlain officers and perlons ofdi- ftindtion wee obliged to wear their knives in "old cafes and tome of the ^Tcat men had lilver llirrups. 'I'he armies of Ptrfia arc never very large, confiderino- ihc extent of the kingdom, and the difcipline of the troops is as ditfercir -"s poflible from that in Europe. As they are not trouhled with much artillery, or bag- gage, they m.ike fwift marches, and frequently fail with incredible fury upon .;n enemy in his camp or 'quar- ters, when he lealt txpecls lucli a vilit. At other tiir.cs they will cut oirhis provllions, and tu'n the w iters from their ufu.d courfe; and having liarralled thofc who invade them in a long inaich through a defart country, will fometiines fly till they have drawn thein into a ilifad- vantageous groun.', and then return to the charge. In their retreat they, like the ancient I'arthians, dif- chargc more arrows than when iliey advance. When they are apprclienlive of an invatlon, they con- flantly withdraw all the people from the frontiers, and defiroy the country In fuch a manner, that the enemy can find no fubfillencc ; lor they arc laid not to leave {o much as a tiec or a fpire of grafs upon the ground ; but they give the hufbandmcn time to fecure their grain, truit, and forage, by burying them with moft of their utenl'ils in deep pits, which they do in fuch a manner, that it is almoil impotTible to difcover them, and as the earth is very dry, they receive no damage. The army, having thus dellroycd the country, incamp in fepar.ato bodic.-, and,. as they Ice occafion, fall upon their cncmic, and dillrefs them in their march : fometimcs they at- tack a quaiter of their camp in the night, and fometimcs another ; and if they are unable by this means to put a flop to their march, they retire farther into the country, driving the people before them, and deflroying every thing as before, and by thefc means they have defeated the greatelt armies fent againlt them by the Turks. When the enemy arc retired the people return to their laiuls and rebuild their houfes with clay or fuch mate- rials as they lind upon the fpot. SECT. XIV. Of lie Rncnuii of the Qowrt, tin J the Manner of alleging them. WE fliall next take a view of the revenues of the crown, and the manner of collerting them ; and here it is neccli'.iry to obfcive, that all the lands of tne kingdom are divided into four kinds ; the tlrfl arc thole ofilieflate; the lecoiul the king's domain lands; the third are the lands of the church; and the fourth thofc that belong to private perfons. Under thefe clafl'cs all the cultivated lands are included ; but thefc make but a Imall part of the kingdom, of which more than ten parts to one are defart and uninhabited. 'I'he lands of the ftate contain the far greateft part of what is cultivated. Thefe are in the pollcflion of the govcrr.orii of the rcfpcctive provinces, who out of them take I'Krt'.'A. VtRSiA. A .') take their own revenue, aii.l .iiTu,'i liio rdf un tin- |i.iv- nu-nt of their oifitLTj, iiiul the iinoi)'. ihcy .no ol)li;.'/;J to ir.iinlaiii. 'I'lic cloiiLiin laii' .ire confulirLj a-, ihi; Sliah's pirii- ciil.ir ettatc, out Jt which aie p.iiil ih ■ oiruei'. dI the liduihoM, tile troops niaiiitaiued Iv. the kiiii; ovei anil uhnve thole Uippijiti-J at the tharje '<\ the rel'jieclive provinces i and the remainder is dcpolited ni tlie lu-.i lurv. The church-landi, it' we may ul'e tlic term, arc the ilonationi ol'thjir princes or pn.ate men, and being el- trenied I'.icred, are never taxed or conhlcated tor any tiinie whatever. The lands w'lic'.i helon;:; to private men are held of the crown for the terjii of ninety-nine years, on pay- ing an inconfiderah'e annual renti and at the cxpiiaiion of that term they are allowed to renew their leale tor the fame nuinb.:r of years, on advancing only one year's income. Any nerfoii,who defircs to build upon the unoiltivat- rd lands, or to convert any part of them into ploughed fields or gardens, may procure a irr^mt of the knig's tifBcers for ninety-nine vears, pa)ing the ufual rent. Both tlie king's oflicers, and the private owners, let out their lands to hulbandnien, upon condition ot re- ceiving al.out a third part of t'ne annual produce. The king and private owners have the lame profit from the hufbandman's cattle, as they have from his corn, as for inltance tlie thiid fleece, and the third paitofthe breed; and a.i there is lefs cxpencc in cultuating Iruit- trers, than in producing rii.e and grain, the king has ftill a greater thare of the fruit. The governors of provinces have the fame advantages from the lands of the Itate, to enable them to pay the orticersand troops under their commind. Befidcs, eve- ry province freciuently lends large prefents to court of the bett the country atfords, whetlicr cattle, filk, fruit, or grain; and thefe are lent in lueli quantities as are fufficient for the lupply of the kind's hi.iithold. The king has alio tlie fevcnth Heece, and the feventh of the breed of the cattle ,'n all the lands not appro|)ri- ated to his ufe, which is a great addition to the reve- nue ; for the flieplierd': of Pcrfia poU'el's vail flocks and herds, on which thev conilantly attend, living in tents, and removing from place to place .is iliev meet with pal- turc ; for all men arc at liberty to graze their cattle up- on thofe lands which are not the property of particular perfons, though they arc deemed the king's ; and this payment of Iccigmcnt of an officer named the chief of the fliephcrds, who takes the ilvcnth of the fheep, all'es, muU.,, camels, and goat: ; but as to horles, he is laiil to have every third colt, and offilk and cotton, one third of all that is pro- daeed throughout the kingdom. Minerals and precious ftones belong folely to the king, and the money railed by the waters being let into every perfon's fields and gard'ns, is another confidcrable part of the revenue. All w'lo are not of the religion of the country, whether n.itives or foreigners, pay tiie value of a ducat a head ; every fliop of the working trades jiavs ten pence, and the reft of the ihops twenty pence each. Til" ci;ftoms and port-duties are very inconfiderable, there being no port of conlequence, except Gamb.'oon. As for the merchandi/e carried into Peilia or out of it bv land, they only pay a fmall I'um for evjr/ camel's lo.-' 1, and in proportion lor evet-y mule and ox, with- out examining what are contained in tlie packs. A very conliderable part of the revenue aril'cs from the coni'ilcated ellatcs, and t!ie prefents made by the gre.it lords, the governors of provinces, and other per- fons, particularly on New- Year's da\-, when, as hath been before oblerved, they make prefents to tlie king of every thing eileemed rich and valuable, or that may con- tribute to the ufe, the ornament, and the pleafures of life; but in the late reigns the principal revenues of the fhali teem to have ariiVn from the inoft cruel oppref- f:ons ; the people in the greatell part of the kingdom have been deprived of their whole fa'jllance by the ty- ranny of thc'r princes, and the irfatiable avance of I a; {.,9 payment of the feventh heart feems to be an ackiiow- Icciiimcnt of his properly in them. In every province is ilicir governors. Thofe in high oiTiccm.ik: ufe of th.» motl eMraordiii.iry and un.iccount.ible m tiiod'J of op.jrri . lion. Mr. H.uiway gives a remaikable uul uiec ot lhn in N.idir's brother, who, \vh;ii i;overnor of I'atiri , h.iving a lime mule, afked h'\i iMcjom wliat h.; m ;i;ht lei! it lor .' The groom fiifpeo.tin; It, i dellgii. and knr.ving his ava.tce, anlwered, " Two tho iiand crovvi::," "Oh, " (avs he, a great deal more '" 'I'lie piicc u .H at len 't!i hxedatten ihoiiland, and the gro iin bein ; armed with authoiity, demanded of every citizen and •■il)a''o a cei- tain tuni lor the mule, in fuch t;rn-. i as evidently thtv\- cd that a liiiii was to be k-vied on them. Some, fi avoid being beaten, paid him twenty, thirty, f(;rty, or fifty cri>wii-,, till at length he came home v/ith ten tliou- fand ; and after all obliged a man to take the mu! ■ in good earnetl for one humlred and twenty crowns, which is the price of a fmall one free from blcmit]!. When fuch amaxing exactions as thefe are uled, it is impofli- ble to fet bounds to the revenues of the prince or his governors; but by this means they not only have ren- dered the people poor and m:ferable, but have forced many thoul'ands tofly with their families ijito India, and other of the neighbouriiis' counirica. SECT. XV". Of the great 0/Jiien of State, tlh- B.jlerkjs anU Khans, sr Gavanirt cf Provinces. THE Perfians, like the ancient Romans, prefer all men inditfercntly to polls in the llate and armv. Men of the law fometimes command as generals and ful- diers, and lit as iudges in the courts of juilice : but the native Perfians are generally prcfer.'ed to civil and ec- cleti.iltical employments; and the inhabitants of Geor- gia, and other frontier countiies, who are proud of be- ing filled the king's flaves, are frei|uenilv p.'eterred i;i the army. There is feldom much regard paid to a pet- Ion's birth or fortune in his promotion; but the icing difpoles of places as he apprehends hi^ lubicets oualifiL'd for them. Tiiefe polls they poflels during life, and where they li.ive behaved well, the children fonietimi": cn)ov ihein; and there are inllaiices of a gr.vcrnmint be- ing continued in a family feveral generations ; but this feldom happens. When tlie lliah invells a great man with an office, his commiflion is lent him written on a roll of paper two or three feet lon^, in a lar?e chararter, adorned v.-ith g(dd and painting, and put in a purle of gold brocade, and with it is lent a rich har.it. When a man of the fword is preferred, he receives, befides the habit, a la- bre and puniard, with rich hilts. The full niinillcr is the at!iem:'t doulet, or fupport of the empire. Ko bufinefs of conlequence ought to be tranfaclcd without his direction ; for the fhah being ufu- ally bred up in the wonuii's apartment, in entire igno- rance ot atfairs of flate, it is thought neccllJry for the fafety of the people, and the prekrvation of the govern- ment, that his orders fhoiild be conlldered by fome wife miniiler before they are put in execution. '1 he fecond poit in il.e government is that of the di- van bcghi, whole office has fbme refemblancc to that of our lord-chancelior. This great m.igiilrate has the dc- cifion in the lall reiort O'i all caufcs civil and criminal, except where the king in peribn fits in indgment, which feldom happens, and he may command any caufc to be removed to his tribunal trom any court in the kimr-' dom. Ill the third rank arc the generals; and firft the genc- raliflimo, which is an office that only f'ubfills during a time ot war. The next place is polfelTcd by the kurchi bathi, or general of the houthold troopj ; and the kuller agafi, or the geneial of the royal flaves. The next pofl is that of fecrctary of ft.ato, who rcgi- flers the public acls, and h.is the care o( the records He has a deputy in every province, who tranlmits to him an account of all important affairs to be laid before the minilhy. The lalt gtcat officer of ftate is the mirab or lord of the water. Each province has its particular mirab< who :;;« 'I ]^^- |!* A SYSTEM O i- C i: O (; K A r H Y. .1 i who takes care that the wjtcrs of the rivers and aque- iliicts .ire iliviJcd in Aich proportions, tli.il tvtry pai . ot till.- oiiiitrv may ha\c ancqii.vl llu'f. Tlu cfliViTs lit" the hoiithnlJ arc the na7.ir, who ap- pear-, tu lit- bo:h lorii-trcafiiicr anJ IttwarJ, :imi with liiiiiall ambafiadcirs aiiJ turciiTiicrs tranlact their attairs ; Init ihtre '\-, a comptrolLr, and Ic.ral other oihcirs, that :ire a tlink upon him, aiui no liims arc paid out ot tlif frealiirv without the order pafliir.^ under the leals of the prime iiiinider, llie na/ir, and the divan hevjii. 1 he iiLXt !;reat ofTieer is the ichicagali ba(hi, who commands all who attend in the outward I'al ice, and wlien the king goes ahroad, marches before him with a great ilatf, covered with jiold and precious lloius. He does not lit before the kiiV;; a, fevcral other officers do ot interior (jualitv, but always Hand:; ready to obey his inajelty's ordci^, -.umI Ice that they arc executed. Iheiiigh eliamberlain is always a white eunuch, anr unfcaibf.ablc weather, tney come with branches of Pe RSIA. trees, or fuch as have their leaves devoured by loculls. The king fends to be intorined of the oceafion, and the people preleiitinu their petition in writing, it is relttred to the txamination ni tome gn at oHicii. I'he receivers are (eldom puiiilhed with death, unlefi they have defrauded the king, in which tale they in- fallibly lofe their heads. S E C T. XVI. 0/ lilt La-tvi nf Ptrjuis ih Mmiiier in u'liJ) thri a't ad' minij III illy ami the FuniJ/jninit cfCriniitmit THK law.s of the Pcrftans are blended with their re- ligion, agreeably to the grand principle of the Mahometans, that the fame perfon ought to bear the fpiritual and temporal fwords, and be both kini; ami high-prieit : that he fhould command in war, aiid ad- minilter iullice, as well as explain the articles of faith .ind regulate their ecclefiallical defcipline ; and with this pow-.r both Mahomet and his fuccetlbrs the caliphs were invefted during the firit five centuries. The Per- lian doctors maintain, that the civil magillrate ought to have no farther concern in thcadminiftration of jullice, than in executing the tentences ot the prielK But this is now far from being the cal'e, the civil power havinir in a great meatiire (wallowed up that which antiently belonged to the ecclefiallical. In Nadir's time the camp and court were the fame and the eccleliaHical as well as civil and military officers always attended. The chief admiiiiilrators of the law were the mullah balhi, and the naiblifd.ir, who are judges both in cctleliatfical and civil concerns. The kaha:lkar is juilgc of the army. Hut in towns the highert ccclefiaftic is judge, and tries civil caufes under the governor, who generally refers the parties to him ; and upon the receipt of his verdidt the governor gives a final judgment. Military people, however, have (eldom their caiiles tried by the latter. Thefe governors are otten as del'potic as fovereign princes ; and though they are accountable for all their anions, and have often their ears cut off, their nofes (lit, and are feverely beaten on their back, ballinadocd on their feet till their nails come off, and frecpKntly (frangted by order of the (liah, they feldom abltain from aiSts of oppreffion. Their principal book of laws is theKoran ; befides which thev have a few other religious works, which they have rece arfe to in the decifions made by the courts. There fecms indeed but little occation to confult them, where either the king or the governors of provinces fit in judg- ment ; for their determinations are entirely arbitrart- and they pay no re"ard either to the Koran or any other books. Were the Mahometan laws, with the interpre- tation put upon them by the Imams, ftriiffly obfcrved Chriftians would be unable to live in Perfia, by their being daily plundered and abufcd, in purfuance of Come precept or paltbge in the Koran ; but both the prieffs and the people arc become more moderate, and have lefs of a perlecuting fpirit than formerly; and the temporal courts take care that thefc laws are feldom put in exe- cution. 'I'hough the fpiritual and temporal courts differ (o widely in their determinations, no difputes ever arife be- tween them ; for the temporal courts having the govern- ment on their fide, are never oppofed by the fpiritual, and indeed each of them have a dilHntt branch ofbufi- nefs affigneil them. The ecclefiallical courts meddle hielly with marriages, divorces, deeds and contrails, the fucccni:' ) PusiA. A S i A. mil even hii pcrlon, wiw, .iiul ihiUun, imvril, ih, n.lMlKIII of tllC dcllt i but thlV tl.lilrin>.l.ll 111 IlK'h trurl i-xtri'miiii.'. VacU aro priivcil in tho roiirti nt' I'rrfi.i bv luint: witiii'llo, ;ifiil nil iitli- i^ ;mvi It bv pri'iirii'ti'in. A ni.iii i» .illdwcil .U :inv iinK' t" rl.iim hi. tiylir, iiml I'vin thi jiiirlii 1 iiwii iliiil ii (il iiii ('>irn', if he cm fllov lH.it he n'.is imiiofnl ii|iciii, (ii fr.iii'l W.I . iil'ij in nnk'n;; liini fit'ii il. Wlurc iIk'U' .lit TKi witiii (lis, an lufli i^i tcii- «lruil In iIk- iiirlciii wliii il'iiic till- ih ir^"'. I'|vintliii «ici.i(i"n the Jiiil|'r fi ml , fm tlu' Kor.iii, w'liih b. iii;^ liriiii.^bt hill) III •■ liiK'ii t Inth, be biiiilrll .mil :ill llw ciiiirt riU' up, "lit 111' m|u\ t to the (.i^i .d ImnV. Ihi' j.id'c thill t iliiii'! It in both his haml-, kill- ii, .iti.l toiu'hiA it with hi. fori h(.'.i,l I .ml h.niiij' (>puiiril tlu* bkiprtLri it t(i thi- piTliiii v li . is to Iwr.n, whci killi' : It ill the f.iim.' ri.nvti.iiil m.iniur the jii.li'i- li.ul iIdik', aiul piittini; his li.inJ upon it open, fwt.ir . iii fpiMk tin- whiilc truth. When .» piriiin (it ;i ilirt'cnnt rilij'ion i-. t'l tukc ;in o.ith, ihc juJj^c lindi an olfii cr with liiin tn .ipiii.ll of the f.imc reli'iim ; ^ ClirilHaii (wi'.ir. iipuii the Ciofpcis, and a Jew mi theOM TelKiiTii'iit. Wli.n llicv have been t)iii'i Uvnni they nturn to the murt, .mJ ortVr \vh;it tliev h.ive to fay. The iral'oii they do not fwf.ir .111 uiilnlitver on the Koran is, not only becuile be diHs not re'^anl it as a I'lered bonk, but lill heftiould prnpliane it, for fueli arc even forbidden to touch its cover. When a pcrfim thinks himfelf 4^2;rievcd, hcdr.iws up a petition iiifiieh tirnis as he thinks pro;!cr, and prefciits it to tlir jiiiljie, wlio writes ill the margin an order for brininii'.; the perfoii aceiilld before biin ; .ind one of the iuii^e's fervants ;^ocs with it immediately to the defeiul- niit's ho'ifc, ;'iul bi iiiL's him with him. Kein^' allo'.vr I time for produciiv; the witiuifes, each patty plead, his own caiii'e before the jiid;j;r, without the afliflaiice of cnimfel, and freciiicntly with much noile and (lainom, fo that the jinl:;e is foinetime.s olili^'cd to render tlicni more orderly bv caufin;.^ thcni to be cud^Mllcd. Wlun the p.irlies hue ort'ered wli.it the, had to fay, an 1 examined their witnell'.s, the jud|;e piocccd? to j^ive fen'en.-c. Thi- women likewife plead for themfelvc? as well a; the men, but witli mueli more claiivnir; but a? thiv ' are let in a part of the court by themfeive^, and veiled, this dmihtlef. :;ives tlicni pireater alluranee. Thcvbave feldom .iiiv otiier bufineCs in a court of juflice but to ■ file for a divorce, and they ulually plead tlic impolince [ nf the luilband, ami make fuch a crying and liowlini;, \ that tliev in a manner deafen tliejud:v, wlio mult not order them to be beaten m he doeb tiie men when they \ grow too clamorous. I There arc no public halls creeled for tr\ tij; caufe- ; ' hat every nv.'.;;iftrate bears them in his own aivaii, or fome convciii'.iit room In his garden, where he has no other afTiltant bur hii clerk, who underftands the hr.v ; 1 and as there arc no pleadings in wiiting after the firft petition, abundance of time is favcd, and a fentcncc foon oStained. The tenipor.il courts iirually confift of three perfons : j tbefe arc the prefident of the divan, the governor of tfie '. cit\, and the iia/ir, who decide all erimin.'.l cafe=;. | As there are no public prifons, there are neither fherilFs j iior jailors, but evcrv niagiitrate confines the crimin.nl in fome part of his own boufe 'till he is brought to his trial, j which i.i generally witliin twenty-four hour, after he is taken; an I I'entence is no fooner palled than it is exc- veted, the judge's fervants performing the offices both | cfi.iilors and executioners. j 'I'lie proceedings in tl'.e criminal courts arc nearly the i fame as in the civil. The party aggrieved prefents his petition to the majiflrate, who iV-nds a fervant to appre- hend the oftender and bring biin before him ; and when he has been examined tome time the fame d.iv, or at l.irtheft the next, he is ordered to jirepare for his trial. The condemnation of a malefactor in I'erfia ii con- ducted with very little ccrimonv, nor is the execution attended with any pomp. He is generally condui5>ed to a field or open place near the refidcnce of the judge, and the executioner caufing him to kneel, the de- l;uf|uent pronounces his creed, Thev..' i- bi-t one God, -it iii Mih'iiim j, hi prnphe<, an I All hi- fii.i.d ; .iiiil then, if hi I' In be luhejifd, hi, lii id i< lakeii ntf with the iiiotiiiii of » fable Ml a ihrnfJiii; LUl, which in drawing It luck i.implr..'s tU> opvraliiiii, In vail sol iib.'llioii the late prince inf Perfi.n h.ivp been mtire ih.in I. . to huni;initv, .md not lafi-lieil with pu ■ nirtliii', the principal', iriiilJ, it not all thole whn weff l.ikm in arm:, loll their ivet iir their he.i I, . uu\ it ii imp'iiribl.' til realthe accounti ^'ivenbvMi. Ilanwayor' the iiij-ltiei isercil'eJ over the pi.ii])Ie without In in;' llriuk with terror and companion. As that j-i nllnn.iii w.i. returning to .Allrabad, vihere a ribel'jon li.id bti ii I'lipprellid, in which he wis a furt'crer, he nut fevcral armed hotfenieii carrying home the 'vrctrhed pealantt whole even had been cutout, the blood vet i iinnin" down their facts. Near thctntiaiice of tlie city llooif two psramiiU, one on each lide, bullr of lloiie, .mil maile full of niche, with a humati hcid in taeli, 'I'liffu pyr.iin'.N were about fixt; en oi twuilyfet indi.unetrr .It the bale, and lofc ['/aduallv near lortv f..> t loapoiiit, at the lop of which was a lingle head. ' Thi^ benv;^ tr,. wards the dole of the cvecution, the rreat: it parti. I the niches were filled ; leural of the lie.ad-; h.id bcanls, .iiul being fct a little projcctjrig adiluil to the hoiror of thi: view. (Jriniinah of Ibte arc alfo lentenccd to wear for a deteimiiute time a heavy wooden coll.ir about th' ir neck, t'l wh;ch one of their hands is fometiiius l.illeiuil. If a p.rlon has the misfortune to kill another, and the tact be proved before the judge', the otfeiider is not: puniflied by the court, but deli^eteil up to the lelations of the deceafcd for them to put hiii to di.iih in what manner they pltalc. In this t.il'e ail the rel.itions and Iriends i-f the dcccafed all'emble, and with loud cricj demand the blood of him v.ho ha; murdered their kinf- mati, whicii the magiilrate feldom fails to proniife them. IJiit loTiictiiiie, the murderer, by his prel'ent^ to the' jud.M-, and to the tel iticns of the deceal'.d, procures his paidon. When the relations will he fat; ficl with nu - tiling lefs than his life, the judge thus addrelle:. them : " i deliver you the murderer aeeonling to l.uv ; niaku " yoiirfelves fati^^faiitiou with bis blori,! for tlic blood " that he has fpilt ; but remenibir, tb.ii (lod is m. rci- " tul." riie judge's I'ervants are thru ordered tofiMow the direclions of the profecutors, and ;,:u.!rd him to what place they dcliie ; and they follow tin- criminal, ctnfin::, beating, and abul'ing him all the w.iy. When he eomen to the phice appointed, the mikrahle wretch is deiiiereil to the relations, who ibmetimes indict on him the molt cruel tortures they tan invent; audit is laid that the women, who fearcc ever appear abroad on an\- oilier occafion, will come and imbrue their hands in h\^ blood. Ordinary ciimcs, where the parties arc men of fub- (tance, are ui'ually punifhed with fines ; hut where they are poor they baltinado them on the foles of their feet, giving them a certain number of blows, not undCr thirty, nor exceeding three hutulred. Pick-pockets and pilferers are marked with a hot iron in the forehead, and houfe-bre.ikers have their riL'ht hand cut ofF. The fame punilhmcnt is inflicted on thole who counterfeit the com for the nr(l ofienrc ; but for the fecond their bellies are ripped open. This pu- nidimcnt i> inflicted in the following manner : the cri- minal'.s feet are tied to a camel, with his hc-d hanirini* down to the ground; his belly is thiMl ripped open, "an3 his bowels falling over his face, he is dra!TL:-ed tliroin'll the principal (trects, an officer marching before him, and, with a loud voice, informing the people of the nature nf his crime. Afterwards he is hu;i ' up by the heels upon fome tree, and they f.:y, that it is rometimcs feveral hours before he expires. They have fome other punifhiTicius for c.npital crimes, as impaliiiLr, fettin^tlieni up to the chin in the earth, precipitating a iriminal from abi:;h tower, cutting of}' the hands and feet, and leaving the pour wretch in that condition till lie ex- pires. They foinctimes nfe tortures to extort a confeflion, as by pinching olf the flefh with red hot pinceri ; b'Jt the moll ul'ual way of examining otlenders is while they ate beating the lolcs of their feet, R 1 f Bakers '"m iri'' ' •Ii' V^2 A S Y S T J". M i) F G I: O C. \i A !' H \ i'.nrr.^. :p ( . 'xa Hakirs nr..! xiclii.illus li.ivc Wvn fmiK'tim' ■ !iak.eJ niul in:ilLJ :,livc, lor clicatlnj; in llicii wci;:lil , ami raifiiiL; [liinificiis to an cxorliltaiit price: liirt lliis is oiilv in ti:Tic of nr..'al I'lariity ; tlic ulna' |)iiuiniMii.-ijt in tlul.- cilcs is a tuic or the badinado. 'I'lv.is wo h.'.vf tiillv dclcribcd the i;ovcrnnienl of tiie once potent empire oi' Perlia, now iiiiiieil .uul laiJ wade liy tvranr.v anil rcliellion. In this account tlie rcatler, whole heart is fcnfible ofthe tender tecliiuisof hnnianitv, and whole boloni glows with a oentroiis love of liberty, iniift h;ue been frcijuentlv fliocked ai\d lilled with pity and indignation ; while his mind recurring liack on his native ille, the feat of liberty, he bklles Piuvidence, and rejoices that he is born a Ijriton. Happy the land, ;ind happv the king, whole hands are tied with the radiant bands of mercv ! who, like the Univerlal jMonarih,is ^'jjded bv jnfticc and clemency' who, as the brightcll: an'^el of hea\eii, ib bound bv laws facred and ijuiolahle, nnd whofe fiiprcmc delinlu confilh in the hap|)inefs ot hi:; people ! While the tyrants of the KaR boall of the baleful freedom of doing ill, of the power of imitating Satan, hv beini; the tormcntcrs of their fubjciils, and i;lorv in being tlic fovereigns of flaves -, lei the monarch"; of Britain i;lorv and rejoice in the fiii)crior disjnity ot difpenfmg hjppi]icfs,and in the nobler titles of being the fathers oF their people, the kings of freemen, thcguar- diuis of liberty, the protectors of the laws. SECT. XVII. 0/lhe l/Jc ofOrmu!, ami the Settlement at Gamhrctin. BEFORK wc take leave of I'erfia, it is proper to take notice of the ille of Oimus, and of Ciambroon, where the Englifll have enjoyed confiderable privileges and which :' the onlv place where wc have any fcttle- nitnt on the coaft of Perfia. The city of Ornius was featcd on an ifland of the fame name, at the entrance of the Perfian (julph, in twenty- I'l'if'- feven degrees thirty minutes north latitude, about tv/o leai;ues tVom the continent. It is near fix leagues in circumference ; yet has neither freftx water nor grafs upon ir, and only a fait fulpliurcous foil : but formerly its happv fituation, and the goodnefs of its harbour, were coiifidered as fuch advantages, that the Arabians ufed to fav, that if the world was a rir.g, Ormus ought to be coniidcrcd as the diamond of it. A city had been built there bv the Pcrfian kings, and it hail for fome .t<^es carried on a confiderable trade, when in 1507 it was taken and fortified by the Portiigueie, who obliged the kinc; of Ormus to acknowledge the king of Portugal for his fovereign, and to pay him tribute: after which ehev engrod'ej all the commerce of thofc parts to thcm- fcivcs. At Icnath Shah Abas, provoked at their info- fence, and particularly at their having given protedtion to GabrieU. :'.n Italian, who had fled from Perfia, cii- saL'cd the Englifh to join with him in reducing the place, which they attacked and carried in 1622 ; after which the Perfiansdcmolilhcd the houfes, which amount- ed to four thoufand in number, and contained near forty thoufaiid inhabitants. The Perfians fome time after rebuilt the fort, and placed ag;iriifon in it; but they could never rellore its trade, it is however ftill the key to Perfia; but the heat of the ifland is frequently (b cxceflive, that the in- habitants, 'tis faid, would be fomctimes Hifled, did they not for hours together continue up to the neck in water. It is, however, at prelent iilmoll defertcd, for it pro- duces nothing but fait, which fometimes lies two inches deep upon the furface of the earth. Till the late civil wars, which have fo dreadfully laid wafte the greateft part of Perfia, the Englifti h^aft India company had two confiderable faiflories in that kingdom, one at lfpahan,and the other at (lambroon. The head of each factory was called their agent, and lived in as urcat ftate as a nobleman. At the commencement of the civil wars the agent at Ifpahan had a retinue of no Ids than thirty c forty fervants, and his houfe was an e-legant building after the manner of the Perfian palaces, \A the ni'dll of a fine garden. His liorfes, fervants, anil ripiipage, wi-.c:-. I:? w;Mt ab;v.rid, rcfemblcd thofc of a prince, ;;;id hi'; furnitur.- v. ;.• covered with gold. The agent at (janibroon ha'.i ef- grandeur, but Cuual advantages : the lr:>i.ie there h:;.- I'.nwever fu.lered gre.itiv by the niisfortures of Pe.iia. Hut the company liij maintain a noble f.i£torv, in which all their trade in the Perfian empire is carried on. (r:iinr»i(ion, or (j-ombri'uii, is fituatcd in the province of F.tri'iil.ni, in twenty-fe\ en degrees forty inimites nortli lititude, and is called by the natives Daitder Aba/Ti. U llaiuls ilia bay nine miles to the noithward of the ifa- of Oiiiuis. The Engtifl) Fafl India company began to fettle here- about the year 16)3, and afterwards, as a reward for the fervices performed by that company againft the Portu- guefe in the rediiclion of Ormus, Shah 1 jas granted them half thecufloins r)f Gambroon. This revenue wa-i however reduced to a thoufaiid tomans a year, which in our money amounts to three thoufaiid three hundred and thirly-ihree pounds fix fliillings and eight-pence ; but even this has been ill paid. 'I'hc cit)' is two or three miles in compafs, and llands nn a level grour.d cloli; ti> the f.a, the country on almoil every fide rifing inlenlibly for fome miles, without any confiderable hill, except towards the north. Near it ii the iiarroweft part of the gulph of Perfia, and oppofite to it lies the coall of Arabi.i at about ten leagues diftancc. Three leagues behind Gambroon are very high mountains covered with trees, and abounding with water. However, the territory be- lojigijig to this city is d;y and barren, it confilling only of a moving fand. The town on the land-fide is fiirroiindcd by a wall, and it has two fm:ill fortrcfles. 'File houfes are com- puted at fourteen or fifteen hundred, one-third of whiclv belong to Indian Gentoos, a few of them are inhabited by Jcwss and the greateft part are in the poflefTion of the l'crfi.uis; the reft belongs to the Englifii, French, and Dutch comp.uiles. The governor of the province ufiially refides in this city, and not at Ncris, the capital, which is ten d.iys journey from thence : he has a pretty large and commodious palace at the end of the town, at the greateft diftance from the fea, built with flone taken from the ifle of Ormus. The heft houfes arc built with bricks dried in the fun, and ftand clofe to each other, being flat on the top, with a fquarc turret that has holes on each fide for the free paflage of the air into the houfes. Upon thcfc roofs thole that ilay in the town fleep every night during the fummer feafon. The houles belong- ing to the Knglifti and Dutch are as well built as any ni the town, and are (o near the fea-fide that at high- water the tide comes up to the very walls. Their merchan- dize is dcpofited in the lower rooms, and the upper ferye for lodgings, on account of their having the ad- vantage of being more cxpofed to the air. l"he com- mon people have wretched huts made of the boui'hs of palm-trees, and covered with leaves. The ftreets arc narrow, irregular, and not kept very clean. Gambroon has no port, but the ro.id is as lar^e and fafe as any in the known world ; yet it has one great in- convenience, which is, that the vcflels which ftay there during the fummer are frequently much damaged by the worms. The water of Gambroon being very brackiflv is drank by none but the poor, and is taken out of pits dug three fathom deep in the fand. People in e;ify circumilances drink the water of Iftcen, a large and fine villaf;e at the foot of the mountains ; and ttie common people, who cannot be at the expence of having it brought fo far, drink the waters of Mines, a village fituatcd a leairui; froin the port. The air of Gambroon is not only extremely difu'rec- able, but unhealthfui : the wind changes four times 1 day almoft throughout the year. From midnight to break of dav it blows from the north and is cold ; frmu break of day till ten or eleven o'clock in the morninc, it blows cold from the eaft ; but a fiot foutn wind rifcs about three o'clock, which changes to the weft at fun- fet, and blows hot till midnight. Thcle liidden ch:'n!;ts of the air, from cold to hot, produce many dileafes fa- tal to t'oieigners, p;irtieularlv the dvfcniery, the bloody flux, and malignant feveis. In flioit, the weather is fa •i'/-ich arc brought afhorcmorn- in" and night ; they fometimes catcii antelopes and par- tridi'es; but the natives live priiK-ipaliy on milk and plants, of which there arc a great variety. As it feldom rains here, no grafs or herbs arc to be feci, about the citv, except what is produced with incre- dible labour in the gardens, where they have cucum- bers, onions, garlic, chibols, and radifncs. The city is chiefly furnilhed with fruit and pulfe from the ide of Kifmifti, which lies twelve miles to the fouthward, and is forty-five miles long, and nine broad. In June and the reft of the fummer months this ifland produces oranges, lemons, grapes, peaches, damfcenes, quinces, pomegranates, and mangoes; and in Odtober apples, pears, citrons, nielons, almonds, piftachios, and feve- ral other fruits in fuch quantities, that they arc as cheap at Gambroon, as perhaps in any other part of I'erfia. In Gambroon the people of fupcrior ran'c arc drelTcd after the Perfian manner, but the poorer fort of both fexes, go naked, except wearing a cloth to cover what decency requires them to hide. There ai ;• c people of feveral different n.itions, befides the Per and Eu- ropeans, and the Banyans of India are fo nu ous, that they bribe the governor not to permit any .ows to be killed in the city. As the winter feafon, when the heats are Icfs violent, lafts from Oiflober to May, this is their chief time for trading, and the Pcrfians, Arabians, Banyans, Arme- ni.ins, Turks and Tartar;, come Inriir wuii (he c:ira- vans, whicli Ut out from Al.ppo, Hagd;it, llpaliin, Shi r.is, and Jialliir.i, under ihi' lonvoy of guards. 'I'ln' Englifh and IJutch come hither by lea, and In lidos rea- dy moncv, bring cloth, and various other Kuioneaii and Indian co:iiinoditics, wliich thcv cxeliange tor i'er fian tapeflrv, raw filk, goats wool, cotton, rhubarb, faft'ron, and .■'ofe-water, which is made in vaft quanti- ties near Shira":, either bv infiifion, which they caligiil- lab, or by diltillation ; and tbi-^ l.ift tbvy cail areka- kull, or the Iweat of rofes. As the FcrrKins li.ive not i lingle fhip, all the navigation of that kingdom is carried on by foreigners. All bargains atGambroon aremadeforfiiahee^,;!! v/liitb the company keep their accounts, reckoning each ihabee at four-pence, though that coin is r.irelv met with ; but inftcad of it the coz and mamooda arc every where cur- rent. Ten coz, or pice, m-kcone Ihahee; two Ihahees arc one mamooda; two fliahecs and live coz are one la- ree ; two mamoodas are one aballee ; four mamoodas are of the value of one Surat rupee; fiftv ahalfees or two hundrccd fhahees make one toman ; and thirty-one or thirty-two Ihahees are a chequeen. As to the weights of Pcrfia, one maund tabrcs is fix pound three quarters; one ba/.ar maund tabrcs is fix pound one quarter; one maund copara is (even pound three quarters in the Engllfh factory. One bazar maund copara is from ftvcn pound and a quarter to (even pound and a half. One maund ftiaw is two maund tables. One mifcall is two penny-weights, tweniy-thrcc grains, twen- ty-lour decimals. Of the CASPIAN SEA, CHAP. XXV. and the ASIATIC TARTARS upon the North of PERSIA. bordering upon ir, and II SECT. I. 0/ the Cafpian St-a, BEFORE we take notice of the difFerent nations of Tartars fituated near the Cafpian Sea, it will be ]>roper to give fome account of tbat vaft colleiSlion of waters, which is improperly called a fea, as it has no vifibic connexion with the ocean ; nor docs it ebb and flow ; but it muft be acknowledged to be the grcateft lake in the known world. It is fituated beewccn thirty- ^. j^' fix degrees forty minutes north latitude, and bctv/een iVS''- forty-leven de.;iees fifty minutes ca(t longitude, and is about four hundred miles in length from north to fouth, and three hundred in breadth from enft to weft ; but in nianv places it is much narrower. The water is fait, and lomc diftancc from the (hore Mr. Hanway endea- voured in vain to find a bottom with a line of four hundred and fifty fathoms. The water has rifen with- in thirty years fo confidcrably, that it has made great inroads on the Ruffian fide for feveral miles, both to the eaft and weft of the Volga, and has rendered the adja- cent country extremely niarftiy. Nor has it been more indulgent to the Perfians ; for it is faid, that in the be- ginning of the prcfent century, the land for about eight £nglifti miles on the fide of Langarood river was dry and well inhabited, which is the more probable as the tops of fomc houfcs rife above the water. The fame thing is reported of Aftrabad, where the inhabitants affirm, that fifty vcars ago the bay vi'as fordablc by alles, though it has now two fathoms water. The neighbouring inhabitants have a tradition, that the waters of the Cafpiiin fea rife during thirty years, and then for the fame fpacc of time decreafe. But it feems more probable, that the law of nature, which every where clfe produce": n change in this clement, bv exhaling It in vapours, that form rain, hal, and (now, not orilv to rcfrefh and give fertility to the earth, but to fiippU- the (piings of rivers, muft difpofe of thele wateis in the (ame manner. As this va(t lake is the grand refer- voir that receives the vaft rivers which flow from the mountains and tracts of land by which it is CurroundLd, it is alfo the refervoir from which thcfe trp.cts are wa- tered, and from whence the many great rivers that fall into it arc fupplicd. The great Dr. Hallcy has demon- ftrated bv \ery nice experiments and calculations, that the vapours .iiifing from the Mediterranean (ea are mori": than fufficient to I'upply ail the rivers that fall into it. It is therefore highly probable, that the reafon why tht; waters of the Cafpian arc rifen higher than fornieiiy, i'f from there having been more moderate fummers, in which a fmaller quantity of vapours has been exhaled. S E C T. II. 0/ the CALMirc Tartar;;. 7/:eir Perfors and Diefs, vjiti< tin Aljinurs, Ciif}::ns, an J ll'iiy cf Life, of d'ljjhcntTiibci cf them. THE country of the Calmucs, alfo called by difte- rent authors Kh'.ilmucks and Iv.:lmucs, is bound- ed by Siberia on the north, by the country of the Mon- gols on the eaft ; bv Tibet and Ufuec 1 artary on the fouth, and by the Cafpian fea, and the kingdom of Af- tracan, which is fubicirt to RufTia, on the \\A\. ThelV people arc not under any one fovereign, but arc divided into feveral tribes, fome of which are fo confidernble i-! to appear formidable to the Ruffians ; but the greatcll part of them arc at peace with that crown, and n> uiy >ii them are tribtiiar'. to ir. \ The .1 V: fpilil 15; 4 ;.!■ ■■.I'll M 25 ^ A S Y S T I. M OF G F. O G R A I' H Y, CAi.M.c Tartar:. il'! V. i! it 'J t :?,■:■- di c* ijijit'i' it HI i ;r'. 'f !■ ill 'I'iie C.ilimn:'; arc tliick niid lowofft.unrc, tholr couii- fciiaiKr". niv IT Ifiim belli!; ai;rci'al)!i. ; lor :iicy ha\f fii'.t faics (iii.ill cvcM lunlc t.ir iiitc thiir head';, ami Inch lliortiK.li ..lliat at a little dillaiici- they (li-ni to have- iicrc Kt all. Tl.tii lic-a'ils are thin and llr.i;;;;!in;^, and yet Co llitraiid liini;, that the hair (ecms liltiiigtlic:n- (iIms with a kind of iheep"'. fkin doublet without iieevc, \\liieh thev put oil next their fkin with the woolly fide oiitw.ird, tiakiii;' their fkiris into their breeches, fo tliat the whole arm is left hare up to the fhoulder^ ; but in the northern province; tlicv wear a fliirt, and in winter a Ihetp's-fkin-coat over t:.eii doublets which reaclif tir the calf of the lee:, and to keep them the warmer turn the woollv fide inwards. ThelV tipper (kin-! h.ive !Ue\e'; of fiich a length, that when they are ;;otn; about any work tlcv are obli^jed to tiiin thtm up. 'I'hcy wear on thiir head., a little round boi'iict, commonly edged with ;i bouitr of fur, an. I adorned with a tutt of fill; or hair i,fab:i.;ht red. ThCi boon are exeeflive wide. The women, in fumintr, wear no other cloatiiinif than a ca- licoc lliift, and in winter a Umi; (heep-lkin gown, with a bonnet like t!iat of tlvrir hiini.inds. Rid is the colour in hijhcll tHecni among thcni, aiic how ill eloathed foever their pri>ice!! may be, tb.ey never fail to have a feailet robe for Hate otcalions ; nor do wo- r.'.en of rank think tliemfelves well dreiled il a fcarlet Ctiwn bcwantin:;. Indeed all over the north of Afia a man will do more tor a piece of red cloth than for four times its value in lilver. .'3-/, The Calmucs dwell cither in tents or b.uls made ••ound with preat poles of li^dit wood joined together with leathern tl'.oiig?. I'or the more eafy fettin;; up and reivovini; ihiiii, thev are covered on the outfide with a t'i:ick felt for a defence ap:a::ilt the cold and rain. In the middle of the roof they leave an opening, which fervcs both for a window and a chimney, and there arc place, to deep on roun.l the hut a",..init the wall. Peifons ot ciUliiiction h.ivcihofethat are lar!!;er am) more eonveni- int. In fummcr thev Ir.ive alfo tent? of calitoc, and in winter iheds made of boards and covered with felt, which they can fet up and take down in lets than an hour's ti;ne. The few fixed haVitatirni of the Calmvics rcfemble the huts, except the roof being in the f.iim of a dome, the wlude eonlilling of a fiiiglc room tv^clve feet liiLrh. In fome pl.iccs tlu\ have conver.ii nccs for fleeping up- o.i, built two feet tiom the ground, and four feet broad, v.hieh run quite round I'le lioufe, and I'erve at the fame t'.m: for a chiir.iuv, for they have invented a way of making a bi" without on one fide of the door, r.nd the InKkc'encircliivj; the building by means of this chim- iicv, which rui'.i round it, has no pafl'age out but at the ctfiir fide of the door, which convejing a moderate belt to tlie |i!aee on which they deep, is very conveni- ng in winter. All their habitations, whether fixt or moveable, have their door, facing the fouth to avoid the ii'itth wind.-, which i'.rc very piercing. Their moveu- l>|.. h.uiitations are carried on waggons. loiias Haiiwav, Kfq; gives a defcription of a fmall fatlenient of the Calmucs, in which the hut- nearly airce with thio di^fcription, only the fmoke ili'ues out of .I hoL- at the top. The people ti'.at gentleman do- fcribes are niifcr.ibly poor, and inftead of fubfifHng on thJr herd- and flock, live on the fifh they take on the Volga, and dry in the fummcr their wiiitei's provilions. : 'l"heie prefer living on the banks, wliere the flags and ', ri:fi:e;i being growit to a great height, are fonif defence 1 ai;ainlt the rigors of winter. 'I here are leidom fecn abo\e fcvcn or eight tent?, which conta.ii thirt) or fur- t,- pcrf'iis, in a place. The fame worihv author defcribe; another lettlement f.f thefi. people in a valley near Zaritzen, in forty-feven f..- rrces thiitv minutes latitude, and libfervcs, tliat tlu-le with bow. ;.iu! .uiow.s, and Iced on the flcfli of horfe:, e.imel--, dromedaric;, and othir aniu.ilj; and cat the- ciiiraiL, cell when the bealt il,,i ot the f...jlelt dillcm- I'.crs. Tlicv throw their de.id into the open lichK, t'> b-' dev( iiied bv don:, manv of which run wild, and feme are kept for th.-,t purpofe ; ami if the !>odv Iw dc- voered hy a ."luniher exceeding fix, they think honoura- bly of the iKite (jf the decealed, othcrwifc he is a dil- grace to his relation.. Thev worfhip imagc=, whicli generally eotifill of a fmall bit of wood about a palm in length : the iipj.ir pait of it being rou:i.ied, is adorn- ed with fome iiide marks in imitation of human fea- tures ; and the figure, being thus prepared, is drcficd u[> in la.'-. Th ■ man\- acts of \ i.denec committed bv thefe baibariani have at length imiuccj the Rutlian govern- ment to eeinipel them tei tak • up their habitations on thu bank- of the Volga, below .XlSr.'.elian, where they have a lefs field for robbery and murder. Many tiibes of theie people move from pbce to pl.-.ce during the lummer, and it is fii.i th-rc arc ireiiuentlv lie) lels than eight or ten lliouland of them in a bodv, driving large flocks and herds befcrr them. Thev ufiiallv begin their march in fpring, andas the.' mak..; e.efy iour- nic- leave fcarce any herbage behind them in t.hc countrv through which they pafs. In autumn, when there is a feconJ crop of grafs, they generally return the fame way they came ; and in the winter live in more fubilan- tial ar.J warmer huts than they ufc in the fummer ; but the people uid tlieir cattle tteciuentiy live together in the fame room. Though the couiitry through which thev pafs is fitu- atcd in as fine a climate as any in the world, thev never cultivate the laiul, but live upon their tattle, v'' li confifls of camels, horfc, tow-, and (hccp. Iht.r horfes arc veiy geieid and mclilefome, and their oxen are faid to be the talleil in the known world. Their fliccp are alio very large, with verv flu-rt tails, buried in a caie of fat, but the wool is veiv kiii; and coarfe ; they have a bunch upon the iiofc, and hanjinj cats like thofe of the hound. Their principal feiod is horfe-flefh and mutton ; for they (cldom eat beef, which thev dei not think near fe> good ; anil as for liog's-flefli and poultry thev never cat any. Inltead of cows-milk thev ufe that of marcs, which tliey think much better and liehcr ; bchdes, the cows in the g^reatelt part of (irand Tartarv will not be milked. As loein as thev have fiickUd their calves thev will fulFir none to draw their te..t;, and upon being feparated from them immcdiatetv lofe their milk. From mares-milk they prepare a kind of brandy, whi^h thev dillil from it alter it is turned four; and, in imitation of the Indians, their neighbours, thev give it the name of arr.aek. The Tartars arc in general t'eind of ftrong liquor^, and when thev can get any continue d.nnking as long as thev can ftand. When they have a mind to be merry, each brings what liquor he can procuic, and they drink night and dav till all is fpent. This Icr.e of tipling prevails among them in proportion as thev dwell more to the neirtli ; and thev are no lefs for.d of tobacco. They take as many wives as thev choofc, beiides concubines, whom thev take from their fl.tves ; and it is faid not to be umifiial for the father to marry his own daughter. They ceat'e lying with their wives when thev are rear forty years of a'jr, and from thence- forward confidcr them only ;is (ervants, to whom they uiee vieituals for t.iking care of the familv and attending the young wives who fuccced in their places. The children born of concubines are as legitimate as thofe of the wite, and as capable ot inheriting ; hut if the father has been khan or chief of fome tribe, thcitTue of the wives fuccced before thofe horn of concubines. However, the oft-fprin:; of common proftitutcs are look- ed upon with contempt, and feldom fuccced their fa- thers, bccaufe it is not ealv to know whether the per- (on to whom Inch a woman la\s a child be the real father. I'olvgamv is atteniled with lef? inconvenience among them than the re(t of the Aliatics, their wives hcins of UsCEC for the ( little ell Noth all ages father niilies ; ccpt the- They l.i all plcal months tparc p I '.leceintinue ill fricadfliip With the Rufiialis II') liMiger j great fervice, and little expencc to them ; for the old tiiai'i thev awe thtni by their power. Thefe are aimed | manage the l.iini'y, take care of the cattle, and provid'? le-r UsBEC and Crim Tartars, &c. A for the fubfirteiicc; of th"m all, wlilic tli'.- hufoainl has little I'lli; to do but to deep ami follow his ilivtrfi' ns. Nothing can fqu:il the refpci't which the chilJriii of !,11 ancs and conditions are arrn!>omL-d to ));n tin. r fathers, whom they ccniuler as the kin'^s of thi.ir f*- inilics ; but they fet little value on their moth..--, tx ccpt thev are under any particular obligation*, to them. They lament a father many day;, deii;. in.- thernfclvcs all picafurcs, and the fons mu:l even a'.ntani for fcveral months from the company of their wives. Nothing ii Iparcd to do honour to a father at his funeral, and at leall once a year they pay their devotions at hi-, tomb, and call to mind the oblisjations thjy owe him. Mr. Voltaire favs, in his Hiltory of Peter the Great, that in 1720 v/as found in this country a fubtcrraiicous houfe of ftone, fome urns, lamps, and ear-rin;;s, an cqueftriaii (latue of an oriental prince, with a diadem on his head, two women feated on thrones, and a roll of nianufcripts, which was fent by Peter the Great to the Academy of Infci, prions at Paris, and proved to be in the language of Tibet. " All thefe monuments plainly " (hew, fays the above author, that the liberal arts " formerly refidcd in this barbarous country, and are " a lalling proof of the truth of what Peter the Great " faid more than once, that thofe arts had made the tour " of the whole world." In the rei^n of Peter the Great the Calmucs traded to Aftrachan and to Tobol(ki,thc capital of Siberia, bring- ing with them ^rcat quantities of very fine fait, which their country affiirded, receiving Ruflia leather and iron- ware in exchange ; but the Czar commanding one o! h-s (Tcnerals to march into the country of the Calmucs, to take polieffion of their falt-works, and build a fcrt there; this was fo highly refented, that they forbore to go to the fair of Toboliki, and even choaked up the mouth of the river Duria, which falls into the Cafpian fea, to which the Ruffians ufcd to go in fearch of gold dull. As this river was likely to prove of confiderable advan- tage to the Ruffians, both on account of the gold dull, and in fettling a trade with the Ufbcc Tartars and India, the Czar built two forts at its mouth, without any dif- turbance at firft from the Tartars; but his forces march- ing farther into the country, where they difperfed in fearch of provifions, they were all furroundtd and cut to pieces, with prince rk'kewitz, their general, who was a native of Circaffia, and the two forts were afterwards furprifed and dcmolilhed. SECT. Ill f^''(i(vUsnEC,CRIM, KlRGEESE,a« a ilr.inger departed from under the roof of a Kirgcefe Tartar, th.uihis pro- fetkd friend and protector will foinetimes he the fiilt (K-rfon to rob him, and then he may think hlmlelf h.ippy if he eicapes being made a flavc. Thcfe people think very favourably of many crimes prejudicial to fociety, particularly of robbery ; for ihcir ufual punifhment in this cafe is no more than ni.ilvinL' rcllitution, and murder is punilhed by the lofs i.f the malefactor's goods : indeed, fometinKs the criminal and his whole family arc delivered up as (laves to the rela- tions of the deccal'cd. The J.clgcc Tartars area powerful and warlike nation, whofe country extends about fortv leagues from iiunli to ("outh, and twenty-five t'rom cal{ to weft. They are under frveral different chiefs, named (hcmkalls, who, iii S f f cafe %\ 1; (1= t. in iffl I m ii.l: " i : 1 \\ is. ^1 >■■■ ::■: '% is6 A S y S T I- M OF G I: O C, R A P II A'.TF. ACIIAN' TjXPTARl ?^ hi r ■•J , •'< cnio of dsii^crto their common lihcrty, unite their forcrs. A t'lW of them have hiiii occifion illy fiil'itil^i to the Perfiaii'i ; I u: it dois not apiie.ir that tluife to the north aiiJ well of the i'erfi.in iloiniiiion;, ever fiilimitte.l to a fori iiiu jiower. inilteii their fituation \-> fiich, with rc- fpect to the riatin.ii tniKv.irl;^ or the nvuintains, tli.,t while tliev ret.iin their braven, tiu'v can h;:rJly be eii- flaveil. Oleariii^i mentions tlie very fMij;\ilar manner ill whieli they choofe a flicnik.ill, which is done by a priell tlipiwing agolJcn a;>;)le into arin;;, roun.l which tlie candidates are fe.itiil, vvlien the perfoii at wliom it ilops becomes tlicir cliief. As to their perfons, thev are well made, of a good ftaturo, and cNtremtlv aiiue. Their complexion is l\v:\rtbv, tlieir features regiil.ir, and their cye.s black and full of life. 'I'hev do not all u-iiw their btrird;, fome having onlv whilker.-. Their ilref^ nfen'.hiei that ot the Arabians, many of them vvearini; the fame kind ot drawers, which reach down to their ancles. Thefc people are able to bring thirty or forty ihnu- fand men into the field. I'hey have had frequent wars with the iVrlians, and in particular with Nadir Shall, v.-ho, with fifteen thoiii.iiil men, purfued a large body and Georgians, whofe trade hriii:;s them between Uakn and Derbent. Vet if anv ftrangor travelling into tlu-ir coiintr\, or on its borders, (itks their protection, and choofes a guide from among them, let him meet new r fo llroiig a parly, he is fafe if liis I'uiile declares that the It ranger is his giiell : tor thev arc in this cafe hardly ever known to vielate tne laws cf hofpitalitv. Their manner of life refembles that of the Perfians ; thev alfo profcis the Mahometan religion, though thev talk very lightly of tlie miracles of .M.dioniet, who thev fay was avery artful m.m ; and whether he had anv pir- ticular intereil v\'ith the .Aimightv , will be bell deter- mined hereafter. They drink wine williout referve, and are kippolVd to have once profclled the L'hrilHan reli- gion, and fevcral books relating to Chriltianity are faid to ha\e been found aiiinngit tlu m. Their coiintrv is for the Kioft put very pleafant ; their valleys are extremely fertile, and produce plenty of wheat, barley, and oal , and feed a nuillitude of Iheep. Tne people are ini^enious in (ever.il manufactures of part of it uhx'i lies btiwctn the iTcat river \'i.l m, il,- r\\^( Jaika, and the Cafpi.m (Va, is iifuallv called Nag.iia ; as is alfo that part of l!ie country wliich li; ; to tnc wellward of Allr..clmn, and the iiati.es Mre taILd Nagaian lattars. I he city of Allruchan is ftu-itiJ w'::hin the 1 i-.iiis ( i Al";a, in an iflai-.d called Dolgoi, in foity-feven de:riee >:fffl L.titude, r.Ntv Lnglifh n.iUs In in the Cafpian lea. it was for many ages lubiect to the I'art.-.rs, from whom it was taken bv the Rulli.ir.s. It contains about tVventv thnuf.ind inhabitants, among whom are many Arme- nians and Tartars of various denominations, with a few I'erilaiis and Indians. The maiineis .iiid ciiltoms of dll thofe dirtercnt n.-tions c.vhibit an epitome of Alia. Allrachan is about two miles and a half in ciicum- ference i but if we iiuludethe fuburbs, it is near five rriiles round. It i» intompaired by a brick wall in a ruinous condition, being about two bundled years old; it is alfo defended by a garrifon of fix regiments of the bell kulliai) troops, .-iiid in the adjacent plains are many fmall batteries, intended to [Hcvent the apjiroach of aii eii.iny. I he houfes arc of wood, and the greateft p.\rt of thrni vt'v mean ; the higher parts afford a tine profpeil of th.- Vol 'a, which here fpre.ids itfelf near three miles, and eontributca to the pleafurc .;nd convenience of the in- habitants, rh'-enth is to inipregnaied with (alt, that it appears on its furlaie; and yet is exiieinelv fertile, it bearing great qii ntitii-s of trii.t, wliich the common people tat to excct's, and on that account are aliii>;ied wi'li many diflenipcrs. 'Ihcir water-melons, v.hich are much tlleemcd in colour, fiav lur, and taite, re- lemble ihofe of Poitui;il. The city is farround.d by gardens and \inevards, which lie about two miles from it ; tliefe produce alnioll «(Vviy k\i\>\ of gard^n-ltuH known in Lnilaiid, except ;'.rticho!.>.;l for ten f>r twelve fithoms to^othcr. He alfo fays, that tiKy live for f rue time iiiuler water, for innuMtin'^ on eai I» otiier's backs thev formed cinders near three teet in diameter, wiiic!) rolled alon'.; by the force of the wnid and the rapidity of the current. In this manner they were driven alhon-, where their wings bein;; dried, thev got upon tlie paf- ture ; and very few being drowned, they lay fo thick upon the plain for near three days, to the cxttnt of as many miles, that it was impcffible to wall: with.>ut trcaaint; on them. On tlieir be^'inr.in^ to flv, thevdif- appcnrcd in Icfs than biK an hour, leaving not a Angle blade of grafs on the plain. The bodies of thcle infects arc verv large, compared with the fmallncfs of th;ir wini;s. 'I'lKir fize is L;ene- rally from two inches to two imhe^ and a half loni;; they are about three quarters of an inch in diameter, and their fliape is nearly the fame as th;.t of the lar_'er fort of green grafshoppers. ']"hc revenue of Adrachan is computed from a hundred and forty to a hundred and fixtv thoufand ruble-^, or thirty-three thoufand five hundred pounds, of which the gro.itcft part arifcs trom fait and fi(h. About ten miles below Alhachan is BofmakofF, a fmall itland remarkable for its large ftore-houfes of fait, which is made about twelve miles to the c.iftward of it, and being brou:;ht thither in boats, is convcved in large flat-bottomed vcllels up the Volga. With this fait all the country is fup- piied as far as Mofcow. They annually dig fomc mil- lions of poods, the exclufive property of which beloni's to the crown o( Ruflia ; for the common food of the fol- diers and of the bulk of the people is bread and fait. In this place are large fiflieries, to which the neigh- bourhood of the falt-works is of great adv:'nt.ige. Thefc filhcrics extend to the ft:i, and alfo a prodigious way up the river, and from them all the country is fupplied as far as Petcrlburgh. The vefli.K arc fent away in fp:ing loaded with falt-fifh ; but as frcfli-tifli keeps good as long as it is frozen, the winter is no fooner fet in, than it is tranfportcd by land as far as J.Iofcow and I'eterfburgh. The principal forts arc fturgcnn, a large white fifli called beluga, and the alTotra, which refemble fturgcon. The commerce of Aftrachan is very confidcrable, tho' it has been greatly injured bv the troubles in Perfia and the revolts of the Tartars. The foreign trade chiefly confifts in red leather, linen and wcHjlen cloth, and other European manufaiihires, which they export to Pcrlia, moUlv on account of the Armenians. In return they import from Pcrfiafdk faftics intermixed with gold, for the ufe of the Poles, wrought filks and {luffs mixed with cotton, raw filk, cotton, and a fmall quantity of drugs. The Nagav Tartars are all Mahometans, rcfembling in countenance the Calmucs ; but arc more agreeable, thtir eves not being fo fmall : thtl'e arc driven oiF to the calKvard, and now feldom make any inroads on the Rulhan frontiers. There are feveral other Tartarian nations bordering on the Volga; but thefe are the moft known, and the moft worthy of notice; we fhall therefore proceed to the wed, and give a particular account of the CircalTian Tartars. SECT. V. 0/" Circassian Tartarv. TIjt lliun/lt an4 Fine cf the Country ; the Pirfini, Dr--j., Feed, Mamie) I, nitl Cujhmi of the Katiues. WK fljall now give a dcfcription of Circaflian Tar- tarv, which towards the raft is bounded by Aflrachan and the Cafpian fcj, by RufTi i on the north, bv Cieorgia and Daghiltan toward- the I'.ulh, and bv the river Don, the Palus .V!Titi>, an J the iilack lea towards the welt. I A. 257 Thi; is a vcrv fine counlrv, ?.n.\ notliinj can appeal more a'tecable ihan the lielightfil profpecls formed by the vjriety of mountains, vallies, y,-i,od-, fprings, and rivers, with which it is every wher- diverfitied. It pro- d;;ves pleniy ot barley, oats, and cummin, an 1 great h:-rd; of cattle are fed h:re ; but as tlu" nati\e. wander trom place to place, thev fuw no niore corn tiian will ii:lt fervc for the fubfuknee of their fannlies ; and ir there hippcns to be a bad crop, they are r^Ju^-e J to great diflr.fs. Ijoth th? men .!nd women of Circ.ilTia are well prop'):- tioned i they are of a middle Itatuii; ; but the men, \\k.r moll of tlij other Tartars, have bioid Hat \:i.^c~,. I'lie women have .m eafy fliape, verv agreea'.ih- fc.itures, ac- cording to our idea of beauty, and a wry tine comjilexion. I heir liair and eves' are generally bl.ick, •■nul there is Icjrce a crooked perfon to he found amorigd them. The men wear a vert of coarfe grey cloth, m\\ over it a flieep-fkin, which they turn to the fide from which the wind blows, 'i'hey wear bouts of horfe-lcather, I liiinlily made, and on their iv.ads round iionnets ol black cloth or coarfe felt. The women wear nothing on tlieir bodies in the fum- mer but a fliift o|.en down to the na\el ; but in the winter thev have furred gowns, like the Ruflians. In the hf)ufe their head-drefb conlills of a lilk or Itutfcap, Irom which their hair hangs down in two ur three trcdc" ; and they arc \i.ry fond of necklaces, coiililling of ilrings ot pearls or coloured glafs. The men are not inclined to jealoufv, yet the women aie veiled when thev go abroad. The Circaflians :;eneral!y feed on mutton, b. e.'', poul- try, v.ild fowl, and venifon, of .;11 which thev iiavo great plenty; but they prefer a (liece of a vjun- colt as a much <:reaier ihiintv. Their bread confilh thin cakes, made eilher of bailey-meal or millet, which thev hake on the I'eiirtli. 'Tluy are extremely hofpitable, and will not peiniit a tra-.eller to pay any thing for the enttrtainment of him- leit, his fervan'.s, and horfes, but will frequently con- tend who fhall have the honour of treating him. \Vhen the natives triVel, they take no pi()\lficins with them, but beliavc With as much fieedom in every houfe they come to as in their own. 'I heir ufual drink, like that of the other Tartars, is water or mare's milk ; and both men and women, younu; and old, fmoke tobacco. They fit crofs le^^ed .it their meals, and have a carpet, or a piece of Rulila leather, fprtad before them on little wootlcn tables. The Tartars have no regular hours either for ratin';, drinking, or fleeping, but are only guided bv inclina- tion and opportunity. When thev are niakinir excur- fions, they are faid to pals four or five days together witl'.out taking the refrefiimeiUs of fo<>d and flecp ; bur they no fooner return to their own country, than they indulge thcmfclve.^ in both, and after fuch fatigue will fleep two davs togt'.hei without waking. 'Thiv feldom have any other btda than flieep-lkins, on which they lie, and throv/ others overtheni. Tiicir horfes are very fwift, and (Inelv proportioned. They h.ive waggons for tranfpo.'ting their wives and children, tents and baggage, iViim place to place, wliich in fome parts of the country are drawn by camel.-, and in others by oxen ; for their horfes are only tiled for riding. The men are good horfemen, and many of them fubfift prmcipallv by hunting and robbing;. The CircalTians m.'ke no fcruple of lellinL^ ilielr chil- dren into 'Turky and Perha, cl'pccially their daughters, who leave their parents without reluelar.ee, from tliu pleafing talcs they luar of tliofe who have arrived at the honour of being fultana in the harrams of the Grand .SIl':- -nior and the king of Perfia; and then iin.iginations be- ing taken up wiih line cloaths, jewels, and a luxurious lile, they leave their lather's houfe with joy ; and evert their mothers ate no Ids pleafed with the hopes of thei. daughter's advancement. As their beauty and innocence are the foundation of all thefe ambit'oti.; prolpcils, particular care is t.ikeii to prefcrve both : thev inoculate their children at lour or five years of age, afler they have duly prepared them I'ur I I ■ i I ' i .1 i Mi it "Jr 1 !!■ i; 'i ■'! I !' *^«»«?v W1\T •i t! :.i-,r. 458 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. for it; they then receive tlie fmallpox without injury t(i their beautv. The merchants wlio liny them arc ge- nerally as rareful of prelcivini; their virginity as their niother";, on aceoimt ot'the great value the Mahometan chapmen let upon it. As to the marriages of the Circallians, they are ac- corilin;^ to the rites of the relij;ion they prolefs ; thofe near Turky confider it, like the Mahometans, only as a civil contrail, and have a plurality of wives and concu- bines ; but thnl'e who live near kuflia, pcrlbrm it after the manner of the Greek church. There are I'ome Pagans among them who have generally Ibme tincture Arabu," of the religion of thofe countries on wiiich they border intirmixcd with fup'erftitions of their own. There does not appear to be any conliderablc town in this country, except Tcrki, fituatcd near the Cafpian Tea, three or four fcore miles to the fouthward of Alha- chan. This town is chiefly inhabited by Ruffians, for the whole n.ition of Circaffians live in tents, or huts, ac- cn.ding to the fcafon of the year, removing; from oni; place to another ; nor does the country produce any com- modities (n valuable as to induce foreigners to build or fettle amon'' them. Of CHAP. XXVI. R A B I SECT. I. lis Sitiinlion, Extent, Divifions, Climnli-, tintl the Fiice of the Country in JriiNa Felix ; ivith an Aa^unt of its Vf^e- tables, and a particular Dcfcriptian of thi Cojfee- Plant. Of the Animals of Arabia. ARAIJI.X, including; all the countries diftinguifhcd hv that name, is of very great extent, the mofV (dutherly part lyin:; in twelve degrees thirty minutes, aii.i the moft northerly in thirty degrees north latitude ; and from ead to weft it extends in the broadcfl pan from t'.iirty-five to fixty degrees longitude from London. Hence it is computed to be thirteen hundred miles in length, and twelve hundred in breadth, where it is broadcft ; but in the moft northern part it is very nar- row. This extcnfive country is a peninfula, bounded on the north-eaft by the river Euphrates and the Perlian ;:ulph ; on the fouth by the Indian and iT.thiopic (jcean ; on the weft by the Red Sea, the ifthmus of Sue/,, end part of Syria ; and on the north-weft by Syria and Diarbec, or Mefopotamia. Arabia is divided into three grand divifions ; Arabia Felix, or Arabia the Happy, which is the moft fouthern, and the much largeft part ; Arabia Deftrta, or Arabia the Ocfart, which is fituated in the middle ; and Arabia Pctrxa, which lies to the north. In this country there are but few fprings, and no confidcrable rivers, except the Euphrates, which wafhcs its north-eaft limits. As the tropic of Cancer extends through the middle of it, the air is cxceffive hoi, and in many places unhealthful, particularly in that part which lies upon the coaft. The winds arc alfo hot and fuft'o- catin;;, and the fands not only extremely troublefome, but il.in;:^ts. The inhabitants draw water in large (kins out ol their wells morning and evenin<' with oxen, and convey it along little canals, by the iTdes of which trees and plants are placed ; they alfo cut channels through their corn-field' , into which they let the water run as occafion requires. JJy this means they have a great variety of excellent fruits, as pcichcs, apricots, oranges, lemons, and grapes; but this country is moft famous for its coffee and its dates, which laft are found fcarce any whi-re in fuch pcrfe^Hon .is in this country and in Perlia. With coffee a number of fhips are annually loaded for Europe and India. The coffee flirub grows to the height of eight or ten feet ; the twigs rife by pairs oppofite to each other, as do the leaves on the twigs, one pair being about two inches diftant from another. The leaven are about four inches long, and two broad in the middle, from whence they decreafe to both extremities, ending in a point. They are nearly of the form of a bay-leaf, and arc fmooth and without any incifures on the edges. The flirub has a grey fmooth bark ; the wood is white, and has not much pith. The fruit hangs on the twigs by a foot ftalk, fometimes one, two, or more in the fame place. Thefe ftirubs are watered by artificial channels like the other vegetables, and, after three or four years bearing, the natives plant new Ihrubs, becaufe the old ones then begin to decline. The Arabians dry the berry in the fun, and afterwards take oft" the outward liufk with hand-mills. In the hot feafon the Arabians ufc theie hufKs roafted in the room of coffee-berries, and cfteem the liquor impregnated with them more cooling. Arabia alfo abounds in balm, frankincenre, myrrh, manna, caffia, iiicenfe, aloes, olibanum, and otlicr va- luable drugs; but they have very few trees fit for timber, and little wood of any kind in the country. The moft ufeful and excellent animals of Arabia arc their camels and horfes ; their camels are extremely pro- per for this fandy country, and were doubtlcfs formed by nature to enable the natives to traverfe the defarts with which it abounds. Their breed of horfes are only fit for the faddle, and are never ufed for draught or bur- den. The fineft horfes in the Perfian court arc brou^iit from hence, and are admired for their make, as mucli as for their fwiftncfs and high mettle; they are inleed well known in Europe, and have contributed to improve the breed of thofe in England. The ufual food K/r camel* and horfes, is barley or barley-meal made into douqli. At Mufcat, which \< fituated near the entrance of the Perfian gulph, they feed their cattle with putrid filh ; for digging a pit, they throw a great quantity of f.di into it, wlilch lie till they are rotten, and turned to .v kind of earth, alter which thi> fubftance is taken up and boiled, Arabia. A I A. '-59 boiled, wlicn having {[nod till it is cool, they give it their cattle, and it is laid to rciidor tliciii very tat. 'I'hfy liavc oxen, buffaloes, (■;oats, and venilbn ; but their beet and buffalo's flofh is very loarf';. As they urc all Mahometan?!, they never breed any (wine. They have great plenty of fowl and fifh on their coafts, but the inland parts have few of either, there bein[; nei- ther wood nor water to be found in fevcral days jouri\ev. Lions, tygers, wolves, bears, jackalls, and other wild bcalh, arc alio found in I'ome parts of Arabia ; but there being no cover for them, they arc much fewer than in fomc other places. SECT. II. Of the Face of the Country in Arabia Dipila and /Iriihia Petrira, ivith a paiiieular Defcription nf Mount Sinui, and of the Convent of St. Catharine; the Rod of Meribah, and other Monumenli of Antiquity. ARABIA Dcfcrtahas its name from the nature of its foil, which is a barren land. There arc, however, larL;e flocks of fhcep and herds of cattle near the Euphra- tes^ where the land is good ; there are alfo great num- bers of offrichcs in the Oefart, and in fever.il places a fine breed of camels. This country, in general, differs but little from Arabia Pctrxa, which is lituatcd to the north of it, and is by far the fmalleft of the three divi- fions of Arabia. We (hall now give a defcription of Arabia Petna, which has its name from I'etria, its ancient capital, now , dcltroyed, and is famous for the children of llrael wan- I tf»lfi'"'''dcring there durini; forty years. People are not there, fays the reverend Or. Shaw, entertained with a view of paltures covered with flocks, or vallics enriched with corn. There are no olive-yards or vincyard.s ; but the whole is a defolate, loncfome wildernefs, only diverfificd by fandy plains, and mountains of naked rocks and craggy precipices. This defolate country is never re- fremed with rain, except fometimes at the equinoxes ; and the few hardy vegetables feen in the clifts of the barren rocks, or widely difperfed on the fandy plains, are fhrunk by a perpetual drought ; for the dews of the night are in a manner rendered infufficicnt for the pur- pofcs of vegetation, by the fcorching heat of the fun during the day. The intenfe cold of the one and heat of the other, clearly account for the wife provifion of Pro- vidence in fprcacfing over the Ilraelitcs " a cloud to be a *' covering by day, and fire to give light (and perhaps " heat) in the night-feafon." Thou:>h the land appears fo defolate, yet the furfacc nf the Red-Sea, when calm, difcovers in fome pl.accs fuch a diverfity of marine vegetables, that thcv rclenibic aforcft underwater, and the traveller has the additional plrafurc of beholding a great variety of ftars, urchins, and (hells of the moft uncommon and beautiful kinds. The traveller, in traverling thefe defarts, is frequent- ly f ffendcd by little fw.irms of locufts and hornets ; he is alfo in danger from the vipers ; but the reptiles of the lizard kind, from the variety of their (hapcs and fpotted fkin^,he views with more pleafurc and lattty. In travelling, fiiys the above learned and judicious au- thor, the heavens were every night our only covering, a carpet fprrad on the fand was our bed, aid a change of rai- ment made up into a bundle fervedfor a pillow. Our ca- mels (for horfts and mules required toon.uch water to be employed in thefe defarts) lay round us in a circle with their faces looking from us, while their loads and fad- dies were placed by us behind them. In this fituation they fcrvcd as guards and centincis; for they are watch- ful animals, nnd awake at the leaf! noife. As in thcfc !ong and drearv defarts people have no pro- fpect of mcctini: with the leaft hofpitallty, they are ob- liged to carrv along with them every thing necefl'ary for fo tedious a journey: travellers, therefore, ufually pro vide a fuBicient number of goats (kins, which they fill with water every four or five days, or as often as they find it. Thev provide balls made of the flower of beans or of barley for their camels, and wheat flour bifket, potted fle(h, honey, oil, vinegar, olives, and fuch other things 22 as will keep, fo] ihemllhr . Thcv t.ike with thcinallVj wooden difhc-,, and a copper-pot for their kiti. hen-fur- niture. When tluv arc ohli^;ed to boil or hake, they make life of camel's dung, left by fume precediivj caravan, whiih, alter its beiii^^ cxpol'ed a day or two in the fun, catche-) lire like touchwood, and burns as bri;.',ht as charcoal. No I'ooiier is the food prepared, whether potted (le(h boiled with rice, lentil foup, or unlc.w eni.d cakes ferved up with oii or honev, than one of the Arabs placing himfelf on the highell llatic)ii h:.' can find, calls out three times with a loud voice, to invite all his bre- thren, the fons of the faithful, to come and p:irtake of ir, though none of them are perhaps within one hundred miles of him. This cuffom the Arabs conllanily main- tain as a token of their benevolence. In thefe defarts the fky is generally clear, the winds blow brifkly in the day, and ceafe in the ni jht. Where thcfc defarts are fandy and level, they are as tit for affro- nomical obfcrvations as the lea, which they nearly rc- fcmblc. It was furprifing to obferve, fays the above learned divine, in what an extraordinary manner every objc£l appeared to be magnified, for a (hrub feemed as big as a tree, and a flock of achbobbas, birds nearly re- fembling the ffork, might be miitaken for a caravan of camels. This fccming collcdtion of waters always ad- vances about a quarter of a mile before the iravcllers, while the intermediate fpacc appears of one i ontinued glow, from the quivering undulating motion of that quick fucceflion of exhalations raifed by the powerful influence of the fun. The violent heat even draws up the nioifture from the carcafes of the camels ami other animals which lie cxpofed in thcfc defarts, nnd pre- vents their putrcfaflion, whence tlicy continue there a number of years without mouldering awav. To the fame caufe, added to the coldncfs of the nights, m.;y be attributed the plentiful dews that frequcntiv wet the travellers to the (kin; but l!.e fun no lixmtr rilVs, ;inJ the air becomes healed, than the milts are difperfed, .md the moilhirc of the lands evaporated. What is called the del'art of Sinai, is a be.'.utii'ul plain .tl'rM. near nine miles long, and above three in breadth ; it lies open to the north-eaft, but to the luuthv.';'! i is clof- cd by fome of the lower eminences of muuii: Sinai ; and other parts of that mountain make fucli incroathnunts upon the plain, .is to divide it in two, each fo capacious as to be lufficient to receive the whole camp of the lira- elites. That which lies to the eallward of the mount is perhaps the defart of Sinai, properly fo called, where Moles ("aw the angel of the Lord in the burning bu(h. Over the place, where is faid to be th:s divine appear- ance, is crefted the convent of St. Catharine, which belongs to the Greeks, and is three hundred lect fquarc, and above forty in height. On the fpot which they fuppofe the burning bufli Hood, is a little chapel, where the monks, in imitation of Mofcs, put off their llioes whenever they enter it. This, with fome other chapels dedicated to particular faints, is included within the church of the transfiguration, a large beautiful ffruc'fure fupported by two rows of marble columns, and the floor elegantly adorned with a variety of devices in Molaic work, as are alfo the floor and walls of the prelbyteri- um. Upon the latter is rcprefented the figure ofthc em- peror Jullinian, with the hirtory of the transfigunition ; and upon the partition that feparatcs the prelbytenuni from the body of the church is a fmall marble ihriiic, in which they pretend to have preferved the fkull and oiuj of the hands of St. Catharine. There is here a tower built by the cmprefs Helpna^ probably for her own convenience when (he c iine here, as well as the monks ; it is fitu.atcd in the heart .t more upon it. The >valls and the arches, with the cluirch, are the only ancient buildings ; the latter i; of a loarl'e red granite. The walls of the convent arc lix feet thivk, but fome parts of them are ruined. There is, however, a walk all round on the top of tlieni, and both at each 1' t t cor.'ui. ' il hi! !J ! I ' ■Ml iJ . ! 3}: , :\f rn M\ fcOo A S Y S T 1. M O 1 G L. O L, R A 1' II Y. wm hiy : Cdrjur, nriil in the miilJIc of each fide, arc lililr fijiiarc towers. The idiiMiit itklt is very int;;iilar, aiiJ ill built <>( uiilMirfit briik. Tlif ilc'cr <>r this loiivciit is luver opiiicii but v.lirn the iirthl)if!iM]i, whii ^eiier.illv reliJcs at C'.iiro, ciiines thither t(i he inlt.illeii. l'il;^rii)is are admitted hv beiji.; drawn up tuar thirty leet high hv a windiah, ^i then taken in at a window, where lonie of the lajAiothers attend tor that puipole. 'Ihele, with all tiie pmlnters, \vho are comnioiiiy called kalnris, amount to almul one hundred and hitv, and thietly liiblili upon thepioulums lent them nionthlv t'lom Cairo. They have nulls, b.ike-houles, and other ollices neceilary lor people who muft have cverv tiling within thenileUes. Tluy li\e a verv auilere lite, abllainin.; not only trom fleili, but from butter, milk, and eggs. Thev chiefly fubhll on bread, to which is .idded a portion mealured out to eaeh perfon of olives, oil, vinegar, fallad, and pot-iierbs ; or of dates, almiiuls, figs, and parched puLe. St. Helen 1 cauied a ftone liair-caie tobecarri.d wp to the Ic'p of the mountain ; but as moll of the Iteps aic rithtr waflied out of their places, remo\ed, or defaced bv time, the akent is very fatiguing, and is frec]uentlv inipolcd upon t:;e monks as a pen.mce. Howe\er, at cerrain diihuues they have creeled fevcral little eiiapels, as breathing-pl.ices, dedicated to ditterent faints, who arc always invoked to lend their aflitlancc upon thefe cceafions. Though no kind of foil is to be found in (his jiart of Arabia, thefe n'onksha\e in along procefs of time cover ed with liung and the fwetpings of iheir convent about four acres of thefe naked rocks, which now produce as U'ood roots, cabbages, fallads, and all forts of pot- herbs, .Ts anv climate or foil whatfocver. They have alfo railed a grc-at number of apple, pear, plumb, al- mond, and olise-trees of excellent kinds. The pears in particular are fo elteeemed at Cairo, that every fea- fnn a prelent is fent of them to perfons of the firif cjua- lity in tli.it city. I heir gra|)cs are alio not inferior, either in lize or flavour, to thole of any other country. This little garden is an evident proof of the great advaii- ta'_'is that may be procured by indefatigable induilry in inijirtn ing nature. The people fliew on the fummit of the mountain a print in the rock, where thcv pretend the body of St. Cathatine lav; for they confidently affirm, that fhe be- iii'.r tied to a wheel at Alexandria, under the reign of the emperor Alaxmtiiis, in order t i e-i, ,■'< ! ry//f4- (ri-eutTeiuple -'/^Palmira ^ro/// //tr l(f',f/ ^^^^'yf? {^^f//f£m/' ^i c("/i' c/\ yr//m/m . T^^tr \.f{A m ^;';i ; 'M ' *4 { I ^' 4''r. 'a^ I jiilmira //r/// ///• H f',t/ '. \ W> (4tt*tr >.'tlf /rii'/Yi. AbaBM. a > A piece of « vfrv I.i'^i c.>lu;nn llaiiJ. nu its li.ifi.- li;- fine ihe rurkillt tu linnet .irouiul It ihcw that in tlii» iiUco yti^ a gruiul etlihct'. ThiH rolumit It five I'lxt una a lull' in di.tnuivr iii.,ir the hjiU. A lit'lc to the ti^lit to a great hii^'Jii, Sunu- what further to the right i^ >i very nia^nMiccnt arL'h, vtiih a polU-rn richly ornaniciUeJ on each fule, and fruiii theiK'c a colon.iile extends four thouf.uul Ictt in leii;^th, and is terminated by a fuperb mauloUuin. Many ol thefecolumns arc fallen, and open a viewtu othei ruin-, while in other pirts the remains of magnilkent llriic- tures are fecn through the inicrcolumniations. At (oine dillance nearer, belore this inaiinihccnt culunade, is a fmall temple, adorned with a noble portico i and llili farther to the right is another temple, with its pcriftylc feon through the intercolumniatioi). Farther llill to the ri"ht apjK'ars a range of columns, which I'ecin to have belonged to a portico. At fomc dillance nearer ihi it teem to be the ruins of a Chrilliari church ) and llill nearer, and farther to the rij^ht, are four lofty columns, with their fuperb entablature, the only remains ol a grand edifice. A little to the ri;.^ht of thcfe, and at a great.'r diftancc, arc many coliimnj which Cupport a tonfrJcrablc par', of their entaMature, and are fodilpoled, that they rclembic the perillylc of a fmall temple that h.is been entirely deQroyed ; and nearer, and iliorc to the right, is a very elegant mauroleum. The jilain is co\ercd with a valf number of fiartered columns, fume with and fomc without their cntabla- tuiesi and on nil fides lie rich entablatures, broken lolumnj, capitals, and ftoncs of a prodigious iV/.c. 'I'h': tlillant prolpecl is terminated by a range of diftant moun- tains, on one of whii'h is a calllc, and on another are the ruins of a Turkilh fortification. All thefe noble ruins appear at one view in thedlftant profpecl ; but, on a nearer approach, the adniir.itIon is flill kept up, by the iiv.c of the columns and the per- fcclion of the workmanlhip bellowed on the ornamental parts, partieiil.-.rly on the ornaments of the gate, and the beauty of the capitals and entablatures ; but nothiiii^ ran poflibly form a more alTonifliing contraft to all this magnificcnrc, than the mifer.ililc huts of the Arabs, of which there arc about thirty in the court of the great temple. Walls flanked vv:th fquare towers once furroundcd thefe ruins, but in many paits they arc entirely kvcllcd, Thcfe Icem to have been three miles in compals : but the Arabs ftiew atraiil of land railed above the level of the defart, and about ten miles in circumference, which tliev fay was the extent of the antient city, and that ruins are difcovercd there by digging. Indeed a circuit of three miles muft be thought very little for Palmyra in its profperity, when it is confidered that the greatttl par: of that fpace was filled by public edifices, which, from their aftonilhing magnincence, and the many fuperb frpiilchrc;, inconteitibly prove its antlrnt grandeur ; and i: is probable, that when Juftinian fortified it, after its being dcftroyed, he contracted its bounds. It ought n It to be omitted, that three or four miles within the defart, to the north of the ruins, is probably the v.allcy of Salt, where David fmote the Syrians, 2 Sam. viii. 13. This valley ftill fupplies Damafcus and the neighbouring towns with great quantities of that com;nouity . for the earth is fo impregnated with fait, that, on digging a place a little more than a foot deep, the water which lodges there raifcs a fine white fait, which, after the moilTure is exhaled by the fun, is ga- thered and taken away. The fuperb remains of this city are fo ftriking, that it is impofliolc to avoid feeling our curiofity excited with rpfpciit to its antient condition ; and we arc naturally defirous "f knowing how a fpot, thus divided from the reft of the world by an inhofpitable defart, was chjfen for the fituation of fo magnificent a city ? who was its founder, and from whence it drew its riches ? But luf- tory gives us but little information, and moll of the I •61 knovkdue ih.it c~:i be »Lt.«ia;d .iit thcfe luh^ccli, it.onljr luiiiilliej bv iiiki.pii>>ii..i. Wt. le.iiii liiiin John i>l AntinJi, ih.it I'.ilmyia w.il built by Soloimiii, on tlu- \eis Ipot wh>.ik. D.ivid il< w Cioli.ih, in lioiKMii ol tli.it lumiMMlili' .ulioii ) but what the Arabian hildiries ril.iic on tli.> UiIiJclI, aic fof.ibu- Iiiu. aiid extravagant as not todeUive oiii nullcr : but there may be fonietruth mixed wiili liitlioii, Im we Icaiii from the Old Tellammr, tint .S.iliiiimii ciecUil a city in the wildernefs, and called it Tailinor t and J.ilephui la^^, that the Cireeks and Roni.iii< ^>ave it the nunc of I'aliiiyr.i, thoii^'h the Syrian > continued lo call it by iti antient ii.iine ; and indeed the Aiabs of tiie couiitiy llill call it radinor. They even pretend tliat tlufe luiim were llie wor»s of Solomon. AmoiUf other tliin .;s they fluw his harram, and the tomo ol hi, lavoiiritc toiuu- bines. " Solomon, the Ion of DamI, lay iliL-y, pci- " formed tholV wonder;, by the allill.ince of fj/iiils." liut there is no doulit th.it the buildings crecUd \iv Solomon were enlireh deniolilhid bv Nchiirhadm/./ai, who is laid to have delin yjd that city beioie he laid liege to Jtrul.ilein. If thi'. he true, it is not lur(; of I'alinyra, entered into an alliance with the emperor Liallieiius; M\il collectin;_; the miferable remains of the Koiii.in army, i>y his valour and activity vanqudhed Sapor, kin;; of Perfia, in fevcral engagements, and even adv.inced with h,s vic- torious tr.:ops as far as Ctefiphuii, thi' capital of that empire. Returning from this expedition with thi; grcatcll applaufe, and with onliderablc treal'urcs, Gal- lienus declined him Augulhis, ;ind his ailiniate in the government of the empire. Afterwards OJen.iihui dc- kated Ualilla, and at length drove out the Clotli-., who had committed the grcatell ravages : but he w.is looii alter trcaeheroiilly iiiiiidereil bv ins kinlman M.eoiiius, and hi^ Ion Herodes fulfered the fame late. Mxoniun was then lalutid emperor, but in a (hurt time alter was murdered by his own foldiers. After the death of Odeiiiithus Z^nobia, his queen, by whom he had two Ions, .illumed trie reins of govern- ment, in the name of Iier children ; and renoiinciii'.; ths alliance with Rome, att.:cked and defeated lleiaelianus the Roman general, by wliii h means flie obtained the- polfcfnon of Svria anJMclopi.tamia. She then conquer- ed Fgvpt, and afterwards added to her dominions the aina.'.ing arc the rrounded by the I barren lands of Palmyra, includes Egypt witiiin her do- 1 minions to the fouth, and extends tnem v> the north as far as the Black Sea and the Hofphorus ; out this new- ! railed empire was offliort duration, for a few years alter ' the emperor Aurelian recovired the callern provinces, , and obliged Zenobia to fhiit hcrlclf up within the walls of Palmyra. He then invelted that city. The queen rc- jerted all negotiations vvitli contempt; and, aUer a brave defence, rcfolving to folicit the alTiltance of the Perlians, , whou rotothc cxctiU-iit 1'ri.atil'c on the Siiblinif, and had tlicl.itid a haughty Kttc-r the queen had lent to the cni- peror ; but the intrepid coiirajje with which he lubmittcd to his tale, ihcws that his bravery was equal to liis genius and learning. Hut tile misfortunes of Palmyra were not yet at an end. A bra\e and free people, who, rom the h.-ight of ;:lory, arc fuddciilv reduted to tlic rank of Haves, iifually make fome defperate etfortj to recover their li- bertv. Thus the Palmvreius took up arms, and put the Roman earrifim to the fword j but the news of this event no fcHiner reached Aurclian, who was returning to Rome, than turning back, he took the city, dcllroyed it, and inhumanly caufed molt of the inhabitants to be mallaiied, without regard to age or lex. But after- wards he '.:ave orders for repairing the I'cmple of the Sun, and appropriated to that ufe three hundred pounds weight of;.v-'J found in Zrnobia's cotters, her crown- iewels, ::ii I ei:;ht(cn hundred .pounds weight of filver, which he took from the people. Palmyra havini; thus lo(! its libertv, continued fubjeft to a Roman governor; :ii- I we find that juitinian repaired and fupplied it with w.iter, after it had been for fo:Tie time almoll defertcd. 'I'hi.i. the lalt tniie that Palmyra is mentioned in the R'.m;in Hittoi V. None of the inferiptions found there are more antient tli.m the liirth of Chrilt, iioranv fo late as the dcllrut- tion of the citN bv Aurclian, except a Latin infcription which mentions Dioeltfi.in. Two of the maufoleums ha,e \er\' legible iiillriptions ; one of them inlorms us, thr.t Jainbiicii^ caufed that monument to be credcd as a iVpiilehie for himlelfand his family in 314, which an- fwers to the third year of the Chrillian a;ra ; and the other, that Klabeliis Manaius caufed ittobecieclrd in 414, the hundred and third year alter the biith of Chrilt. ']"he ornaments of both thcfe maufoleums are much in the C.u'm: tafle, though the lalt is the molt clctant, and fiiiiflied with the greatell c.irc ; and they are both (0 much in the latle and manner of the other public Itruc- tiiits, that it is natural to conclude, that they are not tilt woiki of very dittercnt ages. S K C T. IV. 7if Pc'ilm, Drtfii Fiod., Liin^ua^f,, Afiwnen, and Go- virnimnt of tin Araln. THE Arabians arc of a middle ftature, thin, and of a fwarthy complexion ; and, like other people in the fame dim.'te, ha\e black eyes and black hair. Their \oicis are rather ctt'emlnate than ttrong ; yet they arc a brave people, verv expert at the bow and lance, and, fincc thcv have been acquainted with firc-a'-ms, are be- come prcttv t'ocid marklmen. The roving .Arabs wear a kind of blue (hirt faftcned about tliem with a white l.ifh, and fome ot them have over it a fur IheepfKin veil. They have a cap or air- ban on their heads; fometimcs they wear flippers, but never anv Itockings. Many of them go almolt naked, but the women are generally fo wrapped up, that no- thing c.n be dilcovered hut their eyes. The women .Mr. Wood faw at Palmyra had good features ; they were veiled, hiit were Id's fcnipulous about fhewing their faces than i^ ufiial with the women of the taft. They han'i rings of rold or brals in their cars and nofe ; they colour their lips blue, and the tips of their fingers red. FJoth I'exes appear very healthy, and to be almolt ftran- gers to ililcalcs. Their food IS beef, mutton, goats ficfh, vrnifon, and the flefli of cainrls, which thty prefer to all the reft, and cit with thin cakes made of flour and water; but many •if them choofe dried dates mllcad ot bread. They alio lat molt forts of fi(h, except thofc which have ni) Icalcs; but on whatever animal they feed, they are very careful of diaining out all the blood. The people about Mufcat Araem. not only abll.iiii from wine, but dciiv thcmulves tea and colfec, and oilur innocent liquors; nor do they indul-e thenifelves in Imoakiiig tobacco : water is tli'cir ufu^l ilriiik, and loiiietimts iherbet, made of oran.-eL, water .iiid liigar. " ' The people of the Kaft cftecin the Arabian tongue the richelt and molt copious of any in the world. ° It i, every whcie conlidered by the orientals as a learned Ian guage ; and even in Pcrlia and India the Koian is never read in any other tongue. But though the Arabs have informer ages been famous for their^lcarning and fkill in all the liberal arts, there is at prefent fcarcu anv country where the people are fo univerfally ignorant as in Arabia. Though the Arabs are generally coiifidcred as onlv hands of robbers, yet in thole places where they are fettled, and apply to the cultivation of the earth, to trade, and mechanic arts, they are dillinguifhcd by their julticc, temperance, and hmnanity. Captain Say ob I'erves, that the Arabians near Mufcat are courteous in their behaviour, extremely civil to itrangers, to whom they otter no violence or affront, and thoueh they have the highelt veneration for their religion, they never Ihive tofoice it upon others: that a man may tr.ivel lev era! hundred miles without fo much as meeting with abulivc language ; and if he has a charge of money, he needs no arms to defend it, but m.av l.rfdy llecp with it in h's hand by the way-lide ; and that though he lived feveral years in the country, during which he fpent much of his time in travelling, he never heard of a fingh robbery amonglt them. Indeed it is not furprifingr that in a countiy of fo great extent, the manners anti cultoms of the people (hould be very ilitt'ercnt. It is true, feveral Ara- bian princes extort money from the caravans ; but as the country is theirs, they might rclule to let any caravans pal's liirough it, and poflibly what th'y inipofc upon caravan? may be by way of toll ; which is the more probable, as the fums they demand are not fo large as to difeoiir.igc the caravans from palTing through their dominions. Hut after all, there is no doubt but fome tribes of the wandering Arabs live chiefly by robbery and plunder. We find that Mr. Wood and h's' companions, in travelling to Palmyra and Halbcc, h.id an Arabian cicort to defend them from a prince of the Beilotiins, or wandering Arabs ; and that, on their arriy.-il at Palniyrj, they (lept in fafety in the huts of poor but honcll Arabian pcal'ants. 1'he Arabs who live in towns are very inconfiderable in |)oint of number, compared with thole who live in tents, and are called Hedouins. Thefe people have no fixed habitation, but being pofletted ot large flocks of fheep, and herds of camels and goats, rove from one part of the country to another, where they can find paf- ture and water for their cattle ; and when they have de- ftroyc.l all the forage, load their goods and ba'.;ga"e, with their wives and children on their camels, and march on in fearch of frefli palture. When they encamp, their tents make a very indifferent appearance, they bcin-- ufually covered with acoarle (tutt' made of black, or dark- coloured goats hair. Thefe arc the people dangerous to travellers. The Arabians of the inland country arc divideil into tribes, and the tribes into families ; every tribe has itf fiieik cl kcbir, or great prince; and every family its flieik, or governor. The office of (heik is hereditary ; but when the (heik of a family dies without ilTue, tin; family choofe another, with the lea\ e of the fheik el kcbir, or fovereign ; and if the fovercign himfclfdics without itt'ue, the whole tribe aflemble to choofe ano- ther. The ftieiks, or emirs, near Tiirky, are faid to be tributary to the Turks ; but, inftead of this, they generally receive gratuities for permitting the pilgrims to p'.fs through tticir country ; and the Grand Signior is always glad to maintain a good underltanding with them, as it is in their power to attack the pilgrims in their way to Mecca, as well as to injure his fubjects by their cxcurfions and robberies ; while it is very difficult for him to punilh them for it. In Arabia arc fovereign (tatcs whofe monarchs arc (tiled xcriCs, and others are named imams, both of them includiuK vout c i!a)s At a they ai the ce arrival the mi with tl their : the pil to re re lurroui ceeded wards I litters Arabia. Vfs tea aiu) icy indulgt; their ufu.ll ;ci, Water, tnn^uc tlip irM. It is earned Ian- an is n.;vcr Arabs have ig and fkill I'carcc ail) Ignorant a:; red as onlv •re they are ic earth, to led by their lin Say ob :ourtcous in 5, to whom h they have • never Itrive ravel fcveiul with abulivc y, he needs :ith it in h'--< lived leveral cnt much of ni^K robbery ^, that in a d cuftoms of , fevcral Ara- s ; but as the any carav.ins inipofe upon is the mure )t fo large ai ihrough their ibt but fonic ,' robbcrvand companions, an Arabian Beilouins, or 1 at Palnnrj, >nelt Arabian iconHderablc who live in opic have no arge flocks of ive from one can find paf- :hey have de- and ba'j:j;age. Is, and march ncamp, their they beinu; aclc, or darlc- dangcrous to ? divided into tribe has its y family its IS hereditary; out iflue, tlie the (heilc el himfclf dies choofe ano- y, are faul to of this, they the pilgrim! rand Signior landing with pilgrims in us fubjects by very difficult inonarchs arc both of them includiui': Arabiai a S including th.- ofHcc- of kin;; and pritfl, in the fame manner as the caliphs of thj Saracens, the fuccell.irs of Mahomet. 'I'hcfc monarchs appear to be abfolute, both in fpirituals and temporals; the fucccflion i. heredi- tary, and they have no othiT laws than thole found In the Koran and the comments upon it. Theufual arms of the Arabs .ire a lance, or half-p ke, a fab re, adag'^cr, and a bow and arrows ; and of late fire-arms have been introduced among them. The Arabs, like the Ferfians, arc excellent horfemcn, and harral's an enemy by their fuddcn attack, and even de- fr.-it them when purfued. They are not very fond of fighting upon equal terms with the fevmitar, hut trurt much more to the flectncfs of their horfes, and their fiiill in throwing the lance, firing, and difcharging their arrows at thole who purfue them. Thcfe monarchs do not appear to have any (landing armv, or even a regular militia ; but they command both the pcrfons and piirles of their fubjedls. Thofe fituated near the coaft have rendered themfelves formidable at fca, particularly the king of Miifcat, whole veflel-j not only attacked tnofe of the Afiatics, but even the Kuro- peans themfelves : they arc generally at war with the Danes and Portuguefe ; and if an Englifh veilel, that is not a fliip of force, comes in their way, they will not fcruple making a prize of her. Mr. Lockhart fays, that when he was at Mufcat there were fourteen men of war at that city, befides twenty merchantmen j that one of thel'e (hips of war carried feventy guns, and none of them lefs than twenty : at the (ame time there were fifteen or fixteen fail of their men of warcruifing abroad. Their colours are red, which they difplay in (Ireamers and pendants at the maft-head, and other parts of the (hip, which gives their fleets a gay appearance. As they have fcarcc any timber of their own growth fit for (hipping, fomc of them are faid to be built in the mouth of the river Indus, and many of them arc prizes taken from other nations. SECT. V. Of Pilgtima'ret to Mecia, ihe CtnmoniiS with tv'iih lliey arc alleniicd, and a Defer iptioii of Alcua and Medina. THE Mahometans of all countries confidcr it as a duty to go in pilgrimage to Mecca. Thofe who rclide in Africa commonly embark on board veflels, which wait for that purpofe at the port of Suez, a (mall town fituated at the molt northern extremity of the weft pulph of the Red Sea, whence they proceed to Rabbock, about four days fail from Mecca, where (tripping oft" their cloaths, and covering their bodies "ith only two wrappers, with their heads bare and fa als on their feet, they go on (horc, and travel by land to Mecca. The fcorching heat of the fun fometimcs burns the (kin fif their backs and arms, and greatly fwells their heads ; but when their lives are in danger from thcfe aulteri^les, they may put on their cloaths, on condition that on their arrival at Mecca each (liall kill a (hecp, and give it to the pcor. Hut while dreiled in this mortifving habit, it is held imlawful even to cut their nails, or to kill the vermin that bites them. They are likewife to be free from all enmity, to keep a guard over their tempers and paflions, to preCervc a (trid government over the tongue, and to make continual ufo of a prefer i bed form of de- vout ixprefTums. Thcfe auftcritics are continued (even days. At about the diltancc of a day's journey from Mecca they are met by perfons who come to inlhuCt them in the ceremonies to be ufcd in th 'ir worlhip, who, on their arrival at that city, conduct them into a great (Irect in the miilrt of the town, which leads to the temple ; go with them to the fountains where they ,.rc to perform their ablutions, and then take them to the temple, where the pilgrims leaving their fandals with one who attends fo receive them, they enter at the door of the court which lurrounds it, called the gate of peace, and having pro- ceeded a few paces, their guide holds up his hands to- wards the facred edifice, which (lands in the centre, and Utters fevcral woids, which the pilgrims repeat after 22 I A; .1^ i m t' thilV and tlufe bei: i'ilinv. hin-., burlling into tears at the fi^hf of tSe buiUlin-. Being lc- mcn. On the inlidearc only two wooden pillais, which (land near the middle to fuppott the touf, wiih a b.ir of iron faltened to therti, on which h.iii:; three or f.iur filver lamps. The walls on the infide .ire marbl, , nnd covered willi filk, except when the pilgrims inter. Thofe who are admitted into this Ifruclure Karcelv (lav ten minutes b'.caule others wait for the fame pruiN-'/e; and while Come are goinj; out, others are ent.riii'.' in. All who pleafe have the liberty of thus palfiii;; thruu'di the tempi:-. The top of the tIruCture is llat and cover- ed with lime and fand ; and as it has a loni: (pout to carry oft' the rain whenever that falls, the people cnmd to get uiider it, that the water which cimtu s from the holy hoiile nmy fall upon them, which they etltem a fingular happinefs ; anil if they can catcli (omc of it to drink, their joy is extreme. Roui'.d the tc mpic is a marbl ■ pavement fifty iert broad, on the (ilge ot which are bials pillars tweiitv (e-t dif- tancefrnm each other, and near fit'tecn (ect liivh. A- liove the middle part of thcle pillars an iron bar extends from one to the other, with glafs l.uiips hanuinc- to each by bral's wircf, to I'ivc li.iit in thcni;;lit a., iiwhe iMli' day. gi At 164. A S Y S T !•: M O F G i: O G R A F H V. Uadia. 1 1 I I , aiul prct'cnt perhap', hilt" a l;iooiiliil ol' it, to c.ich • il' llKir f'ruiui;., who, with .iluinii.iiice ot'thanlcs, receive II in the hollow ol' their haiuls, ami tipping a little of it, mil the red on their lace: aiui iiake 1 heads. Oppofite to each Tide ol the t.mple is a rmall edifice railed en pillar-., uhtre the Iniim.'.n.i the Me//,iiis per- form their di\olioiii in the I'u lit f.t" all the people. Ihcie lour ItniCtures belon? to lb many dillerent lei^ts ot Mahometans. 'Ihe covering of this temple U amiiiallv renowecl, and lent from L'.iiro bv order of the Cirand Signior, wlien the i.iravan proceeds wi:h the pili;rims to Mcee.i. The new cmiiin:; is carried upon two caiiieU, which are « X'-mptid from woik for the fpiicc fif a year alter. 'I hi>. covering is received with cMraordinatv iov by th',- people, ar.d is putupbv the xerifof Mecca hinilelf; aiiil aliei he has catiled the old coverinu; to be cut in pieces. I'Jls them at a hi.ih priic to the llad^rees. 'I here are le\eral thoul.uui blue pigeons ,it Mecca, ^^■llieh none will altVight, iniuh lelV kill them, whence thev .lie fo verv t.ime. that thev will pick cnii out of fhi- people's h.inils. Thev are called the pigeons of the propiut, and conic in flocks to the court ot the temple, «',ere thev are ted by the ILuhues. IJetcre the pilgrims receive the title of Iladgcc, thev Illume their nioitified h.ihit, and procccil to a hill called (liibei il Orpliet, or the mount of kiiovvled.;e, where liveiHv thfiulaiid iierlbils are l.iiJ to aliemble every vear, TWO moiitln and nine dav^ after the lead ol Kam.idan. N^thin;: can be mr^ro arfectini:, tlian to lie lo many !■ oiiiaiul pi'ople clothed in their i;.:iniciils of hiimilifv, V ilh tlieir heads bare, and their cheeks wet with tcAis, v.liile with liittcr frhs thev e.irnelllv bej, in a lorin of penitential exprUi:.>iis, the remjili"n of their fins and promile to relonn their lives. This is continued for the {pace of four or live hours, alter which thev all at once leceive the title ol Hadgec Irom the Ini.'.in, which thev enjoy as Ion;; as they live. TIkv no fooner receive this name, than trumpets bein:; founded, thev leave the hill in order to return to McccJ ; but, hiving' proceeded two or three miles, rdl for that ni ;ht. Alter their devotions, each pcrloii ga- thers fortv-nine I'lnall tlones, atid the next morning thev proceed to a place called Mina, where they pre- tend that Ahrabi"! went to offer up his Ion, and havinc; all pitchi d their tents, every Had^'ce throws leveii. of the iKuiis he had irathered at a fmall pillar, " Crv'n' Hone the devil and them that pleale him." 'I'he country people then bring in great flocks of fluep ; every one who is able buys one, and haviii'.'^ Tain it, civcs fomc of the flefii to his friends and the poor ; then all of theni pullini^ off their penitential lnb;ts Ipeiid three days in felfivity and rejoicini. It mutl be obforved, that there are two other pillars, and that on the I'ccond day they throw at each of the three (even Hones, and the fame number the day alter. At the expiration of the three dav. they all return fn .VIeci 1, where thev mult not (fay above ten or ivvtb e davs le.n'^vr, and diiiin^^ that time ii held a cicat f.iir, in which all forts of' India goods are fold. Mod of the people here buy a (hrowd of line linen to be wr.^.p^-ed 111 at their death, on account of the .ulvaii- la-ie of li.ivinu it dipt in the holy water. In the evc- niiip, befcre they Ica.c Mecca, they all take a folemii IrjvV of the holy houfe, and reiirinji; backwards, hold lip their hinds, and offer up their petitions with their rvcs f.xed on the building, till having loft li;.;ht of il, thev burft intottai*, and proceed on their jouijiey. It is wortb.y of remark, th.tt this ho'v lioufc, which the viil/ar lay was built bv Abrah.im, hjj Umn been an idol-teniple, but was dedicated bv Maiioiiitt lo the unity of Ciod ; and that th;ir piiurimagti thither are intended to flie-.y their detelfatiLiii cf si! id-j!.;;--.. A» ti) Mahomet hinilelf, there is I'aid to be now cnlv a l.iiiit reverence kept up for his name, even in Arabia his native country, and a judicious author obferves " th.it the fuiiou> zeal of which tli; firft tjar.;ccn con- " qucrors made fucli a [ ar.-.de, a:;d lo luct-.^fullv " avail, J themielvcs, had net I'o much a veneration tor " M.diom;t for its obicct, a^ the Unitv cf the Supreme " Heing, in the invocation of which, if thev ioincd " the comincmiiration of his name, it was j;i:rciv out " of gratitude, for being the m;!]ionary v( that Unity, " and lor his dilfrovini: the iiiol-woifliip, to which " Arabia had continued lo long under bondaac. I'ur " the red they looked upon him as a mere man, fub- " jeiit to all the failings anJ pafTtons of on., and arc " lo f.'r from addreffing him as a. faint, that in thcit " niofi|iies and private oril'ofis, thevdu not pr.-.y to him, " but for him." Indeed, thcicaie no pilerinmres to his tomb ; that is at Medina, and is vifitcd by ih^ .Vlaho- metans purely out of curiotitv, and rcveiciice to his memory, and many of the pilgrims return, without tee- ing it at all. It is a very great miftakc that thofc who have been at Mecca, may commit crimes with impunity, and mud not be put to death ; fince their being Hadijces do not entitle them to any privilege of that nature: lor even on the road to and from Mecca, the pilgriiiii who commit crimes are puniflied as in other places; tiiere bein:; a bafha and a cady in the caravan to try them, and numbers are annual! v executed both on the road thither, and in retiirnin" from thcnre. Medina, the place where Mahomet lies entombed, lo which he lied when driven from .Mecca, and where he w;io Hrft invelfed with regal power, is I'ltuated in twenty. U^.J/. tour degrees tliiity minute^ north latitude, about eighty miles to the cadwaid ot the Red Sta, and two hun- dred miles to the north ffible that the coiSn fliould hang there, and the .Vlahumetaii> never pri-trnJcJ (hat it did.' SECT. VI. /I <:nafc Dffcript'm ifMahti, uiih an .latuvt ff tie Traiii of that City, and (f tht Ciins, /f'tigl>U, ti'id Mtajurtf "i tife tiitr(. WK fhall now give a concifc defcriplinn of Moch.i, the piintipal trading town ot Arabia Kilix, litu- ated on the Red Sea, in thirteen degrees north latitude, .'?■• and in the forty-fifth degree of ealt longitude Irom I,on- r;.' don. The nrighb under the govern- ment of an Arab prince, wivi retidcs at a piaco two hun- dred miles to the call of Mocha. Aden was formcily the lea-port of his dominions; but that bring very 111- cunvdiicnt, he removed it hiteeti leiguts farther to .Mo- cli«t )w oniv a Cr. i.it od i:it ht !i.- !1 ij.l ns v,t |i ■ ■ ;!f' 1 1:1 \\ //••///•> /'i/ri'/ii //oriiA'/i 26^ IITII ma ndc ]e(i cfti the wh of iti rw ot th '10 Pi If t1) 3J 3" Arabia. A S cha, which was then only a fillii.i ; K.wn ; but trailc ha'; rcndf red it a confuli-Tablc city. It ll.inJ-. clofc to the fii j ill a l.ir^c dry atul fandv plain th.,t aHords ncitlv-r liiiiis nor water, except what i> hratkifh, and I" iiiiwhulc- fomc, that it is faiJ ion'^ Wi'riiis bri-cJ in iho Icps and iVct ot thofc whrxiriiilc it. iU': iiiliahltaiit: have, hnw- cviT, vcryg<'"d and whoUfiime water tioiii .Niofj, whi'Ji lyiii'.'; at the (iiftancc of twenty miles, and the water loniirishy Ijlid-tarri.ngc, is ai de..; le the inhabitants as fmall beer in England. But mitwithlt.inding tbn incon- venience, Mocha is large, pretty well fortlHcd, and makes a fine appearance troin thi' {c.\. The buildinits arc lofty, and their niarliets well furnifhcd with provili- ons, as the flcfh of camels and antelopes, beef, mutton, 'oats-flcfh, lamb, and kid : their conmion fowls are (Juinta hens, partridges, and pigeons. The fea alfo affords variety of li(h, but they are not well talicd, which proceeds from the extreme faltncis of the fea- watcr, and the nature of their aliment. All th? year round the town is well fupplied with good fruit, as peaches, apricots, grapes, and (juinces, of wl'.ieh they make marmeladc, both for their own iilc and tor ex- portation i though near the town there is not a tree or fliriib to be leen, except a few date trees. 'I'hey have fcldom more than two or three fliowcrs in a year, and fomctimcs no rain for two or three years toL'ctber ; but among the mountains, at about tweiitv miles diftance, there is gener.illy a moderate fliower every morning, which render the vallies between them very fertile, par- ticularly in fruit, wheat, and bailey. Since Mocha was made a free port it is become a place of great trade. It has a faclory bcloni;iiiJ, to the Englifh taft India company, another belonging to the Dutch, and a confidcrabic commerce is carried on by vefTels from Baflbrah, Perfia, and Mufcat in Arabia Pe- trxa. The country itfcif produces lew valuable com- modities, except cofFec, and fome drugs, as myrrh, olibanum, or franlcincenfe, from Colfin ; aloes focco- I :C.t triii.t from Soccotra ; IhiimI (lorn-:, white ind yeili w arl'enir, fruni arabic, with foiiio bilm of (lilcad that comes i\o:vn the Kt J Sea. 'Ilv.' coitee ti;'.de brin_;s in .1 continual fujiplv of i;old and iilvrr from K'.iropc ; for though other ^mih and mercha:idi/.e irav be b'>ii-!i; ami lold '.n credit for a cer'^in 'inic, colKec is always bought tor ready monc'-. 'I he fliip; from F'.irnpe ;ire fail! t.j take in annuallv at .Mocl'.a ab'nit tv.entv tliuu- faiul tons, and from other countries about asimuh inor^'. The Dutch obtain here great advantage* over otiiei n.l- tioiH by their polVelTing the nionop'dv of fpiecs wliuh being confumed here in .'leat quanlities, enables them to purchal'e coffee at ealier rates th.'.n their neighbours j vet their trade at Mcv.ha is continually linking, from the valt quantities of coffee cultivated in their own co- lonies at Hatavia, Amboyria, and the cape ol Good Hope, though the Dutch themfelves acknowledge tlint there is no coniparilon between the flavour of the cof- fee raifed in their own plantations and that brought from Mocha. The coins current at Mocha arc dollars of all kinds, which with them oufiht to weigh fcventccn drams, four- teen grains; for all their coins are taken by weight, and valued according to their finenefs. The gold coms current there arc ducats of Germany, Venice, Turkv, a.id I' gypt. The comaffees are a fmall coin taken at the price the government lets upon them; but thcv keep their accounts in cabcers, an im.igiiuuv coin, eight of which make a dollar The weights ufcd at Mocha are the bahor, whieii amounts to four hundred and twentv pounds Kn-iKh : the fraffel, or twcntv-ei:{ht pounds, tifteen of which make a bahor ; the maun, ten of which no to a tV.'.fll 1 : the fakca, forty of which make a maun ; and thecoffila, ten of which make a fukea. Their dry mcafures arc the mcdccda, which conl.iiii • three Knglifh pints ; and cloth and filk arc nieafured by \ their cubit of twenty-four inches. iM \\[. ,|*^:i'k t ! 1^ . lit I •" ''I ' s ^ CHAP. XXVII. Of T U R K Y in ASIA. SECT. r. Of ill Situation, Extent, and Divt/iins. TURKY in Afia, which once formed n great part of the Eaftcrn empire, and was moft of it enlight- ened by the knowledge of Chrillianity, extends from the twenty-eighth degree of north latitude to the forty- fifth, and from the twcntv-fcvcnth degree of rafV longi- tude from I,ondon to the t'orty-fixth. It is about a thoufand miles in length from caff to weft, and about eight hundred in breadth from north to foiith. This cxtenfive country is bounded on the north bv the Black Sea and Circaflia ; on the Eaft by Perfia ; on the louth by Arabia ar.d the Levant, or fouth-e.ift part of the .Me- diterranean Sea ; and bv the Archipelago, the llcllef- pont, and Propontis, which feparatc it from Europe, on the weft. As to the grand dlvifions of this part of the Turkifh empire, thcfc confiff of the following provinces : on the caff arc Evr.aca Arabic, or Chaldea ; Diarbec, or Mc- fopotamia; a part of Curdiffan, or Aftyria ; Tuicoma- nia, the antient Amienia Major ; part of Georgia, in- cluding Mingrelia, Imarctta, and part of Circaflia ; Svria, and Palcffinc. The weftcrn divifion coiififfs of Natolia, the antient Afia Minor, which is divided into Natolia Proper, Amafia, Aladulia, and Carmania. As fcvcral of thcfe provinces have been leparate king- doms, and ftill enjoy advantages and difadvantage' of I'oil and climate peculiar to themfelves, wc (liail cnnfider them feparately, and not attempt to give a general de- fcription of the whole, that cr.n only be true in put, and muff be liaiilc to manv exceptions. The Turks, who pollcfs the countrv, arc indeed every where the fame, and therefore by dcfcribing them here, we fhall avoid manv repititions that would appear irkfome and tedious to the reader; and, bv feeing what ever is worthy of notice in relation to their pen'ons, drefs, manners, and cuffonir, placed before him in one view, he will be better able to form a juii: idea of that people, than he could obtain from our mixing them with the particularities and cuftouis of tlie orijjinal i.i- habitants of different provinces. SECT. II 0/ the PcrfoHS aid Dn-p cf tic Turku THE Turks in general arc pretty well made : thotL* in the cities have u tolerahlv fair complexion ; but the peafants, aiidfuch as arc obliged to be much in the fun, are fwarthy. Their hair is commonlv black, or of a dark chcfnut, and they have commonly black eyes. The men are tolerably handfome when young, but tho' the vs'omen are vcrv beautiful they arrive ve:v eailv at inaturitv, and foon fade ; and, in genera', the iooic old by the time they reach thirty. i n65 A S V S T E M OF GEOGRAPHY. TuRK.y in A:.iA. TfRl fill 1 ! Some of til? oil! n)cn ifvc tlielr bc.»rili, niiJ ihc nld women tluir hair of a rcil toloiir with lifiin.i, wliicli piws iluin.ivjry vkhimtuMl jpp'.'.ir iiU'- 1 aiwl ni.iiiy ol IK- in'.'ii rtiivc to coi'ccal thtira^: by lUiiiij iIk-;i bc.irili 1:1 k. h\\v of th»- Tiirkifh ladlc! paint, for this is alrtioft p-cu!i.ir tD till conmioii pmllitiitos ; but tii'v ulu.illy black tliclr cycj-bnnvi, fir raihtr make aititicial one-., with a com pofit ion which they c.ill batt.K. I'Vuni a prin- ciple of ftrcngthi-'ninii; the fighr, as wlII as an om.MiKiit, it i' a jjfncraT praciicL- amon^; the woiiun to black tlic infiJc of their eve-lids, by spolvin^; a pow.l.r called ifmcd ; this is a min^-ral fubrtjnce that rcl'emblcs a rich lead-ore, and is prepared bv ro.iHiii^ it in a quince, aiiplc, ortiuffle; it ii then In inated with oil of Iweet almonds on a piece of marble, and if intended to flrenglhcn the fi.;ht they frequently add flowers of oli- banum, or amber. They perform llii.s operation with a tylindiieal piece of filver, (tiel, or ivory, about two inches long, and of the fi/.e of a common probe. This they Wet with water, in order that the powder mav (lick to it, and applying the middle-part hoiiiontnllv to tito eve, fhut the eyc-lidh upon it, and drawing; it thiouijh between them, it blackens the infide, leaving a narrow bluk rim round tlie cdizc. This is fometimes prac- tifed bv the men, but is thcneftcemeJ foppidi. Suumi- lar as this cuftom may appear, it has been practifed thtouf;hout the Kaft for many a^e.s ; and it was a cuf- tom not unknown to the beauties of anticn: Greece aitJ Rome. The women have another fingular method of adorn- ing themfelvcs, which is, by ftainlnj; their feet and hntuK with henna, which is brou.;ht in great tpiantitics from F.gvpt chiefly for that purpofe. The coininon way is to dve only the tips of the fin:;e:3 and tors, and fome f. w fpnts upon the hands and feet, and leave them of a tlirty vellow, the natural tincture of the henna, which has a vcrv diiajrecablc appearance to an European ; but it is more polite to have the ;;riate(l part of the hands and feet U-incd in the form ol lofes, and vari;ius fij^urcs, with a dye that is of a very d.irk j^rcen. I?ut after Ibme rfa\ 1 this begins to change, and at laft looks as dif- ai'.reeaMe as the other. The women in fome of tlie \il!npes, anil all the Arabs, wear a lar^e :rold or fiKir rin^ throu;',h the cx- ttmal carlila'ic of their ri^ht iinnril; and fomeofthcfe rin^s are at leaft an inch and a half in ilianieter. It is likcvvil'e iifiial for thcfe people to mark their under lip, and fometimes their breads and .arms, with a t>lup co- lour, bv prickinp; the part with a ni-edle, and then rub- bin;; it with a ceitain powder which leaves an indelible mark. .'\s a den ler waift is far from being admired by the 'lurks, and is rather confidered as a deformity in the ladies, thev ufeall their endeavours to render themfelves plv.mp. 'Ihe'I'urkifh habit appears very "raceful ; ne.xt the fkin the men wear a pair of drawers, and over them a fhirt and adoiimanof fattin, i.-lTety, or other neat ftuft, v.hich reaehi s to their heels, like rlofe-bodiul caii'ock. In winter this i-, quilted, and rliis they gird very tight round the w i(! with a L{h, i:i which they freepitntlv wear two dai.^j'crs, the bandies and fheaths of which arc fometimes adorned with gold an i filver. I'crfonsof diftin- piiifliedrai^khave them orn.Tir.cnted with precious (lones. In this frirdle tliev alfocarry theii money and their pouch for tobacco, t^ver the doliman they wear a kind of nii;ht-j;e.wn, which thofe who are able line with furs in the winter. Their ilockin ;s are of clotli, footed with red or yellow leather ; and their {hoes are of the f.ime colour. On their h-.ads thev wear acrimf entirely concealed by a ferigee, which no woman of aiiv fort appears without ; this lias long lleeves that reai li to their fingers ends, and wraps round them like a tiding hood. This in fummer i.s of plain lilk, or (Vuft', and in winter of cloth, liy this means they are fo difguifed that the grL-ateft lady cannot be diflinguifhed from her flavc, and it is impoffible for the moll jealous buibaii 1 to know his wife when he meets her, and no man djre touch or follow a woman in the llreet. Tlieirthus appearing in mafqucrade aHonls tliein th': III deferibing the drefs, the manners, and ciidoms of liberty of following their inclinations without danger of l!u futkifli luJie:, w. (hall follow the account given difcovcry. Their inoft ufual method of intrigue is lend- ing TuRKv in Asu, A in:' .111 appiiiiHUKiit Ic.r tlic Unci tfi m:ci Ihcm at a _fi .v'.i (liiii), wlui'i: the moll v.ilmiblc jjociN .in In bi pciri ll.iliil. T hi' I' re .it l.ulics li'Uloin Ut ihclr j!.ill.inls krnnv wlm thtv iir>-' > •""' '• ''' '" ililliciilt 111 iliCi'inxr ifinii, lh.it thiv laii li.ldcim i;m.N tin: l.iilv'> i .ina with whoiii iht \' h.ivc L;.'(ilKT. Ikiicc thi' luiinher ot t.tiihl'iil wivt-. is pi-rlLips I'm.ill, liiitc iIkv have iioiliini; to liar (Voin thi iMilir..rttion of a lour. The I urk.i(h women, the above ir.v'inoii'' lii'v as many people iniauine. As fomi as thev rile in the moriiiii!.'; they brealifall on fried egi!S, honey, elieefe, lehan, i'^e. At about elenn o'cloek in the foreiionn in winter, and ratlu r earlier in fiimmer, they dine. 1 hiy have a round table, wliiili, as well as their diflies, is made either of copper tinnid, or, tor perlons ot hiyli rank, of filvei . This is placed upon a (hiol about twilve or fourteen inches high, and a round piece ot cloth is fptead under the table, upon a carpet, to prevent its beinn foiled. A Ion;; piece of filk is laid round to cover the knees of thole who fit at the table, which has no roverint; hut the victuals. Sallads, pickles, Iniall ba- fons of leban, bread, and Ipooiis, are placd in onlir round the edye, and the middle of the table is for the dilhcs, which, ainoni; the ;j;ie.it, are brought in one by one; and, alter each has ate a little, they are chan;.;id. Their lingers, as in other p.nrts of the hall, fcrve fcr knives and forks; but lor liquiils they iii.ikc ufe ol flKXins made of wood, horn, or tortoile-llicU ; for gold or filvcr they are not piriiiitlid to ufe by their re- ligion. Thiir ufual bread is of wheat-flour not well fermcnt- rd,tnade into thin Hat cakes ill hakeil, and for the moll patt .ite foon after it comes out ot the oven ; belides tlulc there are a variety of rulks ami bifcuits, moll of them ilrewed over the top with the feeds ni fcfamiim, or fiiuicl flour. The firil dilh is gener.illy a kind of hrotli, or fiMip, and the lalt pillaw. The intermediate riiflies, which arc freiiuently niimcrius, confill of mut- t.iii cut into fmall pieces, roalled or (tewed with herb',, Kcwid fowls, pigeons, or other birds, which arc com- monly (tiitfcd with rice and fpiccs. A whole lamb (lulful with ncr, aInionJ , railin., pill.iihos, &c. and (Kwed, is a favomite dilh. I'altry, both with meat and of the fweet or truit kind, they would make very well, i' the badiicfs of their butter did not in moll places fpoil it. A large pillaw, with a dilh of fwcet tlarch, wluih they fometiir.es cat with it, comes lall, except a Aii'. thin fyrup, with drifd apricots, raifuis, piflaehos, flices of apple-!, pears, or the like, fwimming in it; of of this each pcrlon takes a large fpot.iiUil, with fpooiis btoirjht in with it on purpole ; and thu . Iiiiillus the f.'pall. Water is their liquor at t.iMe, and after dinner they drink coHcc. Moil of their diOiis are grcaly either with fat or butter, and pretty high feafoiiid with (alt and fpiies i many of them are made four with verjuice, pomegraii.ite, or lemon juice; and onions ami garlic tie.jueiulv complete the feal'oning. I he l.idv VVorlley Moiira|Mie lavs 'hat, for the firft week, their cookerv pUalcd hii extremely ; but then prnwing wearv of their table, ftie dehied her took iniglit ;idd a liilh or two after our m.inner; but, at the (.mie time, acknowledges, that this might b'- owiti;: to i ultom, and that Ihc was ready to believe that an Indian, who 2J I A. *^y had n."\er tilKilof litlier, would prefiTf tlieir ockeiy ti) (ijrs. The Tuik. flip at about live oMiuk in the winter, .iiid lix ill the luinmer, in miuh the f.nie nuiiiu r .i'« thrv dine i and in wintir they fieiiueiiil', villt tachoiln r .iiid lit up Lite, when they hive a collation of (eveial Iwiil didiis. Hclidcs diniurand l';ip|i.T, tlivy lVei|uiiitly lat, within the coiiipals of the dai, lueral lorta of fiuii, .111 ordin;- to the f-.ilon. rile common people lia\c not liiis variety. lircad, dilib', Icbaii, buttei, rice, and a very little mutton, .ire ilieir principal (ood in the wintei ; as riie-bria.i, iheele, and Iruits aie in the fummir. Their priii. i[al meal ii in the evening, when they rtturn home iroin perforiiiiii;' the bufinels ot the day. Though wine and ('j)irit'. are fiippnfi.d to be only draltlc by the irreligious and liicntious, yet their ii;iiiiber i« more tli.in one would im.igine from thiir appeaiancc i (o.-as thefe liquors arc prohibited by tlmr religion, they are commonly dr.iiik in (cent at their gardens, or pi i late- ly in the night ; and whe.iever they cm come at liquor, il they once bcg.n, ihey gciier.illv diinkto .;ri.at excefs. I here aie, howiver, ollurs who drink Wiiie with mo- il; r.itioii, and (ay in cxeufe, th.it all the creatures of Ciod are good and diligiiid for the ufe of man ; how- i v er, that the prohibition of wine was an .ict of wifjom, and deligned lor the cuniiiKui people, among whom ic Wduld be the fource of iiilinite ilifordeis: but th.it the prophet III >cr intended to rellrain thofe ih.it nii'W iiovv to uleit with ilifcretion J m yetthelifs, Ic.mdal i';';;lu t<» be avoided, and therefore they luver think it in p bile. I hjs indeed i.. the jcneral way of thinking imor.g the fenlible p.irt of the people, vet) lew ol whom iilUc any Icruple ol diinking, wine tha' are ;iMc to aliur.l it. Coffee made very (Irong, without niiii; or lu'»ar, i, -x refnniment highly elleemed by every body; and .1 dilh o( it, preceded by a little wet fweet-liv at, which tr;-. ipii iitlv confids ot Confene of red rolls, Ih-irpened wvtli leiiion juice, and a pipe ol tobacio, is the uluajcntcr- t.iiniiH lit at a v ilit ; but if they chuofe to ui\- kfi cere- mony, they omit the fweetnieat. \Vheii the I iiiU< would III! w an extraordinary degr-e of n.fp.-;t, thiy alfo pnfeiit (hirbit , fprinkle rofe or .Her of a peo|i!e, what this goveriiiiiciit \ X X feeiin S I \\ ip !<■■■! I! , 'M It-,' 1/ 1 'i ! i{<5 A SYS r E M O [•■ G r. O (, K A I' H V. Tir;vV in Asia. h;4'l i 1 1 I < ; i' ■'I.. 11 !i! ... il b] n ' 1 1 1 , 1 1 ^ IPIP '^ ^ " (rrr^ to rf(juirc : for amidft thf iinintcrrnpetil (irios ♦• I'l fr.jmtlr^ M-iialil\, whiili rt;Mil.itcs tin' ilil'i li.ir^r ♦* i.»' c- ;ry pri\4if iliiiy, frotn tlic |>riiMc vi/.iii iIdwii- •' v..-f]j, :iid which, ill the iriic (pirit i)f iltl'pinilir., •» IS ^K only at thi* writth who ii Id'i lnw in iii.ilti" rc- *• ft )•..>'• i cvcrv )iih:iltirn lit piwir miilJ (iiliiiiii to th.it •' I '.rlion of thpKimmcn pnilJitiiiidii which lirli.ii;"> tn •• hi« r..M!(, ini' \.hith ihtTilorc fctiiib r.ithcr tlif mic •• < f :h- nifici- than kI the m.iii." I'jt, notwithlljiultin; the i>iiiiral ih.ir.i.nfr ol'pDiitL'- nc!'. C'":*trr,-, aiiJ !iii('|iii.ilit\, hv whiih the ^'rciit an.- p»-r-jli2.'ly Jii^ir!j;uilhid, the .Niahunnt.iiu, in nriiai.' litV, aiTamc 3 fuprrioiitv over all whn are i.t a dilleriiit faith, • hifh •» V.A perteuid bv thofe who dwell tor aeon fio«:jb!e tine aniimj thciii. 'I'hi-. I'.iiierallv iiiiie.ile. ami'ti^ the propic m pn portii'ii lc> their vieinilv u> Mceri : thu> the inhabitants of Alcppn h.ive a niiieh pr-jirr (hare nf it tlian Conll.nitiiuipii-, Siir.rna, .iiul tMiirr pl.'i.-< at a f.:rther dilt.inee, though it yieatlv de- cline* ; and, even in Svna, ftveral ha(hai> ha'. e cunterred itijfiv p' l'!ic honour.' on the Kuropeaii', that woiiKI for- n:ctlv hi. c liuffd gre.it piipiilar diliontent. .\ni(iii^ t!l? tomin"'n pC"p'e .in .ilVected i^raviie, with foine Ihare of J:i!imtii;::ion, is tuo ninli theii eliar.iiteiillie. .And thoucH ihry arc much aiMicted to ([uarn llin^ and abu- live ..r.jua^'C, none are lefs guilty of h;.>htin.!. How- ever, thc.iieh thev are fo prone to aii;;ir on ihe iiinll iriflinw occafions no people upon e.irth can he more calm when it i> for their iiitcrell : \et there arc people who dcferve a much hitter characHr, lor foine ot them arc poilcflcd of the utmull honour and integrity. S K C T. III. O/l'f Amuftmftiti aid Diver I'r.ni nf lln Turh ; purliiiiliii/y ttiir Smitiii>i£,tlfir tilting Opium, ihtir fin/itii;, SUrpin^., aiulGamti. Thtir Dun^in^, ll'itjilingyand M«]h. TflK mrii fmoak tobacro to i-rcat cxccfs, as do iranv ' h." women; and tite l.ihourcrs, or handicraft tradcfrTi.n, have j;cr.iially a pipe \\\ their mouths, if they arc ..SI • t J \>~ at the c.\prnce. 'I'hefe pipes arc made of ihr tWj. rf the chirry tree or rofe bufli, bored lor that purp-.fc ; at- ! thi'f;.' of fupi ri >r rank arc five or fix feet k»nj, and .idornrd with lilvcr. I'lic howl it of {.\is, aniofftn chanitd, thnuih the pipes themfclvcs lall lor ycarj. ,Mi;iv in .ililuent circunill.uiccs adupt liu: IVifuii manner of t'moakmL; with the caalean already defcribid. They life '.\\z I'crlian tobacco, which has an agreeable flavour, with thi-. inniuireiit, and what is (nioked this wav, i' f-"iJ to be attended with this advaiitaje, that r.tither the talle nor fnicll of it remain after wadiin^ the mouth. The pr.iclice of takin2; opium is not fo general in. Turkv Is is commonly iinajiiicd, lew ufing th' nifLlvc to if. Bv the debauchee, it is taken in various dec- ; tuarrs or confcclioiis, in which it is mi.xed with aro- ' maiicf -, ar-J fomc life it pur'. The confequciiccs that icfult from this ill h ibit arc the perlim's looking old an I bcfottrd, !:«e thofe who in Kutope have ruined their ronlJifution' by h.ird drinkiiu'. Ami thou:'li thev arc ft'dom c-!rtied oft" by drophes, or thofe otln r dileafes that aret.heufu:! confequfncesof an habit ofdruiikennefs, thf r (elJoin live to old aee ; bii', having firft loll their ipemofv, end moff of their intelLclual faculties, decline | Iiicc tSofc who fink under the wii ;ht of years. j The Turks hue no notion of the benefit of cxcrcife, cirhet for the ;-r'.ftrvalion of health, or curing of difeafes ; and Uu;;h at t.v Kr.iiiks or Kuropiaii Chriftians for tak- in:: a w .Ik, c'lcming it ridiculou-. to w.ilk merely for the f., thr.i;f;h tti'-y urc not fond of walking, are vriy ac^liv^- en horfcback, and in throwing' thejartcd, a flmrt ftaH', , wSuh thrv dirt \(ry ilixtcroiidv C'li horfcback ; and :i Hiv-t-f-cHt with thii weapon IS acommon entertainment. \ It is fiirprinni; to fee with what dexterity thev nianit •'. their hoifes upon tlule orcalioiis lo as ti> avoid luniiiiu againlf each other wh:n numbers are galloping lecniin'Iv in the grcatcit difirdcr. Thi', however, is hut Uljoni pr.iiitif.d, the prcatell part of their tunc being Ipmt in the iiiili.leiit indulgence of lolling on the r divans. As tlie I uik< III moll patts uf their Aliatic doniiiihins have no roiclifs, pirliuuof rank ride on horfebaik, anj III the lilies have anumbir ol fcrvants walking bcloio tliein, acconling to their rank, which, though it may be I'.ls tonveiiicnt in bad weather, ha.i a more iiunly, if not a grander appear.ince, than our ledans andcr.a^hes. Ihe ladicj of the greati Ik dilliiu'lioii arc obliged lo walk on foot, if th.'v go only a moderate ilillance \ but in iour- nics, the women nt lank aie cariied bv mules in a'liiier dole covered up, aiwl thole ol inlciior circumll.iiices are generally llowcd one on each fide of a iiiuie in a kind ot covered cradle. Moll ol the natives go early to bed, and rife betimes in the nioimng. They (lecp in tlieir drawers, and at Icall in one or two wailicoais \ an.l lomc ol them in win- ter in their fuis, Their beds only loiifill of a mairafi laid on the floor and over it a llnei, and in wiiiur a carpet or fomentlur vvcrillin covering , tlic other Ihtct being Icwed to the <|uill, which is tliruwn ovci them. A du.in-culhion olteii ferves them for a pillow and boU Iter; hut lome have a bolfKr and pillow like ours. When tlic tim'" of rc( ofe approachei they leat thcmlilves on this matrafs, and I'mokc till they find thtmlelve.s lU cpy, then lying down they leave their fervanis to cover them when aflecp j and m.iny of the people of rank arc lulled lo reft by loft niulic, or ftories told out oi t!ie Arabian Nights I'.nti rtainment, or fome other book oi the finic kind. Il they h.ippen to avvake in the niglit they Ii: up, lill their pipe, have a dilli of coft'ee made, and lo ir limes in the long winter-nights cat lomc of their fweet pallry, and thus fit till they drop ailccp again. In the fouthcrn provinces their beds are made in lummeriu their court-yar.l, or on the houfe-top ; and in the winter they chool'e for their bed-chamber the fmalKIt room on the ground-floor. I'hcy have always a lamp burning, and when the weather is cidd have fu'nucntly one or two pans ot charcoal, which is fometinus ot ill confequence even fo them, and would fuli'ocate fuch as had never been accullonicil to it. Their prim ipal aniufenients withindoors are plavmg at cheh, at which they are very expert, .iiid a km! of back gammon, both borrowed from the Herlians : then other divcrfions are playing at draughts, mankala, tabu- due, and the play of the ring, as they trriii i:, wr.ii which the great freipi.-ntly amufe thcnileKes in the w iikr evenings. This diverfinn ronfiits in gueiTing under what cotl'ee cup a rin^ is hid, out ot a number ot cups pla.cd on a large falver. Several engage in this play on ejch tide, and thole who uiii have the privilege of blacking the faces of thole who lofe, or of putting fu cap^ on their heads, and obliging them to Hand before tnem, wh'lc they fing extemjiore longs in their own prailV, and in derifion of the infers. Hut they treat none in this manner but their lervants, or their interiois, Ionic of whom, e'peri.illy if they have any turn for biitf.ionery, are always of the party. Thefe gamis are only iilcd by fhcTurks for amufement; for they never play foi moiiev, though they will fometimes go fo far ,is to play for an entertainment. Dancing is far from being reckoned an accomplith- ment among people of lafliion, and is fcarcc ever pr.ic- tifed among any of the vulgar, except fucli as make \ trade of it. Their dexterity confills let's in tiicir agilitv, th.iii in the motion of thur arms and body; puttin/^ themfelvcs in difl'erent attitudes, and ulinggcilures which, particularly among the female dancers, arc none of tnc moti decent. WielHing is alfo fometimes apart of their entertain- ment at their fclJivals. I'he wrelllers anoint their naked bodies, and have nothing on but a pair of breeches. At tlieir entran-e they llriit and hoalt fo much that pcoplL- might cxpcdt great matters from them ; but they i>reailv fail in the performance. Among their amufenients they have likcwile buH'ooiis, who cunilantly attend all metrv- ni;ik'n:;', in order to keep up the iiiirtb of the company. ■J he .It I 111, fm, tilt. ttio .Tre froi fcvvl .■".re adn the i ■• ;vV in Asia. ' they nunJ^-; avoid luiiiliii^ ;)Hi(; liciiiini;lv , i> but uUdiii bciiii^ r|Kii( ill r tliv.ini. alic duiiiiiiKini horlctuik, iiiiil ivulkmi; |)cliiic o;ii;h It nijy be ^' niiiily, ii'not ti.a^hts, 1 he teJ (o wjIIl oil ) but ill i.iur- lulcn ill a liitcr circumdaiici'i A A mule III a inJ tile bctimci r.iwt'f^, and at ol thcin III win- \\\ ot a mjtruli iiul m wiiiur a elic other Ihftt iwii («ci tliim. pillow and bul- 1!(>W litCL- UUFi. y li'at thiinlilves hnd ihtml'clve;! ("ervniiis lo cover ;o()lc of rank arc told out oi the IK- other book ol ikc ill the iii^tit ot coffee made, cat lome of their ull.i|j aj;ain. In «df in lummer in and in the wiiitei finalKll room on a lamp burning, jently '"ic or two I ill conlequencc k-i had never been ciors »re playmt; and a kiiil »f I'trfiaiis ; ihii. , Miankala, tabu- i-y term i:, wuh :Kei in the wiiicr •lliii!; under what r ol cups placed -111 play on each liege of blackiiit; ing fo"'^ CJP^ "" nd before trtim, heir own prad?, treat none in thn nferiois Ionic ot 1 for biiti.ionerv, arc only "led by r pl.iy for nionev , ,s to play for an d .in accomplifh- fcarcc ever pr.ic- it fuch a» make ,i fs ill thcit anilitVi I body ; puttiii.; iigj;crture5 which, aic none ot tnc f their entertaln- inoint their naked of breeches. At Inuch that people but they u'reaily aniufenients they attend all mcrrv- h of the coropaiiv. Tf.'vKV in Asi.t, A S The miific of this country conlid. of two forts one f.if the til-Id and the other tor th^ chamber. The firit I, ptilornied bclore the halhai and thi; other I'.rcat nuli- i.iiv oflicci^,and isalfoiikd in llitir ^'anilons. It con. lii;. of tninipet-., cymbals, li.iiitlMi. ■., (horiir but llii illi-r tliaiiour^, ..II. I lai^'O drums, the upiicr head of whi. Ii i. beat upon with a heavy driim-ltick, and tir- lower with a I'm ill iWitch, Hefides ihei • ihcy have Im.-ll ilruim, w'lith are heat allir the iiiaiinir of our kcltle-diuiiii > tins muric li.u a pretty t',o"J i^rt'ect at adilJancc-. Their chamber mufic contill. ut a i-u.ttar, an Arab fiddle, a dulcimer, the dcrvilCN Hute, which is blown in a \erv particular manni-r, a coiiplo ol Inull diuins, and the dili. Thiiilalf inllrunuiit chiellv Krvcs to licit lime to the voice, whieh it tieqiiently the woillof .ill (hell mulic ; for many id' them bellow lo hideoiifly, as tj fpoil what would be otherwih; h.irmoiiii'iis. Thii dirf" is a hoop, over which a piece of p.irihmeiit is extended, and loMi'-tinies pieces of brafs are lixed in it to make a jii'.^liiij;. It is beat witii the rtiiLiers, and is the triic tvmpanum of the antients, as is evident from its fit'iire i,i fever il rcli'.-xos reprefciuin;^ the ritci of Cybcic and the ori;iea of Uacchui. 'I'hcy have likevvife a kind of Hute, which relembles the aiitient lyiinx i but as lew can play upon it, it is not much iii'ed. lielidcs thele inlituments th«y have a kind of ba^'pipc, which niaiiy idle fellow> pl.iv upon in the llreets of Aleppo, in older to o'lt.iin mom y liom the pall'enj;ers. The Turks are aeipi.iinted with the different me.i- Jurcs uled in mufic, and have names for them ; but, being iinaciiuainted with the method of writing mulic by notes, thev are ol)li;'ed to leaiii entirely bv the car; however, when fevtral perl'oiis play toj/etlur, they keep ixai't lime, all playing the fame, for they have neither bafs nor anv other paii:. in miilie. Si.nie aulhois have laid, that the 'I'lirk-. have no mulic but what is (liockini^ to the tar ; but thev pr.-.;n vvro two low-, ot fophas covered with t urliinn" an! rich carpets, on whiih fat the l.idies, niid i •] the lleoml their flaves behind thein, all in the Oatc i :' n.itiire, without iiiy bcautv or defect c'mc;aU-d ; yit rli.r • cl-.] not appear the Icalt wanton Imile, or immoiK (I ■.•t!i|...e. They walk d and moved with the maiellic grace with whi'.h Milton defcribes our I'tncr-il m.itlier. Manv 1 i! i ' a ' ;• f' in ■''■'•1: : , ft # among them were as finely proportioned as ever an\^ goddch was drawn by the pencil of a (niido or I iti:::i, rihfn Of tic Ba^rihi ; the Manner in whhh the Mm art ivajhcd; '' and mart of their fkins of a ftiinin.' white, only adoi:i- uith im /Iccount how the Wamtn Ipenit their 'J imc there : cf cd by their heautil'ul hiir, ilivided into many trelVes, the Irtroauflion of II KriiL', aril the Manner in '.vhith a han!;in;; .-;:> their (houlders, braided either with pearl or Iceman it trental after her Lyiw in. Of Cilfei- Hmj'n^ ribbon, perfectly refembling the (i;;iires of the graces. ar.J iht Dtitiiing-Hiufci of theTtob in general. This illuUiious I idy obfervcs, that flu- was here con- vinced of the truth of a reflection that (he had often IN :.ll the great towns are a number of public bagnios, made, " That were it the fafhion to go naked, the iVeipieiitcd by people of all I'ects and conditions, " f icc would hardly be oblerved ;" for the ladies whii « \tep! thole ol a vciy diltingiiilhed rank, who have gc- had the inolt delicate (kins, and linelt (1i.i|h', had the iiii..i!y baihs inihcirown hoiifes. Onenteiinij a bajnio greatcil (hare of her admiration, thmigh tlieli t.ices were >ou come ml" a large bitty room, in the midit of which fometimcs Icfs beautiful than tlmle nf their eoMpanioiis. is ui'uallv a fiiiiiilain with a bali.ii. 'Ibis apartment is ! They were in different poftures, fnme in convcrfatinn, LnrouiUiid with lophas, and here the people drcfs and fome drinking coH'ei or (herbet, others worUine, ami iiiuiufs ; the air not being influenced by the heat of th? ' manv negligently lying on their cuflii.ms j while then- bath, cMejit jull at the door, which opens into a Imall flavcs, who were moltly -.igreeable yovii.; women rif a- room that i pretty warm, and liom thence into a bout fevcii'ecn or eighteen, were employed in bi aiding larger th;t is very hot. About the tides of thele two their hair ii. fevcral pretty fancies, to.m'.s are it!.i.illy placed rnuiul Konc-bafons, about two i This, in fhort, is the women's cotfec-hoiiCe, where icet and a half in diameter, with two cocks, one of hot all the news of the town is toll. They ul'ually take and tiie other of ctild water, lo that it may he tempered this divcilion once a week, and rt.'.y there at lead four at ple.il'ure ; .;nd tliere are copper-bowls lor pouring it or live hours ; but it is lurpiiling thev do n.it yet cold by immeiiiately comin" out nf the hot-bath int.v tiio ceiol room. It mud not be omittid, that it is di..^ i for any man to get admillion lo thole bagnios vvhcn the l.:dies are there. We (hall now give the reader a delcription of the re- ception of a Tiirkifli bride, Ir.im another of ti;.- IctUrs of the i':'.mc noble and learned lady. the c^icm.uiies I oblerved c i' that rjccafinn, (he lays, m.u!e tier lecillci't the epith..l.imiiim of Helen by Tli'ocrit.is. .Ml the fe- I male friends, relations, and acquaintai-.ce (;f the two Wh, n a II ..ii enters the hot room he fill} applies the families newly allied meet at the tsas'iMo, aiii others go- dewa, 4 iiicJ:tiiie for takiiij; otf the hair tiom th? pubis : ing out ot cuiiolity, there were near v\o hundred wo- men ii; 1 1 tl-.e bod','. In the corners of the inner room are (mall ittlring places, in one of which is tre(|iicntly a ciitirii of wum water, about four Icet deep, and lar'.;(- tiiou'.'h fir bathing the whole body. All thcCe nioni'. arc covered with domes, and the inner receive their light from fmall openings in the dome covered with glafs. A few bagnios are folely for the ule of the men ; oiliers are appoi-itcd i'or the women only : yet molt of them udnlt both lexcs, t.Sat is the men in the morning, and the •.vomm in the alternoon. •TO A s Y s r I. M o I ci t () (; n a i' ii v, TfHRy in Awa. mru pufiiit. Thoic tlvit wtri- iir ha-l In- n m;iiil..l pLiicil llumlJu-i niiiiiil llii- r')i>ni>, nit I ho iii.iil.Ic lo- pli.ii i but tlic uifiiM h.iilily threw «irt' thui ilii.iHii, ui)>l iipiK'.irtJ with.!iit "(hrr uni.niuiil or muriii;' ih.iii thiir i.wn li.n ; h.iir, ln.nlul wilh pciiloi rililniii. l'w> (il';!K'in iiic't the liii.Ic .it tho il.mr, cuiiiliuhil lulir niotliir iiiiJ amuhtr j-ravc rcl.itiim. Mw w.n .i U .nn liil II1.11.I lit' .iliout icniUiiii, \>rv nthly ilrcllnl .it>il rtiihiii^' with jcwil-, I'lit w.is I'l' liiilly inliiiiil til ihr (1 iti- ol' M.itiitc, I'm) Dilurs hlkd liKcr jiilt l■lllll■l^ wilh piTlumi-, aiul bc^jan the procclli.ui, tlu- ri'l* tul- l.iwiiiy III piir» In ihf iiiiiiiVr ot thii!\. I hi kjul^r* lull;: .111 cpitliil.iiiiiiim, ;iiirwii>Jby the nthtr.t in ihn- tuN, ami thi- twoi.ill ill the l.iir tiri.li', lunvn lixul tin tlu- jTiiiiii,!, with .1 i.hvriiiin); ;ilK.cl.ili.iii ot im)>lill\. In l!iis orJii tliiA ni.iri.hi J rinml the thii.i' l.irm- nxiiiH I.I tile ba[^!nii>. 'ri» lint ealy, I.i)h nin iiniiu.r, tn rc- prilciit th. lu.mtv I'l this (Vj-,lit, nmll nl ihmi bcni''; \M.)\ pr.ip.iTli incil ami wlii.- Ikiiimil ; nil nl them per- ualv liiionth, jn.1 p.ililh.d by the lieiiuiiit lU'e of ll.Ullill^. Ihe biile was tlitn li.il to o\ery iii.itrnn iniiiu! the Mom>, .111.1 liytuth wa» l-liit J with .i iniiiplimciit ami a prJ'.iU, (nmc nljewils nlhers nl' pieiii nl lliirf', li.iu.!iirretiii.:'s, or little gal.uilin ■• ot thai nature, which Ih.- thntiked them I'm hv killiiij.' their haml-. Or. liiillel, who r..r a li;ii^ tmie pr.ictil-ii phvfie at Ak-|ipi), oliliufs tli.il the liill time a wniiiaii of the fuiiiitrv, wIkiIkt Chiilliaii, link, or Jew, ynes to the l!.;.-tiio al'tei iliiM-biaiiii-', Hie n I'e.iiul in mie of the w.ilhili;; pl.iee> of the iiimr rnnni, ami the midwife nibs lur oser wilh a i uii.l nihir Ipiei'. >% '•>iiir.)It\ lornu-d nl .Muiaie wnik nl varioti. mlnurcil iiuible, a. 11 aim the fithii ol a lat :e hall, whiih hai a iiipnl.i loni, and Ireiiueatly a louiitAiii in the iiuJJIr, or at uiie I'llJ. S K C 7. V. O/ /■ • Lejimni of ll.i 'I Mr it, iin.l llnir liltlt Skill m lit 6'., lamuiH nf the eiillnni'., and tnnliderable imuhant<, lan neiihrr 11.1.1 nor wiite; th< ir voiith are, linue\er, iii.w iKttir l.iii ;'hi ib.in Iniuuilv, ihniij'h their tdueatinn I'eldnni enumls l.iither tli.in rtadiiij(the I lakilh lan^'iia^r, and a litiU- nl the Koi.iii, and writing; a enmninn letter, eii- eipt ihnle who are bird to divinilv .md the l.iw, wl.iih aie heie einl'ely .lilied ; and the prnfilliiri nf bnth .ciic> r.illy piitend to have likt wile Inme I'Kill in |' > !;e. A tew nl the t'liiks mideilland allioiioinx, fa l.ir n^ to be able loialeiilate the tinu nf an eciiple ; but the nuniber i.t ihfle beiiij; very lin.ill, tliev jtTi- Innked upon a« cx- liaordiiiarv piifmiv. However, thirr are ^Tcat nunibeii who preuiid to iimlerllaiid juiiicial aliioln^v, in whit.h the I iiriit have creat faith. 'I'liev have a eoiilider.iblc number of collepc*, but little IS taii^'ht in them : lor as thev are fnquciitly ercel- ed by the limnders, pailly as an at. iiemcnt lor the aeli of opprilUnii bv whieh they obtained ihcir wraltii, and onipnl'iiinn of '.'iniier, pepper, nutnuns, ! partly to leeiiie li.me nl n to their delcendants, whnin m.ule into a kind of electuary with they appuint eiiratnr» of ihefe elldon■n^cnt^, thefe fre- Imniv. In this manin r Ihe lit.i Im Come iinie, while ' ipieiitly appi) to their own private uli: what I'ttmed in- thi- otiicr women expr. Is their joy by lintiiii;,'. I'lic la.iv i' aftervv.inis wallud ile.iii, and this Imnli'.s the ftiemonv. This tluv imaijiiie is very llnii^iheiiiiii, and pievei'.tsmany dnnrders whieh wniild otheiwile in- fue alter ilelivery \ and thiy likewile uCe it after re. covciii.,; I'liiin aiij, l'e\eie lit nl illiiels. Ill the gi.Mt t.iwtis are enrt'ie-houl'es for the men ; but thii arey,eneially Irequeiited by none but the vul- jiir. I he iii..lkr ufually provides lui the eiueri.iinnient tif his eiillomeis a eniutrt nf niiilie, a (Inrv-teller, and I'.iitieuliily at the I. all nl R.miadan an nlvieene kind of puppet flievv i and Inmilimis timibltrs and iii;,');lers. The rurkldl hollies arc, in general, enmpofed of iipartnuius nii caih nf the li.lusnl a lipiare toiirt all of finiie, wlitre it eaii be convenieiuly pl.ites they are niilv built of wood. Ihefe llriictiires Litifirt nf ii i;rouii.l Ik'or, whieh is j.^eiierally aiehed, and i'..i upper iKiry flat nii the top, and iiihir terraced with hard |. latter, or paved with Hone. The eeiliniM are of wind neatlv painted, and Innutimes j;ilded, as are likc- wii'e the paiiiieh nf I'nine nf their rouiii:,, the cupiinard t!cior>, of wliieh liuv have a jjreat luiniber, and the wiii- d )W ill I'i.i.s, w.iieli t.ikiii lot.>,ithir liave a very a^reea- l.e erieei. Over the doors and windows within the houfi ivijikd I'm the bent lit of the publie, and the I'chooi I'ikhi the jreneralitv nf tb; Turks vilii tlieir funeral', as at othei tiine^. are native Chiiltians, and a few f!u . of the Turks are iiiferihed nmial pallai;es out nl o:an, or verles eiihirol tln.ii own eom(H)l"iiiL', or taken I'lo-.n Inme of their molt eekbrat-d poeis. 'The court formed by the luui iides ol the houfes is neatlv p.ived, and has j;enerally a bafnii with a foun- t.iin in tnc middle, and on one or both tides is a fmall I'pnt kit unpaved lor a ki.id nf garden, wliieh freqiient- I) dots lint exceed tvvonr three yards tijuaie. The ver- dure heie produced, with the addition of flowers in pots, and the fountain playm^', vvuuld lie a very agreeable liL'I.t :o t!ie palleiiger were iheic opeiiinj's to the ilrcct t'.liiiujh which thele n,i;:ht be feeii; but ttiey are intirelv (luit up with double doors, I'o contrived, as that when cjiened, non;- lan look into llie inner court, and there are no windi.ws to the tlreet, except a fwv in the upper room-, (othat nothiiii; is perceived but dead walls, which ■ ive the itrecLs in all the Turitiili towns a very dil.i- grecible appearance to the huropians, .Moll nl the lioufes of people of dittiiiguillied rank liavc an arched al- cove within this court, open to the north and oppolile to the f.nint.iin. This alcove has ils p.ivement railed a'.iout a loot and a half .ibove that ol tiie yard to krve lor A divan. Between it and the luuntain the pavvinent niht ot tne punnc, ami the ichool Iikui luiis to decay. Sev.-rjl of thel'e have a library j and ji lew private men among the learned have lomc books, but they feldoin m.ike much ik nf ihem. Tile Turks bclieie in predeilinatiun, and )rt are pcr- I'uaded tliat as (lod has aHiiCted mankind with dil'- ealcs, he has alio km them rcnieduj pinpcr kir their leinvery, and tlieretnre thole whopiactile ph)fic arc ve- ry nuineioub, and well cllecmid. The doctrine of piedell:ii..;ion has, however, fuch ait cttecl, that dumu' the plague, wliicu lomi'.fines iJ;;es very viidcntlv, the mailicts are all npi n, and there is as ^leat a plenty nf proi ilioiis .is at .iiiv nilii r time. I be lliiil , thnii^h not (|uite ki much cmwde.l, are puny i but in nianv ] full nl people \ ain' the I'iek, and attend Tiieir phyfician^ Jews J for the Tuiks lekiom make tios their proleirioii. However, tnoti nf the phyticians of tliis country are e.jrii^ioully ignorant i tor they have iiu toileges, in winch any branch ol phjiic is au^ht, and as the dilTet- tion nl liunian b.«lics is lu.t allowed, aiii! thitnf frules is never thought nt, lliey have a very impirleet idea o.* the iituation of the parts, or thtir ditlinct otKees. 'Tliev are alk) totally ijjnorant of the ule of cheniillry in medicine. J iuy have the works of fomc of the Arabian writer?, particularly Ebcnfina, whole authority is indil'putabic with them. They have alk) kmic tr.inflatinns of Hip- pnerates, Ctalen, Oiofcoriiies, and a few other Cireelc writers ; but tlieir copies .-ire ;^ejicrallv very incorrect, lleiiee the Hate nf pliylic in this country, js well a.i every other tciencc, is at a very low ebb, and far from being in a way of impiovcnieiit. S K C T. VI. Of l/.tir Marria^ei end Funrruli, TilL tender paflion of love can here have very little Ihare in promoting matrimony. Molt of thew.j- nieii are inarried Irom the age of fourteen to eiijhteen, and otien looner ; but the young kdks never i'te one .uiniher till the cereinonv is pertormed. I he mairi.ifjes of the Tuiks, as among other eaftirn nations, are ulually bioujjht about by the ladies. The niulhvi ; 'li'llKV m.iihtf ime all I ,i'll|llllV ,11- .lileu » ill III' I p Ml th .inJ I in I I ►iK to III liir, ,u\ .1 k. M lit ther eafttrn idles. The niutlici ; 'linKV in AuA.' .s tn'itheri, in onkr to liiij a pr..j);r witc iVir ilicn (..iis i.iiii- jll ii|<,'c)r(uniti< . 1)1 iiitriHl.ii'iM^ Ihciiilclv". mix i.mi|i:lllV VcluTf thcv iX|u'>.-t til ItC voiiii'.; wuiiifii «li> 4ii- iliii'ii/.a^f'l. iiiJ will II ihi y mcit witli mn; tluv ilirnk will he 4.'m.ibli', nuki tli' |,iiip(irai id (ui iiii>(hrr. (. |i III thi« (hr j'irl'i luiinly enquire iiKo the rli.iraitrr .iiul lire iiinll.incti III thi. voimi; 111:111, aiul il^ilt.iiri uk- Imlv (» he jiljiilK->l, hl^ (.iilirr malcci jl.irnul ilrin,iiiJ III ht'r, thr pruc i« lixr.l ih.it the nww i> to |i.iv lor litr, «iiJ it li' '•iiri- i» |)rn>iirid (rom thi; lu.ly lot tlirir tii.ir- iiUL't'. K..irh III the vnuiii' lolkn thi-n .i|>poiiit a I'loxy, wlio nUTi the imaum and lrvt-i,il nl llii' iiliIc rcl.iiiiins .iiul .illi'i ix.-lininiMK wilMi lli'^, toprovi- th.ii lliolc proxio air ii'i;iil.irly appoiiitid, hi' ulki llii.- oiiv it In- he willing to piiuh.ile till' luiilc lor liiJi a liiin ui iiiiiiuv, aiij ilir iilhrr il he be latnltnl with ilie liini i wlitii, heiii'; aii- CAaeil in the .itlirm itue, he joiii', their haiiw,, an. I the iii'iiii't h'in.' p.iKJ, ih^- liargiin i> concluJed with aprav-r (Hit lit tin ki'r.iii. Alter thi>, ilif hndv^'rooin may take home hi* briJe win MinT lit' lhlllk^ proper, and the day JHiii^r fixed, he iiiiil to let her l.iinilv know it The moiiv/ he paid fur h' I is l.iid out III liiriiiiiiri for one ihaiiilur, wiiii fill iths, jewels, andothei ornaments lor the bride, whole tjiher makes loine .iddilioii, aeeurdinj; to hi-i cirriim- ll.nKe^, anJ all are lent with j;reat poiiip to the hri.le- ••riKHn'i hoiil'e thiee days lielorc the widdiiii'. lie .it the lame time invites .ill hi< Iriends and aei|uaintani>', and if a man in power, nianv others 1 lor all who are m- Mled fend prchnts whethtr ihry |.,o or not ; and a kind of open houfe IS kept lor levciat days pricedin'/ the wed- ilmi;. On the day appointed, the women ito from the lnuli'Liroom's hniile, and hrin^ home the bride, aceoinpa- iri.ll'vhir mother, and other leipale lel.lIi(l|l^, when e.uhlex makes nurrv in lep.iiate apartmmts till iii:;lii. The men, bavin" ilrelled the brideiTooni, intrixiuee hiiii til the door ol the woini ii's .ip.iiliiKnt, where hii uwn liinalc lelitions meet hmi, and proceed I'lnL'ini; and daiicin;.' before hini to the Hairs footot the hiide s apart- iniiit, when Ihc is brought half way down (tairs to re- ceive him, veiled with a [liecc of red fviiiic, and he bav- in.; condiiolcd her up Hails, they are kit to ih^nilelvis. Any woman that dies unmarried ii thou;;ht to die in J Hate of reprobation. To eonnmi this belief, they fay, that the end of the ereation ol woman is to enereaie .imJ multiply ; and that ihe is only properly employed in the works o;' her calliiii;, when Ihe is biiii^in;; forth ehil- liun, or taking; tare of them, which an all the virtues that tiod cxpeds from her ' and indeed their way of life, which excludes them Irom all public commerce, dnis not peimit them any other. Ilnue many of thole WHO :;re molt fuperllitious, are no looiirr widows than thcv marry af;ain .is loon as they can, lor fear of d^mi; 111 the wicked Hate of m\ ulelcl. treatuic. IJut thole thai lilce their liberty, and are not Haves to their teli;:ion, ruMteiit thcmlelves with marryiivi when they are aiiaid ol dying. This, lays our author, is a piece of theo- ioL'V, veiy difterent from that whiih tcach>.s nothin..;io i-e more acceptable to Ciod than a vow oi perpetual \ii'.;inity. Anion',; the Turks it is aprcatcrdifL^ract to be married and not fiuitful, than it i-. with us lor a woman to be fruitful before marriage. '1 hey have a notion that whenever a woman leaves off bringini; forth children, (he is too old for it, whatever her face lavs to thecon- tury. This opinion, fays the ingenious lady, whofe let- ters we have fo often quoted, makes the women fo ready to make proofs of their youth, that not contenting them- lelves with uliiii; the natural means, they llv to all forts of i]u.ickrries to avoid the fcandal of bein^ paH child- Loarin.;, and often kill thcmlelves by them. They are riliieclcd according to the number they produce, and therefore when they arc with child, il is common for ihiin to (jt\, thrv hope God will be lo merciful 2s to lend then two ihis lime ; and when I, the above lady aiids, haveallced them fomclinies, how they e.\|H:clcd to ; :>' idc lor Inch a flock as they deliie ? they anlwcr, that the plauue will certainly kill half of them j which, indeed, generally happens, without mui h concern to i!ie parents, who arc latished with the vanity of havini; brought them forth. What appears nuH wjnJcrful, i- , 23 I A. V ihr Lximptiiiii they recm tu ciijiiy fruni i\\i curie entail I d oil (lie II. II ol the h X ; for the ladiei fee company iiu ihe djv III thvir delivirv, and at the ii/itiil^'hi't end ru" turn kilits, Ut out m their jcu> l> and new cloalhs. I he I iirks keep then w ius At l.onio a< imuh a l!i 'y can , but the hulbiiid, let Inni be iter lojvalnui, is ob- liged til luher them to ^ n frctpii ntly to ihi: lia(>,niu i and Mondays an>l Tuefda\ . are a kiii>( of lumUJ diys fui their vilitiiig the tombs of their den alid iilaimns, wliuli adoiiU them an opjiottuiiity t,f w.dkiii.; .ibioad in tli'i Karden> or lielJ' , L' poll the death «if a Turk, the womiii immediately hiirlj forih into Ihiieks, whivh they loiitniiie tiil tliu holly 11 interred, which is done as loon as | 'idilije. They liilt wall) the corple upon a l.ii^e lalde, .md hating Hopptd all the ii.iliiial paliages w lib Cotton, to pn venc any moiHuie oo/.iii^ mil, whuh would under th' body unclean, they m ran it ui amiton iloih, .ind la; it in a kind ofcofBn neaily in the foim iil'id by us, only the lid riles with a led/e in the iiiiddh , and .it the head Hand > up a woiNlen batlw in about a loot Ion >, onwhiihtlii- pioper head-drels ot ilie deceafeil is pi. iced if it be a mm i but if it be a woman a hia.l-dnii i. placed upon It ll.ii oil the top like a tieiiehiT, and over it is thiowii .1 handkerchief. The middle pait of the p.ill has a fmal! piree ol the old coveiiii;; of the Holv-hou e at Mecca i but the reH is of no paituulai Huff' or colour. Upon t:ie pall are laid fome of the bell ( loatl.s winch beli'ii;^ to the deccaled. In carrying the corpfc fit iho grave a number of Oieiks with tattered l)aiineis w.iik lirlS tbeii c miic the male tiRiid^, and alier them the coipi'e, carried with the Iliad lonmoH upon men's Ihoulikrj. 'I he bearers are okeii leluied, loi uii I'uch lolimii ocral'.ons eiiry paH'eii^er thinks it meritorious lu leii I a helping h md. [he iKarett mile relations tollow the boi!\, aiivl the women dole the pioiellion with dre.idfu! (lirieks, vvlii'e the men are all the way employed in fiimin ; prayers out ol tilt' Koran. In this oidir thiy procieJ m a inof(|ii>-, where the bier is let t'owii in the couu-vaiJ, ut! ! a ler- vice IS faiil by the itiiaum ; affr wlii Ji thi. ciiple is car- ried in the lame ordir to the bury iiij;-p!.ice, whith is generally in the fields. The^jraves, which lie eaft and weft, are lined with Hone, and the cotpk' beiii^ taken from the bier is put in a poHuie between fitlini> ar.dlyiiij; on the right fide, with the head to the wcllward, and the f.ice tovv.:rds Mecca. Smne laith biiin; placed beliinl the body to keep it Heady, the (;ravc is covered wiili I >ii^ Hones, which go acrofs and pievent the earth ihty throw over them from f.illiiij^ in upon the corpfc. The imaum throws on the lirH h.indful of eailli, fajing at the lame t.me the followin;^ words ; " O man, from the earth " thou weit at lirll created, and to the earth thou doll " now return. This grave beini; the firft {\v\i \\\ thy " progrefs to the manlioiis of the other world, if in " thy actions thou hall been benevolent, thou art ab- " foUed by God ; but if, on the contrary, thou li.ill: " not been lo, the mercy of (lod i-. greater than ;.ll " thinys. But remember, what ihou didft btlieve in " this World, Thai (lod is tiiy Lord, Mahomet thy " prophet, and in all the pro|ihets and apoHles, " and pardon is extenfiie." Every one prellnt then throws on a handful of earth, faying, " (iod be mer- cilul to the deeeafed." At each end of the grave is let up a Hone, upon which is commonly wrote fume prayer, and it is ufiial to place a pillar with a carved turban at the top of It at the head of the L;rav ; and as tluir tur- bans, by their diHerent fhapes, (liow the tjualitv or pro- fertion ol the wearer, it is in a manner piittin.; up the arms of the deeeafed. Thefe Hones continue a long time; tor on no tK'cafion are they ever removed. The fepukhres of particular laiiiilies are r.iiled in, and the burying-places take up a confiderable fpacc loaiid thi cities. The neareft relations pr.iy .it the (rravc on the third. lays a after '■ that day twelvemonth af^ter the period's deceal'e, and on e.ich ol ibofe days aipiantity ol provir.onsis drclled and given to the (XKir. Every Monday or Tuefday the wo- men dri Is the tomb ^vith flowers, ci green Icncs, ami Y \ v with I J thir inisliTliint hihavc with a firm aiiH llcMily toi titiiili-. Till' miti wear iiii inouniin'! ; hut llw women ilrifs in iliiir ^'ravi II idliiiirci! iluaili', ami Wi-ai a In I'l ilicis ol J d»rk bru k-iUill i cilour, 'llu n jewrli am! all othtr ornaiiiint!! arc laid aliJi- tor the Ip.iii- t<\ Iwilve ninnth'- whin ihiy iii'Mirn lor a luill>iiul ; anil I'lx nionths il it lie Cor tluir fathii. Thile peiiods ;irr not, however, %irv lliiitiv (ihreri-eil upon all in\ ilioii'. •, hut In Ion' the willow I an tiiairv a;'aiii,()u' nnill mourn (oitv ilav», without lea\ in;' the lioukot (prakiii;; to anv prrlon more than i. ahloliili Iv Mi.iillai\ ; and ihr. prohihitioii cxtilids C'Mii to liii neault ulalinii', s K c r. VII. 0/ tht Rtlirhn tf the Imh. Wr ni.il! not hire riiter into ,••, part'eular diferip- tion of the dfChiiRs olMahoineiilm, ol whu h we have nlriailv ^iven a prritv loiii; aec'iuiu in treaiinj' ot'l'iili.i \ and haie ihire alio (hiwii in what the dil- liiinic hitwien tlu nli;;iiinoC tin I'liliaiis and the 'I'urks prii'cipallv eonliHs. Mahonii liliii is laid to he di\iJiJd into as ii'aiiv llilts as C'lndhjiiii' , and die (irit iiidituli.ll appears to he m much nepjieled and ohieured bv intcprctations. A londiieC' (or nivlteiie , and alo\e ot' no\elties, as will a. the ditlerent lormation ot the human mind, and the virion-, liphts in whii h luhje.is appear to the uiuleillaildin,-, have heeii iheie, as well as ainon^; iis, the (ource ot the widilt dirfeienets in re- ligion j and the 'I'urlcs biliavewith is niiu h /eal in the f.ippoil ot their opinion', as the Chnllians in Kiirope, tho' it has not been attended with all the ilreadliil elfeiils which have l)eeii prodiieed .imoii:' the C'lii iltians hv a i)iileiutiii[; (pint. The moll pieiailiu", opinion amoiiji the'I'uiks .it prii'ent is (aid to he ih.it ol plain deilin ; but there are iii ne there who let up (or wit, either by deilarini; thul thi y believe there is no (iod, or bv hlal'- pheiniiii; him, aiiJ featin;», with familiat ioiitein| t his i'u red name. Chant-, ienioined iiithr ftron;',e(l terms in tie Koran, and till I'utk;. aie umarkahle li>r aels ii(' beiievoleiiee to the poor .'.lid the diHrelicil, aiid.iie even eaielul to pre- vent the untoitunate beiii;', ndiieed to ,ieee(Iilies, Thev 'epaii hi'hwav, erci I iilleins ol water for the eonve- iiicnie o* ti.i\eller5, bmldk.mm or earavanlir.'.s tor their reeeption, and fonie deiout people, il is (aid, ereiit flieiK bv the wav-lule, ih.'t the weary tiavel'er may lit unilei the fhaJe .iiul t.ike his refrelhmenl. Iiiehaj iv. of 1 lie Ko:an .ire the (ollowiii^', injuncHoiis : " Shew •' kiiidiufs t I thv parents, to thy lelatioiis, to orpluii-, " to thi' poor i to thy neijjhhmu who is related to thee, " ajul to thv lit ghhour who is a Ihamjei ; to ihv la- " liiili.ir tonij anion, lo the travellir, .imi to the captive " whom thv rij;ht hand hab t.nkeii : (or Ciodhueth not " the pioud, the vam-glorious, the covetous; or thote •' who bellow their wealth in older to he leeii of " men." They lume their children as (iion as thev are horn, whrn the father puttia;; Come (;rains of (itt into tluir miniili', and liftiii,' them on hi[;h, as dedieatini; them to (Jod. he ciies out, " (lod i;raiit my Ion Si)lvm.in *' tliat his lioiv nam- may be .e. favoury in thy month " a* this lalt, and that he may prelerve thee (roin heinj; *' ton much ill love with the world." As to the inlanis whu die voun.: hi ("ore they are cireiimeiled, they believe ihey are favid by the circumtilion o| their fitliei. 'rhLir I hildien are not lireuiiKiled like thole of the Jewi at ci,lit day 1 old, but at eleven or twelve, and I'lmclimes at fourteen or Mteen yei'ts of a-'c, when they ;:rt a'>'c in make a |.ii.ki!i( :) of theii laith. t )ii the d.iv f.M'J fvr ihii ccicilioiiy, ih;; bi'V ik lei in hoifcbael., .tnd caiidiicleJ, with mullc, id'i ill the town ; and on his ii turn is eireumeiled in his I'.itliti s lioiile. I he im.iu;n ur priilt makes a flioit exiioiiation, and enules him to make hi:, piolilliuii ol lailli, bylai.n" " 1 here is ;io < lod but ( iod, and Mahomet i.< h's pio. " phet, ■ liien orders the liirpeon to pl.ue him upon a loplia, and perform the operation. I wo lerv.inis hu!J a I loth IpieaJ out helore li.e child'.^ tacc, and the Itir- f.'eon having drawn the (ore (k;n as low as he can with- out prejudice, holds it with hi.s pincers while he cuts u with a razor ; and fhi win ' it to the adiliaiits, critj, " Ciod is preat.*' The i!:iM ciu:, oul with pa.n ; liyj cverv one comes iii umaratulate him en hi'., he uii; ad- mitted into the rank of a inuliuhr.an, or believer ; and on this oec.ilion a (ealt is nude (or all the relatigiis ;;iij liuiids, who are verv merry, and (ptnd their tiiae in dam iii;^ and (in^'ini;; and the next day thyi'e who are in- viled make prelenti to the thdd. Sonic are admitud to eireiimi ilion at ieveil or eij;ht \ .arsold j but tins is only upon exti-aordiiiary occah lU:.. In cal'e ol powitvitis iiliial to liay till thev are lourtvcn oi f.ficcn \ .uul then if '.he parei;ts are un;:tk to delray the expellee, they «.;,i nil the Ion ol (ome rich perlon i, ciicuiiiciled,i n wliiili ocialion the riihmak" prelciits to tin voiitlu th.ii are I ire iiiiu lied with thtir lojis, ai.il i-ue libei.d .:!ins to their poor nei^'hUnns, that bv their prayers the iluinc i>race may delcend upon their ihildaiid Ins ljiiu!>. Wlun anv reneiMilo Cliiidian .-. i iii iimeiled, two b^ioiia are uluallv earned alter huii, to iialhcr the alms uliii:i the (pii'lalurs Ireelv i ive. I hole who \re iiiiiiu.,i;, ciled, wlutlier I'urkilh childien or Chrilliaiis, aie nd j allowed lobe preknt .il their public pia\ers; .m,; u I thev aie talaii in their iiiolipK:, iliiy are liab' to i I impiiled or hum'. We h.ive already iiiwii .in recount of the f ll i,; Kamudam, which the I inks ohfei ve exaiilly in the (.in,- ; manner as the I'erliaiis, and (hall hi redeleiibe the liall ol liairam, wliuli hi -ins with the next new moon ali.i ' th It te.ill, and is puhlillied bv hiiiii' of i-uils, boiilius, j and other rejoicin;:^. Al this lead the houfes and (heps ! are .idoincd with their (inell haii|:inL;s, tapeltries and lophas. In the (heels are (wini;s ornamented wi;li Iri- toons, in wliiih the people lit and are tolled in tin ..,., while thuv are .it the fame time entertained with vniul .-.lid indrumental miilie performed bv pcnbns hired bv ihe m.ideis of the fwin^s. They have alio (ire-worl,:, , .\.m\ duriiij;the three d.iys of this fellival many woinen, who are in .i nianiur coiiliiied the red of the year, h m liberiy to walk abroad. A: thi^ time thev forgive iluir enemies, and heconie reconciled to them ; for tliey iliink they ha\e made a bad Uairam, if tliiy harbour the le il; malice in their hearts ai;aind any peifon whatloewr. This is termed ihc (ireat Hairain, to didin^;ui(ii it fiom the Little Uairam, which they keep levciity d^s after. Ihey luneallo leviral otiici telHv.il.s, on ..:, which the (K'cples of the inoliiues are ;idorncd wuu lamps placed in various hyiircs. They reuularly pray h.e times aday, and art ohli^ciJ to wadi beloie their pra-.ers i.ndivcry time ihcvi.ili n.ituie. As thev eat chiet'v with their Hn;.;eis, llue.iie likewile under the necellilv of walhin); after cverv in. i, and the more cleanly alio do it be (ore meals, ftelide , every time thev cohabit with their women, thev nuilt (.'o to the lia^nio helore they can lav their pravetj ; thus liiey are alnioll all d.iy Imv; dabhliui; in water. liy the Mahomcian law a man may divorce liii «;'r twiie, and if he alterwii'-ds repents, he may lavvliiil. take her ajMin ; hut .Mahomet, to prevent his follov . ^ iiom ilivoiciii;' their wive, upon every (lij-lit oeeal; : , or nu'ielv Iroin an inconltr.nt humour, ordained, i' . if any m.in divorces his wile a thud tune, il r, not la.w liil I'll him to take her ayain, till (he hjs been ni m rieil and hiddnl bv .imther, and divorced Irom t.'i:: hulhand. This piecaution has liuli in efFecJ, th.it :'; Tiiiks (eldom divorce thiii wives ; and (carce anv «Im hue the le.id f.nfe el lionour will take a wile aj!.;;n i-a till. I. id londiiion. riiere aie a lew nionaileiics of dcrvifesi, whole i.'evi lions .ind l< lii'ious aels are perloimed in a very vvhiii. il- eal niaiili' ti 1 he(c telloW'S ale pcjmilted tu ii.aii.. I/.1I p.". V ill Aii.v. .inJ on liii ti xlioii.ition, uiij .mil, l>y la\iiij, lUlKl l.t Ivs |ilO- ,UC llilll ll|>OII 1 vo l^;tv.lnl^ liuU c, Jiid llic l'.ii- ' as he c:iu wltli- wlulc lie cuts 11 ;iililla'ils, cticj, wilh I'.i.ii i liut lu hi., btiiii; aJ- ticliiviT ; ai.il (111 li': ii.latioii» -inl iJ thi'ir tiiif III ;liL>lo wht) aiv i;i- ; aK' adiniticil to i but this is only .• ol |)U\»1'V it 1-, ticcii ) aiul then il' qitllii-, tlu'V w.;.l iuiciUi!,i'n whiili K M'Uth^ that aic , I- lihtral ;'.!iiis tu (iravfls the ili\iiii: ami lii'> tamil*. uili'ilj two bilviis .r till-- aim-, uhit'ii lui »re uiitiriuiu- 'hiilUalls, ail' iim I iiiavtT'. i .111 J il y arc liab' 10 u.- lint of th<; filf t; rxaitlv Inthilirv c ildiiihi.- the liall M utw miiipii ah. I ol l;llll^, hiiiiliio, ,c houlcs ami tlicps I'js, taptUrus ;iiiJ amcntcd wi;h in- toH'cd 111 the ^.., rtaintd with \oiJ pLTions hirtJ bv c alio (iri'-wiirks , al many woir.i n, of the year, h. lu thcv foigivc iluu ; tor llifv iluiili larbour ilu' hilt eihui whatloinr. t(i diKin^uilii It keep Icveiity d,'.\s lclHv.il.>, <"i ■'• arc adorned wiiu IV, Slid art cblijin! ry time thiv i al^- 1 tiii-Li-, thi- .lie g after iverv iiu > , : lueali. heluli' , k'omeii, thev nmlt heir praveri ; thui ill water. y diviirec h;i wiN- he may lawUiH; event lii^ lnliov > ■ ■ry llii'ht "ceah •■ iiir, iirdaiiied, i' line, it 1. ii"l 1''^- (he hjs been m ~ iMitced trom t:. : in efi'ccJ, that I'l Ind Icirtc aiiv wl. ' Ike a wife ag.;iii u. I Mies, whole Y in Asia. A S but have an odd habit, wliiili om!v coiiAiV. ot' a pi -re of eo.irle white tlolh, or a loole lioek, wrapped ahiiut them, with their le.-.s and arms naked. ! heir ordc r h.is ic w i.iles heliiles p. iiornim;.; their laiitatfie rites every I'm I- d.iv and brid.iy, when ineetiirA toyether in a lar.'e h.ill, they all (land with their eye, hxed on the iTound, ami their arms aeiols, while the iinaiim, or priacher, re. ids put ol the klor.in Ironi a pulpit pl.ieed in the iiiiJIt ; and when he li.is ended, ei:j;ht or ten ot them ni.ike a melaneholv eoneert wilh llitir pipe., which are no iiii- niulie.ii ii.llrumeiit'. He tneii re.id' .i|^;ain, and m.ikes a Ihi 11 expi-luion on wliil he ha.s re.id ; alter which they ling and jilay till their luperior, who alone is drelled in ereeii, riles, and be|^iiis .i I'ort ol lolemn d.inee. I'hey all llaiid .ibi It him in a regular ti_i;iirc, and while Ionic play, the other, tie their robe, which Is very wide, fall round their wailt, and bei;iii to liiiii round with an ama/.iii^ Iwiltnels , and yet, with , are tolerably liaiiilliiine. There were ereci- id by the I'crfi.ins when tluv were in polleirion of tiic pl.i'.e, .IS were their b.i!',nios and every thing wonhy the notice of a traveller, in the' city aie Hi e molipies, two of which ate well built, and have hamll>.ine domea covered with varnlllied tiles of leveral coloiiri. Thecady has lure in aiiihoi.ts almulf eipial to that of the mufti at L'oiillant'iiople. There is alio a tre.i- liirer who collet'ls the revenues, and are.! ilt'endi, wliu li'iis all aei. of (late, and is lometiim s c.illed Itcietary .ind lometime, chancellor. In thehan.ls ot thefe olfieen is lodged the cImI governmeiit of the piovlir.e, and they alio are of the viceroy's couneil. This was the capital of iht S.iraciii empire, till it wai taken by the Turks in the thirteenth Century; line; AJ^./J citv has a conliderable trade, it being lupplied with alt the merthaiullve ot tl,.- I'^all bv the w.'v ol liollora, which is tituated tow.irds the nioulli of tlic united Iheaiiv. ot the Tig.iis and Kiiplnale., and I. .m- iiually vitited by the caravans trom Snurna, AI.p|.o, and the welterii p lit ot the Tii'lcilll enipiie, bv which mean J it is turnilhed with the i loJiicc of thofe coun- tries, 'The next conliderable city of Ch.d.iea Is HolVor.i, or IJiidar.ih, whieb is (itu.ited ill thirty dei;rees twenty _<,';?.". minutes north l.itituile, abo'it lortv miles nonh-wel! of the ;>ulpli of I'eiha, betwien the ruei Kiiphi.ites and tht: Delart. 'The call end (lands bv the lide of th;- rher, .iiid a canal, which runs from it, and cxien.'s from one I iu( of the city to the other, di\ iJes the citv info t\\o part--, and over it is a brid'c of bolts to keep up a com- municatlon between them. 'The town is tncompad'ed with a w.ill 111 earth upwai.lsof twelve miles in circiim- lerencc, but wiihm this Ipace are included many void (paces, and other, hlled with date trc's. 'Th'-" hoiifes am penerjlly iwo (lories high, fl.it on the toji, :'.ik! built with bricks dried in the (un j but the buildings in geiieial are very mean. It i (ituation I . plealaiit .ui-.l very ad\ aiita- geoiis on account of tr.ide, and the ground about ii i, extremely fertile. 'The porl Is I. if- .uul commodiou ,, fo that large veliels may come up to the end of tiv; canal witho'it danger. 'The trade o( this city was once very con(iderable ; butiiil6oi It was vKiteilbv tlic pl.i-iie, which dellroved eighty thoufr.nl of the inh.ibit.ints, .md the red deft-rtrd the plate; but it vva.-, .iiteiwatds re- pcopltd bv the Arabs, who were (oi>n atte.- brought iiider the fiib)ectloii of the links. It is at prclcni I'o^eined bv a baiha, and has a jjarrilon of three tho'alan.l Jaiu- laries. Canals are cut through all the co'intry bi'tween !!a'.'- dat ami lioliina, which are about two hundird .ml tiitv miles aliiiider, which give it the reli iiibl.inee of H 'llanj. Thi-i country is one ot the richill un.lei the dominion, of the I'rand Seignior ; no tiiirr mtailows and p.ithiie gniunds can any where be (ten, .'m( thele are mvercd with dorks .md heids, and ni.ire parliculailv with btil- (aloes. I lither the gr.iiid Seignior anmrill) (ends a trea- liirer with a hotly ol hoife to colli cl hi:i duties, who niaki' the [xople p.iy a pialler and a quart.r for every ox Ol buH.iliK', iwii piadeis lor every luiil.' or mare, and ten piiite loi evtry Ihcep, wllieh would .nnouiit to an iiiiineiile Inm, did not the lullies k( tp back a p.trt, and lometimes rilulc to pay .iny, wlilih oec.ili ins .1 ptlly war between them and the trealiirer's guanls ; Inn the go- vernment rath'.r chutes to wir.k at (nine (rauds, than to prei'.okc th.-m to revolt by tou rii>oroab ex*ilions. s I. c r. ¥ ^ \t 11 'i ;■ ^S IP 3t'.' 3>./V. P.tflUS- '74 A S Y S T r. M OF C. r. C) G R A F li V. Tlrk/ in Asm. SECT. IX. Assyria, •■i.'.'.J by th Turh Cl'ruistan. Jl> Silitaliin, Stil, and Pradiic.-; the Minnen of iht wtJn- ti^rin; CuT'ii, and a Def.ripli-in if O'ar Ttnti. S'i (.ihtr K,miiini nf Sinroth lut ll^ipi if Ruins. Of the I owns Chirapul, Am.iJu, a'J B.t.ii. WY. (hall now tikf .t view ot' Tuikid) Cur.lilt.iii, I. r the moll c.lhily p.irt of lli.it country i. I'ub- \et\ to the Ptrli.in'^. This province is homuii^J on the north bv Arnieni.i or Turcomaiiia, on the call bv IVr- (ian CiiiHiil.'.n ; bv ChaKUa on the loinh, ami by Diai- hcc or \(elcpotnmia on the well. This .-oiuilrv, which comprchctuK (;reat part ol an- rirnt .'MlVri.!, tniovs a friiitliil Toil a;;rL-cably iliverCiheJ with hilN ami valleys, the former covereil with finit- trces, the fuiell oaks, and a variety of other timber ; while !lic valleys bein.; well w.itereil, wherever they are ctilii-. .!t'd, bear excellent grain; but bcini; under the dominion of the indolent '1 urk^, or rather a fron- tier ountrv bttwem 'I'urky .:nd I'crfia, a very fmall part of the land i'. inipro\edl«\ ajiriculture. However, the palluies fupport \\i\ Ihicks and huds, whole own- er* live ill tents like the wandcrin;; Arabs. The iTOvcrniPL' part of the country are .Mahoinelans i but iheVonimon people .ire (aid to be a kind (.t C'hrilti- an-^, and vit .ire rrprefciued by travellers, as bi in;' no lefs guilty of piunderin;^ thecaraiaiis than the waiidcr- inp Atabs ; but this is the Id's fiirptifiiip, as tliev are ritiiatcd upon the frontiers of two great kingdoms that are in perpetual enniitv. 1 heir tents are l.ir^e and of an obloiiL' fipiare, about the heif'ht of a m.ui. Tbcv are eiui'nip.iliid wiili cane lattices, covered with thick brown co.iife i loth, and lined with p'lod mats. When they iiiauli tliiy told up thele inove.iMe tenrments, and plaie tlicni wilhthiir wives aiul chiKlren upon oxen and Iniflaloes, and thus wander ftt ni mountain to niouiitaiii, (l.i\in(' wherever ihv'V tind L'ood I'.allures. The nun are all well mounted on liorfrback, and are armed with lances. The principal produce oi the lol is (aid to be (;alls nnd tobacco ; thuu^'h it fcems tap.ible of producin;' any other ve;;ftables. There are few towns and Mllaucs; but the hoi le^, where they are to be loiind, are dil- peifedat thedilLmc of a niulquet (hot tiom each other, and though the people make no winr, tlieie is (iane a lioufc which has not a vineyard ; but they dry their j;rapis. In this country once Hood the I'amoiis cityof Nineieh, the cap'tal of the Afl'viian empire, which was ("ituatedon the ealKrn bank of the river rij'ris, oppolite the place wheie Moufliil now (lands ; but at prefenl there is only to be I'cn heaps of ruins, which extend about three miles alonp that rivrr. At the dillance ol a mile and a half from the 1 ij;fi' i^ > h plain is a little hill about half a hapiie in circunilereiit e, cover- t) ih Tmii Diarbec. Its Situation, Pntluif, and F.he cf th duniiy. !l',ih a D.Joiptisn -/ tit Cities :f B r, end Orfu ; cr.d un A.- iiunt of th, ly,:' cf tht Huni'mhtif. Of th Cilui it A/ouJiJ and Ditirhfi, or Diarietar. DlARliV.C, or Diarbckar, is fitualed between the iiveis lipris and l\iiphr«le>, which bound it uu the call .md well; it is alio bounded bv Tui»<>mania ui Arniciiia Major on the north, and by ChaJdea en the louth. The north part of this proMiiee apj>ears as lertilc a. any part of the fiirkifli empire, and affords pi ntv ot com, sviiir, cattle, wil.l fowl, and all manner cf prim. lioii' 1 but the liiuthern parrot it is much U('s imiifi;). The country is di\erfificd »;!h a pleafing variety ,.( hiiK and eallies, and belides the tutrs juH mentioned, by which It I. alinoltenclofed, it is watered by Icvcral other llieanis. The principal towns are Bir, Orfj, MoufTuI, and Diarbec. Hir, or Heer, as it is pronimncnl, is fifuatrti on the eadein bank of ilie river Kuphtates, in a little more ihaa iliiity-leven degrees north latitud>', and i« the great pals i; , into Mefopotamia. It is built on the .'ide of a hiil, at ' th( lop of which (lands a caftic erciled upon a rock whire the goyernor reiides, and from thencr is a way cut uiuK r i'lound to the river. In the callle Mr. Maun- dull was (hewn a room filled with old arm-, as irol:,- bows of a prodigious lize, and beams which ficmed de- ligiied for battering rams, alfo Roman faJdIes, and large head-pieces. '\'w„ fine (ircams run alone the top of the hill, and flow down into ine t;;*n, and iti" the fide of the hill is a cave cut in the rock, the roof of which is fup- |)(.ited by fifteen laige pillars. Thccity has a good wall; but the houfesarenty indifTtiintlv built. The inha- bitants h.ne, however, a dcfirabic climate, plenty of |)ro\ I lions, and good water. The gamfon is compofed ot lix or I'even hundred men, commanded by an ap.;. The city is within the territories of the bafha of Urfa." I o the callward ol Beer is the city of Orfa, fuppof- ed lo be fitualid in the place where anciently flood the city ol Kdclla. Orfa, the capital ci?v of Mefopotamia, (land- in the thirty-fixth degree north latitude, and, ai- ■j/- cording to tradition, is featnl in the place where Abra- ' ham dwelt. Ilicre is hcie a large fountain, the fpfiii ■« ol wliiih are under the found itions «jf the principal mofi|ue m the city. I he Chriftl:ns there pretend that this was tin- plate where Abraham prayed before h. .■ Iho*.. Many of thi. tlihabitJn'.:, i" Tfci^Kv in Asia. A iiih.ihitants arc Arniciii.in Ci)ril\ians, anJ .irc |X:iiiitt;d ihi; fri''- ixertifc ot" lluir reli^>i(in. Iloro an- alio fluwn fevci.il aiKiciit loiiilis ot ihc Chiilliaiii in giotU« oi tin. iKiuii!i:''Jriiu^ muiuitaiiis. Thi: w.iHs of this city arj of frcc-flone with towers at |irojKT ililhincc.^ ; but tlif town is aicaiily built, anJ his livcial void and uniiilubitod place. It n govcrn::d by a b.iflia, and has a ganilon of fix or fcvcn hundred l'pJhic^ or horfcnicn, and about two hundred janizaries ; the horfj being ol great Icrvire in oppofing the incurliun:> of the Arabs, who frequently crofs the Euphrates in ii')i);:s of plunder. Near the w: Us arc fevcral pleafarit g;:r- :lc*ns watered b.arriticial channels, and the foil p.'oduecs good wincj but Oifa is principally famous foriti luajiu- laiTturc of yellow Turky leather. Theeadle, which tl.inds on the fouth fide of the city, is ilef^iuled by a bioad deep ditch cut in the rock, and on the top of the caltlc iiafniall ftjuarc turret, wiicre fh -v fay felias formerly dwelt. They alio (hew a well on the fouth fide of the town, which they tall the well of the handkerchief, and lay that Abgarus, king of ( )i f'l ri>ut;,juc|lcuiT4,i.s til ULU tkiUlQUIv^ li(Ki;ct>li>£ |iim to A. ■ /; S I. C T. X!. 'yARMF.Ni A Major, calliti !y t':: Turti, Turcoman! A. Ill Situtlion and Climate, with a Defer! f>l 'on ef the Plii'iH and City ?/" Rrzrrem \ ef the ('iliei of ran npiil Can, The Riii^hn of the Armenian Chrijiians, their Alarriaga, and Funerult. THE province of Turcom.Tiiia is bounded bv ( teor- ;;ia and Natolia townrdi tiit north ; bv Adeibeit- zci), or Media, a pro\iiice of I'erlia, towards the eaftj bv Diarbec and Curdidaii to the fouth ; and by another part of Natolia towards the w(l. 'Ihc chm.ntc of this coiintrv is pretty cold, from its havinj; a chain of mountain^ frcqucntlv covered with Inow in the middle of June. At the foot of thelc moun- tains is fituated the city of Krztroiii or Aizerom, in forty :,i:oc, decrees latitiiJ>-, .ibout live day's iourney to the fouth- wardofthe Hlaek Sea, at the end of a fine plain, which is fruitful in all manner of grain ; but their harveft is very backward, it beinij fcldom before September. Ths; i ffT ■':i:s ' I . r i ■I . i; m i. ' I . i I. ■ \\ tl: MoufTuI, and • 10 i \::if i'U I'-.i II < ^r-v A S Y S T E M O 1 G I' O G R A 1' li Y JiT.K/ in Asm. SECT. IX. AsiVRI.\, ../'. tr.iJition, Datius ftcod tu lee the fuccd'si.t that iriebiateJ baltlf. Ne-r irx lalte \'.im in trie north part of thi-. provu'i • is the e.tv ot Hitlis fituatcJ in thirty leven decree lun. • odd iiiuuites north latitude. The bev or pniiec (.1 tl..'. pjjie I. laid toh;.4c ilill pietcrved hi, indtpiiidentv, and lobe lubjccf neither to the lurks nor the IVrlian . A* hi, coiiiKry I'.verv niomitaii.oiis, and aliin.H inaie'ililK, he i» able to interiiipt the trade between Akp| c . nJ laii • n. whiiiever heplialesj whente it is th inteiill o| both the I inks and I'l rfians to kccpLiii with him. (>ii an pnachin.' Betlis the traveller n oblij'cd to pioieeil 4 whole day amoiiL' hi;'h Keep nioiiniain-, lioni wluiite, in the raiiiv lealon, iheie tail produ^ioui torrents. The w.\\ up to the eitv IS tut through a roik, and is I'o nai- luwihat there is but jiill loum tor .1 ( aniel topals. It 11 built round the hill, -vhuh is in the lormota lii'Mr-loat, and there is no method ot aleindiii'^ up to it, but by winding? round the i.iounrain. On the top is .-. plain, oii whiih Is f reeled (he eallle, and th.-re the hry has alio his palace. He i* f'ai.l to be able to railc tweiitv-(i;e •k. •■- '> ' .- T.4 t. - ■• J ■ ' — >— ^ '^.^hr- •- >>.. li- i \^r^'?'. .«5.v ( ■ I / >, i./rhi,iii '^. ut.fiuiHf ^•,^.f.»i.*t.,*5j; i-^ ■'■\ mm. {1 mm 77/, 'vi: Mvi.i: .j' ill, MX n, x/\ /:/■/:// i :i"Mi ' Vl TkHKV in AiiA. A iiili.tliitanti «re Armenian CiuiAiani, anJ Jrc ixinilitrtl (h'J (fiT 1'xori.ifc of tluir rfl.;'iiiii. IKti' ju- .iiro Hn mm I'cvit.il an.'ii'lit toriilis (it till' Cliiilluii> in grutU>< ul tlu nt:ii;ii!<:'Ui'ini; iiKiuntuini. Tlic w.\!l» dC tlii» lily arc of frcc-flone with towcrt at |U(>j).'t liilLinci's ; Init ti.i- town l^ oicanly bui't, anJ has j'l-vci.tl vul;l ;ind uninli.ibitcil pLii't.'.. It n govern -li l>y a IliHu, and ha.s ;i '^Jiiilun nl t':\ur tcvcn hunilrrj l|>jhii.': or liorkimn, uiu) aliout two huntirctl janii^Jnc] i the h>>rU' tiling nt gri'»t icrvire in oppfifini; the incurf!un:> ol the Aral)», who Iri'i^iicntly crult the ruiiiirat-.-i iiiiioii.s of plunilir. Near the walls arc (i-vcrai plcafant g.i; - linu wati'i'i'il l>. arrili>'ul channcU, anU thi toil p^uliul'c^ ensJ winr: Inil Oila ii principally laiiiuui tor its inanu- laiTiirc 111 yilli.w lUtVy L-athir. Thi'iafili-, wliii'h llanil> un iIk- loiith fiJonf the rity, is ilifimli'il l>y a timad Jcrp Jitch cut in the rock, and on i!u' tiiji III' the lalllc i> a tniall l4iiari- iiirfii, wlii-n- thi'V r.i^' Kiiat liirmirly d\»'i It. 'I'hcy alto Akw a will nn till' liiiilh full' III the town, wliicii ihcv tall the will III till- hanillKTi-hiil, and lay that Ahjaiiis, king ot Or.'a, I'liit niill'c'nj;cr'. tii<>iii Saviour, l>clicihinp' hiin to i.iiiu- aiiillu.il hini, ami w ith the nii-llinj;ir iVnt a pain lir III draw the picture i>! Chiilt : that our Lord anlv.'iri'd ilu nuiriii"crs he could not ^'11 with them hiiaufc his painiiii dniv nigh ; hut i.hlirving the p.'intcr taking hi^ piilliire, he thiew a haiulkcrchlel over hit laie, whili ininicdialeiy receiving the nnpntlion i counie- nai'.ce, he gaie it thim to currv to ihtir pniuc. iiut its ihey were returning thev were attacked hy ndiheis nrar tlie city ol Oita, when thi peiton, w hi- had the S I. C T. 'yAiiMf-NiA Major, iu//^(//y/'\ XI. Tutii, Tlrlon: \MA. hi Silii nhn iinii Cllmalt, niilh n DrfriMtn ef Ott I'liiiH ami i-iiy rf Krz.rt>m ; ef llit Ciliti of ran niut Ciiri. Jht Kr/i'iiii of till /iimemunChrijIiani, ihrir Aiurriiigeiy and Funtrult. ' l~*F!K province of Turcomnnin is ho'.indfJ hv (leor- X. .'Ja and Natolia tiiw:udj the iicrth ; H\ Ad'.ibcit- /.en, or Media, a province ol I'erlia, towards the cart ; hv liiai'.ui and CurdilKiii to the luuth ; an I l>v another part ol Natoli.i towards the weit. The climate ol' this cmintrv is pretty cold, I'roin its havinj; a chain ot mountain^ lrvv|uentlv covered with Inow in the iniddK' of Junr, At the foot of theie nimin- taini is lituatcd the city of Kr/.ir;'in or Ar/eroni, in foriy ^i.i>c. dr^rces latitude, ahojt live day's journey to the foiith- wardoflhe lUaek Sea, at the mil ol a line plain, which is Iriiitl'ul in all manner of !;rain ■, but their harvtft is \ery backward, it hcni; fcMoni helorc September. The liidl'.n alteration of the weatli.T irijin cxceflivc cold to extraordinary heal, with the ka'citv of wood .'nd other fuel, arc creat dilaJvantaces with rrfpi-c'< to the city of Kr/.troni ; for l:hcv h.ive no wood nearer to it than with- in two or three dav's joiirii'V, and In all the neii;hhou;- ini? country there it. not fo much as a tree or biilli to be feen : heiiie tlieir ordinary lire? arc made oftuwdung, with lome other di:'a;j;rt. -aide mixtures, whkh canfe an oftenlne Inu'l.and mvea talte tothrir milk, as well as to ' " 'tft, haiilkcii Imf dropl it into a well, in otder to (.iiiccal it, j the ine..t they drifs with it, wliu h is otiu rwne very j.'ood ; and I leaping to the town related the accident. Up on wltlih the Ikin^ wuit the next day. aiconipanicd by all hii peojilr in piuieilion to the wilt, where findin;> the watei ii.en to the biim, and the lundkerchr,-f float- ing upon it, the kin;; tiHik it ui hi. hands, an. was in- (lantly cuici' of his kpiofy i upon which the kin^ and his fiibleil. bicame CiiriHians. 'J luy add, that thvV keiu :hi: iniiaiuloui picture nui.^ vcars i but athii'th it [leiiij; lloieii by lome l'iank>, or i.. ''u^Kan Chiitli- ans, till) carried i; to Rum'-, ikiicc they luppofe that the wattr of thi-. will hu the property of luiiiig te}K-r-. On the wiihrii tank of the rttir Ti^^iii, oppoUte th^ place where NI.'.e.Lh \s. fuppofcd to lia«e flood, i.lh.: jli'V, city of MouH'ul, in thirly-iitc dc(>rit'> thiily ir.inutei north la'itud.. It I. a lar;;e plaiir lurrounded with high walU i liut the houfvi arc ill built, and in frvcral ;>lacis ;:re gnnc tu ruins \ however, it \\.'., a llfon^ caltli and a ci'a..el. It ha. a poixl iraJe, from i's bein;; felted on the r^.ad liom Aleppo to I'eifia, an I its havir,;; a loni- rnunkatlon with Hagdal and the Peiuan i(alph, b/ means ■ flhe Tijrr. It is chiefly inhabiiid by Arineiilans, XiOiiiins, (ireek^, and Maromtc C.hrillian> i t>ui the c(tat)linied rcligiun is chat of the .Mahometans. I he (^ainlon ufually conlilis ol three or loui ihouland hoile or foot. A yrcat trade is carried on lor ^',all»i prinluced 111 the neii;hbiiurlilg countrv. The iitv of Diarbtc is filuatej about fix day't jour- IK V to the iiorth-i.tll of Oria, in thirty- ci|;lit degrees Is/.'.'''' iii.nh latitude, and llands on a rifin^; ground, where the 'rii.ris I'ormn a hall moon. It is iiKcmipalKd with a double wall, in the outitmoll of which air fixtv-t«'ii towci'i, and three {,ate^ on each of which is aii ancient (Jreelc liifi r'.;itii n, noi now intrlligibte, though llie lume of Ci iil'antine is fit.ral iimcs rr|, '.hat the principal p..;- o!' them ^ive the ajja mor.ev to purcliale the pti\iKj;e ol \\i:\w\ deemed of that IhhIv, and to obtain the power of infultiic; the reft ol tliiir peopl • i and thole in liipeil.ir eiicumilanecs are forced to eiillll themlelves, to prevent their being ex- |Kifid to the violence of thi ir neli;hbour» ; forthejini- '/.ar^i ■. nifult the lelt of tl" ii Icllow lubjeits with im- punity. Niai Kr/erom are fll qaantities. The othir cities of Turcoinania are Van and Cars. Van Is a l.ufrcity feated by a lake, to will, h it gives us i / nime, in ibit') -eight degrees thirty mintile-: north lati- !V'3* lule, and has aitiiiii;,{ caftlr erected on a mountain, in whiih isalwaysktpl a numerous gin il'on. 'I'he town » populous, and is under the i;iiveinniiiit ot a bei;|erh. c. il. I'his le.ither I-, jcmarkat !e lor exctlling alt otiiert in ' wtio lias nine Ian:!lae.i or teller goviin.ii'-nts under him. the tiiautv of its eiilouri and in ihii manulaiiture, at leal) one lour'.h uf the natui:. ire employed. 'I'he city is I'll populous, that It n laid there are abuit twenty thouf.iiid Cliniliaiis there, iwu ihi !> ol which aicAr- rienian',and the icll Nelloriani ai.d jatobriis. 'I he bafha is begleitiej' III vici'ioy, and lia'- leveral govcinnui.ts un- iler him, in whiih a is laid lit can raile twiiily ihou- fand hoife, who ludd ol the iruMil by military tciiiir >. »3 The lake of V.111 abounds with exeellent filh, witti which the neigt-b.iuring cxunliiis arc fupplied, and i . iiprc- liiitcd b\ tome tr,ivelter. as eight day's jmunev in cir- (umliiencc, while others lay it is niily lom ; it, how- iiir, leccivcs I'evcial liveis, and lias no diiib.ir;'U. I h.' city ol Car. or Kars is iituated on a river of iltc > ' inmc nanii, in lorty-or.c dei',rces itiiity minutes north /fl'%^. latitude. I( i> ol an s>bloiii( figure, and i> i'nconip; hell. Thev give great laith to fome fabulous tradi- tions, and lav that the holy Virgin, bein;; with child, was accufcd by her filter Salome of incontinrnry, when the Virgin bidding her lay her hand upon her belly, .t i tire ili'ued from it, which confiimed half of Salome's arm ; but the Virgin bidding her l.ty the remainder of her arm upon it again, it was reftorcd whole as at liid. Thev alio relate, that Judas, dcfpairing of pardnn for having fold his Lord, relolved to hang himfelf, bccauli- pa'riarchs, who have under tliein nianv archbifliops and I he knew he would defcend into hell and ilcliver all the b (liopj, priells, and an order of reclufes called the ] fouls he found there j but that the devil, being iu- r.ionki of St. IJalil, who are the only part of their cicr- I formed of this contrivance, held Judas by the feet till py that are prohibited marriage-. A pricit, however, . our Saviour was gone, and then let him fall in. The li not fullered to perform divine fervice lor the tirll | Armenians have no idea of what is called the hypoflatie feven days afier his marriage; and if alter the death ot hi-- lirit wile he marries again, he can never alter perform that office. Their clergy are frequcntlv or- dained at tii5hleeii years of age. Dut both the cler;iv and laity obferve lo many fails, that hvL'n months of the year is fpent in abllinence Ironi ail niaiinei- of flcfli and liih, and at tliol'i limes th-.y eat nothing till the evening. Thefc l.ills are not to be difpenled with on the mod urgent i\eccffiiy. No ociafion whatcyi.r can cxcul'e them, if thev touch :)nv thii-.g more than mere lieibs or roots, wnhmit oil and plain bread; which on thel'e occalions i-; their conll.Mit diet. One of ihe interpreters of the Lnglilh amball.idor at Conilantino- plc, was broiight lo low by the fcveritv of his falls, that his lite was defpaircd of: yet neither his malkr's command", nor the entreaties of the doctors, who tlc- f. hired (hat nothing clfe could lave his life, were pow- er lul enough to prevail on him 10 take two or three (poonfuls of broth. Cicniclli informs ns, that he went to hear divine fer- vicc in a great Armenian church, in which he lavs there was but one altar; that the choir was railed l',;veral union; but believe that the divine and human ii.iture of Chriit arc united in his facred peifon, as the foul and body are in man. ^Vhat appears mol> fingiilar, is their great fellival of the IJaptifm of theCrof?, in rctnembrance of our Sa- viour's baptilin. Ihe Armenian bithops and clergy go in proceffion on this occalion to fome river, or other great water, with a crofs carried b;f;jrc thtm ; and hiving read prayer-- fuiiable to the (-..c.-.iion, and lung li.vi r;d anthems 10 the found of th,- country mufic, the billinM plunges the i rofs fcveral titne, into -he wa!>r ; altt r which happy is the |)er!oii wiio i-Hprinklcd by it. , I'h-, ccreinony begins h'fore dr.y break, at .tbout four in tliv morning, when tlieie aie fci-ft'idds created on the river or fome large pnnd tor that purpofc. This is eftiemcd the beltopporliiniiy of baptilin-^ their children, who a/e plunged tliree times into th? confecrated water. The children of the Armenians ae ufually married in their infancy to prevent their being carried into the harrams of the great men : but though they arc frc- <]ufnt!v contracfeil at four or five ycais of age, the mar- riage is feldom celebrated till the-/ are eight or ten ; and fteps above the bmly of the church, and the floor of both in the Tican time the bridegroom fends the bride every of them covered with rich c.irpets ; for the .Armenians Kaller a veil fuitabic to her ipiality. Every thing re- put oft" their ihoes when they enter into th; church, lating to marriages is under the dirciSion of the parents. The fervicc v/as laid by the arehbithop, aflifted by two and the young people arc never afkcd for their ..onfcnt bithops, and during the lervice a great number of light- , till thev arc brought to church. td candles Itood on the right fide of the altar. After | (On the day appointed for this ceremony th- bri.le- reading the (jolpel, fome little bells were rung, and ; groom, richly drclVed, mounts his horfe, and, in com- tlie whole congregation, clergy and laity, fung to the panv with his ncareft relations, rides tothehnule of ihe niufic. j bride's father, where tlie alio mounts drelFcd in the They do not believe in tranfubftantiation j but give ; tineft filks, and, attended by her friends, proceeds with the bread dipped in wine to all the congregation, and , her face covered with a veil to the church ; their frieiuls even to infants ; nor do they mix water with their wine, | and relations holding lighted torches in their hands, becaufe, as thev alledge, our Saviour himfelf drank it j When the bridegroom and bride have difmoiintcd. thev pure and unmixed when he inftituted this facrament. ■ walk up to the altar, where (landing pretty dole timc- The bread is without leaven, and made in little round | ther, face to face, the bifhop relLs his book upon thiir cakes. With rrfprJIl to baptifm, their firft care, 'tis faid, is to provide a godfather, alter which fome woman carries the child to church, and puts it into the hands of the pricfl, who plunges it thren limes naked into a vefPel of water, pronouncing much ihe fame words as are ufcd among us. He then anoints the infant with holy oil on the he.id, the mouth, the ftomach, v .<., hands, and feet. This oil is made of fcveral iweet flowers and aromatic tlriigs, by their patriarchs; and as no baptifm can be duly performed without it, it is fold at an high price to Inch billiops and prieils as are fubordinatc to them. When the child is thus anointed, it is wrapped in its tloalhs and carriid to the altar, where the f.icra- mcnt is put into its mouth. The godfather then takes the child in his arms, covering it with a kind of mantle, which he prtfents it on this occafion ; and then returns with the child ic/ its faiiioi's houfe, preceded by feveral prieils carrying the crofs and lighted tapers in their hands, finging the (ioipcl to the found of certain mu- fical inrtriiments, and h.'.ving delivered the chiM to the mother, the reft of the day is fpent in eating, drinking, and n.aking merry with tlivir relations. heads, while he reads the fervice, and having rcctivcil their confent gives them hisbkffin:?; upon wl.it h tlur drums and trumpets found, and the foftcr iniilie pl.-y, whi!-^ they return in the fame order to the bridegrnom'-i houi'e ; except they (lay to attend divine feivicc and re- ceive the facram'nt, as they frcque.itly do. The giielli upon thcfe occalions arc (pitndidly entertained ; but tin: men and women neither eat nor drink in the fame rooin. In the evening the new-married couple are conducted to the bridal chamber, and the company retire, after a thouiand wilhes for the happinefs of the new-married pair. A few days after 'he wcddin^' the portion given with the bride is fent to the huiband s houfe. It conlllfs nf fine cloaths, jewels, gold, and lilvcr, according to ihi^ rank of the parties, to v/hich thev ulually add fome Iniit and fwect-mcats, all which arc carried in tine cabincis and boxes, atten carried to the )!,atc of the arch - biftiop, or bifh'ip, who favs a prayer lor the rcpofe of the foul of the dcceafed ; it is then taken to the hur\ inp;- piacc, the bi.linp and priells finging their prayers till it is laid in the Jtrave. The bi(hop then taltc^ up a hand- ful of earth, and throwing it upon the corpfc, fays three tiiric^, " From earth thou didit ttmie, and to earth " (halt thou return ; reinsin there till the coniin;', of " our Lord." They then fill up the pave, and the re- lations and friends return to the houfe of the deceal'ed, where they find a dinner provided ; and, if the relatione are people of fulilhince, are fplendidly entertained for fe- vtral dayb lucceflivtly. SECT. xir. Cy Georgia, or Guugistan". Its Stlualiin, Ciimate, and Produce ; tht Pfrfmi. ltref< , Mnnneri, "it Rcligian of tht M.ahitmits ; wit. a iJf- fcripiiiit of Tfflii, tht CiipUiil. GKORCiIA is a confiderable province of Afia, part of which belong' to I'erlV.i and part to the Turk'.. It is bounded on the north by Circaffia, on the eart bv Shervan and the Tartars of l)aohiilan, on the foulh by 'I'lircomania, and on the well by the HIack Sea. It is faid the (Jrceks pave the people the name of (.icorgoi, which in thtir language fignities Hufbandmen ; oliiers derive the name from Kuruia, which they fty the coun- try received from the river Kur. It has many woods and mountains that inclofe large and beautiful plains ; but the middle part, which is watered by the river Kur, the »nticnt Cyrus, is the mod fertile. The airofCicorgia, which is very dry, is hot in fum- mcr and cold in winter; but tliouch the fuv.- weather does not begin till the month of May, it lafts till the end of November. Hence the inhabitants are obliged to water the earth, by which means it is rendered fo fer- tile as to produce all forts of I'rain and fruit in the creatcft profufion. The bread is faid to be as good as any in the world, and the fruits excellent ; no part of Kuropc produces better apples and jicars, nor any pit of Afia more excellent pomegianates. The cattle of this mitry are not onlf extremely numerous but very g'' d, particularly the wild boars. The com.non people live almod entirely upon pork, fwine beinj fecn all over the country, and their flefli is faid to be not oiilv extremely palatable, but very whole- fome; belides, the river Cyrus, which runs through Georgia, affords the inhabitants great plenty of fielh- v.atcr fifh. 'I'he vinci of this countf *• !jro,v .ibout the trees, and produc moll excellent wine, ol •»'!ii. !■ the inhabitants drink ■•rea; quantities, and aifo f ■. i it into Armenia, Media, and Pf rfia ; it b'..iiig fo thi ap that a horfelo.id of Ih.' very bell lort, which is three hundred weight, fell . in the country for about the value of eight fiiillings. Georgia alfo products a great deal of filk, which is ex- poried to i'lirkv and the neighbouring countries. I he Georgians are faid to be the handfonuft people, nnt only in the call, but in the whole world. Sir John Chardin fays, he never i\^ an ordinary perftm of cncr fcx in this country, and he has obfcrved Come that have been cuitc anjelical, nature having given mod of the women fiich grsces, that it is impoflible to behold with- out loving them, ihcy are tall, eafy, and genteel, but iiijuie theii beautv with paint, which they ufi- as an cirinnient, juft as among us are wotn lich cloath^ and jewels. The habit of the Georgians nearly rcftmbles that of the Poles . they wear the fame foit of bonnet^. Their veils are open at the brcaft, and fallened with buttons and loop», Their ct.vering for the legs and f«et relem- l A, bb, . th.it of the lVil;.tn:., sua the liabii of the women is eiilireb IVrlian. 'The natives have naturally mm h wit, and, had iluv a proper 'iliieation, might be didineuilhed l>v ilitir Karii- ing an.l their (kill in the arts a:id feieiije . ; \uit tlie w.iiir of inllriidlion and the force of ill example, render thvtii ignorant, difhonell, and lewd. With the greafell efl'iontery they will deny what they have laid and done, and allert the moll notorious fall'ioods. 'I hey are in- deed not eafily difpleafed, and are never exafpeiateil »vith- out jull caufi; of anger; but then they are irrecon- cilable in their hatred, and never forgive. They arc addicted to drunken nefs and luxury, which arc notefleem- . d crimes ; the churchmen get drunk as well as the laitv, ,uid keep beautiful ll.tves for concubine., which is lu teneral a ciilloin, that it gives no oiVencc. Tlie above* a.ithor obferves, that the catholicos, or p.atriarch, of Cjeorgia tiled to fay, that he win) did not g.vt drunk at t'le great fealls of Chrillnias aiul Taller oug^t not to be .(teemed a Chrillian, and deferved to be cxcommuni- latcd. The women arc equally vieiouK with the men, their defiles are warm, and they are at leall .i'. blanicable as '.ll? other lex lor the torrent of impurity that overHows the country. I he (jeorgians are, however, in many rcfpeils civil, friendly, and have the appearance of great gravity. Their niaiiners .ind cuftoms are a mixtuic uf thole of moll of the n.itions by which they are furrounded, which is probably owing to the commerce thiy carry on with many dilien lit couiiliies and Irom the li!iert\ every one en- joys III Georgia of living accoriling to tii:. own religion and ciiltoms, and of freely delending tliiii. H re are i'eiilaiis, I'lirks, Mufcov iie.i, Indi.ins, Tart.irs, (ireeks, and Armenians. The liitler ate even more iiunRroua than theCieorgians themfeUes ; they are alfo richer, ami till moll of the inferior polls in the ll.ue • but the Cjcc^;- giaii-.are more powerful, v.un, and ollentatious, and the ditleieiKc lietvvecn their difpti|itions,nianner.s and belief, has produced a reciprocal hatred. All the public edilices an.l the hoiifes of the great are erected on the fame models as thofe in I'erfia. 1 hey build cheap, for they have (lone, lime, and wood in abundance. 'They alfo imitate the I'erli.uis in their man- ner ol fitting, eating, andhing. The nobility exert the Inoll tyrannical power over their vall'als, whom they oblige to woik for (hem ss often as they pleafe, and cveri whole months together, without allowing them either money or food for ilieir I.'- bour. 1 In y think they have a right to iht.r fnbli.ince, liberty, and lives: they lei/e their children and fell them, (U- keep them as (lives ; hut leldom difp.ile of any of thi: lair lex who are above twenty years of age. lb nee tlu- Cicorgian.s marry their daughters as foonas poirible, and even in their inf.incy. Moll of the Georgian lords make an outrvard profef- fion ol the Mahometan religion, fome to !;aiii polls or penfions from the court, ami otheis to obtain the linmni: ol introducing their daughters into the fervi>.e of tiie Grand Seignior or the king of I'erlia. 'The Georgians arc cxtreiiulv ignorant of the princi- ples of religion, and the prince, though a .Mahometan, conmionly fills the vacant fees, and generally gives the' bi(ho;)rics to his own relations. 'The chiirihes in the towns arc kept in decent order, but in the country they are very dirty. Thcfe people hn»o a (trange cullom of building rheii churches on the tops of mouiic..in«, in di- llant and alnioft inacceflihle- plact s. They In and fa- lute ihein, at three or four leagues dillance; but fildom go near them. They build them, and then ab.mdo'i them to tile injuries of the weather, and to the biris. As to the religious opinions nnd ceri monies iiled by the Georgi.ins, we have no p.irlieiilar account of them. 'I'cllis, the capital of the province, is (it;iatcdat t lie foot ofn mountain by the tide of ihe liver Kur, in the forty- ^S-'iO. third degree of north Ijtilii.le-. This city is fui.'oundej by ftroiij^ walls, exce|)t on the fide of i!i,. rinr, .iiul has a large fortr."-!^ on the dctlivity i^f the nKuiiilain, whicti is a plice of refuge for criminals and ilebtor'-, and the garnfon confills of native Pcrlians. 'I'elbs h.is fourtccit churchss, fix of which belong to the Gcoroinns, f.-A thit I % hm 1/flS •^ A SYSTEM 01- C L O G R A P II Y, TcKKY in A \\. tin- r.-t> ti ilu- Ariiv.-iiian. The r.irlic rtiil by Idiii m.tH'y piU'.trj, and tiif iiifiili- is lilUil with ( iri'i k |i..iiitiii:'i (o wictihrilly im"- i iiti-d, tli.it it 1^ il.iH. lilt to lincovv! wh.it ihev arc iii- tiiuliil III rt|iri-ri.iit. I he M.I ho me t:\iu havr no ni'liiues hfro, tor ti,ir nl uliViiilii';; the pcoplo j ('>r ihf (Jcorgi- aiis hcin;; ii.iiiir.illy lumr, tiiiitiiuius, ami In k If, ami be- in;^ (uuatiil iif.ir till- luiksaiiJ I'liriJii; , thi ir inalliT'. arc imwilliiip to ccrm.' lo rxtrinii'iis wiih tliriii, aiiJ ihirilori allipw ihi'in llu lrioii; heme ihiv iilc bil!> in tluir cliurchcs, lill pork in the iii.iikct, aiulwimnt (he cornert ot the thcet:.. The piiblic biiiUliii.'s lit till! city are of llone, ami make a hainll'Mnc appe.irame, p.'.itii.ularlv (he ba/ais aiul caravaiifeias. I he pnnee's palace is one ol the printipai ornaments ol the titv. It has graiiil (alonns, wliieli oprii upon the livtr, aiiJ fate very exieiilive j..ir- ileii^. It has aid' asiaries tilliil with a j'.ieat number ot biriK (^rilillereiit kiiul>, ami a m ry noble r.i'eoni v. Ilc- toie the palaee it a (iiii.ire, in which may he iliawii up a thouLiii'l lii'ilv i it is i.iii(;iiip..rie(l with lllops, an I o;)- pohte the iMti of the palace is thei;raiul b...'..r, lioin the eiiij of whii'li iIk lijiiarc ..iiit tiie limit ol the p..Ia.e ap- pear in a beaiililtil perfpectivc. I he inliabit.iiii , who are ihutlv Chriltian.s, ainnunt to about tweiitv thoiil.iml, ami are deor^i.iii'., Arm^nl;^ll^, I'.ipillb, and a lew Ma- hometans. In the ntighbouihooj uf the city are iiiany pleal'aiit houlcs .itiii tine gardens. SEC T. XIII. Of Ot nmUnt CoLtiils m-M il, CliwaU, Prodiue. lb. Per- frni, Dirfs, I'lcd, Al,nii;cti, Cii/hmi, nml Kiiif^iiiH i:/ l/je <. Xnliiii i nilha cin.iji //uouiit iftht I'niuipiiiiiy ef (ju- ' rid, tinj tht iittic KvigJsm if Inurtltii. C"^()I.CHIS or Mingrelia is biiiindeil on the tift by J mount Caiie.ilii'^, and the liiilc kiiii;doin oi Itih- \ retta; on the loiith by p.irt of Ciior>'iai on thr well by the black Sea; .-iiui imi the iioiih by Uiuallia: it is .iboiit OIK- luimlred .iiul ten miles in leii'^lh, and fixty in breadth j but the aiuieiit CoUhls was ol imuli ljri;tr extent, it reaeliin;.; on one fule to the P.,K,s .Ma'olis, I lometimes calUl the lea of Afoph, and to Muna on the country is ycry iineyen, it beinj; full of h. lis anil niountains, \a(lics, and littU plains. !t is coveted with wood-, exe. j'l the ni.'ii'irid 1 iiub, which are but few, and abounds withnuis, win*. h deli end from mount Ciucal'us, and l.ill into the Black Sea. Th-' air of Mingrri .i is temperate with rclpcil to heat and cidd ; but .is it rains almoft coiitiniiallv, the tnoilliire and warnuli of the cliiiiMc, breed in the I'uni- mer piltilentuil dilial'es. The foil is, in gciieul, I ad, .iiid promic's little iiHii, and the liuiii, which |;row there, iiri' talUbi-. and iiiiwholcfiiine ; their \ines, how- tver, ihr.vt well, .ind pn.diii e midt excellent wine. The vines eiuunpals theliunks ol the trees, and rile to their viry lops. Ill fifd-iiii'.e ihey low their wheat and bar- ley without plowiiiir; and allcdge, that were they to breik up the earth, it .vould bec(;nic foloit as to be un- able toUippoit the llalk. They plow I'leir land for llieir other corn, with woi den ploujih-Ihares, which, in this iroill f(>il, make ..s pood furrows as iron. 'I'heir coi.mion prain is conim, whiih refembles ir.il- let ; and of this they make a palle, which they ule fur bread, and is both wiiolei'ome, agreeable to the iialat"-, tooliiif:, and lax;;iive, Ihey have alio i»reat plen:v o( millet, and lomc ric!-; but wheat and bai'cy be n.: yerv Icarce, ;ii,ople of <|'.i.dity eat whcateii bread as a rarity, b.it it is ileier tailed by the p'lor. Mount Cauealus produ'.is a niultiti!:!e of beads, as lioii.i, ti^L.s, leop.iiJ'--, jackalh, and \/olvcs ; whiih lall tnui intoMiai;reli.'., sr.J make^^reat havu'-c among ih.- 'I*:- i cattle, fnqii-ntly dilhr! ing the if.habitan'j in t|„c houlih witti their dreadfi;! bowlings. 'I he people li.ive |:re.t mir.ber. of ycry rood horles, .ilmcft c\eiv m;,;, kiTjiini; 1 wial ol thwin \ lor they cc (( litile or nothiii. as Itiey neuhir (hie tlicin, lur Iced them with euin. I he men aie Well (b..ptd, and the wunuii an- ex- tremely h.indlonu, and \ct paint thvir laves, and par- ticiilailv their ly.brov, ,. All the nvn, excrpt the erclefiafticn, permit but little oftl.iir be.'.rd to j;row. They (have the ttowii of tli'! Iliad, mill leave only a little hair over the loiehe.id and down to their eats, :\\v\ even that is clipped (hint. Tji, y wear a bonnet of line Kit, which in winter they Im',.. with hir ; but they are ('enerallv lo poor, tli.it v.lnnit rail'* they put it in their packet, lo prevent its bcin;; Ipoiled, and j;o bareb.eaded. Thole in mean circuiii I'ames are almoin naked, ai;.l ufuallv wear only aecner- ii.;; of (ftoii;r lilt ol a tn.'n;;iil.ir lorin, at one end tl wl.'iih is ahole, tliiou-h wliuh ihiv put the head i .md this covernn; they turn to the lidc on whiih blows t!i.- wind or ram. Under this tbev h.ive a (liirt, wbic.i tucks ii to a (liaijiht pair of breeches : but it is ufiial fur thiin to have only one (lint and one p.iir <>f breiclr,', »• li eh l.ilf thrm a yar, durini.', which they (eldoni w.dii thi' fliirt above tb.ree tiiMs liowevei, they ccninionlv fluke it once or twne a week over the tire. 'I he.r fan. dais are inaili- ol the law iVin ol a buft'do untanntd, tiul loiind the tool, and ladeni'd with thongs ol the fame fkin : but •.eheii the e;irib is ccMred liiick with (now, they wiar a i ind of fiunv (hot-, whu h Ipf.uiiiij' much farther ilun the Icet prcient then linking into ii. Tlic woiniii drels ihvmfeKes in as omamtntal a man- ner as they can, wearing a I'eiii.'.n habit and tiiilmg their hair. The ordinary food of the inhabitants is beef and pork. Of the liilt tliev have 'Tcat p! nly, and it is clfermed ill'; bell inihe world, 1 lieir \eiiiioii is the bait and l.illuw- drer. I hey b.ive liLi wile xvild boars and hares, jil whiih are excilb.nl lood ; but their (;oats-lU(li ii U.m and ill tailed. I hey have a I're it minibir of pheaiaiit', pattrid^es, .md ipi.iils , With loine inci-lowland will pr;eoiis, which are very good, and as larp- as itaniimd chickens. They take a j-ie.it iiuinber ol thoie lu^coii. li.iriiij; the fiinmur in nets. I he whole lainil), both males and females, without dillinclion, lory. They vin.licate tht lawlul- irIs of having many wives, by layiiij; they brin.', thcfi many children, which they can fell loi r'..'ily money, or excliaii;;e for neicll.iry toiaeiiiiiKes ; v t when they have More than they can hipporl, they liuiik it a piece of charity to deltroy their iicw-lioin inUiils, audio put a pei'ieid to the lives ol lui h perlons as arc tiik, and, in tiseir opinion, p.ill recoveiy, hecaufe by this meaiiu they frir them Iroin mifety. In Miii'relia adultery and iii- ce(l are (caree conlidend as iriimsi and when .i man furprilts aiiutiicr embr^'cin:-; his Mile, he may obli-rehiin lo p.iy a li>;' . he lei doiii t.ikes any oiher method ol le- ven^e, and all three commonly ht down to leall upon it. 'i'hrir nobility fptiid their whole time in the field in ha\. ki.i^, and thev tak- particul.ir d.-lighl in flyin-Mli". ■ l.'.l'.'Jii V in A I A, n*» ill iliiir (•loplc li.T.e II c\Ciy nu;» : »r iiiiihiiij-, ith (liin. null Mr IX- CS, Ullil |U|> mit Imt Utile :rowii i>t ill'! Imiliciiil ;iiul Ihoii. Tluy Iter tlii'V iiiii; th.lt V. ilMI it (.lit Its liiin^; 11 an circ'diii- Miilv ii i;niT- t OIU' llui I'f he lu;ul ; .mil I il I'lo'AS til.' (liirl, wliif.i It i:> iifu.ii I'ur of I'll'illl-.:, i IcliUim w.ifii L'v tciiinionljr 'i'hc.r fan. iiit^iincd, tii'J :i o! thv i'.iire .v. with liiuw, r<.-.u!iii'j^ niucU HUM :i. iiinlui » mnti* It ,iii\l culling bcvl ami |iuilc. s cUcc-mi-'il ilv; It .iml (.lUow- .mil li.iri's, iill ts- 111 ill i> liaii r ol |ilii'aianls lowl ;iiiil vviM I- At ir.inimni ihoil- lilj;luu-. ii.iic"^ witliout ill till t;jiii III iiiauK .iiij liT- icii toiirt, anil I'll plriitilul s till' kr\.intv piiKc, Jriol hcv iiiikc cn- cy kill ;'. cow, inKii litiik to s to make all riiiu wine n s tlicy piiicccJ ctints the men d the Wdiinii ftxcs, the wii- cnt. i hut dtc, Ai^i\ libu'.iiuiiiv. iat to liiticiv, anil ruhhiTv, iilc the iawlul- cy brin,; then ily money, 'ir t when thev niiik It A |iRce ts, and to pill c hvlc, and. 111 , nicaiiL. iluy iiiltery and in- d wlien .1 iJia'i nay oblijf hiin nu'tliod ul I'.'- lu kail upon in the field ill lit in flviP'Mh-: ■ iA:'y.i TuRKV in Asia. A S I l! S79 fjcnn at the liermi, which they citch only (.,r the fak- of tin; tutt upon liii crown, in order to put it u.ioii their biiniiet ', and when thev have cut it oil, they let hini ){'> at;aiii, thut It may ^ruw afitlh. i'lic hiiiifcb ui the- iMiii^reliani arc liii It with tiniher, of which tluv have great lilciilv ; V iit the poori r fort never railctheni above one Iturv.n ir the rich above two. 'I'de lower room i, always luiiiiilud with bedi and rmiches to lie down or III upon ; but thele buildiiif^s are iiuonvcnicnt, from their h iviii;» neither wiiuIowj nor chiinnics ; an I as they ha'.o fieipiriiily only one room (or a whole family, they all lie together, and at nii^hl have alio their cattle with them. I'hcv have no cities nor towni, except two hy thefcii- fide I but their houlcs are fo h is ll.>pped up by trees whenever there is reafoli to apprehend tlic appro.ieli of an enemy. The ^lentiemcn have full power over the lives and eflatci of the tenants, and even fell ordifpol'e of their wives and children in what m inner they pleale. Helides, every hiif bandiiian i^ obliyed to lurnilh his lord w tii as many cat- tle, and as much com, wiiie, and other piovdioiis as is in his power. Thus the rn hesof ihe nreat conlill in the number of their vallaK. I'hey .ire the jiidi>es of all the dil'piites that arife between th.ni; but when they them- felves are at variance, they deternnne their ipi irri I . by force of arms, and tlierelorc all o| tlu'in po aimed wiih a fword,a lance, and bow. M n!»rclii is liiit tliinly pro- ple.l, which isowini; lo their wai> .old me lall iiuiiibeit loM by the nobility to the 1 urks and I'eilians. All their trade is caincd on by way of barter, for their nuuiey has no fettled value. The cm rent Ipeeic ate laid'.o be piallers, Dutch crowns, an.l ab.iflis, wbiih arc made 111 dror.-'ia, and hear the I'eilian ll.imp. Ihe rcvrtiues ot the prince of .\linj;rel;a do not < xcetd twrnlv .lioufan.l crov^-ns a ye.ir, which are tailed by ciillonis and poods exported and imported, bv Icllin'; of ilavc'^, and i'V hues and inifiofnioiis. Hut lor this he has litile life ; for his (laves Itrve him wi'.hou! pay, and In valliih. (urniih tiis couit with mote provifioiis than he (anf|Hnd. He it not able to raife more than four thoulaiid men lit lobi.ii .iiins, and thoie .lie cbietly cav.diy. The loldiiis are ni t dillnbiited either into repiinents or companies ; h.i each lord and Kentleinan leads his nun to battle wililoiit order, and thev follow liini lis well in flyiii;' a'- ill charj'ju'j the enemy. Upon lidemii dllii .ds the prince's court conlills of two hundred i;tntlenii n, but upon other tl.iys it docs not anuuint t ihove a huii.lrc.l .ind twenty. The prince of Mini^nlia pays a tribute lo the (ir.ind Si:'nior of fixty thoufand ells of linen clothm.ulc in that country. The icli'jion of the Colchians was .Tntiently the fame witli that ol the Cirecks and Romans ; but, accnrdini; to rrcicliallical hilloiians, thi y wire roiuerted toChriJlia- nlty by a Have, in the rcr^n of C'oiitt..n'ine the (ireat. 'I'he Nlinnrclians howeier iifli-rt, th.it .St. Andrew picach- cd anion;; them at a pine called l'i;>.iit,i^, where a church now II iiiiK, to whi^-h the catholicos, or archbilhip, ;'n" once ill his life to make the holy oil iilrd in b!|iilMi. However, thele people ate utterly unwoitliy lai.l he will not tonlecrate .i MOioii for lei-, th.infis: hundred crowns, nor fav i.iaf« under a hiiii- lired. 1 ii. lanchty conlill . in .ibllinen.e fioiii Itelli .n I wine in Lent ; an.l he is neneially lo ignorant, that he ci'ii hardly re.iil his Ureviary ainl Millal. lie ha, fix bllhop. uildei hull, who p.iv little rei^.ird to the loultof the people, an.l never y iTit their chiirelies anddiocefesj but lutler the piiella to live in i^iioiaiue, and the people to commit the j'U'^'tell crimes. They a'c chiefly roi- ploved in fe.illiii^ .ind j;rftini» drunk. Their niiiuipal leveniies nrile hom the oppielfion of their Vafl!d , r.nj felliii;» their w ves and chil 'ten, Howw r, liie t:-.-" (iieek hidiops, they abllain f:oni Hefli,;.nJ fecm to thinlf that tins is .ilmod the cily duty they ai- obli.'e.l to pjf form. Their i itliedral , .ire adorned with i"i.i;'es, which the) embeliili wiih I'ldd and jew>! , :ind by ttii. intaiis laiuy ihcy fattsfy the divine julliie i iiJ ntcnc for their till,. Tliey ail tlo.itiuJ in f .irK". and v 1 rt, and dijlVr Irom the fiiul lis inw.iriiu; lon^j bc-r.. ., and bjtiiict:. that lie black, hii;li, an.l roui.d. The comnion priells are n.mcriii-, ind n.ifirablv poor. 'I'hey iidtii.ite llieir own proiinJs a;. ! lho:e of then lords, and aie as '."leat (lives as the ftciiiaii } v.cr hive they any iel|x-.!l (hewn them, except when thiy bleK Ihe lood at meals or fav mafs. Ai ihi-ir I'srifli chuiihcs have no bellt, they call the people t''_i;tther hy knoikini; with a I'reat Hick upon a boaid. I'heir chilli lies aie kept ai nady a'- llables; and thou"h iha ima)'is are Ion!, broken, and coveied with duil, the woilhip paid tlieni it in the hi;>hed dr)>rei- idolatrous. I li. y indeed woiHiip thole moll that arc liii. Il adorneil, ormodlaiiKil lor their cruelty, ..iid wlun tlicv (wcr by I'lv ot thili, th;y never break ihcii oath. One ot iiieir moll (irmidable im.i;^es i^ n.ini'-d Sr. (iioli.i, '.vhmii thev dare i^'t approach nearer th^n r^i th'.- jdace where they can jull fee him, and there they leave thi ir prcfcnts, lor they ima^-inc he kdls all who venture to .'pproach linn, I'lir none of ihe Romlfli f.iiiiis have ;bey any value, except for Si. (irori^e, lo wlmni both they and theGcor- (;ian!i p.iv tie hii^hcd rcveriiue. 'I'lieir ii aU rcfvmbles that ot the (iieek .. I'heir chalice is a woodiii ^ubli I, and their pattella wooden ddh. 'I'hey nevir fay ni..l» in l.'Ut but on S.iturdays and Siiiulayt, becau/e they think the conimunion fpoiK tli, ir l..'lin;;. Tlnyconle- ciaie cither leave. ;ed or un!.a\eiied buad, witlKiii: any ditrireiiee, aiidini\no water wilhib.e wine, excpt ubc veiy lining. Sit John Chaidin fayi, that while he was in Min.'rrlia he v*a-. iiiviie,! to twoehiidenin ■ ., vehih wirepfi:,.iin- I 1 in the (.dloiviii ', niann-r : the pmd bem ; !• iit lor at ilioiit ten ill llie morninj^, went into the hiii!iry, where lluy kerp the win. , and li'tlii; un .'. bench in- ■ .n to leail III hall loin oMavo volunii, ;'uii:i'ii^ un \eiy lair, in .t J A L-.v ,.| i M 'ili t: iii Hi * 11 ■■' -i t' !■ ««' A S Y S T I'. M or O F. O C, R A P II V. TiRKv in Ajia. m 15. •! mr^.: .\ low vo'xt, JP..1 ill tl'.e m'm liiin^* hnt iii.bri*. I lii' inifll fiiilcoiiiiiiuc^J ff^diiig With the !jmc In.itti iition, Im ;ili in*<'»f to l|><-alt til ivciv limly ih.il i.iino 111 1 wliili llu- fa:hci 'ii'l vihIIikIiit wctc ;ill ll>f liii'(^ w.ilkiii^ 111 nii.l (Mit, and the lilllr buy i!id iiulhiii ' but >'.1I in .ibiv.it .ni huut't 'imr i bu>kit luil nl w.iir'i u.itti u'.i^ ^mll4thi r vvulho'l Ih' wbnb- bi.dv vny well. '1 hr piii'lt then takni:; d lin.ill i|ii.iniilv •'! Ibi' 01) of uri'i.iiii fill III' .iL'.ilbii imiU' ib.il bun: .it bis pidlf, ;.:»c It 10 ihi- i'.oilUlbf r, w bn jn.nntid tin- dull til the ifim-it ol thf ht-aj, the tonhc.id, tbf i us t>u- ttoir, tbr chct'««, ihf (bin, tlic (haulJriH, tbrilb>jw>, tSe bifk, ihr billv, t!u> kritt s, aii.l I. ct : w bilf llir nri. It ruTt'O-j-d ri-aJiM'.;, till tbr pmllalbtT h.iil dr liid tbf •tti^tl i when the tiKlitr biiiigin:; in lunb-d |Hiik and wine, liiry fat ikiwii to (able witli ibu- family, and luon gof diunk. The I'^inc author f.iv?, that «virs' oib"r ttiipi mi ack ii ctlcbiattd bv ibi- MingttliiiH wiib ti.r lame iiiilcctnt i.T'Mfdm'j and iiifomis i! , that nije day -ii he was Difllni hv .( chucib, the pruit, who •m\-< U)\iii." A nioiiiinl alter be > aiiie tn the d'-.r, IMirtcnng lie nuls n> \.c walkidj and bavin|» oTkiJ whiiicr he came, and wlntbcr be wai (!;oin!;, be tcrv civilly flicwcd bim ilie way, and t Ik 11 returned tn the a!!ar. Thiyobfcrv'C iicirly the fame falls as the (inilis, fur thrv kiep the four great Lents, tb.- full briuic Kaller, v.hicli i» iuriv-CJght days; that before fhiiltnias, wbitli is f< :iv d.:v» ; St. I'ettr's falf, wliii h l.'iU luar a n.niilb ; and the fatlobtetvtd by the K.lUrii Clinlliaii'. in lionuur fit t".e \ irj;in Maiy, which mntiMiirs liftcm dav. Tht.f [-r-vcri arc a!l addnll d to iliiir idoln f.i tein- piif^l ! Iff thiir own prul'iienly and ilie ruin of their cnemi 4. The) a'. Ham Iroin wmk unly at the fcf;iva!> <-f Chiillmas and I'.alUT, wbitb lluv ulibiatc on'.v bv c.tmg and diinkiii.; in ibur hiuili s loexufsi but' their ^-rfaf ft fillivals :irc when the iinnj^r of a faint ii carried thriiu.'h their country ; upon whuh mcaliiin tHc%- dtciv in th. ir b ll eloatbs, make a gresl fiall, and t;!crfh.-n prrfents tn the idol. 7"hcfe jiv(i;\e h.iveecrtalii monks, of tbr order of St. lUftl. «ho we.r bluek bonnet , eat no flilli, and lutler their hjir to }:mw ; but p.iy im n j;ard to rrli.^ion, ex- c.-pt iib'eivin:; ibtir f.ilU Willi gieat ex.ictneh. They kave alio null* of the fan'e odlei, wlio oblerie llicir (.ill., an-i wear a ila! k viil; but t'uybayc no nunneries, nor ar» undrr any vow«, but quit the order tvheiK-yer they pieafr. In thc'r mirii.i;r« the parrnt< of the (liil .ijjrc upon t'le piuc with the perlon who del'iies her ; and here they pay iel. for 3 woman xeho b.: been tliyorecd, more is «ltini:vjcj ff-r .i wi.luw, and 1! II nvire for a maid. When thr ajTirfm'-nt is made, the yoiinj; man may keep company with btr till the money is pud, and it i> no Icandal if Ihr p'c<" e w iili child by him. Ill nnHiiiiini lor the dia.l ibe women rend tb laid m.ifs, lays ilaim toeveiy thiii; whi.-h belong; J to tlie ib eealej, his borb s, arin.i, clost.'ii, .Twiiev, and cyciy thing ol the like kind j l.n, ifnonei'i- .Minijreiians, death ii the ruin of farnilu'i , but mhrn a bifhop die;, the piince fays the mals lor the dead on the f,riieth diy of mourning, and takes all his iRt-. r;.blr g'>odk. < )ii th" roiilines of Mingrelia lie the little principality of (iiiri -l an I the kiii;;d.'r. Ii.ini. All thcfc nation* were mice fubjcfi to the emperor ol Coiillantinopl; i hui, altnthey haJ freed tb-iiifelvr^, became invoUid in toniimi.il wan, till calling in ihr alTiilaiu'e uf the Turks, they were made tribuiay lu tlitm. S K C T. XIV. Of S^ »IA, tatUd t'f tht Turk I SuKISTAN. 7/v Fiiifsf'll; i.'iiiKlty, Clinuitr, uml SfiiJ>ni ; ihtir Iff'- liililit, uiiJ method of HajbaiUiy ; ihtir B Is level, and opens a pallage for the river Orontei lo dif. tharye itlelf into the iVIe literranean, Tliele mountains arc covered with tiers, (hiubs, and a number of plants, w'liich do not, like thoir in the plains, lolc tlicir ver- dure during tlie lieat of fummcr. As they .iboiiiid with fprings, thcl'e birin linall tivulets, which, in lome placci on the lidc next the fca, unite into rivers, and rcfrelh the pLiiis between them and the le..-fhore. Uchinl them on the l.itid fide are (rencrally extenfivc plains, that alio receive j'.teat benebt Irom the Dreams that di.dcend from the mountains, near 'vbu h they are covered with niyrilr, oleander, an. I other fliruhs. Hut the oppoliic boundaries of tbol'e plains aie thirfly low, rock t, barrel" bills i but behind ihem are other large plain' w^ ,eh, lliou;;b 01.I7 wati-ied by the rains that fall inthi winter, arc extecding fertile. This intermixture of rock, 'mi- ncnccs and plains extends abo'it fixty or feventy mues within land. The Orontcs is ihc only river of any note in Syria. It riles on the land-lidc of the above high mountains, and irom thence winding round tails into the fca : the rtif ot the rivers, which arc few and inconfidcrable, are ab- foibeil by the tbirlly pl.iins through which they pafs, Tven tbr (Jroiites, though fwrlled by a number of brooks Irom the lofty mouiuaim behind which it runs, and alfo Irom the lak-" of Antiocli, fcems as confidcable many miles above that city, as where itdifchargesitlclf into the Mediterranean. The fealons arc here extremely regular, andth^airfii pure and free from damps, that, from the end ol May to the middle of September, all the inhabitants, ol ubalcvet rank, liip and fleep exjxifed to the air in their court- yaids, or upon the boule-tops. The natives reckon ih.it ibf levcrty of winter lalls only fortv ilavs, brgin- iiiii^ Irum thu twelfth of December, and cndin.' at tbr twentieth LV in Asia. r principiiiitv Miiiiiu Cju- DC I'ouih, imt iirant« jLte u( •tc;^ubrity of J tv lobbrry, n ehe country lii'>i Minert- rid, and part i with wuixlt ■ plcalint aiitl , pulfc, .tnd a nf<, and I'ome It II cciinrJ in I lowiM ; hut f thr Miii;>rr- [o ihe cmpcrnr cJ III ■nifc-lvci, calling in ihr I tributary (u UTAN. (II ; ihtir I'tgl- Btttjii, Birdi, ti(h empire ia icrn extremity, iif ihecountrici ling with Syria, Nalolii, or Afu I'lC I'urlcj. ec and Natolia; Arabia , whicti the fouth i aitd ry high moun- louii'- I'lcfia to milc5, where it Orontej to dif- iielc mountaini inber of plants. Idle iiicir vcr- y ;iboiitld With , in I'omc placci rs, and rcfri'(h (horc. Urt^in.l five plains, that lis that df.lcend c covered with ut the oppoliic rcKk ,', b.irrfp- pl.iiir w* .th, II inthi winter, t rock, 'mi- (cventy mncs )!i- in Svria. It iioiintains, and le lea : the rtik dcrable, ari ab- hich they pafi. II tuber uf bro'ilci It runs, and alfii ifidcfablc many ,es iti'elf into liitf r, anil th" nil fo id (it M.iy to the t<, ol utiatcvei ill their coiirt- lutivcs rockiiii iljv<, brgiti- 1 ciidiiv.^ :it thr twentieth Tuiiitv in AsfA. A Ii twentieth nf January. Duiiiij thiiCimc ihc air at Altp|»> it very |iicii.iii)(, even tii Oran^cri wliu have jull cmiik. Iiiim a > old < liiiiale : yet, diiiiiii', tli.- lliiitecii ^^ars l)r KulU'l til'ided there, the iir wan not above thri. liiiit> ol futKvicnl llien)2lh in bear .1 nun, and that t^i^iwitli i.m- tioii, and only in a filiiaiinii Ihcllcrid Iruiii the ht.iin. ol the lull. Ill ten years ■it that time the limw never l.iy mi the ground above a day : even 111 ihe d>'|ith ol winter, when thrr lull IllineH and theie ii no wind, tin- wr.ither it waini, aid limietinii '• ainiol) hot. Ileiuc ii.ircilliilV, are III fliwrr during all this lc.irnn,.iiid violrt.,.uih^' latili, appe.ir bclurt it i> (juitc uve,'. A-> IVIiniary auvaneet, the fields, which were before partly green, becuiiie en- li.'cly covered with an agreeable verdure, by ti.e Ipiiii^- ing up of the lalicr giaiii -, and lliuiigh the trcen con- tinue in their leaflefs Hate till about the be;;iiiiiiii4 of March, vi t the almond, when l.ilelt, hcin^ in blotliiii) before the middle of I'cbruary, and (|uii kly I'ueteeded by the apticul, peach, 5^c. the gardens alluiiie an a^rccible jppc'araiKC. rncfpring i< extremely plrafant, but isof di'irt ilur.i- tion ', fur as March bring* it on with rapidity, lo Apiil \vi:h etpial hade advances towanls luininei , and the agreeable livery worn by the fields dui 111^5 thtle two nii'iiths', and iii.leed through moll of thr winter, f.ides before tlie middle of May; and, ere that month isilnled, the whole country has lo parched and ban. 11 .111 .iiptvt, t'lat one would fcarce tliiiik it (.ip.ilile (.1 pKiJuiiii;^ .my tiling befides the lew haidy plants th.it are Hill ahle to r 'fill the extreme heats. From tliii liiiK no nliefliiii^ fh'iwer falls, and Icarce n Irieiully cloud .ippcirs !■' Ili-I- ItT the inhabitants lioni the excrlTivc heal of tlii: luii, till abo'it tiK middle ol Srptenilier, when a little rain peiic- taliy lalli, and ;;teatly reiidlies the air. Tline \» .in iiil.ival of between twenty and thirty il.iys from thcle tirl) r.iins till the I'erond, during which the we.itlier is I'crciie, temperate, and extremely ilcliyhllul ; and il the lains have been ;,leii:iful, thoiii^h hut of .1 lew houis dii- ratifin, ilit cinintry Ipecdily allunu:. .1 new Ukk. Alter the lecoiid rains the we.ither becomes vaiiable, and win- ter approaches; but with fcicli (low degree, that the preitcll p.irt of the trees pieferve tluir leaves till the niidtlleof November, an. I people of tlv moll delie.ite blowing from the very (aimr point, rdeniblc the hot air iduing Iromtlic moii.h of a hoi ovcii. The only remedy .igainii them is t.i (hut all the doors and windows ; for though they are not tatal III Syria, as in otiier countries, they are extremely tiou- b'clome, aft'i ctin,', mod pople with a painful lanjuor and a difficult refpiiation. However, iii.iny fuiiiiiicis pals without them ; and, duriii;; Dr. Kiillel's Hay in the t ouniry, in no funinier were there more th.iii four or live divj ol them ; for lhoii;>li the iiurilieily and eadeily wiiiJs reign mcid in the winter, yet I'fovidenee has wifely or- dained the welleilv wiiid.s to be moll frciiucnt in llie fummer, withiiut which the intcnle heat ol the rays of thi. fun, with their reflecli.m finm a bare rocky trail of j;round, v\-ou!d render the coiiiitrv Kaice habitable. With refpeiTl to the vegetables of this country, they f.iw i:i til? fields Turkv wheat, barley, bc;in.s, agicen kind of kidney- beans, Turky millet, lentils, hemp, cotton, fiuficiiiclons, watT melons, almall cucumber, ballaid fa:7ion, and fever.il others. Near Aleppo tobacco is planted in the par.lens ; but in the villages, at about ten or fif;ecn miles dillance, a large i|uaiitity is planted in the fields ail'', ell the hills from Sho^jre to Latachia pro- 1 il I'.e fuch plenty <( it, that this vi'getable makes no in- ! C)iifi,lerab!-.- branch of tr.i.le, pirti. iil.irly with F.gypt. j The har\ell begins with cutting the bailey about the ; t>'-.;;iiii;iii{ of .May, and both tli.il and the whe.it are go- | ntr.i!ly f!Ot in by the twentieth of ihe finic month. As | foon a:i it is cut down, or plucked up, (whiih is the more j ufuji! method) it is cairied to a neij^hbouring fpot of ( bitJ '.x -n (-round, wlicic it is fepauted fiocn the hi.(k| I A. iS( by a machine: like a fleJ^f, that run» upon two or l'ite>' lullii., iliawn by horie«,oxcn, ni .ilbs. |n ihef' roller are tixcd low iion wheel., note lied like llie teetli of 4 l.ity, which bi iiii( pretty (liarp at once i ut llic llr.nw and feparaie the pram. Their pranariei aie fiibteiuneoii, caverin, entered by a (mall hole like a wel', lieipuiitly III the high way ; and as they arc coinmoiily leit open when empty, they render riding in the night nut a little danjierniit ii'-ar the villagci. I he olivc i priiddi ed about Aleppo arc little more than fufficidit to Ivrvc tlie inhabitants fur pickling ; but at Kdlib, about thirty miles lo the fouth-wcll, and in th^: neighbouiing villages, there .ire large plantation , which alfordabuiiilaiueoloil, with which, an I the aHies brow^hc by the Arabs from the Defart, a conl'iderable i|uaiiiiiy 01 lope IS annually nudi , Ihe vineyaids rouii I .Meppi niodiiee preiiy goml grapes ; but the wine ni.ide by thu Chrillian. .m.l Jews i« preflld from ;',rapes briiii,:lit from loine diliance. 'I'heir white wine< are palat.ible, but th.n and pour, and leldom keep foiiiid .iboveayear. r lie red wine is decp-culoure.', (Irons, anil heady, but without .my II Hour i and, iiillead ot prodiuiii;; iiurth, and rlevaiin.; the fpirils, bung on lleep or (liipiilily. trum niliin, ufually mi>.ed with a few anifeed., they dr.iw a llrong Ipiiii, which thfy call arrack, of which the Chiilliaiii and Jews dunk pretty (rtdy. Among the fruits ol lbi^ country there are only tWD or three loits uf apples, and ihilc very IndilVcn ,it. They have apiicoii, jieaihe',, indjllerent good pears, tpiiiices, (Himegi.ui.ii< . ol three lull., black and white m ilbeiriei, oraii^r>, ail 1 lemon ; fij^H of four fort-., w.iliii.t«, ba/lu iiuis, |.iil iciii.i nut-, »< l.incjer if in- juiiiijjtheii tails ; but 111 other places, wheie tliell' (heep f'-id m the liild,, the flit pherds arc obliged to (i.'< a piece of thill bo.iid to the under pan of the tail to preven; it; being torn by the bufhe^, tliilllej, and un\-y it not bt • ing covered underneath like the upper p.iit wilh thick wcxd ; fome ha.e alio wheels to f.itilitati the diag^ing of ihi. board aft-v them, whence they h.ive been ic^pre- feiited by travellers as having carts to carry llieir tails. 'I'hey have two kinds of goats, one that refniMes thofi* in Hritain, an.l the other remarkable for the length of their ears. Thcfe are only a little lar;'er than ouis, and yet their ears are frequently a foot Ion;;, an. I broad in pi.iportion : thty are r hielly kept fiir tlieir milk, which IS fwcet an.l well tailed. In th;: beiMnninii of Apiilthe\' are brought t.i Aleppo, and great numbers .ue driwe'hro' the flreets every moining, and their milk fold as thcV pafs till September. Syria abounds with two fiirts of .infelopes, of which that of the mountains i» the moil be.imiiul. It', back and neck are of a dark brown, and the .iiiti lope of the plain is neither fo Iwift, nor (a well ma.le ; \et boih lorts arc fo extremely fleet, that thj grey-liouiuls, tho' very gooil on> ;, cm fcldom com." up with them, with- out the .'fTillance of a falcon, unleij 111 fan .kep 'round. I'h.re :^.;j ,.ii ■ I ! ,i I ' t .| IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h A t/. ^ ^ 1.0 I.I us us u I- ^ 1^ IM 2.0 IM IL25 III 1.4 m 1.6 ^ /a Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 ;^^\ iV a? :\ \ ■% '<#« r': f i?2 A T I .M O I'" C. I, (J G R A P II V. Tlrky in Asia. Tli^rc nrc pU nty of h;ircf, but nnnc of the natives, except the Arabs, arc foiul of them. Tl'.c mcthml of il refill' ; th'.TTi is very cxtraor.liiinry. They ciij a hiil;-- in the earth, which they iill with li^-Jit briifluvoo;!, ar.il fi;t itonlir;-; when thoroughly liL-lUeJ, the h.irr, with the firn and fomi.- ial article of trees. :c almoft to \nti-Libanu9 )r more than nc and Bar- i little to the a fine fpring from the foot ilain. Thcfc conftant rills be improved eafure. Thcfe r which name ; ground near ween Tripoljr es twenty five ys .vy he Icaft doubt metimcs call- ontains about are Greek and the people arc fays the above ihavevifited iit thinking them s to ha^e been city from the with its wall, uinsof the an- of its magnifi- ;he grand front nts (eem v.ant- ured liy two ind it a;i hexa- Is, is adorned in ruins j but r ancient gran- lers of the Co- doors are finc- 1 furrounds the )rned with fef- d thcfe edifices, pedeilals, and columns, capi- , in which are s much in the with an Attic wo courts, a:id two courts, the :le more of this IS, which fup- kablc, that the pieces, exa£lly no part of thefc with iron pins, . Moft of the id the other cir- fanie fhapc and On meafuring laritwas found, jft have been a r; and by the temple, it ap- le fame manner, th of the build- ing i ! i.n.r^ T r,r ry^^ ill., a over it is a ftonc briJgc. Here is a large and handfome mofquc, whicii was formcily a Cliriitian church: the Chridians have fome monalUries and neat chapels, among which is that of the capuchins, who are chaplains to the French, and the jeliiits have likcwil'ea handfome college. In the lea oppofite tlic town is a fand bank, which en- crcafcg-ro much, tliat it is thought it will in time choak up the harbour, which is two miles weft of the town, and formed bv a round piece of land united to the con- tinent by an iiinnius. On each fide is a bulwark, in which are an hundred janizaries, and fome great guns to defend the entrance. 7"he city contains about eight thoufand houfes, and near fixty thoufand inhabitants, confifting of Turks, Chriftiau!!, and Jews. The baflia, who rcfides in the ca- ftle, where there is a garrifon of two hundred janizaries, governs the adjacent territory, in which there is plenty of fruit, and a yriat number of mulberry trees, which enable the inhabitants to carrv on a filk manufadlure, from whi'.h they draw confidcrable profit. We (liall now proceed to the fouth-caft, and view the remains of ancient magnificcnte, vifiblc in the ruiiii of This opens into a quadrangular court, in which are alfo the remains of magnificent buildings much in the fame tafte. The portico was crowned with an Attic courfe, which was carried through the two courts, and feems to have been adorned with ftatues. On pafling through the portico and the two courts, the traveller comes to the great temple. Little more of this ftruflure remains than nine lofty columns, which fup- port their entablature. It is very remarkable, that the ihafts of thefe columns confift of three pieces, exactly joined without cement, which is ufed in no part of thefe buildings ; they being only ftrengthcned with iron pins, received into a focket cut in each ftone. Moft of the bafcs have two fuch fockets,one fquarc and the other cir- cular, correfponding to two others of the fanie (hape and dimenfions in the under part of the (haft. On meafuring fome of the largefl of thole that were circular it was found, that the iron pin which they received muft have been a foot loBg, and above a foot in diameter; and by the lockets in all the fallen fragments of this temple, it ap- pears, that each ftone was fattened in the fame manner, ilow greatly this contributed to the ftrength of the build- ing TuRKY in AiiA. S }urt, in which are lugs much in the led with an Attic two courts, and inn i> (ten in another temple, which ii more entire, where Bcoliiinii has f.illcii .igiiiilb the w.ill with Inch vidIiiici;, an to beat ill the Itune it till au;ain(i, and [nvnk |i.iiti)i thf (halt, while the joinings in the lame flult h^ve nut been in the lead opened by the (hock. The moll entire temple i> placed irrii;ularly with rc- iciil to the former, and h ereiled upon a niiKh luwcr hOrr/.ontal plan It has Kill a purillyl j ol i ij^lit (.oUinwn in front, and hfteen in flank, which continue to lupport their entablature, though the 'I'urks hive made lev^ral nttcmptt to deftroy theni, in order to i;et the iron pkd in ilrengthcnini; this noble building. 'I'ne arch ot the por- tico is divided into compartnienis by the liched carved work and mouldingM cut in ' 1 A. tt^ nn caftcrn monarch enjoy a more luxurious rctircmenf: than aiiiidll the lircamj and (haclei of Ualbec. 'I'he ni- tivci tell rn.iiiy lluries (jf the nuiin.r in which he I'pent hii hoiiis III dalliance ill this retreat ; a luhject on which the warm iniaginauon of the Arabs is apt to be too par- ticular. It may be more rcafonably enqtiireJ, whcilier the I'lidiiii'MUs did not eredt thefe temples in tlie neirih- bourhood of thiir capital ; for it i:. pretty certain that the fun wai woifliippt I here in the (louiifhin^; times of that people, wlun this plain w.i-. probably a pa;t of their territory. Accordin;; to Macnibiiis the city obtained both its name and worlhip from lleliopolis, in Kgvpt ; ' ■ •• • •• .1...U./1.. — nil 1:.._ Tow'" ••■■••< T H W E S E R 1 O C E J^ M^^U R I T/^ 23: ft. '■ i. I 'it.. \\ M m ii U\ "anaaTL •'S of r Turky in Asia." A S ing is feen in another temple, which is more entire, where a column has fallen againft the wall with fuch violence, as to beat in the ftone it fell againft, and break part of the fliaft, while the joinings in the lame fluft have not been in the leaft opened by the fliock. The moft entire temple is placed irregularly with re- fpcil to the former, and is ercited upon a mucli lower horizontal plan. It has flill a pcriftylc of tight column'. in front, and fifteen in flank, which continue to fupport their entablature, though the Turks have made fcvcral attempts to deftroy them, in order to get the iron uled in ftrengthening this noble building. The arch of the por- tico is divided into compartments by the richeft carved work and mouldings cut in the folid ftone. Thcfc com- partments are in an alternate fucccffion of one hexagon, and four rhombs enclofmg figures and heads in alto re- lievo. The rhomboid pannels contain heads of gods, heroes, and emperors ; the hexagons likewifc cojitain the heads of the fame fubjects,and fomctimes entire figures relating to the ancient mythology,as a half len;;th of Di- ana, Leda and the Swan, Ganymede riding on the back of an eagle, &c. On the infide of the temple a row of fluted Corinthian columns rife to the top of the building, and fupport a rich entablature. Between each column is a niche finely ornamented, and above each niche a taber- nacle or opening anfwering to it, fupported by fmall co- lumns. The roof is fallen in, and many (hrubs grow out of the ruins of the entablature. To the weft of thefe noble remains of antiquity is a magnificent circular temple. This ftrufture is on the outfidc of the Corinthian order, and within of both the Corinthian and Ionic; but the (hafts of all the colutrins are of one piece. The front of this temple is disfigured by Turkifh houfes and modern additions erefted againft it, and on the infide, the lower, or the Ionic ftory, is con- verted into a Greek church, and for that purpofc is fe- parated from the Corinthian ftory above. At the fouth-weft end of the city, where a fmall part of the foot of Anti-Libanus is onclofed by the walls, is a fin- glc Doric column of confiderable height ; but nothing in its fizc, proportion, or workmanfhip appears fo rcm;irka- ble, as its having on the top of its capital a little bafon, which has a communication with a femicircular channel cut five or fix inches deep down the fide of the (haft. It is faid that water was formerly conveyed down from the bafon by this channel ; but how the bafon itfelf was fup- plied is at prcfent unknown. The fmall part of the city now inhabited is near the circular temple, and to the fouth and fouth-weft of it ; and within this compafs are feveral mofques with their minorcts. The city walls feem like the confufed patch- work ofdift'erent ages. The broken entablatures, pieces of capitals, and reverfed Greek infcriptions, which ap- pear in going round them, (hew that they were repaired after the decline of tafte, with fuch materials as lay ncareft at hand. At a fmall diftance from the walls of the city is a quarry of frec-ftonc, from which probably the immenfe Itones employed in the body of the great temple were taken, while the more ornamented parts of thofe buildings were fiipplied by a quarry of coarl'e white marble at a greater diftance to the welt of the city. There are ftill remain- ing in the firft quarry Ibme vaft ftones cut and (haped for ufc. One of thofc ftones thus Ihaped, but not entirely detached from the quarry at the bottom, is feventy feet long, fourteen broad, and fourteen feet five incht-s deep, and confcqucntlv contains fourteen thoufand one hun- dred and twenty-eight cubic feet, and, were it Portland ftone, would weigh about two million two hundred and feventy thoufand pounds avei Jupois, or about eleven hun- dred and thirty- five tons. All the inhabitants of this country, both Chriftians, Jews, and Mahometans, confidently maintain, that both Ealbec and Palmyra were built by Solomon. Indeed the ruins of both, fays our ingenious author, anfwer our ideas of his riches and power, and it is not difficult to difcovcr his love of plcafure in the former, and his wif- dom in the latter. It is probable that his charailer as a wife and yet voluptuous prince, may have given rife to an opinion, which, with refpeft to Balbec at leaft, feems to have fcarce any other foundation ; for no where could 2+ i a; 2 5a an caftcrn monarch enjoy a more luxurious retirement: than amidft the ftreams and (hades of Halhcc. 'Ihc na- tives tell m.\ny ftorics of the manner in w'lich he fpcnt his hours of dalliance in this retreat : a fubjccl on which the warm imagination of the Arabs is apt to bo too par- ticul.u'. It may be more reafonably enquired, whether the Phoenicians did not crc£l thefe temples in tlie neigh- bourhood of their capital ; for it is pretty certain that the fun was worfhippcd here in the flouii(hii. ; times of that people, when this plain was probabl) a p.- t of their territory. According to Macrobius, the city obtained both its name and worlhip from Hcliopolis, in Egvpt ; and he obfervcs, that the ftatucof Htliopolitan Jove was brought from thence to this city. " This diviiii'y, fays " he, was both Jupiter and the Sun, which appears both " by the rites of the worftiip, and by the attributes of " the (tatue, which is of gold, reprefenting a pcrfon " without a beard, who holds in his right hand a whip, " like a charioteer, and a thunderbolt with ears of corn " in his left, all which point out the un'ted powers of " Jupiter and Apollo ; and the temple excels in divi- " nation." But, inftead of confultlng the JcwKli and I'hcenlci.in hiftory for buildings of the Corinthian and Ionic order, it may be thou!;ht more proper to fearch for them during the time when this country was in the polTi-ffion of the Greeks : but we do not find them mentioned from the period when it was conquered by Alexander, to that when it vvaslubdued by Ponipcv. Hence it is ic;ilon.;blc to conclude, that they were works of a later diUe ; and indeed John of Antioch, furnamcd Malala, obfervcs, that Antoninus Pius crcdlcd a temple to Jupiter at Hcliopolis, near Libanus, in Phoenicia, that vv.\j or.o of tiie wan- ders of the world. This is the only hidoiian who takes notice of the building of a temple in lliis place. VVe (hall now proceed to Damafcu?, now called Sham, at a fmall diilance from whicli the river Barradv, which fiipplics that city and its gardeiis v.'ith water, pours down in a ftrcam near twenty yards broad from the moinitains, which arc cleft arunder to give it admif- fion into the plain below. From a prrripicc on tlicfe mountains the traveller has a moft pcrfccl view of Da- mafcus, and no pro(pc£t in the world ca;i appear more delightful. It ftands in a level plain of fuch extent, that the mountains which encompafs it on the i.iithcr fide can fcarcely be difcerncd, and is only two miles diftant from the place where the river liarrady breaks out from be- tween the mountains, to which its gardens almoft ex- tend. The city is about two miles in length ; it is thick fet with mofques, and the gardens, by which it is on all fides encompalTcd, arc faid to be no Icis than thirty miles in compafs : whence it refcmblcs a noble city fcat- ed in the midft of avaft wood. Thcfc gardens are filled with fruit-trees, kept frcflr and verdant by the waters of the Barrady j and from amidft the trees rife many mino- rets, obelilks, fummer-houfes, and turrets. A confiderable part of the beauty of this profpefl arifes from the river ; which, on its iftuing from between the clefts of the mountain, feparates into three ftreams : the middlemoft and largeft runs through the city, where ic fupplies all the cifterns and fountains ; while the two others encircle it, one to the right, and the other to the left, difperfing a multitude of little currents through the gardens, where they are improved into fountains and other water-works, which are peculiarly charming in a coun- try where the heat of the climate renders a profufion of water one of the greatert luxuries. On a nearer approach, the garden-walls appear of a fingular ftru£lure, they being built of bricks dried in the fun, of an extraordinary fize, and bring two yards long, one broad, and half a yard thick. Two rows of them placed edge-ways, one upon another, form in this dry country a durable wall cxpcditioufly built at a fmall cxpcnce. Damafcus is fittiated in thirty- three degrees north 33;^^, latitude. The (trcets, as in other hot countries, are narrow, and all the houfcs built of no better materials than either fun-burnt brick, or Klcmifti wall coaifily daubed over ; whence, upon any violent (liowers, the whole city is rendered by the wa(hing of the houf'^s an 4 C entire hi ■ "''1,1 ' 1^. >! 'U -H^f VI ■ A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. J51 I. ;i!i J Will ■ mm^ mmm l! 9 ! 3 ■■ 30 entire qu.ipmirc; yet the gates anJ Jnnrs of thr.fi; ftriic- tiirrs ^rc adorned with marble, carved and inlaid with prcat beauty and variety, and notliinj; can I'pjicar more furprifin^; than to fee fiieh a mixture of mud and marble, meanncfs and grandeur. On the infi le there is gine- rally a large court, cncnmp.il!! d by fplendld apartments, bca\itiried with marble fountains, anil floored vN'ith variegated marble in Mof.iic work. The cltlings are, after the Turlcifh manner, richly p^iintcd and gilt, and the carpets and cufliions are extremely beautiful. In this tity is the church of St. John Baptift, which the Turks have convened into a mofque. This is a \'erv noble (hucfure; the gates, which are extremely large, are covered with bral's, and before it is a fpacious court about a hundred and fi.'ty yards long, and clghtv or a hundred broad, paved all over. On the thr^c fules of this court is a double cloyfter, fupported by two rows of granite columns of the Corinthian order, which are exceeding beautiful and lofty. In this mofque the Turks pretend to have the head of St. John, and foine other relics ; and they here maintain, that at the day of judgment Chrlll will dufccnd into tlils mofque, as Mahomet will into that of Jerufilem. The cat'He is a good rullic building, three hundred and foity ])aces in length, and I'ornewhat lei's in breadth. In it is depoiited a gnat quantity of armour and arms taken fiom the Chrilllans. In this city is a large toffee houfe, capable of enter- taining four or five hundred people under the (hade of trees. It has two quarters for the reception of guefts, one fit for the fumnier, and the otiier for the winter. That defigned for the fummcr is a fmall iflaiul, walhed by a large fwift llream, and fhaJcd over he.ad with trees and mats. Here amultitudc ot Turks rcf)rt, there being nothing which they behold with fuch delight as the (h.ide of green trees and water ; to which, if a beautiful face be added, they (,\y, that all three will banifh the moft obftinate melancholy. They flicw here a fmall grotto, in which is a Ghrifiian altar, and a Turliifli oratory, near each other: this grotto, according to their tradition, was the houfe where Anani^'s reftored St. Paul to his fight. The I'urks will not fulfer a Frank to ride on horfe- back ^vhcn he goes to fee the gardens or other curiofities without the cite ; but he muft either walk on foot, or ride upon an a(s, there being always aflcs (landing ready in the ftreets equipt and ready for mounting. The rider has nooccanon for either whip or fpur, for the malferof the afs, or his feivant, follows him wherever he goes, aad force.i him along with a goad. At two or thrjc hours dilfance from DamafcuT is a hi'ih hill, which, according to tradition, is the pl.;ce on whi"h Cain ai.d Abel offered facrij.ce, and where Cain n. w his brother. Dan-.afcus is a place of great trade. One of tlic prin- cipal manufaclures carried on there is the making of fworJ-bladct, knives, and other utenfils of iron and I'recl ; the water here being efteemed excellent for tcm- pcving their metal. The making of damafks is another manuiaebire in whii h they excel. They alfo make great quantities offope. The principal merchandizes brought from hence, hi fides the above, are rofe- water, made of thedam;;rr;-rofes, which grow plentifully here, raw and wrou'iht filks of fevcral kinds, wine, and prunes. Sidon, called by the Turks Sayd, is iituaied upon th? coall to the fi uthward of 7'ripoly, in thirty-three I'e'.Te.s thirty-three minutes north latitude, and was antientlv a place of great ftrength, and had a very cx- tcnfivc traile'; hut though it is (hll populous, it has fallen from it^ antient grandeur, as the many beautiful columns found in the gnrdens without the prcfent walls fiifEcient- ly prove. It is dill a place of fome trade, and has a pretty well frequented harbour. The city is defended by aii old c.iftle, and near it is an antient unfurninicd palace, where the b.iiha refides. Ab<'ut twenty miles lo the fiiuih of Sidon (lands the antient Tyre, t.dled by the Turks Sur. This city is fituated in thiriy-three d.;;rces norrh latitude, and w.-is once famous for a (hell-filli which .roduced a fine pur- ple, and was tlienee c.illed the lyrian-dye. This place IS no'.v nothing but a h'^ap of venerable ruins. It has ToRKv in Asia: two harbours ; that on the north fide is extremely good, and the other is choakcd up by the ruins of the antient city. The prefent inhabitants are only a few poor filh- erm.n, who live in vaults and caves. The adjacent country is naturally fertile, being watered by a number of fprings, but is now neglctlcd. S. E C T. XVIII. O/" JuDEA, or Palestine. lis SItutition, N/ima, Extent, anil Climate. A remariahL' Aurora Ho,,;iHs fccn there by Dr. Shaw. Of the Rocks of 'Jtidt!, and the natural Prciluilwns given to Travellers as I'ctrifi.'Jioni andfacred Relics. Qfti'e River Jordan and Ire ked Sea \ an Juotint of the bituminous A'latter which lij'ti iu that Lake j and of an extraordinary Kind of Pebbles found en the Sh'.re. Several fupcrjiitious Ol>inions refuted. 71 e ai:t;ent Fertility of Palejlinc pioved even from its prcjent State ; with an Auaunt of its Vegctuhles and Aiiimu'.i. ^ PALKSTIXE is bounded on the north by Moimt Libanus, which feparates it from that part' of Syria antiently called Phoenicia ; on tlve caft by Mount Her- mon, which feparates it from Arabia Deferta , on the fouth by Arabia Petnea ; and on the weft by the Medi- terranean. This country received the name of Paleftine from the Philillines, who dwelled on the fca-coaft ; it was called Judta from Judah, and is termed the Holy Land from its being the fpot where the antient prophets fiift rtfided, where our Saviour himfcif received his birth, preached his holy dodtrines, confirmed them by miracles, and laid down his life fur mankind. This country is only about a hundred and fifty miles in length, and ge- nerally eighty in breadth, though in fome places it is wider, and in others narrower ; it is fituated in the fourth and fifth climate, between thirty-one and thirty-three v/-«' degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and the longeft day- is about fourteen hours and a quarter. The climate of Paleftine difters but little from that of Barbary, except its being hotter. The eafterly winds are ufually dry, though they are fometimcs tempeftuous ; and thole which are wefterly are attended with rain. Though the heat from the fituation of the country with, refpect to the equator might be expefted to bf excefllve, yet Mount Libanus, fron\ its uncommon height, is covered all the winter with fnow. The Rev. Dr. Shaw oblerves, that in travelling by night through the vallies of Mount Ephraim, he and his company were attended for above an hour by an ignis fatuus that aflumed a va- riety of extraordinary appearances ; it was fometimcs glo- bular, then refembled the flame of a candle; butin- ftantly it would fpread itfelf, and involve the whole com- pany in its pale inoffenfive light ; then contrading it- felf, it would inftantly difappear; but in Icfs than a mi- nute would again become vifible as before ; or, movinjc from one place to another, would expand itfelf, at paf*'> ticular intervals, over two or three acres of the adjacent mountains. It is remarkable that in the preceding even- ing the atmofphere had been uncommonly thick and hazy, and the dew unufually uncluous and clammy. The firit rains, as they are called, generally fall about the bcgirming of November; and the latter rains fomc- times in the middle, and fometimcs towards the end of April. In the country rorrird Jerul'alem, if a moderate quantity of fnow falls in the begirinirigof February, and the brooks foon after overflow their banks, it is thought topromife afruitful year ; and the inhabitants make re- joicings upon thisoccafion, like the Egyptians upon the cutting of the Nile : but this country is feldom re- frefhed with rain during the fummcr feafon. The fame learned author obfervcs, that in Jiidea he faw the barley in full ear in the beginning of April, and in the middle it began to turn yellow in the fouthern dlflricls. Me found it as forward near Jericho at the end of March, as in the plains of Acra a fortnight after; but in either of thrjfe pl.accs there was little wheat in the e.rr, a'ld the ftalk was Icarcely above a foot high in \\\i fidds near Jerufalem and Bethlehem, The 'riii'Jt'willi Syii:ij4"ooiM'. RKV in Asia; wsi'-^a?"^.™'-''' ' w -I i 1 v:' ,; M T V i^^' ^^i-. ..- ..-^fi.JSm,Z^r; nrth by Mount at part ot'Syriu by Mount Her- •eferta , on the ft by tlie MRdt- imc of Paleftine he fca-couft ; it ertned the Holy intient prophets ceived his birth, icmby miracles, I his country is length, and ge- ime places it is ted in the fourth nd thirty-three '^i~-n I the longeft day- tie from that of 5 eaftcrly winds :s tempeftuous ; Jed with rain. iitlil JKlii|i:!'llW! :n!iii!JiiJiill!lJlii'l!WII?!iliill' iUMil 11, HI'"': ' ' :"ll||!il'' :: i\\\ ji||| ( ■nyrtirrr/ /f>f //if ( /ifr. ii[^; iiic luiiucc or tnc water, and being ailed upon by the external air, burft with a great noil'e r.nd fnioke, :mil Jifperfe themfeives in a thoufand pieces. 'I'his is faid, however, only to happen near the fliores ; for in greater depths the irruptions arc fuppofod only to difcovcr thcnifcUvS by the columns of fnioke which arife from the la!:c. This bitumen is probably accompanied on its rifiiig with fulphur, as both arc found piomifcuoudy on the flioro. I'hc latter exactly refembles native ful- phur, and the former is brittle, and yields a fetid fmell upon fiidloii, or on its being fet on fire ; it is alfo as black as jit, which it cxaiHy refemblcs in its fliining apjicarance. rile Rev. Air. Maundrell found on the fliore a black fort (if pebbles, tiiat burn on being held to the flame of a candle, yielilnii; a moll oftenfive fmell ; but though they lufe their v.ciglu in burning, they do not dccieafe in bulk, 'i'litfe Itones are common on the ncighbourimr liilN, and are capable of being carved and polilhed to as great a pirfeClion as marble. It has been commonly reported, that all the bird.; tlial .vitonpt to fly over this lake drop down dead into It, and that neither fifh nor any other animal can live aithiii ihel'c deadly waters ; but this isfo far from beino- true, that birds fly over the Like without any vifible in- jiirv, and on the fliore are the fliells of tifh refemblin;; th.,le of nyiiers call up by the waves. 'I"he water is very limpid, and not only fait, but very bitter and iiauljjiis i and the laft mentioned reverend gentleman being J.cfiKuis of trying its ftrength, went iiUo it, and found that it bore hint up in fwimming with uncom- mon force. As to the apples of Sodom, "mentioned by feveral authors, thefe are alfo a fidlion, for nothing of that kind is cither fecn or mentioned near this lake j nor I Irelhed by ipnn^vs of excellent war^r. Corn, wine, and oil, with milk and honcv, were botn the food and the principal dainti-s of the earlv .igcs. Thele were once the produce of this countrv as they might be ftlll in the greatett plenty, onl" by ulln.- proper care. The plenty of wine alone is at prefe'U wanting ; yet, from the goodnefs of the little flill made at Jcrulalem and Hebron, we find that thelb rocks barrel as they are improperly called, might yield a much .rre,.-'r quantity, did but the Turk and Arab encoura-ro theciil tivation of the vine. The wild-honey, once part of the- lood of St. John Baptift, Ihcws there was plenty of it in the defarts ot Judea ; and by taking the hint from nature and enticing the bees into hives, t.he quantity mi-ht be vadly increaled. As in fome places the mountains a- bouiid with rolemary, thyme, fage, and fuch aromatic plants as are chiefly fought by the bees; fo others are as well Hocked with fiirubs, and a delicate Ihort (rrafs, oi both which the cattle are more fond than of the plants common to meadows and fallow ground. Th'- milk of the cattle thus fed is not only fai" richer, but their fledi is more (weet and nourilhinsi. Thefe mountainous diftricts have been alfo valuable on other accounts; they fe.-ni to have been formerly wll planted with olive-trees, one acre of which, if prop-rly improved, is more valuable than twice the extent of arable ground ; and feveral parts of Paledine, no Icfs tlian Idumea, which lies contiguous to it, are repr-- lented by the antients as abounding in date-trees In the beginning of March the plains between Taft"i and Ramah, .ind other places in the road to Jtrufilem" are particularly dilHnguifhed by beds of tulips,- frutlila- nes, and other plants of the lame clafs. The balfam- trec, however, is no longer found in this country. ■ ■ ; 'I T,^ n'.' i ' i i: I'll ! ■ |i •'id t ■ -'kl i m 1 'i i^Br M^ # O'l , 5 il^yi 1.'. :r>,;i '!■■! I ij ll aad Inrccs him ?iVnvj_ with a goaJ. l! ri' At two or three hours iliftancc from Damafcus is a hi'jh hill, which, accoiJiii^ to tradition, is the place o!i whi'-'h Cain ai.d Abel oftcrcj facriiccc, and where Cain fl.-w his brother. Dan-.alcus is a place of great trade. One of the prin- cipal manufa'£liires carried on there is the making of fworJ-hbdcs, knives, and other utenfils of iron and ftecl ; the water here being citeemed excellent for tem- pering their metal. The making of damafks is another maniifaJlure in which they excel. They alfo make great quantities of lope. 'I'hc principal merchandizes brouf^ht from hence, bt tides the above, are rofe- water, made of thcdanirfrC-rores, whicli grow plentifully here, raw and wrought fdks cf fevcral kinds, wine, and prunes. Sidon, called by the Turks Sayd, is iitualcd upon th? coaft to the fc uthward of Tripoly, in thirty-three dc'jrees thirty-three minutes north latitude, and was anciently a place of prcat flrcn;:tli, and had a very cx- tenfive trade'; hut though it is flill populous, it has fallen from its antient jirandcur, as the m.inv beautiful columns found in the i;arHens without the prefent walls fufficient- ly prove. It is flill a place of fome trade, and has a pretty well frequented harbour. The city is defended by an old c.ifile, and near it is an antient unfurniflicd p.'ilace, where the b.iiha refides. About twenty miles to the fouih of Sidon ftands the antient Tyre, t.dled by the Turks Sur. This city is fituatcd in thiny-three d.^rccs north latitude, and was •tn, once famous for a Ihell-fini wliich produced a fine pur- ple, and v.'as thence c.dled the lyrian-dye. This place IS now nothing but a h"ap of venerable ruins. It has v ot the ji-latlinii, a Icj^inr.iiums plant peculiar t(i ci.rii-titlJs. 'I'lij boccora, or caily-fi^, is not ripe Ix'f.irc the iniilJic or latter end of June ; but no fooncr docs it draw near t.) perfection, than the kermez, or fummcr-ti;j, fold by the grocers, be'_i;ins to be formed, and is feldoni ripe be- fore Au;;iiit, when it ficquently put-, fortli another crop, ufually of a much larger (liape, and (d' a ilatkcr c(dour, that hangs ripenin;^ on the tree c\eii after the leaves are (hed, and if the wiriter proves mild, is ^^athercd as a delicious morfcl in the fprins'; ; and as the frnit of this plant alwavs precedes the kavcs, when our Saviour faw one of them in full vigour having leaves, he niij;ht, ar- cording to the common courfe of thin.;s, jiiltly " look " for fruit, and haply find fome," of the former or latter kind. Every part of the country abounds with plenty of game, as antelopes, hares, and rabbets ; and of the winged kind, woodcocks, partridges, teal, (hipes, and fcveral others, which aie all caught bv hawking and the chacc. The hawks are ufually of the nature and fize of our gofs-hawks, and fo ilrorig as to bring down a buftard and ftop an antelope in full career. Among the uncommon animals is the daman Ifrael, which li_;nities Ifrael's lamb; this is the faphan of the Scriptures, and is common both in Mount Libanus and in other places of this country. It is of the fize of a rabbet, but is of a browner colour, with fmaller eyes, and a more ])ointed head. The fore-feet are ihort, and thofe beliijid very long in proportion to tliem. Thefe animals ufually flielter theml'clvcs in holes and clefts of the rocks, but fomctimes burrow in the ground. SECT. XIX. Of the principal Pliic(s of Pah-ftltit, with a particular Dc- fcripli:n ofjerujalim., and of the Centmnici performed in the Church of the li'.iy Sepulcl're and in that city : with the imjl remarkable places in the neighbouring Country ufually vifited by Pilgrims. ACRA, antlently called Accho, fituatcd in tliirty- tv/o de:;rees forty minutes north latitude, is one of the places from which the Ifraelitcs could not expel the antient Canaanitcs ; hut in after times being enlarged by Ptolemy !. he, from his own name, called it Ptolemais ; but it has fmce relumed fome refcniblanf c of its antient name. This citv was the fcene of many obftinate dif- putes between the Croifaders and ihc Saracens. In the yeariiQl it was taken by Richard I. king of England and Philip of France, and given to the knights of St. John of Jerufalem, who kept polTeffion of it an hundred years ; when the Turks, after a long fiege, took and raz pierced his fide; wh.rchis body was anointed inorder for burial ; where it was depofited in the fepulchre; where the angels appeared to the women after his refinrection ; where Chrill himfelf appeared to iMarv Ma^dalvii; all which, and many others, .-.re fuppofed to be contained within the narrow limits of this church, and arcal! adori:- ed with lb many altars. Anciently everv Chriftian nation had a fmall foricty of monks, v.-ho refided in the galleries about the church, and the little buildings annexed to it; but the grr aic.'t part of them have forfaken thefe apartmcnl s on ac- count of the heavy rents iinpofed upon thcin by the Turks, and none remain but the Latin;, Greek?, Ar- menians, and Cnptics. Every fraternity had alfo their altars and a fanctuary for their fcpar.ite ufe, trom whence other nations were excluded. The feveral feels hayt; contended to have the holy fepulchre as their own pro- perty, and in particular the (ireeks and Latins have fo warmlv difputcd the pri.ilegc of laving mafo there, that they have fomctiines come to blows, and wounded each other at the very door of the fepulchre: however, bv the ir.terpofition of the French king, it was pi:t into the hands of the Latitis, who have the fole privilege of la\lngmafsin ir, though the Chriftians of all nations may enter it, and perform their private devotions theie. 'T"cn or twelve Latins, with a prefident over them, always rcfidc in the church, and arc d^lly employed ia trimming the lamps ; and every day they alfo make a fo- lenin proccflion, in which they carry tapers and cruci- fixes to the feveral fanftuaries, finging at each a little hymn, relating to the fubjecl of the place. But in the holy week bcibre Kaller, when the pilgrims ufitallv flock to Jerufalem, this is performed with greater fidemnity than at other times. On the evening of (}ood-Frida\, as foon as it begins to grow dark, all the friars and pil- grims aftemble in the chapel of the Apparition, a fmall oratory on the north fide of the holy grave, in order to go In proce(rion round the church ; but before this be- gins one of the friars preaches a fermon in Italian, on t!ic darknefs at th^' crucifixion, and hvr has no fooner 4 D begun i|i 1, 1 [[y. ■m'\ n I I- 'i; !i : ' I f.:«y.M 194 A S Y S T i: M O V G I. O G U A I' H Y. TiTRKv in Asia. li.'Miii, thnn all the tMiuilcr, arc put (nit, to j'ivc .1 mnn; livi'U im.iL'.L' <.t' that (larkral'. ; aiiJ thiii lliL'y (.■uiuiiiuc vvitii'oiit li^ht, till tlic [ircachcr haiiii;^; tmiclinLiI hi. ilil'cmirl'c, (.very perlon pruffiit has .1 lari;c li_.;iui.il tapir put into ills hands, aiii! the 1 riuitixcs and other lit 11- iil'; are put in onler t'ur the prnc* iKon. AnmiU', the lell i.s a laigc frucil'.x, whieh hear.i the iina;;e of our Loiil, a-, blir a.s the life, falteiieJ on with ^teat nails. This inia^'c-, whieh !■. w>.ll p linteil, and irowncd with thorns, is carrii vl at the head of the prdeellinn, full to the pillar of Klai^ellation, a larj.'e pieie of whieh th.y pretend to have in a little tell jiilb by the thapel of the Apparition. Thev there fnii; an hvmn, and preaeh in Spanilh on the I'courL'Jiv^ of our Lord. I'roni hence they proc^eil to the prifon, where, thev lav, Chrilt was feeiired, while the foldiers prepared li>r liis crucifixion: here alio thev ling an h\iiui, and a third friar preaches in French. They next proceed to tlie altar of the di\irion of Chrill's garments, where thev nnlyfui^ an hymn. Kioin thence thev go to t!ie chapel of Derirmn, where they ling an hymn, and have another fermon in I'Veiich. Y roni this place thev go to Calvary, leaving their fhocs at the foot of the it.^irs. Here are two altars, erne where Chrilt was nailed to the crofs, at wliieh they lay down the great cruciHx, and .xii the part of the Jews in nailing our Saviour to it ; a;ul after the hymn, one of the friars preaches another fermon upon the crucifixion. At the otiier altar is a h(de in the rock, in which they pretend the loot of tlrj crofs (loud, and here tliey fet up their trill's with the bloody image upon it, and leaving it, fing an hvmn, after which the father-guardi.m, feating liimfeif before it in a chair, preaches a p.ilHon fermon, in italian. In this manner .Mr. Maundrell l.iw it performed. About four feet from the hole in which they fix the foot of the crofs, is a cleft in the rock, laid to be made bv the ea'.thi|uake, which rent the rocks at the death of C'hrilf. It h.is the appearance of a natural breach about :i Ipan wide at its upper part, and the fides of itanl'wer each other, running in i'uch intricate windings as feem above the power of art to imitate. The chafni is about two (pans deep, after which it doles j but again opens below, as may be fetn in another chapel by the fide of mount Calvary, where it runs down to an unknown depth. After this fermon, two friars reprcfcnting Jofeph of Arimathea and Nieodemus, go with a grave and folemn air to the crofs, draw out the nails, and take down the pretended body, whieh is lb contrived that the joints aio flcNiHe as if it w.is really fledi and bone, and the (I ranger is furprifed to fee them bend down the arms, which were before extended, and lay them upon the bodi-, which is received in a large winding-flieet, and carried down from mount Calvary, while all the com- pany attend it to the ihme of undion, which, they fay, is the plate where Chrilt was anointed and prepared for buri.d ; and here they caft over the fictitious corpfe fweet powders and fpiccs, and in the mean while ling an lumn, after which a friar preaches a funeral fermon in Arabic. Tile pretended body isthen carried away, and laid in the fepulchrc, where it is fhut up till Eafler Monday. Tlicre is another ceremony obferved in this church, which is too fin!;ular to be omitted. This is a pious fraud peribrmed by the Greek prielh, who pretend that upon evcrv Ealkr-eve a miraculous flame defccnds into the holy fepulchre, and kindles all the lamps and can- dles there. I he Eafter of the Greeks happening a week after that of the Latins, wlien Mr. Maundrell was at Jerufaltni, he went on the evening before their Eafter Sunday to this church, which he found crowded with a dillracted mob, making a hideous clamour, and with difliculty p-efling through them, got into the gallery next the Latin convent, where he had a view of all that paft. The people ran with all their might round the holy fe- pulchre, crying, " Huia, huia ;" " this is he, this *' is he." And having at length, by their running round and their vociferation, almoft turned their brains, they acted the moil antic tricks imag-nablc, fomctimcs dragging one another along the floor, and carrying others upon thcr fhoulders round the fepulchre : fometimcs they tarried men with their heels upwards, with fueh indscency, as to expofc their nudities j and foinctimes they tumbled round the f;|)ulihre, like tunibltrs on a da:^', • i and, in (lidii, nothing can be more rude and ex- tiava'/.int than ihen behaviour upon this occafion. This frantic tumult lalted from iwilur to lour in the altcr- iiouii ; and then the Greeks fet out in a proi ellion round the fepulchre, followed by the Armeni.uis, cnconipall- ing it three times, dred'ed in their embroidered llahit^ and carrying crucifixes, ftandards, and ftreamers. 'I"o. wards the end of the procelFion a pigeon came llutteriiiir into the cupola over the fepulchre, at whieh th« people redoubled their fhouts and clamour. The Latins ob- ferved to the Knglilh gentlemen, that this bird was kt lly by the Cireeks to deceive the people into the belief that this was a vifibic defcent of the Holy Gholt. After the proccflion the fuffragan of the (ireek patriarch, and the principal Armenian biftiop, approached the door of the fepulchre, cut the firing with which it w.is falteiied, and breaking thefial, entered in, fhutting the diMir after them, all the candles and lamps within having been be- fore cxtinguiftied in the prefencc of the Turks. As the accomplifhment of the miracle drew nearer, the excla- mations were redoubled, and the people prellid with fuch violence towards the door, that it was not in the power of tlie jani/aries who ftood to guard it to keep theiii oil with the leverell blows. I'his crowding was oc- cafioned by their defire to light their candles at the holy flame, as fooii as it was brought out of the fepulchre. The two bifiiops had not been above u minute in the fepulchre, before a glimmering of the holv fire was feen thriuigh Ionic chinks of the diKjr, at which the mob be- haved with the mod extravagant kind of phrenzy. Soon after the two biftiops came out with blazini' torches in their hands, which they held up at the door, while the people thronged about them to light their lajTors at the divine flame, though the Turks endeavoured to keep them ofl'with their clubs, and laid on without mercy. Thofe who got the fire intlantly applied it to their faces and bofonis, pretending that it would not burn like an earthly flame ; but none of them would try the experi- ment long enough to make good this pretcnfion. How- ever, fuch numbers of tapers were prefcntly lighted, that the whole church feemed in a blaze, and this illu- mination concluded the ceremony. The Latins take great pains to expofe this ceremony as a ftiameful impofition and fcandal to the Chrillian religion. Mr. Thevenot obferves, a flint and ftcel would foon produce fire were there none in the fepulchre be- fore; and, according to him, the Turks have difcovcred the cheat, and would havepunidied them for it; but the patriarch reprcfented, he could not pay them the moiiev rctiuired of him if they took from him the profit of the holy fire : they are therefore fullered to continue the juggle, and the priefts have adted the cheat fo long, that they are now in a manner compelled to Hand to it, for Icar of endangering the apollacy of the people. The zealous among thefe bigots finear pieces of linen with the melted wax which drops from the)'. : ipers, and lay them up for winding-ftiects for thcmfelvi.^ and their friends, imagining, fays the Rev. Mr. Maundrell, that nothing can be abetter fecurity againft their fuftering by the flames of hell. The Armenians have afpacious convent on a pleafant fpot ofwround, which, with the garden*, covers all that part of Mount Sion which is at prefent within the city walls; and they allert, that their church is built over the place where St. James, the brother of John, was beheaded. In this ftrudure are two altars richly adorned, and in the middle of the church (lands the pulpit covered with tortoife-Ihell and mother of pearl, with a beautiful cupola over it of the fame fabric ; and, it is faid, that the tortoife-fhell and mother of pearl are fo cxquifitely mingled and inlaid, that the workmanihip greatly ex- ceeds the value of the materials. The Armenians have a chapel in the convent where they fay the houfe of Annas ftood, and on the infide they fhow a hole in the wall to point out the place where one of the officers of the high prieft fmote our Saviour, (n the court before the chapel is an olive-tree, to which they pretend that Chrift was chained by order of Annas, to prevent his efcape. They have alfo another fmall chapel on the fpot where the houfe of Caiaphas ftood, and the does plant lous Savio from niard all th At rocks John is a I part ( iweh whic " m; cd by done dctef treac the only whic temp uugu but n of th UlOfij TuRKY in Asi-i. A A. i9^ and imJi;r tlic altar tliey pretend is thu ftonc that lav at the dour lit our Savimir':* fc|iiilihr(.', whith they (.w the AriiKiiiaiis Hole Irom the chunh of the Icpiilchrc ami brought thither, thinigh it h two yard.'i and a i|ii.irt(.r jdim, one yard broad, and a yard thicl:. It i-s plaillcred over; only about five or fix places are left bare to re- ceive the kili'es of the pilgrims, in this chapel is alfo ihevvn a final! cell, faid to be our Lord's prifon, till the morning when he was carried before I'ilate. Jiill without Sion-gate isthechurchof theCxnaciiliim, where they fay Chrilt inltitnted his lad fiipper ; but thi, beiiii; converted into a niolque, the (Jhrillians are not permitted to enter it. Near it are the ruins of a houfe in which the Virgin is fuppofcd to have died ; and at foine diltance from it is a place where they fiy a Jew arrerttd her body as they were convcvin:; it to the grave; but the hand with which he feized the bier was withered. At the bottom of Mount Sion, without the city, is iliewn Bathlhebu's pool, where flie was wafhini; herfelf when David f.iw her from the terrace of his palace. At a fniall dillance from thence is the Potters-Field, after- wards called The Field of Ulood, but now named (imiip'j Santto: this piece of ground is only about thirty yards loU'^ and fifteen broad, one-half of which is taken u() by a fquare building treded for a charncl houfe. It is twelve yards hlyh, and bodies are let down into it from the top, where live holes are left open for that purpof •, through which they may be fcen under different dei^rcos of putrcfa^ition A little below the Cainpo Sanito i.. a tave, confiding of ftveral rooms one within another, where the difciples arc faid to have hid theinfclves when they forfook their mader. On Mount Olivet they (hew fcvcral caves cut with intricate windings, called the fepulchres of the prophets, and twelve arched vaults, where it is pretended the apodles compiled their Creed ; and at the top of the Mount they (hew the place of our Saviour's afccnfion, where there was anticntly a large church, but all that remains of it is an odtagonal cupola about eight yards in diameter, which is faid to be over the pl.ice where our Lord fet his laft footfteps on earth ; and upon a hard Itoiie under the cupola is (hewn the print of one of his feet. This chapel of the Afcenfion is in the cudody of the Turks, who ufe it for a mofque. On another fide of the mountain they (liew the place where Chrid beheld the city and wept over it, and near the bottom is a great done, upon which the blelTcd Vir- uindropt her girdle after her aifumpt-ion, in order to con- vince St. Thomas ; and there is ftill to be feen a fmall winding channel upon the (tone, which they fay is the impreflion of the girdle when it fell. A little lower is ihewn Gethfemane, an even piece of ground between the foot of mount Olivet and the brook Cedron. It does not exceed fifty-feven yards fquare, but is well planted with olive-trees, which the people are fo credu- lous as to believe are the fame which grew there in our Saviour's time ; and the olives, doncs, and oil produced from them are purchafed at a high price by the Spa- niards : and yet jofephus obferves, that Titus cut down all the trees within a hundred furlongs of Jcrufalem. At the upper part of this garden is :' flat ledge of naked rocks, faid to Ue the place on which Peter, James, and John fell afleep during our Saviour's agony ; and by it is a cave, in which, it is faid, he underwent that bitter part of his paflion. Near it is a narrow piece of ground, twelve yards long and one broad, faid to be the path on which Judas walked up to Chritt, and faying, " Hail " mafter," kiflijd him. This narrow path is diftinguifli- cd by a wall on each fide, as s. terituiimitata, which was done by the Turks, who, as well as the Chridians, deteft the ground on which that infamous piece of treachery was aited. They alfo (hew the place where the palace of Pilate flood ; hut upon this fpot is now only an ordinary Turkifh houfe, from the terrace of which people have a full view of the fpot on which the temple dood ; and, it is faid, that a fitter place for an augud building could not be found on the whole earth ; but no Chriftian is permitted to enter within the borders of that ground. In the middle of the area ftands a uioltjue of an oi5tagoivil figure, faid to l>« erected oh tlin; fpot whcri! formerly flood the Holy of holies. In tlr; .il)')ve pretended houfe of Pilate they fluw the room whrreChnll was mocked with enli|v's of royalty, and bulieted by the foldiers. On the other lide of the (Ireet is a room, which belon^M to a weaver'., fhop, where it is faid our Saviour was fcourged. In what ii called the dolorous way, they ihew the place where I'il ite brought: out our Lord to the people, faying, " Behold the man ;" where C'hrili fainted twice under the crofs ; where thu Virgin Mary fwooned at this tr.\;.ncal fight ; wIktc St, Veronica prefented him a handkerchief to wipe his bleeding luows ; and where the foldiers compelled Simon to bear his crofs. They Ihew many . ! •? ' .;-.i mm ■ ■ i ^'"f i.'l V IXf! • 1 ml" fill y.ci(: A SYSTEM OF N.i/.iri.r!i is now ;> fiiviU \i\\,\i vnim.l coiK.ivf \.ilU'Vi)il tlic ti>|i L', litiiatcil ill a kind o( i\ ahiili lull, ill thiitv- J'^.'Jfi two Ji'i;ri.i.'S tliiriv niimitc< iKirtli latituJi;. I'lic iliuri h "I Na/aiftli i'. p.irtiv tormeil liv a r.ivc, whrrc it is l.iiii till' Vif;:in .M.iiy iLCcivct! the mcliiu't fri)m the aiij-tl, " lliiil, tliiiii th.it art hi^hlv f.ivDurrii, he," 1 his ilnicliiri' ii III the Conn ol .i cml's, .iiiJ is iouiti.i-n p.ites Kiil; aiul fix nvir, iiinning ilircctly iiitn the lave, h uiiig lu) oih.r arch over it luit tiiat ot the natural rock. Th'.' tr.inl'.eife part, whiih is erciilcil acrul'i tlu iiiniith ot the cave, is iiiiu- pac^.s lorii; ami tour hro.ul ; ;iikI where thel'e join arc two granite pill.iis, cjiie kip- pul'eil to Itaiul ulure the aiit;(.l, aiul the other where the Vir_L;ir> itooil, at the time ot the aiiiiiv iatioii. The [illar ot'the Virgin has been broken, aiul ti;;htccn in- ches in Itnyih t iken awav between the pillar au'l its pejillal, and yet it touelus the rout', to which it proba illy hanijs, though the I'llais maintain that it is fupjMjrteil by a miiaile. In this village they fliew the houle ol St. jol'eph, wliere ChrilUiveil near tiiirty years in lubjection to hii Itippoletl lather. Near il thev point out the |)hue wiiere (UhhI tlie (yiia.;o!fue, in which JeCus preached th<' f-imoii bv wliich his touiuryinen were lo exalperatid. At each ut'thcfe l.ill places .ue the ruins of a haiidlome chureli erected by Helena. 'I'he next place we fliall mention is Mount Tabor, a high, round, and beautiful nuiuntain near Jirulaleni, thought tube th.it on which our Saviour was transhgured. I'eople are near an h)ur in aleeiuling to th," top, where tiiey find a moit fruitrul and dilieious plain ot an oval form, about two furl:ia, Aladiilia, anil /liivfta ; which contain toe OKtient Provinces rf LyJia, Pamphylia, Pifidia, Lycaonia, Cilicia, Cappadocin, Ponttis CappadociuSy Pontui Pelemo- niacf and Ponlus Galaticiis, NATOLIA, or Anatolia, formerly called Afia Minor, is the nioft wellerly part of Turky in Afu : it received its name of Anatolia, or Natolia, tVom r. O C R A IMI V. .TuRKv in AiiA. its eai'tcrn fitiiation with refpcft to Europe, and on (he? I.inie account i, called the Levant. This country i.^ ,i verv large p.ninlula, which extends from iiic river Kuphrates as lar a< the Archipelago; which, with the fr.i of .Marmora, the llreighti of Ualipoli, and ol Con- Itantinojde, feparate it from Europe on the wi It ; and it is hounded on the iioith by the Euxine or IJlack Se.i .ind by the Me.lterraiiran and Syri.i on the fouth, ex- tending liom thirty-leven to (orty-one degrees thirty t/ minule> mirth latitude, and jfroni fwenty-feven to forty' degrees ta!t longitude. Its iitmolt Icngtii from talt tj welt 's c-M \ tiirni 1 i^'/r^-^*r H^ \fr''';;S r\K^ />/.• I //jitM MM «?♦' ^L^^ Si^-^:' ■■■:■■ ■ '^^nx:- ■ ■■ t-i'i-r-ti- ii 5^*^" ^ M ^?w.s!;:' V ^ %l ir: m li i ' W -f N \ .ih llf i m \ ILHij c Diiifwi'.i of the Cmntry ; with a concife Account of Ciiramnrin, Almliiiia, and /Imnfta ; xMJi contain the OKtient L'rovi'U'i '/ LyJui, Patnphyba, Pifidia, Lyciioniii, CiJicia, Cuppcutociii, Pcntiis Ciip/.tiilicius, Pontui Polcmo- fiiae, and Pontus Galulicus. NATOIJA, or Anatolia, formerly callel Afi.i Mijinr, ib the niofc wcllcrlv p:irl of Turtv in Afia: it received its name »(" Anatolia, or Njtoliu, iroin Cans. J he mountains wnicn orancii out ot Taurus furrouiul it on three fides^ as does the fea on the fourth. The river Xanthus divides it into two, and fevcral Ic/l'er Itreams run acroft it; which once rendered it very rich and fertile; but at prcfent it iu entirely neglefted. Jt has a rtinarkable mountain nained Chimxra, about fix miles from the fea; which has been celebrated by Vir- gil for its volcano, near which the Lycians built a city called Hipheilix, and dedicate! it to Vul 1 1 can. From its having TuRKY in Asia.' I 297 out ot I'aurus ea on the fourth, and fcvcral Icfler ercd it very rich y neglefled. It TIXT3, alioiit fix tbrated by Vir- cians built a city lilcan. From its having having lions at the top, gnats about ihc middle, and (nakes at the bottom, it is (aid the poets feigned iht mon- ftcr Chimxra, which they reprefent as having the head, body, and hind parts of thofe animals. 'I'his country had anciently feveral confiderable cities, but the face of things is entirely changed, and it dues not appear that any confiderable remains arc left to pro- claim their former grandeur. Pamphylia is bounded on the north by Pifidia ; on the cift by Cilicia i onthcfouth by the Mediternmcan ; and on the welt by Lycia. The inland country is extreme- ly mountainous, and abounds with large ftocks of goals, and the native^ make excellent camb'.els of their hair-, but towards the fca-coall the country is naturally fertile. The principal town is Attalia, now called Sat- talia, which has a pretty good harbour, but the entrance is difficult, and it is defended by a calHe, which is confi dcred in that part of the world as a fortification of confi- derable ftrength. There is alfothe city of Perga, which was anciently famous for its temple dedicated to Diana. Pifidia, another divifion of Caramania, lies to the north ofPamphylia, and confifts of a fruitful plain en- tirely furrounded by mountains, which affords fome mi- nerals, pafture, and great quantities of wood. Antioch, called Antiochia Pifidix, to diltinguifli it from the city of the fame name in Svria, was the capitnl of this pro- vince when it was under the Roman government, and was lilcewife called Cxfarea ; but like the other places of Afia, it is now reduced to a very mean town. Lycaonia, or Ifauria, is fituated to the eaftward of Pifidia, and is a fine champain country. Its principal town is Iconium, now Cogni, which is the capital city, not only of Lycaonia, but of all Caramania, where the beglerbcg himfelf refides. It is fituated about an hun- dred miles north of the fea-coaft, near a frefh water- lake. The other towns are Lyftra, vvlure the people attempted to offer facrifices to St. Paul and Barnabas ; Derbe, which is toward* the fouth part of the country ; and Ifauria, which once gave name to the province, but is now entirely deflroyed. Cilicia extends near two hundred and fifty miles along the coaft of the Mediterranean, having Syria on the calf, and Pamphylia on the weft; but does not exceed fifty miles in breadth from north to fouth. On the north and caft the country is rocky and mountainous, and the paffes between the mountains exceeding narrow ; but the plain country is very fruitful. 'I'hc principal towns are Iflus, now called Lajazzo, or Aiazzo, which is fitu- ated on a bay to which it gives its name, and is remark- .iuTif^- able for the viftory obtained by Alexander over Darius among the mountains in its ne-ghbourhood. Tarfus, the capital of the province, at prefcnt called Therafl'a; Sole, or Pompeopolis; Philadelphia, Seleucia, Tra- chea, and Silcnus. The next grand fub-divifion of Natolia, called Al.i- dulia, extends eaftward to the river Euphrates, and con- tains all the ancient Cappadocia. This is a country of very great extent, which formerly abounded in corn, wine, and fruits, of which it is not deftitutc at prefent; but as the Turks cultivate no more land than they want for their own private ufe, and export nothing from hence, it is impoflible that the face of the country fhould appear fo delightful, or that it fhould enjoy iuch plenty as formerly. A large ridge of hills run acrofs the coun- try, and contain mines of filver, copper, and allum ; there is here alfo a good breed of horfes, and plenty of oxen, burt'alocs, flieep, deer, and wild fowl. The principal towns are Cacfatca, now Caifar, which was the capital of Cappadocia when it was under the dominion of the Romans. It is fituated on a rock at a fmall diftancc from the river Mclus, and is a pretty handfomc city well peopled. Marofch, anticntly call- ed Melita, is fcated near the banks of the Euphrates, and is a large town in which the bcglcrbeg refides. The next divifion of Natolia is Amafia, which con- tains Pontus Cappadocius, Pontus Polemoniac, and Pontus Galaticus. Pontus Cappadocius is bounded by Georgia on the eaft, by the Euxine or Black-Sea on the north, by Armenia Minor on the fouth, and by Pontus Polemo- niac on the weft. The principal town is Trebifond, which is fituated on the Rl,ick-Sea, in forty degree': forty- five minutis north latitude, at the foot of a little Itcep hill by thj fca-fidc. The walls,which are\cry lolty, are f\iy- pofed to liaiiJ upon the ancient found.'tions, bd'aule the town is (fill an oblong fquare : thfy have high battle- mt-nts, and are evidently built out of tlic ruins of an- cient buildings, aS appears from infcriptions found on pieces of marble in fcvcral parts of them. 'I'he town is large, but nnt very populous; for it has nioie groves and gardens than houfcs, and thefe arc only pne ftory high. 'J'he caftlc is large and fituated on a flat rock, i;> which the ditches arc cut. The port is at the c.ill end of the town, and was formerly fo commoiliou-', that ir occafioned a very great trade ; but it is now aliroll de- liroyed, and cannot be entered by velFels larger than the Turkifii faiques. The fuburbs, which are much kiggcr ^(3. -AS. than the city, are chiefly inhabited oy Greeks and .Arme- nians, who are allowed the free excrcife of theirrcli- gion. Neither the hills nor the vallies about the r>wn arc fo fertile as in other parts of Natolia, on which ac- count provifions are neither fo cheap, nor fo good ai in other places : they have flcfh in their markets but fcw months in the year, and fifti is ftill fcarccr. The coun- try produces excellent oil, but their wine is not extra- ordinary. The Greek and Roman emperors were mafters of tiiis city by turns. In 1209 the emperor Alexis Com'nines, furnamed the Great, vifurped the fovereignty of i: with the title of duke; and John Commines, his fuc;effor, is faid to be the firft who permitted the Greeks tc ftile him emperor of Trebifond ; a title which its princis en- joyed till 1460, when Mahomet II. carried David Com- mines prifoncr to Conftantinople, where he was bme time after put to death, and this place has ever fincc lecn under the dominion of the Turks. Pontus Polemoniac is fituated to thcveflward of P>n- tus Cappadocius. Its principal town is Neocefarca, n)w Tocat, which is the capital of the province, and the ftat of the beglerbcg This is a handfonie city bui't at tie foot of a very high mountain, and cncompafics a round rock, which rifes in the midft of the town, ard has a caftle at the top of it. The ftrects are narrow, kut the houfes pretty well built, and one of the nioiquei is very magnificent. The city is inhabited by Mahmietans, Cjreeks, Armenians, and Jews, and for fourteen or fif- teen leagues round Tocat the country is chiefly iihabit- ed by Armenian Chriftians, who work in fcvcrjl me- chanic branches of trade, particularly in copp»-, all manner of veffels of that" metal being made here, aid ex- ported to Conftantinople and Egypt. They have ijfo a great manufadlory of Turky leather. The wine i, ex- cellent, and they have aliiioft all forts of fruit in treat plenty ; SInd as this is one of the greateft thorouglfarc towns of the eaft, they have better accommodations for merchants and travellers than in moft other plies. Here the caravans lodge which cojne from Conftantho- ple, Smyrna, Perfia, Diarbec, and Bagdat. Abou' a mile from the city is a river over which is a beautfu! ftone bridge. This river waters a very large and ferile- plain, that produces great quantities of faftVon, whic( is extremely profitable, it being fent to the Indies, whire it is puichafed at a high price, and ufed by thf na'.its in their food. SECT. xxr. Of Natolia Proper, its Extent and Dlvifions; f articular t^ Pontus, Paphliigonia, Galatia, Phrygia /'/ajor, Lydi,:, Diris, Caria, Jonia, /Eolis, Myfta, Pbr gia, an I Bt- thynia ; with the Cities in each, ami a pw ticti'uir Dsfcrip- tton of Smyrna, and of the Camekons ncrr that City, NATOLIA Proper extends frotn the Archipelago, that is, from twenty-fix degrcs thirty minutes eaft longitude to almoft the thirty-fifth, where it is bounded by the beglerheglics of Amafia and Aladulia, and ex- tends from the coaft of the Black Sea on the north, to the government of Caramania o'l the fouth ; that is, from thirty-feven to forty-one deg'ccs twenty minutes north latitude, and is by far the la'gcft divifion of Natolia. It 4 ^ contains 1 n ' 11 m -% 2».-:J^-A-f. ■ 'I m IP; hin V 298 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A P II Y. tain;, many fine provinces ; thefc arc, Pontus, P.iph- iui.i, (jai.it a, Phrygia Major, I,ydigi- ous lumber of pcdcllals, bales, and capitals, which the lurks have carried thither to erect and adorn their tombs. The adjacent country produces good corn, wine, and )il. (-alatia is bounded by Cappadoeia on the eaft, by Panphylia on the fonth, by Phrygia on the weft, and by Paplilagonia on the north. The principal city of (.Jalatia is Ancyra, now called Aigouri, which is utuated on the river Mclus, and is one of the bcif cities of Natolia. The ilreets abound with old marble column!, among which fome are of a kind of eddifli porphyry, veined with white; and there are fouid fome pieces of white ind red jafpcr. Though the holies of the city arc motlly built with clay, there are fre(uently fine pieces of m.irblc ufed to adorn them; and thiugh the city walls are low, they are compofed of piecesof the (hafts of columns, bafcs, capitals, and en- tablatircs : but thefe are moft frequently found in the gates and towers. The caftle has a triple wall compof- ed o large pieces of white marble, and of ftones refem- blinf porphyry, on which arc feveral infcriptions ; but at ptl'ent moft of thefe are not legible. 'Jhc inhabitants of this city are faid to amount to aboit forty thoufand Mahometans, four or five thoiifand Arncnians, and a thoufand Greeks. The Armenians ha'C k\i:n churches here, and the Greeks two. n the adjacent country are faid to be the fineft breed ofgoats in the world ; they are perfedtly white, and their har, which is as fine as filk, is curled, and eight or nine irchcs long. Of this hair they make fine ftufts, which aie the chief manufactures of the country, and in which tie inhabitants carry on a great trade. Thefe goats ac only to be found within four or five day's journey fom the city j for the breed degenerates if they are car- jied farther. The next province we (hall mention is Phrygia Ma- lOr, now called (jermian, formerly a fruitful and plea- fant country, but now in a great mcafure uncultivated. It is bounded 011 the north by Bithynia, on the caft by (Jalatia, on the fouth by Pamphylia, and on the weft by Wyfia. '] he rivers Ma;ander, Sangarius, Hemus, and Marcius, have all their fourccs in this diftridt. The principal towns arc, Cotxnim, now Chintaia, a confiderable town, the feat of the beglerbeg, and once of the Turkilh emperors, before the taking ot Conftantinople. I Gtrttins. Gordium, where Gordius king of Phrygia is faid to have tied the fanu)us knot in Apollo's temple, of which it was foretold, that the perfon who untied it (hould be tinpcror of the world j but Alexander finding great dif- ficulty in accompli(hing it, cut it with his fword, and by that means performed the lafk. Colofi, now Chonofs, is feated on the fouth fide of the Miand' To tlic inhabit;in':, of this city Si. Paul wro:e his epiltle to the CoioiTiaiii. Apamia,fituated near the eonfiux of the M.nsandcr with the Marcius, and was formerly a |)lace of good trade. Hietopolls, now Jiamboiikale, le:ned in the frontier,; ol Lydia, and at prcfcnt famous only for its noble ruins and hot fpring. L)ilia, or iVlionia, is a fruitful country watered by fome confideiable rivers, partieululy the Padlokis, Cai- cu.^, Hcmiis, and Cailhatus, and is hnumled by Piiry- gia Major on the eaft, by ijaria on tlie fouth, and by .•T^olis and Myfia on the weft. 'I'hc wealthy Crtefus Crveft was formerly king of thia country. The principal towns " '^ are, hardis, which was one its capital, but is now a poor vill.iLc on the river Padtolus, about fc\cnty miles to the catlward of Smyrna This was one of the (even cluirches of Alia, but was deftroycd by an earthquake; there are, however, ftill fome noble ruins,which aitord a proof of its ancient grandeur. Laodicej, or Efkihifar, was fituated on the caftern boundaries of Lydia; it was alio one of the feven churches, and was a large city, as appears from its ruins, among which are three theatres ot white marble almoft entire, and a noble circus; but it is now uninhabited. Philadelphia, or Alachlhcyer, another of the feven churches, is tituated in a fruitful plain, but is fallen much trom its primitive grandeur ; however, according to fome travellers, it has ftill two thoufand Chriftian inhabitaiits, who have four churches. Thyatira, another of the feven churches, now called Akhilar, ftands about thirty miles to the north-weft of Phihidelphia, ne.ir the fouth bank of the river Hemus, where are feen the ruins of feveral ancient marble Itruc- tures, though the modern hoiiles are only built with clay. It, however, carries on fome trade for corn and cotton, Magnefia, nowGufethifar, fituated on the river Mae- ander, was anciently a confiderable city, as appears from its ruins, and is ftill a pretty huge walled town, which trades to Smyrna in cotton and yarn. Doris and Caria are ufually joined together under the name of Adinelli, and arc bounded by the river Ala;an- der on the north, and by the fea on the fouth and weft. The chief towns in Doris are, Myndus, a fta-port fituated on a fmall bay called lafi- cus Sinus, and is the feat of a Turkifti ba(ha, Halicarnaflijs, once the capital of Caria, but now a heap of ruins, it was famous for the tomb built by queen Artemifia in honour of Maufolus, her hufband, which was (o fuperb a ftruiture, that it was efteemed one of the wonders of the world ; and from thence all magnificent tombs have obtained the name of Maufo- leum. Miletus, now Palatfhia, was anciently a large citv, and had a magnificent temple dedicated to Apollo ; but is now only an inconfiderable village, confifting offliep- herds cottages. itolis and Ionia are likewife ufually joined together, and form a long tradt of country extending from north to fouth, and bounded on the weft by the Archi- pelago or itlgean Sea. The ancient capital of ^Eolis was Cuma, which, with Phocea, and fome other an- cient towns, lie oppofite to the iiland of Lcfbos. Ionia lies to the fouthward of yEolis, and had feveral towns famous in hiftory ; thefe were, Clazomene, a maritime town about twenty-eiaht miles to the fouth-weft of Sinyrna, and is now called Urla. It was a confiderable ejty in the tii.ie of the Ro- mans, but is now a mean '. •'■1,;.'. Colophon lies about lUiriy miles to tliO fouth of Smyrna, and claims the lioiiourof being j!,;, bitih-placo of Homer. i he celebrated citv of It !i. i..> v.'.i.; fi.ir.itcd in a pleafant country fiftyiniles to i:;i:^liijtii u.' .■!:.-,■,• ma, bii: u now only a poor village of iw^ti!.-- c thirty houlcs ; though if i< ni'ar a line ha, en, v.w u.i isr (. 'i Rom'n-; was LY in Asia. word, and by fiiutli fide of city Si. I'aul Vlxandcr witli jiooil trade. c troiuicr.i ol s noble ruins ry watered by I'adlolus, Cal- led by Piiry- jutb, and by •aithy Crujfus Craeks. rinclpal townb is now a poor :y miles to the Icvcn cluirchcs ke 1 there arc, rd a proof ot its m the caftcrii of the Icvtii iVom its ruins, marble almoit uninhabited, of the feven t is fallen much :ording to lome an inhabitants, es, now called z north-weft of ; river Hciuus, It marble Itrtie- only built with de tor corn and \ the river Mae- as appears from d town, which ether under the ne river Maean- fouth and weft. 1 bay called lafi- aflia. jria, but now a tomb built by , her hufband. It was efteemed from thence all ame of Maufo- ly a large city, to Apollo ; but jnfifting of fliep- joincd together, ding from north by the Archi- rapital of iEolis 1 fome other an- l.cfbos. and had fevcral uL twenty-eight ml is now called ; tii.ic of the Ro- to !.!.2 fouth of •,(> t'... biri,h-placc Vie- M." HrnntcJ in a i.' ;:,.■, ;'na, lu'l li tiiirty houles ; 1 Isr t! :: Romans ;,<• 2^, TuRKY In Asia." A was the metropolis of Afia Minor. This city was fa- mous fcr the temple of Diana, efteemed one of the wonder.', of the world, it being four hundred and twenty- five feet long, two hundred and twenty broad, and fup- portcd Liy a hundred and twenty-feven marble columns feventy feet in height ; but was deltroyed by Erottratu:i, from no other motive but to eternize his name, who fet it on fire the very night in which Alexander the Great was bo:n. St. Timothy was the firft bilhop of this city, and St. Paul honoured the Ephefians with an epiftle. 'There arc ftill the remains of a Roman circus, a theatre, an aqiicduit, and heaps of magnificent ruins. That part which is at prefent inhabited is bounded on the eaft by a large plain that extends as far as the fea, and on the fides by high hills. The moft remark- able huilding in this part is the old church of St. John the Evangelift, which had antiently four gates, but two of i^iem are walled up. On the infide the roof is fiip- p(>i 'eil by four columns of porphyry, the fhafis of which ai iwclve feet and a half in circumference, and thirty- fi . feet in height. It has two domes, and is covered \ lii lead. As the Turks have converted it into a niofque, they have added a minoret, and adorned it after their manner ; but its gre.iteft ornaments, when it was a church, were carried to Conftantinople to adorn the mofqtie ereiSted there by Sultan Soliman ; fo that on the oiltfide it makes but an indiftercnt appearance. The largeft and richeft city at prefent in Afia Minor is Smyrna, or Ifmir, which is fituated in thirty-eight degrees twenty-eight minutes north latitude, about a hu^idrcd and eighty-three miles wcft-by-fouth of Con- ftantinople ; and the goodiiefs of its harbour has caufed it to be rebuilt feveral times after it had been dcftroyed by earthquakes. This was one of the feven churches to whom St. John addrefted himfelf in his Apocalypfe. The town runs about half a mile along the ftiore, from whence it riles gradually on the fide of a hill ficing the fea. The houles of the Englifh, French, and Dutch confuls are handfome ftrudlures ; thcfe, with moft of the Chriftian merchants, are wafhcd on one fide by the fea, forming a ftreet, named F+ank-ftreet, from its being folely inhabited by European Chriftians. The port is one of the fineft of the Levant, it being able to contain the largeft fleet ; and indeed thofe are feldom fewer than an hundred (hips of different nations. A caftle ftands at its entrance, and commands all the (hipping which fail in or out. There is likewile an old ruinous caftle, near a mile in circumference, which ftands in the upper part of the city, and, according to tradition, was built by the emprefs Helena ; and near it is an antient ftrudlure faid to be the remains of a pa- lace where the Greek council was held when Smyrna was the metropolis of Afia Minor. They alfo (hew the ruins of an amphitheatre, where it is faid St. Polycarp, the firft biftiop, fought with lions. The city is about four miles in circumference, and nearly of a triangular form ; but the fide next the moun- tain is much longer than the others. The houfcs are built low, and for the moft part with clay-walls, on ac- count of the earthquakes to which it is fubjeft j but the caravanferas and fome other of the public buildings have an air of magnificence. The ftreets are wide, and almoft a continued b.izar,in which great part of the mer- chandize of Europe and Afia is cxpofed to fale, with plenty of provifions ; though thefe arc not fo cheap as in many other parts of Turky, on account of the pop i- loufnefs of the place, and the great refort of foreigners. It is faid to contain fifteen thoufaiul Turks, ten thou- f.md Greeks, eighteen hundred Jews, two hundred Armenians, and two hundred Franks. The Turks have nineteen mofques, two churches belong to the Greeks, one to the Armenians, and the Jews have eight fyna- co!;ue3. The Romans have three convents, one of the Jeiuits, another of the Francifcans, and a third of Re- colleds. 'There is alfo one of the fathers Delia Terra Santa. Here refides an archbifhop of the Greek church, a Latin bifhop, who has a falary from Rome, with the title of biftiop of Smyrna in ptiitibiis injiiielium, and the Englifti and Dutch ftidtorics have each their chaplain. • 'The walks about the town arc extremely pleafant, particularly on the weft fide of Frank-llieet, whtre I A. 859 there arc feveral little groves of orange and lemon- trees, which bcin'T always cloathcd with leaves, blofibms, and fruit, regale feveral of the fenfes at the fame time. The vines which cover the little hills about Smyrna afford both a delightful profpc(£l and plenty of gr;: pes, of which good wine is made. I hefe hills are agreeably interfpcrfed with fertile plains, little forcfts of olives and other fruit-trees, and many pleafure-houfes, to which the Franks ufuallv retire during ihc fummer. In rhe neigh- bourhood of Smyrna is great plenty of game and wild- fowl, particularly deer and wild hogs, and the Franks frequently take thi, divcrfions of hunting and fhooting. The fea alfo abounds with a variety of good fifti. The European Chriftians arc likewile allowed all ima- ginable liberties in the city, and ufually clothe them- felves after the European manner. The chief commerce of this city confifts in raw filk, filk ftufts, grograms, and cotton yarn. However, the unhealthfulnefs of the fituation, and more efpecially the frequent earthquakes, from which 'tis faid they are frarce ever free two years together, and have been felt fi)rty d.ivs fucceflively, are an abate- ment of the pleafure that might olherwife be tak>;n here. A very dreadful one happened in June i688, which overturned great part of the houfcs ; and the rock open- ing where the caftle ftood, fwallowcd it up, and no Icfs than five thoufand perfons periflied on this occafion. Near Smyrna are a great number of camcleons, an £itmei\ animal which has fome rcfemblancc to a lizard, but hath his hack gibbous like a hog, and its feet have two claws before and three behind, wnich are not feparated from each other till near the ends. It his a long tail like a rat, and is commonly as big, but it has very little or no motion with its head. The camcleons are in great abundance about the old walls of the caftle, where they breed and lie in holes and heaps of ruins. Sir George Wheeler kept two of them twenty days, during which he made the following obfervations : their colour was ufually green, darker towards the back, and lighter to- wards the belly, where it inclined to a yellow. With I'pdts that were foinctimes reddifh and at others whitifti ; but the green often changed into a dark colour like that of earth, without any appearance of green ; and the whitifh fpots often vanilhcd ; but fometimcs turned into the lame dirt colour, and at others into a dark purple. Some- times from being green all over, they would be fpotted with black ; and when they flept under a white woollen r cap, they would commonly, when uncovered, be of a j white or cream colour ; but they would alfo turn white ' under a red cap, for they never turned either red ot blue, though they often lay under thofe colours ; but being placed upon green they would become green, and upon the dark earth would change fo as exailly to refemble it. As our author was walking by the fide of the hill near the old caftle, he faw many that had changed themfelves (o as to refemble the colour of the fpeckled ftone-wallj and were grey with fjwts like mofs. He found one on the top of a green bufti, which, when he firft obferved it, was of a bright green ; but it no fooner perceived that he faw it, than it immediately dropped to the ground ; he then loft fight of it; but feaiching, he obferved it creeping away to a hole in the rock, it being changed to a dark brown, exactly like the earth ; which was then, after afliowerof rain, of that colour. The power of thus changing its colour is given it by nature for its prel'ervation ; for it moves very llowly, lift- ing up its legs high, and not quick, as if it fearched for hold to climb upwai-ds, which it can do very well up a tree, a bufh, or wall. When it faw itfclf in danger of being caught, it opened its mouth, and hilled like a fnake. 'The eyes of the camclcon are no Icfs wonderful than the variation of the colours of the body : they arc large in proportion to the fizeof its head, being generally bmger than a pea, and covered all over with a (kin of the lame fubftanee with the body, the grain being in circles jurt to the centre, where there is an hole no bigger than a finall pin's head, by which it receives light, which muft make the angle of its vilioii very .icute. The head be- ing iniinovgablc, it cannot immediately turn to ob- jeas, ■ , ) 'M. ,! ^ 1 .■<•!■;■ ■■it mi, fcriili lilili 111 11 ' m >l P h J: |ti|i 300 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY Turk.'.' in Asia. IS iii ^.- n jefls ; but to remedv this inconvenience it cannot only move its eyes baclcward ami forward, upward anil downward, but one forward and tlie other bai :1c- ward, or one upward and tlic other downward, one fixed on one object, and the other moving according to the motion of fome other object. I'hc tongue is ;i kind of little trunk of a griftiy fub- ftance, about half an inch long, and hollow, joined to its throat by a (trong membramus and flcfhy lubllance, in which it is fticathed when in the mouth. It will dart this above an inch out of its mouth, fmcared with a glutinous fubdancc to catch flics, which fticic fall to it as to birdlime, and fo arc brought into the mouth. Thefe flics arc their ordinary known food, but, "ike many other animals of the fame cold nature, :is lizard and fcrpcnts, they will live a long time without fufte nance. Its tail is of very great ufe in climbing, for it will twine about anv thing fo faft, that ii its feet flip, it will I'uftain and recover its whole body by it. Our author put one he caught into a glafs lo deep, that it could not reach near the brim with its forc-fcet, nor could take any hold with its claws ; and yet it got out, and alniolt cfcaped from him, ?.s he afterwards faw, by ftanding upon its fore-feet, and ruifing itfclf up backwards, till it caught hold of the brim of the glafs with its tail, by the help of which it lifted out its whole body. Slyfia and Phrygia Minor are bounded on the north by the Propontis, or Sea of Marmora; towards the call by Uithynia and Phrygia Major j on the fouth by Lydia ; and on the weft by the Lcean Sea, or Archipelago. Ihe principal river iri this diftriiSt is that which was an- Llratcus. tiently called the Granicus, which rifes in the moun- tains of this country, and after running fifty or fixty miles from fouth to north falls into the fea of Marmora. This river is famous for the battle fought upon its bank.s by Alexander and Darius. In this province is alfo fituated Mount Ida, where the poets reprefent Paris giv- ing judgment between the goddeflcs. The chief towns were, Troy, or Ilium, which was fituated near the fea op- pofite the ifland of Tenedos, and rendered famous by Homer and Virgil for its ten years fiege : but Mr. Wood obferves, that there is not a linglc ftone to fhew its ax- at^ fituation. Troas Alexandria was feated to the fouthward of Troy, and was once the metropolis of the province, though it is now a ruinous place. Pergamus is feated in a plain near the banks of the river Caicus. It was another of the feven churches, and was antiently a noble city. Parchment and tapeffry are faid to be tirft invented here ; and here Galen received his birth ; but it is now a very indifferent town, it hav- ing only one Chriilian church and a mofque. Abydus, or Avido, a fortrefs oppofite to Seftus, ai the mouth of the Hcllefpont, is celebrated by the poets for the loves of Hero and Leandcr, and for the obftinate refiftance made by the inhabitants againfl Philip of Ma- cedon, who, when they could no longer defend the place, deftroyed thcmfelves. It is now the fouthern caflle of the Dardanels, thus named from Dardanus, a little town that lies to the fouthward of it. Hithynia, now called by the Turks Becfangil, is fe- parated from Europe only by the Thracian Bofphorus, and is fo near ConAantinopIc that Scutari, which (lands on the Afian fide, is elleemed only a fuburb to that city. The principal towns were, Nicomcdia, orlfchmit, is fituated at the bottom of a bay, in forty degrees forty-fix minutes north latitude, fifty miles fouth-eaft of Conftantinople. It received its name from Nicomedcs, king of Bithynia, who enlarged it, and w.is once reckoned the capital of that kingdom. It was formerly a very large place, and the ruins of its aiitient buildings and fine palaces arc very confiderable. However, it is (fill a place of confequence, and contains thirty thoufand inhabitants, who confift of Greeks, Ar- menians, Turks, and Jews. The Turks have twenty niofques ; the Chriftians have alfo fome churches, and it is the fee of a Greek archbifhop; the Jews have like- wife two fynagojiies, Moft of the fhips of Conftanti- CtaL 'em . Af<. nople arc built hern, and llio inhabit.ints carry on a con- liderable trade in lilk, cotton, );hifs, and eartlun ware. Chalccdoii, which flood two miles from the pl.ne where Scut.ui now Ibinds, was oiue a fluunfliing tity, but is now reduced to a poor vill.iiie. Nice, or Ifnic, was aiuicntly a noble city, anil is fa- mous for the gie.ii general council allenibled there in ■^?.5, who endeavoured to fiipprefs the doctrines ot Arius ; and from its being the refiilrnce of the Greek emperors when Conllantiiioplo was taken by the Latins. It i'l fituated in forty-lcii n iUi;rees fifteen minutes north 4>%i latitude, fevcnty-live miles fouth-eiilf of Conftantinople, in a pleafant country fertile in ciwn and excell';iu wine. Thcprefentcity is lari'c and pretty well peopled, the Jews inhabiting the greateit part of it : but then- are now no remains of its antient fplendor, except an aqueduiit. Prufa, by the Turks called Burfa, i.s the c.ipit.d of Uithynia, as it was of the Ottoman empire before the tiking ot Conftantinople. It is fituated in thirty-five degrees fifty-three minues north latitude, feventy-five miles fouth of Conftantinople, upon lever.d littie hiils at the foot of Mount Olympus, I'rom which it is not above two or three leagues diftant, and at the edge of a larae and fine plain, full of nmlberry and otiier fruit- trees. It is watered by fo many fprings, which dcfcend from Mount Olympus, that almoft every houfe has a fountain. The molt conliderable of thefe fprings ili'ucs in a ftream as laigc as a man's body, and being conveyed to the town by a marble aquedudl, is difjierled to every part of the city. Burfa is about half a league in length, and is ftill fur- rounded by the antient wall it had when in the polli-'f- fion of the Chriftians, but is much out of repair, it being infeveral paits broken and ruinous. The niol'que>, which are very tine, a;c covered with lead, auil adorned with domes, i'hefe (Irui'tures are faid to amount toa- boye thirty. The caravanieras are magnificent and com - modious. The bezeltine, or exchange, is alargc ftrue- tuie full of ware houfes and fhops, containing all the commodities of the Eaft, befides their own manuf.'XLurc; offilk. This city is in general very pleafant, and the quarter of the baziU'S is particularly neat and well payed. 'I'he city contains above forty thoufand Turks, who alone arc permitted to dwell within the walls; but the luburbs, which are vaflly finer and better peopled, are filled with Jews, Armenians, and Greeks, of which there arc faid to be five hundred families of Armenians, four hundred of Jews, and three hundred of Greeks. The Jews came hither from Granada, in Spain, and, it is laid, ftill fpeak good Spanilh. Here are the belt workmen in all Turky, and excellent imitators of the tapeftry of France and Italy. The Grand Seignior's palace in this city is fituated on a high rock, and encloied with a double wall ; but it is in a ruinous condition. Here they fhew the fepiil- chrcs of the firft Turkifli emperors, and their fultanas, in fmall chapels covered with domes. The baths of Calypfo are a little more than a mile from the city, and are very haiidlomc ftriiiiturcs cover- ed with domes, like thofe we have already dcfcribed, and are fo famous for the cures they have etrectcJ, th.at people come a hundred miles to receive the benefit of them. Mount Olympus, which is fituated in the neighbour- hood of the city, is of a prodigious height, and the top of it barren and covered with fnow ; from thence Con- ftantinople is fupplicd with it, though it is at one hun- dred miles diilance. The middle of the mountain is planted with firs, and other trees, and the vallies bo- ncath abound with a variety of fruits, particularly a;i- ples, grapes, mulberries, mchin ., and nuts. Flefh, filii, and fowl are no where more pkntiful than at Buna, and the fields around it would produce all manner of com were they cultivated; but the tyranny of thcTurkiih go- vernment makes them fow little more corn than is nccef- fary for their own immediate ufe. Thus we have given a view of the whole continent ot Afia, the great Iccne of aiition in the firft ages of the world, and once the feat not only of the molt mighty empires, but of the arts and fcienccs, From theniin- iliat J.l!^^ .V in Asia. \rry ona coii- ■tliiM wiiro. [)in llic |il.i< i; lui [filing tity, ily, and is f.i- ililcj thi-re in du^hilR'S lit (if tlic Greek liy the Latins. ^ , minutes north 4>.rf onftantinopk-, xctil'jnl wine, pled, the Jews :rf are now no 1 aqucilutit. the ca|)it.il of )irc before the I in thi;ty-fivc e, feventy-Hve I'er.'l little iiiils A'hich it is not It ilic ctl^je of a id otiier fruit- which dcfcenJ y houfe has a fc firings ill'i;;;s being conveyed perlcd to every and is (till Tur- in in tlie poiVef- lUt of repair, it . Thr niofqucs, ul, aiul adorned to amount toa- lificent and torn - is a large ftruc- intaining all the vn manuf.'X^nrcs leafant, and the : and well paved, nd Turks, who E walls ; but the ttcr peopled, are eeks, of which s of Armenians, dred of Greeks, in Spain, and, ere arc the beil imitators of the is city is fituatcd ouble wall ; but (hew the fcpul- id their fultanas, lorc than a mile (triiiihires covcr- dvdefcribed, and \ic eftecteJ, that ic the benefit ol n the ncighbour- ght, and the top rom thence Con- it is at one hun- the mountain is d the vallies bc- paiticularly a;i- uits. Fledi, filh, han at Buna, and manner of corn f theTiirki(h go- )rn than is nccef- vhcj'e continent ol lull ages of the the moll: mighty I'lom the luin^ ihat Asiatic tsLE^. A I A. 30/ that have been dcfcribcd, and from the ancient liillorios \ of thefe countries we may form fomc idea of the magni- ficence of their cities and temples, which exceeded in fplendor cvcrv thing of the kind produced by the mo- derns in Europe ; but this fplendor and magnificence is no more, and while \vc judge of it from its ruins, we have reafon to be humbled v.'hcn we confiderthe inftability of all human artairs, which involves in it not only the de- llruclion of arts, hut of cities eredcd with the molt dur- able marble, that fcem to have been founded with the cxpeiitation of continuing their grandeur to the latefl ages, and of empires railed bv valour, and fupported by the utmoll citorts of human policy. The arts and fcienccs are now removed to Europe, and fomc of them are arrived to much greater pcrfeihlion than ever they were known in the Kaft. May thefe ever flou- ri(h ! and while they are protected by moderate govern- ment?-,' founded on reafon, and con.lufled by humanity and virtue, we may jultly flatter ourfi-lves thcv will ne- ver decay. It is not the religion of rvLho;:iet or of P.1- ganifm that has b.!ni(hed the arts, depopulated coun- tries, and converted the moft fertile lands into barren de- fart^ and uncultivated wilds ; but favai;e ii'norance, the lawlefs tyranny of dcfputic power, the luft of ambition, and thole national vices, that degrade the humnn mind, and call down the refentmentof offended heaven. Indeed, governments founded on the mild laws of Chriltianity liavc a more (olid bafis ; and where it (hall prevail in all its purity, liberty and tlie arts (hall g'j hand in hand; the thrones of princes will be as innmivc- ablo as the rocks and mountains; ambition wdl be con- fined within the bounds of equity J manltindwill confider each other as brethren, and the l.iw of nations will be the invaiiablc law of nature and humanity. CHAP, xxviir. Of the ASIATIC ISLANDS fubjea to the TURKS. SECT. I. Ofthf IJlanti 0/ CypKVs. Its Skttathn, Extent, C/iwati; and Proiluci; ; with a con- cife Account of the Rtvoliitioin that have happrneil in its Go- "jcrnment ; of lt> mo/I canfideruble Cities, iir.d the Po vcrty of its Inhahltanti. I HE ifland of Cyprus has been famous in all ages __ for the fertility of its foil, the excellence of its climate, and the advantages of its fituation. It lies be- Ij'^jJ^ twecn the thirty-fourth and thirty-fixth degree of north '. _ ' latitude, and between the thirty-third and thirty-fifth |--;t IS. degree eight minutes eaft longitude. It is fixty-nine miles fouth of the coafl of Caranianla or Cilicia, and thirty-fix weft of the coaft of Syria. This ifland Itretches from the fouth-weft to the north-ea(t, and is about one hundred and fifty miles in length, and feventy in breadth in the bro.adeft part. This ifland was in ancient times confecrated to Ve- nus, who was fUled by the poets the Cyprian goddefs, probably from the wantonnefs of its inhabitants. The iongefl day is fourteen hours and a half, and the weather in funimer is extremely hot, lo that fometimes their brooks and even tlieir rivers are dried up. It is faid, that in the reign of Conllantinc the (ireat, this illand had no rain for thirty-fix jears together, on which account it was in a great meal'ure dcfertcd. It abounds with corn, wine, oil, fugar, honey, cot- ton, allum, wool, verdigris, tuipent-nc, all lorts of metals, and moft excellent fait. They have likewifc fe- veral kinds of earth fit tor the ufe of the painl^Ts, par- ticularly red, yellow, and black ; but with thefe advan- tages they are fub'ieet to fwarins of locufls, which vifit them in the hot fealbn, appearing at a diftanec like clouds i and were they not driven into the lea by a north wind, which happens about that time, would de- vour all the fruits of the earth; they have alio great plenty of fiefi), fi/li, and fowl. This illand was anciently governed by kings, and it had nine of them when it was reduced by C)rus, who rendered them all tributary to himfelf. Long after this the ifland was conquered by Alexander the Great, and upon the divifion of his empire, it fell to the fliarc of Ptolemy king of Egypt, under whofe fucccft'ors it re- mained, till the Romans, without ar;y colour for invading it, lent Fortius Cato to reduce it urder their power, which he accompliflied and buiught back to Rome the fpoils of tiie ifl.md, which am.ountid to (even thoufand talents. After the divifion of the Roman empire, it be- longed to the Greeks ; from wham it was taken by the 25 Saracens, but was recovered from them and governed by dukes or princes. In 1 191 it was conquered bv Rithnrd I. king of England, who putting in here for frefh wa- ter in liis voyage to the Holy Land, met with a very hof- pitablc reception ; in return for which, he fabili.ej the ifland, and transferred his right to it to (Juy Lvifi'jna:i, the titular king of Jerufalem, whofe fimilv held it for many generations. Under thefj piinces it w;^s di»'dej into twelve counties, containing fo'tv- eight ^Teat towns, and upwards of eight hundred villages. Tlu- Venetians obtained the pofli.'flion of it in 1475, ^"'' '^'^V^- '' almoft an hundred years ; but it was at lart tak; n from tliein b}' Soliman II. emperor of the Turks, after a loni' and brave defence. The capital of the ifl.ind, named Nirofia, was for- merly the refidence of their kings, as it is now of the beglcrbcg or viceroy. It (tands near the middle of tho country, and is about three miles in circum.ference ; but is fallen to decay fincc its being in the power of the Turks. The cathedral, which was dedicated to St. Sophia, ii converted into a Turkifh mofque. In the citv are three or four Greek churches, and it is (till the fee of an arch- bifhop, who has three fu(Fragans under him ; thefe are th bifhops of Larneza, Cerenes, and I'atto. The La- t and Armenians have alf'o fcveral churches there, (he other towns moft worthy of noti.c are, amagufla, the ancient Salamis, a port town on the .1 part of the ifland. It had a good harbour defended by two forts, which are oppofite to each other; but it is no'V almoft choaked up, and has confequently loft its trade, in the year 1570 it was t.iken from tlie \ enetians bv the Tuiks after a vigorous defence, and a fie^e which lafted fix months; when, though the place furrendered on ho- nourable conditions, the cruel conquerois baibaroufljr flayed the Venetian governor alive, and murdc- d the in- habitants in cold blood. I'aphos, now call.d BafTo, is fituated at the weft end of the ifl.'.nd, and is a large and agreeable place. There arc confiderablc ruins near the port, particularlv fomc broken columns, which probably belonged to the tem- ple of Venus. In (lio.'-t, tho' this iflind has fevcral good nr>rts ; and though it affords all the commodities that can be defirej lor carrying on a great tradj, it is at prelent thinly peo- pled, and not half cultivated. Long ago a i urkifll bafha deftroyed all the fugar-canes, to prevent the Cypri- ots grou ing too rich ; an evil which there is now no rea- fon to fear , for at this day it altords tlie deareit proof how much a bad government can defeat the kind inten- tions of nature ; fince, in fpite of all the advantages that a country can polTibly have, there never was a more dif- 4 I' m*! n\ U\ -, ) Is: i'\'\ ', t \i I I .-iT W.M\ t ■ M 302 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Asiatic hii%, mnl or ilcfolut? p!;irc th:in this ifiand is at prcfent. From hnviiij, foini; millions ol people-, it has now I'carce thirty tluiiil'.MKl : (Voni a climate that produced a perpetual i'piin", it is be^oini- both unwlioliiome and unpleafant: from cities anJ towns that extended to each other, there arc only vill.i:.'es and heaps ot ruins j and tVom the ;;reat- cft aflluencc, the inh.ibitdnts are reduced to penury. Thu'; the I'.iic of niodcrn Cyprus (ccnis to refute all that the ancimis have faid in its favour. Such are the dire cHeils cf an arbitrary and defpotic government ! SEC T. II. 0/ tkc Ijhml of Rhodes. Its S'itualiiit, Extint, C'iiii'iti, S:il, ant P 1 Lliia \ luith a D^Jii-ipiiiii cfthi Cityif RJiiikt, the Cu}iitJ 0/ tk Ijhmd, tiiiil ofthefiimsus Cohjiis. WE fhall next proceed to Rhode;, which is fuuatcd between the tliiity-fiAlh ;tnd thitty-leventh ue 3i'i>- g'e'es of north latitude, ;;'jout two bundled and htty nnlc> to the wcftward ot Cjprus, arid not above twenty to the foiith-wed of Nalolia. It is about forty miles in length and fifteen in breadth, and has fornurly had the naincb ol Ethrxa, Aderia, Corymbi.i, and foine others. 'I'he air is good, and the foil fertile ; but, as in other places fubjedltothe lurks, is badly cultiv.ued. The country is exceeding; plcaf'iit, and is cloathed with trees and herbage always gr' .11 ; a day fcarce ever happens in which the fun docs not (hine out. Their wines are much admired, and the country aftord!, fuch |i|entv ol alii;olt every thing that can render life agreeable, th.it it J»aie occalion to the ficlu-.n of its having golden Ihowers. it docs not indeed abound with corn, but then the inlu- bit.ints are v\cll fuppiied with it from the neighbouring continent of Natolia. Tnis ifland was fubjefl to the Greeks, from whom it was taken by the Saracens; but in 1309 the knights hol- pitallers of Jcrufalcm took it from them and held It a- bo\e two hundred year?, during which they refifted the whole lurkilh power ; but at lafl it was taken by the Turks undir Soliniaii II. in 1522, by the treachery of Andre.'. d'.'\ii;iral, chan';ellor of the onlcr ; who, being difpleafed at not btioL' chofcn gr.ind-malKr at a late elec- tion, informed the I'urks of their weakncfs by a letter Ihot to them on an arrow. In the ifl.ind is one town of the fame name, and fe- veral villages that are well inhabited. The city of Rhodes is fituated on the iiorth-eaft part of the idand, and has two harbours ; but that called the great port is not very fafe when the wind is eaiierly. On the right at the en- trance of this port is a tower, built by the Fuiks, in the place where the old tower of St. Nicholas ftood. It is well .urnifhcd with cannon, has a curtain which reaches to the walls of the town, and a baftion behind it. Op- polite to this tower is the caf.le of St. Angelo, which is ibmewhat ruinous. This cattle and tower were creeled in the place where flood the feet of tlie great Coloflus, one of the feven wonders of the woild, whicli was lb large that a fhip under fail mizht pafs between its legs. Tliis ftatue, which was of fuch an enormous fi7e as thus to llraddle fifty f.-.thoms, rt prefcnted Apollo, and was calt entirely of brafs bv Chares of Lyndus, a town in the i(le of Rhodes, who was twelve years in making it; it was feventy cubits high, and every part being in proportion, the thumb was as thick as a man could grafp in hib arms; every linger was of the fize of an ordinaiy ftatue, and, for the direction of velle's into the harbour at nighr, he held a lii'ht-hoiife in his hand. T his prodigious Itatue was thrown down by an earthquake lifty or three fc< : ■ years after its being eicdted, and is faid to I'.avc lain 0.1 the ground till the Sar.-icens made themfelves mailers of Rhodes, w!io having beaten it to pieces fourteen hun- dred and fixtv-onc vears after it v^as made, fold it to a Jew ; who having carried it by fea to Alexandria, in ')54, ided nine hundred camels with the metal. Butaft-T all, Dii Mont has «:ndeavourcd to prove, that it IS probable the llory of the Colofliis is a fable ; foine Other lu'.liws have been of the fame opinion, and indeed the extravagant Jimenrions afcilbed to it, ,ind fuch .■» quantity ot bials being fulVered to lie on the ground for fo many ages, would tempt the moll credulous to doubt the truth of the relutioii. The port ot the gallics, which is covered by t!ie cuflle ol St. Erme, is a good harbour ; bi't its inoiitli is I'o n.ir- row, that only one g.dley can enter at a time. ( )n the (idc-, of this port iii a piazza, with fume trees and .1 fountain, and at the bottom of it is the arfeiul, where the gallies and faics are built. A little above the port is aburving-place, in which are fifteen or twenty domes of freellone, well built, and mod of them lupportcd by four arches. Thcfc were the fepulchres of the bevs or other pcrfons of diftiiidlion in Rhodes, who had been killed in the wars. Part of the city (lands on the rifing of the hill, and it is three miles in ciicuniference. It has high walls plant- ed on the top vvitli fdions, and beiow aie purt-houfes for great cannon. It has three gales ; one to the fea where corn is iidd, and two on the l.md-fide. Th.- ilreets ate broad, ftrai;;ht, and well paved with fmall Hones, and for the moll part covered on each lide v tli penthoufcs; but the largell is paved in t e ii.iddle from one end to the other with marble. It has fevcral handfomc build- ings, among which is St. John's church, whicli is turn- ed into a mofque. There are Hill to be (<:i-n the apart- ments of the knights of St. John of Jiru.'dein, ami the I'alacc of the grand inafttr ; but they :ire very much de- caved. This palace is ftated on the l'lj;heit part of the hill, and is now converted into a prifoii. 'I'he inhabitants confill of Turks, Jews, anrt Chrif- tians ; but the latter have only fliops within the walls, and are obliged to have thiir dwellings without the city, and to retire there every night. S E C T. III. Of the Ifland 0/ Lesbos, or Mvtei.enb. It) Hiliiatiiin, Extent, Cirmitc, nnil Pmluce. Of diflm, its prefrnt Ciipital, and of the great Men who have reiula tJ this Ijliind famous. THE illand of Mytelcne, antiently called Lcn)os, is fituated in the Archipelago, and extends from thirty-fevcn to thirty- nine degrees fifteen minutes north JK'jy./fj latitude, and is about fifty miles in length and twentv- five in breadth. Part of it is mountainous, cool, arid covered with trees ; and there arc many fertile plains which produce good wheat, excellent oil, the beil figs in the Archipelago, and its generous wine, which was commended by Ariflotle and Horace, Hill prel'crvcs its reputation. The fea affords plenty of fi(h, cfpecially oyllers, which are fent from hence to Smyrna. This was a very confidcrable ifland in the time of the Romans ; for Cicero and Vitruvius fpeak much of its magnificence ; and indeed fragments are every where to be feen of its antient grandeur, as broken columns, cha- piters, bafes, friezes, and the like, of the fined marble, curioufly wrought, and interfpcrfed with inferipticns. 'J"hc women of the ifland have always been noted for their freedom and the loofenefs of their manners ; but, though they arc not now fo bad as they were furmeiiv, they go with their breads quite naked. The chief town, named Caftro, and antiently Myte- lcne, i-s fituated (ni a rocky pnimontorv m tiie north pare of tl'.e ifland, and has two ports, 'ihe town is neither large nor well built, but has r. caftle, with a drcng ear- rifon for the defence of the ifland againtl pirates, who are very numerous in thefe feas ; and there arc above > hundred villages in the country. i-ew iflands have produced men of greater genius ; but all their leitures of philofophy, it fecms, were far from reforming the morals o' the pcoole ; for it was a prover- bial faying in Greec, when (peaking of a profligate fellow, that he lived 'ike a Lediian. Theophradiis and Phanios, the difciples of Aridotlc, and the famous Arion, who is faid to charm the dolphins with his mufic, with Pittacus, one of the k\cn wile men of (jrcece, and Sappho, the celebrated poetefs, were natives of this ifland. The Asiatic Isles. A I A. sf^a TELENE. The famous Epicurus rc;>d publii. lecliircs lure; and Ariftotle, with other great men, rtiidcd here a lunlidtr- ablc time. It is now lubjciik to the Turks, and a t adi, who relides at Caftro, hab the civil adniiniltration ot' the government, wlnle an aga ot the janiaarirs has llie command of the foldiers. SECT.. IV. Of tht IJland 0/ Chios, or Scio, cullcil ly the Tuiki Saki Saijuci. Iti SilUiitian, Extent, Sal, and I'roJuce. The Perfim, Dirfs, and Moiuun if the Inhabitanti. Of the City of Scio, and its being taken fioir, the Turks hy the Venetians, and con- auend hack from them hy the Turks ; on which the Latins being charged with /avow in<; the Venetians, were diprivedof their Privileges. Of the other Toiviis and Villages, with the Alanner of extraiiing Mafiic from the Lcntijk-Trce. Art Account of Neamoni, a rich Monafliry of Greek Monks. Of the pretended School and Houfe of hbmtr. CHIOS, or Scio, is one of the mofl beautiful and pleafant iflands in the Archipelago. It is lltuatcd near the coaft of Natolia, to the north-cail of Samos, and to the fouth of Mytclene, and extends from thirty- ;/,'/- eight degrees eight minutes to thirty-eight degree;, thirty- i( j>, feven minutes north latitude. It is thirty-two miles \\\ length, and fifteen in breadth. The ifle of Chios is very fubjedl to earthquakes ; it is extremely mountainous and Honey, and has fo little rain, that every fpiing the Greeks, Latins, Jews, and Turks make procclfions in order to obtain it : yet it has been called the Paradife of Greece ; for the mountains, which are now pretty bare, were formerly covered with woods, and in fome places they Hill abound with abundance of citron, orange, olive, mulberry, myrtle, and pomegr;^ natc trees, without reckoning maflic and turpentine. The country produces corn, but not fufficient for the inhabitants, who therefore import it from time to time from the continent ; but as for wine, Chios has enough and to fpare, and therefore confiderable quantities are exported to the neighbouring iflands. It is pleafant and liomachic, and Athena:us lays, that the wines of Scio help digettion, are wholelbnie, and exceed all other wines in delicioufnefs of tafte. The inhabitants, fays Tournefort, plant their vines on the hills: they cut their grapes in Auguft, and hav- ing fuffercd them to dry for fcven or eight days in the fu:i, they profs tneni, and let them fhnd in tubs to work ; the cellars being all the while clofe fhut. In making the iieil wine they" mix among the black grapes a fort of white one, which (mells like a peach-kernel ; but in linking nedlar, which is ib called even to this day, tiiey make ufe of another kind of grape fomewhat Ityptic. In fliort, there is fuch plenty, that every thing is ex- tremely cheap, and excclknt partridges may be had for a trifle, as they keep them tame, and have keepers who drive them out in the morning, and whiftle them in at night, which call they always obey. The men are tall and well fhaped, but have very dif- agreeable countenances : but their women are beautitul, and their faces extremely fair. Mr. Thevenot, how- ever, obferves, that their breaib are fcorchcd with the fun ; which, he fays, is the more furprifing, as they take as little care of the face as of the breall. They are neat in their drefs, wearing very white linen, and the finclf ftufts they can get ; but are not permitted to wear gold, filver, or jewels. Their vivacity, wit, and good humour, are great ad- ditions to their natural charms. They arc extremely tidkativc, and both fcxes are fond of dancing : on Sun- days and holidays they dance proniifcuoufly all night, both in the cities and villages, and freely allow ftran- gers to join with them. They are fo far from being jealous, that the women ftand at the doors and talk with the men who pafs by, and will be as merry and familiar with llrangers as if they had been long acquainted. I'.ven the women of diftinilion go to market to buy pro- vifiona, and carry them home openly through the Itrccts. The city of Scio is large, .ind the bcfl built of any in the Levant. Tlichoufes arehandl'umeand cujiniodious} l()nH- of them ate terraced, aiid others covered svith tihs : for the Chiots have retained the Cieimefe mcth(J of budd- ing ; that people having eiTd)cllilhed all the towns of tho Ealf where they havi^ been iettlcd. The caltlc is an old citadel, built on tho cd'.»e of the; fca, .ind is faid to be garrifoncd by fourt(tiii hun Ired Turks. It is defended by round towurs, and an indif- ferent ditch ; and on th': intidc there are only forr.e duftera of houl'es inhabited by the Turks, and a nea: mofipic. The port of Scio is a place of rcnde.'.vou.. for .ill t!ic (hips that either fail to Conftantinople, or from thence into Syria and Egypt; yet the harbour is none of the bell, for at prefent it has only a very indifferent mole, built by the Genoefe, level with the furface of the water. The entrance is narrow and dangerous on account of the rocks, which are but juit covered, and could fcarccly be avoided, was itnot for a light-houle. Before we leave this city, it is proper tn obf-rve, that Antonio Zeno, captain-general of the Venetian army, came before the towti on the twenty-cijhth of April, 1694, with fourteen thoufand men, and attacked thu cattle from the fea, the only place of ftrcngth in the idand, when it held out no more than five days, though it was defended by eight hundred Turks, Uipporced by above a thoufand men well armed, who might have thrown themfelves into it without the le..lt oppofition on the land-fide: but the next year the Vcne:iai-.> UVl i: with as much expedition as they had before i.brained it. 'Their terror was fo great, that they Ictt be'iind them their ammunition and cannon ; and their troops lied in fuch dil<)rder, that it is a common faying in the; ifl..;;J, tliat the folJiers took every fly for a turban. The 'Turks entered it as a conquered cnuntrv, an 1 the Greeks throwing all the blame on the Latins, tii'y wltl: from thenceforward forbid to wear hats, and obli;;. d to quit the Gcnoele habits, which they had worr. till that time : they were likewife ordered to ali;.'iit from their horfes at the city gate, and to falute with the gr..';'.tcft rcfpedl the ineaneft Muflulman. Before this event the Romifh priefts bore the hoft to the fick in full lih'.rtv at noon-day ; the proceflion of Corpus Chrilli was in;idii with all its formalities, the clergy walking in their pro- per habits, ruider canopies, and bearing centers in ihtir hands ; in (hort, the Turks ufed to call this ifland Little Rome : for, bcfidcs the churches in the country, the Latins had feven in the town: but, upon this chanirc, the cathedral and the church of the Dominicans were converted into mofques ; the church of the Jcluits was turned into an inn ; thofe of the Capuchins and the Re- colle<3s, the lady of Loretto, and that of St. Anne, are all pulled down. The Capuchins had alio within five hundred paces of the town the church of St. Roch, and this has ihared the fame fate with the reft. The I.atiix bilhop was forced to fly to the Morea, and the priefts who remained bthind were made fubject to the capita- tion-tax, but were afterwards exempted on the applica- tion of the French. 'The Greek bifhop remains in the fame circumftances as before the enterprize of the Venetians, havin:; no lei's than three hundred churches under him, and the ifland is full ofchaptis; their mon.afteric3 and nunn-rics alio enjoy large revenues. The moft confiderable of the for- mer is that of Neamoni, or the New Solitude, wl.ich is fituatcd about five milcB from the city, and annually pavs five hundred crowns capitation-tax to the Turks. 'I'his monartcry is very fpacious, and built in the form of a caftle. No woman is allowed to enter it. 'There are comnronly a hundred and fifty Greek monks under the government of .nn abbot, and they are never to exceed two hundred. When any places are vacant, thole who are willing to fupply them muft pay a hundred piafttrs, and come with their whole cftates into the conient, where they may enjoy them for life, and then the eftatcs muft be left to the convent, unlets any one has a kinf- man who will become a monk, in which cate one-third may be given to him, on condition that at his death that muft alio go to the convent. 'They there live everyday upon black bread, bad wine, and rotten cheefc ; and if they have any thing clfe, they muft procure it for them- felves i 'ii.l ■jo^. A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A i' 11 V. AsiAiu- Isles. Mm 1^1 ill *.,? : ,r fcKcs ; anJ iiulccd fomc live well on their eftatcs, anil keep .1 liorle to liijc (iiit lor p! a In re. However, on ttl- tival., and Sim.l.iys tl.:'y cat all tojjctiicr in tlieir hall or rtkitiiry. This iiumallciy is (aiil to be cndnvrcJ with anei.'Dth p.-.rt of the revenue f»l Jhc whole ifland, an,l funic' (.ly much more, having iit^cls than fifty thouland c towns anm;.:lly paid the in in nj.ncy. Tins mon.;lleiy itaiids on a little lull in a very folit.iry plaee, I'nnouiided by ru^';;ed mountains and previpieci ; tlieCiie.ks al'.vays pitchin;^ upon luch I'.tuation, lor their rclii^^ious houlcb, quite contrary to the CatholicE, who j'hue their miiMalieiies in the moil defirable lituations. The church of this convent is, however, elleeined one of the bcli in the Levant, and is faid t) be adorned with thirty-two toluiuns, whofe (halts and capitals are of jafper due; in the illand. It has alio maiiv paintin^-s ; l)iit they are b.idly executed, and nuke a very dilagree- able appearance, in fpite of the jjildiiig with which they are loaded. A', to their nunneries, they are very difFercnt from thole of the L'hrilliar.s in Kurt.pe. Mr. J'hevenot entered one of them, where he law both thriilians and Turks ; and liaiiii;^ entered the chamber of one of the fifters, he lays he found her kmJeven beyond the bounds of Chril- tian eh.uity. 'I'hefe nuns purchafc a chamber on th?ir but!.; admitted into thehoufe: they go abroad wlienthty pkai.-, and may leave the convent if they think fit. They are ufuallv employed in embroidery in gold, filvcr, or filk, in which the Greeks are very ftilful, and the Howers they work upon their handkerchiefs and parfts aie very beautiful. The ifland of Chios, bcfidcs the capital, contains fixty town; and villa",(s, the principal of which, named Cor- donulo, has about fi^e hundred inhabitants. The coun- try .-Dund it is very fertile and well watered, yielding annually about a iuindred and feventy tons of wine. At five miles ditlance is a fine valley, half a mile long, where is a fprin:; of water to which there was a defeent of twenty-fue beautiful marble flcps, but thcfe are all re- moved ; and at the end of the valley was formeily a tem- ple ol tine afli-ccloiired marble, but it has been pulled down, and t'ne (Innes broken, only for the fake of the iron and lead uicd in joining them together. Ke-ond this valley is V'ichi, a village inhabited by three hundred pcrfoi'S ; and beyond it is Gambia, whi'.h has an bundled iiih;diiraius, and is lurrounded by ro.ki, hills, r.nJ woods of wild pinc-trcts, which they fell for timber to build gallies. In a valley below this laft village arifes a rock that is almoll inaccefiible, and on the top of it is a fmall caftle, oppofitc to which is the Mount of St. Elias, the highell plice in the iiland ; !or it niay be (ben from Tenedos, which is above an hundred miles diftant. On its top is a cl'.urch dedicated to St. Fdias, which is ufuallv covered with mill and liiow ; and in the middle of the moL'ntain is a large Ipring that waters the furrounding ticlds, which are planted with a variety of fruit-trees. V'olilTo i^ a confiderabie village, feated on a hill, and cnr.t.iiii3 about three hundred houfes. It has a cafllc built bv the fimous Hclifarius, general to the emperor Jullinian, who was forced on more by a florm. 'l"hc adjacent country is very plcafint and fertile, and the in- ' habitants annually raife five thoufand pounds weight of filk. _ ^ I There are twcnty-twoviilages in the ifland that cultivate lentilk trees, from whence maftic is produced. They be- i gin to make inciiions in thofe trees on thefirft of Auijuif, j ciittMiT the ba^kcrofs-ways with very large knives. Next I day til-; nutritious juice diftils in fmall tears, which , by little and liule form the madic grains; for they | liarden on the i;round, and are carefully picked up from under ta:; trees. The height of their harvcit is in the niidule of Aui'uft. They indeed make other incifi- cns towarJa the < iid of September; but the trees then afTord maf.ic in Iniiiller quantities. They fift this gum to clear it from the du(t. Thefe villages are laid to ; produce about one liunJrcd thoufand chelts of madic, of,' which ihrt!' hundred cherts of one hundred weight each I are annually pr.id to the Grand Seignior. This maftic 1 is allowed to be the beft in the v/wld. It is a white gum which enter-, into the compcfition of many oint- ments, andi^cliewed by theGrcelts to whiten their teeth and Iweeteii their breath. The fiiltanas confumc thj greateit part of that deligned tor the feraglio i thev chew It by way of amulemf^nt, and to give aii agreeable fmtll to their breath, efpeciaily in a morning talting; they alio put lome i;rains of madic in perfuir.iii;,' pots, and in to tlieir bread before it goes totheovrii. In Ihorr, it is clt'.emed beneficial in ddlempets of the llomaeli; it Itopj bleeiiiiig, and fortifies the giiins. 'I'he principal of thefe mallic town? is C'.illimacha which has two pales, fix Greek churches, and a nun- nery. It is well peopled, and round it are faid to be thirty churches belonging to the decks. Alter mentioning themallic, it will be proper to take notice of the turpentine tree, which grows here without culture, on the borders of the vineyards, and by the highway iide. It is about as tall as the lentifk-tree, and has a reddilh leaf. They wound the trunk with a hatchet between the months of July and CVtobcr, on which the turpentine flows down on a flat Ibmc h t under the trees to receive it. This li(pior is tiii excellent natu- ral balfani, and a noble llomaehic. Of their figs they make a kind of brandy, of which they export great qu.intities to the neighboiirim^ iflands. The (dives of Scio, when they have a very good crop do not produce above two hundred hogfheads of oil. Their filk is a more valuable commodity, for thev an- nually raife from the worm about thirty thoufaiu! pounds weight of lilk, which is mofl of it iiled in the illand iii the manufadlures of damafk, talt'ety, fattin, velvet, auj other filk llutis, with fome of which they mix gc-ld and filver. \Vith thcfe they carry on a coniiib-rabie com- merce to Kgypt, and the maritime cities of Natolia and Barbary : but they arc faid to be fo very fliarp and dil- honcll in their dealings, that a Itrangcr ought to have all his wils about him to avoid being cheated. This illand has produced many extraordinary men, and the Chiots not only pretend that Homer was their countryman, but dill Ihew his fchool, which is at the foot of mount Epos, hy the fea-fide, about four rnilcs from the city of Scio : it is a flat rock, in which they have hewn a kind of round bafon, twenty feet in diameter, the edge made fo as to fit upon. From tiic middle of this bafon riles a fquare done about three feet in height, and two feet eight inches broad, on the fides of which were anciently carved certain animals, which are now fo disfigured that it is impoffible to know what they arede- figned to reprefent, though fome fancy they bear the re- femblance of lions. Upon this fquare flonc the mafter was fuppofed to fit in the midft of his fcholars. Befides Homer's fchool they fliew his divelling-houfe, where he compofed mod of his poems, which, no doubt| mud be in a very ruinous condition, as Homer lived nine hundred and fixty-onc years before the birth of Chrid. It dands in a place which bears that poet's name, in the north part of the ifland, near the fields which produce the v.-ine called nedtar. But it is very uncertain whether Homer was a native of Scio, as fevcn great cities con- tended for the honuar of his birth, whurh he fcems to have indudrioufly concealed. Learning is, however, now out of ufe, and the peo- ple in general are involved in the mod profound igno- rance. Thofe in affluent circumdances fit whole days talking under the trees. They are alfo fond of pleafure, and arc apt to drink to excefs. In the whole ifland there are not above ten thoufand Turks, and three thoufand of the Latins : but the Greeks arc laid to amount to one hundred thoufand. With refpect to the government of the ifland, it is in time of peace under a cady, or civil magillrate; but in war the forces are commanded liy a balha. An atra of the jani/aties, with an hundred and'fifty men of that ^dy, alfo refides there in time of peace, and with double that number in time of war. There are three degrees of Greeks in this ifland, who are dilfercntly taxed; thole of the fird rank pay annu- ally ten crowns a head, the next three crowns, and the meancd two crowns and a half a he.id. The Greeks are allowed to chufe twelve of their own number in the city, AiiA ru- Isles. Asiatic Im.i;s. A S city, to rri>ulatc the other tnxeJ, «n(l to prcfiilc over die cominunityi and in each village there ;:rc iix choli n, who decide itK'lt of their ditt'crciictj, lo that they leldutn re- fer their ult'jir:> tu the decilioii oftlic cady, S E C T. V, ■ . r Ofihi I fit if SamoS. /» S'llunthn, Extent, Climate, Soil, Minnah, Vegitnhits, nmi Animnls. Tht Niimbtr of tht Inhabitants, ami the Naturt of thiir Grvtnment, TH K idand of Samos is fituatcd i« the Archipclsp^o over-agaiiill Kphefus, and not ahnvu- fix mi!ci from the continent of Natolia. It extends from thirt;j'-fevcn rJ- degrees forty-five miimtes tothirty-fcven degrees fifty-fc- ■\,f), vcn minutes north latitude, it being about thirty-two miles in length and fifteen in breadth. The air of this iflanti is generally healthful, exc;| c m the low marfhy grounds ; and it is obfcrved here, as in moll other illands of the Levant, that they have fcldom any rain, thunder, or tcmpcftuous weather, cxc-ept in the winter ; while in our climate we have moft thunder, ami the hcavieft fliowers in fummer. A chain of moun- tains extends tlirougli the middle of the iiland from call to weft. Thefe were formerly called Amphelos, from innll of the mountains being of white marble; but tliey af; covered with afhatu of earth of fiich depth, as to produce trees and plants, and are watered by fine fprings. The moll: confiderahle of tlicfe (treams is that of Metclinous, which flows foutluvard into the fea. In the low landa are iron mines, oker, and emery. The piirt of Vati on the north part of the idand is fo capacious as to be able to receive a large fleet, and is juilly eftcenud the beft in the ifland. The port of Seitaii is on the welb coaff, and that ofTi- gani on thcfouth. This lall was the port of the anci- ent city of Samos. This ifland is incumbered with moimtains, rocks, and precipices, but the plains are fertile and plcafant ; and the mountains are covered with two forts of pines, the one a beautiful kind which rifes to a great height, and is fit for malls, and yields a great quantity of turpentine. The others are of the common fort. The country produces corn, and abundance of excel- lent mufl.on; on the left horn of which was the f.imous pier, whi
  • 1 1 hr f ^ fj'^ ' 'H '^lu ^i ..'.^itl-t^'ill i ^« 1 Fonlu.if Hn Hit...:.. ■ M L' r ' i Ti ,' . KjAooAnV, ..^■^■t:CK ^if"' \^^' |;.7><.M •*m<^' Tbr £quiuoi'tial loiir "^ I ^ **V * ^ •^^Mx<'*''\i^^*>n Art" ■** '• If^'^'*' , jJV ^ ^ "^E A 5 T Ti H :^ -tUmruninJ. IrinHiphAfffS ^ # I -1^ 7^ S'lHrDmaT. y^ Tt^,': InhanvAnr /VmAi ^ Ck Xffitimn diA^lllj^W J^Af^t- :©' Y<.fe?»-'*- .4« V rt-btmfil a ■ '■ z<.<«i«iu ^ cjfTT; 'C^ ^. v>-|' ^Cabonu X "Kiiigliici r.?*>v^j--.„5^^ •'■'.'/aril -■iE ^»-vr fix miles below Old Cairo, one part of ir rtowo to the north-c.ift and falls into tlie fca at Damiett.i, the antient IMufium ; and the other branch runs to\v..rds the north-weft, and fills into t!ic fea at Rof.'tto. V/e (lull give a full account of thefe divifions when we come to treat of tiie principal towns and antiquitici of cicli. The climate is in fummer very hot, from its being fitui.tcd hctv.ecn two ran<;>:i of iriountains, and from the fandv li'il, ca which the fun ftilms with almoft perpen- dicular rny' at the fummer fulfticc ; and even in winter the fun ftilnes with great heat towards the middle of the day, thoiich the nights unJ mornin^^ are then venj- cold ; the (hirpeft time is about the beginning of Fcbrirary. Near the fea are fonictimes great rains from November to March ; but at Cairo th; v have fi Mom any rain, ex- cept in Deccml)>'r, January, and Fibriiary, and then have only fniall llinwcrs for about a quarter of an hf>ur. In Upper Egypt they have fcarec any rain, anJ Dr. Pococke fays, that when he was there, he was infornrtd that it had been knowh to rain but twice very hard fot half an hour in eight years. Butrain in Egypt i; eftitein- cd prejudicial, for the people pnagine it pr(.dL'ces Icur- city, the water of the Nile being jKt- fuffiticnt for all the purpofes of vegetation. 'I hev have t' an ier in fum- mer without rain ; and though tarthquak.s fcidom I'ap- pen, three great (hocks were fell in January 1 74a, which overthrew feveral mofques and houles. The weft and the north-weft winds are thofe that bring the rain ; but the moft frequent winds are thofe from the north and fouth : the fouth-eaft winds are fometimes fo exccflively hot as to refemble the air of an oven, and when they blow, people are obliged to retire to their vaults, and tofliut themfelves clofe up. '1 his wind generally begins about the middle of March, and con- tinues till May. It alfo fometimes blows very hard from the fouth-wxft, when it raifes the fand fo as to darken the air and obfcure the lisht of the fun, and the duft then enters the chambers, beds, and chefts, though fhut ever fo clofe. The north, antiently called the Etefian wind, begins to blow in May juft before the rifing of the Nile, and greatly refrefties the air, rendering the heat fupp'>rtable, and bringing with it health and happinefs. It continues till November, and without this wind there would be no failing up the Nile after its rife, on account of the rapidity of the currents. Egypt has generally afandyfoil, except where covered by the adventitious earth it has received from the ever- flowing of the Nile. The hills which bound it on the; eaft and weft are of frec-ftone ; but thofe eminences on which the pyramids of (jiza ftand, are full of petrified fhell; ; and there arc fome low hills eaft of the Kile which confift of heaps of large oyfter-fliells, fome pe- trified, and others in theirnatural ftate. The foil of Egypt is full of nitre, which. Dr. Pococke obfervcs, occafions vapours that render the evenin" air cold and unhcalthful. On the fmall lakes in the low grounds a cake of fait is lei't on the furface after the Water has evaporated, which they carry away for domef- tic ufes. This nitre, and the fedimcnt of the water of the Nile, renders Egypt fo fruitful, that they fonelimcs find it necefl^ary to temper it with common fand Fnr within a mile of the moimtains the country is fandy, and lies upon an eafy afcent, which the Nile never reaches, and on the edge of it arc many villages : hut where the nioujitains extend four or live miles from the Nile, Egypt. EcVPT. AFRICA. 3^0 larbary, are. fcvcral clafTes. , Babelmandd, ;ius, and Hour- Africa, are St.- lary Iflands, the note. he was infomrtd 'Ice very Ha: ^. (at 1 Egypt i; ett^te.n- it pr'ducos Iciir- ■ fufficient f'lr all ; t' an IfT it! fu:n- ak -s fcidom l^ip- jary i 740, whi^li Is arc thofe that t winds are ihofe h-eaft winds are ible the air of an bilged to retire to a up. 'I'his wind March, and con- ns very hard from 1 fo as to darken un, and the duft lefts, though fhut fian wind, begins f the Nile, and heat fupp>rtable, els. It conti'.iues there would be acco'.int of the ept where rovercd from the over- bound it on the off eminencfs en full of pctriticd eaft of the Kile •-(hells, fome pii- lich. Dr. Pococke ;i the evening air lakes in tlic low fiitface after the y away for domef- nt of the water of at ihey forieiimes mmon fsnJ For country h fandy, h the ts'ile ni-ver lany villages : hut five iniKs from the Nile, Nile, there are villages in th4 mid-way between them and the river, built un eminences raifed by art ; and thcfe being furrounded by water, during the flood, re- femble fo many iflands. The river Nile, or Abanchi, which in the Abyflinian tongue fignifics The Father of Rivers, is generally agreed to nave its fources in eleven or twelve degrees of north latitude, and runs a courfe of about fifteen hun- dred miles for the m part from fouth to north, and a little below Cairo, as liath been already obfcrved, divides itfelf Into two branches, one Inclining to the eaft, and the other to the weft, and falls into the Mediterranean, the mouths being an hundred miles diftant from each other. While the river is contained within the bounds of the ordinary channel, it is faid to be no broader at Old Cairo than the Thames at London ; and In the drieft feafon of the year is in many places fordablc. The water is thick and muddy, efpecially when the river Is fwelled by the heavy rains which coiiftantly fall willtin the tropics in the beginning of our fummcr, which are doubtlcfs the principal caufe of Its annually overflowing the low lands of Egypt. The antlents, who were unacquainted with the climates in thole latitudes, were much perplexed when they endeavoured to account for this annual deluge. But this periodical inundation is far from being peculiar to the Nile, fince this is the cafe with all the rivers which have either their rife or courfe within the tropics : they annually break their bounds, and overflow the lands for many miles before th-^y reach the fea, particularly in Bengal, Tonquln, and Siam. They likewlfe leave a prolific mud, which, like that of the Nile, ''ertilizes the land ; and though the waters of thefe rivers are alfo very thick, yet when they have ftood for fome time, they are neither unpalatable nor unwholefome. Befides, the north winds, which begin to blow about the latter end of May, drive in the water from the fea, and keep back that in the river in fuch a manner as to raife the waters above. The Egyptians, and efpecially the Coptis, are per- fuadcd that the Nile always begins to rife on the fame day of the year, and indeed it generally begins to rife on the eighteenth or nineteenth of June. From accounts of its rife for three years. Dr. Pococke obferves, that he found it rife the firft fix days from two to five Inches every day ; for the twelve next days, from five to ten Inches ; and it thus continues rifing, till it has rifen to the height of fixteen cubits, when the canal of Cairo is cut : after this it continues rifing fix weeks longer ; but then it only rifes from three to five inches a day ; for fpreading over the land, and entering the canals, though more water may defcend than before, yet its rife is Icfs confiderabic ; for after the opening of that canal, the others are opened at fixed times, and thofe that water the lower grounds the laft, Thefe canals are carried along the higheft parts of the country, that the water may be conveyed from them to all the lower parts. This river has, however, one thing that feems pecu- liar to itfelf. Other rivers being fupplied by rivulets, the ground is loweft near the banks : but as no water flows into the Nile in its paflage through Egypt, and as it is neceflary that this river (hould overflow the land, the country of Egypt is generally lower at adiftancefrom the Nile than it is near it -, and in moft parts the land feems to have a gradual dcfcent from the Nile to the foot of the hills, that may be faid 1.0 begin at thofe fandy parts already mentioned, as being a mile or two diftant from them, which, rifing towards the mountains in a gentle afcent, are never overflowed. Some of the moft remarkable particulars in relation to the Nile, are its catarafls in Upper Egypt. Dr. Pococke and fevcral other authors have vlfited fome of them ; and the laft me;itioned divine, on approaching the firft, fays, that he never faw nature difcovcr fo rough a face as ap- peared in the country. On the eaft fide of the river nothing is to be feen hut rocks ; on the weft the hills are tither of fand or black rocks j above to the fouth there fcenis to be a high rocky ifland j higher up appear rocky clitfs on each fide j and below, to the north, arc fo many rocks, that little of the water could be feen. The bed of the Nile is crolTed by rocks of granite, which in three places, at fome diftance from each other, divide the j6 ftrcam, and make three falls at each. The firft he came to was the leaft, and appeared not to exceed three feet : the fecond, which is a little lower down the river, winds round a large rock, or ifland, forming two llrcams. This ifland is to the north about twelve feet high, and it is faid that at high-water tlie Nile runs over it ; but fup- pofing the river to be then five feet higher below the rock, the fill will not exceed feven or cinht feet. Far- ther to the weft are other rocks, and a third ftream, which has a greater fall than any of the others. This account can enable us to form no idea of thofe catarafts defcribed by the antlents, and even by fome of the moderns, who- inform us, that, under thn twenty- third degree of latitude, the water of the Nile iflucs from feveral huge openings of a high rock Into its bed below, falling two hundred feet with fuch prodigious noife as to exceed that of the firing of cannon, or the loudeft claps of thunder. The water in its fall refemblcs a 'arge white fheet about thirty feet in breadth, which in its rapid dcfcent forms a kind of arch, under which people may walk without being wet ; and th... feems, fays our author, to have been formerly the amufement of the neighbouring people, there being feveral niches and feats in the rock for the convenience of fitting down. There is alfo under the arch made by the water-fall a kind of platform, and fome fubterraneous grottos, into which people ufed to retire in order to cool themf-'lves ; but thefe are now become InacceflTiblc by the breaking in of the water from fome fiefti gaps of the rock, it is alfo obfervable, that the water in its fall below raifes a thick mift, which at a diftance rcfembles a cloud ; and yet Lucis, who fays he faw this cataraft, tells us, that the natives fhoot it with rafts. This laft circumftance ap- pears very improbable : however, the defcription he has gvienofit is conformable to the defcriptiuns of the an- tlents, and particularly of Lucan. " Who that beholds thee, Nile, thus gently flow, " With fcarce a wrinkle on thy glafly brow, " Can guefs thy rage, when rocks rcfift thy force, " And hurl thee headlong In thy downward courfe } " When fpouting cataracts thy torrent pour, " And nations tremble at the deaf 'ning roar ; " When thy proud waves with indignation rife, " And dafli thy foamy fury to the fkies.'' The accounts of the catarafts given by the learned Dr. Shaw agree with the defcriptlons of the judicious Ur« Pococke and Mr. Norden, and feem to difcredit every thing that is marvellous In this relation : for Dr. Shaw aflures us, th.it they are only ordiniry falls of water like thofe we frequently meet with in great rivers, where the ftream is a little confined: hut may not the cataradts far- ther up the Nile be much higher, and more agreeable to the defcriptlons of the antlents than thofe vlfited by thefe gentlemen ? This at leaft feems highly probable. SECT. II. 0/ the Methods of Culture ufed by the Egyptians, and the Manner in which the IFater of the Xile 1; raifed up to the Land where it is higher than the Inundation. Of the Ve- getables of Egypt ; the Beajls, Birdi, Reptiles, and FiJIies j with a particular Defcription of the Crocodile, M' R. Norden obferves, that the authors who have given defcriptlons of Egypt, contented with fay- ing that its fertility is folely derived from the annual inundation of the Nile, have by their filence giveu t.>_i.a- fion to think, that Egypt is a paradife on earth, where the people neither plow nor fow, but every thing is pro- duced as it were fpontancoufly after the draining of the waters 5 though there Is fcarce a country where the land has greater need of culture. Where the land lies higher than the inundation rifes, the people have been taught by neceflity to form various methods of raifing the water. At Rofetta and Damictta, where the Nile, when at its height, is not much below the furface of the earth ; this is done by means of a wheel made with boxes round its circumference, which 4 H iiccive '''• \ ^' '^ ^ ■ a IfiU' '!: 210 A SYSTEM O F G E O G R A P H Y, Eg VPT. receive the v/3ter, and as the wheel turns round thelvoxc5, cmptv thfrnfclves at the top into a trou.ih made lor that purpofe. Wncre the water is tco deep to be raiicd in thij manner, they put a cord r.iund the wheel that reaches down to the water, to the end of which ate falleiicd earthen jars that fill ;;3 it ^oes round, anJ em()ty thcnilelvcs at the top in the lame manner as the other ; l)oth being turned by oxen. Hut where the banks ;iro high, tnc mnft common wav is tct make a bafon upon them, and fixing in the ground a pole forked at the iO(i, they place another pole by aii axle to the top of it. To one end of this laft pole the;/ tie a heavv ftone, and at the other a rope and a leathern bucket. Two men dr^-.w down the bucket into the water, and the weight brings it up, the men directing it, and turning the wjter into the bafon. This bafon is frequently made on the fide of the bank, and running into another is railei" up higher with the fame Lbour ; and in Upjior ligypt there are fometimes fccn tive of them, one hi j;her than the other, the uppermoft only ferving to water tlie fields. However, in lyower and Middle Eiivpt, where canals have been dug, they have no occalion tor ail this la- bour. 1 he water is conveyed by opening lluices, or brei'king down banks, through canal.s cut tor that pur- pofe, into large refervoirs, which arc made to fupply the lower lands as occafions require. Egypt naturally produces tew vegetables, mod of the tender pl.ints being dettroeanj, and other kinds of pulic, with which the neigh- ■i bouring countries are fupplied ; befides fugar- canes, of i> which fome fugar is made ; and l.kewife melons, dates, f figs, cucumbers, and other vegetables, which the pfo- f pFe e.it ill hot weather as a cooling food. Uppe. Egypt iupplics moft parts of Europe with fenna, and coloquin- tida grows wild in the fandy grounds : but as Egypt has I no common ",rjfs, they fupply the vvant of it by fowing ||i the land v/ith clover, without plowing. If] The fptiiig corn and vegetables are fown in November and December as foon as the Nile is fallen, and fooner where that river docs not naturally overflow the ground. |j T'his corn confifts of wheat, lentils, flax, and barley that j has fix rows of grain in one car ; and with this they feed _; their horfcs, for they have no oats. They fow beans fur their camels, and thefe the people alfo cat green both raw and boiled. They have a kind of vetch little infe- ; I rior to peafc, with one large gram in each pod ; they I alfo plant an herb calkd nill, of which they make a kind of indigo blue. Egypt fecms to have few or no trees that have not h(en tranfplantcd from other countries : thofc in their gardens are dcubtlefs exotics, as the cous, or cream- tree, apricots, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, caflia, mofeh, a delicious fruit, and the cotton-tree. The following are the moll common trees in Egypt, }! ,( the fount, which bears a key or pod ufed inftcad ot bark in tanning of leather, the tamarilk, Pharaoh's fig, the tycomoro of the antients, the palm, or date-tree, and another fpecicsof the palm called the dome-tree. There is no great variety of four-footed bcafis, the cows ate Urge and red, with Hlort horns : the natives make ufe of their oxen to turn the wheel with which they draw water, and to plough the land. They have alfo large buffaloes, which arc lo impatient of heat, that they will Hand in the water with only their notes out to breathe ; and when this convenience is not to be had, they will lie all day like fwinc, wallowing in mud and water. With rcfpecl to the bcafts of burthen, they have a great number of camels and dromedaries, and the Turks eat Hi J the flcfli of the young ones as a mofl delicate dilh ; but will not permit it to be eaten by theChrillians, probably that the breed may not be deflroyed. The horfcs, par- • ticularly thofe of Upper Eg)pr, arc very fine ones ; hut their necks arc too fhott. I'hey never trot, but walk well, and gallop with great fpced, turn ftiort, (top in a moment, and arc extremely tradlable i but they cannot jicrform lon^ jouriiies, and arc only fit to walk in travel- tiful white bird, called by the Europeans the field-hen ; It reiembles a fiork, but is not half fo Luge, and is feeii about the fields like tame-fowl. They have likewife a large white bird, with black wings, ihaped like a raven ; Inj' it is very ugly, and not at all ftiy : thefe laft live in the fame manner as the tame hawk, and are called Pha- raoh's heu',. On the iflands in the Nile are great numbers of the ibis, //,f . which were held in great veneration by the antient Egyp- tians, on account of their delivering the country from the multitude of fcrpents that breed ni the ground after the retreat of the Nile. They refemblc the crane, and are of a greyifli colour, with the wings and tail black. The Mahometans have the ftork in the higheft cfteeni and veneration, it being as facred among them as the ibis was among the Egyptians, and no le& profane would that perfon be accounted, who Ihould attempt to kill, or only to hurt and nioleft it. The great regard paid to thefe birds was at firilr, perhaps, Ids occafioiicd by the fervicc they are of to moift fenny countries, in clearing them of a variety of reptiles and infcfts, than from the folemn gefticulations they are obferved to make whenever thev reft upon the ground, or return to their nefts : for they firft throw their heads backwards, as it were in a pofture of adoration; then ftrike, as with a pair of caftanets, their upper and lower bill together, and afterwards proftrate their necks in a fuppliant manner quite down to the ground ; conftantly repeating three or four times the fame gefticulations. in Egypt are alfo great flocks of wild gecfe of fevcral kinds, wild ducks, woodcocks, fnipes, quails, and among the birds of prey are eagles and vultures. Here are feveral forts of yellow lizards, amon-* which is the worral, which is laid to be affeiHed by mu- fic ; Dr. Shaw fays he has feen feveral of them keep ex- act time and motion with the dervifes in their circula- tory dances, turning when they turned, and ftop- ping when they flopped. T'his animal, which is of the lizard kind, is four fcct long, eight inches broad, and has a forked tongue, which it puts out like a ferper.t, but it has no teeth, and is a harmlefs animal, livin;; on lizards and flics. It frequents the grottos and caverns in the mountains on the weft of the Nile, where it flceps in winter, and is only found during the hot wea- ther. The vipers of Egypt, which are much eftcemcd in phy- fic, arc of a )cllowilh colour like the find in which they live, and are of two fpccics, one vith a kind of horn ;, which have fome rafcmblance to thofe of fiiuils, but arc of a homey fublhncc) and the others like ours. There :n there i:; no uv and barley, of which thi'y to be no Ida of antelopes, beautiful than toxes are of a romniun. The ?evcr, there are cferres the prc- or the camel- k, it refembles the mountair» by the Arabs, (m, palfy, and c hawk, of a fe frequent the with pigeons y are not birds the' nativtn anccttors, feem birds anJ for ould be ihottght It is alnioft as eckled, but has *btch it fpre;id3 ivc Mo a beaii- s the field-hen ; rge, and is feeri have I ike wife a sd like a raven ; thefe laft live in } are called Pha- nbers of the ibis, //,v . le anticiit Egyp- hc country from the ground after ic crane, and are tail black. le higheft cfteeni them as the ibis afane would that t to kill, or only d paid to thefe d by the fervice learing them of oiTi the folemii e whenever they ■ nefts : for they t'ere in a pofture f caftanets, their awards proftrate ce down to the r time) the fame ;eefe of feveral lails, and among izards, among affefled by mu- fhcm keep ex- in their circula- ned, and (fop- which is of the hes broad, and like a fcrper.t, animal, living ttos and caverns- Nile, where it ng the hot wea- ;ftcemcd in phy- fmd in which a kind of horn;, f fiuils, but ari: e ours. There EOVPT. A F R i A. 3>« There arc no flicU-fiili in the Nile, nor perhaps any fort of hfn ;ound in ths rivers of Europe, except eels and m illets, whith lull, with fome others, come at certain U-atons from the lea. Of thule moft eltcemed are the ray, which refembles a carp, but it faid to be fometimcs two hundred pounds weight. The moft delicate fifll is the ktlhcr, V lich is or»ly caught in Upper Egypt ; it has a Ion"- narrow fiiout, and fo fmall a mouth that one wo*itd ima'iiinc it can only live by fucking the juice out of the wa* or the ground. In Upper Egypt is a fmall fi(h called the gurgur, about a loot long : its hca«l is arm«d with u ttroiig bones the ftn on the back, and thofe on each fiile uivJer the gills arc alfo armed with hone. This hrti the inhabitants inwgine kills the crocodile. Ihe hippopotamus. Of river horfc, feems to be a native of Ethiopia in the uppL-r parts of the Nile, and the prc- Itnt Face of the Egyptians are entirely unacquainted with It. Nay, the crocodile fo raiely appears below the firft titaracts, that the fighc of it i» as great ati objuit of cu- rio'ity as to the Europeans. The crocodile wai formerly thought peculiar to this (ountry ; but there does not fccm to beany material dif- ference between it and the alligators of India and A- merica. They are both in the form of a lizard ; are am- phibious animals, which grow till they arc about twenty feet in length, and have four ftiort legs, with large feet armed with claws. They have a flat h»ad i their eyes are indifterently Lirge, and their back is 'covered with hard fcales, impenetrable by a mulket ball. It is obferved of this animal that he has no tongue ; he has, however, a flelhy fubftancc fixed all along the low- er jaw, which may fervc to turn his meat. He has two long teeth at the end of his under jaw, and ajifwering to them are two holes above to receive them. It is re- markable, that the upper jaw is only moveable, and the under one fixed. Thefe animals arc very quick-fighted ; for our author obferves, that on making a circuit to come behind them, they always began to move gently into the water, there being a kind of channel in the head be- hind each eye, by which the view of objefts arc convey- ed to them trom behind. When the crocodile is on land, he is always feen on the low banks of fandy illands near the water, with his head towards it, and it he is difturb- ed,he walks flowly in and difappearsby degrees. They make a hole about two feet deep in the land above the water, and in it lay their eggs, and cover them over; often going to the place, and taking care of their young, which are no fooner hatched than they run immediately into the water. They lay about fifty eggs, not much larger than thofe of a goofe, which are twenty-five or thirty days in hatching. The people fearch for the eggs with an iron pike, in order to deftroy them. It need fcarcel) be intimated, that the tears and alluring voice afcribed by the ancients to the crocodile, to draw perfons to him in hopes of devouring them, is a mere po- etical ficlion. Nor is there any foundation for the (lory, that the little bird ttochileus lives on the meat it picks from the crocodile's teeth ; or for what is faid of the ichneumon's deftroying the crocodile, by jumping into the crocodile's mouth, and eating his way out again through his belly. Thelie are traditions of which the learned, who have vifited Upper Egypt, can obtain no informa- tion. If a man or beaft ftands by the river, the crocodiles leap out of the water and feizc him with their fore paws ; but if the diftance be too great, they make a fpring, and endeavour to beat; down their prey with their tails. The moft common method of killing them is faid to be by Ihooting them in the belly, where the (kin is foft and r.dt covered with fcales like the back. The natives de- ftroy the crocodiles by making fome animal cry at a di- ftance, and when a crocodile comes out, they thruft a fpear, to which a rope is tied, into his body ; then letting him retire into the water to fpend himfeir, they afterwards draw him out, run a pole into his mouth, and leaping upon his b.ick, tye his jaws together. The people fay they cannot feize a man in the water, and therefore fre- quently crofs the Nile by fwimming both by themfelves and with their cattle, even above the firft catarail, where the crocodiles are pretty numerous. In that part where the people are much more favagc than in Lower Egypt, Mr. Norden obfervetl f^vtivl odd methods of crcffing the Nile, which they perform with- out the k-aft apprelienfion of falling; a prey to the crtHo- diles. Two men were fat on a tnils of ftraw, while a cow fwimming before, one of them held in one band her tail, and with the other guided the biiift by a cord faik-n- ed to her horns. The other ni. -i, who wis behind, ftcered with a little oar, by mcan-j of which be kept ac the fame time the balance. The fame d.iy, he lik'wifc faw fome loaded camels croflingthe ri\cr. A m-Jn Iwim- ing before held the bridle of the firft camel in his nvnith j the (econd camel was faftened to the tail of the In It, and the third to the tail of the fccoiid ; while another iv.\n brought up the rear, and took care that the fecund and third camels (hould follow in a row. Thefe fimple expe- dients give us fome idea of the manners of the moft early ages, before the introduitif;n of arts, or man had learn- ed to form veflbls to fail upon the water, and crofs rivers, lakes, and fcas. SECT. III. Of the Perfini, Drefs, Manners, Cujloms, Education, and Rtligion oftht Inhabitants. THE Egyptians are an ill-lookinj people, for though many of the young children are fair, the fun foon renders them fwarthy. They are alfo very dirty and flo- veiily, efpecially the Coptis, who after waftiing their hands when they have eaten, wipe them publicly on the great fleevcs of their ihirts. Thefe Coptis are the dcfccn- dants of the firft Chriftians of this country, who are faid to have been called Coptis from their retiring to Coptus, and the adjacent places, during the firft perfccutions. The Coptic tongue is a corruption of the antient Egyptian, and is now a dead language. The natives are generally inclined to indolence, and take great delight inTitting ftill and hearing tales, and in- deed appear to have been always more fit for a quiet than an adtive life. This probably may be owing to their be- ing enervated by the heat of the country. They are alfo envious and milchievous ; which prevents their uniting and fetting up for themfelves. The iVlahometan inha- bitants are either original natives, who live in the vil- lages, or of the Arab race. The latter are divided in- to thofe who are alfo fettled in the villages, and are ge- nerally an honeft harmlefs people; and thofe who live in tents, and chiefly fublift on their cattle, which are prin- cipally camels and goats, that feed on fmall fhru- . The Turks, who arc thus named to diftinguifti them from the Arabs and the original natives of the country, are thofe fcnt by the Grand Seignior, and the flaves. Thefe are the governing party, and are remarkable for being moft avaucious, and fondeft of power. Thefe diftinguifti themfelves from the others by wearing what is ftriclly the Turkifti i -efs. Moft of the children in the country go naked in fum- mer, and many of them do fo all the year round. The moft fimple drefs of the natives has fome refem- blance to that worn by the ancient Egyptians, who wers cloathed in linen, and over it had a woollen garment; and it prob.ably, fays Dr. Pococke, refembles the primi- tive manner of cloathing. They wear a long fliirt with wide flceves, commonly tied about the middle. '1 he common people have over it a brown woollen fliirt; and thofe of fupcrior rank a long cloth coat, and ovir that a long blue fhirt ; but in the drefs of ceremony, they wear a white fliirt inftead of a blue one, which in Upper Egypt they put on upon feftival days, and when they vifit tiitir fuperiors. In the lower parts of the country they vik- a garment of the fame form made of black woollen, which is fometimes left open before, and pe 3'i A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Ecyrr, i5.! i and v/liif cotton fhect. This the Chriftians in the country alfo conftantiy ufc, wrappini; it round their bo- dies over the left fliouldor, and under the right arm, which is left free; and in lomc parts of tiic country young people and the poorer lort wear no other cloathing. 1 he Chrillians of the country, with the Janizaries, the Arabs, and the Eevptinns, wear flippers I red lia- thcr, while thoi'e of the Jews are blue. VVithin doors the Turks and Chriftians, out of frugality, wear a kind of wooden clogs, fome of which arc made very fine. I'copic, in fliort, arc diftinguilbed by the drefs of their head and feet j and arc fined if they do not follow the cuftom : hence none but foreign Chriftians are permitted to v'car yellow flippers. The drefs for the head is either the turban, or nd woollen cap that fits clofe to the head, whicn is worn by the ordinary people among the Cop- tis and the Arabs. The women have their drawers, and moft of their other garments of filk i all but their outward drefs are fhorter th,in the men's, and their fleeves hang down very loiv. They wear on their heads a white woollen fkuU- cap, and ever it an embroidered handkerchief, round which their hair is plaited. Over all they have a large bl.iek veil. As it is tftcemed indecent to fliew too much of the face, they generally cover the mouth and one eye, if not the whole face. Women ofordi. .y rank have a large garment like a furplice, of blue linen or cotton, and before their faces hang a kind of bib joined to their hcad- drefs by a tape over the nofc; thus hiding all the lower part of the tace, and leaving the eyes uncovered, which gives them a very odd appenrancf. The women among the vulgar, efpccially the blacks, wear rings in their nofes adorned with glafs bcad«, and have ear-rings three inches in diameter, that come round their cars, and arc adorned with ftoncs: they likcwife wear (lone rings on their fingers, which among the ordinary people are of lead, while thofe in better circumllances have them of gnld. Their bracelets are generally of wire, but fome are of pbiin iron or brafs, but others have them of gold find'' jointed. The women among the vulgar paint their lips, and th; tip of their chin with blue, and thofe of fuperior rank paint their eye-lids black, and their nails and feet yellow. K bilore the birth ot Chrilt, who a.;ain rendered it an indepemL-iu kingdom, i'tolemy I'hiladclpluis, his Ion, coHcClcJ ihc Al. xaiiirian iibr.;ry, laid to cunfilt of levcM luiiulrcd thouiand vulumci ; and the f.ime priiice cauleJ that iranll.itioii of the Scriptures to be nuulc, which is now diltiiij-inlhed by tliu n.^ic.' of the Scptuagint. His fiKCeflors ever after retained th'i iiarr.j of Piolemies, and in that iine it continued bctwcon two and three hundred vcars, till C'lcop.itra, the wile and filler of Ptolemy Dionvfius, the lalt king, alcci.Ji:d ihc throne, in whole reign Egypt hetame a Roman province, and thus remained till tiie rci';ii of Omar, tlie fecond caiiiihot the luccellors ot iMaiioinet, v\'iio exiielled Ihu Roman-, alter it had been in thcii hands Icveii hundred years. 'f'hc caliphs of Babylon were the fovertigns of Egj.ir, till about the year eight hundred and fcvtiuy, when \\\Ki A P ■i'JC' Egyptians let up a caliph of their own, called the caliph of Cairo, to whom the Saracens of Africa and Spain were fubjecl ; but the governors of the provinces, uiiJer the caliphs of Babylon and Cairo, fuoii wrelted the civil power out of the hands of their caliphs, who had hither- to cnioyed an ablolute power in alFairs of religion and government, and left them only the fnadow of fuve- leigntv. Inihort, about the year iibo Afliircddin, geneial of Norradin, the Saracen fultan of Damafeus, fuliJiicd the kingdom of Egypt, and was fuecceded by his Ion the famous S.'.ladin, who alio reduced the kingdoms of Da- n'al'cus, ivlcfopotamia, and Palelline under nis dominion, and about the year jl()0 took jcrulal-.m hoiii the Chrif- lians. Thi;. pri:icc ellabliflied abody ol troops in E?ypt, which, like the prefent jani.'.aries, wa,. compole,! nf the: Ions of Chrillians taken in war, or purcr.aled of the I'ar- tar>, to whom he gave the n.mie of Mamalukes. The polkrity of Saladin fat on the throne till the year I2^2, when the Mamalukes depofed EIniutan, and gave the crown to one of their own utFiccrs, named lurouemcnius. This was the firll king of the raceof tiie Mamalukes, who ciigajcd in continual wars with the Chrillians in Syria and Palellinc, till fultan Araphus drove them entirely out of the Hely Land. At length Sclim, a Turkilh emperor, killed the fultan, and conquered Egypt in 151 5 ; and the Turks have had the poll'eflion of it ever fince. With rel'pecl to the go\ernment of Egvpt, ever fincc it has been fubjccl to the Ottoman emperors, they have governed that kingdom by a viceroy, itiled the b.ifha of Grand Cairo ; but as Egypt is lubJiviJcd into Icveral inferior governments, theie governor.- are ucithcr lent from Conllantinople, nor appointed by the viceroy ; but are natives of Egypt, and appear to be veiled wit.T fove- reign power in their feveral dillricis. 1 hey have the command of the militia of the Icveral piovine'cs, and many of them are of the race of the .M.inuihike,. The autho- rity of the bafha is vcrv much limited bv thole bevs, or governors, who are his grand council, and without whole concurrence he can traniael nctliing of confe- quencc. Thus the Egyptians live under a kind of limit- ed monarchy. All the lands in Egypt are indeed held of the Grand Seignior, and Hill pay h;m both an annual rent and a fine upon every deiceiit ; but they, however, defccnd from father to Ion. Hence the baflia, in order to fupport his authority, finds himfelf under the neccflitv of courting fome of the leading beys, and frequently fo- ments divifions among them, left they ibould unite to the prejudice of himfelf or the grand Seignior his mailer. The bafhu has his guards, or bodit ; of fpahis and janizaries, like the Grand Seignior at Conllantinople ; • buta>i many of thefe have cttates in the countiy, which is under the ablolute power of the beys, the ballia, if he happens to be at variance with thofe beys, t. iinot de- pend on their protci^lion. Indeed the bey. are l.ud to be perpetually laving plots todellioyeach cti-.er -, and, upon theic occaiions, the baiha dyes nut fail to take that fide 4 1 which m :'■ 1 !,})-!;;,: U-''!J\i m ' f'S. ' "' 1 ! 1 elf ij i [ *.l HI i ■■ » li 3*4 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A P II V. Egvpt. which is mod lilccly to promote his own intcrcll. Dr. J'ococlcL' obfcrv fs, that iitithcr the baflu nor ;iny of the beys rcru|)lc taking off their enemies by poil'on or the dagger, ot which he gives the following inlhmce : Abalh.i, knowing that a bey whom he woiil.l willingly dil'iiatch was jealous ot' his defi^ns, ordered his ferv.mt whv ii he ramc to vifit him to pour his own coft'ec ami that ot the bey's out of the fame pot. The bey feeing this, con- cluded that it coidd not be poifoncd, and drank it olF; but the flavc, on his giving the coilee to the baftia, made u falfe flop, as he w;is ordered, and fpilt it on the floor ; upon which the bey perceived too late the balha's trea- chery. 1 he revenues which the Grand Seignior receives from Eg) pt arife from the annual rents, cuftoms, and a poll- tax on ChrilHan^ and Jews. The rents ot the villages !.•. H.xc. , and this is the treafurc which h annually fent to Coiii'.antinople, and amounts in the whole to tix thou- fand purfts, each purfe being eighty pounds (krling. 'I'his is a \ery eafy rent, and when the Nile does not riic ilxteen cubits, even this is not paid. SECT. V. A Defir'iption of the Citits of Alexandria and Rojettt, IN defcribing the cities of Egypt, we (hall begin with Alexandria, which was fo called from Alexander the Great, v;ho, after his return from eonfulting the oracle of Jupiter Amnion, built a city in the place where Ra- AC.Vi- cotis ituoil, three hundred year.-, before the birth of Chrirt . 'Ibis city is called by the Turks Scandcria, as among them Alexander is called Scander. It was once an opu- lent and elegant city, feated near the moft wefterly branch „ , of the Nile, where the fca forms a fp.icious haven re- fembling a crefccnt, in thirty-three degrees eleven minutes north latitude, and in thirty degrees thirty-nine minutes caft longitude from London. The port of Alexandria was formed by the ifle of Pharos, which extended acrofs the mouth of the bay, and towards the weft end was joined to the continent by a caufev r.nd two bridges, ninety paces in length. On a rock eiicompaflcd by the fea at the eaft end of thcifland was the antient Pharos, o. light-houfe, fo famous in an- tiquity, that it was cK^emed one of the feven wonders of the world ; and on the place where it ftood is a caftle called Ph;irillon. Nothing can be more beautiful, fays the ingenious Mr. Nordcn, than to view from hence the mixture of antique and modern monuments in this city. On pafling the fmallcft caftle, called the Little Pharillon, you fee a row of great towers joined together by the ruins of a thick wall. A fmgle obelilk is of a fufficient height to make itfclf remarked where the wall has fallen down. On turning a little farther you perceive the towers appear again, but only in a diftant view. New Alexandria afterwards makes a figure with its minorcts, and at a diftance rifcs Pompey's column, a moft majcftic monu- ment ; and the view is terminated by hills, towers, and a large fquare building that ferves for a magazine of powder. The outer walls round the old city are beautifully built of hewn-ftone, ftrengthened by fimi-circular towers twenty feet in diameter, and about a hundred and thirty feet diftant from each other. At each of them are fteps to afcend up to the battlements, there being on the top of the w.ills a walk built on arches. The inner walls of the old city, which appear to be built in the middle ages, are much ftronger and higher than the others, and arc defended by large high towers. The palace, with the buildings belonging to it, took up a fourth part of the city, and within was the mufeum, or academy, and the burial-place of the kings, where the body of Alexander was depofited in a gold coffin ; but it being taken away, it was put into one of glafs, and was probably in tliat condition when Auguftus, taking a view of the corps, fcattered flowers over it, and adorned it with a golden crown. The ftrect, which extended the whole length of the city, is faid to have been a hundred feet wide, and had undoubtedly many magnificent buildings, as appears from the ^^ranite columns ftill rem.uning in fevfr.il pl.ices. Aniong thefe was the Gjmnafniin, or public (choo.'s, ti* wlilth were porticos that extended above half a quarter of a mile. 'Ihefe may have been where there are great ruins to the well of that Itreet, and lome large column ; of red granite ftill ftanding. In this magnificent ftrect was alio probably the Korum, or court of jultice, which w.is perhaps erected wh-re foiiie piilais remain nearer the lea. The moft extrordinary remains of the antient city arc the cifterns built under the houfes for receiving the water of the Nile, as they do at prefeiit. The canal of Cano- pus comes to the walls near Pompey's pili.tr, and has a pallage under them. But the water is not only conveyed to tlie cifterns from the canal on its entering the city but from feveral diftant parts of the canal, by pafliii»ts under ground, to the higher parts of Alexandria. ° The materials of the old city have been carried away to build the new, fo that there are only a few houfes, fome mofquc3,and three convents within the old walls. Anions thcfc is a mofqiie, called The mofuue of a thoufand and one pillars. Dr. Pococke oblerveJ that it h.id four row.s- of pillars to the fouth and weft, and one row on the other fides. This, it is faid, was a church dedicated to St. Mark, at which the patriarch refidcd, it beinc near the gate without which the Evangelift is faid to have fuf- fered martyrdom. There is another great mofquc, named St. Athanafius, which was alfo doubtlefs a Cluiftian church. The Greeks, Latins, and Coptics have c.ich a monaftery in the old city ; but fome poor Arabs being always encamped within the walls, it is dangerous being abroad after fun-fet. All over the city are frairmcnts of columns of beautiful marble, the remains of its antient grandeur and magnificence. Among the reft an obe- lifk, formed of one fingle piece of granite, rifes fixty- three feet high ; but two of its four faces are fo disfi- gured by time, that the hieroglyphics with which they were antiently covered can Icarcely be fecn. This is ftill called the obclifk of Cleopatra, Another lies near it broken. About a quarter of a mile to the fouth of the walls ftands Pompey's pillar on a fmall eminence. As this is not mentioned by Strabo, it was probably ercfted after his time, and perhaps in honour of Titus or Adrian. Near it are fome fragments of granite columns four feet in diameter ; and it appears that fome magnificent build- ing was erected there, and that this noble pillar w.ns placed in the area before it. Indeed fome Arabian hiftorians fay, that here was the palace of Julius Caefar. This pillar is of granite, and, belides the foundation, confifts jf only three ftones : the capital is fuppofcd to be eight or nine feet deep, and is of the Corinthian order, the leaf ap- pearing to be the plain laurel or bay-leaf, and a hole being on the top, it has been thought that a ftatue was erected upon it : the ftiaft, including the upper torus of the bafe, is of one piece of granite marble, eighty-eight feet nine inches high, and nine feet in diameter : the pedeftal, with part of the bafe, which are of a greyifh ftoiie refcmbling flint, are twelve feet and a half hi"li, and the foundation, which confifts of two tier of fioires, is four feet nine inches ; fo that the whole height a- mounts to a hundred and fourteen feet. About three leagues from Alexandria arc the ruins of an antient temple in the water, with broken ftatues of fphynxes, and pieces of columns of yellow marble ; and near it are the remains of other buildings, part of which appeal to have been a grand portico, from there bciu"- many pieces of columns of grey and red granite, and from the order in which they lie, they feem to have be- longed to a round temple. Moft of them are fluted, and three feet three inches in diameter. Thefe ruins are fituated in a wide bay, in which is a little idand joined to the continent by a chain of rocks ; and on the fliore of this bay are cavities in the rocks, ufed as agreeable retreats, where people may enjoy the cool air, and, without being fcen, fee every thing that pafTes in the port. The natural grottos in thefe rocks gave the antients theoppoitunity of forming them, by the afliltance of the chifel, into places of pleafure. Entire apartments are thus formed, and benches are cut for feats, where you may be fecured from the wet, or bathe in EgTI'T. A I- R I Hi v: IB . in a part of the grottos, which are entered by the fca ; and on the outfidc were tbrined little h;irbo jrs, Ib'-ltirtd tViim all the win Is. Oppofitc the point of the p.ninl'ula that forms the port is a cavern, gLjieially termed a tem- ple. The only entrance is a little opening; throujjh which you pafs, lighted by flambeaus, and Hooping for twenty paces, when you enter a pretty large Iquare hall. The criling is (mooth, but the bottom and fides arc covered u'ith land, and with the excrements of the bats and other animals that harbour there. A pafl'age leads from hence into a round cavern, the top of which is cut in the form of an arch. Here four gates are oppofite to each other, each adorned with an architrave, a cor- jiicc, and a pediment, with a crefcent on the top. One of thefe gates ferves for an entrance ; the others form each a niche, that only contains a kind of cheft, faved out of the rock in hollowing it, and large enough to contain a dead body. Thus it appears, that what is in that country eftcemed a temple, was probably the tomb of fome great man, or perhaps of a fovercign prince. A gallery, which continues beyond this fuppofcd temple, lecms to (hew, that farther on there are other (Irudures of the fame kind. With refped to New Alexandria, Mr. Nordenob- ferves, that it may be juftly faid to be a poor orphan, who had no other inheritance but the venerable name of its father. The great extent of the antient city is in the new contra£led to a fmall neck of land, which divides the two ports. The moft fupcrb temples arc converted into plain mofques ; the molt magnificent palaces into houfes of bad ftruiSture ; an opulent and numerous people have given way to a few foreign traders, and to a mul- titude of wretches, who arc the flaves of thofe on whom they depend. This place, once celebrated for its com- merce, is no longer any thing more than a place of em- barking : it is not a phoenix that revives from its own allies ; but a reptile fprung from the dull and corruption with which the Koran hath infected the whole country : yet, notwithftanding the meannefs of the buildings in goneral, in feveral houfes built round courts on porticos, they have placed a great variety of columns, molHy of granite, with which the antient city was adorned. The great occafion of the decay of this city, was the difcovery of the new way to the Eaft Indies, by doubling the Cape of Good Hope j for till then it was one of the principal marts, to which the fpices and valuable com- modities of the Eaft were brought, and from thence dif- perfcd into all the countries of Europe, The inhabitants confift of Jews, Turks, Coptics, Greeks, and Armenian Chriftians, and. a few European merchants, the principal of which are'the French and Englifh i the former, 'tis faid, flatter themfelvcs with being treated with more refpe£t, but the latter have, perhaps, a better trade. The French maintain a conful ocpendent on the conful of Grand Cairo, and enjoy con- fiderable trade. The Englifh have alfo a conful, and every year there arrives a good number of Englifh veflLls at Alexandria } but they are not alw.iys laden on the account of this nation. The Jews, and even the Turks, often freight them, and carry on a confiderable trade on board thefe veflcls. Rofetto, called by the Egyptians Rafchid, is fitu-ited twenty-five miles to the north-well of Alexandria, in thirty-one degrees five minutes north latitude, and in thirty-one degrees ten minutes eaft longitude from Lon- don, and ftands on the weft fide of the branch of the N ile, antiently called fiolbetinum, about four miles from its mouth. It is efteemed one of the picafanteft places in Egypt, and, being refrelhed by the winds that blow from the fea, is extremely healthy. It is near two miles in length, but only confifts of two or three long fireets ; however, the buildings are ftately, and the houfes com- modious. It is defended by two caftles, one upon each fide of the branch of the Nile, bv which merchandize is brought hither from Cairo. The fine country of Delta on the other fide of the Nile, and two beautiful iflands a little below the town, afford a delightful pro- fpecl i and to the north the country is agreeably improved by pleafant gardens of citrons, oranges, lemons, and almol): all kinds of fruit, and is variegated by groves of palm-trees, fmall lakes, and fields of rice. The inhabitants carry on a confidcr.-ible manufacture of itripcd and coarfe linen i but the principal hufincfs of the place is the carriage of goods between this town and Cairo; for all European nieich.indizes are brought fioni Alexandria hither bv fea, and lent from thence in other boats to Cairo ; and alio thofe brought down the Nilu fion> Cairo are here put into large boats to be lint to Alexandria. Hence the Europeans have their vite-con- fuls and fa«Elors in this place to tranfadt their bulincl's,aiid letters are regularly brought from Alexandria to be fcnl: by the boats from Cairo : however, thofe of great coiife- qucnce that require difpatch are lent acrofs the dcfart, which lies betwixt Alexandria and Rofetto, by foot melTcngers, SECT. VI. J Dtfriplion of Grand Cain. Of the Certmonies ohftrved ai opening the Canal; the E^^yptian Manner of hatching Chick' ens in Ovens; the InhabitmUs anil tbeir Trade, THE city of Grand Cairo is fituated about a mile from the eaftcrn bank of the river Nile, and ex- tends eaftward near two miles to the neighbouring nioun- , tain. It ftands in Middle Egypt in thirty degrees fifteen SO:iS- niinutes north latitude, and in thirty-two degrees twelve gj.-zj., minutes eaft longitude from London. It is about feven miles in compafs, and was much larger before the difco- very of the Eaft Indies by the v\'ay of the cape of Good Hope, it being then the center of trade, all the fpices of the call being brought to this city, and from thence fent to Europe. Grand Cairo at prefent confifts of Old and New Cairo, which arc a mile dillant from each other. Old Cairo is now reduied to a fmall compafs, it not being more than two miles round j this is the port for the boats that come from Upper Egy|)t, and fome of the beys and European merchants have houfes tlierc, to which they retire at the rifing of the Nile. The Jews have a fynagogue, faid to have been built in its prefent form fix- /^»t y^f teen hundred years ago, and it nearly rcfembles our churches. They pretend that Jeremiah the prophet was on the very fpot where they ufually read the law, and that they have a manufcript of the Bible written by Ezra, which they cfteem fo facred, that none are allowed to touch it, and it is kept in a niche in the wall about ten feet high, before which a curtain is drawn, and lamps kept continually burning. The Coptics have twelve churches and a convent, and pretend that the holy family were in a cave in the church dedicated to St. Sergius. Thefe churches arc commonly adorned with columns in the front ; they have two ides with galleries over them fupported by pillars, and the part for the altar is feparated by a partition, that in fome of them is finely ornamented with carving and inlaid work of tortoife-Ihell and ivory. The Romans have an hof- pital belonging to the fathers of the Holy Land. There are alfo here about half a dozen mofques, among which one named Amarah is faid to have been a church, and is ren\drkable for having near four hundred columns, which, with their capitals, feem to have been collciled from fcvcral ancient buildings. In Old Cairo are what are ufually called Jofeph's gra- naries ; thefe are fquare courts cncompafied by walls about fifteen feet high, built chiefly with brick, and ftrengthened by femicircular buttrelles. The houfes are filled with corn, and room only left to enter at the door. The grain is covered with mats, and the door faftcned only with wooden locks ; but the infpedlors of the gra- naiies putting a handful of clay on the locks, fix their leal to it. Here is depofited the corn paid as a tax to the Grand Seignior, which is brought from Upper Egypt, and diftributed among the foldiers a» a part of their pay. This granary, notwithllanding its name, is not very an- cient, for it feems to have been built during the time of the Saracens. At the north end of the city is a plaia building for raifing the water of the Nile to an aquedudt. This llruiture is an hexagon, each fide of which is be- tween eighty and ninety feet in length, and about as ma- ny in height. The water flows into a refcrvoir below, and is drawn up by five oxen, which turn fo many Per-* fiatt fit i^-l ■ ( . M i , I ^1 m. ' \^- { 1 - 1 t 1 i 1 . . 1 m "i. ['' ■ -i^ i...i.- ■t f ■ !• : i; (,:■ : I 1 .: ^i': 516 A S Y S T !•: M OF G L O G U A IMl V. fU, that cmp'^' tlic water into t!ii; aq.icducl. •hic!s ar^' tuiin;j at tlic top of the liuilJiiv;, to wliich !• an aficiit on the oiitful-' lur the oxm to ^o up. Diith th!> i-.lilicc and the aqiiti!in.'f arc bii It witii trct- IhjiiL', ill order to convey \v:\lcr to ihj lalUo. Theaiiuu- dii:l IS fuppurted by ahcnit two huiidr the inidit of the Nile, and exttndmt; near a mile in len;;tli. Towards the north end !•> a village of the fame name, and at the foiith end is the .M,k.i.\s, i^r houle in which i. the famous pillar (or meafiirin^ the rile of the Nile. This i» iL-c'd in a deep hafon, the bottom ol which is Oil a level wiih the bed of the ri\er, and the Vt\- ler paHls through it. 'f'he pillar, *huh is placed under a dome luppnrted by Corinlhiaii columns, isilivided into nie.iliir^:. lor ohiirvinff the rile of the watfr-., and is crowi:cd wiih a l.'oriiuhtan capital, and liom the court that le.id'i to the hoiife, is a del'cent to the Nile by It.'ps, on whieh the common pcoj)le believe that Molcj was found af'.?r his being cxpofed on the bank of the river. A c.inid cut from the Nile runs through the city of New Cairo, but is only to be feen from the back of the houles built on its banks, and though fevcral bridges are crefled over it, yet houfes being builton each lideof them, the view of the water is Intercepted ; but wh ii it is dry, it appears like a Itreet, the common people p.iliing along it. However, from the time whin it begins to dry, the fir.ell of the mud and llagnated water is very otFenfivc. If we Kirm an idea of fiveral (Ipiarcs or places about the city fiom a (ju.irter to three quarters of a mile in corn- pifs, contrived fo as to receive and retain the water of tha Nile conveyed to them by the canal, as the river fifes, we Ihall have a pretty juft notion of the fcveral l:ik..s that are about the city iluring great part of the year, when nothing c^n be imagined more beautiful ; for they are fuiiounded by the bell houfes in tlw city, and ill the fummer when the Nile is high, are covered with fine boat-, anil barges belonging to pcrfon; of di- llin^lion, who fpend the cvcnini^s with their ladies on t!ie water, where concerts of mulic arc never wanting, and ff>nuti.Tics fireworks are added. All the houles round arc ill a manner illuminatCQ, and the windows filled with fpciSators. 'I'hispleafing f.-cnc is, however, entirely va- niflied when the waters arc gone oft", and nothing but mud appears. Yet this is loon fucceeded by the agreea- ble view of green corn, and afterwards of h.irveft in the inidrt of a great city, and in the very places where the boatswere failing but a few months before. Some of the mod remarkable cuftom. obferved at Cairo are the ceremonies praclifed at opening the canal. When the Nile begins to rife, thev call up a bank of earth acrofs the end of the canal near the river, and about the middle of .'\u.;uft, when the water is rifen to a proper height, it is broke down with great rejoicings. Mr. Thcvenot, who gives the moft particular account of thefe ceremo- nies, went to Iioulac, the port of all the boats that come up the riier, and which fome reckon a part of Grand C.iiro, to fee the preparations, when he obferved fevc- ral g^illie, Iving in the river, in the iL-rns of which were noble rooms, fome of which were twelve or fourteen paces fquarc, and furrounded with rails and ballulters gilt and painted, and the floors covered with rich carpets and culliions. About feven in the morning the baflia ar- rived in great ftate; as he parted a fhcep was killed in fcveral place!, and three or four more on the bank of the river. All the beys and great men of Cairo accom- panied the baflia in his gally^ and having failed as high as Old Cairo, he was fainted by the guns of the other vcrtels, which followed in order. The fails of the ba- fha's g.'.Iley were of fevcral colours, and worked with large led rof^s, and the flags and Itreaniers in (his and thi; other gallics made a v.ry pretty anpear.uice on the water: the trumpets an I other niufic plaved as tiiev palled, while the guns fired, and the people fhouted, to cxprcfs the general jnv. In this manner they mivtd gent- ly along, till they tainc to the place where the bank was I-cypr. to be op;iicd to let the water into the cam!. Here the moll weit waitinjf in crowds, .iii.l thtie biiiig two p:illt. hoard towers tided »ilh tilcwoiks, thtie weic jet ott as the baftia palKd; in the nie.iii lime ilie people broke down the bank to give the water a p.ill'i^e into the taii.tl* and boat-loads of lwcctiiie;i|.. were thrown into the i|, ver, for whicii they jumped in .ind fcrambled. J'hc vice, toy moved forward to his pal.ice in liie ill u.d of Rcida opp<'rite to Cairo ; and bonhres, illuniin.itioiii, anJ j",,,;. work* weretoniiiiucd fortiitce iiiglits fuc.ellivilv. Theii: weie particularly two vail m.ieliines reprcfvt;tiii; a man and woman of gigantic ilatuie placed on the rivir before the baflu's palace, which took uj> no lel,i ill in mo thou- faiid lamps to illuminate them; bcfides all the (.•.illie.s, bargt.s, and othtr veiiels wiie hung full of lamp..,, and 111 thoni the mufic played, and tiu works, with great and linall guns, were continually let ltt'. In this Jreek croh,, with cotted, or r.ither : m.inii'jr. Rour.d ibic inlcriptions ; 1 motht-r ol |)L-arl, thf torni ol final 1 .'J with paiiacls, bU', and oti.uis of s arc lurrounJcd thcr of pearl and ^1' II e a »■< ti tl I C( h w <1 Ci in ol VI bi CI at fa ol cc vv is ur an (a mi cc fo R' ID |j III Cd th cc th ai \i. al tu II. or hi ov CIl iti tv ri th fh, tlv Eovpr. A I k 1 A. if? liifcriptioni in Icticri of (lotil, aiul ilie whole ciipoU i« p.iiiitC'l :iiiil t',ilt 111 ihc iiiiill fpliiiiliil ni.iiiiier. All "vfr iIk' iik>U|iic arc hiiii.; };I.il.-|jiiip» a.il ollrich'i ij;^'<. Ail- jiilhiKi; lulhii tiiiHcc arca|).irtiiuiit< binlt tiir the piiold, ,iii>l Itiinu very fine urn i l»r llic pirluiu ul tank who lunutmn.'i chiiuli: t" rtliilc hire. it It a muliinf at the I- "t of the caftio hill otcre.li all the it-t), buth ill the lulidity ot the hiii!Jiiij>, .mil in it^ Uran.liiir ..nJ ina;;inliccmi', which lliikc tin; hihnjiliT in ■a rur|)riliiig maniKr. It ii very I'liiv, aiul cri'itcj in ttic tiirni ot an otiion ',-li|ii.ir(', crownnl with a iiirnii.e all rniiiiil that pr'ijtcti a great way, aiul i^ aJitrnt^l, ul'lcr i)h' I'lirkilh niaiiiior, with a IciiiJ w.illcd round ; but,thou(;h it is of veryditiii ult arieh, it is lo coiiiiiaiid- c.l by a bill to the call, a> to be of no llrtn.;th iiiice the invention of cannon. At tne well end arc the rcniaiiis ol very noble apartments, foine of which arc covered with doiiiwS, ami adorned with pictures in Molaie woik ; but thcle apartments are now only ufed for woaviiij, cinbruidtry, .ind preparing the h.inijiiigs and coverings annually lent to Mecca. Above the caltle is a hisher f>rnund, near a nrand faloon called Jofeph's.hall, fiom wliieh is a line prolpect of the citv, the pyramids, and all the lui'hbouriii:; country. I'iiis was proiiabiy a terrace to t!ie f.lodn, wliich is open on every lide, except to the louth, and is adorned with lar(;e and beiiitifiil coliimr , of red granite, fomc of whi^h h ive capit.ds of tlie C'urinliiian order; lome are cnly marked out in lines like b.ives, and many are only plain Itoncb that have but little re- femblance of capitals. Ill the welt part of the cafllc is the jail, which the com- mon people think to be tlic psiion in which Jol'eph was con fined. .'Nboiit the middle of the caftle is a large court, on the fouth I'lde of w.'iich arc the baiha's apattmcnts, and the great divan, wh-.ri; the bcvs allemble three times a week under the kaia, 'ir prime niinilKr of the baflia ; and the latter fometimes tits in a room behind, that his a com- munication by fomc lattice- windows. A llianjer may cuter with tlie coiilul's interpreter, and beini; .ilterwards conihuhd to the badia's cott'ceroom, will be entertain- ed by his fcivants with fweetmeats and cott'ec. At a fmall dillance il.mds the mint, where they coin their gold and Imall pieces of iron walhed over with filver. Thefe lalt arc called medines,and are of the value of three f.irthin^s. There is a well in the caflle much admired on ac- count of its great depth ; it is cut through the rock, and the water brought up by ftvcral I'erfian wheel i placed one over another, and turned by oxen. This is called jolVph's-wcll, not from the patriarch of that name, but from a grand vizier, who a'.-'out feven hundnd vcars »g.> had the care of the work under Sultan .M.ihomet. 'J his calUe is, in (liort, about a mil; in cirrumfience, and rcfemblcs a little town ; but mo. I part of it is nuiv very ruinous. In the rnrk upon which the ciif.le is built are grottos all up the tide, in many tfories ; but f^veral ol them are now inacccnible, while there is a way to others by a n.irrow terrace. Thefe are generally lofty rooms, ciL'ht or ten feet fquarc. On the top towards the brow of the hilt are two rooms, with holes on tb-j top to let in light, over which is a railed place to which the great otien go lo enjoy one of the tincft prolpccf 5 in Egvpt, ir command- ing a view of Cairo and of all the country as far as the eve can reach. Over the Ibuth clilt' is a moiijuc, in which was interred the Shfik Duife, whofe name is pivcn both to the hill and the mofque. The infide of this IVtucture is painted all over with flowers on a red ground. Among the ciiriofitics at Cairo we ought not to omit that of their manner of hatching of chickens, by putting the eggs in ovens, which .iic tieated with ib t.'mperate ""27 a warmth, and Ct well imiiaeei the natural heae of the hen, that they produce luing chivkctr.. 'I'hc'i: nveni ar>* under (.'round, and the buiioni rovuej wiih cotton, orflix, III lay me r^'g) upon. There arc (wcKe (>t'lhcf« »iveimon;ether, that i>, lix on a fide, intwollnru-ion eafh (ide the palLige. They bepiii to hrat them about lh the inliabitaiUs of C.iiio, moll ot tl.ein fecin de- fi ended fiom the M.iiii.iUike.-. ; but there arc alio man/ Jew-, fome (iieeks, and a lew Armenians j but ili.ro are no otii r liuropeans filled in the city but the Kng- lilh, I'reneh, and lo.ne it.li.ins trom I.'-ghurn an I \'e- iiiee. And hir.itmay be proper to oblerve, when-ver any of the Englilli die in any part of the I.,evant, where there is no Lnglilli chapliin, they arc interre I with the Cireeks, and according to the ceremonies of that chinch. The European merchant.', confidcring how much they are contined, live ai;rceably among thcmfelvci. They are lociable with thofe of tfieirown nation ; and, as the country is lo plentiful, they pufi'efs whatever is capable of making lite pals cheartully. They Ipcnd the morn- ing in builner:,, and ofien pafj the remainder of the day in the fields and gardens to the north of Cairo ; and great part of their atiairs being tranfacKd by the Jews, they have a rel.';.\ation from bulinels, both 0:1 the Jewiih and Chrifiian fabbath. When the Ktle has overilowcd its banks, and they have little bufmefs to do, they re- tire to their houfes at Old Cairo and Gi/.e, which is iituated on the oppofite bank of the river, and there they pat's their time as agreeably as the circumltanccs of the place will admit. The trade of Cairo chieflv confitts in the importation of broad-cloth, lead, and tin; and the export ui-m of flax, fcna, cotFee, and I'everal drugs, chKllv btoiight Irom I'eifia. The natives likewife import r.iw-fdk from Ah.i, which thev manutac^ure into fattiiis and other filks, in imitation of thofe of India. Sugar of the growth of this country is alfo made here ; but it is neither cheap nor fine : furniture for hnrfes, and lattices for windows, of turned wood, brafs, and iron, are made in great per- fe^lioii ; and they alfo ex;x)rt tine matting made of dried rufhes, which are not only lent over the Turkilh em- (lire, but to moll parts of Europe. SEC T. VIE Of the Pyramidi cf ALrrphis an!S:c::tra, THE molt extraordinary monuments near Cairo are the pyram. Is, which were formerly r.iiikcd among the feven woiidi 4K s of the world, and cannot no'v be viewed T « m q:-:\ it-i . -p. . j ■./jr. 3xi A SYSTEM OF G li O G R A l" H V F.tJVl T, -pi (n,>i '« If. . 1 f ! ( i n i <■ if irip ; !■ viowcil wit'nout adniiralion. Tlief-' arc fituiited upon | Tlu' external |);!rl i:. thitfiy biiilr of i'ic«t l'i|i:ja' (lonci i;it tVoiii the K)(.k wliith cxitiids aluii:; tlie Nile, whifc to this liay iiiav bo lecii the civci iioiii whence tlav were taken. I he li/,e of the lloiics is un' qnal ; but tliey \\.\\c ull tlie ti.iire of a jmiIiii, thai thiy may liepn- l>\'ly thife. J he architect has only (ibiirved the pyia- tiiijual ti.'iire, wiuiiiit tioubliii;; hniirelf ,:boiit tile i,-- LMiiaiily ol iliC Heps ; ;.nd IL appeal^ t::at t:ie im-iinality lit the lioiK' , whi.li dillcr fuiir, five, and i\ tii ten iiu hes ii the reahiii why fo iiiaiiv ti.iM'll.r!- whu hav.- cdiinted ini-ni always ditler with lelpeiil to inimbtr. J'hifekind 111 lb i's fiv; Mr. Norden, were not deli;;neil for akeiul- iiig and (lelcendin:;, and tlitrefnre rcgulatny vyas no (ar- tlar (i)ir:ht than was ncetitary (or the general Juapc' of the p\ nid and the fariiityot thcwoik. it appens that the eMeinal lays .ire folilv Compacted by the weight of the lloiKE, withont mortar, lead, or tramps oV any the folid ro. k, at the foot of the hi^h liiuaiitaiiis tnat accompany the Nile in i's ciuirle, and li.paratc Kjypt from l.ybia. Their architectuie, botii on tlic iniule and without, i> extremely ditt'eicnt wltli lelpict todiltiibu- tion, materials, an;id eniplo) ing columns to fupport a root were in\cnted. It is indeed a mortify- ing eoiilideraiion, that the molt duiablc woiks in anhi- ttcfure h;".ve ben owing to ignor. inc. '1 luis the fa- mous aijuetliicls of the antient;, the remains of v.hich are the wonder ml admiration of the puf'ent tiinei, weie owing to their not knowing that v.ater would iiic up neatly to the fame h'.iglit as that from which it la'ls. The common p'.viple arc peiriadeil that the pyramids, i the vaft palatis, ;.iid the temple-., whole rimain- fill the j fpC(5lators with amafement, weie built bv ;;i.in;s ; and, ; indeed, it has been fiipp.ifcil, th.at nun (oiiie thoufaiul ; vca IS ago were inuih larger than at pieleiit; but theic opinions arc fully confuted bv the height ot the cn- nieta! ; but in tl'.e body or the pyramid the\' have ufed'a moriar compofed of lime, ciith, and clay. At Irs four corni'rs it is cafdi' perceived tnat the lower liones are phiced on the rock, wi'.iiout any other fo'.indalion ; but beyond tium, tpiite tt; the middle ot each lace, iiie wind lias lormed a iio|>e of land, which on tlic noitn lide riies lo high as '.o afi'ur.l a commodious alctnt to thj entraiKc of the pvrandd, which is about lurtv-eight feet iii-h. On alcendiiig to the cnlr.uice, \ou ililch.irg- a piijij to lri.'hteii away the bats, and then two Arabs, whom I U'u are obllgeti to lia\e for your attendants, emcr and 1 remove the land, wliicli almoll (U>ps up the partake. I You then liiip youifeli to yoiii (liiM. on account of thi; ; o.vcefTne he.it loiiUairlv lelt ill the pviamid, and in this ■ condition enter the pall'at;r, each of the com|.any having I a wax candle in liij hand ; for the toiches a'e no: iifht- td till voii are in the clundicrs, for fear of caulin" too fiances of tlic caves from v. hcfue they h.ue taken Hones I much fmoke. 'J'his pallj';e runs dowiuvaiU mneiv-two for theie |)urpolcs, by the naiiovvnefs of tl.e palla^ts of I leet and a half, and i-. v p : but at the faithereml the pyrami.li, and by the height ol the doois ot the nioH ol it is an opening lo (mall, that ii is barely a (not and a antient buildings. I h.ot liiyh, aiul two (ect in brea llli ; yet thiough this The principal pyramids being fituated three or four lude vou aie obliged to pal's, but the traveller, iiillead of leagues to the well of Cairo, near the pl.iee v here the ciiy ofMcmphl.; is fuppofcd to have liood, they arc coni- nionlv called The p\ ramids of Memphis. T.iey (land on a rocky plain, eigh:v feet perpendicul ir abo\ e the levc' of the ground oveillowed by the Nile; and it appears that this rock, not being cvcry-wherc level, his been fmoothcJ by the chide!. It is remark able thai': this rock is almoll covered by the fl\ ing land brought by the wmd from the adjacent mountains ; and that in tliii land are a frreat number of (hells, and thofe of ojfters petrified, which is the more lurprilhig, as this plain of folid rock is never overflowed by the Nile, which, befules, has no Ihcllfifh tluenighout its wlude courfe. Here are alio creeping, commonly lays Inmlell dossii, and each of the two Arabs that Went bct'^re take one of his legs, and thus drag him over the fan I and duif. On lu\iiig palled this Itiiight, wliirh is luekilv no more than two ells lonp, vou enter a pretty laice place, where travellers coinnumly take I'ome rcliefhnient to give them courage to proceed. It ought not to be omitted that all thcfc pafi'agcs, ex- cept the fourth, are three feet and a half fquaic, am! lined on the four lidcs by grc.it blocks of white marble, fo polillied that this, with the acclivity of the way, would render them impailable, wcic it not (or little holes cut for felling the feet in. It ctdts great trouble to advance iingularity of their colours, are thought much moc va- luable than agate, and (if which the people of Cairo make Inuff-boxes and handles for knives. Thoie arc four of the pyramids that del'crvc the attcn- found the Iv.uitit'n! fliiit-ft'iics which, on account of the forward, and if you m.ike a lali'e ftep, you will lbd_ ■ . . .1 1. . backw. nils to the place from wh^iice you (et out ; but by obl'erving thele holes \ou proceed commodiouilv cnoiii'h, though you mult lloop till you come to the end of the (econd p.ill.igc, which is a hundred and ten (cet ,ii Icn.rth : tion of the ciiiious ; bcfuitrs thelV, there are feven or c.ght you then come to a relling-place, on the ri:;ht hand of others, but thefo laft are nit to be compared with the which is an opcnin; into a kind of well, in'wliijh nn- formcr, tfpeciallv as tluy are in a very ruinous condition, thing is to be found I ut bats of fo prodii:ious a llzc, t;...t 'I"hc four piircijV'.l arc nearly upon the fame diagonal they exceed a foot in lenirih. line, and aie about four hundred paces dillant liom each At this rclUng-place begins the third paflugc, whi. h other: their four faces cxacliy corrclpond to the four is a hundred and twenty-tour feet in len/th, and runs cardiiul points. The two moft northerly are the largcll; hoiizontally in a Itr.ii; lit line to the inferior ch.imber. and Mr. ( jreave5, wl.o mcafured the bottom ot the firit, 'i"hc height of this gallery is tw. nty-lix feet, and tlie found that it was exactly fix hundred and ninety-three breadth bx, with benches on each lide of polillied ib.nie. Knalifh feet fquarc, and th.it its perpendicular hcirlit is I Before the chamber arc Come ftone«, with w'-ich the fivehundred feet ; but if it be taken as the pyraini.l af cends inclining, then the height is equal to the bieadth of the b.'fe. It cannot be improper here to obferve, that way Is tmbarr.illed ; but having lurmo.intid this dif?ictilt\', you enter a chamber which is alio covered witli (Ion s. This chamber is lined wuli gi.inite, finely polilhcd ; hut the fq'iare of Lincoln's-inn-helds is laid to have been ' .it prclent extremely black with the fniokc of the torches formed by Inijo Jones of tne fi/e of this pyramid, which j uled in examining it. if placed in that Iquaie would on all lidcs reach to the H.iving vil'ited the lower chamber vou return to the hoiifes. rcding-place, and afceiid upw.ird'5 by laftenin:; your feet Tnis pyrami.l is afccnded on the nuffide by Heps, as betore, id! coming to the end of the fourth gallery which run round the pyramid : the number of them ha., | you meet with a little pbittorm. You mult then br vin ho.vever, been very differently related; Imt they are to climb aitain, but loon fiiuliiig .1 new openin.', where between two hundrcil and ("even and two luindrcd and . you may Hand upright, you i oiiti inplate a little ro.im, twelve in number, and fiom two feet and a half to four whii h is at hilt no more than a palm's breadth larger tiaii f«ct h:^h, a.id iurc broad in piopuriiult W ihcir hcij^hc. i the galleries, but aftei ward* ciilarge> itfcif on both file ; und J IV J,,* I' . ward iiinetv-two lit the Caitherciid lely a fndt and a yi t ihiough this vellcr, iiiltead of , and tai h ot the ot his legs, and h is liukiiv no retry laii't phicc, clfcihmcnt to cfe pafiagc!!, ex- alt tquaie, and f white marble, the wav, would ttle holes cut for uble to advance von will ilide let out J hut by odiouflv cnniiph, he end ot the n left in Icn'.rth : he ri^ht hand ot in wiiich r.o- ious a I'lzc, ti'uit paduyc, whi. h cM'.rth, and runs ferior ch.iniber. X feet, and tac )f polilhcd llonc. with w'-ich the ! lhisdifHciilt\', .■red witli ftou' s. ly pr.lillicd ; but lie of the torches HI return to the llenin;; your Icet le fourth gallery mult then bi-.'in n|K-Miil.',, wlurc te a little rnmi, ea 1th larger tiian ell on both file ; r.GVfT. A I R I c A. 319 and at 1. igth, {looping; for the lafttimc, you p.ifs the re- ' niiindei it the filth irallerv, that leads in a h'iri/.ontal ] line to i!\e upper chamber. I his is a very noble room 111 . the ceiii.r ot the pyramid, at an equal dillanee liom all ] tlic lide.<, ami aluiolt in the niidit between the bafis and I the t(ip. The floor, tides, and roof are all formed ol valt bl.>. iis of granite marble. I'rom the bottom to the top I ;ire but U< ranges of Hone, and tliofe which cover it of ; ttupendous length, like fo miny hu:;e beams lying flat and travi rting the room, nine (;f the ni forming the ciel- in,r. This hall is fomcthing more than thirty-four leet ill length ; it is fevcntcen tcet broad, and the he i^-ht is nineteen feet and a half. ()ii the left Tide is. what i^; jienerally luppoled to be acofiin, formed of one entire pieeeof granite marble, and uncovered at the top ; and, on being Itruck with a key, founds like a bell. I'his is l.ud to be the tomb of Cheops, king of i'"gvpt. Its form is like that of an altar, hollowed within, and the (lone is thiooth and plain without any relief. I'he exterior (upertieies contains fcven feet three inches and a half in length, and is three feet three inches and three (pmrters deep, and as much in breadth, 'i'he hollow part with- in i> little more than fix teet in length, and two feet in breadth. People in this room commonly dilehar^re a piltol, which makes a noife rcfembling thunder. You then return in the fame manner you came. The traveller is no fooncr out of the pyramid, than he drefles, wraps himlelf up warm, and drinks a glafs of fome fpirituous liiiuor, to prcfervc hiinfelf fioni a pleu- vify,occa(ioncdb)rthe fuddcn iranlition from an extremely hot to a temperate air. iLwingrit length regained his na- tural heat he attends the pyramid, 111 order to enjoy a delightful profpedt of the furrounding country. 'I'hi' method of afccnding it is by the north-calt corner, and when the Heps arc high, or one broken, it is neccllary to feareh for a convenient place where the tleps arc en- tire, or a high llcp is mouldered, fo as to render the alcent more cafy. The top docs not end in a point, hut in a little flat or fquare, conlilling of nine Hones, betides two that arc wanted at the angles. Uoth on the top, in the entrance, and in the clumbers, are the names of abund.inee of people who at dirtcrent times have vilited this pyramid, and were willing to tranfmic the memory of their being there to potferity. Many travellers have aflcrted, that a man flaiuling on the top of this pyramid could not flioot an arrow beyond the bottom, but it mufb necell'arily fall upon the tleps ; however, it is very certain that a good bow and a Itrong arm will tend an arrow as far. There is as little jul- tiee in the remark, that thete pyramids cat! no fliadows. Indeed in fuinmer-timc, an 1 for near three e)uartcrs of the year, tlie pyramids ca(t no fliadow at noon ; but every morning and evening in the year, and at no(in in winter, they certainly call a (liadow proportionable to their hulk ; and, according to I'linv aiui Laertius, 'I'hales Mileliiis, r.hout two thoufand years ago, took the height of thcfe pvramids bv their ihadows. CJn approaching the lecond pvr.imid it appears even higher tiian the hitl, which is owing to ii.s being placed in a mtireekvated lituation ; for, in other relpects, the\' arc both of the (ainc fi/e, only the (ccoiul is fo well ckifed, that there is not the Itall mark to (!iow that it h.is b( en opened ; and it is coated on the lour ii.ies with granite, to well jomcd and polilhed, that the boidcil man would tcarcely attempt to afcenj it. On the cafl.rn fide of this pyramid arc the ruins of a temple, the Hones of which arc fix feet broad, as many deep, and motf of them fixteen or fevcntcen It et Ions, and Torn.; of them twenty-two feet in length. The wh(>ie hiiililing was a hundred and eighty feet in front, and a hundred and I'lxty in depth. At lomc dillance is a tphynx, whofe enormous bulk attr.iCls the admiration of every beholder. It is cut out of the tbiid r. mean villat^e of that name. Thcfc pyramids extend from north to louth, and are litiiated at the toot of the mountains in a pl.iin that feems formed by nature for the ufe to which it is applied, it not being of great extent, but (o high that it is never ovei flowed by the Nile; and there is re.'.foii to btli-v-, that the celebrated city of ALmphis extended alniotl thither. One of the pyramids which rifos above the reft is- called the Ciieat pyramid to the north. Mr. Noohn nriiiiuring; this tlruiliire found that the tail fi.ioexton led fix h'ln- dred and ninety feet, and the north tide 'Xw^n hundreJ and ten. The perpendi.ular height is thicc hundred and Ibity-fivc feet. It has a hundred and lil'y fix Heps, from two to three feet in height, and is biiil' of the lame kind <•( fiee Hone as the others, but was cai'td with aline hard Hone, whuh is ilill remaining in fe- veial parts of the tlrudlure, though a urcat deal has (.illert down. About one-third of the way up is an cr.tr.mce three feet live Inches wide, and four feet two inches deep. The Hones within arc oi the height and biea.ltll of the cntt.uue, and about li\e feet in length. Oui au- thor and his companions entered this patia:;e, which is tlcep, ami lias alio holes cut as rcHs lor the tcet. Hay- ing palled through it tlicy entered a room twenty- two feet and a half loiUT, and eleven feet ten inches wide. At the height of ten feet tix inches a ranije of Hones pro- ic'ts five inches inwards on each tide, and in the lame manner twelve tiers projcfl one f.irllier than the other till they meet at the top. To the wed of thi' room is another that rclcmhlc,". it : thcfc rooms are formed of Imooth white iloiics fo large that there are only levcn of them in length, and three or lour in breadth. At the d'-llaaccof a mile to the fouth-caH is another^ ciUcd the Clreat pyramid to ih,- l.nith, which is .ihoiit fi.x hundred feet Iquarc at the bottom. It ferns to have been cal'ed all tlie way up, and h built within of good hewn Hono. On a lower ground, about two miles to the call of the latl great pvramid, is one built of unburned brick, which I'eeins to h.ive been made of the mud of the Nile, it be- ing a fuidy black cl.iy, with lomc pebbles and Hulls in it, and mixed up with chopped Hraw, in order to bind the clay together, as unbuincd bricks are at prefcnt ufually made in Egypt and other parts of the liail. Some of thele bricks aie tiiirtcen inches and a half Ion;;, fix inches and a halt broad, and tour inches thii k ; but other* were tiftcen inches long, leveii broad, and lour inches three quarters in thicknefs, but were not laid to as t<.« bind each other. '1 his pyramid 's much ciumbled, and very ruinous. It extends two hiinilied and ten leet in the well tide, and is a hundred and tilty Let liigh ; and at the top is tbrty-thrcc teet by thirty-hvc. It teems tn have been built with five (le:'rect-, c.ich being ttn feet broad and thirty deep, yitthe af'cnt is cafy on account of the britks having crumbled away. It fecms not impiob.ible that this pyramid was built I'y the liiaditcs, and that they alfu mnde the bricks ofwhicii I ; [ J? 'p' ,. ^ Pi -IH t 6' 1< J^' f}6 A SYSTEM OF G E O C R A P li V. it is formi'-i' ; far J<>fi.'phus (.i\?, that when tiinclujcx- tiii^iii/luil the iiu'iiiorv (it tlic benefits |KrlorititJ t>v Jo iVpli, ;inJ the kiiijilom w:'.s tranitVrred to amitliLr ta niily, the llraelites were uluj with L're.it rigour; they were onli rcl to cut riii.ils lor the Nile, to rail'e w.;lii, anil ciecl the ])vr:'.niiJs. Jt has hrcn icncraily thni:;'h.t that tlie pyramiiH were crecleJ as fipiilehres tor the kings of l'4'V|)i ; but if thi.i was tile c.ife, thi-y would Uirciv ha\c proviilfd abetter cnlranci', and not inaJe it ntcefiary to drag tne coiple through ioiij, narrow, and intrieate pailagis before it coiiM be placed in its toiiili : and ^t fecrna iinprobuble th It in the f:r(f pyramid ticven acres of ground ft lies flat upon the ll.ior, and confi.i|iii iitly wan;s that di^-nitv of liotturc, which, fays Dr. Shavv, wc may fuppofe this wife natii :i knew to be peculiar, and tli.relnre would be very fcrupiilmisof (hnyiiij;, to the hum. n body. In fo fymbolical artligmn as that ol t;ie antient K^vp- tians, it is not iniproba,.lc that the pyra iiidieai lorui ini:;'it convey foine fier-d meaning ; and p rhaps tiic pvrlimids th-mfclvcs might he objects repref nting t ic Jjeitv, and to wliich they ofF.red their adorations ; jull i!s the Paphinn Venus was, according to Tacitus not of a human, but of a pyramidical loini ; as is ;dfo the black itone worlliippcd by the (jentoos of In lij, under the name i^f ja'^.unaut, of which we have ^ vtn fume ac- roiint in ticatiii^ of the religion of the Gcnious of Jn- c!o!lar. S F. C T. VIII. Oft!;: CiUsctnws (I'd Fnptian Murr.m'iis. ■'--OVPT, ofll.me, and they are j'cnnally .-idcriud with carvct!- work lepieli ntnig hierojjriyphical li.'iiie.s. Upon (ipenin.; the eolHiis the bodies appear wrapped up in a limn llirouJ, uivm which are lalteiicd leveial linn feiolis painted with iiieroglyphic fiur.icter.s. 'Che'fi; Ktolls cemmonly run down the belly and fides, or arc fixed on the kne-s and leg-. On a'kind of linen head- piece, wnr.h covers the iace, the countcnanie of the p:rlon is rcpr fented in gold, or painted; but thelepaint- nigs are very inii.h decayed by tune, 'i'he whole body is Iwathtd by hlleis or narrow banda^^^rs or linen wrapped round in io cuiiuus a manner, with fo ni.mv \viiidinr,s and 111 often upon each other, that it i- fuppolld a corpto nas fel.loni lels than a thoufaiui ells of tillciin:;. Thofu elpeuaily about the hc.id and f.ice are l.iid oifwith fuch fuipnliiu neatnels, that fune appeanme cf the fliapc ot the eye?, nofe, and nioutii may be plainly perceived. Dr Fococke brought a mumn'iy to England, which was in a coffin ni.ide of wood, the feams of which were filled up with linen and fine plaifcr. Four folds of cloth Wire over the he.d, and the up]ier one p.inted blue. Beneath t efc w.!s ,1 conipofuion about hall an inch thick of gum a:id cloth burnt hy the heat of the thinis ap- plied to It, and i>ver the Ikiii was :i i o it of gum, or Idtu- iiun, of itir th.ckiiefs of a water. J he b.iek part of the ncad was tilled with bitumen, which had hem poured in at tne nofe, and had penetrated even into the bone of the (kull. I he body was bound round with a bani!a:'e of linen tape about liiiee (|uaitcis of an inch b-^oad, under wiiich w^re lour folds of cloth, then a fwathe two in hts broad, and under tnat e'.;nt d fbrent li.iiida - them in nre niches tiiat feem dcfigried for coffins placed upright. • gmis and aromatic drugs, and bound up, like tiie humaa 'Ihi- p.illai'c leads to ro. ms in tiic form of an obl<;ng- bodies, with many folds of linen fquarc, filled wl'h the r-mains of mummies. Our au- thor ohlrves, that here the inferior | crfons of a family were proH.ibly d< pofited, while the h'ads of the families were p' iced ui the niches. Each family had origlnallv, perhaps, its buri il-place; and as th; family incr; aed they branched outii cK-fepulchial nntros, that every defccniant miuii! have a fcpaiatc place fi.r hij familv. In thcfe caiacomhs arc found the icmains of embdmcd bodies fvvathcs Icattered up and down, and fometimes coftin^ ftandini£ upi'ubt and entire, ma Icnf fyeomore or Pilirao:i's fig tree, that have loiitinutd in iheic lubttr- r.ineoiis ap irtir.i nts above three thouf.ind \cars, thi.u»h the wood is to appearanee fpongy and porous. 'I"iie upocr part of the coffin is commonly fh.ip d like a head, wi'h a fare piinti I upon it j the i; ll is a continued trunk, an I the end fVir tiie feci is made broad and flit for it to f}aii< SECT. IX. Of the Rul-is of Etfv h, Hdiopilis, the clihmted Lab\rintl: j1r,li>:'.opo!ii, H.imopot'n. Some remai kMe Aitirjwti's on the Site of ii M.uiitiiih: Th'fr at (.latin K'uhre; with a parliiidur Aaount of the miiuiuioui Set pent Ueiedy. WE fhall now def ribc the ruins flill to be fecn cf lever.d cities famous in aniicpiity. Some of Egvpt ruins, like th'ife of Palmyra and Balbec, raifu oui ideas of ihi;ir anticnt maLinificence and iM.ind ur- whil- others oiilv fh' w the places where the mofl I'plendicl cities once ftooil ; the vaff leuL'th of time lince thev were built bavin.; levelled them wito the dull, and ciily !cfc d uprijiht in the rcpolitory. Olb.T coffins are mide j a few fcattered monuments of the moll fupcrb (ti u.;turc;, I ai Egypt. R I c A. m I Hi J with ciirvct!- as teftimonials of the truth ofhiftory, and as fpccimciis of the architediire of the early ages, before it was im- proved and carried to perfed^ion by the Greeks. Thofc of which we fljall treat in this fection are of the laft kind, and the moft imperfeift. A little to the northward of Cairo Is the village of Baalbait, fituated on one of thofe artificial eminences on which probably flood Hufiris, a city celebrated for its temple dedicated to Ifis } there being the remains of a temple, the moll coftly in its materials of any in Kgypt. From thefe ruins the temple appears to have been about two hundred feet long and an hundred broad, and at a- bout a hundred feet diftancc it is encompaflcd by a mound raifed to keep out the Nile. The outfidc of this ftruflure was of grey granite, and the infide and columns of red, the capitals being the head of Ifis. There fcems to have been four rows of twelve columns each in the temple ; but what moft commands the attention of the curious, is, the exquifite beauty of the fculpture ; for though the figures arc only about four feet high, there is fomething fo fine and fo divine in the mien of the deities and priefts, that exceed imagination. 15ut the natives are conftantly employed in dellroying thefe frag- ments of antiquity, and frequently cut the columns in order to make them into mill-ftones. At a fmalt diftance near Cairo are the remains of the i'r. antient city of Heliopolis, the Or of the Scriptures, a city of great antiquity, famous for the worfliip of the fun. A large mound encompafies the whole, and at the entrance on the weft arc the i uiiis of a fphynx of a bright ftiinin^ yellow marble, and almoft oppofite to the gate is an obelifk fixty-feien feet and a half high. The priefts of Heliopolis were the moft famous of all Egypt for their fkill in philofophyand aftronomy, and wer-- '*ie firft who computed time by years of three hundred and fixty-five days. Herodotus came to this city to be inftrufled in all the learning of the Egyptians j and when Strabo came here, he was fliewn the apartments of Plato and Eudoxus. At a fmall diftance to the fouth of the above obelifk is the village of Matarea, where it is faid the Holy Fa- mily lay for fome time concealed when they came into Egypt ; and they add, that being in danger from fome bad people, a tree opened and became hollow to receii^c and Iheltcr them. The Coptics even pretend to flievv the very tree, which is hollow and of the fort called Pharaoh's fig, and take away pieces of it as f.icred re- licks ; but the Romans fay, that the tree fell down, and was carried away by the monks of Jerufalcm. At a place called the town of Caroon is the fpot on "')"if"'*' which ftood the famous labyrinth, which, according to Herodotus, was built by the twelve kings of Egypt, when the government was divided into twelve parts, as fo many palaces for them to meet in, and tranlaft the af- fairs of ftatc and religion. This was fo extraordinary a building, that Da:dalus came to Egypt on purpofe to Ice it, and built the lab)'rinth in Crete for king Minos on the model of this. •' This labyrinth, f.iys Herodotui, has twelve faloons " or covered courts with gates oppofite to each other, " fix towards the fouth, and fix towards the north in " continued lines. They arc fiirrounded by the fame " oiitw.ird wall. The apartments are on two floors, the " one underground, and theother over them, and are three " thoufindin all, each floor confifting of fifteen hundred, " Thofe above ground I mylelf ha\e feen Rnd gone " through, fo that I fpeak from my own knowledge ; " but thole beneath being the fepulchres of the kings, " and of thcfacred crocodiles, the rulers of the Egyptians " were by no means willing to fliew them. The up- " per ai'artmi-nts are grcjter than any other human " works : for the outlets at the top, and the various wind- •' in';s through the faloons, gave me infinite furpri/.e as * I paflld from a faloon into apartments, and from apart- " mcnts into bed-chambers, and into other rooms out of " the bed-chambers, and from apartments into faloons. " The roof of the whole is ftone as well as the walls. '• The latter arc adorned with fculpture: each faloon " has a petiftyle of white ftones admirably joined to- " gether. Q^iite clofc to the line where the labyrinth " terminates, is a pyramid of two hundrsd and forty feet, 27 " on which Lirge animals are engraven ; and the cn- " trance into it is under ground." Little, however, is now to be fccn of thefe bo.ifted pieces of art, but heaps of ruins, broken column', flut- tered walls and entablatures. Ainong the ttft i> thu foundation of an oblong fquarc huil(il;ig lor mod of -Jl reddifh ftone or marble, Some femicirtular [-ihifte s arc placed upon it, and the remains of thi- cdilice above are of brick plaiftered over. Whatever this building was, it appears to have been repaired in this rough manner. More to the eaft are the remains of an oblong fijuarc edi- fice of white hewn ftone plaiftered over, with a kind of b.ife and plinth ranging round. Nvar it is a kind of ruftic building that feems to have hern a g.itc At Ki (;ih appears fome remains of the grand ftiuctuie iil'elt, which is now called the caftle of Caioon. It had a portico (f ruftic work, which is now no where ahovi fi.\ iict liigh, and the front is more ruinous than anv other p.irt On the other fides are forty-four ti is of ftone, cich nine inches deep, and confequently it is there thirt. tincKet high ; it has figns of a cornice ranging rourui with orna- ments of fculpture. There arc (our rooms in the length of this building with the doors crowned with double . iir- niccs, and over each a kind of falfe door ornaiinnicil in the fame manner ; on the fides of the walls are fevtral niches, and many ftones arefcattered about the plain, ((.mc of which appear to have conipofcd the ftiafts ot ccilunms. A little tarther to the fouth are tlie ruins ot theciiy of Antinoopolis, built by Hadrian in honour ol Aniinnis his favourite, who was drowned there ; hut now named Enfineh. Amongthefe ruins ;jre Ifill llanJiiig a larirc pil- lar, with a Corinthian capital, on the top of wiiicn w.:s a fquarc ftone, whereon a (hitue w.is probably placed. 1 here is alfo a fine gate of the Coiin:h;an order, and of excellent workmanfnip. A little farther up the river i: the villatrc of Archo- mounain, which Dr. Pocoek fuppol'cs to tie fituaied on the ruins of the ancient city of H' rmrpolis. Lit'le ap- pears of the old city, but exienlivf heaps uf rubb Ih, ex- cept a grand p;rtico of an ancient tcn:plt, coiililiini of twelve pillar.s fix in a row. 'Thele pillars ar'' lix lett in diameter, and on every part both of tin m, and Oi the ftones laid upon them, are hieroglyphic> ; on the |.i.lars are alfo fome remains of paint, and tiieciclin^ is rfi!orn- ed with ftars. Some pieces ofcolumiis of i^ranite mar- ble are Mo to be feen among the ruins. Farther to the fouth is a mountain called Shebar 1 1 Kof_ feri, on the fide of which are fome rciiia-ka'dc.in quiiies. After afcending the inountain for about two hoirs voii arrive at a gate which leads into a gr.at laio.n, lupportid by hexagonal pillars cut out of the loliJ lock. i'.ie rocks are adorned with paintings, wirch are fti!l plainly to be diftinguifticd, and the gold t'^at was empi ivc'd glitters on all fides. There aie openings le.i in:; to other apartments ; but thofe art. filKd up with rubbifh. There is anrthcr apartment above to which you may- arrive, though with great difficulty, bv climbing up on the outfi.le, l- is fnialler than the Hrlt, and has no pil- lars, but is painted like the other. On each tide ol tnis fecond grotto is a tomb of the fame ftone with tnc moun- tain, with which they form a continued borf-,'. On* is open and the other is clofed, but almoli buried in vhc fuid. This upper cavern had alfo a coinmuniiation with other apartments ; but thefe are alio cU^f-- 1 u 1, A little further to the fouth is (Jaua-Kiebra, wIitc ftill remains a beautiful portico of a ten. pic, coptainin;r eighteen pillars in three rows : thefe h.ive a firg lir kina of capital, and their Ihafts arc enriched with iiiL-ro.rly- phics, executed in a molf martcrly manner. Tiiis t. in- plc appears to have been extremely mav^nificcnt, not onlv from the grandeur of the portico, but from the vaft iIoik-s which formed the walls, one of whih Dr. Pocockc found to b? twenty-one feet long, eight broa I, and four deep ; and ano'her thirty feet long, and five broad. At fome diftancc behind the portico is a ftone (haped like the top of an obelilk, which has on one fide of it a niche as if for a ftatue, and is adorned with hieroglvphics. At fome diftance to the fouth is the grotto of the famous ferpent called Heredy, where is the tomb of a pretended Turkifli faint, adorned with a cupola raifed above the 4 L mountain. i.-i' hi •in ^^! if. *. L ifti m Li I^i'; 5" A S y S T E .1 OF G E C G R A IMI V. I'Gvrf. mountain. The Alalia afliriii, iliat tliis faint, who was nann-d IK-rcdv, ent, who can nlufe noihiiii; to fem.de viilue, begins at fiilt with moving its t..il ; tlic virgin redoubles hir iiitreaties, and at leng;h the reptile lrr:ngs up to her neck, places itlclf in her bofom, and tiieie remains ijuict, whoe it is car- ried .'n !iate,in tlie midll of loud acclamations, to the houfe of the perfon who d.lpat. bed llu ambalLidrcfs. Noiooncr is it brc uiht into the room, than (he patient be.;ins to find himf. If relieved. Yet tin ■ miraculous phydeian doiis not withdiaw ; for he is \crv billing to remain foine hours with the patii.iit, if during the whole time they t.ike care to regile his pricfio, who never leave bun. i\ll this is ,)er;or:;ied toa.lmirati.nl, provilcd no Cnrillian or other unb>li.\"r comes in, wiiole pref.nce, "lis pretenil- eJ, v.ould uilluib the fcall ; for this fa.;acious ferjient, on p-iceivii'.i liiiii, would immediately difapp.ar. I'l'.e prielts would li-aich for him in vMn, and it would be imp.iflibic to find hmi : tor was hecanied to the oihcr lult of the Nile, he would return invifibly to his dwelling in the tomb. The .\rabs even boldly afllrt, that were he cut in pieces, tiic parti would inllantly j'lji again ; and th.it being defined to be immortal, nothing can put a p-riod to his li:c. Kveii the Chriftian', who ought to cl.iim a degree of wifJoni fupcrior to t:ie Ar-bi, have the lolly to believe that this pretended fiint is thedeiil hiniiVh, whomtiod lias permitted to niilkad thefe blind ai;d ignorant people ; and in this belief they are coniiimed by a tradition, that to this pbicc the angel Raphael b.iiiiflicd the devii Alniudi, whom, in i'obit viii. 3 he is laid to fend into I'-gypt. " Hut 1 am perfuaded, fays Mr. Noiden, that both " the/Vrabsand thcl'e Chrillians olftnd againll the rules " f.f rcafon. Dcfore we confidcr a thing as mira( iilous " or fupcrlHtious, it is iiccefl'ary to ex imic.e whttlier " tiie lacl iti-if be true; whether the circiimlfaiices are " fuch .isa.e pretended, and wl.ether no fraud is ufed. " I agree tiiat the frrpcnt is there, but it cannot be im- " mortal ; lie undoubtedly dies like other ferpthts, and " the ptiells whjdraw a prcjlit from hiin lubltitute ano- " ther of the fame kind in his room. Were th'y indeed " to cut the ferpeiit ill pieces, and were tlie parts fern *' to join .ic,ain, it might be cdecmed a prrmf of its im- " m.jrta'.ivv i but they can never be brought to this: and «' when the e nir of Akmim ordeied them to make this •' ti;al in h:s prcfeiice, the prielts excu.cd theml'elves " t;<-m the trsperi.Tiviit. is there any thi;!i; caller than " t) make a lami; ferpent obey certain tigiis ? TIk " virginity of the ambalVadrefs is feciircd by her being " to young as to be tree from fulpi ion ; and feipents " are known to he attracted by cert.iin odours and herbs, " witii whi.h the uirl may be iubl>ed ; at Icalt (lie is " aiiorned witn chapkts and gari.inds ti( flowers, in " wiii':li they lake car: not to forget fuch as arc agreeable " to the fcrpcnt. In (liort, if it be a(l:ed how it is pof- " lible that it (liould diKippear tiom th-j tight ol fo inanv " people, 1 anlwer, th.it it is lunicient to conceive tha; " lliel'e piietti aic excellent jugglei.-', and there will b.; " i.o difticulty ill im.igiiiiiig tin 111 eip.ible of cinvevin ; " away (be ferpent rn the prefeiice ol a gre.it iiuudKr *' ol fpeillaiois, wichoiit the inoll attenliie an.l quiek- " lighted being able to perciiveit: whoever li.ij ken " the tricks daily plavtd by the mountebaiiki m the " great (quarc liefoie (be taiUe of Cairo, mult havn " belli (truck with feats much more iein.:rkable tluii " this." If to all this be added (he account given in this work of the danting-feipents, and otiier particulars || laiiiig to thole reptiles, in trcaiinn of Indoll.iri, the Iraud mult appear extremely evi ieiii, and ivery tiling inyfte- rious in the aliair will vamfli. S L C T. X. 0/ the Riiim of Tintyra ti>:J 'JJ.dti. STILI, farther up the Nile was (Ituated the city ol 1 eiityr:i, the iniiabilanis of whiih paid extraordi- nary adorations to Venus .iiul llis, to each of whom they built a temple. I'lom the many heaps uf ruins lem lieie, (he city appears to have been of gieat extent, and to have liteii much fieijuentLil iiiue it was in its aiiiienc fpli ndor. I'eople lieni lO h.ivc livnl even in the tempk-, and leveral lioulis have been biidt of unbuiiit brick, oil the top of the great temple, uliich is uvo liundr d leet long,.ind fortv-hie bioad. i'he principal remains ot the anl.eiit buildings are near each ollur -, tliefe are two gaus and lour tempks. I he grand temple alieady meiuioned a|,pcar:i to l)e that of llis, and le: nis enure, only thi; apartir.ent.s which appear 10 have been built at llie to]i are dillroyed, and fix or leven of tiie looms which havi: been t'i;rmed below are Idled up. 1 here is an af^ cut to the top by ten flights of ftcps. The pillais are adorned with laige capitals of the lu aj ot Hi-., each capital having four fa^cs, one (,n each bk-, and our them are compailment.s in ballo rilievo, liiitiy executed, and in a noble talle. At the end of (he grand room arc four llories uf hieioglvpliics in levin c<-iii| irt- ments, e.nch of which has tuo or three human figine., but fome of them are defaced. 'I"reie arc likewlle Uiiir itoriis of hieroglyphics on theoutfide, and it is r;ot im- probable that before the ground was railed thi.;e w^rc live both within and witb.out. On the oiifuie of the (outli end arc five coloifal figures, and two more beaii- tilul than the icK Hand at each corner. Round ihc top o( the cdiiice are leveral fpouis, with .nx oinameiic ()\cr (him repielenting the head and flioulders of the (phyiix. \S'e (liall now give a partitular dcfcription of the ruins (f theantient city of 'I hibis, which are the molt c::n- (iderable in Kgypt, and are geneially known by thi: name of The aniniuitits of Caniack and Luxeuin, tv.j viil.iges fituated among ihoic ruiii^. I he great and cilebrated city of Thebes was cxt'.n !- /K/^-' ed on hi I'l fides theiiver, and, aciordiiig to fome authu:.-, was built by Oliris, and according to oiheis by Uiifnis 11. who app' imed its circuit, adoined it wit:; magniticeiit buildings and rendered it the molt opulent city up;,!) eaitn. it was 01 ij.iiially called Diolpolis, or the city of Jupiter, and .ifltrwards obtained the name of Tlitbcj. Uiodorus Siculus obleiv.s', '* that not only tills kin.', " but n.aiiy ot his lucceiluis, improved the cuy wiih pK- " fills of gold and filver, with ivory, and a nnillituiii; " of colod.d (tatiies i and that no city uuder t..e lull " was lo adorned with 'dielilk, of one entire (tone. " There were four tempks l as ill ii't aiiciciii: II ill the temples, iiihuiiit luick nil wo liiinJr.J Icut al icriiaiiis ot ihtf ciV arc two gaiu'i icaily niciuinnid mlifc, only thv; l^uilt at llie ti>;i lonis which havv: I (liglits of ftcp'.. (lital^ of the nL.;J one f.n cacli h It-, r.i rtlicvo, li.ii.iy Liiii oi the jjraiul 1 Icvcn coiiipart- : hiiinaii tiriiri., irc liki'Wilc Umr ami it is luit iin- aikd tht.-c w-rc O'llfKlL' ot thf wo mole beaii- Roiind ihe to|) .lit oinaniciiC IlioiilJcis of the itio!'. of tiic ruir.s e tiu- mot! i; n- kiiown liy tr.c Luxeuin, tv,j bos was cxi'.ivi-'/*'i^'' to Ionic auihu: . , iliL-is bv l!iili';s .\i:.. ii;a;;il.("ii.i.:.t uUnt city up;:-}! , or the citv of iiue v( Thibcj. oiiiy liiik kin. , le city with pn- aiiil a niuititudu If uiiilcr t.'C lull le entire Hone, fi/c and beauty. L'li It.idia in i ii- , and the thick - The buiMin.". the ^old and li'- ei t tamed aw.'v e to the icitiplo', having iraiv,!-;; . j^ cairu'd aiiiiii Miilicciit palacei " of EcVPT. A V R I A. 32j " of I'erfopoli^, Siif.i, atul othcri in Media. It i: faij " that the liches of K;;vpt wtr;' at that time f'l ^rcat, " th.;t from the ruins, after plundijtin:^ and hiiiiiing, " weie t.iken above three huiidi.l takius of (^old, and " two thoiiland thiee hiiiulrc.l tal.-.it:. of lilvir,'' ( )f the four rem;irk iblr teniph's nr.ii:ioni.d by I3i forty fcct broad, and the bottom is a foliJ W..11 of that thick- ncfs. In the front arc two llories of fmall windows; but the uppir Itory is in many parts li) ruined, that at a diltaiue It h.as the appearance of battlements. On the inlide o\' this gate is a large open court, which haj a terra, c ei 'hty feet broad, an J lix feet ah ye the (jro:md, as it is now laifeJ, to which there were proba- bly lt< ps to alccnd from a colonaile on each tide of this anti-temple. The pillars of tlufe nloiiailes hive fqjire capitals, and on tacli tide of the mi.ldle walk, to the in- ner part of the temple, was a very grand coloiiade of pdlarii above forty lert high, and right fcct in diamrt^'r, With large capitals like vales worked with figures in lines. At the farther end of this colonade are two cidoli.d ftatues of ted granite, much mutilated, and with the heads broken oil". Though the wall of the inner temple is greatly ruined. Dr. Pocockc f»ys it lias more ijraiidcur and ina^jniliccmc th.-.n is to be foil!,. I in any oth.r building he rvfr Wtw. The door is very high, and yet in a jult proportion ; aiiJ the w.dl.on each fide arc bmf other yallies, wher.' the mount liiis liu to a great height, comes t.) a round op, nint' like an amphitheatre, and .ifof n.lin ; it by a narrow lleep p.'illige, arrives it the lipulchnsof the kincs of Tht'es, which are formed in the rocks. The vale in which are thefe grottos, is covered with mugh itones that have probably rolled from above. It is about a hundred feet wide, between high ftecp precipices, in which grottos are cu; in a moft beautiful mann' r I.onjj galleries, or pall"i!;es, are forrr.e I un.lcr the mi ;m t..ins out of a dole white free Itone that cuts like ch dk, and is as linooth as the linelt Ituccowork. Generailv there are four or five of thcle gaileries, one within ar.otrier, from thirty to fifty feet long, and from ten to fifieen icct high, leading to a Ipacious room, in which is ihi king's tomb, orcofiin, with his fi.'ure cut in relief, ot painted up. n it, at full leiv.'th. Both the ciebngaiid lidl•^ ol the rooms are cut with hierosKphics of birds and bealls ; fnme of them painle.l, and .i'.n:i.>tt as frcfh as if t.'uy were but jult fiiiifhed, thougli they cannot be lefs than up- wards of two thoiif.ind years old. One of thefe fepulchres is moft beautifully aJorned witli hieroglyphics cut in theflineard paicted. The entraiire, which Ins a dckcnt, is cut througii the rock. Hid for thirteen K -t is open at the top; tt en fcr eight feet more the cieling ".ulincs, anlwcrieg to the dLl>.ent under it. The gallcri s have hieroglypliics carved oil each fide, firlt in a kin.' of conipannu-nts irr.vt to the cieling, ill the m.inner of a ftize. Helow them ate caivcd fiL'urcs rcprefenting mimmies, and under theic ate hieroglyphics all down the fides, divided by lines into dit^irciit columns. In the middle of the cieling are th« \^'^' m M ^KK 1- .i t Alt:, li ■;;! If:'-: ■!■;■! M i ■:f : 14 lllW: ^ i .ilr IM'*!^ Afi (i ' ^m ffi! '.U su A S Y S T E M OF GEOGRAPHY. Egypt. the fi^urci of men with ftars on each fiJc. The king's tomb IS of one llonc of rn] granite, fcvcn fiet n:in; inches hii;h, eleven feet c:j;ht iiiciiCi luiij:, JiiJ above fix feet broui!, tl\e cover being made to fliut into it. 1 iie figure o: the kiii^ is cut in nu-zzo-rclii-vo, with an liitro- g!ypliic.il iiifeription. The room is aJorneJ witl) dil- I'trent coluinns of bieroglyphits. In a l.irge room belon;;ing to snothcr of the grottos is the (latue'of a man hoKling a fceptre in his hanj, and on tlic lieliiig is painteJ a large figure of a man holdnig a paiticular kind of fceptre, with win;:s hanging lower th.in his fcit, and covcrmg hii whole body. Un each fid(. of the entrance arc four men cut in the ftone above the natural fizc, with the heads of huwks and other animals. On the fouth fide of thcfc mountains are two very ex- tcnfivc apartments : to one of them is a defcent ol ten fleps to a fp.ieious area cut in the roek, which leads to a room fupportcd by fipiarc pillars, alfo cut out of the folid rock; and beyond it is a long room fiipported by pillars (11 each fide. All tiic apartments are adorned with hieroglyphics ; but tliey ;irc in foiiie places black and fcaled^ as if damaged by fire, lieyond thcfe rooms are a)).iitmciit>, to which thire is a defcent of ievcral fteps to the fight ; and one part leads to a gallery cut round the ro. k, which ha^ apartments (in one lide, and in them are holes cut perpendicularly down to other apartments below, where there are doors and openings, and proh.ibiy as manv rooiii', as above. One would ima- gine, fays the right rev. leiid Dr. Pocoekc, that thele were the habitasioiis r.f th: living, and that they were cut under thofc of the kings ot rhebcs, if they were not themklvcs palaces, to which they retired to avoid the heat. The other rpartmcnts are cut in a fmall hill near the appear.ince of a grand ciitranee under the mountains: the way to whi h is through a valley, that I'eems to have been divided by walls or mounds into four parts; one of them is dug much deeper tiian the rcft^, and was probably a rciervoir of the water of the Nile, and tne others extend towards f.uv.e remains of old buildings. To the welt is a room t.'iat has a w.ll-turned arch, and appears to have been ufcd as a Chnlhan church; for.thc hieroglyphas, winch are in fin.ill colunms, and extremely well cut, have been covered with plaifter, on which is painted Chi ill eneompafled with a glory. A little to tlie :outh eall are the ruins of a large tem- ple, and at a dillance from it the ruins of a pynimidal gate, anil of a very large colofial ffatue, broke off about the miildlc of the trunk. It is twenty-one feet bioad at the fhiuldcrs; tne car is three feet long, and iVom the top of tne he-d to the bottom of the neck is eleven feet. In the firrt court of the temple are two rows of fquarc pillars, on each fide of which i, a Uatue, but their heads are broke off. Lach o! thefe Itatues has the lituus in one hand, and the flagelluni or v.hip in the other, as is com- monly Ic^ii in tr>e flatucs ofOfris. In the fjcond court arc the remainj cf two coloUal ftatucs fitting; they are of black granite, and the head of one of them, vhich lies on tiie ground, is three feet five inches long. A great number of pillars belonging to the temple arc ftill flaiiling, and manv others aic dcflroyed. Two forts of pillars arc oblerved in this edifice, one more beautiful than the other. Their thickncfs and folidity give th' n at a dillance a noble appearance, and on ap- proacr.iiig theiit the eye is entertained with the hierogly- phics ; :.nii when you are near them their colours have a fine ctfedt. 'Jhis fort of painting has neither iliade nor degrad.ition. The figures ..re ciicruilej with it iike paint- ing in enamel; and .Mr. Nordcn obfeivts, that it fur- palfes in ilreiigth everything he had feen of the kind, it being luperiur in beauty to the al-frefco and Mofaic work, with the advantage of being more durable. It is furprifing to fee, fays he, how the gold, ultra-maiine, and other colours have prelcrved their lulire to the pre- fcnt age. At a CQiifiderablc Jiflancc (r bes, and is called by Diodorus the fepulchreof Olynian- dus ; it is fiiuattd on the eail fide of the river, latther to the fouth of the antiquities jult defcribed. On ap- proaching it you come to two obelilks, whicn are proba- bly the fiiiell in the world ; they are at prtfent iuty feet high, and might be feventy or eighty, aecoiuirg as the ground has rifen, which is certainly a great deal : tliey are fev .n feet and a half fquare, and at bottom might be tight feet. 'J he hieiogl)phics extend in three co- lumns down each fide, and are cut with a flat bottom an inch and a half deep, and the granite has perfectly retained its polilh, which is as fine as can be imagmul. On the top of each fide a pcrfon fits on a ihron-, and another offers him (omcthing on his knees. Thefo figuies are likewilc below. Lower down arc three hawks, then three bulls, and at the diltance of about evciy loot is an owl. 'I'nere are alfo monkies, iieads of camels, hares, dogs, ferpents, birds, and inlecls. At a fmall diltance is a pyramidal gate, two hundred feet long, and at present fifiy four above the ground. Oa each fide of the enirance is a coloffal ftatue," which i ^fes thirteen feet and a half above the fm face of the earth, though the fhoulders are only three feet and a half above the ground. In the tront of the pyramidal gate arc win- dows and fculpture, particularly a pcrton (ealed on a throne, holding out one hand, in whnh he has a fceptre or a llaft, and is furrounded by others in pollurcs of ado- ration. On the other fide a man is rcprcfented in a car, galloping and (liooiing with a bow, and followed bv' many chariots. 1 his may have a relation to the wars of this king againft the Bactrians. Within this gate is a court almolt filled with dltagcs, with lome pillars tiiat once formed part of a colonadc, beyond uhicn was ano- ther gate now in ruins, and beyond that another court, whieli had a lar^e and beautiful altar m ihc middle, and the hidory of the king was cut all round on the walls. Tf.e pillars in this court are forty feet hi-h ; but the Work in the capitals, inltead of beirg in nlicl, is onlv cut out in lines. The walls of the looms are adorned with fculpture, among which a Deity is reprefentcd carried by eighteen men in a kind of boat, pre< tdtd and followed by a petfon holding a particular enfign. Heie .ire alio a perloii fitting, and another kneeling to him, with inftruments of niufic, and men kneeling who have the heads of hawks ; anti alio a man leading lour bulU with altting. SECT. XI. 0/the Ru'mi of J:fne, or Ejjenay \ of the Tcwph of Pallas, at Latopolii ; of tht aniitnl Gil) of ApM'impoUi j viitb iht Rui'ii of Comimbo, Jiliplmntine, and Philie. AT Kfnc, a confiderable town farther up tho river, arc the remains of a magnificent temple, that is clofcd on three fides, aiid has in the fivnt twenty-four pillars '(1. >f Eo.YPT. A F I C A. 32; '.i'llars that fi.'Cm Well proforvcJ. A channelled lionliT mils ail round the tdii ol the eJili.c, and in the mi.ldle lit the front is acartoiich, or (im:;:.'Uiit lilce thofe I'l in on (ill tlie princiii.il gates of K.'ypt. A feini-coroiii l>or!i.rj the whole cditue, the ("lies of v\liii.li arc filled with liii.-ri)iijyphleal (iyiircs that appear of the molt aiiii.J!i: kind, and f^'cm to have lucn executed in halk-, The pillars fuppi-rt Itoiics plated crofs-ways, on whiih rell great tables that form a roof, vvhieh is alio adorned with hieioglyphies. The li;^iiies of the iiifi Jc are ealily perceived to be done by another hand, and e.xrcuteil with more care than thofe without ; but none of the hiero;;ly- phics are incrulled with colours. The pillars arc like- wife covered with hicroj^lyphics, which in f ime places arc finull and much crowded. It is remarkable, that amon;^ all the pillars of this temple there ii not one capital that refenibles another; for thou ;h the propor- tions are the fame, the ornaments are dift'ercnt. '1 he iiifiJe of the edifice is blaekineu i;y tl'.e fmoke of the fnes formerly made there : however, every part of it is well preferved, except the gate, and tiie intermediate fpaces between the front columns, which the Arabs hiv,- filled up, ill order to (hut up their catlle in the temple, which is at prcl'ent applied to no other life. At about three miles from this temple is another, which ])r. I'ococke fuppofes to be the temple (if I'allas at Lato- pvlis, where both that goddcfs and the fifh Lams were v.'orfliipped. There arc here alio feveral dilterent kinds of capitals, fonie of which refemble the Corintliiaii, but have a very flat relief. 'I'he infide has three (lories of hieroglyphics of men about three feet high, and at one end me lowed figures are as large as the lite ; one of them has the held of the Ibis, and the figure of a wo- man lutinj appears in feveral parts of the wall. 'i"hc ci.ling is adorned with a variety of animals, which are painted in very beautiful colours ; and among them is a man fitting in a kind of boat, with a circle round him. This temple feems to have been tiled as a church, there being foine Coptic iiifcriptions on the walls, At Ktfou, where was once fituated the city of .Apnl- linopolis, is a noble temple and a grand pyrrimidal i^ate, which the Turks have conver;ed into acitaJcl. 'I'here runs all round it a femi-circuhr corona, but no cornice is to be feen : upon its faces are tlirec rows of hicrogly- phical figures, which appear defigncd to reprcf nt infants, thou.;h their ft ituc exceeds that of men. The temple, which was dedicated to Apidlo, is in a matiner buried under ground; and the Arabs have made no Icruple of employing what they have been able to take away in crectitig fome pigeon-hoiifcs. Still farther to the foiith is the vill.igc of Comcmbo, where arc fome beautiful ruins, which it is impoflible for a curious traveller to view wiihout great fatisfaction. A noble building relis upon twenty-three well wrought pillars adorned with hicroglvphics ; the ftoncs that cover the top are of a prouuious fizc, and the archi- trave, which is at prefent fplit, was anticntly a finglc ft breadth it has walls, but a? only a finglc column is to be fecn in tlic middle. Thitj iiiclofure contains a grand apartmi nt that li::s two largi? gates, one to the north, and the other to the louth ; but the infide is aliticft fhtircly filled with Hones and earth. The walls aic covered with hieroglvphics, but are be- daubed with dirt, and blackened by the Imoke of the fires made there by the (hephcrds. I'arther to the fouth is the Ifland of I'hiltr, which is high and verv fmall, it not exceediii" aoiiaiicr of a mile in length, and half a quarter in breadth j and it appears that there were no other builiiings in the illand, but what had a relation to the temples t for Diodorus feems to infiiuiaie, that none hut the priefts wire permitted to land, on account of the facrcdnc f^ of the place ; accnrd- ingly the whole ifland feems to ha\e been walled round, (oniewhat in the maniuf of a modern fortific-.nion, and a i;reat pat t of that w;ill ftill retrains. The particular kind of ilthiopi.tn hawk worfliippcd here is cut among the hierogUphicb in feveral part!, .".nd repiefcnted with a long necic, c.\tendcJ wings, and a ferpent coming o'tt of ir, 'i'he temple of the hawk is built with frec-fione on the we{( fide of the idand. In the court of the temple, which ib of great length, is a low of pilars on each !idc, adorned with a variety of capitals. HeyoiiJ this is an inner co irt, in which are very beautiful pillars with Capitals v\. ought inbafio lelicvo, in fomething like leaves .Hid brandies, above which is the head of Ifis on each of tie four fides. On the outfije of this inner court arc large cololFal figures, cut on tiie fouth lide of a great pyr.imidal gate. At the entrance to the call i.s an obelilk of led granite on e.'.ch fide, and near each of ihcm a lion. Kttveen thr -.veil fide of the grand arc.i and the water ij only a i'.:.,,o\v terrace, with doors to it from the portico; and the whole ends at the w.'.tcr to the fouth with a parapet wall, at which arc tv;oobe!:(ks about two feet and a halffquare railed on their pcilell.ils. Here the ifland rifcs twenty or thirty feet above the water, alfording a profpccl above a mile fi^tith to the rocks of granite, where the Nile turning, the view is termintitcd by thofe rocks in a molt agrcettble .tnd romantic mr.r.ner, all together having a no'. !e and beautiful apiiear.ince. To the call of this llrue'hire is, a'conling to Mr. oorden, the tem.ple of Ifis, which is an obiong-lquare building, open on all fides. The capitals of the pillar!!, which have fome refemblance to thole of the Corinthiar\ order, may be reckoned among the mod beautiful in Kgvpt, and were probably of the lall invention. SECT. XII Of the AlanufaBures, Ai Is, mid Cimmfia of Egypt, TWV. manufacluresof Egypt confift of woollen, linen, and filk. Their flax, of which great quantities Grow in the Delta, or that pat of K^vpt which is en- dofed between the two branches ot the Nile, is fpun with a fpindle, and the thread drawn out from the diftatlvvith- out the life of a wheel. They aie not now, as formerly, rem.-.rkabie for their fine linen, for the people of rank commonly wear mullins t however, the Kg) ptiaii linen is exceeding w!iite and cheap; it is chiefly nianutactured at Rofetto, where they alfo make llriped linens for cur- tains t:) defend thimlelves againll the gnats, which arc verv troublefomo in I.ov^'cr Kiiypt. In other parts, they make a llron:; coaric linen for Iheets, and great quanti- ties of (ackcloth. The woollen of tbii country chiefly confifts of unnappcd carpets ufed in their fophas. 'i heir law-filk is brought from Syria, and manufactur- ed by them into large liandkcrchiets lor women's veils t they alfo make very rich handkcichicfs woiktd with gold and flowers of xanous colours, and Ibm.-tinies make coverings of this fort (or their fophas; they likewile ma- nufadure a great variety of talletas and faltiiiets. The Chriltians arc the pcrfons chiefly empli'ved in their mannfadlures and mechanic arts . they arc in par- ticular the jewellers and filver-lmitbs ol Egypt. There is avciy great demand for thelie loit of gocds ; for tho' the people arc prohibited the life of plate in their houfcs, 4 M V ■ 1 4 ] 4li: MA i6 A SYSTEM O !• G F, O C U A P II Y, Nt/nii or the wcariiij; of gold rin'!s, a griar ili.il of jowclkrs- work IS ulcJ as oiii.tintiiti iii the ilrcfs ol thiir women, and |il itc in the luinltuic of their houfcs. Ihc KgvptiJii pibhlis arc- wrou;:ht ami polifht-il in prcat perk'Ction, lur the ni.iking InutV-boxts aiul the hamlles of knives, whrth is done with a wheel as they cut and polifti preeious lloius. Tliey alio make red Jcather ; out it ib not eiiual to that of Morocco or Con- iJaiitinople. As Lower Egypt furniflies the reft of the country with rice, lu Upper Kj;ypt lu|)j>lie.s the Lower with wheat and other j;rain. Since the Luropeans found a w.iy to the Indies by encompaflin^ the coall of Africa, the foreign trnde of h^'vpt has lo deihiud, that Indian calitoes, nuiflins, and Chnia-ware, are at prifent dearer in that country tliaii they arc in England, The exportation of riee and cofTec frnm Fcvpt to any plaeeout of the doniniiorn of the Turks is prohibited ; but leveral drugs are lent from thence to Kuropc, as colcKimn- rida, fcnna, and the red dye called fattianon. Max is alio exported toother parts of 'I'urky, and likcwilc to IvCgliorn, and cottons lo Marliilles. 'Iheir importations arc lilk from Venire and Leghorn; Knglifh, French, and Venetian cloth, driiiis, dyes, and Knglifli tin, lead, and marble blocks from (A'|;horn ; furs copi)er-velVel.i and plates from Conltantinople ; fmall- wares from France, Venice, and alio Conihntinoplc. They likcwife bring iron from Salonichi, carpels froin Afi.i Minor, filks from Syria, woollen manii.' icturcs from 15aibary, coral and amber they alio import iii order to lend it to Mecca. /:■■*)• CHAP. II. Of NUBIA and ABYSSINIA, or UPPER ETHIOPIA. s !•; C T. 0/ N f R I A. (-■ !,• !1 y'iiiM Jls Shunt'iiti, Exttnl, Climnte, I'cticttiblei, tint jlii'imuls. Ihe i'eiJ/''S, Drejs, Cu/hms, iirni jVIdii'ifn of the liiha- tit/iiiti. lyilh o cmiije jiiLSiint of the Cilia uf Duiiialu and Sennar ; and the Jrticki of their Comineice, WI" (liall now proceed up the Nile to Nubia, which !•; alio calK-d Siiinar, and is bounded on the norto bv EL'Vpt ; on the tail by the Red Sea ; on the fouth bv Aliyfiinia ; and on ilic well bv the kingdoms of Ts^ua, Cjao/a, and the delart ol Cjoriiam. Jtis fituat- cd b'.'twern ttie thirteenth an 1 twenty-fourth decrees of nniih latitude, and between the twenly-tifth and thirty- ciL'luh degrees of eatt lon_',itudc,cxtcndmg in an irregular obloni^-lquare. Its principal rivers arc the Nile, the Nubia, and the Sira. Tlioiuh this country is entirely under the torrid zone, it i; i:i manv places very Iruitful, elpcciallv on the banks oftheNI' , ivhere the inhabitant-, as in Upper Fgvpt, r-iife the un-.er up to the iiigh banks by art and labour. Hence it produces fome very line fruits, with plenty of fuL;sr canes ; but tnc natives are unaccpiaintcd with the mviho,! of in ;king gO'.)d fugar. 'I'liey have alfo a great variety of medicinal plants, roots, and drugs ; with others that aro extremely obnoxious, parliculaily a moll dreadf d pnifnn, fo quick and latal in its operations, that, it is laid, a liiuls feed taken inwardly gives a!moU iii- Itiiiit death. 'Fhele feeds grow on the top of a plant that refemblc; our itcttles, and it is (aid tiiat conli- •Icrablc ti'janutics of it are exported to the neighbouring countries. Nubia alio affords gold, ivory, fandcrs, and Other mcdicmil woods. In Nubia arc likcw ifc great numbers of dromedaries, camels, horfcs, and v,;rious kiink- of wild btafJ^s, as lions, tyers, leopards, cro.-odilcs, vipers, and feveral kinds of lerpenti, particularly one of a colour which fo nearly rcf iv.hiC'- that of tlie dull, or f.md, in which it luiks, that it is n Jt eafily avoided, and its bite is commonly attended ^v;Ih alinolt immediate death, and that of the nv>ft painful and drejdful kind. 'I'hc 'jcncraiity of the inh.ibitants arc Mahometans ; thev are much L'ivcn to cheating ; are a ilupid debauched ii"f>rilc, and arc (aid to have neither mmlcftv, civility, nor rt-'inion. riiofe that live in villau'cs chiefly ajiply thein- felves to asricultiirc, except thole who inhabit the more defjrt parts, who live upon |)!uiv,ler. Mr. Norden, who proi ceded up tlie Nile a conllderable way into Nubia, found them bafe, treacherous, mean, and avaricious ; cfiecijHv fome of the great, who fciuple neither threats no- -ntr-aties to obtain the treafures of thole whom they da:; not plunder by op.n viokn.u. They arcfwarthy, and finall of ftature. Thofe of fu- peiiiir r.ink in the hcait of the country wfaravdf with- out (leeves ; but the loinmon people or.Iy wrap a piece of liiKii cloth about them, and the children 1:0 quite naked. However, the perfuns ot quality wear line loofe lo'c robes of filk or cotton, and thole of the women reach 10 the ground ; thefe lalt alfo adorn their h,.ir with rln.'s and other trinkets of gold, filver, and hrafs ; yet have nothing on their legs or feet hut a kind of fandal, or lea- ther fole. As fur llie women of lower rank, they only v/ear a (hort kind of petticoat. In war they light to greater advantage on horfeback than on foot, for they are very expert hcrfemcn ; but, as they poifon their weapons, the I uiks fclJom care to attack them; they arc, however, almolf j.erpctu.^Hv at war either with the inhabitants of Ciorham, the defart tracts on the fouth weft, or making cxcurlions into the eaftern parts i's far as the Red Sea. i'oncet, a French phvfician, who paftld through this country in his way to Ethiopia, fays, ihey arc (ubjedt to a |)rince, who wears a long robe, emb'oidered wii'li gold and lilver, failencd with a girdle of the fineft cotton. On his head he has a turban of the fame, and never ap- pears in public without having his face veiled with a lilk-gaufe of v.uious colours. Strangers who arc admit- ted to pay their homage to him, are o'.ilig.d to pull off tlicir flioe?,aiid kneeliii:» to kifs the ground two orf.rcc times ; nor do his fubjccis ever appear before him vvith- out being b uc-footcil. The royal palace is a large confufed pile of buildings, without any regularity, and luriounded with a high brick wall; it is, however, furniflied with every thing ifteem- cd curious, rich, and collly ; and the floors, after tiic manner of the Eallern nations, are covered with the fineil fiik carpets. 7"he fame author obfcrves, tliat thi? prince applies himfelf five days in the week to affairs of (Kite, and the adminiftration of juftice, at which times he Ills at the head of bis council, and decides caufes with the utmort expedition. Wh'-n li-ntencc of death i; paflcd on the criminal, it is immediati ly executed by laying him flat on his back, and beating him on th: brealt with a ftick till he expires. It is alfo faid, that on the death of the king the grand council airemblc, and have the inhumanity tocaule all the brothers of their new fovereign to be put lo death. Ilov/cvcr, the ac- counts we h.ive both oftlii.s country and Abvflinii arc not entiielv to be depended upon ; thou '.h the auth;ir lall mentioned foems to have as much veracity as thoh; writers among the Jefuits, who have ikf ribcil the coun- try of Abvirmia, and have endeavoured, with the utmolt malignity, to dellroy his eh trailer. The principal cities ofNubi*arc Dangalaor Dongol.-, and Sennar. Dan;'ih, I V -m'. m Ftrypt to any prohibiti'd ; but pc, .IS culoquiii- ftianon. ll.ix is ami lilccwilc tu re and Leghorn; (lriii;s, dyes, and 111 Lcj;horn ; furs, intinoplc ; Imall- Conllantinoplc. chi, carpels trom lamilicturcs frdin port Ml order to Abyssinia. F li 1 i: A. 3»7 I PI A. r^'. Thofc of fu- ■ wfar a v;ll witli- ■ly wrap a piece of en i;o i|uitc naked, ir line I'lofe loig le wnmen rcirli to :\r h..ir with rinjs iJ brafs ; vet have J of fanclal, or lea- L-r rank, they only tagc on horfeback rt hcrlenicn ; but, rks fclJoni care to noil ),.rpctu.-.lly at }orhani, the defart cxcurfions into the paflld through this they are lubjcct ti> b'Oiilereil with gold )f the fined ciiticm. TIC, and never ap- fatc veiled with a '( rs who arc aJmit- o',)lig>d to pull o^' jround two or t^rcc ar before him >vith- ed pile of buildinL's .d with a high btick every thing ilKein- he floors, after tiic e covered with the r obferves, that thi? he week to affairs of lice, at which tinit5 and decides caiifes fi-nience of death i-; iliaic Iv executed by beatirig him on th= It is alfo faiH, that id council atremblc, the brothers of their I Icnvcvcr, the ae- ry ami Ahyflinia arc ; thoii;'.h the author leb veracity as thofe e def ribed the coiiii- rcd, with the u;molt Dangalaor Dongoia, Daneala, (:*,• Daiigala, the prefcnt metropolis of Mubia, is fitualed on tiic talkrn bank of thi- Nile, on the declivity of a dry liinJy hill ni hlieen degrees littcen minutes nuitn lati- tude. It is l.iid to be very pop.i'ous, and tu contain lik:.>r ten tnouland hoiilcs, though moll of I'lein arc mean and built only of wood daube.l over with mu I ; but the itrceis are filled wiih he.ips of land brought down by the waters Irom the mountains. I'hc cattle, wiiieh is in the center of the tuivn, is Uri^c and Ipacious, bat nut very liioiig. iitnnar, which is another of the c.ipital cities, (lands on the Wi. Hern bank of the Nile, ne.ir the Irontiers of Abylfinia, whii (i lus to -he I'outti, an.l of (i.mga which lies to tnc welt, and is about two hundred and liliy miles to llic foutli of iJongoh. It is litualcd on a fine emi- nence, Irom wnicli is a deliphtlul prolpecl of a f.rtile plain tovi red with a variety ol fiuit trees. It is five miles in circunUereiice, and is very pojiulous, it rrmtaimiiij ii.„r one hundred thoufand inliabiiants ; but the houles, wiii^li aic rtat rooLd, arc only ds are fold. It is (aid, that the femaics lit on one (ide, and the males on another, and that t;ie Egyptian merchants buy great numb rs of them eveiy \ear. I lie merchandizes required at S-niiar, arc fpices, p.p r, hard-ware, brafs, glais beads, and a black dru ; Willi which thiy cidour their eye-lids and eye- brows Tnere are here a few merchants, who travel to Suaquen on the Red Sea, from whence they go with their cominodiucs into Arabia I'clix, and there exchange them (or tnulcuf the Lad Indies, which they bring b«^k. SECT. 11. Cy Abyssinia, or Upper ./Ethiopia. Ill Name, Sitiidlian, ami F.xlent, Fiicc of tht Cciinlry, Cli- riKiIfy Al'iunliiinif Suit pUs, Riiuis, and Loiti. THE empire of AbyfTinia is indifFerently called Abyirmia, Abiflinia, Abafia, or Habclliiiia, (torn the .Arabic llcibelh. which fignifics a mixture, the coL'iitiy being peopled by various nations; but the in- liahit.iiits themfelves call it Itjopia or Ethiopia. It has alfo been known, ihougli ablurJlv, by the name of PrclKr John's country. It extends from twenty- fix to t'orty-five dc:!rees of ealt longitude, and from fix degrees thirtv mi- nutes, to almoll twenty degrees nortli latitude. It is boun led on the north by the kingdom of Nubia; on the call it had formerly the coart of Abex on the Red-Sea; but this is difmembered from it, and makes a feparate province under the dominion of the Turks ; and (lartly by the kingdom of Dancala. On tile fouth it is bound- ed by A! iba, and Ommo Zaidi, and on the wed by Got- ham, and (iingiro. As Abyflinia is fituatcd between the tropic iind equa- tor, it may reafonably be fupjxifed to be in a very hot climate, but the extreme beat is only felt in the cham- paign country, the villa^'Cs, and low-lands; for the tops of ihe mountains, moll of which are of a great height, cnjnv a deli:;ht(iil coolnefs. Hence this country is very healthful, but is fubjeit to teinblc thunder and light- ning. Mcft of the mountains are faid to exceed Olympus, in height i yet their (le^ p, and to appearance, inaccclGbie rocks, arc inhabited. They arc furroiinded with deep and i?ileiili.c valltts, wnuh, with tlie flat l.mls, a edry in winter, and commonly ovcrflo wed in fuinui r by tiu; rains, whicn inlttad of t.dling bv drops, pour with luch vehemence, that the torrents liom ih- mountains Iwc ■;> awav tiee-., houles, and lonietimes rocks, while all this rivets, oveifl owing their banks, lay the eouiitri under wa- ter ; wliicii on Its retirinir, leaves tht; land cuvend with a thick (lime or mud. f his overflowing of tiw riveisof Ab\IIinia is an advaiitaje not cunfine.l lo that eniput, hut l;ircads its happy influences over all J!'vpt, .iiid extend* the blefling o( plenty lioin Aby(riiiia to the .Mediterta- nean. So lie of their winds appear no Id's dreadful tlian th.eir thunder and lightning, paiticululv one ca.le I in their language leng" or lerpent, which lonvtiiiies blo.v> down tnc houles, trees, and rocks, and (v > maps the mails of (liips in the harbours l>ut thefe p r.oiheal r.ii;u and iIkIs llorins are not peculi.ir to Abyflinia l in almoll ..il coiin- tIie^ within tnc tropic*, the former pour in torrents, and ')vcrnow the land. The riveis (well abov ihrir banks } they lertilize the land. (he reader has (ecu too that ihetc Dorms are alio p'.riodieal; but in Ciiina and tne Ea(( Indies they are called by our mariners tutVoons or typhons. Some of the mountains have large plains on their tops, covered with trees an.l other vrrduie, md aft'ord ixcllent fpriiigs Some .ire well culinatd, though the .lerels t(> them is extremely dilReiilt and dangerous, fometinies through a craj^v .vay iiicuinber'd wit.i huge limes, which muft be tlinibej up with ladders, and the cattle drawn up with ropes. .Many of the mtiuniains abound in gold, as plainly appears from the dull found upon them, or w..lh d down by the ti'rieiitj, lonie pie.es of that metal bcint; of the iV/.e of a pea. Hut no mines of ("liver have yet been difcoveieJ. But the fa!t-pit;> td' .-MniTinia are as valuable as mints of gold and fihcr, fincc thefe not only fupplv tiic inha- bitants of that cxtcnlivecoun:rv with this ii.etd'ary com- moditv, but fait there aniwer.s all the purpoles of inonev, and thn' exchange it with other nation- fur what' \er com- modities they defire to purehale. The piiiKi]).il place where fait is pn cured is on the confines of I );uical.i ..ml Iigra, where there is a large plain four days journey in extent ; one fide of which is incrulLi'.cd all over w ith a pure white fait in fuch quantities, th.it fome hundnil of camels, mules, and ail.s, are conilaiitly cmplojcd in (•tching it from tlienec. There are fc\eral confidciable rivers, the mod famnus of which is, I. The Nile. 2. '1 he Niger, which .Mr. I.iidolph aflurts Us is no more tli. ii the left cf.aniiel of till Nile. 3. The Taca/ce nfes in ib. kingdom of .\n- j gol.i, and a'ter ctuifiui rable windin;;s l.dl into the Nile. \. The.Vlaleg, which, afur a long toiirfe, falls into ilic; I V.'liite River. 5. The How.ilh, which alter riinnin'.'- ' through fevcral kiniidonu, lufes itftif in the faiidv de- fart in the kingdom of Adel. (>. '{"he Z'-Ue, whi-h riles in the kingdom of Nerea, and alter a long courle, flows into the Indian ocean. 7. The W'liite Kiver, which receives fevcral fnirdler dreams, and after fu;- rcundins the kingdom of Ctiangaia, wdiieli lies to the wed, tails into the Nile, fixty leagues below Seniiar in Nubia. I He.'c arc few confiderable lakes, except that of Dam- bea. Called bv the natives the lea of IViina, from the chief ifland in it. This lake is fituatcd in thirteen de- grees north latitude, and niav properly be confidered as the fourcc of the Nile, which flows out of it. It is computed to be about ninety miles long, and thirty-fix ] bro.id ; its water is clear, fwcct, and wholefonie ; it abounds in fifll, and the natives fail upon it in flat-bot- tomed boats, made of the bamboos which grow aloiv.r the banks. It contains about twenty-one ifland*, fini: , of which arc very fertile, and arc covered with grovi s of orange and citron trees, :!nd in fevcn or ei'.'bt of ihcm are old monad;i;.s, which appear tu have been elegant ((ruptures. SECT. ; I ■ t '1. 'hri • '., t:v {; ■ i, , ! '■.ft : : '■■' \ iiii 3:« A S Y S T li M O I- G E O G R A I' H V. ABYJ$lf||A( S K c T. in. 0/th Fnlility if tin Siil «/" M\J:iiiitiUu>y Hifptpelumui,m:.t tll'ti' (\tiMiiliniity Jnhiiali, SOMK of the I.ukIs in Ahyffini.i arc f<> f;.rtl!c as t^ )ii.lJ two or thn'c li.irvclls dI vrry j;"ik1 iiiillit, b.iilcv, ;ind wheat. Tlii) h.ivc no rvf, iiillt.iJ (if wlliili tlicy ni.ik'.- iil'cda In. ill gr.iiii callcil till', wliiihiso! much ihf l.imc talk' ami llaviiii, iwA yields very gi^oj nounlh- iiKiit. It is (iii.ilki th.iii oiir ixippcy-lctd, jikI a little ra, whicli is of the lli.ipe and li/.c of a mule but more lleek and Hinder ; it is here cuiioully niaiked wnh white, black, gtey, and yellow llreaks acrols the back from the ncik to the tail. This animal w not, however, very common, lince it is fo much admired as to bj thought a prel'ent of fulTicient value to be ottered to the monarch. This country abound; with lions, tygcrs, panthers, leopards. Wolves, monkie^, foxes, wild eats, civit eats, hates, rabbets, fquirrels, and a vaiicty uf other ani- mal '<. 'Ihofc who have vifitrd Abjfliiiia mention a very extraordinary animal, whiih is piobably one of the many fpecies ot monkeys. Tlu v reprefent it as nti bi^igcr than a tat ; but as having the lace of a man, witii a mournl'ul v>uce. It lives upon the trees, where they fay it is brought forth and dies : but it is lo very wild, that there is no poflibility of taming it j for when any of them have been caught in ordir to brln^ them up, all the care that can be taken of them will not prevent: their pining away till they die. 'I'here are a great variety of the feathered kind, both wild and tame, many of whi. h are found in Kurope; l)ut tholj here excel I'everal of ours in beamy and i.^e, par- ticularly their partridges, which a.e laid to l-i; as )aii>e n our capons ; they hai e l'.-\ e.al kinds of them, anil alfn of pigeons and lurtle-i'oves. Aniong tl'.c bii('s whicti feem in amanner pecii'' .r to the coun'ry is thi- ni.,roc or honcv-bird, fo called from its parti. ,ilar inllinct in difcovtring the hidiien trcauire ot tlie indullrious bees. Tl'.eoftiich, the largell and moll unwieldy ot all the feather'.d lacr, is common in the i;realtlt part of Afiicn. I he itiis, a bird which dellroys imiumeraMc lerpcni.;, is Jpper Kgypc. In this country 'I'hc Cot!.).! ilirub is extremely plentiful, and produces a alfo known in Nubia and UpjA.! j-gyiJi. ^n uu, countr/ jjreat i]U.-.n:!ty of cottiill. | arc alio the pipi, fo named from iis contlant utteiiii"- during the grcated part thofe two fyllables, and is faid to direct huntlmen to their 'I'iie banks of the livers arc of tne year, adorned with je'inines, roles, lilies, joni|uils, | game, when it feeds on the blood of the bcill killed by and a prodi^icus number of flowers unknown in Kurope. 1 its direction. The cardinal is fo called by the Portu- Scrceany c.)i::.try produces a greater variety of both guefc from the beautiful rtdiiefs of his fe.ithcrs, cxccnt: v:,>'. ai'.iirii'ls : an on^ the former arc camels, '■ thofc on its breafl, which refimble the tinclt black vclvei- ones, ail'es, mules, coivs, (hecp with great i and the white nightingale, is a beautiful bird that has dome ;l it and drome J.ar; tails, and l,j";s, v.'liich are bred in vail numbers, thev ' a tail two lp..ns long. b.ing the prnicip.d wealth id' the inliabitants. Tiuir fat I There are alfo a multitude of obnoxious animals, par- oxen arc laid t ) be of fo monllrous a tlze, that at a dif- ticu'arly ferpents and infects ; many of the tornu r arc t.ince thev h;ii,e been niillakcn for i lephants ; whence it 'extremely venomous, and their bite attended with al- hai t ;en fail, th.>,t horned elephants were common in ■moll inilant death, if the ahcwe remedy be not immc- Abvliinia, ami ihefe horns tr.'.velkrs have reprelented as | diatcly taken. But none ot thefe are capable of doini' being f ) large, that one of them will contain above ten i an hundredth part of the mifthief produced by the lo- larts of liquor, and lay lliey arc ufcd bv the people inllead i cutis, which fometimts appear in fiich thick clouds as to I eclipfe the light of the fun, and to lay whole province* I del'olate. Anion:; the amphibious animals the crocodile and hip- popotamus, or river- h'jrfe, arc the largetl and mofl de- llruitive. The former we have already defcribed in treat- ing of F.gypt, and as the la'ter is feldom fecn in that country, any mountains j they have a quick eafy pace, a;\d are co:n- Abvssinia. 1' 11 1 A. 33!) tUwi ill each I tlu' t4 fiivill coiilidi.iini» its bulk; but it h.is a wide mouth, i;riMt ojicii nuliiilt, anil an i.ppcr li|i like a lion'i, on which throws a bidliy bend, ll-.- fpeiidi the d.iy commonly in the wat .r, and the night on land, when he fttdi on tlic graf^, which is his principal food : hin teeth arc cneein- cd mure valuable than i^ory, on account of their not be- inj fubjccl to turn yellow. There It (jreat pkntv and variety of fi(h in thi: lakes and rivers, amoii'4 which is the torpedo, wliuh ii|«)n be- in? touched by tne fingt r, wliile alive, conveys a lur- piiiing iiumbncl's tu the whole arm. f.iry to keep it in tolerable order, Inaj to i!iflin2<"'1»f'i''l* lex; and theieiorc while the men take mm h iiaini in braidiiij; it up in various fornn, the wonun llrive to have It hang loofi: in tvaiiely of ciiils and i npKts, ex- cept the tore-top, which they take (till (.'reater paitu to adorn with jewels or trinketn actiirdin|^ to their rank. Upon the whole, their drefs i> chiefly aLcoirunodati d to the climate. I he cxceffive heat, whiih will hardly luf- fer them to !»llow any cloalhs to touch their Hefli, nvikes thoni contrive to have them as liijht, and to hang as lool'e as poflibic during the heat of fumnier. Hence iheclotli that covers their bo lies, their breeches, and women's diawers, are made wide and long lo let in us much iiir ns pnlTible ; but in the crxiler leafoin, iluy bring thciii much cloler to thtir bodies, and the rich then ap- peal in handfome veils, open only to the waift, and doled with hiull billions : thefc have fmall collars, and very long and llrainht llceves gathered in at the wrelt. Some authors have niillakcii tliein for fhiits, though they have another lijiht jjarmcnt under them next to the fkiii made ot thin talfety, fatiin, or damaik, according; as the lea- fun and their circumltanees will permit. 1 hey arc not lo temperate in their drinking as in their food, cipecially at their fealh, where, after a full meal, they uluallv drink to excels ; according to a proverb of theiri, to plant full and then water. Their liquors are indeid moie tempting than their meat, they havin^j; ex- iilUnt mead, on account of their ph ntv of hon' ) ; they have likewile lomc other liquors made of various truits, and a third fort made of barli y without hops Ihi-le extelles are attended with no ill conlequeiucs ; for tluy live peacahly and feldom quarrel among tht mlelves, or if they do, their contelh feldom go farther than exchang- ing a few blows ; and in matters of conlequencc, thev ge- nerally decide the controvcrfv by umpires chof?n among thcmlelves, or lay the affair before the ruler of the place. Here they are allowed to plead their own ciufn without the help of a lawyer ; and when judgment ii given, whether by the judge or the arbitrator, they laiihfully Hand to it, without grudi^e, murmuring, or appeal, Uoth the men and women are faid to be witty and in- ircnious ; but thole of the kinL'dom of Nerea are laid to SECT. IV. 0/lh P.rfini, Drefi, Alanntn, ivJ Culhms cf ih- Jhjfi- ttitiii! ; ihtir Hkiulin^i, Fwniliii\; Htjpiliitilf to Uttjn gtis, and IgHiiumt in Arti anil Alaniijaclurii. THK AbylTinians arc generally tall and well flupcd i their complexion may be called bhuk, but loine of them are inclined to the tawny, and to a reddiHi brown. Among them the olive is reckoned the hnell coniplexiMii, and next to that the jet black ; but the reddilh, and particularly the yellowilh brown, is elleemed the mull dilagreeable. I'lieir noles are not flat, nor their lips protuberant, as among the natives of Guinea -, but they have regular and agreeable features, and their eyes are black, brilk, and lively. 1' hey are flout and Itrong, b:i'k and healthy i and their labour, together with the temperance they ufe in eating, prolong their lives to a good old age. Moft of them are lb nimble and active as to climb up the talMt tree, or fteepdl r(xks, with furpriling cafe and agility. The women greatly exceed thole cf Kiirope and Alia in jlrength and Iprightlincfs; they breed cahlv,arc delivered without help, and can take care both of the child and themfelves, without the aintlance of a nurfe. But this i exceed the reft in lenl'e, bravery, generofity, alFability, fingular quality is common to all the women in thefe I and other locial virtues. They are extremely inqiiifitivc hot climates, except where they are weakened by a | and fond of learning; yet the people of Tigra and the ledentary life. I neighbnuiing kingdoms are repielVntcd as beinii for the I'he h.ibit of the men of quality is a long fine veft, i molt part haugluy, iiiconlfant, revengeful, cruel, and either of iilk or cotton, tied about the middle with a perfidious rich fcarf ; that of the citizens is much the lame, but of 1 The Abyflinians are naturally docile, and fond of cotton only, thev not being allowed to wear Iilk, nci- | knowledge, which is faid to have been one of the prin- ther is their cotton of the fame finenefs. The common c ipal motives that induced them to give the Jeluit mif- people have only a pair of cotK.n drawers, and a kind of fionarics fo kind a reception at their firft coming ; and, fcarf, with which they loofely cover the reft of their '■ though there is but little learning found ainonglf them. It is rather for want of proper means than of capacity of attaining it. They are entirely negligent with regard to the fymmctry and architeiiture of their buildings, which is owinr any other covering (or the head, which, as they have a great deal of idle time upon their hands, is an inducement to them to beftow fomc part of it in this amulenient. In- deed, their hair not being apt to grow thick and long, but Uioftiy thin and frizlv, fomc adji'.ional art ftcms iiccel- a8 lor thole they ftile houles would hardly delerve the name of huts among us, they being built of clay and laths put together in the mcaneft and inort flovenly manner, (o as to' be .Mfily reared, and as readily abanuoned, when they think proper to remove their quarters. Thefe buildings belong to the iiiferi.)r fort, who follow the royal camp, and being unable to purchafe tents eieCt thtfe huts with almoft as little trouble as is commonly taken in rearing a large tent. The very emperors themfelves had neither caftles nor palaces, till the Portuguefe miffionarics came among them, but lived in their ftatcly pavilions, where they were attended by all their nobles, guards, and other retinue. Such ftran^ers were they not only to all kinds of ftately edifices, but even to common regular buildings, that when father Pays undertook to build a magnificent edifice for Sultan Segued, none of that prince's fnbjefls kiKW fo much as how to dig the ftcnes out of the 4 N quarries, n\'* ■'.1-1 .'■'\ ) i rj ■ '"itis;;. f. .r'-. t ■, 1 Iff'*-' •!■■'' i^-' '• 3J0 A S Y S T F. M OF G E O O R A I' il Y. AiiS»?«,i t, •jiiarrii;", itiikIi left knw to I'liujre or work ihrm fit fur ul'i'. lie \v.ib thcrcl'iUL- ol Iij;l'J to tcich tticm butli that, uiid how to n.aki' tin- piopvr tnoli tur th^' nulun>, cjr- prrittis, joliurH, .iiij iii Ihoit lur every pjit ol llu' wotk ; unJ alio ho;v lu join tho IIoik':i wiMvh wai p'rriit[n<.>l with A irJilay nl lo gliil.ucuk a ii.'.tuir, that it makci a j^doil lliuiij» ccmi'nt, wiilKHjt the hilp nt qiii.k linu*. 'i Ik- piopli; wire tilloil witli ainn/.cmrnt at hcholJin;: n.t only a laiiv Ihipi'iulou] llaicliiti', erected with mreh llringlh and rev;ulaiitv, but even hi^li ;iiid Itjrely li'iri. i lail'd one up >ii .iiiutiier, tor whlth titrv had not even a priiptr woid, but lliled tlicin baUth-la>bcth, at hoaU' lipDii hcHilc. 'I'lieir t.ililcs are ■rrnerally routul, and nmon;; the tich lire Iari;c enmiph fur tvMlve or fourteen peitonj to lit a- bout ihem j but thev <'ie very low, as the people, like theiiili.il.ii.int^of mo.U f thetdunttios inthc Kalt,fit upon carpet>,aiid tlanieiDcr fuit upon nuts, or mean: tli -v have no hue paintings, tapillry, nr other urn.uiunt'> i and indeed their wav ol living is in foin: inr.iluie iiKonipatible with any ftich tiiierv- Kven their be!l bi.K ate no better than couches, on whi.h they jr.- upon hides or foft fur; wrapi.cd in their upper garnients. Indeed, lonie ot their piiiues and ptrfons of wealth | ur chafe Ii'idi.in quilts with lilk border , which now come to tlifin lioili the ports on the Red Sea ; and thefe thev fptcad ujioii th.ircourhes, chiefly in their outward apatt- nlenl^, that they may be (ten by thoj'e who come tovifit them. Hut the poor niollly lie on niat>, or a hide oi two Iprrul on the gioiind. 'Mievhave neiiher inns taverns, nor caravanfcras for the eiueriaiiinient of liiaii:;! rs. 'I'heic arc rendered un- iKci.ii..ry by tli.it (piiit of hofpitality which prevails a- iiioii^ll them. If a iravcllei llays Ion rer iti avilla^>eor c.imp than ihiee hour>, the whuU- conimunitv arc ready to liuli'C and fiiriiidi hiiii with proper neccfl'jrici ff)r liinifilf, his fervai'.ts, ai.d cuttle, at tl;c public expcnee. lie need only enter tht hrlf hut or tent he likes, and icve.il his wants loth^* mailer of it, who iiiimediatelv 2'h > and iiiloiins the chui p; rl'on of the place, uponvvhiili ;in o.\ Is ordered to he killed, and fo much of it ii lent to liim as will be fiilfieieiit lot hnii rind liis conipanv ; to -i - ther with .i proper i|u. unity of bre.ul, liquor, and proper eonveiiicneie.s tor lodjiing. All thefe they are the inoie careful to lupplv him with, as they are luMc to b:- pu- nillied for tlieir nc^jleol with a tine ot double the v.due td Wh.it they wiie bound to furiiifli h.m with, Ihould lie preler a enmpl.iint of their ne^dect to a proper niii^if- tratc. Howivu, ihi. I.iudable eulloin is attei\ded w.th (;ieat ineoinrnieiKies, as it i^ives encouragement to a luiinber ol idle vai/abonds to abide it. They b.ivc but lew iii.oiuf.iclurcs amnn;; them, and thoiij-h they are cliieflv drelled in linen and cotton, .\im\ iheit country is as proper lor produeiiig them as aiiv in Aliiea, ihcy aie (o indolent, that thev raife no more than will lull fcivc their prelint wants, and the lefs of either terves tlieiii, as (liev make no ufe of any cither at thrir tables or lor their bed., and a fiiuU quantity is futftoent to ferve the common people as a covering tor their bodies. The Jewj are l.iid to be tluir only weavers, aj thev are in ni'df parts of the tmpirc their only fnutiis, and uork in ail kinds of metal. What joiners, carpenters, and riafuns are piodueed in this country may be eafily guefl'ed from themeaniiels of their building's and furniture ; and the lame ni..y be faiil of other trades, as taylors, fhoe- makers, ';e. Irom the pli.ini!el's of their ijrefs. Indeed the potters, an.! makers of horn-trumpets and diinkin;;- ciips, are in the hiznell requell. I he!c anil other infe- rior artills are incorporated into tribes (;r loir.panies, and have their Icveral quarteis, neither iineriiiin.^lini; nor in- termarryin,; wiih the rell, the cliildicii commonly fol- lowing the bulinefs of their parents. Jewellers, ^old and filver-fmiths, and other curious artiticeisof the like kind, are altoj;ether unknown to thiMi, iiiilefs by foiiie of tlieir works benii brou^iht by \v.iv of traflic or exchange, and thefe are only to be ;ound anioivj; the ^reat and opulent. 'i"lie fame may be laid of tireir carpets, lapeltry, lilks, brocades, velvets, and other coiily lluitb, w Inch are all brought hither bv the Turks, by the way ol the Red Sea, and exchanged for goiJ-Jull, einttalds, and fine hmfes I be Jev. -, Arnietiians .iii.( Alabi.ins .ire the coninion brokcis betwciii thcni un | the Aliyfrmiaiiii, who feldoiii <.r nivertravel out ol ihcir own tt.uiitiy, or iiiJcc.l aic lull led lo do h> by ih^! I'uiks, vsho, bein;; pidlelleil of all the l< a porlit on tho Kid Sij, entith theiiilelve". bv tbii iiionopuly, aipl aru lAttuiiely ciriful topi.vent any trade lioiii beiii(; opeiiej iiitu tlu n'uniiv bv Ji'V other naiioii, or ol its btiiii'iaf tied on hv my otinr haiid< but their own. lielides the above aiiiiU* (>f comnieiee, the Turki b'lii ' thm feveral k»nd> of (pives, and anioii|; the rilV p'pper ill very Imall quaiiliiKs, wliiih they keep up a; lo hi^h a price that none but ttie richell of the Abvlli- nian> can purch..fc them. In lelurn lor thele tiie Abyf- linians biinj thim ivor^', honey, wax, (kins, lurs, mul leather in (cieat qu.intiius, for which they aiv ubliued to take what the brokers pleale to j.',ive them. It euit.t not to he omitted, that in AbilTinia thcpeo> pic have no idea cf money i but in pmch.diin; what thev want, crichangeiiiie eommiKlity for aneihir. J lie moii common article of trade cxehang,i d b) them is (alt, by whlth they rate the value ol ever) thin;', ellc ; and whic*! in general aniwers the purpofes of moni v, by beini» rxihaiii'eJ fur all the Decwlljiiis and tonvenieneiei ul' Iile. S L C T. V. (1/ ll.iir Maniar'i, t'-'f 7'' /■.ilm.-Ht cf ibjr ff'wts, Pi. •i.u.i, u>„l FuHtiai RJIit. MARRlACiKamoiiRtheAhv (Tmians is little inoreth.in a tiiin bar.'aiii, orcontiacl, by which hotli p.iities eirjjje to lohahit an 1 join tliiir lloeks, a. loni; as they like ijtn other j alter w.'.ieh they aie at lb rty lo part, I'he cuttom ofmeiiin:; ami bleiliiij; the married eouplj at the thunhJoor is doubllel. derived fnin the Jiw» j and It is laid that none but prielts and ileaeoiis are mar- lad vvitr.iri the body of the iliunii. In this part of the malrimonui (civice feveial cerciiiotii'. s are performed j .Alv.ir;/, who was prelent when theabiin.i, or paiiiarch, iiiriei.iied at one ol iiieni, fays, that the brideuroom ami bride were waiting at the ehurcli-door, where a kind of bed or couch had been prepand for ihcm, and on which the patriarch oidered them to lit ; he then, witli his crols in one hand, and a cciiler m the other, made a kind cf proctllion round thein j and then laying his hands on their heads, told them, that .is they were become 01. s iii 111, (o they ought to have but one heart and one will. This was lollowed by a fliort exhorlation luitable to the occafion ; after which he went into the church, and cele- brated divine letvice, at v*hieh tliey both a/Tilled ; and that being ended he g ivc thent bis bleirinj;, which ren- ders the marriage valid, and then dilniilied them. The more religious (ort not only attend divine fervicc, but receive the holy communion, either jull betore or alter their I- 'iiig joined. \V'h.it iLlhvitles and rejoicings at- tend thefe nuptials wc are not told. The hulbanj and wife, after confummarioii, keep leparate t.iblcs ; or if they j^'rei tocat together, each brings theirown provtlions ready drciied, or lends them in before by their Itrvants or llavcs. The married women are pcrmittei' to appear abroad, and to vilit their friends and illations ; and the princeircs ol the royal blood have Itii! ;;reater piivi'eges, and are fjid to think no gallantries, however injurious 'o their ho- nour, oui;bt to be dciiieu them bv their bufbands; in which liberties they an- lo far upheld by their own itla- tions, that all cotiiplaints agaiiilt thcni will not only be in vain, but taken very ill. But ths is far from being the cafe of thofe of infciior rank, wlio arc generally obedient and laithful to their hulbaiiiij. Thefe are generally obli;;cd, efpeeially anionj"- the iue.4iiei (urt, to peitonn luine oi the moil labntiou& olHccs cf the lan.ily, and particularly to grind all tht; corn ufed in it, which tlie very (laves c*' the other le.\ will rcfule to do : i: r as they have only band-nni!s, they ate fo.-ctrJ to grind ';oin ei'.ti-.T fur bread or driiili every dav. They :i.iliiii' I'h.it the tkiir invtlf Di- Al^-ISINt*. 1 i: 1 Thfyforbiil niirii»ge bftwtrfn pcifon-i in tho fcconJ, (Mr>l, uiid even l..ich o( miiju^.i! hilcliiy. Inn tor w.iiil ol iliilJrcn, difi^rcrnicnt, timlily iiitiiniitK ', »nd llie like i ill jll whith tales the wonien have ihi; lame | loiitriitt a tVcfll manure, and obtain it with the lame call'. ilenrc thefc divorcej are very frequent, •■fpeci.illv' a- moii;? ihofeot hij-h laiik. Kiit, with refpcck to ihi grand motive, the breach ol li.Iiliiy on iitlur I'ule, ihey trt- quently cumpromire the ari'air ) lor a> both the h ilband and v\'ile hj\c their leparatc landt, fnodi, uiid chattiU, they can make what i> elKcnic.i a luitable compiiilatioii for the tranlgreniun. Hut where Inch a conip>.iila:ii>n t.imiot be a^'ried on bctwien the injiirtr in<\ the mjur- nl, the women .ir>' ufiially the molt Icver'ly piinillud ; ilic \s conilemned to lole all her goods, and loieave h^r hulbind's houle in a mean ragged dreh, and nevrr to tiller It morej carryiiii; wi:h her a fewini^-necdlc, by which fl>e may earn h de- bauched the wile, if convicled, i^ Itntemtd to pay a tine of forty cows, horles, luits of cloaths, i*ic. and il unable, I.e becomes the prifoner of thi hulban.l, till the debt he pjul. If the injured hulb.ind futferi hiin touo, he obliges iiini to fwcar, that it ii to fetch wh.it will fatisfy him ; iijion which the i^uiltv pirfon lends hiiii a piece of beef an. I fome li(|Uor, aftir which they lometimci eat and drink topcthtr ; and then, upnn his afkiiiii pardon, the hulhaiid tirll remits one part of the tine, and then ano- ther, till at lal{ he to ;^ivt.s him the whole. With rclpcCt to their tiinerais, after walhiiij.' the bod\, ihcv perfume it with iiicenle, tprinkle it wit:i holy w.iter, and wrappint; it in a Iheet, place it on a biir. The bearers then take it, and hurry it away with fuch Iwitinefs, that th'jfe who attend can hardly keep pace with them. When they come to the church, or the churchyard, for they bury in either, they ai;aiii incenle It, and throw pkiity ot huly water upon it. Atiir the jirieif has read the fourteen litll vi-.les of the Cjolpi-I of St. lohn, they (hoot the torple into the yrouiid, iiilKad ot letting it down gently i the pruif re|Hating fome pl'alms, till the body is coveicd with earth. '1 hey bewa.l their licad nianv days ; their lamenta- tion* bej>,in early in the morning, and continue till the evenini; ; the parents, relation^, and fiicndsmeet at the crave, together with wonien-niouriicrs hired to accom- pany the lolemnity with their out-crits, all clapping tl'.eir hands, Imiting their bicalli, and uttering, in a doleful tone, the molt attccling cxprclfion.^. If the deccaled i'i a pcrloii of dillinction, his horfe, fliitld, lance, and other accoutrements are alio brought tu the place, otferings are made to the church and the clergy, and provilion; given liberally to the poor. This reremonv continue-, .rcording to the quality of the P'.rfon, from three to :orty days, and is repeated ..frcth on theannivcrfary ; and, curing the mournfjl fjlemnitv, they all pray to God to li.' mercii'u! :o th; foul of tne 'icceafi;d. A. *i» S K C I . VI. Of tilt P)u,-r, Aull<»iti, I) /..-It, ti'iJ I'lilii »/''•* I'mfitnr. (if I'll i^idrnfi, tiiil III Hi/'iimI. lit Mihtr m uil'uli ih Prima wtit ttnpnfil, anJ lai/'^J It //•///'••)%. /V'# .ifjr'i,ijt tf tht Lmfirtr \ und lit HtVtHUu »/ lln hmpiiw TIIF. Ahyflinian empire appcan to have liccn tiom its lull touiiuation entit'ly dclpotn , aii country did not claim an ahfolute right over the live<, Idurlies, and lur- tunts (>l tlieir liibj^i'ls, as well ai an uiicolittoulalde au- thoriiy ill all cceicfialtiral attairs i and it i« not kiio.vii that there ever were any wiitt< n law, to nlliain Ihil exoibitaiit power, or l-curc the liber'irs of llu' liibjctt. I hele princes boat! their being del' en !id troin Mtnile- hcch, the fun ol Solomon, king ot llracl, by the queen of Shcba. Aicurding to them this princcts rcr.Mud iwen- ly-hve years alter her return from Judea, and was luc- cecded by this Ion, from wiiom dvlVciided a fcrics ot princes in a dired) line down to the year nine hundred and lixtv, wtieii the crown palFed in:o anotiiei fatinly, but wa . .rurwaids rellorcd to it again. Htme the ein- piTor Itill letains the pompous titles of the HeKned of Ciod, Son ul th" I'ill.ir I'l .^loll, Kintm.,n, ti> the race ot Judah, Son ol O.ivid and .Si'loipoii, and I'.mpeior of the (ircat and High Ithiopia, its kingJom^ iiiiu proviiKCi, &c, I'licy alio bi .ir in lluir anns a lion ludding a crol>, with this iiilciipiioii in the h.ll.iopic tongue, >■ i'hc lioii " ol the irihe of Ju lib is nittorious." 'Ihe relpi ct paid to ihis prin c amounts aimolt to ado- ration i thole who are adiinlt-d to his prcf nte fall |ro- tlrate bcloic him, an I kits the catth as they approach hii perfon ; and it is laid that even in his .djieiice ihtv never hear his name mcntioiie.l witl.out bowing verv low, ?.nA touching tlie ground with ihiir hand. Il'he «):her mark* ol I'raiulcur chiellv conlill in the retinue with wliieh he i* atti luled i for lie is not only accompanied by his own lioulliuld .in.l guards, which are very numerous, but bv all the grandees and otfieer. of the empire, who llrive to outvie each other in the grcatnels and Iplendor of their retinue, in the iichnefsof their drili, and tlie nuiiiKfi- cuice of their pavilions. We have alieadv obfcrved, that theychiiriy Ii\e in tent? ; the enipLior's camp alwa-s takes up a large Ipaee ol 'ground, and makes a very fpirii- did appeaiance, to wlii».li the teyul.ir dilporuion ot the llretls, and great variety uf tents, llicamers, and other ornaments, and eiiKcully the many lights and tires at night do not .i little contribute \ lo that tne w hole appears like avail ojien and regular ci'v, in whole center, or on fome ciiiiiieiit [lart of it, llands the inipeiial pavilion, which outvies all the rcit in height, bulk, and grandeur. Next to it are th.Jl'c of the einpreH's-s and royal tamilv, an.l then tiiole ol theolBciTsot the court, all appeatiiijj with a p.oporlionable though ii.f.-rior lullrc : to ihcic may be add..d thole large anJ llately f,avil:,).i. svhii h lervc as church -s, upon v/hith tlicv billo.v no I'mall cxpencc, in adorning them both witnin a.id without. In Ihoir, the imi'iri.d camp is of \ all extent ; and yet good order Is commonlv oblervcd in it. It nas markets, courts of julliec, and places where voung pcnons of rank pcr- lorm a vaiietv of cxercifes on horfeback. But all the rett only r. U nilde a i^reat number of long extenlive lanes, of mean ordinary talle, or low mifenble hats ot lath and clav covered witii llraw, whi.h lerve theemi'eror's guards, lu'.liers, and a prodigious multitude of lutlers anJ other attendants. When the emperor removes his camp, or, as it may be properly itiK-d, bis metropolis, whii h is ciiicflv oc- c.dioned either through ihe want oi wood, pronfions, '.t the difiorcnt wars in «hich he is engaged, the cfiji-f care is to thoofe a convenient and fp.ieious Ip^.t well lurnilhed with water, and if"'— 'ally with wood, of whieh thev make fuch h'.ock. t:'.'; ill forells are frequeiuly laid bare in a Ihrii ■.'.■-■■ ; ;i;'..t hey arc amaze I, and thiiilc it iiicr«dib .;, '!ia' jV^'k K '• at cities as aic m vthcr parrs «f ^1 v^ if ^ \ ' • j' :•" ■ ■ i ■u «*.• • i. .'.aiij 33* A S Y S T F. M O 1" G E O G K A IM I Y. AnyssiNtA h4 f ^ I, V \^: U' 1 -f -' . ili;.. P I 1.- • I cif the wnrKl (lioulJ be aMc to lubfift fo lurii; ;i time in one place witncuit being in extreme want uf wood. The r-iipcror m liis march, wlietln r in tunc of peace or wa;, i; aiway^ attemleil by bis cbict niiiullcrs ; he appears wiiii a cri.vn on his he.ij nia le of pure t;oi with orders to clear nnJ rep.i i t!ie roads, and to open the woods thro' vhich his way ii-^. bv ctittini; down branches ot trees, the briars, .I'd every thini; elfcthat may retard themarch; and to r;ii' "Jc niittraric; both for him and the whole army, ^v'li■ 'i t;ncls but llcivlv, and by fliort journies, ot' ac-.cunt of trie multitude of women, children and catfK , whai tollow tne camp. At ttie time appointed all the !;overriors pumfluallv come in with their quotas of corn, came, beer, and other liquors; all which are ditirlbiiteil, \v.ti\ the uimolt exaclneh, among the fcveral Links and orders of the army. In thele marches the titrnerari, an officer who commands the van-guard, fixes his pike on the I'pot he choolcs tor the ini|x:iial pavilion ; after which everyone of the reit kiiowins: his own r.ink, and the ground be is to take up, eat'ily guefs by their eye where the tents are lo be pitched j fo that the whofe en- campment IS foon (ompleied with fiirpriling readiiuls, and in fo ex:>.-^t and leuilar amaniiu, that, notwith- ftanding their being fo Irnpuntlv removed, every one knows the wavs and paths lo well, th.it he can go to the tent of any one with th^- lame laulity as h^- can to his own, or a< we can find a Itreet, lane, or houfc in any ot our cities. The camp is always divided into feven paridies, each nf which h.is its miiiill. r, deacons, and inferior ofticers, wh ) alFilt him in the inltiiution of youth, in performing divine ferviee, and the pay him their liomage. Upon ihele occalioiis a kind of ritual, whiLJi perhaps cniilaimd the duly of .i i;ood lo\tiei:;n, was le.ij and I xpl.iiiied behiie him, either by the metropnlian, by whom lie was anointeil, or by for..e of his liibilitutci. From thence the new loveiciini went and .ilfilled atdi- vin ■ (crvice, and rcceivc.l the holy communion; altti which he returned, accompanied bv his court and army, to the loyal tent, ilimu.'.h Ihejoylul accl.iiiiatious of the people, with the lonn! of mulical iiiltruments ; aiiil the lolcmnity was doled with t.:altiii^ and other tokens of I he Abvfllnian monarchs, like their anticnt progeni- tor Sol'.imoii, king of tne jew:, allow thcmlelvL■^ a phi- ralitv of wives ; ami not onlv imilaie him in that, but in laki.ig thole or ditf.ieiit religions, e\cn Mahometans and Cjentiles i and loine have lai tied this In far, as ti> allow ihrir hcalhen wives lo have iheirov.n temples am* idoli ; lo that on one lute inig'it be leeii the church of Ciod, ami on the other a p.igaii temple. Others, howev:;r, have had lb much regud to their relimon, as to caule thole Pagan or Malioiipctan ladies to be iirlructed and baptiltd beloie they mairied them, rhegeneralitvofttieic princes, however, clioole to marry the dau!;hters of noble lamilics ami'iig their luhjeds ; while uiheis p.iy a gieater regard to the natural endowments of the mm J, or the beauty ot the perloii, than lo their noble extraction. I he monarch has no foonvr pitched upon a youn" lady for his wile, than (he is taken Irnm hi r parents, and lodged with loine of his relations, inorilii to obtain a better knowledge ur her giM)d qu.ilitiis. If he is latis- (ied with her, he takes her with him to church, and having both received the holy communion, they are con- ilucltd to tile impeiial pavilion, attended by the whole court in their richtit attire, and there the abuna, or chief prelate, commonly performs the matrimonial ci remonv , which being ended, the emperors, as at other times, dines by himlclt in his own apartment, and (he in hirs, m company with a number ot other ladies. riie nob'; 'i and other clergymen aic Ireat-'d at other tables in I'ep.irate tents with vaiietvol meats and liquors ; and th>r fcalt l"'- nerally continues among the male guefts till all the liuiior IS drank, alter which every one lays himlelf down and lleeps till morning. It was formerly the cullom for ih;- emperors never to appear in public, and th< v vveie leldom known to trouble tlunildvfs willi the altaiii ot government, the latcol which was committed to two minilti-rs, lalltd /'./AA/,/,',', or favourites : b'lt this cullom has bctu Ion : abidiflieJ, and they (hew themlelves lo their fubjects at Icall inrec or tour limes a ye.ir, tliough none is allowed to fee them eat, except the pages who (red them ; (tor both thee .in. I all the great have their meat cut into bits, and cimieved to ihur mouths by young pages) : and when thcv give audience to foreign amballadurs, they always (it out of light behind a curtain. I he rcvenuej of the empire (ccm lo be very incon- fiderable, and chiefly arile ttom the four followiiur branches : the lirll istlr.- tribute paid by the governors of I'uch provinces and kingdimib as abound with gold, which amounts to no more than about hve or fix tboufanl ounces per annum, one vear with an.ithcr. The next blanch arifes fmm the f.ile of all the gieat I'ffices of the empire, and the yearly tribute they j.viy him The ib.iid bran(.ii Anv SSINlA Abvssinia. 1- K I A. jii the head ot' the itcil him. Aliir i.il, iIr'v 111iM11U,;j| i.()iulu.;lcil hiiii ic) !'.!■ loiiiiil iittniMi- lilllJlIlCllI^, iiitir- . Here he alone ihc l.ime without ily aiioiiiliil hy .1 iip.inied the cere- e .0 the uecMlioii. ;>eri.il uihi.., aiij wiiiil ot' lUte was he Iting CeatcJ him emperor, and ctLimations ot the to |i;iy him thtir d ot rttu.il, whi^li >vticri;li, was le.ij e me!ro()f 4 phi- im HI that, l always (it out i.l" to be verv incnn • le tour tollowiii- y the i;overnor, it id with gold, wliKJi e or liK tboiiLinl lothcr. 'Ilic ne\t pieat iifliers of i!ie y him Thf !l.:;>j bran<.u branch confills of a tenth of all tbi- rattle of the enipiu , lev.ed ever-; third year, and the louiih of a pice ol cotton cloth paid for every co'.toa loom. SEC T. Vl[. Ofihe qr,-at Ofpitn, and Forcn of the Empirt : tieir Man- ner of' tr)in^ Liiu/is ; aiul the fiinijhrunts fillieltd on CiiiiiDittli. THE emperor has a chief officer, who i^ called Rafli, or principal, and in |>ener.iliiiino of all the forces ; he has under liini iwo giea; olliecrs, one ot whom ia u kind of higii-iteward, and is callvd lord of the I'ervants, whole power extends not only oier the civil iiiil:;es ot the empire, but over all the viceroys, governor, ol pro- vinces, and the (generals ol the afiiiy. 1 he otiier, who is only a kind ot under iK ward to the king':) I'.outllold, is lliled lord of the lelilr lervants. Thefe have in a good nualuie the mana^env nt of the empire and the regulation ol the aimy, whicii is indeed far from being anlwcrab'e t lioin their youth ; and as ihiy continue in the fuld the gteaull part of the year, they are e»|uallv capable of bearing the moll cxcellive heal, the (h.irpelt cold, and the molt vi>)- Icnt rains, with very little l.'i their liidenancei and even ibis they procure by their labour Irom the l.inds the emperor allows lo thole in his Ic-ivicc. Another dil.iu- v.inl.ige is, their taking their wives and ihilJieii with them ; and thcic arc generally fu iiumcruus, that a camp a8 Ol thirty thowi.u J men alway.* ciml'lls of ..hove abiindrej tlioiil.iiid ferloiis, ;.ll of whom ale obiiged to live on tb.-. pii'.liice of the lalld^alligned lor their maint^ii.iiKe. I'lie army is attended by diuii.s, and ketile-drums, l.irgeralid louder ih.lii ouis, belides truinpits, hautboys, lluie>, ,ind otiier inltiuments i and alio by a valt number ot priilLs, who not only peiloim the divine I'eivieein I .ivilioiis, but eicoil anil attend the laeied ntenlils witll gre.it pomp and lerciiioii), i;nd v*itli vueal and intliu- mental mulic. \\ nil ivlpicl to the civil government, th? vieeroyi and govi. mors of proviiic.-s, as well as liie military coti- nianders and civil magillr.Ue., hold their feveral co.nts of judi..,iture, in which all ciiiles, whether civil oi ciimi- ii.il, are decided ; only thole ol the nuriial kind have martial oHicers, who prclide in tl'.em, and thi- oti-.ers .irc tried by the civil judges, who abme .ne alioweJ to lit, while the pl.iiiitilV, delciiJant, and the relt ot the com- pany (t.iiui. ihUe, upon pi.'per occalions, will even lit upon the ground in the hignway or opui ti.id, an,l try a caule brought before them, when every one wliu pleafes may be prcleiit. Ihty make ule of no writing, nor keep any itcordi. nor do they alloy.- of attornies and coiinlel to plead on the merits of the caule; but both the pl.iimilfand defend.nit plead their own caule, the former Ipe.iking (ii(f, and the l.itlL-r alter hmi ; ca.iimay aii- Iwtrrand reply three or tour times by 111:11^, af.erv.hicfi ihe judge commanding lilence,alk. the opinion of the by- ll.iiidir.s, and then pionounces lenience up.on the l,)jt. In crimin.il cales, il tlie .lecul'er be ca!t, he is titlier kept pi lionet by tl;e judge till he has iii.ide faiisfael.on to t.ie .lecul'er, or if the crime be c.;pit.d, as in tlu c.il'e 01 niur- dei, he is delivered up to the plainrill to be punilhej with death at his difcretion, and that of tlie rcLtions of the deeeafed, who either (ell the iiuiidvrer, 01 pat him to death in what m.iniu r they plealc. Hut vhIkh a mur- der c.innot be lutlivieiitly puned agaiiilt any man, all tile inhabitanis of the pLue where it was c.nr.nnttcj arc tevcrely tiiieil, or (utter tome bodily pLnirtini nt. The Ahvliiiiiaiis have three kinds of capital piinifli- ments, the tirlf burying the crimin.il i|i:te up to his mcmtii, then covering his luad with tliorni and briais, they l.iy a heavy (tone upon th- ill. Tne (eiond is beat- ing thuii to de.itli with thick dubs about two feet Ion - ; but tb.e 111 >ll ulual nieihod is running t:ie n through vvitli tluir lances, in whicii cji'e the iieaiell r.laiiens of the deee.if.d makes the liriithiull, .itld the rell follow in due order ; even thole v.iio come after the criminal has ex- po ed generally dip their weajions in hij bloo,', to i!ievv that they aic alio concerned to levenge th-j murder ol a relation. Hut wli.it is lliil more baibarous, i> tiie flail- ing and loud rejoicing nude by thole relations Irom the time the crimin.d is dcliveied into their hands till his exe- cution, and more particularly on the night pieceding it, to all whic'. the piifoner liimielf 1^ a wltnel^. I'hiu lieqiieiilly exalperates his fiieiids lo far, that it com- monlv ends in the death ol Kmie of lus nioil zealous profetuturo. SEC T. Vlll. 0/ tlu RJi^iin 0/ th /f/iyj/imani, hlhlehrt arJ fmce their Cjnverjian ti Ch)ijhan:tf. IT has already been intim.ited, that the AbytTit-.ians boall their having received both their kin^s and the Jevvilli religion from Solomon. t)i this they have .111 antient record, which give> the tollowing account of this lingular event ; " That a gie.it and potent queen, " named A/.eb, or M.iqueda, reigning in Kthiopi.i, be- " ing intormed by a meichant, namcu Tamerin, ofthsr " S"'''' P""ei and wildom of .Sidomon, tr.ivelled to Je- " tufalem, attended by a retinue of the greatell princes *' and nobles ol Ethiopia, aiul with an imnu ntc :re.>lure. " Theie .S.^lomoll inlliiicicd htr in the knowlrd^e of " the true Ciod ; and upon her return home, atih- md " of nine months, (he was delivered of a Ion, uho was " called Menilchech, and allii D.ivid. i'his (cinafii- " wards going to Jerulalem lo fee his father Solomon, " was magnihcently ciuertaiaevl by liiin, and anointed 4 O '* king 1 ' 1 !!*'■•■! *. ■ > *• ■ tl ! .;•.' r' tJ h 1 ^i4 A S y S T E M OF G E O G R A I' 1 1 V, Abyssinia ki.ij of Et!;io|',I,i l>v ZaJocaivl Jcilli, tht- hi.'hpritlf:; any Ihirucs or carved ini;);:is ol'-iny klii.!, except picliiris • mil when ho was thoroui^hlv :iiltriicttd in the law ni , they will not (iilt'cr any cjiiiilixcs, whcllicr laricd iir f;i(t .... is,; ! ] Ik' Mn , '' (i;),!, which he v.:!s tu catilc tii be oblervCJ in hisd " millions, Silimmn afli^ncj him (Vvcral ol tne tint-born " lit' ll'rael to attend and (crve hini in I'.thiopia, and !ur- " nifhed him with officers and lei vanrs belonging lo the " hoiilc ot Judali, with a high-pricR, leviie», and doc- " tor-; in thcl.uv of Moles." 'I'hcre is nothing in tins account vi ry improli :lle ; but the lame recoul aJds nianv circutnllancei that are evidently falle, as that the tirlt-born of Ifrjel, at the in- itigntion of A/ariah, the f)ii of Za.ioc, went to JcruU- lem an I (eichcd th;; art; out of the temple ; and, bein ; aflilJed by a tr.iin of miracles eiVapcd the purlmt ot So- lomon, and anived with it in Kthiopia. However, it i» not improbable that the prince of Abvfliiiia mi"ht caulc another ark to be rule like that formid by Moles, anl that this llorv niuht be afterwards invented, in oider to procure it a more general vcnvration. 'I'his ark is l.iid to be fiill kept, and fo clofely conceal- ed, tl'.at even th.ir nim^archs a e nut admitted t> the light of it. Sitce the Abvflini.in cmp- or^ hive allimed the culloni ot livin:; in tcni.s, this precuus relic is no longer lonfnicd to a temple, but alwavi accompanies the royal camp, and is canied about with the gr,-ateft form ind ceremony, attended by four prelates in their pont:tical habifs, xnd about foity or filtv ether priclb, who chant het:iri.' and after it, while one marchin? backwards hefoij witli a cenler in bi> hands, inccnfes it all tM'; wav, till it be d, polited in the uranJ pavilio.'i, which is tr.t: I hint h of (he imperial couit. The Abvilinians maintain, that they were converted to C'liilli.initv by the eunuch or prime minilK-r of their (picen Candacc, av, ns they call her, Handakc, who, after his convcrfinn by I'hilip, th-y lav returned into Kthiopi.i, and g.ive his (piten 3 full account of all that li.ul p.ill'ed i upon which that princcfs a!fo btlievej in the (iolpcl. infi.iitilf However, in t'le year -JJ^, Athanafi'.i«, patriarch of Alexrindrin, ordiiiud Kruinetitius bifnop of Axumj, and fent h'ni to pf ah the Ciofpel in Ethiopia. This he per- Jorni'd with grc.it fucccfs ; the dilciplme of th» chiirih wastlien fettled coiif'jtmably t() that of Alexandria ; priif!* and deaccns were evrry where ordained j liturL;ie>, ar- ticles, and e.iMons were fcttlnl and confirmed ; and the Abyfiir.im church was brought ti acknowled>;e herfeif whollv fu''i;'i.'f and dep'n.Iant upon th.it , according to the nearnels of their L.ilier; that of the All'umption of our l,ailv, which (oniinues fifteen davs ; and that of Aiivent, which lalls three week.s. In all thcfe Lents they abll.iin from eggs, butter, chetfe and neither eat nor drink till after funlct, whiih is never later than between fix and leven in the evening; ; and ■ftcrthat time they may eat and diink till niidn;g!i;, in- (lead of butter they ufe oil, which they e.Miact front a fmall gram, and u far trom having ait unplcafant t»(|e. They f.ift with the fame ftiic'lnrfs on all the Wednef- davsand I'ridays throughout the year, and on thole lUvj alw.iys go to piayers bcloie they begin their meals. The very pcaf.ints baee their work to have time to perform that duty, before they break their latt. Neither the old nor young, nor even the fu k, arc cx- culed Ifom falling, though in lume cafes they make fomo abatement AfiYiSINIA. AFRICA. 335 ab.ifrmcnt in tlie rigour of it. The monks :ire more Ihii^l tlun the rcit, for foinc of them cat butonco in two days of their mcaijru fire, and others, authors fay, pafs the Holy Week in devotion, witliout cither citing or j drinking till the fabbath ; and perform many other acls of moftificacion equally incredible. SECT. IX. 0/ tht antiint Churches 'f Myjfinla \ thnr Mmar.Hts^ tht diffirmt Orders tf Munh, and their Manner oj' Life. AS the Abvflini ins did not always live in tents, ami ftill fpend fome part of tile year, which is doulit- Icfs the rainy fcufon, in hoiiles, they h.ue levur.il to.vns which are in a ruinous fituation, and fcvcral antient churches rtill ilandinp : fome oftheic, particularly thofe belonging to tlieir moll celebrated moMalterits, appear to have been formerly large and fumptmuis ftri!clur!.-sni<'l^ly built after the model of the temple of Jcriif ilem ; but fume ofthtm are round, and have a fipnre chape! in the centre built of llonc, with four gates facing the four cardinal points. The portals and windows are rcnorally of cedar, and the roof rifes in the form of a cupola ; but within appears dark and gloomy, on account of the dome having no opening to admit the light. The body of the church, between tliis fquare ftruiture and the round walls, wer.; wainfcotted with cedar,and the root fupportcd with cedar pillars. Moll of them are, however, gone to decay, and of fome of them little more is left than the ruins. I'rom thcfc ftruflurcs it is probable, that the arts once flju- rifhed in Abyflinia, But thofe churches that arc mod w "thy the atten- tion of the curious reader, are ten <. ncm cut out of the folid rock, all begun and coi eted by the command of Lalibela, one of their mon.irchs. I'heir names arc St. Saviour, St. Mary, the Midy Crol's, (iol- gotha, Hethlchcm, St. (leorgc, the Martyrs, .Marco- reos, and Lalibela, which was thus named from its founder, and is by far the noblcft ftruclurc of them all. This prince, being fenfible of the (catcity of architects and workmen in his own empire for carrying on Inch vaft defigns, fent for a number of them (on, bccaufe they chant all their fervice Handing. J hey have nei- ther rcfeiitorics nor halls, and their huts or cells are of clay, (mall low, and thatched, and lb meanly fcimillied, that every thing within is aniwc.abic to theii mortitied life ; thus their only bed is a poor mat Ipread on the floor. Two different orders of th' lie dillinguifhcd by the name of their founders, or latht. retornuis : tlicle are thole of Tekla Haymanout, a native of Kthiopia, ind of Abba Euilatiiis, an Egyptian. I'hofe ol the former ord.r have a kind of general amongll them, cholen by the heads of the monallery ; and tlie other has a I'u- perior tided Abba, or Father, over ejch monaltery cKdted by the m.iioritv of votes of the monks bLlonginu, to it. The habit of both is nearly the lame, or to fp.'.ik mote properly, differ in each particular, for except their afh.e- ina, which is only worn by the Ahbas or I'riors, and is no more than a braid of three thoniis of red leather which they put about their necks, and t.iilcn with an iron or copper hook, every one cloaths h'inlilf as he thinks fit; but all are meanly dtelVed, and the cloth or fkin which covers their body is girt about then with a leather tlrap. Some go bare-headed like the l.;itv ( others wear a kind of hat, others tome fort of cap, and fome cover their heads with a lecc of cloth. Tnofe who attcct a more alcctic life ' nietimes retire into the defarts, and afterwards return again and diftn!;u;llj them- felves as they pleafe, tome by havini; a ycllowilh fkin about their neck, others by a piece of cloth of the dme Oiape and colour, and a third fort by a kind of black mantle. Thofe of the monks who obictvc ccliba. y are generally more elteemed than thofe who marry, ar.d jia often, efpeciaoy their abbots, employed by the empcrorl in public affairs, negotiations, &c. S EC T. X. Of tht 'evcrnl Kingdoms or Provinces tf /^/•y^ma, v:/th a p,i ieulor A-ccunt «/' the G alius ^ a l>aii/,noui Nation who have csnquertd tht grtatejl Part of that Emfirt. HAVING given an account of Ahvffinia in general, and of every thing worthy o! notice, in relation to the manners, ciilloms, an 1 i'lta is thi; kini'il^'iii of An^of, whivh W.I', lorini'rlv rich aiiJ fertile ; but is now .ilmnit riiiiuj hv ths; trilla?, who have I'ubdutv! the ;,'reatL-!t put ol it, ami iho iijiall rcmaini tlicy have Ictt arc Ijarje worthy of notice. 'f'hc kmnJom or province of Ua^amcder, or Baiainr- liri, lii-i will of Tigra and cxit:u!> from it t'> tlie Nile. It IS about a liundrc'i and eighty miles in leiiL;th, an.l iixty ill brcadtli ; hut a ;.^re;t part ol it i ; moiiiitJiiiotis, ro:kv, and inhibited bv wild nations. It h.is foni-.- toATiis, paitiiu!.irlv one of i:« oivii nanic, which is the nietro]), and well Ihaped ; and in their dialiinFj lionill, wile, faiihlul, and uiidiii-uifed. They are alio br.ive aiul w.ir like, and have always defended their couii- irv v.'itli :;rcat (;.dlantry atrainlt ' the ineurfiuns of the wild ai;d barb.iroiis (.i.dl.c, wlio have l.jl-iued even half of the AbvlVmian empire. Theliibute i!kv pay to t'l; iniperor ol Abvirniia appears rather to proceed from ih ir lov.iily th in .ny loree ; lor tjiey receive no afilltance IV. .ni liiiii a,'^ain(t thole common invaders, nor do. s lie niain t.iiii any Itandini; forces, p irrifoii',, or forirelles to keep tiKiii 111 awe. This kiliudoni is laid by Ionic artiiori tj .ihoiind III fMilil i but that is probably owinu; totl.o "leAt (piaiiiity ol that metal buiatiht into it by tiic i.ci;;hbiiur- iiii; Calfies, iinlels it h^ luppofed th/t iIkv ileliiiiedly conceal and forbear Inking lor it. Kit the l.uiie oi' tiieit wealtli Ihould induce the lurks, or llie plundering (Jal- 1.:^, to ill'. ade ihem. As the Ci.ill.is have obtained fo coitf.deiable a p:'.rt ot the empire, it is proper to gi\ .; liime account ol llnni. 1 hcl'e people, who are alio called tJ.iili and li.illi, arc commonly dillinnuilhed .iciording to their litu.'.tioii, wiili relpect to Abyllinia, into i altern, wcllcrii, and louthira. i hey are a boKl war-like people, who l,ve by the Ivvord, and conlidcr that as I'liiii;; the bell title to ivery tlnii',', and .IS bijiutbe lured means (if pr.lctvin:: Wr.at thiy bicoir.e that ot the court, and of the polite thtou;;hout \ b-'^'' acipiiicj. They are broii^'.hi up to arn.s li. ni their llie empire. Here (lands the ticks of Amba^uexen, | '"''incy, and are eai ly tau/lit to love jjlory and coi.i|uelt, where the piif.ces of tlie bliiid Wire formerlv i ontinid and educated ; and this province ii conlideud as the ccntrt of the empire. Karthcr to the weft, and on the other fide of the Nile, is the province of Cioiam, which r .ilinolt enco:ii|iair.'J on every fide bv that river, except to tlie north-call, whei i; is boiind'il bv tae Danibe lake ami to delpife ll.aeiy and death. Their youth arc hoc allowed the privilege ol cutting; their hjii, which they elteem the hadijc of manhood, till they fiave killnl an eiiciny or Ionic lavage bealt. The greater iiun.bcr ol I brave aiitioiis a man has perfoimed, the more he is rc- ( (peeled, and this ;;ives tliiin the preculeneat cotinciU the north-w.ll to the louth-eall ii foincwh it above a hiinlred and liity mdis, and its breidth from e.ill to weft, wher'. it is uroadelt, is about niiu-tv. Tiiis country i, fertile, but :n the middle is hi ^h and mountainous, and thel'c cmineiicc' are p..rily inli.ibiled by .i pcop'e i lid to be defcended from lla/ar, Abraham's F.;.;vp'.ian bond- maid. Ih'- northern parts aie .iltoaether iiuiuiitamoiis and rocky, and laid to be inhabited by Jews ; iiul it is more probable that they aic I'omc of the an. idit AbvlJi- 111.111., who hive never )et en. braced the Chnltim re- ligion ; lor thou;!h thcie arc great mi.iibets of Jews (lilperlcd through the whole empire, \et that people arc never known to pri for defart habitations b..foic the inhabited pl.iins and places of commerce : tier is it pro- bable that t;iev wojld relide among the o'hol'(,it ihle rocks, unlels wc luppofc fomc lich mines i.c hid a- mongU th^-fii, which keep them mi^re profitably employ- ed. rUis country contains twenty diltricls ur govern- Hunts. To the n irth of Gnjam lies Dambea, which lifipa i:s leiiiith fiom i ^"J -It fcltivals, b .11 count iluy lave the heads ot thole enemies that l.ill bv their hand aj the mod va- luable trophies. After an eni;a".cnient they lay ihem belorc the proper oflitcrs on the hi M oi battle, where they are regiltered in lav our of the perloiii by whom they are brought; after which the owner may c.;riv them to his own tent, to^^elhcr with his ihaie of thi plun icr, which is adjud|;ed to bim according to the fliare he had m the viiitorv. Their weapons arc the bow, the arrow, and the dart, when they fij-.ht at a diltancc. Thole of' hij'h rank clod: in upon tile enemy with their f'.vords, and tlie rell fiavc a club, with one eiui hardened in the titc. Thtir lliiclds are chiefly made of the hide of a bull or b'afi'aloe, J'hcv had tormerly no cav.iliy, but have fine; learned to lii'ht on horltbaik ; and though their horlis are but iiidirie- rent, yet they lii;ht lo dole, and in fuch good older, tfiat the AbyfTinians, thoujih iiiiich better moun'ed, c.'.niiot bear the (hock. It is even a capital ciinic amoiij ttiriji to give way after the imfet is begun ; hence tiny ull liuht to concpiir or die, neither giving nor idkiii" (]uariei : rated from it by the lake of it. o'*n name and the Nile. ' tuflsing with fuch luiy on the foe, that it it very diHicuJc This IS onc'.f th':: (lattelt countries in all Ab) lliii,.,, and to nuke head a^'ainft them; wliciuc they have gained is thrreforc freiiuenliy oveiilowcd. It is ab..u' ninety ' many fignal viitmies over .-^byflinian amiirs, that have miles in lenjth from call to welt, a'ld about .hirty in ' been much more iiunje:oii., .md provided with betur brca.lth from north to fouth. N'otwithllanding its beiiii» tfteemed a Itvtl country, it has lime mcuntains of an fxttarr linary height Cieo?iaphcrs mention Uveral con- fidcrabi.- towns ; but it do.-s not appear that there are any, except Ciubca, whi.h is the rrlidence ot the queen, as well a^ t.i.itof the emperor whinevcr he leaves his camp. This |iiov!t>ce is divided into fourteen liitri^ls. Th'; laft kin(;.!o!H or pionnce worth notice is that of N.irca, or h.r area, which extends fouth as far as the horfes and arms. W'hmcver ihnefore the Gallas i...il.c exciitlions into the teriit',ry of an ciicniy, iiiiKad of trulling to numbers, iliey commonly ihoofe a leU\t body of dottrmined youtlis not exieeding ei'ht or tai thoufand at the molt, who being all fwoin to (land by e.ich other to the lad, ti:;ht wi'li furh intrepidly as til- dom lail ol putt'ii;' .in enemy of twice or time times thiir number into dilordtr. 'I'hey dclpifi: a;>r.'culliiie as a il.'vifli employment ( an. I fixth degree ol latitude, and cimfequeiitly to the txtic- ; though they admire the biead they take fi.Mi the Abylli- mityof the tmpirc. It was formerlv iioveriicd by its own ! iiians and other neighbour^, aic generally above fowiii;> moii.ii'chs, wh.i, as wllas their lubjrcts, were paganj ; 'corn; and if they d.>, leave th.it woU to their llaves and but beiii^ conouTid about accmury ago, they enibraccd i women, while they tollovv what they nlvc:ii the mure Chriftianity. Ii(iv.'evcr, a conddeiable patt ol thccouii- manly ixciciles of w.ir and hunting. Ihcy, howeve,, try is (till iinfubdvied, .tnd perh.ip» unconvLrtrd. The h<.\i nunieious herds of ( aitir, and live clii.-fly upon whole kingdom is cdefincd rivh and feitil ■, and pio- diiccs a ^leat iiurr.ber ui cat'.lc, i he inhabitants carry their milk, and fuch (iroduilioiis of tliccarth as ihccoun- try all'urds, (hilting lioni place to place l^^r the hike oi pailurc. Abex. AFRICA. 137 pallurir, ami carrying their wives and children with them whorcvtr ihcy j;o. They arc Uiil to bcdividcd into above fixty tribes, each of which has aparticular hc.wl or prince ; and thrl'c choolc from anion); theiiifclvis .1 Iuvm, or liiba, who prdidrs over all the rcll, but wholi; authority extends only to mili'ary affairs, and is contincd to eight yt.irit. He con- venes the grand couneil, in which the atfair-; ot peace and war arc determined ; and if they a);rcc iipnii the latter, he heads the army as commander in chief, diltribulini; to each ut the hcadi ul the tubes his proper province aiid duty ; and after the war or expedition is over affii'.ns to each his proper honours, rewards, and (lure of the plun- ilcr ; but if any difpute arilcs, it n coniniuiily decided by the ;;cneral council. \V'uh regard to ieli;.;ion, the Cijllas aclciiowlcd'.;c a Su- preme (lovernor of all fublunarv thin.;s, and yet they are laid to pay nn outward worfhip, and to be exiicmcljr ignorant of every thing rclatinjr t.i reliLMin; but their veiy enemies .lilow that they are extremely hoiiell and (rue to their promifes, and arc never known to violate an oath. I.. '■'- I ^ 1 1 , > 'I I J. CHAP. III. Of A K E X and A N I A N. s r. c T. r. Of A » E X. Ill SlualUii, Extent, Clirruil.-, Fact tf iht Ciutilry, Inhabl- tfitili, iimt pi ttuipal Touni \ with n iiihiji: J IJiiiption 1/ the littlt Kiiigiiim cf Dutujii. ABEX, or ll.ibafti, is only a narrow flip of land which extends .ilon;; the wefleiii or .African Ihore of tlie Red Sea, and w.is formerly a part of U|>piT Kthio- pia, though it is at prcfent fubjcdk to the Turks, who fci/.r-d on all its bays and poits from K^'.ypt to the Streii;hl-. of Babclmandel, by which means the natives of Ab\ flini.i wore excluded (Voin all intcttourie with the Red Sea. I'his territory i-s hot ami fandy, and the air not only fiiltry, but Ul\l^\ and unwholcfoim , efpeiially after fuii- fet ; and the uuintry is lo parched by ttie fun, that it is almoll barren, and produces few of the necefl'aries of life. It has however fomc deer, and alio flieep of a prodigious fi/.c, with hi-;»,e tails like thofc we h.ive licfcribcd in treating of Syiia : it is .illo faid tu abounvl with a great number of lions, tygers, and other wild beafK. The weftern part of (his trailf of land is feciired by a Ion;; ch.iin of inacceilible mountains, which prevent the pafiage of an army from Abvfliiiia into their country, there being only two narrow pailes, th.it ofSuakin and that of Aikico ; and even in ihcfe p.ill'es the road is i'o riig;;cd and difTuult, that there is no travellin;; above five or fix miles a day, .iiul confeiiiicntiv they may be cafily defended by a luiullal of troops againlt a numerous army. 1 he inhabitant; confift of a mixture of Turks, Egyp- tians, Ethiopians, Ar.ibs, and C.iflVes. Thf priniipil towns are Suacpiam and Arkico, or Ercoco, and a number of villaj^es ul tilliermen. Siia- ijunm i • built on a fnull ifland of i(s own iiaitir, fittiated in nineteen deijrers lorlv-live minutes norih latitude, ;'.iid in thiitvfcven i!ci;ri'es tlii.iy minutes e.ifl li-n.-itude, and is one of the betl fea-pmt. in the Ued Sea ; the cntrame into the harbour is by a narrow llai^ht that reaches into a lake, in the midll of which is the illaiid on w!ii>hthe town ii built. All the houfe. arc of lldiie and mortar, and here refides a Tiirkifli i;overnor iim!- r the hatha of Cairo. Thii city is chiefly inhabited by Tuiks and Arabs. Arkico, or Ercoco, is fituatcd in fixtccn dc!»rci*5 f.vc minutes north latitude, dii the Ciiafl of the Red Sea, and IS defended by a caflle ; but is fmall, .iiid neither rich nor popitloiii. Tothelouih of Abex arc fcvcral petiv kingdoms fcarce worthy of 'lotice : oneol the princip.il of thefe is Dancall, or Daneaiy, whiih cxtemis beyond ih-- Srrciyhts nf IVi- bclmandel. The foil is for themufi pan dry, f.iiidy,and barren ; for the whole couiiiiy labours under .1 :;rcat fcarci'.y of waf.T, an.l that which tbrv have is vrrv braclr.ilh. The land pi(>diiccs little befiJes fome h.tidv Tfgciil lei whicii fctvc to feed the 1: at', wlinh arc in 1% a manner the only quadrupeds in the country. It has, howevei, fiimc i',o.k1 p'jrts on the Red Sea, the piiiicip.il of which IS Ralair i and having fomc faltmme-., the produce of them is fent into other countries ; and in return they receive the necrllaries of life. Its kiiii;, tho' a Mahometan, is laid tJ bo tributary tu ihe emperor of Abylliiiia. S E C T. II- Of A N » A K, or A J A N. //; SituMnn, Exitnt, Climati; Siil, nnl /nl'dlniaif it pjnt- till. Ofthi Kin^iUm if AM; Hi C:ui.tr\, Cilin, I'rt- (/tt.i'i Csmmt'if, and Inhal/itiinii. THE country of Anian rxleivls alon-: the fouthern coafi of the giilph ol HabelmanJel t\^., and ivory, which they commonly bring from .AbvlFiii' 1, with which they are almoll conflantly at war ; an.l, hv their freijucnt inroads into that kingdom, have rendered them- (el\es a warlike people. In this tract is included feveral kingdoms, the moft cor.fiderable of whieh is that of Adel, which is fo called from its metropolis, whicti authors have not delcribid ; it is alfo named /eila, from another Ica-purt fituattj on the fouthern coall of the Red S-.a. This kinj'dom has the Streights of Habclmandrl oi\ the north, part of the caftern ocr^n on the call, and the (iailas with the kingdoms of Dancali and unknown countries on the wefi. Tlic city of Zcila is feafed on a fpacioi. bav, to the fouth call of the mouth of the Ifreijjhts ot liabelmandel, , - in eleven degrees ten mim.tes north lat.tude, ami //■/<* fiity four degrcn thirty-live trinutcs rafl longitude >W?5. Iiom London. It u cxircmciv populous, the ttiects 4. H ara w ,. I M ^ ■ 'I f ' 'J 1 iff'.' ■ I •I ItliraFf 'i; ' '• :i| i'f: ■ j,i-te. 335 A SYSTEM O I- G F O G R A P H Y. Am Ay. arc rcpulii'y l*iJ "ut« 2nd the houfrt built ot' free ftonc. its liavcii IS vcrv coir.moiioiii, anJ it tartii-s fiti a con- ftilttabli: cimmtri:.;, 1* bfii;;; the place thrnuyli whiih llif '^u.iiclt p.iit ot vc mcrtluiiHli/c cairii-J into t: c Alivlliiiian empire commonly yih, as well j> thole th.it aic- loi.runii'il in the kin^.lom ..ri oiiiitci! to Ittch ir-ili v.'.'.tcr at the iliHanri of two ila)s joiuiuv fro;ii the citv, wh-.rr the country .ibi.iiinli wiih Colli iiiid fiuit to furh a dcsree, that the iiihalnt.ints tai.n>; . oniiirr.c 1:2)!, 0:1 «h:'.ii aimiiiit iln pi-oplc ol til.' lu-i^.iboM-iii;: places cjiiv.- thitiiir to pur lule pro- vifiona. 'l"hc next citv ii Ii.iibora, fituated at the bottom of a b."iV. oil ;ui ilijiul of iti oun luini.'. It ha. bi'i.n ;;11 ali.pj .X k'lul of lival in cnirnicrcc with /.cila, and n no Ici', K:.rt.'U to hyfoiiiju m;;ch.iii:s. Ihe ill nil, uhicii is jI.i'oO cintiynoiis to the coiiliiicnt, is v.ry kr- tii.', and piodu>'^ jilinty of corn, f.-uit, and cattle, nrrat p^irt of wtiicli is i.\p.i.-tid into orla-r tountrii s. 'Tlio oih. r f .ir; . of t'.\: kir.^Jo!:i t f AJi I being ;_>ciui.illy lilt and V. ;:.i \.:v fi-'W h:l!<, til--;,' Im. e lel.loiii .iny r.im.i j but that def..'cl IS abunuaiuly lupplicd by the many rivcr^ th.U tun t!i:nii;ih it. One of tli.fj rivtrs named the Mawadi, flows down from the Abyfiini.m mountains, and receiving Utii; other river.-, t.i'^cs a ciicuit bcfor? it enters thu- ki III ol Add. 'I'hii river is \ervl'ioad sod detp, luit it ll.is fcaryv n;;i f!.\ n.iles through tlie count' y of Adel, lie- f.ire the ini'.ubltants d;vide it iii'o I'-uh a iir.iliitii.lc o! t..n.ili, tha: it is in feme nnMl'urc txh.iiilied before it riacht:; the fca. 'lliii ttiLUr^ ilic country fo rich in ^raiti, liuit, iind other ptov,fi(in«, lliat pjti o! it is con- veyed into the neii;;liboiirin;; kiiiijdonii. In p.irticulir, tiicy have plenty of wheat, bari.y, and in:ll.-t, and a variety of co-*;-, (h.^p, and otiier beads ; but ih' ir principal trjlfic cor.nfts in goIJ-dufl, clipliants tteili, fr.>i.kin.:ciUl', and nc;::o (Ines, wliiili the iiiliali ani.s ol Adel carrv to ih'-- pott of /• ila, where ihLy luier f.i! of meeting v.iih mcKluiUs from Arabia, tjuzarat, and o'.ier p.irts', who gi\e in exclian ;c for tliLMi cloths of cotton, r.lk, andliiun of varioiis fuit?, loll.irs, braie- le'.s, and o:l-.er oinarr.ents of nn-.be: and cr\!l.il ; with dates, ralfins, liie arms, and other comniodiii'.s. The .\d.liteb are brave an i warlike, and ri.;ht with furpriliti^ intiepii'ity a.;.i!iill the AbjfTniians, who are far from bcin^ e-.iui'.i t.) ihuii in v.ilour, dileipline, and ofFennve wi.ipoti-, the Ad I. us being futnidied by the Tin's', md Aia!'> ksah varitti- ot fire-arm3. Their drefs chiefl,' cr.iifi'ls of a piece of .o-Mn cloth, which covers thcni onlv iVutii the ;;i:.lle to a little below tlr.- knee, all the nli of tluir body bciiij/ nak'.J ; but the king and nobles f bi til ii xcj wear a tind of loofe i;irineiit which covtii their v.Mole boJy. .ii:d a cap on tiieir heads ; all ih.' w>i.i;cn, ."-.-wever, are very for.d of .idorning their neadoxa, and on its fouthrrn ixticmity is tlie republic ol Hr;.ia, which is p-.riiaps the only iruvcrnment id llu.t kind in all .Alma ; it was founded by fcieii .-Xial i.ins, v.-ho were all brethren, and lied liitluT Iroin the tviannv ut l.arah, one of the petty m,inarch.s of .Ari!)i.i Kelix. Here they found a n.ult convenient and delii;lnlii| lidiatioii, in a (mall country bounded on each (ule by a river, or, as othcis lup; ote, by two brani lus of the fame river. This republic is f.iid not to extend mm h faiiher th.in the coalt ; its chiet dcixndencc being 011 tlie i-reat com- merce of its capital ol the fime name, vvhicli is Con- veiiicntly fituatid on a bay (brmed by thi' mouth of ih..- ntirihcrn br.iiich td' tiie ri'. tr, about tiie diltiiiLe of one di_:;iee fr'.im the eipiator. Ibis city, whicii kcnn to be the only one that be- h n^s to this republic, is larye ;.nd well peopled, (hiifly by rici^ nicrclntntj the ilil.cnd.int.s of the (even Arabi Jul! iiuntioiu'd, whole chief trad; connits in i;old, iil- ver, (dk, lotton, an.l other (tuff-, elep!ia;.:s teeth, gums, andorl.cr driig-, particulaily ninbeignle, with w!'ietiiliis eo.ft abi'undi. The li'.uf's are br^e and w.ll bii.lt, and the town is rtrong. Well foitirie.l, and elleenied one of the molt celebr.ited and gieakll niaits on the whole coaft. Hoth the city and the rcpub'ic are governed by twehe ina- girtrales, cholcn out of the princip.il fjiinlieo of their (evm founders ahovc-meiuioned, and to them the admi- nidration of juliicc, and the manageinent of all public affairs are committed. The people are chiefly Mahome- tans, and yet .ire under the piotciSlion of the king of Portugal, to whom they annually pay a fmall tribute of five hundred mitigates, amounting to about lour hundred French livrcs. S E C T. IV. Of the l/l.in.h of B.iLlmardil an.l '/.occtra, Sscclr/i, cr So- iitoru, filuiiud ill till Ni)ih C'jijI ef Amaii. THE inandofBabclmand'.l ■livcs namctothe ftreigh'-. at the entrance into the Red Si a, and is fitu.itcd in thirteen degrees north l.uitiiiie, and in forty-tlirce dc- t^.OC grecs thnty-tiiree minutes calf longitude from London, y.i 3; The Ab) I'iiiiians and Arabians lornuilv loiitcinled with great fury lor the pi'lliirion of this ill.md, on account of its gre.;t iniportaiiee, tioin its conmianding the entrance into the South Sea, and prefcrving a communication with the oce.iii i but the Turks having obt.iin.-d the pollcflioii of both (lio;es, the iil.nd is now in a manner diluted. 15 ibelmaiidel is about four or five nii!. s in '.ompals, rocky, barren, and e.Npofed to all the winds: it has a barien foil, (coichcd by the hcut of the fun, and allor.'s Icarce any (ulJenantc lor man or bealt. 'I'he ifland of Zocotia, or Socotora, i-: fituated in the Eaftern (Xeaii, thirty leagues to the e.dtward r ( Ope (juardafuy, and extcii'ls fioai the twclfti) degree to ne /«-/* twelfth degree tweniyCne minutes noitJi latitude. It is liftv miles in length and tliirty-two in breadth, r.nd is pariicul riy lamed (or the fine aloCs bri.ujjl.i Ireiin ilicj rt, which, from the name of the ilUnd, .,re calkd Socolrine aloes, This illand alio produces great ci;untitiej of frankinccnfc, dates, and rice, v.hich arc expoited (ron» thence to Cioa and other parts of the Eall iiidin ; from whence th'. y briii;; other meiehaiiJivxa, They alio trads Aniam, if.it anJ li.irlcv, > OXCll, (III i;!,, ■t tij(t.-. and (if I, liiiij d, oil account of iilg the eiit;ancc imuiiicatioM wiiU i.vi the polliflioii .inner dillittd. lilos in '.(inipals, wl!.d^ : it has a lun, and ali'or.ls h fituatcd in the .iltward •! Cape , , fill d((rrce to ne /«-« 2' !i lAtitiidc. It ii 11 bfcadtli, and is ii_'t,i from therrc, : tailwd Sixolfilie cut li lantitie? ol re expuiicd Iroiu '^all iiiditj ; from cia. They alio trade Zanouerar. U i 339 trade all ninn;; the coift of Arabi.i. 'I'he idaii I alfo a- boundii in tattle an I fruit. The climate is exfremily hot, and it is fail that the r.iiny Icalon does not lall above a fortnight or three weeks: however, here arc (onic rivers which arc never dry, ;ind on the coall are wells dug hv the Arabs. I'liere are two pretty good harbour^ where the Knropean (hips iilcd formerly to put in, when they were difappdintnl of their palla;.;c to India by the monfonns ; but now this fiMom happen-;, as our niariners are well aripiaiiiled with the winds and ff.iCons in this part of the world. The inhabitants tonfill of nci^rocs of a lar;;c llatiire, with dila;;rceablf feitiires, and fri//led h.o:' : Inn tholi who live in the middle of the illaiul, and arc prob.ihlv the criminal inhabitants, arr miit li laircr, and have fea- tures that nearly relcmblc thofe of the Kuropeans. Thcfe arc fnlely employed in fifhiii;:, and attendiir; their flock-;. On the coaU arc a confiJerablc luimber of Ar;ibs, who are martcrs of the country, and people of a mixed breed, produced from the Arabs and neyro women. The people arc ctoathfd with a (luft nt.idc of poati- hair, of which ihry make loni; gowns, wliicii are ( dfrn- ed tnun I tne waill with a fa(b They have allii a Winl of clo.ik, which thi-y throw about tivir fiiouIdiT', anJ wrap the whole body in it. The people in the h a't of the ifltrd ha\e no o'her cloaths but a pie c of < luth or the (kin of a beall fallene.l round the waill. The men wear caps like thole of the Abyinnians, and the women r,o bareheaded. Their food ennfids of the milk and flefli of their catilf, dafs, rice, .-nd herbs. As to the religion of the people, the grcafeft part of thrm are I'a^in , but the Ar.ibs, who art the ti;id:ng part of the ill.inl, are Mahometans. In the ifland is but oiu citv, which is alfo called Soeotora, and this is the nfi.lince of the kin_' ; fome fay there arc likcwile coididerable villagiv in labit d by the Arabs. The on initial natives live in totta^e. d;l- perfed over the country. CHAP. IV. Of Z A N G U E D A R, and S O F A L A. SEC T, I. Oftht Country r.f Zanf^uthar iinit Sj/Ja in genua!. In Siluaiion, A'.v.vh/, CI. malt, nml Di.njhm. .1 Dtf.rijt- tian of thf Kins^ibm aiul Cilv »/ Alcli'i/lii. T>\- I'l'lmn, Di-rji, ami M.inrns cf ih,- I'eipL- ; llv Statf c/llr Km:;, tind ti:c ALiii'ier in whuh 'fu/liii.' is tuimiiii/lereii /I ill) a paniculur /tinunt "f tht Ri-uptijii oflhi Portu^iifjt ut ihiir firji A- rival at Mclxnd.i, ZANCil'KHAR and Sofala include a large part of the tjllern eoall of Africa, cx'.endiiij; tiom tlie equator I )»- \V^o,\,\i twenty-three degrees Ibuth l.uitude, and from tliirtv- .,,5 :,io,four to forty d.grces call longitude from L'lndoii. It is therefore about fourteen hundred miles in leiiiith, and three hu'idred and iiftv in breadth. It is bounded on ihe north by />nian, on the calf by the Indian oiean, on the f.mth by Cattraria, and on the well by Monomugi and tne unknov.-n parts of Africa. The air of this country would be intolerablv hot, was it not ci. lied by the annual rams whicli oveiflow the country, and bv refiefhlng breezes tiom the lea. It is alio well watered bv rivers, which render the foil cx- ccedin.; tVuitfiil. 'I'his countrv is divided into (everal kinndoins, wliich, bejinning at. the north, are .\klinda, Mombaze, or Mombaza, (^lilia, Mul'mibiijue, or Mol'ambieo, and Sol'ala. Tlie roituyui ie are indeed lo- vcreij'iis of all tlie coiIl, and have many black piinees lubject to their governoi.s. 'I'he kingdom of iM -linda begins, according to ni.iH !Tco(;r..plicrs, under the 'quiiioelial, and extends to tnc river ( ^^lilmaiui, between the third and fourth degree -1 of fouth lalitude. I'hi; co.dl of Melln.ia, cfpeeially luar the capit.d, is e.Ktren'.ely d.mgeroUN and ditlieult ot areefs, bein^t lull of loeks an I (belves, .'.ad at ccitain fealons the fea is (rei|uenily tenipelUious. This kingdom is liowtvi .- for the ninfl p:rt rith and fertil ■, pidduciii". ;dmolt ;.I1 the iieccfLries of lile, except whiat and lie, both of v.-liicli are brought tliither from Caml ()v;i and other p.ir;.. ; and thofe who cannot pureh..fe them make uie ol | ot.itoes in their ileul : thele are very plentiful, and arc line and biLie. '1 lie country ali'i a bouiiiis with gre.it variety of fiuit-treis, ro if, plant% and other ciculents, with melons of e.Mpiilite talie. It is alfo covered with citron-trees wiih whole odoiiicrons I'mell the air is generally perfumed alinoll all the year. There is great picntv of oxen, ihtep, veiiil'on, and other game i with gccf.-, and fcveral kinds of poultry. The city of Mclinda is agreeably fituated on a hcai; tiful plain, and is lurroun.leJ with many line g.itdeiis and orchards, which abound with all i itii. oi liun-lree), par- ticularly oranges and citrons. The houles are budt ot iquare Hone i thele aie lor th ' molt pau liaiidloiiie Itruc- tures, with flat roofs ; lomcot tliem aie even iiia_niri . nt, and all of them arc ru hly lurnilli; d, they being c.i.eily inhabited by I leh m.ienants. .Melnida i... ii.ucli lelortej to by foreigners, who cany on a great trade with the city 111 gold, cojper, quieklilvcr, inu), wax, diig>, ^Scj. whicii are here txehan.- d f-ir corn, filk-, c. ttons, and other iturts ; besides various otlier commodiiKs. The only inconv.nience attendni;: tr.is ti;y is, t.ut llups are obliged to anchor at lune diltaiice from it, on acioiinl ot the rotks an.l flielves whicii tender th: atccio to it Jif. iKult and dangerous. 1 he inhabiianu arc a n.ixturc of bl.n ks, and of per- fons of a Iwarthy, tawnv, ar.d whitilh eonii.K xioii. I'lic lall are chiefly the women, wiio are molllv eithci inclin- ing to the white, or ol an olive colour. I heir duf> is very agreeable, for they never llir out but in line liiks girt about them with a lien gold i;r fiKer giule. I her wear a collar and bracelet ot tue l.;mc nietals, and their heads are covered with a veil. The men tlo not here go bare-headed, as in moll other parts of Africa, but wear a kind oi luib.ii vviou >l't with liik and gold ; but loine are only i loathed lioin tin waill downw.nd with tilk and cotton Dulls ; otiuis wer a (lioit cloak of calicoe, ami alvvord anddaggei haodloinelv ornamented; while their It's and teet aic baie. The meaner lort, and thoie who live farther from the co.ill, wear little more than a piece oi cloth about tlieir middle. Ihefe carrv afliicld, bow and arrows, the kymetar, and the javelin; in ufing v\'hieh they arc cxtrnuelv expert, they being eileeined the bravell loldiersoii all t lat i o.ul ; fvir they go to war with undaunted fpirit, and inaintHiii thi ir giound with greater intnpidity than aiiv oi theit luighbours. 'Ihey ate alio laid to be verv courteous aiui obligini; they are free fiom flatteiv .md iVau.l, .ml live in a veiy friendly nanner wiih the l'ori;ii.nu le, who are commonly buried amon^ll them, without ..in oil.tr mark of dillin-tmn tnan a v r ds over tiuir tomlis. As to tiieir religion, th^- arc a n-ixttire i-t M.ih..mc- tans and idoi..to:s ; but thv Roman Cattn lies ;iic l.i nu- merous in tlie city, that they iiave built no ieli than feventeen churches and chipels in it, betorc one of winch they have creeled acrofs ol got marble. The ii'i. r; , 1, \ \-. '\.* -i,'~ 1 ; ■ '* f.i st'l jr A S V S T li M O V G K O O U A I' II Y. Zanouibaii-. 1 I it?: !■! I(i !i.a,l||!^ Tlie {^ovi^rnm'nt is monarchical, iiiJ the king fclJom flirs nut <)t' his p.ilacc, without btiiij; carried iii a pom- pous i'iiIjii on thu ihuilJcti oi' 'our it mntc oi ilic gri.i;.li nohlrs ot' hi> kiii^dom. Whenever hi' piillts thiDiigh the itrtcts of the city, inctnlc and other per- fume.s are huuit hclDri' him, by a multitude ol l.idies who eoiiie to wilrome him willi Ion-;* in his praitc, playing on iVveral kinds oi niiifu-al iiiltniments, which, .hough not ixtftimlj' hariiKiiii HIS, they touch with great ait and dexterity. IT he let', out upon anv expe.iiiion, whe- ther civil OI nolitarv, he is th.-n oiuun'.ed on a Ihitilv horle richU capaiiluiiei^ and atieiided by a luinerous re- liniic, with jjicat crowd . of his fuhjeCls, wlio till the .lir with iuval acvhiinations. At his k'ttin:^ nut lie i.^ n.et l)v hi? piiclls, or '•' idr ivci"-, who bnii^ a deir iulf faciiheed, wiili ii> lilood Itiii i Kin;^, uv^r whicii he leajis his horfe llirro tuTiCs ; which is no fooner done, than thifi: luothla.cis examine the entrails, and from tl.cnre pretiiid to loret^l the fucccf-. of his expedition. I lie fame fiiperllili.nis cciemonies aic alio ohferved whin any prince, or an amh.ifl.idor (rom a prince, comes to lii-^ court, in oidcr to le.irn whether the vilit or nef;o- tiation will he attended with ^t lod or bad fuccefs. Upon thi: occafion th? prince, or amb.fT.i.lor, is accompanied hy a yrcat number ol women through the ilrcets, foiiic burning pjrfuincs before him, others finjin^ or playing en inlhiiments. Tlic kiii^^ of Mtiin.'a jrc in a manner oM:;^ed to fub- iiiit to the ceremonies perfornud hv tlic lootlif.iyer-, and tj ipuuiate their rcfoliitioiis by iliem, whether it he lor pvace or war, or lui anv other exigence, even wlieiller they give any credit to them or not; for on this in a j;rrat mcafure depends the honour, allVtition, and vene- ration they receive f oi;i the pcopK-, which would ipii^klv •lenenorate into hatred and contempt, if not into opi n tehellion, flio'ild they fail to Ihew an implicit ohidiencc to the lieterminaticms of th.e foothfa\er-, who have an en- tire inilii.ncc over all th? people, it is, however, not improbable, that thefe pretended prediiilions, calculated to amu!j the Mluhitu le, are privately directed hv «he pnnre, inorder t:) make the people enter with conti leiu •, and the i'lrin aliuranec of luccci's, into all their niea- fiires. However, the kin:'s of Melinda arc laid to take a more rational mt titod of iecurin^ the loyalty an I art'ecli 'ii of their fubjecl., by their eonlljnt appliiaiion to public aft'airi; Iv their viidance in wat li'i'.^ the comluift of their niinilt.rs, governors an 1 otncr ma^iilrates ; i>y their .'flid'iitv aiiil atteniion in lillenini; to the complaints of theiMubicdbi anil bv the Ihicl ami feverc adminillra- tion (;f jrftice on all d'.linipieiUi of what rank or de^jrcc Ibevcr ; but more particularly on thole who .ittcnpt to impol'e upon, or nuihad tin m, by fraud or artifice. When an" complaint or appeal is prelejited to the kinr;, he caufes th.- pi.'intirt' to be detained till the de- fendant, who is inllai'.tly uimmoned to appear before him and hi. coui.cil, ha^ h ••rd his accufatmn, and made his ilftence. If .m infeii or complains a Miiilt a i;overnor, a minil!"r t.f (t ite, or .;;iy o:her I'l.iiilie, he is no ids oblii'td to a-.ipeir titiii the nieaiiclt fubjecl ; with this dif- ference, that on his approich to the court he caufes the horn or tnimpct to h ■ blown, to rive notici; ot his corn- in » : upon which lour: of the kiiiL;'s oflicers po .nid re- ceive hi'n into their cullody, and, having dilmiflal his rctini.c, condue'l bun to ths hall of jullice. In fuch rales tic ac"tifcr mull be provided w.th lulficient evidence; fir if ih:'t be v.'aiitiiv.s he is immediately condemned to •Ii?, p.:; I is i;illantly ovcciited ; but if the acrufation be fiillv proved, the (lelVndant is fentenced to make rcllitu- tion' fuita!.lc to the wronj; he has done, and is alio fined and i)!.li:';cil to faftcr corporal puniihment ; which, if the oU'ciidcr b; ap^if ii of rank, is commonly beinj balli- nadoed with t'leater or lefs feverity, according to the na- ture of :ht i-iunr:, and the dignity of tlie oH'endcr, in which cafe the b.idinado is inflicted by the king himfelf. No fooner is tht fmtcncc pronounced, than thi of- fender is conduct doiu of the hall into another ihambcr, where he mull acknow!.i!.:e his fault, and the jultice as Well as lenity of his |.iinii!iment, in the humblell terms aiiJ pofturc. He is liieii iliippcd, and laid v,a\\ U'n lace on the ground; wliin the kinjt taking hitllaiTof juf- tict in liK. hand, ^ivcs him as many llr >ki.s as he thinks pri.per ; and havinj; at length leceived the oHcnder'i thanks for this kind corrtc.li n, he bids him tife, and put on his cloaths ; winch having done, he killis hit nujiily's feet, and acconip.inies. lum with the itll o| ihc attendants into the hall, with a feu iie cuunieiiance that beiMys not the leaft i;iief or ciiVonteiit. '1 he kinn there )>racioiil!y dilniiires liim before the whole court, cli.ir 'in/ him to be caretui to adminiller jullice to his lubiic!., and then caules him to be acic,iiipaiiied with the ufu.il honours and perlumcs to the j^ates <)l the city, and the allait Is huOl'.'d up as if nothini; had happened, the peo- ple without beiiikT entirely ij>iiorant ol what has been tranlattiiii: witliin. Tl'.e 1-ne and e\pcnces of the fuit ale levied out of the otiendtr s cllate, or if a favuuiitt out of the king's corters. The I'ortugutf- boalt of the good undeirtandinp, thit has.dwavs fuldilUd betwc.'n them and the kui^s ol Me- linda evir lime then bein^' admitted intot "ir dominions, and more particularly of the cxtruudin »ry T.lpeCt wliii(\ that prmce p.i\s to the fiibji.ils ol l'oitu,'al. JnJeed, on their lirll eiit •iin Mhat kiii;;.l.im, they were treated in a veiy frieiii'ly mjiiv, r 1 anil as thcfc l'ortu;'iu'le were th: tint I'.uropeaiis who had c\er apD.aica be lore that city, ;i particuhir .n count ol then recption will not, we ima- gill', be dil.igiie.ible to our reaJi rs, clpecially as it will alio fvrve to '..r.c foine idea of the nianneis of ilm peo| le. V a'co De (jj;na, wlio comimnJed a Portugiicfe diet lent to diiccner the had Indies, ap,-'.,iriiiti bcloic Melinda, in the year 14(,S, wus ovciji>\td j- feeing a ci;y like thofc ol l'ortui..il, and anchored wiihi.'i a league ol It , but nobody came oil bo.'td, lor l.-ar oi hi iiig made piiloiicrs ; on winch he cauied an uid Moor to be let o.l a ihelf of the rock-, over-agaiitft the citv, from whence x liii.it c line immcdiat.lv to letth him. Ileiiii; carried be- lore the king he intormed him, that the general (or (o tlie .itimirais were then called, was defirous of enterin<> into a league with him. The kin;j; returned a favourable aiilwer, with a prelent of f!Hi|), Iruit, and other refrelh- mciUs ; in retuin for which i)c Cjama fent a liat, twt> branches ol coral, three brafs baions, Ibme little bells. and two Icarvis. 'Ihe next day the I'oitugucie anchor- ed nearer the city, when the king lent to let him know, that he himfell would vifit him the next day, and that the meeting fliould be upon the water. Accordingly the next day, in the afternoon, the young king, toWhoin his aged lather had devolved his authority, came in .i large boat, dreflld in a gown of crimlon daniafk Imcil with green fattin, with a rich fcarf rolled round his head. He fat in a beautiful chair, neatly inlaid witii wire, on a filk cufhion, with another by him, on which lay a hat ot crimlon fattin. Near him i!ood an old man, who carried a very rich fword, w ;th a lilver fcabbard. He was attended by about twenty of the nobles of his court richly drelied, and a kind of mulic. De CJam.i went to meet him in his long-boat, whi.h was adorned with Hags, carr.ing with him twelve of the thief men belonging to the-lhips ; and, after many faiutations, went, at the king's delire, into his boat, where he was lionour- ed as a prmce. The king's behaviour \v .is polite, and his converle full of good fenfe ; he viewed his new malt and his men with gieat attention, enquiring after tVe loun- try he came Irom, the name of his km;', and for what purpoll he entered thofc (eas. The general havinu, an- fweied thefe qutltions, the king, at his di fire, pniinifej him a pilot tor Calicut, and invited him to take the pKafiires of his palace. Hut De CJamaexcufcd lumfclf, piomiling to call there at his return ; and at the f.imc time made the king a prcfent of thirteen Moors he hail a little before taken prifoners ; which the king liiid, hr leceived with greater pleafiire than if he h.:d ijivtu him fuch another city as tli.it id Mtlind;'.. ihe king then rowed among the .Ttips, which he be- held with lurpri/. ■, and was greatly de!i rued a (avouraldc ind other rcOefh- I'ent a liat, two (o;ilc little bells, iituyucii; anthor- let him knou', xt day, and that Accordingly the ; king, to\vhoin ority, came in a oil damartt lined rolled round hts ;atly inlaid wnii ' him, on which ood an old man, i (liver fcabbard. ne nobles of his die. De (Jani.i uh was adoriRu 5f the chief men liutations, went, he Was iiuiiour- :s politi-, and lii? '.-j new giKii and ; alter tlie coun- 1', and for what eral havini^ an- di fire, pni'inifej lim to take the excufcd himfelf, iiiil at the Came 1 Moors he hatl the king (hij, r he had ^iveu ;, which he bc- rht' •! at the (ir- , that he never the rortupiiefe, lim in his vvar>. i: king's rccjutU, their fafcty, his Zancuedar. I II [ A. ?.0 '♦ ? ■;;. I v. fon anil a prieft. The nr\t Jay De (lamaaiu! one nf h'. princi|ial i.flicct' uint wiih ainnd I oats ahir^ (he Ihorc to lee the kiiii'.'s hoifrnun luii and li-irmilli. in a little time there c line fmiic lo to the cily, bccaure hi) falher, who w.is lame, was diliroin i.f (iciii;; lorn, ntt'erin:' to Hay with hii iliildren in hoard the lliip till liij return ; but !).• tiama, feariii!', to IriilUiimlcIf, pre- tended thai he diirll not, on aci.U'.iiil ol lii-< tiaviii'^ no licence (rom his lovereijjn ; and at I HL'th, luiiiij; ob- tained a very expert pilot, he took hii leave. Ue Ciama, al hi i return, look with him an ani!>a(l'a- dor Irom the kinj; of Mclmda, wh'im he liroMiiht to I'or- tupal ; and every thin;i In lii!>. letlUd in the IjtislaLlion ot both moiiarchicii, the Portii: lule adilKd the km;; of Me- lind.i a;^a'nll his enemies, and that prince c-ivc thcni lri.c leave to fettle and build a fort in his capital, SEC T. 11. Of tit primil'.'i! jfllj"//' friiill //!,ni,li mil Kif^it.'ni nl uh II- tihnr tin C'lijl of Millmhy parliiuUily Putt, l.umi, Peiril/d, and Zanzihiir, or '/.tin^iuLur. NKAR the coaft of Melinda are feveral illaiuU and petty kin[;doms, the molt conliderabb: of which we fliall here del'iiihc, beiMiinini; with the kingdom ot I'ati, which takot; it:, name (rom its capital, (itiiat.d on a fniall illaiid, at the mouth of acommodious bay, iia-nrd by the I'i)rtUj.',uefe Uaye Formola, in about the (iill de grce of louth latitude. 'I'his city is large, well 1 iiilt, and populous. It has a good and convenient p')it, and carries on a confiderable commerce wi'h the neighbour- ing kingdoms and illands, particularly thofe of Lamo, Ampafa, Sian, and Chelichia, which furround It at a frnall liilkiiice, and have allii their names (rom their rc- fpcctive capitals ; but all of thcni ate too iiiltgniticanl to require a laithcr defcription. The kin;.; of I'.ilc is a Mahometan, ai arc alfo moft of his fubjeiJts, and istlibutary to the l'i>rtui;iic(e, who have a foit ill the city, under the conimaiul of the ;;overiiiir ofthcl'c roafts, who is litile better than a tyrant ovi r them. I'ate had another town .nnd port, named Mon- dra, but it was taken and rn/cd by a Hortujjucfe admiral, named Ihomas de Ijoiila, tor ic.ut'in', or perhaps onlv iiegleclir.g, to pay the u(ua! tribute. The ille and kingdom of Laino h.is alio in ripit:>l of the lame name, which has 3i;ood port, and is well walled and tuitilicd. The illand is fitu.ited at a fmall diltaiico from the mouth of the river Q^iilmanci. 'V\v; kin^ ant government, being Mahometans, are frequently at war with the rcll of the inhabitants, who are idolaters. It is remaikable, that in the year I 580, the king rif this illand was beheaded by the I'rrtuinielo. He was named I'anebaxita, and his crime, whether real or protended, was his hav.n;; balelv betrayed Rock Miitlo, governor of i the coalt, (or which he was teiv.cd, with four of his | Mahometan liibjects, in his own capit.d, bv the admiral ' Sou(a Contingo, and carried to I'ate, where they wen- publickly executed in thcprcfenrcof that, and fome other petty kings of the neighbouring illands ; from which time Lamo h.is contimicd tributary to Portugal. The ille and kinijdom of I'emba is tltuated oppofitc to the bay of St. Rapliacl, in the kingdom of Mclinda, and De I. ille places it in four degrees fifty minutes fouth latitude. It is Imall and incoiifiderable, thou;4h its princes aliiime the tlile ol kings. The ille and kingdom of Zani^iicbar, or Zanzibar, is .ilfo fituatcd oppofitc thf bav cif St. Raphirl, between the illands of I'ciiiba and Moinli.i, at the dillancr of about eight or nine leaiiues fiom the land, and lus been tri- butary to I'orluual ever (incc their (Icet apptatcd on this cuall, when the king liibmiitcd to pay aniiiially a certain weight of j'lild and thirty fliccp, 'I bis ill.inJ abounds with rivers of excellent UMter, and produces plenty of rice, millet, and fur.ar- canes : it has alfo fortlls of citron-trees of an crt a td'nary (1/e and odorifcrou . fiiicll, intcrmi.xcd with a mulliluJc uf 29 orange iices; an I th? nilive, carry Oft 1 very COiifiJ.raMr trade wittt the aili.icciit kingdoms. The Illand. I.I (.ii^iiriinba, Anil'a, AmhJ, ^T, luve little worthy of notice, except their brccliir; ii,r. .11 num- bers nl Urge and Imall laitli', and aboiiiiilin.', with corn and (luit ; all which, cxc-'jit what is confuniid .nnrinj{ th. ni, r, cariied to the continent o( Alika, .out griar. ad\aiita;;c is made of this commerce. The ill.ni.l o( Qui- riniba alto abounds with a coarie kind ot ni.iiina, ol tt/*/,/""/i. fficviHi ted ; It isdilFiciilt tu dillolse, but is m purgat.vi: as the bell. I he iiilialiltant'. are (lender, meagre, and weaitiv, notwitbllaridiiij ihcir being great d'cdir^. Treir iire(< r.'lcinblci that rif the inhabitants ol .VIetinda, and the Wfiinen arc equally (ond of adorning th.mlclvcs with chains and bracelets of gold and lilver. The men in gciK-raj apply themlrlves to agriculture an. I commerce ; (or which ihcy are better toriiu'd than for war. Their trading vetlels aie (lightly made, the timber being (ali- ened together by ropes made of (lags intlead of nails, and their fails arc (ormed of mats. Thofc of /aiigiicbat arc nut only (Ironger and better built, but carry (ome ijreaf guns on account of their being commonly laden with tin,- rii he(I merchandi/c of that coall, while the givalcll part o( the others carry only cattle, rice, and (ruit. SECT. HI. Dfihf Ijlmd ftf Mom DA so, «/■ Mom 11 .\/. a. /h F.iliiulijv, Extt'it, Climate^ niid Prsiliiet y ll;- Crunin ; tilth II l)fjliip!!}n ef ll't C.ty tf Atamliaiil, imJ u i:n>ij* /fiHUitl if it I Jnhiiliilaiilt. Till, iflandof Momba/a, or .Momliafo, iscontiguoifi t.ithitol Mclinda, and is lituated in lour degree* „ live miniiles (oulh latitude, in a convenient bav tormeJ by the iivcriJiiilmanci already mentioned, and is laid ta be about twelve miles in circumference. The climate is pretty temperate, conlideriii'.^ its fitua- tioii, and the air healthv. I'he illand ab.iiiiuls with ex- cellent (primes of Irclh water, and tlu- tuil, whicli n rxccedin;', tiuilful, priducis rice, milU't, and other grain; with variety of truit-trees, and other venetables and clcutent';. Here alio arc bred L'reat numbers of cattle, and various kinds of poultry. Their cattle are well fed, and a;.'teeably tailed : they have great plenty of piillurc^ ipd fume of their flitep have tlwilt; large .uid fit taiU which we have (lequcntly mentioned as wci;^hing be- tween tw'-nty iinil thirty pounds. The inhabii.ints live long and happily, cfpeciall/ in the capital, whirc they enjoy "r-.'at plnity, with eali* .Tnd elegance. Their biead, which is m.ide either ot rice or niillct, is in flat cakes, and mixe.l with (ugar, herbs, .md other ingredients, to give it a more a;;rceiblc ta(te. They have drink nude ol 1 ice, .uid other liquori made of honey, or of particular (iirts of fruit, which art: here e»r'"'-:it, cfpecially their oiangis, fome of whicit are very large, and of exiiuilite tille and tlavour. Thele liquors arc ufu.illy kept in vertcK of ditlerent (orts ami fi/.es, ncttly made of bullocks horns, an. I of the fame materials are their drinkmg-cups, and other houlholJ utrnlils ; tluy having plenty of horns, and their artilti work them with great (kill and ncatneU. I'lie city was originally built on a peninfula ; but the fpot on which it ;*ar ' has been liiico turned into an illand, by cutting; .ir oiigh the iflhmus in (uch a manner, that one en f it covers the city, (o that it cannot be (cx'n till a pei.iii enters the port. Tlw houlr« i arc built of (lone, cemented with mortar; the l(;ccts are I llraight, though narrow ; and the hou('es bciii,: conii- ' guoiis, and terialTed on the tops, one may w.ilk upon them from one end of the (Irect to the other, without in- ] terriiption. The city is defended bv a thong citadel, an.l bclorc the town is a moll commodious bay, m whicli thctradin.' vclTch have all iheJepthand room to lail ami tick al>.jut that can be willu'.l, the channel licing widi; enoufh lot the largcll of them to enter with all their tails dit'played. Within this inclofnre is a dyke, or c lufcway, on the farther tide, built o( Hone, and running acrofs the tlunnel, to that at low watti uik may pal> fiom one 4 'J, IW* '■f V, ;• ^!|^ S 34» A SYSTEM OF G l: O o R A r H Y. I 'i I fiJc to the othor. B.'fulr* the channel whith |jiiniinJ> •he town, there arc Itvcral other iiavit;ablc oius thjt run into (he I inJ. Hvtf IS a iTL-at varltty of inhnhitinta, fonir hl.iik, fitmc Iwaithy, o'htrs olive, .mil others whiif ; hut ihiv ;;(nrr.illy dull at; i the Arahuii manner, anJ the inhir lo(t nry inaj-niHccntlv, chitfly i.l ilif richill tilki and )luH'« i anil llif womi-n wear froM anil lilvir iill'uc. The fiiiniluit III then hoiilci ia no l.li clr;'jht, it ronhliiiiL- III rich larpctv, piiiniin^'H, haii^'ini;i, aiul a vanity «it iiliiiliU :iiul onamciits iin|iorti«l tiuni I'lifia, Caniluia, and other coiinlriCb. I'hc people ate reprelentcd as he- iiii; the inolf ati'ahle and en il to Itranjjet'i ol any upon thi« eo.ill, thoii;>h they roiifill ot' many nathin-., coni- |ilexicinn,and reunions. They wero once all Pavant, but the I'oriiipucl'e, upon their Uttliiij in ihij kmi'.lom, in.ulc a Imall number ol' toiuerts ; but alterwards tue lar jVtattr part ol ihiiii tithtr returned to th^ir anticnt pa- i;anilni, or tiiiiud Mahometan'', alt:r the example of one ol thfii inoiiaii hs who li.i 1 1 een hroiiijlu up intheChrit- tiaii reliuioii, and m iheviar loji inarm d a Chi.lhan ; hut I'aljiii' ('ut wiili the rortu;ziKle governor, on account fit hi ^ biiiiL; LMiiliy of I'onie act. ii( iiijullire or upptiflioii, he ihove bun out of the liraJil, ni.ili'acrid all the I'ut- lu.tucle that fell into bi.< hand. : .iii.l, in older to obtain the piotCwtiun ul llic lutki, turned .Maliiinieian, s h i; T. IV. f'///v Ijlwiil of (^U 1 I. O A. Ill Silu/ilion ; ihi- Ext,nl imj Fnliiity tf the Tiiiinty It- A»y/«i; ti it; a />'f.>i:>lrn of l/it Lily c/' .^^^lil'-.i, aiii rj the Miinneri el the /«/',// ;/.v' fouth aljiii', the coall, but hnw fat to the fouth is unknown, it is fep.irated troni the illand by a n iriow chiniul, and the (oil ol both is (o in arlv ol the fame [roodiiefs and fertility, that they .irc thou 'ht to hue been formerly conti;:uou'.. The louniiv, il'oiiL'li l.m', is lerv pk.ilaiit and futile in rice . Old millet, Iruit and ijood palhire •, the inhabitants breed abund,.n,e of c.itile .ml fowl of all Ions, both wild and t.tme ; thfv hive Iki wile great plenty of vcrv ;'ood fifh, ;;n.l, accoulin.^ to moll iravcllcrs, the climate ii> healthy and prettv tempi i..!e. The citv ol <^iiloa is l.uj.'C, rich, .md well built: the lioulis arc handlomc, and built of Hone and mortar • they ate leveial llorics hi^h, and have behind each .i pleai.iiit imiiLmi, we'l watered and cultivated, hcr>- bein^ plenty • if fpim:, of irclli water. The hoiilis are icrrafled ar the iiiji Wit I a h.'rd km. I ot clav, and the ilrects, as in n.oft I'lue; undir i.iclr>.j>ics, arc nirrow. Dii one tide of the town is the ciladel, which is the icfidence ot the Maho- metan piinre ; it is adorne.l with (lately tower.;, and lur- loundcd with a ditch and other 'ortilications ; it has two J' ite.-, one towards the port, where is a view of the Ih.ps failing in and out, and the oiher towards th-.- lea. The king and his lubiitTs arc Mahometans j part of ir.c Utter are hl.ick, and part tawney : they all fpeak Ar.ibic, an.l l.'ver.il othir laiii;uaH's, which thev le.irn 1:0111 the nations with which they trade. Their dr.ls re- Ivinbles that of th.' .'\rabians, and is not very diiie.-ent iron) that 01 the inhabitants of Mnmba/.a, nor do tliev coa'.e b'hind tlicni eithei- 111 the finely and richncfi of their eloaths, tlie ele^'ancc of thiir furniture, or in their manner of li.ingi lor they here tnioy tiie lame plenty. '1 iie women in particular aii fond of makiiij^ a gay ap- I'caiaiic'e, und of havin<; a vari ty of ornaments about their necks, arms, wrilU, and ankles ; in particular they have bracelets ol ivory cuiiouily wrought, which upon tnc lieam of a pai';.nt, a Imnvind, or otln r near relation, they Ure.ik in in^wc^', uS a token ul ihcii luirokVi whdc 7.Auc,vtnM(, the men txprcN their grief by abftinrnrc from food, and (haiipg cli tliiii hair. Tbiie ati two fiiull kin",donu or (Jatei hetwri'n Quiloa and Mol.iiiil"iiue, the former is railed MoMl; lU , but ihuuji.h vtiy liiiall, it it well |H'opled, niolHy mi-Ii .Xiab'^, and the nihabiianti carry mi a coiiliderabic tuJu in ^old, (leph.tnti teeth, |'iims, tVt . The other i> named Ai'iios (roni lis 1 .1: ii.i, and by the Kn iich and Italians i. calh I An-othe aiiii Aiiuoi hi.t. 'I'his kingdom i- much fmaller than that ot Alon^ia!.,, whith ij laid to exf nd far well ward into therontiniit. lioth of them are fertile, produce a j;reat deal ofrite and millet, and breed aiiundance of i attic. The inhabi- tant, ol both arc chielly M.diomitaii., but intrrmixid with ne::ro«'j, who are idolalors, imd are 11 maik.ible lif>liin cf ihi Ciiy, unit nf iii JmpDlniui I) li:t P^r- IlilUIJt. THE next kin;jdom of anv note Hill farther to ths fiiiith IS that ol Molambiio, or Miil.iiribiijue, tliui named Irom its capital, which is liliiated on an ill.md Ir. the lixteenth degree ol fouth latitude, and is llic duel o.' ff .' the three idandi (f which this kini/dom is compoled -, the others are called bv the I'ortui'ucli' St. (Jiorgc and .St. James, ai.d all three be at the mouth of the river .Ma- L'lniara, or Mrgincata, between the kiiii^d^.m of t.biiloj, already mentioned, and that e tails. There are likevnie jucir ii'jinbeis of wild bcalls, as 'A'ild boars, fta'is, and ele- pliants, fo mifthievous that the inhabitants aie obli^ied to kindle large fires round their cotn-fields to prevent their dtHroying the Iruit ot their labours. I he wo H) It hiatk, but more Jiiliiouj thiii ih.it nl aip'uiriiT lov»l, J-, the rt (h of tlicir h"jv-, whidi aic hen mi (Ti-at ahiiml.inc-r, i^ liner falin/, than that of any oihcr heal*. The l"(u.'l aScnc-mfntioii d are cxluniely wholffiiim-, an J fonie iiU' delci J is the llacknel's iif the (!e(h, which when Imilnl turns the broth iilthe fame dir.MilttuI hue, and niikes it refcmble ink ; lilt thdfg who feed iipni) It receive ample anienJ:i tiom If: cxru^fite tallcand Havnur, a> well as from the whole- iomc luiurifliment it yield.'.. The country abounds in gold, whirh I? waflted down lme pieces of ariillerv. It is alio furiounded by a three- fold r.ampart and large ditch, anJ is fo llron;^ as to be proof againd all the attempts made bv the Dutch ajaiiill It. I'pon the whole, the port of \lo:.inihico is in a n.nnncr the key of the Kail Indies lo the I'ortujuefe, which if once lolt, or wrcfted from thcni by an Euro- pean tradini; nation, they would find it dilTicult to carrv vn their commerce into the Ealt Indies ; it being almolt impoffibic to continue their voyage thith'-r witliout luch a place of refrcfhment, where fhcv cm take in frtfli water, piovilion.<, and other ncceirarics. We need not therefore wonder I'.t the Dutch havi.".; made many ilre- niious, though hitherto fruitlefs, attempts to wrelt it out of their hands, particularly in the ve.ir ifio6, when ad- miral Paul Van Caerden laid liep;e to it with forty limit Ibips ; bur after lyin;; beforcit thirtytwodays, finding all his efiwrts frulrratcd, he was glad to rail'c the liegc, and continue his voyage to the Indies. SECT. VI. Of lit Kingiijin 5/ S o K A t. A. hi Shuatlsn, Cllnalf, Soil, Pii'lu:/, ani fiut ',/ iLr Coun- try. Trt Perfcvi, Drtjs, Foi'l, £>'!f>liYliirn!t, tllil A.''- Ii^ian of the S'jtivfi : iiilh the AluHitir in which the PoTtuguijt juhi'mid tht Ccunl'y. TO the fouthward of Zanguebar lies Sofal.i, or Ccfala, a kingdom whuli, from its abouiidini; in r.ild, ./^"'. many of the learned have I'uppofcd to be the Ophir, whence king Solomon annually drew tuch prodi;jious ijuantitics of that valuable meial. This kin^-dom extends along the coail fiom the ilver Cuama (.ii the notth, to that of Magnico, tinoe called • .. Rio de Spirito Sanc)o, on the louth ; that is, Iroiii the Y'^ "-i- feventeenth to the tw< utv-Hfth degree of foutli l.ititiule, , having, according to the lateii oblervatioiis, Cipe (Jo- riantes about two degrees fiom the lall iiuntioned river, and not in the middle between them, as l", wrills, and ankles with rings ol rold, filver, amber, or coloured beads, according to their rank. Ihele Itutis and orii.i- m( Ills are chiwtly brought to them bv the I'ortuguele ; and the perlims of dillindion wear Iwoiilj. They cultivate plenty of rice and iniUet, which fervrs them for bread, and ear both the fltlh il eleph..i.ts, that of their large and fmall cattle, and alio lilli, ol whieh both the lea and rivers yield great plenty and variety. They have likewiie a kind of beer made of rice and millet, and lome other liquois maOe of honey, palm, and other fruits. The liuncy is here in luch pleiit\, that great part of it lies neglec-ted, no move of it being ga- thered by the people tliaii they diemlelves u(e, or than is fufficient lor extracting fo much wax out of i: as will procure them lilks and paintrdcoitons in exchange. \\,x lhou;',h they make great quantities of white cloth, they have not yet learned the art of dying it; they aie iheie- fore obliged to fend it, or .it leali tluir thr..ad, to be d\cd at Ciu.'.arat, or other pl.ices, of luch colours as .irc null. 01 vogue among them. Their chief commerce is with the inhabitants of MeliiiJa, .Mombalu, V^iuiloa, and Mo- lambique, who come hither in thci.r fmall barges, which are laden with a variety of tlie above-mentioned iti.tfs of all colours, which they exchange lor gold, ivory, wax, and anibergrife ; and the Sofalans ulually go and ex- change thele lilks and coloured cloths with ihe inhabi- tant., of Monomotapa l-r gold, not by wciglit but in luch quantities .-is will latisly the feller, fo that the proiit of the exchange commonly amounts to ninety or ninety- uve per cent. Belides the gold they obtain from Monomotapa, the kingdom of Sofala has coiiliderable quantities ol liiat va- luable metal, which, according to the l'ouuL;;uele inha- bitantij ' . 1 . I •• ■\ i'? i ' .1; i t i . 34+ A S Y S T t M OK G L O G K A P JI Y SofAl, bitaiit*, yictj the vjlue ol' imto mitiioni nf mrti|?aN an- iiiully, liuh mcii'.-al btin ' \ iLinl .it .''mul l^jurlctn Jtcnrli livri:* \ anil if ii laid lliat the nw - •> "<«» (roil Mecil diul iilhir patti iX|Hirt, in tune i.l pr. r, ubuul the r.imc i|u.inu'y. Thr f.lilii-n an. ji.i.l iii ^ .iiht.ii-il, whicli 19 III lopurc .mil tine j yrlli'w tliiit It Krc.illy exceed] uui >, no utUcr ^'''^ bcia^ fupcrior to it liiit thjt nl' |j|Mn. AM(i the mctrupniii, it ilj|iij< in a low .iiid iitilicjllhy ritiiatioii, aivl ■*/■.•.'■ at tlie firl) I'lival »\ iIk- roidiMirlc but an incoiilidcralilc tilla^v> ul liaf(.i, iJiii li.i, Sa\>Mi.i, and lonio uth- -«. A( the hr(( arrival ol the I'ortiigurre the people uCed no cither weaponithin the jieclin, the feMnrtar, the how .iiid arrow, th"- d i;'>ri i, un.l the hatchet i Imt (iioy have been (nice laiijilii the ulc o| lir.:-armi, both fmall iind i;rejt. I he kiiii> keep* a creat ntmiber ol forcei in pjy, Imt th • Hortiipiielc are bitonv; lo powtrlul aj to t' ep the whole kinndom in aw, :iiid their I'ovcriior keep- v(liiliorohrrr\ alinn to prevent wl>at ihev i^ill an illiiit trade, p.irtieiilarly the c.\porlatioii ot j/o!), without hii Iprcial lirenec. A-. the Arab* h.ivc becii for fome centuries fettled on the eoall, thev, at in many place-, in the I. alt liuiie<, have obiaiiud the iloniiniim, and IhiiIi the Lint; and his loiirl, with n threat pait of the people,:iie delceiideil If. in thrmi tliey fpeak llie- Arabic loiigtie, and are liill of ilie Maho- nii tan lelii'i.m. lint the iirii>inal native* retain their an- ti< lit C'.ilbjni'-, both of a civil and felii;ioii'. nature : they ill)' I'.iiil to ai knowled|;c one Siipreine Mciiu>, whom they (jII IVIo'/iiiKi, or (>uini!>uim(i, and have neithri idols, :illais, niii l.uiilicesi but abhor the idolalrr>u* ritcb ol the lelt (il the Adii an negroes and their piiclli, and puiulli ihcin with the iitmnlt le\critv, not lioiii a fpiric of jier ferulion, but troin their thiiikini^ tlirni dcllrucinc to (o- cictv. I'hcy alio puiulh theft and adultery with ^real rifruur, and, with relpeitt tn the lalf, make it death for .-iny man tn be toiind fiitini; upon a lopha, or mat, with a married woman : yet they allow of |«.K Minv a. ininh .IS the .Mahonictain. I'hey never marrv any woman till llic has had her monthly einirfes,aj bein;;held incapable of h.ivin.; ehildn n till thin i and thi* no fxincr happeiH, tlun the family make rejoitin;;* and a lellival on the occafion. 1 bey do not leem to have any religious ecie- moiiies, except in nbliivinf; tome particular days of the moon, as the lirll, lixth, levcnth, eleventh, lixtcenth, Uq. on which they p.iy a kind of otfcrin^ to their deccafed friend;, particularly to their parents, whufc boncs, after the fl-.lh is coiifiimcd, ihc y prtkrvc in a place appro- prir.led to that ufe ; and, in icnuiiibrancc of their owing their bcin.; to tiiem, let plenty of provilioni before them, and ofter up their petitions to them a& if thev were Ihil alive, not forj;cttiii'4 to pray for the prcfervation and profpcritv of the king. H.iviiig ended their pitiiions, they fit down in their white garment.'!, which is the pro- per colour on thcic occalions, and eat what had been feried up to the dead, which concludes the crcmony. 'Ibis cuitnm is alfu piactifed by the Chincfe, 2nd iiiuny other paijan nations. Vv'e ihall conclude this article with an account of the manner in which the I'ortu^^uefe obtained the power and authority tluy exercifc throughout the kingdom of Sofala. I'rartccfio (Jnaja, by others called Anaga, was the firft Portui'iicfe admiral who came to anchor before the city ofSofila. fie- had with him only four of his fmallei( vefTel-, for two of his fleet were lo lar:'e that they could not eiiter the port. Haviny en!.n;>td in his intcrcll '/acote, one (f the court, he lent him to the king, whofc nnmi; was jullf, and was then b'ind with ace, to obtain leave to build a lortrefi near the city, which he pretend- ed would b': of great fcrvicc to the l&ing, as well aj to t'le PortU(:'iefe. Hy the j-mid uiru'Ct of l.i. fiirn>l /.m i ; hv nut With J kind uiepnuu Itom the old Mahonu'ijn monarih, whom he uffrwardi vilittj, niitv/itlillj|i,)iii • the Itrmuoui op|H>fition of the Aiabt a,',a>nlt liii l.wid.ii/, the danijcis ihcy told him he mull mn befiiic he tou;i'. teach the royal palace, ami th.- ilitiicull, he w>>u!d lir.d in getting a.ivij lothckinj;) he iven iini with j|| tii. Ijicels he could wilh for, the old monauh not only ^lan'- III ;• him free liave tu jiiild the lortrels, bu», ai a larih^i ii.iikofhii regard, d.!isi ic 1 up to him a*Aiiii Iweiily o. hi> cuuntrynii n who had lii.n lately Oiiftivuckcd onihi'' null, and who hod Uiii iieatid with li.c ulinuli hoi- |iljlity. 'I he old monatih had, Imwcvtr, a fon-iii-law, naninl Maijo .Mulat, a biave anil witlike prince, who bol.lly laid before hnn Ins apprelicnlioiis of the daiijfi r^ lh.it would attend his rcceivm;.' thole llraii;;ei;> into his donii- iiioi t i and much mot'' at hi> pirmillin); ihcm lo ! "lily ihrnifeivis there at the imminent ha/atii ol hit own lality and tli.it of hii fiibjctls. Whatever were theking'sview, be iiidcavoured to d:flipate Mufaf '> fcari, by telling Imi., that lime, which b'liip evciy thmj{ to li!;lit, would loiyii dilcover liii motives lor thu.i encouraging thelc ilrcuUd lirari^ers. " Thou wilt lo.m, laid he, perceive th: ni " dwindle into notlini^', through the heat and incle- '* nieiuy ol a climate to whuli they aie uiiacculloined, " a^id thill It will be lime enough lo Olive them out ol " their tcrt. if they do not abandon it of thi.ir own ae- *' Cord." 'I'he prime .leipnelied in his rcaUiin, and iIil" I'ttrefs was carried on with double vigour, the km.; hav- ing oribrcd hitlubjecto tu lend the Tortuguclc all poUiblo allitiance. III. mijtftv was, however, foon al.irmcd by the pa- ihctit rcinonllranie. of the Mahometan merchants, vvii.i endeavoured lo awaken him to a fiiilc ol his dan^'cr, Irom the well known pcrhdy of the I'ortu^uele i and addicfling iluinlclves to him in a body, reminded hiiu ol the iC|Kated v«'arniii;;s ihty had gi\in liiiii, and then added, " To what end do lliefe (hancers build a fort iii " your dominions, but to intrcafe their own power, in '* order to llrip you of yours and of your kingdom. " Hive they not by the like arliliccs ixpjlid the kiiij; " ol (^iiloa, and robbed m.iiiy other piinccH in Afiii4 " and India ot lliiir dominions .' W'heie, in fliori, luvo " they ever got a fooling without leaving nuinbiilels tiaces " ol then villainy aii.lciuell; , If thcieloie you have any " re;;ard for your falety and welfare, dellroy them bi- " loie they arc become too pov^-eiful, lelf hereafter vo'i " be unable to avert the ruin and delhiiclion which iney " will bring u|)oii yourlcif and kingdom." I his Ijieech had the dcfircd f ifect, and the alarmed monarch began lo fee his fidly and il.iii-cr. lie aliem- bled x number of trtxjps, and appiiinted a ii^^ when they were to fall upon the i'ortuguefe, while they wi re employed in building the lo.-t. Unhappily for lii.n, l.e had a traitor who watched ail his motions ; this v^a1 /acote, who was originally of Abyfliiiian eNtra.;i:on, but hiving been taken prifoncr when young bv the .M.t- hometani of Sofala, had embraced their reli.;ion, aii.l, by his addrcfs, had raifvd hmifilf to the hi^helt ilcree (,;' credit with the old kinr ; but being now coiriipTeil bv the Portuguefe, he betrayed all his inalKr's fecrtts, anil failed not, on tr.is occafion, to fend them timily notice o( the defigns forme.l agamll them ; on vvhich (Jn.ij* prepared to give them a warm reception. Accordingly on the djy appointed the Sr.falans fiiri- oufly attacked the fort by throwing lighted biands mtd it, while others afliilcd the walls with their warlike en- gines. The befiegcd, wnhfiiuja at their head, made ji very brave defence ; but being reduced to thirl v-fivi- nici., the rert being either fick or invalids, they would ti.n,; ftood a poor chance againit fix thoufand men, iiiil n -r /acote found means to enter the fort at the livad ol :•. h-indred men, who immediately att.K ked th.' brfi-.':-!.!, with fuch bravery, that a dcfperate conflit'l cnlued, in which the Portuguefe, now infpired with lielh couia,"-, difcharged their artillery and d.iits with fuch vigour, ilui the befiegers loon (led wilh the utmod precipitation and terror, leavin.; them the quiet poirelRon of their fo.-- trels -, but the Portuguele boldiv rufliiii" out p'ii!ii-d them with the atinoll furv, not only iir.'j i!:-j city. tai (..; CoMOR.\ Islands. A I- i; I c A forced ihrir way into the rnyjl |uUic. Thcv rvcii crowilcil iiiio the very upifimrnt inio which the nlil k^n- hail rvlirci', ji)J liiuii>l tiinil^m^ on hi i much ; luiilhur inloleiKc r'H'ii rDuft'd hn couu^ , (o thil, bliiitl .iii>l nU .1- lu- W4<, hi hullily .irolr, anJ tljitul fcvcrjl jj\i'Iimi ji ihcm, which, *\ th- y iniwil tl ihkk iijMin him,
  • iin>tr>l t Jiul jiiion/ the nil (iiujj rcirivol 4 wDuiiJ iii hi* iiick whciiniij ruiklcii the ('(irtugiiric aj^enl .ulvaiicrj with hit drawn fcyiiK'Ur tow:ttd> the kiii)<, and n one blow llfuck olF hii head, which tilled his altcnJaiiti with dread and horror. (iii.ija, fully fill ilird with feeing the p.ntnl old kin^ lyiiij; in hii hloiid, ami hcadlef^ at hit feet, iniinedi.iiciv ftirbad hi< mm to otler any (jrllu-r viuleiiie t(iw.ird) j p'.oplc whom he |iret«iidrd he w:iiitcd to ^,011 \)v act:, oi Iriendlhip, rather than to ten il'y with farther priKil. ol Ihc I'ortugiirt'i: bravery and iiurtial iirowefi ; adding, tint us they hod by this time fulhtieiill) ix|h tic need the oii'.-| .?»< hi" W11 now re*l\ and willing to 'Ive litem Ihemnft con- tincmi' ptociU ut ihc> other, hy ak.lt ol' humaniry iitd ompalfiMi |.t thiir preleiit dillrrli. 'I'Iik |il«ulib|tf l|Kerh h.id th.- ilelired ilfei't 1 an.l the Sofilani, Mnlin:r ttiey had to do Willi a nation ll.ar wii I'xi llron; i-J aiti'ul lor ihein to contend with, l.ir't.ore ail I'atthci hirt- liliiiri. Dilono obl'crvci, th.tt Onajj, hivin ; fucrecJrd fi faf, thought It n'lW tunc to iVtlle tint newly fuhdur I (iitr, and, ai a niiik of ih'' {'orlu^^urle g< m rohiv -tK*^ i;r ilit id the km.; o( rorlii- ^al, and t.i promil'e to behave cii all occalioiii a> hit malt failhtul t.-ibutary. CHAP. V Of the CO MO II A ISLANDS. SEC T. I. Of iheir Situation ; uilh octncift Aiittnl tf Ctmira tit f»in cipal of ihm, and tf AL^IIa, AUhihi, ami An(az.hi. Oflhi lUUghtful Ijhnd tf julumna : n I'iiiv tf it Jmm ihi Rtad; and tht Jpecially at their firll entering thofc fcas, to take advjntj<_'e of tlie limplicity of the inhabitants, uii- •aciiuaiiiteJ with arms and ineajiaMe of defence, and to land patties in order to rob and commit all pollilde out- rages on the natives, whom they freipicntly carried away Haves. This may have given them atr..ditional averlinn to all ftrangcrs ; and it is not improbable, that the re- venge they might take on the next who vifited them, without dirtinjriiifliiiii; the innocent Irom the guilty, miy have gained them the inhofpitablc charadler which they Hill retain. Anga/ej.i, Mayotta, and Mohilla, arc but little rc- foit^d to, on accoun: of the liipcrlor advaniaires of Jo- hanna, in the faltty of its road, and the ci\ili/.cd diliKi- iition of the inhabit.ir.ts, which, together with the tinc- iicfs of the cowntrv, have induced the Europeans to touch ihere for nfrtfliments. The (hipi on th'-ir arrival anchor in the road on the welt lidc ol the illand, wlicre the high hills, covi red with evergreen;., ending in a delighti'jl valley, lorm the null jilealing landfcapes that can be iniagiiud. The failcr, ufiially pitch a tint on (bote for the reception of the lick, when. Inch is the excellence of the climate, that thoie ever lomuchdifabled with that dreadful d^fiafe the fcuivv, generally recover their health with fiirprifing fpecd, which IS probablv as much owini; to tlie reviving infltnncc of the carthi as to the vaiieiy of excellent refrcflimonts with which the country abound;. The comoi'-T. i.iilyrs 29 who arrive in hcilth, irj however in ianjjcr, ly their in- tun|Kraiice in eating the delicii,wling-piect5 with u», " and the vi-w of excellent fport in (hooting, rould wc " have reached the places where we might |>crceive ihe " game lay : but wc could not ronquer the afcent o( the " hills, though wc endeavoured to fciamble up them on " our h.uids and knees. We v^'crc obIi.;?d therrfore to " rell f»iisfird with what fmalt birds prefented thcmfelvis " in the vallics ami hills that were pafiablc. Wr made " our bieaktafi on pine-apples, atui the millt of loco.t- " nuts, which fcrvcd to quench oiirthirrt. About noon, " coining to a beautiful picrr of water, we Icatrd our- " fclvcs in the lliade by the binks i:\ it, to make a (e- " cond meal, as well as to enjoy the tinkling of I'lveril " little fprings and natural cafcades th.'t fell from the " rorks and, according to thiir dilKincf, fcemed to " lound a gradation of notes, 10 as to loim a kind 01 " agreeable foothiiig watei-mufic. " The orani'C and lime-trees, which flood in treat " numbers about that fpol of ground, bending loider " the weight of their fiur, ditf'uud a m"ft fra..>riint " odo'ir. I'hcrj were alio pinc-applrs which grew " wild of cleviii and thirteen inches m circumference, " ot a much richer flavour than thofe I a'tcrvvard'. met " with in India. Our 'uidci too nude in dil'ir.guifh " a number of pnyava, and efpecijllv plumb-trees, the " fi/eofwhidc Unit is nbout that of a damifcenc, and " leaves a fileafing rclifh on the palate lor I'omc minu(r« '• alter it is eaten. All thofc growing promiicuoullv, and " without the leaft arrangement or order, co 1 binril with " the f.dls of water and the Unpcndous brit'ht cf the '• fuiroiindin;' bill", covered with trees ar.l vcidurr, and 4 R iP ;M n ;f . I , ^, \a\ 11 5.fi J\ S Y S T E M C) !• r, !•■ O G U A I' 1 1 V. Co.'.tonA Islands. " ill t\y.\: various breaks ami nrojcTlIrms cxhihitiiig tin- •' I...Mvl{ ftr .L- . I'l iiutiirc, ailniMtluT rompird wli u " i!.i_^hr, withd-.it i\;Ujjcr.itioii,' In- iilliil .i tcrrcllri.il " j-.;t.iilifc, C(.nip.n. Iiii whicij liio fiiKil c.uJLr.s in I'.i:- " i.ipt, with tiu'.r !'; i:. •;■■*, anili i.>l cifcailrs, cwiipart- " iiKiits an,i all liu rctilu•lnclll^ ol' hmn.'.ii iiiv.ntion, '* vvmilil appL.ir [Hior iiuKvd ! lKi\- it w.i^ mip.'ilibL' fur *' a;: t.) ail.l any thing, but wh.it wovilJ rather Ijoil than " a.lt.ra ihj Ictniry. " It W4i ii.it thin without ri-i.'rft lliat wequittij I'.i " thaiiii.ng i fjot, at';cr ha\ in.; fcall.\l nur r\\ ■ with " tlu liiautiis i.l :t ; t.i v. Inch it m.r, be nicniiniK'.!, as '■ iit> ir.^oiifiJ.rablc aJJiti'Jii, that tluro wa> no kar ot *• v.iiJ biafl- or u! vi.r.:)moas cn-aturos niixi:>l with crar " |il.'..;urr, the illanJ bvinj; to happy as to pu>:Iucc r.,.iic. '* vVi- r^tutrjcii thi.li to our ttiii, well paid for tlii; lli.]ht *' l.t.^u; \\c h.i I uii.lcr 'Oil.- in this Iiilli' (.xciiilio:).'' |j.li.l.> tlie !ii:;i .ilicajy mcntioiicil, aiiJ many utlicrs ror.iiii.in in tlii; liuiicf, thtic i» a rnnaikabli' li)it nl (.■..•tt c)iangi-b <•{ a I'lu.iil fi/c, not cXLenIin/, that (.fa t;i;n- r.i ::t aprii'ot, but lilliJ wi:'n a iuicc th.it has a mm h im ri.- i!c!:;:ot. . flivo'ir than the I ir,;rr fort piiH'rally iniporinl h.x liu.'ii i'li.ni.al, iimlcr ihc ii.inu of Chin.i-oraiiL'is ; ;:ii.! lU'ir bcin^', j-,.(iiii.'ii.>l lipc an. I f>cl1i iioin tlu ticc is (I'l-alui.'is an .iiU.ml.^^c to th>.ir t.iito. Ill t:ic woi..la aic •> yrcat numlu-r of monkic; of ilif- f. iiDl K iiiili iiiii ii/. >, and a bvalt ot about the bii.'.nel> of .1 tDiiiinoii monkev, with a hc.id niatly rcftinMini; mat oi a lix ; it has a livtly piirtiiij; u)c, iis io.it is V.i.'llj, .111,1 i;,iic.-.!iK' of a moiifc i ilour ; an. I iti t.iil, wlm li t» .il). ui tl;rje iivt lon.5, is v.uiigatLil with lirclu of llavk, wit.'.in an inchot each o!h'.'r,i|uiiv: to tlic end ; the 11.11 ivv'.i tali It a inui.iws, and wii 11 t.iWi n younj' it 111.. 11 ;;r<)W , < .xcicdin^ lame: the loun'.ry .illo aboiiiul. wi;h UjUirii!', wliich aie ;;cntra!Iy larg-- and (hy ; hiii iKithci Weil lliip d, nur ot an a;;rceable colour, IlKiroxcn, which .re \iry nuiiieious, aie of a mid- dling ti/a', Jiul, l.kc thiife in the Kail Indies, are le- liijik.ible :tir l^'.eir dilieiini; from ours in haviiii; a l.irge lMIiv(\ctilcir. .■ between tliiir neck and back, which, uh.n kept in pii'nle (or foine liiU", ii gimrally prel.ried liihtr to ton. u- or uil.ler, il t liliiii; Tike fiiin niarr.iw, an>l iK^iti.'ng ia:i be imagined ft^'eeter than theii tliOi. 'I'r.cir fowls are ali.i extremely good and fit ; but our «i;:hor oiMerves, that he ha.l n 1 opportunity of tafiiii;; IlKir (;anie, ol wlii> h thev are lai.l to h.ur ;.r^at \.irietv ; li.it the natiu< are very iiidili'eielit fpoitfincn, either with 3 net nr irun- l"he f' a alto liiriiifliesthcm with ftfh of di(t'Lr(.nt fotls, ;'.'iu III gtvat jhiiiidan>.e, which they are very ixpiit.il c.i;ciiin;;. Ainom: th.: red they have i particular Ip'.ii.s ciilcd tiif pauot-lilli, which is beautiiied witli the ImliiK lolouis th.it can b- iiii.i;'ined ; it is about three le<.t and .1 li.ilf in len.^tth, thick prop and IS ( (!. t'DK'd riiry iifuallj t arry lar^',e knives, nr poniards, whith are lliiik in a fidj they wear round their v.m;|!s ; foine of ilieiii h.ivi- filver or avjate handles, but th-.-y have com- nionlv wooden oius c.irveil, I'he woiiun l.ike more paiili in their dref-, and we.ir a flioit j.ickct anJ petlicoat, with .1 (o.t of Innic i;o.vn and a veil to covi 1 then laces. I'hey uluaJIv .id.un their .inns and wnlls vvitli amiinbcrof br.icelrts made ol !.!\or, pewter, ci'pper, iioii, .ind ^'lafs, .iccordiiij^ to tluir rank and ciiciin.llaiiiee. Their lini^ersaiul toe,, and the finall it their IcL'i, are likewile decked with cb.iins .ind liii..' ;. I'heir eat.s .ue thick lo full of mockjeweU and oin.iinenis of metal, th.it the lubes aie in p.uticular };rcailv dilaiid .iiid wei.;htd ilo'.vn, which they .ire taui^ht from tluir infancy to cnnfijer .:•■ a linj-.iilar be.iuty. The (h.ldren of both fex's are fiilFered to go ft.irle n.iked fio;iith.; time of their birtli till tliey are fc\cn ur cij;ht years old ; whi.h pi.iceeds Kfs Iroinanv CoiiriJ(.ra- tioM of the 111 at of the climate, than Iroin p.",vli, al re.i- loiis i lor they iin.L'ine, ihit iiiiaiits are more apt to be hint by he.it tlian by cold, aii.l that the free „cci.f» of the uii III every part of the body is nutritious and more l.uoiit.ible to then (;iowth, th.ni tlieir being heaie.l bv Kvaihiiii; and rioaths, which deprive them ul a h.iidir.^ii condiicne to h,-,iUh ; aiul in cale of any difpufition ti» deloimity olilliiiel the Irce courl'e of nature, which llrivci to liee itiell lioin any imperfections. Hy ihii me.ur, they are alfo prtluved fiom the gallin? uid clialini; ot cle.i'.hs, which licipieiulv o.eallon Inch cryin;.'s and ili.i.iiin.;s, as it not carclullv Jiteiul,.! to teiiiini iie i:i ruotures. As the li,,l ij ol itlUf Itj iiatuialiy icitiie .is iipu luce every thin;; ihev lovet lor toihl, (0 their conlliiuli.'i il in- dole ikc keeps tbeni fatiL-hed, without .my attempts to imj)iiive it by till.i;;e or cultivation. I'lie • chiidy lab- tilt on milk an,', v^^et.ibles, both which they pnlllls in great plenty and perleiilioii. Inllead of oil ami vinegar to their tallaiis, which are of ihe lettuce kind, they nlc .t liijuid whii h h.is tome releniblame loour tre.iek', and i» a piep.ir.ition of the juice yielded on iiuiliuti trom (ho coioa nut tree. 'I'hiir language is acoiriipt Arabic, mixed with the /an_:;uebar lonpue of llie oppolite p.irt ol the continent, liom whence the C'lmiora iflands weie probably iirlt pco- pb d : but thofe ol the faiii 11 complexion, w!ii) arc "c- nei.illy of ihc bid lank, or at Icilf the moll elitemed a- iiion;;il them, derive ilieir olour paitly I'roiu the .Aralj mixture, and p.irlly fnuit then cumiminication wittt JMiiopeaiis, which was formerly much more cuinmuit than .It piefiiit. Their manners ftill retain much oftbt limplicityof un- cultivated nature. The mildriels of the climate lend, ri tluin imioleiit and prone toveiury. I hiy liKpicntly m.ike ulc of the liberty granted them by their i(li:;ii,n, which is that of Mahomctitni, of diyorcim; theii wivij iiious taliiig. *1 hey have likcwile lome Hat lilli iliat upon llight pretences, for tiie fake of novelty l.'..irl\ leftm'iii'.'sthe tutbul,aiid alio llioinback!!, mul unJ levcial utile r Ijfts, .11, h.ue utiially two or three of them, and many concubines as they i.in iiiaintain. ■'y ; lluy uue as Though till y aie loiwaid to lug whatever they like, they are lai tmm being ihievilb. They tn.it the I!n ;- S V. C T. II. Iilli in a veiv tiicndly manner, not nurely from apiiii- ciplc of iiiienll and coiuenie.iec, though this h.is doubt- (jf I'.f Pii/.ni, 1)'/)!, Fi-iil, l^iuj^uiigt, (lilt Mti'iiioi, of ^ le s (ome iiiflueiice, but alto iVom A leiile of gratitudo tifSMiVf, UJitl) u DfJ^ii^liiit oj ihrir llutif ami ij lln Un \\v: elUcliial atlill.mce thev lotmcily received from 'J :v.H -J j-.hunHil. M( )s T of the nihabitanti are tall of (latiire, nrong, and weil propmiuiiied i they have pien iii<> eyes, long blaik hair, lips lomewhat l)nek, and then loni- I lexion . ill gciKi.il are ol a coKiur between olive and iil.ck , but their woineil arc rather mi>ie clundily made tt..in tlic men. T he coinnioii people only wear a (Vull-cap of any f-irt of dull', and a coaile wrapper rouiKl their loins ; but thofe ul a luperioi i.ink have u kind of wide lleeve.l lliirt liiiigiii;', ov,r u p.iir ol Ion.; dr i*eis, and a vvraideo.it, which Is cither thick or thin according to the lealon ) ti vv wear luibin , except tiiol'e ol iii di laiik : thife aie alio iifinllv dillm.'Uini' ,1 by the nails of their rni_.'ci.s and foes, which they luller to jiiow to an iinmodtrate length, and liii'e them with allieinia, a yellowilh led, fiiniitlied them ill their wars with the .\!ohili.!nn, and from their i being all'iiud, by ficipi.nt intucourfe with them, th.it they have no intention to invade their country or lihertv, I of which they letain a ftrong jealoiify againll the I'ortu- ' t'liele and other Kuiopcan iiatioiii ) but chiefly I'l.iee their I lalciy on the iiiaecillibililv oi their mountains, whiciv \ nature h.i, lormed as an imjicnctrablv batner and d^:enci> { ot the inl.nul rouiitry. 'The huts of the lower foit of people have. Ihmc re- femblaiue toour barns, the l"i,le< being fjrincd of rceJ. lied togethei, and plailleol over with a mixture ( f clay and covv-diinj ; .ind the loot, aie thatched with coeoa- leaves. That man is tluxight vtiy great who h.u a huul'j erected with done and mud. The town, or moie properly vilL.:c, of Johanna is eonipofed ol about two himduj buuivs and huts togr Thofe lioiifc', whith aie ol (lone by a (111 ,i! th'.r. Thofe lioiifc', whith aie ol (lone, bili'ii." to tiie iVi ill llw nuilliy pta*:t> ot the illand. chief, wlli.; u liuiwuud with the title of kiii;iol Jahanna, aivi mei: lion, li.ld (iirti nnd "PI of I of a poll c'vii lue^ in CoMOilA I'-.I.AKDS. A I- I C A. :M7 • . ill aiiil to thi- priiuip.il m:n of I'u' comUry. 'I'licii I'll luiiiJiir's :iii- vvry low, ami oiiiv oi oiiir ftory In^li. 'I l:tv iKin.il lir.in.'iTs to conv.- f.imili.iily into tU-.r lirll ;i".inni iili. i.'.l tliL' oticis Iniiiu nlVncJ for their t.imi- l.'ts. 'Clio ImuiIc ill wim-h tiic l;iii:; ri'l'iJi's is built, like t'lc rcl*, oi Horn; nnJ niu.l, :iml Cu.c n-A tnalcc a botttr j:;;iirf tliim u loniiiinn V.iiglilli iilrns-tunifi: ; it bciii;; vrckli lily fiiiiiilli..!, aii.l aiikv.MiJIy huwj, wi'.h piicci of comic chintz, v. itli luic ;inil tlicrc a liiiall Inokiiiu- clafs. Yet wit'.i ill! tliis iiitiriority in point of fl.itc ;mJ rr;iiiJi;iir, in conip;iiilon win wli.it is Ivi-n in nii.if (.->;- unfivc iiiiJ tivili/.v.l kin- lonis his title of kin;M-.iiinnt Ik- iiiiiiropcr, lie li;iviiii; all t.if i lli-iiti:iU of roy.ilty. ;iik! r.ii iiMliniilcd I'o'.v.T over liis riil>jr.!ts both in tiiiipoul ; an.l I'piiitiuils ; wit'i tilt; ;"i\c'ninKMit ot lVv\iity-tliKi' vilLi-'cs, anJ iie:ir thiity tlioufrtinl inti.ibitunu. s !■: c r. HI. Oft^'f Miinncr in whkh ''fihinnrt l>i\ainf fuhjt.-! f> thf pre- ' j,>!i Hue «/ Ki»zs. ti'f Pnjenii f;. .-.;'.. it tl he imvl: hirti. ■}?,■ Mdiiiur ill iMch Trmle is (.iirii-U on in CiiiHii, 7'rf t'l/wM iinil Ptwiiiiiip •liJ.riU:!, '~5"^HK ^r.inJ-falhcrof tlic piifiiit kin", f.iys ntir r.n- i thor, was an Arab, or Mooiilh trailer to XLilani- biuif, wlitrc on a i|'.iarril wiib a I'ortuguclc, wiili whiini h'.- was ilcalin^ lor (laves, he kilbJ liuii ; aiiJ bcin-r ohli/- ril iiiltaiiily to flv, put to fca in '.I.l- liitt h.iat he loiiU! f..i/.c on ilic lii'irr, when the tult l.iii 1 he ni.i'.K- WJS Jii- liiiiiia ; wlu-ie lueaiii;', 'vith an !i ifjiit.ilile reception, h.e leinaiir il fom • v Us in obUiiiity, till an Arabi;in viiiLl beiiif; I'riven in tluie by llrels ol w.aiher, he made hini- felf kn iwn to liis lounirynicn, ami procured them all the r.lief tiie [Lie alioi.Ud. In the mean while he had p r- Jiillly Ijariie.l the laivuia-e, was become acquainted with the nianiursof the inhabitants, ar.d was fj pleaied with t;ic I'eililitv and i-.l. .ilantncl!> of the i:nmtiy, that he r.ot tinly laid ali.le ..II llioiii^hts r.f leav ing it, but toriiied a IclKiue to r.iile hinifclt to the fovcrcignty of it ; and the Aii.bs his coiintrvnien readily catered into his views, liom tile ailvantni'es tliey hoiK i to derive (Voin his I'lieeefs. Indrad ()! piovec'lini; on a plan of violence, he made liimfell necrliary to tiie natives by inllrucliiii; them in she life of arms', before iiiiknown to them, particiilailv the l.mee, wlucli tliofe of any rank aiiioii;.,!! them now handle with ;j;rcat devtcrity. '1 his, with his tra. Iiin:^ ttn.:'.U)llur iiut'iod'iof war, cntinly new to thole fimple f.iva"es, provin;; of fmi'iilir advant.ij'C to them, by eii- I'bhii;- tbeiii to Hpnlfethe inli.iliii.iiits of thcnei;;lilMiiiiiii;.' iil.ind:-, ifpeci.illy ol Molula, with whom they were con- ilantlv at vaiiince, lometimcs inv.idiiiiT and at olhi rs in- vaded' by tlicm, acipiircil him Inch relpcil and authoiite, tniit fouil av.iii.iii; hiiiifell ol it, he c.iufed hinilelf ;.> he cleeled their ( hief, or king, and to be invelled with deljin- tie powir. In obt.iiniii|; this point he proceeded bv de- f;rees, .iiid mailc ii(e ol .lil bis .irt ; but he had no iimiu i g.iincd the fvimiiiit of his anibilion, than he made tiiem i.pjnt of tiieir oiitidence and credulity; for he not only tlien;;thciied hinilelf by invitim.; (ome of his coiintnmin til fettle in the ilLuid with tl eir tamilie;. ; but chofe for his j'liards the moU bold and reiobiteol the natives, by whicii nuans he was foon able to elbdilidi an arbitrary !;ovtrn- nient. Tliofe who endeavoured to oppolic his pretcn- hoiis and innovatiuns he forced frcm their families, and fold tor Hives to the Arabs, who, upon this rnied ot' to prevent t!ie;r over- id therefnre tliey onlv lute their fruit, with acrofs fi tliiij',, whii h h.is (bine iclemblaiice to the flvm.g proas we have defcrihed in tieating of the iflaiiil of linMn and others in the Kail Indies. I'liey ii(e paddles inllead ol oars, an.l both ends of lliife veli'els are loinuil loi cutlini^ the water, without any didiiieli.m ot iie.iJ and llirii, and confeiiii! ntly ^hcy cm (ail backwai I. .md forwards witiinut tacking, abmit. Their larger boats, called pan- 'i.iy, ate l.uled (ome (eet above the fidt s with ricda and branches of ttv., well bound t( ::ether with (mall coril, and .ilterwaids made waiei -ptoul with a kind of bitumen or lefinous fubll.ilice. '1 lie mail (tor lew ol them have more than one) cai i ies a f.iil or two m.ide either of the leaves of the cocoa-licp, or of Ihcer-grafs matted toHther; ami in ihcfe boats they will veiitiiic out to fca loi tiips of ihiee or lour weeks, and loniitinus longer. Not long ago it was common lot the n.itive«, whrit the'' came oil wiih refrelhnuiits to ilie ftiips of coroa- iiiits, plalitanes, fowls, 5iC. to cii .il eiitnely by way of b.irter for handkerchiefs, rags, gl.iN bottles, bits ol iron, and in Ihort ainioll any thing, w.lhout le;- ml to money ; but till y now be: 111 to know it' value, an.l will p.irt with (Illy the moll mconliderable attieles in this manner. However, they fell every thing as cheap as can well be ilelired. It the Kngiifll w.int to pun hale cattle, fowls, or cow- ries, they ileliie to be paiil in fpecie, lire-arms, or gun- powder. They Iikewife fnlieit all who come theie, pai- ticiilaily ibe p.ilkiigers, to contribute a didl.ir or two towaids impim iig the navigation thev catrv vt\ with ihs continent of Africa, anil, to Icl'iience them bv the force ol example, produce (eieral litis of peifons who have lublciibeil ; fo th.it they fonu times collctl thirty or fi.rty dollar-, fiom a (hip that touches there ; and wiicii the captains leave the pl.ire, they generally make it !ip'>int loi thini to lign, ami alio to le.ive with them a certiti- cate of the ;;ood ufage they have riceiycJ. iJli: 1* C H A H. i >l ;v ' "!, ( i4S ) c II A r. VI. Of M A D A C A S C A 11, and i!)e If.cs of M A U R ITI U S an>i JJ O J R C O .V. il , S K C T. I. //) Ximf, Sill .il:}':, anil r.xl.-nl. T)>, Ftht *f ihe Cainlrf : lit priiKipitl MImii, A/i'iiia,'i, Tit.'i, I'linli, I'tijli, Hiiilt, Rifiilii, ami /•'ij/ci. MAl)A(JAS(JAIv, ilie Ii'-irt of thcAiticjn ifimJs, an I one of tlic bi;j'v It jii llic knuwn wi-il !, i> t.ill<-.l In' the iniucs M.i I.'i. jIc : but '.iv,- I'ortiizu ic, who fiilt ili(iii\Lii.l It, mm: It the nimc ot St. lyaureiici: ; the Irciu-h c.ill it rill- I).iii)ihiif.-, or the Uauphm's ill iilil 1 ami the Niilii.iii 'jcoiirajiht-rj, I':.Truii'., jiH i\ruh- t.iil It Sciaiuilh It PS litiia(cd bctwfcn tiic f*'.'.ttn af.il '■' i*. f%»\'iitv lixtli lirnrofs lit l(iiith latiiiiij.', and bvfATcn the I Mtv-loiiitli aiul tilty hrll il.frin ol laii longitude t'roni J.ond.Mi, about loitv leagues to the call oj the coi.tincnt ol A(riia, it liciiig about a thoulaiid miles in Uii.'th iium nnith to I'oiith, .iiid fciierallv bttwceii two and ihiee liimdred miles bioaJ. lis louthcrnmoll nid, which leaPi towaids the C'aix; of (Jood Hi'|k', is 'lie brujJi-lt j U't towards the noitlut ciow.sinuih narrower, and Icrminjies in a |>(iinl. At a diltanee from Ihe lea are many lii.'h siiid lleip mouniaiiis, vet it atv>unJs in l|>aeious pUiiis that lu\i eveillent p.illure, and has I'^vcial l<.r^e lorelU always ;;icen, in wnuli lemons, iMiMic^ranates, and a variety of other fruits j.row wild. It has alio Uveial ediifiderable rivers and lakes. The ill.inil is ili'.ided into fevcral roiiniii's and pro- VMicey, inh.ibited bv dirfereiit luiions, who l|K'ai( ih" l'amc"lan:;uai;e, but JiHir in 'heir ruin|>ltxiuii«. I lute fevrral nation, are |K.r(Ktiially . v ar wiih each other, not fioin ibc d' lire ol lubduini; t.ieh others lcriitoiu>, hut in older to plunder each u:her ul their goud> and latlle. The priiiripal rivers of this iPiaiiJ arc thofc o( St. Au- iMiOine, tallid by the native* On^hclahe, Ainpatrcs, C;.reml")ulle, Maiii;iiaia<', Munherci, Vohittmeni.s, Ma- nimipani, Mai.iii/.ari, ai.il I' ranflurc. In thu coiintiv are found fold, fdvcr, copptr, tin, and iron, of vvhuli the natives ni.'kc razors, lance , hatchets, and other inllruinents. Here arc alfu ftvetal lorn of precious ftoius, as topazes, amelhviti, aiMt^s, and le- \eral liirts ol iil|i'.T; Iranicinecnfe, .ind btn/oiii arc found ill abundance ; and amberj^iilc is ^}thcrcd on the tea- coalJ. Amon^the fruit, befidcs the lemon :inJ pomcsranatc trees already m."ii:i(>iied, they have palmettos plant.ines bananas, tainaiiiijs, a i uriaut which {4 rows on a tree, and not on a bulh as 111 l.urope, and is very pleafant. I'hey have .1 large tree that bears a kind of plumb, whith when litK- is black and of the fizc <rojt deal of juice, wbici is CMiaclcu by bcifini; ilie toot in a w lodeii mortar, and pKilllij; oul the li.juor ; aavl of the baik ol thii tree they mi'ke ropes. Hen I, vvon.l proper for buildinp, a? ail'j cedar and ebony j but none In fur malls. Tliey iun; alio (ujar-canes, oat-, baib .-, ail I nee. The plains arc eoveie I wiih (evcral li.rfs r.f };r:i('s t,;" dift'cunt «.. lours, which grow to a much j^ieatei he .;.,-. tr.an any in Knj^land : the iiativ;.s never cut any for ii.n ; lor bluie the old iswiilicrul, new jit.if. (prii-'. p , under it ; but they commonly d t ilic old j;rafs 011 u:v, Tl.cie IS alio td'acio, wliieli is liMikeil in iveJs or flic II . T he natives me alio fond of linokiiij; a pl.iii', t,> vvhicli they give the name of jennan'^lilet ; this plim .•rows ah.. ut live feet bi;.;h, beariii;r a Ion;; . nd ilci;i r Kal, and a pot which eontaifrs about a ilo/.en lecds i:k ■ i:e:np-leed. I he ii.itiv(s inix tne Kavis and feei!s tu-v ther, and lay them thiceor lour d.i\ sin Ihe fun, till tin.-. a'e very dry and ht to be fmoked ; but it IIioiil;Iv in- t'jxieates the people : theii eyes, alter linokiii' it, louk red and fiery, .nul their alpe^;! tierce and wild ; they an- even more active, bold, and vi'oiout vvhiic the illt<.l; continues; but ihole who ul'e it miiih are wcik .irU ■Jilpiiited whenever they arc ikiI inti xicated by fmok . Ill;; It. Ill (liort, the foil is fo 'fertile that it produces tw.i crops in a ye.ir of every thini:, except liii;ar caiu->, which mull be kit two v.ais Uandmi;, that they niay grow to a proper li/.c. The country abounds with oxen proJii'ioufly lai!'.-, and yel (o nimble and unruly, that they will leapv.iv hi;;h leiicej.' they ate be.uitiliilly loljiired, liinie ot it.tm bung llieaked like a f, 'cr, others are black wiili while Ijiots, and Ionic are while with bluk fpnt.s. 'J lay have a piotubcrance betwem thiir iliouider i, which h.is foine relemblancc to that ol a earn ■!, and confills of lat and llelh ; loilie of thcl'e bumps .iie laid to wei.'.'i between thiee and fourlcoie pouiuls. J'he cows i\o not ;;ive lo much milk as ouis in I'lV'J.iiid, nor will t'.ev ever fuller themlelves to be milked till the t.ilf h.is tirlt fucked; 10 that they keep a calf for i-nry cow till li.e Is again w tli call, l.ir they IcMom mils a fealoii. Here are fomc (lieep with j^reat heavy tails, iiul .-illii ;;oats ; but tlity keep no tan.c hogs, tliele being fiiili- cieiitly numerous in the country, and lo verv niifrhie- V(,iis to tne plantatior.s of potatoe=, and other loots, that they are lorced to let trap.s 111 order to catch tliei-i I hey have alfo wild dogs, and foxes, v^■hlch ar.; very fierce, and will fometmcs attack a man ; but they h.ivn no lioin, tygers, or any other lavace bealts. They have excellent tovvl.s, with plenty of lu;'.;- dovcb, partridges, pij;eons, ducks, teal, and otii , will iowl. The bets of Madajrafcar are very numerous, and great quantities of honey arc lound in the %voods. '1 Iv: natives alfo keep bee. hives ; (or thev not on'- ;'t the honey, but maki a palat..ble lioiior of n, caliso voack, which has a confidetablr Ipiiit, and ol which thry lie- qutnily drink till they are intoxicated ; this is tli-.; coirimon liquor drank at their entert.iinmeiits. ■J'hcrc are two or three kinds of lilk, found in plenty 111 almoll every part of the ifland, fonie of a brovvnilli colour, _nd one loit white, the outfide of which is luii of fmall pointed priiklcs. Ihe cone is ab'ut ihu-o inches long, (haped like a ninepin, and at »he topi, lound a fmall hole, out of which a blarkifli •.yoiiii is fonietimes leeii to cicep; but wc have no account of 11, charii;ing its film 111 the ni.iiiiiir ol the common liix- worins, though it probably becomci a flying inle. ' riure are, however, no niulleriy irei . in the illanj, and thele worms and lilk aie louiij on lliicc or lour dii- icreiit loit of ircis, adlierin:; lo the thick branches i r trunk. The pi-ople pull o'll ih'j coik- on their kiie- s, teaiin^ it to pietvi with their hanl., and then Ipm it witn Maoaoascar." 1' R I A. ^^0 ) u R u o : .\. I) iu\a iir- l)iilIJir;>, aj all ni:ill>. I 111! nil', oral (orfi of j.rai; uf IIIUcll •^(...Ittl (mi;.,.; :\\r tut any tor iiav ; w (.lai- l|)rir!jrf iij, • n!,! j;ra('a ctl llff. I iMikiil ill ivL-Ji ur (iniikin;; a planr, t,i an'.'lilcr ; tlii-. plim a Jdii;; .till ikii.i, , t a ili)/rn (ctJs lik _• HI s and ll'ccis tom.-- Ill the lull, till li':,.... ; hut it llii)iiL>lv in- II rmnkin r it, look iiiil wild i tlii-y arc )U< wliik' till' ilKxt null arc wuik ai'd ti xiiatid 1)) liiiok . lat it prodiiics tw.i I'xci' It lii;;ar ijiu"., llg, that thiy ii„i/ lirixli^'ioully lat;'.-, tlit'v will liai) \\iv cohiiiriJ, iiHwe i.i hcT'. aic black Willi 1 hi u k (pots. 'J luy iiHiidt; ., whicli h.,i ii'.'l, and C(iid"ilt> (It '5 *iiC (.ltd to wti'ii ■J he lows do not Jaiul, nor will imv till the call has tirl! ■ iviry tow idl llic- iil.'i a (caluii. icavv tails ■mi , Iw s, thcli; being uiKi- id It) vcrv niifrlii-- ', and othi r iii,)i., dcr lo catch tlufi xcs. which ai..' vir/ nan ; but thiy h.ivn ; biatis. h plenty of tii ! i • tal, and oth , wii.l T'/ nu;nerous, and in the woods, 'i tm y not on'- ;;t the i)( It, cali^u loack, o( wluth thry lu- .aiud ; this is tlie .linitii'iits. dk, (iiuiid iti p!tn;v >inc id a broHiidn dc of which is lu.. nc is ab'>ut thuv and at the top i, I bla! kifli woiiii u c no atcc'Uiit ()( II , the conmion (ij:-. ■ ei u flying inl'-. ' rcis ill tiio idai..', II t.'ute or loin dn • thuk bianchc i - me on thtir k\\<- ■, ., and th:n (piii ir Vklti) with a fpindle fnado of a hone, .ind a rock-dail', .il'ici ^^hK■ll thoy wtaic it, and it makes prttty fine lambci* to we.ir round tluir vvaiil. Ill Ionic parts of the cuiirtrv is a tree railed rolVer, which is of 'j.reat u(e to tlic lower or niidlling foit r.l people, (lom its furniniin:; rrateri.d for a tlotli to wear liiur 1 their wailf. The leaf niembics that of tin' co- fii.i tree, but is ioniser by two tc:r, an i bears a pliinili alnloi^ like a datral'ccnc. 'I'bconttr bark they t.d.e away, and the inner, wliii h is white, tliev peel otf entire, and bca? with a ilitlc till it is Hit and pliable. It then rc- (Vniblcs a loiiL', white, thin fliavinr. A(ter this thcv (bale it in water, then (plit it into thread; , which thcv tic tonetlier, and weave into cloth. I hey fuqiieiitly (lyc a part of it, and make their laniber-! Itriptd. 'I'hev have iari;e fiiakis', but they are not poifonous j they leldoiii bite any one, and when they d,>, it is attuided villi 11" wor('e toidequenee than the bite cf any othi r animal. Here arc great numbers of loblUrs r.r.d crawfifli, ex- cdknt turtle, eels, the (word (i(h, the (ca hedue-ho..-, and many kinds of filh cominon to other roimtries in the f.inie tliin.ae. In the riveis are many alli';ators. s K c r. II. (>/ thi P.rfiiii, Drcfi, Mt)"iif'<, Ciijhms, aiu! Fuel rj ihc AS to the perfon? of the native';, thcv are common- ly t.ll, v.tll made, of an oifvc renip!. xioii, aidr ( .11" oi tluiri pretty I 'acU. Their i;;;;r is •. it woolly, ' like that of ibc negroc;. cf (luinea ; but it is always J blaik, and fcr the mofl part curls naluially ; tbcir iiofrst are lut (lat, though they are f.ii.dl, nor have thiy tbitk ; lip*. The men wear only a piece of coiifii i loth or fdk round tiieir w.ii!l, called a l.milici ; Com • of ihele thev | liinkc themfelves, but thofevvho are rich buy thcfilksand r;ili';oes at fea-port town', giving a j'rrat price fur them, as a cow and a calf (ir ivi more tlian will mike t lie l.iii her. The men and womtn of dillinciion alfo adorn themfilves with rin-s < ii their wtifts, fonie arc • ■f (;old, fonie of filvcr, but mofV of tlieni of copper. 'MieV euil th.ir h:di, and ivake it lie clol..- .itid fmooth, ;ind ih'i'.'e of fuperior lank adorn their luiir with iin_;., and other ornaments. The women wear a lambcr w'litli reacbes to their ftct, '."nd above it n garment like a (fr:;ii',ht (liilt, vvhi h covtn all the l>or perlbns vvlun thcyaddnfs thiir prinii', tinu bj the women vvlirn thev ccme to welcome thfir liud'nids Oil their retninin;; (rem the wi'r.; : the (laves alfo pa) the fame prcpoltcruus m3'k of icr;-e..'t tn thiir tr.alurs; but tliofe of luiH'iior rank lick only the kiiwcs of llitir foveieij^ns. The rirhi? of the inha'iiMiif;-. conHll in cattle, r.iid in licl.ls of rlee and loots, wliitii aicunJrliie manajs'- me;it ov r the einbir:, they put in their meat, an! coverin'.i up the holi-, let it con- tinue there till it is baked. i hey ;^!.'b (bmttiiiies boil their meat and fowl;, but bavc no bread, iidleaJ of which they make ii(e of v.irioui roots. s K c: T. III. Of tht Drffi nntl Pstver rf tir ^ntr/U'in. Tl.cir Cititi (t--jcrili(:l. 'I hi! Aliinn^r rf r>iiix:iij ff^iir. MR. Drury mentions a klnt; to w!iom he was pre- (entcd, whofe hair was iwiilul in knots, bei^in- nin;,' at the crown of his head, where they f;rmeJ a ('mall circL' ; below tlicin w.'.s another rin;.; of I'.ncts, and thu. they wvro cominued in icvcral circles, cacll larpcr thai that above it. On (.imc of theie knots hum; fitie beads } lie b.id alio a (ordiead-piecc of beads that hunt; fo low as to reach his n' fe. About his neck: he had a Cine necklace, tormed of two tliini'S of beads, (eviral of which were of l:oI.1 ; iliis niiklacj hiiiVT down before in the manner ol .'i' aldermnn's chain, and on each wrilt lie hid live or tili;ter?r.t iti the difpofitioti of their ornain-.-iits, as in their p.iiriotis-. Tl.ev idually pive audience to thtir fubietis (itiip^ tr(.ls-|i.n;:td on a m;:t. Ihoui'li tli'v b'W ' nn abfoUite po'^-er over the lives of tU' ir lubn.'ts, and foiiietiiiie-. kill tho!': who e\a''pe- rate lli.~in v\ilh their own hand ; tiiey will talk finiliar- ly with every be.dv, and yet preserve a decent fla'e. They have cities, fowm', and vii'ii;;ts, nohlcmeit an! (laves. Manv of th'j cities '(intaiii upwards of a Itioiifind huts, which are built wi;h brant hrs of trees, and covered on the top wii'n Itavis, jn futli a m.inner a! to keep out the rain. But th'fe bnildin^rs i.e ex- iremily low, and c.innot be cnteicd without !(o ipiiij;. I'he hou!e of the prince is built ii ;> with boards, forir.- id bv the hatchet out of the trunks of ticesi f.ir thev have not the ufe of faws. 'I'hefe b'iild'n5;s, tho!f;h h.>ndfonir:r than the others, are not laif.d nuith above (i.s or (even feet from the i^iounJ. Their cities are (urroiin led with ditrli"; near (1x fe-t deep, an 1 as many in br.a- th, with plliud.^c.^ within, on tlie baiilvs of the diteiv, and (onictimis, when they apprehend the approach of an enemy, thev arc detVvd- cd by trees cut down, lormini; a kind of wall; and if it be in a Ifron-^ phee, thij deiente is nude wiili a Aonc wall withiut riortar. Vet tiic princes have no rc:;ular bodies of tr.-iopi trained to v/ar, but make iile of ilieir vali'd<, who cii- d-avoiir to iinitate their brivere, b'lt >.'.cner.iUy flv w!itoi ' the" ( 't thetn the example, or when they arc killed. ! I'heir arms are lances and baehrt; mad,- in t!ie co'.n- i trv, :'nd i;un!5 purchalcd of the liiir:>peans v.ho frc- 1 i;uent their port;!. 1 When ibey make war, il is very ^ rnmon for part'rs tu ! i;oout and liiipri/e th dr rncmi.s by ni.'!':it when 1 .-(I ex- pcdted. On thcfe evn-Jifii lis every mm t'cneraily car- ries a piece of meat in hi- hand, and ent.-riiut the town in the dead ot niuht, throws the meat to the dos, t > picv lit thtir bnik'!!:'. When tlvy are all tnfeied one (ires a inurt.ct, i:t tile noilc of whith ilit iiib^! iianis (iiddin'y I ^ S • 'i"„» \ i i fi SSO A SYS T r. M O F C. V. O (1 R A P II Y. Maitaciicak, rif;:;;:, hjftilyenJcavoui to p,it mit of the ilnuM of ihiir | 'I'luv li.ivc in lluir hmifcH ii fiii.ill [Mpri.ililL- imagr, nr low nuts III a tt.i.'pin/ iniIIuu', bin .ito iti>l)i.J with | idol, iiiii|>(.i'.ili J to r<.li;;uiti'i tiU' thn ihry cull (|„< 1.1'..' 3. I'lK' chiUrin jii.i wonu'ii il.i'V i.ikcca|itivc, and | Owliv. It i'< ni.icli- ij|i ol a |Hciili.ir wulkI in lit, iicjtlv i until, aimoit in ihf luiiii 111 an li.ill nioijii, w It,') ilij im,,,, ildwnwaiil'., Iictwccn wliii'n aic ^ItccJ tvMi .illi);ati>i'> twCth i It is aildincd Willi lc\i.ral Ion < I't' btads, .nid bi- drivi I' a'A'av all the caiilc llu-v can find, ihty bum thi' ti'Wn, ai.d then return home with the plunder a. id the C.Ttii. !jV piii.itf wavi. lirlicJ ii I- tiillomary with them in time of w.ir fi hide ' u ir v.'i.'r>, children, am! callli' in iiinute .iiid U . ii.'l pUcfs ill llie .voi-ds, that tnc riieinv inay n»t linJ ihrni when tr.c: plunder the countiy ; but ih'- woimn .\n\ ch^lilrcn i;c never wiih the i.inlc, U-fi tiier belLuviiii; fllouM .. ..^e a difccivery. In ibii i.tfe the wonim, t<> prtvtnt tliiit I ;Mi'.j traced by llic tiai k they leave, draw b<.iii;'ii af'itr tlicni whcnihcv retire lo this loinaiv ie;ieal. I'liou-.'h lliey nave iri kiinwled^e ol lettcit, iniy have a concifc .■,!'.>. in ut laws, which aie handed duwii by nie- inory Imni t ither to fin ; and thcle, lor the moll |iarl, l.iiii lormcd III good uiifc. It one i.ian ;itlau!ls another m.iliiinifiy, .'ind bri.'k. a U-}» or an arm, the otluider ii fined I'l'teen hiad ol cattle, wiuih he mull |'jy to ih- fult'.n.r. Ifapeifon bnaki aiiotlier°> head, ,i,id the \?ounded has iiJt (cturnej the biuw, be liai three cuWJ ur uxen ur the da.iia T. Iftwoti'.in quaricl, aiul one ciirfe> the other's f.rther ;in«l muth'.r, whether thiy b: dead or alive, and bin an- ta;;omll retorts not the curie aijainll bii father and mo- liur, he lecoveis two oxen lor the d.imaj;e. Il a in.n i, e.itihed ro'.ibini; his iiei^iliboiir of an ux or ae'.,v,he mull rclloieten tor it ; .iiul thi* i^ lij'/'ioully exi-kUted, though it is irei]ucntly \io|jted by the jjrtjt t:un, A'ho, .{■> in other countries, iire feldoni lielil by the uidin.iry laws of their roiiiitiy. ll a |)(-rl(in !-> taken llealin;; (iiiine.i corn, nravan- ccs, potatue.<, .Sic. out of a plaiuatiuii, he foii'eits a cow and calf to the owner, or more in iToptJitmn to the ojre.'ice. If one m in'< cattle breaks into aiioihi.r'', plan- tation, fur every bcall f mild there tile ownvr nuilf j;l\e un iioii (lisvel. ll aii;.iii i'orrow:. a cow of his mighhour, in a yar's time lix ealvc> ate fuppoud to be the proper value which he ought to return i and if he then ne^^hct payiii);, thole calves arc fuppoied to be three (leers and thtte luitcrs, nn I t'.c intieafi. computed to atife by their (it.iWtli and ptviductiun it iluc lu the man of whom the cuw wa, boriuwed. If .iiiv nun be cau,>lit flcalin;; anolI'ciN Wi\c of hon..'v, the fine is thne iron (hoveK^ lur it mult be oblervcl, that ill mI' and hoes, in the coiirfe of exchange, lenc the |.uipiiie ol imail nionev. ll ainau lies wiih the wife of his fupi'rior, he ^orfllt^ thiitv head of cattle, bel'idet a i;reat number ol licuK and IIiomIsi but il tiic man is ol an ei|ual tank, he i. lined twenty catilc : bit to lie with one of the wnf. olthe kin^ IS deitii. Iiut, notwithllanding lhi<, if a man ii.is two wi>ei, and his brother er an intimate friend comet ll Mlit hull, he tiiaitci no fci'iiple uf lilting hiin lie with Cilie ot lliejii. hind It i, lalleiud a lafli, which the malLr ol liie hciuli; Ik to lie found Ins wjill when he goes to wai. I'lm |, luppol'id tube a kind of (alifman, or vehicle, to which their Ipirit, or ;>ujrdi.in ;.;i niii-, is altai hiil, and by whieli as a proper medium, he will be invoked. Alniolt cvviy prrfon i> I'uppolid to have a dillllii't .iiid le|i.il>te I'pint wlio preliili s over his ac'tion>, and prelciifi his piaycil to the j'leat Ood ; and the pi , and par- tuiilaily that who is attached lo the Owiey, .in. I lo (he Ipiriis of their aneellors, be;;;;in;', foi what blellin^s ihty wanr, and ictuinmg thanks for tlK>le lh?y have re- ceived. This beinn done they throw the ox on the ground. With his leps tied, and the chief perfuii pii.'-'it cuts his throat ; fur they haviiij' no piiclli, the ihiel inao, vvhc- ther of the country, town, or family, peiloniis all (he f.iei'cd offices liinilcll, and the people join with him in their devotions. I'heir oaths or miiniier of fwejring is prrfornud in 4 very lint;ul.ir niaiiiiei, sshiih will .ipp.ir frum the fo|. lomiij; iiillaliee ; The jiialter ol a I' lencii (liip puttinain at I'oit Dauphine, while (he In nch, by (licii behaviour, had made (he na(i\it.il enemii>, pieieiidcd io be an amballadiir fioni the I' rench kiii^ 1 and ('.oiiij; .ifljura in (icat (tale, eiilcicd into an alliaiue wiih (In; ipiecn ol' that part of the country, on whiih (lieiaulel In 1 Owley to be elevated in the above manii.'r ; and abiiKoik beiiiir kdled they took (onie o( the tail, and tmiiL' ol the hiit uC the imlc and eyebrows, and put on the live coals that were Irnokin;; undei 'he ( )wley, wbii h they alio l|!iinkled with the blood of (he \ iclini. The luer was then loalled, one piece ol u hii h wa> pi u ed on the vehicle ul (he euar- ilianf^pHii,and two pieces (tuck on two l.mec>, which were lixed III the ^^lound between the ipieen and the aiiihaira- dor ; and then the i|ucen took the oath in the loliuwiiii; teriiu : " I f*far by the j;ieal (iml above, by the four (lOtN " of the foul ijuaileis ol the woild, by the Ipnit, ol my *' forelatlieis, and betoie this holy Owley, that neither " iTiylcIl, nor any of my ort'spiing or people, uhoaimt *' .'t thi-. lolenin oath for ihemtelves and their oH'.priiie, " will williiij'ly kill any Krenibnun, uiilelt they tirit " kill lome ol u< i and if we, or any ol iis, ineaji any " other In ilii^, but the plain and hunell iiiith, may thi> " liver whiih liiow eat tie tiiipvd to poilon m tny belly, " and inllaniiy kill me." W lun (he had i.iid ihn, (he t'Kik the piete of liver oil ll. ' laniC and ate it, atlet which the amballadiir did the lame. Thele |H'ople |Hrliiim the rite ul riieiimi ilion, but wilhveiy ililterenl leienioines lioni thole prav.lileil b\ the Jews and Mahometans. It iscomniunly perfoimed whin weltein lord-.. The ealletn lord they fay r. the dilpenlei of , th'" thild is about a year old, but they haie no ceri.uit plagues and mifeiiei to mankind, by the permiirion or I Iiiiie of doiiif; it. (tieat preparations ne nude by pre- rommand of the Supreme (iod ( and tnou:',h the oiheri ' paring liiaik, a lujuor mjile of honey and the h.ui. y- all'o fultil iiise.imniands, they aic ihiefly the dilpvnlers of j tomb, together i and th'- |>fo|ile, belore the ceiemony bcneht'.. i helebud, they coniider as mediators between I lM'|iin<, give themlelves up to m nil and ie|iMtin;;, iiiany men and the great Ciod, on which aeiounttlny have diinkin/ lo rxiels. A Ixill is in-il and laid on the I'luuiid, an high veil' ration loi them, and rriommelld tluinfclvei anil the lelaliona and (iiends biinV picleiiis ol rows, to ih.'iii in their prayert and lacrihces. caIvo, luad., hatchet., \c til! at Irnj^th the |ii,horray, which nullifies th'; I. 'lid above ; hut they lay, theie aie lour other lords, etch ol whom has his rtfpective ijuarter of the world, as the iMiihern, thetallern, the foulliein, and the 1- lie-^i IL MavaomcAh. MadacascaII. !■• R I 9^.1 rcl.iiiiii) runs with the cliilJ in Wis armt to i!u' ImII, »i\J putting the chiM's ri;;ht h.inj i.ii the li.ill'a ri^^lit h .rii, I'jyt, " hct the ^t>.jt (i»:l ubn'.f, the liiiili iil' tilt " lour (juirtcri o( thr wotl.l, aii.l the ciiaiili.iii r|iiiii'> *' |>ii<(|U'r till) child, uiiJ iialcc him a ^i^-it nuiii i ht ** liiiii he l^iuii^, hiie thiii bull, 4111I iivcrcunic hi^ *• cneiiiic*." It the bull rcLiii while the h'ly*'. h.iiitl ii iin hii horn, ihcy loiiliilir it ■!> »\\ iiiiriirtui'.,>te iiniiii ol jut liiiii!'. Tickly "f uiiluppy. Any expcrnnteil ni.iii in the nii.'li- bouihoocl |KiUiima the otVue, liy lullinj; tM' the luic- fkii) as chile a ho c^n, while two nu-ii huM the chihi'i Irj^s and utniH, When the lurc-lhin i» cut citf, it i. put upon u ftuk like n t;un-ramnicr, the hij;!;c(t ciul i.l vvhuh is tut poiiitctl, anu a man ^dci with it tu the wikhI jiuI thrown it taUwarJ. 'I'he urcnimiy biing tiiiilhed, tiie hoy IS ihlivercJ to hii mother, who ii lejtcci mi a nut riirroiinJcU hy women, aiul the hull In in;' killiil, per- h.ip. with levcral oxen, it that he imt luniLiinl, to liati (he uhule company. i'hc inr it i< boiKii, loiiie parts broilcil, and other. rnalKd ; .\iui the w^MjU'm ol thenu-n Icmi; rciurid to prevent niilihiel", thry ate pltniiiully luppiu I Willi to.'.ck, and the itvil continiui with lin;;- inj^, diuiiiiiiinj.!, hullowini; and hlowingol iliells a> loii^'. »■> lluy ate able ; iiid the iValiinj loincliiiui lalU all night. The vei- 'ration they have for ihcir forrfathrri. and the allui.inieo their fpirits alwayt cxilling, .-)ppcar>in ainiolt tvtty circumlt. iKc ot the iVw religious olhccs ihiy per- iuriii. The burial ot the dead i»\crv liii):tilar and lo- Unin, An they tr.at eaell i;ther in all calaniilKs and inisl(ir!.iiiej with );ieat hinii.inity, fo they lik', ,-iiui then Iplit it in the middle, lor thry always chiKifc a tr.e whi.ii they know will Iplit. They tlien t!ip both p.irts hollow, in the in inner it two ttoutjhs, anil It I', tl'.i n lit to be carried to the huule. In the nuan lime the O'lple i> walhed and Icwcd up in a lainh.i, or IHibajs in two. {''laiikinecnlV, or .; nuin very like it, is all tlie while ki'pt burniiij^ in the hmle. The corple is fiM iin kept above ii day, elpetiallv in hot weather; but biinj;. put into th:- tiouj^hs they aie neatly clolei] ij- ^cther, and caiiiedon lix nien'i Ih'Jul.lerH. H\eiy Umily h.ii a ntciiliar huiyinK'|>lace, which non ilarc to break mio. It i< en. loir I with a kind ol p.ui l.tloi , and when th -y come near the plaie, the corple \i let doa/n on the oiitliJe, and lour lir.t are mati:, one at eaih com r without tlu huryliij;-p!ace. '! /f.thole lirrs they burn an ox or co'.v, whi^li was b.tiiri killi d on pur- liole, and duided into iiiiaiters, conlumi 1.: !>■. wliole. 1 hi y then Ipiinkle trankincrnle on the coals, a.\d Iprrad thiiii about : which beiii)', done, the ihiet, or eUUII ol the family, ('oi s to the (;ate of the hiirying-plaec, and hollows Aloud levrtal times ; alirr wliie'i he calls upon all theilea.l ilu le itr|Hiiite.l, he^inniii,; at thecaili the ^ate, and tMo or three peiloiis are lent in to di.; the iiave, which is coiiiinunly leveii or eight leel deep; and tin hudy heiiij; pitted 111 it, i> covered with earth, without any taithei cri.ntuny. Nob'.Mly is pKiniittrJ to riilir the buryiiiffgruuiiJ but loil>c of llie iicarel) lelati ills aii.l the la'aieis ; jiid they hake no I.Kincr hit it than the door isilol.d up. I licie are |f moiirniii;-. d'd in a bctfri an.l moir oiileily maiiiiei th.iii the oth T iMhabitlliti, boiling plaiitaiRs ot pc>iat<.>?< with th ir incai, a:-.d makin>j a kind uf fv'iip. Thift* Kd^iii .1 1 • -'''. i . w . II; ■■.il 1 ■•'C. i-Zi. 352 A S Y S T I. M O F G F. O C; R A 1' H V. Mal-ritii-s amlBoi-Rnox. llic Iii.li.ni lias, rctiiriiiii;; with lh(.ir pri/.cs t.i a pl.ice of li'ciinty oil tiic norili-c.ill i^m!!, wKitc th-v i.jnk poll'itlii)!! ol a liati'our ot iliiricult a.ciCs, ami iK iViiJoJ Iroiii itunns by St. Mary's il'.aiiJ ; but tlu-y .wl- now Ji!pcilt.J. ■Thcff rcoplc ni;'.lco very ;".o!l carllKii wan-, as pots, «li(hc^, ami jiig.<, plariiir; tluni both wilhiii .ml \\iiliout, yiid arc viry iiigiiiious urt:t'Ki.rb in n.any oiiiti llilii^ . s K c r. VI. Of the Placti whpcans having trail' d thither, af I'u- I'.jy ol An ♦'■rr.|t, the ill ini! ot' ^t. .VI.»ry, Fott liaupliin, and the J; H' ot St. Au ruKiii. riti; B.iv lit Anton-.''! i- fitu.itcd on the callcni cn;\it, in thf iCtn l" provi'.ioii;, good water, an J a flit- I'.Jtl)! ar fur (hipping. ■[his b. y wa'i oikc frequented by the Dntch, who had a kind ci tac^i.ry there, c. id'iliini^ of loiiriL-..ii nun, I'or bluing cf Haves and ric; but lu.u • ot tlier.i ni'il, in ih'.' 17th dtiTC? of touth la:i- tiiJe, a.id is 54. miles l:);i.: iVoin n'^rth 10 i^Kuii, but i'- J7rea*clf hr.^iJth f;o::i eafl to wril docs nut exi\.:.d niiie niiUi. The ni-arelt part of t'lij illir.d i; abjut two lca:;ue3 diitant from tho coall. I'he lihiui is cii- tirelv lurroun led witii rocks over which caiitcs inay pal's at hi",h water; but at »hb the: J is no: ab''..; lialV a foot d'.pth, and on thtfe rocks may be fccn tiie litKlt white C'lral in the v^•orld. Amficrt'iil'.." is off.n found <>nlh; (..ilcrii toall of the iH.'nd, .Mid the ill \n I ilfell atlbrds many forts of gums. >lince t!ic (cttlemciit of the I'^rench upon it, it is become mu'.h more pojiulous tl;un Co-me.-lv, and the prince of AutcniMl, who ufed to make w-.r on ih- in.'iabita'its dois not dare tu artaci; them !"i:'ce th" French ti.C)k thi m under th.'ir p:'jtc:tii,ii. Fort Da.int.in, whivli v.'a'. ercci.d by tin? French, is f.'.ualed n._r the 1 ),i:h-ca:f po:nt of Madagafcar, in twenivl'our d^-;jrccs tv.-f.ity five minutes f.nith laiiUoli', near t:ie mDui.'i if Ih; in r iranflivrc ; I ijt the Fixixh tindin:- th:.t 'lie trj U' there did not anfwcr tht tx- pencc of ke-.'piu'j; the coUinv, luvc Icit it. ^ St. .'-.'I ;'ir'.i!i':'s b V ii cm the v/'.ll-.m Qy:.[\ of M.i ila^ak-.ir, in twciity-tl.rce decrees thirty miniitis fjuth ht::'.:.i", |i: It !-, jiill under tl.c tropic or C-ipricorn. It is f)'ri'.;d bv tliL mouth of the river Vor;::; Lahe. Tlu- Kiij,'l:lh U'xhnvr.'/ tr.idcJ f.ir fiaves at this bay, and at otn;i' pia'.n on the wcllan lide of the i.land. Indeed the Furop.-an'; who fr'jqU'iUed th.- iflaiid of AI.i'li;iaf;4r, piirchafed I'r.irce any ihin;; there but III -ts ai: I 1 ii:|', wi.ich the native^ cxt. );HY.td f'jr guns, t iii- pnv 'it, \i:x's, lioJtf.nj, and hai.i-ware; and heie Uii 11^.; ■ bound to and from india l^/Miftimis Itop, i a 'j. Jer \i\ I i.-i. "1 the:r.l'j!.;s w::!i water, freCi provifio ,s, and fniirs, U.; .e'liwii tl^'V i^ivc pieces oi li.», t...;t: jc, aiii! i'onie OI the a'aove articles. !r v.'.-.i once cxpvilcd that the pir.itPs wnild have made a ktti':mvnt in this illaiil, aiivl ulurped the tlomincn of at IcilV, preat pait if it, they iiaini ' fu or fv-,'c.l lliips of fvifcc, with which tiiey uJed ti) iiii'td s V. c r. vn. Of tl.j /jLnilt if Mmi iliut iind Biurbiii, Til li only reinaiiunt; iilands worthy of notii:?, fo ihe e«ll of the Ca|)e of CJood Ilopw, ar;; iii,.;.; of M.iurilius, which 1 tIolu'^, to the Dutch, and ijoai biiii, wliich i» thiiimd l.y ll.c Irer.ih. Muuiiiius was ;,) called by the Dutch, in honour of p'-loic .Mauiicv- ti'..ir St:uhh(j!der, nadir whof;; .•'diiiini- lliaiioii they n.adc thcniulvcs ina'.kis of it. Ili>ii- tuaud in twenty dci;rces fi'uih latitude, ;iii l.iindi.J leagues to the call of iM.ida'.',al'car, It is of an oi al form, and about li;ty le.i^ms in ciuuniftitncc, .;bound- ii".; wi'h hii;h mountain'', fium whncethe i;x.;ts tall ill loiitiils ; and it has '(uat i|ii.intiiics of wood of va- rious kinds, pirticiilaily if clioiiy. The Dutcii lininJ it uiiinhabiicj, and witi.out any oth^r cattle but deer aiirl i;i at' ; and took pulicflion of it, as a j'M-per place of reiu.li.iient between l.u.ope and India, tii.y haviu'i- no other place to touch iit in t'lal Ion.; voyj^jC bi Curo ihey max ihcmfelves nialUrs ct tiie t'apc of Go.)(l Hope, I iie Dutch have a fi rt and ginifjn of {\^x; w.zn in the ill.,iid ; bilid^s which there arc ab'.i'Jt ci^;hty I'a- milics that i;i'ep aliuudance of iu-:;ro llaves, wli'j ate i::n- pl..ycd III luilluiiiliy and olhei l.duniuus woii.^. Tiicv liave now introduced a'.nudt all liie exte!leiit plants of l.iiiopeand .Mia, and well llinktd the ifiaiid with cattle and piMiitryj rice, fii^.ii-can. , and tob.uio arc alfo rail'id here, but in no ).tcat ijuantilic... The Durch (till touch here in then p.illiige fiuui thj L'.;;'C to U.uivia, in Older to take in reirelliinents. The idind of IJouiLon is fili:..t'd in twcnty-on': J,-- ■ p.recs Iduth latitude, about foiiy leai;ues to th; fouth- v.tll of iMaiiritiui. This dl.iii.l i5 a'lu of aiiov.l (ijure, aid about ninety miles in cncuniieii.iice: it hai [•''■ni.y of wood '.ivJ water, and is fim ly diverlilicd v/i;i inoun- taiiu and plains, lotclls, and licidi i;< palluic. TliOfoil is fiuitful, except one part ot the i;land, v.hich hai b'.en bill lit and rendered haiiut by a valc-no. It vvai (iill dilcovcrcd by the I'ortuguefc, in tiie;. car 1-4;, wlu Itocked it wiih hf)L;s and yoats ; l.ut afteiwjr.is d'J'eit.d it. Captain Calilelon, an Kiighlli ccnrnandc-, Ian'':.J ill this iliand in liieycar iOi {, .uid was I'o dt lighted with the beauty o: th'.- place, that he 'avc it tlic n.nne of the linjifli I'orcll J but thuuj;!) our ...ill In.Iia company c'iJ not think it t-'ctii thcr wliih.' to ll.i a colony l:c..-, the French took polUflljii of it in the year lG^\, and "ive it the name of Dourhoii, leavin;^ a lew people .nul il ., . ; th'.re, who aliu wauls cap • av.av in an hiiglifh fllip. The French, however, (Ml avilaim to the illaiiJ, th >' they ni.ike litile or no iile of it, tl..ie 'i;lng v 1 n.irhou: iipiii the ci.alt, 14 any thing to induce then". '.'1 vihi it on 111' ir voya;;cs I'K.iid I'.iiiii liidl.i, k.;c.j)'. ih.- Kiiedinunt i they meet with t!ierc, fuch as ol«.:.. cattle, lio^^s, ^yal«, linii.' and wii.l fowl, tortoifes, or turtle, oiaii 'c-, Icrnor. ., and other Iruits ; with plenty of root* aildhci'oi. •h' -r,' 7.I\'C I hi hil Hi tij fa t I li'r C II A P ; I .1 IBnranoN. ( 3.3 ) CHAT. VII. Of CAFFRARIA, or the Couutiy of the HOTTENTOTS. I;- '/• ^ft SECT. I. Ill Smatim, I\rn, nrd F.xinil; tie A/nxt.iiiis v'lfibU en nffiO(i,l:':n^ the Ca:,'! ; tl c h'lUt cj Ih dikiitiy., tinU tt gi- nrrat yL.juiit cf the Situiitiin of iht fixtttn Hsitentit t^laiioiit. WK nuvf come to CjU'mrl.!, the ninft foiitli-rn pnrt lit Atiita, Nliiili lies in the form (il ;i criCicnt alvju! ihciiilaiiil Kniiwry of Moncmotap:!, ami is bounded by the oci.\ii on the call, fouth, and wcit ; exti'iiJirv; from ihc tropic ot'(,apricorii en the call, to the molt fo\ii!urly pirt of A'Vica, called Capi- D'Aguiias, wliich i'< li.'.L.ti J I.I liii.' iliirty-lilili dt vircc of fouth latitude ) and from il'.ciu'u it runs up on the wellern fide of Africa as high cs the fame trop'c. I'nis tountryisilivii.'.'d into two parts, CafiVaria I'rnpcr, which li;s to the inrth, and the country of the Hotten- tots, fiuia'.-d to '.lie fouth bttwren the tweiity-ci;.;hlh and tliirty-l'lih d. :'rccs of fouth latitude, and between th. call'jMi anil wclterii ocean; cxtcndin;; about three hun- tlrid mihs front call to v.elf, rnd about four hundred from north to fouth ; the Dutch town at the Cape of liood Hope Iviir.; in latitude thirty-four degrees hficen minutes, and in fi\ teen degrees twenty minutes call lon- gitude from 1/onilon. l)n approach ill':; the C.ipe of Gond Hope three re- markable mountains arc vitihle at a confiderable dill.'.nce ; thefe are the Table Mill, the Lion's Hill, and the JJcvil'b JHill, wliieli may be f.ei; at ita a; the dillancc of furty or Jilty Pidi-s. 'ihc 'I'ablo Hill is the moft lofiy, and was thus named by the Portujucfe, from its refemhliiijr at a diltance a fiHiK-: table: the pi ip- iiJicil.ir hei^^lit is upwards of ciijlitccn hiimh'd and hfty feet, ;:nd yet on the top of it ar:; fevcr.il line (prin;;'; of clear aiil well-tailed waur. In the lummf 1 le.ilon, which begins in September, and con- tinues till March, a cap ot clouds conlfantly cnconi- palics the fummit nf this hill before a llorni, and thus "ivcs the f.iilor:; no'.icc to prepare for it. The Lion's Hill lies contiguous to the fea, to the eaft- ward of the Tabic Mountain, from which it is fepaialcd bv a narrow valley. According to fome it obtained its iL.r.ic from its f. (cmblin^; a lion couchant, with his he.id crecf ; an I, accord iir^ to others, from its bcin:' iiifelf.:d wirh ii ns, when the Dutch firll fettled in this country. On till"! hill is a 11 ai i;uarded by folJijrs, \,no n;lve no- ti;;e of the approach of Ihips, and ilicw their number, and from what ipiartcr they come, by hoiiling and lowerin;:; the fl.'j. 'I lit- Devil's Hill, fiippofcd to be thus named from the fuiiuus ilorins that illue from it, when the tup is coveied villi a x\hito cloud, is not lo hi;^h as cither of the tornier: KiXi^iids :.lrnt; the lliore, and is only fep.iritrd from the Lion's Jlill bv a deft, or fiiull valley, 'i'hel'e three kiilU l:c in the form of a crelccnt about the 'I'ablc valley. Thi grca'tif part of the country about the Cane is indeed full of r/cks and innunt.ii:i«, which lout; after the difcovcry of this country, beinj; only viewed at a dif- t;:iice, Were thought to be barren ; but their fpacious tij,.i ..i.; ii'Kcred viuh ri .h p.iitiire, tveiy where cnauielled vi'.h a variety of flowers of uncommon beauty and fra;;r.iiico, and abound with deli.iom fprin|;s llowinirin many llicii s in.o thcvallivs. 'Jhc fkirts of the moun- lain^ are i;u;ripcfiVd with ;;rovcs that ntford cxtcllent wood for tu; ioiners and turners The plains and valli.s ull coi-.fitt I f'e!eli;htful meadow Isnds, where nature ap- pears with fuch 4 pioruliou of bnnrics as to charm the eve of the b^iioMers, and arc adoriiei! with the (inell tiees pl'.nts, and fnj\vi.r4 that hii the nir with the Iwtcttil tJu'jrs. The foil is fo amazinety rich a^ to he capable of every kind of ciiltuic ; it bears almod all forts of giain, anil every kind of Iruit-trces. I lie country alfo abounds with fait and with hot baths of mineral-waters, that have been found falutary in many difcalcs. Hut the rcj^ion about the Cape is fubjiiSt to boifterouj winds, whieii (:enerally blow from the fouth-calt or north-well, and have certain feafons for leif^nin^' in each ot thofc tpiarters. While the tun is in the fuuthern l'i;jns, they hold in the Ibuih ; while in tiie northern lijins, in the north-well. In the loutli-r.dt they arc liou'ilcfomc, and daiM-eious to the fhips coming in ; in the norlh-v.ell to the (hips at anchor j and frci|uently blowinj; in a huriicanc, they not only cndaiV'.er the ihip- piiiL', but do incredible damage lo the corn on the •;rouiul and the fruit on the trees ; yet thefe boiilrrous vvinds are of excellent ulc'i for, by purifying the air, and keipingit as they do alniull continually in a very briflc ai;it.itiiui, thty peiicrallv coiiliibute to the he,.lth of the inhabitants, who, when the!.; wini!-. lie (Ml lor a week, or ten days together, complain cf the head ach .ind other diKeinpcrs, which vaniih when they blow again. The Hottentot nations who inhabit thi- country arc fixteen in number : thcfc are the (iuiiitn .ins, tiie Co- cliaipias, the Siiilaipris, the (Jdiqnas, Chiii!^ri»|ii.i'., the Greater and LeIUr Namaipia, the Alla(|in:s ihei^oop- man«, the Helfniuas, the .Soiu|Uus, the JJulupu^, the JJainaipiii'., the Gautoes, the Houteniquas, tiie Ciiam- toiirs, and the lUykoms. 'J'hc (junjeman nation lie nearefl the Cape, rnd fold A their tciritorics to the Dutch, with whom tiiev liill dwell promileutuilly, but hold only a liiiuil p.;rt oi tiicir antient polldlions. IJordeiing on them to the northward arc tli • Cotha- : . tjujs, in whofe ti riitories arc Ip.ic.ous nie.iduws, in the potie/lion of Inch iMiroprans as are particularly cmi loved in lupplying the compj.iv's fliips with jiroviii. ni; ..nd here till Dutch have fevera! fine falt-pit;. 1 he CoeS.iquas liill pollels molt of the land, ant!, like the other Hotten- tot ii.itions, remove with their cottages and tattle itoni one p:!rt of their territories to another for the conve- nience of paiturage. \V hen the grafs is too old and tiiiik they let it ull tire, luid Icaiing the place, return whin it grov\-s up ajain, which is very (pcediW ; for the aihe:, of llie gralscniich the foil, whuh is ufually in no w.uit of rcfrelliing rains. Thus as the grals grows tiiicl' and high, the country is lomctinus letn in .- '. I. re fr.- i. . ^-,i| miles round. In this pariicul.Tr tiu i.i, . p pi • at. tj,r Cape imitate the Hotleiito", li;,' ull- the pifciution jf niakin;' dilche. rrutnl the 1 :..lv. ".re ll'v wcul' biiin the prats, in i rder to put a flop to the (ri;('rils o;' thir ti.mies ; but the Hottentots ,. e nit wil: ng to give thcin« lelecs to much trouble. To the northward of the Cochaqiias arc the .Suflaqiias, \. who were a numerous |xo|)|e, and had i.ie,it herds of cattle, till tlicy were pliiiidu.d aiul diiperled by tii'j Dutch liiebooieis, who, in the infancy ot the I'eltleint lit, ravaieil level al lloilcntot n.itioiin. As thii teiritory is but thinly peopled, it has tew villages, and indied tluic is but liltle tjiring-walcr in the country ; bui though it is mountninous, it atlords plenty ot grals, not only in ilio vallics, but on the ti-ps ot the higlielt hills ; botli \\ hii l> are adorned with the gayclf t^iwin, and the moll oJou- ferous herbs. The territory of the Adiquas lying conliauous fo that I,. of th- Suttii'pia^, till |r- t>vo ii.itioiis lotn.rrlv entered into a contederai V againll ihcir iii i;i|'.bouis the Chiiij.rii|ua:,, V. itii will m they had iiiany long .iiid bloodv vt'ars ; but, ly the niediJiion of tfc Du:tli, tUy have bwin iifoncHid, T Ihs 1' -i 354 A SYS I l: m o V G 1-: o t, u a i' j i \ • AHRABH. If i 1i if' ■ '1 1 '' " I to. ^, The Cliirij»riqu.is rxIcnJ aloiit; llie (liorc liy the li.iy of St. HclinS, ami jrc a numerous ii^'opli: rcnuik^l'lc lur tluir llrcngth .iiid dcxtcrily in Oirowiii'^ the h;itl.ij',;nc or I tiicr. I'hr lujl nf thrir rMiinii v j) iiiur!) ruiKiiir i>i ihit |>niri,Hl.(J by the twu hll iM'iu'. . This t!.riii<>iy is n.<>imt.iini)ii>, liiif, js m thi-othir Hoticntot roiiiiliios, till- hi^'hill hill> h.i\c ih'-ir tops i >\cicJ wiih ni.>i p.n- liirc, ,1s arc ;il(ii t!ic v.illii-s, whiiji :ir'- a.liimcil uiili /lovviT!., but abiiutiiJ with I'liakt:!. Throii^^h tin- iniilJJi- 111 the couiitiy imi$ thr Klrphant livti, wlii'hisvciy Ijr'^c, ;iiid 1^ thus M.irm'.l trom the ck|ih.iiiti rci-iriiiig in it in j^rcal niiinbers, llcrcarc alTo wikhI^ ol thulc.uul tail trci'S, ililR'ri'iit Irom tliofe ut Kui <>)»', aiul mhaliii.J by lin'is tvpiT^, Koii.inN, ami oihiv ravciumi bia'l>. 'I'hroiii-h liu'lc wiHxls .irc lormiil rouU, intr which lii; br.inchi's of tlic tiirs tnt-ttiiij;. at the t(i|), icii.Ur thim ghxiiny in the bri|j:ht('ll ilay, ami in fomc |il.iic"> lo ilaik, thut it (ccinj .IH it the traxilkr was piiKcriliU^' thriiuch a cavern. I hcfc roads, however agreeable liomtheaJ- vantai'et ol lliade and verdure, arc rcndcicd daiijciuu:. by the wild beaftj. We now conic to the two nition< called the Cireatrr and I.L-drt Naniaquis, I'lie (Jrentcr is the next n.iimn caltw.iiJ, and the LnUr ii Atuated on iheeiMlt, I'lio' thele nations hive the i.inic nam-', they diH'er m their lorni ol noveriinient and manner <■( lile \ yet boih aie much rclp(Cled hv the othir Hotlrntor natUiiK, on ae- count ol thtir fircnuih, br.ivery, and dircretum ; and they are lb pupiiUm., tl.at upon occarun they are able to take the ticid wiih twentv tlio il.wid lighting nun Thcv lire liiperior to the other lialliires arc covered wilh lurdj ofhoineil cattle nnd tlotlcs of flin j). 'I'lieir oxen for carriaire ex- ceed lil others in ilreni>tti and beauty. They iraflie wiih the l.uropcans lor b;;indy, tobacco, and beads, moie perha'is thnn anyof tlieir neiirhbiurs.and areconfrqucntly more lovuiiou and i tlimmate. Their villa;.;es are l.iryer, more numerous, and b.'tter peopled than thofc of any other Hottentot nation. The enuntry abounds witii came, and turnill'.fs more of the ac< oininodations and luMiriri of lile 'hill any other of the i;; territories, Hordorin^' "n '\\i K'xipiuans to the eallward arc the Soixjua., a Uwly daiiii;^ pandc, very J.-xtcrou» in the manap;enieiit of their arms. Thii prtfi.ienry unj mar- tial :.',enun tliiy owe t<» their li.iii;> in a mo'intainoui riK-ky eoiinfry, th.it aH'oriN but Intl. fublitleiue /or nun or beall, ,\\\\ ilieiefore obli;'i', ilaiii inolily (o bceomr .\ kind I'l iiurienariei to the othi i IKitr. niot n uioiis m their wais, leimi',' barely for lood ti uii day today. | Jig b.iinniiti, ol tluii land likewilc lenfcit tliein de.\ierout .It the ihaie : tin y piir'i.c j!| t!ij i-aiiie they diiiovcr, aij It i.ire!y efeapes them. Hence they aie I'ar lior;i Lting iiiinurmis, lor (iuy have only .i I . .v lini,l| v." .>•• , juJ tattle j-nat and I'mall arc fo Ic ite, and cilitme.J lo ,a- [liable, that ilr.y kill none, whvii .iny other I. id i , |, be had, (xeept on ceiiaiii foicnin oce.-tnoiis, iiul plant- heibs, and ri"iis lit fo; loud, are heu- and there lounj in pleiily ; with woods that fervc tor tiring to k.epcfF the vviM bealls from tluir vilLigrs. 'Ihele people are very deMr rout in lobbiii}; the bees of the honry they lay up III hollow trees, though they are luit fond of it tncin- lelyes ; but they excliaiitit it With the Diittli tor braiidy tiibaeeo and nipcj, knives, and otiier iiiipleincnl'; of iiuii and bi lis. Ihey put it into leathern f«ik.., and txtlaii -c a f.ieklull for a very tiifle. '' Next to the Sonquas area people called the Duiiqu.K, // who |ol|il, a line .;iid lert.le eouiu.y, well watered by lev. lal rivulets. Jtoih the hills and plaint ,ire coveiej with pi. niy p| prals, liirbb, and flowe;s ; and in 4II (1.^ parii ot till) ten itory cattle ami I'aine ..jouiid. Ilordcrini.' on them arc the D.nnaquat, who inhabit i ii. tr.iet III l.ind a', fine and fell. I. a. the lormei, an. I mui 1 more level. It ahoun 1 1 vvit:i . . t.le and jjaiiie, and pio - duces waler-nieloiij and wild hvinpi but nat lu. Ii l.jf. tiiyol Wood, that the inhabitants aie haid pui 10 it i^r lull tudreis iherr proviiions. Tliere are likevnic fewral l.ill pits; but thelc lieiii^' at a eiinfidtrable ditlanic fioiu any lMiro|>can leitUnient, net u(c is in.ule of ihini, as the llollenioi. »at no lalt, 'Ihe I . niet riyer ruiij ihiougii tile eoiiniry with many turnings . ..j winding,, and the iiiliab'tani:, pali It in canoet, and on ll.iat:, of timbei. The Dani.iqi!.:, beinij ijrcat l.iveis ol the /li-(}) ol lucJi wild beaiin as arc (it tor footi, they ateotten (iip.igt.l m tile ehace, and ate plentifully pioviJed with luisiui ihur apparel, IJoiJerin;' on this nation arc iheOauroes, a numerous ij, people, who inhabit a tmall country ; in whicii the lod is every \»here lo lieh and lemlt, mat ihcy all live in rale and plenty. I he palluri> aie eovcrid with cattle, and the territory fwarnr. with wild bealls ot every kind, more th.'.n .;ny other about the C-pe, in win h the in.iauitant 1 t:lory,as it calls for the frequent exeteilc ot their cuurave and dexteiity, which they are lorid ciffhtwiin^, moll iit imin we. inn;.; the (kins of horn, tv ;cis, wild cats, and other aiiini.d-, as trophies ol their biavery. I o thenorih-eall of thele peo| I-.-, on Ihe coaft, dwtll /«. the llouteiiiipi.is, in whofc tcrnioiy are fevtr.il woods of llately trees, .iiid between them line nie.idows ..dornid with whol. foiiio herbs, and a variety ot the molt bca.i- lilul and odoiifirous tiov^'ii'. Next to thi.le ate the Ch.imtonrs, who polTcl's a fiiiL- /.,. fl.it country, in which are many little woods that conlill I-!' ihe tdU It trees mall the cuuiiiry ot the }lotlento-. ,, Here is (;reat plenty of jiame, with all loits ol wild .iiid ravenous beaih. '/'he land u divided by l.v raj lar .- dreams, tliat contain diticieiit kinds of whulel'ome .,iid very delicate riier ti(h, and lunuiiines tifh troiii the |ia , the liM-eov in particular clten appears in then chiiiiul. It IS t.od th, ; neither elephants iioi bull'alovs aic to be found 111 the woo.l>, ihon.'hihofc in all the nth' r lloi tentot 1 (iiinliiet aboiiiiil vvilh ibeiri : but the ('liarnlours perh: ps kill or ihalc them out ol the luiintry whenever they are tound. I'o the ruiith-ealt of the Chamlnurs is fituated the iia- Z^- tioii ot the Heykoiiis, who|ml|irs a inountaiiiuus cduntiv, iinpruvuied with lielli wai.i, and tiiily I. rule 111 the v.il- lies : yii it u pretty well Hoiked with tattle of cver\ foil, which thrive u|Hiii the brutkilli water of the river', and the reedi on their hanks. The country likewilc ,dioiiii.l> with game .ind vvil.l l>e.tll',ot all the kinds lecn about the Cape, but the people aie under great ditlituUies in pio- cuuiiij titUi water. SEC T. 1 \ ■111'! th.- The \vi It eat Ih; Cam I'. ARIA. nry unJ nur- I hiii'intjiiiuui lltiu L- I'lir nun ly 111 l)<.i.ovcr, ai i iAt lutf.i bung II V " '• . :m3 tl!>».ii.i. 1 h, ,i. titvr Io^kI li ij i. iiutpUni', iiJ tlii'rc liiuiil inp til kip (.It htlc pcu|ilc jrc honry they |jy onJ lit It tiicm- itcii tur brui.Jy, ilcincati III iiuii i, 4nil exchange J the Duiiqu.is //. MX'II WKti'rcd l'^ ■int -ire I'uvcK I ; Mvi in «ll ll'.C mild. >, wliu inhabit a n. unci, Jii'l muc'i gjiiii', aiiJ pio- It hj» lu' li U ji- jiil |iui til it I'.r L' llk.LV. lie ll \> l.il t)lc ililLiiiic III lit ; ol thiiil, js the rcr Hint thiiHi|>ii inJ:ng<, aii>l thu toat) ul' timbi'i. thi' fli-fh ol liicli liltVII (Mg.lgCll III Willi luit lur their ois, a niimfrous /:;. whicil llic lull II v .ill live ill cafe with rattli-, ami rvcrv kiiul, nunc h ihr iiiiuuitanti L- ol tiiclr cuuray;!- Ihiwiii^^t mull v\ , wiM cats, anil crv. I the rtiaft, ilwiil /*• kvci.il wiioJi 111 iiiMiluws uJurncil the mult bcau- hii polTcfii a tiiic /.v. bvoiiilt that coiit'.ll I the Hottent'>i<. U'itu ol wild .iild by li^ ral Ijt /.o III then chsiiiiil. utl.iloes aic 111 hi: ill thci'th 1 llui- ai the Clluinlnur* luuiitry whenever ijfitiiatcd the i:a- 'f" iitaiiiuub cnuiit.y, li tide III the v.il- .atllo of every !ori, ol the Ii^o^^, and V likcwile iihoiiiidi iiiiN lecn abmil the Jilfitulticii in [MO- S r. C I'. CArrK^riA. A I- K I A. 355 '^m s i: c T. II. (J/ f'v m'./l rtm:irkMt Trfti, Pliinli, beJUtifully clouded, and tht. Cmi-' l.ur.ipean'. ha\e t.iblej, prftles, ,ind k\c- ral othci- ulcful and uriiament.il pieco of furniture made i<( it. In the comp.itiv'i fine ;;iri!en r.rc fi." of varinut kinds a'l rf tlviii ailmii ilily fweet and i;(jo.!. The choiecll .iiiJ litull .lie ihiile e.dled pifanj^-fu's, which grow up- I'll » pjjiit lh.it li.ii no f..nner bioi-^ht them to maturity, ib.in it \<'ither,s i.w.iv ; and thi: next year a new plant fprin".s up lioni the l.inse rout, yieldinj; the fametiihute. This pl.inl h.iv lui ll'^ck ; but its leaves, which are fr.ini fix to liven ells bill ■, and from two to three ilN bro.id, ciiibraee each other iVivn the f;roimil wpward<, formin;; a kind (.f b.iir'.l, in the pLur if a llock. In bli (turn conlilh of four leave--, which liirm themfelvcj into a kiii.l if bell, lit the mouth of wiiieh, in the proper (eafmi, luni fifty or more of ihe moll dciieious pnrple fij'S. Ill this 'Mtdcil is alfiia liee ol Indian cxtraclioii, called the ipi..iavos. Its fi iiit i . fli.ipeil like an ap|ilc, and, wi en lipc, is yellow and (;recii, with the inlide CMiemrlv yellow. It coniaiiis a iiimiber nf ov.il whiu- fccdi, and is a wliolcfonic fruit, of an exiiiiilite I'lvonr. The ananas, or pine-trees, at the Cap-r arc of the Aniciii an race, .md there are three forts of them in the I, "api. colonies, one c.lie.l j»jain->, the apple of whivh is llie lar^ell .ind bell tailed. It is from li\ to cif^ht in- ihe> |ii"iii», and pretty thick. The colour on the ourlide i. red aiiJ dark yellow, but within is near apcrfciil yellow. The other fort? arc the hnn]am.i and tbr jaj.i3n.i : the api'le iifihcfo laft fpeciei is white on the infide, and th: talU- of the j-ijugna refeinbici that of rhciiilli wine. The piiij-apples at the C.ipc bn\c a ccrtuin aeiimonv, whieh the C;ipe Kuropeans take oH' by cuttini; tlum in llm-., .md layin,', iheni in fpiiii^; water ; and ile.lier this It be I.II.I in rhei.ifti wine, witli I'li -ar fcattered upon il, it eii, ilelieiinill", bavin;' much the tallc cf llrawbcriies. 1 lit Cipc Kuiiipcaiij piclcivc pmc-.iiiplij in fu_^M. On the top of the fruit is a part lint h.r. foini" refeniKLnee li» a crown, which bcin^ cut olf and pLiiiie I, yiclJi fruit the next year. There are here four forts of camphirc-treei, one tranf- planted thiiher from the illaiiil III li.inm, whieli i, much ibc bell ; the other three forts vscre broii ;ht fioni j.ipaii, China, .Siimatr.i, and Siind i ; ihcy all i',iow very ijiiick, and to the li/.T of a walnut-tree. The oiiHi,le ol thi: leans il jir.ifs-frern, and the other alh-c'iluiire.l. Tho leaves, on l>eiiii; rubbed bilwreii the liii;v i ., fend foitll a flronj; oiloiir like thit of camphitc. i'hefe frees arc (o f ift Jini\ tender, that they an Ireipieiitly llrippcd by the wind of many of their branches, and luinctiiitcs no- thin- IS left Handing but the trunk. 'I he Indian ijold-trcc at the C.ipc frrowi .ilioiit fix feet high, and ha> linall leaves of a yellow cidour fp.-cklej with red. Thefe leaves, which are iirarle of the colour of ^old, are very beautiful, and flrikc the cie wh'-re thclc trees are ranged in (rardeiis among other tr.e.. The blollbms arc very fmail, and of a jjreenilh colour, but they have no manner of feeiii. '.^iiinte-trees aie feen in t'rcat numbrr-. in the C.ipc colonics, and the fruit is 'aid to be larger and better than the ipiinces produced in any oilirr part of thu world. Of this fruit the Cape lluropeaiis make j;rcat .Tilvanurc i for they have feveial ways of preparing and preie.Mii;- quinces, whiih tl.ry fell to the lliips t!l. t touch at the Cape ; they alio make and fell a great deal of rnarmi.ladc. 'I here arc here two forts i' Indian oranpe-frees, which at« larger thiin any other trees of the f.ime fori, and the f.u't niuh bi^'i»Lr, and fpotted like the |l.in ol .i lyjjei : the blolloms nie white, like tlinfeuf the apple-tree. There are here likcwifc feveral forts of fweet and four Icmon-trccs, and in the gardens art walks of ihein of .i j^reat length. In the Cape colonics are allii many citron- trees, winch yield fruit all the year round. TheCapepome^raniie-triTs are much laru r tlian flmfj of -ny other part rf the knuwn wiuld. Tlie iiiiii i. like- wife fo larer, an.! in 'iich plenty, that it ii Irequcntl/ ntcili.iry to jrop up the br.nuhes, to prevent iheir be- in^;; broke eowii hy their wcit'hl. There are two fort* of Ihtfc tices, one of which yields yellow keril'ls, anU the other kernels of a crimion colour : the full fort aiechi;(ly plained near ponds. The kernels of both contain a veiy pleafant cooling juice, which il very rc« (rcfhiii..' m hot we tlher. I hcie .,re two foiii of the netted melons, or pompions, whh h eriiw very pl-nt fully in the Ca;se culoniea, ami are of the Iiulian kind. In (hipe iin.l li/e they cuiiie pretty near our melons. The cnlmir on the oiitfide of both IS a dark rtten, and within ilie Iruit of one fort ii of a wh'tilli lolour with white leeil, and in the oiher of a caination with black feed. 1 hefe fruits arc extrcmel/ comloitable and refrcfhinj; in fevers, fp.-edily and very delicioiiOy quenehiiii; the thiril, without any ill eonl'e- qiience. Ilith firts arc very juicy, and as iwcet as iuj:ar i but that with the black feed is ellccmcd the bell. I'caches iirow f i plentifully at the Cape, that in fomc feali'iu th" Kuiupeans there have more than the-y can Well cinlume, and then lore ilirow m.inv of them to thcho''-.^ however, (nine p.ciple prcferve them for wiiitei. N'ines weie tianlptaiitrd to the Cape Iniin the Rhine, from Pcifu, an.l ir.arv oiher coiintin s ; and iiiclo valHy iiicreafed, and yield l.i plentiliillv, tli.u the Cipo huro- peans have much more wiiii- than they cin diink, .ind le!l a treat de.d to the fliips who toucli there. In fhoit, '• there is nu other foil in the woild, f.ivs *' Mr. Kolben, that hus (or all forts of vri-et ibles in " cheiifhip); a boloin -, nor any otiiei clime In bein/n lii " them. All the fplendor^ of the veiretable wmld (linn: •* out at the C.ipe. 'I'lie hilh an.l dales me covert J with " Its moll radi -lit beautic;, and the air ii cniiwhed with " its niiblHl o not a lumle or cntl.ifjc in all tho colonies without one. They arc fiipplied wiih feeds fiom '. Jiurtij'Ci but t.'icugh they piviiluti. infill ul our hetbsand ruoli I i! '■'V :• «!! tt.' ^ i. "' : ■ ■ * - ■■ . ['% n'^' 3V A S Y S T 1 . M O I G r. O G R A r 1 1 Y. CAr»RAHI.\. rooiii in pcrfvc'iion, it is rcmuik.ihlr (hat (he Tccilt of the I. Mill iMikiiict cil iliv turopi-.m titrbi dr^'inct-it: in me C'.i; I- mtilicii i;ji Ji'iis lu as t(i In' ni<( woitil Iumiiv > ■h'-' f ' ) iiiifi ilieti.luiv Itill cuiltinuc to be lupiiiivJ wuti ic>.la llUIII hlllDpl', III itKli' i^itJciiH (lie fi-i'di urc fo'Jtrn \n Nfjy •inil June, ami .>p|>v4iiii|; III ,\u.;ull are luiil iiilcJ iiitti uthir (;riuiii'i), wliiili iiK' lluic>l in hiiroiic, liillic iliy daluii (hey are wjtucj iu>iii tli>; iicxr li.nUt ; liui ilicy luve iii'iiiKr htK-bciii iir Miiitcr-huuUi Icr iltc lull III ; >ii' |il ill- white ur hluc i.'j| c-cal lull ):i'iwlli iWnii lliirty in lorty |Miuiidi } m iI «> iillii the hcail III th<' Cape i.iiiiillowcr, (he I'citl ol Vkiiich i» lunii^ht Irniii C. ,iiii> .iii>l huiiy. 4i»J all arc *% Iwiil itiiil iLiviviaMc M III ihcir iiaii.c lull. I'd!, t.ict ;iiu buiii,^lu III the Cipc livim the Iniliiv. anJ arc tr.ir.' ot tvvu tuil^, white .u.l rtJ. I'luy ate in ^c- i..'r,i| l.i.ijKil like tiiniipN i but arc much laiucr, .1 Cape I'ji.ilue wii^hiii^ l.uili fix tu ten |mjuii>N, luiir o. \.\.Tn vtili iilii'(ti .1 iiual lor .ibuve twi'iiiy pirli'ii , and tiny ai.- i*l:eiii'.Iy v»'ill I-I'.lJ, »..rv wliulifoiiic, and iioiir.lliini'. 1 U'lii (hcl'e p.iiatix-i ihcri luii llnii;;> or brain iai liiric >er arc pl.iiuid hall 4 luot d«cp, b.iii|> wound ii;i in the luiui ol a riii^. 'J li ' Allan and 1 niiipcan tret", .illo nrcd lefs culture a! lite L.ipr than in intir native loil. I h.- triiit or ked« put iii;< liaid ni.'l be lit in (lie Cj|!c loii, in lix wec>.:> Mili- it Ii'ii'ii i.'riM .t line iniant tree i and >l it be tranlplaiit.-d a yi.ii ur(wi>altir, it qiiukly aiiivetat |>cii< ctum : To il a >iHiii.; bi.iiKli ul alniidl any dec be ut |.u(ly di.t'M ill (liccatth, It iiK'vdily talieituut. SEC T. iir. Of lit i.iHit CiiiiU iri.l tin Hujiamlry tf tin Caft LtLn'ut. Till", colonic i at the Cape abound with i;rc3t and i.ii.dl lattlr, a> do all ih^' lli. '1 he Caie to* , Ike the tow» ot l.urope, bear tury year a i dl j but thiy will Uldoni lutllr thenililvo !'• be milked till 1*1(11 i.ilu'. have lucked a wiiiiv, alter wiii^h Ihcy yi 1.1 n-.ilk to the li.iiid vcrv liberally. If tiieir lalv.i (lie, i;ij c.nly ir-.thcd ol obtati'in^ n'lik in ih> coloim > is wr.ippin'; the Ikin ut the de.ul call about a living one, and a,'|i:\ III;;. MIS loiintriUlt lu the tutt; ihit cheat 1. gfi!er-;ly very luteiljliil ; lur the cow. taking (hi- in llic culoiiiet, cljx:- cially liie yoiiti[; ones, are I'o wild and niilitiiivnu>, that it il d.in^'erous lo .ippruatU llieni till tlnv are tied Ihort l.y t:ie hurn«, .iiid their le^j aie alio tiid lutftihii. I ht Cape I'X'.n I'liuraliy Wiisih Irom lUc hundred to lix huoi'r. I puuiidi wei);lit, and liiinc a great deal mure. 'I hj C 'pe luuitoii 19 extren.ily aood and v\'ell i.illed. and ;i'e ilierp have the j^itat tails lb often mentioned, whi h f'.iinillies ihe I iiio|ie.-i:is at the C.ipe vtriih a joke whi^li liuy ar'- h iid o! p.iflint; upon liraiigcij at (finr t.ibiis: " Voii liavi lui appc(ite, lay (hey, you arc nut " .ibic lo in.macc a llieip'-. tad" ■| 111 ;• hue dllo two lorls of tame lio^s, one broir,.l)i from F mope, a.ul the otbcr liom the Ifle of Java, wl.nh liav lliiirt Icg^, Lr"e hanging bciliei, and aie without billllo. They have lik^'wile a L'reat number of horfo, which w.^n: ori.'iiiailv brnup'.ht fruin I'cilia, and have mulii- pli:d I xccu'diiluly i an I are In iiu want of ^ll'cs or nuile>. 'Ihe p.:lt'ire-^roundi about the Cape are covered with an alloniihiii;; number of f^i^ai and linall c.tltle, ;;iid they arc lii> wlure in the wmiM litlier lu iiiimrrotis or lo chtjp. The HoiliiiloH fell many of ihe.n annually lo the Kuropcani for biaiuly, tobatro, or fonie mcunfi- dcriiTiIc trinkusi and, wiitn Mr. Kolbrn wj» liiere, a pound of ( uunU a lat liu-ep. Amnn/ the caiile nf the coliiniet, a* amnn^^ thofo of the Hotteniol>, frrat drprcdations are liiinvliii > nude bv (he lio;;-, Ix^'tJ, nnd wild df', 5<-.'. Wh.n ihc i>^'ri« (:ct nnu a herd or l?otk, they kill L.i>'at nuitiben imttly tur the lake of iheir bluod, wiii'.ii liiey liiek. The Wild do.;* MK mfmitrly wurfe, f>ir wli'ii Itiey all.uic an bird, or Huck, nuy au nut guided In ihcir lliu^tiiter t>v l!iiir appeliti ^, bu( woiry all iaiote ihrin : Ijie liuii, lonicMicd with a liiiulc car^afc, m.ikei olf with 11, ^rid never lix'ki Uir fnlh pity till he lut calenlh.it. The cattle inn .i l.ill a> ti.ty can wlieiieui tiny diKMvtrany wild do^',1. I hey do liie l.iiiic on the approach cf .' 1h n, '>'•>'''• "f Icop.'iJ, wiiieli ibey Imell at a c>inlidciabL' diliaiicc i but the gieat cail!c riiiiiK '.; Iwilter than (he linall, llir latter alwayi fullo' mull by uie enemy. We lh.dl now |;ive a en, i< ill* account of thv ariof huf< baii.iiy, a< piaCliled at the Cape coloniei. WIku a puce of uncultivaud land is laid nut for a corn-iu'ld, vi.ieyaid, or ^'aiden, it is tirit plovvej up ;;nj > leaied o; all ine wrcds, and ev.-ry iHia^ which it i^ iini< .ined will pruvc detiinuntal tu the iiitetiJwd feeds ur piants. Ihc ploti^hi ufed by itie Europeans at t'lc Cape arc I'urnilhcd wiili two whie1.n!y L'.i.irttijn th.'.t (>'i the fide toward* the lu:^ : 'i he ploUj^h lii.r: !.'■ divid.j ill two, one fide bending; cunfuLiably outv.^rd, theuihc {Kiiiiting Itrai^ht lur.MiJ, and 1 .. couli.r is lirj^ji!. Th. y plow only with u.\eii, ;iiJ. liioui^h iir. y aii pro- d!.;i.>ullv la.'gr, ul'ieti put five paii to une plxu^'i, .:iid foint'tim 3 n.uie } iHCaui'e t!i; f.iil, btinv; /i'nei.JI,' 1.1; ar.J heavy, the pluugli d.ni nui e. I'lty pii.. th: ..:. h 1.. ir.Jced in th.' dry lealiM) the ;, round lu.pnntly b;:ro'n.l lo hiid, that twelve ox. a aie n»t fu:ti.:tciu to pii. i jdouj-li ihio'aj','i it i and in the lanik leai'j'i ii becunx'b iu iiMiiy pljc-. lu ii^ht ;'.iij loft, liui aiio^ finl.'i up m mu belly. rhi.i bi:liiKlii is (h.lefare piiiii./|ully p'.iiuiiiiid in the momns of June andjuly, wliuli .le tlieir wintw n o:.:hi. Co.-:i is n')t fown fo tliick at ihi- Cape as i'l F.urope j \\lt if It was, (he ^rain wi^iiid be ilioak.d up, the ear. would b.' Iiiidl, and the cro^i be acithei f.>pl iitilu! liur f'j valuable .s it piovK u|x>ii '... in ' io'.v. I M.oie thinly. ijtit, ii.KwiihlUiiding all ;h..; h.'.s bi. n laid of tlicler- tiiiiy of the i(>il, oats and lentils . ^:iiueale and 'nan', fuller f.j nmeli iruni l'.:'j curpillai i.ul iucuiis, 'lUt fometi'-.i) what '\% re..pcd i^ haidly fuliicieiit fur tile 1 ;Xt ye:"*! Iced. Tile I tro,(eaiii at the Cape, inlle td of threlhin.i; out their con. ha\c it 'roJen out bv oxen or hoMe. in tins open 2ir. .. "scr'-rmiii'^ ti.l1 liay chiMife \ levil (.ioco of ground, and (sking eow-duii'.! and chopped llr.iw, mix ..lid woik it iiiiu u loam with wat'r, then fpiead i. pretty thick on the earih in a urcle •' about ten yarJi diamet.r; and Icaviii;: it to dry by t'.ie heat oi tne lun, 111 a few days it becunies as hard as itoiie : then on th:i fltxii ihiy lay iMo iir..iLS of flieavcfi ear to ear, and dm;: over theiii a liaiii of ci. .t liorlei or o.xi.n, round an I round, now and then uiion.;; thefiiea'.c>, till theyju.l^i a)l the cum i> troden out. I tii> is a much mur'- ex^e- diiiuui method of {.'ediii^ the coin out of the cat thin tiiiefliinj il ; Mr a team ot ci.dit horles or oxen will tiead out mo:c corn in a few houis, I'nan a do/rn men c.wi inKfli out ill a whole day. Indeed, the crops ofc"iii aie ill general fo largi', that it would probably ci>ll lli ' farmert the whole w.ntir to ihieni it oiit j wlierea'-, Ii/ ircdiii^, thv whole buluKts is pulormed in ki . than a miiith. 'Ail. n the coin is timlen out ihcy winnow it, .-.nd pa.*} it throu;;;h aiiuchinc thtt perfurmit the buftiic.'':> of x fl'.'Ve, CArrn ARIA. A F R I A. J'7 fryr, and clean the corn «( .ill TjimI, anJ other ilirt, too hi .ivy lo be cariicj nti'by liic wmJ. ■| he conijMiiy have utciith of ilic crops of all thcnirn raifoj at the C'jpc, wliiiU it .ill t'uy i',ct bv the ; not tikJ in the taiiii- lin n( the Urnn ri n lul J t'> the company lor ready money, and tliporurd in their ni4gaiiiie«. There IS h.irdly a L'ottJi;e in all the enlunici without a %ineyjrd, and (here arc but lew lettiert whi> ilo not pru- tliiec tr ; and in.itiv, when their own ceiUi) »ie lupplird, have l.iru-? i|uani.tici lur I'.ilr, In Aiii'iilK when lUe ii>tin;^ iuiniiieiice^>, the Cape vinci arc pruned, ami in Aepi-.-inlicr the le.tv<'s appe.ir. The j'r.ipci ri|)en Ironi the bc^inniiif; cit Dciember to the end i>l l'ibrujry« which is tho heat <;t' fiinimer ; ;iiid the vinLi'V' ''■■Oiituii lK>ni the end ul i'ebiUJty till the ciu! ul M.rnh. Till Cape wines ar^ cxfrrmelv rich, and, bv bein'.' kept :i!h tliiek and as Itron'.; as a hn ;'» biiltle. The tcrth aic exceeding lar^e, each wei;0>in^ from fixly to Hbi'iili..! ail I tvvcntv pounds wnj-ht. Tl.c Iti.ule elephant is much Ul-s than th; male : her till", fall from her brcaft between her lure k-crs. The m.iie and female r tire fur the eonfun.ination of their love to fonie iinfrctpKnt.d part, and there remain till «(inc-pt!on, when thev return to their ordiiury haunts ; and the female nt-ver .'.ilir.its ol fr>.flicnit r.xis tillacor.ii- dirable time aftenhe has brought forth her younr", which llic carii;< two vear«. Some authois have pretended, fhit elephants fl-ep Ihindiii' ; but this is a millalio, fur fhrv he dinrn liirv olb i be.dh. Thiii ordinarv l^nd is pr.if', heath, i(;ois, inid the tender biaii hes cl fhriib . Sonv.timtb they enter the corn fields, and do a g:eat dtil rf d:::.a^", not only from their catiiip the ;;raMi, but tl'e i-nmenlV i|j.ini!ty they Ipml by tianniIio(» it under tlnir fee:. Tn-.fe iiu'irftors aie penerully maile in the nvinihv of A: ;;ull and Stptembi-r, wlun the fifM's are (Iriclly vati.n I, rnd fires are kindled about them in the ill /lit tj fri ;htcii them awiy. HoA'evir, the el ;>'i ints will fiirtTT'ifics venture in, . nd are (lint lor theii p.iir.s. One v. very loiid, and llie cuj of a liiihter colour tli.iii the rift. On his forehe.id is aiiotner horn, wiiuh upon a ) miv', ihinoveros i, about ix hand hi.;h, and upon an old one not above fix inchcK. It I, III the lorm ol a howl inverted, aiul is hollow. His lars aie luiall, and Ilia le^> (hotter than thole of tho elcuhanr. Ills fenl'e of fincllini» is very furprifin^, for he catches the (cent ol any creature that ii at a conhdciablc diliancc to the windward ol h,m i and if It be his puy he iinme- di.itily inarches inwardii it in a rij^ht line, furiuufl) lear- iii" his way throii|>>li „l| i.ppolitloii of trees and biiflies, j'luiilln^ like a lui ; i when his briakiny the tre.:s, and iiuowiiii; the (bine>, il he meets with any in his way, |.'ivc waiiiinj; ot his approach. He never attacks a ni.iii unprovoked, unl. fj he is ilitllcd in a red coat, and tiieii he is all ,ii a fi.ime II r his ilcllruction, reiuliii;.^ and dellroying every tiling that op- polis the (iralilicalion of hu Lif^e. If he fei/es lim, ho ilirows him '1 he fays he has olt n been a witnels. Many people- of I iflilon at the Capi li.ive cup-; turned out of the liorn, (onu- i. t in froid, aii«} otiier tti lilver. Ii wine be poured into ooe oflhel'e cup. itimme- di.itcly l)ul>u!'.s up, as it it were btiilui'.; j aiul if there- be poilon 111 It, the cup imir.edi.ilely fplits. 'i his, l.;.J our auilior, is known to tlioul'.inds ol pcrfon\s at the C.ipe. The chips made in lurr.iiu' one of th '■• cups an: carefully l.ived, they bein,.'; elfeenied of f;riat ''"r- \iee in ronviilli(,ns, faintinfij, .iiid other difordcrs ; ^"d the hlo( po.nt; ^hey are about three times as far al'undcr at the point fis th.ey are at the head. ' he lion IS ul'uaily called the king of the bcafls, but " I"" f,!ch a king as lives upon the blood of his fubjeets ; 3i;d whatever compliments are paid to his nii'.jellic air, he ' can only be comp..rtd to the molt favage tyrants. Thcfe ' aninnls arc common at tlv: Cape, where they are very ' large ■, every limb is expreirive of the greateit (Irength : ' his fptrklinj eyes, his dreadful paws, and the iirmnefs 1 of his tre.ad, command the attention, and flicw his (iipe- ! rior i;ren:i;tii to that of other animals. Some modern ' ■writers have aiSrmed, that the bones of the lion arc not 1 fo i".;irdas they have been rcprcfented bv tl'.e anticnts ; but i thvv are m.ihikcn. The hollov/ which runs tlirouifh the 1 lhii:-bon.- of a lion, Mr. Kolbcn obterves, is as Iniall as that which runs through a tobacco-pipe; and when the i botic ij broken to pieces, and the prealincfs is cxhaullcd < by tnc heat of tiie f\ui, thef'e pieces appear as hard, as I fni! .)tn, and lobil as flints, and fervc altogether as well | to t.rike lire with. Indeed a conlidcrable part of his I fl:en:lii iijs in the hardnefs of his bones ; for when he cor.es mion his prey ho knocks it down dead, and never bit" till he has given the mortal blow, which he genc- ral'v aei.ompanies with a terrible roar. When the lion is '/nraged, or pinched with hunger, he erects and fliakcs his mane, lailfing his back and (ides with his tail. When he is thus employed, it is certain deatii to come in his way ; and as he generally lurks (ot hi^ prey behind biiflies, travellers fometimes arc devoured by him ; but if the lion neither Ihakes his inane, not- makes any great motion with his tail, a traveller nviv bo fully allured that he (hall pafs by him in (alety. A |{o:ll; no li)oner diicovers a lion, than he runs at his full Ipetd ; aiul if he has a rider throws him, 1| pollihle, that he may run the f'alhr. 'VVhcn a traveller on horleb.ick difcovers a lion, the bcft method of prefervation ia for him imme- diately to difmount and abandon his horfc, lor the hou will purine the horfe only without taking notice of hi'n. The flefh of the lion cats fomething like venil'on, and has no ill tafle. Our author fays, that he has eaten 01" it levcral times when killed with fliot, but could never be prevailed on to eat any of the fledi when the lioii h.\d been killed with the poiloned arrows of the Hottentots. The leopard and the tyger are bealts of the like nature, and in point of liercenels next to the lion. Tlie onlv d^l- ferencc between them is in their fi/.e, and figure of tiieir fpots. The tyger is much larger than the leopard, anil is dillinguidied by rings of black hair inclofin^ ("pots of yellow ; while the bl.ick Itreaks on the leopard an; not round, but formed with an opening in the manner of a horfe-fhoe. In the year 1708 two leopards, a mtile and a female, with three young ones at their heels, enteied a (beep- fold at the Cape ; and having killed near an hundreil ep, feaikd on the blood of the flain. When they hail (lie fucked their iill they tore a carcale in tlucc pi,;ces, a;i,l carried one of them to each of the young ones titey l,.iJ left at the door of the fold. Each then took a v.'liolo careafi;, and the troop thus laden with tlieir boot.' Ixgan to move olf"; but having been perceived at their (int en- tering the fold, they were way laid on tiieir re;u-n, and the female, with the three young ones, were killed ; but the male made his efea.pe. We (hall add another inflance of the ravenous natur.-: of the tvger. Mr. Bowman, a bt:rg;.er at the Cape, walking by himfelf in the fields was I'utpii-^cd by a tyger who leaped at his throat, and endeavomeJ to fix his tee;;t in it in order to fuck his blood ; but, though terribly- I frightened, he had the courage to con.eiid for bis life ; and f'cizing the tyger by his head, (huggled witli him, 1 and threw him on the ground, falling upon him. Haviii" I got him down, he held him with one h.an.i! an I the ; weight of his body, till with the other lie drew a kiilfe ! out of his pocket and cut the tyger's throat, on v.'hieh ] he immediately expired ; but Mr. Bov/man received fj ! many wounds, and loll lo much bbiocl in thij brave conflief, that it was long before he recovered. '■' Tiie fielh of a tyger or leopard is white, tcr.der, anJ ; well tailed ; and, in our author's opinion, is much finer eating than the bed ve.d, and h.:s every good quality that can be wilhed for in meat; and the fitfh of the yoar.'>- I ones is as tender as that of a chicken. i '1 here are two forts of wolves in this coutitry, out; which agrees in every particular with tiie w;;!vc3 in Eu- I rope, and the other called tyger-wolves. Tiie httter art; ' of the fi/,e of an ordinary fheep-dog, or fomc.vhtit larger j I thehe.id is broad like that of an Knglifir btill- Jog. I'ha I jaws of this animal are htrge, as are his nofe and eyes. His hair is frizzled, and (potted like th.vtofa ly;;er. ilij tect are large, and armed with liiong talons, wlii. h in: draws in as a cat dees iter claws ; and, like a cat, he is not heard in his tread. His tail is flioit. He keeps all day in holes in the ground, or in the i lefts of the rocks, icekinghis prey only in the night, which he migiit gene- rally do in I'afety, were it not lor his dif.nal howling while he is out upon the prowl, which rou/.vs tlie di'gs \.'i;o keep the floeks ; thefe join together agaiiifl l!i;!i, and drive him away ; but if he gets (iife into a fold, iie gene- rally kills two or three fhecp ; and having fed heartily up- on the fpot, carries a care.de away to bis den. He e.llb freqtiently i'cratches open the gra.es of the Hottentots, and devours the bodies he fin Is in them. The lion, tyjcr, and leopard are bitter enemies to the tvger-vvolf", and fol- lowing him by his howl come fjftly near him ; and then I'udilenly leaping upon him, tear him to pieces. There are wild dog; which range the Hottentot coun- tries in troops, and Ibrneiimcs make great havock among the cattle. They fecm a (pccics of hounds, and packs of thirty, Laffr/VriA* cr.illy lurks (at cs ;irc licvoiiicil liis iiume, nor ravcllcr nriy ba .ilcty. A iiorlb t his lull 1'pfi.d ; It;, lli.it he may L'U.ick ilik-ovcis lor liim iriiniL-- •I'c, lor the lu)i» I notice of lii'm. :c veiiiloM, ani.1 lie has eaten ol' lut coulJ never len the lioit had :lic Hottentots, the like iKi'-.ire, Tl.cc.nlyiM- ,d figure of their he leop.irJ, and clofin^ r;)ols ot' leopaul an; not the manner oi a e and a female, enteicd a (lieep- lear an hnndrcil When they ha.i hvee pi -CCS, a;i.l g ones t!-.ey i..i.l en took a v.'liolo heir l-ont/ lM-n;an at their lint tn- tiicir re'arn, and were killed ; but ravenous nature ler at the Cape, rii:ed by " tyger, :d to fix his teem tliough terribly end fur liis life ; 'ed with him, on him. Having; hand ::n ' the lie d:cv/ a kn'lb i;-.jur, on \/'.iiel\ ;ian received i'n id in thij brave v-:eJ. lite, tender, anJ 1, is much iiner rv good quality elh of the yoini^ country, nnt; w;;!vc3 in Eu- f.ie latter ar:; ;: .vhat Lir:r-'r ; dl-dos. 'The ijfe and cy's. r a () ger. Hij ons, vvhi :h ho Kc a cat, he is He keeps all of the rocks, he might gene- howling whde tiie di'gs \.'hc) linil h.Lii, I'.nJ fold, lie gene- fed heartily ni3- i den. He ahb he Hottent"ts, The linn, tycer, wolf, and f.il- him ; and then pieces. lottentot coun- t havock among s, and packs of thirty. CArrRARIA. AFRICA. ;.59 h::ip' rfW thirty, and fomctim?.? forty of them, encounter lions, tygers, and other animals, which by their numbers tliey conquer. They fpcnd the greatell pait of the day in the chace, and drag what they kill to a place of rendezvous, wiiere they fharc it amongfl them. It is nfual bi;th for the Kuropeans and Hittentots, when they difcover thefc dogs on the chace, to follow them to tlic place of ren- dezvous, and to take what thry think proper of what the dogs have killed ; which they permit them to do very quietly, without any manner of grumbling. The Hot- tentots cat what they take from the dogs, and what the Kuropeans take they fait for their flaves. Thefc dogs fometimes dcltroy feventy or eighty flieep in one flock. 'I'he porcupine, which is pretty coinnioii in the Cape countries, is about two feet high, and three lung. His head and feet are like tliofe of a hare, and his ears re- femble the human. His whole body is armed with a fort of quills, partly black and partly white, very (harp at the outward points, and not much unlike goofe-quills ilript of the feathers. He has fonic quills on the top of his head, but they are very (liort. The quills on his back are about fix inches long, thofe on his fides a.c iomething fhortcr, but the longell arc on his hind p.irts, and thole he darts at his purluer, whether man or bcait ; but he never darts one of them till his purluer is pretty near him, and foinctimcs he does it fo clKeftually that it flicks in the flefli and caufes great pain ami inflammation. If he is not angered, his quills lie clofe upon his body ; but on his bring enraacd he Ipreads tlieni out. and pears thjy gather in the orchards, they tofs to the baboon at tlie lie.id liieii unable to walk, they aieattended and fed by ihe old ones with grafs, i.nd when they can walk, they accom- pany the old ones till they arc ftrong enough to take care of themleUes. The old ones are then watchful to keep them out of danger, and arc (o enraged if they hap;'en to lole one, that it is dangerous to go near them'. It ia remarkable that if any body docs but touch the eggs in the nelt of an olfrich, without doing them the le.ilt harm, the oilrich will forfake them. 'Ehis bird has fo large and heavy a body, that fhe- cannot fly, and on feeing herl'elf in danger runs aw.ay, aliilling her (light by beating of her wings, by which means fhe runs fo falf, that a man muft be well mount- ed to overtake her. But if (he finds fhe cannot efeape Ikt puiluer, (he hides her head where (he can, and Itanu? (lock |-iil till (he is (hot or feizcd. 'I'h'.fe birds will fwallow pebbles, pieces of iron, and tile like ; but they do notdigelV them, for they come ffoin them ill much the fame condition in whicn they were fwailowcd. 'I'he flamingo, called by Mr. Ray, the phcenicop- terus, is a very fine and beautiful bud, larger than a (wan ; the bill is very broad, and the upper mandible, wnieli is longer than the other, is very crooked, and bend., coiifiderably over it. The' hollow of the lower mandible is filled with the tongue, which is large and (iat ; the bill is black at the point, but every wdiere clfe of a dark blue, and is furniflied with (harp teeth. The neck is much longer than that of a fwan, and both the j iieek and head are as white as fnow ; the upper part of the wing feathers are of a high flame colour, and the lower part of them black. The legs, which are of an orange colour, arc half as long aj,ain as thofe of the lloik, ;ind the feet like thofe of thegoofe. Thefe birds, which arc very numerous in the Cape countries, keep in thed.iy time on the lakes and rivers, and at ni.ght retire I to the lulls, where they lodge anu)ng the long grafs ; their lle(h is wholefomc and well ta(fed, and their tt^nguc eats like marrow. Cranes arc more numerous at the Cape than perhaps in any other part of the world. 'Ihey rdemble in (liape, colour, and fize, thofe of Europe, and feed upon grafs, herbs, worms, frogs, and ferpents. 1 never (aw a flock of them, fays our author, but Conic of them were plant- ed on the (kirts of it, as centinels to give notice of the approach of danger. 'I'hel'c (land upon one leg, and every minute Ihxtch out their necks, this way and that, to fee if any enemy approaches ; and as foon as thev dif- cover him, they give notice to the relt, and infiantlv the whole flock is on the wing. During the night, fome of them are planted on the Ikirts of the flock to watch while the relt fleep, and ftanding upon their left Ic^s each holds in his right foot a (tone, that if he fliould be overcome by llecp, its falling may awake him. The ilelh is unfit to eat. The li:oon-bill, called by the Europeans the fcrpcnt- eater, is fomcthing larger than a full-grown goofe, v.'hich it relemblcs in its neck ; the eyes are sircv, and the bill broad, long, and llraight, ending in I'on.ev.'hat likeafpoon, and the feathers of the tail are about li,\ inches in length. 'I'hefe birds feed upon ferpents, lOad,*, or frogs, &ic. and are fo deliructive to the (ormer, that the people (eldoiii (hoot at ttiem. Among the wild fowl at the Cape is a fort of birds, the male of which is called by the Europeans there, the knor-cock, and the female the knor-hen. Thefe birds arc i kind of centinels, and iiive Avarnin'' to all other ' tiru; CaffrariA." A F 11 I C A. 36r weather it dirtinclly repeats in a low mi.Iaticholy tone* eJolio, edolio; and this is all its long. In fliort, tlif Cape abounds with a pro.Iigious variety of towli, among which are. Wild gecle of levtral lorts, water hens, wood-peckers, wild peaeocl dangerous as that of a fcorpion, but the ferptnt ('one is an clFeftual lemedv, as is alfo the application cf loaitcd onions applied to the wound. There arc various kinds of caterpillars at the Cape, (litFtrent from thofe in Kurope : thefc quickly arrive at ni.it'iritv, foon after which they fix thenifelves to a plant, tree, or flower, and fonictimes to a wall, where thcv change their form in the manner of the lilk-worm, wiuch wt defcribcd in treating of Ciiina, and are covered with a CMifiy n-.atter or (hell fourteen or fifteen da-;, wluii tne (hi 11 opeiiiiw, tl.ire iilue:. from it a moll beau- tiful biiittrHy, ilie v^ings (f which are enamelled witfi gold ,d:ii V..I10US other ii.-el) colouis. 'J'here aic mdocd .lb many forts of biitteillies as there are of catcrpiilai . ; and every buttcrtly at the Cape retains much of the co- loui ol tiie caterpdl.tr from which it was chan^'cd. 1 l.c b a/lea is thus named from \\^ leaping after (lie mi.'mei wi ,i fleu ; it is iie.nly of the Ihape of a lliriipp, and lorneiinies continues umler water. .'\> it isproviiled with a fling, it is a gieat plague to fifti ; (or when it lighrs on them, it lljngs them fo grievoully, that lluy flin^ thciiifelves in a ta^y up and .lovvn, and then I'wim as quick as they can to a fca-iock, or (tonv-fliorc, in or- der to rid themlclvci of this enemy by rubbing theni- felvc againft it. The I'ea-loufercfembles a horfe-il^-, but is broader ami co'.eied witn a hard fliell. it has many legs, each of which ends in a I'.ook. Tnis ini'ccl keeps gen-.raliy under w.iter, and when it gets upon a nfti clings (all to it bv its claws, and gives it great torture bv fucking it ; and it is f.iid, that if the fifli finds not fome nieun^ tcr rub it ofl'^ this inlcct will fuck it to death. SECT. VII. Of:!c Sea 5j appcnr in fhor by the Ca;ic I> und jrsat niim'uer? ot" tlv.ii arc t ikcn •can^. 'I'iic iiilour of liie niiat ii a mixture of w,; . Jml r^J; it i; of a liclicatc tali ■, and is luit onlv cil mcJ very wtiolcllme, but a great cieaiilbr ot ibi-' bloovl. 'I'hw- Cape iilv\:i lid) rLlrr.ibk's a carp in if; flmpcar.d t.iflo, and wci -h; about a pouii.l. It is a very white (i(h, ■..iloruL'd with lovcral llrcaka of a bright lilver tulour, fali- in; tionithc ridii-ot the back dovvii both fide;, aiil the tail teems cov:r;d with filver. 'I'hcjaws are furniflicd with fmall 11:'. .1 teeth. Thefe fiiveriilh iceep gcner.diy in the fea, r ii at certain tinv:: cjmc in rtio.i!5 into tlic rivers, wh::re t'i:y arc caujht in preat numbers. '1 he be:i.v.t ^5 a fifh of whicli there is crew t'r led-lluii.: bltil- " ffms, at Maurice illand b. yonU the C.ipe, and the crew " dimng that day very jcu ially u)iuu this fort of fiHi, " one of them took it in bis head, in a hi of niiiih, i'» " call it the Jacob EverlFgn The crew was I'.ruck willi " the bri-htnefs of the allufioii, and received it with the " hightlt agitations of mirth, .md with ihuiideis ot' ap- " plaufe : and when thcv got back to the CJapc, thi y •' immediately publilhed thii new name for the reu-llonc " brallem. 'The fettlers ( a:' ion r vvhv>m Jacob was very " well known^ were as much ftruck as the crew with " the judnefs of the nantc, and \ crv merrily agreed to " call a red-llone braliem a J;icob Everillm eve- after. " Every one that knew Jacob, being r.iviilied witii th-.; " mirth in the allufion, this new name lor the red-done " braliem, together wilh liio reafon <.f its alTi^niiient, " loon after reached fevcral lettlements in the Indies; " and was fo well received there, tli.it red-lioiie brall'ems " (of which the Indian feas furnilh plentv) have gctij " there by the name of Jacob Everfions ever fince." There are alfo in the Caj.c iea porpoiics, Iharks, pilnt- fiili, doljihins, and flying-fifli, which we have already defcribcd in treating nf the lilli on the coall of Ind.iftan. I'here are likewife (ca-lioni and turtle, of which we Ihall d^fcr the delciiption till we coit.c tothccoii! of America. BcfiJcs thele t|-.cte are many of the f.fli c.im- mon in Europe, as pike, v.hich are hire onlv foand in falt-water, and are of a dark yellow, but in cvirv other refpec't rcfemble thofe of Europe ; herrings, thornbaeks, foles, barbels, carps, eels, and gudg-oiis. Among the fliell-filli at the C;ipe aic lo'.i(ler«, craw- filh, crabs, oyllcrs, mufclcs, and pen i winkles, whiih dift'cr but little from tholt: of Europe ; butthcrcaje others unknown amongll us. At the Cape are two forts of watcr-fiuil;, called by the Europeans there the porcupine-fiiail and tii;- fea por- cupine-fnail. The Ihell of the former is twiitcd li'cj that of a garden-fiiail, but more varioufly and be.iutifully co- loured. The (liell of the fea pnrcupine-lnail has alfo many beautiful odours, and is armed on almoit: every part with long prickles, which ftand out much after th" fame man- ner as the raifed quills of the porcupine. The (hells of both forts retain their colours as long as the fifli within them live ; but when it dies, the colours on their (heil fade away. At the Cape are flicll-fifh called by the Europeans there i'eafiins and fca-ftars : both forts breed in the fea, and are driven alliore by the tide. The fliells of botii are multangular, and approach to a globular figure ; but the fea-fun is fmaller than the fea-ftar, and the (hell more nearly rcfemblcs a globe. The fliells of both are alfo covered with a thick fcaly (kin, fomcthlng like that i;f a ferpcnt, and have fmall piioklcs upon them Ihooting out every way like the beams of light, whence they re- ceive their names ; but the prickles on the I'ca-funs arc longer than thofe on the I'ea-lfars. In hi,t weather the filh in thefe Ihells are dried up on their remainin" a few days out of the water, and the (hells are let't Co bare, that tiierc is no mark of their having been inhabited by any creature. At the Cape is a (hell fidi which the Cape Europeans call paggcr, and is covered with dark brown fcales, beau- tifullv fpotted with red and black ; but on the back of it, near the head, is a I'ort of horn, or prickle of a poi- Ibnous nature, which is apt to wound the hand that touches it : in which cafe it caufcs a dreadful pain and inflammation, and if fpeedy care be not taken the hand perilhes. The (hcU-fifli, called at the C;tpe the mufiel-crab, rc- fenibles the loblter, but is much fmaller. Thefe, befidcs the co.it (hell, have aiioihcr, which fcrves them as an habitation, and they go ni and out with gre..t eaie, tho' they never go fo far out as to kparate themfelves quite from the ftteil. There are feveral other llicll- filh dill inguifiied by the beauty of their Iheils ; but we fhall only take notice of thi; nautiluf, called at the Cape the pearl- fnail. It is no 1 ^1— M \-i \ 1 1- A. I- ' 3-^4 A SYS T E M O F G [•: O C. R A IMI Y. c- ■^'"''n Aai \. ■IB?"' 1 i^ ! i'.fi' ' I r: !' no fiiiall plcifurc to rilifirrve thciV filli in rilni w\.i(hcr on ill': I'liir.ici; of the w.itcr, \v|-..'ii tlv.ir fn'll. Ii.r^c tlicni ;i' bi)u!-,. They crci't their heads tonfulci.ililv abuvc tliiTf n.itural vcllcis, and, IprcaJiiig out a kind id l.iil with winch nature ha;. Iiirnifhcd thcni, inovr along in a man- IKT v'l'iv diverting ti thi; l;)edlntorH. If when tlicy I'ail ih "v lind thev are in danger, tluv draw ihcnilelveb clol . into iheir flielli, and link out of (inht. Many ot thefe (lulls will hold n.'ar a qiiait, and are ufed at the Cape ab «!riiikin' Clips. Tlic Cap,- Kuiopeans put to tlieni a lout of lilvir, ivory, or woo.) ; and (bnn: iirc very curioully cMiht'liflied with ornaments engraved on the outiidc. SECT. viir. Of the Pa-fons, Drcfw and dmroflty of ihi Ilotlrnloli ; piirtLuLiriy iwhilitrtl inthe Lije of an Haltcnttt, mho hiiii kin iKployi-.l iy thd Europtmis. Till' Hottentots arc neither fo fmali of flatiirc nnr (o delonnrd and wrinkled as foine authors have reprefent.:d them ; for moft of the men arc from five to lix feet high ; but tht women are a great deal lefs. Both i'excs are very creft and well m.ide, and are in the me- dium between fit and lean. There is not a crooked limb or any other deformitv to be fecn among them, which is the more remarkable, as they taLc much lefs care of tJieir cluldrm lliun the Europc.nn wo.iicn. Af th-ir heads are generally lariie, their eyes arc fo in proportion ; and their afpc>^ is fo tar from bvuig wild and terrible, as fonie ha\e r^prefentcd it, that it is fweet and compofed, and even exprcfllng the utmoft benevolence and good-nature. The worll features they have is their large flat nofes, and their thick lips, efpecially the nppermolt ; butthcflat- iiefs of the nole is not iintiiral, but caufcd by art. Tlieir tfcth are as white as ivory, and their cheeks have fome- thing ol the cherrv ; but, from their continual dauhings, it is noteafilvdifcirned. The men have large broad feet, but thofe of th'j women are fmall ; and neither fc\ cut the nails either of their fingers or toes, liut what is very extraordinary, and mult appear imrcdihle to thofe who have not oiveii attention to the variations obfervable in the human fpecics, is, that all the Hottentot women are dillingulflied bv having a broad callous kind of (lap grow- ing to their bellies, which feems intended by nature to hide what civilized nations arc taught moft carefully to conceal ; and fomc of them have it lo large, that it can hardly be covered with the (heep-ftin they wear before them, it beinic often fecn below it. This no Hottentot conliJers as a deformity, and for a little tobacco they will fiiffer any one to handle and examine it. Indeed Theve- not, in his Travels, fays, the negro, Egyptian, and the women of fome other nations, .irc fubjest to the likecx- crefccnce; but ftop the g.owth of it very early by fear- jii:; : this may probably be done from their confidcring it as a deformity. What chiefly renders the Hottentots a very nafly peo- ple, is a cultom obf.rved by them from their infancy of fmearing their bodies and apparel with mutton fat, marrow, or buttt^r, mixed with the foot that gathers round their boiling-pots, in order to make them look black, they being naturally cf a nut or olive colour. 'J'his ciifto'm is repeated as often as the greafe is dried up by the fun or duff, if they arc able to procure butter cr fat. The indigent part of the people are ufually obliged to make ul'e of that which is rank ; but the more vve.'.1;!v.- alvvayj bcfmcar thcmfclvcs with the frclheft and thoiccll that can be had. Every part of the body, from the crown of the head to the fole of the foot, is covered with this filthy paint, and their ftins arc thoroughly daubed with it. The richer they are the more fat and butter th.?y ufe ; for this is the grand murk of diftinolion between the rich and poor : but they have the cxtremcft iivertion to the fat of fifli. It i.s, huwever, worthy of obfervation, that this ruh- liin'' ar.d qreafing has a iiaruial tendency to promote the hipp!ei'.c!'s~andac'iivityofthi-- body; am! tlience the Hotten- tots, though a lazy r.'icc, are, perhaps, the fwiftcft of foot of ;'.ny pcuijleupon'earth ; for they not only dart away from the fwiitcll Kuropean, but f.imc of tlirm will out-run the iieeleit iuirie. Utiidts, by their living aliiii.(t n,ikid where the fun's heat is veiy(:,reat, ami by the,r ihuj clohng tiicir porej with grille, they prevent iliic excel)i,c perfpii.ition wiiich would uthcrwile cxliiiill their l|iiiit,, and cncrvdte their bo.lus. Indeed the lame tulloin u praclii'ed in a Ul'j degree by moll f.ivage nations. Wh.it renders them Hill moie dilagieeabic, is their furteimg tiicir woolly ha;t to iic matted together with lai and dm J their ollenlive fiiiell, aiiling loin ihel'c un- cleanly cullonis ; and their abomijiablc loulinc.s. ^Vith refpect to their drcfs, the men, during the linr feafon, have no other covering for their lie^.ds than tlui compofition of fat, foot, and dirt ; lor they l.iy ihe i.a keeps ilieir heads cool under the moft raging lun : but in the cold leafon, and in wet weather, they wc.ir caps made of cat or lamb-(l;ins tied on with two llniui.j however, the fate and fore part of the neck arc alwaj' uncovered. About the Hottentot's neck hangs a littli: grcal'y bag, in wiiich he carries ins pipe and^obaeeo, with a little piece of wood of a finger's length, burnt at both ends, as an amulet againft witchcraft. The mantles they hang over tlieir ihouldcrs, which they call crolliis, ate worn open or clolLd accordiii" to the fealbn. Thofe of the moft wtalthy are of the Ikina of tygcrs or wild cats, and thole of the coinnioii peo- ple of (hicp-lkins. Thefe they wear all the year round ; in winter turning the hairy fide inward, and in I'uniuK* turniiiL! it outward. 'I'hcy lie upon tliem in the night, and wiien they die aic lied up in them when put iiuu their ;;ravfs. As they geneially wear thcic ciollas or maiiiles open, you fee all the fore part of their bcdie;; naked to the bottom of the belly, wlicre they are covered with a fquare piece of the fkin of a wild beall, generally of a wild eat, tied round the waift, with the haiiy fide outward. When they drive their herds to pafture, tluy put on a kind of leather ftockings, to fecurc their Ic^s from being Icratchcd by the thorns and briars; and when thev are to pafs over rocks and fands, they wear a kind of I'andals, cut out of the raw hide of an elephant, or an ox, each confifting of one piece fitted to the fole of the foot, and turning up about half an inch quite round it, the hairy fide outward, and faftened on with firings pal- fing through holes made in the turnings up of the toes and the heels. Bcfides thefe more efTential parts of their drefs, the men generally wear three rings of ivory upon the left arm. Thefe they form fiom the elephant's teeth thev find in the woods, which tiiey cut into rings, and finiftiwith fuch art and exaclncfs, as would furprize the ableft tui- ner in Europe. Thefe rings, or bracelets, ftrve as guards when they fight an enemy ; but when they travel they fallen to thefe rings a bag, in which they carry their provifions, which they fix fo cleverly that it is hardly any incumbrance. The women in general wear caps all the year round, night and day, made of the fkins of wild beaft.s, point- ing up fpirally from the crown of the head. 1 hey ge- nerally wear two crofl'as round their Ihouldcrs, v.Niich, like thofe of the men, cover their backs, and fometime; reach down to their hams. Between thcle crcH'as tluv faften a lucking child, if they have one, with the head juft peeping over tiieirfhoulders. The under crofl'a ferves to prevent their bodies being hurt by the children at their backs. They cover their polleriors with a croliii, which generally reaches below the hams ; and have another before, which is always of iheep-lkin ftripped of the woo! or hair. About their neck is tied a ftring, to which is faftened a leather bag, which they conftantly wear from mornii)» till night, both at home and abroad ; it contains fomc kind of food, a pipe, tobacco, &c. The girls, from their infancy to twelve years of age, wear bulrufhes tied in rings round their legs from their knees down to their ancles. Thele bulrufh riiv's are then laid afidc, and their place is fupplied with rings of the thicknefs of a lit- tle finger made of flips of llieep or calf-fklns, from which the hair is fingcd ; for the Hottentot fheep have nothing like wool. Some of the women have above an hundred of thefe rings upon each leg fo curioufly Joined, and fo nicely CArniAxn. !icm will out-nm villj.!; iilinult iiakid .iihI liy their tliuj VL'IU ill it CXCClliiC \ImiiII llicir Ii>irit4 ic I.11IIL' culluni ii f natiniis, igrciablL', is tlicir I topithiT witli u\. Ilg luill tlici'c uu- luuruit.:i. in, iluriiig the lint L'ir lK':.Jii tli.m tliij )r they l.iy the l.a It raging lull : l>ut ;r, tlicy wear caps with UVO Itilllg^ ; ic iKi'k. arc always ictk haiij^s a little pipe and lubacco, r's Iciij^tli, blunt at ctatt. IhuiiKlcrs, which clolcJ a.ccording to hy are of the Ikins the common pcu- all the year roiiiid ; ;rd, and in 1'iiiiuni.r tlK'in in the night, leiii when put iiiio ar thele ctollas or lart ot their beilies ltc they are covered nid bealt, generally with the haiiy fido rds to palture, tluy to I'ccure their legs id briars ; and when they wear a kind of an elephant, or an ;d to tlie folc of the inch quite round it, in with Afingii pal- ings up of the toes of their drefs, the ivory upon the left lant's teeth they find gs, and linifti with prize the ablell tui- bracelets, ferve as ut when they travel lich they carry their ly that it is hardly all the year round, wild beafts, puint- le head. 1 hey ge- Ihouldcrs, v.'iiicn, icks, and fometimei n thel'e crcUas th.y one. with tlie head le under crolla Icrves the children at their with a crolla, which and have anoihc- ftripped of the woo! o which is fattened a wear from morning id ; it contains fomo :, The girls, !rom , wear bulrulhes tied knees down to their then laid afide, and he thicknefs of a lit- If-lkins, from which t ftieep have nothing ve above an hundred iouHy joined, and fo nicely t ii- ii;: M|:: fc 'if . 4. .-St.. ■4 ^ CaffrariA.' RICA. 365 I'lcely fitteJto the Icfj, an J to each othfr, that they Iccni 1 l.kc curious pieces of tiiriKTy, They arc lino(/th ami as I luinl aj woiij, and wlicn thi.y dance make a clattcrijii; nolle, 'I'hclc rin;r,s are kept from llippinj; over their hecla hy wr.ipp<:rn of leather or rulhes ahout their ancles ; and a.i the women arcohli(;rd every day to walk thro' bulhcs and brambles to ga'.l roots .lud other things for tood, thry pielcrve their legs from lieinfj torn by the tliorns «nd briars. Thcfe riiij;s aie oik; (jreat dilHiidtionof their fcx, and areconfidcrcd as very ornamental ; lor the more rings they wear, the finer they arc reckoned : but this is nut a!l, they are provilions againrt an hour of hunjer and (jrcat Icarcity j for when that arrives they pull them oi^, bruife them between two (tones, and then cat them. liiit the principal part of the linery of both fexes coii- f.fls in the brafs buttons, and plates of the fame metal, vhich they buyof the Dutch, and then polifh toanamaz- in;; luftre ; thefe dangle in the men's hair. They are alio extremely fond of tixing in their hair bits of looking- glali, which they alfo confidcr as very fplendid orna- ments ; nor are diamonds more admired by the Europeans than thefe trinkets by the Hottentots. They likewife v/ear finall ear-rings of bral's wire, which they always polifli \ery neatly ; and thole of the higheft rank, or the greateft wealth, hang in thefe ear-rings bits of mother of pearl, to which they have the art of giving a curious jhape and polifh. Of thefe ornaments they arc extremely proud, as they imagine they procure them the admiration of every beholder. To their commerce with the Dutch they likewife owe fevcral other ornaments, as brafs and glafs beads, of which they are extravagantly fond. There is hardly a Hottentot of either fex who is not adorned with fome of them : but the preference is univerfally given to brafs beads, on account of their not being fo eai'ily broken as thofc of glafs. They wear them in bracelet"., necklaces, and girdles ; of which every one has more or lels accord- ing to his or her ability. For the neck and arms they choofe the fmalleiV beads they can meet with : the ! irc;e ones they wear about their waift. Some wear half a do/.cii necklaces together, and others more, fo large that they fall very gracefully to their navcli. Tiiey alfo cover their arms with bracelets from their elbows to the wrifts, and wear half a dozen or more fhin"s of large beads of viirious colours about their waids. For thefe ornaments they freely exchange their cattle; and if they fervc the liuropcans, they always ftipulatc for fome ear-rings, if they are not already provided i and whenever one of them works for an Euroiiean, though it be but for a week, or even a day, he feldom fails in the agreement to article for beads. It is alfo an invariable cuftom among the men to wear the bladders of the wild beaifs they have /lain, blown up and faftened to their hair, where they hang as honourable trophies of their valour. But with this finery the men do not think themfelvcs completely drefl'ed, unlefs their hair be lavifhly powdered v/ith a pulverized herb called buchu ; and this being done, they are beaus and grandees, and appear in their utmoll magnificence. As the hair of the women is ccn- ftantly hid under their caps, they lay this powder as thick as they can upon their foreheads, where being rubbed into the greafe, it flicks very firmly. The women alfo paint their faces with a red earth, with which they make a fpot over each eye, one upon the nofe, one upon each cheek, and one upon the chin. Thefe red fpots they confider as ftriking beauties, and therefore this is their conftant praflice, when they are called to a mirthful alTembly, or intend to make aconquell: but whatever nttraiElions the men among the Hottentots may perceive in a woman thus painted, to an European they appear pcrfeftly frightful. The men have ufually in their band, efpecially when they go abroad, a fmall (lick about a foot long, at one end of which is faftened the tail of a wild cat, fox, or other wild beail that has a buihy tail ; and this they ufe as an handkerchief to rub the fwcat off their faces, to wipe their nofes, and clear away the duft and dirt that gather about their eyes. When this tail is covered with fvveat and filth, they plunge and tofs it about in water till all is waihed oft'. 3« The Hotteniota have liccn reprel'enteJ by fome authori a^ beinj^ U in ^' aliove the levi 1 ot the btulcs, anil •:» li.n iii^ M-ithcr imdeiltandinj;, nor .iny kiile of oidir or ilcceiuy, and as l>..iit.t pollllliiig the IcjiI gliniplc ul ual'jii and lui- m.inily : but this is far from being true. " I hive known " many ot thcin, fays the learned and jucKmiis Mr. " Kolbeii, wlu) undcrltood Dutch, Kniiih, and I'ortu- " guefc to adc'Ljiee of perlci'tlon j and one 1 ki.ew who " learnt Knglifli and I'oitu,;ucle 111 a very lliort time, and " haviiii; toiu|uered the habits of pronunciation contiaet- " ed tfom his native lanL;uas;e, w.is uid, by );ooJ '' judges, to unJcrlland and Ipeak them with a furpiihni; " readincfs and propriety." They are cliccmcd at the Cape the moll faithful fer- vants in the world, and the Kuropcant. thcic are lo plcaf- ed with them in that capacity, that they aie loth to part with them. Though they are extremely lond of cutlery ware, wine, brandy, and tobacco, and will at any tiin^j part with the moil valuable things they have to purclial>; them ; yet they will neither dimiiiilh ihini thciniclve.>, nor fuHer ;'.ny one ell'o to diminilh the Icall drop or par: ol tholi; commodities, when thev arj committed to their truft , and the care and fidelity with which they acquit themlcKcs on thefe occafions is really liirprifing. Tiicy are even employed by the Dutch in ati'airs that require judgment and capacity. Nothing can give us a more juft idea of a people, than feeing how they adt on particular occafions; lince this more perfectly (news their capacities, tempers, and difpo- fitions, than the moll elaborate dilquifitions and exjlaiia- tions i with this view wc give the reader the lollovviiiij little hillory. An Hottentot named Claas was a man of fuch inte- grity and dilcernment, that he was often, lavs .Mr. Kol- ben, tntrullcd by Mr. Vaiider Stel, the late guvtrnor of the Cape, with large quantities of wine, brandy, rice, and other commodities, and directed to exchange them for cattle among the Hottentot nations at a yreat dill.incc from the Cape, attended by a guard of two armed men belonging to the (governor. Thefe commiilioiis he execut- ed with addtefs and teputation, and generally returned the governor more and finer cattle than the commodities he carried out could be judged to be worth. To ihefu qualities he joined the greatcll humanity iind |',God na- ture ; and, notwithflanding the ignorance in which hi; was bred, and in which, with refpedt to religion, he always lived, was a man of excellent morals, and had, perhaps, as much charity and benevolence as the belt of us all. Many an European in diftrefs has been relieved by this generous good-natuied creature, who, by means of a handl'ome Hock of cattle, in which the wealth of the Hottentots confills, was well able to fupply thci.t wants. This Claas was dcfccnded of a family rich in cattle, and the herd he had received from his father was, by hii care and prudent tnanagemcnt, confiderably incrcafed. He ufually refided at a diftance from the Cape, where he lived very happily with his wile, whom the Hottentots elleemed a great beauty. She loved him tenderly; hut her love awaked the envy of the king or captain ef his na- tion, who refolving to poflefs her, and being unable to (hake her conltancy, took her away by farce. Claas beini"- unable to obtain any relief againll fo powerful aravilher, (the Dutch never intermeddling in the private quarrels of the natives) bore his misfortunes like a wife man, fup- prefled his grief, and troubled none with his complaints : but his wife gave full fcopc to her refentment, and equally regardlefs of threats and flatteries, deafened the tyrant with her continual reproaches. He fluit her up, andj after trying every art to quenrh her aftedtion for lierhul- band, refolved on his deflrudlion. Claas had cherilhed the Dutch, and in a very extraor- dinary manner contributed to their ellabli(hment at the Cape: but his zeal for their fervice, which had even reached the city of Amfterdam, had procured him many enemies among his countrymen : but he had enemies ftill more dangerous ; thefe were the governor's people, who had before been entrufted to traific with the Hottentot nations, and had embezzled the goods delivered them to trade with. None of them returning with cattle that bore any proportion in number or value to his, the 4 Y governor ',,M I , I- i- I ; ,. . 'I iCC A S Y S T K M OF C i: O G R A I' H V. C^ffRARlA, ■;» i fovcrnnr li.i 1 fot tlicm afuli?, ami comniittril thf whul.- I)iilinel. to CJ1.U1, who hail now in.tiUjV il it I'lr .1 cmi- liiltrahlc time with the lii/hclt tfniitjtioii. rhifc h.ilc- ing the man wliolV iiitciTity Vf»t a bir to their Cortuiu'., huj c(iiil|)iri.il hi , ilcltriii ticii ; uiul kiiowiiu; how eagrrly it WAi tiiii)>ht by tliL- iloitcntnt (hioT, who \^\i^ alri'.iJy iiijurcil him 111 atcmlfr part, they maiK' him ot'thrcon- fpiracy, It wa> rdolvcd, lh.it the r.iudui' HioulJ ^ivt- inCormatioii that Cla.i.s was iiuloasuiirlirj; to tAiU- an in- I'urrc^tidii aj;aiiill the Dutch, in onlcr to drive thun out ot the tdiJiifry 1 aiul .is his lather, who was lately drati, had left him Inch a lumiUir ol cattle, that he wa, I'lU'cnicil line ut the luhtlt llottciilnts in the country -, it was farther refolvrd, that the ravilher IhoiiM actiil'e Claas to the governor of ciiihc/./.ling hii exi-cllen< y':, commodities, and defraudiiu^ hiin of a iTcat iiniiiber of cattle, by which means he had acnuired fuch wealth. Information was accordingly given, and the (.'^ovetnor, who had .1 thoiil.iiul times declared his fatisfai^tion at this worthy man's (idelitv and aftcition for him and the (ct- tlcment, cither not liifpctiliii'^ the trick, or longing for the If 1 am only con- " ccrncd, Sir, it was furcly great ralhnefs to attack them. *' Befidcs, was I upon my defence .' Or, am I in a poft " of defence.' Did you, before your fire, fend me no- " tice of vour arrival ? Did you fummon me to furren- " dcr i and did I rcfufe ? There is hardly a man that I •' would have fooncr chofcn than yourfelf for a judge of " my fidelity to the Dutch, and of the warmth of my " heart for their icrvice. I have given fo many proofs " of both, and fo many of thefe have palled through " your own hands, that I can neither fee how you, nor " any one clfe, can entertain a doubt about them." The cnfign commanding him filence, fummoned him aiain to furrender, u|Jon pain of immediate death. Claas then came forward, adding, that as he was innocent he feared no tiial, and they might carry him where they picafcd : upon which they bound him with ropes, the greateft ignominy, next to a ftiameful death, that can fac- ial a Hottentot, and then led him away. This worthy injured man being brought before the go- vernor, denied every thing laid to his charge with fere- nity of temper ; he refuted the allegations of the pretend- ed witncflcs with the utmoft ftrength of reafon, and he rehcarfcd many recent inftances of his fidelity and affec- tion to the governor and the fettlement ; while his accu- fers could only produce the fuggeftions of malice, with- out the leaft air of proof. The people foon faw that all was a bafe confpiracy to ruin him } but obferving by the governor's behaviour that he would not fee it, they did not think it fafe to attempt publickly to detcc't the con- fpirators. In ihort, Claas was, upon the bare fuggeftions of his enemies, convidfed before the governor of every charge brought againft him : he was inflantly baniihed for life to Robben Ifland ; his cffcAs were confifcated ; and this unjuft fcniencc wai imiTiedijtvly put in cxe* euiion. The infamoiM enfi|>n w*i now appointed to fi'e(.n.J Claas ill tr.idin^', for the company with the llotteiiint ii.i. tiiiiis Inr cattle : but, by his pcilidiuiis maiia'>('i)ient, tin; abilities Slid integrity of Claas daily became mure illul- Irious. Iking foon ful'iHCled of breach of iruft, he wai nut under fuch reltiii^tiuiis as took away all the honour I't his employment ) and at length, by his folly, arriij.'aiKe, and knavery, the Hottentots raifcd their ntaikel.H, and tli'; price of cattle was fu enhanced to the company, that thu directors put u Itup to nil commerce with the 1 lottentiits, and ordered that all lupplus of pruvifioiis for tlie ulj u. the company Humid be puiclulcd uf then own burghcu at the Cape. \Vc have already mentioned the humanity of Claai : amuni; others who had taftcd of his hofpitality, and felt and blelled his bountihil hand in the time of their iiiil- tortuncs, was captain Theuiiis Citrbraniz Vander Schtl- ling, who having loft his Ihip in the b.iy of Algoa, on the haltein cnalf, was fuieed logo by lam! to the Cape, through feveral liottintot nations, and to lublift on the chanty of the people. In this diltrefs he was met by Claa), who enteitauicd and relieved hiiii in to boiintil'ei a manner, that, to the honour of the captain I jr liis gra- titude, as well as of the Hottentot for liis holpltality, he delighted to tell the (lory 1 and iiiion the repair ol Ills broken lurtune, which was not elfeded till after llu-deatii of Claas, woulvl be cut exprelliiig his loirow, that the generous creature was dead to whom he owed athoufand returns of kindiiel's. This gentleman was indeed at the Cape iu the time of Claas's troubles ^ but was then un- able to afTift him. However, he (aw how matters were carried againft him, and upon his arrival in Holland made luch rcprefentations to the diredtors in his favuiii, that by the firft opportunity they difpatched orders to the Caps for the recalling of Claas, and reltoring all his cftcCls. He was accordingly recalled 1 but as for his cattle, the wolves, by whom they had been feized, could be brought to reftore only a very (mall part. He, however, repaired very contentedly with the trifles that were allowed him to his old feat) but was loon murdered by the Hottentot chief, who found the pofl'eflion of his wife extremely pre- carious while her hufband was living ; and the Dutch never intermeddling between the Hottentots in aft'airs wherein they themfelves arc not concerned, the rufliau was never called to an account. To return tothecharadfer of the Hottentots in general; Notwithftanding what has been (aid of them, they feera to place all human happinefs in (loth and indolence. They can think to purpofc if they pleafe ; but they hate the trouble of thought, and look upon every degree of rea- foning as a difagreeable agitation of mind': they therefore never exert their mental powers but in cafes of necedity ; that is, when it is necelTary to remove fome prelFing want of their own or their friends. If the Hottentot be not rouzed by any prefcnt appetite or neceffity, he is as deaf to thought and adllon as a log ; but when thus urged, he is all activity. Yet when thefe are gratified, and his obligation to (ervc is at an end, he retires to enjoy a- gain his beloved idlencfs. S E C T. IX. Of their Fiod, thiir Maiwtr cf drejfmg it, and their Rt^uk- lions in Rtlaticn to Things fhrbidden. Thiir Fondnen fir TohaccOy Dacha, the Kanna Rout, Ifine, Brand)-, and Arrac. SOME authors pretend, that all the Hottentots de- vour the entrails of beafts, uncleanfcd of their filth and excrements, half broiled ; and that whether found or rotten, they confider them as the grcateft delicacies in the world : but this is not true. When they have entrails to eat, they turn and ftrip them of their filth, and vvjfli them in clean water. They then boil them in the blood of the beaft, if they have any ; if not, they broil them on the coals. This, however, is done in fo nafty a manner as to make an European loath their victuals. But, CxrrRAKU. icly put in cxe- illtl'll to flH-(.C>.,l lie IliitleiiKit III- iil.iii.i",riiK'iit, till! (•imi: iiiorL' illiil- I ol inilt, lie wjt all the lioiKMiiol tolly, arri)i.'aiici', nuikctn, Jiid tli3 unipany, ttuc tin; t\ ll.U I lultt.'IU>j|;>, Ua lor ttic UU' u. ,Cir owi) burglicit imanity of Class : jl'pitaliiy, and It-lc tiriK' (it tiu-ir inif- itz VanJcr Schcl- bay lit Alt;oa, on lam', to ilic Cape, ,1 to lublWl oil the I'^i he w.iii met by III III lb boiimit'ul aptaiii 1 jr Ills gra- ins holpitality, lie tlic repair ot hiii I tiil alter till- Jeatli 14 loirow, tiiat the le uweJ a thoiifund wa» iiiileevl at the but wai then uti- how matters were al in Holland made II his favour, that J orders to the Cape ng all his ctt'ccts. tor his cattle, the J, could be brought , however, repaired : were allowed hitn :d by the Hottentot wife extremely pre- g i and the Diitch ottentots in alfairs ccrncd, the ruffian ttf iitots in general; of them, they fecra d indolence. They but they hate the verv degree of rea- ind : they therefore cafes of necf ffity ; ove fomc preirm; f the Hottentot be neceffity, he is as it when thus urged, e gratified, and his retires to enjoy a- It, and their Re^ul/t- Thcir FonJntj] pr U'lniy Branny, uiid he Hottentots dc- iinfed of their filth It whether found or teit dtlicaiiesiii the hey have entrails to eir filth, and wafli il them in the bkod they broil theni on 1 fo nafly a manner jic^uals. But, CArrKA lA.' A F K I C A. 3, lalfer ditcafcs before iiiiknown to them, and Ihoit^'it their dayi : even the meat drelled uiul li.al»ned after the l.uropcaii manner m wry pciiiiciau:>, with rclpect lu them. The provifioiij of the Hottentots confill not only of the flclh and eiitiails uf cattle, and of lertain wild bralh, but of fruit and rootH. Except upon Ibleiiin occalioti'i, they t'eldoin kill any cattle lor tJieir own eating i but reaijily teed upon thole that die naturally, I'he woiiuii furnim them with fruit, roots, and miiki and when they are not contented with ihele, the men go a hunting, or, if they live mar the lea, a lifhing. Thev boil the flrfh of their cattle in the f.mie manner as the Europeans ) but their roalling ii very dilferent, and is pi:tformcd in the following manner : a l.irge flat Hone belli ; fixed on the ground in the manner of a hearth, a brilk fire is made upon it, which burns till the Hone i^ thoroughly heated : the Are is then removed, the (tone cleaned from the afhcs, and the meat placed upon it. It is thfn covered with a flat ilonc, as large as that upon which the meat lies. They then make a tire both round the meat and upon the (lone which covers it, and thus it remains till it is roafled, or rather baked. They love to eat their meat very raw, and do it in fuch a hurry, tearing it in pieces with their tingeri, in a man- ner that makes them look extremely wild and ravenous. They ufe the lappets of their crofl'as as plates, and their fpoons are mother of pearl and other fea-lhells, but they put no handles to them. They eat many forts of roots and fruit, in the choice of which they follow the hedge-hog and the bavian, a kind of ape, and will tafte of no fort which thole crea- tures do not feed upon ; for in the country are many fruits that appear very agreeable to the eye, and many roots which promife well for food, that are of a poifor.- ous nature. They never pafs their milk through any kind of ffrain- cr, but drink it fettled or unfettled from the vellcl in which it was received from the cow. In this they boil the roots they eat, making of the whole a kind of pap. Their manner of making of butter is extremely filthy ; inftead of a churn they ufe the fkin of a wild beafl, made up into a fort of tack, with the hairy fide inwards. Into this fack they pour as much milk as will about half fill it, then tying up the fack, two perfons of either fex take hold, one at each end, and tofs the milk briPicly to and fro, till it becomes butter. They then put it in pots, cither for anointing their bodies, or for laic to the Euro- peans ; for none of the Hottentots, except thnfi* in the fervice of the Europeans, evercit any butt-jr. T his but- ter is extremely foul with the hair and other tilth that fticks to it, as well as with the greafc and dirt that continually llicks to the hands of the Hottentots; but though the fight of it is enough to make any one fick, yet Il ii remarkable, that they have tradmonitvlawi t'libi.l . dm- the eating of certain ineatt, whuh liny aiior.liiii^ly .ibthin from with ^;reat cate. Swiik', (kill, and lilli tlut have no tcald, are forbidden to both lr\e!i. 'I'he c.ilin;', <■• narei and rabbets ii forbiddin to ti.e men, but imi to the women. The blood ot ball., arj tin; tUlli ol thu mole, are lorhiddcn to the women, but not to the men. Hut, iiolwithllaiulin|t thel'e diltiiKtioiis, both the men and the women are to verv hllhy at to eat liee •, and il thev are alkcd how they can cat Inch detellable virmin, they cry they doit in tevrnge ; " I'liiy fiiik our blood, '* lay thev, and do not (pare ui, why llionld not wu " be even with them \ why Ihould wc nut make tv- " prifaU?" It has been already intimated, that when pinched with hunger, they will devour the rill's ol leatlur wliii-h tlm women wear upon their Ici^s, They will alio, upon thu lame occation, tat the old call-olV pieces of the hide of an ox or (tan th.it have been worn lor Ihocs, which they only drefs by tinging ott' the hair; then having t'oaked them j little in water, they broil them upon the fire till they begin to wrinkle and curl up, and then they devour them. The Hottentots, when among themlelves, never eat I'alt, nor fcalon their provilions with any kind ot ("pice : yet they are not a little delighted with the high I'ealbn- ed food of the Europeans ; but lueh provifions are very pernicious to them, they bciiui; otteii fick at the llomach, and attacked by fevers, alter luch a meal ; and thole whi> eat for any length ot time with Kurope.ms, become fub- jeit to many ditcales they were in no d.inger ot e\peri- eiuing while they lived 111 their own manner, and never attain the great age to which tlie Hottciitot-i iiUially live. It has been always cultomary with t'Kiii, lor the .r.cntj avoid joining with the women, not only at tir.ir nv.:.ls, but in any entertainment whatever; and there is r.o e.\- ception to this rule, but the induh',cnce that is irraiited to a man on his wedding-day; (or thev :>ppiiliend, tiiai fome of the women may bs in altate of dclilemeiit, wheu it is criminal for them even to come near them. The wealthy Hottentots, when they travel, g"ncrally carry with them fomc flefli-meat, and being iifually pro- vided with a flint and fieel, and tiiel being every vvnerc to be had, they can cafily make a fire in ord.r to tirefs it. Thofe who are not proviJ-J with a flint ami ftccl, light afire by rubbing a drj- f.vi;; upon a piece of iron- wood they carry witn them, 1 his twig they rub io quick and hard that it prefentlv (mokes, ind foon after flames; and then tliey light afire by adding other Cucl. If they are obliged to lie all night in the fields, they make a large fire in order to prel'erve themfelvci from the cold, and to frighten away the wild bcalfs. 'I'heir tinder is a dry reed, which catches fire as quick as the tinder in.idc of the finefl rags. Both the men and women are extravagantly fond of fm'>king tobacco. Their patTion for this plant has no bouo Is, for when they arc without it, they will part witii any thing they -have to procure more. They fay that there are Europeans at the Cape who buy it in large ', nothing they cat or drink is (b cxquifitc a regale, and quantities ; and having the art of purging it of its filth, I that it comforts and rcfrclhes them bevoiid exprctrion. make it look like the butter of Europe, The grcatcft A Hottentot, who has no other means of procuring it, will part of what they have fo cleanfed they fell to great ad- perform a hard day's work, for half an ounce ; and when vantage to mafters of (hips and others, as butter of their own making, and the reft they cat thcmfelves. Thefe Europeans, exceeding even the Hottentots in naftincfs, give the dregs and reUife of this filthy butter to their fer- vants and flaves to eat : though the Dutch governor at the Cape publilhcs, from time to time, an exprets order to the contrary, for fear the health of the people fliould be injured by mingling luch foul unwholefome butter in the ordinary diet of the fervants. The butter-milk, foul and hairy as it comes tiorn the fack, the Hottentots give to their calves and lambs ; and, though they never Srain it, they fomctiracs drink it thcmfelves, T':e Hottentots have no fct times for their meals, but eat as humour or appetite invites, without any regard to the hour of the day or the night. In fair and calm weather they eat in the open air, but when it is windy or tainy they eat within doors. he gets it, will hug it in a tranfpoit of joy. The Euio- peans at the Cape think them mucli better judges of to- bacco than theiufelves ; and, indeed, by finokiiig a pipe out of a parcel of tobacco they will dilcovcr its good or bad qualities to a wonderful nicety, and give a particular detail of thcin, l"or this talent they are in no little ellecni among the Europeans at the Cape, who Celdom purchaCe a ftock of tobacco till a Hottentot has fmoked apipe of it^ and pafibd his judgment ; and indeed they are very prouil of this office. A Hottentot will never enter into the fervice of an Eu- ropean, except tobacco be made a part of his wages ; and he murt have a certain allowance of it every dav, or it is in vain to treat with him : and if the quantity agreed upon be with-held but one day, he inltanily becomes untraiSlable ; upon the like ufage the day after, he de- mands his other wages, and can hardly be pcrluaded to ftiikc an(7thci ftrokg for fuch a mailer. Tho \> t : t'm M^JS '!S '(' '. fii' 36S A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Caffr ARIA^ The Hottentots nrc a!fo extremely foiul of ilaclm, which tl\i'v (.ly baiiiftjc-i care and anxiety hke wine or braiuK', and infjiircs thenj with a thouiand dehi^htful tancios, and with this they an: ottrn intoxicated to a (lei^rce of madiicfb : they Irequciltiy finoke datha mixed with tobacco. 'J'herc is likcwife a root gathered in the Hottentot countries called kanna, which is lo highly clle -ined tor its great virtues, that they almoll adore it; and what jjreatiy inhanccs its value is its fcarcity, for it is very Jeldom found. Thcv confidcr it as the grratelt chcarer of the fjiirits, and thj noblcii rdtorative in the world. 'J'hey will anv of them run twenty milts upon an er'and ior a very fmall bit of it; and if you give them the lealf chip, they will run and fcrve \ou like a flavc for fo charm- ing an obligation. Mr. Kulbcn fays, he diftrihuled a bit of this root not bifgcr than his finger, in fmall chips, to levcral Hottentot lamilie.;, near which he refided, and fo gained their hearts by thefe little prefcnts, that from that time til! the time he left them, they fought all opportu- nities to oblige him. Several authors have fuppofed this to be the ginfeng of the Chincfc, and indeed it has furprifmg tHc(its in railing their fpirits, for they fcarcely begin to chew it before their eyes brighten, their faces allume an air of gaiety, and their imaginations are greatly enlivened : hut it is not certain that it has the medicinal virtues afcribed to frinfcnp. The Hottentots arc great lovers of wine, brandv, and ar- rac. For wine they never trouble themfelvcs about its qua- lities, ifit has but the tafleof the grape. They are immode- rately tbnd of brandv, becaufe it foon makes them merry ; but apprehend that malt-fpirits are not fo wholefome, and therefore they drink little of them : but as arrac i'. cheaper at the Cape than brandv, they frequently drink it to excels, and even bcait of it the next day as an ex- traordinary honour. However, the ordinary drink of the Hottentots is milk and water, for they have nothing better of their own, and cannot afford to make a lar<:e purchafe of wine or brandv. When thcv "re plentifully provided with milk, thcv often drink it without water ; and when they have but little milk, they are contfnfd with wuer alone. SEC T. X. Ofthiir Hull and Furiiilure, with the Firm of their Villages, aid the Manner ii which they are luurded hy Dogs and fighting Oxen. Of ti.vir Management with rejheil to thtir Cattle, and their Dext.rity at feveral Jrts. mony, that heavenly charm, fo fcidoin found in the pa- laces of Kuropc, Continually leigns iii alnioll all of tluni. When a diltcreiicc arifts between a ni.\ii and his witV, it is foon accommodated ; all their neighbours indantlv in- terpole, and the quarrel i.s fpetdily m.ide up. The Hot- tentots run to the luppreifion of i'.iiie when it h.is ic\i. A a family, as wc do to put out a lire tliat has fei/.ed a houle, and allow theml'elvos no rell till every matter of dilpute IS adjulled, and peace and tranquility teltored. 'i here is hardly a hut that has not a dog or two be- longing to it, and thefe ;\re extremely cheiilhcd by their maiters for their fidelity and good fervicts. Thefe doi;s they allow to lit about the lire with thcin, but turn them out every night to guard their cattle, who cncompafs thu village on every fu'r ; and this office the dogs diichargc with great watchfulnefs and courage. A dog is the only doineltic animal the Hottentots have, and he is fo iieceliary, that they can by no means do without him ; tiut though the dogs of the Hottentots have a thouiand good qualities, there is nothing in their ap- pearance that indicates anyone of them; for theirmouths ore pointed, their ears crec't, and th'' tail.^ which is lone and llender, they drag on the grou. their h; , whicfj is thin, but long, points every way. ard falls no whe:e lleek upon their bodies. The Hottentots have alfo what they call backeK-ers, or fighting oxen, which they ute in their wars, as ion:u other nations do elephants ; and thefe, as well as their c'ogs, arc of great iifo in the i-overninent of their herds at palfure, for upon a iignal given they will fetch in Itr.ig- glers. Every village has at lealt half a dozen of theii; oxen ; and when one of thein dies, or grows lo old as to he unfit forfervicc, the niolUlaitly youngox is cholea out of the herd, and taught to fuccccd him. The backe- leyers know every inhabitant of the village; but if a Ifranger, and particularly an European, approaches the herd without having with him an Hottentot of the village to vhith they belong, they make at him full gallop, and if he is not within hearing of any of the Hottentots who kcej) the herds ; if there is not a tree which he can imme- diately climb ; or if he has not a light pair of heels, or a piece of fire-arms, h s certainly flain : but they no fooner hear the whlllling ot le keepers through their fingers, or the report of a pilfo than they return to the herds. The Hottentots h. e likcwife great numbers of oxen break with fuch art, that they to their drivers, as a taught dog ands of his maffer. When the illages, they convey the maee- heir furniture, on the backs of fliall now dcfcribe the manner of building their The huts VV hut?, and difpofing of their villages. rre ail oval, about fourteen feet the longefl way, and I the (hortcft about ten ; formed of fticks, one end of which [■i fixed in the ground, and the other bent ovrr the top, I fc as to form an arch, but they are leldom fb high ai to { cattle to the p.tfture, and guarding them from wild beaffs. allf.v a man to Ihind upright within them. The arches] This is an office which thfyall take upon them by turns, being Ixcd and made Ifeady by eroding them with btnr i three or four of them together, while the women milk the Iticks, tied with a kind cf rope made of rufhes, the whole | cows norninr; and evening. In the area of the village for carriage, which l render them as obediei in turop'? is to the coi Hottentots remove tbei rials of their huts, witi thefe oxen. It -s nccclTary to ob.' run together, and th a fingle flieep has tf. flock, where as much of the richefl and mi have no particular heroi e, that all the cattle of a village .eaneft inhabitant who has but pri";!^ge of turning it into the re is taicen of it as of the ftieep oowerful of the village. They orfliephcrds for driving their IS covered with mats made fo fart to each other, and to the Ifick-i, as not to be removed by the wind and rain. Thole of the wealthy Hottentots have alfo a covering of fVins. Thefe huts have no other opening but at the en- trance, which is alfo arched, and no more than about three feet hi^h. On the top of this entrance is fixed a Ikin, v.h'ch may be let i}nv,n in order to keep out the wind, cr taken up to admit the light ; and this is alfo the only pali'a^^e lor their fmoke. Their furniture confifts of earthen pots fordrcffing their viclunls -I'lJ fjvcral iither vellels for holding water, milk, and b'lttr. Their bed is a fkin fpread in a hole funk a little below the fnrface of the ground, and their tire-place a hole nnde in tlie ir.iJ.dlc of the hut. The huts of the wealthy arc lrcquc;uly hung with beautiful fkins, and 3 variety of trinkets. A village conlifls of twenty or more of thefe huts placed near cac'h other in a circle, leaving an area in the miildle, each village containing fiom one to three or four hundred perfons. Thoui'h all the Hjitsiitoc huts are nartowj dark, and filthy, har- they lodge the calves and all the fmall cattle, and on the oiitfide range taoir great cattle, tying two and two totje- thcr by the feel. Thefe ate in the night guarded by the dogs. The Hottentots are extremely expert at feveral arts ; they with furprifmg dexterity cut out the hide of a bcait in an even Ifrap many yards in length ; they make mats of great ffrength of flags and bulrulhes, and form Itand- fonie earthen pots of the mould of ant-hills, in which the bruifed eggs form a fiirprifing cement. '1 hey make this earthen-ware on a fitiooth H-\t Hone by hand, as o;;r paiiry-cooks do a pve, in the form of a Roman urn ; thiy let it dry in the fun, and then burn it in a hole made* in the earth by making a quick fire over it. Thcfc pots are as black as jet, and of a (urprifmg firmncfs. The Hottentot ropes are made of flags, reeds, and bulrufl»es dried in the fun ; and arc as (trong, neat, and durable as the belt Europi an ropes irade of hemp. The fla'.:s, o<:c. are twilfcd fep.irately into fmall flrin.,s and tied afterwards at the lensjth of four yards : tliefo lengths ate CAFFRARIAi Caffbaria. A F RICA. m arc afterwards twilled one rounJ another to the thlck- ncfs of an inch and a ijuarter. Thoiiuh they make thciii only with their hands, frequent experiments have been made of the Urcngth of thcfc ropes, which no pair ol cxen could ever break. The inlhuments they ufe for fcwin^ their (Wns arc, the hone of a bird, for an awl ; (plit fniews, or the veins ol the back-bones of cattle dried in the fun, for thread ; and a knife for fcraping the crolTas. They drefs their flicep-lkins, or thofe of their wild beaih, while warm, by repeatedly rubbing them only with fat, when they are to be fold to an European ; and with cow-dung and fat alternatciv, when they do it for themfelves. Their hides arc tanned by rubbing wood- alhes into the hair, which they afterwards fprinkle with water, and lay them rolled up in the fun. In two days time he opens the hide, and if he finds the hail loofened, plucks it oW; if it flicks faft, he rubs it a';3in with aflies, and having fprinkled it with water, rolls it up again, and lays it up for two days more in the fim. A fecond time never fails to loofcn the hair, and that being taken ofF, he rubs as much fat as he can into the hide, labouring and currying it with all his might, till it has received a full drcfling. The ivory workers make ornamental rings for the arms : a knife is the only tool ; and yet the rings, when finiilied, are ds round, fm(X>th, and bright, as the moll: expert European can produce. They point their weapons with iron, which they even draw from the ore ; for this purpofe they dig a hole in a raifcd piece of ground, and at about a foot and a half on the defcent from it make another of lefs extent, to receive the melted iron, which is to run into it by a channel made from the bottom of the upper hole. In the firft hole they kindle a fire, and when the earth a- bout it is fufEcicntly heated, put in the iron-ilone, and make a large fire over it, which they fupply witli fuel till the iron runs into the receiver. When the iron is cold they take it out, heat it in other fires, and laying it upon one ftone beat it with another, and thus form their weapons ; after which they grind and polifh them upon a flat ftone fo neatly, as to render it valuable both for its ufe and beauty. This ingenuity, which perhaps could not be equalled by an European fmith with the fame tools, is not wholly inconfillent with thei» habitual in- dolence ; for a poor Hottentot having made a fett of arms for his own ufe, and another for fale to a rich one, by which means he procures two or three head of cattle, can hardly ever be induced to apply himfelf to the fame la- bour again. They are likcwife very dexterous fwimmers ; but per- form this in a manner different from other nations ; for they beat the wate' with their feet, and raifing them* felves crc£f, paddle along with their necks and arms above the furface. They thus not only crofs deep rivers, but proceed with gicat fwiftnefs in the fea, dancing for- ward without the leaft apprchcnfion of danger, in the manner which our fwimmers call tr..ading the water, rifing and falling with the waves, like fo many corks. They are alfo very expert at fifliing both in the fea and in the rivers ; they are well acquainted with angling, and know the heft baits for moft forts of fifti. Before they became acquainted with the Europeans, their hooks were made bv themfelvcs ; but now they are generally well provided with European fifh-hooks. They are cflcemed by the Europeans extremely dexterous at drawing a net. They ufe the fpear in creeks and rivers, and are alfo very expert at taking of fifh by groping or tickling, which they do in brooks, and the creeks and hafons formed bv naiurc among the rocks, in which are frequently found many i)(h upon the fall of ^he tide. SECT. XI. ^^ 0/ thfirefi'i-n/ive JFeapam, and the amazing Sijfi with which thff uje them. Of the Manner in which thej hunt the Ete- phjr.t, Rlnmcems, Lim, Tyger, Uc, The Art with which they introp Elephants, and their Method of making H^ar. THE dexterity of the Hottentots in difcharging an arrow, and throwing what they term the haflagayc 3' and rackiim-llick, is very ani.iy.ing. A Hottentot ar- row confills of a Iniall t.iperiiig ilick, or cane, about a foot and a lull in leni.>,th, pointed with a thin piece of iron bearded, and joined to the Ilick, or cane, by a barrel. I'hcir bows are made of olive or iron wood, and the firings of the lincws or guts of beads faitened to a ftrong wooden or iron hook at each extremity of the bow. The quiver is a long narrow bag made of the (kin of an elephant, ox, or elk, and flung over the fhoulder by a llrap faitened to it : on the upper end of the quiver is fixed a hook, on which the bow is hung when they go to war or to the chace. The hafTigaye ufed by them is a kind of half pike ; the (haft is a taper (lick of the length and thicknel's of a rake handle, armed at the thickell end with a fmall thin iron plate, tapering to a point, and very fharp on the edges. The rai.kum-ilick is a kind of dart, little more than a foot long, made of hard wood. In the ufe of thefc weapons the Hottentots fhew fuch quicknefs of eye, and furenefs of hand, as perhaps no people upon earth have bcfides themfelves. If a Hotten- tot fees a hare, wild goat, or deer, within thirty or forty yards of him, away flics the rackum-llick, andaown f.ills the animal. They are equally expert in the ufe of the bow and arrow ; for if there be no wind, they will hie a mark of the fize of a filver penny at a conlidera^'' - dif- tancc. They arc no lefs perfect in throwing the halla- p,aye and flinging a (lone. In all thefe cafes they do not, like the Europeans, (land like ftatues to take their aim j but while they gather it, which they are not long in do- ing, they (liip from fide to fide, and braiidilh and whirl the weapon about in a manner that fcems nothing more than idle flourilh ; but on a fuddcii away it flies to the mark. In Ihort, their amazing dexterity ontheloocca- fions can fcarcely be conceived, and is quite increJiblc. When all the men of a village are out upon the chace, and difcovcr a wild bcaft of a confiderahle fiz.-, they drive to furround him, which they geiKr.iIly do very foon, even though the bead takes to Ins heels. If they thus encompafs a rhinoceros, or an elephant, they attack him with hafl'agayes j for thefe beads, by the thicknel's of their flcins, are fortified againft a (hower of arrows. If they do not lay him dead upon the fpot, and he is able to return the attack upon the Hottentots, they form as larne a ring as they can, fo as to reach him with their hauagaycs. The animal, on being wounded, runs with great noife and fury at the perfons who threw the wea- pons. Others indantly attack him in the rear. He turns about to be revenged on the lad allailants, and is again attacked in the rear. Again he turns about, and is again attacked. "^I'he hafliigayes multiply upon his bodv. He ro.irs, tears up the ground, and has Ibmetimes before he falls a fored, as it were, of hafl'agayes upon his back. When they thus encompafs a lion, a leopard, or a tyger, they attack him both with their arrows and haf- fagayes. With flaming eyes, and the moll wild and fu- rious rage, he flies at thofe who difcharge them. He is nimble, but they are dill nimbler, and avoid him with amazing fwiftnefs and dexter'ty, till thev are relieved by others. He fprings towards one with fuch rapidity, and you would think with fo Cure a paw, that you fhudder for the fellow, from the apparent certainty of his bein^ in- llantly torn to pieces ; but, in the twinklinit of an eye, tne man leaps away, and the bead fpends all his rage upon the ground. He turns and fprings at another, and another, and another ; but dill in vain : they avoid him with the quicknefs of thought, and dill he only lights with the air. Mean while the haliagiyes and arrows are (Itowering upon him in the rear, fl'; becomes mad with pain, and tumbling from time to time to break the ar- rows and hallagayes faitened in his back and fides, he foams, yells, and ronrs in the molt terrible manner. Nothing can equal the amazing adlivity and addrcis with which the Hottentots efcapc the p.iws of the bead, and the incredible fpecd and refolution with which they re- lieve one another. If the bead is not quickly flain, lie is foon convinced that there is no dealing with fo active and nimble an enemy, and then makes od" wiih his utmoll fpecd t but having his back and (ides transfixed with a multitude of hafl'agayes and arrows, fomc of whiih being generally poifoncd, he can feldom run far, but falls and dies. \Z The I. •; s .17^1 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. CAFFRARiA, r^ ', (" w; The Hottfntot?, however, feltfom engage a rhinoceros or elephant in this manner. The cii'phants always go- ing to water in troops in a line, make a path Iroin the places they frequent to the water fide ; ami in this path the Hottentots, without either fpade or pick-ax, lor thry have no fuch tools, make a hole from fix to ei^ht teet deep i in the midft of which they fix a ilroni; (lake, which tapers up to a point almolt to the top of the hole, .ind then cover the pit with fmall boughs, leaves, mould, and grafs, fo that no man living would fufpeil the trap. The elephants keeping pretty clofe to the path, one or other of them is fure to fall in with his fore-feet, when his neck or bread being pierced by the (lake on which his whole body refts, the more he (Irugglcs, the farther it penetrates. The other elephants inrtantly make off as fad as podible. Mean while the Hottentots feeing the elephant thus canoht, illue from their covert, get upon liis neck, and either break his fkull with heavy ftones, or cut his learge veins with their kniycs ; then cutting the carcate in pieces, they carry it to the village, where all the inhabit.uits feaft upon it. They alfo frequently take the rhinoceros and the elk in the fame manner. The Hottentots, like other nations, feck for redrcfs in war upon invafions of their right and national affronts. Upon thcfe occafions every Hottentot flies to arms, and airembles at the place of rendezvous j but before any adls ot hodility are committed, deputies are difpatchcd to re- niondrate ag.iinft the injuries the others h,ive committed, and to demand fatisf.icy arc well feconded by the men, the enemy is (ban routed. Some Hottentot nations have peculiarities worthy of notice : thus the Chamtouers and Heykoms never ccafe fighting while their chief plays on a kind of flageolet, though their lofs be ever fo great ; but the pipe no (boner ccafes th.an they retreat, and as foon a;: he plays again march back and renew the attack. Thus if the enemy runs, and the flageolet continues playing, they purfue ; but if it ceafes", they let the enemy go. Some Hottentot nations fight as long as they can fee their general, and when he is flain or dilappears, they betake themfclves to flight. A Hottentot army once put to the rout, has little or no notion of rallying : but they have an honedy in war peculiar to thcmfelves ; they touch not the flain of the rncmv, either to inl'ult or plunder them j for they feize neither the had'agaycs, arrows, crollas, or any thing eVfe belonging to them. Having carried ort' their own flain for interment, they leave the red to be taken from the Held by the enemy, which is done as foon as the vidlors retire; but the prifoners t.akcn in battle are indantly flain, Thev al("o put to death deferters and fpies wherever thev are (oiind. It ought not to be omitted, that in time of battle they w.;rd oil" the arrows, halTagayas, and rackum-dicks, that are thrown at them, with the kirri,or kirry-fticks, which they only ufe as a defenfivc weapon. In time of peace the old men frequently exercife the people in mock fights, in which they only throw a hafl'a- gaye now and then ; thefe dilputes being chiefly main- tain:J by rackum-ilitks, kirri-llitks, and ftones. No- thing can be more amazingthan the dexterity with which the Hottentots ward off halliigayes, rackum-dicks, and (tones, with the kirri-dick only ; for a Hottentot nu (iK)ner fees himfclfin danger from a had'agaye, a rackum- (lick, or a (lone, than he dands dock (lill, under the guard of the kirri-ftick, and with that turns it a(ide. SECT. XII. 0/the Matringes of the HotUntoh ; their Lawt relating /» Divones; their Regard to De,eiiey; their Delivery of iht lyomert; Treatment cf their new-lom Children, mid their Education befirc the Boys are made Men. IF a perfon is difpofcd to marry, he difeovers his views to his father ; and if he be dead, to the next in autho • rity of kindred ; who, if he confents, attends him to the relations of the woman, whom they regale with a pipe or two of tob.icco or dacha, which they all fmoke. Tlu; lover'^ father then opens the affair to the father of the woman, who on hearing it ufually retires to confiilt his wife ; but foon returns with a final anfwcr, which is generally favourable. If the lover's father receives a de- nial, which Ibldom happens, nothing more is faid about it, and the lover at once tears theobjedl of his alFedions from his heart, and looks out for another. But if it be complied with, he choofes two or three fat oxen from his own herd, or his father's, and drives them to the houfe from whence he is to take his dedincd bride, accompa- nied by all his relations of both fexes who live near him. They arc received with cardies by the woman's kindred, and the oxen being immediately flain, the whole com- pany befmear their bodies with the fat ; after which they powder themfelves all over with buchu, and the women fpot their faces, as already mentioned, with a kind of red chalk. The men then fquat on the ground in a circle, the bridegroom fquatting in the center. The women aflemble at fome dillance, aixl likewife fquat in a circle round the bride. At length the pried, who lives at the village where the bride refidcs, enters the circle of th» men, and coming up to the bridegroom pides a little upon him ; the bridegroom receiving the dream with eagernel's, rubs it all over his body, and makes furrows in the grealo with his long nails, that the urine may penetrate the far- ther. The pried then goes to the other circle, and evacuates a little upon the bride, who rubs it in with the fame eagernefs as the bridegroom. The pried then re- turns to him, and having dreamed a little more, goes a- gain to the bride and fcattcrs his water upon her : thug proceeding from one to the other till he has exhauded his whole dock, uttering, from time to time, to each, the following wilhes, till he has pronounced the whole upon both : " May your life together be long and happy. '• May you have a fon before the end of the year. M.iy " this fon be your comfort in your old age. May he " prove a man of courage, and a good huntfman." i'he nuptial ceremony being thus ended, the oxen arc cut in many pieces, fome of which are boiled and the red: roaded in the manner already defcribed. Dinner bcin; over, what is left is fet by, and they go to fmoking, each company having only one tobacco-pipe. The perfon who fills it, after taking two or three whiffs, gives it to his or her neighbour, and thus it goes round, the bed part of the night being fpent in fmoking and merriment, till the bridegroom retiring to the arms of his bride, the company (eparate. The next day they again ademble, and fealt and fmoke as before ; and this is continued every day till the provifions dreflcd on the day of marriage are confumed. Upon thefe occafions they have neither mufic nor dan- cing, though they are fond of both, and have only their ordinary drink, which is mi": and water. A Hottentot never has a hut of his own till after hi> marriage, and then his wife aflifts him not only in ercdl- ing it, but i^>roviding the materials, which are all new, and in makif^ the furniture ; after which he leaves to her the care and fatigue of feeking and dicfling provifions for the family, except when he goes a hunting or fidiing : die alfo bears a part in attending the cattle. The Hottentots allow of polygamy ; but the riched: have feldom more than three wiveii. They do not allow of Cafprarm/ xterity with which ifkum-ilicks, and r a Hottentot nu lagaye, a raclcum- k Uill, under the turns it aliJc, ■ir Ltrwi relating If tbtir Delivery oj llji Children, uiid llicir ten. difcovcrs his views the next in autho- attcnds him to the regale with a pipe icy ail fmoltc. The ( the father of the tires to confult hij I anfwcr, which is ather receives a de- more is faid about i(\ of his afFcftions ther. But if it be iiee fat oxen from •s them to the houfc ;d bride, accompa- who live near him. e woman's kindred, n, the whole com- t ; after which they lu, and the women , with a kind of red ground in a circle, ntcr. The women ife fquat in a circle il, who lives at the brs the circle of th* i pifl'cs a little upon ;am with eagernel's, irrows in the greafo penetrate the far- other circle, and rubs it in with the 'he prieft then re- ittle more, goes a- ter upon her : thua he has exhauded to time, to each, lounced the whole 3e long and happy. ■ of the year. May old age. May he id huntfman." nded, the oxen arc boiled and theref!: Dinner bcin; o to fmoking, each The perfon who gives it to his or id, the bed part of merriment, till the ride, the company fTemble, and fesit: nued every day till iage are confumed. ler mufic nor dan- and have only id water, own till after hi> not only in erctl- vhich are all new, ch he leaves to her dicfling provifions lunting or iifliing: ttle. 1 but the richeft 'hey do not allow of CaffhariA; A F R I A. Hi of marria;.;es between firft and fecond coufins, and if tbefc cither m.irrv, or commit fornication, they arc imme- diately, upon conviction, cudgelled to death. The men in their marriages have no view to the for- tune of the bride, who h.is leldom any portion, but re- pul.ite their choice by tlic wit, beauty, or agr^eablenefs cil the woman ; fo that the daughter of the poorcft Hot- tentot is fomctimes married to the captain of a kraal or villige, or to the chief of a nation. A man may be divorced from his wife, and a woman from her hu(b;md, upon fliewing fuch caufe as (hall be fatisfaclory to the men of the village where they live'; for, upon fuing to them for a divorce, they immediately af- femble to hear and determine the aflair. JJut though a man divorced from his wife may marry again when he pleafes, yet a woman divorced trom her hulband cannot marry again while he lives. There is alfo a very fingular cuftom, probably intended to prevent the women's en- gaging in a fecond marriage, which is, that for every hufband flic marries after her firlf, flie is obliged on the nuptial-day to cut ofF the joint of a finger, and prefcnt it to the bridegroom, begiiming at one of the little fingers. The hufband and wife have feparate beds, and he never "enters her's but by ftealth. Before company they behave with the utmoft rcfervc, and you would imagine there was no fuch thing as love or a conjugal relation between them. Their modefty and regard to decency appears in fomc other indanccs ; they are never feen to eafe nature, and if an European takes the liberty to fart before them, they make no fcruple of telling him he ought to be adiamed. In every kraal, or village, there is a midwife chofen by the women of the village from among themfelvcs, and (he holds her office for life. When a woman is near her time, (he is generally join- ed by two or three of her female relations or acquaintance ; and when the midwife arrives, (he lays her on a croll'a, or mantle, on the ground. If her hufband be at home he goes out, and puts not his head into the hut till (he is delivered, without being eftecmed unclean, and for- feiting as a purification aflieep, and in fome places two, to the men of the village, who eat the meat, and fend the broth to their wives. When the child is born, they firft rub it gently over with cow-dung, and then lay it on a mantle either by the fire, in the fun-(hine, or the wind, till it is fo dry that it may be eafily rubbed off. While this is doing fome women go into the fields to gather the (talks of what they c.ill Hottentot figs ; and bruifing them between twoftonc's, obtain the juice, with which they wafli the child all over, in order to promote the ftrength and adli- vity of the body. The child is then laid as before to dry ; and the moifture being foaked up, or evaporated, it is befmeared with (beep's fat, or butter; and when that has foaked well into the pores, they powder it from head to foot with buchu, which they imagine has very falutary cfFeas. But firft the child's navcl-ftring is tied with a (lieep's finew fo long that it hangs down a confiderabic length below the knot ; and there it is to remain till it rots off. The belly-band is a narrow piece of (heep-(kin. The mantle on which the woman was laid, and the placenta, lie huried together in fome fecret place. The child is foon after named by the father or the mother, when, like the antient Troglodytes, whofe man- ners they fceni to imitate on many occafions, they give the infant the name of fome favourite beaft, as Hacqua, or Horfe, Gamman, or Lion. The men arc not only obliged to retire out of the fight of their wives when in labour, but while they have the menfes j and upon thefe occafions lodge and eat with their neighbours. When the woman is fit for the com- pany of her hufband, (he rubs herfelf all over with cow- dung, by way of purification. This being rubbed off when dry, (he fmears herfelf all over with fat, and then powdering herfelf with buchu, waits within to receive him. The hufband having alfo fmearcd himfcif with fat, and dufted himfelf all over with buchu, enters the houfe, and fitting down puti many endearing qucftions to his fpoufe concerning h?r welfare, and the manner in v/hich ihe has palled her time in his abfence ; makes frefh pro- fclhons of conjugal love, and entertains her with all the jijeafing fprighlly things he is able to utter. At the birth of the firll child the parents hive a folcnm feftival, of which all the inhabitants of the village par- take; and thefe rejoicings, if it be a fon, are far fupe- rior to thofe attending the birth of their other children. The parents are then veiy liberal in providing cattle for the entertainment of the whole village, and every one cojigratulates them on their obtaining an heir. If a woman has at any time twins, and they are both boys, they kill two fat bullocks, and all their neighbours, men, women, an 1 children, rejoice at their birth, as an ex- traordinary blefling. The mother alone is excluded from the entertainment, and has only fome fat fcnt her to anoint herfelf and her infants. But if the twins arc girls, there is little or no rejoicing, and they at molf facrificc only a couple of (heep. On thefe occafions they frequently praiSlifc a cruel cuf- tom, contrary to every fentiment of reafon and humanity; for if the parents are poor, or the mother pretends that (lie has not milk fufficient to allow her to fuckle them both, the worft-featurcd of the two is either buried alive at a diftance from the village, caft among the bufhes, or tied on its back to the under bough of a tree, where it is left to llarve, or to be devoured by the birds or beafts of prey. A female inlant thus expofed is fomctimes found by an European ; when if it be dead he generally flays to bury it ; but if it be alive he always carries it home ; and if he is unwilling to take care of it, he eafily finds thofe who will take it oft' his hands. Thefe children always receive a good education, and extraordinary care is taken to in - ftrud them in the knowledge of the Chrifti.in religion, to prevent their falling off to the idolatry and naftinefs of the Hottentots ; but thefe generous labours have never, 'lis faid, been attended by any lafting effcft. it has ne- ver been found that the mind of a Hottentot is to be de- prived of its native bias ; for thefe females thus educated no fooner come to years of maturity, than flying to their own people, they conftantly renounce the Chriftian re- ligion, with the European manners and apparel, embrace the religions and cuftoms of their anccftors, and ever after rnmain with the Hottentots. The care and education of the children, till the boys are made men, and the girls are married, is committed to the wii'e. In a little time after her delivery (he takes the infiint, and wraps it in a piece of an old crofl'a, with the head juff peeping out, and tying it on her back, carries it about, both at home and abroad, till it is able to crawl. She even fuckles iton her back ; for her breads, like thofe of the women in fome other parts of Africa, are fo long, that (he can tofs them upon her (lioulder, and the child catching hold of the nipple, fucks till it is fill- ed. While (lie has the child on her back, (he is gene- rally fmoking dacha, and the wind often carries fuch a cloud of fmoke in the child's face, as one would think fufficient to ftifle it. It is very diverting to fee the infant, when it is a little ufed to it, enveloped in a cloud of fmoke. It (hakes its head, and fights it very brifkly while it is paffing ; and, when it is gone, fmiles, fneezes, and ftares very pleafantly. When the child is about fix months old, (he weans it, and then frequently putting her pipe, when almoft out, into the child's mouth, holds it there from time to time, till its palate is feafoned ta the Imoke, and It catches a fondnefs for the pipe which it never lofcs. The children of both fexes, as foon as they can walk, run after their mother wherever (he goes,c.\cept prevent- ed by the weather. The daughters, when grown up, affift their mother in gathering of roots for food, and bringing home fuel. It is in the nurfcry, and by the women, that the children are taught the traditions and cuftoms of the Hottentots. The inftitutions and opini- ons of their anccftors, of which the women are the grand repofitories, arc there faftened upon their memories, and there recommended to all their veneration, and to all their caret SECT. in HP i i ' ' \\ ^. ■\W' I ; ;^l: « liV ^•4t i ■ I. r\ ■ ■'I I S.^i 3)'^ A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Caffraria; .•\U,! :fj ;, *■(',' U ■ !.-^' ! f ■! i"^i I; :;;ir SECT. XIII. O/lhi Cu/}r,m cf (hprivin;; the Males nfthikft TejlkU ; th: Ceremony of receiving them iitti the Society oj the Men ; the Honours paid to a ALin who has ft'i'^h' killed a wild Beajl ; and the Ceremonies of their public Rejoicings: their removing their Villages ; their Funerals ; and their cruel Treatment of the Superanuated. ONE of the moft extraordinary cuftoms obferved by thele peopk', is depriving all the males of the left telticle, which is generally pcrtbrmed at tight or nin,; years of age ; but the ooverty of the parent fomctimcs occafions its being deferred till the youth is eighteen years old, for it is attended with fome cxpence. This cruel ceremony is performed in the following manner. The patient, being fkft fmeared all over with the fat of the entrails of a flitcp newly killed, lies on the ground upon his back ; his hands arc tied together, as are his feet. On each leg and arm kneels a friend, and on his bread lies another. Beijig thus deprived of all mo- tion, the operator, with a common knife well fliarpened, makes an orifice in the fcrotum an inch and a half in length, and fqueezing out the tefticic, fpcedily cuts and ties up the vcflcls. Then taking a little ball of the fize of the tcfficle of Iheep's fat, mixed with the powders of I'alutary herbs, particularly of buchu, he puts it into the fcrotum, and fews up the wound with a fine flip of a fliecp's finev/ and the bone of a fifli, fhaped like an awl. The wound being thus fewn up, the friends of the patient planted on his I6gs, arms, and breaft, rife, and his bands are loofencd. But before he offers to crawl away, the operator anoints him all over with the fliil warm and fmoking fat of the kidneys and entrails of the flieep killed on this occafion ; after which he adnii- nifters the cuftomary ceremony of fcatteringhis water all over him with a plentiful ftream.referved for the occafion. The ceremony being now over, the patient is left lying on the ground, and is abandoned by every one ; but near the place is a little hut, previoufly creiflcd as a fort of infirmary j into this he crawls as foon as he can, and there remains abouttwo days without any kind of rcfrcfhmcnt ; in which time the wound, without any frcfh application, is finely healed, and his vigour returning, he fallies out with the fpeed of the wind over the neighbouring plains, in teftirnony of his recovery. Thofc who have never been under the knife arc not permitted to fee the ope- ration. ^Vh:n the operator and affiftants abandon the patient, they repair to the houfe of his parents, where all the men of the village immediately affemble to congratulate them, and fcaft on the fhccp that w.is killed on this occafion. 7'hey boil and eat the meat, and fend the broth to their wive?. The remainder of the day, and all the next night, are fpcnt in fmoking, finging, and dancing. The next morning they anoint their bodies with the re- malninc; fat of the flieep, duft their heads with buchu, and return home, the operator receiving a prefcnt of a calf or lamb for his trouble. This operation is fuppofed to contribute to the agility of the Hottentots. They have alfo a prevailing opinion, that a man with two tefticles conftantly begets two chil- dren, and, bcfides, think it fo extremely indecent and wicked for a manor youth to cohabit with a woman be- fore the performance of this operation ; that was any man to do it, both he and the woman would lie at the mercy of the rulers, and the woman would perhaps be torn to pieces by her own fcx. But before they marry there is alfo afccond aft of le- gitimation, which is the receiving them with much cere- mony into the fociety of the men. Till they are about ciL'htecn years of age they are confined to the tuition of t.heir mothers, and conftantly live and ramble about with them. During this time they arc not even to converfe with their own fathers, or any other men ; bur, by this aiSl they are freed from the tuition of their mothers, ba- nillied from their fociety, and from thenceforward are to cinverfu with mt-n. When a father, or the gene- rality of the nun of a viilagc^ rtfolvc to call a young man into their fociety, all the inh.ibit3nts affemble in the midlt of the village, and fquat down in a circle, I'lie young fellow to be admitted ftaiids without the circle, and is ordered to fquat upon his hams, and then the oldcd man of the village riles, and afks, if the youth (hall be admitted into their fociety, and made a man. To this all anfwcring, yes, yes; he leaves the cir- cle, and ftepping up to the youth, tells him that the men having eftecmed him worthy of being admitted in- to their lociety, he is now to take an eternal farewel of his mother, and all his pueril' amufcments. That if he is but once feen talking to his mother, and docs not carefully avoid her company, he will be confidered as a child, and unworthy of theconvcrfationofthe men, front which he will be baniflied ; that therefore all his thoughts, words, and actions, muft now be manly. This he repeats, till he judges that he has fixed thefe ad- monitions in his mind. The youth having before well daubed himfelf with fat and foot, the old man dif- charges a (tream of urine all over him, having before re- ferved his water for that purpofe. The youth receives the itream with eagernefs and joy, making furrows with his long nails in the fat upon his body, he rubs in the briny Huid with the quickelt motion. The old man having given him the laft drop, utters aloud the follow- ing benedidtions, " Good fortune attend thee. May'lt " thou live till old age. May thy beard fptedily grow, " and thou increafe and multiply." The youth is then folemnly proclaimed a man, and all the men feait upon a fheep p.-uviJcd by his friends part of which is boiled, and pare roaltcj ; but the youth himfelf is not permitted to join the conipmiy, till near the end of the entertainment. If after thij jie is ever feen eating and drinking with the women, he is treated with the utmolt contempt; he then becomes thejeit and derifion of the whole village, and is excluded trom the converfation of the men, till the cerfmony is performed over again, A young Hottentot thus freed from his mother's care may be fo brutilh and unnatural as to cudgel her' merely to (hew his independence, it is even common for a young fellow, on his being admitted into the fo- ciety of the men, to go and abuie his mother ; and as a proof of the fincerity of his intentions to follow the ad- monitions he has received, to infult and triumph over her, on his being thus difcharged from her authority. The father having his fon now immediately under his care, he compleats his education, by initiating him into all the manly exercifes pradlifed by the Hottentots ; he inftrufls him in the ufe of their weapons, trains him up to war and to the chace ; and if he is mailer of any handicraft, he teaches it him. It has been already obferved, that fome of the Hot- tentots have a kind of honourable diftintftion in beinn- allowed to wear bladders tied to their hair, as trophies of their valour ; thefe are the pcrfons who having finely encountered an elephant, rhinoceros, lion, tyger, leo- pard, or elk, are confidered as heroes. Such a man, on his return home, fquats down, but is foon vifited by an old man, deputed by the relt of the village, to thank and congratulate him upon hishaving performed fo bene- ficial an exploit, and to acquaint him, that the men of the village cxpc£t him, that they may confer on him the honours that are his due. The hero inftantly rifes, and attends the meflengcr to the middle of the village, where all the men wait for him, and fquatting down upon a mat fpread for that pur- pofe, all the men fquat round him, while the heroe's face is flulhed with joy. The deputy then marches up to this diftinguiflicd perfon, and pours a plentiful ftrcain of his own water all over him from head to foot, pro- nouncing over him certain terms, the meaniii as if he would not lofc a iino ^.c particle. The Caffraria; nts affemble !rt ,vn in a circle. Js without the ham9, and then nd afks, if the :y, and made a ic leaves the cir- U him that the ing admitted in- :ernal Urewcl of mcnts. That if :r, and docs not ; confidercd as a af the men, from iherefore all his now be manly, as fixed thefe ad- ving before well ic old man dif- having before rc- ic youth receives Ling furrows with , he rubs in the The old man aloud the follow- :ud thee. May'lt ird fptcdily gtovtr, imed a man, and L-d by his friends, eJ i'but the youth compiiiiy, till near r tlii> lie IS ever nen, he is treated xomes thejeil and excluded from the moiiy IS performed 1 his mother's care, as to cudgel her, t is even common nitted into the fo- mother ; and as a s to follow the ad- and triumph over ti her authority, mediately under his initiating him into the Hottentots ; he 3ons, trains him up le is mailer of any t fome of the Hot- iftinftion in being hair, as trophies of who having fingly )S, lion, tyger, leo- Such a man, on i foon vifited by an c village, to thank performed fobene- im, that the men of y confer on him the ids the meffengcr to I the men wait for t fpread for that pur- while the heroe's ty then niarclies u[i jrs a plentiful lkc;i;n n head to foot, pro- le meaning of wliich in other cafes, rulis and every other piirt, Icputy then lights his rte whltts, gives it to who having taken the iid thus it goes round e deputy fliakcs upon fat on his body with lofc a fingle particle. The Caffraiu.i.* A I- K. ) C a: ^y^ The circle then rife.-., he foUmvs tncir cxampk', and every one congratulate-! him on the high honour he hai re- ceived, and thanks him r)r the fcrvice he has done his country. The hero now confiJers liimfilfas raifod to the (umiiiit of human glory; and by the bl.uljcr of the bead lie ha, killed, which he wears fall?ncd to his h.iii', and the niajellic port he ever after aflumos, demands the Iioma^i: and refpecl which tlis cuilom of the Hottentots afligns to his hij;h dignity, and which he conll.uitly rr- ceiics from .ill his countrymen. The death of no wild beaft gives fuch joy to the Hottentots as that of a tyger. Tliev have alfo fome ceremonies of a gcncr.il con- cern, as upon t!ie overthrow of an enemy ; on a confiJL- rable fl.iugiucr being made of the wild b :u(ls that devour their cattle ; on the removal of a villag: when the pa- fture becomes toobarrcii tofiipport their flocks and licrds; to propitiate the deity when a dil'-Mle prevails among •heir flieep, and when an in!'..ibitunt die: either by a vio- lent or natur.il death. When they intend to make a public cntcrt.iinment, they creel in tiie center of tlie village a kind of bi)otli, or arbour, fufneient to entertain in a coijimoilioiis man- ner all the men, and this is ni.ide of new materials, al- luding to their d^fign of be<;inning on fuch occafior.s to lead a new life. On ilie morning of the dav appointed for the loLmnity, tiie women and children go into the valleys in fcarch of tlic moil bejutiful and oJoriferoiis hcrb.s, flowers, and boughs of trees, and with thefc adorn the booth. The men kill the f.ittefl bulloel:, part of which is roaftcd, and the other boiled. Ttie men eat i,' ill the booth, and ihc women are obliged to be fatisfud with the broth alono. They tlien begin to fmnkc and d.ince, while a bard of mufic compofcd of a kind of flutes firmed of reeds, and a fort of drums, flrike up at proper intervals. Some fiiig, others crark their jolci>, and mirth tiiumphs in p,-als of laughter ; but notwithftanding their being cxcefTuely find of ftrong liquor?, yet liitleor none of any fort ij fecn in thcfe fo- lemniticj, wiiicli ul'u.illy continue the remainder of the day, and the grcated part of the night. When they are determined to remove a krar.l, or vil- lage, on account of llie barrcnnefs of the palhire, tlicy kill a f.;t flieep : part tlicy road, snd part tl-.cy boil, fending to the wonun the ufual regale of broth. Tlie feafi. is conJuft.d with a great deal cf mirth and good humour; and is confidcrtd as a thank-ofteiing for the bounties of nature enjoyed in that place. When they have done, they dcmolidi their cots, pack up their furniture, ;ind remove at once, the men in one body, and the chil- dren in another, to the place appointed for a new fettlc- ment, where bcin.; arrived, in about two hours time they crett their circular village, and diipofe of their Uinii- tiirc. A Ihcep is then killed by the women, and dredld ?s before ; but they now cat the flefli themfelvcs, an 1 fend their hiifbands the broth. Having anointed t!;cir crolTi-s cj m.Mitles, with the fat, they powder their hair with buclui, and go to feveral diverfions among them- felvcs, which tliey continue the red of the day, and till preitv late at night. The dieep is here faid to be con- iidered as a ficrihce, and the undlions and powderins;s, a.-i religious formalities, nccelTary to procure the profpc- litv of the village. \\'e fl'.all now five thofe ceremonies that attend a pcrlbn's departure out of life. AVhea a nun, woman, or child, i> ill the agonies of death, the fri'inds and re- lations fet up a terrible howling, and the breath is no looner out of the body, than they form fo drcndtu! a I chorus of fcrcaming, veiling, roaring, and clapping of | hand?, that it is inipoffiblc for an European to d.iy with fafetv to his brains, in the village. The corpl'e is iiidantly wrapped up, neck and heel?, much like the polture of a child in the womb, in the rroll'.i of the deceafed, fo clofe, that no part of it is to be fecn. The grave is generally either a deft in the rock, or a hole made by a wild bead ; for the Hotten- tots never dig one, when cither of thefe is to be found r.t a convenient didance. '•"he burial is per' "med about fix hours after the prrfon's death, and the corpfe being ready to be brought en:'., all the men and women of the \illape, except thofe who arc cin-loycd about the corpfe, afl'emblc be- fore tlic entrance of the hut, and fqitaltlng in 'W) cir- cles, the men forming one, and the women il.e i her, they clap their hand::, crying in mod doleful accents, l!o, l.o, bo, or Father, father, father. The covering; ol the hut being removed, the corpfe is brouglit out fioin the back part of it ; for it mud not he taken out at the door, The bearers being firft named bv tf.e cap- tain of the village, or by the relations of tlie dcceaftd, carry the body in their ailr.s. When it is brought out of the hilt, the circles before the door rife, and follow it t) the gii'.ve, the ni.'n and women in feparate bodies, all the way wringing their hani!.;, howling out. Ho, ho, bo, and putting tlienifelves in podures that appear fo ridiculous, that it is difficult for an European wl:o is prefent to foibear laughing. Having pu: the corplb into the hole, they fill it up with the mould of ant- hills, that it may be the fooner confumed, and cram doncs and pieces of wood into the grave, to pre\cnt its being devoured by wild beads. All t'le people then return to the villag,', an.l fqiiat- ting again in two circles before the door, continee their laiiieniaiions for about an hour longer, till the word being given for filcnec, two old men, the relations or friends of the deceafed, enter each circle, and fpariiigly' difpenfe their {lieams upon e.leli p.Tlbn, that all may have fome, every one receiving their water with eager- nefs and veneration. Then e.ich ileps into tlie hui, and taking up a handful of aflics from the hearth, comes out by t'ac pafl'.'gc made for the cerpfe, and drew.s the adies by little and little upnn the whole compaiiv. This they fay is done to luiiiible their pride, to baiiifli all notions of dilUnflion, and to drew that old and young, rich ami poor, the weak an.l the drcr.g, the beauti- ful and the difagreeable, will all be equally reduced to dud and aflies. If the deceafed left any cattle, the heir now kills a fhccp, and fome of his neareil relations, if ihev arc able, do the fame, for the cnteitainmcnt of the village. The caul of the dieep killed bv the heir i^ well pow- dered witli bucliu, ami put about his neck, and he is obliged to wear it till it drops ofl'. The other relations likewife wear about their necks tlic cauls of the flieep they kill upon this occafion ; thefc cauls being the mourning worn by the rich Hottentots. Hut if t!ie re- lations be fo poor that they cannot afford to kill any c.ittle for the entertainment of the village, tliey lliavo t'e.eir heads in narrow Ihipes, leaving alternately a (hipe ot hair and another fliaved. The Hottentots, notwithdanding the many indances in which they fliew that they arc fully fenfible of all the tender feelings t.f humanity, and of filial and parental affeelion, have a moll horrid cudom with regard to thofe of both I'exes who are grown fupcrannuated. While the old men or women arc able to fetch in a dick a day, or can perform anv oflirc of kindnefs, care is taken vo ren- der their lives as rafy and comfortable as pofTible ; but when they can be of no manner of fervice, they arc, by the confcnt of the village, placed in a folitary hut at a confiderable didance, with a finall flock of provilions within their reach, where they arc left without any one to afTid them, to die of hunger, or to be dcMJurcd by the wild beads. Cruel as this cudom is, they conlider it as an afl of mercy, and arc filled with amazement at hear- ing the I'.uropeans Ipeak of it with liorror. SECT. XIV. 0/ the Gcvn niiunt of the Hcttcrtits. Thar Lcv.vi atul the Alanner in ivhich they are executed. EACH of the Hottentot nations has a chief, whofe office is to command the army, and who has the power of making peace or w.ir. His poll is hereditary ; but he is not allowed to enter upon it till he hns folcmnly engaged in a national afl'embly net to attempt the fub- vcrfioii of the antient form of government. He v\'as for- merly didiiiguiflv-d only by the be.iuiv of the fl A S Y i) T E M OF G li O G R A P H Y. CAffRAUIA, ■;'fi5 ■'i . ', .-• . ! ; tlw Cnrilli.in rcli 'ion, atul after tlii: j>ciitccl nianiK'rj of the Kiiropc.ins, aTltv.vin;; him little or no iiui-rcuuilc or ccirnLif.ition with thu llottculoti. Mc became well vcrllJ ill the niyllcilki of ri-li;',ioii, niiJ in I'lvcral luu- j^ii.igo; he wMs alfi) richly dnlleil, ami l.ij ninniicrs Wire ruirud after the bdl luiropcaii n'.o>!t:h at the (Jape. The governor, firtJin;; him thus ipialifaJ, entertained great hopes of hiin, aiiJ fent him with a tomniillary t;eiicral to the Indies, where he rcniairud tniploycd in the coiimiiflary's allairs, till that i^entleniun'.-. death, and then returned to the Cape. A tew days after, nt a vi- f;t among his relation;., he (1tipp>d himlelf of his Ku- rnpean apparel, and c(piippcd hinifelf iji the manner of his country. Thi^ done, he paikcd up his clo.'ihs ran with tl'.em to the governor, and prrk-iiting himlelf he- fore his pat-on, laid the bundle at his Ret, and addrclled his cxcilleney to the followin;; purpofe. " lie picafed, '■ Sir, to take notice, that I lor ever renounce this ap- " pnr;l. I likewife for ever renounce the Chriflian re- " Ii_:ion. It is my dcfi^n to live and die in the religion, " tnanners, and cullonis of my .nnccftors. I Ihall only " beg you will grant nie, and 1 am pcrfuaded 1 ihall not " brg ni vain, (or leave to keen the collar and hanger I " '.v-.-ir, and I will keep them for your fike." Here he flopped, and turning his back, fl-'d fwiftly aw.iy, and was never more fecn in that (piarter. 'I'his man, lays the above author, I frequ.-nt'y convcrfcd with up in tlie countrv, and found, to my great adonillimcnt, that he Had a furpriling (lock of Chriliian knowledge. iJuttho' I made ul'i of the moll perfuafive and endearing lan- guage, to call him back into the fold of Chrilf, he continued deaf to all mv reafoning and remonllrances. However, with refpcd tomorahty, an cflcntial part of Chriltianity, and thofe virtues which dignify and adorn human nature, t!ie Hottentots in general e.\cel ; lor in munificence and hofpitalitv, they exceed all other nations. They take a pleafure in relieving one another, which thcv ptrform wi'.h fuch a noble limplicity and opcnn-fs of heart, as is no where elfe to be found. A Ilotteiitot can hardly enjoy himlllf, except one or more of his countrymen partake with him. If he has a good meal provided for him at home, he will rarely fit down to it without the company of two or three more of his neighbours. Has he a dram of biandy or arrack in his hand, his countryman who comes by, whcth'.T an acquaintance or a llraiigcr, generally re- ceives part of it. Is he fmoking, he calls to his coun- trymen to flay and t ikc half a do/.en whiffs with him ; for a Hottentot cxpreli'es as much joy at having regaled a number of his conntrvmcn with his own pi))-', as we uf'.iallv do upon fomc valuable acquifition. They arc all kindncis and good-will to one another, and are charmed with opportunities of obliging. It a Hottcn- tot'r- affilhmcc is required by one of his countrymen, iiotwitliftanding his natural indolence, he runs to give it; and if his countryman be in want, he relieves him according to his ability, with the utmoft rcadinefs. In fhort, the hofpit.a)ity they ilicw to Itraiigers who be- have inofuniively, does not in general fall fliort of the furprifmg bounty and brnevolence they fhcw to each other; ihev are generally moved at tliC fight of dillrcfs in pcrfons of evcy complexion, and eagerly admiiiillcr vvliat icii'.'f they can, without any flipulation for are- ward. In fhort, they have a ftricl regard to truth, and arc dbecmed tl'.e m.od religious obfervers of national faith. They exrcl all or mod nations in chaOitv ; a moll beau- tiful fimplicity of manners runs through all the Hottentot nations : and many of them told our author, that the vices they law pre\ail among Chriliian.;, their avarice, their envy, and hatred to each other; their relHefs dif- cnntcnted tempers, their lafcivioufnefs and injuftice, w;rc what principally kept them from harktiiing to Chriftianity. SECT. XVI. Of tlhir SkiH in Phyj'u, Surgery, Afii/ic, and Dancing, THOUGH many idle whims and funcrflitions enter into the Hottentot pradlicc of phylic and furgcry, yet their doctors often fuccccd, and fomtliines peifyrm great cures. The Hottentots who .ipply to the (ludy of medicine ar^: |.iriur.dly well fkillid in the viriin-s C\ a multitude of hcibs and rootj produced in the llottm- tot couiitric.*, and often apply them in very difficult and dangerous cafes with wondi,iful fucccfs. 'I'hc two profelliuns of phyfic and furgcry arc hern united ; for every phyluian is alio a furgeoii. I hey bleed, cup, lellore a dillocation, and perfonn all the manual operations in their pr.idice w:th lurprifing dexterity ; and yet there are no other inilruinints uftd by the lloitentot lurgeons than a common knii'c, a horn, and a bird's bone. They have falvc.-., poultices, and many internal ieme» dies, though they f,ill valtly (hort, in point of nuiiibtr, to thole ufed in the European praili>.c of phyfic an J furgcry. In cholics and pains of the ilomach they full feek relief by cupping, which is thus petfornud. The cup is an ox's horn, the brims of which are made very finooth. The patient lying on his b.uk, the doctor applies hij mouth to the part where the pain lies, ami (ucks ; then clapping on tlie horn, lets it remain till he fuppofes the part und.r it is become infenf Me ; then teaiini uif the horn, he makes two or three iiicilions about half an inch long, and aftcr-.vards claps it on again and lets it remain till it tails oft', whi^h it docs when it is full of blood ; and it is generally filled in two hours, anil llien they futilr the patient to rtft. If the pain removes to another p.irt, they rub that part well with hot fat ; and if that does not cafe the patient, tliey cup him again where the pain fettles ; and if this dues not produce a cure, tliey proceed to inward remedies, giyir.g him either infufions or powders of ceit.iin roots or herb;. In plethories they let blood in the following manner: the operator binds with a iliap the vein he would open, and tnen cuts it with his knile well iliarpened. Havuiir got as much blood as he judges necell'ary, he loofens the ilrap, clofcs the orifice with fwect mutton fat, and tiej over it a leaf of fomc falutary herb. If bleeding does noc fet the patient to rights, tliey apply as befoie inward remedies. Their method of refloriiig a diflocatcd joint is firft t^i rub it with fat, and then to move the limb brifK'y up and down, piefling upon the joint, till it (lips into its proper place : this rude method they complain is attended with dreadful pain. In head-achs the Hottentots often Ilaave the head j wliith they alfo perform with a common knife well fliarpened. The tat continually on the Hottentot's hair, which is fiiort and woolly, ferves t!ie pmpnfe of foap ; but they never lliave oli" all the hair, but only make fur- rows in it, gcneraily leaving as much on as they lake off. For a foul ilomach the Hottentots tike tiie juice of aloc-leavcs, putting a few drops in a little warm broth. This is a good cathartic, and at the fame lime an excel- lent ilomachic. Ifthciitil dofcdoes notani'wertlie piirpo:c, three or four days after they take another, of foinetiiiics twice the quantity of the firll, and this feldom fails to produce thcdcfired tfFcct ; formoft other inward ailments they take powders and infufions of wild f.i?;c, yilJ figs, fig-leaves, buchu, fennel, garlic, and fouie other herbs. The Hottentot amputations arc only of the joints of the fingers of women, which they perform with Inch art, that nothing is ever hurt or disti^iured beyond the ampu- tation. Their method of performing this operation is by binding very tightly, with a dried fincw, the head of the joint next below that to be cut ott", and then making the amputation with a common knife. They then flop the blood by applying to the end of the mutilated finger the juice ol^the leaves of the myrrh-tree, and wrap up the finger in the leaves of falutiferous heibs. There is a phyfician in every kraal or village, and in the large ones are two ; thcfe are chofen out of the fages of each village, and appointed to watch over the hcaltli of the inhabitants ; and the honour of the employment being judged a fufliclcnt recompenfe for their trouble, they admiiiiller their medicines and perform their ojnra- tions in lurgery without fee or reward. All their falves, ointments, powders, and poultices, they pretend are of theirown invention, and therefore keep ^hc preparations very fccret. But if a patient dies under thcii hai>ds, they always ■\\ Caffraria. AFRICA. V7 always afllrt, that tlielr reincdk) were rciitlcrcd inctVcc- tuul by witchcraft, and in this they arc fure to be be- lieved. 'i'here arc alfo fevcral old women in every village, w)io pretend tu great (kill in tlie virtue of roots and herbs, and readily give their advice to their ntigh- buurs i but thefc are held in great contempt by the doi^tors. It ought not to be omitted, that all ricknclTcs th.it baflUe the art of the phyHcians, all fuddtn inward pain, and crofs accidents, and every artificial performance that is above their comprehcnfion, the Hottentots afcribe tu witchcraft. If one of them be fei/.cd with a pain, which he imagines arifes from this caufe, he fends for the phyfician of the village, who, on his arrival, or- ders a found fat (hcep to be inlhntly killed, then taking the caul, carefully views it all over, and having powder- ed it with buchu, twills it in the manner of a rope, and hangs it about the patient's neck, generally fay- ing, " You will foon be better ; the witchcraft is nut " itrong upon you." The patient is oblij^cd to wear this caul while a bit of it will hang about his neck. If the patient be a man, the men of the village fcall upon the flieep ; if a woman, the women ; and if a child, the carcafc is ferved up to the children alone, and none clfe tafte a bit of it. If the patient grows no better, the doflor gives phyfir j and if the patient dies, he boldly afiirms it was occafioned by witchcraft ; and that the charms of the witch, or wizard, were too llrong for him or any one cll'c to break ; and for this he always finds fuflicicnt credit. Indeed, as we h.ive already intimated, every thing a- bove their comprchenfion obtains the name of witchcraft. •' 1 have often, fays Mr. Kolben, been looked upon by *' the Hottentots as a wizard myfelf. My magic- •' lanthorn, burning-glafs, and other inftruments, pro- *' ducing efFciSls which altonifhed them, were elleemed " pieces of witchcraft. Once being fitrrounded by a good •' number of them, I poured a little brandy into a cup *• and fired it, and then alked if they would drink of it. ♦' They were aftoniflicd at the propofal ; and when they " faw me drink it myfelf, betook theml'elves to their_ «« heels in a fright, and ever after dreaded me as a great' ♦' and dangerous conjurer. They have vanifhed nut of " my fight in an inllant, upon my holding up a Uick, " and threatening to bewitch them with it." However, it does not appear that the Hottentots have any notion of their wizards or witches entering into a compadl with the evil fpirit, whom they call Touquoa, or that their fouls go to him at death ; for they imagine, that the malice of this being is confined to this world, and that he cannot ait beyond it. This fimplicity of the Hottentots, with refpe£lto witch- craft, is not however very extraordinary, if we confider that it has prevailed among polite nations, enlightened by a Divine religion; among whom it muft appear much lefs cxcufable, than among thefe untutored people. We (hall now give an account of their mufic and dan- cing J but (hall firrt take notice of their languige, which is fo far from being harmonious, that it is confidered as a monfter among languages, the pronunciation depending upon fuch collifions or claihings of the tongue againft the palate, and upon fuch ftrange vibrations and inflexions of that member, as a ftranger can neither imitate nor defcribe. Hence tliey are confidered as whole nations of ftammcrers. Their mufic, however, is much more tolerable than their language; for though it has but few charms for an European ear, and is but poorly provided with either in- ftrumcnts or tunes, it (hews a genius and fenfibility in the Hottentots, which entirely deftroys the credit of thnfe .iccounts which reprefent them as monfters of ftu- pidity. One of their mufical inftruments is called the gom gom. and is common in feveral other nations : it confifts of a bow of iron, or olive wood, ftrung with twifted Iheep-guts or finews. On one end of the Itring they fix, when they play, the barrel of a quill (lit, by putting the ffrin;' into the (lit, fo as to run quite through the barrel. This quill they apply, when they play, to their mouths, much in the fame manner as is done in playing on the 32 Jew's harp, and the various notes .ire owinj» tothj dif- ferent modulations of the breath. Tl-.is is the lefl'ci gom-goni. 'I'he great gom-gom is made by putting on the faring, before tiicy fix it to the bow, a cocoa-nut (litll, abmit a third part fawed oft"; fo that !t hani;s like a cup, with the mnutli upwards, the ihing running t!iiou;;li two liolej near the brims. This (licll is cleared, and made very ncac and fmooth. When they play on th.\ inftnmuiit, ilu'y hold the bi)W with one hand, and apply t!ic quill on tliii Ihing to their mouths i while with tliedlher tiiey move the (hell nearer or farther from the quill, according as they would vary the found, which rIfLS or falh accordin;; to the motions of the (hell. When thri.e or f )ur of thefc gom-goms are played upon in conci.rt, by l\:\\\\i\ hinds, they make a very agreeable harmony, efpecially when ic runs in the low notes, for there is a fuftnefs in the mu- fic that is extremely pleafing. '("hey ha>e alio a kind of flutes and flageolets, made of iteds, with which they make a tnlerahlc harmony. Another inllrumcnt of mufic is an e.uthcn pot, which, like the common ones of the Huttentots, refenible a Ro- man urn ( but is covered at the top with a fiiooth-dri. HcJ (heep-fkin, and braced on with fiivws and fllc^•])-_;ut^•, like the Ikin on a kettle-drum. This iiillrumc nt i, only ufed by the women, who play upon it with their lingers ; but upon this inlhument they ptrfoim only (.r;e tunc, and that confills of but frw notes. The vocal mufu; of the Hottentots confills of the mo- nofyll.ible ho, which is funi^ by both f xcs in th.:ir cere- monies of worfliip, in a fniall round of notes ; and thty have alfo a few fongs. In this confid the whole of the Hottenot harmony, which, notwitlillandin^ their off.-a hearing European mufic at theCajJC, thcv afllrt excels not only tnat, but all the mufic in the woiM. We (liall now take notice of the dancing cf the Hottentots, in which both fcxes take great delight. 'I'his is chiefly pradlifed when a peace is coiicliiJcf with ;i na- tion with whom they have been at war ; win n a mem- ber of a village has flain a wild bead, or i-f' ipcs Come imminent danger ; or when fome happy evi nt has hap- pened in favour of fome particular pcifoii or fiinily of the village. On thefe and the like occalions the wliolc kraal tcllify their joy in dancing, fomciinu's whr.li; ni^'^hts, without any manner of refrefhmcnt. In thel'e public rejoicings the men of the village fquat down in a circle, which is enlarged by their being joined by the women, for the better convenience of tlie dancers who perform within it, and that they may aflift in the com- mon ho, ho, ho, and add their pot-drums to the mufic of the gom-goms. No fooner are the latter hoard, than the women begin to play on the drums : thofe who have their mouths at liberty fing, and others clap their hands. Several couples then prelent themfelves to dance, but: no more than two couples dance at a time. When a woman ftarts up ana (hakes the rings upon her Inr-!, it is to intimate that (he wants a male partner, and (he has one immediately. Two couple, that is two men and two women, having entered the ring, dance each man with his partner, the men ufing great adfivity with their legs, leaping a great height. When they begin, they are at the diftance of about ten paces from each other, and they dance near a quarter of an hour before; they meet ; and fomctimcs, inftead of meeting, they turn about, and dance back to back ; but they never take hold of each other by the hands. When the women damp in dancing, the rings on their legs make a nolle refcmblini>- that of the harnefs upon the back of a coach-horle, v/hcii he (hakes himfelf. We (hall conclude this account of the Hottentots with giving a dcfcription of its difcovery and firil Icttlemcnt ; with a concife view of the Cape-town, and the govern- ment of the Dutch. SECT. XVII. A ioncife Hlflory of the Cape of Gad Hope, f>;m its Difo. very by the Fortuguefe, including an /iccouut of the Alait~ ner in luhich it teas fettled by the Dutch, THOUGH the Cape of Good Hope was difcovered by the Portugucle fo early as the rear 1493, nonr 5 B ' of I J i'l .'ir: i 379 A SYSTEM OF G I- O G l< A I' J I Y. Cajtraria. m il. Ifel, j!.4 : t,;i;; ■■ of them landeJ there till 140^, when Rio irinf.uifJ, the I'ortuj^iicfc admiral, in his voyage to Iii.lia, wi-nt alliinr i and, on his rceiim,gave I'uch an ajrcc.iblc ;RCOiint ot the iiJvantagcs of the plarc to kin;:; KmanutI of Portugal, that it was rdolvid to form a littlemtnt there ; but this was, however, ncglciikd. At lcn;;th l'"raiifikod'Almcdii, viceroy i:f Brazil, rctuminj; from'tlicncc with a fleet from l'ortu;jal, took his courfc by the Cape, and calling an- chor, fi-nt a party aflioic to purchafe cattle ; hut they were icpuired by the natives, who drove them hack to tlicir ihips. The viceroy was, however, j)crfiiadcd to land them again, with a tonlidirable rcinforcenuiit, and, for the encouragement of the men, to put himftif, with eleven captains of the fleet, at their head. Him excel- lency confented with reluetance, and feemcd to forcfee the unhappy ifluc; for, on his entering the long-boat, he cried with a dejciited look, " Ah ! whither do you ear- " ry fevcnty years ?" alluding to his own age. On their being landed, one of the men refilling to give a pair of brafs buckles he had in his fhoes to a llottcntot, who much admired them, his rcfufal was taken at an alfront, and a fiifficicnt jiroof of their being enemies : and thus this trifle became the foundation of a quarrel. The Hot- tentots who were jirefent, exafperatcd at this behaviour, attacked the Portuguefc with fuch fpirir, that fcventy- fivc of them were flain, among whom was the viceroy himfelf, and the relt elcaped by flying in confufion to their fliips. The I'ortugucfe, vexed and mortified at this difgrace, vowed revenge. Hut after fmothering their refentment ior two or three )ears, a fleet, in tlicir way to the Indies, landed again at the Cape ; and the I'ortugucfe, knowing the high value the natives let on brafs, landed a large brals cannon, charged with fevcral heavy balls, and faftencd to the mouth two ropes of great length. The Hottentots, in a tranfport of joy at receiving fo large a piece of their admired metal, took hold of the two ropes in great numbers, as they were directed, in order to draw it along. Thus a confulerablc body of them extended in two files the whole length of the ropes full in the range of the fliot J when the Portuguefc fuddenly difcharging the cannon, a mol dreadful flaughter was made, and thofc who cfcapcd the (hot fled in the wildeft confterna- tioii up into the country. After this bafe and cowardly exploit, the Portuguefc re-embarked at their Icifure, and it fcems that the Tlottentots h.ivc ever fince had an ex- traordinary dread of fire-arms. VVc do not find tliat any Europeans landed afterwards at the Cape, till the year 1600, when it began to be vifitcd by the En^lilh, French, and Dutch, in their voyai^ei to and frt>m the Had Indies. However, in the ycar"i650, a Dutch fleet anchoring before it, Mr. Van Kicbeck, a furgeon on board, obferving that the foil of the country was rich and will flocked with cattle, the harbour commodious, and the people trainable ; on his return to Holland laid an account of his obfervations before the directors of the Ealt India company there, who, after a grand confultation, refolved to attempt a fettlcment without lofs of time. Immediately four (hips were ordered out on that d..fign, with all the materials, inilruments, artificers, and other perfons neceflary for fuch an expedition ; and the furgeon was rewarded by beini' appointed governor and commander in chief of the intended fcttlemcnt, with power to treat with the Hot- tentots in fuch a manner as he fhould think would be moft advantageous to the company. With thefe fhips Van Riebeck arrived fafc at the Cape, when he fo charmed the natives by his addrefs and good humour, and by the prefents he brought them of brafs toys, beads, tobacco, brandy, and other liquors, that a treaty was immediately concluded ; and he giving them commodities and toys to the value of fifty thou- fand guilders, they gave the Dutch full liberty to fettle there, refigned to them a part of the country, and a trade was cftablifhcJ with them on a good and folid foundation. Upon thefe wife regulations, in which fo juft and equi- table a regard was paid to the natural rights of the na- tives, MrT Van Riebeck raifed a fquare fort, and built withitj the walls dwcUing-houfes, vvareboufcs, and an hofpital for the reception of the fiek : to thii fort he .ulded proper uut-works, to f;cure liimlelf a;iainlt l/tin ' attacked by any of tile Europe. 111 powtr,, lie then |jj the feeds he had brought Iroiii l'.iir.i|)e on a piece of land two Icajues up the counln, part (m a hill, and |iart in a vale, dividing the giounil into a vnievaij, 4 Iruit, flower, and kitchen garden. As every thing jirofpcrcd in a fiirprillnc^ manner, the compiny offered lixtv acres of land to every rtiaii vvlui would lettlc at the Cape, provided he would mga.ie not only to maintain himfelf upon it withni rbree \iai>, but alio coi\trihute at a certain rate to the lupiioit oi tlit; garrilon ; leaving cveiy one at liberty, wHeo tiiat tune was expired, to Icll of make over hiti land, and tokavu the lettlemcnt. I'incouraged by thefe propofals, and by the affiftanco given to thofc who were unable to provide utenfils, tools, and inllruments of agriculture, a great number of peo- ple v/cnt to the Cape, and the Icttlement loon began to make a very conjidcrable figure. Jlut all this while there was a growing evil, againU which no provilion had yet been made : European w omen were very Icarcc, anj thofc they had were wives who had fettled there with their hufbands; while the plantations fwarmed with vounr fellows, each of whom was fettled upon his farm, and in a way of thriving, but wanted wives as much (or the lake of id'ue and domeltic help, as for fcnfual gratifica- tion; and yet had no inclination at all to marry the Hottentot women. Howevei, an account of this grie- vance being difpatched to Anillerdam, a fine troop of young women were railed, who, on their arrival at the Cape, were bellowed by the governor on ihofe who want- ed wives, with all the indulgence tliat could b • ('1. wn upon fuch an uccalion to tlicir fevcral fancies and in- clinations. The feitlemcnt being thus firmly elliblilhcd, was now incieafed, by the addition of other kitleis, to (uch ade- L'ree, that the Dutch in a few yeai.i extended tliemfclvcj III new colonies aloii;; ihecoall. They now form four principal feltlemcnts : the firft, and molt confidcrabic, is at the Cape, where arc the craiid forts and the capital city, alio named the Ca;,.- j tlic fc- cond is the StcllenboA ; the third tne Drakenltcin ; and the fourth the Waverifh colony. The company have alfo provided lor a future in- creafe of people, by purchafing all the tracl of Ian-" eall- ed Terra du Natal, which lies between Mofan.liiiuu and the Cape; for which they paid in com;.(.ditp.:s, iitenfils, and toys, to the value of thirty thoi'uiid guil- ders : fo that this part of the dominions of liie Dutch Eaft India company is of very great extent. SECT. XVIII, y/ Defcriptun cf the City of the Cape, and tf tbt Dutch Government. WE (hall now give the reader an account of the Cape town and its principal buildings. The town ex- tends from the fea-fhore to the valley, and is large and regularly built, containing fevcral fpacious Itreets, with handfome houfes, many of which have large courts \t\ the front, and beautiful gardens behind them. The ftreets, the court-yards, the houfes, and every thing in them are, according to the cullom of the Dutch, "ex- tremely clean and neat. The houfes are of ftone ; but moft of them only one (lory high, and none more than two, on account of the violence of the eafkrly winds which fometimes Ihake and damage the houfes, notwith- ftanding their being fo low, and for the fame reafon moll of them are only thatched. The Dutch company give great encouragement to building at the Cape. A man who is willing to erect a houfe, whether contiguous to the town or in the country, has ground allotted him gratis, of fuificient extent to hive a court-yard, out-houfes, and a garden, if he -...iioics to have them. The government receives no advantage from thefe houfes till they are fold, and then, if the houle be new, it becomes charged with a ground-ienr, of the tenth or Caffraria. A !• K I C A. 379 and e/ the Dutch or twentieth penny of the rent it is fuppofcd it wnuM let lor :iniui.>lly ) but it' it be olJ, there in only paiU the l(ir- cicih |ientiv of the rent. 'I'hc caltle is a very ftronp »iiJ noble edihcc, of great extent, proviiled with all m.inncr (>raccomnioiiati()n'> tor the (^dtfifDn, which conlilU ol ubout two hundnil lul- tlicrs. It lovers the harbour, is an admirable dcliriie towards the country, and is, in fliort, an excellent (ur- tiefs. The fuperior officers of the toirpaiiy have here very fpaiiowi nnd beautiful lod^intrs, and witliiii ate the company's Horchoufes, which arc laiijc, connuodious, and handfome. The church is a plain, neat, and fpacious edifice, built of ftune ; but both the body and (kcplc arc thatch- ed. They arc, however, white-wafhtd on the out- fide, which gives this edifice an agreeable appearance trom the fca, cfpecially in tine weather. The hofpital for the fu-k is both an honour and an or- nament to the town. It i.s fttuated near the company's garden, and fo large as to accommodate fcvcral hundred patients. This is of extraordinary ufc, as few Ihipscvcr arrive at the Cape, either from Europe or the Indies, without having a conlidcrable number of fick on board. A ftiip is no looner at anchor than thcfe arc conveyed to the hofpital, where they are very decently lodged, and fupplied with frefh proviftons and medicines. Thofe who arc able to walk about have the liberty of the com- pany's garden, which enjoys a fine air, and furnilhcs the hofpital with roots and herbs. This h-jfpital fronts the church, and is a very handibmc regular ifruiSurc. 1 he above garden is perhaps the moft extraordinary in the world, it containing, as hath been already inti- mated, .ilmollall the rich" fruits, beautiful flowers, and valuable plants that are produced in Afia, Africa, and America. Nature has indeed little or nothing to let her off there befides her own charms and the hand of the gardiner; but thus adorned, fhc is fufliciently lovely. 'J'houfands of various flowers ftriketheeve at once, vying with each other for fuperior beauty. Here and there are fine groves of trees of a vail variety of kinds unknown in Europe, beautiful fummer-lioufes, and Ihady walks. The garden is very fpacious, and from moil parts of it you have a delightful view of the country. Ther« arc alio many large and bcautilul gardens about the town, which belong to the inhabitants : thcfe, as well as that belonging to the companjr, arc kept in very fine order. It is very delightful to vifit them, and they form a Un elv appearance in feveral views of the town ; while the millions of flowers in them all till the air with the nioft delicious perfumes. To return to the buildings, there is a large edifice called the lodge, for the ufe of the company's flaves, who are chiefly brought from Madagafcar. It is divided into two wards, one for the lodging of each fex, and is pro- vided with convenient ftore-rooms, with a very fpacious room, where the flaves receive and eat their allowance, and a Ifrong prifon wherein the drunken and difobedient are confined and punifhcd. It has likewife decent apart- ments for the officers fct over the flaves, and a fchool for the negro girls. The company have alfo a very handfome range of ilablcs, capable of containing feveral hundred horfes ; and a great number of fine Pcrfian horfes arc kept there for the fcrvicc of the company and the ufe of the gover- nor, who lives in great ftate, and has a mafter of the horfe, an undcr-mafter, a fadler, coachman, and grooms. The governor's body-coachman is eifeemed at the Cape a very confiderable pcrfon. The government is condufled by the eight following councils. Firft, the grand council, or, as it is Ibmetimes c.illed, the college of policy, conlifts of the governor, who is prcfidcnt, and eight others, who are generally the next principal officers in the company's fervice at the Cape. This council is the company's rcprcfentative ; it has the care of trade and navigation, makes peace or de- clares war with the Hottentots, and has the management (if every thing relating to the fafcty and intercft of the f^'ttlement. This council not only corrcfponds with the court of diredlors in Holland, but with the Dutch govern- ment at lljtavi.i and Ceylon, When the mcmhen enter or leave the fort, the jjarrifon pays them the martial fa« lute, M\ hoiicpur paid to no other at the C.ipe. The next 11 the college of jidliec, which generally loiililL of ilie f.mie membcri that coinpole the graiul council. This court hcan and dctenniihi in all civil and cnininal cafes of moment that h.i|ipen among the l.uropeair. at the Cape, Hut if an European, who ia not 111 the Urvicc of the company, is either plaiiilirt' or defendant, the three regent burgo- mailers, wlioaic nu" gilfrates annually cholen out of fuch as are not in the company's fervice, affill at the trial, to fee that no partial judgment be given on the fide of the company'* fervant. Appeals lie from the decrees of this court to the fupreme courts of juftice at Hatavia, which is cnin- pofcd of perfons eminent for their learning in the civil laws, and alio to the fupreme court of jullice in Hol- land. There is a petty court dependant on the hift for pu- nching breaches of the peace, and determining tref|ialli"i and fmall debts. It confith of a member of the grand council, who fits as prelident, three of the burghers, and four of the company's immediate fcrvants. ()ne of the burghers is vice-prcfident. No .idlion is to be brought in this court for more than a hundred crowns. Copies ol all the proceedings, both in this court and tho college of jullice, are, from time to time, tranfniitttd to Holland. The fourth is the court of marriages, which takes care that all contrails of marria;;e among the Europeans at the Cape are allowed by the parents or guariiians of both parties, and that neither p-irty is under any engage- ment or promile of marriage to another. Ittonlilh of the fame members as the petty court for piiniihing breaches of the peace, and is held every Saturday cven- inj. This court upon receiving fatisf.iclion in the mattter.'.l ai; nil thi' iiHitcri ii) tlic adiriiiiiltruuiii, aiul the cKrks under Ihcrn : the uiuiu.ilihrJ a'^' the liilJiets, iirtilkiis, ,iiul «i)mniiin I'c'v.inti. We (hall here give a p.irticiil.ir account ol the (.ilarici ul the lornur. The I'oviTiior Hallowed bv the company three thoiil'anJ two hundrcii and filty-livc floiint a var in lalarv, and hoard v.\\grt, ; hci"iJe» which he it allov\cd monthly one thoiifaiid iue liiindrid poiindi ot rice, thirty hiiilicK ol piilh, or line white licc, three hundred and lixty poiiibK <.| line haiKy-llour, twenty poiindi ol Kiiropiaii lall I) tt and poik, as much mutton «s he picalei, one auni of Alrlcan wine, two gallons o(' trandv, tour ot Canary, twenty-ilmo (j| llioni', iliip-bccr, or Hrunlwiik mum, iwcnty-ttve pniinds ot Irelh butiu, littein pound< ol white wax candles, ten p bcin;> dilcuvf icd by the I'urtugucle on the day ul our Sa- I viour'n nativity, u fituatcd between ilic thirtieth ami :|/»— jfl tliirty-thiid deurcei of north latitude, and Ih inhabited by I the Cafi'res, wlui are a very dill'erent |K-ople from the Hottentots. 'I hit country extends tu the Indian lea uii the e.ill, but how lar it runs tu the wellwaid it yet uii- kiunvii. Tliat part of the country which lies towardu (he Tea is plain .iiid woody i but within land it ii diveifilicd with many hilU, intermixed with plealant vallies, and laigi: pi. inn 1 hetpirred with natural groves and meadowi, I'b.-re 11 I'o want of water, for every hill atioids IiuIb bio.ik*, which gliiliiig down, lome ol them, after fjveral turniiif^s and windings, meet by d>i;iec«, and form th'.! river Nai.il, which difchaif^esitlelfiiito tlie l.aflern Ocean in about the thirtieth degree of fouth latitude. This n %< the piiniipal river of the country ) though there are other ftie.iins which iHtid their courfes noitlierly. J he wood'i arecompoled ol leveral lortsof treei, many of which arc tall and large ; thefe arc very good timber lit tor any ufe. 'I he meadows arc covered with urafs, and a variety of herbs and flowrn, The land-animals of this country arc elephants, which feed together in great troops, a ihoul'and or lilieeii hun- dred being fometimes lecn in the morningJ and evening) in the meadows ) but in the heat of the day they retire into the woods. Here are alio bufialoc*, cowl, deer, hogs, rabbets^ lions, and tygers. Here are fowls of various forts, as ducks and teal, both tame and wild, plenty of cocks and hens, a large wild fowl as big as a peacock, adorned with many beautiful feathers, and abundance of wild birds, of which wc have no other account, than that they i>ru wholly unknowtt to us. The Tea and rivers abound with many forts of fiflv, vet the natives fcldom endeavour to catch them ; but tre- quently take turtle when they come afhore at night to lay their eggs. They are faid alio to ufe a very odd way of catching turtle in the fea, by taking a living remora, or fucking-fifh, and fattening a firing to the head and ano- tfier to the tail ; they then let it down into the water a- mong the half-grown or young turtle ; and when they find that it has laflcned itielf to the back of them, whicn it will loon do, they draw him and the turtle up to- gether. The natives, who arc of a middle (lature, arc well pro- portioned ) their fkins are black, and their hair woolly } their nofes are neither flat nor high, but well propor- tioned i their teeth are white -, their afpetil is in general graceful, and, like the Hottentots, they are fwift of foot. The natives commonly wear only a fquare piece of cloth, made of filk grafs made in the form of a (liort apron} at the upper end it has two ilraps to tie round their waiH, and the lower end is fringed, and hangs down to their knees. They are faid to have caps made of tallow about: nine or ten inches high. Thefi: they area great while in making ; for the tallow mufl be very pure before it is fit for this ufe ; befidcs, they lay on but a little at a time, mixing it among the hair, fo that it never afterwards comes ort" their heads. When they go a hunting, which is but feldom, they pare oft' three or four inches from the top of their caps; but the day after their return begin to build it up again, and this they daily pradtife till it is of the fafliionablc height. It would be a mofl ridiculous thing for a man here to be feen without this cap of tallow ; but boys are not fufFered to wear any before they arrive at maturity. The men make themfelves very fine with feathers fluclc thick into thefe caps ; for this purpofc they ufe only the long feathers of a cocks tail. They alfo wear a piece of a cow's hide made like a tail, reaching down from the waifl to the ground. This piece of bide is about fix inches broad, and each fide of it adorned with little iron rings of their own making. The women have only fliort petticoats, which reach from the waift to the knee ; but when 1 part, which \\t$ CArrRARtA. A r U I er. hogs, rabbets^ when it rami they rover their boJici with a cow'i hide, thrown over their flmiilderi likr :i hl.mlcet. Their chief employment ii hii(li.iii(lry. They have many cows which thry rarctiilly look .iffcr, ami every man know* his own, ihoujrh they all run proinilViiouOy in file miMilowi. They have alio {Juirica corn, nt which they make their bread, and a (null (ort ol ur.iin no big- ger than mnUard-l'ccd, of which they make (tnni}; drink ; and they fence in their fuidi to keep . No arts or feparate trades are profelTcd amonj» them, but every one makes for himfclf whatever he want-.. The nien build their own h<"ifcs, cuifvue the i.md, and look after tlicir cattle-, wl 'he woiiicll milk thctow-i, drcl-ithe provifions, and n\ai ;• everything; within doors. Their buufcM .III I'rither lar|;i i..,i \*'ell furniftied ; but arc made fo clofe, an,' are fo well thine bed, as to keep out the wind and rain. They live together ui fmnll vill.igcs, in wiiich the iildell man governs the rift. They are extraordinary jull ;ind civil to llrangers, and liave a king who governs the country. Every man may have as many wivc« at he can purchafe or maintain ; and, as they have no money in the cuuii try, thiy buy them of the woman's father, brother, or ncarcft male relation, by yiviiig cattle in exchan^^e lor wives. The Cart'res traffic with the rovers of the Red Sea, who bring them manufadturcs of filk for elephants teeth. A. 38» Thcfa manufaiJluri-i the Cart'rts exchanf.c for Eurnneart cominodiiieH, pirtieulaily for tar, anchois, an.l i otd.i;i>', whichllu-v ixcli.iil,'! a;;.iiliwith the rover. ot ihi UedJicaj and liah liUs ,u lluy do not fell to t!ie h.iiroiH .iiii who touch at N.ital, iney dilpofe of to the inhabitants of Monoinoiapa. Captain Vander SchcllinK, whom we have already mentioned in treatin^^ of the ilottcniois, found an I'.ni^- liDini.in at I'eira de Natal, who had defcrled In-, (hip, and IcftUil anuing the Caft'rei, where he married twii Cart're wires, by whom he had feveral chlldien i hi- w.is drelled like a CatfVe, and lived like them. He Ihewed the captain feveral piles ofelephants teeth and (oint loonn of (ilk niannfailures, intending!; to take the opportunity of eniliarkinu; with thole commodities fur tli'- Caj-e, and of abandonint; his fettleinent, wives, and children: but thekin^ of the country haviiii; notice of his ilclign, lent for him, and reproached him with his intended treachery and ingratitude to a people wlio had received and clietdh- cj him after (b jreneroiis a manner, reprefentini; the iiii- ferable condition to wiiiih his (aniily would be rciluced if he abandoned it, liiice he would l.ike no care of it; and, in (hort, adnionilhcd him with Im h warmth on the alR'Jlioii and tcivicrncCs he owed to Ilia wives and chil- dren, and the cruelty 'd defertmj^ them, thatbeinii; un- able to refill the eloiiuence of this royal CaflVe, he (ill ,ir the kini^N feet, and gave up bis defij^n. This he himleli related to the captain, one of whoie men he aCtirwarda prevailed upon to deCert the fliip, and (ettlc with iiim a- niung the Cafi'res. • ' il!^ C H A P. VIII. Of the inland Empires of M O N O M O T O P A, or M O N O M O T A P A, anJ M O N O M U (J I. SECT. I. TIji Situation, Extent, Climate, and Produce of Monomiilapn -, with the Ptrjins, Drtfs, and Food of the Natives, THE inland country of Monoinotapa is boumled by the maritime kingdom of Sofala on the call, the rivir Spiritu Sandto on the Ibuth, the mountains of CaftVaria on the weff, and the river Cuama on the north, which parts it from Monomugi , and is fix hun- dred and fevcnty miles from north to fouth, and lix hundred and fifteen from eart to wefV. The climate of Monomotapa is faid to be temperate, though the far greater part of it lies within the fouthern tropic. The air is clear and healthy, the foil fer- tile, and fo well watcied as to abound with pafture grounds, on which are bred a prodigious multitude of cattle, cfpecially of the larger fort, on which the inhabi- tants let a higher value than on their gold. Their ground produces plenty of rice, millet, and other grain ; but no wheat, i'hey have a variety of excellent fruit-trees, and plenty of fiigar-cancs, which grow here without any culture. Their forelfs fwarm with wild beslts and va- rious kinds of game, and their rivers, of which they have a gnat number, abound not only with fifh, but with gold walhed down from the mountains. They have neither horfes nor any other beafls of burthen, except vail herds of elephants, which are molHy wild, and feveral thoiifands of them arc annually delfroyed tor the fake of their teeth, which the natives fell to thel'ortuguefe. They have .1 kind of flag of an extraordinary fiae and fwiftnefs, and olhiehes that are extremely large. The natives are black, with woolly hair ; but arc well {haped, robuft, and healthy. They delight much in war, which they prefer to traffic j and the people of the 32 lower clals arc extremely expert at diving, their chid bulinefs being to fetch (and or mud from the bottom of rivers, ponds, and Likes, in order to obtain the gold that is mixed with it, and which tluy e.' fpcnd the night. SECT. VI. Of their Mairia^C! ; the fp/irnte Emplnymrrts cf the Hrtf- hand niiil IFifc ; the Trcatmut ef their Chililrcn ; their Fnncruh and Ahurr,i>!7. THY. people of Congo who have embraced the re- ligion of the I'ortu.^ucfe marry after their manner; but will not he relfrained from keeping as many miftrcircs as they can maintain. When a youni; man exprclleihis delirc to marry, his parents fend a prelent to the relations of the young woman on whom he fixes his choice, rc- quetling their daughter as 3 wife for their fon. With this prcfent an earthen pot of palm wine is alfo fcnt, and befoic the prelent is received, all the wine is to be drank by the girl's p.Mtnts and friends, the father ;:nd mother drinking lirft. After this is done the tathcr returns an anfwer, and his receiving the prelent is confidcrcd as a proof of his compli.ince. Theyoungman uponthi, •■f;cs immediately with his friends and relations to th.e hi i.l-j of his miftrefs s father, and, having received her 01 li.-r pa- rents, conducts her home, where he lives with her in order to be fatisfied whctlierflie v.ill have cliiLlrcnj whe- ther flic will be diligent in her daily l.ibour, and prove very obedient : and if, in two or three years time, he tin U her faulty in any of iliefe points, he fends her back tf^ ."ir parents, and has tlie prcfent reftoted ; but whm the i.iult is on his fide, he can recover nothing. Ihe woman, however, is not confukred in a worle light on this ac- count, but generally undergoes another trial ibon after. If after a man's enjoying with a woman during two or three years all the piivilepcs and endearments of the nuptial commerce, he at tad ventures to tie the nup- tial knot, he fends to all his and her relations, who never fail to come on the day appointed, drtfied in the moft coftly ornaments they can either purchafe or bor- row. Kvery one breaks out into congratulations and <;ood-wiflK's. The prieff, if any can be had, (for in fome parts of the kingdor.i they are fometimes whole years without feeing a priell) comes in and performs the ceremony ; then follows the dovs'ry, and fume mu- tual prefents, fuitable to their rank. The marriage-ceremony is quickly fuccccded by a Aimptiiuus banquet, and upon thcfe occafions they exert all their abilities. The repall commonly lafts till after I'un-fct, or rather as longas there are any viduals or liquor left. No fooner arc all the provifions eaten than every one diverts himfelf his ov/n wjy, fume by finging ordancing, otb.ers bv driiiking, fmor".king, or fleeping, which gene- rally Clowns the leafl ; and tiic- next rifing fun fends them all home. In cafe of adul'crv the man is obliged to give the va- lue of a flavc to the hufband, and the woman to afl: par- don; and if this be not done, the hufband may eafily obtain a divorce froiii the Poituguefe prietts. The hulband is obliged to procure an habitation, to clothe his wife and children in a manner agreeable to his rank, to prune the trees, to grub up roots, and to carry home the palm wine as often as the vrflel fills. On the other hand, the woman is to lind provifions for her hufband and children : Ihe accordingly works in the hclds till noon, and at her return prepares the uliincr. if any thin;; is wanted, Ihc mull either buy it out of her •'.vn money, or barter cloaths for it. 'J "he man fits alone at tabic, while the wife and children wait to fup]dy hiin v\ith what he wants. When he has dined the remainder eomcs to llum ; and thou ;h they may fit down to cat it if thoy picalc, yet they generally ftand, from the opinion that they ought to pay this mark of rcfpeiit to him whom they are born to ferve and obey. 'i'he mothers of thofe who have not embraced theRo- mifli icligion prelent their infants as foon as they are born to their own priefis, in order to know their good or ill fortune. The falfe prophet, then taking the child in his aims, makes his obfcrvations on the mufcles and other parts of his body, and then tells the parents what he thinks proper. The fame is done to fick perfons, in order to know the caafe of their diftcinper, and whether they will recover ; and if they gutfs wrong, they iie\er want an excufe. It is cuilomary for the parents, or the pagan prief}, to order tile young people to abllain from eating either thu fleflioffonie particular v^■ild bealt, fome forts of poultry, or a particular fruit orr- pafled by fpacious houfes moftly inhabited by noblemen, as .'•re alfo many others in the fuburbs of the city and the adjacent country. That part which is enclofed, aiiil Called the I'ortugiicle city, is reckoned about » nii!e in rompafs, and the king's palace is nearly tiie fame. The walls about each of them are very thick, but their gates are neither Ihut nor guarded. S E C T. IX. 0/ th( Gci'i-rnmfiit of Caiigj ; the aljolule Arilhrlty of t!jt Kin?, who p''//'jftt all the Landi ; in wliut Mannir tU- Kingdcm IS ele/live ; nr.it how the Lleilion is performt,!. The Ceremony of the Kirr'i blefji,/^ the People, tin J that it' his granting Inve/litura ; the Griiiuleur of his Court ; the Splendor luith which the King gees abrsail, and hears A/,;0. In wl.Yil Manner the ji/fnir: of Government are tranjat.'id. The King's Seraglio ; his Forces ; and the Manner in tvhich the Laws are executed, TIIE government of Congo is monarchical, and aa difpotic as any in Afia or Africa. The king is the fole proprietor of all the lands within his dominions, which he bellows upon whom he pleafes, on conditioa of being paid a certain tribute out of them ; and turns the people out of it upon failure of p lying it, or even at his own pleafure. The princes of the blood are lubjedl to the fame law ; fo that there is no perfon, let his rank or quality be what it will, that can bequeath a foot of land to his heirs or fucccftbrs ; and when thefc owners under the crown die, they immediately devolve to it again. The Portuguefe, however, fincc their becoming mafters of the country, have prevailed on the monarchs to per- mit the heirs and fucceftors of the tenants to continue in the pofieflion of fuch lands, and have obliged the tenants to pay their tribute more readily and exactly than they did formerly. The tribute affixed to the grant of lands to the governors of provinces, and to fcveral marquifes, counts, and other nobles, is exprefsly ordered to be brought to court once in three years at fartheft ; which, joined to the ambition and avarice of thofe lords, makes them opprefs the people in a moft cruel manner, and not: only ftrip them of all they hn.vc, but even fell, without the leaft mercy, their tenants, with their wives and chil- dren, for flaves. The kingdom is partly hereditary, and partly eleclive. No perfon can be chofeii who is not of the royal blood ; but whether he be of a nearer or fai ther branch, whether by the male or female fide, or whether born of the wife or concubine, is not material, a baftard being efteemed as capable of fucceeding to the throne as one born in wedlock ; and therefore, upon the deceale of a monarch, there feldom fails of being a great number of competitors, though the choice commonly falls on him who brings the greatcft number of friends and forces with him to the field of elcilion, provided he be of the church of Rome ; for none clfe arc permitted to ftand as candidates for thi: crown. As foon as they have agreed upon a fuccelTor, all the grandees of the realm arc fummoned to appear on a plain near St. Salvadore, whence they proceed in pomp to the cathedral, once a noble ftrufture built by the Portuguefe, but fince run to decav ; but on thefe occafions an altar is richly adorned, and near it is a fplendid throne, on which the bilhop or his vicar is feated ; and near the other end of the altar ia a chair of ftate, on which is feated an officer, who is to declare the perfon eletfted : he ONCO Prop?^, CoNoo Proper. 1 R I A. 30t he is rarroiindcd by the canJiJ-itej, wlio yet know not who they have pitched upon, and now wait with impa- tience tu hear hint dccl.ireJ ) but, bcloru hi- niakcb hi^ proilamation, he riles (Vofn his chair, and kntiiing lic- lorc the :iltar makes a prayer, and then returiiiii^ co his feat, proiiountcs a luii;'_ Ipc-erh on the tiutiei, of a nio- narcli, and the many car.s and difficulties with which it h attended ; alter which he dechircs to tlic alienihly, that ho and the other electors, having impartially weighed the merit of the candidates, has chofen fuch a one tu enjoy the diiMiity of fovereign. He then fteps forward, takes the new fovereign by the hand, and bringing him to the bifhop, they both kneel betorc him. While the king continues on his knees, the prelate gives him a (hott adinoniiion, in which, among other things, he exhorts him to (hew himfelf a zealous protcdor of the Chriltian religion, and an obedient fon of the church. The ufual oaths are then adminidercd to him, and he pronounces them with a loud voice ; after which the bifliop leads him by the hand to th^ throne ercitcd for bim, puts the royal flandard into his hand, and a crown upon his head ; upon which the whole allembly fall prollrate before him, acknowledging him for their king with loud acclamations ; to which are added, the found of martial inftruments, and foon after the firing of artil- lery. The ceremony being over, the new king takes the name of one of the kingjof Kirtugal, as all his prtdecef- fors have done ever fincc the reign of the lirft Chriftian king. There are two remarkable ceremonies which follow that of the king's coronation, the mod confiderablc of which is that of the new monarch's publickly blefling the people ; the other is that of his granting the invelli- tiire of the principal ports and liefs of his dominion. The days fixed for each are proclaimed with extraor- dinary pomp and ceremony throughout the kingdom, and in St. Salvadorc, by the firing of the artillery and the found of mufical inftrumcnts. The firft of thcfeCercmo nies brings a prodigious concourfc of people from all parts, for they efteem his blefling of fuch value, that they would think it a dreadful thing to be deprived of it. The monarch appears on the day appointed in the ut- moft fplendor, furroundcd by his guards and a numerous court, with all the governors and nobles of his kingdom, magnificently drefled and attended. The ceremony is performed on a fpacious plain, fufficicnt to contain the innumerable multitudes that flock to it, and on an emi- nence is raifed a fplendid throne covered with a canopy, from which he can fee and be feen, and plainly dilHnguifh his nobles and minifters, who are fituated nearer or far- ther from him according to their rank. If there are any aflcmbled who have incurred his difpleafurc, he cafts his firll looks upoh them, and caufes them to be driven from his prcfincc as wretches unworthy of his blefling ; when the populace, emulous to exprcfs their zeal for their prince, lay violent hands on thefc obnoxious perfons, and drag them away, treating them with fuch indigni- ties, that many lofc their lives before they can get out of the numerous crowd. By this means the king often gets rid of fuch bad minilt*.. - with the grcateft eafe, whom he could not have attemptcu "o punifh without imminent danger. Thcfe obnoxious pcrion.^ .-'c no fooncr removed, than the king, addrcfling himfelf to the reft of the aflembly, exhorts them to prelcrvc their loyalty to him, and pro- mifcs them in return his favour- and proteftion. Then rifing from his throne, they proftrate themfelves on the ground before him, and he gives them his blefling, not ill words, but by a peculiar fpreading of his arms over them, and gcfiiculation of his fingers ; for which they, on their part, exprefs their joy and gratitude by loud a'cclam.itions and clapping their hands. The whole ce- remony concludes with the found of various inttruments, and the difcharge of the artillery. Frotn that time all who have furvived the rfifgrace of being denied a fhare in the blefling, arc regarded with horror and contempt, except they can, by means of their friends, by rich prcfents, and a fubmiflive behaviour, regain the royal f.ivour ; which if they do, they arc admitted to his pre- fencp, and his blefling wipes away all their formet dif- gr.u-(-. 'Ihe ceremony of grantin;' invcflltiircs is pcrformcit with much the (anie fplendor." On the day prefixed the king appriirs with the utmoll magnifiivnreoii hi, thrnne, while all who are candidates for a mw polf, liif, or iiivtllltiTc, lie proUraie before him, encompaired by vaft crowds of I'litctators, in the fame porture. A( the'third difcharge of the artillery the candiJates are rigularly in- troduced to the foot of the throne, accompanied by all their relations ami friends in the richcit attire ; there kneeling at the lowcrmnft (lep of the throne, the grant is brought them by a chief minifter ; which having receiv- ed with the deeped fubmiflion, the king inforins them, in a fet fpcech, of the greatncfs of thr favour he beflowi on them, the ccmditions upon which it is granted, and the duties heexpedts from them ; to all which tlicy take a folemil oath to conform themfelves : after which the infignia of th ir dignity arc delivered to them, which arc a white bonnet, more or lefs rich, arcnnllng to the dl;'- nlty granted, a flag of honour, a chair of Hate, a fcjmc- tar, and a carpet. The whole concludes with proltra- tioiis, clapping of hands, and thankful acclamations, ex- tolling the royal favour; though it is commonly (addled with fuch tribute, and other hard conditions, as aie im- pnflible to be performed, but by the oppreflion of thofc who are under ti.em. 'I'lie whole bufinefs being thus difpafched, the kin" riles, and the ceremony is doled, as it began, with tho loud huzzas of the people, and the noifc of the artillery and mulical inltrumenis ; in the miJft of which he is con- duiiled to his palace. As the court are fond of imitating the Portuguefe, flloit cloaks fcarlet jackets, and long fpados are worn bv the nobility, who firive to outvie eacn other in their lilks and velvet.i, gold and filver tilluc, lace, fiin^re, and other finery ; and, indeed, the whole court, \vith the retinue of tiie king, hi.s table-furniture and attendaiic?, his throne and ceremonials, art regulated alter the I'or- tugucfe model. His table is covefej with variety of tho moil exquilite meats, his fidc-board with the moft deli- cate wines and other liquors, and he has tafters to exa- mine every thing he eats and drinks. He has rich veMi otgold and filver, fokly for his ownufe, and alwaysearS alone; for he never luftcrs any perfon, though of the highed rank, to fit with him : their grcatcit privilege k to dand about him. The throne of date, on which he gives publick audience twice or three times a week, has an al'cent of three deps covered witli Indian tapedry ; and the chair of date on which he fits, as well as the table which dands before him, are covered with crimlbn vel- vet, adorned with boHcs and nails o! gold. When the king goes abroad, he is attended by a nu- merous guard, fome of which are armed with mufquets, and others with lances, bows, and arrows ; but they march before him without any regularity. 1 hefe arc followcdby crowds of muficians, who maybe heard at a great didance, and ferve to give notice of his approach. >fext tothefeare the officers of the houfhcld, followed by the knights of the Holy Crofs, an order indituted by the fird Chridian king of Congo. The king appears next, preceded by twoyoung pages of the nobleft families in the kingdom ; one bearing a royal (hield, covered vviih a tyger's Ikin, and the fword of 1\mc adorned with pre- cious doncs ; the other holds a daft", which has a large knob of filver at each end, and is covered with red vel- vet. On each fide of the king ride two oflicers, who keep fanning him with horfes tails ; and behind them is a third, who holds over his head a large umbrella of red dan^afl;, richly fringed and embroidered. The thice lad mud alio be of the mod illudrious families cf the kincr. dom. "^ He proceeds to n-.afs with much the fame pomp ; and, upon his alighting at the church, is led by two mafters of ceremonies to a chair, (in which he may fit when he thinks fit) and feveral velvet or damaflc cuinions to kneel upon. As foon as he is placed, a lighted taper is put into his hand, which he gives to his next page, who holds it till the Gofpcl is read, when he takes it from him, and holds it up till that is ended, and then the pried brings hid) J ■I , -I 1 J I Ft* , I I .1 :i ill : tM 1 ili .; I' T 'il ' ' !l iii 392 A SYSTEM OF G E O C R A I' H Y. Congo I'noi 'f.n. I him tlic Ci'pfpcl for him to kifs it. At the otVortory hi- w.ilk'. toiv^iiJs thi' altar, whore the piiilt ^fivis liiin the |utti-n tokiN i at'tiT which he makc-shis oticriii^, and ic- tifcs to his place. At the elevation ol the holt he takes the lighted taper ay.iin,anJ coiitiiiues upon lii» knees Jur- iiia; nidll of tile remainder of the mal's j ail whieh time the miilic coniir.iics playing;, and the proper anthems arc llini;. The fervice being ended, the kinj; fits down and reeeives the compliments of liis court i and haviiii; given them hii blcfliiig, and hii hand to kili>, returns to the Jialacc in the fame pomp and order. The kliij^'s court t nfilK not only of the officers of his houdiold, but of all the governors of his kingdom, who, on their cominij to pay their homage and tribute, appear with a large and fplcnJid retinue ; to which may be ad- ded, his generals and other military officers, who arc obliged to come and give an account of the fuccefi of their arms and the ftate of his forces. He has alio his auditorii, judges of different tribunals, counfellors, and fecretaries, whc.fe bufinefs, however important and diffi- cult, is foon difpitched, becaul'e every thing is tranfadt- ed in a verbal and fummary manner, without any writ- in;;s : yet the multiplicity of aflairs obliges them to ap- pear irequMiily before him, and, as few of them can read, Ins decilions and orders can only be received by word of nrmth, and be conveyed by tl'.em to their dil'- ; tant clier.is, by pcrfons of known charader, intrufted with (ome undoubted token that what they bring is the rcfult of the royal will. However, if the diftance of the place, or the nature of the mcfTa^ie, requires 3 fuller dif- cuffion, the kui|>'s orders are tent in writing to the go- vernor or nflicer concerned to fee them executed j but then lie is obliged to get fomc milTionary or prieft to read ■ It to him, and to write an anfwer to it; wliich he mult fend by tnc fame courier, to let his ni.ijelly know how punilually his orders have been obeyed ; the leall failure m which being reckoned fuch an oircncc as tocauk: him to be deprived of his office, or even of all he is worth. Thus thijfe great officers, iiotwithffanding their vaft au- thority and outward grandeur, are in fact as great flaves as thofe over whom they tyrannize, and live in conti- nual dread of fome fignal token of his diffidence and re- fentmcnt, cither of wiiich is fufficient to procure their deftructlon. Though the king's palace, which was built by the Por- tugu'.fe, is vaifly fpacious, grand, and commodious, yet the fei-aglio may properl) be termed a prifon. He is al- lowed but one wife, yet may have as many concubines as he picafes ; and thcfe, on entering the palace, are con- fined during the remainder of their life. Their apart- ments are lurrounded either with ftrong high walls, or - Tofcs more than half his army btfore he comes in light o? the enemy ; and is fometinies obliged to return, by the unfitnefs of the feafon, with lefs than one-third part of it, without having ftruck aftroke, or injurrj^any but his ov 1 fi'bjedls. ■' . :y always endeavour, if poflible, to engage the ene- my n a fpacious plain, and begin the attack with greater fury than regularity ; for the commander's authority ccafes to have any check upon them, from the moment the onfet is begun. The fight continues with the fame obftinacy, till one fide begins to give way, which is no fooner perceived, than the reft take to their heels w ithout paying any regard to the officers who endeavour to It jp them. The flight of one a^my encourages the other to purfuc, and the flaughter is continued without inlcrmif- fion; no quarter being given by either fide, till tlie vanquiflicd are out of their reach. They then return plunder the enemy's camp, feize all the men, women, and children they find there, with all the ftranglcrs that fall into their hands, and brand them as fMves, confidcr- ing- them as the moft valuable part of the fpoil, and gladly fend them, the firft opportunity, to be fold to the Europeans. As for the wounded, few, if any, furvive the defeat ; for their weapons being poifoned, wherever they draw blood the perfon fpeedily dies, unlefs provided with fome extraordinary antidote, which is tlie cafe of few befides thofe of higher rank. A yiclory is generally followed by a peace j but it be- ing concluded upon the viilor's terms, it feldom proves of longer duration than till the vanqiiifhed have recover- ed fufficient ftrength to renew the war. The Congoefe have no written laws, but every pro- vince has what they term a royal j udge, and has the power of deciding all caufcs in civil and criminal affairs ; an ap- peal, however, may be made from his decifion to tlie king, who prefidcs twice a week at the fuprcme court, and determines all affairs by his abfolute authority. The loyal CoNoo Proper. A I'- ll I C A. 3'J-i rny.il jinlge hai inferior onri unJ'r him in rvcrv town xiiJ comniuiiitv, froni whod- k'ntfiicc the p.irlii-i ni.iv ;i|)- pral tr> him ) but this is fcliloiii duiic, except in nutters t)f gtca* moment. Kvery ]wUrc choofes a niimh-'r of alTiflants, which com- inonly contiiisof twelve ; am), wlien the taufe i'. liKmnht before him, hears and exuniiiies the parties, and ilicir evidence. The plaintift'and defendant are the only pleaders i the former begins and cnd.avoiirs to lay open his canfc a:, well as he can, and the other anfweis him. Il miy think thcmfelves incapable of pleading their own e.nile, they arc allowed to nominate a fiieii I to do it lor ilum, who mult be inrtru(Sted in every tliln'^ before he appears in court. When both (ides have been heard, (omctimes once, and fomctimes odiner, the judge rec.initidatis the whole evidence to his alTiltants, and afl;s their opinion ; when, if any dilference or dilpute arife-s between them, he endeavours to brini; them over to his fide: but whe- ther he does or not, he immediately pronounces fentenec, and difmifils the parties ; fo that a l.iw-luit is -generally begun and ended in two or three hours time. They ufe nearly the fame method in criminal cafes, in which only three offences arc deemed capital j theft; arc trcafon, murder, and forccry. In the former the offen- der's punifhnient chiefly depends on the will of the prince, who generally condemns him to lofe both his head and eltatc ; the latter of which is confifcated into the trcafury. The man conviiSled of murder is inunedi.itely beheaded, unlefs feme ai;gravating circumltanees reipiire a more fevere death, or the relations of the detcafcd pe- tition for his being punifhed with greater fcvcrity ; in which cafe he is uiually delivered up to them, that they may punifli him in what manner they think proper ; and this is generally done immediately after the fciitencc is pronounced. Tl'he pr.'tended crime of ma!>ir, or forccry. Id faid by the Portu^uefe priells to be very cummoii in the unconverted provinces, and is on that account pu- iiiihed more feverely ; the pcrfon whom thcv pretend to have convicted of it being immediatL-ly burned alive. Other puniftiments for fmaller crimes are the badinado, whipping, fines, and imprifonmcnt:; ; the two former generally falling to the lot of the poor, and the two lad to that of the wealthy. As for the Portuguefe, they arc allowed a judge of their own nation to determine not only alllaw-fuits a- mon'j; themfelvcs, but between them and the natives, who decides all controverfies according to the laws of Portugal, a circumftance which mull be confidcrcJ as extremely unjuft. SECT. X. Of the Religttn of the Natlvts of Congo. THE religion of Congo, before the arrival of the Portuguefe, was idolatry, which is dill preferved in a great part of the country, where they acknowledge a Supreme Being, whom they call Nzambiam-pongu, and believe to be omnipotent, and ilcribe to him the crea- tion of their country ; but imagine that he committed all fublunary things to the care and government of a mul- titude of fubordinate deities, fome of whom prcfulc over the air, others over the fire, earth, and fca, the l.ikcs and rivers, winds, ftorms, rain, lightning, and drought ; men and beads, fowls and fifties, trees, fruits ; and, in (liort, on all the bleffings and curfes to which this world and its inhabitants are fubjeiSt. Hence arofc an immenfe multitude of falle fubordinate deities, who had their idols and a prodigious variety of gangas, or prieds, and fuper- ftltious ritts, which arc dill ufcd in thofe parts of the kingdom that have not yet received the Portuguefe re- li'ion, efperially towards the P'ad ; and indeed many of thcfc fuperditious rites are dill praftifed among thofe who make an open profcflion of Chrldianity. But though the ignount people were taught to ac- knowledge fuch a variety of inferior deities, they were left entirely at liberty to choofe which of them they pleafed as the objcft of their worfhip and confidence, and to rcprcfcnt them in what ftiape they thought Ht, whether 33 of lions, tvper», croeodiles, (»oati, or ferpcnts i nr of trees and pl.uits of did'.Tene kinds ; or the (i.itues or pic- tures (jf men, unTKilfuIly carved or paiiue.l, lome of which they worfllipped in their hnulcs, and others in niean temples erected to their honour. Their worftiip confilted in kneeling, prolliationt, fumigation:., and other rites : but what was nia(l and future cventi. Such regard do the p.ii;an]of (hcfe cmiiitriei pay to thefc niokidos, which are made in varioiu forms *hut if a man, wctiicil with lii> burthen, throw it down in tlir highway, and leave a knot of Iwilicd Rr.ifi iipnii it, to flu'W that he ha* left it under the care of his mukiiru, no pagan will venture tu meddle With it. In (liort, thcfc pagan priefts not only frarch into fu- turity, and nrt'cr up their prayers and prailet to the fpirits which thcv fuppolc rcfidc in the idols, but alfo ferve an phyficians and lur[;eons, generally making iile oflimplciti nnd if thcfe fail, thcv pretend that a certain ominous bird flew over the head of the patient, and prevented the ope- ration of the medicine ; or iti crt°c£t was deliroycd by iticans of witchcraft. Here, ■,\^ well an in Indii, they have ordeal-trials, fome of which are by (ire, others by hoilin» water, others by « poifoned draught, which is to kill tnepcrfon if guilty, or to prove harmlcfs if he be innocent ; but ai the ganu;a9 have the whole management, they are faid by the Portuj»iiefe to manage it fo, that the guilty, if they bribe them high, (hall elcape unhurt; while the innocent, for want of that caution, Ihall be adjudged iLuiilty. The Portugurfc protend, that by their means Cliiif- tianity is become the eltablifhcd religion of all the con- verted provinces of the kingdom : this indeed is f.iying » great deal ; but it appears from the generality of writers, that the Congoefc have only changed their fupcrllitions, and become more corrupt in their morals. Inllead of re- ceiving the (jnfpel, which breathes piety, niceknels, and humanity, and which never was put into their hands, they have had before their eyes cruel and revengeful bi- pot;:, who have drawn the (word of pcrfec ution, and taught them cruelly, treachery, dilTiniulation, and thole other vices which Chrillianity, much more than pagan- ifin, condemns. Indeed, if we may believe the generality of writers, the grcatcft part of thefc cxtenfive regions have little cl(c but the bare name of Chriftian. Though popery lias got a footing there, we find nothing of that pomp and religi- ous pageantry pradlifcd in other Roinilh countries ; no ftately ca cdrals, no cardinals, patriarchs, archbifhop- rics, rich .ibbeys, or wcll-cndowcd nionaHcnes and con- vents. VVe hear nothing of their grand fcftivals andlo- lemnities, except fuch as arc rather of a fecular nature ; and on which the court and nobles of the kingdom re- pair to the church in great ftate, and fumptuous apparel, to hear mafs. Some of the natives are rcprcfented as arrant hypocrites, who embraced the Romifli religion only to ingratiate themfelvcs with the Portuguefe, while they retain all their old hcathenifli fuperllitions, and privately worfhip their idols. Others who have per- haps received more inftrudlion from their living nearer the church. 's, and under the eyes of the Portuguefe, will cxprcfs a contempt for fuch fen(elefs fuperftitions ; and, in compliance with the church, will conform fofar to the laws as to go regularly to mafs and confcflion, and will con- fent to have but one wife; but could never be perfuaded of the unlawfulnefs of having as many concubines as they can maintain. As to other immoralities, fuch as cruelty, fraud, opprcflion, idlencfs, excTivc pride, and floth, they fee them more or lefs pradtifed by moft of the European Chriftians who live among them. SECT. XI. Of the Trade of Congo, anti the barbarous Manner in vjhkh the Slaves are tranfported by the Portuguefe from Congo and the neighbouring Kingdoms It America. THE chief commodities brought by the Portuguefe into Congo are either the produce of Brafil, or the manufa^ures of Europe. The former chiefly con- fiOi in grain, riiiit, piantu, and nih«r prnriiions i tn^i the filter ot I uiky (arfHl^, En::lini riotlis, and liglit Ihitf. made «l tollon, liirii, and wiiolleii tor iioitliin\; , copper and brafs vejli I . , blir.: t- iithen-wate ; rir^. .ini oiiiaiiKiits ol i^old rfiid lilvei ) hral'i nnd baler metals ( coral, (i|a(s bead-, biighs, ,ii:d other trinkets; a grejt variety nl toiiU and ulciilili | tub.ii(0, wine, brandy, and other (piiitui>u» litpiors. In return (or thefc xrticlei they carry off fuch a pro- digious number of lluves for their plantaiions in Anaricj, tliat (omc make the yearly aiiiuunt from this kingdom, and fume other fettleniciit.s on the (amc co.iK, to be near fifteen or fixtecn thoufand. Many of thele mJetd die in their paflage, which is nut at all (urprifing, if we con- lider the inhuman manner in which tholu poor unfortu- luie wrctchci are (hipped off and conveyed from one country to another. Seven or eight hundred men and women are promilcuoufly ftjuee/.ed like herrings into the hold of one (hiji, where iliry can lie only on one fide upon the bare boards, and are often forced to lie double during the whole vo)ai!C, with no other provifions than horfe-bcans and water, furtbratcd for want of air, and with their own (lench j (ume dead, others dying, and molt of them labouring under fome grievous difutder, if not under a complieatiun of didenipris ; without any re- (rcfliment, except pethu|)S a little Itrlh air tu breathe in once a day, if they arc able tu come up upon dc«.k ; oi any other prolpci^t, but that of ending their live* in the mull milerablc llavery. I his indeed is far (rom being the moft melancholy fide of the prolpeiik th.it prcleiits iticif to the minds ot theU- unhippy wretches ; (or there is .i ihangc and dreadful noriun, that all who arc fold (or (laves in America are immediately to be butchered on their landing, in iume dreadlul manner, in older tu have their bones burned and calcined to make gunpowder with i and their fleflt, fat, and marrow to be prellcd into an oil, which they believe is the only fort the Europeans bring from Alrica; and what confirms them in this opinion is, its being brought in (kins, which they imagine to be thofe of the poor (laves from whufe fle(h the oil is extraiSlcd. Thefc notions arc fo firmly believed through all thofe parts, that the very threatening of the moft obftinate and ftubborn flave to fell him into America, is fu(Hciei)t to terrify him into the moft obfequious fupplenefs and obedience: the thoughts of being burnt into gun- powder, and melted into oil, being mote dreadful to them than the moft cruel puni(hment. From thcfe inhuman hardfliips, and thefe dreadful fears, one might wonder that (u many fliould out-live the pafiagc ; but it appeals ftill more amazing, that any creatures of the human form, and efpccially fuch as call themfelvcs Chiiftians, (hould be fo hardened as to treat their poor fellow creaiurcs after fo barbarous a manner, merely for the fake of reaping a little more profit by each voyage ; for as one of them is bought in Congo, or An- gola, for three or four pounds, and fcldom fells for lefs in America than twenty-five or thirty, one would be apt to imagine, that, fetting afidc religion and humanity, ilie great profit obtained by them might procure thoie milc- rable objei^s a more conipa(nonate treatment. Befides the fiaves continually brought from other parts into Congo and Angola, to be fliipped oft" for America, there remains a fu(ficicnt number in the kingdom to do all the laborious works, as building of houfcs, felling and ("awing of timber, carrying men and other burthens, and working at fevcral bufinelTes, as butchers, cooks, huntf- men, fifhermcn, and perlbrming all the lower offices of families. Indeed, if we except a (cw moveaUles and cattle, fiaves arc reckoned the grcateft riches which thofe of the inferior and even middle rank have to boaft of, or to bequeath to their children and relations. The Portuguefe fettled in this kingdom h,-ive taught: the natives the ufe of weights and nieafures, of which they had not, till then, the lealt notion ; nor have they to this time any great ufe (or them, conlidcring their po- verty and way of lil'c. SECT. ;l I'Drtii^jl, I'rnt Div^o Cam, one ut ihc mutt L'xp'Tt tailors in hii Icrvicc, »nd * yaukmMX ul jn en- tcrprifni;; ;>cniii^, to nuke ilil'covcrici Kill lurlhcr (u tin I'ouih llian any of his former iiuvif;.uors had been. C^iin ft fill with thif view, iirnl enJcavoiiring tu tloulilv ihr Cijic ol C'jtalina, tell inlenfihlv into the rapid Itri.iin of the rivtr Zaira, when iti prcat breadth and depth Toon determined him to fail ncanr, .ind tn calt anchor at its mouth, not doubting tliat it had niti.iliitanii im each tide. He had not rowed lar up the river beloic he law a number of the nativei, whole (hipe, complexion, and hair greatly rclemblcd thole of the other negroci whom he had already I'ecn ) nor wore they in the leall alarmed at the appearance of thcfc ftrangers ; but coming up to thcnj in the gentlett manner, prefentcd them Ibine of their fruits and other refrefhintiits, whieh Cam grate- fully accepted, and, in return, made them foinc c(|uiva- lent prefents. The miifortuiie was, that thcv had no other method of iindcrltanding each other but by ligns ; fo that it was not withcut Ionic ditHculty that he wm at ]all informed, that they were fubjciit to a very powcrlul prince, who refided a few days journey up into th- country. Cam was extremely delighted with their account and behaviour, and no Ids defiroin of being informed who this powerful prince was, and if potTible of entering into an alliance with him j he therefore prevailed upon lour or five of the natives, by means of hn prefents, to coiuUicl an equal number of his officers to St. Salvador'.". Thcle were entrulfed with confiderablc prefents for the king and court, and allowed a certain time for their return : but the rapidity of the river, contrary winds, and other obfta- cles, added to the length of the journey, prevented his feeing them at the time cxpeiTled ; fo that after having flayed double the time that had been fixed, he refolved to leave them behind, and to fail back to Portugal ; but took with him four of the natives who were in his (hip, who proved to be men of nsble birth and excellent undei - Handing, as hoftages for his own countrymen. Some f.iy they willingly offered to accompany him into Portu- gal : however, it is certain he took great care of them •luring the voyage ; and, by the time of their arrival at the I'ortiiguele court, they had made fuch a furpriling progrcl's in learning that language, that they could inform his majcrty of feveral important matters which he en- quired of them; with which king John was (o highly dclightcil, that, hiving made them very confidcrable pre- fjnts, he ordered Cam to fail will) them back to Congo, and fent by him very valuable prefents of European rari- ties to their king and his court, cha. ging them to ex- hort their monarch, in his numc, to become a convert to the worlhip of the only true CJod, and to permit the Chriftian religion to be propagated throughout his do- minions. Cam returning to Congo the following year, was highly pleated to fiiiii his nv n in good health, and perleiiHy fa- tisiicd with the kind reception they had met with at court, and from the natives in general. It was not long before he fent a lormal cmbalFy to the king, accompanied with the rich prttents he had brought from Portujal. On the ether hand, the four young natives, no lefs charmed with all they had feen, and the noble treatment they had received in that country, blazed .ibroad, both at their own court, and wherever they came, the magnificence of the Portuguefe court and nation. In fhort, a firm alliance was foon concluded between the two crowns, which ffill fubfifts, though it has been fufpended by fome intervening wars. While this alliance was tranf.»£)ing at the court of to the kinir, in order to thank hint for the favourt con- leiredon him and hit nation, and was received with all potTible magnificence. At hit dclire, he (rave him a full aceountof tlic (rraadrur of hii king') duminioiii i of the ^.'overnnient, laws, cuttomi, and mure particularly of iho religion of the Purtiigucle, in tuch tcrmi as nut only made that prince cuiueivc the highcit elh-'in and regard for that peopU, but expreli hit (.'arncll detire to heeunid a member of tiiat church i and, at Cam'i departure, the kiii^ appointed Z.tchut, one of the young no iIm whom lie lud btlore taken tu Portuj^kl, tu ft now, as hit am- bafi'jilor at th.it court, with orderi to entreat Ins Poi- liiguete majtity to fend fome holy men to intlriuLl him and hi] fubj'Cts in the Ciuillian faith, iieallii lent fnma other young Congoetc with him, that they miKl't learn the new leligion I togrthcr with a latj^c nuaiiii'y of elephants teeth, caijwtH, and cloths made of the palm tree, as preteiitn to his Portuguete majetty. Cam toon alter weighed anchor and departed. At hil arrival at Liibon he pref. nted the Congoefe amballadof and the other young noblci to the king, who was greatly pleated with the tuccefs of the expedition, and gave all thi tc Ihangers a moll gracious reception. They Itaid in Portugal near three years, during which great care was taken tu inltru0.t them, nut only in the principles of re- ligion, but ill all the polite exercifes fuitable to their rankt and at length they were baptized at tieja, where the court then leliled. The ceremony was performed with the utmoll I'plcndur and magniticence, the king himfelf Handing godfather to the ambatVador Zachut, to whom he gave his own n.vme. Soon alter this tolemnitv ho fent them back into their own country in three mips, the command of v*'hieh was given to Oontalez de Souza, with whom he alio fent leveral pricHs, with mitrjs, cha- lices, f.iiits, and other church vellels and ornaments of great value ; but Uont'alez, dying in t'le pallage, was luci ceded by Roderigo Sou/.a, his near reluion This t'qu.idron ariived at the city ot Sogno, which is tituatcd on the river Zaira, in Augull followiii :, and they were all joyfully received by the governor ol the pro- vince, who toon .liter their arrival was b.ipti/.ed by ths name of Emanuel, which was that of the king of I'ortu- gal's brother. This ceremony was perlorined in the open country, in the pretence of the Portuguefe ad- miral, who had cauted 4 magnificent altar to be eredieii for that purpole, where, after mafs was ended, this no- bleman, with one of his Ions, and fome of his officers, were received into the chuich before a vaft concourle of the natives, who flocked thither on that occafion. Admiral Souza, now taking le.ive of his noble con- verts, haftened to the court, and there gave the king an account of his uncle's converfion and baptilmi with which he was fo pleafed, that he enlarged his dominions, and gave him power to deftroy all the heathen temples and other monuments of idolatry within his government. His majefty was alfo highly delighted with receiving the facred vellels and ornaments brought from Portugal, wiiich he examined with great attention, and liflencd to the explication the prielfs gave him of their ufe ; the re- tult of which was, that he refolved to build immediately a fumptuous church in his capital for the reception of the Portuguefe priefts and utenlils. This llrudture was foon completed ; after which it was confecrated under the name of the Church of the Holy Crofs. Soon after the king and queen, with feveral of the no- bility, were publicly baptized in his new church. The ceremony was performed with extraordinary magnifi- cence : the king took the name of John, and the queen that of Eleanora, in compliment to the king and queen of Portugal, whofe amball'ador, as their repret'entative, afliftcd at the ceremony. Their example was followed by many thoufands of their fiibiccls : the king the more zealoufly promoting it, as he was going to fupprets a re- bellion which broke out in one of the provinces of his kingdom. Upon this occafion Souza, the Portuguefe ambatlador, prefented him a royal Ibndard, on which a crofs was embroidered ; and, in his mailer's name, ex- horted him to put his whole confidence in the divine Sa-' |::'..A'. Congo, Cam let fail, and difcovercd the coall as far as I viour whofe religion he had now embraced, and to rely the twenty-fecond degree north latitude ; and then, re- I folely on his afTiibnce for the fuccefs of that expedition^ turning back to Congo, \v«nt in great ftatc to payavilitjto which he himfelf would accompany him with an hundred ' • 1 1 1 I i, * I' i' M I '. r, !■ ' I "■ , I . . I . vf i ■^. ;■■■,< ■(■■. ^^ MM /f, : ;■ I ?i irit A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, 395 hundred nrmfd Portu!>ucfa. The kin:; eaincJ acomplnt victory ovL-r the nbtls, r.nd was upon the point ot ciUer- inj; their territories, in order to e!ia(l:le them with the utmolt Itveritv, according to the ciiitom ot the cniintry, when Souza diverted himt'rooi it, and bv his timely me- diation prevented that province being laid v/alte by fire and l\vi>rd. At Souzi's departure, great civilities patTcd between him ;;iid the king, with whom ho left a great number of Dominic:;ns to carry on the affairs of reli_;ion, and par- ticuiarlv to preach to tiic people. About the fame time, the king's cidctf U,:i returning from an expedition againit fome rebels in the fouthcrn provinces, over whom he liad obtained a vidorv, was baptized by the name of Al- phonfo, and continued a zealous prol'elvte durin:- !i:s whole life; but his younger brother, named Pan^o Ai]ui- tima, fon 1 of th.- heathen fupetitiiions in which he h.id been cJ jc.;t;-d, became an irreconcileable cn.;my boih to tf.e Portuguele and their religion, and made ule of luch arti.'ices to exafperate liis father a^'ainlt: thofe l(rri!-jers, that he prevailed upon jiim, not only to apoiiatize, but to perlecute all the Clirillian converts who refufed to fol- lov.' his example. Among thefe, prince Alphonfo rchrtid ;dl his carelles and inenaces, and endeavoured, to the iitmolt of his power, to defeat all his brother's cabals ; but in return was accufed of treafonable practices, and being baniflied to a remote province, his young(.r bro- ther was appointed his lather's fuccefior. The king, however, foon after difeovcrcd the ttc.i- chery that had been ufed a;^:ainit Aljjhonlo, and not only recalled him from baniflinient, but gave him the government of one of the chi.f provinces of the king- dom. Alphonfo with his ufual z.al, began his govern- ment by prohibiting the worfhip of idols, under the fc- vercft penalties, which not only drove a vaft number of his own fubjecls to his brother, the declared patron of idolatry; but induced his father to order him to cn:ne to court, iinlefs he immcdiatclv repealed the lav/ he had made ag.iinit worfliipping the gods of his country. Alphonio exculed hnnlelt from eouiplying, and at the f.;me time lent the king word, that the mul- titude of bufmefs he had upon nis hands would not permit him to leave his government. In the year 141)7, the king being worn out with age Rnd infirmities, was vilihly halkning to his end, upon which Alphonfo was advifed bv his friends to march aaainfl his brother, and to leizc upon the capital, which he declined, till he had certain intclligenve of his la- theTs death, and then entered it in the night. The next morning he appeared upon the green before the loyal palace, at the head of his friends and Chrilfian forces, and, ia a fhort fpcech, informed them of thf king's death, and of his bc.ng t!ie next heir to the crown ; upon which he was proclaimed king, with the ufual formalities. Panzo, being then at the head of a numerous army, no fooncr received the news of his brother's being feated op the throne, than dividing his forces into two columns, he marched diredllv againll him. Alphonfo, who h.id only a handful of ChrilUan foldier-, and about forty Portuguele, expected him with und.iunted courage, and both bv his words and ex.imple infpired his men witn fuch intrepidity, that they gained a complete victory, and drove the difconfolate Panzo, accompanied only by an old experienced officer into a wood, where, in their flight, they both tell into a large tr;:p defigneJ to catch wild bcalts. The prince died about two davs after, part- ly by the hurt he recei\ed in his fall, and partly of grief and defpair. Upon which the old officer l<;nt a fubniif- five melTagi;: to the king, to let him know that it was indift'ertnt to him whether he obtained his pardon, or an order for his execution ; but l)egged if his m.ijefty chcfe the latter, he would permit him tirfl to be received into the Chrirtian church by baptifin ; adding, that as he could not hilp looking upon the late vic'tcrv over (ij iiip-rior an iiv my as altogether mir.iciilf)us, he eariu-ft- Iv requefted, that he might die a worfliippcr of the great (.iod tfoin whom he had o'lt.iined it, Whether his behaviour wis hiicerc, or merely an ar- titiee, the king w;'.s fo hijlily pleifed with ir, that he frcly pardoned and promuted him ; and having caulcd Congo Proper. him to be innruifted, he w.'-s received into the Chriftiaii church. The relt of Pan/.o's army rcuiily o'lered to fubmit i but he relufed i;? iult'er them to take the oaihs of fidelity to him, cxc ot thofe who were idolaturj confented to change their religion. Many of the Congoeie now made a profiflion of embracing Chriltianity ; and if any credit is to be given to the Portuguele writcis, this king was a molt cxcillent preacher, and frequently made long difcourlcs upon the truth and excellency of the Chriltian religion, the certain- ty ot future rewards and punithments, and on other fub- jeifts ot the highelt moment. But what greatly contri- buted to the promotion of the Chriftian religion, was the the great regard he (hewed to all the Portuguele in gene- ral, and efpeeially to the Dominican monks who had been f.nt to convert his fubjects. Jo the fon.ier he granted the privilege of fettling in what part of his Ooniinioiis they liked bert, gave them conliderablc lands and immu- nities, and enacted fevere pt^naltics igainlf luch of his (ubjeiits as fhould dare to moleil t' cm. He took the IJo- miniean friars under his immediate protedtion, built them feveral new monalteries and churches in feveral parts ot" his kingdom, and omitted nothingthat could icndcrthcm lelpected. He even ftudicd the Portuguele tongue, in order to interpret to his people the lermons of thole ])reachers, and afterwards iirove to inculcate them the deeper by fome remarks of his own. Some time after Alphonfo, at the defire of Emanuel king of Portugal, fiiu his fon and a number of young noble- men to Lilboii where Kmanuel ipared neither pains nor expcnce to procure them the ablclt teachers. 1 he fame year his Portuguele majelfy lent a fplendid cmb.dly lo Congo, accompanied with magnificent pre- llnts, particularly a noble lla-idard, with a coat of arms, which the king and his fucceli'oro were afterwards to bear, richly embroidered upon it in their p/eper colours. Thii confilled of a crofs argent, upon a ground gules, can- toned with four i-ther efcutcheons of the fame, charg- ed with Ave torteaux fables, faulterwil'e : and thefe arins the kings of Congo have borne ever llnce. This prince died in the year 152^, and was fuccecded by his fon Don Pedro, who alio diltinguinied himfelf by his zeal for the Portuguele and their religion, \vho dyin-^ without iil'ue in 1 530, left the crown to his brother Fran- cifco, who was alfo a friend to the Portuguefe ; but dying, after a reign of only two years, he left the crown to his tirftcoufin, named Diego; who alfo dying without chil- dren, the Portuguefe were become fo numerous, and fo opulent from tne great privileges that had been granted them i:"dcr the three former reign?, that they rcfolvcd to fill the throne with a perlon of their own choofipa ; but the princes of the blood, the governors of the prin- cipal pro; inccj, and the rell of the Congoeie nobility, confidered this as an open and avowed attempt to fui)- vert their conllitution and government, and to reduce the whole nation to flavcry ; and rifing up in arms, the Portuguefe were too weak to withftand their fuiy, and all who engaged in this confjiiracy were cut off, except the clergy and miflionaries, who were fparcd, from a regard to religion. This bloody execution rcftored to the natives the free- dom of clcfling their own monarchs , 3 new king was chofen, and an enibally lent to Sebailian king of Portu- gal, who boldly coniplained of this attempt to overturn their conftitution and government ; and reprefentcd to his majeifv, how odious his fubjeits had made themfelves to the natives, by their intolerable pride and avarice, and the tyranny with which they treated them in all the parts of the kingdom where they were fettle I. In fhort, he gave fo many inftances of their niifbehaviour, and back- ed th*m with fuch irrefragable evidence, that Don Se- bailian, who was preparing to fend apowciful army to revenge the fl.iughter of his fiihjci'ts, was eafily pcrluad- ed to lilfcii to more amicable terms, and to live in peace and frienddiip v\iili the ww kin ' and his fubjiits. Me.iii whiU-jkiiis; Sebailian, being int)rmed that there wete iVvcral rich mines ofgdd, fiUer, and other metals in that kingdom, fcnt fome (kiltul men thither to fcarch for ihrm : but king Alvarc/, who was then on the throne of Cong. >, being dill'uadcd by his honelt conleflljr Fran- cifco Baibuto, a Portuguefe, from futfVnn^ thofe mines to "oNGO Proper. LOANGO. A F R I C 'A-'i i he natives the free- , a new king was i.ui icin;5 of rortu- tcnipt to overturn !Mil reprcfcntcil to to be difcovered, left it fliould tempt that monarch lo make himfelf mailer of thcni, and by degrees of his whole kin"doiii, inftead of tellin^r thofe arcilts whetc they l.iy, fent them into other province-, where there were none to be foiniJ. Upon this kin;^ Schaftian anJ his I'ornigucfe lubjects, being difapiKjinttd of tlicir high expectations, loon altered their behaviour towards him : the wealthy Portuffuefe merchant? abantincd his dominions, his iplendid embuflies at the conrt of lyiflion were received with a formal toldncfe, and hi: molt earnelt entreaties for a frclh fupply of miflionarics were anfwercd by af- feifted delays. From that time it docs not appear that any great efforts have been made to convert the natives ; for tho' /nahy llill make a profeflion of Chriftianity, ignorance and vice, as hath been alrea^ly intimated, prevail, and all their religion confiils in a few forms and ceremonies, SECT. XIII. Of tlM Kingdom of LoANCO. Its Situation, Extent, Prrjinds, Climate, Ftrtiiily, Plants, and Ar.iinah. /"p^HE kinjdom of Loango, or, as others write it, \, Loan?a, extends along the African coaff, from the ' Ct, Cape of St. Catharine, under the fecond degree of fouth latitude, to the fmall river of Lovanda in the fifth de- <.'iV- grec, and is therefore a hundred and eighty miles from rorth to fouth ; but is faid to extend near three hundred miles from eaft to weft. This country, as well as An- gola, was formerly a part of the kingdom of Congo, but has been long difmembered from it. It is watered by tnany fmall river?, and divided into four princip.il pro- vinces, named Lovangiri, I>ovango-m:itigo, Chilongo, and Fi'i ; in '■'I which are abundance of towns and vil- lages, but we f.now little more of them than their names, and indeed they appear to have but little worth our no- tice, cither with refpect to their populoufners, nianutac- ture«, commerce, or elegance of building. Thou''h Loango is fitu.ited alnioft in the midftof the torrid y.onc, the climate is healthy and picafaiit, and the : foil fertile and capable of improvement : but the natives, like all the others along this coaft, are naturally Lizy, ■nd too averfe to the fatigues of agriculture to plant or 1 fow mote than will barelv fufficc the current wants of each veair : whence it frequently happens, that a bad feafon is ufually followed by a famine, for want of their laying up a proper (lore againft times ct fcarcity. They are commonly contented with bread, fifh, and fuch fruits, greens, and pulfc, as the earth naturally produces ; and which being the fame as grow in Congo, and other of the neighbouring countries, need not here be repeated. We (hall only obferve, that they have fcveral forts of peafeand birans, with large and fmall millet, of all which the ground annually yields three crops. Their palm, banana, and other trees, produce excellent fruit, of which they rpake different forts of wine, which they prefer to that whi'.h comes frcm Europe. The cofton and pimento trees grow wild, as W'-ll as the paradifc gr.iin, thougli the I laft is in fmaller quantities. Tho enzanda, alicinJi, and metamba afford them plenty of materials both for build- I ing and covering their houfe-;, for making their fhips and I fmaller veiTsls, for cloathing, and other u'.es. Sugar- I cnncs, calTia, ar.J tobacco, grow here plentifully; but - there are few o.'angcs, cocoas, and lemons, which are ! not much rc.;arJcd by the natives. They make bread i of a variety of fruits, herbs, grain, and roots, which, I with a little more inJuilry, might be produced in fuch ' abundance as to prevent their ever fuffermg by f.'.uiine. I They have very few cattle of any fort, except goats and hogs ; but poultry is faid to be fo extremely cheap, i that fix-pennyworth of beads will purchafe thirty good chickens. I'hcafants, partridgts, and other wild fowl, are (till more numerous, and haidly bear any price. They have a land bird bigger than a fwan, which in (liapc ^ rcfemblei a heron ; its feathers are black and while, and j it has a bare place on the breaft ; this is probably the pelica.T. •Among the wild beads they have the zebra ' and 2 multitude of elephants, whofe teeth they exchange | 3i with the Europeans for iron, of winch tlicy make war- like inftrutneiits and tools. 'I'hey catch on the coaft great quantities of fi(h ; and for this |iurpofe, it is faid they daily watch a large f.fh of the li/,e of a grampus, which conllantly comes to fccj along the lliore, driving whole ilio.i-s of the lina!!..r kind before him, which are then eaiily caught. If one of thcli; large filhes runs himfelf afliote, the natives im- mediately endeavour to free him again, which is as much as four or five (trong men can do. riiefe thev call fca- dogs, and will not fuller any man to hurt them. In the bays, rivers, and in (hallow water, they catch tifti with mats made of riifhes, feme of which are three hundred yards long. Thefe arc fet afloat on the furface, with pendant rufties on the fides, which frighten thefifh, and make them leap upon the mat, where they arc calil^ caught. SECT. XIV. The Pcrfons, Manners, and Drefs of the Inhabitants. THY. natives, who are called Bramas, are tail, wel!- (haped, ftrong, and very civil. They ufe circum- cilion, without knowing why, and trade chiefly among themfelves. They are induftrious and vigilant where gain is to be got, and are at the fame time friendly and generous to one another ; are extremely fond of palm wine, yet defpife that of the grape. They are libidi- nous to a high degree, and very jealous of their wives. They carry on a variety of trades, and have among them weavers, Imiths, carpenters, potters, canoe-makers, filh- ermen, and merchants ; but thefe handicraftfmen are fo fond of their old ways, and ill contrived-tooVs, that, like thofe ot Congo, they take ten times mote time and patns in performing an imperfeft piece oi work, than th;^* would take in finifhing one with better tOi)ls. I hey commonly drefs \v cloth of their c-.vii manufac- ture, made either of the leaves of the palm or I'ume other tree; but the better fort ate all made of the former : for this purpofe the young palm (hoot, are lopped off, dried, then foaked in palm wine, and well rubbed with the hand, by which means they obtain a kind of flax, which, being fpun and wove, is made into fuits for thofe in cafv tircumllances, and hang round the body from the gir- dle down to the feet. They have four forts of thij cloth. The richcft, which is flowered with diffi^rent co- lours, is worn only by the king and thofe whom he per- mits to wear it. The fecond fort is not half fo finely (pun, yet at a fmall difbnce appears almoft as beautiful, it being figured much in the lame manner, and it wi!I require a nice eye to diftiiiguifh them, except they are examined on the wrong fide, where the difference is more vifible. The two other Ibrts, which are wove plain, are (till coarfer, and only worn by the common people and flaves. Thefe, like the former, reach down from the girdle to the ancles ; but thofe of the flaves only to the knee. Tl.e reft of the body, from the girdle to thu head, is naked ; yet they wear bracelet'-, according to their rank, which are of gold, filver, bral's, or coarfer metals, in the form of chains ; others are of ivorv, glafs-beads of feveral colours, and the like. The men are alio obliged to wear the (kin of a wild or tame cat ; and the wealthy have them of marten, beaver, and other valuable furs : fomc of them, called enkinies, are beautifully fpottcd ; but thefe arc only worn by the king and thole of his court to whom he Tant* that privilege. Both he and they frequently wear five or fix (brts of them neatly fewed together, and ftuck with the feathers of parrots and other birds of various odours, difperfcd in the form of a role, and hanging jull before. The fkirts of the fuis are hemmed with elephants hair, to which they hang a number of little bells, which, at every motion of the body, and at every ilep they take, make a tinkling. Thcfc garments are tied round the waiil with a rich girdle that encompalles it leverjl times. Thofe of fuperior rank wear two of thefe giidles, one above the other, richly adorned and variefited. They wear round their necks, wrifts, and legs, tcvcral circles of beads of coral and ivory, round fliells of bcautifui 5 G colours, !. i- ■ 39« A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. LOANCO. !5J, m !! '■. ii » 1 ' I illi colour;, rhalns of copper, tin, or iron, of a triangular form, a!i,l brought from Kiiropp. Over their (lloulders they have a kind of fuck knotti-d about three quarters of a yard Ions, with a hole jutl big enough to put their hand in ; and this fcrvcs to hold ilieir calabafh, provifi- ons, pipes, and tobacco. Their heads arc covered with a knit cap, which fits clofc to it ; ar\d, as they never go without arms, they commonly hold in their hand acut- lafs, fword, or bow. The women drcfs in much the fame manner, only they wear no girdle, and their petticoats arc much fliorter; but the rich will throw ovr thfm a picci- of fome fine European ftutf or linen. The he.id and upper parts of the body, as well as the legs, are naked, except their wearin:> collars, bracelets of coral, and other trinkets a- bout their necks, arms, and legs. Both (exes wear rings of richer or bafer met, il, according to thjir rank, whicli they confiJcr as amulets and preli-rvativcs, and both co- lour their bodies ail over wilh a red wood, called takctl, ground upon a ftono. SECT. XV. Of their Marriage;, and the Slavery of the Wiinen. An Ac eiuni of a People allied IVhite Moon. Of the Religion of the Nativci, and their Funeral Rites. THEY allow of polygamy, and authors fay, that the rich have ten, twelve, or more wives; and thole ill inferior circumftances ftldom Itfs than two or three : but, if this be the cafe, they mull have abundantly more lemiles than males bom among them, or elfc the poor can have no chance of being married. The confent of the parents, and paving the price agreed on for the wic, is all the formality and courtftiip uled in their marria!;es. Some are fo curious as to buy them, when fix or feven years old, and bre.d them up to their hand; but the wifer (<)rt of pareiiis will not put with thini till tlu y are become nidrriSts the part of a perfon poflcded by fome de- mon. At his return, he is alkcU to what demon, law, and particular obfcrvation he intends to bindhimfclf; and as (bon as he has named one, a buckle or ring is faftencd round his arm, which he muft always wear, to remind him of his promife ; and afterwards he never (wears by any thing but the ring, or the demon, to which he hath dedicated himfclf. The common people have likewife one or more fmall idols, which thole of high rank wear in great numbers. The inhabitants of Loango entertain various notions on the nature of the human foul. The royal family are perfu.idcd, that the fouls of their deccalld relations tranfmigrate to the bodies of thofc who are afterwards born in the family. Others iuiagine, that the departed fouls become heroes, houlhold Gods, and guardian fpi- rits, and from that opinion make little niches under the roof of the houle, where they place their idols, which are generally a fpan long, and otl'er tlieni a fhar^: of their nie.it and drink, before they venture to taftc it them- (elves. Others affign the foul a rcfidence inider the earth, where they (uppofe it enjoys a new kiiid of life in a higher or luwcr rank, according to the degree of merit it poftclFed while on earth. Another fort think, that fouls die with their bodies, unlefs tl.cy are kept alive by the witchcraft of an enemy, in order to render them fetviceable to his avarice and intcreft. They arc all pcrfuaded, that their mokiflos, or as the Portuguefe call them fetiflus, that is the f'pirit to whom they hivu been dedicated at their birth, has power to iiiHiot punifti- mcnts, or even death, on thofe who neglect or breal: any of the obfetvances to whi(.h they have bound them-- (elves. Hence v;hen a perfon enjoys perfect healrh, ami worldly prolperiiy, he flatters himfclf, that his God is well falisfied with liis bihaviour ; but when matters go other ■ Lo/ :i 00. AFRICA. 399 othrtwHc, he thinks it high time to look about him, in orJtr to find what has difjildrL-d his mokiili), and what is th'' propereil method of regaining his favour. In this kingdom they have many ttmpks, in which their idols are placed ; the moft confiderable of which is that of 'I'herico, a large villa;j;c, where the tcm|>le is very fpaciou«, and the pillar^, as well as the mokilVo, h '.V'.' the figure of a man. The cnganga or prielf, who is lord of the village, performs the fcrvici.' every niorn- ini', by ftriking a fleece of wool with liis ftaff, and mut- tering fome words, to which a youth who .afli" him, makes regular refponfcs ; after which he addi ics his petitions to the mokifl'o, reconimeiiding to his care the health and profpcrity of the king, the welfare of the country, the fertility of the land, and the good fuccefs of their traffic and fifhery. When a common perfon dies, they cxprefs little con- cern till his breath is out of his body, and then every one begins to howl and cry, to crowd about the corpfe, bring it out of the houfe, and afk it the caufe of his death, whether want of food or other neceflaries, or any enchantments. This tumult commonly lafts two or three hours, during which fomc of the relations are bufily employed in wafhing, combing, (liaving and flain- ing the corpfe with red wood, particularly his nails, and getting ready fuch of his goods as are to be thrown into his grave; while others are employed in digging it of a fufticient fize to contain both him and them. When every thing is ready, they fuddenly fnatch up the corpfe, and run away with it, with all poflible fpcud, the com- pany following with the fame hafte; and when they come to the place, throw the bodi' and goods into the grave. Thefe goods are generally fome of the deceafed's cloaths, weapons, and tools j and when thefe are too many for the grave to contain, they hang them upon flwrt ports flucic into the ground, after having firft torn, or other- wife injured them, to prevent their being ftolcn. The mourning lafts fix weeks, during which the deceafed's relations meet at the grave morning and evening, to be- wail his death. A perfon of rank no fooncr falls fick, than the rtricSl- eft enquiries are made, whether his difcafc be notcaufcd by enchantment. Upon this the engangas are confult- cd, and if they pronounce him bewitched, counter- charms are ufed for his cure. If none of thefe avail, and the patient dies, much the fame ceremonies are ufed as at the death of a perfon of meaner rank, only they extend the corpfe on the floor of fome large chamber, and not in the ftreet, and inftead of three hours fpend three days in lar anting his death, and preparing for his interment. All ti;is while his male relations utter their la- mentations about his corpfe, while the females are dancing in another room, and finging his panegyrics, expatiat- ing on the nobility of his lineage, the greatnefs of his ertate, the grandeur in which he lived, and the num- ber of his friends and enemies. The mention of his enemies by name fcldom fails to create a fufpicion that fome of them have caufed his death by witchcraft, efpe- cially if the engangas have intimated any thing to that purpofe. Upon this ftriiScr enquiries are made, and if no certainty can be obtained, they unanimoufly rcfolve to confult one of the mokilFos, and every one contributes fomething to defray the expence of the en- quiry. On the third day, the corpfe with the goods are hurried away with precipitation to the burying-place, and there they throw the body and other utenfils, as .in earthen pot, an arrow, a lance, a wooden fliovel, a ca- iabafh, a drinking cup, a pipe, a tobacco-box, a (taiF, and other things of the like nature ; and, as hath been obfcrved before, what is not thrown into the grave, is fufpended on ports fet round it ; after which the mourn- ing larts two or three months, during which the friends and relations make their morning and evening lamenta- tions at the grave, and the enquiry after the caufe of the perfon's death is carri. d on by the relations. No rtrangcrs are fulKcred to be buried in this king- dom ; for when they die they are conveyed in a boat two miles from the Ihorc, and thrown into the fea. This, they pretend, was occahoned by the following incident. A Portuguefe gentleman dying, and being buried there, had not lain in the ground above four mouths, before a famine, oriafioned by want of rain, inJ'iccd t'lc inlia- bit.uits to confult the inokiluis in rtl.i'ion to the caule, and were anfwcicd, that a ChiilUan li.ul been biincd among theni, and muft be taken up jiuI tlirov.'n ii.to the fca bctbre they would obtain anv rain. I lie peciple obeyed, and a plentiful lain happening t' fall thru; day i after, they have never fince permitted any Chiirtian to be buried there. SECT. XVI. Of tl>c Govirnment of Lctrnga, tht Pcwer ard Slate of the King ; the Ceremonies ohjtrved at Court ; the /'unern!! of the Kings of Loango ; the Order cf the Succfjftan ; and a concife Account of the Lawi, LOANGO was anciently a part of the kingdom of Congo, as hath been already intimated ; but the governors of its feveral pruvinces revolted frc>m it, and raifed themfelves to tlie dignity of independent prince^, till one of them grew fo rich and powerful, as to fub- due all the reft, and not only alVumcd the royal title and dignity, but took feveral other provinces from the king of Congo; by which means he rendered himlelf fo ab- folute, as to be worfhipped in fomc meafurc as a deity. The king of Loango is ftill reckoned very jiowerlul, and capable of bringing great armies into the field i for all his fubjeds that are able to bear arms, aie obliged to appear at the ufual murter->, in order to perform their exerciles bel'ore him, and to follow h:m or h;b general to the wars, wherever he commands them. Hi , ircops are armed with darts, which have large heads cf iron, and have a handle about the miJdle of iho llatl', by which they throw them with great force and jullnefs. They have alfo a kind of dagger, which in fome mea- fure refembles the heads of their daits. Their tari'.ets are fo large as to cover ainioft the whole body, and fo ftrong, as to repel an arrow or dart, they being made of hard and thick hidci. It is here reckoned a capital and unpardonable offence to lee the king cat ordrink. He geneiallvcont. nts lii.ii- Iclf with two meals a day, and is faid to have two houfes appropriated to that purpofe, the one for eating, and the other for drinking ; to the firrt he ulually re- pairs about ten o'clock, which is his dinner-iinic, and there finds his victuals ready, brought in a kind of ba- fkcts, a fervant going before with a little bell, to give notice that the king's table is going to he covered. Tlie high ftcward has no I'ooncr placed the meat betore hitn but he retires, and locks the door after him, leaving neither man nor be.;rt to fee him eat, his numerous court waiting all the while in an antichamber, in order to follow him to his drinking-houfe, to whieh he ge- nerally adjourns immediately after dinner. This is the nobleft apartment in the whole p.nlace, and is encompafied by a fpacious courtinclofed vvi:h palifadoes of palm trees : this is alfo the place wh' re he admi- nifters jullicc to his fubjccls. The room is hung with a rich tapeftry, about cii;ht feet high, and at the far- ther end of it is the royal throne, which is formed of fine palmetto pillars white and black, curioufly wrought in the manner of balket work. The front of the apartment is open to let in the frcfh air ; and about twenty feet beyond it, a fcrecn or partition runs quite acrofs to kee|) the palm wine which he drinks con- cealed. On each fide of the throne are two large ba- fl;cts of black and red palmetto, in which the natives fay, the kiii^ keeps the images of the familiar ffjirits who guard his pcrlon. On each fide of him rtanJs one of his two cup-bearcr.s and when he wants to dtiiik, he beckons for the cup, upon which one of them reaches it to him, and the other, who holds two iron rods, refembling drum-fticks., ftrikfs them topetl er to give notice that he is going to diink, and then all the nobles both in the hall and out of it, ('.ill with their faces to the ground ; but the cup-bearer who prcfeiits the wine turns his back. In this pofturc all continue, till notice is given, by the ceafing of the fignal, that he has drank, upon which they immediately lifc and cx- prels thgir joy and good wimes by clapping their hands. No \i inr ■ 1 i'f-' ' 1 (, p. \i>i si ! ii:' .i if' ' 1,0' .- '' i''' ! > i'.' .t imklwml Aoa A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. No one is permittcJ to diiiik out of his cup, or to cat of the provifions which he leaves, after tiaviiwy, dined or fuppcJ i but all that is left is cirefiilly put together, and buried in the earth. It is a mark of refpct!, when any perfon ii allowed to drink in his prcftnce, for that pcr- fon to turn his hack to him. As caufes are heard, and atFairs of the (ireateft impor- tance arc difcuHl'd in this hall, he often Itays in it till about an hour after fun-fct, or, in other woids, till about fevcn o'clock ; but, if there be nothing of that nature, he commonly retires to his fcraijlio, and pall'es the relt of the afternoon with fomc of his wives. About foven o'clock, or foon after, he repairs to his eating- houfe, where he fups with the fame ceremonies ufeJ at dinnT, and then adjourns to thedrinking-hall, wiiere he ulually llays till bed-time, which is at about nine or uii in the evening, and then retires to rcll. This prince foldom or never (tirs out of his palace, except on fome grand felHval, or Ibmc folcmn occafioni as receiving an emb.ifTy, or hunting fome mifchievous leopard that lurks about his capital; quelling fome re- volt, or feeing his people begin to ploueh and fow his lands ; and when his vallals come to pay nim their ufual homage and annual tribute. Upon thefe occafions he publicly repairs to a fpaciou; green that faces his palace, in the center of the city, where is creflcd a throne of white and black palm-tree wicker?, artfully interwoven, and adorned with curioas enibcllilhnients. On the back of the throne is fpread a ki'id of efcntcheon, or fliield, hanging to a pole, and on each fide of the throne arc fet about eight um- brellas, neatly wrouixht with the fineft of their country thread, and fixed at the end of poles, which runthrounh the center of each. Thefe umbrellas are of the form of an hcmifphere inverted, and about two yards in diameter. 'Ihj Ituft' to which they are fixed is about as thick as a man's arm, and two or three yards in length, with a large taflcl or bufhvtuft above, and leveral others under the concave. Thefe, and fcvcral other penfile or- naments of diiVerent materials, being whirled about ho- rizontally with great vehemence, bv prop?r perfon'i ap- pointed for that purpofe, raifc an artificial breeze that is very rcfri filing and dili^ihtful to all within its reach. Before the throne the ground is covered with a large carpet, or cloth, of quilted leaves, about forty yards long, and twenty broad, on which none but the king or his children may fctltheir foot, but round it there is room fufficicnt for two or three perfons to pafs ; and beyond that the nobles and officers of the houfliold arc feared crofs-leggrd, fomc on the ground, and others on car- pets or cuihions, each holding in his hand a burfaloe's tail, and waving it about. A great number of fervants lurrovind their matters on the outfide, all feat-d in the fame poilurc ; and at proper diftanccs are placed the mu- ficians, who have three forts of inftrumcnis, one made of ivory like our hunting-horns, but of different fixes and bores; thefe joined together yield a loud, yet pleafant found. The fecond fcrt is the drum, which is of various ftzcs, and is made and beat after much the fame manner as thofc of Congo and Angola. The third refcmbles a tabor, (hapcd like our large fieves, with a drumfkin in- llcad of a piece of lawn or wires. The hoop about it has holes, in which are faftened flat pieces of tin or brafs, which make a kind of gingle whenever the tabor is moved or bc.it with the hand. Before the above carpet a number of dwarfs fit with tlieit backs towards the throne ; thefe are chofen for their deformity, and ef|icciallv for the difproportionate large- ncfs of their heads. Their cloathing is fuitcd to their appearance, it being only the (kins of hearts tied about their waifts. Thefe the king caufos to be intermixed by way of contrail with a number of White Moors, and both together in their motions and antic geftures make a very grotrfque appearance. The king is no Iboncr fratcd on his throne, than the mufic plays, and a fet of officers, or gentlemen, begin a dance, called kllomba, round the royal carpet, in which they tnfs about their arms, and fhew all polFible activity with their bodies ; and when any of them has been fo happy as to pkale his majelly by his performance, he lets liiiii know it by opening his anus; on which the I.O.A\Q0. dancer draws nearer the throne, and, after rclling him- fclf fcver.il times in the faiid, to exprefs his gratitude uii fuhjcction, is fometimes :i|lowcd to clap Ins h.nds upoi; the king's knees, and his head in his bolom, Tlie ,.y. bits have the privilege of fakitiiig the king in tins manii-r : when approaching his perlori tiicy t.ike kv.r.il Ku •.; ilcu> or bounds in the air b.ickwaids and forwaids ; and a;, tliefe have their feparatc feats o!i each fide of the thiurit, they cauie their oi*n vallals who attend them on thcic occafions to perforin the ceremony to them : thisis call- ed the leaping falute, and is always ufed upon grand oc- cafions, particularly when the king's vallals conic to pay him their homage and tribute. The next grand fokinnily is termed the feeding time, and is kept on the fourth ot January, when the fticii and their wivis appear before the king, in order to till and low his lands. The men appear in arms, while the women are bulled in breaking up the ground, which is a fcrvice to which they mull all fubmit, and from which none can aufent theinfclves without incurring a penalty ; and the king himftlf repairs in perfon at about three in the afternoon to encourage them, and fee that this worlc be well done. In the evening they are all invited to fup at his expence; and this is efteemed a grand fellival. Every vall'al is in like manner obliged to fend his wives to till tne lands of his lord, and when they have performed this fervice, they are at libeity to work for theinfclves on what wade piece of ground they like bell, for all the reil of the lands are held in cumir ,n ; but when my one has begun to cultivate one fpot, it is not lawful lor another to interfere with him in it. The king alio fliews hiinfclf in public on the hunt- ing of a leopard within the neighbourhood of his ca- pital. 'l"hefe animals being numerous, the nobles are allowed to fumnion all their valliils to hunt and dsftroy them; and when any has killed u leopard, he gives no- tice of it to the king, by bringing its tail to Loango, and hanging it on a palmetto' pole before the royal palace. But if any of thein are difcovered within the .ntigh- bourhood ot that capital, the king, upon the litft notice of it, orders all the inhabitants, by found of trumpet and beat of drum, to appear in arms and accompany him to the place where it is lodged. If it be too far for him to walk, he is carried in a wicker chair, borne upon four men's flioulders. When they come to the leopard's den, or to the wood in which he lurks, fome of the people befet the avenues, armed with their bows and jave- lins ; while others lay their traps, or fpread their nets, to (:atch him alive. A third fort beat the bufhes, found their trumpets, and make a hideous noife to frighten the beaft ; who, in order to break his way through the vollies of darts and arrows difcharged at him on every fide, is forced into the trap, where every one ilrives to difpatch him in the prcfence of the prince. This is no foonerdone than he orders him to br flayed by one of his officers ; after which the (kin is carried lit triumph by the huntfman to the palace, where the cere- mony is clofed with finging, dancing, and variety of other padimes. The king's funeral is performed with great pomp ; but, inllead of the inhuman cuftom pradtifed in fome of the neighbouring parts of Africa of interring the king's wives, relations, domeflics, and flaves alive with him, they furround the funeral-feat on which the corpfe is placed with little images of clay, wood, or wax; yet fomc Haves arc laid to be flaughtered upon thcle occafions, and buried in the fame or fome adjoining vault. Thefe vaults are made fo large as to contain not only the corpfi; of the king, which is always drtlTed in the inoft pomp- ous manner, but a great number of utenlils, as pots, kettles, pans, pitchers, cups, linen, and cloaths. I'he above flaves arc faid to be buried with their mailers, not only to attend them in the next life, but to bear witnefs when they come before the God of the other world how they have lived and behaved in this. With iefpe(a to the fucceffion of the crown, it defcenJi not to the king's children, but to thofe of his filler. Some care is ncceffary to prevent confulion and difpute^ about it ; therefore thofe who claim a right to afcend the throne have particular towns or villages atiigned for their rctidcnce 1.0A\GO. 'icr rc'iling hiir.- 115 pr.itKuJe ;uii Iii5 h>iids upoi: dIdiii. 1 he i;o- ; 111 tins iiiJiiii'rr : cv'.t.il \m^^: iKp* urw>tldj ; aiiJ ai ie o( tliu tliiulii;, d them on thcic icm : thi^i^call- I upon gruiul uc- A'dh conic to pay the feeding time, hen the fncn and order to tilt and arms, while the ound, which ib a and from which irriiig a penalty ; at about three in .'e that this woric all invited to fup a grand felUval. fend his wives to y have performed for themfelveii on bell, for all the 1 ; but when my It ii not lawful )lic on the hunt- rhood of his ca- 4, the nobles are hunt and deftroy iird, he gives no- s tail to Loango, before the royal vithin the .ntigh- >n the tirft notice nd of trumpet and Lcompany him to e too far for him air, borne upon ie to the leopard's ks, fome of the eirbows andjave- fprcad their nets, he buQies, found fe to frighten the way through the at him un every cry one llrives to nee. s him to be flayed (km is carried in where the ccre- , and variety of th great pomp ; aitiied ill fome of terring the king's alive with him, ich the corpfe is jcd, or wax; yet )n thcfc occafions, ng vault. Thelc lot only thecorpfi 1 the nioft pomp- utentlls, as pots, lul iloaths. Ihe their mailers, not it to bear witnefs the other world is. crown, it defcenJ* lofe ot his filter, ufion and difputei ight to afccnJ the s alligned for their cclidcncc Loango. AFRICA. 40 y u ■ sa- rcfiJcnce nearer or farther from Loango, according to their being nearer or farther from the fucceflion : they have likewifc their titles from tliofe towns j thus the next heir to the crown is called Manikay, from the town of that nanii", about five or fix miles north- wtll of the capital. The next to him is called Mani-bocke, and lives at th.it lown, which is between fifteen and fixtucn miles farther up the country. Mani-falla^a, or Salag, the third in rank, lives at SaL^', thirty miles from Lo- ango. M:ini-kat, the fourth, lives at Kat, a village a- bout fifty miles diftant : and .\'1ani-inyami, the fifth, and lalf, refidcs at a hamlet on the fouthcrn borders of the kingdom. Hence, when the king on the throne dies, Mani-kay, who fucceeds him, removes to Loango, and the other four remo- ■: one Ihge nearer to it, according to their rank, and a new one is nominated to fuccecd Mani-inyami. Their laws are much more gentle than in other neigh- liouring (tales, except in crimes committed againft the king's perfon, dignity, or honour. Thus they never condemn z man to (ulFer death for theft, but content themfelves with obliging the offender to re'tore what he has rtolcn, or its value, and with cxpofing him with his hands tied behind him to a tree or port, to the fport and derifion of the fpedlators. It is faid that adultery is only punifhcd with a fine ; but this indulgence is fo far from extending to the king's wives and concubines, that if any of them be debauched, or fufpeiffcd to be fo, both (he and her paramour arc burnt alive without mercy, in fight of each other. The number of his wives is indeed prodii;ious, becaufc he is obliged to keep thofc of his prcdecellbrs, as well as his own, fo that they fometimcs amount to a very great number. All thefe he keeps confined in his fcraglio, and fmgling out fome of them for his pleafure, obliges the red to employ themfelves in fome ufeful work ; but fliould any of thefe be found pregnant, (he would be put to the torture to make her confefs her partner ; but thefe women fometimes caufe an innocent perfon to (liare their dreadful fate, in order to fa\e the man they love. SECT. XVIL A Defcription of Loango, the Capital of the K'lngdim, and the Tradt carried on by the Natives. THOUGH the bay of Loango is eftccmtd a pretty good one, it has a bank on the north fide of its mouth, or entrance, that runs about half a league along the coall, and has not above two fathoms and a half water; but having got over it, vou come into five fa- thoms and a half, which continues till within a fmall cannon-fhot of the land, where the veil Is commonly anchor in three fathoms, on a reddifli bottom. The hvf is eafily known bv the high rcddi(h mountains on the fea-fidc, that are different from all the others on that coaft. The many large rivers tluit comedown from the continent caufe the currents to be fo ftrong and rapid to wards the north, that it is difficult to weather them and gain a fouthcrn courfe : but this may be done with greater eafc and fafcty in the months of January, Fe- bruary, March, and April ; during all the reft of the year the currents flow fo ftroiig, that even the coafters are obliged to keep at Icalt ten or twelve leagues oJF the land. The port, or landing-place, is at the fmall vil- lage of Kanga. The city of Loango is fituatcd in the province of Loango-mongn, in four degrees and ahalf (biith latitude, and about five or fix miles from the lea-coaft. The houfes are for the mod part oblong, and covered in fucli a man'e-, a., that the middle part of the tup is flat, and the reilof the covering comes down with a flope. The whole is fupported by llrung wooden pillars and crofi beams 1 thofe that fupport the higheft pjrl being ten or twelve feet higher than the fide ones, and the lad of a height proportioned to the fizc of the building ; for the hollies arc higher or lower accordin.T; to their length or breadth. 'I'ney have ufually three or four rooms; but have none above the groundiloor. 'I'he linufls are fenced round with a hedge of p;.lm twigs, canes, or the like materials ; and fome of thefe hedges entlofe feven, ei:;ht, or more buildings. The families within tlicm comnionlv live together in a peaceable and friendly manner, and arc ready upon all occafions to aflid each other, except when they ful'peCt any one of magic. Their chief furniture conlilh in a variety of pots and kettles, bafkcts, calibaflies, mats, and benches, on which they lay their cloaths, weapons, and other utenfils. The drcets are wide and kept very dean, and before each fide is a row of palm, bananas, or bacavas, which agreeably (hade the fronts ofthe houfes; andmodof thofe which belong to perlbns of fuperlor rank have the fame behind, or even cjuitc round. In the center ot the city is a liiuareof a prodigious (ize on one fide of which is the roval palace, which is a mile and ahalf in compafs, and furrounded bv (lately palms. It confids of a vad number of detached buildin"s, ot houfes, among which are thofc of the king's women. The houfes of the king, his halls of audience, and other offices are on the wed fide, and face the above lipiare, in which he holds his councils of war ; he there alio feads his prime officers, and fometimcs his whole army. From this I'quare there likewife runs a wide drcet, Ibme muf- quet (hots from the palace, where a confiderable m.irkct is kept every day, in which are fold great quantities of palm cloths ; as alfo corn, meal, poultry, fifli, wine, and oil ; and there were formerly fold in the lame place ele- phants teeth, but thefe are now removed to the port of Kango. In this market is alfo a famous temple and iiiol, called MokilVo a Loango, which has been held in great veneration both by the king and people. The trade of this country chiefly confids in fl.ucs, which arc cdeemcd the greateft riches of the inhabitants; and this trade is carried on much in thefame manner as at Congo. The natives alfo fell confiderable quantities of ivory, tin, ^ lead, iron, and copper, brought from the mines of Sundi, which are fituated far to the cad. The fmiths and artids in mines fet out from Loango in September for the kingdom of Sundi, and be ng arrived at the mountains where the copper-mines are, "fet their flaves to work in them. They melt the ore on the fpot ; but as they have not the art of purifying it from other metals, their copper is neithCi' li) pure nor fo valuable as it might be. At that work they are employed till the month of May following, at which time thev bring ele- phants teeth and tails ; but the former are only of a fmall fize, and the latter the Portuguefe carry to Loin"o, where the negroes of that town'have the alt of weavfng the hair into girdles, bracelets, collars, and other orna- ments that are exceeding neat and beautiful. T'hefe two lad articles the Loangoefe purchale of me o*" the inland nations, in exchange for fait, palm oil, Silefia ticking, cutlalles, looking-glafres, beads, aud other things, which they obtain from the Europeans. 'Fhe Portuguefe alfo export from Loanco feveral forts of cloths, the manufadure of the country ,"lbme of which pais for money both there and in other neighbouring king- doms. Thofe European merchants who aredefirous of trading at Loango, are obliged to obtain a licence for it from the king, which can only be done by prclents made, not only to him, but to his mother, the queen, and fbme of his miniders, which renders it cliargcable and difficult. Hefides, as the inhabitants underfland no lansruaoe but their own, it is neceflary to hire fome of their fidicrmen, who have commonly a fmattering of Portuguefe, tofeiv* Ibr interpreters and brokers. %i' 34 5H CHAP, . ^ ( 402 ) CHAP. X. Of the Kingdom cf U E N I N. U li'" ' I SECT. I. //; Situation, Extent, Tacc of the Ciiinliy, and Climate ; I'l-gctalles, Beojis, and Birds. THE kingdom of Benin is of confidcrable extent, but its limits are very impcrfcdly afccrtaincd ; it is, however, bounded by Loango on the fouth, by the gulph of Guinea and the Slave coall on the welt, by part of Gago and Biafara on the north, and by Mujac and Malcoko on the caft. It begins in the firft degree of f.'PO. fouth latitude ; but how far it extends from fouth to north, cannot be well afccrtained. The firll difcovery of tliis kingdom is generally attri- buted to Juan Alphonfo dc Avciro, who gave the name of Formofa to the river Benin, from the verdure and beauty of its banks. For fevcral leagues up the country the land is low and marfhy i but its banks arc every where adorned with tall, ilraight, and fpreading trees ; the ad- jacent country affords a delightful profpccf , the land be- ing even, without hills, yet rifing by gentle degrees ; and the trees are difpofcd by nature in lucli regular or- der, that they fecm as if planted by dcfign. But, notwithftanding the apparent falisfaflion the country affords fiom the pleafing landfcapes prcfented to the eye, the air is noxious and pellilential, which is ow- ing to the grofs vapours exhaled by the heat of the fun from its marOiy banks ; and there are fuch quantities of moiquitos as render life intolerable, from the fharpnefs of their bite, and its Ictming poifonous cftecls, pro- ducing violent heat and inflammations, with convuHions, vomitings, and other dangerous fymptoms. The foil at a fmall diilance from the river is extraor- dinary fertile, and whatever is planted or fowcd there grows well, and yields a rich crop. Among the fruits of the earth is the large fort of millet ; but as they are not fond of it, little is fbwed ; it grows very luxuriant, and yields a prodigious quantity of grain. They fbmetimes employ the Andra women to brew beer with it. There is little or no rice cultivated at Benin, though the morafies near the river fecm proper for it. There are not many potatoes ; but there is great plenty of yams, v.hich they eat with their other food inlfead of bread, and are careful to plant them in their proper feafbn. Among the fruit-trees are two forts of cocoas, b.ina- nas, wild figs, and fome others. With refpect to tame animals, here is no wantof hor- fes, cows, fhcep, dogs, and cats. Tlic cattle, though fmall, are good and cheap ; and the negroes prefer the flefli of the dogs and cats to that of any other beaft. The natives alio fometimes kill wild fwine and harts with tht ir javelins; but this is very fcldom. The country alfo con- tains a valt number of elephants, and a few lions and tygers ; with many jackalls, baboons, and all forts of apes. Among the feathered kind, they luive great plenty of poultry, which are equally good and cheap; pheafants, (>rcen and blue partridges, turtle and ring-doves, crook- ed-bills, fnipes, divers, water-hens, and a fort of crown birds. SECT. II. OftffDiif!, Manners, and Cujkms of the Natives ; their Food, Marriages, Treatment of their IVives, Pimijhment of Adui:rry, and Regard to Deeeney. The Circumcifion cf their Children. Tu'ins reputed happy Omens ; but at Areho are put to Death. The Treatment of their Siei, and the Burial of the Dead. THV. drcfs of the natives of Benin is neat, and greatly exceeds that of the negroes of the Gold coalt. The I rich wear firft a white calicoe or cotton petticoat, about a yard in length, and half a yard in breadth. This they cover with another fine piece of calicoe of fixtccn or twenty yards in length, which they plait in a becoming manner, wearing over it a fcarf a yard long and a foot wide, the ends of which are adorned with a handfome lace or fringe. The upper part of the body is moftly naked. This is the drefs in which they appear in pub- lic ; but at home their cloathing is more fimple, and lefs expenfive, it only confiftingof acoarfe cloth worn round their waift, covered with a large painted cloth of the I manufadure of the country, and worn in the manner of a cloak. The ladies wear fine calicoe, beautifully checked with various colours, faftened round the waift. The drcfs is long and open, either on one fide or behind, juft as fancy diretJta. The face and upper part of the body is covered V. h a thin veil, which they remove among their friends and intimates of either fex. They adorn the necic with firings, and chains of coral agreeably wrought and difpofed. Upon their arms and legs they wear bright copper or iron bracelets of a mean workmanfhip, and all their fingers are crowded with rings of the fame metal. Upon the whole, thtir perfons are not difagrecable, after cullum has rendered them familiar to the eye ; and, ex- cept their rings and bracelets, the drefs does not appear unbecoming. Ihe meaner degrees, both of the women and the men, differ from thofe of high rank only in the quality of their cloaths, the form being the fame. The men neither curl nor adorn tluir hair, but fuffer it to fall naturally, except in two or three parts, which they buckle in order- to fufpcnd a bunch of coral to each lock. The women, on the other hand, ufe great art in drefling their hair, which they reduce into a variety of difteient forms, great and fmall curls, high and low fore-tops, fbmetimes plaited up bchmd, at others flowing in wanton ringlets down the neck, but generally divided on the crown of the head, by which means the curls are brougtit into exadl form and order. Some anoint the hair with a kind of oil, which they exprefs or roafl out of oil-nuts i and this oil, it is faid, at length gives it a beautiful, but unbecoming, green or yellow, of which they are fond. The natives of Benin are, in general, a good-natured, civil, and gentle people, from whom, by kind ufage, any thing may be obtained. If they receive prefents, they return double the value ; and they will even fleal to en- able them to (hew their gratitude. If a flranger aflcs a favour of them, he is feldom rcfufed, however inconve- nient it may be for them to grant his requeft : but though they arc ealily wrought upon by foft means, they are in- flexible to alt kinds of fcverity and rough ufage : for by courtefy their pride is flattered, their felf-impornnte raifed, and therefore a pirfoii of an obliging behaviour will fucceed in points which a bluflerer would in vain try to effcdt. To think of forcing any thing from them, (.lys Mr. Bofman, is to difpute with the moon. They arc quick and alert in bufmefs, greatly attached to their ancient cuftoms, in which, if we comply with them, they are very eafy to deal with, and will not be wanting in any thing on their part requifite to a good agreement. They are however very tedious in their deal- ing ; for it frequently happens that a bargain for ele- phants teeth will take up fbinc weeks befoie it is con- cluded ; but this is managed with lb many ceremonious civilities, that It is impoirit.!e to be angry with them ; yet with each other, wnere tiiey repofe a confidence, no people make greater dilputch. .Mr. Bofman complains of another inconvenience, whii.h ij, th.tt on tiie arrival of the Europeans, they are obliged to truit them with goods to makepa.ins or cloth of; for tlie payment of which they ficq'ienlly flay lb Icng, that, from she advancement of the fealV.n. fa th Wl of in, thi t.i nK pr.n DCNIK. A F R 1 40.,' fcafon, the confiimption of provifions, aiiJ Jie rickneHi or mortality of the men, thi;y arc obligcj to depart with- out their money. However, upon their return, they arc honcllly paid the whole. Thole of the natives, who cm afford it, feed well. Their common food is beef, mutton, or fowls, with yams, for bread, which, aft.r boiling, they beat into a lort of cake. They frcqueiitlv make entertainments for each other, and what is left is conlfantly dilfributed a- niong the poor. People of mean rank content themlelves ■with fmoked or dried fifh, which they eat with a kind of bread nude of vams, bananas, and beans, mixed and beat up together.' For their drink they ule water, or water mixed with a bad wine called pardon ; but the rich drink at their meals water and European brandy. I'hey are well (killed in makinc; feveral forts of dyes, as red, yellow, green, blue and black. The blue they prepare from indigo, ereat quantities of which grow here; but the other colours they extract from certain trees. They fpin cotton, and weave cotton cloths with whirh they not only fupply all the inh.ibitant.s, but export a great deal. They make foap, which is better than any made in Guinea. Their other workmen are chiefly fmiths,tarpenters and leather-dreflers J but their workmanfhipisveryclumfy. The men marry as many women as their circumlfances ■will permit, the laws limiting them to no determinate number. If a man loves a virgin, he difcovers his paf- fion to the moft confiderablL perfon among his relations, who goes to the hojfe where {he lives, demands her of her friends, and, if flic be not already engaged, feldom meets with a refufal. As foon as the conlent of the pa- rents is obtained, the match goes on, the bridegroom pre- fenting his future bride with a fuit of cloaths, bracelets, rings, and necklaces proportioned to the degree of his wealth. After having treated the relations on both fides with a handfome collation, the marriage is ended without any other ceremony. The natives are jealous of each other to a degree of madnefs, but never take offence at any liberties taken with their wives by Europeans, thinking it impolTible that the tafte of the women iliould be fo depraved as to allow them to erant unbecoming favours to a white man. Among people of rank, the women live after the manner of the taiiern nations cooped up from all converfation with the males of their own complexion and features ; but are oiherwife treated with great tendernefs, in order to alle- viate the niisfortune of the lofs of liberty. If the mafter of the houfc receives a vifit from any of his acquaintance, his wife immediately retires, unlefs the ffranger prove an i-uropean, in which cafe ftie is defired to remain in her feat. The women ufe every female artifice to engage their huftand's afFedions, from their being fully fenlible, that all t.neir happinefs depends upon his love. Adultery is punilhed three different ways ; if among the lower clafs a hulb.md fufpefts his wife's fidelity, he tries every method to furprize her in the fafl, without which he can inflift no other punifliment than ill ufage. ]f he fucceeds in detedfing her, he immediately becomes p;-iieil'.-d of the real and perfonal ellate of the gallant, which he may from that inltantfeizc and enjoy as his own. ^ he ottendin:; wife is difciplined with a culgel, driven cut of the houfc, and left to feck her fortune, which is commonlv very unhappy ; for few perfons will choofe to receive her into their houfes, and tewer ftill will marry a woman who h.u fo grofsly violated her faith. They therefore ufually retire into a country where they are not known, where they either pafs for widows, ami watch for a fcrond oppoitunity of marrying, or clfe fubfift by their luhour, or by engaging in trade. Among perfons of nnk the crime is atoned for by a fum of money avivanced bv the wile's relations to prevent the firandal annexed to adultery. After this (he palibs with her hufband and all her acquaintance for a woman of virtue, proportioned to the money received by the hulliui.l. The governors anJ arcs-de-rocs punifli this crime with the utmoll fcverity ; for if the woman and gallant arc taken in the fa/t, they are, without any form of law, in>- mcJijtclv put todeatii, and their bodies thrown out as a prey to the birds of the air and the bealls of the field. From the feverity of thcfe punifhmints the violation of the ni.irriaije-bed is lefs known in Ucnin than in any other country. In gen'jral the negroes of this country arc libidinous, which is indeed the cafe of the inhabit.mti in alniolf all warm chmates. Their converfation ij, however, free from all obfcenity ; the rites of love are held as f.icred, and to be only fpoken of in places dcftincd for that pur- pofe ; and their converfation is enlivened with well con- trived fables and chafte fimilics. The pregnant wife is forbid the carclfes of her hufband till after delivery. If the infint proves a male, it is pre- fcntcd to the king, as properly and of right belonging to him ; but the femiiles are the property of the father, and arc entirely under his power till marriage. About eight or fourteen d lys after the birth of their children, both the males and I'emalcs are circumcifed : the latter by the lofs of a fmall p:irt of the clitoris. The in- fants have befidcs feveral incifions made all over their bodies, in a regular manner expreflive of certain figures : but the females are more torfured with thefe unnatural ornaments than the males. Hut before this, when the infant is only fevt:n days old, the parents imagining th;it it has efcaped the greateft danger, give an entertainment ; and, to prevent the evil fpirits doing them an injury, ftrew the roads with provifions. When a woman bears two children at a birth, it is cftecmed a happy omen, the king is made acquainted with it, and public rejoicings arc ordered to be kept, in which they make ufe of a variety of wretched mufic, vocal and inftrumcntal. As it is cftecmed too difficult a talk for the mother to fuckle both children, the father i."; obliged by the laws to look out for a nurfe who has loft her own child ; and, that no advantages may be taken of him, her price is fettled by authority. Yet at .Arebo twin births arc deemed a bad omen, and attended with great grief to the unhappy parents ; for they facrifice both the mother and her children to a certain demon, which, they imagine, haunts the village. Though the hufband happens to be ever fo fond of his wife, he can no otherwife purchafe her life than by facrificing a female flave in her ftead ; but there is no poffible means of redemption for the poor innocent chil- dren. Hence the circumftances of having twins is lb much dreaded, that thofe whofe abilities are able to fup- port the expence, ufually fend their wives to be delivered in another country. A wood fuppofed to be frequented by this evil fpi- rit is held fo facrcd, that no foreign negroe of cither fex is permitted to enter it. If a native of Arebo accident- ally falls into any path leading to this wood, he is obliged, however prefling his bufinefs may be, to proceed forwards to the end of it, without looking back, the violation of which cuftom, or of the cruel one of murdering their wives and children, they imagine would be attended with a plague, famine, or fome other public calamity. Nyendael informs us, that notwithtlanding this riveted fuperftition, he frequently went a fhooting there, and to ridicule their (tupid credulity, often turned back before he li?_' |.,v,..c;'lcd half way in the track leading to the wood. At firlf they imagined he would inftantly fall down dead, or be feized with fome violent diforder; but perceiving that his boldnefs was attended with no ill conlirqiience::, their faith was fomewhat ftaggered. Their artful priefts, however, deftroyed all his endea- vours to undeceive them, by their fubterfuges, affirm- ing, that no inference could be drawn from the praflice of a white man, their God having no concern with him ; but if a negroe was to attempt it, the confequence would certainly be fatal. The females of this country are extremely prolific ; a barren woman is very uncommon, and efteemed con- temptible, v.'hile a fruitful woman is much admired. The inh-abitants of 3enin appear lefs terrified at the approach of 'death, than the other people of ihc fiime coalf. They afcribe the duration of life to the deter- ; mination of the Gods, and yet ufe the proper means j to prolong it. Upon their bring feized with any difor- der, they have recourfc to the priell, who here, as in ' feveral other countries on this coalt, performs the office fi "11 ' >' 6 i. '13 m t:. • ■■■^: Mf|4 ii: of phyfician. He firft applies fome green hr.bs, and if theCc prove incftcdual, he has rccourfe tu faciiticcs, and appciillng thi.ir (lods. The reputation of the prieft is greatly auj^mentcd by the recovery of the patient ; but if, after all his c-nJca:- vours, the pcrfon dies, the piicll is never at a lofs to de- fend his pradlice. But, notwithUanding the great con- fidence they place in their pricfts, they are generally lich only in fame ; for the patient's gratitude continues no longv;r than the difcafe, and the facrifice, which is ofFeri-d at the prieft's cxpencc, frequently amounts to more than his fee. When any pcrfon dies, the body is carefully waffl- ed ; but when the natives of Benin breathe their lalt, they arc with the utniotl: caution brought to the place of their birth ; the body being firft dried over a (low fire, then put into a clofc coffin, arul fwectened with aromatics. As it frequently happens that no convey- ance can be obtaiited for fevcral years, the body remains all this while unburied, nor can the funeral rites be per- formed with propriety in any other but their native foil. The ncareft relations of the deceafed cxprefs their grief in various ways; fome fliave their hair, others their beards, and others but half of either. The pub- lic mourning is ufualiy limited to the term of fourteen or fifteen days. Their complaints and lamentations arc accommodated to the founds of certain mufical in- flrumcnts with long intermediate ftops, during which they liberally quaff their pardon wine. When the lall obfequics are performed, every man retires to his own houfe, and the nearelt relations, who continue in mourning in the above manner, bewail the deceafed at ftated periods, for the time limited by cu- flom. Hufbands and parents ufualiy prolong this mourn- ing to three or four months. The funeral of a king is performed with feveral very extraordinary ceremonies. A well is dug before the palace fo deep, tbat the workmen are fometimes fuf- focated in the pit themfelves have made, and yet it is to narrow at the top, that a ilone five feet in length, and three in breadth will conveniently cover it ; but its dimenfions at the bottom are confiderable. Here the king's body is firtt laid in the prefence of a prodigious concourfe of people of both fexes, all of whom con- tend for the honour of being buried with him. Such as arc chofen for this high dignity are put in with him, and the grave clofcd by a ftone. The next morni. ^ the nobles return, and removing rhe ftone, dip their heads into the water with which the pit is generally filled, and afii the pctfons buried with the king. Whether they have met with their royal mailer, and on their making no reply, conclude that they are attending him in his flight to the other world; upon which the folemnity is clofcd. Barbot adds, that the firff miniftcr immediately goes to the king's fucceflbr, who then coming to the grave, orders the tomb-ftone to be laid, and upon it a banquet of the molt delicate wines and fwcet-meats. Kvery one cats and drinks till night, when the mob, intoxicated with liquor, run al>out the ftreets commit- ting the wildeft exceiles and riots, putting every one to death that obftruds them, whether men, women, chil- dren, or brute animals, and cutting -ofF their heads, carr>' them to the royal fepulchre, and throw them in as offerings to the deceafed king, together with all the cloaths and ctledis of thofe perfons they have facrificed to his manes. SECT. Ill, 0/ the Rtligicn of the Natives of Benin, AS to the religion of the country, it is fraught with a ilrangc mixture of good icnfe and abfurdity. The fetiche, or mikiflb, is woifhipped here, as in all the other countries on the weftcrn coatt of Africa ; but the deities, which they fuppofe inhabit thcfe idols, they con- fidcr as fubordinate, and ailing as mediators between men and the great God, of whom their ideas are lefs profs and unworthy. To the Supreme they afcribc the attributes of omnifciencc, omniprtfencr, omnipotence, and invifibility, believing that he at'luates every thini», and governs the world by bib providence. As lie iv in- viliblf, they think it would be abfiird to rcprcl'ent linn under a corporeal form, and thus to rnnkc an jmai'e oC what we never faw, and tannnt comprehend. 'Jo - not excepted, believe that his power extends over the air and fea ; that he can forcfce and prevent the arrival of (hips, fhipwrecks, and innumerable other import.int events. His majefty of Benin, flruck with the miracles one of thefe priefls is faid to have performed, compli- mented him with the town of Loebo, and all its depen- dencies. He is confidcrtd as the head of the prieft- hood, and is fo revered, that no one approaches hiir* without trembling; nay, the royal ambaiiadors dare not prclume to touch his hand without leave, and without (hewing tokens of the greatefl awe and veneration. Among their other fuperditions, they are faid tofianJ in profound dread of a certain black bird, which they worfhip, and are prohibited to kill, under pain of death. Thefe birds have priefls appointed to attend, feed, and worfhip them in the mountains confecrated to their ufe. The BCNIN. A R I A. 4f-;? The Bcnian; divide the time into rears nidiiths, weeks, and days, and cacli divilion is ditHnguifhcd by its pui- pLf appellation. The year is compoltd ot tour nuintlis, and tlic I'abbath or day c.f rcpoff, vvliich returns every lifth day, is celebrated a^ a lellival, wiib facrifices, ot- fcrings, and entertainments. 'Ihcy have alfo many other days cunlccratcd to the purpofes ot religion, particular- ly an annual feall in memory of their anceliors. Hut the Rreatcll feflival is called the Coral feall, at which the king appears in all his t'.randeur, m.irchin!» at the head »t his women, who loimiimes exceed fix hundred, and arc the moll beautiful that can be found. H.' pro- ceeds to the fecond area of the palace, where hii throne is placed under a rich canopy. About him are ranged his women and olHcers in their richell attire. The king leaves his throne to facritice in the open air to the gods, which is accompanied by the loud Ihnuts and acclama- tions of the people. Having paid his devotions, he re- turns to his throne, and Hays there till all his people have performed theirs. After which ho retires to his chamber, and the remainder of the day is fpent in mirth and f calling. SECT. IV. A Defcrlptitn of the City of Benin, and of the King's Pa- lace ; with the Manner in which tin . City uiai rdluced to a ruinous State. TH E palace of the king is fituatcd in Renin, the capital of the kingdom, which ILinds in the 1 '1:36. fevcnth degree thirty minutes north latitude, and in the ;:tlt, fifth degree four minutes eaft longitude from London. The flrcets are extremely long and broad, in which arc va- riety of (hops filled with European merchandize, as well as the commodities of the country ; and markets arc kept in them for cows, cotton, and elephants teeth. It was formerly very clofe built, and cxtreniclv populous, as appears from the ruins of the houles ; but at prel'ent they Hand widely dillant from each other. They arc all built with clay walls, and covered with reeds, (traw, or leaves, there being no ftone in the country. The wo- men arc employed in keeping the (Irccts neat and clean, in which refpedl the inhabitants of Iknin are not ex- ceeded by the Dutch. A principal p.trt of this city is taken up by the royal palace, which is of prodigious dimenfions; but neither elegant nor commodious. There firlt appears a long gallery, fuftained by tifiy-eight fquare pillars, rough and unpolilhed, each above twelve feet high, and three in circumference. On pafling this gallery you come to a high mud w.all, which has three gates; that in the cen- ter is embellifhed at the top with a wooden turret of a fpiral form fevcnty feet high, and upon the extremity of this turret is tixt a large copper fnake, well caft, and bearing marks of a prohciency in the arts. Within the gate is an area of fine turf, a quarter of a mile in length, and near as broad ; at the farther end of which is ano- ther gallery, in the fame tafte as the former, only ("up- ported by pilaftcrs, ornamented with human figures, and many of them cut out in that form, but in a very aukward manner. Behind a canvas curtain are (hewn four heads cad in brafs, neither rcfembling the human nor brutal form, and each fupportcd by a large elephant's tooth. On p.iding through this gallery and aiioiher gate, you have the king's dwelling in front, which is far Irom dazzling the eye by its pomp and magnificence. Over the porch is another fnake, probably done by the fame artiil who made that on the turret. In the firlt apart- ment is the king's audience ch.imber, where, in the prc- ience of the chief nobility, or ofiiccrs of the court, he receives foieign mlniflers and ambalTadors. His throne is of ivory, and over it is a canopy of rich fiik. 'I'his chamber of audience h.is alfo the appearance of being his maiefty's warehoufe ; for the king is engaged in trade as well as his fubjcfls,and it is filled withloads of elephants teeth, and other commodities, lying in a confufion that plainly (hews they are not intended for ornament. The room is, however, hung with tine ta- 3+ pJlry, and the fliior covered with mat's and carpet-; of an irdilFerent manufai'lure. The decay of the city was occafioneil by the tyranny of one ot the kings of Menin, who beiiii' je.doiis ol ob- taining the wealtli of two petty princes of ilie Ifreet, ordered them to be feized and put to death, under the pretence that they had conlpired a^rainl^ his life, and then confifcated their ttfcdts to his own iil'e. Tliey gave the clearelf proofs of their innocence ; but nothing is Co deaf to the cries of pity as avarice. Soon after, another pcrlon's wealth made the Uinj meditate his deltrudiion ; but this nobleman, Icing ap- priled of his maielly's intention, quitted the city, anil with him went three fiiurths of the inhabitanis. His maielty immediately aflembled an army, and purfuej them ; but was (b warmly received by the fugitives, that he was tbrced to retreat with lofs and difappoint- ment. After this, he made a llcond attempt to I'orcc them to return ; but was defeated and purlued by the noblcmjn, who entering the city I'woid in hand, plun- dered the whole, except the palace ; and lor ten years he continued with his fugitive hand, to harral's, plunder, and molell the inhabitants of Benin, till at length, by the mediation of the Portugucfe, a peace was conclud- ed, by which he was granted a free and full pardon, and even requciled to return to his habitation ; but as he did not choofe to put himfelf into the power of a prince whole difpcfition he was but too well acquiiinted with, he fixed his refidence at a place three days journey from the capital, where h.- kept a court that ;.>reatly cclipled that of the king. In vain were all ende.woiirs ul'ed to bring his adherents baek to the city; thev preferred po- verty with freedom, to wealth and digniiy with fervitudc, whence Benin has ever fincc remained in a manner de- populated. A SEC T. V. Of the Government of Benin \ thi Succ'-Jfiin cfihe Crr,fH', the Revemus anil Forces of the Kin^ ; with the Anns of his Troops. The I',-3file cliviilcii into feveral C.li'JJis; nith a oncife Account of the Laivs of Benin, with rffpeil to Inheritances, and the Punifntr.ent of Grimes, S to the government of Benin, it is pcrfeiSlIy def- potic. The empire is divided into an infinite number of petty roy;;lties, all cf them lubicd to the king of Benin ; but though the people boaft of their being born free, nothing can be more lervile than the blind obedience thev pay to the kin<:'s authority ; tor they are proud of being confidercd as his (laves, and this title they tlleem a dilHnguilhcd honour. The lucceflion to the crown is perfBrmed after the following manner ; when the monarch on the throne perceives his end approachin::, he calls one of the oneg- was, or great lords, and lets him know which of his fons he nominates to fill the throne, with an injumllioii not to reveal the fecret upon pain of death, till after his deceafe. As foon as his breath has left his body, the oncgwa takes into his cudody all the royal iewels, trcal'ure, and cfFecls; and the young princes, who arc in the utinoft uncertainty as to their fate, come and do homage to this miniftcr, as the ruler of their deiliny. When the time limited by law for declaring a fuccclVor draws near, the mmiller fends for the high rnarfhal, and lets him know the lad will of the king, which the other, to pre- vent millake, repeats fix times, and then returns to his own houlc with a folemnity adequate to th;; impoit.'.nre of the fecret in his pcfltffion. 1 he next day thcniini- (ler orders that prince to be called tor whom the crown is intended, and defircs him to intrer.t the niaiflial to no- minate a fueccllor. The prince obeys, and with a fup- plicating air folicits his reqiicll. Six days tlaple, during which the minifter and high marflial roncert the nctef- fary meafures for proclaiming the king, .md then the people being airemhlcd, the high maifhal takes thrf prince by the hand, names him lix times, and pjiifing after every repetition, atks the miniller if he has ni.ule any niiftakc. At length, the other princes arc culled, S I wh(* ''■\ i'i; [ \ \ . '■ ! W • ^c^ A SYSTEM OK G E O G K A P II V, f-^'yM who kneeling down, aif iulormcJ of the bft will of thiir l.ithcr. The vdiimij kiiii; having returned thanks to the minirtcr and ni.-iilliil, fcir the intej;iity with whieli they have difchargeci their office, is immediately invell- cd with the badges o( royalty, and receives the homage of the great officers and nobles. The tercmo'iy being thus ended, the new king retires to OCcebn, a town fome miles dillant from Benin, in order to be inlhiicled in the art id government, and the du- ties of a king. During this intiT\al, the iiueeii mo- ther, the miniUcr intriifted with the king's lall v/ill,and the grand marfhal, hold the reins of the go;ernment, and their dtcrccs are not to be revoked by the fueceilor, without thiir copltnt. 'I'he young monarch, having finifhcd his (ludics, takes poflcflion of the pal.ac at Uenin, where his firll care is to fecurc his tranquillity, by the m.irdcr of his brothers, whofe bodies are howcvrr interred with all imaginable pomp; this cruel and bloody acf being confidered as a iieceirary facritice for the public good. I he reve;uirs of the crown of Benin arc pretty con- fiderable, every governor being accountable to the king for a certain number of bags of bougies, or blackmoor's teeth, which arc eflecmed as much as gold and lilver, and aniwcr the purpofes of money. The inferior officers pay their taxes in cattle, fowls, cloth, and other commo- tlities. Thus the court is continually fupplied with all kinds of ncceflarici, the overplus is fold, and the money put into the royal coHeis. Certain duties are alfo laid upon loreign trade, bclides annual taxes paid to the go- vernor for the privilege of commerce, which amounts to a great fum j but only a fixth part of this tax goes to the king. However, notwithllanding thefe incumbrances on trade, the Europeans are treated with great refpeft. Some authors reprelent the king of Benin as fo power- ful, that in a day's time he can aflemhle twenty thoufand men, and in a tew days more a hundred thoufand, on which account ho is greatly feared and rcfpcflcd by his iieighbuurs. While his general is in the held his pay and dignity arc very confidcrable ; but he has no fliare in the booty taken from (hi enemy, which fcikly bt-longs to the king. Such tlricl dilcipline is maintained among the troops, that aman's quitting his place for aminute, with- out leave, is faid to be pumflicd with death ; yetNycn- deal obferves, that they are unacquainted with the art of war, and a want of courage and conduct frequently cxpofes tne kingdom to the incurfioiis of pirates and robbers. The arms ufed by the natives of Benin arc fwords, poniards, javelins, bows, and poifoned arrows, hvery folditr has a buckler compofed of reeds, which can afford but a flcnder def'e.icc. 'I'he nobles wear in the field a fcarlct robe todiilinguifh their quality : others have a fuit of armour formed of the elephants hide, adorned with the teeth and claws of a leopard, and the head covered with a kind of helmet of the fame materials, adorned with a fcarlet fringe and binding, to which is fufpended a tail that reaches down to the wailf. The military ftandards and colours are made of fine lilk, generally red, and are carried in the front and center of each divifion of the army. The foldiers alfo wear fafhes of filk, to which they hang their bucklers, which are their only defence againft the poifoned arrows of their enemies. Theftate of Benin is divided into three clafTes of men, bcfides the king, whole will is a law. Next to him are three threat lords, who are always about his pf rfon, and to whom all mudaddrefs themftlvcs who want to apply to his majcity ; but as they inform him of only what they thinic proper, the whole adminiftration of the govern- ment may be laid to be lodged in them. Next to thefe are the ares-de-roes, or flreet kings ; fome of whom prefide over the commonalty, others over the flaves i fome over military affairs, and others over the affairs relating to cattle and the fruits of the earth. Prom this clafs of men are chofen the viceroys and governors of the provinces fubjci!t to the king, who aie recom- mended by the three great lords, to whom they are re- fponfable ; and out of this clafs a particular fupervifor is alfo chofen over every branch of trade, manufacture, farming, and every thing relative to the civil or military government. The king, ai an enfign of the dignity of all tliele otlicers, prefents each of them afliing of bead i on their being raited to their polls ; and this firing n equivalent to any order of knighthood in Kurope, '1 hii they are perpetually to wear about their necks, with- out ever daring to put it off on any account what- locver; and it they are fo unha|>py as to lofe it, or tu luffcr it to be llolen, they are condemned to fuffer death, without the poflibility ol being reprieved by the king, 'I'hcle badges of honour are kept by the king in his own pcillLfTion, and the counterfeiting or having any of them without his grant is punifhed with death. They arc made of a fort of pale red earth, and .ire fo well glaicd, that they look like marble fpeckled with a variety ot beau- titiil colours. The third order of flate confifts of the fiadorcs, who likewife wear the Itring of beads, but with fomedillinclion of fubordination and inleriotity to the ares-de-rocs. Bc- fides the tiadores, under the fame clals are tanked the mercadores, or merchants, the pleaders, and tiie elders; all ol them dillinguiflieJ by tlieir different method of wearing the firing of beads. J he king, great lords, and every viceroy and gover- nor, lupport, according to their ability, a certain number of poor. The blind, the lame, and infirm aie the ob- jects of their charity ; hut as to the lazy, if they rcfufe to I'upply their own wants, they arc fuftered to uarve. liy this excellent police, there is not a beggar or vagrant to bo feen ; for the public otlicers keep tiic idle conllantly eui- plo)ed to prevent thole dileales which are the coiife- quence of poverty from increal'tiig the tax upon them- fcl,.., , and by this means, in fpite of the natural indo- leiKe of the people, there are but few indigent. Liberality and ginerolity arc the diltinguilliing qualities of the na- tives of Benin ; but they frequently accompany their do- nations with an ollentation that deltroys the grace and beauty of the atltion. With relpecf to their laws, the right of inheritance devolves in the following manner : when a perlon of ranic dies, the eldcfl fon fucceeds as folc heir; but prefents a flave by way of tribute to the king, and another to the three great lords, with a petition that he may fucceed to his father's ellatc. The king grants his requeft, and the fortunes of the younger children depend entirely on his pleafurc ; but the widow is allowed by the laws a jointure proportioned to the eflate and her rank and quality. The Ion takes home his father's other wives, and, if he plcafes, ufes them as his own ; but tholb by whofe charms he is not affecfed he fcts to work, that they may fupport themfelves with credit, and as little expence to hinifelf as poffibic ; but, on the failure of male heirs, the king inherits. If a thief be taken in the fact he is obliged to make reflitution, and if he happens to be rich is fined ; but if poor is beaten. If a public officer be robbed the offender is puniflied wl:h death. However, the crimes of burglary and ro'' ery are feldom pradtifed in this country : murder isftiU lefs frequent; but whoever kills a man is punifhed with death ; yet if the murderer be the king's fon, or fome other confiderable pcrfon, he is only banifhed under a flrong guard to the extremity of the kingdom, and none of thefe being ever heard of afterwards, the people con- clude that the guard has conveyed them to the nianfions of the dead. If a perlon dies by an accidental blow, his death is not efteemcd violent when no blood appears, and the oflence is atoned for by burying the dead with decency, and fa- crificing a Have to appeafe his ghoft. This Have the offender touches with his forehead upon his bended knees, in which pofturc he remains till the flave is dead, and the facrifice is duly performed. Afterwards he pays a fum, in proportion to his circumftances, to the three great lords ; upon which he retains his freedom, and the friends of the deceafed remain I'atisfied with his having fulfilled the law. All other crimes, except adultery, of which we have already treated, may be atoned for with money ; and, where that is wanting, the deficiency mult be fupplied by cuiporal punilhmeiit. When iiinjiMiWTt I if Ecaiti. of tlie dignity of a Itiiiig ol' bcjiji iiiJ tills Ihiii^ It ill Europe. 'I lii( cir nt'cks, with- accoiint what- to lofc it, or to ;d to I'urt'cr death, cd by the king. : king in his own ving iiny of them eatn. I'hcy arc c fo well gla/.cd, a variety ul' biaii- thc fiadorcs, who h lomcdilliiictioii res-de-iocb. lic- Ib arc raiiLc'd the s, and tlie ciders; lieiviit iiicthoJ ok' iceroy and gover- a ccilain number ifirin aie the ob- r, it' they rtlufc to cd to itarve. JJy jr or vagrant to be ile coiillantly cm- h arc the toiifc- : tax upon ihem- the natural Indo- Jigent. Liberality ualities of the na- :oinpany their do- oys the grace and ht of inheritance :n a perfon of rank ir i but prefents a nd another to the ic may fuccced to rcqueR, and the d entirely on his \e laws a jointure nd quality. The rives, and, if he thofc by whofe k, that they may "Ittle expcncc to of male heirs, the obliged to make h is fined ; but if bbed the oft'ender rimes of burglary country : murder man Is puniihed lug's fon, orfoinc banifhed under a "dom, and none , the people con- to the manfions , his death is not and the offence decency, and f.>- This flave the Ills bended knees, avc is dead, and wards he pays a :es, to the three freedom, and the with his having f which we have th money ; and, mull be fuppllcd When BcNiN. A F R I C A. 407 When the accufation is not clearly proved, and the crime remains doubtful, there are five diFFercnt methods of purgation, four of whii h arc admitted in civil caiil'cj and trivial ott'cncrs, and the hfth in capital c ifcs. In the full method of pur;'.itioii, the accufcd is carried before a prieft, who pierces his ton^-iic with a cock's feather well gieafed; when if it pafl'cs ralily through, the perfon is cltecmed innocent, and It is thought the wiiuiid will clofc up and heal without pain ; but ihould he prove guilty, they fuppofe the quill will remain fixed in his tongue, and the wound canker. In the fecond method of trial the prieft takes an oblong piece of turf, and lUcks in it fcven or eight fmall quills, which the accufed draws out one hy one, when if they come out freely he is acquitted ; otherwife he is found guilty of the crime and fuhjciJt to the penalty. The third method is injcdtlng the juice of certain green herbs into the eye of the fufpedled perfon, when if it becomes red and inflamed, he is pronounced guilty, otherwife he is imagined innocent. The fourth trial confifts in the prieft's ftrokin;;; the per- fon's tongue with a hot copper bracelet, when its efcap- ing without a bIKter is a certain criterion th it he is not guilty of the crime laid to his charge. The fifth kind of trial, which is taken by none but pcrfons of rank, feldom happens. The accufed is carried by the king's order to a river, whofe waters are fuppoled to have the extrsordinary quality of gently wafting the innocent plunged into them to land ; while the guilty, they fay, never fail to fink, whatever fkill they have in fwimmlng. It is indeed amazing that, among nations endowed with common underftanding, trials fo ridiculous and abfurd fliould be deemed proofs of innocence or guilt; yet we find they hiwe prevailed in all nations, as if folly had dictated thofe laws which arc moll efTcntuil to foclety, to the happinefs of mankind, and the dignity of human nature. The fines charged on thefe crimes arc thus divided : the perfon injured by theft or robbery has reftltution made him, cither by returning the goods Itolcn, or out of the criminal's cft'eifls. The governor has next a certain pro- portion, and the remainder of the fine goes to the three great lords. The king has no (hare, though the great lords always make ufdiof his name ; and if they are dif- fatisfied with what they receive, fend to acquaint the governor with the king's indignation at the fmall pro- portion of the fine allowed him. This has its eil'ei^, and never fails of doubling the fum. SECT. VI. Vhe principal trading Towns of Btnin to which the Europeans refort ; with the cruel Majjucre of the Natives of Aleiberg. ON the banks of the river Benin, or Formofa, are fome towns where the Europeans, and particu- larly the Dutch, have fettlemcnts : thefc arc Uocdedo, Arebo, and Agatton. Iioedcdo, the fiifl of thefe vill.ij^r^, ciiififli nf about fifty houfo, or rott.igts, built with rccdb and leaves. It Is governed by a viccioy, .ilTiKcd by (omc (;ran ''cs, who, under the king, govern the dilhlc't under its jiirlfdi^lion ( but tlicir autlioilty extends only to things of Iniall inipor- lanc'.:, as civil caufes, find (olUiiling the revenues: but if any thlnt; confidcrable happens, or any capital crime; be committed, they arc not permitted to decide it, but mull fend to court and wait for orders from thence. Arcbo, which is now the center of the commerce of Renin, Is fituated fixty leagues up the rivci, and, not- withllanding that river branches out into ininimcrablt.' ftreani'!, fhips of burthen can fail a great way hr^hcr, and anchor in fine large creeks and fandv bays. Arebo is a large aiiil populous city of an oblong form ; the ho lies arc much larger than thofc of KocdcHo, though built in the fame manner. The Knglini and Dutch haJ a fettlement, agents, and fadlors here, but the former have abandoned it. Agatton, or Gatton, has alfobeen confidcrabic for its extent, commerce, and the number of its inhabitants ; but the ravages of war have almoll ruined it. It is fituat- ed on a fmall hill, about thirty miles to the iiofth of Benin, the capital of the empire. The laft of the commercial towns we fhall mention was Mclberg, a name given to it by the Dutch, who once carried on a great trade and maintained a confider- able fettlement there, and rendered it famous by a very tragical event. Becldfydcr, a Dutch faiJtor, having a violent pafli(jn for one of the women belonging to the negro governor, carried her away. The governor, tranfported vvith rage, attacked the Dutch fettlement with a body of troops, and forced tlie fadlor to retreat on board a vefTcl that lav in the road, after his having re- ceived a wound, of which he died (oon after. Upon this the Dutch dircilor-general, being ill Informed of chccir- cumltances, refolved to reven;;e the death of the faitor, and fitting out a brigantiiie tor that purpofc, furprlzcd the blacks at Melberg, and killed or took prifoners every perfon of the village that could not efcape hyflli^ht. The news of this event foon rciching the court at Benin, his majefty demanded an explication of the caufes of this bloody mafi'acre; and, after being informed, inftead of turning his refentment againft the Dutch, who had broke through all the laws of jufllce, hofpitality, and huma- nity, he exerted it from views of policy with the iiioft horrible circumftances of barbarity againft the innocent governor, and his whole race, ordering them all, with- out exception, to be extirpated. This was done, and their dead bodies were caif out as a prey to the wild hearts, and their houfes razed to the ground, with ftrlft orders that they (hould never be rebuilt. It is remarkable, that all the male flaves of this coun- try are foreigners ; for the natives cannot be fold for flaves, but arc all free, and alone bear the name of the king's flaves. Mr. Nyendael even alVerts, that it is not allowed to export any male flaves fold in this country, for they muft remain there ; but they may do what they plcafe with the females. CHAP. ■m i.» ' JM i^i;::,' '■;:': t:: imm. ,. ^Jy ( 403 ) CHAP. xr. Of G U I N !•: A. SEC I-. I. J Tht Situntlcn, ExUnI, Cllmatf, and Dhifiont of Giiin/a In I gltternl ; with a iotuife A^iouiit i,f ll'iil Pari a j' the Sldvt i Coa/I whiih incluiUi tht Kingdunt of C}t}, and (Jrtat aud Liitlt Popo. TWV. ro.ifl of Africa, from the Cjpc of (looil Hope to (juiiK'a, cxicnJs troinnurlh to foutli ; but hvrc it runs out n> thcwtll, cxtcnJiri;; Iroui tlic liltcrnth lic- '—/f. {;rcc ol cal> to the lltttxnth of welt loncituili. from f/oii- •Ion, or oni' thoufaml ti^^ht huiulrcj nnlii from cill to , well, and hctwccn the fourth ami tenth ilcgiec of north — fo. latitude i it is therefore no more than three hundad and lixty miles in breadth. Thisextenfive eounlry i^ bound- ed on the north by Nigretia, or Ncgroland, on the call i by the iinknuwn parts uf Alnea, and on the touth and Well by the Atlantic ocean. This country probably derived its name from a town called (linhy, whieh the Portuj^uele touched at on their firfl vifiting this part of Africa. As all this country lies within tlic tropic of Cancer, ', the air is extremely hot ; and the tiat country beinj; over- flowed a great part of the year by the periodical rams it is cflccmcd very unlie ilthful : the fliips frequently lolt half their crews by fevers; but fince Dr. James's pow- ders have been tarried thither, this voyage h.is been as fafc to the Knplifli as thole to any other hot coun- tries ; and the ellecls of a climate which ufed to till peo- ple with terror have been touiul to be ealily removed. The winds of this coail fit direcliy contrary to the trade winds, and blow from well to calf; except in the r.iiny ieafon, between the vernal and autumnal iipiinox, when they have violent huiricanc', attended with thunder and lightning: and thefe Itorms blowing from the louth, the Ihips on the coall are in danger of being wrecked on the fhore, on which a lurf conlt.mtly beats, in the calmelf weather, that tenders landing not only very diflkult but dangerous. Whis whole coaft is much frequented by the Europeans ; by whom it is ulually divided into the Slave, the Gold, the Ivory, and Grain Coalf. The Slave Coall i-. bouniled by th. kingdom of Denin on the calf, by the Gold (Joaft on the w;.ll, and by the Atlantic ocean on the fouth, comprehending the king- doms of Coto, Popo, VVhidah, and Ardrah ; but authors ure not agreed about the limits of thefe kingdoms. Ac- cording to Bofman the Coto coafl is frequently called by the natives the Land of Lampi. The country is Hat, laiidy, dry, barren, and without W(H)d or trees, except the palm, great numbers of which grow there. It is, however, pretty well provided with tattle, of which it has as many as will abund.intly fup- ply the inhabitants. There is no want of river fifti ; but they can get none from the fca, on account of the pro- digious furf on the coalt. The natives arc good-natured, civil, and obliging ; in politics, religion, and occonomv, they nearly refemblc the inhabitants of th? CJold Coall, whofe manners we (hall loon delVribe, but differ from them in the number of idols kept .■'.t Coto ; for in the multiplicity of thefe their wealth confifts. .'V negro who is not pod'-ded of at leaft a dozen idols is reputed poor, and his riches are thought to increafe in proportion to the number of hij gods; indeed the lioufcs, roads, and bye patlis arc filled with idols. Their languaje rcfemblcs that fpoken bv the negroes of Acra. Thvir trade is fmall, and they are very poor. Their mufl advantageous cniploymeiit is a very iiiii|ui- tous one : this is making cxcurfions up into the inlaiiil countries, and dealing men, women, and eliildien, which they fell to the Europeans : but the piuiitj they draw from the falc of ihcfe flavcj ii faij not to dimiiii/h iheif natural poverty, from their laying out what it producM in the pur. hale of idolj, or mateiials for making them. The kingdom of I'opj, or I'apa, extendi from Cape Monte to the borders of the kiimdom of Whiil.ih, whuh li about ten leagvits, and is divided into two province,, (ireat and l.itlle Popo. According to Uofman, abarr.ii traiLl, ten milts broad, lies bitwcen Coto and Little Popo, in which the country is flat, without hills (.r tieis, anj covered with (and, in which an incredible number of rats burrow like rabbets. 'I'he town of Little Popo flands on abcarh four Icai'uc* to the well of the town of (jieat i'opo, in full vu w ot thu lea. The natives live on plundir, and ou the llavtf trade. In the former they are more fueccfiful tli.in the inhabitants of C.ito, from their being mote active, bold, and rcfolute. Their Have trade is not, however, very confiilcrable, it frequently re(|uiring a lefideiicc of fomc motnhs to complete a cargo. Tin. natives are uneoiii- tncinly artful and fraudiiltnt, it being the ufual prai'tiie to dr.iw the merch.int or factor on fliorc, under the pre- tence of viewing .1 number of fiuie., they have ready lor fde, and then to detain him, till ihcy h tvc ae'fually pro- cured tlv number he w.ints, which they oblige him to take at tin- pi ice they think propi-r to fix upon them. At the dilLiiue of four miles from Little Popo am the bouiulaiicjol Cirtut Popo. In the inland country are fnuiul pleiuv of beall-, birds, fruits, and roots ; but the lea cuall is marfliv, and alnioft inaiceflible, the lea beat- ing with Inch violence againll th.e iliore, that, ilunng the greatelt part of the year, neither boats nor tanues dare approach it. The harbour of Little Popo is five leagues diftant from that of Great Popo. In failing ealfward the latter of thefe ports is vifible at a conliderabledillance, particu- larly two flags upon t\*o point, formed by the banks of the river Torri, or T.irri ; the Dutch factory (lands be- hind the call flag, and at the mouth of the river is the town of Great Popo, built in an ifland formed by 3 creek and matlhes, that give the country the appcaranri; of a fp.iciouj lake ; hence it is called by the Portugueie, Terra Annegada, or the Drowned Land. The mouth of the river is blocked up by a kind of bar, which canoes, however, can lalily pafs. The town ix divided into three parts; but tlic houfcs, or rather huts, are fmall : yet this is the only place in the dominions of Great Popo that merits the name of A town, all the rtlt being only little hamlets of two or three houfcs e icli. Tiie royal palace is a large c.iurt tompoled of an in- finite number of fmall huts, or cabins the principal ap iitment being fealcd in the middle. The king's houfe is aiiorncd wilii a large hdoon, relerved for public au- diences and the entertainment of llrangers. As healvva\s cats alone foreigners are entertained by the lords and prin- cipal oflSccrs of the court. His m '.jelly keei'.s a '.rcit number of women, two of whom alwayo attend his pcr- I'on, to cool and relreih him with fans neatly made" <■;' reeds and feathers. His conllant amufement and iblj empiovment cdtihlls in fmokunj tobacco, toying witn l',w women, and ci.nveiling wiih lii-, oilicers upon tile niul' trifling fubje'cts. All llic women honouied with thi; royal artVctloii, are eiiteitained in the palace with a ';ieat variety of d.iinties. All the countiv, except this illaiid, is thirilv inhabited, owiiu^ chiefly to the perpetual ineuifions of t.ic nc-rdcs ofWhidah: heni'ir the I aid is ur.ceUivated, proviiii'ii.; often fcarce, and the piopK- in d muT of biim; famiflieJ ; but they obtain I'upplie:, trom tl;eir tv.Al bitter enemies who run the lii/.iid of .;n illicit traJe for the fake of thi gieat profits they obtain. Tlie natives of t li eat Popo tr.a:-' in fiavcs, r.n.! if n.) forci^^n fliips arrive on their coait, difiooic of th;ir Ibct tit ) di.riiiiini tin if lut it proilucei making thctn. .'Mela licim C^iic Whul.ih, which two pruviiici'i, jl'nuii, a b.irrLii iiilI l.ittlc l'i>iH), \i nr ticis, ji\i rcJibk' number arh fDiir league* full vii w ot the ul 01. the flave Lcfiful th.in the lotc active, b«)lJ, , luiwevcr, very :rulcncc of funic ivus .ire iiiHiMii- he ulu.il pr.icliie , under the pre- .y h.ive riaily lor ivc atihi.iUy pro- L-y oMi_k',e liiin to ix upon thtm. Little Piipo am iland euumry are d ruots 1 lv.it the ble, the W.i beat- •, that, dunni; the 1 nor tanjei dare c Ic.igues diilant .ilUard the latt.r dilt.uictf, parlieii- by the banks of adory (landi be- f the river is the md fornud by a y tlic appiaraiicc tlic I'ortunuei'e, by a kind of bar. The town is or tatlier huts, the dominions of uwn, all the rclt louies c itlii mpofed of .HI in- , the prineipal The knv^'s houfe for public aii- ,, As hei;Kva\s e lords and prm- V keer.s a |' rc.it J iittend his pcr- neatly made ot ulement and folc , tiiyin j; wini hi« rs upon tile molt noiiied V. ith thtf lace with a jieat thinly inhabited, )ns ot the ne;-roe'i ivated, pri>Vii'.,'ns f btim; faii'.iftu'J ; ■{\ bitter enemies, or tliC fake of ths fiavcs, an.! if "■> ,o;s of ih:if Itact ta !! SP'^ yyt li, UA' ■*w^ i ^■im 'H: m . li J jfe^: Guinea. A F R I C A. 409 to the fovereljn of Little Pf po, who exrliances Come nf his European commnJities lor ihem liut tlic iircatcil: trade of the kingdom arilcs fruin the filh caught (ui thtir coall, which t!iey prepare and fell hoih to the people of the neighbouring kin^'donis and t" foreii^ncrs. I he inhabitants 01 I'opn, like all the other ncgroi'S on the coil), have a blind coiitiJenre in their pritUs, whom they call domincs, a I^atiii term which thuy dou'otlefs borrowed from fomc Kuropi-an nation. Thefe pric-lts are generally clothed in loni: wiiite rohcs, and always carry la their hands a kind of crofier. All the fhips iliit trade there pay them a fort of duty, under the name of a pre- fent, in order to incourag,- the negroes, by ihofc marks of refpeit to tiicir prieils, to exert their dili;;ence in coni- pleating their c^r^cn-s. Thefe weak and fupeilHtious creatures, peri'uadcd that nothins; but the inteneffion of their priiDs cii jiroeure them the favour of the iJeity, obey ail their commands ; and the priefts, finding it their intercll to oblige the Luropeans, leave no mean! untried to render them honeft and indullrious. While thefe arc afTiliing the Europeans in I(i tide runs eaft and Weft tt ;th fuch ftrcngth, that no boat or fhallop can flem it by rowin" ; tlity therefore piilli them forward with lo'ig poles, which is a method fo flow an.l tedious, that tne ihips arc detained twice a> long as thetradc would other- w iii? reiiuire. Hut having once pot on ftiorr, the fccnc is changed from a dreadful fwelling fuif, to moft beautiful meadows and fields, enamelled all the year with the finvft verdure ; aod rifing by -n eafy and equal afccnt towards the inte- rior parts, alFordt the moft delightful landfcapes. Tho height of the afccnt is bounded by a chain of moun- tains that d.-fends th; coantry from its nji^hb'jurs to 3+ the north-caft. Ail the Etiropcans who hive been \n Whidah, fpeak with raptures of the country, which the/ extol as the moft beautiful in the world. The trees arc ftraight, tall, and fecm dit'perfed in the iiiuft itgularo.- der, prefenting to the eye fine groves and ext-uiivc ave- nues, clear of all brufh-woods and weedj. The mea- dows enamelled with Howcrs, the richncis of the fields covered with three difTerent kinds of corn, and with beans, roots, and fruit, add to tne agrcciMenefs of the place. Every inch of ground is convert--d to l..nic ufe, except the parts dcftined bv nature tor pl'.a'i:ri, w^.ere the woods fpring up fpontaneouily in the moil cxquiUtc rural funplicity. Hcie fpring and autumn fwiftly fuccccd each other; for no fooncr has the hulb.mdman cut his corn, than he again plou^.^hs and low, lii, ground; yet it is fo far from being worn out, that the next rro;) fprin-s up with the fame vigour as the former. With all th-fe advantages Whidah is fo populous, that one finale village contains as many inhabitants as feveral iiitire killed. )nis on the coaft of Guinea ; and y^t thefe villages itand To clofe, that it is alinnft inconceivable that the moft fertile Kind on earth can produce food fudicicnt for the great num- ber of people contained in fo fmall a compafs. The whole kingdom may be compared to a great city, di- vided, inflead of ftreets, into girdens, lawns, and groves; for there is not a village which has not another within the diftance of a mulket- Ihot. Some belong to the king, fomc to the viceioy, and othcis arc built and peopled by paiticular private tamilies. The fornur arc th; larz- cft and beft built, but the latter bell cultivated, fa fllort, it is inipolfiblc to enimuratc all tlic perfections of this delightful couiitry, with-iut r lifing fcm.; fufpi- cion in the reader, that we indulge a w.;rm imagina- tion at the cxpencc of ftricl hiftcrital truth. This kingdom, iiotwitiiftanlin:; its lindi extent, is divided into twenty-fix provinces, which take their names from tlicir capital towns, and aic diftributed among the chief lords of the kingdom, who are their hereditary governors. The king of Whidah, who has the fupreme authority, prefidcs particuiatly in the pro- vince of Sabi, or Xavier, which is the priircipal pro- vince in the kingdom, as the city of the fame name is the capital of the whole. In the city of Sabi, a great market is held every fourth day i but the principal are on Wednefday> and Satur- days, when, to prevent confufion and difturbantc, the market is removed to the diftance of a mile from the walls, and is in a fine large plain, fwvcral parts of which are adorned with g:oves, that atrord a reiVefliing fhade to the people half Itified in the crowd, and fcorched under the burning heat of the fun ; and here the king's women attend to fell their cloths, and other manuf.ic- turcs. A judge, attended by four armed officers, is ap- pointed by the king as inlpvctors of all goojs, with power to hear and determine grievances, complaints, and difputes. The market-place is furrounded with places of rc- frcfhmcnt, in which are fold certain forts of meat, as beef, pork, gnats, and Ji gs fiefii. f)ther booths a.'e kept by women, who fell bread made of mai^.;, miilct, rice, and other corn. There are fliops in which they fell pito, a kind of pleaf.uu, wholefome, and ref.cfhir.g beer ; palm wine, and fpiiits purchakd of the Eur^jpc- ans, ate kept in other fliops, with tcftri/lions on the falc, to prevent druiilieniiefs and riots. Here f.avcs of both fexcs arc bought and fold, alfo oxen, fticp, hogs, dogs, birds and fifli of vaiious kinds. Siii;>, wiK>iieii cloths, linen, calicoes of European and Indi.-n map'i- faifliire are hcie in great abundance ; likewifc chini- ware, and glafs of all forts, gold in d ift and ip^'i-S, iron bais, hard-ware, flicet lead, and a vatietv of Eu- ropean, .'\fi.\tic, and Afiican pioi!u^ions, m«y be pur- chafed at thefe markets at a rcafonahle price. T!:e chief comniodiiies of the country-manufjciure arc cloth', umbrcll IS, bafkets, pitchers, plates and diflrs of wood, boards finely ornamented, white and blue papc, alfo palm oil, pepper, fait, &c. The flavc trade is conducted by the men ; but ait other things arc fold by the women, and all of them arc CNtreni-. ly expert in the art of ftlliin; and ivckonin^. 5 *^ 1i» ■ ! I' i <-v ■ . ' t tuV I! 4fd ASYSTIiM OF GEOGRAPHY. i l.iME;». The money ufcJ in all bargains is gold duft, the value of which thcv compute very rcadilv: bougies puft for money ; f )r in the kin.;.ioins of \Vhid.ih, Ardrati, and many other places on this, coall, thcfe forvc equally for ornament and fprcif. 'I'hey pierce each fliell with an iron made for that purpofe, a;ul ftrinn forty of them upon a thread, and by thefe ftrinc-; the exchani;c of gold duft is rated, and the price of (laves determined. SECT. in. Of the Fruit, Bfajfs and fiirdi of flliJJi; ivilh an Ac- cmnt if a Bird remmhiMe for changing its Colour when- tvtr it niiulti. 'H.t Perfmi, Drrfi, mul Atannrn ej the Ntilives, uho in their Ceriin-iiui, l:idl:firy, and other Piirtui//irs, great')' refrmh'.e the Chinefe. "Their I-nirance ef Chromiogy, and Siiil in Arithmetic and Aliifie. HKRE are all the fruirs p'oduced on the Gold Coail, hcfidcs which .ue abundance of citrons, ta- marinds, and fomc others. European ftcds i^row up to great perfection, and the fiiiell fallad gardens in the world miiihl "le planted h-r-.-. Their catt.e arc cows, (liecp, hogs, and goats, which are all but little ditFcicnt in fli.ip^- and fize from thofc of the Gold Coall, but arc more Helhy, and have a more agreeable taftc. I'heir horfvs are, however, very in- different onts. Farther within l.uul arc elephants, buf- faloes, tygers, har< s, fevcr.d forts of deer, and vaft numbers ol apes of dilTerent kinds. Thefe are re- markably fat, and no flefli is m re ellecmed at Whidah then theirs ; it fells at a higher price than mutton, and is always preferred to it I-. -a the European Tailors foon overcome their prejuJiccs, and eat it with a pecii- liar relifh. The only forts of tnme fiwl are a few gcefe and tur- keys, ^ucks, co^ks and hens, of which laft there arc great plentv, and though fmail, they are fat and good. The whok country Iccms covered with wild fowl, as gecfe, ducks, turtle-doves, fnipcs, .nnu many other forts of birds that are both good and chc;ip. Among the reft is one that is very remarkable for changing its colour whenever it moults ; fo that thofc which are bl.-jck this year, will be blue or red the next ; the following year they will be yellow, and afterwards green ; but they never vary from thcfe five colours, which are always verv bri^jht, and never mixed. The negroes of Whid.ih arc in general tall, well made, ftraijht, and rohui'l. Their complexion is black ; but not of fuch a g'o'l}' j<-' •" 'hat of the people on the (}ol I Coiirt. The people of this rruntry are in pcncral better dielied than any other nation on the coafl ; but they are lit'le acquainted with the ule of ornaments made of gold and fiUer, their countrv producing none of thofc iiictal.s. The drcfs of the kiiij, and that of the great officeri i> nearly the f.mie, and different from that of the common people. It conlifts of a piece of white linen about three ells long, which is wrapped round their wafle in a decent and becoming manner, and then hangs down to the feet like a petticoat. Upon this they Wear a filk garment of the fame fizc and form, and over this lall have a richer piece of fdk, fix or fevcn elN in length, w^iich they tic by the two corners, and m.iking a great bunch on the right hip, the re(t hangs down to the ground, fo as to form a train ; but none arc allow- ed to wc-t red, except the royal family. Some authors /ay, that the king and the great officers Wfar neck- . aces and Lractiet. of pearl, gold, and coral with gold chains. Moft of the people never wear any thing on the ht.iJ to fiu'lter them from the rain, or the heat of the fun ; but the great men cover their heads with an Kuropcan hat and feather. The common people have gener.llly onlv a few herbs, or a cotton cloth faftened round their waift ; but the women of the fame rank have five or fix cloths round the niidile, the longed of which covers hall the leg, and the others whith are over it, are each fhortcr than llic ether. Fbc wives of the king, and thofe of the crca are, like the reft, naked from th from the wailk downwards h.ive t girdl mrn c upwards, and wo or three rover of cotton and filk, the longelf of which reaches to their ankles -md the others are a little (liortor. /\!1 tiieC- are very large, and form a roll about the hips, that makes them appear as if thcv wore a hoop pcttico.it. They arc adorned with necklaces, and with ffrings of pearl gold, and coral, from the wrilt to the elbow, and wear on their heads a cap of plaited and coloured firaw which is very light, and has (ome refemblance to the Pope's tiara. The Europeans, the nobility of Whidah, and all the rich negroes, are carried when they go abroad in ham- mocks or palanquins j thefe arc an excellent defence auainft the heat of the climate, which, according to Phillips, is fo great, that an European could not walk a mile in the middle of the day, without extraordinary fatigue. ' liolman fays, that the inhabitants of Whidah exceed all the negroes he had feen in good and bad qualities. People ot all ranks treat the Europeans with extreme civility, courtrfy, and refpcct. Other neffroes are in- cellantly foliciting prefcnts j but the Whidans feem more willing to give than receive. Indeed, when the Euro- peans trade with them, they expe^ they fhould return thanks for the obligation ; but their making a prefent to a white man, they value as nothing, and are difplea- fed at any acknowlcJ-uunt tor wh.it they think fo tri- fling. I hey have an obliging manner of addreflin^each ottier, and in fevcral rdpich perfetlly rcfcmble the Chincl'e. When any one viiits, or accidcivally meets his fupcrior, he inftantly drops upon his knees, kifTes the earth three times, claps his hands, and wilhes hitn a good day or night, which the other returns In the pofturc in which he thin happens to be, by gently clap- ping his hands, and wiftiing him the fame. The like rcfpett is fliewii to the elder brother bv the younger - to fathers by their children ; and by 'women to their hulbands. Every thin;* is delivered to or received fron» a fuperior on the knee, and the clapping of the hands together is clleemed a mark of ftill more profound rc- fpea. When pcrfons of equal rank meet, they eacli dropdown, clap their hands and mutually falute, while the lame ceremonies are obferved and imitated by their feveral attendants ; fo that above a hundred perfons may lomctimes be feen down on their knees, and might eafily be miftaken for their being engaged in fome pub- lic aa of devotion. If a fuperior fneeies, alt round him fall on their knees, clap their hands, and wifli him hap- pineis. It is furprifing, favs a late author, how a na- tion conhned to (b fmall a fpot of ground, (hould differ fo widely in their manners from the furrounding kmn- doms, with which they keep up a conftant intercnurfc. One would almolt imagmc that they had a foil, a cli- mate, and a nature peculiar to thcmfelvcs, and diffe- rent from that of the people who are only a few miles diltant. They alfo iife the utmoft external refpcft to ftranirers; and if a native of Whidah meets an European twenty times in a day, the fame ridiculous train of ceremonies is repeated, the neglect of which is punifhcd with a fine. A late king of Whidah carried this refpi-a to fo- reigners to fuch an extravagant height, that one of his principal officers was beheaded for prefuming to lift hir. cane in a menacing manner over the head of a French- man j and though the chief director of that natior ufed all his influence to get the piinifliment initisjated, the king was inexorable, and nothing Icfs than his^life could atone for fuch a notoiious breach of hofpitalitv. They excel all other negroes in vigilance and induf- try ; and though idlenels is the favourite vice of the Atricans, people of both fexcs are here lo laborious apj diliL-ent, that they never dellll till thiy have finilhe.l their undcriaking, carrying (he fame fpirit of pcrfcvt:- ranre into every action of their lives. Dcfidcs agricul- ture, from which none but the king and a few peifons of dillindiion arc exempted, they employ themfelves in feveral kinds of manufailures. ' Ihey fp'in cotton yarn, weave fine cotton cloths, make wooden vvliels, j'lates, wd G CiME/i. nf ihc great mrn (lie upwards, and IT tlirce coveriiigf ch reaches to their ;or. y\!l tlu-iL' .ire hips, that makes petticoat. They I things of pe;irl, • clbdw, and wear J coloured ftraw, fcmblance to the hidah, pnd all the ;o abroad in ham- excellent defence lich, according to in could not wallt \ouc extraordinary if ^Vhidah exceed anil b:id qualities. an? with extreme cr negroes are in- /hidans feem more , when the liuro- they Ihould return making a prefent J, and are dilplea- t they think lo tri- • of addreflingeach :dly rcfcmble the; accider^ally meets I liis knees, kiflcs Is, and wiftics hitn tier returns in the be, by gently clap- : lame. The like by the younger j r women to their J or received from iping of the hands more profound rc- : meet, they each tually falute, while 1 imitated by their ndrcd perfons mav knees, and might aged in fomc pub- czes, all round him and wifli him hap- uthor, how a na- 3und, flinuld differ lurrounding king- >nltant intcrcourfc. had a foil, a cli- nfclvcs, and difte- only a few miles efpcft to ftranger«; Kuriipean twenty rain of ceremonies > punifhed with a this refped to fo- t, that one of his efuminp to lift hii head of a French - )f that natior ufej cnt mitigated, the than his life could hofpitalitv. Silance and induf- ourite vice of the re fo laborious and thiv have tiiirlhcil fpirit of pcrfcvt:- Itcfides a^ricul- and a fiw peifons ly thrmfelves in f fpin cotton varp, len v'-lieU, plates, Ml4 GaiNEA. R I A. 4n .ind dirties, fmlthj worlc, and oftcr.five weapons, in a more perfedl manner than any other people on the coall. While the men are thus employed, the women not only brew a kind of ale, but till the land, and drefs provi- fions, which, with their hufbands merchandize, they carry for fale to market. The meaner fort carry goods from the ihore, and with a burthen of a hundri;d pounds on their heads, run in a kind of continual trot, and it is difficult to keep up with them without any load at all. Both fexes are employed in fcarch of gain, and their emulation is equal to thdr indultry. Hence they not only live well, but fplcndiilly, when compared with the other negroes of the coaft. Labour is cheap, the profits folely riling from the unwearied indullry of the la- bourer. The Whidans alfo rcfemble the Chinefc in their dif- honefty, and their expertnefs at dealing, in which they ufe extraordinary addrefs. Mr. Bofman having obtain- ed an audience of the king, his majefty told him, that his fub;e6ls did not at all rcfcmble tliofe of Ardrah, and the other neighbouring kingdoms, who on the kaft of- fence would poifon an European. " This, added " he, you have not the lead real'on to apprehend ; but " 1 would have you take care of your goods ; for my •' people are born expert thieves, and will fleal from *• you while you are looking at them." This caution he foon found to be jufl in many inftances. There is no fecurity againfl: their pilfering ; but if complaint be made tg the king, he orders the oft'cnder to be pu- niflied. Like the Chinefe too, they are extremely addiiSed to gaming; and after having loft their whole fubftance, they play for their wives and children; and when they have loft them, flake their own liberty, and thus become flaves to their own countrymen. Thefe people are in fome inftances extremely igno- rant, while in others they fhew an extenfive genius. They have no divifions of time, nor diftinftion of years, hours, weeks, or any other ftated periods. They know the time of fowing by the moon, or rather fow as foon as they reap. Yet without pen, ink, or the affillance of artificial arithmetic, they calculate the largeft fums ■with furprifing accuracy, ftate (hares with great exaft- ncfs, and perform the operations, not only of the firft elements, but of the more complex rules of arithme- tic, with aftonifhing truth and quickncfs. Yet Des Marchais obfervcs, that the wifeft among them cannot tell his age; and if any man be afked, when fuch a perfon was born, he tells you, it was about the time that fuch a fliip, or fuch an European faftor came to Whidah. Their miific is, however, much the beft of any to be met with in thefe countries, and one inftrument, which re- femblcs a harp, is really mufical. It is ftrung with reeds of different fizes, which they touch with great dexterity, accompanied with a fweet voice, and dance fo their own mufic in exadl time, and with an agree- able air and manner. They h.tvc alfo flutes, and feve- ral wind inftruments ; and in war ufc a kind of trum- pets and kettle drums. 0/il> SECT. IV. Pchrnmy, nuptial Ceremomes, Divorces, and Trcat- mtiit of the Womtn. Of C'lrcmndfion and Cuflam! in Rela- tion to their Children, and to Burials and Mourning. THE people of this country allow of a plurality of wives, and in this arc faid to exceed all the neigh- bouring nations. No people upon earth peiform the connubial rites with lefs ceremony ; for all contrafls, por- tions, and iointures, arc here entirely unknown. The other negroes of the coaft purchafe their women with cat- tle, fiOi, and other commodities, and are allowed to difmifs them if they do not prove to be virgins ; but here their ideas and prafiice are totally difFcrent. Fer- tility is fo birhly prized at Whidah, that (he who has given proofs of her fruitfulnefs before marriage is always preferred; but it cofts nothing to obtain hor. When a man likej a girl, he demands her of her pa- rents, who never refufc tneir confent, provided flic be of the proper age, but conduct her to the houfc of the bride- groom, who immediately prcfents her with a new drels, v/hich is probably all (he pollefres, for (he leaves every thing elfe at her father's houfe. The hiifband then kills a Oieep, which he cat: in company with his wile and her parents ; and this is the only time in her life when fhe is admitted to this honour ; and the parents h.iving drank freely of pito, return home : thus the marriage is conclud- ed, without any other ceremony. A hulband may divorce his wife with as little cere- mony as he married her : he only thrufts her out of the door : and if he has certain proofs of her incontinence, the feparation is legal. Another law, which is very fe- vere upon the women, is a ftrici prohibition, under pain of death or flavery, to enter the houfe of a great mart while under their periodical diforder. No fooner do they perceive thcmfelves in this fituation than they quit the houfe, and avoid even the fight of men, every family having a houfe to which the women retire during that period, where they are under the care of an antient ma- tron, and ftay till they have wafhcd and purified ihem- fclves ; after which they return to their hufbands. Thofe women who are remarkably handfome are excufed from labouring in the field, and never permitted to go abroad but in the company of their hufoands ; nor can they re- ceive any male vifitors at home. As they arc very fubjcft to jealoufy, their laws againfl adultery are very feverc. When the wife of a great man is taken in the fadt, he may kill both her and her lover, or may fell her to the Europeans for a flave. If he choofes the former, he caufes her head to be cut off, or has her tlrangled by the public executioner ; and is ac- quitted on informing the king of what he has done, and paying the executioner's fee. But as he has no power over the man who has difhonoured him, unlefs he catches him in the very adf, he is obliged to apply to the kinc^ for juftice, who never fails to confent to the death of the guilty. This feverity extends to none but married women. A man runs no danger in being caught with one who is unmarried , and nobody blames him. She is fuppofed, in this cafe, to be her own miftrefs ; and it is fo far from being infamous for her to have children before marriage, that (he is fure this will caufe her to be Iboner married j becaufe it is a proof of her fruitfulnefs, which is a very valuable qualification in a country where the fathers con- fider children, ef'peci.dly the males, as the greateft riches^ and the fupport of their families. According to Des Marchais, no people on earth (hew greater indulgence to their children, whom they never fell for flaves. On the other hand, the children trei.t their parents with the molt humble rcl'pei£t and venera- tion, and never addrefs them but on their knees. All their children, male and female, are circumcifed ; but none of them know whence they derived this cuf- tom. This operation is performed ^t no certain age, fome undergoing it at four, others at five, fix, or ten years old. No difference is made between their legitimate and na- tural children, but the younger pav great rcfpect to the elder brother, though but little re:»ard is paid to the mother. Among the women the ceremonies of addrefi are the fame as thole we h.-ve mentioned of the men, only they carry their politenefs to a greater length. At the death of a father, the cldelt fon not only inherits his eft'efts, but his women, with whom he lives from that day in quality of hufband. His own mother is alone except- ed, who becomes her own miftrefs, has a houfe appointed for her, and a certain fortune for her fubfiftencc. 'Fhis ciiftom prevails both in the royal palace and among the people. The natives are fo fearful of death, that they cannot fupport the found of the word without vifibic emotion ; and it is a capital crime for a negro to pronounce it upon any occafion before the king. Bofman obferves, that in his firft voyage he waited on the king before his departure for an hundred pounds, which his majefty owed him ; and, at his takinj leave, afked that prince, Whofhould pay ; |l!i''M ft' i :. I ' : < l| i: l)Uill|f$t 'i i^( ',1i Jiiii . 41-" A S Y S T F. M OF G E O ": R A P H Y. pay liim wl'.cn hf icfuriR.!, in c.ifc ot lli^ tliMtli. Tli'; by (hiiiilirs were fliockL-J at tiii: bluiitnds ul tl:<. liir.ftioiii but thikiiiL; liid him not five hiinlJt any cdiutrii .iliout tliat, (or hu fliould always hvc ; when tia- Dutchiajii, pcrcciv ini; hisciror, ahruptiv touk his If.iv. The liinyini;-pl.iri- ot tlic kin;;s and luiblv-. is in alonpi vault, ercctfd by the Ions lor thvir lather;. ; here tlu body is dt-polited in the niidll o! the vault, and with it tlie Avoid, bulkier, bow and anows ot the dccealed •, but thouiih they ul'e pons and piltols, tliey ;ire never l.iid in the toinl). J lie heir alwivs mourns duimi; an entire vear, roamin;^ about, he I'eclu.lca hiinl.ll troni (oeiclr, lavs alide hib utual app.irc 1, w.th his bracelets, chanis, and rin^s ; and thouu;h lie is at liberty tJ enter upon tiie pofk'lli '11 tit'his edaietioin the day ot his talhi-r's Jeali), 1 incapable of adminillering to fis pleature, mart!ied out yet (ii (Iroiij; is his attection, U.iE '.. ofAnier, the lite kinj, the hiirh-prieft aflcej a borfe, a cow, a ll.ei p, .uid a tovvl. 1 lute were lacriliLcd Lc- tore the paLue, and lairied with treat ci icnio..y to the nioit public pait:. ol the iity. On each tide oV tne Lien- lice were two nullct cakes, baked in palm oil : tlie hi ;i- piull erct't^d with his own hands a Itatf nine lect Lu,' ana upon it a lar^je lilk tla^ ; and tne wiiulo teuniuiiy was accompanied i;y the niulic ol taborj, fiutu, .iiU ibc acilaniatioiisol the pioplej alter which iti.- catCiMc^ were abandoned as a prey to the biids, the negncs not buni. pciinitted to meddle with any part ot them, on pain ol deaili. While the viiSliins were thus txpofed to public view t!ie kind's women, who I'rom age, or other rejlons, weie til muutmii^ is expired. SEC T. V. O/the Rig/)! of Siiueffisii ti ihi Ci ■■at 5/ irhuiuh ; ik C- re'/i:'ii,> ■ivf-ich fiin;i; an/i attiiiil the dranutun ef the Kill?, ; thi luxuiioui Altiimcy in -whlih he liucs \ lie Crudly toillj whiih ihoje arc piiiiijh./t uhi have hen iiiu:;it tuih eiiiy 0/ hii lyivts; and tbt Serviiity with which he it ud- (h .jjlUy hli X:iU-s. THE crown of W'hidah is hereditary, unlefs the great men have foine extraordinary iealon> Inr excludinsi the eldell Ion, and placing; the crown on the heail ol one ol his brothers, as was the cafe in the year 1725. But though the kind's eldell Ion is preluniptive heir of ihu crown, he niuft have been born alter the kinj;'s acciHion ; for ihofe he h;id before Ins afccnding tlie tiirone are only conlidereil as private perions. i hev have here a very c.xir.ioidinary curtoni that is never to be violated, whiih is, that the funclior is no looner bom than he is carried by tlie gie.it nun into the province of Zangu.i, on the lr of the kingdom, where he is educateil as a private pcrlon, without know- ing; hisbiilh,or having the leait knowledge of llatcattairs, and none of the great men arc allowed to vilit or receive vilits from him. f hofe chaigcd with his iiiaintcnance art not ianorant of his birth, but are piohihited, under pain of death, from giving him tlK Icift hint of hi.< qiialiiy, or treating him othci wile than as tluirown child. ( )ne of the kin^s who lately I it on the throne was lound at his father's death att'iiJing his governoi's hogs. He was filled with inciedible furprize when the iiobics maoc hnii acquainted with liis (ortulic, nor could they tor a li.ng time pievcnt his imagining li a mere delulK.n. Uv this means the prince, on liis ali cndm ; the throne, knowing ntithrr the interellnor maxims of die llate, isohlig d for a loni; time to ab.mdoii the governnient to tlie m.in.igc- nieiit of the noblc'. aiul tlicir tuc.rcllor.s, tor their poltsaic heredit.ir\', and their cKlell Ion always lucceods thcni. The you;:g king generalls palles leieral months, .ind fiec|U'.'iill\ tome je.irs, be, ore he is crowiljd. 'I'hc roblcs who have the power of fixing the time when this is to be done, prolong it, but nuilt not exceed leven vcars ; and during this interval, the government of the Icingdoni i^ entirely in thtr hands: the king'.^ name i., nut even l'> mut h as nieniioned in their jiublic UvU ; wliiloihe piiiitc IS attended with all tiic cxttiiul badges of m.'.ielly, wnuout d niiig to leave the palace. At ii Mi^'.h the lonj; expecied d.iy for his coronation be- ing arriv..d, he alieiiibies a coun.il of the nobles, and appinviiij, their conduct during their adminil!rati.)ii, ra- tifies all me laws and ails 01 tiie interregmun. .At abou'. ! ti'iht it ni.;ht a diicharge of eighteen pieces of cannon [•ivcT nntice that the council i< broke iij), and then in- ibntly a Ihout ot joy is heaid througji the capit.i', which is foon communicated to the rcmolell parts of his dominions. 'I he next morning th rrnii.id h.in "I tiie lioin 1 .'■'•rp-nt ; .in I fUs his ,11 ;j he cannot b" luu.ii/.-il ;>t In hi'.ih-prieft w.iits on the king to f due to the great fetiche, or It/, til. It as tiiis deity i-.dumb, in.' known his nrcii ti'jjij b.' the to.tgu: of his iniiiill.T. On tlic cofuna'.ioii carrying in her arms the llatue of a child in a littini; pol- turc, wnich, on her arrival at the place of facniice, (he laid ilown upon the victims ; each of them then lung a h\mn, and was accompanied by the iiiKrumcntal iiiulic. Willie they palieJ, ail the people p'oflrated tiiemfelns on the giouncJ witli loud /houts, and thc:r return was made known to the king by a general dilcluige of the artillery. Ihc next day ti.e luibility ufu.illy go to the palace, with all the llaie and magnilicence of lirels and C(juipa:;e, pic- ceded by a l.irge band of mufic, and followed bya Meat body ol armed llavci ; and having piolliated tneintelvci beioie the throne, retire in the l.inie older in whicn tliev adv.inceil. The womiii, in the mean while, abandon tiuinleives to the moll iiotous iniith, the cannons incef- laiitly I, ai, and the whole kingdom is lilled wu.i tumul- tuous Joy. 1 he nobles have no fuonc r paid the hi:njge, than they dirp.tJi one of iheir niinibei lu the king 01 .A: lun, .n- tended by a I'ldcndid retinue, to entieat liTs m.ijelty to fend a ceitain nobleiiw.n ol bis kingdom, in who:e tamily the honour is hereditary, to ciownihe kingot Wnid.di. I'hia neiblenian of Ardian is luppoilcd.it t>.e cxpcnee ot the young monaith, and tieattd on his journty wiih the niolJ prolouiid refjiecl. Wlicn he comes, he mutt flay four days in the village neatell the capital, eluiing which none of his attendants arc permitted to inter the city on p«in ot death. He licie tetiivcs ilie compliments of the nobility ot W fndah and the king lends twice a day great quantities of wine and proxilions by his difcaided women, who carry it in vcllels on their heads, guarded by a itrong conu y', anu preceded by mulic. 1 he kiiij' at length fend.s .m am- balfador to invite him to the capitjl, and adiire him that he will be received with joy. The iioblciiian of Ardrah receives the amball.idor witii great fokmnif\' and reincct • but obferves, that iie mult wait for inrtiuchons in rela- tion to the treaty concerning the reparation of the great gate of Allim, the capital oi Aidrah. Jmmediattly the kinij lends comniiiiioners to that kingdom to (ee tiie tate te- paiied, ami upon their return with a proper oiiicer to certity their having executed the treaty, the Anlian lio- bltriun is conuuiikd to Sabi by ail the nobility, .iml pro. dig:ous crowds of the pi>pulaee, who miet hini un the load i and he is leceived by the diicharge of i am. on, the- ac-!.imations of the kind's women, ami the fliuutsof the mob. The king himlclf congr.itulatis bm e,,, his la,;; arrival, and orders him to be attended by iiijown otrieer.. and fervaiits. During the firft fuedays he neither receives nor niakei any vilits tJ the neiuility, who are employed in p;o;ef- iMiis to the t.niple of tlie Ciiaiid Snake, implor.ng :ii.it divinity that tiic young monarcii may riigii witii the mildnefo and eijuity of his |iride:ellors, ciiltiv.te tf.ide. obferve tlic laws, and ni.nnt.dn the people in the full ea- joym.'iit of tluir right:, and piivilej.s. On i:ie evening 01 the fifth d.iy tiie people ate inform- ed by the Inir.g of nine g.iiij, that tiie coronatioti will begin on th ■ moriow ; and, a; tne fame tune, the prince fends to d.li.-e the iluiopean f.Ctors to tavour him witii their company at the ledemnity. The preccdin.; mght i» .pent by the nobility in tne- company of the Ardraii nobleman, where the Lonvcrlaiion is grave and polite, i.il.iiiiptcd by fieijuciit prayers tg the letichc bv way of liiUiladc. The Gi i;.r. «.. ft aflccj a liorll-, erf lacnlkcd Lc- ti rcaio..y to tin: litlc ol" ttic Lkii- m ull ; til'.- hi^h- tt' nine Itct luiij;, WIlulo tiililluliy J, P.Utl5, .111 J tlic li-' lart.illii. Wire cgrics not ixiiijj thciii, uii paui ut 1 to public view, her rcjiuiij, wctc irc, maichcj out ;ctctri, and prc- :ii ltd ui)tiiL- icar, J in a littiii^ po|. c of fatnlicc, Ihc hem then lung a Itrumental iiiutic. ti.d themfclviiou return was made ;c ul ihe artillery, u the palace, with id fiiuipagi, pic- lowed by a ^rtat iiaU'd tnemlilves Kr ill whicii thev I while, abanduii he eaiiiKiii:! iiicel- iiied \vil:i luillui- in;iu;;c, than they n^ ci A: lian, at- tiii inajetty to (end i who;c tanii!', the u( Wiiid.di. I'hia e expellee ot ihc juurnty wuh die Jays in the village ul his attendants 111 ot death. He bility ol W hidah, (uantitics ot uiiic who carry it in jng tonu y, and th I'end.s an ani- iflure him that blcnian ot Ardrab nity and reijicct ; }|uetiun^ in rela- tion ot" the great iiediately the king (ee tile pate rt- proptr oificer to , the Anil an iio- lubility, and prcj- nuet hnii on the c of cam. on, the tile flioiits or the hill on h>!i laie y liisown oirieero cceivcs nor niakei )!oyed in p:u.'i.l'- niipi<.>r.nf; tiiac y rtign with the tiiltiv..te li.:di\ jde in the fuiica- eoplc are inforni- le coronation will : time, the prince tavour hiin witn preceding night ly el the Ardran grave and polite, letichc by way ut' The .1^ Guinea. AFRICA. 4M The next day, at five in the evening, the king, at- tended by his favourite women, comes out of the palace tlrclVed ii\ rich fillc robes, and adorned with gold neck- laces, ear-rings, and bracelets. The king is alio drcii'ed in a magnitieent manner, wearing on his head a gilt helmet, adorned with red and white feathers, and crof- fing the great court before the palace, feats himfelf on his throne, which is no more than a large elbow chair. Here the Englifh, French, and Dutch fadtors have chairs fcat- cd for them, while the Portuguefe dircftor is forced to iiand with his head uncovered. Ucforc the king {land two dwarfs, who alternately re- prcfent to him the qualities of his prcdcccflors, exhort him to f jIIow their example, to render his people happy, and to build his own fccurity on their afteflions ; con- cluding with wiftics for his profpcrity, long life, and the happy continuance of his reign. The Ar Jran ambafTador then enters the coiir^ attended by mufic, a grand retinur, and repeated ditcharges of the artillery. He approaches the throne with no other mark of refpeiH but a flight bow, and, after a fpccch on the ceremony he is about to perform, takes the king's hel- met, and turns it towards the people. Upon a fignal given the mufic ceafes, and is fuccecded by a profound filence ; then the Ardran cries with a loud and clear voice, " O •' people, behold your king ! He faithful to him. Pray " for him, and your prayer* will be heard by the king " of Ardrah, my roval mafter." This he repeats three times, then puts the helmet on the kinj;'s he.id, and, flepning back, proftrates himfelf before him. The great guns, the mnlkcteers, the mufic, and the acclamations of the people now rend the fkies : the ambaflador retires, and the kin;^, with his women, returns to the palace ; the Kuropcans attending him to the gate. A day or two after the king diftributcs prcfents among the nobility, which are returned by others of much greater value. Five days are Ipent in rejoicing, and thcle are concluded by a fulcmn proccfiioii to the temple of tile Snake. Nolwithflanding the perfon and education of the king were fo neglected before he afecnds the throne, vet no foonir is he crowned than he is no longer confidcred as a man, hut becomes in an inllant a kind of deiry, who is never approichcd but with the moft profound reverence. The noble-iof the firtt rank arc fometimcs permitted to cat in his prefcnce; but never with him, for this honour is refcrvcd for his women alone. It is never known in what part of the palace the king flceps ; and if that qiielfion be atkcd of the captain of his guard, or any of thole ncarcfl to his perfon, they conftantly anlwcr, " Do " von imaeine that the deity flecps ?" The ii'nor.inre and nuaniicfs in which he is bred gives him a hiiih relifli for plcafure on his thus rifing by one Ittp to tne throne; and he ufiially lives in a moll lloth- t'ul, luxurious, and debauched etfeminancy among his women, without feeking or ever enjoying the ronvcr- (atioii of men, or thole cxerciles that are adapted to fJren rthcn his minJ, an>l give vigour to his body. I he kin; is (aid to have three or four thoiifand wives, who are divided into (everal dalles ; and (he who has broii..-ht forth the tirft male infant is at the head of the firft : this is the queen, or, as they term h.-r, the king's great wife. She is treated bv all the others with refpedt, and all in the fcraglio arc under her command, except the kiir-'s nuither, whole ere lit is greater or let's, accordin'; to the de-^re-,' of his majcfty's afiedti.in for her, or her power in man.iging him. If a man touches by accident any of the king's wives, his heal, or a: Icitt his li^ierty, is f.irfuite t ; Ih.' is coii- tiJered as defiled, and, beini!; unfit to return to t'lc palace, both arc doomed to |>er|)etii.d flaverv. They alone fervc his majelty, and no ma-i is permitted to enter their apartment. When anv of them jjo to work in the field", uliich thev do by hundreds, i( they lee a mm they call out. Stand clear ; on which he iidtantly falls on his knees, or flat on the ground, and thus continues while tluy pn(s bv, wlthreatly diniiniihea lo of thofcaiiiniaU uhing in particu- [clv put to death i hoin they belong ; killed on thefpot, m they arc llaugh- ich the others of ed, is worfhipped ccalions ; but the far from being if bread or fruit, s a confidcrablo larrels of bougies, as of bulls, fheep, rifices, all which le pricft. nd ferpcnt, arc all •ft, who is one ot of them pay obe- difFerent from that i can afford it wear ley have no fettled om the i"noranct; great. Like the nd by the number are able to culti- lultituJe of cattle; ft in the credulity difcrction. 1 number of pi icl^- ed th;in tlie prielU f being called the ales piy the moil r hufb.inds, thef- ind dtfpotic fway 5 ; and receive no an other hiifb.inds es the men dctlino uflible, their wives is the heifjht ot" • , Agnya, or the the i;>.ople btfort: lh::v Guinea. I' This RICA. they undertake any thing of importance. This is a little idol of black earth, which rather reCeinblcs a Diifliapen monfter than a human being. It is reprefeiit- ed feated or crouching, on a kind of pcdeftal of red earth, on which is apiece uf red cloth adorned with cowries, with a fcarlet band, to which hang four cowries about his neck. His head is crowned with lizards, ferpents, and red feathers. This idol is placed on a table in the high-prieft's houfe, and before him are three calabafhcs, in which arc fifteen or twenty balls of hard earth. Thofe who would confult this idol npply to a inariiboiit, tell him the fubje^ that brought them thither, and having given him the offering dcfigned fur the god, and the price of confulting him, the tiudlion is determined by throwing the balls from one calabafh into another, a certain number of times ; when if an odd number be found in lach, the marabout boldly declares, that the oracle has pronounced in his favour, and the man nay undertake the afl'air on which he came to cunfult the deity. ^Vhenever the fea is r.gitat;d in fuch an uncommon manner, that merchandize can neither be embarked nor brought alhore, they cunfult the high-prieft, and by bis advice, facritice a bull or a flieep on the bank, fuf- fering the blood to run into the wster, and throw a gold ring as far as they are able into the waves. The blood and the ring are loft ; but the beaft that is facri- ficed belongs to the prieft, and is accordingly carried to his houfe. There is ftill lefs expence in rendering the trees fa- vourable. The fick have commonly recourfe to them, and make them an otlering of millet, ir.aizc, or rice, which the marabout places at the foot of the tree to which the Tick man pays his devotions. However abfurd and extravagant this religion may appear, it has been equalled in folly by the religious fvftems of the wifeft, the moft learned, the moft power- ful nations of the earth ; and the warm admirers of the ancient Greeks and Romans, ought rather to lament the weaknefs of the human mind, than to defpife thefe ignorant negroes for fuch abfurdities, when they con- fider, that the Romans ofTcred facrilices to /Kfculapius in the form of a fcrpent ; that both they and the Greeks, as well as the people of VVhidah, had their ora- fiut how diffcrcift the mcancft and moll fcrvilc ofli>;es. was the event ! Truro Audati wis a brave and politic monarch, who in a (hort time had extended hij conquelis tow.irds ths fea as far as Ardrah ; after which, he propolid to ininy the blcfHngs of peace, and fccure his coni|ueft ; but thir above treatment rckiiulled his ambition, while it taifcd his rcfemnHnt. 'i"o this was added another circum- ftance ; the kinj; of Ardrah had a brother, a prince of great hupes, whom he treated with feverity. Tbij yoiinj.'; prince, whofe name was Hallar, being unable to raifc a lllffici^■llt party in the kingdom to lli.ike oil' ilie yok'*, and procure his liberty, had recourfe to Truro Audaii, whom ho piomifed a large fum of money, il he would revenge the infults and indignities under which he la- boured. That prince entered heartily into young Haf- far's caufe, as it aituated alone by motives of fynipathy and compafTion. His defigns were not long a fecret to the king of Ardrah, who had recourfe for alUlhiiicc tf» the prince who governed Whidah ; but he was ton fond of his eafe to attend to the danger that threatened his neighbour, and confcquently himltlf. Audati w.is fuf- fercd to enter Ardrah with an army of fifty thou fan J men, and cutting in pieces the forces that oppofed his paftagc, made the king pri( mer, and, according to the lavage cuftom of thofe nations, caufed him inllantly to be beheaded. At that time there was at the court of Ardrah, one Mr. JiullHnch Lamb, an Englifli faclor, who being pre- fented to the conqueror, he exprefted the utmoft furpri/.c and fatisfailion at the light of a white man, and order- ing him to be conduced to his court, appointed him a houfe, domeflics, and women, andduri..;' his \' v, Mr. Lamb frequently difluadcd the king Irom invading Whi- dah, wh" 'h he reprefented as inhabited by a iitmierous and powerful people, accuftonied to fire arms, and tloie- ly conneiled with the Europeans, whowouid not fail tu exert thtmfelves in their defence. Audati at length difmilTed iVir. Lamb, who returned to the factory loaded with gold and rich pief-^nts ; when that politic prince, learning from his I'pies in Whid.i'i, the floth and indolence in which the king v^-aa funk, attacked the moft northern province of t.hat kiiunloni, which was governed by a chief, who immediately lent: cles, to which they applied for advice. They too fa- to demand fuccours from the king; but having eneiuies crificed to the fea, under the name of Neptune ; and at court, they rendered that indolent monarch deaf ti> they had alfo confecrated trees and groves, inhabited by Uryades and hamadryades, to whom they offered milk, oil, honey, and wine. What a conformity do we here find between the religion of nations efteemed the moft lavage and the moft polite I SECT. VII. yf ctncift Aicount cj ihe ConqutJ} cf Whidah, ly an i.i.'and Prime, WE fliall conclude this account of the king- dom of Whidah, with a concife relation of a revolution whieh has lately happened in that king- dom. The wealth of this naticm lifing from the ferti- lity of the foil and its commerce, produced eft'eminancy and luxury. I'he king of Whidah abandoned himfelf to women, to plcafure, and indolence, while the nobi- lity, in order to poftefs an unlimited power, flattered all his paflions. This prince was thirty years of age when the king of Dahomav, an inland co'.ntry, fent amballadors to him to defire permiflion 'jr his fubjefls to trade to the fea-coaft, with an c'rer of paying a yearly tiibute of a certain number of il.ives, or a certain duty upon each Have fold to the Europeans, or to the natives of the coail. His requcft was denied, with a haughtinefs that made the king of Dahomay, who was named i riiro Audati, vow revenae. But his menaces were difrcgarded bv' the king of Whidah, who, when Snelgrave, an Englilhman, told him of the great preparations that were making againfl him, vainly replied, that he would not, according to the cuftom of the country, cut oft' the king's head, but make him his (lave, and employ him in his remonftraiices, when finding he could obtain no re- inforcement, he fubmittcd to Audati, and, by his volun- taiy homage, procured very favourable teiUis irom the conqueror. A free paftagc was now opened through the king- dom of Whidah to babi the capital, ai.d nothiii'.^ was left to oppol'e the enemy but a river. The king of Da- homay encamped on the oppofite banks, not doubting but that the paflage would be dil'putcd ; but ho was miftakcii. The ctteminatc people of \Vhidah |/l,iecd ihcir lecurity in their number, and their gods, ,iiid in the morning met their priefts on the hanks of the ri- ver, where having facrificed to the grand fcrpent, they returned to the city, fully allured of the eiHcJcy of what they had done to ftop the progrcfs of the cnrmy. Audati now fent to allure the Europeans, that if they remained neuter, they fliould not only be treated with kindnefs, but their trade freed from llmle duties and re- ftrii^lions, which had been laid upon it by the king of Whidah ; but if, on the contrary, thev took up arms againft him, they muft expect all the horrors of war, and the moft cruel eft'ecls of his rcfentment. Tliis threw the Europeans into the utmoft conft^niation and perplexity. Some propoled retiring to wait the e\enc in their forts on the fea coaft, a few miles diftant from Sabi i but others apprehending that this ictreat would irritate the king of VVhidah, and fet a bad example to his fubje(Sfs, propofcd to ftay in the capital, and to thii thcv agreed. l"turo finding to his great aftonifliment, that the de- fence of the river was committed to the In.ikes, detach- ed two hundred men to found the lords, and this body gaining the oppofite fhoic without reTift.ince, inftanily marched towards the rapital, attended by a gi(.nt wind to the kin;;, that nothinjj pic- vcntcd his approach to the capital. I'he whole army now began thiir march, and were inexpreflibly fiirpri- l-.l at findiiir; that a whole nation had ileferted their li- berty and pr.jperty, their wives, children, and (..nds, wirhoiit one atteaipt to defend them. The liahonians. Were far from paying the fame regard to the fnakts as the pejple of W'hidah; for finding; them tame and niimc- ro;i~, they took them in their hands, and jceringly dilircd tliem if they were gods, to fpcak and dul'iid thcmlilves ; but as the fiiakcs made no reply, they cut ort" their lieada, gutted and broiled them upon tlie fire, layini; ihey had never before dined upon divinities. Aiiditi thus took pofiiflion of the capital in the year ijij, and h.ivin;;; received the fubniiflioii of the chief men of Whidab, returned to prolceute a war he bad en';aj'ed in with the king of Vos, the ally of Ardrah, \vlii.;i funic lull's lie lutlaincd tliere, and the bufy difpo- ii(ioii of an i.iiropean fadlor at Jachaii, was very near II Itoriiit; the former prince to the throne. Governor \V'il:on havini^ ciuitted Whidab in 1729, committed the iM.inii^eiiKiU of tile aiFairs of the Knglilh to oncTtlle- !o ", a foreigner, but of what nation is not known. Tnis m;in bad in.de Irequent vifits to the kini; of I)a- homav, and was alwivs received with alVabiiity, and parti-iiiar marks of diltindlion ; hut now imagining that he was we.'kened bv bis late lolles, and his too extend- ed coiiq'iells, ap[ilicd to the king of Hopo, who ap- proveil ius ili fi.^ii ; loi as finee the late revolution, the channel of coniinrrce between the kingdoms of VVhi- ilali and I'opo, had 1 een enii.-cly blocked up, nothing could be more agreeable to the king of Popo, than the nlliiraiioii of the king of W'hi.iah, and the itfual com- iiicrcc between th;; nations, and joining in the confc- e utmoit allonilhment ; b-ini; amaz.'il that a priiu'e fo iie;iligent in d.-fending his rights ilroul.l aitenipr, bv foice of arms, to regain them. ] !■• was now in no condition to make a freih war j but luJJenly alleiubling a great number of women, he had them ci i.itlK'd and armed lii:e men, and forming them into coinpanic;, gave to each the p.x'per officers, colours, and rr iitic, riii.> ..rmy marchul againft the king of VVhid.ih, the full line ofcv> ry c.ini|ianv being timpnl'ed of men, the belter iT luitain the tirit Ihiuk of the enemy, iiut the news of thi . mar. h n.) (ooner reached the Wnidan camp, than tlnl^ timorous and effeminate foldiers, being filled with ,1 fii.iiien coiiltcrnauoii, a'oandoned their colours; nor r uild al! tfie endeavourj of their unfortunate king bring them back to t.'icir duty. In this extremity he was forced a fc.'oi.d tirnc to retiie to his barren and defolate illand, v.Uile leliclote look lancluary in the Englifl* fort, whither he was piirl'md bv t:i' Dahoman women, who cut off a rnnfuiei.ble number of his men; after which hcfllut hiin- fcli II!) Ill the French fort at Jachan. nrinv, f veral rj, erturcs t'or a peace were mad.: by the kini, w;ii>:h I'dtclrde rejetted witfi an inf'olen.;!; that lit- tle !).-> .iriie a petty factor, blocked up bv a powerful mo- narch. < Jne d.iv the iJuhoman amb.illador being wiih 111 n, and endeavouring to bring bini to reafon, Umw. words arolc ; upon whuh lellelole ikiiick the aniballa- tKir, at till- lame lime layiiu', that wire hi, king in his [viwer, he would iile hiin i'l a dilleient manner. This b'liig aiti.rw«r.is toid to ihe kini'ot D.ihomiy, be replied, Willi more iti.in iilual compolme, " This man mult c-r- " taiii'y i\i\'^ fume cttrauidinary realon for his eniniiy Gl'INEA. cpay the many n him f" Tcl- and hcinp ciir- moll cruel tor- ifiu which he lid (lirrcCpi-ittrut received many Dut kingdom of on the king of full and free ulis nmcnt. ry. Tht Dr/fi, ef tht IVomin., 1 extent on the taken out ul'iti ilong the Ihure, luudrcd league'!! gth from north 1 difagrees with t, and produces urangrs, cocou- narlfiy grounds re great ruuds, ders and travel- river to another, either for plca- )us for trade and Udrah may be, left, iince thcjr Dahoniay, not ,•, but to fupply neceli.iry. •y tlicmlelvcs in nd to the inte- all hufliandmcii he earth by the re cafed by no dry, all is pcr- : tile ground be- better eovered, rding to the fu- cver huftjandry videiit marks of eonJuded with maize, theie a ; and cabbages, 'ery feparate ar- it-trees, and ih<; er for oinaiiieiit lade to the la- ardent beams of lat of the Whi- filk or brocade rawn acrofs the aili. '1 he pco- onc ovcrano- ed in tliecoun- m adorned with iiiier. Thouph part of the body wear over their f morning drefs: fions, this is laid , iis more bcau- a long piece of in a pretty taftc. and has on hit on Ills hf-aj he by his fide he id has a cane in covered in the kind's GviN EA. A !• RICA. m F ' 1 J ^ 1^^ kind's prcfcnce, but the nobility pull oJ thuir caps and flippers beiore they ciitfr the prclence chamber. I'lie women carry their palli )ii for drefs and Hnrry tn a very rxtiava'j;aiit nei[',ht. Vuu may fee them cloathcd with the liiieft fattiiis chint/.es, and brocades, adorned with a profulion of gold, and panting under the wei;;.lit of their ornaments. I'his is not lolely owing to ilie vanity of tlie women, fince the men never thi nil a wo- man gent.ely drclled without being loaded with a quan- tity of fupcrfluous filk or fattin. Both fexes have the moll fcrupulous regard tocleanlinefs, and preferving their bodies neat and fwcet. They both wa(n and perfume thenilclves every morning and evening with civet and aromatic herbs \ and a woman never prefumes to receive the carellls of her hufband tiil this is performed. The ufual fcMid of the inhabitants is beef, pork, mut- ton, goats, and dogs flefli j with rice, fruit, roots, piilfe, and many kinds of vegetables. 'I'hcir bread is made into cakes, and their drink is their beer called pito, and water. The people prefer the language of Alghemi to their native tongue, cllceming it more elegant, fivcct, and fonorous. No written charai^ers of cither of tlieic lan- guages are in ufe ; but the great men fpcak, read, and write the F'ortuguefe fluently. The men are allowed the fame liberty ai atWhidah, of taking as many women as they are able to fuppoit. Little ceremony is obfervcd in love aflairs; the unbound- ed liberty enjoyed by fingle women, whole gener.il car- riage is foofe and lafcivious, affords abundance of oppor- tunities for making and receiving addrelVes, liirth and fortune are feldoni reg.uded ; for the men of the lowed clafs addrcfs thofe of the highcft quality \ love fets all de- grees upon a level, regulates the conduil of parents, and makes all parties happy. Hut, notwithftanding this tolera- tion, nwn felJoni leek for wives out of their own clafs. The nobility marry young ladies of quality, of nine or ten years of age, whom they take home to their lioufes ; but defer the confummation of their nuptials till nature indicates their maturity. Themarriage-fiaft is then kept, wliich conOfts of a great quantity of provifions, drink, and riotous mirth. Liquors are alfo diftributcd to all the relations, acquaintance, and neighbours of either 1 neir method of cnurtfhip is extremely concife, the man ufing no other ceremony than prefenting the objeiit of his love with a callicoe paan, and her relations with fome pots of pito. He then declares to the company, that he will marry the woman whom he names ; (he grants her confent, and the courtfhip and marriage arc at once iiulcd. But though polygamy be permitted, adultery is no lefs frequent heie than in nnintiies where the men are con- fined to one woman. This arifes from the ftrong defires of the women, uiigratified by their hufbands, who ge- nerally confine their favours to one or two of them j on which account the women aii'umc the moll wanton airs and lafcivious manners before all other men ; though in the prefence of the liufl)and they feenj full of relpciit, avve, and fiibmiflion. Some authors obicive, that the climate of Ardrah is unfavourable to the piopagation of the fpecies, it fcldom happeniinr that one woman has more than two or three children ; but this may perhaps rather proceed from the incoiillancy of the men, and the number of their wives, few of whom can attract his regard for any confidcrablc tiine. In every town the wives of freemen are by turns fent to certain fcliools, where they are taught female accom- pMhiiicnis, in a houfe belonging to the high priert. (y Id women inDriid them in dancing and finding, the voice being accompanied by the jingling ofbitsot iron and copper, fufpendcd to their legs and arms, with which they beat time. They are forced to dance and fing with f;ich violence, and folong together, that their fpirits be- ing fatii:ued, (pent, and exhaulled, they drop down with faintnefs. Parties fuccccd each other d.iy and night in this Itaiuic and extravagant employment ; nor can any woman return better recommended to her hufband, th.in by having acquired the ability of holding out longer than aiiy other in the company. 35 With rtfpcfl to their funeral ceremonies, the people of Aidrah aie fniil to be interred iiiuier their own hoiifes, wbire theie i, a vault appropriated for the dead, A'l fjiicral obliqiiies are performed witlt ^.'rr.it p irr'p ;ind ce- lemony ; for h.t the perfon be ever fo much defpiled whilo living, iie IS lefpiiited at his death. The religion of Ardrah is very different from that of ^Vhid,lh, and, in particular, thev are fo fir from wor- (hipping the tame and gentle ferpeiit«, that tS'v fearch lor them, in order to kill and cat them. Thrv haveal- moft an inliniic number of pricds, and p'rfons of the higheft dilUnction efteem it an honour to have them at their tables. The great marabo.it, or high-prieft, ap- points the fetiches worfliippcd by every family. Thofe of the court are certain black birds releinbling the crows of I'.urope i v\'ith thcfe the gardens of the palaer are filled, and they are fed as well, though they are not treate.l with the fame rofpcd, as the ferpents of VVhidah. Anions private perfons fome have a mountain, others a ftiim , a tree, a piece of wood, or other in.inimate fubllanee, which they call their fetiche, and regard with a kind of reli- gious refpedt. Notvvithftanding their being plunged in the grofl'crt idolatry, they have fome contufel idi-.is of a Supreme Iking, who direils the time and occafi(in*of their birth and death, and that he has a power of reiidering thcni happy or miferable on earth ; but fcern to be entirely void of all ideas of a future ftate. They (brink at the thoughts of death, and are alarmed at the fmallcit .ucident. The great marabout is held in the higheft cftetm and venera- tion, and is believed to be able to Ibretel future events by converfing with an image of the ilevii, which is ot the fizc of a young child of about four years old, and is kept by him in his audience-chamber. This image is paintid white; for they conftantly maintain that thf! devil is of that colour, and will by no means allow of his being black. The priclb here, as well as ifi other countries on the coaft, are the only phyncians the country alfords. 'Ihey make decodlions of healing herhs, and facrifice animals for the recovery of the fick in their refpectivc dwellings. The fetiche is rubbed with blood, and the flefli e.iten or burnt. Snclgrave mentions an extraordinary inftancc of refpeff for thofe doctors (.f the foul and body. It is an inviolable law, that in whatever houfe near the p iljce a fire happens to break nut, the ma(}er of that houlc, with all his family, fuffer death. Unjuft and cruel as this law is, it is attended with happy coiifequenees, fewer acci- dents from fire h.ippening in Ardrah than in any other kingdom, for the law is- executed with unrelenting rigour on people of all ranks : yet when the royal p-.ilace at Jachen was burnt to the ground, though the fire was well known to begin in a prieli's houfe, and he wag ftrongly fufpecled to have piirpolelv fet it on flames, the affair was hullied up, and no enquiry made. SECT. X. Of the principal Tcwns of /rilrah, pfirtinilnrly ftichm, Offhi, Ctait fom, tinJ J^jjim, the Cdpilal. iVith au /icauitt of the Trade of /Ird'ah ; the A'lnnncr in uhiih it is cmduSled, and the Gcodt proper to he dirritJ thilhet . THE coaft from Whid.ah to Little Ardrah is low and flat, but rifes by a gentle al'ccnt as you proceed to fachcn. This hift town is a league north north-caft from raya, or Little Ardrah, and before its being ("nrrender- ed to Audati, was governed by a phidalgo, or prince, who refided there i-; a fplendid manner, in a palace that was extremely riiagnificent, confidering the country and bis confined dominions. Jachen is !''>ecn hundred fa- thoms in circumference, and is lurrounded by a deep ditch fupplied with water from a rivulet which runs into it. The Dutch and Englilh had fa.hlories here, but of late years the latter is withdrawn. Aitt r the conqueft of Ardrah, the palace of Jachen was iMirnt to the ;;rouhd, notwithftanding the prince fiibmitted to the king of Da- homay ; but how the accident arofe, vvc arc not in- formed, $ M To I i; t i| \ 1 .'■T Hi /. 418 A SYSTEM OK G K O G R A P II Y. G tJWIA. To the north of Jachcn (lands the city of OfTra, where the i.n(;li(h aiiJ Dutch have each a h.iiiJlomi- fadtory ; the Dutch in particular carry on a great traili in the city, and live with a fplcndur proportioned tcj their profits. r.irilier Hill to the north, ii fituated Great Foro, a tiopulous town, hut inliiior in beauty to the others. What is very extraordinary in t'lis country is, its hav- inj; an inn tor the accommodation of palUnfjcrs, who are there pK'ntifully fupplitd with all fuch eatables as the countiy produces, and Hito beer that is remarkably good. Still farther to the north is the metropolis, called Af- fern by the n.itive.s, and Great Ardrah by the Europe- ans. This city was the refidrncc of the kinjs of Ar- drah, and was five or fix leagues in circuit. The royal family h.id two palaces within it, one of which was only mhabited, and the other was refervcd for a place of retreat, in calc of fire, or other accidents. Roth thefe palaces are furruunded with high walls of earth and clay that bind like cement, and arc as firm and fniooth as plainer. I'hey confill of large courts, with long wide galleries, fupportcd by beatitilul pillars finely or- namented. Under thefe piazzas the natives are al- lowed to walk. The buildings arc two (lories high, with long narrow flips of windows th.it are per- fectly adapted to the climate, as they occaliun a great draught of air. The floors of the apartment'! .ire cover- ed with filk carpets, or fine mats, maile in a pretty tafte; and before its being conquered by the king of Daho- may, in each room was a fingle armed chair, a variety of filk and brocade ciilhions, tables, folding fcrcens, Japan cabinets, and the fineft China-ware : the win- dow.s were hung with taflety curtains, and faflicd with white cloth, glazed in a manner that admitted the light, while the d.imp air of the night was excluded. The gardens were fpacious, and laid out in the moll delicate tafte ; and in particular, fomc authors fay, there were fine long walk.s (haded by odoriferous trees, and lined on each (idc with (hrubs and flowers of a fragrant fmell, and plcafing colours; and nothing could be more beau- tiful than the elegant parterres, the fanciful erafs-plats, joined by ferpentine walks, refrcflicd by acoohngdream, which glided over fliinin^ pebbles. D'Elbee, who vifitcd this city in 1669, fays, thatyou enter it by four gates, the walls which arc of mud, are high and thick, and as firm and compai^l as if built of (lone and lime. The gates front each other, and are defended by deep ditches on the infide. Over thefe you pafs by a draw-bridge, which may cither be raifcd up, or entirely taken away at plcafurc. Over each gate is s puard-room, for the accommodation of the officers and foldiers cntrufted with the keys of the city, and upon each fide flands a file of mufkctecrs, with drawn fwords in their hands. The buildings are only of clay covered with draw, and yet the ftrccts are kept in the utmoft or- der, free from filth and every inconvenience. The Europeans are treated with great civility by the natives, and have apartments appointed them in the palace, where each nation has its di(lin£l quarters. The Dutch carry on a confiderabic trade with Ardrah, and that of the Englifli, without being fo extenfive, is cx- tremelv profitable. Captains of European (hips, who are conducted and introduced to court by the Fidalgo or governor of Praya, prefent the king with coral, cyprefs, cloths, morces, and damafk, for cudom and liberty of trading. The queen, the prince, and the high-pricft, are aUb pri.fcnted with coral, damafk napkins, and ar- moilin. I'cads or brafs rings and bougies are given to the captain of white men, to the court dancers and porters. U;i()n the captains return from Aflcm, licence to trade is proclaimed at a viilag: four miles to the fouth fojth-weft of Praya, called by the Dutch Stock Vis Dorp, and warehoules arc apjiointed for lodging and fellin;; the goods. 'Ihc honja, or captain of the bar, who directs the landing of all goods, is paid for a ca- noe's going twelve times to and fro from the fliip, to the value of a (lave in elt'edts. When the falc is ended, the king receives a fccond prefent, coiiAlling of twomuf- qucts, twenty five pounds of powiler, with mcrrhan- ili/.c to the amount o( nine (laves, in (liorf, ihe lu- Itonn and duties p.nd by eath (hip, ainoiiiit in the whole to feventy or eighty (lavn. J he kiiit; I, a, the i\,i\ choice of goods, whether in the payment of e'uties or in exchange lor (laves ; the heredilaiy prince the (ii-otid; the merchant orince the third ; the manibout the fourth- and aktiwards the great ofliccrs of the court. With refpedt to the people, the general price of goods is re- gulated by a tarift"i and when ditt'etences arilc, they are terminated by the king's decifion. The davcb annually exported amount to three thou- fand : thefe are prifoncrs made in war; contnhutioni levied upon tributary princes j ciiminals whole puni(l). ments are changed into (lavery ; flaves born, or the children of (laves; infolvnt debtors, whom thry criull/ fell for the benefit of the creditor ; or the wives and re- lations, to a certain degree, of all who incur the dif- plealurecf the prince. VVc have already, in treating of Kenin, mentioned the inhuman manner in which the Portuguefctranfport their flaves from thence to America i and it will not he im- proper to add, before we take leave of the Slave Coa(l that the Europeans, before they purchnfe thefe (laves ex- amine every limb, with the greateft care, and the mva- lids and maimed being fet alide, the remainder are num- bered. In the mean while, a burning iron, with the arms or name of the companies, lies in the fire, and with this hot iron, both theEngli(h, French, and Dutch, brand thefe poor unhappy wretches, both men and wo- men, to prevent their being exchanged. Alter this they are confined and kept on bread and water, at the expence of thofc who bought them, till they ate ready to be taken on board 1 bctorc which, their former ma- ilers (Irip them entirely naked, in which condition they are (lowed in the holds of the (hips, apj carried to Ame- rica, where they are again fold to the planters. A com- merce which every unprejudiced mind inuft furely con- fidcr as inconfillcnt with Chriftianity, and diihonour- able to human nature. The goods proper for importation are large white beads, large glafs or cryftal ear-rings, gilt hangers, iron bars, failors knives, copper bells of a cylindric and conic form, copper and brafs bafons of all kinds, guns, Indian filks, coloured tafFeties, fine coloured handkerchiefs, (Iriped pinked filks, looking-ghiflis, large umbrellas, long white horfe-tails, and tngliflj and Dutch crowns. By the laft great profits are gained, ten crowns bein:; the highed price for a flavej but bougies, or cowries, vvhich are the currency of the country, and are chiefly brought from the Maldivia iflands, are the currency of the coun- try, and the bed commodities. Europeans in all bar- gains for flaves pay half in bougies ; or, if they are fcarce a third in bougies, and the remainder in goods. SECT. xr. 0/ thi Jkonii Dtvijun 0/ Guinea, called the Gsld Ciafl. Ju Situat:s>i and Extent ; the Places where Gold is/tu'td, and the Manner in which it is gathered. Of tin I'/get.ilne.^ with a particular Account of lt>e Palm Tree, and the Man- ner of extraning Palm fVtne. THE Gold Coaft, which is thus named from the abundance of gold found there, is bounded by Nigritia on the north, by the Slave Coad on the cad, by the ocean on the fopth, and by the Tooth or Ivory Co„d ori the weft ; extending only about a hundred and eighty miles along the (bore. The principal river in this divifion is the Cubra, or Ancobar, alfo called the Gold River, which bounds it on the wed, and falls into the fca near the Dutch fort of St. Anthony, a little to the wedward of Cape Thiee Points. It includes fevcral didriiSls, in which arc a few towns or villages lying on the (hore. Some of thcle didricts have the title of kingdoms, though they contain only \ fmall tradl of land. The chief towns which give their names to io many petty kingdoms or dates, beginning with n; ),• Gl'IN lA. wllh merrhan- I Hiorr, I he III- aiiiiiiinc in ilie kiiit> liii' llir tliil cut ol ilulics, or )iinre the licondj niboiit the fourth; he court. With e 1)1 liouda ij re- ts aril'c, thry ue nt to thrre Ihou- ar ; contrihiitioni lb whole puiiifh- cs born, or the irhom thry criit'll/ ihe wivc!) .ind re- 10 incur the dif- lin, mention', d the irlciranfport their : will not he im- f the Slave Coaft, re tlicfe (1.1VC5, cx- ire, and the inva- maindcr arc num- ig iron, with the s in the fire, and rrnch, and Dutch, oth men and wo- igcd. AttiT thij md water, at the ill they arc ready their tortner ma- ich condition they •d carried to Ame- planters. A com- tnuft furely con- f, and diihonour- I are large white gilt hangers, iroa :ylindric and conic nds, guns, Indian cd handkerchief, large umbrellas, nd Dutch crowns. 1 crowns being the or cowries, which ire chiefly brought ency of the coun- opcans in all bar- if they are fcarce, in goods. >hf Gold Ccti/f. lis e Gol.l IsfnunJ, and Of tll4 I'/gfUnfit Tree, and the AIjh- named from the re, is bounded by oail on the ealt, by )oth or Ivory Co..lt lundrcd and eighty is the Cubra, or which boiiniti it car the Dutch fort ird of Cjpe Three h are a few town* ic of thcli- diftricts thcv contain only \ ns which give their u Hates, beginning with Guinea. A T H with the caft and proceedinp to fhi? weft, are Aquambop, Agnnna, Acron, Kuntyn, Sabo, Fetu, (Juinnuny, Jdiiy, Adorn, AiitJ, and Axim. That part of the country whrre mnft of the gold ii found, is liluatcd at fonie dillanre within the I ind ; ami the bert gold i^ gathered in or between fomc particular hilli, where the nc^roeij dig pits, and ft-p.iratc the golil from the earth dug up with it. It is likewile found a- bout fomc rivers nnd water- falls, where the violence of the torrents caufcd by the heavy rains, wa(h it down from the inotint.iins. Gold is alio gathered on the (eii-ftioro, more particularly at Mina and Axim, where are fm.dl branches of rivers into which the gold is driven from the mountainous places. Ill the miirning fuccceding a rainy night thefe places are furc to be vinted by hundreds of negro women, who have no other covering but a cloth tied round the waift : each is furnithed with two calabafhcs, one of which they fill with earth and fand. This they wafh with many w.iters, by turning the calabafh round, the water with the lightcft of the muo waftiing over the brim ; while the gold, if there be any, finlts by its own weight to the bottom. Thus they continue till two or three fpoonfuls are only left) and this they put in the other calabafh: then fill the other again, and continue wafhing till about noon, when the calabafli that receives the fettlings, being pretty well filled, is taken home, and what remains diligently fcarch- cd, when they fometimes find as much gold as is worth half a guinea, fometimes the value of a fhilling, and fometimes none at all, 7'he gold cither thus found or obtained by digging is of two iorts, gold duft, which is the bcft, and pieces of different fizes ) fome being hardly the weight of a far- thing, and others weighing as much as twenty or thirty guineas ; but few arc found fo large as thefc ; though the negroes fay^ that in the country they have pieces that will weigh one or two hundred guineas : but the many fmall ftoncs always adhering to them, occafion great lofs in the melting. We fhall now confider the vegetables of this part of Guinea. Of the corn there is millet, and maize, or Indian wheat ; but there is little rice or other corn on this coaft. Of the leguminous plants are fevcral kinds of beans, one Ipccics of which is of a bright red, and grows in pods three quarters of a yard in length, and another fpecies grows on trees of tnc fize of a goofcbcrry-bufh. The palm tree is of fingular ufe to the natives, who draw wine from the tree, and prefs oil from its nuts. 'I'hefe trees are faid to abound tnore in Guinea than in any other country. The trunk of the palm tree, when at its full growth, is as thick as a man's body, and fix feet in height \ but its branches flioot upwards of twenty feet from tSe flem. The leaves are an ell long, and a- bout two inches broad, terminating in afharp point; and with the branches the natives frequently cover their huts. There are inJeed a great variety o" which are not half fo thick as this, I A. 4'S> There are inJeed a great variety of palm trees, fome of ntly c( palm When the natives perceive that a tree is of a fufficienl age to yield a good quantity of wine, they cut ofF all its branches; and having let it fhind a few days ftripped of its ornaments, they bore a hole in the thickeft part of the trunk, and fixing in it a hollow reed, or pipe, the wine trickles ojt into a pot fct to receive it ; but fo flowly, that they do not get above two quarts in twcnty- fotir hours ; but it will run for twenty or thirty days fuc- cefTively, according to the goodnefs of the plant : and when it has almoft done dropping, they make a fire at the bottom of it, which forces out fomething more. After this the palm dies, and is good for little but the fire ; though in the countries where they are fatisficd with drawing fmall quantities, a tree will lafl feveral years after its being tapped. This tree is reckoned in its p;'ime at ten or twelve years growth, when it yields ten, fifteen, and fome near twenty gallons ; of which an anchor, or five gallons, is ufually fold on the coaft for about an Knglifh half crown. A great deal is brought down from the inland countries, and its cheapncfs fliews that there mud be a prodigious number of pines up in the country. This wine, when firft drawn, is extremely plcafaiit, and yet ftrongj but the ncjroes, who bring it to the coaft, fre- quently mix and adulterate it. There arc here alio cocoas, oranges, limei, hananaf, the calil),i^;e tree, ananas, or pine apples, watcr-mcloni, and (( vcral others. Arnimi; the trees fit for timber arc many of an extra- ordinary height and fi7.c, and others of diti'erent coloured wood, (it for the fineft cabinet-makers work. Among the roots arc yams and potatoes. The yam is fhapcd like a parfnip; but is thicker in nroportion to iti length, it being commonly about twelve inches long, and »s many more in circumference at the top. Whtii roalied it taftcs like an Englilh potatoc ; but their po- tatoes refemble ours only in ftiapc, they beiiu; of a fweet maukifli tafte, and not half fo aureeable as the yams. They have alfo feveral other roots tit fur food, a* well at different kinds uli:d in medicine. SEC T. XII. Of thi Btajh, Birds, Reptiln, fnfiUs, and Fijhts of tht Gold CmJI, IN the inland parts of the Gold Coaft are a great num- ber of cows and goats ; but few of them are brought to the coaft ; however, great herds of them are bred at Acta, Elmiiia, and Axim ; but they are fo fmall, that a full grown cow feldom weighs more than two hundred and fifty pounds ; and both the beef and veal arc very in- different meat. There are many fhcep along the coaft j but they are de?.r, and not above halt the li/.e of ours ; they have hair inftead of wool, and their flelh is dry and difagrccable. The goats are indeed innumerable, and, though they are exceeding fmall, are fatter and moie flefhy than the fhcep of Europe. Then; arc alfo many hogs ; but they are greatly inferior to thofe of Whidah. They have no horfes near the coaft, tliough there are great numbers of them in the inland country ; but they are fmall and ill fhaped. If a tall man rides one of them, his feet almoft touch the ground. Their heads and necks, which they always hang down, refemble thofe of an afs j they hobble along, but will not ftir without being forced on with blows : but there arc no want of afles, which arc larger and handfomer than thefe horfes. The negroes here arc fo fond of dog's flefti, that they willingly give a fhecp for a large dog. UoI'man obfervcs, that the European dogs, on being brought here, dege- nerate extremely ; their cars growing long and flift'liko thofe of the fox, to which colour they alio incline : (a that in three or four years time they become very ugly creatures, and in three or four dclcents their barking turns into a howl : but it does not appear that the cats change at all. Among the wild beafts the elephant, on account of its fize, defervcs to be firit mentioned. Thcl'e are here twelve or thirteen feet high, and arc very prejudicial to the fruit-trees, particularly to the orange, banana, and fig-trees ; and, with refpcdl to the two laft, eat both the fruit and the ftem. IJut though thefe are ufed in the Indies both in war and as beafts ofburihen, none of thcin are here tamed ; and yet, when unprovoked, they fcldoin hurt any man ; and it is fometimes not very ealy to en- rage the elephants of this coaft. Tygers are here numerous and of fevcral fpecies, fome of which are veiy large, and they aie all extremely fierce and ravenous ; but happily for tiie natives, they will not attack them, while they can fatisfy their hunger by feed- ing on the flelh of brutes. The jackal is here fcarccly Icfs fierce than the tygcr, and fo bold as to devour both man and beaft. The apes are here extremely numerous, and of a great variety of fpecies. The moft commi.n (bit arc of a pale moufe colour, and thofe which arc full grown, when they ftand on their hind legs, are about five feet high. The negroes are pcrfuaded that they can fpeak if they pleafe ; but will not, for fear of being fet to work. Thcle are very ugly, and extremely mifchievouj ; and there is another fpecies which exactly refemble them, but are fo fmall, that four of them put together would not weigh one of the former. A third fort is very beautiful : thcfc grow ! iMfl i,tO A S Y S T r. M OF G 1. O G R A P 11 Y. Gl'INti. III ■llipili mm ^ prow tn llu; height nf abnijt two feet; lluir li.iir i< .m bl.llk it'' jet, Al\^ aliuilt .t lilUTiS KlIKlil ; uiul ilxv li.ivr a l<:ii;{ wMitc brarj. I'hcrc arvaruullu iiiitiiy ulUui kiiuli (It a|lt.-:i, I tu re r.rc an incrcdilile number "f ham all alnn^j the (r'llJ (.'(\tit, cljiccijily »t An'.i aiul Arron, wlicnr hcid/i ot'a hiiiiilrcd tt them red, beautil'iilly lht:aer(.us of thofe reptiles. Mr. Uofman fays, that fume of liii fervants t;oing into the country beyond iVIocirce, found a fnakc feveiitcen teet long and very bulky lying by a pit of water, near which wctc two porcupines ; bet'A'een which and the fnakc began a very ilurp eiipai;emcnt, each (hooting very violently in their wav, the fnakc his venom, and the porcupine his quills : but hn men having (eeii this fi^ht a conliderablc time Without being obfervcd by the coiiibatanu, who were too furioudy cii»a;;ed to take notice of them, tljey loaded their mufkets, and let (ly upon the three champions with Aich fuccefs, that they killed them all, and brought them to .\Iource, where they and their companions eat them as very great delicacies. Here are three or four forts of wild cats, of which the civet cat is one ; tlicl'e are fomctimes fold very young to the Dutch, whu give about eight or nine {hillings fter- ling for one of th.m. A great deal of care and trouble arc necclfary in order to bring them up : they feed them with pap made of millet, and a little flefli or tilh. They produce civet when very young, but that ot the male ia btttrr tli:.ii tliat of the female. There are other wild cats which .nre fpottcd like ty- pcrs, and are as fierce ; thcfe do a great deal of mifchief iiniojig the poultry whenever they get amonji ihein. Be- fides tliifc there are ftvtral other quadrupeds. y\nior.g the fe.ithcred race there arc cocks and hens ; thofe I'.t Axini are fat and gi'od, though Imall ; but at fcveral p!i ces on the coaft they arc extremely dry and lean. There arc likewiie tame and wild ducks, pigeons, a great number of partridges, phcafants, fnipes, herons, iin! 1 arrots. 'I'hcrc are likcwilc a variety of large and (mall bird^, fonic of which are very beautiful, their plu- m.i ;c being finely variegated with the brightcft colours, and the heads of fome of them crowned with tufts of fcathtrs. There arc likcwife falcons, kites, and many of the other I Irdi of Kuropc, as well as thofe that feem more peciili.uly the natives of the torrid zone. Ilwiil not be proper to pafs over the birds without takin;; r.otice of tnc two forts of crown birds found 'jn th: Gold CoalL The tirft is about the fizc of a parrot : it is green about the head and neck ; the body is of a fine purple ; and the wings and tail are fcarlct tipped with black. 'I'hc other, which is about three feet high, is fliaped like a heron, and feeds on fifh : its colour is bi.ick and white, atil it is crov*'ncd with a bunch of feathers that rcfcinbles the t.iliel of a coach-horfe. Amnng the amphibiou) animalt and repiilci are the criKodiles, with which the riven Iw.iim: chero i» alio an animal of nearly llir lame lorm, lhoii{>h it lildoniix- ceeds lour feet in length i its biuly h blai.k, fpetkled wiili around lort of cycj, and the Ikiii is very louder. It m. jinii neither man nor bcalt, but fomctiinci makes ^'ivat llauj'htcr nmong the pouliry. All the Kuroprans who have taHed its ticih agree that it i» much hncr than (hat of a capon. 'J'hrli/ards are every where extrciTiely numerous, rfpe- cially by the walls ol the forti ; and there aic various fpcciiHol ibcm, which dirt'er m li/e, Ihapc, and colour; and alio m.iiiy camelions, which arc lar Ironi living on air alone, and ot which we have given a very patticular dcfcriptiun in treating of Syria. Frogs and toads are no Ids numcroui than in Europe; but \lr, Hofman allerts, that the latter are in fonic placet as large us a pewter plate. I'helc are mortal enemies to the fnakrs, with which they have frcqurni cngagrmrnts. There are great niinibcis and a prodigious variety of thele laft reptiles, lonie of which, if we m.iy credit the above author, are of an amazing lize. ilc oblirvcs, that the laigtllol thufe taken while he was on this cnall was twenty feet long, and that he believns they aic Hill l.irger within land ; and wc have frequently found, fays he, m their em I ails not only harts and other bcalls, but aifj men. What credit is to bt given to Mr. liofman in thin particular we will not lay ; wc (hall only obfervc, that the above gentleman's work is univcrlally reckoned omr of the bcfl defcriptions of Cjuinca ; and liiat the I'uriu- guefe have mentioned lerpenis on tliit coalt ol a Hill larger fizc. Kloft of the fnakes are venomous, but one is fo to ai> extraordinary degree ; this is fcarce a yard long, but it two Ipans thick, and variegated with white, buck, »i\i\ yellow. The Inakcs not only infefl the woods, but the dwellings of the negroes, and even the forts and bed- chambers of the Kuropcans. There are here abundance of fcor|iions, fome very fmall, and others as large as a cray-lilh ; but the lling of cither caufes intolerable pain, and too often proves mortal. There are alio many centipedes, whole bite oc- cafions a violent pain for fcveral hours, but is not mortal. Spiders of a monttrous fize are alio found here, and arc faid to be venomous. But none of the infefts of this country appear more ex- traordinary than the ants. Thefe are of three forts, the red, the white, and the black. The firft are of the fame fize as thofe in Europe ', but the two lart arc much larger, they being above half an inch long. They build fomc- times in gicat hollow trees, and lometinies on the ground, throwing up hillocs fevcn or eight feet high, fo very full of holes, that they feem like honey-combs, Thefe ant- hills are of a fmall circumference in proportion to their height, and, being fharp at the top, look as if the wind would blow them down. " 1 one day, lays Mr. Smith, " attempted to knock of}' the top of one of them with " my cane, but the Oroke had no other ctfeel than ti) " bring fome thoufands of them out of doors, to (co " what was the matter. Upon which I took to my heels, " and ran as fall as I could, well knowing tiiat they " have often attacked our hens, and fomctimes our " fhccp, it lame or wounded, in the night, witn I'lich " fuccefs, that before morning nothing was to be leen " of them but the fkeieton, picked fo very clean, that " the moil curious anatomiil upon earth could not do " the like." They frequently enter the forts in lucli fwarms, as to oblige the Europeans to leave their beds in the night. The fling or bite of the red ant raifes an inflammation that is extremely painful. The white arc as tranlpareiit as glafs, and bite with fuch force, that in one night they will cat through a wooden ched of goods. As the natives have but little flcfh fit for food, they are obliged to fubfifl principally on fifli, and by a particular favour of Providence the fea and rivers feem to contend which fliall produce the beft. There are many of the forts found in Europe, as pike, thornback. plaile, flounders, bream, lobllcrs, crabs, prawns, and thrimps , and likcwifc (harks and fword tifh ; with a great GUIKEA. A F R I C Ai 41' fftcit variety of excellent Ml tha( fcern peculur to thcli! 1«4«. SECT. XIV. 0/ll't Drfft tfthi h'uituittf ihtGMCM/l, Ihir M:r. riiif^n, iifid ll't Cii/hmi rtlalmg » ll'tir lltmrn umi Chii- d-m I ihtir Siill in iht mauuut Attn ihtir Irtiilminl tif titt A/ri, and tbtir FutCirali, THK richcfl of the nitivei adorn their hair with a kiiiJ of coral, riilled coiite-ile-lcrra, which they t(tecii) more valuable than gold, and with a I'urt of blue cor.il iMJlfd by the n.itives acory. They let a grcut value oil our hats, fnT which they will pay a very hi^h price. Their 4rm«, legs, and wailf, arc lilcewife adornid with gold and coral i and particularly on their arms they have riiiai of gold, filvcr, and ivory. Round their waill they wrap three or fourelU of fillc, cloth, perpctuana, or other ftuft, which hanginjr down coven half the Ic^. They alio wear Hrin(;3 or chaim of i-old, filver, and flulli round their neck. Their cabocero^, or chief men, who have a (hare in the (;ovcrnmcnt, wear only ahandfomc cloih round their waift, a cap of deer fkin, with altiin;» of ror.il ah >ut their heads, and are never feen without a KatK in t'leir hands. Some of the common people have an ell or two of clolh round their waift, while others have only a fort of girdle, to which is fattened a piece of IhifTthat pades between the legs, and is tied to the tirdle befurc, and jult ferves to cover their nakednefs. The fifln .'men add to this a cap made of deer (kin, or only ru/hes, or fome old hat bought of an Kuropcan failor. The women of di(lin£)ion appear to have much more (kill ill tho ornaments of drefs than the men. The doth winch encciinpairts their waill is longer, and l.illcncd vith greater neatnefj round their bodies. Their hair ii more brautifully adorned with gold, ivory, and coral ; and their necks with gold chains and firings of coral ; l)ut their arms, legs, and waift, are in a manner covered with thcic ornaments J befidcs, on the upper p.irt of their bodies thcv frequently caft a veil of filk, or fome other fine Huff. ' W hile the kings arc in their own houfcs, they are dif- tint'iiiihcd by no marks of grandeur, and their cloaths uri- iometimes fo mean as to be fcarce worth a (hilling. They eat the fame food as the mcantft of their fubjc<£l invcllcd with the ihikf loni-. nuiid, and the tare of hoiilek'eping, and the fi cond, who ii coiifecr.ited to their letiilu, .iiid ii called the fc- til he wik-. Of this Kill they aic frequently very jea- lous I they Ii'.- with her on the night fullowini; their biith-day, ami on that day of llic w pleafe the hiifliaiid, in order to obtain the (;teaie(l (liarr lit his all'ei'lion»i and (lie who ii lnhapiiy a» to be picjj- iiant, i> lure to be rdpcCted and wailed en bv hiin. The women of all thu coall aie delivered with very little pain, even without the alTillance cjf a niidwitei and the child IS no fooncr born, than they ufually go to wa(h themfelves in the fea. Iinmedut' ly alter the Inrth if the infant, a priell it lent lor, whobimh a number of cords, pieces of coral, and other things about the iiilantN head, body, armsmid legs. I'licfc are to fteure it Irom Ikk- nel'i and ill accidents, ami ate all the clo.ilhs it ia to wear till it i> fevcn or eight yean ot age, when it pun on a fort of apron forme J of half an dl of cloth. I he number of females born in tliefe countries is faid great- ly to exceed that of the males, which, if tiue, may len- der their having fuch a multitude of wives I'omewhat more exrul.ible. As the heat of the country naturally render:, the na- tives inailive, they are malleri of few nianijal arti: however, befulcs buildin.; their huts, making their ca- noes, and being (killed in lliana;_',iiig them, and in (:(h- ing, they employ tlieinli Ives in ni.iliii^, earthen velTels and wooden bowls, and in foiminy c a'lis and rings lor the arms and Ic^'s, ot i old, (ilver, and ivory. 1 hey alio perform fmilhs woik, and by means of a liuall pair of bellows, with two or three pipes, whiih is eniuely their own invention, thee, with a gieat lb ne lor an anvil, make not oidy fworils, and otlu- ctVenlr.e weapons, but inltruments of agriculture, lifliing hooks, and luip'.ons, knives, and tools for making their canoes, the j.irgell of which are about thirty feet long. Iliey likewile make feveral forts of mulical inlliumcnt!., v.hich rifemble thofe we have already defcribed, in treating of the otiitr parts of CJuinea. The nr^-rocs are commendable for their havins; no brgears among them ; for one of them no fooner luid» hiinfcif fo poor, that it is diflicult for liini to pioeiiie fub- lillence, than he binds hinilclf for a certain fuivi of monev, or his fiiendsdo it foi him j and the mailer for whom he engages to work, lets him a talk that is far trum being (laviOi, he being uluallv obliged to delciid him in cafe he fljould be attacked, and to fpeiul his ki- lure time iii aflifting him to cultivate the earth. Yet all the people in general, from the king to the nieaned fubje^t, make no Icruple of begging of the Kuropeans whatever they like. When the natives arc fick, they in the fird place h.avc recoiirle to remedies ; but not edeeniiiii; thofe alone fuf- ficitiit to rellore health and prelerve life, they apply 10 thci: fupirliitious worfliip. 'I he fame perfon being both piied and phyfician, he ealily perfuades the relations of his patient that he cannot be recovered witliout fome of- ferings, and therefore propofes a Iheep, a ho;:, a cock, or what he likes bed ; but always pioportioiis the fa- critice to the circumdances of tlic perfuii whim he eti- deavour'i to cure. If the difeale continues to increafe, more expenfive offerings are made. Krequently one phy- lician is difcharged with a good rewaid, and another called ill his Head ; and this change of phyliciaiis is Iome- times repeated twenty times or more fuceeilively, e.ich of whom makes frelh oft'erings, and appropiiates them, as they always do, to his own private ufe. n"he boys who are (laves or ferv:;iits to the Kurope- ans, wheti fond of their mader, will, on his bciiijj feizcd with the lead indilpolitiiiii, go without his know- ledge, and make oderings lor him, th.!t he may lecover his health ; and accordingly there aie lumetinvs found on the beds, or in the chambers of the Fv .,,.«. 1 things conlccratcd by tne pried, and laid thee to lYC. .; ;. their mader's lives ; but as they are feiif. • .l.rt ;V. Kuope- aiis are oft'endcd at theirlnewing I'u ii !r..Uiv5C* '.\\.. gra- titude and alfec^ion, this is always li. 's : j;riv;u^i>, and lb 5 N well 11 ^ %■■■ I'Jihi m-^ 1 . -pi. ,■> ," ^ 1'- , .; ./''l.i'li.vi. 422 A SYSTEM O f^ G E O G R A P M y. »L'iVEA. well ronccil''.), ?.% friilom to be difcovcrcj bct'>)rc the liLifrjii's ilcaili, when thcv ti.ivc not time to tanc them away. The principil mcJicines ufcl here, arc pr.iins of pa- raJilL', kmoii ii> anil friends fet up a difmal crv, while the youth of bis aecjuaintance now ufuallv fire mufqucts, to ihew tJK'lr rcfpecl. If the deeeafcd be a man, his wives in- ftantly taufe their heads to be clofc flia\ed, tiieii fmear- iiii; their bodies with white earth, they put on an old wijin-oiit c^arment, and run about im. Ureet-, making dreadful lamentations, continuallv rcpeatin;; the name of the deceafed, and the great adlions of his life; and this they continue fevcral days fucceflively, till the corpfe is interied. W nile the women are thus lameiitin:' abroad, the ncareft Illations fit by the corpfe, making a difmal noifc, ami at the fame time are employed in wafiiini; thcni- (clvcs ; the diHant relations alfo afl'emblc from all parts to III- piefent at tiiefe mournful rites. The town's people, and the acquaintance of the deceafed, likewife come to join their lamentations, ejtii bringing a pre- fcnt of gohl, brande, fine cloth, (huts, or other things, to be carried to the L'ra\e with the triple ; and the lar- ger the prcfi-n' i-, the more it redounds to thepeifon's honour who makes it. Inuring this ingrcfs and egrefs of all forts of people, braiuly is vcrv biiftcly filled out in the morning, and palm wine in the afternoon ; \ilicr.ec the funeral of a iiih ncr;ro is very cxpenfive. The bodv is afterwards III Illy dreficd, and put into the coffin with fetiches of j;<.ld, the finefl corals, and feveral o'her things uf va- lue, which it is ima^ned the deccafid will have oeca- fion for in the other world. Alter two or three days, the relations and friends all afli;mblc, and the cuiife is carried to the grave, followed bv a number of men and women, without the lead order, fomc crying and flui' kin.', and otiKis fileiit. Many young foldiers run- ning about at the fame time, load and dilchargc their miilkct', till the deceafed is laid in the i;round. 'l"hc corpfe being interred, the multitude go where thcv ple.nfe ; but moll of them return to the hoi;fe, in order to fpend their time in drinkine and mirth. 'I'his Hen ft.ime like a grid- iron, that l^ands o;er a gentle ilear fire, which dries it bv llew decrees. ^Vh^n a prince is to be publicly bu- ried, nolisC is firfl given, not only to the inhabitants of Ins own countrv , but to other nations, which brln'.;s a pioJigioiis concourfe of people, all of whi.in are as iichlv drilled as pi iTible. .'^evctal of the flavcs of the ilcfcafed aie faid to be flain at thci'e funerals, that ih' v may ferve him in the ollur world ; as are alfo thole wiiom he has dedicated to his falfe gods, with on" of his wives, and one of his principal fervants : even fomc pc.ir wretches whom the infirmities of age, or other accidents have rendered incap.ibic of labour, arc bought, in Older to tncrcafe the number of thefe horrid ofrer- in^s, ar.d arc put to death with every circumrtancc of inh'.imamtv. With the utninft horror, fays Mr. Bofman, I faw eleven perlons killed in this manner; among whom was cnr, who, after having endured the moft exquifite I' itur.', w.:s delivered to a child of fix years of age, who WM' onlered to cut well as white men, and im- mediately od'ered them two forts of gifts, gold and the knowledge of the arts of reading and writing; and .illow- ing the blacks to choofe firlt, they made choice of '.'old, and left the knowledge of letters to the whites. (Jod, they fay, granted their requelf ; but, being oHeiide.) ac their avarice, ordered that the whites fhould tor ever be their mailers. Hence they believe, that there is no colj in any other country befides their own ; and thai no blacks have any knowledge ol letters, nor any notion ot the extent of the world, but what they obtain frem our informations. How'.ver, it is certain that this opinion of the creation cannot be very antient ; for it by the white men ate meant the Kuropeaiis, thiy could have no idea of there bein^ any faeh before the I'ortugut le difcovered their cnalf. It appears th.it all the negroes, and even the inhabi- tants of Madagafcar, have their fetiches; though in dil- fercnt countries thefe kind of idols have diHercnt names, anJ are formed of dift'erent fublKiiices. Thofc of this country give that name to fomc ornament worn on the head, or any other fubftanee uedieated to fome invifible fpirit. liefides, each feticheer, or pridl, has here a pecu- liar fetiche, prepared in a difFerent manner ; whic h is nioitly a large wooden pipe filled with eaitli, oil, blood, the bones of dead men and beads, feaiheis, hair, and the like. 15y thefc mixtures the prieil probably fuppofcs that he forms a kind of necromantic charm or talifman, bv which he can prevail on fome fpirit to perform what he defires. If a negroe is to take an oath before this fetiche, he firft ciKjuiies of the prielt what is it: name, each having a peculiar one; then calling the fetiche by it, he repeats what he is to confirm by an oath, defiring that lie may be puiiillicd with death, if he fwears falily : then going round the pipe, he flops in the fame place, and repeats the oath a fecond time, in the fame manner as before, and fo a third time. After this the feticheer takes lome of the ingredients out of the pipe, with which he touches the pcrfon's ncad, arms, belly, and legs; and, holding it above his head, turns it three times round. He theii cuts a bit of the nail of one finger on each hand, and one toe on each foot, and fome of the hair of the lie:id, ail which he puts into the pipe ; and thus concludes tlic ceremony. Public rcligjous excrcifes are fomctinics performed by .t whole town or nation, on account of iMcat floods, or an extraordinary drought. Upon thefc occafions the chief perfons of the town or nation afiemble, ;ind advili: with the pricft about the coiitle ntoft proper to be taken to re- move the calamity ; and what he orders is inimediatelv commanded or forbidden throughout ihc land, bya|iiili- lic crycr ; and whoever pri fumes to adl contrary to tliis order, incurs a lar^'C pecuniary penalty. Almort every viIIukc has a fmall grove, in which tha governors and principal people ficqiicjitly repair to mak^; their oHerings, cither lor the public good or ft.r them ■ felves. Thefc groves arc eltetmed faetej, no pcrfon pre- fiiming to defile them, or to tut or break oil any br.mehes of the trees. They have particular days in which they refrain frorr\ ill inking wine, and each perfon is lorlud to eat a particu- lar kiiul of fledi : thus one cats no miiltun, another no goats (Udi, another no beef, anodier no puik, wild fowl, or corks with while feallieis ; and tins iedr, his god plunges him into the river, wh;;rc he is drowned and loft in eternal oblivion. In this part of Guinea they have a very extraordinary annual ceremony, which confifts in banifhini; of the devil out of all the towns. This is precidcd by a fead of eight days, accompanied with finging, dancini, mirth, and jollity ; and in this time they are allowed freely to fiMj of all the faulfi, villanies, and frauds of their fiipc- liors, as well as inferiors, without the leaft punilhm>'nt ; the only way of Hopping their mouths being to ply ihcni well with liquor, upon which they alter their tone, and turn their fatyrical ballads into fongs in praifc of thole who treat them. This time of licence being ended, they hunt out the devil with an horrid cry, running after one another, and throwing ftoncs, dirt, and everything that comes in their wav at the fuppofcd fiend. When they have driven him far enough out or' town, they return to their houfesi on \vhiril the women immediately wafh and fcour all thtir wooden and earthen vclTcls, to cleant'c them from all pollution. SECT. xvr. 0/l!'{ Kinzdems and Statu an the Go.'l CoaJ} ; and firfi of /Iquand/te, A^^nnu, Airtn, Funtin, imd Subu. WE ftiall now give a defe ription of the fevcral king- dom* or ftates into wi h the Gold Coafl is di- vided, and at the fuinc time ta notice of the faiElories of the Europeans. The country of Aquamboc, on the moft caftern part of this coaft, is fituated chiefly within land, and is one of the greateft monarchies on the coall of (juinea : the maritime part of this kingdom, which is diftin- guilhej from the reft by the name of Acra, indeed ex- tends only twenty miles abing the fliorc ; but it ftretches ten times as far witliin land. rhcA(|uamboe negroes arc haughty, arrogant, and \yarlike ; and the neighbour- ing nations arc continually infellcd by their incurllons, in which they plunder and rrl, al! before them. In this kingdom the Knzlilh, Oanes, and Dutch have fuiti, but their authority is very fmall, and confined ui'.hiii iheir own walls ; for (hould they make any at- tempts on the ne;»roc5, they would probably end in their fieftruction. Kach fort has a village adjacent, diflin- pu:thed by its particular name. It might be reafonably conjeclurcd, that thefc three companies trading here might be futficiciit lu caul'e dificntions fatal to their commerce ; but here is fiich plenty of gold and flavcs, that none of them is in danger of wanting a (hare, cfpecially as each is ftocked with commoii an eminence, but is veiy tin healthy; It'' market i-. bad, and every thin ' in it, even palm wine an 1 fruit?, fcarcc and dear. I'he chiel trade of the place confills in I'old dull, with which the canoes arrive cvervday from all the fea-port towns. Ijclorc the Dutch fixed iheir teridencc here, it was an inconliderabic place; but now it carries on a flounlhing trade, and contains ab'ivr two hundred houfes, which furround three iidcs of thi- Diitch fort of Nullau. 'I'he fjreatelt part of tlie in- habitants arc tilhermen, four or live bundled of whom go every morning in canoes to catch fi(h ; an I, upon their return, at- obliged tj pay every fifth hlh to the Dutch fador in the town, by wayjf toll or tribute, I'hchouks fljiiJ at a great dillancc fromcacli ulhcr, atid ihc intei- veiling fpace is generally filled up with a rock, which rendcis me pall'age t'rom one to another incommodious, and I'inieiiincs dangerous. This place is called 1 he Grave ot J Dutchmen, on account ot the great number who have died there i yet it is Hill in a fiouiilhiiig con- dition, as all the Ihips bound to the Gold Coalt arclor^ej to wood and water here. Kort Nall'au, the molt confidcrable Dutch fettlcment in Guinea, except Elmina, is fituated upon a rock, and is watered towards the fouth by the fea. Its form is nearly quadrangular, the front being rather the largcll lidc. It has four batteries, and eighteen pieces of cannon ; and, if we except LIniina, has tne highell walls ot any fort on the coalt. The curtain comprehends the two lea-bat- teries, and is very fpacious and convenient ; but its greatcil ornament and ttrength confiil^ in four towers ac the angles, well provided with artillery, mufkets, and (lorco. At a fmall dillance from the tort the company have a fine garden, kept in excellent order, and neatly laid out in groves of fruit-trees and parterres. SECT, XVIJ. Of the Khi;'il-:m of Felu, xvith a particuLir Defcript'itnof Ctipt Coiiji Cdjile, iht primipiil Stttltmtnt of tht En^tiji.', anil St. George Elmimi, tht chief SeltUmmt of the Duteh on the CiiUjI tf (Jmma. WE now come to the kingdom of Fetu, or Fetou, which is bounded on the well bv the river lienja and the kingdom of Commendo, on ilie north bv the country of Aii, on the cait by Sabu, on the fouth bv the ocean, and, according to K^fniaii, is ahuadred and lixt" miles In lcngtli,and near as much in breadth. i hehilU arc covered with trees of various kinds, and the vallic» watered by a number of rivulets ; and it is extremely well iituated for Eiiroi>caii fettlements. On the eatlern p.irt of this kingdom is Cape Coaft, , in five degrees north latitude, and under the fa iic fieri- >f .iV. dian as London. This is the chief Kni^iilh I'eulement 'lt:df- upon the coall of Guinea. It is faid to have leceived its name from a corruption of Cabo Corlo, by which it was called by the Portuguefe. The Cape is formed by an angular point waflied on the fouth and cait by the fea, and upon it (lands the Knglifli foil, nine miles from LI- niina. The Portuguefe fettled here in 1610, and built the citadel U|)on a Urge rock, that projects into the fea^ but a few viars after they were diflodgcd by the Dutch, and in 1664, It was taken by admiral Holmes. The next yc.i.'- Dc Ruyier, the Dutch admiral, having orders from the States to revenge the infults committed by the Knglini, alt.uked all the fettlcmcMsof this nation along the coall, with a fquudron of thirteen men of war, and even took, burnt, and funk all the ftiips belonging to> the Knglilh company ; but after all, was unable to take this fort, whicli was afterwaids conhtmed to the Lnglidi by the treaty of Hnda; and the king granting a new charter in ib/2, the dneclors of the Alrican company applied all their attention to lorlify and render it com- niodluus. The walls, which are thick and high, particularly on the land fide, are built partly of (lone ; but rhieflv of brick, which the Lnglifli made at a fmall dillaiicc. To the height and llrenglh of its walls, the lort owes its principal fecurity, and the neighbouiing negroes depen- dent on the company, a prntedion againlt the iiicurfi- on> of the Fantins. The iiiteiior parade, which is rai- led twenty feet, forms a quadrangular fpace, cooled by gentle relrefhing fca-brce'/es, to which it lies open, and i> agreeably fituated on account of its having in view Queen Anil's point, and all the fhipping In the road of Anamaboa. This platform is defended by thrcT pieces of large cannon; and the three other lidos of the Iquarc contain fpacious and handlonic lodi'ings, with oflicrs, and other convenlencics ; particulatiy on the louth fide is a handlome chapel. I'he three pieces of artillery on the platfinn, command the riud and its entrance, nor Is the landing-place lets cxpoled to the lire of the niul- kctry behind tne rocks. I'he foil has lour b.Ullon', inountcJ with iwcnty-nine pieces of cannon. (Jn thu batik- Guinea. A F R I C A. h a rock, which inconiinodiuus, is called I 1,0 Mc great iiumbvr t ri'iuilfhlllj; lo/l- I C'ojlt arc t(jue\l Itch fcttlcmcnt in n a rock, am) is ts form li nearly L- largeit lidc. It cannon ; and, if s ut any fort iin be two lea-bat- cnient ; but its n tour towers at muHccts, and ort the company rdcr, and neatly :rtci. 'iefcription of Cipt till Engltjh, ami ' the Dutib on tht Kttu, or I'ctou, the river Henja ic north by the the Couth by tho undrcd and lixi" idth. IhehilU and the v.illic* > extremely well I is Cape Cnaft, . , the (a .ic tieri- i; :M . iMilh feiilement a:di- uve received lis by which it was i formed by an calt by the fca, miles from Ll- 610, and builc its into tht feaj by the iJulch, Holmes, The I, having orders mniitted by the us nation along 111 of war, and lb belonginjr to unable to take I to the Jinglidi ;ra tiling a new rican company render it coin- particularly on but chiefly of I diiluncc. ' Tu ■ lort owes its icprocs dcpeii- It the incurli- , which is rai- acc, cooled by lies open, and aving in view in the road of ly thrtx- pieces s of the Iquarc , with offices, the l.iuth lidc ul artillery on entrancr, nor re of the mul- /our b.iilions, 1011. On thu battk- battlcmcnts are ten mnr'', nnJ upon the v.'.ill tow.inlf 'I'abora are fix, which are ol no other ufe than lo keep thole negrofs 111 awe. The prolpeiTt of this fortrcfs is extremely beautiful towards the fea ; the fortification'! are happiiv iin.:;'iiKd, and all the aflillance that art could give is addcil tu na- ture. You enter it by a large fite well tortifii ,1, which leadi to the fqiiare parade juft miinioiied, and which is capable of receiving five hundred men drawn up. I he of cannon. (^leen Anne's fort Hands near the villi'jc of Manfro, on a hill called Danillein, where Fredericfbur^h (01- merly (lond. This is a fquarc building mounted with fixteen pieces of cannon, twelve of tlv in on a plat- lunn, and guarded by fix white men, and -m cqu il num- 3S brr of blacks. According to Dc? ?v!archais, it is r.c- ccifible only by a ciooked path, that forms a kind of (piral Hrcet, on each fide bordered by negro huts. 'I he town of Manfro is of an oval loim, luisated on the bank.-, of a rivtr, and alm(>tt iiiacccinble, by it.s being luiioundcd by ruirired rocks. 'Ihe inhabitants are con- It oitiy employed in agriculture, filhuig, and making (air. In the kingdom of Fetu, is alio the Dutch fort of La Miiia, or St. CJcorge Elmina, a name which it re- ceived from the Port'uguefe ; but on what account is not ealily determined, .as there are no mines in the country. Bolinan however fuppofes, with great probability, that the name rofe from the great abundance of gold fcnt thither from the interior country, which made them imagine, that it was produced in fome neighbouring mines. The natives call the t 'wn Oddciia ; but the Europeans in general give it the Portuguele name. It is of great length, but narrow, and the houfes are built of ftonc, hewn out of a neighbouring rock. It Ifands on the river Hcnja, in five de;uees twenty minutes north latitude, upon a low flat peninfula, formed by the f • • on the fouth, the river on the north, Commcn.lo on weft, and the famous citadel of St. George Elmina on the ca(t. Towards Commendo, it is lortificd by a Ifrong wall of large (lone, brought from an adjacent rock, a deep ditch, and fevcral pieces of cannon mounted oil each fide of the gate. The wall extends from the fca to the banks of the river which feparates the town from a fort on mount St. Jago, called Conradfliurgh, which the Dutrh built for the (ecurity of Elmiiu, on a fi- tuation that con.inands both the town and their thief fadtorv. 'C natives of this town are well limbed, of arobull and X like difpofition ; but more ciii'.ized than other negro, Irom their familiar acquaintance with t!ie Eu- ropeans. They are ufually employed in tr.idiii:^, filh- iiig, and making palm wine and oil. liny brin-:; their iilli to market about noon, and pay tile Dutch a filth, by way of cullom. 1 heir commerce extends aloiii^ the coali even to Whidah. In Elmina arc a confidcrablc number of lUMt aniils, who work in metals in a manner little inferior to the bcil mechanics of Europe. 'Chev cart and carve in gold and filvcr, make (word hilts, buttons, plain or filigianc rings, chains, and other ornaments, and are acquaint- ed with the method of cutting, grinding and poiidiing glafs and crvHal, and ol giving the 1 all (liapcs ami forms . They have great addrefs in .idulteratiii:; gtild, and pretend that ttiey learned tnat art iiom the Portu- giiefc ; but if this be true, they greatly excel their in- itrudor?. The town contains about two hun.'rcd houfes, in molt of which arc fome mechanics. It i? divided into tlirec diftriiSs, each of which has its p;rticular privileges, and is governed by a chief, wh' in the nei'roes call bralf'o, under whom are caboceroes, and certain inleiior ofll- cers, who, in ordinary cak's, are the minillers 01 ju- llice. 'Che three chiefs, with their councils, form tho regency and Kgiliative part ot this fmall republic. 'Che cit.idel of Elmina, which iland'. in the center of the (lold Coalf, is commodioutly fituatcd (01 the piii- polls of trade, and the fecuritv of the traders. It is feated upon a rock, and is bounded on one fiile by thu ocean, and defended by rtroni: bailions. Che building is fquare, (urrounded by a high lloiie- wall, cannon proof. 'Che fort, exclufivc ot the oun-works, is t'orty yards in length, and thirty-two in breidth, encompafi'eJ by four grand ballions, or four interior batteries, twn of which point towards the fca, and are ot a prodigious hei;;ht ; the peninfula on whi.h tliev itaud being there a high perpendicular rock . the other two fioin the river, wlitie the land dcfccnds by a gentle .Icjlivity. Upon flute four batteries are mouat.d to:ty pieces of heavy canni n, with a greater nu'iiber of l.vivels and pattera- roes. A little below fluids another b.iitery 'f large iron cannon, chiefly "ffJ lor (alutcs and public rejoic- ings. ( )n the land de arc two ca r s fiiimed in the rock, feiving for the lerurity ani con 'eniencc of the citadel, which they fupply with frJh .vattr, ..• the lame time 5 U that » ^i(i A s Y s T F. Ml o 1 r, r o r; R A i' n y. r. i-rvE .(ilf 1;,, th;it bv nifOPiS r>f a draw-lirilpc and two redoubts, n)iiuiui.d Willi riiiht pieces ot cannon, it i- nndtrcd in a niaiinir in.ircclliblc. As it i? hiTc lc;ill loilitud by li;iturc, art h.K I'lipplicd that ditVct by portcu'lilt-s, flroiiji barricades, andiron rails ot prodinious wci;;lit. 1'hc ^Miiud-hoiilc, which is pL.ccd jull hi hind, is a ftnini^huil.ling, wcl! defended v.ith fwivtls and a miin- Icr (.1 Hits in tl-.c wnlls, by which the muficetry have the entire command of tlie river. 'I'he principal building is j nriL'iiificcnt f^uarc lloiic houlc, llic upp.r pait ot wiiii h is appoin ?i! lor the ic liiicncc ot" tiie rnvernor, and to his apatiments is .i grand (li^lit fif Ucps ot' black and white matblc. On tl'.e top atL' placed two Iwivcls, and a variety i.'( Inijlltr attiiliiv, deleiul.d bv a itroii'^ tjuard ot lolilicis. In the ■way thither i;. a fine Ion,' ;j;allerv, bcautiliilly ornaiiKnt- t'd with Itucco work, anj with V'cnctian windows hand- to'iieiv glazed. T here is a I'pacioui chapel, with a ri:h altar, where prayers arc (aid everyday, and all tlic oflicers are obli;:ecl to attend under the penaltv "I lor- leiiiiip; about a iliilllii!; lor each time ot ablencc, and double that I'um on iiundays and Thuri'days. The in- /irmarv for the Tick and wounded, which is placed aloiij^ llie r.iinparls by the river tide, \' capable of containing an hundred pcifons, and is attended by the furL'Cons ot the fort. Tlie mag;v/ines tor Ihires, ptovifion , and iiur- chanili/.c, are lan;c, convenient, and always well (lock- ed ; nor is the factory, or the refi.leiicc of the a[;cnti iicg- Icetcd, where there arc accommodations tor iixty per- fon , the number of fervants, cxclulive ol foldiiis, re- taiiud bv the company. All nicrchandi/,c and goods inter the fort bv a pate towards the lea, where is elected a crane and ollur machines for unloading the (hips. In jliort, .Smith allirmi, that this citadel is larger, more coiuenient, and b'autiful than Cape Coad , but leli pleafant on account of the lituatioii. ( )ii the north t\ Ic of the river IJenja is Kort Coiiradf- burjh, which Hand, on .Mount St. Jaijo ; the lortiiyin:^ of tin., hill wa. judged iiccell'ary for the fecurity ol Kl- iiiiiia, thoiiL'h, if it once fell into the handj of ^ii enemy, they would foon obli;;e that citadd to furrender. I'he liMt of Coiiradlbur^'b is of a qiiadran:;ular form, with a iiroi^ i.'.dliun at caih angle, and a curtain between each, built of lii<^:lmi cf C)n:min.!:^ J.ih, niiil .fnt.i ; tilth tlicii 'Iliiiii und Em iptun J'jtli. T WY. kiiigdiitn called bv traveller* Commciulo, t.'om- many, A;^ueilut anJCiuaiio, is liiualid u (he cult of beta, an! extends abojt five milcj .ilon^ the lla-coall .Old about as much up the country. ') los kingdom pm- duels hut little lice, yet the valleys aic no lets lertile; th.Tn agieiablc; .ind the lulls are covered with wood which alf'ords the moll delightful piolpeCts. In the 'inter on the llraiid Hands Little Coiiimendo, or C'.im- miiiy J behind which the land riles by a gentle aiceni in to little hills beautifiillv cloathed with woods ol a |Krpe. tual veiiluic; and at the bottom aic meadows .iiid plaint dilpo'id in the moll agree.ible manner, and Idled wall fiiiii-lKcs of v.itious kinds. I'he nativci, who are of a warlike difpofition, ate li> nunii lous, that his majefty is able to tail'o in this liiilo kingdom an aimy of twenty thouland men, and his ufual guard IS cuinpoled of live bundled llout fellows well armed. \\ e fliall begin with dcl'crihinp Little Conuncndo, which (lands upon the banks of a line rivulet that dif- chaiges itlelf into the fe i, where there is a little oblonf harbour for canoes. The natives arc in general turbu- lent, cuninng, and deceitful, much addicted to King ami llealing. They arc chiefly employed in filhin'g or iii commerce, and their neighbours employ them a^ brokers and la.;lors. Kveiy moriung Icventv or eightv large c.i- noes may be leen upon the coall tilhing or iradini; with the 1- iiro|v.,in (hips in the road. About noon, when the fouth-wcll winds begin to blow, they put to llioo-, lor l.'ie laeilitv of unloading, and fecuringa market for their cargoes, cither at (Jreat or Little Commeiido ; whither the inland negroes all'emblewith the coinmoditles of their (everal couiitiics ; and no markets upon earth aie bettit fupplud with all lorls ot grain, fruit, pulfe, roots, and (till. Here the Fnglifti and Outch have fotts. That of the lormcr is u regular Ipacious (quare, with twentv-lour pieces of lion cannon, and is well fupplied with water. Aiioiding to Smith, (his is the principal loitilication the Kiijiilh iioli'efs on the Gold Coall next to Cape Coall, and IS defended by a garrilon of fixtv men, incliidiiiir negroe?. The Dutch fort of ^Vcdcnburgh is only a mulket-fliot dillanccj but the advantages arilin:! Iiom lo near a vicinity are dcllroycd by the quarrels and jca- loulies of both nations, who, according to Smith, never like upon a fooling ol tiiendlhip. The fort of W'edcnburgh was built in l688, and is a fquaie building, defended by good batteries capable of rnountiiig thirty two pieces of ordnance. In |6()5 it was attacked by the negroes in the night, at a time when twenty out of the finall garrifon, commanded by Holnun, were laid up with fickiiefs : but, alter an engagement of live hours, they were rcpull'ed with confidet.ible lol's. Though the negroes pouted their (hot into the embra- I'lires, which could not be dole fliut, they were Inch baj marki'men that Kol'man loll only two men : but they re- turned a lecond lime to the charge, rtlolvin ; to enter Iwofd in haii.l. liolman lent lor relief to Kloiina, and .t (ealonabic reiiiforcenient ariivcdjull as the negroes were cutting down the port-holes with their fwords. An ob- Itinate engagement cr.lued between this detachment, which endeavoured lo force a way into the fort, and the negroes, who Itrove to opjiole them. After a warm ac- tion, which lartcd only half an hour, the Dutch were defeated ; but a coiifidctable number of them tiiiding means to enter the foit, the fpirits of Ihc garrifon were rail'ed, and the negroes difcouragcd from profeculiii" the fiege. Hofman all'erts, that his gunner had the tieachery to nail uphii cannon, which had like to have occafioned the lofs of the fort. When the (lege was railed, this vil- lain, who had lo bafcly acted contrary to his truft, was lent in irons to KImina to be puniflu-d according to his dcfert! ; inllead of which the direclor-gencral iiol only fct him at liberty, b,tt piomotcd him to a place of grcate'r trull and profit. The chief commodiiics for which there is .i great de- mand bv the negiots 'ti Cominciido, arc glals beads. Woollen Hurts, linen cloths, bral's bells, and bmluns; but tiiele articles are fold only by letail, and Inch a va- iietv of factor,, brokers, and agents, are emploMd by ihile negri'es as makes trading with them very tedious. W'hn they are at war with a nuglibouiing nation, great pridit may be nude by tiadinj; Chithcr tut davcs ; fur the/ GirtNEA. A K 1< 1 they hurry to ilirpnfc of their priionirs in oiJjr tj lave till- cxpciicc ot numtainiiiu' ttitin. A little Lirlhcr to the well iii-s thf country of J.iby, or J.ibali, wli'.TC the king is (o poor tliat Ijulm.iii .1 Ivilvd the European merchants not to truil him witli I'noiis to the value ot' t-n pouiuK flcrliiii;, not from any il.ltrull ol his principles, but ol hi- 'hility to pay. The fertility of the foil would foon eniiih tile inhabitants were they not expofeJ to thecontmual inroads of their neighbour'), who Ipoil and dcllroy what they arc unable to carry awav. Aiitn, which lies farther to the wcfV, is biunded on the north by the country of Adorn, on the wefl by Axini, and on the louth and louth-eafl by the ocean, it extend- ing about ten leajtues from call to we(h The country is mountainous and covered by large trec», among which ftand a number of villages. The land is well watered ; the vallics rich and cxtenfivc, producing abundance of rice, tlic bell fort of mai/.c, lujjar-canes, yams, and po- tatoes. The foil along the banks of the river of Hourtry is as fine as can be met with in .iny par: of the earth, and the country is equally rich and beautiful; but by the continual wars in which the people have been engaged with Adorn and their other neighbours, they are far from being a potent anil populous people as they once were ; the country is thinned of its inhabitants, and thefe are be- come entirely dilpirlted, flieUering themfelvcs under the cannon of the Hutch fort, and leaving the greatcll part of the land uncultivated. Every thing is, however, ex- ceeding cheap ; and this country enjoys thu advantage ol beinu' the moll healthful liluatioii on the coall. The moll conliilerablc villages of this country arc Rourtry, or Botro, Tocorary, Su.onda, Anta, and Sama, all of which deferve particular notice. The river that wallus Bourtry is navigable for only four miles up ; its banks are covered with llately trees that fpread a melan- choly (h.ule over the water ; and, where it ceales to be navi'able, its courfc ii interrupted by rocks and prodi- giouj falls of water, which, though they diminilh the cimvcniency of that river, add to the beauty of the fcene. On both fides you fee infinite numlicrs of apes, tygcrs, wild c.if:, and fome elephants; and alio horfes, cow., fhecp, hogs, fowls, and a great variety of birds of dif- ferent fpecies. Its waters arc filled with delic ous fifli ; but the catching them is rendered dangerous by tiie mul- titude of crocodiles and (harks with wh,ch the river is jnfellcd. Bourtry is fituated upon this river, at the foot of nu eminence, on which the Dutch have built an irregul.ir an can be imagined, I'hc Kunch a. 427 had f(M merle an ellabliihinent here, but the Knglifli aii.l Dutch .lie at prefenr the only r.ui'peans who "Inaintaiii forts at Siieonda. 'I'hat of the Dutch, which is called Orange Tort, was built in lOs'z : the Knglilh loit was ereilled a few years before. Both thefe l>iris were taken bv the natives, and recovered from them ; but in the veaV 1700, tlicre remained only the walls of (he Englilh fort ; but, though the Dutch poll'elled th'.- whole trade, they drew but little advantage from it, beiaule the eti'orts of the Knglifh to rellore themfelves greativ ililtiirbed their operations. At lall, however, a reell.iblifliment wis ilteclcd, and a new fi>rt rofe out of the ruins of the old, with more fplendorand llrcngth ih.iii the former. Smith reprefeiits it as larger and better fortified than Dick's C.ve; it is ol a quadrangular firm, fituated upon an eniiiirncc about fifty paces from the lea, hetA-een the Dutch fortj of Tocorary on the well and Sani.i on the ealt. It is built of brick, and mounted with f veral pieces of cannon, the garrifon confilling of five white and twenty black men. The Kuropeans at Suconda enjoy this advantage, that as the fort llands fo near, the factors of both nations, when they live in friendfliip and harmonv, have conllant opportunities of enjoying each other's company, an ad- vantag:: of ineftimable value to focial beings placed in ;l barbarous and ignor.m; country. Sama is fituated on an eminence, and its- fort watered by the river of St. (Jeorge, that difcharges itfeif into the lea. Tlii^ town confills of about two hundred houfes, which feein in form three villages, one of which is under the cannon of the Dutch fort of St. Seballian. The I'oIj employment of the natives is liflimg. ■|"he Dutch fort is built ne.irly upon the fame pl.iii as that of Bourtry, the apartments are convenient, and the fituatioii for trade exceeding favourable. SECT. XIX. Of the Ciunlty of Jxim ; ibi j\l(inn,r in iv'uh It Is (^Jtvrwi-./, mid of the Euiopean Fjiti in tl.\tt Coiintty. THE next country to the well is that of Axim, which was lurmeily apowerliil republic; but, on the arrival ol the lirandenburghers, one party, in ex- pectation of an ealier government, put themfelves under the proteclion ot thole llrangers, while the other adiicred to the Dutch. This countrv produces a very great quan- tity of rice, ananas, water-melons, cocoas, bananas, lemons of two difieient kinds, with .ibundanoe of other fruit, and vegetables of all forts ; and the country is fub- ie.:t to almoll coniimial r.iiiis. The natives export rice to all the kingdoms of the coaft, bringing home in re- turn palm oil, millet, yams, .ind potatoes. Axim all'i) produces great numbers of cows, (lieep, go.us, and tame pigeons, as well as other fowls. The country is filled with populous \illages, fome of which .ire by the iM.rule, and others far up the country. The intermediate lands are well cultivated, and the loil is fi fertile, that it uciily rcp.avs the labour of the hulbamlinan. The capii.il, wliicb is named Acliombnnc, (lands under the cannon of the Dutch foit, and behind is fe. ured by a thick wood that covers the whole diclivity of u nei'h- bouring hill. All the houfes arc lep.iraied bvgnne. ot cocoas and other fruit-trees, planted in paiailel lines, each of an equal width, and torming an eleg.aiit villa. Thefe avenues, with the extenfive profpct'l, renders the Dutch tort one of the pleafaiitell enabliihments inCiuinea. This advantage is greatly diminiflied by the moillurc of tht: air and the iinhealtmncfsof the climate, particularly dur- ing the rainy leafon. The government of this little republic is compofed of two b(jdies of the natives, the caboccrocs, or chieis, and themanccrocs, or the commons. The cogni/.anci of all civil atl'airs belongs to the cahoceioes, but whatever is of general concern equally comes under the cognizance of both members of the Hate. Tlui: , makin;^ peace or war, treaties , who arc often inipi.tili- I'll before t!ic b.ir of the commons j hut no manciroes can he ir! \l for i limes of a pu'olic n.iHire, hut hy their own .illemlily. Unwiver, in common iilKairs jiitUce i^ ulu.illv ;uiini!ii(lerel hy the c.buceroes, who are laul to be urtatly iritl'Uiued hv thehrihc'i th.tt are offered thim, which thcv recejof, and (excpt in very notorious cafis) ulually decide in favour of him who hrir-s the mc(t gold or hrandy. 'i iie pliintiiT", fomctimc'- findinn that ih- fenteiice will I'C either fdioii> or unfavourable, rcdrillcs hirnfjfhy feiz \^n ,.[1 the ;• dd or fl.ivcs of the a/grellor ; hut ir) this method of rct.di.itioa keeps flri:;1!v within the hounds of juHicc, appreliending no ill cnni'cqucnLCs, pro\idcd he doe> but live in anottiT town or viila_;e, where he is fiire of Iv-ini^ fupported bv hr. townfm'.ii. Thus a private ijuair'I i;. (oiMi terminatcil by :i ci\il broil, which can be no otheiwifc appeafej than by the fword, or an agrcc- nuii; hi tween the original oppnoents. Should the fcn- tcnee of the cpbocerocs happen to be equitable, or the ca'ife he deeiiled by the Dutch governor, the difpute is amicably concluded ; but if neither party products fuf- ficien; evidence by witncf--, i.. probable circumlbnccs, t'le di(end.,:i', who clears himl'elf by oath, is acquitted. I lieoith of purgation is .i!*ay3 preferred to that of ae- cul,;tion i but if the plaintiff' proves his char.^e by two, or even one witnef«, the purgation oath is not permitted 10 be taken. All crinus arc atoned for by fines ; but murder is pu- niflied eit!i',r by death or a pecuniary mulci. The for- mer i;hou\'.er fclJom executed, except where the cii- inina! is poor. Thele fines arc of two lorts, that for the ii'.ur leiiii^ oi a fiave hcinj trifling in comparifon of that cx.ii.fLd tor the lite of a fieeman. At Axim all I'lnej are p:ii I into t!)C hands of the IJutch factor, who in a man- n.r allunvs the fuprcinc executive power. 'I'hel'e fines he didributes to the injured pcrfDii, a.'Ur having tiill deduct; I his fee, which is no more th.m ei^i'it crowns tor determining the moll imix)rtaiit fuit that comes befoic him. Tfic only puniftiment for theft is rfftitiiti. WY. come now to the third di\ ifion of (niincn, call- ed the Ivory or Tooth Coalt, which take; its n uiic from the elephants teeth found hcie, and is bounded Iv/ Nigritia on the north, by the Cjold Coalf on the eilt, by the oeean on the fuuth, and by the Grain or Pejiper Coall on the well ; but both geographers and teamen arc divided in their opinions concerning its extent .'.iid limits, tome confining it between the river Siicra da Coila and Grova, two miles to the caft of Cape Palmas ; hut others flretch its boundary from the lad mentioned Cape to Capa Tres Puntas, or Three Points ; r!l that fliorc being i:nowii to mariners under the name of the 'I'ooth Co.dK Othcri again tcprefcnt ito limits as contained wihiiiCapc Apol- lonia to the eaft, and Cape Palmas to the wefl. Cape Apollonia, thus called by the Pottugui'c from their dilcoveiing it on St. Apidlonia's day, Itands, ac- cording to Des Marchais, in four degtccs fifty minutes north i.ititudc, halfway between the ruor Suera daCofl,i and Cape Tres Puntas. It is remarkable for its height, and the lofty trees with which it i? covered. It points a little fouthward, appearing low along the fhore, and rifing behind into three loity mountains, that in clear weatiier may be feen at a gie.it ihl'anee at lea. Upon each of thcl'e mountains are groves, and in the interme- diate valleys are three or four pretty vill.iges built ciofe to the fca-lide. In general, excepting a few capes, all the coalf from Cajx: Apollonia is (o low, equal, and llrai^ht, that i; is difficult for (hips todillin^uilli places ; and. Guinea.' A F R I C A. 425 and indeed, liefidej thefe capes, the only didinft land- nurk?> arc the heights and mountains round j)rcwin. The I'tMUh Cuad is hy fomc authors divided into ihc Q^uqua, the Malagantes, and the Ivory Coalt. 1 he Dutch have given the callernpart of this coaft the name of (^i.iqua, from the natives, on thtir feeing a Ihip approach, repeating that woid, which Villault ima- gines exprclFLS a kind of welcome, and oblcrvcs, that the maKer of an entertainment ufually repeats it to his guclfsj but Smith affirms, that Quaqua, in the language of the country, figmfies no more than teeth or ivory. All the countries within the limits ol the Ivory Coafl are fruitful in tice, peafe, beans, cocoa-nuts, orange>, citrons, and goofebcrries ; and the natives frequently bring on board large fugar-cancs, which is a proof that fugar might be cultivated there to aJvantagi-. The ivory C>>all is indeed one of the fined Oivifuiiis ol Guinea, the prolptcl of the mountains, and valiies hiltd with vil- lages, IS very del.ghtful, mcll of thi>lc liiile towns being «acomp"ired with rroics of lofty |)ainis and cocoa-trei;., 'I'he foil of the high lands is u rcddifli earth, winch, with the perpetual vtrdurc of the trees, forms an aiirte- ablc mixture of colours. Cotton and inJigo are ihe lj)iin. taneiius growth of the provinces of St. Andrew ami Great IJrewiii, which arc indeed the richill of the whole. Palm wme and oil are very plentiful, as is alio a fpecRs of fruit that grows on a kind id p.ilni tree, called by the natives tombo. This they eat with great pltulure, drinking at the fame time a wine diawn fioni the fame tree mixed with water ; for its llreiiglh is laid to render it unfit for being drank alone. In this part of Guinea are elephants, which arc very numerous in the inland countries ; there arc fuch num- bers of cows, (lieep, goats, and hogs, that they are lold for a trifle j and the coalt fupplies the natives with a great variety and abundance of fifh : but the moft remarkablc are the fea-devil, the zingana, and the fca-buil. The fta-devil is faid to be about twenty-five feet long, and proportionably thick ; but what is in
    l-c very co.irfe and indelicate, and to be priiuip.illv cnmpofed of different mixtures of rice, liili, fowl, kid and elepli.int's flcfh, all kept till they Kink. They are faid to look upim lon^ nails as a great or- nament, to drefs their li;iir in 'relies, which they keep feparate by a palle of pilm oil and a kind of red earth ; and they daily anoint their bodies with the fame kind of parte. They wear round tlie (inall of their legs large rini^s of iron, and arc ch.irmcd with the s;in;;ling found of thofc rings and of bells falleiied totlum, in tlie mul- titude of which confnl ail their di:;i:iiv and grandeur. The conitnon people have no other clo.uhs but a piece of cloth fa'lened round the waill ; but th.e wealthy have a fort of cKiak, or furpliec, with long llcives, which hangs down beiow their knees ; and by tiieir lide they wear a hanger, or fliort ("word. Their women, according to Villault, fetting afide their complexion, which is jet-black, would pal's for beauties in Europe from the regularity of their fe.itures, the brilliancy of their eyes, and their tall, fleiuier gen- teel fhape. Some of them adoriitheu hair witli little gold plates, inthcmakingof which the.irtills of thaliul an aflront to the other fex. Their lorm of (alui.uion is laying hold of the fingers, and making them ciaclt. It is here, as well as in Indi.i, a n'lillant rule, that the (on follows the proftflion of his (jtlur, the (on of a weaver being always bred a weaver, and that of a fmith, a fmith. 'This rcgulati(>ii is !o firmly eflablifhcd, thai the whole countiy doen nut perhaps fuuiiih a hngic j P inltance i ' I : 1 r ! ' 1 . 1 .r i| i' i Aio A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Guinea, inftiinre of the contrary •, but thii riiil'iin is (o f.ir ironi iiii|Viovin(» tlicm in the knuwlciJj'c oi the mechanic att<, lh;it they jro Hill but very inJitfcrint workmen-, un>t arcnnlin^ to Atkins, a romiimn lock i-> Inch a ru- rinlity, aj to ilr.iw a whole country toi>ether to fee it •, a watch Itill Incrcafcs their admiratiun, anJ inakin'^ paper fpeak, as thev term it, is quite miraculous. It they arc fcnt with a note, and toM tl'.c cuntenti before they (;o, they tre(|uciitly make the experiment, whe- ther the Kuropeaiis d-.ceivc them, in picteiiJiiig to in- terpret the thuuijlus ot' an ablint perfon by thole trook- fil cluraiilirs. This they ilo, by alkin^; the contents ; but thiir lurprize is iiiconceivablu on hiaiin;; tlic n.>le read. Of this they can torm no idea, and they arc ready to believe, that the white men Iiavc liimc lamiliar (j)iiii that acls as t'aclor or broker on tliel'e occalioiis. I'lic iilual trade carrud on here conhlls ot ivory, cotton cloths, gold, and flaves. All the countries be- hind Qiiaipia turniih j;reat lloic otcli.phaiits teeth, and this i> cltccnicd the molt be.iutilul ivorv in the world ; whence it is conltantly bought up, as loon as brought to the coaft, bv the Kn lifti, French, Dutch, and lomc- times by the Danes and I'Drtuguele ; but though the commerce ol" this country is tree to all nations, the En- I'lilii and Dutch enjoy the prcateft (liarc ot' it. The in- land countries I'o abound with elephants, that notwith- ilandin^ the perpetual war waged aL'ainft them by the negroes, the elephants arc i'o numerous, that according to I'cvcral authors, the natives arc forced to di r their h.ibitations under [.'round. Howevei, their number is faid to have been j;reatly diminidied by a dilleniper that has crept among them, and made terrible havock, as well as by the conttant endeavours of (he natives to i.xiirpiic lliem. According; to Villault, the ncijroc. manufaihire a fort of ft;oii^ lluft, (Iriped blue and white, thiee quarters wide, and about four ells Ion;'; and as, thcle fell well on the liold Coall, the Kuropcans purchalc them here for that nuiket. The country produces abundance of good cotton, which the negioes of the interior countries inaniitaiiture. The cotton pieces made here are not only extremely line, but beautilul in their c(di>urs. '1 he nejirnes on the coalt act as brokers for thole of the inl.iiid countries, fell thiir Hulls for thein, and receive .i certain fliarc by way , that if tliey difeovei any unns on board, they inltantly (cud away to the flioie with all putrtbie expe- dition. It IS extremely difficult anJ tedious tr.idin'.» with a people fo jealous and timorou*, whofv; Ian 'iia-e f, un. intelligible to the Kuropca!l^, and all the Kurnpean l.m- guages no lefs f(j to thcin. F.very tiling is iranlav'lej by ligns or placing a certain quantity of nierchandiz,- near the ivory or p
    i, or man-eaters, have been found to be triendly, bem vo. lent, and enemies to cruelty I we Ihall therctoic conhni; our obfcrvations of this country tu fuch pans of it as arc tolerably known. T he river of St. Andrew is a fine deep (^rcam, increa- frd near its mouth by biiiig joined by another river. 'J'hc entrance is furroundrd by loftv trees, tine meadows, and rich fields of ^-rcat extent. Nature feems to have intended this place for a fortrcfs ; lor about five hundred paces from the mouth of the river, a peninlula cxtend.i a great way into the fea, and is joined to the coiit'iient by a flcnder neck of land, about five or fix (.ithom« broad. The whole peninfiila Is a high level roek, and has a platform four hundrid l a- dows and fields round the mouth of this river are \va- tcreit by pleafant ttreams thnt frrtiii/c the i-rnund, aii.l render it ht lor producing all kinds of corn, fruit, aiij roots, efpccially maize, millet, rice, pea.s, yams, at'rl melons. Ttiei-c are here fine natuial provrs of citron., oransrs, limes, and tocoa-nut trees, whole bous^hs aie fo clofely intermingled, that all ihel'e fcveral fruits nilj'hl: he ima-jined to tie the produce ol one large tree. Hero the lugar-cane, with a ihoiilirid other pl.inis, Ipiing up in the greateft pcifection without cultivation ; but an? abandoned lo the r-eaijcs of the elephant, .iiul allord a ftielter for other wild hearts. In Ihort, whateyir the (told CoiK produces, is fuuiid here in {greater abundance and ptllc^liun. A« GlIXEA. A F R I C 4,'?t As ti> the nativot of thh part of tlir Ivory Cuaft, the mni, liWc tlioff we have jtilt ddiribiil, an' wt!l m;ulc ; tlic wunicn arc Inull, hut m-aily proporliuni'il ; their Ccitiiici .iro rcjiiiLir, their cyts lively, ainl their teeth whitr, fiiLill, ami even. The men wear a iool'e dreh, rcl .ihlin;; a lurplicc wlii h reaihei to ilio kiiee!i, ami the wtiiiu'ii a narrow rlotli round tlieir waill, hut niany giipiiliClly nakeJ, The rich men wear a poinanlur li.n.j icnilc hy their ftilci, and arc not deHcieiit in luur.ige and iiiiderKandini^ i hut tlic Kuropc.in traders havin;^ tarried olt" I'omc ot fhfm, they arc hceomc Id rul'iiiriou:!, that mithini^ can prevad on them to tome on board, bc- ture the captain of the (hip has gone throiiijh the cere- mony of putting a drop of fea-water in his eye, which they alfo perform as a kind of declaration, that they Y/itn the loll of their eye*, if they are guilty of a hreaeh of (aith, and a folemn engagement that no injury Ih ill be oHered on either fide i however, they cannot be pre- vaded upon tu go uniicr the hatches, or enter the t alibi n. Thcv are extremely fond of rings of ivory iind iron, mounted with little bells, whicli they put round their armi, and the fmall of each leg. Thcfc bell, i-ivc ihcm an additional joy in dancing, of which both they and all the negroes arc palTionately fond. Kvery diHrict has a particular motle of dancing, with dirfcrcr.t con- tortions and grimaces, which they prefer to thofe of their neighbours. It is faid, that our bed Kuropean mailers would, in this country, pals for awkward and tlumfy, and might find foinc attitudes and pnlhires amon^ the negroes which might improve their art. The women in general dance with a tine, calV, graceful air ; but it is frequently intermixed with ridiculous and bur- Icfuue grimaces. To the ealt of the river St. Andrew arc at lead a tlozeii craggy and broken hills, which (tretcl. three <>< four miles along the coallj yet the intermediate Held-. being watered within this (hort I'pacc by near twenty little rivulets, they arc rich and fruitful; and were the inhabitants more civilized or Icfs timorous, no country on earth bids fairer for a profitable trade. The elephants mult be of an enormous fizc, fince many of their teeth weigh above two hundred pounds. Slaves and gold arc like- wife in great plenty ; but the F.uropcans can never learn by what means thev procure the latter ; for this tluy pre- fcrve an inviolable fccret ; but if thev are pred'ed lo ex- plain theml'elvcs they point with their linger lo the mountains on the north-ealJ, intimating that it comes from thence. There arc fcveral towns and villages along the coaft, the molt ronrKJerable of which appeals to be thit ol Laho, which is lituated on the cape of the lame name, in live de^jrccs ten miinitis north latiliulc ; and is equal- ly diftani from Cape I'almas and Cape Tres i'uiiti^. Laho \i a lar.;c and populous place, cMcniiiiig almut a league alon; the coalt, which is coveiel with a luaiiti- ftil yellow land, and againit which the fea beats with great violence. The mi.'hbouring coiiiuiy athuds all kinds of provifions, which arc here extremely che.ip, aiul tlv n.iiive.s, who arc of a mild, tra.:ta!iie, and gentle dif- potition, are vilited by traders of all nations. On the e.ill tide ot Cape l.aho, bctweJii two vilLagcs, tile one called Jack a Jack, and the other Corby l.aho, is a little fpate of fait water, to which the Knu'lilh and Dutch have given the name of the Hottondel's I'lt, from its f.xtraoidiiiary depth, lever.il ur.uicceiVful attempts havin.; bteii mad': to found it; but at leii;;th it was found to lie no more than fixty fathoms, its liippifed depth arifing fiom a current at the bottom, which car- ried away the lead falter than they could furnilh line. SECT. XXIII. Of iht Miiigiiftta tr Grain Cuijl ; its Kamf, Situ.Hicn, l'>;;(tiihl(t, and /fnimnli ; %vilh a pitrtiiular Difiripliin cj Guinea Pfpptr. Of tht Nulivcs, their Perfiin, iXtin- Hin, Language f Artt, and Government. TH K P'uropeans gave this Goad it< name from oh- ferving that it produced this fpecics of pepper in greater abundance than any other part uf Guinea; and in iced, the names of all ihi oth.-r p.irt? of the Co.tC were given from the chief commoditiL-s they atiord. Kot iiiltance, the Slave Coalt is thus nnmed from i(i fut- iiilliing a freatiT number of llaves than any other coun- try ; tile (lold Coall, from the great ()uaiitify of lh.it niilal found there; and the Ivory Coalt, iroin tlic pri- tlipioiis car^rm-s of elephants teeth aniiu.illy hrjiifht Iron thence by the Kuropeaiis i thoirrh llaves, j'ul.l, an I ivory, are purthaled throu:;h th>' "whole Coalt ot (iui- nea, and tlierc arc fewplaco wliuli do not produce lorn*: of thi'i pepper. .Strictly fpraking, the Malaguctta, or Grain Cnaft, is co:it.iincd between the riicrSelloi anil (Jreva, a vil- lage two or three miles to the well of Cape I'almaj, and extends about lilty miles along the fliore. 1 he productions ol the cattii are peal'e, beans, pourd.«, oranges, lemons, baii.iu.i', dates, aii.l a kind ot nut with an exceciling thick (hell, the kernel of which is ellermej a nudt delic iou> flint, (orwhiih neither the imiucs not lMiro|ie.iiis have any n inn-. I'he palm wine of this coun- try is perhaps in greaterp •rfeotion tli.in in anvotlvr p.iit o! thepliibc, lint what c'onllitutes the principal wealth ol the (train Coall is the abundance of (tuIium pepper it pro- duces, lor which ihey have a great tr.ide, not only wiili all the neighbouiing inland nations, but with the Kuro- peaiis. The plant on which this proJu.Tion grows diftVrs in fr/e, according to the nature of the (od, and other cir- ciimll.inces. It Ihoots up like other Ihuihs, and like ivy runs up fome iicighbouiiii ; tree; w!iat grows upon the plant thus fupporte I h i> a finer flavour, and a hotter and more pungent lalle than what giows wild in the lieldi. The leaf, which is fol't and pointed, is twice a-i Ion;; as it ii broad, and in the tainv i- .111)11 has a delieati: liiicll; loon after which it lades, ,111 I .it the I'l'Tio liiir-' loles both Its beauty ami flavour ; but the leaf and buds, when in perfccfiinMes thccar lamom both in its figure, talle, and ijii.ility. They have here alfi> pimento, a fpceies of pepper common in the Well Indies, .iiid known in Kn;>land by the name of J.imaiea pepper. 'I he Uuich purciial'e it here in greit tUMiitiiies, ;iiid it is laid that a fleet of live or fix l'.;il have lometiiiies left the coall with little or no other men handiye ; but thit trade i.; at prcfent much declined. The l.ngtilli Itill pur- chale fome (Jiiinea pepper ; but ihf cliiel commerce of the (irain Coalt conlills in ivory and A.-ve-. Cows, liogs fluep, and goats are here in i:rcat plenty; as are alio moll of the other aiiimaij found in tholi: parti ol (ruiiiea alreadv delciilied. The people h.ive in general hanJfome features and arc well fli.iped ; tluir drels i, a piece of cloth round ihir waill. \\'hcn any of them •r.iveli, out of liii own little dilliict, and is met by a Itrangcr, they mutu.lly embrace, clol'ely prcflin? each other's (houlders, .;nd inonouiicing the word tiiwa ; then they rub each other', a.ins '" to the elbo'.v, llill repe.iting towa ; alter winch th- e.ich other's lingers, and liiiilli their extr.iordiii. u- talioii with crying out, KnI.ininiate, enlanemate. Their language is fo Jitlicult, tiiat ii ;s not only ut- terly unintelligible to the Kuiopeaiis, but to ilie neartft iKighbouring nations, none ol whom aie aide to aiit a« interpreters. The iialivij of thi> divilion are guilty of no excellcs in eating or ilriiiking, but freely admit the Europeans to the beds of their wivts an, I doightcrs; they lire alfo faid to be extremely addiclcil to llcalin;. Among thel'e people are loine excdlint niei lianics, par- ti'-ulaily fmiths, who perleclly iiiiderlland the art of tempeiing Heel and other mctaU, inikiiig .irm:, and all inllruments baiuna and p.ilni It ivri, Harbot, to his ((reat lurpri/c, law in the council-cliani.. bor the H;;uic of a wuman liuldinu an inUiit in her ■nnn, cut in batl'o relievo This prince had an .Tirrccablt afpcfl, and a lender dif. pofiiion, but a weak Jud^!mellf. The town lad haidur any otfier inhabitants befuiis the wnmni, cliildicn, nutt and (laves of the king. His wives and coiuuhincs a* mounted to thirty, one of wliom w.is extrenuly well projiortioned, and her arms, Ujv, and other p.irts of tlie body wcie marked with the figuin ot btafli and birds, ornaments which in tint l.liwt liorii tln' (inith <-.i I, it a (hi|) ovor-lliduis tht lil.iiiil i-viT (>> litlli', (111! I ;iiii|iit recover it .ii;jiii. 'I'lKiii^li tliv ill.iiul .ippcjri (III every liJe n lianl li.irnii roek, vet it is tovereil witli e.irth a tout, iir a toot ;iii.l u hull tieep, aiul prndiKi', iidt onU ^-r.if^ litit lllllt^, hethi, routs, ami irnriica Knlt'i it i, airreeivlily liiver- lili'.'il with hilN :inil plains, adurneJ witli pl.iiitatMiis ol lfuit-tref», aii'l kitelicn I'trdcm, anioii;; whieli are in- tcrlperdil the hnii|i-i ut the natives, in the open fielili are li'--r,ls ot' ealtle alw.i\ . (^r.iriiii.', I'omc ot' whieli are fattfil to liippiv the ihippmi^ tint touches liere, aiul the relt tiiinilii ihe dairie-. with milk, iMittcr, and eheel'e. The coumn alio ahoiiiids ill h"<;s, ijo.it., tiirkies, and all lorfs ol poultry; ami the (la is well (upplied with hill. II It aiiiullt all t Hi atlluenrr, they haye ncillicr bre.td nor wine ot tluir own ^;r<)Wth i lor though the (nil IS extremely propi-r lor wli< it, yet the rats which hailioiir ill the rock-., .mil c.iiinot liedollroyed, eat up all the feed hctore the gr.iiu is well out ot the j;ri)uiul ; and thoiK'.h the vines flounlh, and atl'urd a luffieKiit ipianlity ot graiws, yet the eliitiate is too hot lor niaknij; wine. Indeed no j^ood wine is produced rroni prapcs within the torrid zone, lor neither very hot nor very cold countries arc proper tor that liquor. B.fulci graptsjthey h.ivc bananii, lips, plantains, ami the oth;-r Iriiits uluallv produced in hot countries, liny rule kidney-beans, ami other kinds ol piille in their gar- dens j and the coinmoii peopK lupply the want ot' bread with potatoes and yams. A little beviinJ the Ian lin^ place, in Chapel Valley, i; the tort where the (lovernor rtfidcs, with a irarrilun ; and in the lame valley is a pretty town, coiifil^ini; ot lortv or li:ty houfcs, built ai'tcr the Knirlilh manner, to whit h the people ot the illand rcfort wh-ii any fliips ap- pear, as well to allill ill the ill ('••nc' of the illand a; to entertain th'j feamcn, it they .ue Iricnds ; lor the (governor has aI'.v.M> centinels on the hi.;helt part ot the illand to the windward, who jiive luitire ol ihe approach of all (hips, an 1 guns are tired to I'uiiiiniii every man to his poU. It is impuflibic for any fliip to come in the night- time, but wh.it h.is been dileuvcred the day before. The above fort and the town, which has the lame name as the Illand, is lituated in I'lx ikurecs thirty minutes well loiv'itude from I^oiidon, and in the fixtccnth decree of loiiih latitude. The n.itives of this ifland are remrirkablc for their frefli ruddy complexion, and robtiil conjtitutions. In all other places near the tropics the children and de- fccndants of white ptople have not the leaf! red in ihcir chrcksi but tlie natives of St. Helena have generally an aj'KCabl',- mixtuie of rid and white, and are pretty licalthfiil, whiih is afcribed to feveral caufc?, particu- larly to their livinn on tlic top of a mountain, always iipcii to the lea brcc/.es, which conftantly Jdow ; to tiieir b ing ufiiilly employed in the healthtul exercifes of j^ardenm^ and hiilbuulry ; to their illand being Ire- •juenily rtfrtflK'd with moderate cooling; (howcts ; and to there bein^ no lens or fait marflics to aiuioy them with t'leir Iheams. They arc alfo ufcd to climb the tlep hill between the town in Chapel V.dlcy and their plantations, which is fo Ihep, that they are forced to iiuve a l.idJer in the middle of it ; whence it is called I.adilLrliili, and thcv cannot avoid afcending it without •;oin^ thr-.e or four miles about ; Id that they feldoin want air or cxcrcifc, the great p.elervei-. nf health. Ai to the genius anil temper of the natives, Mr. Sal- mon, who was there, allures us, thatthiy feenRdtohim the mod hunell, inoffenfivc, and hofpi'iible people he had ever nut with, having fcarcc any tiiufliiie of avarice or ambition. He fays he afked fome nf tliein, if they had no ciiniifity to (ee the reft of the world, of which they had heard fo many tine thinj;^, and how they 'ould confine tlienifelves to a (pot of earth feparated fioiti the rcit of m.Tiikin.l, and I'curce feveii leagues in circuinlerenie ; to vhiih ti'.cy aniwered, that they enjoyed all the neci (Faries «'l liV in i^reat plenty ; they were irither I'corched with ixccinve lie.it, nor pinched with cold ; thcv lived in pcr- Icit kcurity, in no danger of eneinie?, robbers, or wild bead.', :ind were li.ippy in a continued ll.itc of health : that as til' re were nu very rich men amoiiL'il them, (carte ■my planter lum •, woiih niori' ih.in itlnulaii 1 J .liar-, ht theie were no poor in the illand, and h irdl\ a man woitli lefi than fiiin liundrjd, .ind coiilei|uently were mitoMij^eit III iindereii more laboiii than wai iiectluiy tokeephini iii hi.illh : lb it llioiild they remove to any uther cuiury, tl;ry fuppoled their Ini.ill fortunes would !■ aice pri leivo tlieiii tiom w.int, and they (hould be li.ilile to iiinunie- rable h.i/.ards .iiid haid(liip<, wlochthey knew nothing ot here but from the repuit of their countrv nun. There are about two hundred families ii|iiin the ill.ind, niollof them Knglitli.or deleended linin l.n;;.i(h p.in ntj, .Old a few French ri-fugeci. Kvcry family has its houfe and pl.intation on the hiyher part id th.- iil.ind, wheru tliey liMik ader their horiitd cattle, th.ir hnj;s, fnats, and poultry, truit, and kitchen ivirilens. They feldoin comedown to the town in Chapil Valley, unlefi it be once a week to church, or when (liips aiiive, when mo(l ol the houles in the Valley are com ited intn |iiinch- hoiifes, or lod^in^s for their j;iiells, to whom they fell their cattle, poiiliry, truit, and |',ardeii Hull". Hut thu inhabitants are not allowed to pun liile any mcrch.indi.'e of the Ihips that touch there ; lor wh.itever they w.int ol loreinn ;j;rowth, or nianiifaiiliiie, they are oblijad to buy at the company's w.iiehoule, where they may luinilli themli'lvrs twice cvciy month with brandy, Kurope.ui or Cape wines, Ji.ilavia arr.ick, beer, malt, tea, colVee, lu!'.ir, ihina, and japan- wire ; woolen cloth .m.l (tiiHs, liiKii, calicoes, chint/., muiliii^, libbons, and ,dl man- ner of clothin.' ; lor whiih they are allowed fix months credit. Kni^lifli money and SpaniOi dollars arc the coin chiwdy current here. There is laid to be no town, either in Plil'dand or in any other part of the world, where there are lew. r dil- orders cnmmitted than in that ol Cliapi I Vallev", (or tho' the people appear v. ilh an air of freelom, not kiuv. "i in other :;i;vcrnments, yet an exact order and dikiplinc arc oblervid, and univcil.il quiet and fati.sfaetion feem to iciL'n in the ifland. The hillory of St. Ililena may be contained in a lew woii's : it was difcovered in 1502 by the I'ortu;;iitre, uhi> llwleu It with lioirs, poats, and poulti\,and iiled to touch at it in their letuin from India lor water and Iretli pro- vilions ; but It does iut(/< i/" ///ivw/;;/;, St. AAuihiU; A'mnhon, St. ri:mi-. Prima Jjlmul, c!>:,l the Jjlimd oj I'lrruiiiih Pc. (t THK ifland of Afccnfinn lies in eight degrees fouth .<'.','<''. latitude, upw.uds of two hundred U-agiies to the north-well of St. Helena, and in leventeen degrees tweiiH' /J'.'jJ/', minutes weft longitude trom London. It received \.s name from its being difcovered by the Portugiiefe on Alcenfion day. It is about fmir leagui^s in length, one in breadth, and ri.;ht or ten leagues in ciri.tmiteience j and fome of it liigh land, but very barren. Tiiis iHantl his fearco any wood, fruit-treci, plants, or heibage ; and luiilur the PortiK'Uefe, nor any other nation, h.ive vet thnudit (it to pl.int it. The Kuropi an (hips, however, ufually call here in their way from India, particularly Inch of our Kaft India Ihips as have milled St. Helena, when they make nfe id ihii; ifland as a place of ri-fuOiment 1 it lin uv.i a I'.ifc and convenient haibour. Here are a fev» wild goats, but thev arc lean j and Aiveial '.'oris of birds, S <^ but W ', ! ii : ) I r 5- 'I vt\H\ i:.i;i ^/> 434 A S Y S T I". M O I (i I'. O G U A 1' U Y. SiEn»A Leona. hut ihfv are h ill i.iftril, tli.ii none will cjf ilicm • v t, .11 it ubuiiiuli ill (urilr, the I iilori Iniiutinu'i lt.iv (ii fliorr, fiTiliii'^ u|iiiii thrill tin or liltftii lUyj to^clhtr , Ihiy jIio liiif liiiiiicntiv take a l.ir^i- Ciipply nl ihi If aniphitiiou'' niiim.ili mi lnunl. I'hc l.tilor., ;;' ill the iii('ht turn.', Iri'i|ui'nllv turn twii or three hiiii- ilreil ()( thcni on thiir b.uk» hctorc nuirniii': ; ami .ire romctiMU'H fo (riii'l, at to turn niinv iiinrc than ihry uli-, liMnii^ thcni to ilic on ihc IIidic ; tor it oiitc tiirmil up- on thnr Ivick^ on the level i^roiiml, they can never turn upon ilieir teit, ami ninlt tliir. pertlli lor w.int iil I'mhI. On thi . ili.iiul ii a place eailoil the I'olt •< )(Iiie, wlief marineis leave letteii, whiih are (rrnerally put inlciaili>!e corkcil bottle. This iho M'-xt that comes luc.ik^, .iiiiJ Laves another in in tlcatl. The iflaiul ot AUenlion lias no frelli water, and that gathered tioni ram Itniki iii iwentv-tnur hoiiri. 'I'he illami o( St. Matthew ii fituated in the firll decree forty niinnteiol' Ibutli latituile, and in nine decreet twelve ininuti'i veel) lon^fitiide Inun London, a hundred Icjguei to the north-call of the ille of Aleenfion ; and was alio discovered by the Portiii^ueli:, who pi mted and kept pol- fclTioM ot It (or loine lime ; but atterw.iids dcleitinu; it, it now remains uninhabited, this ifland having little to invite other nationi to fettle there, except a (mall lake cf frcfli water. The four follnwiiu^ idandi ar« (Ituated in the f^iilph of < iuiiKM, between Coni;o and Heiiin ; all of them were dilcovi led by the I'urtugucle, and are ilill in the pult'eflion ofth.it nation, Anii.ibon, or ff.ippy Vear, a name which it received (rom its beilli; diftovered on New 'tear's- l)ay, 1571, is Jituated in twodcL^reej foutli latitude, two hundred miles to the well of Ciuigo, and is .ibout thirty miles in cir- cumfereiue. 'i'hi. ifland ii mountainous, and abouiiiN in rice, Indian com, oranges, cocoa nuts, and the othi-r fruit ufually found in hot countries ; and has plenty of cows, bo;."., and poultry. There is a(omniint road for (hips, and the I'ortunutl'c have liiil th'.: ;;overnnieiit and pioperty of the illaiul ; but moft of the inhabicanin xre nejiroes brought from the continent of Africa, and their defcenilaiils. There ure likewife fome I'ortuj^uele, and a mixed breed called Maloltos. I'he idand of St. Thmne, which is fomcwhat of a round fiiuire, and about a hundred and twenty miles in circumference, is lituated jull under the eipiator, thirty lea;^ucs to the noitheaft of Annaboii, and between forty .Hid (illy to the wed ward of the Continent of Afrie.1. Thii M theiimll roiilidriable illand in the -ulpli ol t iuinca • hut the he.it .iml moiKuie ot the air render it e^iienirly uiihi althliil lo tlic h iiropcani yet the l'orlU)>uele neyroe.| and Malottoi who inhabit it arc laid tu live to 4 uuuj old a;e. Tni. ifland is well fupplied with wood and water, anj III the middleul itis a lii'.{h niiunt.iin aInioK covered wiili a c;'p ol clouds. It ptiiduies pKnty of liiduii corn, rue, and Iruil-', and the iiihabilanl. make a ^^khI deal u| lui^ar- and anion); other pl.iiitu is the cinnamon tier. 'I'he chill town III the ill.ind is called .St. Thome, and liiiiietimes I'avolan. It is the fee of a billiDji, and lon- tains live or fix hundred houlci . tliefc are two Duiica hi.-li, and neatly built of wihkI, and lurrounded .ittei the i'ortuijuele fafhiun, with handlomc balconies. Here ii .ilfo a nioiuilrry, which Mr. Smith fays has more black fiiars and nuiH than white ones. I'riiKc's Ifland, faiil to be the leaft of thofc in the (lulph of Ciuinea, is fitiiated in one de^^iee thirty mi- nutes north latitude, and is very niuuntainous and woody, it aftbrds plenty of Iruit, rice, Indian corn, roots, anJ herbii but chiefly abounds in lugar-cuies. Ithaino want of cows, hogs and goats j but the country is much pcl- tered with feveral kinds ir trade, and fupplied with plenty of provilionj, liny m.ido two attempts to drive the I'ortiigueic from St. Thome i and even made themlelves mailers of that iflai ' ; but this conqucll was attended with veiy un- happy iMeils ; (or they loft almuH all the officer.s fea- meii and toldiers, engai;ed in thole expeditions, by ma- lignant fevers, ;uid were therefore obliged to abandon it. On which the Hottuguefe again fei/.ed it, and ever lince have remained in the peaceable pofleflioti of thofe iflands ; the unhealthlulnefM of the climate fecuring tliem from invafion. / ..M CHAP. XIII. Of NIGRITIA, including the Countries between Guinea and Zaara. HI ■ if ;ja|,l ( Efl mt liis ifflx Hil SECT. I. O/Sll-.RRA LeoNA. /(/ .\'<(';.-, Siiimtion, aiul ExUnt, with a parlkuiir /lunuul of I/;: liivii Siwtt'io; tiud of SJier/irj and i'ori ijuinih. /I PtjWiplii'i of Capi MtHti, with the Prodtue cf the ii.'ji.iiiil C',:ii,tiy, WK now come to Sierra Lcona, a name which, ac- cc.rdiniT to fome, was derived from the I'ortu- gucfc givin.^ it to fome of the mountains on this coall, on aci-ouiit\if the ;;reat number of lions that arc bred there ; while others derive the name from tlie ti rriblc noil'c made by tlie beating of the fea agaiiill the Ihore, which they compare to the roaring of a lion. (14:0- graphers however arc far from being unanimous in eiviiii; its preciie boundaries. Roberts extends its limits from the Ciain Coaft on the fouth-eaft, to Cape Vcrga, or Veiraon the noith-wcit ; but other writers reduce thefe ifmits, and continc the country ftriclly called Sierra I.cona between the capes Ledo or Fagrim, and Verga, thefe two pron-.ontorie.s forming the fracious bay into which the river bchcibio difcharges its itrcam. This river, which by fome authors is alfo called SeF- hoba, I'almas, and Madrc Momba, feparates the country called Seilos, from that named Sierra Leona, and ha.^; its fource in Superior Ethiopia; whence fome authors think it probable, that the Scherbro is a branch cither of the river Ciambia, or the Senegal. Large fliips f.iil up as far as l{.-igos, twenty-five miles from the mouui of the river, where the Knglifli had formerly a faiflory, and vellids from lixty to eighty tons burden, as far as Kedh.im, which is above two hundred miles from the fea ; but on pafling that place, the channel grows gra- dually narrow. 1 he navigation of this river, as it is chiefly carried , urmitrri, wr.itci-iiie- lorV', 4IUIUII, Indi.in li^i. with a vjriery ol iilhcr friiiit stud rociti. Kitie jwitli are Inund in i>vlteri on the Ihorr, but lilhiii^ lor thrm i< duni^iroii'i, on .u count iil the niiilliluile ul th.irki and jllig.iti>ri, wiili which the mouth (it the fivrr ii iiilelUd. Klrphant) and wild fowl arc alio lounJ here in luch plenty, .m could not bo rx- pcdtcd ill *n ilUnd (il I'urh i'null diinenliuni at ten inilci in length. The iiih^bitinti are idnUturt, and like, many other iKgrori, prjiitifc circumcilion. (Jii a hiLill illind to the nurlh-rali uf Scherbro, called Yuik IlUiul, wa> .1 lort ercitlrd by the tiiglilli, Jnd niuunted with twentv piecet ol' lar^e cannon, and at the dilUnee ul twenty pacri were twu larftr parapets, each defended by live piccct of artillery. Thcfe were all built of (tone, and the I'.aiiilon conlilied of thirty-live kuru|Kaiis, and lifly or lixtv iicgrot-^ lirfure the build- ing of this I'urt, the t.ii:;Iifli had a IchI^c on the conti- nent clufc to the fcj, ami Ironiing the cillrrn point of Sclicrbru j but they abandoned both thii and V urk fort ill the year lyi;, when the fadlurs retited tu Jamaica, a fmall illand four tnllej to the well ol York Iflandi but now they are all dclcrted, and the Kii^lifti have no factory either un the ill.iiul or river Scherbro. Though the Sclieibro be the lull gieat river between the Sellos and the river Sierra Lcona, there are leveral intermediate llreuniii and liiiall riven, fume of which are iiavii^able tur I'evcr.il miles up, particularly the Jiin- co, the river St. I'aul, the Cialiiui, and the Maguiba, or Nunc/. Havinti; given this f^cncral account of the country .ind its rivers, we Ihall );ivc a more particular defcription of it, beginniiij; with Cape Monte. Thin cape, called hy the natives \Va(h Kinjio, is feen feveral leagues at lea, and has the appearance of a ^rcat mountain encoiiip.ilIeJ I by the ocean, aciording to Air. D'Anville's charts, in |) .(*■ (even degrees forty minutes north latitude. It is a penin- fula, which ttrttchcscall-louth-call, and weft-northwe(t, kft'urding fccute anchorage in two tine bays on the well lidc. A fmall river of the fame name, that falls into the bay within half a mile of it, fupplies the fliipping with guud water, A plain fcvcral lea;;ucs in extent runs along the banks of this river, and is covered with villages, and all kinds of quadrupeds, as cows, Oieep, goats, hogs, antelopes, «lcer, hares, and a great variety of others. Fowls are alio found here in the grcateU abundance ; nor is the earth lefs fruitful in niai/.e, rice, millet, roots, and fruit of various kinds; among which are oranges, lemons, citrons, pine appUs, and moft of the rich truits of Ku- ro|)c. Ana, and America. The palm wine is efteemed excellent, the air moderate, and the water of the fprini's coolint!: and rcfrclhiiig. In ftiort, this country, except in the laiiiy icaloii, is a kind of paradil'e. SECT. IF. Tht .Uanwrs and Culiimi ef the lithahil/inis mar Sihtrbro River 1 their Dreji, Htujtt, and Trade. THK inhabitants are reprefcnted as mild, generous, lociadle, indullrious,and dilintercllcd. They arc chielly employed in cultivating rice and other grain, and in making lalt, a certain quantity of which is paid as a tribute to the kiii;» of Qiioja, to whom they are fubjedl. 'I'hcy arc little acquainted with war, and in all difjmtcs with their neighbours prcler peaceable negotiations to arms. The men arc allowed to keep as many women as they can fupport, and th.- lemalcs being no lefs laborious than the males, they find their intercll in the multipli- city of their women ; nor arc the bulbands jealous at the freedoms taken by llrangers with their wives. '1 lie fupremc power under the kint; and the courts of judicc arc in the hands of the cabocerocs, who delibe- rate upon all public at^'airs, and decide by j majority of Tuiccj. l.'hildrcn of both f<-xfi weir n.i cin.itin till they art thirteen or fourteen years i>t a^.-, when thole of ptople III dilliiK'lioii wiai a cotton I loth fi'otn the waill dowii- wird<, and thr i ommmi pi'ople remain in their primitive n.ikedml'i \ lor n'liic brlides the kin.', hii cuirt, and the (illicrrs of hi^ h mlliuld |'o alway» i loathed. I he wo- men of the niiildle rink weir j'lrdles of rii(hi-i, or palm leaves, prettily interwoven, and haii;;iih; dnwii to then knees 1 thile are bordered wiili a hinge of iiiili,., or llounced with palm leaves. They likewde we.ir ciip(KT, brail, or iron biaeclets round their wtills, .nul larre iiir;* of the fame mctali upon their Icjs, to whu h they ban,; lilvcr belli. The moll common drel's anion;' llir people ol rank of both iVxes is the tomv, which i> ni.ide uf woollen cloth m. Ml u tail u red by themli Ives. This the women tif round the waill, lettin.^ it fall In the knee \ but the men hx it before, and bnii^'ing it between their legs fallen it to their girdle hcbind. Hoth Icxes take great pie dure in drclTing the hair or wool of their heads, and adorning it with little plates ot' gold and other ornaments. The women eiidea\our in attract the regard of the men by making a lineol paint, either white, yellow, or red, acrols their forehead ; they have likewife circles of paint round their arms, legs, and waill ; for theydifcover extraoidinary beauty in this di- verfity of colours. The men wear much the fame orna- ments, dilfering only in thelize ot the br.icelets and rings, with which their arms, Ic's, lingers, and toes are loaded. The piKircll negro i« leldom wittiout lome of thii;, and the number increales in pioportion tu the we.ilth and va- nity of the wearer. Their huiiles are built in the fame model as thofo in Senegal, which we (lull dele i ilie in tre.itiin; ot that coun- try, and their they keep neat .iiid than. The royal palaces, and the hoiifes of the )'reat, are an oblonjj fquare, witn one llory floored, and fo dolely covered with (lalm leaves as to render them impeiietralde by the bea- viell rams and the moll leorching beanis of the fun. Thofe of the great have on the ground-ll<«>r (rveral apart- ments allotted to dilt'erent purpoCes ; the (iril, which may be conlidered as an aiuliencc-chamhrr, is luriouiidcd witll fophas railed about a foot above the floor, and covered with mats id palm leaves, haiullomcly united, and divcr- litied with a thoufand colours. I Icrc the great I'pcnd molt of their time, llretched in thcfe fophas, withtneir beads rcfting in the laps of their favouiite women ; and wiien they receive ftrangers they here eat, drink palm wine, and fmokc tobacco ; but ule another apartment when tlic family '« alone. Tliey arc more civili/cd in their manner of eatin;» th.iit moll other nei;rocs ; for they ule trenchers of har.l wood, and plates of ivory, neatly turned, and kept white witti great care. 'They likewife ule wooden Ipitsfor roallini;, and, to prevent the apartments in wliicli they fit being incommoded by heat, fmoke, or the lumes of victuals, they have their kitchens pLiced at a linall dillancc from their hoiifrs. It has been obferved, that the language of the nogroes gradually alters as you pafs along from call to well. As arts and fcienccs are entirely unknown to tliele people, their language conlills but of lew words, vet is fiillieient to exprefs the neecllaries of life. rro;n hence probably arifes that filence wliiili is oblervabic in all their publii! meetings and entertainments ; the niimlicr of their words being, perhaps, iiiliifTicient to i xpi.ls .ill their ideas lo a-i to enliven cunvcrlation, and liiiiiilli a eontlant tund id difeourfc. The Englifli, Dutch, and other Kuroprans who tru!c hither, purcbi'le j-reat quantities of cotton cicitli, mats, and ivory, which is not at all inlriior to that mi the Ivory Coall ; but what the natives purt''.al"e of the noilheril negroes, though it is larger than what is found in their own country, has a yellow raft, and is of lefs value. Here arc alio purchalcd the fkins of lions, tygers, pan- thers, and other wild beads, witli which all the moun- tains abound. 'This coaft alio amuiilly a.Tords .'r.t-'ir fix hundred (laves ; but thcle are only luch as tiiiv buy or obtain in exel'.an;;R for their ccnimoJitics from the king (d" Mandingo, and the interior p;'its of .'VliicT ; for ciilluni forbids their cnnavint" any oiliir than timii.nals, I ' V.llJ [■ H I ■'•'■ \ I A S V S T !■, M or G i: O (. R A I' H V. Sierra Leona. MS • m . i i^.'i- ; who !.:c fc'.il f.ir tlio kin»'s cmoliiniciit. The wcdls .iili> ahjuiij in ti.ci, whii li aro »( ulc in ilviiii;, .iiiJ arc cm (li)\v!i ;.ml broiigiit in l<>i;i to the Ih.irt, rciJy to be ihii>- pcJ. 'lliis wouiloiir lio-ich^nli call cJin, anJ pulti it in n;.inv rc^|u•cl^ ii» liialil wodJ. Atriirdin^; to Atkin^, the timidity of the natives is al- nn)|i ihc only (il'Hriuliun to ,in .iov.uit.iu'i.uiij truilc witli thi^ io.ll!, 'I'i.cy lur.ounJ the fliij>i inihiii tanoeb, whitli ihiy row with j;.ieat d.xJcritv ; aiiil il t!Ky h.i|))Kn to ha\e a e..b>i -ri on boirJ, lini; a(l the while out ul relpeil to l.jti. IK tore tli.y boai.l a Ihip, ihe\ examine her tlolelv, aiiil w.irn they h..' e iiiDtint.J the ileek, betray their t'eai» by a. I ii.ip.'tience .;iiJ anxiety vilible in every tiniiUenanee, viiirh Miikes them hiirrv ove.- buliiul^i ami upon the n i;litJl neciiUiit leap into the i\». Wlicn a eabocero <'>;:u^. on buarJ, he iull uitly (h..wa ll-.c captain a ccitili- cite t.'om the lall r.iirop.jii (hip that toneheil there, in ttiliaiuiiy olllie kiiiJiulj with whi>,;i he was IttatiJ. s i: C T. III. /i nf.rip.in if lli i^'tr.t R'-.'jr Siiir.i Lamt. T^fC.'i- mills of tin lUf.ntry -.n ill Binkt. .it Ai.iuril of ihepnif I :^:d iiiiiiidi il iiuiuint. Ihi Fiue if l!'i uii'ii.c- it Country ; III Pi :,tu:/ ; tvilha ^ailiiit.ai .iw.urt : f <.p:il. naui Fruit; trt.i il'i ^ininiitii a./.' if .v'' it iiinutuis, 'Iht CujI.int itmt Ahnrjcn '.J th; ii.Kiiit.n.H, IT would be cqnally tcJious Mv\ uiinecefl'nv to i;ive a paiiieii!ai .'.c.i t ol' evcrv d paratc knijdom in bieri.1 I, roil I, a> the natural prod lotriiii aiui manners ot the p "pIc are in moil plac.s iiearlv tl\e fame j we (hall thintoie I'lorcid to the great river of .Siena lyinna, v.i'iih liejt'i llie iu>r;h-welt of Seherbro, and is by ionic calkd .Mitipniba, and bv oth"r< 'l"a[;rim, orlaj^rin. The oioiil) of till- rivci i> tliree niilo, lomc fav t'lree leacuts vide ; bi.t on failing lliree or lour mlies up, it. breadth i; leduecd to one mile. TheeiilraiKe iloes not ex.eed two falh'ilis deep, exirpt in a narrow channel that lies tlole tiii.l.r tl'ic mountain^, and v.iiio frcni fu to ten laihoiini waur. It ubouiiJ. with l.lh, but \s inlelleJ with alli- i; itori li fir as il it known to the Ku:npi:aii«, and pro- bacy to iti \ciy foiirce. It is burdeied with fine large tree:., and has ininv little il1and> all covered with wood, ami pariiculaily witii the palm, whcnte the native-^ make } uat nuaniitie* if wir.e. V'iliault fa^s, that when he wa^ heie , is pronetlv calld Sicria I.tona i but molt voyai;ctj give i'.ll l!u' ci-ail, tiotii Sdtos to Cape V'li^a, tnis general ap- pellai;..:i. !;, ;,,. iip'ii ar.i! plain luuiniv llu- l-.eat of the fun is ii,;.,le:„blt bel.itc any t lei /c allies; but av a retielliin.', p.d^ ..'wa'.s fpriiiij'* up i'l Mil niA'ii, it renders the coiintiy v.. \ lui ;. ut,ilile, h nuiii, liowever, b: allow.d an un- h i.rliv 1 Siniaie, p.ii.ciilaily to llic Kutopeans. The i,.!.,!.,:,; til iii.'cr a:i.l ran, with a dole Ititliiu heat that iu.':e t ir:i.ii!arly piev.o'.. diiiii: ; four months in the %...T, piiidiici. iuih a coiiiiptioii ol tlie air, tli.t all ani- n.al i.Kid b in 1 iVw houtj reduced to a tiatc of piitielae- til n, aii.i pe>', le aie for levcral i!l.:i\i tojether euiiiinrd in til -ir ilijiulie.' , loa.tii! ... much as p.inible i!ir pcliilen- iial iiilceli. II 01 t.ie ati!i')|j)heie. The tornaJocs (omc- lii'.K pi.i.uii a moll fii.'l.ilul and ..llonilliiii;: lien' -, the moll iiiiib!^- daik:M3 Klines on at nud-dav, and ail the lace 1 1 n ture feci:i» luildeiily changed. However, with whatfoev. 1 ..ma/eniviu and terror Ih". may fei/.e Kianiieri, It is [1 Mom itLiided wi:h any latal (onleipiencis ) and fop,iweiMil i. luitnm and habii, that it i^ but little re- Raided b) thi; iial.vcs. I o irturn 10 the liver, if ii filled with iflamLs and fiiMii rocks that ref^nihle a nunibir of hay neks : the ihiel iflaii is aie llciiti-, I alio, and I (•;;u i in the loimcr nf which the In iilii f.ad a laetory, and a fmall lort built CI Itoiie, and nani^cd with P', iiiounteJ with .five piece-, of heavy artillery, with an intcrmcdnte curtaiit an 1 plan iini motiiited with teiiiannon. The i;.irriloii WIS ;i;cncrallv tompoled of twenty-live white xniw, and th:itv free octrois, who lived 111 huts eovcird bv thi: cannon of the tort ; but in 1704 this fortrefs was taken v.itliout leii'.lancc by two French mrn ol war, com- manded bv I iueriii. The garrilon then amounted to an hundred iiKii, all of whom, except a j'.unner and (i>: foldias, abandoned the fort, with their conimaiulcr at Ihcir head, on Ueinc the Ihips appio.-uh. Afi-r pluiider- iiii; the lort, and lei/.iiU' lour thouland clephann teeth, with other merchandize, the French razed it to the ^;ioiiii.!. At a I'niall ilillanre from the head of the bay of Fraiiic, a creik near the entrance of tlie river, is a ba- i (on I'f iielh water, wliicli lallin;; Irom the mountain^, IS collectul in this lefeivoir in lo lai;^e a qiiainity, that an hundred tons mav be filled by a lew hands within the fpaee of an liour. Nothinj; ran exceed the beauty of this ikliuhlul Ipot, luirounded by hills eo\ercd with trees tliai aii'urd a perpetual (hade; and, what mud aji- pear doubly deli/hlliil, in a country parched by the heat ol the fun, iiiinibLilels t afcadcs y;lidc down the moun- tains in t'cnile murmurs, or riilliiii!; with an impctu- oui itieam with a loud nolle, :illill in giviiii^ an additio- nal air of coolncfs to the fcene. The whole coiinir/ ; on each hde the river is rich in rice and millet, which I is the chief fiillenanci' of the ii'habitant>. The women I I'rind ilic lice, and loim it into little cakes or balK, \ v.hicli ihe nun lleip in water, and eat without any other j preparation. Lemons, orannei, bananas, and citions, arc ptihluced in (.'leat piciiiy and perfection j and lat- thcr up the coiiiitiy aie .ill'i anaii.i-, liulun li^s, water- miliMis, white piuiies, wild pears, i allava, and ddierent, foils of ptilfe J and thele piovilions the natives brin^; on their thnuldeis to the iliorc, fur the ulc of the (hip> iii I he road. Hut bdids tlieli- Iniils, there are oiher-, extremely poiliuious. Finch in his voya;;e mentions a tree that lefiniblci a beach, and whith the nc^roei cjII agon. It luMis an ohloni; Iruit like the pel ol a bean, and is dilliiiiMiiflied by il'- ii'/e into three kind', all of whicK have the moll malii'iiant qualities. Within ihe pud arr incloled lour or five Iquarc beans, cncirclei' with a hard liiid, within whii h is a v. How kernel, Irom wheiire the poilon IS cxtrailid. Thefe Iruit are ukd bv llic naives III poilonint^ their ariows, and nothing can more eli'ec- tuallv aniwer lh.it piii pole, as the fmallcll quantity en- tering' the h.iinouis of the body proy. fatal. lieliJes thele fpont.nuous productions of the earth, ilurc are in (iieat ahundancc deer, hoi;s, hares, and jowls, all which the mariners may pun hale lor a little Iirandv, of which the natives arc extremely loud, pre- feriin;; It lo the bell palm wine. I he m< iintainous paits .bound in clrphanls, Iion<, lv|'crs, wild boars, dilteient Imtsof apes, tojicilier with Icrpents of lo ni'inltrous a li/.e, that it any credit is to !>,• .^iycn to thele writers, each of them is capable of fwailowiii;.'; a man whole. Monkeys are lo plentiful, that formiii'; themfelves into bodies, tluv enter the pi. 111- iv.tions, wh; re they tiva:;e and fpoil every ihiil;; b-firc I them. One kind of thele animal', which the natives call harry, is very t.ill, and of an amazing docility. 'T hefc are proh.ihlv tho lam;: with the o;aii.;-oiitan^. \Vhcn tiivv ;ir.' taken ymin ', they are taui;hl to walk trciSl, .'.nd leldom choole any other pofliire ; they ;,>rind rice, lleep it in wat-r, rairy it in vellils on their head', and are tau;;ht to turn the (pit when meat is roalling. Nothiii:; is loo difficult (or thefe imitaiive aiTlnials; they will even open oylleis, of which they are very fond, with a knife. Ihe iiei;iocs admire the fl (h of inonkies, wliich thev prefer to that of all other animals, except the elephant. It is very probable that many nations Inve been illei nied caiiihals upon no other foundation. The woods luinilh a retreat to .ill inliiiitc number of pit;' ins p.iiiots, parroipirts, and other birds ol the moil: heaiiiiliil kind ; but it isditTiculi tolake iheni, on account ol llic lliickilels .mil clolcnels of the tiecs. Ihe inhabitant-, ol both fides the liver aie not fo bl.ick and nat-nof'.d as mol! of the other iie^rocu who !»ordcr iipni4 EKRA LeOSA. nciliatc curluiit Till- ij.trrWori ■hitf iiu ri, anil covered by tlii; ircl's was iiikeii ot war, coiii- iinoiiiral tu ;iii t'.iinner and Iik conini.iiidir ar Ati'r (jluniltr- Hcpli.iiits tirth, razed ic to tlic of the bay ol river, is a b.i- the moutitaiii', I qiriniiiy, that Jiuls wilhiii the I the beauty of 1» co\ercd with what miift ap- hcd by the he;ir 1WH the rnoun- ith an iinpetu- /in;; an adilitin- whnlc couniry d nnllet, whirh >. The women cakei or balK, ithciit anv other is, and i-ilion-, clioii ; and tar- dun fij;s, water- .a, and diU'crent natives bring on ut the Hiipi ill ither'j extremely ioi\s a tree that ;r(ie3 ej|l agon, a bran, and is Is all ot which ;hni the pod arc •lei' with a hard loni whence the I bv the iiat'ves can Mii:rc efi'oc- cll qimntity CM- iial. lis of thr earth, 'US hares, and hale lor a little n)cly toiid, pre- flfphanls, lion<, lojieiiiLr with any credit i-, to II is capihic of lie (ii plentiful, y enter the pl.in- cry ihiiii; h.f irc h the natives call loeility. 'I heic iiiil.in.;. \Vhcn to walk '.ind4tion. finite nuiiibrrof bink ol the nioli them, oil account • aie not f<> b!.'ck roti who Uordcr liptlH Sierra Leona. 1- R I A. *37 upon ihetn. They aJorn their cars with a i^reat iiumh.^r of toys, and ufually mark their cheeks ami iikIi:,' with certain fi;;urcs raifeil bv a led-hnt iron. 'I'htir arms are loaiJed with bracelets, and then tiiu'er'; with iron riiij^s. liotS fexcs go naked till they arc llUecn years of a;^<:, at which lime they bci;in to wear round the waid a fmall piece of cloth, or the leaves of treo lornud into aproiii. I'hey likewifc wear a ic.ithcrii viirdle, to which han;;s a long kiiif:, or a poniard ; but perfoiio of rank appear abroad in a long flowing robe of lirip.:d calicoe,rcfeinbliiig the Moorilh drcfs. Authors favi that as they arc naturally of a malicious, turbulent, and jealous dilpofition, they fcldom livelong without quarrels and din'.:nfioiis amuii;; thcinfelves ; and that the Luropeans, who arc continually cxpofed to their infults, can contrive no better way of revenue than burn- ing their huts, and ruining their plantations. L'y this account it appears that if the natives arc naturally mali- cious, thcfc European inf jders arc no lefs fo. It is hbwcvcr acknowledged, on the other hand, that thcfj negroes are temisctate and fobcr, from a diflike to .Jut- tuny and drunkcniicfs : for though they arc great admirers of brandy and other fpirituous liquors, tiicy arc laid never to drin* toc«;ccfs,eftccmin^ the lofs of rcafon one of the moll flunivful vices a man can commit i they have alio j;rL-at i]uicknefs of apprehenfion and delicacy of fcnii- nicnt, but are at the fame time extremely lafcivious and irt'cmmate. Anointint; their bodies, efpccially their arms and Icg^, with palm oil, is daily praiStifcd by the n'.',;roes of both fc;;cs, which cannot be omitted without the iinpulatiun ot Aovenlincfs ; and fome mix with it civet, which they procure from civet-cats found on the banks of the iihcrhr-r. Their huts are generally round, and their doors paved With oyilcr and cocklc-lhell., two or three ccoiie.s ate erected in difterent parts of the lioule, and the wiiule fur- rounded by limes, papas plantain-trees, and bee hives, which they make out of ttic trunk of a tiee, and erect upon high poles. They have their pailavcr5:, or halls, where the chief pcrlbnj of the village meet, V) adjull dilfereiices among the ...habitants, or with the l.iiiopeans. On enicriini this hail they falute each other by bending the elbow, and touching the forehead with tiie hand. After both parties are heard, and the cafe hilly debated, the equity of their levtral claims is fettled by a vole of the niajmity of the ju'iges. If a man has been defrauded by hi.s nei;;li. bour, he is allowed by cudom to fci/.e from the other as much as amounts to his own lof, ) but he mull prove be- fore the judges of that court, that he is no j-ainer by the exchange. SEC T. IV. Vf t'nt hnntir Ccfntrits betwten tl't Rivfr Sijlit ami thr Sierra Lnna \ and in pnrluiihir of llif limpirf of Alunsw, and lije Kingdim if iihioja. (Jftlx Pclny and Gpicinr/u-nl of tit i^Mjant; l^t State of the Du.idtighty ,md the Cere- Ft-.n.ei ottinding the Arrival tf a fj|:--,tjalavev, Hindo, and Carrow, we know iioihinc moic than their name;, and that they form a chain behind the maiit'.me provin- ces from t^i^ioja to Mitombo. It is rcniarkahle, that thr '.i^uojans maintain their authority over the extcnfivc and potent kingdoms of Silm, Bolni, &■:. by the fame |>o!icy With which the emperor of Manow preferves his power oyer the I'"ol;;ians him homa.'c, b' .lis niak fj ."I'm prcfcnts ot cloth, t.iMe-furniiure, and ,. tchen utenf.l . 'I'hc Dandaghs, who area"", "utc withi.n their ooir.:- iiions, defend their pr^-rogatives -laiiifl the incmachmcr.ti ol the people, and yet never fcrupic pajiii ; their fi.tTnif- lion to a fuperior Uaiidach. A gr; at part 'J the fi.-.te of one of thcfe princes conlilb in the number of bis women brou>;ht /rom didaiit lountries ; and v.'hcn he appears in public he fits le;.niiig upon a fbiild, ;o fhew that he :3 the protc.'ior of his pct.ple. When a lu'.'jeifl demands an audience r,f the Dindagh, he fi! ft nukes prefeiits t.i the chief vvr.mn of the I'craglio, wh'j carrv li.eiii t.) the prince, and folicil him to permit fuch a nobleman to eiitir his prefcticc, and proflrate him- felf before liiin. If his m.vjefty content!, the prefenis arc accepted, and the vilitor introduced ; otherwife they arc returned, and the petitioner retires, without prefuming t-> approach the pal.ice ap.'.in till he hi> made his {^oacc with the king. When the otTend'-r has obtained hi» pir- don, and have to apjiroach the miinarch, he adv -net* flowly, with a low inclination of hi; body; .-.nd, on coming lufore the mai on which the kin* is leafed, be falls upon his knees, and killes the kin' s hanJ, w.-iich is extended for that purpol'e, rcrpjitfury prcm'ijnci.ij the word Dandagh ; upon which the ki.'ig arfvrers* I forgive you, and, if he be a (>crl'oii of hi^h rank, orders him t'.i fit on a idvil, r^r mat, placed .u a fmall diilar.c;; otherwife he mull Hand in his majelly's prcfencc. If a foreij^n .iiiiballador is comin;; to couit, he fiopj on the froiuieis of (he kingdom, and leads one cf S-^ train with notice ol his appioach •, upon which a nobi.-- nian is immediately difpatthcd to wiljome him, ar.J in the mean time, prepirations are made for hi': r'ccp:.:.n. When he makes bis public entry, he is attendrl ty a multitude of the oHtccrs and guards, lirclfcd in the rich- ell manner of the country, each having a bo'v in his hand, and a ijuiver filled with arrows on h-s f!jo'iId;r. The ptotenioii is m.ide amidil the f >unJ of warlike in- ftrumeiUs, while thoulanJs of ptopll '.'ancinj, keep time to the inulic. On their arrival at the palicc, th« amhafTador is received between two iinrs of the Dan- d.ifih's body guards new clotlied lor the o-ciuon, jtiti p dfe . on to the chamber of audicrc?. If he is fcnt frrm S R • th-- '■^.\\ u I 4^5 A SYSTEM OF G K O G II A IMI T. S.'IRJJA I.E^NA. -^i tlv.- kill!? ot Kdl.'.is, his attcnl.mts arc permitti'il t!ic pri- vilege ot iljiKinp between the liiie-i of the lilf-giiarlj .mil wh-ii the iljiue u hnilhcJ, the wliiile retinue enter the audi'-nco-ch.imbcr, anJ kil's the j;round bilnre the kinp. Ihev tht-n approach the throne, while the am- luliiiJor tutiiin,; his hack irpon his majcliv, heniK his I'ow, falls upon his knee. ajiJ by his nicnaein;; podurcs, fliews his inrlinalion to tielenJ the king a^ainll all his cnemifs. During ihij ceremony, his rctimie danec to f.)n\e flings compofcd in honour of the Uingi and the Quojan* return the coinplinicnl, l;y r-.-citing \eiks in jiraife of the anibalFador and his mallei. 'I'hcfe mutual culoius hcini; comludcd, the anihada- dor fends the principal pcrlon in hn train f.) pml^rite liimi'elf before the km.;, his own charaeter exemptiii;: him from that fubmi.Tion. Suildcnly the anibairadnr commands filtnce, and begins hi> hatangue, whirh the roval interpreter exp'ains word bv \i'ot(l. If the dit- couife relates to atTairs of (late, it is leferrcd to the kini-'s council; oth.-rwife an ininiediatc aiifwer is piven, and the anihairador i. coiuluJhd to tlie apartment- pru- vidcJ for \^m. At ni 'l.t a number ol feivaius P.mk to his hou!e, to orfer him their afirftanee in rendering his fituation lommodious; and aftervsards the king's wo- men, drell'ed in tlmr rirhcft habits, attend him with j)latci of lice, and the moll delicate loud tiie country afFords. In fhort, after the kint; has fu|iped, he ii.iv\< him a lar;;c (|uantity of palm wine, and prefents to his nialler, which generally coniilt of large vcirds and dillu i of copper. SECT. V. 'Fht .XIanilfn ef tht ir.tcri'.r Stt;rcis in ftnnii! \ lli,ii- /if,ir- ri.>.l, ihey .ite fi.d to he ti-mperale, modfll, i;entle, and loii.ibU, in a far j\Kal,:r deriet than the negroes on the load. They h.ivc an avcrfion to the fliedding of human bliKid, and fildoni ni.iki w.ir but in iluir own ilefcnce. Tliev aie unitid bv the and a prelVnt of two luits of cl.)ath5, a ijuivcr hlled with arrows, a fword .irul h'.lt, and three or fmir bafkets ol nee. The care ol ti'C male children devolves u|inn the father, and that ol the fciTi.ilc.1 on the mother. Both hire an I on the coiid, • i.ry ablk..;ii from the connubial cnibiace fioui the inllant a woman i> dif^.o' cred lobe pregnant, till after h'r de- livery 'I he child h.is a name pivrn him on the tenth d ly after its birth, when the lather vvirli all his donirdi,.) armed with bows and arrows, make a tour round the town. Ilii'Mi'/ a kind nl triiimphaMt luu", aciompanud with iniliuini nial miifir; and all the pc. pic fln-v meer ill thiir wav join their voice,: afterwards a peifo'i lakes till iiil.ini, and l.iys him upon a (hield th.it i- placed Hi the niidll of the all.-mblvi puts a bow and ar- rows ill the inlain's hand-, .\iu\ then proiuiiincrs a luiv>- ilifeoiirfe to the fpc^lators i alter wliuh he adlieii.^ hiinfelf f) tl-.e iiilanr, wilhing his profperity ; that hu miv icfemble hi. I.iihcr, and like him be indullrious, faithfril, and hoipitable ; that he may be able to biiihl his o*'!) hoiife, and to conduct his own affairs ; have no inclination for the wives of his nei;_'hhoi!r?, but be aSeclionatc tohiiiown; and, in fliort, that he mav bi; neither a drunkard, a i-liitton, or a fpendihrift. The harangue bcin;^ concluded, he gives him a name, rc- !!orcs him to the arms of his mother or iiiirfe, and the a-lembly difperfl■^, except a few fele.;l friends, who ha\ e an enteriainmcnt provided for them, and fpeni 'he day in •.(livity and mirth. If the rliild prcvc a female, it is carried by theiim. ther '-. iiurfc to the midd of the town, where the lon- courfc is yreated, and there laid upon a mat, with a (lick in its hand. A female orator pronounces the ha . rangue, with pray-ts that the child may inherit the ae- conipldhmcnis o| the moth-r, inid like her be polKlli-.J of cverv li-male virtue, as challity, obcdienc: to hir hufliaiid, iilVeclion foi her children, and rtloliition tn aiil, liillow, and luppoit her lord in all dangers and dil- l.i ullic;, The dded fon is allowed to inherit all the cdeJls and women of his father, rxfept his (.'ivint; fniall por- tions to till yoiiiiper f.nis ; but a iiianied man who d:ej without male illiie, pilUs ovi r his daiiL'htei , and leavei hi. lubdaiue to his niphews, and it the whole m.de line h.ij.pens to be extinct, the cHicls tiien belong to thu ctown, only the king is to fee that care be taken of thi: d.iui'htcrs. The chief imploymrnt of thefc negroes confiOs in ciil • tiv3tin(» the earth ; lor they have no (ifliinp, except iti a lew rivers ; nor trade, but in exchanging the produc- tions of their plantations fur the firti and other com- modities found among the negroes of tiic coalt. The general language of the inland cv.unines is the 'iliiijan, though fcveral provinces have pariiiular dia- lei'ls, which almoll form n new hn.'uage. The luproes of rank endeavour to talk with elcv'ancc, and are prii- ciilarly fond of fimilies, allegoric;-, ix\A parables. Thus the mud trivial difcourle has fonuthing of poetical or- nament. Nor are thev entirely ignor.int of tlie Itienecs, elpccially adrunomy, jot they diftingui(h the time ot ihc night bv the dars. In ih.s coiinrry ihe eeremnnies of interment in gene • r»l rcfemble thole related ol the other iieiphbourin.» nations, but dilKr in lome particulars. The hoJv Iv- ing vvafhed, they prop it up in ;:n erect pollure, .idorii ihc hair, drefs it in its belt cloaths, put a bow .uul ai- row in Its h.mdsi and in tiie niejii while the Iriinds per- form a kiiul of mo' k (kinnilhi after which falling iipurt their kiucs with their backs to the corpic, ihey with a menacing air draw their bnws, and vow to be reyingeij un any one who hav bun aecellary fo the death of tluir Inend, o' (liall ilare In afpeilr Ins ihaiaeler. Ihey tlieii Itrangle lumc ol their (laves, whom they exhuit to at- tend their triend in the next world with great ilil.'>eiii e ; but bclore thcle unhappy vicliiiis are thus ofil-ud'at '.hi! Ihrincs ol fupeilliduM and ignorance, thev leeil them with all the delicacus the cuuiitrv atturds. At Icngih the toijifc is laid upon a pUiik or birr, and canicd up- on tiie lliouldcrs ol men to the gr.ive, into wlii^h it li thrown, tugrther with the bodies ol the faciificrd fl.-.vi s, their nuts, bafoiis, and kitchen iitenliU. (Jeer ail I'i thiown another mat, and upon tins abiiiiilance uf earth. The iclatioiis ijuild rnuiid the gr.ivc a hut, with an ir-ia toil at the lop, to whiih is ful[ ended the bow and ar> lovvs, and other aims vl tiis dcccilcd, by way ol ef. lutchcijn. n !■ Ol n d. \ I.i; NA, tcr 111 r (11-- 7 tclllll il :y S lldPllillir t riHind ilie iifinipjiiiiii • tliry nicer H a per Ilia lii-lil th.it I-- )ow .iml ar- mrfi .1 liii"'^ Iv- ;uni<)i."s ity ; tliJt hU iiidiiltriuiis, ihlc to hiiilii iftairs ; h.ivc ours, but be lie may be ihrift. The a name, rc- irfc, ;ind the fik-nJs, whn n, anJ fpcnil I by thf mi) • :hirc till" nin- ni.it, with u lUKrs the hi • iihriit thf ill- ■r bi; piilii'liiil \!icnc.; to hii" rtloliition til ingcr-. JiiJ Jil- .ill the ctteas mil; Inuili piT- man who tJio ci , anil lcavi'.i .•hole m.ilc line belong to thij jc taken of the confiCs in cu! • nip, except ill ig the proiiul- 1 other tom- coalk. iintrics is the arm ular iii.i- Thc lupici'i anil arc pTli- iblc. Thin t poetical or- tthe ^clellce^, the time ot ihc rnicnt m ('fne- ntiphboiiiin.'; The boJv Iv- r.dlliirc, .ulorii how ami ai- ihc Irii-mU piT- h lalliiU', ii|"ii1 •, I hey Willi a t,. In: rc'Vi ngrij c Jcath of tluir tr. I'luy then cxhoit to.ll- '^trtat ilil.?en<.e ; •i oHVreJ at '.hi; hcv let'il ihcin uU. At lencil-. wi'l caiiicd up- nto which It li fatiifiteil fl.-.vis, i)\rr all ri iiilam:c- of earlli. it, with an iron ic bn* and ai - liy way ol cf- (..itf.hton- SlEitRA LlON.'V. I- R I C A. 4]-> ciitrhroii. But if the ilcccafi-.l bo a fcniaii-, iiifliMd r.f ariii>, they haiij; up all the iiii|i!iiiiciiti ol iloinillii; iii- diillry. For feveral months all kind of provilions anJ lupiorii are broiii'ht to the tomb to nniirilh the donafcil in the ne.vt woilil ; for they fuppolc it will be Ionic time bclorc he has cleared his new plantations, and formed connedliotH in a llrangc country. They iifually bury all who belong to the fame f.iniily in one grave, at a fniall diftaiicc from the place wheie thev have died, and thcfc burying places are generally cholen in fome defertod village. 'I'hey edeem hiiiiian blood too precious to be fpilt, .iiul theielnre llrangic the Haves ilellii ed for facritices. I'hi. baibaroiis culfoiii, however, declines in molf proiiiuesi and wheie it is Ihll retained, the parents ufually conceal thcmfelvcs and children upon the leal! appe.irance of danger to the knig's lite, when a numbvT of tliefe faciiticcs are made. SEC T. V[. Of ihi Rtligion of ths intcri:!- Ki'igJinii of Sierra Leona. TilKSK dirtVrerit nations acknowledge one Supreme Being, the Cicator of all things, to whom thry attribute intinite power, intinitc knowledge, and omni- jirefcncc ; this being they call Canno. They believe that the dead arc convened into fpirits, whom thev call januanins, or proteilors, who are eniployrd in gjU.uiling their former friends. A negro- who llies Iroin any dan- ger, hallcs to the tomb of his patron fpirit ; and if he cfcapcs, it is attributed to his pKiteilioii, i.. return f :r which he ( icrifices a cow, nee, and palm wine, in the prtfence ot the living friends of the j inuaiiin, whofing and dance round the tomb, ^^'hen the (j^iojans have received any injury, they fly to the groves, the fuppofcd rcftdencc of the januanins, and there poiirin.r out their complaints, bcfecch them to grant their allilhincc in obtaining revenge, or lo mediate with Canno in their behalf. In all ditliciillies and einergcncie^, they hive likewife recourfe to them. In (liort, their veneration lor the fpirits of the iLccaled is exlrciiie. Kvery village has a (acred grove let apart for their worfliip, to wliiih great quantities of provifions are brought in the proper ieafons. Here perfoiis labouring under any afflii'tion, implore the aid of the i.iii'ianins ; but women, children, and naves, are prohibiied entering thcfc farrcd retreats j lor a trefpafs of this nature would pais for the moll abo- minable larrilcgc, which they liippofe would be inftant- ly puniftied in the molt exemplary ami tragical manner, 'ihe Q^iojans have no lei's l.uth in magicians and fiircci rs than in fpirits j for thefe they imagine fui k h inian blood, and are the invetciatc enemies of man- kind. Thev likewife believe, there are other enchanters whom thev (Hie bdli^, that have a power ever thj fca- li'i- , a. id can lorwaid or eiuiieiy Itop the growth of The Qiiojans never venture to pafs through a wood without companv, lor d.ir of niietiiig with a billi bulled in culling plants and herbs ; and generallv fortifv theni- 'Ivcs with a charm a-amll the lava or devil, and all 1.1.1 miiu'.ters. 'I hefc iinagiiiarv invifible agents, cfpeciallv the janu- anins, arc made the 'loviiig fpriiigs bv which the artairsi of povcrnmcnt arc conduibd ; lor if a woman be .iccuf- cd ol aduheiv, and no othe.- pioof but the allegation ot her hulband appears, ihe is anpiitted upon hefcechin.; a Ipirit named billl poaii, to coiilound her if (he var.cs from the truth ; but if (he he allcrwards conviii^cd, the law ordains that her hulb.ind 111 ill bring lier iiitli- night to a public i>'..,e, where a council fit.s. Here, alter in- voking th'- januanins her eyes are tovcied, lo |iuvciu hi r feeing thole beint's, who are to carry her ou: of the woiM i and (lie is lelt for a while in tlv belief, thnr this Will certainly be her f.iic. When (he has fulVercil the nioit dreadful appuheniioti'^, and the pioll painful fill- pence, the jidift in co.incil beuins a folcnm difcouife on tlic (hamefulnefs of a diforderly life, thrcitcninii; her with the moll cruel punininu'iit if flic peilid in it. Sml- tlcnly a conlufed murmui, that palU"' '■:" the vojvc of the jan:!niiin'. is h.'ar.l, dcclatiii^' that thnii U her ciimi^ meiits the niwft li^iirou:. chaltileiiieiit, Ihe will be pu- iloncd on account of its bcin ; her lull li.inl^'ieirnjn ; I njoiiiin:'. ci itain mortifications, and reconinicn.liii;' tlu molt aullere chaUity. Hut it (he fall .i (econd tmii; under the lame ci.idure, ami the prclinnptions aie clear, ll-.e bellimo or highpriell, with one of his miniilers and proper olTuers, ;;o early to her hmile, miking a prodigious noile with a kind of rattle^, and I'ei /.ing her, • bring her to court, obliging her to w.ilk three tiincH round the in iikel-place, attended by the l.'ine muie an.! iiilhiimeiit ■, all ot the (ociety of bei!i being adniiltr.l evidences ol what happen-.. Then, witlioui heaiin' her defence, or pn.n.iles of leloiniation, thev tondu.:t her to a Wood (acre, lo the janiiaiiin-j, liom which time (he is never more htaid of, nor aie the people ever pei- mitted to mention her name ; the negroes Deiiig lo cre- dulous as to imagine, thai (lie i:. carded out of the world by the januaiiini. They have a feflival at the approach of the new moon, which is chiefly obferved in the country villages ; but (trangers are not allowed to be prefeiit at thefe ceremo- nies. T'he reafon they allign lor this jiraiificc is more ri- diculous than the cultcm itielf ; fur they fay, that the firll day of the moon being a bloody day, their rice would change to .i red colour, were thefe ceremonies to be neglected. There arc other fupcrftitious ceremonies equally ob- fi rved by the neu'ro^s of Manow, Folgia, Hondo, Se- lln-, Slim, ami Holm ; in each of which is eflablilhcd a (oiieiy called belli, which is proprrlv a llminary for il.e education of youth, of which tlie king is vifitor or fu- piiior. Veie the young men learn to dance, light, lilh, hunt, and efpn ully to chant a cei'.iin hymn c-lkd billidoni', nr the prailes of belli, ci'iifilling of thi; le- petitiiui ot (time lewd expreflions, joined to the mull in- deiint ;;uill), ,111 .inciciu iiutruii ui filiitii ipidlntdj l-y the kiiij; ti>prihiie over the rcll, eiittts u|V)n ilio olhc-, l>y giving an nitirtainnieni to hir kho lars, aiiil ihtii cxlinrts ihnn to cmiijiiv witli ihc law* ol' the fi((.r!iooJ, to live io,;ctliit in iktIicI harmony, ami labours to icvoncilc them to thu Ihort rci-j's nt lour inomhs I'loni the worlj. I'lHjii tlii., ihi-y fltavc ihcir hiMils, throw o;t' liic lew cloathi they wiar, aiiJ remain ii.i!;ed iluriiij; tlitir abo.le in the reniiiiarv. 1 hiv arc no looiK-r ftripjii !, titan ii:cy are ondactcJ to a rivnlet, ■where they arc walliej, anointed, .md circuincilcd, hy 1 utiiiiL; otf part 01 the tiitoii. ; an opcraiion loou over, and ulily healed. 'I'heir ihulas confiil ii< !e.ir;iiii;^ to diiicc and fing vtrlij, which are njually indecci'.t, both in the wordi and pudures, \vi:!i thnli. tau'.ht tlie b<>)j in the male coile;x. No tneii are all jwei! to \ ifit iheiti, and even the Women who tiiltr tliiii liom.ds are liid lliipped iialied. ^Vhin the time ol the.i noviciate i> expired, then paientk fend theni pieces ol learlet rlo:h, copficr ring^ and bracelets, glal'i iieelclacc>, and other ornamriifi. 'I'hu» ei|Ui|iped, thev ni.iuh to the rov.il palace, preceded by (lie ni .tion, the iiih.i'iit.intiol whole provincoaliembliiii; to hell. ilJ them. There the matron tits idle, while ilie girls Irilk It away, dance and Im^ merrily to ttie loiiiiJ of a t.iSor ; alter whii h they are dclmrrd to their feve- ral rainilu'.i,_ wit!l appliuliTi projdirlioiitd to tlieit imiil, and the prulkiency iniy have made. s )•; c T. VII. y Dffnitfrtn efthi Rivir Gambia, mmJ if tht Ei'lifti nml oih.r i'.u'oftin Full upsn it ; with ,1 iuiiiiji .l^nuiit iflltt TraM >.iniicak with more pieLiliun, ht'.wien Cape St. Miry on the foulh, and Hirii, or liioken Iilmd, on the noith, which are fix leagues uiilant from e.nh 01 her. The liver 1. divided bv a multiiii'le of iHands and Uiid-banks i and its bioadell iliaiiii< i does not t>.ceLd three leagues. At Joar, (ilty leagues up th..* livcr, it is a mile broad ; a forty-gun (hip may f.iil up thii'ier : and at Uaiaccoi'. !a, which is live huiu'rcd miles dillancc Iruni its mouih, it i> luvi^^able for Aiips of aliiii'id and tilly ton. burthen. Ihc fcifon (or making', tin'. voyaj.'e is fiuni l)eccnil)cr till June, whin ilic liver flow.s in a linooih, cipul, and not very rapid llieani ; I ut duiing th.- rcll ol the yc,ir the pallagu up it is tlillicull, it not iinpallable, on aetounl ol the ex- traordinary fwill oicalimied by the raui'-, which fall in thefe coiiiitrics wilh reat uulciue. Many attcmpis have been nia^le to penetrate to the fouue of this river ; but all of them have been un- liucei'sl'ul, the liii^lilh fcldoin reaching farther than Ua- raccoiid •.. From J.unrs's id.ind, whi.h is near the innuth of the river, to liarai coiida, the loiindin^s are m-vcr leli th.iii four Lithoins and a h.ut in the Inallowelt parts ol ihe true channel, and are j^enrrally Iromliveto ilcv.n. The river is emiehcd wiili a multitude of btauiiful illandi, fome covered with wood, ami filled wilh animals. I hele ficquenllv render it extieiiuly narrow ; but b.daner that incoiweniencc by .iddiri); lo iti depth, from the water be- inj; there conriiw d wiihm narrower limits. As the chief trail'! with the natives ol (iambia iscarriril I'll with the Kiijjlilh, we (hull bi-i;in with deftiibnii; thiir li llleiiHMiis upon It. The lime when they lirlJ be.-iii to frcqiirnt It c •niMt he detcTinin''d ; iioi 1, it known who were ih- hiK Kuropeans that t fUblifhid (his rommrrcr. Ilowovcr, Lalia; alien., that ih< nicrrluiil . of IJnn^ie and Koaii we.'C coali'Li.ibIc tiidct. un tiiu iiyer bclmc ilie I'oilui;uele l>e;<,in ihi ir difiovche . in Afiiea ; but as the Niiimaii'. louiid it his advaiit.i)'< "'•• than their comnirtcc with the co.ill ol (iuinca, which liiou^'ht |',old and ivorv 10 Iraiue, they at l.ilt .ibandoncd it lor their ellablilti- minis on the loiitliein loalt ol Africa. W'hetlier theie be any truth in the .iiiovc afl'irtion, vie. fliall nut licie pieicnd to deieiiniiie : it is iritain that the I'ortugiiele, rajjcr in the icarch ol difcoveiies, and of whatever could coiiMihute li> the advancenirtit ol trade, eltahlilhed lactorii.>, not only .'oiij* the iiialt, but in ihc interior kinirdonis up the Ciaii bia, >s hi)(h as the Kii^lilli lr.ide at pn lent ■, which is proved by llie ruins ol many loiis ill ditierent places. The l.n^lilli at lenucle in the trade of this river, Ici/ing a nuniher of advantaj^eous polls which they h.id abandoned, ■ind forlilied themielvc.i on a finall illand between Al- hreda and jilliay, liiuat.d at the dillancc of lix miles Iroin the mouth of ihe iivcr. Here thev built a lort, whi.-h W..S ra.'.id to the prc'ind by li.e Kiench, aiil alin- w.:rds bv pirates ; a lols whuh the compjiiy lould ncvif have rci^veied without the allidun^e ol pailiamenl. The ne.xt ctlablilhment ol the Kiij-hlh cmnpany is on the river Cah.ila, whuii falN iiilo the Ciambia almoll op|Hilitc to the foiilh fide of j.iiius's lll.uid ; but heic the tiade is incoiilidcr ibie, the ihiif (jurpofe ol the lai'tury bein;" to turnilh l.iincs's Koit with piuvifions. t)n the north fitlc of the iivir, oppolite to James's lilaiid, llandj the Kiu;li(ll fai'loiy ol Jilir.iy, or Ciiilylree, which it pleafantly litualril, and lupplus jainc's I'ort with all kinds of vii;etable.. Here liie iiiii;, of iiaiia exa.-.ti aduty tilKiii .ill tliippin^ that pals up the iivcr, 10 which the i.n;;liih are oblij;td to liibniii. James's I oil, or, a> it is iilually called, Jamri Fort, i% filiiated III a Im.ill ilLiiid ol the lame name, in Uic mid- dle of llii (lambia, ihc whole bieadth ol the river bvin^f lure about feven niilrs. I he illaiid is the piojierty of the 1mi);I.I)i i but lubjeiil to a linall tribute to ihc king; of iiaria. It is about ihiee quarters of a mile round , the fori IS re)!ul.ir, and deUiwIed by tour haltciies, each mountinp, feven pieces of cannon, vslneh on every lidc eommand the liver. Under the WjII. of the Ion, lacin.^ the water, aie ereiltcd two b.ilteries each niounied witn loiii iwenly-foui pounders i and between b<>th are plant- ed linaller guns tor falutcs. I nc whole artillery of tho tort amounts to luily-hve piecesul cannon. \\ ithin thu walls arc a number of veiy cumiiKHlious ;ipartmrnti (or the govcrnnr, chief incrchanis, iHi'lors, wiiirrs, and military oflicerj, Ihe lower apailmenlt l-ring rinpioycd in nia;'azincs and lloie-houles. I he loldurs, ail.li> ers, Icivanis, and llivrs of the fort are ii.d^.cd in hari.icks without the walls ', but are built with tl.>ne and lime, and aie as llron ', and lonieiiirnt as l!ic loit |i;e!f, the whole ueiiif; liinoundrd sti'h pali'adoo, by the liver, and bv canals drawn Irom 11. UmUim.itli tlie apait- menti of the tcrvanis arc maKaainrs, and ihe Ihtc, arts lodged below the IdMurs barueas. CenlineK .ireplactii at pro|H;r polls, and the gariilo'i kept in contlaiir ilui/ and Icdirilv, -i p.ilrote being hni round al erriain houis to examine into the fiiiialion ol the toil, and tu nuke a report to the L'uvemor. 'The iiext Knuldh Luflory is at Vint.iin, nr linilan, upon a river of the fame name, whuh tails into the (iamhia about fix miles above James's I'l.rt. The cllir:f commerce of this Imall ladory conlilU in hides, ivory, and wax. I'.i;!ht nnlrs lailher un the rivrr i» :i fi^lory railed Jereja, liluatcd in a kiiicdoin of the fame name;, which art'urds little trade iM-lules tliMl of wax, ul which there is f;reat pirnly. I lie nckl is a imall fadory it 'rarkcdval, in the kiiijvloin ol I'arn, on ihc fuulji fide of the Ciambia i and |omcthiii» higher up ihe riser i< tho lalitnry of Jo.ir, liiuaud thne iiiilcs up thcdiuniiy in llm dominions ol ihe kinr ol D.ii tally. I heir is not upfinlhc whole rivrr a ninrc Houiilhiiti; trade than is carried on by this town and lai'lorv, llyjier ui> the rivrr are th«. lac- tnricsof .Saniy.lhal ol Yamvaktnda, ard that of haladen- da ; which lall place is liiuait-d at leal) lour hundred and ti^^hiy miles lioni the li.i, and yet iMr. Moore i-b- fcrvrs, that tho iivrr |s as bioad as the Thames at Til- bury -fort. Here the (iambia, wiih iti brautilul wind- ings, fours a mull t|;iccabl« piglpect, only cquillcd bjr th« MLXur.od. A 1 R 1 ^'!' the vc.-iiure n'^ tli;! trr p« .u.il ili* fi iliilt;,' m ihe a !I..r. iii cii i.'stry at Cmtor, (■ vil .irtii-Io< ii liimc years pmchaic ahovf two llioul. iiJ navo, inxit dl which a.'.' piiloiicti of war, |k'iIi>iu lli'kii tr<)miul,;li built. ti.; I (inic arc the- chilJr n dT ill -, it li..> liiliverivil tlie e.iiil^ct jiillioe ; aiitl imi ..niv e\«"iy i ritiio, but every llu>lit niil- lienK.'ii'ir, !, piiiiiilinl Willi fi.iverv. Tnus inurilcr, adul- tery, ihrli, ai. I iiibb'ry, are eniiroundcil with l)ie mull tiivul Mull , and all |iiiiiillKil in the lame nmiiur. Mo.irc oiiioive^, that a iii'L',rii OiLHiiin^ ;iii aiiow al a tvflir wb'i h.>d killed hii iv><>t« had llie ini-l, amoii.- the Killer llue> lor wiiuin he haj barj^ained with tlie Kiij-hlh. 1,111 :e r|u»iii'tiM of ivory are fiimctimn brought to the fart I in 'mm Mimdinrn, The n< .;roci proeiire it lilhiT by hiiiiiiiij' l1i |dnni>, andlla', mp il .Mn v.iili ihiir ariowj, Ihi.r.N, d.ii.'», "I limn liieii i>l lliele a.riv.jli ab have died a luliir^l de.tlli. The l>eei-wax, i>t' which prodii^iuii', ijiiaMiliet iiic pi.idiieed in .ill the kiii;;Uoin3 aUiil^ the Gojtibii, 11 itnuihcr aitulo ul coinmeice. R E v.: T. viir. O/thf Kiii^um if MuK'/i ij;:,xiili' . ' .f,:tii>ile/llM A/unntri «n.i Cnjl'.mi 5/ the Satha. 'T^III.RK are .i ;',iMt variety of kingJnms, primipi- JL ir.hk, and neity lUtet between the rivers Sietia I.ton.iaiiJ .-em ijal, ol Wlicll we l.areely k'lo'.v the n mies, liavti! M I'.u i:i^ uLitcd iiiily lueh liivi il i :k umJi.iiu i . Ul fell und'-r their own ol.lervation, or Cii tiic d'tterent nations, their lelii/ion, \in- liry, and lart", tliry aie alnioll en;ircly lilent ; ruid we know lii'lc txcept wliai ri late . to tiic MiiiiJini^oet, Jolbulft, I'h'ilev^, or l''iiidie«, and I'luiii^'iiete When this euuntry wa» con>pieied by ihefe i.ill p-'ip!.-, aboiK ihr vcai 14^11, limine ot that n.itlon 1. tiled i:i it, v. ho ha\e lohabiied with thcl'c Muiulin.'iips, till tlc-y are lid'jv n.ail, li bhck a. they t but a.^ they llill rcuin a f.ifl of ball 11 il''iil>i"uel'el.'illl»ii.v.r, Jlld I lluy ehridin and many by th; help nfajiiieft annually Km tliiilKr fiiMii S:. J 't"> "'"■' "' ''le" »-''l"-' '''■ ^'^''' illiiids thiv flill rll.rni Ihcml. Ke» |'.iriii|;;uf.- C'hiilli.^.iiJ, a> mneh a, if lluy weie at.'tij.dly naiiu'« of I'ortui^al ; and iiuthinp iiukci ihcni mute an,^iy than to i.ill ihim iu,;rii.'!i, thai titini- a term they nU « ;ily (or liivr,. The varuiiii nalinns that dwell on tin; bunks of the (iainbii, .".nd extend to Cape Vcrj-a, have 'he guieral nanii' •'! Mniidin ;or*, and .iic laid to tilembic each othet not only ill their coinplcMon, (eafirei, and language, but 111 ihitr manner* and |i«ili' v. Thii kin.nlom is of >ait I xieni, both alon ; the eo.ill, and into the inteijor (ountr>es on the banks <>l Ihr (lainbia ; but its frontiers rannot 1 c del.tmnud with any de|>rceof certainly. MootcobUivts, that ihc natives are jicneially of.! jet- black eontplexn n, and aie rniiarkabic lor the l1.iiiiel< of encir imll . an i the thukiirfi of ihcir lipn. Jaiiequm, ^invcvrr, altiriiii, that lliefe fe.itnns arc by no means natural to Ihcin, but lliC roilfetpience of the eullom of the women's III' klini; Uui: ch.ldien over tin ii lltoiildeis', and Moore allribun it to ihc crcaj caie taken to lorni then Iralmrs to tiiji calt i for nothing, he obfcives, is in then o| mion fo beautiful as hirije nolliiN, lUt nofcs, thick lips, and anion^' the woinru lai je, luole, and lUbby bualii. Tiie pioplc ate fi iibli", r.it..ii.i', a:.' Iiiiniai;f. '\Viie!i ever Mr. .N.ooie viiited ihi.r io*n«, lie iini w'.iii thenn.ir c.'iJut iccepii.iii, ll.c men uinniii'.; on to wel, .n;i • !•.. ar. iv.d by killin,; hi. b.iii/s i tlKui.;!! .'oine v.cmen, le,, i had 'lever bi-.n I.I a wiiiic mall, iV'i :it tli.' li-.^ht m iiini. •Some li.i\c piviiul bin to ciii.r ilair hii-s, t.aie cm.--, lamed bini .'.\ the bJi niannrr they wup iibie. .iiid broiiijht I It theii v\ive»aii.l li !ii(;hte's jot h'rii to I ilm,- • iji, ,r ■iltoiiinmirni and ctnioiiiy bung e'|iiiliy i. .:.d by lin coiiijiIcMon, h.ibil, Ijuerli, and iiuninfi. J liel. |ieople ;iie m ijeiuial bi.lk and Iivtiv, and coii- liimi- ball iluii iim.' ill miilie, daneinir, iinrili, an.l .i (;oiid-liiimouied g.iit) , ytt In iilj; loll I ol <'.'ii;jiai'V, aii-l al ih.- I line lime waiin and im|icliioii.'>, tiie/ l.iil ir.i > li'ipi'iil c|'.iaiitl;, :iiid ihe Uiil.appv >'iliord of th<; i;i,ii* i.iimiIIk. the pK.iiur » ol tlied.iv. Noijilng i.> nioic ulna.', iip.'n any ,ittl 111! or iiijiirii.ni ixpr.lli iii, than ch.iileiiyi : lo liiij/le loiiibati hill ih.-ir In al 111 iidmr, .i!mo|l j., i,,,.|, a. kiiidl 'd, tiicy (cLluni fi/,lit a il.i.li lalc hj.ile, Un a!| the blows that aic iii'jjlly given are the clt".Ll< of hidden i'lllion, Uiit whdi lliey really tll:^li:c, iiothnf.; can b ,• II. oil. Iiiriuu-. than ih; aiiimolity willl which they mill iijDii laeh nlhir viiiii wliat'-vi r wiapoiis com: in ili ir w.iy. 'I'lii liny ol lygeis, f.iy Johiiil, ii far i.ilerior to their's, cviry or^jan and limb i iiueflin/, the iioU li- vetcd haired ; their eve» lecm M I'ait liie; llicy [;naih their t'''tli, and pour toitli the inuil ojiprobii.nis .ml viiilviii'- exj r iTi'iis ; .111 I v.l.cn ihcy ihn-. Ii;;h:, the dii'p-.ite i. 'c n.:- e.l by the dentil o: one of the paitie:, ail I foii;e;i!i;ei in 4 bloo ly war b'-'f.vejii two n.i:.oii5, each t.i.iiij part wil!i their eniinirvmen. In p•>int^ of honour they a-c rxtrcmelv Jcaloii;:, par- tiiiilaily ill rcl'i:-i.t to p'iJc c.f biuh miJ aiullhy. \\'i;i:_' •Mr. Moore w.ij at iltn'o, 0:1 th. ri.^ . (iaiiil 1,1, he law a dif|iitr of honour aiife b-'.'.vcen lio-Jo:,ii, apiineeof the Id (1.1, ;;nd a foil 01 the leiunin:: m'mar.:h. l.a. h fl.-w to ainiv, an.l wire liicil wi.'i I'lu h re! nini.-iir, iliat lin; Ijiiilafoii ha! the utiliult ditlicull) to pievep.t ta:.il toii- hilneiuis i and >rt ihe whole coniintioii ivily pi.;ceedi.l lioiii a conipu'iion of sii.ir pjreiii.ij^'e, Thoii,rh they weic pain-d, iheie w.i; no prci i .'itini; a f.irnial clijl!e!i>e, aliii which the author lonn.i it n.i b.ird iiuHer to ncon- 1 lie iluin i but at llir vei^ lime they wen; v.jw ;!;> » |ln- rcre itiei.dfllip, they .,1(0 thlt..tciird t • jeUirnc iheilifjiute a lo Ml as t..ty ha 1 a pi.ipi.i oppo-^'.uniiy. m it di, y ihoii^'ht nil n.uts reeill'ity to pignut ibo by li.iiiLi j to- luionin.; a n e m op.iiif.n ol t!..ii Lrma^'e. I be iiiaiji t'.r III ir.i pupie who iihi'it the intni.jr partioi iheci untn r .;i p..;' n! much ulieicd (of the bet- id, her, I'Sifto fiiv.lllm, and fails b.iv k tv iie. It i< t'-» htj'heil iii('i,'nily to 1 rt'ir ihr.r bit hand in InLitaimii. When a nun, alier an ablen.-e of two or tbrer- davj, ii turin to his Umily, h:» vvoim 11 'Inow thtmlcht^ on tnur knees bel'ore bini ; stid then oiiotiinm ''"■■ "'-fk of n - Ipicl i.iihoui'ht a urei.t ciiii;', and a piojfol iheir lit lie I (teem for th- ir lord. Kvciy thin,'; rilaiin^ to domtlli.- eii « uIi.imi • jIk jh-,; wanted for the I in iH, ami lpen>' ih,- rill o; ihiir tiinj in indolence. Alur l.i\i:ij: iip;vhlt IS fuji. .1 :il lor tfiii own onliinipli' II, the women h.ae a iiyjit 10 il.rp.iic o, the lilt i but arc accouniabb to thru !u:'b.'n>U fur '!:.: profits The fame regul.itiors t„ko place wii'i re| -..-ct to ?iuir |Hiiiltty, 1 f which tin v bi el a Rrcaf •imiili.-! ; loi tlicle aitiiles are the r piin. .p 1' 1 ipp 1 , juJ nu in .i !i- 5 ^ d'.,,'.> I i: ■! iliit I I t I 1 1 n ! m iq m fh '.'wm M . 1 ; ' 440 A S Y S T E M OF G F. O G K A IMl V. .f ' i.c,. t : licr.ililr branch of tr.ide. ^!.1^v of the Miindi.'U'ocs t.ike .1 priilc in kcc| ing a crowd 01 (Lives, whom thiy iif.it in to kiiul, gentle, utiJ hum.iiii; » nr.\u\Kt, lh.1t it i> n'>t rah' to wf.ir trntkit-; tii the value of thirty poiuids (In hug. Moll ol' tl.ile llavcs are born in tlic fimiiifs of their niadci';, and as natural tii them a^ their own children. At iMittn, he adds, is a vilhi.'C of two hundred louh, coni|i(il'ed of feni.i!c flaves, all of th■ dei p a black as the .Mundinuocs ; and It is (uppoled tiiat their alliances with the Moors have piven them the mixed colour between the true olive and the black. They »'e rather of a low llature, but h.-.vc a gcntcc! and caf, rnapc, with an air pcculi.:rly delicate ."lul aiireeablc. Thoujh the I'holeys arc ftranjrtrs in the country, thev are the ereattd planters in it. They arc extremely in- durtii.'US and fruL-ai, and lail'c much more corn and cot- ton than thev coniume, which thev (ell at rea(onablc rates ; and arc fo reniarkable for their hnfpitalitv, that the natives ideem It a bU fling to have a I'hoiev town in their nei^jhbriurhood ; and their behaviour has c-iincd them fuch reputation, that it is clleemcd infamous for any one to tie.it iluiii in an inhi'fpitabie manner. 'I'heir humanity extends lo all, but thev are doubly kind to people of their own race ; and if thi y know of any one of their body being made a (lave, thry will readily redeem him. As they have plenty of food, they never futter any of their own people to want ; but luppt.rt ihi; uid, ;h'.' blilid, -:k! ll.e !.t.nic ef^ually with ih.' uthcfi. Thefe pcepic are f-.I.bim an^ry, .iiul N!r. Mocrs cb- (eives, that lie never beard them alule rath othir, yd this oiililnc!:. IS (ar tioni pmeeedin:; Irom wint of euu ra^e, they being as brave ;.s any peoj le ol Afiita, aid very c;f their arms, which ate javelm,, cutiartis, bows and arrovi'5, an I, upon ocradon, piini. I hey ubral'y (ettlc near lome Muiidinj;o town, there tc- in;' I'earcc any of nntj up the river that has not .1 I'holcv town near it. Molt of tlieiii (peak Arabii , whu h i. taught in their ("ihooisj and tiuy are able to it-a tlie Koran in that lan;iia^c, though thev have a vulear tnniiuc called I'h dey. They are llricl .Mahonut.un, and (cane any of them will drink, brandy, or any thing Ifroiiger th.in fugar aiiJ water. They arc (o Ikilful in the m.nnaL:ement of cattle, that the .Muiidin-oes lta\e theirs to their care. The whole herd bcloiiLiiii'; fo a town feed all day in the (avannahj, and, after the crop is oft", in the rice-;,'rouiuls. 'I'hey have a place without each town (or their cattle, fur- rounded by a circulir hed ^e, and wiihin this enclodiri: they rai(e a it.i^e about eight feet high, and eight or ten teet wide. Covered with a thatched roof: all the (idl^ arc open, and they afcenj to it by a ladder. Round this llagc thev fix a number of llakci, and when the cattle are bioui'ht up at ni^ht, each bead is tied to .1 leparate (lake with a Itron^ rope made of the birk cf trees. Ihe cows arc then milked, and tour or five miiUk:iil.iily loiiJ of thvfi- u'lunu-iits. Thil- i>>'oj>lc arc in Rriiir.il of .1 warlike ilifpofiti.Hi, ind nitiirallv Ifroii!; .itul M'^dmmh. I'IihU', at li.ill, wlin live ncjr ihc IJainbia -f.c i;i)oJ ii.iliiri'il, hnni.iiK', I'Ciic- roii>, hdlpiMbli-, nriiUd, ..ii I .iu- r.iiurk:il)lc fur tiKir hoiulh'. Ihcii fil.iiii chiclly coiilill 111 ilrovcj ot ta- nu'ls, dr<>riiciiaiic<, c<»vs, i>ojt>, liiilirt, ami liiiit. In the .!ui!itiuc» tlu-y t'rantttic Kuropcaiis, lluy alw.iyt a|i- ptar witii a lit-coiniiii; iiU:.'iii(ici'm.'o, ai our author, can exceed the ili,7llity wit'i wlii'.h lh( fe princes like out thi- pipe tu interro. :iti; an aiTihalladur «"ricerniM ; hi- iMnitniirion ; tor thi> is done willi a gra- vity and luloinnity <>> < inintciuince and maimer altotre- ihcr peculiar, and of which no Kuropeau .v,u) has iiiic (ccn It, can lonn any idea. It is laid that the darnel, or prin'"- of tUi Jalolii near ;i.'n?.'a!, has two olBeerj unj- r nun, of veti- In.h rank. 'I'.'ie one, cilltd eoiidv, prelide> over ;dl mdiLiiv attain, and h.u the (unini.uid of ihe aimv ; ill- c.'.h' r, r^li.d the LTf at j irafo, lits at the head ol the civil af- fairs, Slid IS chief in all court, of jullice; whene? he taki'i cireiiits round the provinces to he.ir compliinl'', and redrefi j;ritvan«cs. Another officer, called the .d- kair, !•) trcalurer 10 the crown, and liak under him fuli- altein olTiccrs, named alcaJe-, who are the chiefs in thi: \i'ilji;cs where they t^'lide, and a kind of juHites of the jK.ii c, thnii:;h, in all inipuri.int ca(«'-, appeals ace frc- ijucntlv maJ.- to the jaralo, when he pfitiirm» his cit- luir. As there arc a <^reat nuinher of petty kin"s iiuludcd under the i;encral iciine of Jatoft princes, lo there are perpetual war'- in lomc (.art or other of this bri;e trac;^ «'f country. When a lupture of fome other power is ftfolvcd on, the condy allenibles the iroopt, which fel- tlom or lu'ier exceed tivc hunc'red 111 number; and thus I heir grc.ilcrt battles are only fiCirmilhes, in whicli very Ww arc left dead in the field. It is laid, that in the whole kingdom of Dimrl there are fearce horfes futti- < :■ I't to ijiount two h'lndred men, and ycf the llreiijjih «.f their aiu.ies chielly coiilillji in their cavalry. 'J'hc Kuv; "1 Daniel is, however, a potent prime for that p.rt ot tnc world ; lii> army is well fupplied with pro- vili'Mis, and hundreds of women daily attend the camp with live cattle for the ul'e of the troc>p>, as well as ln;it, roots, am! -.I'l kui'is of vejrer.iblc:. ■f he arms of thi- tawdry arc Iniij; darts, a kind of Uvclin bcirded l;ke an ari'>w, I'lid lliort fwmds, whoh liiey ufi: wiicn thcv di'moiiiii, a psit of dil'ci|diiie they •jre always tail b- 'I'l licijiKnily praitife in battle. "I'he intaiitiy "p- arnii'.l with fcvmctars, )avelm<, and a ouivtr Ci.nuiiwnp 'r.i or fWilve poifoned arrow-, a wound IriMH which 1 atteiideii with .ilrtioft certain death Thcir hnw. ars inaHe ot 1 kind of hard reed, which re- fiir.bl', . the b.miboo. Tne iie;;ro's aie ficch excelhcit niatkim^n, that few of them wdi mifs a niillin/ at fiity pace- dirtame , init they ti|;ht 111 an irregular and tumul- tuous iiiJiiiier, hotli lid.'s m:irchiii;', iiilo the miiKl of the ;'!ain pi;chtd up.ia fir the en NC'cnunt, witluuit the !eaft order or difcipline, their iiiPiiumonts of w.u I luiidin^ all the while, and making a molt horrible din. t )n thi I,- comitij; within a p.''Oiitr cjiilante, tl'i: iiilantry laki: 1 Liencr^l dil.h.ir^c ot their arrows, alter whiiii ihcy cii^M -c fwor.l in hand ; Init hnvins; tluir commer- cial iiiti.icit 111 view, kill as few, and m.ike as many pri- tonrrs a^ poflible ; foi the cjp'i.ei of all rank- and a;:es ato fold tnr lUves. rhmij'h tlr.- catna 'C in the tielj is freouenilv inconfiderahle, yet their battles have often f.i- lal cunf.quencE's, m few c)f thole wo'iuJcd with their poifoned arrjWi ever recover. Mr. Moore aftirms, that tnc JalofTi arc cxtrcnv.ly J.M.at; '>vii;i n'lpr.'l to iri'li- I /v. W, tarv honi-iur, pr. nrrni/, dc?ath to ?!); fmallell repronch on their courage; aii.l this animates them no lets than the drr.id of llut'tv, to behave with the iitmidl iiuiepidny. .Should the liilt lliiick ot b.ittle lai! lo deiide the victory, they lu'(pi"ililv U'litw it for Icvci.d days, and .it len.'th, whi II the oblliii II y ol both fides be;^ins to taint under the lali;oie ol aoliuii, they ciittt upon a treaty, by ni"aus ol then ni.iibiits, who meet in the H< Id bctv.ein the two arniici ; and if thee a^cce about the aitieles ol i iir.eii- tion, they Iwear cipuii the koraii to be f.iithlul to their tn.;.i'_'ement.i. The kii^; ol 1-. il.ill','. '.vhom Mr. Muoie faw in I7ifiiiiH „•/' /,'•.• Ri'jir Si-itfgal, anil thi dunlry sn iti Hunki ; ivith .111 Aacunt if the ■ititu.iliit Dru' i:iU,:l (Jwn Scwr^'j;', ir (turn .Irutii, tiv Alan>:i-r I-. i:iiiUh It ii p-jduuj, aid thj QinqiKjl tf thi Countiy ly Iht En^hjh. WV, now cc^pie to the prei't river Senegal, liiefourcc of which IS ,is liule known as th;it of tlu-Gam- bi.H. Sonic geographers m.iitit^in, that it isunepf ilie ihannels by whuh the Niger dilcliarm's its wateis iccio the Atlantic ocean. The Niger riles u, the calt-iii parts of Aliica, ,ind after a courfc of above thice bun- dled miles, iieaily due call and wed, is fiid in div:da into tliii:e branches, the moll foiithcin of which is ihi; ^ierr4 Lcuiw, the middle (hu Gambia, an I the molt nu;- »- W ''♦» . 4U A ii Y S T I'. M u 1' (i I. i.) (. K A 1' II SiNtr .!,» "f M -"It*' Xl liorthctlv the- Scnria! ; whence all tliis li.iiT of roiin.ry ilrfrnbrcl ill liiu thaptti, olitiiiiiil ihc ii.uiir of Nii;ri- tij, fiom il.f rncT Nii-ir, I ni^ npinicii t.iii, ho«iviT, he no oiliinviii- (iicpi.ruil than I'V ii'ii|rCliiri-«, iiiul i.iii- licif j^ al li'all that i.tllut by till- .-"luiiiiti t^.c Nii;cr. I'lif hen I ,il i< one nf the hirirrft riirrs of Afiica; for trom tin- Uli: i'cnini the fjriluli puit to whi>h tnc I'.iiti'pr 1111 li.ivi pi i.iirjlrii, it ii t»i) th.m(.inil linir liiiil- 'Jrcil niilm 1(1 liu- (c:\. III tlii> ru'.iili.' it rt luiiillv pro- ccrdj fro ti till' r.ilk to the uxtk ; hut vvithni two !• .i^ iici of ih'r oriJii It t-kcii i fu'lilrn mrii to tiic IimiiIi, .iiiJ (or I'v rciihiinncr iif iti pyl..-c i» lcpar»icd Itoni the fr4 nnlv bv .1 lutiiral Mil;?, ill funic pliiics nnX »bovc two hiiniit d yiriN bmail, Uy ilm lurvc it pfniong^ in colli.- I..r twini\-livc liii ;iicj fjithtr fnim lu.iih to I'otith, till at lrni(in it diich.iigc* iifilf into tliv dccjii, //7 .'*/'■ in fl„- rixfi;uh Jt 4ru ■ I nnith l.uiiu If. Koth ihii liver, il'.c ( i.inihi.i, ;>iiJ Sictr.i I.cnna, ovrr- fl'AV their I'AMks liki: t'.K Nile, iiiul much about the laiji'.- time of t'lcvcar. 'I"I'.l' A< iu'imI it lni;\ li.ns bc- torc it loiiui to its hiiijht, an I when it has i:\..rllovvcJ it) b.inks, itk c'l-ainicl m iliihciilt to be fntini bv thofe wlio h.ivi- lowc.l lip it in bo.iti. 'I he French once font thiriv nun i:p thi. iivrr, who rowcj a th' iiiiinj mi'o ; but i itt'i Tfil lull l:a:,'(hips I'.at onlv live rciuiiicti baik alive. I'neir boat once lluck fail, 'tn I'aul, on the top> of trcr^, .iiiil Willi ;;ii.it t'liruiilly tin v liiitiijigrd it. 'Ibis iMeai tivcr is txtrrm ly rapid at iil up by a bar, whu'h render:) the palia^c < xccediiif; ililHcuIt and tlaii- ;'«Tons 1 cfperiallv in the rainy (e.,|i,n, whin the piodi- gioiii Ivvrllofthe lucr, and ihr I lulh-wcll winds, 4ip- pofed to II rapid coiiric, rJil'' w.ivi s of lo priidJ:^r|oin a hcii:ht at the bai, th it their cl.;l)iinvi rclemtilc. th- (lio -k of niountaiMH, and arr laid to be lu fuiiou'' as to d.ilh in piffis tlic Itoutefl (lll|■'^ : yi'i, atcordins to Labar, the Willi! fcafon, witii tclprct to iiimmeico, ii in bcptrmbcr and N'nvtmbcr, whi n the wiiidn blowin ( iiortlicily, ex- clude all iia;!(;.i'ion, even of th; lii'.ilieil huuts, 'I'hi. bar i* doully ilan-'cioiis, not f.iilv on account of the \ loL-iii c of tlic wavei, but the lliallownefs ot the water, ..lid iSc Iliiftin7 r.i ihe bar atV r tlood . and lic^^vv rain , bv which th- cliJiinibi arc loll, and new f.iund- iiios h r.at.e n-.^tilarv to !:fc<)Vcr ihim, T^ic .Sene:;al w.Mild injrcd be quit, ihiit up, wen; it not for one cnaii- lU'l, foi.r hundred yards hrond, and twj latlionii derp, t!iJ! I; . I ■■.::, kept i;. Ii'. i ii on inmiA abl. . Tlie iiioli i'ru|). r linu- lor eroding the bar i> fmiii M.vxh lo .'^ep leiiib.-r, when the winds are vaiiable, and th; b.ir li^;d liil tilt eilliiin^ rainy l<;aloii. A ;>'iloii h.is no loiiner cndl. d the bar, than he findt hi'iiiiliin a liuoodi and [jenily glidinjr ii>>.', four la- ihoii' ■ ill < p On a'kaiicin^T a Icasnir hi rhfriip the roitntrv, on tlip fouill lide. it r. coverid Willi a bea' ti.'.l verdure j l.'lty trer> of dilUrvnt kinii are in ptrpetual bloom, and til - 1 d with a vaiie'v i I bird- ; fonie red, othei . lilii-, and otiier-' bi.ick , oftiu li/col a linnet, and ol the biifhteii C'liouri ; and with hpiiiicl* and m•llkc^s that divert ih'-' paH'cn.'eni, bv plaMn^ a tbuuland an k tucks , and luinieroiis lloi k are li-en fkippiii ■ around. Th'-' country alio nboijiiiK wi'li elephants, jioii^, and utlii r wild brail. ; but the 1. inner do no huit, except thev arr lirll attacked. Ill (nine plaict the low etnuiiids arc covered with thorn. - rrce«, tin! lilc to a proHii iouj hi i{;ht, ani heir lar e hiiin.li'.< id liiiLiht yellow flowrs, of a fra;;raiit fniell. 'I heluik oftlule tree-, m of dilferent colout-, .i bl.li.k, !»n"fn. while, and ledj the colour of the Miiihir maiK leli-i.ildcs that of the bark ; thoiii-h, timn itt liaidiief;, it li^mis a fpccies of ihe ebony : and vet the flowers ol llieic ditf'ieiil kinds are exaCllv ihc fame. The river h.i^ a P,"i" 'i'iiiibnip«n\, rxi rpi the illaiid cfS/nepal, on wliicn ftandu birt Loiiiii, in lixtecn ile- <■ srer*' tivc niinutci nurth laiuudc, 'ibis ilUivJ it liiu '-ted ill the n.i,!d!c of j!.e iivcr four or fvc niilcs from if. eii- j trance, ,:i;.l i t'.vo ih< ul..iid llinu liuiidied yaidi in , lenjitb fiuiii HMth to fiiuth i but .it the end luwardi the bar, It ia no nunc iliaii < iic hundrcl and ii.jhiy yardi ; at ihe op|i a diy, lan^ty, ..ml biuii lp.it ol flouild, dillilulc of wai>r liuiin;; Mie ballol the Mai. it bavint; luithcr lpiin^'< nor wtiU, and the w..ur ul the liver bciii^ loo tall tor ule. The loit Ol St. I.ouiii i> a quadranj'lr, and li.is two ba- llioiii of i.oii)u:ir.bic liiength i but tin } leatell Kcurilyur (lie loll It its natural liiuation. The c.uinon ol the luit aie iiuniiii'U, and the .iil'i nal wi II fuppliid with Iniall atint and Itoiri. lierden ibis llie I reiiili b.ul no other loii u|Min the iivcr, but Imi ,St. loleph, which llands about lour li.iiiiie. bd a It w laclorio in dilierent parts, 'I he piiii' ip.l lomnitHiiiy oi thii country is that of ^uin St-ne.'al, or Ar.ibic } wliicli is a valuubie brani h of vumn.rtcr, aii it it iiiid in many am and niaiHil.:i^urt.s, pailiculailv by the paintiis in water «.iiloui>, tnc li!l( wcaveit and dy<.i .. This lice ii dclciibrd by T.abat a< • fpicics of aca< cia, imall, prukly, full td bl.nelio, niid coviied with leaves inoJr:a".ly l"n.-, very narriiw, and of a pir|uiii„| verdure, boine f.iy it brait a white (loner compoled ol five Itavo, which loiin c kinJ ol cup i but niher iiatu- ralidt leprtreiil it at (• in. d tifoneUat i:i the iii.iitiur ol a funnci, and the tl<>wrr:> are i;i c'.i.lUi . 'I he pi. nil lilct (loni the boltuni of ihj flower, r.iid at !en^(|| !icci.nte« a ixk!, three or lour iiulici Ion ', lllKd with l.iiall, louiul, bald, and black i:tains, which iervo t<> )iropai;ate Ihe Ipecict. Of this (; ccies o! j;uni-tic,-- ihcio arc ihu'C loitii ', allot tliciii litii.'.led in tlie delait iiortit ot the liver, and at niariy njual doKiiuc, lium it. hve. ly y;aj prouufit twoiropn, ilwe may tliui tefiii i(, o| i;um i the liid and belt in Deiinibii, and the oilur iji .Man h. J'lio fiid Icait or ixfudaiions are llic larj.^ei:, thcdiivd, jii.l mod jiur-', with iv.iy other alvaniagc le- ■luired ill this drug } and tin- other more dwr, plutinniH, .iiu impure. The Deccir.b.r crop i> gaiheied alter ilui laiiis bale ceafcd, and the iruiilluic o| tnc eaith ha> iei|. dcred the (ap niure abundant i but that in .Maiili in pio- (.uicd by niakiii,', inciCiont in the titer, wiiitli have then loti little \it;our 111 proiiute it ol tbenilelvis. Tbe lu-. iive< liil tbe ^Mini by a cubii- iiualuie, calld a ijiiiiiiil, whi.h holds about Iwu hu idred w> i .'ht, and tin* lluy txchaiipc lorgtMHl. of atv It two (liilliii^t valiu-. 'I lie French, when in pilliirinn of this iivcr, im|xiit« ed fri III ilience not nulv ihu (;ii;ii, lint rliphauii tciih, liidr>, Ikis vax, pold-mr*, cuttuii, ciiiich icatiicr.s, ani- bcr|iii9, ii.JiL'o, and civil, 1 be' (till l.uro|M'aii> wh<: fettle I at Srnr::al were thr Dutch, who foriiHid Ihixifelvr. ihne; but weie iliivcii .■•on> t.,eii..- b) the Irrnvli in ihew.ir 1O78 Alteiwtr.lji, III idiil, tli.^i Icttlenunt was |iilt taken by ibe t n^ I1II1 , but the loll"*»inp. vcai it vtas r.lakeii by the Fieiuh, uii.i continued 111 po!le>rionoi ii nil ilie I .It war. In fi-;i<, a fmaii l.|uadron littrd out under ''le ci ol c tiinon, ei^ht mortars, and a coni'iilernble quaii- mv ol War ike llorc* an I anim:i.nitioii. Were lent ai;ain(l li.it l.oui,. C.'ji>:aiii W'jlker w.is ap|.i'n»(d tii;'iiicer, and iVlr. Cummiiie, a (juakrr of ^oikI :'enli, w'lo had prop<>l(d t.'ie cxp'tilt.on, (iil.d before lo eii/ .;c the nc- ^roi- princc%, with whom he was acinuinic.l. lu luiii the Kiiuhflt. Oil the tMrentv-third of Apiil ihis Kn^i, 111 li|uulron law the French ita^ 111 111;' on Foit l.iuiii, iiid c.iiiie ti> ui anchor III .Sriiei.' il road, afiii tikiiiji .) aij'c Diiirh (hip riiMy loaded Willi ('um, and (0011 pir.i: /ed tl.at (c vrral armed Firtiih (!■ np^ were plate 1 to dif, Jlc t hi- pal', la-"- ol ■;he b-«r. Tbe Kiii;lil)i iiiiiii diately | lep.ired (or 'iiiJirij i and hatiii,-. diKovtiid the ehaii lel, i aplaiil .vlillar, 111 till- London liii(>. pa(]ed ihe bai, un I the next moinini» wji IoIIoW' d bv llie oilier velUls, ('ii(taining u conllant (ri- (i.;m the I'reni h (liHips. ,\ regular rii.'.'K.'". ment now riilunl, w.'iiili was miintainid on both lidci, till the bulks Aiiil one dinr^er luiinin;; aginund, inltantl^ bul C'^ SLNtr .L» I froiii it I cii- U'l the loic .ll with Ini.iil li.ul III) oiliir ll lliiiiiK aljinit , il>inn;li tliiy ry is ili.it cjt' il, tiic tillL '(lltics of ACi- I covLicJ will) til a |ur|ik-tii.il LT comi'ijliil 111 lilt IlllllT lUtU- I'.i the DMiinir \ci . 'I he ]>!• r.ii.l Ai !( ni;th |T, (ilKil wiih Ahicli liivc' ti> l^um-crc: ihcic lHe ikl.iit ii'i;tli I I cm It. 1-vi?- iiu> term It, ni ihi ihi. «>iliir III ato ihi- larf^d. , ■r n.lv.iiit.im; ic- liilr, ^•JiitiiiniM, Itlit'ictl •itii-r ilio 1.11 th h.'.s icii- .Maiill i:i pro- lah liui ihi'ii I Ik- lu- ll d J i|'.iiiimI, iiiul tliii tiny S V.llllJ. M^tl, illl|)Olt- li'|i!i.iuii tc. :h, h iL'utiiir^, aii>- StHtOAf . 1 I'. I C ' 1 " 1 I I nr ;.il wrrc thr >iii will' linxcil Altll vv !,(n, y ilii' 1 nvlidi ; iniii.h, who III i7-,!i, 4 i.in.l ul ca|><.iiii ii-'> ciiinm.inJ .'.I I .irnlUry, trn liiii-rablo i|iiaii- cu I'lllt :i'.::iill!l ll'nl fl);llKl'l, I. nil, w'li) h.iJ II.' ^c till.' nc- ,1. tu jiMii th.; ll/ flt liiiiiclron 1', lll.l i' jMC to . ji|'i- IJiii.U I.I v'4!il tha: ^e• >lil, Me thi- p.i(- .1 V I te|urrJ tor li.iii 111, » apt.iin Jll I till" IK'Xt 1^, riill4iiiini< .1 n gill 11 ( ll' i|f- J (lU liiith lull t, ,M\^, iiill.iiitl/ bul^Lil, bulged, and urtr lilU- i witli w.itir. Upon ihi>i ilir liihipi took to thrir tiiiats, and, ni>iwilhl).inJiii.> the ilil (i.ultic) with which tluv wcri' ruiroiindril, rc.uhcdthc (li'irc, where th..v torinfd in .i hody, and wire (omi imii- I'd bv (hrir ciinipanioni in the o'.h>r vciVcU, the wliuli' uni'iiintinK to thric hundred and ninety niariniM, beli Ici the iUt.iehiiient ot .irtilltrv. I'liey iiiini'-'diatiiv threw up *\\ iiitrenihmeiii, to pii'vcnt ihnr bciiij attaisi'il hv the n.ititci, wIm liiird the niore.il Ionic diK.inrt' ; but thii pietaulioii wai uiini'i'cllary, Inr the ne|>riic. r.iiiu in great niiiiibir^ and luhniitted ; .ind on the lollowiii.r d.iy Ih'.-y were reiiitoreed bv three hundred .ind lilty Umhuii, who palled the bar in fliHipi with their cnfii'M.i and co- lours flying. While ihcy were prrparin;; to a't.irk Kirt St. f.oiiii, two 1' leiuh depuliei .irrived with prupol.iK (ruin the i^o viriiur for a i.«pitul.iiiiin, when it was sliced, th.it all the while people bcloii;;iiij> to the Kntiih conipany ot Seiicj^al lliuiild be liltlv roiidiiitid to I' ranee in an Kii;'- jiill v.'lltl, without beiii^ deprived oi thiir private etfrct-. . that .dl thi'ir iDcrehaiuli/c and unioined tnafiirc llioiild b: delivered up to the vicbir* : that the loii., Hon- huufes, velleN, arms, provifioiis, and everv .irlii le be- liin^Mim to the lonip.my in that river, fliould be inllanlly |Uil into the hand>ol the l-iij;lifli : that 'he Iree ii.itives ofKort Louis fhoiild remain in the tjuiet pidliflion of llieir cH'ct)!, and the free exercilo of theii ielik{ioii ; and that all the nej^nies, inulattoes, and others, nioiild be at their ojitioM, either to reni.iiii in the plate, or tu re- till to any other part ol the loiintry. Thi I capitulation was no (ooiur aprccJ upon, than the ca|>ta;iis Canipbill and Walker were lent up the liver v.'ith a fl.ij; of truee, to fee the arliclej ligmd aiul executed. Mean while the ne'^ron on the ifland tiKik arni<, and blocked up the I'lineh in Kort I.our., relolv- in^Mo defend the place, uiilei. they were included in tjie ra|iilulation, infillin:; that the Krrnrh direi!lur-(;ciicral fliould be perni'tted to remain with the native:, as a I'e- cuiity lor that article ol the capiiul.Miin in which they weie cunccriied. The Kn^:lilli leaddy printed thr. re- {|iii ll, and niarchiii[' to ,Si. I.nui'^, took p'lli'iri'in of the lallle, where they tolllld niliely-two pii ec. ol r illMoll, with a r.inriderable ipiantiiy oi treafiire .i.id inenlian- di/e. 'Ihe corporation and bii;j»hcrs ol the town of .Se liegal twore allc^ian.c to hii llrilaiinic m.ijclly, ami the nci);hhouiiii^ piinces, attended by iiimierous leiiiiu'v, vifited the roinniamler, and concluded treaties wuh the Knulifli. The iiumbi r of tree independent ne^jioes .ind mulattoes fettled at Senegal aniountcd to three ihonland , and the oil-.er rrcnch laittorics beiiijj include.l in the c.i- pitiilatio.i, f treat Mritaiii became pofklii .1 of a coiitpielt Irmn which great liclics may be derived, and whii.h was acipiiud w.lliout the lol. of a finale man. s 1. c r. XII. or ll; I' tl'i AfiiitHiri tjrii ('iijhnn ef Ox Paplf ef ih,- inlfii'r ('iUN:ilii ftom ill' (iiimHii It til,- a.iu^cl ; ,int,iiiii»i; ii mimil< litjt>i{>li('ii o/'llirir Difji, Fsi.l, .!/inp, at their girdle*. I hcfr nrj^roes live upon a pi iin and f mpte diet, cliicf- ly coni|ii fed of rice, roof, and fruit, which thev lutii- rally eat with j;rcat appditr, i. many of thrtn make but one ine.il a d.i), and that inth.' evenini; ; for they care- liilly Ikiep itu ir tows, Oicep, and goatt for milk. I Itt oiilinaiy dunk of all the nejMoei i< water, thou:'h peopU- ill goiid circiimllancn iile pabn win'? diluted in water, and a kind of beer called hallo. I'hcy are indeed ex- liemely Ion. I of brandy and oihei fpirits , but ai thefe are puichafed Irom ill.: Kuio|-eans, none but pcifoni ofliipe- iior rank are able to drink thi m lo excel'.. N'oihin.: tan e.Hcced the tempi raiicc and limplieity «l diet and di ink praclif.d by the woimn, loi lluy leldom m never tallo iiiv thin; llii.ni'er than water, or at moll a liiile wine or ballo, [iliititullv diluted. Aci uidiii!: '> fomc .luthor . thi iiCiroes make two me.iN > d.iy, line about noon, and the other in tho cverin^;, rill V lit at t>ble without any of the iuriiiture we ell eiii neciiraiv, rating with their lilliteiH, and aKva\.. uliii_< the ii;'ht hand, thinkii"; it iiidei eiit to tout h ill ir loo.! or lips witii the left, which they eni|>loy in none but tho meanell uflici s. Kvcry tii.iii has a right to marry the girl he lovct, with out regard to ranit rr I'litiinr, oranv other tiri umllaiuo than bein;; of a i«ropi r a;;ri ^ ei 'iK-fe contiawls are ll- doiii made without the coiilent tif the parent?, in w lioli! bands he dipofiis the jdiiilure iiiii nded, or at lr:it( a pi.i- ptr feeuiity lor the payment of it. The prclimiiiaiien aie no fooner adjiilled tli.in the luidegroini, accompani- ed by a number of younp felloifs, fit out by moon- light, or at leill III the night, and lurtound the hoiil • ot (he biidc. III order to rarry h.-r (tfhv fore-, while Itieand her female attendants pretend IK make all pofTiMe i.fif- lance, and .darni the whole village with thi iri lies ; but this loyncfs biing only looked upon a. a neeclliiy pair ol the tciemoiiv, no opiwilitioii is m.id- to the raxilher, .'.lid the alfair ij always temiinatMl by a wedding. In fomc |. laces this farce is laid to be c.iriied Dill I'ar- thiti the lover liauiilt the hoiile for (rvcial weeks belore, and conceal, himfclf in woods and ;>'«ive> loiiiul the re- lidiiiee of the obiect of his wilhes, coveiiiig his taen with a veil, to prevent a difcoverv, and giviiu^ the court- fliip an air of mtiigiie, which n thoogbf iicctllary to III I ihteii the joy which v.'ould othervvilc be thought di'. and inli|ii.l. In the tounliies near the (i.inibla, a falber fretjiienf- ly bctioths his daiigliter to fome iinghnonrini^ inlaiit on the day of her birth ; an engagement lo lirm and bind- ini.', that the parents i an iicvrt alter break the match •. hut it is ill the power of the man never to eomc and t hum Ills wife, and ytt without his confent fllf cannot marry another. The wo ren in general marry very young, and lea\c i.lV bearing ihil 're--, at the time nf Iile when otheis he- pin. The liufli.md mull give an entertainnu lit, to which .dl the i.cij'Idioiiis iKiiie without inviiaiion ; and thin ceremony, the negle.jt of wh.ch inevit.iblv incun tlu- eoiilempl ol the whole villa/e, ctintiiuies three or lour dat-. The bride is tarried liom hi r f.ither's houle up- on the flioulders of voun;; men, who are Iriends to the bridegiooni i her (.Me being covered with a veil, which llie lit vet lay] alide tilt alter coiiliimmation, her doing tills being a tedinioiiv to the whole all'endily, that the nuptial riles aie p-riormed ; loi if is uliial loi tbe nui- riid pair to reliie, while the t unipanv continue daiuiiig, lin'iing, and drinking till they iitiirn. In ihe conniiies boideriiig on the Senegal, thefe rerr. n'oiiies, aiioidiiii; to I.abat, .ire very diH'crent. Ihn voiiiig liiM I .Implies til his inirtrefii'i parentu, in onler tt> obi.oii till II inlliieiuc i but without exjseclmg that any loiillraiiil llioiild be bill on lu r iiieliiiations. If he u lo loitui..ile lo gam bet alle.iions, he makes four' pit - lints III III I iiranll rtlaliom, (he is then eoiidiiiled tj his boiile, and be givvi J leall to ihe villa;'C. Oit lui appio.ii hill;' ilic houf", the biidCjjt j"ni otfen h'-r 5 I hi* )| ' I .. : t 4 446 A s \ s 1 !•: M {) !• r, I, (> (. .( Aril r t'tStrA' ■I 1 i •■ )\ 'V 1 '•' '■" til.' 'il-'* Mi t ' hU HaiiiI to ciiiiJuifl her ti> tlic In-ll .i|i.irtm<-iit, whiili Ihfl ii'» li'i lilt Hirers, thuii, t-i (hisv hii liilionlitiJiiiiii, iio inll.iii'ly tntpluyt ht'i m iiti'mi;; w.iU'i, oi iii l>iiii<: ■tlhcr lilt lit rlfici', while Ihc iel|iiiliiilly litiiit ut the iiill ih>'lit III ti III (jiulity el a IrrvjiK iluriii^ liip- prr, nnii (i.iir i\:\v \v.iiii ln> (inic to t» l( J lo IhiI. All this i> loiikul iilh'ii M> » pJit 111' the iiijiru;;c uriMlmiiy ; but III! ;;iM.I-ii.iturL'>l iuill)4iiJ» jIIuiik' this Jialiuiil^ aim the fiiit iii.lit, It the lii..!c know* hrililf a virgin, (he alwayt, fiom a nuiti\c i coni['limcnt tn her hiilKiiiil, Ipic4kl< J uliite ititdn i!ii:h ii|'< n the luil, whuli .is a pi>H.| III her ii/inuT rhalliti, .iiJ ihc ahilitici. oi the pri.K-iooiii, ihc e^pole^ puMiily to Ihc lunipanv altir iiiiiUiiiiiiutiuii, wi.ii rcciue it with pniliiiiiid ttlpcot, ^tiJiMirv It III Itiuiiiph loun.l the viila^^e, atleiidcii I'y tiowils III people, with v)iii.'iy it niulW, and gicat tc- joiciiig«. It i« l.ti.', tli.it ir the prupcr ni.'.ikt uf vii;;initv ilo not iippoar, 111- p.iunt«iriy !> ■ olili^;iil to t.ike hir t^aik, il tlii: biikli[;.'tjoiii iiiliilt upon It i but t\u\ Icliloiii Imp pcii~, hr the 1.1111, mil ihiK-ut i.illirr to take no luiticc ol the air.iii, th.ii to rii)l)ii»l two Liimlu^, the inrvilaMe toiiU.MiriKC III Itiulin^ t<.ii.k the briile. hulced, in ni..ny pai!> ol •hi> toalt, viry liltlc vjIuc is let upon iiuwlinc ovi r the ;;,i,ivr, ami Iniiulul* cf iKj>rots, »hu, virj'iiiny, ilu- Aliic.inn beiiii; uicatly iliviJcil about tne \ when the kiii;; w..j luiiiir, iletillul hini ai a tyiaiit, Wi'Mh nl till l>m.ilr jcwd, liiiiic illeiniiiij> It above, anJ ' now lum fi ti ar ihcir h.nr, ii b..it their bnaft., and • •iheib bi'iow ail ellini.iion, ' pout toiih their iitilvli lainent.itioni lor lii> death. All l'oly;;iniy i.^ peimitted here, \vi:h the Liiiic Ltitudc the wcilthy lubjii.'ts iVoiii neri put ol hij dominii,ni» aim ail oimr lULii.e clHllltllt^, the hulhand bein-; ciji- find nreleiits ol lluep, iite, and millet, lor the ul'c of iined to ii'i luiiubir, and taking as inaiiy wuiiicn a> he is the inuiirneri, aisd an open t.dile i^ kept nuind the ^'r.ive able lo iui>j lit. In^'irtial, the hufbaiul lia, the power ft purifliin;; .ilk the ikiealed ihr inoll mlinilous quiltioni, a*, Why h>; was iiiivvillint; lo lite Milh thnii ^ whiiiivr be wm iliirnr.tiul \t itli the iiirii't«ii< 1^ ol hi^loriunef uhithcr he h.id loii hv.' Iiaiiilliiinc wmnen ? or wlirlhcr any nt" Ills iilalioiii had oHeiuIrd liiin, that he iliould take ihii eiiKlnithml a day over bt..d aiiil cars in cold w.iter, and at loon at he IS diy, they tub hull oter witii palm oil, paiticuiarly the neck, the baik-lone, the Inull ol the b.ick, tne hips knees and clHows. W hiii liilt born they aie ol an olive ciliiiir, and luineinr.ct do nut turn black till rluy aic a month or mo (.|d. 1 he woiiMi iii.it then children vMtli rxtruordiiury leiideiniis, Ip-oiiii; no lati^uc or l.^'ioiir till liny are able to walk, .'lor whith they rarelully cheiiDi .md ;.ni- d.iiiiilly atuiid thrni till they ate abb- lo provide lor ihinilvlti^. A> the boys .iic bred in a piipttual comic of idlencli, tins becomes h.ihilual. As to the (rirU,l!iey aic bred to labour liom their intaney, and to a modcil and refenrd behaviour in company, «(pceially beloie thi ir liipiriois. Here, as well as in foine othei coun- III' s, tlie vvom.in avoids the catelles of her huil>.ind for three veaTs ..ttir childbesriiiL', a luOuin founded Ujioii their iNtraoutiiUiy atfe.!:lion lor theii childien, vviiothey iiiiaiiiie would ci.iui.n.'l diilcinpcrs from the mother's milk bein ■ oijuted by the inipiul enibt.icc. l-'()i)n tfic ucuth ol any pcili'ii, the whole villacrc is in- n.inily inl.irmed of the lols, by tin- lamentations ol the Ijniily ; the marbiit or pried carelully wnlhti the body, and then cover; it witrt the lam- iloa'.hi the p:-rlun itiually wore. The relations cumiii^ one after siiis'hrt lor levir;il J.ivs. Some Wlilers fay, that thtii complainri be^in with the liimi', ot the fun, and cuntimie till tl.o rveninj;, when all this tu'iic lau'; is fuce.dcl liy dan* 1 1111;, fin!:ing, jollity, atiJ the in;^ll kxtiava^ant de> hauchciy. S K C 'I'. XIII. ()/' th l.iin,uiti_;ei, MfJjiinii /ili, Un.ll'.i"-, funtituu, III. I Ailifiii cj iht l',"!p!t it tijt iiiUii.r C'iunliiii littnit lit (iumliia ondtl't SiiUj^et. MOORK fny«, th.it the rommcn l.inpiu.c fjiokfti oil boili fiiiis ibc (j.mibia is the .Muni!iii|;an, witli whiihycii ni;iy b.ug.nn iiid poiformeveij bum hoi luiic, (loni the momh of the riVcr to the coiiiiiit ol the Jonkns, I r nierebani«, who are fo calUd IVoni the vail n imber oT (lavet they annually fill, ;'nd are fitu.l ol l'oilii(;iief>: is commonly f|iokeii bv tin vulj^ar ii.itit IS who iradi- with the l-.iiioprant. The oib r lan- I'liagcs aie ihc l.iloflian and I'holian, whiih are a/ the langua^'.es Ipoken I'v the many nations in this divifi n. I'he lu'proes jf!ncij>al, 51 they make all ihc iinplcmrnts of war, Stilhandty and lidiini' ; and in prnei.ii vvoik in all kindu*. . < t.i' .. The artili next in eAecni li calhd Kpatero, and is cmplnvi-.l in maUini^ tlie p.rilgris, or cafe j for the diarms wlucii the in.iibuts dilpol'c of to the prepl.-. This is a very priifii.ible bi.fmef-, as the prne of la'.-.our is re^ul.ited by luperllition, and t'lc people woiil I llimk it the higheil impiety to dilpui' the piiec I'f iniy thing belonging fo a [•tilj'rni. Th • third mcclianic.il eniployniciit is that ot the malon, who is all.i a plaillitcr .111 1 a potter ; the l'iiildinj.;s iiiilillinf, of a kind ot loam trixcd with lime; and thefe arc the peojile wlio iiuk'j all their earthen- ware. The woniin .11. d jirit arc employed in fpinnirj ::-.d wcivinti criitoii clotlis i but tin- iulills in this way have male but lin.ill pio^ieli, beiiu; lontnii d entirely to three colours, and jjivin^ their pieces of co!ti>n only two yardj in leiv^ih and fix inches in breadth, thoUj^li liiey luve the art of joinini; thiiii toj;eihei fo ncat'y as lo lorm a piece ofaiiy lue, that appears to be ol oik cnti'; web. • The MNtCAL. A K I A. 44? The nrnrn-lKiufw-i aiiJ luwin liear fvi Ifiit nmrki of ilie i»noraiu'c ol' thi' |ica()l • I ilK-y h;ivo iiothiiij; liki' iirihi- ' ti'diirc, and li.iu\' any .iitcni| of thc lormiT, and protic-ril in th? f.imn hrairn iracU ai th.'ir aii- 'iMnrs, The ii""''!!! hnt iilrd hy tlio i ■■ininun pciplt ii iianv'rr than a lin.ill cunii'^l i.iUbm, with no uihrr lt;.>lit ih.111 vliit riiliTi l)v the lintir, winch i) In low, ihat lh> i aiL' liircril I'l lluup i*nwii in cni: rni|: it ; after wliu h » man nt ordin.iiv llitnrc ctniiac w.i'k nnind wiiSinit hitting', hn h''a I :i.miiiI) the walls ; and h'Tu the lathrr', i'ii>th u, lirotln!', (il'.iMs li'vaiit' , and rt.ivrs lie t'i';i' Ihrr prnmirruot.'lK, Tin fc hiitt an- IhiiiriI i>I .i kind ni wicker>woik plai(li.'rrd kvit with I'urih, and ire I'liini- clinr't jtilncd ti> cjrh otlirr liy w.ilh, liy whu h means ilii>lc 1)1 liipriinr r ink li:ivi- ililliiu'.t ami l> |iaratc aparl- incni^ lur the diircunt p.iris oC chi'ir lainilics, and allu a hut (ir the riicptiiii ol lli.injcrs. 'I'heir town» arc .ilwav* huilt of a cirriilar furin with fjiiral (Ircrii i Iil'ikh- in .i \il|jj.'f, mil hill a inil< in dia HK ii r. It iH l.iul th It a perfun is liniuently iihli^'rd to walk iwo (pr thiie nn'vs to villi nn ai(pi.iiiitanir, wiun by a Ihnit crofi l(;ect the dillaiuc llu^lit be icduicd to an hundred paces. Thf palace "f thr danirl, or kin:r, "f Cayrur, n mrn- t. in.il as an r\c''pti"n fi the ••eimal rule whi< h the nc- t;ror» licni t a lililc wall bre;ift-hi;.'h, loiir.inr; a linall gal- I rv round tb ■ hut, in which they arc flieltercd from the ffoichin^ ray< of the Inn. Mr Ad.imlon mentions a \ ill i';v' burnt down lit lore Wit ..nival, when the walls that uillilli ,'>»,/. ,C<'/i ivith ii pintiiiilar Miiunl rj { Ci'm/ji;;, iht AUmlt 'Jumbi, und ik- Afurlmti, er f'litjli. THE rtli(;ion of the nations on both fide« the riV't Senegal, and Itritchin^! cill and Imith into ihi. in- t nor C'liiiitriis, is tint ol iNlalmme', n.ixi.l with pai;,in liipetltiiions J an 1 niliulv conlilt. in the behifoi th'? I'liiU of the (lodhr.id, .md the olilercnte of llie f.ilJ of Ramadan, th:.- le.ill ol lln.im, lirciimcihun, and a lew other iiemonic, Thiy believe in the milli'in ot Ma- homet, but iicicr iiiM.ke oi pray to liiin j and they ob- (cue thiir KriJay-fabb.ith, without interruplini; their or- dinary woik and the rcjjular coutle of btilinifs. 'I'he f^i.in lers and p. pic of failiimi h.ive i.n apirlment in their houlei f.t aflde I >: public woifliip ; but they have nei- ther temples nor molipies, but allemhle to pi.ir,.rni their devotions in the open air, under the (li.iJo of a latj^c tree. Thcfe ncj;ro M.ih:)mctan>i content thcmfilvcs with pr.iyiii(; twice on every ilay in the week, except then ir.iyiii(; tw '.ibhath, w hen they piav three limes, l.very vill.i;.',c hai Its maibut, who .illirmblcs tlum to their dcvolioiu ; a;iJ after he has f;ivtn them alilulution Irom their Koran, thev r.iiiye tluinii Ue. tnliind him, in nrd-.r t^)im.t.lte his jtcl • lures and grimaces, with then laces turned towardt the calf. The nrpro Mahometans have their fjt(^ of Ramadan fixed to the month of .'September, tho'igh amoiiji the Moors it IS a moveable f,ill ; they obfirie it witli the fame (Iridlnefs a- the Tuiks, ami neither eat nor drink till after fun-lrl, and the devotees will not even Iw.illow tht ir fpitile ; but when ni;!ht comes, thev lolacc thcmtelves with a joy proporiioiitd to the ri ;our of the a'dliiicncu o' tlie day i and fomc of ilie weiltny pals tlie whole d.\/ in (l.'cp, and the iii^ht in plc.ifnic. Circumcirion is iigoroi'flv obferved, and is perfo-med on the males at four or live years of .'.ye. V\ nen thj chiMien of the kin;;, or ol any man ot i|uj|ity, havcar- iived .it the piopci a;;e, all their fubjc;! . aiul (';pe:idJnts hriiij; their chiKlren, lor the griind'. ur of the f;(tual con- fills in the niiniber of piifon. circuincifed. Here or.e i;ood conl'e(]m lue (lows liom this pr.i.'ticc ; f';r at the lircumcilion-fe.ilf, the young people li.ijuntlv contrail alliances that coniiiuie fur tne rcm.iind.r of thir lives. The people arc extremelv fupcrllitioiis : the Mun- dingocs believe that thecilipfes of the moon aic occa- (ionid by a large cat puitiiii; her paw bctwcm i!ie mocii and the earth ; and upon tlufc occalioiis thev Ip ii I th;ir time in d.iiuini; and lini'ini; in honour ol .Mamiiu-t. Whenever they iiitemi to make an i\j eJitioii, tliey (.i- crilice a pullet ; and, by obfervii:;; the entrails, relolvu whether it is bell to purine or ilrop it. 'fduy p.iv a ■»rtat t(('ard to lucky and unU'cky day, and iiothin;: will pre- vail on them to uiidert.ike any nnp'rtai.t iifl.iir on ll c latter. The '.-iidoni of iii.ikiiii; V'lws, and of wc.irinj; large bracelet, t;) remind them of wh it they h.ive fwoir, is extremely frequent. Ihus a pcrlon vow; that he will make a prcfeni of fu:h a H.ive ; and, that he miy not l.ll him throuL'h (or^!tluliiefs, he wears a bracelet on his arm, till it is convenient for liim lolulhl his cngaae- nunt ; and their folin;; in iliis p.iriic.il.ir, they imagine, will be followed by luine in.iii.dijt- ju.!.; lunt irom heaven. lint the moft '.:eneral an I remniV. dile of ;''l their fu- perllitions are their gn'gris, whu h, accotdinjr to I,c Miire, arc certain Arahic char.u^lers-, mixed with .'le- ciomantic (igurcs dr.iwn by the inaibuls on paper ; but Lib .t {' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) h /, {/ />^'^ lo A i/.A 1.0 I.I 145 IM 12.5 1^ Ms 1 {122 L25 i 1.4 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WeST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4S03 r\ ^V <^ N? :\ \ «C\ ^^\ L'^'.A -^'7' from St. Vincent. It is little inferior in height to Fuego,and confidcring the amazing loftinefs of the mountains, one of which is thought to be as high as Teneriff, and the deepnefs of the vallies, is fuppofed to contain as much ground as St. Jago. It has many brooks of frcfli wa- ter, which render the vallies through which they flow extremely fertile in maize, and in a vaiiety of trees, as oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, plantains, pompions, gu.ivas, mufk and water-melons. The inhabitants have great plenty of wine ; but it is the worft and cheapeft of any produced in thefe iflandj. They have alfo a large ftock of cws, hogs an.l afles, and the mountains abound with goats. In this ifland are likewife produced great quantities of gum dragon, and a great deal of inJigo is cultivated here, -3 arc likewife large plantations of cotton. The natives are faid to be remarkable for their inno- cence and humanity. There are fiippofed to be two thoufand five hundred pcrfons in the ifland, four-fifths of which number are faid to be compofcd of flavcs, who, like the free negroes, have wives, houli;s, and plantations, and cultivate fome of the beft cotton and inJigo, which ara Iff 43'2 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Cape Verd Islands; ■■If- ■CL. ;?.M„ m ir.eo. ;irc worked up by thefc (laves who are governed by a llcward placed there by a Portuguefe marquis, who is proprietor of the id.ind. 'I'he hll o(' the Cape V^crd iflands we (hall incntioii is thai of St. John's, which is fitiiated in fit'tCLii degrees twenty-five minutes north latitude, and I'even degrees two minutes weft of Cape Verd, and is very high and rocky, k has more falt-petre than any of thcfe iflands : this is found in fcvcral caves covering the lides like a hoar froft, and in fume hollow rocks, like ificles as thick as amaji's thumb. This illand abounds with pom- pions, bananas, water-melons, and other fruit, with fowls and goats. The natives, who arc a fiinple, harmlcfs, and friendly people, wear in common only a little flip of cotton fatten- ed to a ftring before, which pjfling between the thighs, is tied to the fame ftring behind ; but when full drefl'ed they alfo wear a piece of cotton cloth, which the men hang over their fhoulders, a;id wrap round their waifls, while the women put it over their heads, and then wrap it about their bodies ; and on both of them it extends to the calf of the leg, or lower. This cloth they fpin and weave themfclvcj. Their filhing utenfils arc long canes for rods, cotton lines, and bent nails for hooks. As to their hunting, the governor having the fole privilege of killing the wild goats, none dare hunt without his confcnt. '1 his was a law made by the Portuguefe when they peopled thefe iflands from the coaft of Africa, in order to prevent the breed being entirely deilroycd. When the governor choofes to make a general hunt, all the inhabitants areafl'embled, whofcarcely exceed two hundred j and the dogs which are between a beagle and a greyhound, are called. At night, or when the governor thinks proper to put an end to the fport, they all meet together, and he parts the goats flefli be- tween them as he plcafes, fending what he thinks proper to his own houfe, with all the flcins ; and after he comes home, he fends pieces to thofe who arc old, or were not out a hunting ; and the fkins he diftributes among them as he thinks their neccflitics require, rcferving the re- mainder of them for the lord of the foil. This is one of the principal privileges enjoyed by the governor; who is alfo the only magillratc, and decides the little difterences that fometimes happen among the people. Upon their not fubmitting to his decifion, he confines them till they do, in an open place, walled round like a pound : but, inftead of a gate, they gene- rally lay only a flick acrofs the entrance, and thofe in- nocent people will ftay there without attempting toefcape, except when overcome with paflion, they rufli out in a rage ; but thefe arc foon caught again, tied hand and foot, and a centincl fet to watch them, till they agree with their antajonift, a(k the governor's pardon for breaking out of hisprifon, and have remained there as long as he thinks they have deferved. Nay, if one kills another, which hardly happens in an age, the governor can only confine him'till he has pacified the relations of the de- ceafed, by the mediation of his friends, who are bound for the criminal's appearance, in cafe a judge fhould be ever fcnt from Portugal to execute juftice : but imprifon- ment is here reckoned fuch a fcandal, that Mr. Roberts fays, it is as much dreaded as Tyburn is by the criminals in England. SECT. II. Of the IJland of B i s s a o. //} Sltuatiim and Extent ; the Face of the Country ; its Pro- duce ; and the Drefs, Atannirs, Religion, and Govern- ment of the Inhabitants ; with the Manner in which they make tVar. WE fhall now give a defcription of the ifland of Bifiao, and of a clufter of iflands called the Bif- fagoes. Theic iflands ftand clofe to the continent, a few Icigues t( the fouth-eaft of the river Gambia, in the latitude of eleven degrees north. Biflao, which is about thirty-five or forty miles in cir- cumference, affords a very agreeable profpedt from the (ca, riC.ng on every fide by a gentle afcent to an eminence in the center of this ifland ; yet thi-re are a number of hills inferior in height to that in the middle, fcparated by beautiful and fertile valleys, divided by fncill rivulets, which at the fame time augment the rithliifi and ele- gance of the fcciie. There are little groves of pj'ms, and the reft of the ground is cultivated, and produces a harvell equal to the ntoft fanguine wiflics of the inhabi- tants. Vvheat and maize fpring up to a great height, fo as to rcfembic a field covered with reeds of bamboos. They have likcwife another grain that is a fpccies of maize, which they make into cakes. They have alfo oranges, bananas, mangoes, and every kind of fruit to be found in the warm climates, and perhaps in greater pcrfedlion than in any other place. The cattle of Bif- lao ate of an uncommon fi-ze, and feem to keep pace with the moft extravagant growth of the corn : milk and wine arc in the greateft abundance ; but the ifland affords nei- ther fwinc nor horfcs, the natives forbidding the impor- tation of the former, and fomething either in the climate or foil preventing the increale of the latter. The populoufnefs of Biflao is equal to its fertility, not- withftanding the perpetual (late of war in which the na- tives are engaged with the neighbouring illands and the kingdoms on the continent : yet, though very numerous, they live in cottages difperfed up and down the country, without the Icaft veftige of a town, except where the I'Veiich and Portuguefe have eftablifhed themlclves. Even the palace of the king only conlifts of a iiamber of irre- gular huts, that have a communication witn each other. In the Portuguefe town are about fix hundred perfons, all of whom fpeak Portuguefe, and pretend that they are dcfcended from that people, though their complexion is jet-black, and they have a fixed and inveterate diflikc to that nation. The drefs of the women confifts of a cotton girdle^ which falls down before ; and bracelets of gtafs, coral, and copper; but the virgins go entirely naked, and thofe of high quality have their bodies marked or painted witli a variety of hideous piiSlures of fnakes and other reptiles, that give their fkins fome refemblance to flowered I'attin. Even the cldcft daughter of the king is diftinguifhed from the other ladies only by the elegance of thefe paint- ings, and the richnefs of the bracelets. The men of all ranks have no other cloathing but a fkin fixed to their girdle, and drawn up between their legs. One of the moft extraordinary ornaments is a large iron ring, with a flat round furface on the outfidc inftead of a ftonc, upon which they ring changes with a bit of iron, in fuch a manner as to converle with the fame facility with their caftanets, as by means of the moft po- lifhed language. There is, however, fomething in this that appears highly improbable, for it is diflicult to con- ceive how ideas can be conveyed by ftriking together two pieces of iron ; it is neverthelefs acknowledged, that, befides this artificial language, they have another that is vocal, and ufed upon all common occafions. The Bifliions are all idolators ; but their ideas of reli- gion appear fo confufed, that it is difficult to enter pcr- feftly into their fyftem. Their chief idol is a fmall imay i'ny.M rivulets, itiihilii and ele- jroves of pj'ms, and produce! a s of the inhabi- great height, lb :ds of bamboos. : is a fpecics of" They have alio kind of fruit to rhaps in greater he cattle of Bif- keep pace witK niillc and wine Ifland affords nei- dding the impor- er in the climate tcr. its fertility, not- n which the na- illands and the 1 very numerous, iwn the country, xccpt where the hcmlclvcs. Jivea a number of irre- witn each other, lundrcd perfons, end that they are eir complexion is veterate difliltc to F a cotton girdle^ s of glafs, coral, naked, and thofe 'd or painted with nd other reptiles, flowered iattin. g is diftinguifhed iceof thefepaint- r cloathing but a lip between their (laments is a large he outfidc inftead iges with a bit of le with the lame s of the mo(t po- bmething in this s Jifficult to con- ftriking together "s acknowledged, tiey have another )n occafions. leir ideas of rcli- cuit to enter pcr- 1 is a fmall image nacquamted with of their worfhip : rreates a divinity held facred, and or fpirit fuperior is entirely defpo- 3 his people ; he ig within his do- wer extends over ve the following princes. Two merchant, made 5 troops. Equity ( their mafters; aying, they had 1, and by being to flavery ; and iqueror. n and ilavcs, for iced and buried new Cack Vi rd Islands. AFRICA. 45 < iirar their nvill' i, in order to .if ten J Iiim in the n'.-xt world. It is liki'Wilc mltomary for the nobility to have fdiiie of tlicir living iVi.ndi buried with tliCtn. I. ab.it mentions ;iii inlt:inLt, wlier.' a f.uhir di.(irL\l tli.it his three for.^, of uli'uii he w.ib very foiiJ, nii^ht acco.npaiiy riiin into tlie ollur wdiM. 'Mil' natives :irc v.'.Trlike, and fight with extreme furv, lhoiij.i,h w'th little dilcipliiie. As treaties of peact: are unknown lunong ilicfe n.itinn';, they have no kind of in- ttTLOurl'e extipt in war, and hence no Iclicnie of poli- ticks is carried on anmn;; them. The I'.iiropcans are tar from tilforing tlicir me.ii.ition ; for they tinil it their in- teitll to ferment their (]ii:iriel<, ns war is their harvcll, by its aupmrr.iiiip; the number ot fliivcs. When the kin;i; of liifili;) relblvcs to cnrry war into the neiglibou;iiig lenitories, he orJ.Ti an inllrument, c.iUed the bonbaliin, to be foundcil, v/hieh is the general ficn.il to arms, in which all in the gnvcrnmrnt'ii piiy afl'enible iitceit.iiii head-quarters, which :ue always fixed, where tiioy find the royal fleet, which iilually confilts of thirty canoes, cacii earryin;; thirty ir.eii, with th'-ir arms ami provifioiis, iirnler the cr.rnnr.in.l of an adr.-.inil ; for the king feidom puts hinifelf ai tlie head of his fleets and armies. IJeiore ihe fleet fetr lil, a number of lacrificcs arc oftered to tii-; jjods, and the ficlh of the viv^timi divid- ed between the court, the prielrs, and the foldicrs. In this confiilnti'in of the gods the king always receives a favourable r.nfwer ; for the deities being of wooJ, it is rafy for the prieft to direct what they ihould fay : and hence the .inny always begins a campaign with the fullelf adiiraiicc of fuccefs. They niikc a delcent with .ill pof- fible priv.icy, fiirroiinJ the enemy's towns and villages, c.irry oft" the inli.ibitants witii every thing of v.iUie, and fiien emb.irk, before their troops have time to ailemble in order to oppofe tlicm. One half of the t)noty belongs to the king, and the remainder is divided among thofe who obtained it. The flavcs are fold to the Europeans, except where any of tiiem happens to beof quality or for- tune; in which cafe he is rcitorcd to his fiicnds, on con- dition of their fending a certain number of flaves in his room. The heroes, upon their return, afTumc an air of great importance, and go round the country, fliewing their wounds and relatinr^ the wonders they have done and fecn, wiiii a long train of prifoners behind them, whom they oblige to fing the praifes of the conquerors ; for which they make them prefcnts of pieces of clnth and other things, which they immediately exchange for palm wine. But when the cxp.dition is attended with lefs honour and profit than was expected, the prifoners are in danger of being facrificed, efpecinllv if t'.e BiiTaons have lolf an officer of diflinflion. Thoff who fall upon thcfe occa- fions receive public honours by nances performed to the mufic of tabors. The women cxprcfs their grief in a manner extremely afteding, pulling their hair, and bcat- • ing their breaffs ; after which they are fervcd with palm wine, in order to fupport their fpirits. When thus re- cruited they begin their mourning with redoubled vigour, and filed tears mod plentifully, till the corpfe is laid in the grave ; when their countenances fuddcnly brighten, and they feeni to have loft all ideas of their aflliiSlion. The king's palace is about a league diftant from the point of Bifl'ao. He never ftirs out without being fur- lounded by fomc thoufands of his nobility, women, and guards, ail of thcni richly drcfled and armed, as far as the Ikins of bcafls and the brightncfs of their fcymctars and lances can make them fo. The r..rtuciicfe liail formcily a fort in BilTao, which tliey mounted v.'itll tight pieces of eamion in order to awe the natives, and prevent their trading with any other fo- reignei'. hut themfelves. The Billaons, however, fooii ihiew off this relhaint, and now maintain the full libertv of receiving all llran^?i is into their ports, where they en- joy perlciit fecuritv und' rthe king's protciStion ; but, be- fore they are fullered to land, his m.ijedy confults the I'ods, by f.icriliees, whether admitting thofe llraiigcrs be for the good of the illand, and the intercft of himlclf and people. S K C T. III. A coihiji A\:iiiU ef tin: liijfiiro //lin/ii \ an.l msrt part'uu- luih '■}' the ijlund cf Biilam. THE Biflago iflands arc fituated near the mouth of tlic river .Sierra Leona, and conlllt of the ilhinds of Bdl.im, I, a U.illina, Cafnabae, Ci/.cgiit, Calacha, and fomj others. The illand of liulam is about ten le.igues in length from e.ifi to well, and five in bre.idth fiom north to fouth ; the whole co.ill is bordered with woods, bevoiid which the country is fertile, rich, and beautiful, covered with riee, Indian corn, millet, roots, and fruit : yet the ill.iiid ii fn.l to be uninhabited, and cultivated only by tin- ii..i.vl;. of the other ilbnds, who come hither in feed-time and harvcll, continuing at home the reft of the year. The ground rifes ;;eiitly from the flinre for the fpace of two leagues, whirh pn-fents mariners with a mod de- lightful profpcil, while it excites their admiration ar feeing fo beautiful a fpot uniiihaliitcd This afcent fervea as a bafe to higher mountains, which rife in the center of the illand and are covered vvitii fine woods, and divid- ed by beautiful valleys, fo that nature feems to have been improved by art. This ifland produces a tree which might be employed to great advantage in fliip-building ; it is called michcry: it grows to a great height, is eafily worked, and at the fame time is hard, folid, and proof againft worms ; all its pores being filled with a bitter oil, which is faid to deter them imm harbouring in it. La Gallina was thus named from the great number of hens the Portugucfe found there. This and the ifland of Cafnabae arc very populous and fruitful, and have plenty of good water. Cazcgut, one of the moft: confiderable of thefe iflands, is abou: fix leagues long and two bro.id. Its foil is very good, and products millet, rice, and all kinds of pulfe, befides orange and palm trees. We h,ave no particular account of thefe iflands, none of them being inha'.'tcd by the Europeans; we fliall therefore only add, that each of the Biflago iflands, ex- cept Bulam, is governed by a chief, who afl"umes the authority of i king. All thefe monarchs are pcrfeflly independeni -d frequently at war with each other. They ha', -'iocs that carry from twenty-five to forty men, '. their provifions and arms, which are fabres, bows . id arrows. The negroes of thefe iflands are tall, ftiong, and healthy, though it is faid they live only on fifli, nuts, and palm oil ; and fell their rice, millet, and other produce of the earth to the Europeans for the ornaments they wear. They are in general idolaters, and are faid to be .of a favagc and cruel difpofition, not only to ftrangers, but to one another ; for authors faj-, that they frequently quarrel about trifles, and if difap- pointcd of their revenge, will drown or ftab themfelves. 38 CHAP. f !•• Ill" ; i 'fl ."■ < ( 454 ) CHAP. XIV. Of Z A A R A, T O M B U T O, and B I L E D U L G E R I D. W If SECT. I. 0/ ZaARA, ZAHARA.Or «/« DeSART. Ill Situation, Extent, Divi/ions, Pnduct, and Aiiimalt, ivith a Drjiription of its J'tvtral Provinct's. E nnw come to the countries north of the Scnc- T , gal, and fliall begin with ilefcribin;; the dcfart of '/aara, or Zahjra, a valb inhofpitabic region, extending from the Atlantic ocean on the welt, to the kingdom and dcfarts of Barca and Nubia on the eart, and from the river Senegal on the fouth, to Biledulgerid on the mf-M "o"!! i '*^''' ''' '"'"' ^^^ eiuhth degree weft, to the r—v.m j^ypi^j fixth uf ^,.,11 longitude, and from the fittcenth "*'■* 'degree of call latitude to the tropic of Cancer, com- prthcnding a fpace of at icaft fifteen hundred miles in )cn,Tth from call to weft, and about five hundred in breadth from north to I'outh. This immenfe tracf of land \i divided by the Arabi- ans into three general divifions. Cahel, Zahara, and Af- gar, that is, the fandv, ftony, an.i marfhy defarts, ac- cording to the nature of the foil ; but later geographers ilivide This country into fcven provinces, which arc Za- naga, Zucnziga, Targa or Hayr, Lcnipta or Iguidi, Ba'rdoa, Bornou, and Gaoga. In a country covered with burning fands, the foil can- not be fuppofed to be fertile, though that fituated on the northern banks of the Sene_al bcin^ watered, peo- [l('J"fijfJ1 Ml pled, and cultivated, produces corn, rice, millet, and K;)-"! I it a variety of fruits ; but, except dates, little more perhaps is reaped than is fufficient for the ufe of the inhabitants. Bcfides camels and common cattle, this country is remarkable for a fpecics of domeftic animal called adim- naim, of which there is great plenty. This is a kind of (heep, about the fizc of an afs, with long hanging cars : the fcmalis have horns, but not the males, and the wool is fliort, but foft and fine. This animal is fo ttronc, that it ran cafily carry a man for feveral miles, and lo gentle, that it never refufcs a burthen. The mi- feries to which the inhabitants of this parched, fandy, and barren difr.rt are expofcd, are incrcafed by incredi- ble droves of lions, tygers, wolves, and other lavage animals. To afford the reader as diftina an account ot this prcat trad of country as poflible, we (hall defcribe the diticrent provinces and defarts into which^ it is divided. Bccinnino- at the fouth, the province of Zanaga or Se- negal, expends from the river of that name on the fouth, to the province of Suz on the north ; it is bounded by the Atlantic ocean on the weft, and by the territories of Seram, Sunda, and Zuenziga on the caft. It contains the two defarts Azvo and Tagguzza or Taggoft. 1 he lali: of thefe produces a prodigious quantity ot rock !alt, whi^-h is conveyed hence into all the adjacent countries, and is ufed in the defart chiefly to moiften the mouth parched with the fultry heat, and to prefervc the. gums airainrt a fcorbutic diforder to which the natives are fubjeft. ''Travelling is here extremely fatiguing and dange- rous, efpccially if the fummer proves dry ; fcarce a drop of water being to b= feen for thirty leagues together ; and when any is found, it is fo brackifli, as to be equal- ly unwholefomc and unpalatable. Nor do the cattle fare better, the barren earth not yielding fo much as a blade of gr.ifs, or any thing for their fullenance, which obliges the pafTcngcrs to carry not only provifions for themfelvcs, but "for their beafts of burthen. Befides the country bcine; flat and faiidy, without mountains, v/oods, rivers, lakes, or any objcds to dircfl their coiirfc, it would be impofliblc to avoid lofing their way, were . not for the flight of certain bird;, who are obfcrvcd to go and return at certain ftated periods. Thcv are al- fo guided by the courle of die fun by day, and by the ftars by night ; which is probably the ufiial time of tra- velling here, as well as in the defarts of Arabia. Yet it is certain, that every part of thefe defarts is not equally inhofpitable, as they are allowed to be inhabi- ted by feveral different nations, p.irticularly bv the Berviches, Ludayers, Duleyns, Mid Zeiiequi, fomc of which arc fo numerous as to raifc liftcen or twenty thoufanu men ; there are alfo a variety of Arab tribes, no lefs numerous, potent, and warlike, and,con- fequently they find lands cap.-ible of fupporting them and their cattle. The province, or defart, of Zuenziga is ftill, if poflible, more dry and barren than Zanaga ; and we are told, that of large caravans that pafs through this country, feldom half the number, either of men or bcufts, ever return ; moft of them dying of thirft, hunger, fatigue, or under the whirlwinds of fand with which they are overwhelm- ed : but this is doubtlefs greatly exaggerated. The inhabitants of this diftri£l breed many beautiful horfes, and are fuch expert horlemcn and warriors, that they are become formidable to the princes of Barbary, who ftudy to keep on good terms with them j nor arc they lefs dreaded by the negroes, whom they feize on all occafions, and fell to the people of Fez and Morocco ; and, in return, when the negroes get any of them in their power, they cut them in pieces. The province of Targa is faid to be lefs barren, dry, and fultry than either of the former, it having a variety of good wells of frcfh water dug deep in the ground, and the fand produces grafs and feveral vegetables fit for food i the climate is healthful, and great quantities of manna arc gathered here, which they fell to the neigh- bouring kingdoms. To the calt of Targa is the province of Lempta, which travellers find no le(s dangerous than any of the former, on account of the cxceflive heat of the fun refledled from the fand, the fcarcity of water, the whirlwinds of fand, and the barbarity of the people, who endeavour to rob and plunder all that come in their way. Through this inhofpitable region caravans pafs from Conftantina, and other towns of Algiers and Tunis, to Nigritia, though equally in danger of perifhing by thirft, hunger, and the fword ; but their attachment to commerce, and the ad- vantages they reap from it, make them encounter thefe hazards with the utmoft intrepidity. , ^ Bardoa ftretches from the fixteenth to the twenty- fecond /^•"'W* degree of eaft longitude. De Lifle fays, the inhabitants, who are named Bardoaits, have no towns, but live in tents on the plunder of merchants and palfengers. But near the mountains, which form the northern barriers between this province and Tripolv, ftands the town of Kala, where are kept Ibme confiderable fairs, to which merchants refort from every part of Zahara and the na- tions bordering upon the Mediterranean fea, with the wealth of their feveral countries. The foil is in general dry, barren, and produces no commodities that merit si particular defcription. The province or kingdom of Bornou extends from the „ , twelfth to the twcnty-i'econd degree of eaft longitude, /I— 21 • and from the ftvcntecnth to the twenty-firft dcgrecof/>'"''l'• north latitude. The northern part refembles in barren- ncfs the other provinces of Zahara ; but all the reft, which is the greater part, is well watered by fprlngs and rivers, that fall with a dreadful noife from the mountains, and render the country fertile in corn, grafs, and fuiits. Both the eaftern and wcdern frontiers arc inhabited by people of a roving difpofition, who live intents, and are faid to enjoy every tiling in common, no fuch thing as property being known among them. The eaftern and weftem frontiers Zakaua. AFRICA. 4W* D. s. They ,ire af- day, atid by the dial time ot tra- !■ Arabia, icl'c liefarts is not il to be iiihabi- ciilarly by the Zeiicqui, Come raifi; filtceii or I variety of Arab arlikc, and^on- lorting them and sftill, ifpofliblc, wc are told, that country, fcldom h, ever return ; iitigue, or under are overwhelm - rated. i many beautiful id warriors, that iiccs of Barbary, h them ; nor are they feize on all z and Morocco ; any of them in Icfs b.nrren, dry, having a variety in the ground, vegetables fit for :at quantities of II to the ncigh- Lempta, which of the former, refleiSed from winds of fand, 'eavour to rob Through this onflantina, and gritia, though unger, and the and the ad- encounter thcfe * / twenty-fecond W — W- he inhabitants, but live in llengers. But irthern barriers the town oF airs, to which and the na- fea, with the is in general s that merit x Is 1 tends from the ^ , !aft longitude, /Ji-2l' firft degree of /^ — !l'- lies in baiTcn- therelt, which gs and rivers, ountains, and d fruits. Both :ed by people nd are faij to ig as property and wertern frontiers frontiers arc divided into mountains anJ valleyt, covered with (locks ofciltli", fiella office and millet, and nmiv jf the mountains with tinibi-r, fruit-trees, and cotton. Ill Imt weathtr the nativei, who are ihieHy fliejihi'rjs and hulb.iiulnRii, ^o n.iked, except wearing a Ihort apron befoie, which thev put on out of rejj.ird to modedy ; but durini; the winter they are war-'ily tloathcd with the loftelt iln.i.p-(kiiii, of wliiih the) ..lib form their bed- cloaths ; and iiulejj this ii (carce a futKcient defence a- gaiiill the inclemency of the weather at certain feafons of the year, when a cold piercing wind blows from the iiorthtrn mountains, that thills the blooj in propu- tion as the porL-s have been opened by the late f..orthing heats. Towards the fouth there are towns and regular formed focietics, where the people are trailablc, polite, and hnfpitablc ; and great part of them aitiriccrs and mcr- ch.int.s, of various nations, and of all complexions. It is faid that the government is in gtniral mon.nchical ; and that the king has all his luiulhold-fuiiiiture, and even his Itirrups and Ipiirs, with the bit and ornaments of his bridks, of folid gold ; whence it may be inferred, that cither agreattrafhc in that valuable nietul is carried on here with tht> dilt.int countries, or that Burnou, or fome of the neighbouring kingdoms, produces :;o!d. Theca- pital of this kingdom is a condderable city of the fame name; bcfides which there arc faid to be the towns of Amozcn, Sagra, and Semci^onda, all of them to the northward of the metropolis, and to the eaftward thofe of Sama and Nebrina. However, very little is known of any of ihcl'e towns, and fome writers queftion their ex- iflence. \Vc now come to the lafl and moft eaftcrn province of the dcfart of Z.diara, called by the natives Gaoga, which on the caft is contiguous to Nubia, and on the north to Egypt. This province is computed to be a hundred and eighty leagues in length from north to fouth, and about a hundred and fixty from caft to well where broadcll, extending from the nineteenth to the twenty- ninth degree of call longitude, and from the twelfth to the twenty-fecond of north latitude. The only city in the whole kingdom is Gaoga, which flands on the north fide of a lake of the fame name, in fifteen degrees forty minutes north latitude, and twenty- five degrees thirty minutes taft longitude, which is all wc know of either, as no traveller gives any particular account of them. The kini^dom of Gaoga is moftly mountainous, and the natives rude and illiterate : they dwell in poor flight hovels, of materials fo cnnibiiftiblc, that they are fre- quently fet on fire ; and feed large herds both of fmall and great cattle, which are their principal wealth as well as fullcuancc. SEC T. If. 77t' C:iiip!exi-;!i rtv./ MamiO'S of the Inhnhitanti of 7,nhiira, d'iff'erent fi:iii th'Je of the Pe.ptc on thf other Siile the Se- iirgitl. Thiir Diifsy liUcgfS, Camps, Furniture, Mwncr if ctitbig, FneJcm from Dijctijes, jUarria^ei, ami Fu- turids, HAVING dcfcribed the various provinces of this barren and fultry dcfart, wu {hall now give fome account of the general cuftoms and nianiieis of the in- habitants. It is remarkable that though the river Senegal only divides this dcfart from Nigritla, and tho' the paftoral lives of the inhabitants expoles them to the vertical rays of the fun, under a climate as hot at Icall as the former, their complexion is very diflerent, they being for the moft part no more than tawny, while the othcrt are of a jet- black ; and few or none of them on this fide that river ■.ipproach cither in coiTipie\ion or features to the negroes, v.'ho fcem to be a people entirely dillincl from thefe : iioi; do the inhabitants of Zahara difter Icfs from thofe of the fouthcrn countries in their manners, cuftoms, and religious rites, than in their external appearance. The ionner aic all profefTors of the Mahometan religion, a few only excepted, who arc woijhippvrs of fire. Hence the various tribes of Arabs, Rirabars, &c. found in thii country are probably defcendcd from thofe Saracens and Aralii.uis, wiio breaking out of Ada in the feventh con- M-*""' tury, over-r.in the greatell part of northern Africa, nui M.»'»^ were here (lopped by the river Senegal. Hence we m,u-/<.A>**' account for that inbred and inveterate liatred that Hill riigiii between them and the native African:, on the other fide the river. The women never appear without a long veil that cnver^ their face and arms ; nor can the Europeans ever fee ihcm uncovered, except by accident. Both the men aiul wo- men are of a middling (lature, and, in peneial, well pro- portioned, with a beautiful (yinmetry of featuies. Then complexion is t.iwny, but delicate ; and, as the wo- men are lefs expufed to the fun, they are probably more fair and beautiful. Labat allures us, tluit they are rema.kable for their piudonce, ircunoniy, and i\i\c\. tidt- lity to their nuptial eiigagementb. They not only livu alone, but a man turns away his head when he chance* to meet a woman, even his own wife, except at the time appointed for marriage freedoms. CJne who is too poor to have fep.nate tents for the women, tranfactsall bufinefa and receives vifits at the door in the open air, his nearcll friends not being permitted to conveile with his wives in the tent. This is a privilege, fays a modern author, refervcd for their horfes, or rather nrares, which are pre- ferred on account of their beauty, for the advantages of breeding, their tamenefs, and docility. They lie down in their tents promifcuoufly with the women and chil- dren, their little foles being the play-fellows of infants. The drefs both of the Moors and the Arabs of this country chiefly coiififts of a robe or caftan of fergc, fome woollen ItufFs, or blue and white cotton, and fometimes, but very I'eldom, offilk. They are cloathed in a largs (hirt tied round the neck ; this is fo wide as to fold two or three times about the body, and is bound round the waift by a falh, in which is ftuck u long knife like a bayonet, and fometimes two. According to Mr. Adam- fon, the drefs of both the men and women confills in a large fhirt, generally of black linen, and a cloth with which the women cover their head and fhoiilders ; the men fometimes rolling it about their heads, in imitation of a turban, and fometimes round their middle. Some of the women wear their hair tied up in a knot, and others let it hang down ; but the men are in general very negligent of it. They wear fandals, or rather focks, of Morocco leather, which rife to the fmall of the leg, and their heads are covered with a red bonnet, or cap, bor- dered with white cotton. They frequently wear above their other cloaths a long loofe robe of white or flriped cotton, or a woollen ftufK, which they call haik, and is extremely becoming. This robe has a long pointed hood that falls down behind, to the extremity of which hangs a taflcl by a long firing. However, the poor are cloathed after the manner of the negroes, and wear only a piece of cloth hanging down from the waift. The women wear a long cotton fhift, with long and wide flecves, large drawers, and a piece of calicoe, or linen, that covers them from head to foot, and flows in an cafy manner behind. They are all adorned with car- rings and pendants, which are valuable in proportion to their ftation and quality : their fingers arc alfo covered with rings, their arms with bracelets, and their legs with chain- of brafs or copper. When a confiderable number of tents or cabbins are placed together, and for.ti a kind of town or village, they call it adouar. Thefe villages arc ufually of a circular form, the tents ftanding very thick, and in the center is an empty fpacc in which they keep their cattle. They have centincls on every fide of this encampment to guard againft furprizes from robbers, and from wild beafts. On the leaft appearance of danger the alarm is given by the centincls, and foon fpread over the camp, by the barking of dogs and the noife of diflerent animals ; upon which every man able to bear arms ftands on his defence, each before his own tent. As thefe people never encumber themfelves with much houlhold furniture, thcfe villages are eafily tranfported from place to place. Indeed all the domcftic implements belonging to a family are contained in a leathern bag, or fack, which is eafily tranfpoited, tent and all, en the back of a camel to any dlftance. Their ! 1 i ■: \\< W i •;/' A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A I' 1 1 Y. Zahara, lir!" iln>, !^i mi Their ufiiii I'-iik id milk or whey, and their only bre»(l cakrs mail" i I millet ; indinl wheat niid barl'-y povf to gnat pctlivtion in I'-veril pirti ot tlic roiinlry iii;>r the Seiieizal ; Init tlicy are rnntmiially moving; from one plao- tn anntlur, an 1 tlieir nt of tlu" lo^k ; thile they CDiitriv with ahiind.iiicc of ait, in ordei to caiilc a eonilaiit di.iu;',ht of frcfti air tliroiij;li (he whole cavern, wliicli I, inrrow at the cntran':e, and gradually inlarjjvs itfi.if in propfulion t') it i kn;;;th, which n fomctinirs a- bovc thirty feet. It is ce;taiii, that tlic ^ratii will keep found for miiiv ycirs in tlicfe tnbtcrrancnii i thirt-houfes, the months III' which, after the corn is fuflicicntly dry, are cl'^led np with wood .uul f.ind. \n fonie p.irts of the country the people have portable mills, with v.'hii'h they j^rind their corn m they w.uit it, Slid thele tir y .ilway^ cany with them wherever they go ; but authors cio not defcrihe their foriii. Their nunner of calin;; rcienihlcs that of the Afiatics. At their mials thev lit crofi-lcirgcd round atovciing of Morocco lea- ther, or a mat ot palm leaves, fpread upon the ground, upon which their diflic; and plates of copper or ivory are laid ; and they never drink till they rife in order to walh, a ceriinuny that cannot b^ oi.iittcd without the greatelt indecency. Thev nc -r How themlclvc.s more than two nical'j n day, one in th" moniiiu^ and the other at night, and the women arc . ever allowed to e.it with the men. Their rcpaft-. ars flior: and fil.'iit, not a (Vllable bcin;; tittered till they hi.e vvafhcd and leturned to their pipe and collce, and then converfation begins. From this lemiierance in their meals ariles that (Irong lie.dth and freedom from dilcafes that rcnJeis them (Iran- ihe tent, .ind burfti into a terribli: cry ; upon which all the women within the village fit up a lamentable (Ijrick and diliiul IcicanH, whiili al.irm iIil- whole camp or villa.',e. .Ml •.he people th;ii alllnilile ri)iind the tent of the dece.iled, lonie deploring hit own IoI'h in mournful Uraiiis, and otheri finging the prailVs of the deceafej in melancholy accents fuitoj to the occil'ion. b'roni their lively and natural rcprclentation of grief, from thi ir all'iim- cd melanclioly, feigned iiiihn and tears they lliMn to bu all the friends and kindred of the decialed ; vet all thii in mere furm, and in bellowed in every mm without the kail r'^gard to his merit. The body is afterwards wa(hed, drell'ed, and plated on a rifmg ground, to be viewed by every one till the grave isdii;' i after which it i'. interred with the head elevated a little, the face turned to ihc call, and the grave covered with large lloner. S i: C T. III. 0/tf'f Ltmnin^, P If try, mid Muft: of tht Nulivei of the Dfjd'li of '/,iil; ii nn mtn whatever ahlc to keep up with *' it V and it in c.ify i ■ iinigiiu', th.it if iti iK'pi were " IrmgiT, itH fpccil w lid be grc.itlv au:;inentcd. 'I'tie ** oll.uh niovci Ilk II • partriilgir, but with the advan- '* tagei of aloM'.^ (Kp, and grc.it alliflance from its wingt ; ** and I am fatiitijd, thofe 1 am fpeaking of would have " ililhni- -d theflectellracc-horfeii in England." Whence, f.iV the authors of the* Modern I'.irt of the Uiiiverfal Hif- lory, we may judge of their utility, could they be tamed ■iiid broke in the fame manner as a horfe, Thefe people are in general fond of long joiirnies and t x'-iirltons into remote countries on aft'airs of trade and lonimercc, in which refpeit they are fo indefatigable, that no ha/.,ird is too great, where proht is the motive, 'I'hefe expeditions being undertaken in large caravans, ill whieh th'-irgoodiaiid neeellaries aie carried on camels, they are a'le to make he.id ajainft any oppofition they may meet with on the toad, and (i Idom return without I icli ladings of gold, ivory, gum,ollricli-f(i(hers camel's- liair, (laves, and other commodities, which they fell to ihe Kuropeani,or tu the merchants of Fez, and Morocco. It has been already in'imated, that as no road or path can be prcferved in thefe fandy dcfarts, they are direiled in tlieir couife by the flight of certain birds. Thefe the devout and yealous .Mahometans coiifider as guides fcnt by their prophet to diredt them in their journey ; and, it is fi'J, that without their direction they never prefumc tu mdcrta'.'.e .m expedition of any conliderable length. S K C T. IV. 0/ the Kingdom of ToMDUTO. Its Situathit ; a Di-jCription of its Capital ; the IFidllh and State of the King \ and a c:mife Amount of the City of Cabra, BEFORE we take leave of this country, it may be proper to take fome notice of the kingdom of Tom- buto, which is fituated to the fouth-cafton both fides the Niger i and, though little known, is faid to be of great extent. It took its name from Tombuto its capital, which ftands in the latitude of fourteen degrees thirty- two minutes, and in the longitude of two degrees twenty- five minutes cad from London. This kingdom borders on the province of /uen/.iga, already deferibed. In this town, and the furrounding country, the houfes arc built of a bell form, and only compofed of hurdles plaidered over with loam ; but it has ahandfomemofquc built with (lone and lime. The royal palace is likewife built with the fame durable materials, after a deligu drawn and executed by an excellent arti(t of Granada, who was driven hither when the Moors were expelled from Spain. Befides thefe there are fome other tolerable (Irudlurcs. The city of Tombuto has many weavers of cotton ; and mechanics arc more encouraged than in any other part of Africa. Hither European cloths arc brought from Earbary, and the coaft of Ciuinea. Of thefe markets and public fairs are held, to which the women- refort with their faces veiled. Some of the native inhabitants and ftrangers who refide in the city are fo rich, that the king thinks it not beneath the dignity of his rank to enter into an alliance with them. Leo Africanus men- tions two princedcs in his time, who were married to wealthy merchants, one a native of the place, and the other a foreigner. This kingdom is well watered by natural fprings, canals drawn from the Niger, and wells, that render it fertile in all kinds of grain, grafs, cattle, milk, butter, and all the nccclTarics of life, except fait, which they procure by land-carriagc from Taga/a, which is about live hundred miles diftant, and is Co highly valued, that a camel-load is faid to fell for eighty ducats. 'Jhc kinif of Tombuto has in his pofleflion a prodi- gious quantity of gold plate, and the whole court is ("aid to cat out of gold vefli-ls ; filvcr, or any other metal, be- ing feldom ufed. When he travels he rides upon the back of a camel, richly caparilbncd ; all the furniture 38 rtuning with buriiidi.-d ",oKI, while one of hij preat ofH-- cers leads his liorle after him. Me likcwifu ride) up- on a camel in war \ but all his liildiirs aru mounted up' on horfes. 'lis general iciinuo and guards conllll ol three thoiifand horlemen well armed with poiloned ar- rows aiiil dart', befidej a number of foot, who have (liields and (words. He often levies in pei fon the tri- bute he reicives from thole princes who do him hoina"e, and frequent (kirnidhes pais between the guards and Ihe troops ot thole vadaN, who unwillingly giie this telli- mony of their lervitude. As no good horles are brcJ in the coiiiiiry, the cavalry are uliially mounted upon Arabian hotfes and barbs, which the king purchales at a great expence. The court and merchants, howtvei. ride upon little horfes bred in the coiiiitrv, wliieli are hardy, and in every refpeil, except in beauty, ei]u3l to the former. When the kin.; is informed of a merchant', arrival in town with a drove of horles, he inltaiulv "i- ders a number of the lined of them to be brouL;ht him , for which he pays a high price, lerupliiig no cxpenci to have his troops handioniely mounted. The nudt profound homage and rcfpeiEl !•. paid by thofc who addrcfs him ; fur alt who approach the throne mu(t prodrate themfelves on the ground, take up the du(f, and fpriiikle it o^er their head and (houKlers ; ;i rcremony that is particularly obferved by all who tievcr had this honour before, and alio by foreign ambalfidors. This monarch is fueh an enemy to the Jews, that he- has dridly prohibited their entering the titv, and laid a heavy penalty on all th.- merchants who trade with them. His taile for literature is faid to appear from the great number of dodors, judges, and priells, whom he. maintains at a great expence in the capital, furnifluiiE. them with all the convenicncies ofdiuly. Manufcript's from Barbary are brought hither, and (old as the mod: valuable merchandiie ; and, we are told, that fome traders have amaded immcnfe wc.ilth by coiiKiiin" them- felves to this literary traffic, which the monarch en- courages with the fpirit, tadc, and gencrofity of a prince, lyearning has, however, made but little progrefs, except about the court, it having produced no vifible alteration in the manners of the people. Thefe arc mild and gentle in their difpodtiun, frugal in their tcronomy, indudrious in the difcharge of their (everul employments, and chcar- ful in the hours of relaxation, which they devote to fing- ing, dancing, and fcdivity. I'heTombuton gentry place the highed mark of pomp and pageantry in keeping a great number of (l.ives ; but their carcledhcfs frequently produces the mod dreadful calamities : thus the whole town is often in dames, oc- cafioned by their means ; for the houlcs, being built of tombuftiblc materials, catch (ire upon the mod trivial accident. Without the fuburbs the Tombutons have neither gardens nor orchards. The currency ufed in commerce confifls of linall bits of gold, and certain diclls, which thcv vCc in piirchafiiig things of little value, four hundred oflhefc beiii" only worth a ducat. About twelve miles from the city of Tombuto, to the fouth, dands Cabra, a large town built in the f.ime manner as the former, but without walls. Here is ;i judge appointed by the king to decide all difputcs ; but the people have the liberty of appealing from his decilion to the throne. The inhabitants of Cabra are faid to be fubjci^ to feveral difcafes, which arc (uppofed to be ow- ing to the heterogeneous qualities of their food, which is ufually compofed of flelh, (ifli, milk, butter, oil, and wine. SECT. \'. Of B 1 1. K n I' ;. G F. R 1 u. Its Sttrntisn, Extent, and Prodiue; itith tin Amount of the Perfms, Drefs, Manners, and Ctijlows of the Inhabitants ; and " ' • - ■ --• - — °erfons, Drefs, Manners, and Ciijlonis of the inda Defeription of the City ofTeufera. B ILEDULGERID is almod of a fipiare form, and extends above eighty Ic.igucs every way, or from 5 Y twentv- !'■■ I ' )| ti^ ill! Ii>i; ii .'I M y w 1"- ' 43i^ A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Jiii.Lm-i.nERni' ■Ji'-aX's^.twcn.y-ci^'hl .icgrccs thirty minutes to thirty-two degrees ■ V-li:iO. Iitty inimitcs north latitiiiie, and from five diL^rccs thirty minutes to ilcven degrees fifty minutes call longitude ; and is bounded on the ealt by a ridj;;e of lofty mountains which divide it from the kingdom of Tripoly and part of Ciudamis, on the weft by the countries of /eb and Me- ■/.ib, and on the fouth by the province of V'erghela : this IS all that can with propriety be comprehended within tlie jurt limits of Biledulgerid, though it is ufual to in- clude under that name all the countries here mentioned as its frontiers. The whole country of Biledulgerid is mountainous, fandy, and barren, producing little befiJcs dates, which yrow here in fuch plenty, that the face of half the coun- try is covered with trees bearing that fruit. The cli- mate is hot and unhealthy, the people lean, fwarthy, with fhrivelled complexions, and their eyes inflamed, ow- ing to the reflexion of the fun-beams from the white hard foil ; and the fhowers of dull and fand driven by the high winds that blow here at certain fealbns with fuch violence, as fometimcs to bury men and cattle under heaps ot it. To their eating dates is attributed an inveterate fcurvy in the gums of the inhabitants, which frequently makes all their teeth drop out, and fomctimes fprcads over their whole bodies, by which means they arc rendered un- happy and extremely loathfomc. In other refpects the natives are found, vigorous, and healthy ; and many oi them live without fickncfs to a good old age, though they difcovrr a furrowed countenance, ftirivelled ikm, and hoary locks very early in life, and before infirmity, decrepitude, or any decay of their f.iculties begin to ap- pear. The plague, which makes fuch havock in Bar- bary, is in a manner unknown at Biledulgerid ; though the countries are contis;uous, and there is aconftant in- tcrcourfe between the inhabitants at all feafons. This is alfo the cafe with the fmall-pox, which in other hot countries is no Icfs contagious and fatal than the plague itfelf. The natives arc reprcfented as a favagc, treacherous, ?.nd thicvKh people, and are faid to be a mixture of old Africans and Arabs. The former live with greater re- gularity in villages, compofed of a number ot fmall huts, and the latter in tents, ranging from place to place in quell of food and plunder. There is not a town in thi; whole country bciidcs Tcufcra and Tonfera worthy of notice : nor is it lc(i dcftitute of rivers, there being in all this large territory fcarce a fingle ftream worth mention- ing, or that is not dried up during h:df the year. 'l"he Arabs, who value themfelves on their being fu- pcrior in birth and talents to the primitive inhabitants, are perfectly free and indcpendant, and frequently enter into the fervice of the neighbouring princes who are at war. They arc fond of hunting, particularly the oihich, of which they make great advantage, for they eat the flelh, exchange their feathers for corn, pulfe, and other things they want, ufe the talons as pendants for their cars and other ornaments ; :heir tat is ellcenied a medicine of fingular virtue, and ihey convert their fkins into pouches and knapfacks ; fo that no part of the animal is left unem- ployed in fome .'fetul purpofe. The Arabs likcuifc livt upon the flcdl of catriets and goats, and drink cilKei th broth in which it is boilded, orcjintls milk, for thoy Id dom tallc water, that which is good being sener.i'dv mo fcarcc than milk itfelf. They have fome horfes which they ufe in the cha^e, where people of rank aie attended by negro jLvc> ; and thofe of inferior fortun-.- by their women, wl'o are no lefs obfcquious than the ll.ives themfelves, l(.oi;;ni^ after the horfes, ami performing the moll krviic and laauriou- offices. Though learning is here at a verv low cbh, thcv ha..' fchools to which ail the boys of diltindtiun are Kiit in order to be inllrudled in that kind of knowledge wii.eh ; j moll ii. repute, and are railed (roin thence to the diizmtics of judges orpriells, in pniporticn to their geinus :i;;d the proficiency they have ni.ide in tlr, ■- Ihuiu j. Some aadict th-mfelves to poetry, for which many of the native, of this co.Mitry lluw a very eaily genius ; and it i'i not un- common to fee a perlon nieiit the higheii deltiniflions by means of this talent, which, ronfidering ihc rude i^rno- ranee ot the people in general, they fonu'linics carTy to an amazing pitch of fweetnefs and fuhlimity. 'Their invention is iurprifingly fertile, and they par 'arir excel in fables and p.irablcs. A few of them punue the mechanic arts ; but the p-^ople in general dcfpife .hem as mean and fervile, and where any of them engage in the employment of hufbandiy, they leave all the labour to their wives and flaves. The city of TeulVra, which D'Lifle has placed within the limits of Biledulgerid, Hands on the confines of Tunis, in thirty-two degrees twenty eight minutes north latitude, Sl-iM. and in ten degrees tW'Mity-fix minutes calt longitude from rfi'^f. London. Of this city Marmol has given us the followinw account: that it was built hy the Romans, and fortified with high walls, the ruins of which are llill to be fccn. The Mahometans on their entering this country plun- dered and dellioycd the city on account of the refifiance made hy the inhabitants, and thus all its noble ftru£lurcs were demolifliei', the prcfcnt buildincs confiiling only of low and mean huts. Here they have fairs at certain fea- fons, to which the merchants of the furrnunding coun- tries refort. Through the center of the town runs a liver, by which the Arabs and Afric is are iVparated, each poflelTing a certain quarter, the or to the fouth, and the other to the north, enjoying difFe: it i;rivileges, thou"h all are equally the inhabitants of e fame citv. Their are even continually at war with c "i other, and make incurhons aerofs the river with all , • rancour and ani- mofity of detlared enemies ; but bo freouentlv unite to repel all endeavours to bring th governmvnt. It might now be cxptifled ihat Morocco; but as .hat kingdom is i extenfive region, dillinguilhid by and rcfembles the other couiilries in its climate, and in the religion ;ind ■ tants, it will be prcjpcr to place t: and therefore, before v.e take leave t.t i.,e wflcrn coail of Africa, we Ihall dcfcriho the Caiiai;' 'iijnds and the .Madeiras, which lie op:).;li:e t.j it. i unJcr a foreign ; Piould come to V a part of a very na.iie of I' -rlvtry, ••i' i.'Teat divifi'in ia in.-ib'jf the iii;iabi- ■<11 in one >':ew C H A. P. .Lm'l.CERll)" ( 45D ) Irink fitlici th ilk., lor tli'.-y kl .1 !ciii.'r.iily ino fe in tlic ch.iie, -■gro iLvc^ ; ;iiij icii, who arc no es, li>oK;ni; a!ior iic aiiii laji)r;oj I' cbl), thov ha- - dticin arc ll-nt m jvvk'dgc wh.rh ; c to tliciliui;it;oj ir gtiiius ar.J tr.~ !.:>. Somi; ajiiict of the natives ol aiul it v, iiol uii- 1 clcltiiiflioi'.s by g the rude ii'iio- nu'timc!. cany to ubliiiiltv. 'I'licir they par 'aii'/ f ihcm puii.iL' thi.: al (icfpil'c .hem as ;m engage in the ill the labour to has placed within :onfines nt "Tunis, ^ , tcs north latitude, 3t.?#. lilt longitude from it'^f- n us the following ans, and fortified e iliU to be fecn. lis country plun- t of the rcfiftaiice ts noble ftruiSturcs confirting only of lirs at certain fca- iirrnunding coun- ;own runa a liver, kparatcJ, each he fouth, i:nd the rivilegcs, though ime citv. They other, and make rancour and ani- freqiientlv unite i under a foreign fhould come to a part of a very naiv.o of I' Tlv'.ry, licit divi(i<'.n in lu-iiMf tlvj iuliahi- a11 in oni' vi-w ; iL- wUcrn coall Ijands ai\d (be CHAP. XVI. Of the CANARY aii<3 MADEIRA ISLANDS. I. :1 'A i' C H A P. SECT. I. t)fth£ S'liuoti'M aii/1 Extiiil cf the Ctimry Ijhiuh in gintral; with a Dfjaiptim of Liinaisla iind Fncrlaventura, THE Canaries, antientlv called the Fortunate Iflands, lie in the Atlantic Ocean oppofite to the coaft of \l) ii-'Zg^jC. Atrica, between the twenty-feventh degree thirty minutes \\l.U-iy' }'• Slid the twenty-ninth degree thirty minute; north latitude, and between the twelfth and I'evcnteenth degree fifty minutes weft longitude from I>ondon. Mr. Glas ob- fervcs, that on failing four hundred and fifty miles to the fouth-wcft from the mouth of thcStreights of Gibral- tar, along by the coall of Fe/, and Morocco on the At- lantic Ocean, wc arrive at the fuuth-weft extremity of Mount Atlas ; then leaving the land, and failing into the ocean, dirciSlly weft, one hundred and fixty miles, wc tome to the ifland of Lanccrota, the firft of the Canary Iflands in that courfc ; the reft of thefe iflands lie all to the weft and fouth of Lanccrota, The Canaries are fcven in number ; thefe arc Lanccrota, Fuertavtntura, Canaria, Tcnerife, Gomera, Hierro, or Ferro, and Pal- ma : thefe lie from call to weft in the order in which they are here placed ; and the laft is about fixty-five leagues diftant from the firft:. The firft of thefe iflands, named Lanccrota, is very high, and may be difcovered at a great diftance. On approaching it appears black, rocky, and barren. It is about fifteen miles long and ten broad, and the center of l^.Yif. *'i'^ iP.and is in latitude twenty-nine degrees eight mi- nutes north. The principal port is on the fouth-eaft fide of the ifland ; it is called Porto de Naos, and any vcftel that does not draw above eighteen feet may enter at high water, and lie fccure from all winds and weather ; yet in failing along the coaft the fliips appear as if at anchor in an open road ) for the harbour is formed by a ridge of rocks, which at a fmall diftance cannot be perceived, as moft of them lie under water : thefe breaking ofF the fwell of the fea, ' the infide is as fmooth as a mill-pond. As this is the onlv convenient place among the Canary Iflands for cleaning and repairing large veflels, it is much frequent- ed for that puipofe by the fhips that trade to thefe iflands. At the weft end of the harbour is a fquare caftlc built of ftonc, and mounted with fome cannon ; but is of no great ftrength, as fliips of war may approach it within mulkct- fliot. There is no town or village at this port, though there are fome magazines in which corn is dcpofitcd for exportation. At the north end of Lanccrota is a •'pacious harbour, called El Rio, which is a channel dividing the ifland of Lanccrota from the uninhabited ifland of Graciofa, and through this channel fliipsof any burthen may pafs. That part of Lanccrota which faces this harbour, is an exceed- ing high and ilccp clift', from the bottom of which the ftiore is about two mufkct-fliot diftance. The ground here is low, and in it is a falt-work, which is a fquare piece of land levelled and divided by fliallow trenches about two inches deep ; into thefe they let the fea-water, which, by the heat of the fun, and the nature of the foil, is foon turned into fait. There is no other way of accefs into Lanccrota from the flinre of tliis harbour, than by climbing up a nar- row, deep, and intricate path, thiit le.ids to the top of thedilt'i and it is fcarcc pofliblc for a ftrangcr to afcend it without a guide ; for fliould he chance to wander from the path, it would i^c difticult to regain it, and he would be in great danger of falling to the bottom. There are only two towns in the ifland : one called Cayas, or Rubicon, is fituatcd about two leagues to the north-weft of Porto De Naos, and may be termed the capital of the ifland, fincc it was formetly a bifliupN fee ; but It contains only about two hundred hPuCe?, ail oi J caftle mounted with fome guns, a church, and aconveiir. of friars ; but moft of the dwclling-houfcs have a me.u- appearance. About two league? within land, to tlu- fouthwarJ 'ii the narrow path of the clift" at El Rio, is the town ni Haria, the next in fize to Cayas. It contains aboui three hundred inhabitants ; but all the buildiiig>.-, cxcepr the church and three or four private houfev, are vciy mean ftruflures. The ifland of Graciofa lies on the north fide of r.aii- ccrota, and is barren, iininhabit^:d, and dellitiitc ol w.iter ; though it is about three miles in length, and two in breadth ; bcfidcs this, there arc fevcral other rocky, bar- ren, and uninhabited iflniuls. Wefhall now give a dcfcription of Fucrla\ciUur.i, and then give an account of the prodiicc and inh-ibitams ot both thefe iflands. The north end of Fuertavcntura lies about fevcn miies fouth-and-by-wefi: from the fouth-weft point of Lance- rota, and in the channel between them is tlie little un- inhabited ifland of Lobos, or Seals, which is about a league in circumference. l-uertaventura is about eighty miles in length, and iit general about fifteen in breadth ; but in the middle it is narrow and low, being almoft cut in two by the fea. That part of the ifland on the fouth fide of the ifthmus is mountainous, far ly, barren, and almoft uninhabited ; but though the northern part is alfo mountainous, yei within land it is fertile and well peopled. This ifland has fevcral bays and harbours ; and there arc three fmall towns, one of which, called Oliva, ii fituated fomewhat Icfs than two leagues within l.iiul from the road of Lobos, in the midft of a plain that a- boui>ds with corn-fields. Here is a church, and about fifty good houfes. The next to this is La Villa, the chief town in the ifland, which is fituatcd in the center of that part which lies north of the ifthmus, and h.is a church, a convent of Francifcan friars, and near ;;:i hundred houfes. There is alfo a town called Tunehe, which contains about one hundred houfes ; but thev an: very mean, when compared with thofe of La Villa and Oliva. Bcfides thefe there arc many fmall villa:;L's k.\t- tercd up and down in the northern and inland parr of the ifland, which ftand fo thick, that v.'c no lioncr Wic fight of one than wc come in view of another. It is remarkable, that when there is a great wtftcrlv fwell the (ea breaks on the rock.s at the north- well end cf Lobos with fuch violence, as to ftrike the beholder with terror. " I may without exiiggf ation afiinii, f'vs " Mr. Glas, that I have feen breakeiv there near I'l.xiv " feet high ; were one of thefe to ftnkc the ftronrjeii " fliip, (lie would 1)0 llaved to pieces in a moment. " AVhen I faw thofe nilghtv breakers, our fliip hid ju'l " palled tr.rough the channel betv/cen l-'iurt^'.ventiii.i " and Lobos : we had a fine brilk trade- wind at north - ''• north-eaft, and thougli we had no Id's than ten l.i- " thnms water, when we come into the wefterly fweil, " yctwc tiembled for fear the waves would have bro- " ken, and thought ourfelves happy when we irot out " of foundings. We heard the noife of thef? bie.iktr'; " like diftant thunder, after we were palled them fix or " ftvcn Icauuci." SECT. II. Tl.eCi'nutc, Scil, ff^ftiili/e:, and Animah ',f Lnnfiy.tn ii':d fueitii-jniluui ; ■with tin Jitoiint of a (■''uli.ui.o in the f:r- mer of thofe Ifumu!. i| III v.- ^■% B OTH thefe iflands have the advantage of a whole- fom: climate, which perhaps is owii^ to ih- div- .) -.0 A S y S T E M OF G E O G R A P i-I V. C'Ai.AF.y Islands. ;.■.:! nclj of the foil, and the (Irong northerly winds that ainiolt contcnuallv blow; whence the inhabitants in ge- neral live to a great age. From the middle or end of April, to the beginning or middle of October, the wind blows violciitly, and alnioll without intcrmiflfion from the nurtli and nortli-eal(. From the middle of 0£lo- bcr, to tlie end of April, it moll commonly blows in the fame diieiiliun; but Ibmctimes intermits, and gives place to other winds. The fouth-wcft wind always brings lain, and therefore is moft welcome. Other winds, j)artitiil.irly the north-weft, bring fhowcrs ; but thele arc p.uti.il, and of fhort duration ; but the rain which cunics from the fouth-wcft frequently lafts two or three days. AV'hcn thefc rains begin to fall the natives fow their grain, and about fouittcu or twenty days after the latter rains, that is towards the end of April, it is ready for reaping. The north, and north-north-eaft winds blow fo hard and conftantly, as to prevent the growth of all forts of trees, efpccially in Lancerota, which is nioft cxpcifcd to their violence : yet we find there a (cw Ihrubs called tubaybas, which never grow to a great height any where ; but here fpread along the ground, except wlicn fhcltercd from the wind by rocks and walls. In the gardens arc fig-trees, and fome low trees or Ihrubs which fcldom (hoot up higher than the garden walls. Fuertaventura, being lefs expofed to the wind than Lancerota, is not nuite fo bare of trees and flirubs, and produces the palm, the wild olive, and a fort of wild l)ine ; the cotton and euphorbium (hrubs, fig-trees, and the fluub which bears the prickly pear. Though thefe iflands are fo deftitute of trees, they abound in excellent herbage, and feveral kinds of odo- riferous flowers. The great plenty and variety of thefe induced the inhabitants to bring bees from the other idands, in order to propagate here ; but they were dif- appointed ; for none of thofe infi-'dh would remain with them, they not being able to bear the violent winds. Corn of various kinds grow in both thefe iflands, as 'wheat, barley, and maize, which are produced in fuch abundance, as not only to ferve the inhabitants, but al- fo thofe of Tenerife and Palma, who depend greatly on thefe iflands for their fuftcnance. No vines were pro- duced at Lancerota till within thirty years part, when a volcano breaking out, covered many fields with aflics, which have fo improved the foil, that vines are now planted and yield grapes ; but the wine made from them is thin, poor, and fo fharp as to refemblc vinegar, yet is very wholefome. Fuertaventura produces a greater quantity of wine, of a quality fomething fupcrior to that of Lancerota. Upon the rocks on the fea coaft grows a great quan- tity of orchilla-wecd, an ingredient ufcd in dying. It grows out of the pores of the rocks, to about three inches, and fometimcs eight or ten inches. It is of a round form, and of the thicknefs of common fewing twine i it is of a grey colour, inclining to white, ami on the ftalk arc white fpots. Many ftalks proceed from one root, at a diftance from which they divide into branches. This weed dyes a beautiful purple, and is alfo much ufed for brightening and enlivening other colours. The beft fort is that of the darkeft colour, and of a form exaflly round : the more it abounds with white fpots or fcabs, the more valuable it is. This weed alfo grows in the Madeira and Cape de Verd Iflands, and on the coaft of Barbary ; but the beft fort and the greatcft quantity is found in the Canary iflands. There is fonic reafon to believe, that the orchilla was the Cietulian purple of the ancients ; and in fupport of this opinion, it is obferved, that the coaft of Africa ad - iaceiit to the Canary Iflands was called by the ancients Getulia, and abounds with orchilla. In Lancerota are few fprings or wells. The inhabi- tants ufe for themfelves and cattle rain water, which they prcferve in pits and cifterns. This is alfo praiSi- fed at Fuertaventura, though they have more (prints and wells ; but the water is generally br.ackifli. At El Rio, to the northward of the fait works mentioned in the laft feiflion, is a well of medicinal water, cftecmed a fovereign cure for the itch. Jriiikins, and will keep fvvcct at fea It is alfo good for common The cattle of thefe ifiand', arc cair.cif, horfcs, afles bullocks, flieep, goats, and hogs, ail of which, except the fhcep and goats, were brought from Barbary and Spain, fince the coiiquclt of ti.cle iflands by the h)p;iiii» ards. The horfes arc of the i'arbary breed, and arc much cftecmed in Canaria anii TeiierrJc, lor their fiiric and fwiltnels ; but the natives of the two iflands we arc now defcnbing have little or no ule for ihcni, on account of their having no great diitance to li.ii\l, anil therefore little care is taken to increale the I'reed; whinn.- their number is at prefent very final!. 'I'lie natives u(e for travelling all'es of a larger fize thin ihole ofthcothi-r iflands, which ferve well enough for their fhort jour- nies, and are maintained with little or no cxpeiicc. In the fpring their cattle, being fjt and lood, anppnr plump, fl.'ck, and gliften as if rubbed witlfoil ; but in the beginning of autumn, when all the i^rafs is either withered or eaten up, they have a very" diftcrent ap- pearance, and arc unfit for food. The people here generally plow with a camel, or a couple of afll's, for the foil is light, and they do not p!()w deep. The want of wood or bufties occafions a fcarcity of birds and wild fowl; yet there arc fome canary bird.', and a bird called tubayba, about the iizc of .i ftarlino fpeckled black and white. Here arc likewil'c partrid-lj and ravens, with plenty of dunghill fowls ; but ntiti^tr turkies, geefc, nor ducks : the want of the two lalt fpecics may probably be owing to the fcarcity of water in thefe iflands. Here arc no other venenious animals but the blatk fpider, the bite of which the natives fay occafions a fwclling, attended with a burning pain. 'Fheir cure for it is to cat a fmall quantity of human excrement. The fea coaft of Lancerota and Fuertaventura afford the inhabitants great plenty of fifli of various kinds, par- ticularly a kind of cod, much better tafted than that of Newfoundland, or of the north (ea. Another fi(h of a ftill more excellent tafte is caught here, called mcro: it is as long as a cod ; but much thicker, and has long ftraps or whifkers hanging at his mouth. There aru many other forts of fiih for which we have no names ; one of them however ought not to be omit- ted : this is the picudo or fea- pike, the bite of which is as poifonous as that of a viper ; yet when this fiflj is killed and drefled, it is good and 'innocent food. On the rocks by the fca-ihore are many flicll fifh, and par- ticularly limpets. In Lancerota and Fuertaventura are many hills that: were formerly volcanoes, the tops of which arc of a fmall circumference, and are hollow for a little wav downwards ; the edges of the tops being ufually narrow and fliarp, and' on the outfide is generally feen a great deal of black duftand burnt ftonc like pumice-ftone, only darker and more ponderous. No eruptions h.ive b:.cn known to happen for feveral ages, except that already ir.entioneJ at Lancerota, which about thirty years ago broke ouc on the fouth-wcft part of the iflaiid, throwing out fiicli an immenfe quantity of afhes and huge nones', and with fo dreadful a noife, that many of the natives leavin'^ their houfes, fled to Fuertaventura ; but fome time a'ter^ find- ing that thofe who had ventured to ft.iy h^J received no hurt, they took courage and returned. 'This volcanowas near the tea, in a place remote fioni any habitation. At a ('mall dilhmcc from the volcano a pillar of fmoke ifliied from the fea, and afterwards a fmall pyranndal rockarofo, and ftill continues. This rock was joined to the illand by the matter thrown out of the volcano. The noife of this eruption was fo loud, that it was heard at Tenerife, which ftands at the dift.uicc of tbrty leagues ; which w.a.s probably occafioiu-d by the winds generally blowing from Lancerota towards that iflaud. SECT. IIL 0/ the ALinmn tind Cujhns of the .mtjfnt Inlahlttints of I ii)u:rota and Fuctlaveiilum. THE natives of thefe two iflands were of a larger fize and better made than thofe of the others, and fo they arc to tliis day. The habit of the natives of Lan- cerota tirlls, afll-s, ich, cxtep'; larbary iiiut the Spiiiii* .-d, and ;irc their I'piiir. J iil'.iiids we jr ihcni, on tr;ut.'l, aiul Lud; whence nallvc'v nil? ot the othcT (hoit joui- ; pence. I'ood, apppnr 1 oil ; but ill als is cither different ap- camtl, or a thty do not a frarcity of :anary birds, of .1 llarlint', ifc partridges ; but neither the two lalh city of water lit the bliek y occafions a I'heir cure for ement. /entura afford us kinds, par- 1 than that of jther filh of a ailed niero: ic and has long 1. There an; we have no to be omit- of which is this fifli is food. On fifh, and par- any hills that arc of a fmall V downwaids ; md fliarp, and deal of black darker and 11 known to V mentioned broke out ing out fiicli ncb, and with eav ing their me after, find- ;ij received no s volcano was bitation. At finoke id'ued dal rockarofe, to the iQand 1 he noifc of at Tencrife, ; ; which was blowing; froiu Can Ar.y Islands. ■d '/ InMilanls of ere of a larger the others, and i.itives of Lan- ecrot,i I terota was made of ^oats-fkiils fewed together, reaching down to the knees, and was formed like a cloak with a liood. The fcamsof this habit were neatly fewed with lUjider thongs of leather, which were as fine as common tliiead. Thofc thongs they prepared with fliarp flints or Hones, inllead of knives or fciffars. They wore bonnets made of go.its-fkins, with three large feathers Ituck in the front. The women wore the lame, with afdlet of leather died red, with the bark of fome Ihrubs. They had long hair, and wore their beards plaited. The king of the illaiid wore a diadem like a bilhop's mitre, made of goats-leather, and adorned with fca-fliells. Their Ihoes were alfo of goats-fkin, with the hairy fide out- wards. When they were fick, which fcldom happened, they cured themlelves with the herbs that grew in the country j and when they had acute pains, they fcarified the part affefted with fliarp ftoncs, or burned it with fire, and then anointed it with goats butter. When any one died, they laid him in a cave, ftrctching out the body, and laying goats-fkins under and above it. Their food was barley-meal roafted, which they called goffio, and goats flcfh boiled and roafted ; alfo mill and butter. They ate their victuals out of veflels made of clay, hardened by the heat of the fun. Their method of lighting afire was by taking a ftick of dry, hard, thorny wood, which they caufed to turn rapidly round on the point within a loft, dry, fpongy thiftle, and fo fet it on fire j and this method has been ufed to this day. When they fowed their land with barley, which was their only grain, they turned it up with goats horns ; they threflied their barley with (licks, winnowed it with their hands, and ground it in an band- mill made of two ftones. Thefe two iflands, as well as the others, were divided into portions, each governed by its own lord, or cap- tain, and feparated from the reft by a wall of loofe ftones, that crofted the ifland from fea to fea. The inhabitants of thefe quarters had a great efteem for their refpedlive chiefs. The people of both iflands were of a humane, focial, and chearful difpofition, extremely fond offingingand dancing. Their mufic was vocal, accompanied with a noife made by clapping their hands, and beating with their feet. They were remarkably nimble, and took great delight in leaping and jumping, which were their prin- cipal diverfions : two men took a ftaff, which they held by the ends, and lifted as high above their heads as they could reach, keeping it parallel with the ground ; and he who could leap over it, was efteemed very dexterous. Some of them had fuch agility, that they could, at three leaps, bound over three poles placed in that manner be- hind each other. They frequently quarrelled, and then fought with fticks a yard and a half long. It was a cuftom among them, that if a man entered the door of his enemy's houfe, and wounded or killed him, he wa<- not puniflied ; but if he came upon him unawares, by leaping over the wall, and killed him, the captain, or chief, by whom the caufe was tried, ordered him to be flain. Their manner of ex- ecuting criminals was as follows : they carried them to the fea-ftiore, and placing their heads on a flat ftone, took another of a round form, and with it daftied out their brains ; after which their children were held in- famous. They were excellent fwimmers, and ufed to kill the fifh on their coafts with fticks. Their houfes were built of ftone, without cement, yet were ftrong -, and the en- try was made fo narrow, that only one perfon could pafs through at a time. They had alfo houfes of worftiip and devotion ; thefe were round, and compofed of two walls, one within the other, with a fpacc between ; and, like their dvvclling-ho'jfes, were built of loofe ftones, with a narrow entry. They worftiipped only one God, and in thefe ti-mples offered to him milk and butter. To him thev alio made offerings on the mountains, pouring out goats milk from earthen vellcls, at the fame time ador- ing him by lifting up their hands towards heaven. The inhabitants of Fuertaventura wore jackets made of lheep-(kins, with (hort flecves that reached no farther tiiau their elbows. 'I'hev had fliort breeches that left the 39 F R I C A. 4^1 knees bare, and fliort ftockinga that reached but juft a- bove the calf of the leg. They wore the fame fort of fhoes as the natives of Lancerota, and had high caps cu their heads made of goat-(kins. They drefled the hair of their heads and beards like the iiatives of Lancerota. SECT. IV. Of the prcfent Inhabitants of Lamerota and Fuertaventura i their Perfoni, Drefs, Buildings, Food, Manners, Cujlon:-, Government, and 'Trade. THE natives of ;hefe iflands, though they pafs for Spaniards, are fprung from a mixture of the anticiit inhabitants, the Normans, and other Europeans, by whom they were fubdued, and from fome Moorifh cap lives whom the Spaniards brought to thefe iflands fro::i the coaft of Barbary. They are generally tall, robuft, ftrong, and of a very dark complexion ; but the natives of the other Caiiaiy Iflands account them rude and unpoliftied in their manners. They drefs coarfely, and after the Spanifti rpodern fafliion ; for the ftiort cloak and golilla, formerly ufed by the Spaniards, are here unknown. They neither fpeak nor underftand any other language but the Cafti- lian, which they pronounce moft barbaroufly. Their houfes are bull; of ftone and lime ; thofe of the gentry are covered with pan-tiles i but the meaner fort are thatched with ftraw. Few even of the better kind have either ceilings or lofts, but are built in the form of large barns, and divided into apartments by boarded par- titions that rife no higher than the walls ; fo that all the rooms are open above, and have .lo other covering thaa the roof. They generally pave the floors with flag- ftones. The ufual food of the peafants is what is called goffio, which is the flour of wheat, or barley, well heated by the fire : this they make into dough with water, and then eat it ; a fimple diet, that requires neither knives, forks, nor fpoons. This they fometimes make up with thdir hands in balls or lumps, which they dip in honey or melafles ) and during the winter, when grafs is in per- fe£tion, and they have plenty of excellent milk, they put the gofllo into it, ufing fea-fliells inftead of fpoons. They alfo prepare goSio by putting it into boiling milk, and ftirring it about till it is fufliciently boiled and thickened. On particular occafions, as at feftivals and weddings, the poor eat flefll and fifti : but bread is rarely ufed by any but the gentry, and there are fome people in thefe iflands who do not even know the tafte of it. They fcldoni drink wine, or any thing but water. The peafants are employed in plowing the gVodnd, fowing corn, reaping, and other parts of hufbandry. Few of the men in Lancerota and Fuertaventura are artificers ; for almoft all their cloaths are made by the women, and their houfhold furniture is brought from the oth'.-r iflands. The gentry are fo averfe to leaving their country, and have fo little curiofity, that few of tilem vifit Spain, or even Canaria, except when obliged to attend their law- fuits in that ifland. A gentleman poflefling a few acies of land, a camel, a couple of aflcs, and a dozen flicep, would choofe rather to live all his days on goflio, than venture to the Spanifli Weft Indies, in order to mend his fortune by trade, which, in his opinion, would dif- grace him and hi^ family for ever : yet he will, without (hame, opprefs the poor peafants, and deceive ftrangers, in order to fupport his imaginary rank, which, among the poor gentry, wholly confifts in not working, and rid- ing a little way on an afs, attended by a ragged fervant, inftead of walking on foot. There are but few monks, and no nuns in thefe iflands : they are, however, in no want of priefts, f6r there are feveral parifli churches, and an inferior court of inquifi- tion in each of thefe iflands, in order to prevent herel'y : fo that the religion of the church of Rome is alone pro- fefled among them. Though all the Canary Iflands are fubjeft to Spain, yet the natives of the tyyo of which we arc now treating, with 5 Z thuli I. !v'-'.i| ■.6 J A S V S T E M OF GEOGRAPHY. Canary Islands, ;i* H>! I' I 'Mi t'l'iT.' o^Gomcra and Hicrro, do not hold their lands of ti:^ i.T n'.n ; Init of the I'amilv ot" J)ou 15ic-;jo dc llcrrcra, v.'i/j i.or.iious. The Education cf their Children \ their Government, and the Alanner tn which it ivas changed to a Monarchy ; with a concife Account of their Funerals. Ol\ the firft arrival of the Europeans at (irnn Ca- naria, that ifland was fuppofed to contain no lef:! than fourteen thoufand fighting men ; but a pefiilcnce breaking out fome time after, fwept away two thirds of the inhabitant' Thefe were of a daik complexion like the natives ot Lancerota and Fuertaventura, of a good ftature, and well proportioned, active, warlike, chcar- ful, good-natured, and faithful to their promiies ; for they confidered a lye as one of the grcateft: crimes. They were very fond of hazardous cnterprizcs, fuch as climbing to the top of flccp precipices, and there fixing poles of fo great a weight, that one of them was a fuf- ficient burthen for a man of common flrcngth to carry on level ground. The Canarians were drcfliid in a tight coat, with a hood to it, like that of a capuchin friar ; it reached to the knees, and was faftcned to the waift by a leathern girdle. This garment was made of a kind of rufli, which they beat till it became foft like flax, and then they fpun and wove it. Over this they had a goat-fkin cloak, with the hairy fide inward in winter, and out- ward in fummer. They had likewife caps made of the fkins of the heads of goats taken off almoll entire, which they formed in fuch a manner, that a goat's beard hung under each ear, and thefe they fometimes tied under the chin. Some had bonnets of fl\ins, adorned with feathers. Thefe garments were all neatly fewed and painted, and were in every refpedt much more cu- rious than thofe of the natives of the other iflands. Their fhocs, like thofe of Lancerota and Fuertaventura, were made of raw hides. The Canarians had an order of nobility diftinguifhed from the vulgar by the cut of their hair and beards ; but a man could not be entitled to this honour merely from his being the offspring of noble or rich parents ; but was to be declared noble bv the faycag, a pcrlon whofe bufinefs was to decide dhicrcnccs among the natives, and regulate the ceremonies of their religion ; in fliort, he was a pricff, and adled alfo as judge in civil affairs. The manner by which nobility was conferred was very fingular : at a particular time of life the fon of a noble- man let his hair grow long, and when he had obtained fufficient ftrength to endure the fatigues of war, went to the faycag, and faid, " I am the fon of fuch a noble- " man, and defire alfo to be enoblcd." Upon this the faycag went to the town or village where the young man was h U: ■i^H A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Canary IstAMrv .::tr-.-M. mmm was bro-,i:;!n up, nnd there ani-mWed all the nobles, and rttlicr purioiis of ihc place, whom he caufcd to I'wear foleiniily by thLir god Acoran, to declare the truth. He thtii allied tluin. If they had ever feen the youth fo far demean hinil'jlf as to drcfs viduals, or to go into the folds to loLiI; after the fiiecp or goats, and whether he was ever ilxn to milk or kill them ? If he was ever known to (leal cattle, or forcibly take them in time of peace iVoin their owners ? Whether he was difcourtcous, of a flandL-mus difporition, or puilty of any indecent beliavlour, cfpccially to women ? If they ail anfwered thcic qucdi.ms in the iu';^ative, the faycag cut the youth's hair in a round form, fo flioit as not to hang below his cars, and giving him a ftaff, declared him noble. Hut if any of the llanders-by could charge him with any of the olt'cnces mentioned by the faycag, and bring fufficient proof of them, inftead of being declared noble, the faycag fhived his head, and fent him away in dii^race, by which means he was rendered incapable of nobility, and obliged to remain a plebeian during the reft of his life. In their wars they cftccmcd it bafe and mean to mo- left or injure the women and children of the enemy, whom they confidcrcd as weak and helplefs, and there- fore improper objefls of their refentment ; nor did they offer the leaft damage to the temples of the enemy. The oftenfive weapons ufcd by the Canarians were clubs and (harp pointed poles hardened by fire; but after the Kuropeans began to invade their idanJ, they form- ed (liield<, in imitation of theirs, and fwords of pitch- pine, the edges of which were hardened by fire, and lliarpened in fuch a manner, that it is faid they cut like fteel i but their chief (trength lay in their wooden fpears, and their throwing ftones with great force and dexterity. Public places were appointed for fighting, in which si kind of (fages were raifed for the combatants, that they might be more eafily feen by the fpcilators. On a challenge being given and accepted, the parties went to the council of the ifland, which confifted of twelve members, for a licence to fight, which was eafily ob- tained, and then they went to the faycag, to have this licence confirmed. Afterwards they a(iembled all their relations and friends, that they might be fpedators of their bravery and (kill, and with them repaired to the public place or theatre, where the combatants mounting upon two ftones flat at the top, and placed at the oppo- fite fides, threw (tones at each other, which though good markfmen, they generally avoided, merely by their agility in writhing their bodies, without moving their feet. When each had thrown three ftones at his an- tagonift, they armed themfelves with a cudgel in their right hand, and a Iharp flint in their left. Then draw- ing near, they beat and cut each other till they were tired, and then retired with their friends to take fome refrelhment ; but foon returning, fought till the twelve members of the council called out, Gama, Gama, or enough, enough, when they inftantly defifted, and ever after remained good friends. If during the combat, one of the parties happened to break his cudgel, the other inftantly defifted from ftriking, and the difpute was ended in an amicable manner, though neither of the parties was declared viilor. Thefe combats were ufually fought on public fefti- vals, rejoicings, or the like occafions ; and if either of the combatants was deeply wounded, they beat a rulh till it became like tow, and dipping it in melted goats butter, applied it to the wound as hot as the patient could bear it ; and the older the butter was, the (boner, they fay, it effedled a cure. They had alfo public houfes or rooms, in which they afTemblcd to dant^ and fing. The Canarian dance is ftill in ufe in thefe iflands ; it has a quick and ftiort flep, and is called Canario. Their fongs were either dirges, or amorous fonnets fet to grave and plaintive tunes. The houfes in Canaria were built of ftone without ce- ment, and yet were fo neat and regular, that they made a handfomc appearance. The walls were very low, and the floors funk beneath the level of the ground on which they ftood, being fo contrived for the advantage of warmth in the winter feafon. At the top they laid wooden beams, [ or rafters, clofe to each other, and covered them with earth. Their beds and .bedding were the (kins of 'roaf drclfed in their hair. Their otiier furniture confi(ted of ba(kets and mats of palm-leaves and ruftics very neatly made ; for they had people among them whofe fole en,- ployment was building houfes and making of mats. The women were generally employed in paintinir and dymg J and in the proper feafon they carefully gathered the flowers and flirubs from which they extradcd their fevcral colours. The thread they u(ed in fcwing was made of the nerves and tendons of the loins of iheep, goats, or (wine, with which they were fupplied by the butchers. Thefe they firft anointed with butter, and then prepared by fire in fuch a manner, that they could fplit them into fine threads at their pleafure. Their needles were of bone, and their fifti-hooks of horn. The veileU they ufed in cookery were made of clay, hard'.ned in the fun. None of the Canarians would follow the trade of a butcher, except the very dregs of the people ; for their employment was thought fo ignominious, that ihey would not allow one of that profeffion to enter any of their houfes, or to touch any thing belonging to them. It was even unlawful for the butchers to keep company with any that were not of their profeflion ; and when they wanted any thing of another perfon, they were obliged to carry a (tafF, and flanding at a confiderable diftance, point at what they wanted ; but, to compenfate for this abjeft ftate, the natives were obliged to fupply the butchers with every thing they wanted. It was unlawful for any Canarian, except the butchers to kill cattle ; and when any perfon wanted his beaft to be (lain, he was forced to lead it to the public fhambles ; but was not permitted to enter himfelf } and this prohibition was extended even to the women and children. The wealth of the inhabitants chiefly confifted in their (heep, goats, and hogs. Their common food was barley- meal roafted, which they ate with milk or goats flcfli • and when they made a feaft, they dreflcd the latter with hog's-lard or butter. They ground their barley with a hand-mill. When they went to plough their lands, a- bout twenty people ailembled together, each had a wooden inftrument refembling a hoe, with a fpur at the end of it, on which they fixed a goat's horn ; with this they broke the ground, and if the rain did not fall in its proper feafon, they moiftened the earth with water, which they brought by canals from the rivulets. The corn was gathered in by the women, who reaped only the ears ; thefe they thre(hed with fticks, or beat out the corn with their feet, and winnowed it with their hands. The poor lived by the fea-coaft, chiefly on fi/h, which they ufually caught in the night, by making a great light with torches of pitch-pine. In the day- time, whenever they perceived aflioal of fardinas, a fmall fifti that has fome refemblance to a pilchard, a multitude of men, women, and children went at a fmall diftance into the fea, and fwimming beyond the fhoal, chafed the fi(h towards the (hore, and with a net, made of a tounh kind of rufli, enclofed and drew them to land, where they equally divided their prize: but in doing this every woman who had a young child received a Ihare for each ; or if (he happened to be pregnant, (he received an addi- tional (hare for the child in her womb. The Canarians had never more than one wife. When the parents were difpofed to marry their daughter, they fed her thirty days with large quantities of milk and goffio, in order to fatten her ; for they thought that lean wo- men were lefs capable of conceiving children than thofe who are fat. They were very careful in the education of their chil- dren, and never failed to chaftife them when they did amifs. It was ufual to propofe two of the youth as ex- amples to the reft, the one of virtue, the other of vice j and when a child did any thing that was praife-worthy, he was commended, and told that fuch behaviour wss amiable and refembled that of the good boy. On the other hand, when a child difpleafed its parents, they ob- ferved that fuch an adion refembled thofe of the perfon (et up as a bad example. By this means they raifed a fpirit of emulation for excelling in virtuous actions. Among Canary Islands. I'" R I C A. NARY IstAMrs; 40.: Among the Canarians were rcli'^ioiis women, called innj;:idas, a number of whom livcJ together in one houlc, or convent, of which thcrt: were many 'a Cm iii.i ; ami tlicfe were held fo facred, that criminals, who Hcl to any ot tlitm, were protected from the officci;. ofjultice. Ttic maoadas were dirtingiiiflied from other womeji by their loni^ white !;arments, which fwept the groiiiul a-i tlicy walked. They maintained that Acoran, their i;od, dwelt on hi?h, and governed every thing on earth ; and when they addrcll'ed him, lifted up their joined handb towards heaven. There arc two rocks in the idand, to which the inha- bitants, in times of public calamity, went in proccfliun, accompanied by the religious women, carrying in their hands palni-branchcs, and vcfl'els filled with milk and butter, which they poured on the rocks, dancing round them, and finging mournful longs : from thence they went to the feafhore, and all at once, with one accord, Itruck the water with their rods, all ftiouting together as loud as poffible. The Canarians were remarkable for their good govern- ment, and ftridt adminilhation of juftice. At the time of the conqucft of the ifland it was governed by two princes, each of whom had his feparatc diftridt ; but before they were ruled by captains, or heads of tribes, •^ho prcfidcd over fmall circles. The people of each tribe was confined to their owndiftridt, and not allowed to graze their flocks on the ground belonging to another tribe. Such crimes as deferved death were punifhcd in the manner already related, by dafhing out their brains with a (tone ; but for thofe of a lefs criminal nature they xifed the law of retaliation, and took an eye for an eye, or a tooth for a tooth. As the manner in which Canaria changed its govern- ment from the heads of tribes to its being under the ju- rifdii5lionof two princes, appears fmgular and entertain- ing, we fhall give it our readers from the account given of that revolution by Mr. Glas. In the divifion of Gal- Jar, the moft fertile part of the ifland, lived a virgin lady of great merit, named Antidamana, who was fo hichly efleemed by the natives for her prudence and judg- ment, that they frequently applied to her to determine their differences, and never appealed from her decifions ; for (he hardly ever fufFered the party againft whom (he had given the caufc to depart, till (he had fir(t convinced him of the juftice of her fcntencc ; which (he feldom failed to do by the force of her eloquence, and the high charafter (lie bore for equity. After fome years the no- bles, vexed at obferving tne deference paid to this wo- man while (lie afted as a judge, or arbitrator, which tliey thought more properly belonged to them, pcrfuaded the people no longer to regard her fentences, or to re- fer their caufcs to her decifion. This lady now perceiving herfclf difrcgarded and defpifed, was ftung to the quick ; for (he had in a manner fpent the prime of her life in the fervice of the public, who had now moft ungratefully defertcd her ; but, inftead of venting her refentment in vain complaints, (he went to one Gumidafe, a captain of one of the diftrifts, who was cftecmed the moft brave and prudent of all the nobles of Canaria, and had great in- fluence over the people. To him (he related all her Grievances, and propofed a match between them, to which Gumidafe readily confented, and accordingly they were fo^>n after married. Gumidafe now, under various pre- tences, made war upon the other captains, and proved vidorious over them all ; fo that at length he became king of the whole idand. He had by his wife Antidamana a fon, named Artemis, who fuccecded him in the go- vi-rnmcnt of the kinirdom, and at his death left two foils, u'lio (bared the ifland between them, and were both upon the throne when it was conquered by the Spaniards. But to return: when any of the nobles died they l.iiuught out the corpfe, and placing it in the fun, took D'.it the entrails, and buried them in the earth ; then drying the body, they fwatlicd it round with bandages of j;i>ats-lkins, and fixed it upright in a cave, cloathed with the fame garments which the dcceafcd wore when alive, ll'it if no proper cave was at hand, the bodv was carried to one of the ftony places now called Mai I'.iiecs, where levelling the ground, and lixinji the loofe ftoncs, they nrade a fort of artificial case of large ftones placed io as 3'> not to touch t'.ie body, and then taking ar.othcr large; Itone two yards in len^'tii, wrou'^ht into a round form, with this cKifcd the entrance, and afterwards tilled u[>thc outfiJe between the top ot the round (tone and tile out- ward part of the other large one- with (iii.ill (tones in a very neat manner. Some ot theii dt ad bodies were put into chells, and afterwards, depulidd lu ttonc fepul- chres. People of the lower clafs were interred in the Mai Paiecs ill holes covered with (tones, and all the bodies, except thofe placed upright III the tavco, were laid v.t'' their heads towards the north. SECT. VIII. Of the IJtandand Pikt «/" Tknerife. Its fiituatioH and y1pj>earimi forts and batteries mounted with guns, the moft 6 A confiderable 4^^ A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY Canarv Isla"«ds mm i f onfidcr.iWe of which i< named Pnflb Alto. Near it is :i ftctp rotlcv valley, which begins at the feafliore, and runs a gru.it w.iv within l.ind. I here arc Ccveral batteries at the ffuith end of the town, and beyond them, cloft to tlic fhr^rc, is a fort cnllcd .St. J(ian. All thefe forts are Diountjd with cannon, and jnined to c.\c\\ other by a thick Itonc-wall, which begins near the iibove rocky vallev, and continue;, with little iiitcrniptinn, to t'oit St. Juan. This wall is within only brcalt-high, but it i'. higher on the outfide facing the (ea ; and from thence t" the fouthwaid the (hore is generally inacctflibic, Irum its bring naturally fenced with rocks. The town of Santa Cruz is large, and contains I'cveral chtirthes, three convents of friars, an hofpital, and the \hI\ conllriidled private buildings of any to be found in the Canary Idancls. It is indeed the capital of them all ; ♦or though the cpifcopal fee and courts of judicature are in the city of I'almas, in Canaria, the governor- general of the if.andi always rclidcs in Santa Cruz, where a great concourfe of foreigners continually relort, on account of its being the cenicr of the trade between the Canary Iflands with Europe and America. The number of in- habitants are fuppofed to amount to about five or fix thou- I'and. The water drank by them is conveyed into the town in open wooden troughs Irom a fpring beyonil the above-mentioned valley, and in many houfes are pits of water which ferve for other purpofts. About twelve miles to the fouthward of Santa Cruz, clo(e to the fea, is a cave, with a church, or chapel, called Our Lady of Candelaria, in which is a little image of the Virgin ^lary, about thiee feet high, holding a green candle in one hand, and in the other an infant Jefus, who has a gilt bird in each hand. This chapel received its name of Candelaria from its being pretended, that on the eve of the "'urification of the Holy Virgin a great number of lights arc conltantly feen going in pro- ccffion round the cave in which the image is placed ; and they aflcrt, that in the morning drops of wax are fcatter- ed about the fca-(hore. This image is held in the higheft veneration, on account of the many miracles it is faid to have performed, and her chapel is adorned with fomany ornaments, that it is the richcft place in all the fcven iflands. At a certain feafon of the year nioft of the in- habitants of the ifland go thither in pilgrimage j when troops of young girls march finging in an agreeable man- ner the praifes of the Virgin, and the miraculous deeds of the image. On the north-weft fide of the illand is the bay of Adexc, cr, as it is pronounced, Adehe, where large (hips may anchor. On the north-welt fide of the ifland is a haven called Garrachica, once the M\ port in the ifland ; but it was dcflroycd in 1704, which the natives call the year of the earthquakes, and filled up by the rivers of burn- ing lava that flowed into it from a volcano ; fo that houfes are now built where fhips forinerly lay at anchor ; vet veftels come there in fummer. The above earthquake began on the twenty-fourth of l^ecember; and, in the fpace of three hours, twenty-nine fliocks were felt. After this they became fo violent as to rock all the houfes, and oblige the inhabitants to aban- don them. The conftcrnatif.i became univerfal, and the people, with the bifhop at their head, made proceflions and public prayers in the open fields. On the thirty-firft a great lisht was obferved on Manja, towards the White ATountains, where the earth opening, two volcanoes were formed, that threw up fuch heaps of Hones, as to raife two confiderable mountains ; and the combuftible matter continually thrown up kindled in the neighbourhood a- hove fifty fires. Things remained in this Atuation till the fifth of January, and then the fun was totally obfcured with clouds of fmoke and flame, which continually in- crcafing, aui-mcntcd the conftcrnation and terror of the inhabitants." Before night the whole country, for nine miles round, was in flames by the flowing of the liquid fire, with the rapidity of a torrent, into all quarters from another volcano, which had opened by at leaft thirty different ver-ts within the compafs of half a mile. The horror of this fccric vva-, greatly cncreafed by the violence of the fhocks, which never once remitted, but by their force entirely overthrew fcveral houfes, and (hook others to their very foundations ; while the wretched inhabitants were again driven defcncclefs and difmaved into the open fields, where they every moment cxpccUd to hi- fwallow. ed up by fome new gnlpb. The noilc of the volcano wai heard at fia at twenty lca?iieb dtffjuce, where tliL- fca (hook with furh violence as alarmed the mariners, who at firif thought the fliip had (truck upon a rock. Mean while a lornnt of (ulphur ai'.d melted ores of dilfirint kinds riifhed from this laft volcino toward', (juima;^ where thehoufis and public huildinps were thrown down by the violence of the accompanying (hocks. On the fecond of February anolhei vokano broke out cvfn iri the townof (iuiniar, which (wallowed up a large church. Thus, from the twtnly-fourthol December to the twenty- third of I'ebruary, the people were conftantly alarmed by continual lliocks in the center. The norlli (ide is the mod fertile, and alcends more gradually than the olhcri, particularly a Ipjce alonj; the (hore about three Icaguta bruad, bounded on the fides by high mountains, or rather tlifls ; but up- wards from the fea it riles like a hanging f^arden all the wav, without any conrtderable interruption of hills or vallics, till you come within a league of the clouds. In the weltern border of this fpace is fituated a large town, called Kealejo, and on the cadcrn I. a Ranibla. Between them ibnd the towns of Orotava and I'ort Uroiava, with a number of detached inhabitants fcatter- cd about from the fea-lhorc upwards to the clouds, in or beyond which there arc no houfes j yet the clouds arc not higher than the middle diftance between the fea and the fumniit of the pike. All the fertile ground within a league of the fea is covered with vines ; that of the next league produces corn ; and the third fome corn, woods of chefnut-trees, and many other trees of different kinds. Above thefe woods are the clouds, which, in fine weather, generally defcend gradually towards the evening, and reft upon thefe woods till the morning, when they rc-afeend about a league, and there remain till the fuccccding evening. Befides the towns already mentioned, there arc fcveral others, and many fmall villages. Indeed the illand is fo populous, that when the lail account was taken, it con- tained no lefs than ninety-fix thoufand pcrfons, and is fuppofed to have as many inhabitants as all therell of the ftven iflands together. SECT. IX, J Journey up the Pike ofTencrife j with a ctndfe Aicmmt sf the Weather, and Produce of the Jjlmd. OUR readers will not be difpleafcd at feeing here a journey up the pike of Tencrife, undertaken by Mr. Glas, from whofe Hiflory of the Canary Iflands we have taken this and many other curious and interelling parti- culars, which, we hope, will ferve to recommend his work to the notice of the public. In the beginning of the month of September, 1761, at about four in the afternoon, our author fet out on horfc- back, in company with the mafter of a (hip, to vifit the pike. They had with them a fervant, a muleteer, and a guide ; and, after a fccnding about fix miles, arrived towards fun-fet at the moft diftant habitation from the fea, which is in a hollow : here finding an aqucduft of open troughs that convey water down from the head of the hollow, their fervants watered the cattle, and filled fome fmall barrels to ftrve them in their expedition. The gentlemen here alighted, and walking into the hollow, found it very pleafant, it abounding with many trees that fcnt forth an odoriferous fniell ; and near the houfes arc fome fields of maize, or Indian corn. On their mounting again, they travelled for fome time up a ftccp road, and reached the woods and clouds jull as it grew dark. They could not mifs their way, the load being bounded on both fides with trees or buflies, which were chiefly Lturcl, favine, and brufliwood. Hav- ing travelled about a mile, they came to the upper edge of the wood, above the clouds, where alighting, they made a fire and flipped ; foon after which they laid down to fleep under the bufhcs. About half an hour after ten, the moon fliining bright, they mounted again, travelling (lowly two hours through An exceeding bad road, refcmbling the ruins of flotie buildings fcattered over the fields. After they had got o'.'t of this road they came upon fiiiall light puiiiice-flone, i'.k.e fhingle ; upon which tliey rode at a pretty good pace tor near an hour. The air now began to be very fliarp, cold, and piercing, and the wind blew flrong from tiic fouth-weftward. Their guide aJvifed them to alight here, as the place was convenient, and reil till four or live in tlv morilin-^. To thi) Ihey agrr^J, an! entered a Cave, the inoulli ol which was built up to .diout a man's htiglit to exi lude ilic cold. Near tl.i . place was fome di y wiiliLicd rtt.inias, the only Ihriib 01 \(;;etable near thf cave, and with thel'e they madi; a great liie to warm them- felves, and then fell alleep j hut were luon awaked by an itching oecafioned by the told tliin iir, want of lell, and fieejiiiig in their cloaths. I'hey here palled away ill; it time as well as they could ; but while ilu'y crept (o near the fire, that one lide v/as alinoll fcorciicd, the other was benumbed with cold. At about five in the morning they mounted again, and travelled (lowly about a mile ; lor the road was rather too ffecp for travelling on horfeback, and their bealls were now fatigued. At l.ilf thcv came, among fome great loofe rocks, where was a kind of cottage built of loolc flones, called the Enj;li(h Pitching-place, probably from fome of the Englifh reding here on their way to vifit the pike ; for none take that journey but foreigners, and fome poor people who earn their bread by gathering brim- (tonc. Here they again alighted, the remainder of theic way being too deep for riding, and left one of the fer- vants to look after the horl'es, while they proceeded oa their journey. They walked hard to get themfelves a heat ; but were foon fatigued by the llcepnefs of the road, which was loofe and fandy. On their reaching the top of this hill, they came to a prodigious number of large and loofe rocks, or (tones, whole furfaces were flat, and each of them on a medium about ten feet every way. This road was lefs Itecp than the other ; but they were obliged to travel a confiderable way round, to leap over the rocks, which were not dole to each other. Among thefe is 3 cavern, in which is a well or natural ri fervoir, into which they del<:ended by a lad.ler, placed there by the poor people for that purpufc. This cavern i:. very fpa- cious, it being almod ten yards wide, and twenty in height ; but all the bottom, except luli at the foot ot the ladder, is coveted with water, which is about two fa- thoms deep, and was then dozen towards the iiiiici edges of the cave; but when they attempted to drink of it, its excefEve coldnefs prevented them. After travelling about a quarter or half a mile upon the great flones, they reached the bottom of the real pike, or fugar-loaf, which is exceeding deep, and the difficulty of alcendinjj encrcafed and rendered mote fatiguing, by the grouna being loofe and giving way under their feet ; for thougli this eminence is not above half a mile in height, they were obliged to dop and take breath near thirty times i and when they at lad reached the top, being quite fpent with fatigue, they lay about a quarter of an hour to reft thcmfelvcs and recover their breath. VVhen they left the Englilh Pitching-place in the morning, the fun wasjud emerging from the clouds, which were fpread under them at a great didance below, and appeared like the ocean. Above the clouds, at a vaft di- dance to the north, they perceived fomething black, which they imagined to be the top of the ifland of iMa- deira, and taking the bearings of it by a pocket com- pafs, found it to be exadfly in the diredfion of that ifland irom Teiicrife ; but before they reached the top of the pike it difappeared. They law from hence the tops of the iflands of Gran Canaria, Hiero, Palma, and Go- mera, which feeincd to be quite near ; but could nei- ther perceive Lancerota nor Euertavcntura, they being not high enough to pierce the clouds. Having reded for fome time, they began to obferve the top of the pike, which is about an hundred and forty yards in length, and an hundred and ten in breadth. It is hollow, and fhaped like a bell with the mouth up- wards. From the edges of this beli, or cauldron, as it is called by the natives, it is about forty yards to the bottom, and in many parts of tliis hollow, they obferv- ed fiiioke and dcams of fuiphur id'uing forth in puds; and in paiticular places the heat of the ground was fo great, as to penetrate through the foles of their ftioes to their feet. On obferving (ome (pots of earth, or foft clay, they tried the heat with their fingers; but could not thrud: them in farther than half an inch ; for the deeper they went, the hotter it was. They then took their guide's ftaff, and thrud it about three inches deep into a hole or porous place, v-'hctc the (moke feem- ed i i\ , ii 1:1 ' ', .11 m ! \i ]\i 'tr. 4G3 A S y S T I^ M OF C E O G p. A IMI Y, '/\N'AV.V Ilf. AS')' ^' m>'' C(l tliicictft i .iiul haviniT MA it there ;ibout a minuti-, drew It out, and t'oiimi ic burin to cb.'.rccal. Tliry ga- thered hcri' m:iiiy pici't^ of n-.iift curiouj itnd beautiliil brinilloiic <.f all colours, particilarly an a/.urc blue, violit, green, yellow, ;!Md fcari;:. Krom hence thetlnuili bene;itl) them, whlrh were at a great dirtaiirc, made a very exlraorilinary appearance : thev fcemcd like llir (icc.ui, only the I'urlarc was not quite fo blue and (mooth, but hid the relemblance of white wool ; and where this cKhkIv ocean, as it may he called, touched the mountain, it Icemcd to foam like billows breaking on the Ihore. VV'nen they afcended thiough the clouds, it was dark ; but when they after- wards mounted araiii, between ten and eleven o'ek. k, and the moon (lionc bright, the clouds were then be- low them, and about a mile dilhmt. They then mil- took them for the ocean, and wondered at thtir lleiii;: them (b near ; nor did they dilcover their niiihke till the fun arofe. AVhen thev palini through the clouds, in defccnding from the pike, they appeared as a thick fogormirt, refembling tliofe frctiuentiv fien in Kiig- land i all the trees of the wood and their doaths were wet with them. On the top of the pike the air was thin, cold, and piercing, like the fouth-eallcrly winds felt in the great ttefart of Africa. In ai'ecndin;^ the fugar-loaf, which is very lleep, their hearts panted and beat violently, and, as hath been already obferved, they were obliged to nil above thirty times to take breath ; and this was probably as much owing to the thinnefs of the air caufing a dif- ficulty of refpiration, as to the uncommon fatigue they tufHred in climbing the hill. Their guide, who was a thin, acflivc old man, was far from being afleiTfcd in the fame manner ; but climbed up with eafe like a '^oat i for he was one of the pnor men who earn their living by gathering brimftone in the cauldron and other volcanoes, the pike itfelf being no other, though it lias not burned for fome years ; for the fugar-loaf is en- tirely compofed of earth mixed with afhes and calcined Ifones, thrown out of the bowels of the earth, and the great fqiiare ftones before defrribed, were probably thrown, in fome eruption, out of the cauldron, or hol- low of the pike, when it was a volcano. H.aving furveyed every thing worthy of notice, they dcfccnded to the place where thiy had left their horfes, which took them up only half an hour, though they were about two hours and a half in afcending. It was then about ten in the morning, and the fun (hone fo exceeding hot, as to oblige them to take (helter in the cottage, and bting extremely fatigued, they laid down in order to fiecp ; but were prevented by the cold, whirh was fo intcnfe in the flnde, that they were obliged to kindle a fire to keep themfelvcs warm. After they had taken fome repole, they mounted their horfjs about noon, and defceniling by the fame way they went up, came to fome pines fituated about two miles above the clouds. Ketwccn thefe pines and the pike, no herb, fhrub, tree, or grafs can grow, except the before- mentioned retamas. At about five in the even- ing thev arrived at Orotava, not having alighted by the w.w to itep, only fomctlmes to walk, where the road was too flccp for riding. The v.'hole diflance they rode in the five hours fpent in coming down from the tnglifh Pitching-place to Oro- tava, they computed to be about fifteen Knglifh miles, tr-ivclling at the rate of three miles an hour. Mr. Glas fuppnfcs, that the perpendicular height of the Englifh Pitching-place to be about four Englifh miles, and add- in?; tn that a mile of perpendicular height from thence to "the pike, obfcrves, that the whole will be about five Englifii miles, and that he is very certain he cannot be miftak'jn in tliis calculation above a mile either way. But we beg leave to obfervc, that Mr. Glas is here pro- bably miRakcn, owing perhaps to his not ufing any in- lirumcnts proper for nfccrtaining the exadl altitude of this moimtain, whirh, according to this calculation, is much higher than cither the Alps, or the higheft part of the Andes. The v/cather in 'I'cnerife is the fame as in Gran Ca- naria; but the fea-brcczc generally fets in at about ten ti'duck in the morning, on the eali and north- eaft fides of the Klaiid, ami blows tdl abnnt five or llx In the even- in;', wiien it l.ills calm till iiiidiiiidit. 'I lir l.uid-winj then begins, and continues till kvui cr lij'ht in {1,^ nioriiitij.', when it is tollowid by a cilni, wlii.'h lalf^ lij the ha-brcL/c rrturni. In the bay of Santa Cruz, nr.d on all the raft fide i,( the illand, the fea- hrft/c conimi^iily blows at i i!l ; ;i,< the land-wind at welK On the north fuJe, the lea- brce/e blows at noith-ea!t by eiilt, or iidiili-i .,)(, ;,,,j the land-wind iliin'llv oppoliie li> it ; but ,it J'nnii N;),. where the land (tiitclus t((w.ird> the norlh-ealt (ar liito the fea, there i> no hind wind. It is remarkable, that at the brow of the hill above Santa Cru/,, and at the city of Laguna, a fuOi gale blows from the north- weft all the time of tlie I'e.i-biei/f which is occafioned by the nKuintains almoli encoiii- palling the plain. Thcie being fo ixcecding hu'h on thi! louth lide of it, as to beat back the fea- breeze, and throw it againft the mountains that bound the north (ide of the plain, where tinding no palil 3-c, it veers to the foulh-eaif, and there meeting witli no rcfilljucc forces its way with great veh:;mence t.1roui,h the plain ■ till coming to the brow of the above-nilntionid hill' part of the current of air pours down it tov.-ards Sant.i Cruz, advancing within a mile ;:nd half ot the fca where it is checked by the true fea-brcezt. Yet there is no regular fea or land-breeze on the fouth-welf coalt, which is flultcred from the trade dr north-calkriy wind by the iiiimenfe height ot the I'ikc- which towers above ihc region of the wind ; hence I'ii that fide of the id.ind, either an eddy wind at louth- welf, or a calm prevails. The produce of this ifland is nearly the fame as that of Canaria, only there arc more vineyards and iefs corn land. The wine; are ftrong, good, and i.ry fit for t,x- poitation, efpccially into hot ilinialcs, by whii h thev .arc greatly improved. Fortncily a ureat tiuantity of Canary (ack was made here ; hut of Tate years thev do not make above fifty pipes In a feifun; for tliey iunv ufually gather the grapes when green, and make a dry hard wine of them, wdiich, when about two or thrL'i; years old, can hardly be diltinguilhed from Madeira • but after four years of age it becomes fo Iweet and mel ' low, as to refemble the wine of Malaga in Spain. 'I'his like all the other Canary iflaiids, abounds with orchiiU weed. SECT. X. Of lit ancient Inhabitants of Ttntrife, their Dnfs, Cujhms, and Mcnnen. THE ancient natives of Tenerife were generally of a middle ftature ; but thofe who dwelt on the north fide of the illand were not only much fairer, but had hair of a lighter colour than thofe in the Couth. Both fexes frequently anointed their bodies with fheep's fat. The men wore cloaks of goats fkins drclicd, and rendered foft with butter : thofe of the women were longer, and reached down to their feet, and undcrneafh they had petticoats of the fame llcins. Their laneuaoe was entirely different '"rom that ufed in the other ilfand'^, and was very guttural. They had no iron, nor any other metal ; and inffead of inflrumcnts made of thele, ufed a black hard flone fliarpencd and made fit for kiliint; /heep and cutting timber. Of thefe alfo they made lan- cets, and when they were troubled with acute pains, drew blood with them from the part afFcifted. Among them were artificers, who drefled the ftins of goats, and made garments ; carpenters, who wrcir:;ht in wood ; and potters, who made carthe^-velicl;-, Till of whom were paid for their labour in flcfli, barley, or roots. Thcinhabitantsof Tenerife were very neat and cleanly; they wafhed their hands and fates whenever they arcie from fleep, when they fat down to cat, and affer they had eaten. Their food was the fltfh of (heep and goatj roafted, or boiled, which they ate .ilone ; and not, like the Europeans, with bread or roots. They alfo fed up- on Larlcy-meal, roaft«d and drcfTcd with milk and butter. After S'AHV I', f. A NIK, Canary Islands. A RICA. +6^ uirDrffs, Cujkmsy After eating they rcfruiiieJ from Jniik Oir about tuiltai liour, from ilic opiiiioii thut ilriiikiiii; col in'r|KiiJicul.ir dirt, and there with (jli'fv hr.i/t! (liiwii, ticiii, and repair. Krom thii cove is a |).i:h way altiiij; the Ijlc of the t litF to the town ; but it it Co narrow th.it two perfoiii cannot walk a-brcalt. Ni-ar the end of thi* p.uh-way i% a |»atc, which n alway. (hut when it i;rov i dark. About ;i Itone'scall from the bi-aih the prin'.pa! ilrcct of the town bc;^ins, ;ind Irom tlu'ncr ru.ij ltriiit,ht within land. This town is 1 illcd La Vill.i de P.ilmas, or the town fif i'aliiii, from thi.' nninber ol palm ticcs growirif; there. There arc here a chnnh and convent of friars, with a- boiit a hinidred and tifty private houfes, nioft of which are fiTiall and mean. It ii, however, well fupplitd with p;nod w.iiLT, which tiii: inhabitants draw trom wells in evcrv part of the town. DnnnLi; the winter feafon a l.ir[>e rivulet, which then flowi Irom the mountains, dif- chargcs its waters into the fort •, and on the Couth lilc of its mouth ftands an old round tower : alio on the top of the perpendiculir tlirf'on the n'rtii (ide ij a rh;ipel and a h.ittiry of a few pieces of cannon, for the defence of the tort. Ciomerj, though fmall, is a plentiful ifland, many ri- vulets llowin;; froni the craggy mountains refrefh and j^ive fertility to the narrow valleys, and indeed water may ne found in every p.irt of the illand, by digging to the depth of about five or fix feet. The produce of Ciomera is much the fame with that of rcnerii'e and Cmaria. The inhabitants have generally jull corn enou:',h for their own ufe, and i\ Idom import or export any. In this particular it refembles Canaria ; for it has ainiod every neceflhry within itfelf, and therefore has little need of any thing from abroad ; for cattle, fowls, corn, wine, roots, fruit, and honey arc here in ijreat plenty ; and if there was fufTicicnt encouragement for the exertion of their induftry, the natives could eafily nianufa^lure a fufHcicnt quantity of wool and rawfiik to clothe thenifclves : here is alio none, lime, timber, and all the other materials lor building, except iron. The wine of this ifland is in general weak, poor, and fliarp J it is therefore unfit for exportation ; yet foine of it, when two years old, excels the very belt wine made in iMaidera, both in tafte and flavour, though it is as clear as water and as weak as finall beer. Here are the animals common in the reft of theiflands, and alio plenty of deer, originally brought from Barbary. There are likewife more nuiles bred in (iomera than in any of the other Canary Iflands, and fomc fnakcs ; but it does not appear that any of them do the leaft harm. rhc original natives of the illand of (Jomera were of a lively diipofition ; they were of a middle (tature, ex- tremely acftive and dexterous in attacking and defending, and excellent (lingers of ftones and darts, to which they were trained from their infancy, it being the common amufement of the young people to call fmall ftones and darts at each other ; to avoid which they feldom moved their feet, but only waved their bodies to and fro ; and fo expert were they at this (fiort, that they ufed to catch in their hands tiic ftones and arrows as they flew in the air. The Gomcrans ufed to drcfs themfelvcs in a fort of cloalc made of goat-fkins, which reached to the calf of the leg ; but the women were cloathed with a petticoat, and a head drefs that hung down to their fhoulders, both of which were m.ade of goat-fkins dyed and curioufly paint- ed. The blue dye they extra(5led from an herb which thcv called paftil, and the red from the root of a tree which they called taginafte : all between the head-drefs and petticoat were left bare. When the men had any quar- rel which was to be decided by a combit, they laid afide their cloaks, tied a fort of bandage round their waift, and bound their foreheads with a kind of painted turban. The Gomcrans wore (hocr. made of hogs-fkins. In their combats they ufed the fame weapons as the natives of the other iflands, which were fticks or poles of hard wood, with the ends (harpened. They have had arnongft them feveral men celebrated for their bravery, whofe' fame they ftiU celebrate in their fongs. S h C T. .vir. (if Ih IfatiH tf PALf.f A. Ill Sill tui-.n niJ J:xUiit. .I Dq'cnpi'r.n of a li^h 'Attmm tnin, culUd La i:,iL',rti, cr the Cnu'Jrci. Its ijriij^i mi Kivfn. Ill l'iL\intti, Llin.itt, PriJuu, Psrt , ar.d Towns. TIIK in.ind of F'alma iiritn,itcd feventecn leagues to the wift-iinrth-wtftof Tmo, the well e.'id of 'I'l;. ncrife, in twenty eight decrees thirty niinmes north lati- tude, and is only twenty-iour miles in length Irom north to (outh, and the txtreme brcidth .ibout tightien mile>, Thefummitof I'ainu is, according to Mr. Glai, higher than that of Tcnerife ; for he reckons the pike, or fugar- loaf, only as a hill pl.ircd on the top of the ifland : and he obferves, that when any one who has never fecn land of an uncommon height, approaches in clear weather within twelve leai»iies of the iflands of Tcnerife and I'al- ma, iiid comes all at once to behold '.hem, his furpriio will be very great, refembling that which (Irikcs a per- fon who has never fecn the ocean, till he has all at once a lull view of It from the top of an adjacent mountain. \Viiliin l.md, on the north-call part of the ifland, it a, hiah and Ipacious mountain, fleep on all fides. 'I'his is called La C'aldera, or the Cauldron, from a hollow like that on the pike of Tenerife. The fumniit ii ahouttwo le.igues in circumfcrenee, and on the infide the cauldron defcends gradually from thence to the bottom, wliich in a fpacc of about thirty acres. On the declivity of the in- fide fprings feveral rivulets, which joining together at the bottom, ilFuc in one flream through a pafTagc to the outfideof the mountain from whi^h this ! rook dclcends} and having run fome diflancc from tliencc, turns two fugar-mills. The water of this ftream is unwholelbmc, on account of its being mixed with fome water of a per- nicious quality in the cauldron ; all the inlide of which abounJs with herbage, and is covered with palms, pitch- pine, laurel, lignum-rhodium, and rctamas ; which laft have, in this ifland, a yellow bark, and grow to the fizc of large trees ; but in the others they arc only (hrubs. The people here take great care not to let the hegoats feed on the leaves of the retama, on account of their breeding a ftonc in the bladder, which kills them. There are two rivulets which fpring on the outfide of the cauldron ; one of thcfe runs northward to the village of St. Andreas, and turns two fugar-mills, and the other runs to the town of Santa Cruz, which lies to the eaft- ward. Thefe are the only rivulets or ftrcams of any con- fequencc in the ifland . on which account the natives build tanks, or fquare refervoirs with planks of pitch-pine, which they make tight with caulking. Thefe they fill with the torrents of rain-water that in the winter feafon ru(h down from the mountains, and prefervc it for them- felvcs and cattle : but the fheep, goats, and hoi?s, la places at a dillance from the rivulets, feed almoft all the year round on the roots of fern and afphodil, and there- fore have little or no need of water, there bein" moiilure enough in thofc roots to fupply the want of that element. The fouth quarter of the ifland is mofl deftitute of water, yet there is a medicinal well of hot water fo clole to the fea-ftiore, that the tide flows into it at full fea. And at Uguer is a cave, that has a long narrow entrance, fo ftraight that people pafs through it back- wards, with the face to the mouth of the cave ; but after they have got through this paflage, they enter a fpacious grotto, where water diftils from between the large flakes of flate ftones that hang from the roof; the leatt blow given to thefe rcfound through the cave with a noifc like thunder. There is a mountain in the diftriil of Tifuya, which appears to have been removed by an earthquake fiom its original fituaiion. The natives have a tradition that the fpot on which it now ftands was a plain, and the moft fertile fpot in the whole ifland, till it was deftroy- ed by the burning lava, and the fall of the mountain. Indeed, the eficils of volcanoes are to be feen in al- I moft every part of the iOand ; for the channels where thrf Ut.AS3t. Can AH V latANni. A I k I 47» high uUur- Ptrt:, ar.ni, which in ■ ity of the in- r tfigclhcr at palTagc to the 3oU di.l'cenj» j cc, turnb two unwholcfomc, vatcr of a pcr- ilidc of whicK palms pitch- is ; whicii laft ow to the fize only Ihrubs. the hegoats cunt of their Is them, the outfiiic of to the village and the other s to the ea(l- 13 of any con- it the natives of pitch-pine, hcfe they fill winter feafon c it for ihcm- and ho?s, in almoft all the lil, and thcre- icing moiilure that element, ft deftitute (if hot water fn into it at full long narrow igh it back- thc cave ; but they enter a , between the the roof ; the the cave with k rifuya, which thquake fiom tradition that lain, and the c was ueftroy- le mountain, be fccn in al- lanncls where thrf •he biirniii', mitftt, ni li-'d or.-i. ani C4li.inc>l llunui and afticK ran, ii'i **ttly lilkiii^'Jifit«d. Oi\ the thiitcciith of NoveinbeJ five dayi, duiing which the earth npi-iied in fcvcral place. ; liut the gnMtell opening wa» at \I.)unt aux Chevrej, u nulo and a half fiom the fca, fro'ii wiKMCe proceeded a grc.it fire which tall up ftonc* and piecci of rock ; an I i:> lcf« than a i|uariir of an lioiir were twcnty-tij^h: gap; .i!iout the fo.>t rif i\u- mountain, which call forth n.imcs and abundance of burniu', linnci. There wan another eruplrm in 1750, when one of thrfc rivers ol fiic "< down lr»m the mount.iuis towards the town of S.un.' '"rua, and dil- charj-cJ itlcif int^i the foa I'lout » mii fhe north- ward of the town : but wc dt. '>ot know tli.u .11./ 'oiifi- jcratlc volcano or cartiiqiiakc f, • happened lincc, tin*' they have foinciimes f()me llight l\ij - On VII u 111^ I'.ilma at the dilt.mcc ot i ■-<• leaguM ofF at fca, the niouiUains fcem full of gutter^ oi bcdi form- ed by torrenti of rain water ; but thefe only app.-ar little from thfir lici-ht and dillance; for on appro.icliini; near, we find th:m lar!;e vailies, abounding with wood. The bhick (hinin;; find ufcd to throw upon writing, to prevent itt blotting, is found in many places on the Ihorc of this and the other illands. It appears to have been thrown out of volcanoes, and is certainly the moll perfect iron ; for the lo.id- Hone, on being held near it, will draw up every grain. The air, weather, and winds are nearly the fame here as at Tcncrifc and Canann, only the wellerly winds and rain arc more frequent in Palir.a, on account of its ly- in " more to the weftv/ard aiil northward, and coiife- quently being; not fo far within the verge of the north- call trade winds as th.-fe idands whence it is more cx- pofcd to variable winds, particularly the fouth-well, which moll prevails in the latitudes adjacent to thofe of the north-call trade winds. With refpcil to the climate both here, and in Tcnc- rife, Canaria, and CJomcra, a pcrl'on will find great dif- ference according as he lives in the mountains, or near the fea fliore. In the months of July, Augull, and Sep- tember, the heat fccms almoll intolerable near the flwrc, •while there is a calm ; but, at the fame time, the air is uuilc frcfii and plcafant on the mountains. In the middle of winter the houfcs far up the mountains, near the clouds, •.ire extremely cold, and the natives keep fires burning in their habitations all day long ; but this is far from be- in" the cafe near the feaj for there they ufc fires only in their kitchens. For eight months in the year the fum- mit) of all the Canaiy illands, except Lancerotaand I'u- crtaventura arc generally covered with fnow. Formerly the lummit of falma abounded with trees •, but a great drought, which prevailed in 1545, dcftroyed them all, and thougli others began to fpring up fome lime after, they were dcftroyed by the rabbets and other animals, which finding no pafture below, went up there, and devoured all the young trees and herbs; fo that the upper part of the iflaiul is at prefent quite bare and de- fohif. The rabbets were firft brought to Palma by Don I'cdro Fern.uidez de Lago, the lecond lieutenant- general of Tciierifc, and have fincc increafcd in a fur- prifing manner. Before the trees and (lirubs were de- itroycd on the lummit of the ifland, a great deal of man- na fell there, which the natives gathered and fent to Spain, The produce of this ifland is nearly the fame with that of Canaria ; but a great quantity of fugar is made in Palma, particularly on the weft fide of the ifland. On the caft fide are produced good wines, which have a difterent tallc and flavour from thofe of Tenerife : the dry wine is fmall bodied, and of a yellow colour. The inalvafii, or facit, is not fo lufcious or fo ftrong as that of Tenerife ; but on its being about three years old, it obtains the rich flavour of a ripe pine-apple. Thefe wines are however very diflicult to prcferve, efpccial- ly when exported to cold climates where they frequently tuin four. All thckinils of fruit that grow in Tenerife and Ca- naria arc fiiund here in greater abundance, fo that the natives cannot confums them ; but as tluy have great plenty of fugar, th(^ m.tke vad qiisntltie< of fWi«et-mriti an I lonfervcK, which thty cuport to the rdl of ihr ifl null, and alfo to dime p.irl^ ni ili'' Jniliti. The been prodiiie .1 gnat dial of fi'iud honey, ffpc cially in the hive^, ih.it art at a (jriat (lill.iMce froinvinr>., ami mocaiies, a Iniit tii.it leli-inbles an cldrr-hrri vi hutli thefe h»vin;', a bad elftil on its colour l:i Palma ii alli» much giim-drai>on, and the lulivi', extra>.'l great quan- tities of pitch from the piteh-pine. In time of Ic .rcitv thry niadc good bread of the toots of (ern, which \\ laid to be not infctinr to that made of wli>-at flour; but the fern of Palma ii not citecmed fo good as that ol Cjomcra. Though the woods that formerly grew on the fummit of Palma are all dcllroycd, yet there are nunv trees in the region of the clouds, and beneath it ; lo that at about two leagues dillance the in.md appears like one eiiLuL wood. I'me trees grow here to fuch a fi/,c, as to be fit for ill ifts of the larger ftiips ; but thry ure ex- ceeding heavy, and from the tuggednef'i of the rojil, the expencc of bringing theni to the Ihorc would b*- vrry great. The i Ili' f port in Pilnvx is that of Santa Cm/, on the fouth-cafl fide of the ill.ind. 'The ro.id is within .1 mufket (hot of the (liorc, wluie vellils generallv ride in fifteen or twenty fathoms water, and are e\po(ed to ca- fterly winds ; yet with good anchors and cables, they may ride with great fafety, in all the winds that I low in this part of the world ; for the ground is clean and good, and the great height of the ifland, with tlie per- pendicular rocks that face the road, repel the wind ihac blows upon it though ever fo ilrong. Santa Cruz is a large town, containing two parifh churches, feveral con- vents of friars and nuns, with many neat and private buildings, though they are ni ithcr fo good, nor fo lar;;(i as thole of the city of Palmas in Canaria, or ot the towns of 'Tenerife. Near the mole is a caflle or bat- tery mounted with fome pieces of ordnance for the de- fence of the fhips in the bav, and to prevent the landing; of an enemy. In the midft of the town, near the great church, is a fountain filled by a rivulet, which fup- plies the inhabitants with plenty of good water. The next port named Tafl'acorta, lies on the foiilh well of this land ; but being expofed to weftcrly winds, is little frequented by any other vefllds than boats. It has a village of the fame name, There arc no other towns of any note in the Ifland ; but many villages, one of the chief of which is St. Andres. SECT. XIII. 0/ the Ijliiml of HiERRo or Ferro. Tht Fremh formerly rechned tht Longltudi from thircf. Thi Sitiiatisn and Extent of that //land, with a parti- cular Account of a Trte that is continually dropping I '/at a. THE ifland of Ferro, called by the Spaniards Hi- erro, and by the French I'lflc de Fer, is the molt wellerly ifland of the Canaries. Here the French navi- gators formerly placed the firft meridian for reckoning the longitude, as the Dutch did theirs from the Pike of 'Teneriie: moft geographers however at prefent reckon the firft meridian from the capital of their own country; it conveying a more diftinft idea to an Englifhman to fay, that fiich a place is fo many degrees eaft or wcfb from London, than to reckon the longitude from a di- ftant ifland ; and hence the Englifh geographers now ufually reckon the longitude of places from London, and the French from Paris. The ifland of Hierro, or Ferro, is about five leagues in breadth and fifteen in circumference. It is fituated in twcnty-fcven degrees forty-eight minutes north lati- tude, and in feventeen degrees twenty-fix minutes weft longitude from London. "On all fides it rifes ftecp and craggy from the fea for above a league, fo as to render the afcent extremely difficult and fatiguing ; but after travelling this league, the reft of the ifland will be found to be tolerably level and fruitful, it abounding in many kinds of trees and (hrubs, and producing better grafj^ herbs, ' -11 i '. I'l!'" .1 472 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Canary Islands. iff I ^ p;l 111 m herb-<, and flowers than any of the other iflands, whence bees thrive and multiply here in a very extraordinary manner, and alio make excellent honey. There are only three fprings in the whole ifland. On account of the fcarcity of water, it is faid that thcflie-:' goats, and fwinc of this ifland, do not drink in the funimer; but digging up the roots of fern, they chew them to quench their third. The great cattle are wa- tered at the ahove fountains, and at a place where wa- ter diftils from the leaves of a tree. Of this tree many authors have made mention, fome of whom rcprcfent it as miraculous; while others deny its very .^ifl^cncci but the author of the Hiftory of the Di'covcry and Con- quefl: of the Can.iry iflands, gives a particular account of it. In the cliff or ftecp rocky afccnt by which the whole ifland is furrounded, is a narrow gutter which com- mences .It the fea, and is continued to the fummit of the cliff where it Joins, or coincides, with a valley termi- nated by the ueep front of a rock, on the top of which grows a tree called in the language of the ancient in- habitants garfc, or facred, which for many years has been prcfcrvcd entire, found, and frefli, Its leaves con- ftantly diftil fo great a quantity of water, that it is fuf- ficient to furnilfi drink to every livii-.g creature in Hi- erro, nature having provided this remedy for the drought of tho ifland. It is diftind from other trees, and ftands by itfelf : its trunk is about twelve fpans in circumference ; its height from the ground to the top of the higheft branch is forty fpans, and the circumference of all the branches together, is one hundred and twenty feet. The branches are thick and extended, and the loweft begin about the height of an ell from the ground. Its fruit refemblcs an acorn ; but taftes like the kernel of a pine-apple, only it is fofter and more aromatic, and the leaves re- femble thofe of the laurel ; but are larger, wider, and more curved. Thefe come forth in a perpetual fuccef- fion, whence the tree always remains green. Near it grows a thorn which faftens on many of its branches, with which it n interwoven, and at a fmall diftance are fome beach trees, brefos, and thorns. On the north fide of the trunk are two large tanks or ciftcrns of rough ftone, or rather one cillern divided ; each half being twenty feet fquare, and fixtcen fpans deep. One of thefe contains water for the drinking of the inhabitants, and the other that which they ufe for their cattle, wafljing, and the like purpofes. Every morning a cloud or mift rifes from the fea, •which the fouth and callerly winds force againft the above-mentioned fteep cliff i when the cloud having no vent, but by the gutttr, gradually afcends it, and ad- vances flowly fronithcncc to the extremity of the vulley, ai-.d then relts upon the wide fpreading brancbcj of the tree, from whence it dillils in drops during the remainder of the day, in the fame manner as water drips from the leaves of trees after a heavy fhowcr. This diftillation is not peculiar to the tree, for the brefos which grow ncir it .illb drop water ; but their Icivcs being oi:ly ftM and narrow, the quantity is fo trifling, that though the natives fave fome of it, vet they make but little account of any but what diilils from the tree ; which, together with the water of fome fprings, is fufficicnt to ferve the natives and their flocks. This tree yields moft water in thofe years when the caflerly winds have moft prevailed ; for by them alone the clouds or mills arc drawn hither from the fea. A perfon lives near the fpot on which the tree grows, who is ap- pointed by the council to take care of it and its water, and is allowed a certain filary, with a houfe to live in. He daily diftributes to each family of the diftriA feven vellels filled with water, bcfides what he gives to the principal perfons of the itland. Whether the tree which yields water at prefentbe the f.:me here dcfcribed, Mr. Glas favJ he is unable to deter- mine i but juftly obfcrves, that it is probable the;e have been a fucceflion of them. He himielf did not fee this tree, for this is the only ifland of all the Canaries which he did not vifit ; but he obfcrves, that he has failed with the natives of Hierro, who, when qudtioncd about the exiftcnce of this tree, anfwcrcd in the affirmative; and take:; notice, that trees yielding water are not peculiar to this ifland, fincc travellers mention one of the fame kind in the ifland of St. Thomas, in the gulph of Guinea. 'i'here is faid to be no confiderable^town, and onlv one i>ari(h church in the whole ifland uf I'eiro. SECT. XIV, Of the eriginal Natives of tht IJlar.d of Hierro, or Fcrre\ their Drefs, Manners, and CtdjUms. '"r^HE natives of Ferro, before that ifland was rcnder- X cd fubjeit to Spain, were of a middle ftature, and cloathcd with the fkins of beafts. The men wore a cloak made of three (heep-fkins fewed together, with the woolly fide outwards in fummer, and next their bodies in winter. The women alfo wore the fame kind of cloak, belidct which they had a petticoat, which reached down to the middle of their legs. They fewed thefe fkins with thongs cut as fine as thread, and for needles ufed fmail bones Iharpened; They wore nothing on their heads, and their long hair was made up into a number of (mail plaits. They had Ihoes made of the raw fl:ins of fhecp or goats, and fome of them were made of thofe of hogs. They had a grave turn of mind, for all their fongs were on fcrious fubjc(3s, and fet to flow plaintive tune"*, to which they danced in a ring, joining hands, and fometimes jumping up in pairs, (o regularly, that they feemed to be united j a manner of dancing itill pradifcJ in Werr' , They lived in circular enclofures formed by a ftone- wall without cement, each having one narrow entrance. On the infidethey placed poles or fpars againft the wall, one end retting on the top, and the other extending acon- fiderable diftance to the ground ; and thefe they covered with fern, o/ branches of trees. Each of thefe enclofures contained about twenty families. A bundle of fern, with goats-fkins fpread over it, ferved them for a bed, and for bed-cloaths and coverings they ufed dreffed goats-lkins to keep them from the cold. When a child was born, before they offered it the brcaft, they gave it fern roots roafted, bruifed, and mixed with butter ; and at prefent they give them flour and barley-meal roafted, and mixed with bruifed cheefe. The ufual food of the natives was tlie flelh of fheep, goats, and hogs ; and as they had no kind of grain, thcir bread was made of fern roots, which, with milk and butter, was the prir.cipal part of their diet. They all lived under one king, and having never anf occafion to go to war, had no warlike weapons : thev indeed ufed to carry long poles ; but thefe were only to aflift them in travelling ; for the country being fo rocky, as to make it necefl'ary frequently to leap "from one ftone to another, this they performed by means of thefe poles. Each man had only one wife, and they had no reftrie- tions with refpecl to their marriage;, except a man's net being allowed to marry his mother or fifter ; for every man might take the woman he liked beft, and whofe co.i- fent he could obtain, without the leaft regard to ranker nobility. Indeed all, except the king, were in this re- fpefl upon an equality : the only diftindion among them confifted in the number of their flocks. It was ufual for the man, when he chofe a wife, to make a prefent of cattle to her father, according to his ability, in return for the favour of letting him have his daughter. Even ihe king received no particular tribute from his fubjcih ; but every one made him a prefent of cattle, accordm^ to his wealth nnd pleafure ; for they were not obliged to give him any thing. When they made a feaft they killed ore or two f.it lambs, according to the number of their guv.% : thcl'c they placed in a veffel on the ground, fitting round them in a citcl'e, and never rifing till they had eaten the whoit. Thefe fcafts are ftill continued among their dcfccndants. When a perfon fell fick, they rubbed his body all over with butter and fliceps marrow, covering him well up, to >JARY Islands, Canary Islands. A k I A. 473 to kcfp him warm j but wiien a nun luippcrieJ to be wounded, they burned the part afi-'citcd, and afterwards anoina-d it with butter. They buried their de. id in civcs; and il the deceafcd was a man of wealth, they interred him in his cloaths, and put a board at his feet, with the pole with which he ufed to travel at his fide, and then tlofed the mouth of the cave with Uones, to prevent his being devoured by the ravens. Tiiey punifhed no other crimes but thofe of murder .md theft ; the murderer was put to death in the fame maimer as he had killed the deceafed ; and the thief, for the firlt offence, was punifhed with the lofs of one of hi', eyes, and for the fecond of the other. This was done that lie might not fee to fteal any more. A particular perfon was on thefe occafions fet apart to perform the office of executioner. They paid their adorations to two deities, one of whom was male, and the other female. The male was named Eraoraiizan, and was worlhipped by the men ; the other was called Moneyba, and was wordiipped by the women. They had no images or vidble reprefentations of thefe deities j nor did they ever facrifice to them, but only prayed to them in their neceflities, which was when they wanted rain to bring up thegrafs for the fubhftence of their cattle. The natives pretended, that when their gods were difpofcd to do them good, they came to the ifland and took their flations on two great rocks, which arc in a place to which they gave the name of Ventayca, and which is now called Los Antillos de los Antiguos, where they re- ceived the petitions of the people, and afterwards re- turned to heaven. SECT. XV. Of the prifent Niitives of Canaria, Tenmfe, Palmn, Go- mera, and Faro ; their Perfons, Drejs, Food, DuiUlngs, Manners, and CiiJIoms. WE have already given a defcription of thefe iflands, and of the manners of their antient inhabitants, with whom the Spaniards and other Europeans have been fo long intermixed, that they arc become one people. The defcendants of this mixed nation arc at prefcnt de- nominated Spaniards, whole language is that of the Caf- Tillian, which the gentry fpeak in perfeclion ; but the peafints in the remote parts of the idands in an almoll uninttlligible manner i fo that ftrangers can fcarcely un- derftand iScm. The pref'nt natives arc (lender, and of the middle fizc ; they are prctiv well fhapcd, and have good features ; but they are more .'warthy than the inhabitants of the fouthcrn parts of Spain : they have, however, fine, large, fparkliiig eyes, which give great vivacity to the countenance ; but tile old people make a very (hocking appearance. The men of rank, inllcad of their own hair, wear white perukes, wliich form a very odd contralt to their dufky complexions ; but they neither put on thefe, their upper coats, or fwords, but when they walk in proceffion, pay formal vifits, or go to church on high fellivals : at all other times they wear a linen night-c.ip, bordered or rufHed with lace or cambrirk, and above it a broad brimmrd fiuuched hat ; and, iiiftead of a loat, a long wide camblet cloik, of a raifin colour, or black. They generally walk with their hat under their arm, and never v.iar an upper coat without a fword. The drefs of the pcafants is after the modern fafliion of the Spaniards, which is not unlike the habit of the common people in England, only here the natives, when drcfled, wear long cloaks inftead of upper coats ; but the neafants of Canaria, inllcad of the cloak, ufe an upper garment fattened about the middle by a girdle, or falh. This g.irinciit is white, long, and nairow : it h.as a neck like an h'.nplilh riding-coat, and is made of the wool of their own (heep. All the people of low rank in thete illunds wear their own black liair, which is geneially buftiy : they let it grow to a great length, and turk the hair of the right fide of the head behind the right ear. The women of inferior rank weiii on tlicir heads a roarfe linen gaufe, which fills down upon thcii flioul- dcrs i and, as they [''H il to^ctiii r uiuUi (heir iliiii, tlie 40 lower part anf.vcr: the purpofc o.' .n;i handker,-:hief, bv covering the neck and hrodll. When ihcy go .ibroad they !;icewl;'e wear abroad brimmed fluuched hat to fha.'.c their laces from the fun ; and on their (houldirs a nir.n- tle of flannel, baize, or fay. Inftead of Hays tlicy wcir a (hort clofe jacket l.jceJ before, and have many petti- coats, which make them appear veiy bulkv • but the poor who live in towns wear veils, wlun ill v walk tlu; Itrect:, made of black fiy, in the form ot two pcitKoats ; and when they go abroad take the iippir, a:id putlini; it over t!ie head, wrap it fo clofe about the {:kte, that no part of it is feen, except one eye. Thus t:iev have the privilege of beholding all they mccr, witliout beini'; knnv/n ; for all their veils are of the fame lUitf and co- lour, only thofe of the ladies arc ol filk. Some of the moll filhionable ladiis 111 the citv oi' Pal • ma.v, in Canaria, and in Santa Cru/., in tlu illanJ ol Tenerife, go abroad in their chariots drriitd .ifter the P'rench and Englifh mode } but none walk in liie Itrects unveiled; yet they wear them foopen, iliat anyone may fee the whole face, the neck, and even a part of the brea(t. The young ladies wear no cap, but have their fine long black hair plaited, tucked up behind, and faften- ed on the crown of the head by a gold comb. Indead of ftays they wear (hort jackets, like the common peo- ple, only they are made of finer (lufF: they have alio mantles of fcarlet cloth, or fine white flannel, laced with goldorfilver; but the moft expenfive part of their drefs is their ear-rings, necklaces, and bracelets. Scarce any are to be feen, even among people of the firft rank of either lex, who walk with an eafy and grace- ful air, which is entirely owing to their going abroad, cither covered with long cloaks, or almoit conftantly veiled : the men's motions being hid by their cloaks, and the women, not being known, do not caie how they walk ; and when the men lay their cioaks ailde, and drefs in upper coats, with their fwords, canes, and pe- rukes, and their hats under their arm, they make the molt llifF, ridiculous, and aukward appearaiue imaginable. Here the inferior people are remarkable louly, without being even afhamcd of it ; for the poor fit at their doors picking the lice out of one another's heads. The itch to»is common among people of all ranks, and they do not ev."n take any pains to cure it. The fame may be faid of the venereal difeafe, though this is not quite fo general as the other. Gentlemen rife here by break of day, and ufually go to church foon after to hear mafs ; at eight or nine in the morning tlicy brcakf^ift on chocolate. The ladies feldom go to niafs before icn in the forenoon ; but the women- lervants commonly attend it about fun-rifing. At the elevation of the hoft, v.'hich is generally a little before noon, the bells toll, when all the men, who happen to be within hearing, pull off" their hats, and fay, " I adore " and praife thee, body and blood of our Lord Jefus " Clirid, (lied on the tree of the crofs to wafli away " the fins of the world." At noon all the natives go home to dinner, and the (treet-docrs are (hut till three o'clock. The firlldifli fee upon the table in gentlemen's houfes confilts of foiip made of beef, mutton, pork, bacon, potatoes, turnepj, carrots, onions, and fariVon, ilewed to:;ether, with thin fliccs of bread put into the difh. The fecond courfe con- lilh of roafied meat, fowls, &c. The third is the olio, or ingredients of which the foup was made. After which come; the defert, confifling of fruit and fweet-mcr.ts. The company drink freely of wine, or wine and water, while at dinner ; but have no wine after the cloth is re- moved. Clii drinking to each other, thcv fay, *' Your " health, Sir;" or, " Madam, your health ;" and the other anfwers by faying, " May you live a thoufand " years ;" and lometimes, " Much good may it do you." Dinner being over a large fliallow lilver dilli, filled with water, is fet upon the table ; when the whole com- panv, all at once, walh in it : and then a firvant, who (lands at the lower end of the table, cries, " Uleiled and " praifed be the moll holy facrament of the altar, and " the clear and pure conception of the molt holy virgin, " conceived in grace from the firll inllant ot her natural " exidence. Ladies, and gentlemen, much good may " ;t do you." Then making a low bow to the coiii- C I'.iiiy* ilf I ' (I X ■171- A SYSTEM OF G E O G K A P H r. Can AH V l,;..s:,- ' e apofik:, f.ims, :in:l martvrs. twc «>.iiiy, hf retires. ThL'y then rife, and each goes to his apariiiKnt, to take a nap tor ahoiit an hour. 1 his, which K tjrmcJ the ficllo, is very beneficial in a warm climate ; tor at'cer a pcrlon awakes (rom it, he findb himfelf greatly refrcflieJ., and fit to engage ip bufinefs with fpirit. IVopIe of rank leldom make an entertainment without havins; a I'riar tor one of their gucH',, who is ufually con- felfiM- to (nine of the family, and Irequcntly behaves with great ill manners ; vet neither the inadcr of the houfe, nor anv of the company, cl)oofe to take much notice ot it. Oi'.r author was once invited to dine with a gentle- man, wlion a I'rancifean friar was one of the guells ; but tliev had '.carce begun to cat, when the Iriar alked him it he was a ("hriilian .^ He anfwered, that he hoped fo. He was then delired to repeat the ApoHles Creed ; but an- tvvciiiig, that ne knew nothing about it, the friar llared fiili in liis tace, and cried, " O thou black als !" Of- fended at this rud.MU'fs, he afiicd, What he meant by treatinii him in thiit manner ? when the friar only an- swered by rcpeatin:; the abufo ; the maftcr of the houfe end'.MVoured, in vain, to peifuade him to give over. But as our author did not at that time underiland Spanifh to well as to exprefb himlVlf (lucntlv, he role, and telling the ^'cn'ieman, that he faw he was un.ible to protect him (rom infults at his own table, inllantiv left the houl'e. In the mornin.; and evening vilils they treat with cliociilate and fweet-nieats ; but in the fummcr evenings with fnow-water. People fup between eight and nine, and foon after retire to rell. The ufual food of the common people is goffio, fruit, and wine, with fait filh brought from the coalt of Bar- bary. Some think their being fo fubjee-t to the itch, is owing to their eating fo mueli of this lall food. In the fummcr feafon frcfh fill) is pretty plentiful, but at other times more fcarce and dear. The houfes of people of rank arc two ftories high, and are handfomc fquare buildings, built of flone and mortar, with an open court in the middle lirvC ourpublick inns in Englai'.d, and like them have balconies running round, which are on a level with the floor of the fccond ftory. The iheet-door is placed in the middle of the front of the houfe, and within that door is a fecond, the I'pacc be- tween them beini: the breadth of the rooms of the houfe. The court-yard, which is on the infide, is large or fmall according to the fizc of the building, and is ufually paved with Rzz'i pebbles, or other (loiics. In thcceruerxif tiic court is a fquare or circular (lone-wall about four feet j hiih, filled with caith, in whicli are conmionly planted | generally eftecmcd great thieves; and as the mafter of orange, banana, or other trees. ; every family (ends his own corn to be ground, unlefs it All the lower (lory of each quarter of the houfe con- i be narrowly watched, the miller will take too much toll, fiiis of florc-rooni?, or cellars. 1 he (lairs leading to It is faiti, that when any criminal is to fufter death, and the fecond (lory ufually begin at the right or left hand the executioner happens to be out of the way, the officers corner of the entrance of the court, and confilt of of juftice have the power of feizing the firft butcher two flights of ftcps, which lead into the gallery, i miller, or porter they can find, and of obliging him to from which one may enter any room on the ("ecoiul i djfchargc that office. ftory. The piincipal apartmenis are generally in that Wc cannot here forbear mentioning a circumftance quarter of the hoiile facing the Ihect, which contains a given us by iMr. Glas, who once touching at the ifland hall with an apartment at each end. Thefe rooms are j of Ciomera to procure frelh water, hired fomc poor the whole breadth of the quarter, ami the hall is twice i ragged fiflierinen to fill the wator-calKS, and bring them the length of anv cf the apartments at its cxtrf-mitics. ^ on board ; but fcune time after, going to the watcrinB- The windows of thefe rooms are formed of wooden lar- , place to fee what progrcfs they had made, he found the tices, curioully wrought, and arc all in the outfidc wall, ' cafks full, and all ready for rolling down to the beach none of them looking inwards to the court. j with tlie fiftiermen Handing by, and talking tocether, as In the middle of the front of fome great houfes is a ' if they had nothing farther to do. He reprimanded them balcony on the oulfide above the gate, equal with the } lor tlitir lazinels in not diipatching the bulniefs in which the virgin, tlic ulually drawn ;ts large as the life, and i;ili;n-u;!Jici3 bv fome circumlLince of tlicir hiilory. 'i'hus ii't. 1^ ur ii ufually reprefenie.i lookll,^; at a cock and weening, and a great bunch of keys always lungs at his gir(ilc.'' tJn« ot their favourite paintings is Anttiunv pteachintr to fi- fiflies. " S •■' I'hcy feldom ufe curtains to their teds, ("or tiiefe thcv confidtras receptacles for fleas and bugs, whicii abound here extremely. They chiefly uie niatrefle'; fpread on the floor upon fine mats ; beddes the flieets, there is :i blanket, and above that a filk quilt. I'he (heets, pil- lows, and quilt are frequently fringed or pinked, like the Ihrouds ufed for the dead in Europe. In a particular apartment is a place raifed a ftep hioher than the floor, covered with mats or carpets ; and there the women generally fit together upon cufliions, both tu receive vifits from their own lex, and perlorm their do- meftic o/Tices. Though the houfes of the pcafants and lower fort of people are only one (lory high, they are built of flone and lime, and the roofs either thatched or tiled. Thefe are geiier.ally neat, clean, and commodious. Indeed there is but little dirt or duft in thefe iflands to make them uncleanly ; for the ground is mortly rocky, and from the almoft continual fine weather, it is feldom wet. The natives have a grave deportment, and at the fame time great quickncfs and fenfibility ; t!ic women, in par- ticular, are remarkable for the fprightlinefs and vivacity of their convcrfation, which is ("aid greatly to exceed that of the F.nglilh, French, or other northern nations. The "leat families in thefe iflands would be highly offended inould any one tell them, they are defcended from the Moors, or even from the antient inhabitants of thefe iflands ; yet it would not perhaps be diflicult to prove that moll of their cufloms have been handed down to them (rom thofe people. The gentry boa(l much of their birth, and indeed they are del'ccnded from the belt families in Spain. The people hold in the greateft contempt the cmplo)'- ment of a butcher, taylor, miller, and porter. It isjiot in- deed very furprifing, that they flrould not have any great ellecm for the profeilion of a butcher, or that the employ- ment of a taylor fhould be confidered as fomewhat too etfcminatc for a man ; but it is diflicult to imagine, why millers and porters fliould be defpiled, efpccially the for- mer j but it mult be confidered, that the millers here are floor of the fecond (lory ; and fome have a gallery which runs (rom one end of tuc front to the other, but this is unufiial on the outfide of the houfe. The apartm.cntsare all white-waflicd, and thofe at the extremities of the great halls, with fomc of the red, arc lined with fine mats about five feet high, and the floor is (bmetimes covered with the fame. The fides of the windows of all the rooms are lined with bo..rds to pre- vent people's cloaths being whitened ; for they com- monlv fit in the window, there being benches on each ftde of it for that purpofe ; and when the mailer of the '^oufe intends to (how a ftranger refpedt, he always con- "''dufts him to the window. The walls of the great hall, and thofe of fome of the other apartments, arc hung with paintings, reprcJciuing he had employed them ; when one of them, with a dif- I dainlul air, replied, " What do you take us to be. Sir ? " Do yon imagine we are poitcrs ? No, Sir, we are " feamcn." Notwithflanding all his intreaties and pro- mifes of reward, he was unable to prevail on any of them to roll the calks to the water-fiJe ; but was at laft oblig- ed to hire porters. Though the gentry of thefe iflands arc ufually poor, yet thi y are exticmcly polite ai.d well bred, the very pca- fants and labouring people haie a coufiderable (hare of good manners, wiili little of that furly rultieity which is t.o common among the lower clafs of people in Kng- lanil ; yet they do not feem to be abadied in the pre(cnce of their fuperiorf. Abfggir a(k< ch.irity of a gentleman, by faying, " For the love of God, Sir, plcafc to give Canary Islands^ AFRICA. J17.? " mc halfari;il ;"' and if tii; other gives liim nntliin?, he returns, " Miiy your worfiii;) cxcufc inc, ior the *' love of Go;)." The fcrvants Jiid Invvcr people are much adJii^cd to pilfering, for which thi y arc feldom puiiiflitd iiiiy oilier way than by bcin;; turuvd off, beaten, or inipriloned lor a (hort time. Robberies arc iL-ldom or never committed; but murder is n:ore common than in F.ngland ; and they have no notion of duels, for ti'.cy rannot comprehciul that a man's having the courage to fight can atone ior the injury lie has done his antagonift, or that it ought to give him a ti;;ii: to do him a greater. When the mur- derer has Uiile ! a man, he flics to a church for refuge, till lie cm hiul an opportunity to make his efcapc to ano- ther illand ; and if he had been greatly provoked or injured by the dcccafed, and did not kill him in cold blood, every bodv will be ready to affiil; him to cfcape, except the near relati.ms of the perfon murdered; yet quarrels are far from being frequent here, which may be owing to the want of taverns and other public-houfes, to their temperance in drinking, their polite behaviour, and the little intcrcoiirfe between them. The lower people never fight in public ; but if one perfon puts another in a violent partion,thc injured party, if able, takes his revenge in the belt manner he tan, with- out regard to what is called fair-play, till he thinks he has got fulHcicnt fatisfadlion. The people are in general extremely temperate ; and was a gentleman feen publiclv drunk, it would be a hill- ing (lain on his reputation. The evidence ol a man who can be proved a drunkard, will not be taken in a court of juftice ; hence thofe who arc fond of wine ihut them- felves up in their bed-chambers, where, when they have drank their fill, they get into bed and Aecp It off. In thefe idands perfons of all ranks are extremely amo- rous ; but their notions of love are fomewhat romantic, which is perhaps owing to the want of innocent freedom between the fexcs. They do not, however, feem to be inclined to jealoufy, any more than the Engliflior French ; and in every country, cuftom has cftabliflicd between the fexes certain bounds of decency and decorum, beyond ■which no perfon will go, without a bad intention. It is ufual for young people here to fall in love at fight ; and if the parties ajireeto marry, but find their parents averfe to their uiiion,~they acquaint the curate of the parifli with the affair, who goes to the houfe where the girl lives, and endeavours to perfuade them to agree to her marriage ; but if they cannot be induced to give their coiifent, he takes her away before their faces, without their being able to hinder him, and cither places her in a nunnery, or with fomc of her relations, till he marries them. It is faiil not to be uncommon for a lady to fend to a man an offer of her perfon in an honourable way, when, if he does not think proper to accept the offer, he keeps it fecret till death: fiiould he do otherwife, he would be looked upon by all people in the mod defpieable light. Younu men arc not allowed to court young girls without any intention to marry them ; for if a woman can prove that a man has, in any inffance, endeavoured to engage her aifciflions, (he can oblige him to marrv her. This, like many other good laws, is abufcd ; for loofe women take advantage of it, and frequently lay fnares to entrap the fimpio and unwary ; and (ometiincs wnrthlefs young men form deligns upon the fortunes of ladies, without having the lealt ren;ard for their perfons ; howe\ er, there are not many mercenary lovers in this part of the world, their notions being in general too refined and romantic to admit the idea of that paflion being made fubfervient to their ambition or interell ; and yet there arc more un- happy marriages here than in the countries where inno- cent freedoms being allowed between the fexes, lovers are not fo blinded by their paflionsas not to perceive their millrcnes arc frail and imperfect. When a man lofes his wife by death, fomc of his re- lations come to his houfe, and rtfide with him foine time, in order to divert his giicf, .ind do iK>t leave him till another relation tomes to relieve the fiill; the feeond is rchevi d by a third ; and thus they fuettcd eaeh other till the term of a year is expired. Every one of the Canary Idands, and every town and village in them, has a particular faint for itj patron, whofe day is celebrated as a fefiiv.d, by a fermon prcaciicd in honour of the faint, and a fervicc fulted to the octafion. On thefe days the iireet near the church \h ftrewed with flowers and leaves, a multitude of wax candles are light- ed, and a conhderuble quantity of gunpowder ufed in lire- works. On the eve of thefe feffivals is generally held a kind of fair, to which the p.-ople o( the adi;icent country re- fort, and fpend the greatelf part of the iiight in mirth', and dancing to the found of the guitLar, accompanied witit the voices not only of thofe who play on that iiiffrument, but by thofe of the dancers. 'I'iie dances pradHI'eJ here .ire firabands and folias, which are flow dances ; thofe which arc quick are the canario, firff iifed by the antitnt Canarinns ; the fandan- go, which is chiefly praehifeil by the vulgar; and the za- pateo, which nearly refemblcs our hornpipe. Some of thefe dances may be termed dramatic, as the men fing verlls to their partners, who aiifwcr thein in the fame manner. 'I'he natives of thefe iflands have generally ex- cellent voices, and few of them are unable to play on the guittar. At the fcflival of the tutelar f.iints of Tcnerife, Caniria, and I'alma, plays are aiited in the ffreets, for the enter- tainment of the populace ; but the performers not being profefled aetors, and only fomc of tlie inhabitants of tlK^ place, who feem to have a natural turn for adincr, they cannot be fuppofed to aiife to any great degree of pcr- fciVion. All the eminent families have alfo a particular faint, or patron, to whofe honour they keep a feftival at a great expenco ; and, on thefe occafions, the gentry vie with eaeh other in the fplendour of their entertainments. The gentry frequently take the air on horfehack ; hut when the ladies are obliged to travel, they ride on alfes, and indead of a faddle they ufe a kind of chair, in which they fit very commodioiifly. The principal roads are paved with pebble-ffones, like thofe ufed in the ffrccts ot London. There are a few chariots in the city of Pal- mas in Canaria, the town of Santa Cruz, and the city of Laguna, in Tenerife : thefe are all drawn by mules; buc they are kept rather for fliew than ufe ; fo- the roads, be- ing fleepand rocky, are not proper for wheel-carria:jes. T'lic diverfions in ufe among the lower clafs of people,- befides dancing, finging, and playing on the guittar, are throwing a ball through a ring placed at a great diftance, cards, wreftling, and quoits. The peafants, particu- larly of Gomera, when they travel have the art of leap- ing from rock to rock, which is thus performed : the long ftaft', or pole, ufed on thefe occ.ifions has an iroa (pike at the end of it ; and when a man wants to deftend from one rock to another, he aims the point of his pole at the place where he intends to alight, and then throws himfelf towards it, pitching the end of the pole fo as to bring it to a perpendicular, and then Aiding down it on the rock on which it ft.inds. Children are taught in the convents reading, writing, r.atin, arithmetic, logic, and other branches of philolo- phy. The fcholars read the claflics ; but Greek is never tauglit here, and is entirely unknown even to the ftudents iniiivinity. they me particularly fond of civil law and logic, W'hich laff is mod cllccmed. The natives of thele iflands have a genius for poetry, and compofe vcrfes of different meafures, which thev fet to mufic. Some of their fongs, and other poetical pieces, would he greatly cffecmed in any country where atafle for poetry prevails. Few (f thofe books which are culled prophane, only to dillinguilli them from thofe of a reli- gious kind, are read here, fince they cannot be imported into the ifland without being firft examined by theinqui- fitioii, a court with which nobody cares to haveanv con- cern. However, the Hiftory of the Wars in Graii;-.da is in every body's hands, and is read by people of all ranks ; they have alfo lome plays, moll of which are very good ones. But the books mod read by the laity art the Lives o( the Saints and Martyrs, whi< h may be confidered aa a kind of religious romances duded with legends, and t mod improbable dories. Thomas a K.einpib, and the Devout Pilgrim, arc in every library, and murh ad- mired. SECT. ti f ^■ 47^ A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. CaNARV IflANDi ill SECT. XVI. Df the Civil Gdvcrnn'.ml of Ccinaria, Tiiurife, andPiihiia; oj tlic cicli'fuijlical GoiicrvMCiit of all the Ijttndt in general ; and the Dijeafa to ■whieh the Natives are fubjccl. WE have already diTciibcd the government of I.an- ccrota and Fuertaveiitura, and thatot'Gomira and I'erro nearly rd'enibles them ; we fhall now, thcrclorc, proceed to the jjovcrnnK-nt of Canaria, 'Icnerife, and ralma, which arc called the King's lilands. The natives on their fubniittiiig to the crown of Spain were fo far from being deprived of their liberty, that thi.y were put on an tquality with their conquerors, in whiih the Spaniards (licwed the utmoft wifdom and policy ; but how they tame foon after to act in a quite contrary man- ner in America, is hard to determine. After the con - queft of the Canary Iflands, the Spaniards incorporated with the natives in fuch a manner as to become one peo- ple with them, and in confequencc of this political union, the king of Spain is able to raife in thcfe iflands more foldiers and feamen than in any other part of his domi- nions of three times their extent. The lowell officer of jultice, except the alguazils, is the alcalde, who is a jullice of peace ; and there is one of them in every town or village of note. Thefe ma- giftrates are appointed by the royal audience of the city of Palmas, in Canaria : they hold their places only for a terrain time, and, in cafes of property, can take cogni- zance of no difputes where the value of what is contend- ed for exceeds feventeen 'ial.-., or feven {hillings ilerling. Uver thefe niagilhates is the alcalde major, who is ap- pointed in the lame manner as the other, and cannot de- cide any cafe relating to property that exceeds the fum of two hundred dollars. From the decifions of thofe ma- gillrates, appeals lie to the tiniente and corrcgidor : the lirlt of whom is a lawyer, and nominated by the royal audience ; but the latter, who is appointed by the king, is not obliged to be a lawyer, yet muft have a fctictary, clerk, or affiftant bred to the law. The corrcgidor generally holds his place five years, and fometimcs longer. Few of the natives enjoy this honourable office, which is commonly filled by native Spaniards. The proceedings in the corregidor's court, and in that of the tiniente, are the fame ; thefe courts ieeming to have been originally intended as a check upon each other. Appeals arc made from the corrcgidor and tiniente to the loyal audience of Ciran Canaria ; a tribunal compofed of three o:,lons, or judges, a regent, and fifcal, who are ufiially natives o! Spain, and are always appointed by the king. The governor-general is prefident of this court, though he rcfides in Tenerife. In criminal caufes there is no appeal from their determination ; but, in matters relating to property, appeals are carried to the council or audience of Seville, in Spain. The {landing forces in the Canary Iflands amount only to about a hunJrcd and fifty men ; but there is a militia, of which the governor-general of the iflands is alwnys commander in thief, and the officers, as colonels, cap- tains, and fubalterns, are appointed by the king. There are alfo governors of forts and caftles, fome of which are appointed by the king, and others by the twelve regi- liores of the illaiids, called the cavildo ; for fome of the forts belong to the king, and the reft are unuer the direc- tion of the regidores. The regidores alfo take care of the repairs of the high- ways, prevent nuifances, and the plague from being broua;ht into the ifland by ftiipping ; for no man is allow- ed to land in thefe iflands from any a'.c< I'l-'ll wcU tu lital the oichilla fc, Cuiiaria, ot Ins revc- 1 bcloii^i to owlcdgmLjn r the;r titles, t. on import". !.in.iry Welt ;tli excepted, f above titty jences ot" go- iment of the /ed, that the illc, in Spain, i fttrling per in Canaria, id homage as iars and nuns runa, and are relpcclive or- ing to the in- ;r to prevent clergy. They sited pcrl'ons, n\ niagiltrate i cr dilcharged, ands, the firft iidcd to an of- m, whether he |ft the dodtrinc U he is obliged ■ has any, not while he re- ak againft the ceremonies, the Romifli unity ofexer- inable to give ters, many ot nd not a few for life, hr- to their rank, brothers, or the fame llep, in love ; and to 3 high con- motives, take ficd with fheir their convents, the inhabitants ftablifhed by prcfume to rc- m the co;iit of ntity ot fitl) tu iars go begging fupplied ; and, Hvould be mark- be cxpofed ti> nen, who have firll place, to of the clergy ; furmount every think, that al! !;ion i and when lave with coni- ifed, imagining e frorji brut'.'i. Ail Canary IsiandJ. A I^ R I C A. 4,rr Alfftr.ingers, who are not of the Romifli religion, are i ftrongly importuned on their arrival to become profelytes ; and indeed it is not pofllble for a perfon to live in any of the Canary IflanJs, except I'cncrife, who is not a mem- ber of tni; church of Rome; and even inTenerifeno profefled Jew, iVIahometan, or Pagan can be a member of fo\.iety ; nor indeed can any protcftants, except they are eminent merchants. The clergy are unwilling to meddle with them, and probably have orders from Rome not to diilurb them, left it fliould embroil them with the Englifh or Dutch. Indeed formerly it w.is no uncom- mon thing for the inquifition to feize on the Dutch and Englifh confuls. All the foreigners in thefe idandi make very juft com- plaints of the want of good phyficians and furgeons. The difeafes moft predomincnt here, bcfidcs the itch and ve- nereal diforders, which have been mentioned in another place, are the fpottcd fever, the flatos, a windy diforder affefting the head, ftomach, and bowels, and the palfey. The ague is fcarce known in any of the iflands, except Gomcra. A few of the natives are affeited with the leprofv, and, as it is thought, incurable, there is an hof- pital at Canaria for the reception of the unhappy fufFerers by that loathfome difeafe. A man of fortune is no fooner found to be a leper, than all his eft'e£ts are feized for the life of the hofpital, without leaving any part for the fup- port of his family ; while the poor, who arc infefted with that diftemper, nre left to fubfift as well as they can, or to pcrifh in the flreets. The folc judges of the leprofy are the directors of the hofpital, and from their determina- tion there is no appeal. SECT. xvir. Of the ManufaSlures and Commerce of Canaria, Tenertfe, Falinn, Gomel a, anil Ferro j ^vith a particular Account of their Fijhcry on the Coajl of Barbary ; and of the Coin, JVei^hts, and Meafurei ufed in the Canaries. THE manufaflures of thefe idands are tafFcticS, knit, filk hofe, filk garters, and quilts for beds. In Canaria and Tencrife coarfe linens and gaufe are made of the flax imported from Holland. In Canaria is alfomade white blankets, and coarfe cloths, from the wool of their own fheep. The refl of the iflands alfo make a coarfe kind of cloth, which is worn by the peafants ; but on feftivals, weddings, &c. the labouring people ufually wear Englifh coarfe cloth The exportation of raw filk is now prohibited, in order to encourage their filk ma- nufactures. In the large towns men are employed in weaving, and as tavlors ; but in the villages thofe trades arc only exercifed by the women The commerce of the Canary Iflands may be divided into, that to Europe, and to the Englifh colonics in America ; that to the Spaniflj Weft Indies ; that carried on between the iflands themfelves, and thefifliery on the coaft of Barbary. Ferro and Gomcra are fo poor as to be vifited by no (hips from Europe or America ; nor are the natives of thofe iflands allowed any fhare of the Spanilh Weft India commerce, they being not entirely under the jurildiition of the crown of Spain, but fubject to the count of Go- mcra, who is tlicir lord and proprietor. The trade to Europe and the Britifli American colonics is centred in Tcnerifc. A few fliips indeed go to Ca- naria and Palma ; but thefe arc not to be compared to the numbers that arrive at Tentfrife. This trade is car- ried on almoft entirely in foreign bottoms, efpecinlly in Englifh, the natives being afraid of failing in thofe feas where they are in danger of being taken by the corfairs of Algiers, Sallec, and other ports of Barbarv. The greatcftpart of this trade is in the hands of the Iriih Roman catholic merchants fettled in Tenerife, Canaria, and Palina, and the defcendants of the Irith who for- merly fettled there aid married Spanifh wives ; and there are no protcftants who refide there, except the Engiifh and Dutch confuls, and two or three merchants who live at Tenerife. They import from Great Britain to thefe iflands chiefly woollen goods of various kinds, hats, hardware, red 40 herrings, pilchards, and wheat, when it is fcsrre in the iflands, with many other articles. The import; from Ireland chiefly confift of beef, pork, pickk'd herrings, butter, and candles. Linens of all forts arc iniporie.i from Hamburgh and Holland, to a very great amount ; as alfo gunpowder, cordage, coarfe flax, and other good). A confiderable quantity of bar iron is annually imported from Bifcay. The imports from Majorca, Italy, Barcelona, Cadi/,, and Seville, chiefly confift of velvets, filks, oil, fait, and cordage made of bafs or fpartum, with many little articles for the confumption of the Canary Iflands and the Spanifh Weft Indies. This trade is almoft entirely carried on in French and Maltefe tartans. The Maltefe veflcls, before: they fail to thsfe iflands, make the tour of all the Euro- pean harbours to the wcftward of Malta, trading from one port to another. From the Mediterranean they go to Cadiz, and from thence to the Canaries, where, bc- fides the commodities of Italy, France, and Spain, they fell the cotton manufaflures of their own ifland ; all cot- tons imported into the Canary Iflands, except thofe from Malta, paying fuch an exorbitant duty as almoft amounts to a prohibition. This privilege is enjoyed by the Mal- tefe, on account of their maintaining a perpetual war againft the Turks and Moors. They import from the Britifh colonics, in America, beef, pork, hams, baccalao, or dried cod, rice, bees-wax, deal boards, pipe ftaves, and, when the crops in the iflands fail, wheat, flour, and maize. In return, thefe iflands export to Great Britain and Ireland wine, orchilla-wced, Campeachy logwood, and a confider.able quantity of Mexican dollars. To Holland and Hamburgh the fame goods ; but a greater quantity of dollars, and little or no orchilla-weed. To Marfeilles, Malta, Italy, and Spain, the commodities they receive from the Spanifll Weft Indies, particularly fugar, hides, Campeachy logwood, fome orchilla-weed, and dollars; and to the Britifh colonies, in America, a great quantity of wines, and nothing elfe. All thefe goods, whether imported into the Canaries, or exported from thence, pay a duty of feven per cent, on the rated value. The commerce of the Canary Iflands with the Spanifll fettlements in the Weft Indies is under particular regula- tions, and no foreigners are permitted to have any fhare in it ; nor are any (hips fufFered to fail to the Spanifh. ports of that part of America from any of the iflands, ex- cept Tenerife, Canaria, and Palma ; and the trade there is confined to the ports of the Havannah, Campeachy and La Guaira on the coaft of Caraccas, St. Domingo, Porto Rico, and Maiacaiva : the three firft are called the greater ports, and the others the . iTer, becaufe the trade of the latter is very trifling, wl the former. In the city of St. Chriftobal fecretary, and other officers, wno manage every thing re- lating to this trade; and, before a (hip takes in her lad- ing for any of thefe ports, fhe muft obtain a licence from the judge of the India trade, which is generally granted, if it be her tum ; for here all (hips are regiftered, and muft take their turns, though intereft and money often prevail againft juftice. The trade of the Canaries to the Spanifh Weft Indies is confined to their produce, as wines, brandy, almonds, raifins, figs, &c. of which they can annually fend one thoufand tons ; and are only allowed befides what is term- ed a general for each (hip, which confifts of all the kinds of goods thought necefTary for the ufe of the veflel, crew, and pafTengers, during the voyage ; and is more or lefa extenfive in proportion to the fize of the (hip. Buttho' they arc thus reftrifted by the rules, this trade is extend- ed much farther ; and, it is faid, they export at lead two thoul'and tons of the produce of the iflands, and alfo im- menfe quantities of European commodities. The cargoes brought from the Weft Indies confift of the commodities of the ports from whence they come, and are chi-;fly logwood, hides, cacao-nuts, fugar, and Mexican dollars; all which they are obliged to land at Santa Cruz, in Tenerife ; but cochineal and indigo are prohibited from being landed there. The filver they bring is limited to fifty Mexican dollars per ton, accord- 6 D ing compared with that of la Laguna is a judge, a m h % . il .H _i||| 4;s A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV. C'At.AllV liLANUJ. "^ mi i 1 m il m ml ■ 11 iii^ to the rcgiflercd tonnage ; yet fnme of tin fc {hips are Tiid to brini^ iionii; to Tciicritc one hundred thoufand ci'iilhirs. I'he fhips employed in this trade arc commonly about two hundred and fifty < r three huiiund tons burthen. Some of them are built in the iflands. and others at the Hav:ninah, or Old Spain. No fortij;n bottoms can be employed in this trade ; for which rcaion the freight from the Canarien to the Weft Indies is cxtremelv high ; for the Ciinary ihipping carry fo many ufclefs h.mds, parti- cularly chaplains ; lie I'o long in the road of Santa Cruz, waiting; their turns j and are at fuch avail cxpcncc o( anchors and cables, that the owners cannot after J to tuke lefs freight for a pipe of wine, from the Canaries to Iva Guaira, than ten pounds (Icrlif.g ; and yet the run from Tenerife to that port being all the way before the wind, is ufually perfor.med in lefs than thirty days : yet our author oSferves, tliat were the na;ives allowed to cm- ploy Englifli fliips in this trade, they would foun find a iu/Kcient number ready to carry their wine at the rate of twenty (liillings for each pipe. With refpedt to the trade carried on from one if.and to another it is as follows • The natives of Canaria export to Teneri.'e fome raw and wrought filk, coarfe woollen blankets, provifions of all forts, particularly cattle and fowjs, orehilla-wced, Iqjarc flags for pavements, fome fait, and filtering ftone vefTels for purifying water. In return for thefe commo- dities, they chiefly receive cafli, and the other produce of theSpaiiifli Well' Indies. Palma exports to Tenerife boards, pitch, raw fillc, orchilla-wced, fiigar, almonds, and fweetmeats ; and re- ceives in return Kuropcan and ^Veft India goods. The natives of Gomera export to Tenerife cattle, brandy, orchilla- weed, a great deal of raw fillc and fome ■wrought, and in return receive European and Wefl India goods. The inhabitants of Ferro export to Tenerife fmall cattle, brandy, and orchiila-weed. Lancerota and Fuertaventura export a great quantity of corn to Tenerife, befides cattle, fowls, and orchilla- wced ; and, in return, generally receive European goods and cafh, with fome wine. 'I'he natives of the fame jflands fend corn to Palma, for which they receive fugar, wine, cafli, boards, and other timber. The natives of Lancerota alfo export fait and fome dried fifli to Tenerife and Palma. All the veflcls employed in this trade are built in the iflands, and are from twenty to fifty tons burthen ; they are about twenty-five in number, and each of them na- vigated by ten hands, on account of the great l.ibour re- quired in lo."ding and unloading their cargoes We now come to the fifliery carried on by the natives of the Canary Iflands on the co?ft of Barbary. Item- ploys about thirty vellels, from fifteen to fifty tons bur- then, the fmalleil carrying fifteen men, and the largeft thirty. The owners having fitted out a vcflel for this voya2;e, put on board a quantity of fait fufficicnt to cure the fifli, with bread enough to fcrvc me crew till their return. Each man has his own fifliing t.i;.kle, which confifts of a few lines, hooks, one or two flout filhing- rods, a littk- brafs wire, and a knife for cutting open the fifti. If nny of the crew tarry wino, lirandy, fiefll- meat, or ly other {lores, it mud be at his own expence ; for the owners furnifh only bread. This fifliery is bounded on the north by the fouthern extremity of Mount Atlas, in the latitude of twenty-nine degrees, and on the fouth by Cape Blanco, in the latitude twt-nty degrees thirty minutes, an extent of about fix hundred miles ; in all which tract there is no town, vil- lage, and few fettled habitations. The wandering Arabs who frequent this part of the world live in tents, and have neither barks, boats, nor canoes ; and the king of Morocco's cr'iifers never venture fo far to the fouth- ward. The fiflicrmen no fooncr arrive on the coaft, than they endeavour to catch bait, which is done as we do trouts with a fly, only the rod is three times as thick as ours, and does not taper fo much towards the point. The iine is formed of fix brafs wires twiftcd together j the hook is about five inches in length, and is not bearded ; the fliaft is loaded fo as to lie horizontally on the furlacc of the water, and the hook is covered with a filh's fki;'.. except where it bends to the point. The fifhrrmcn get- ling within aquaiteror lialfamilc of the (horr, carr-,- fo much fail as to caufc the bark to run about four mile; an hour, when two or three men throw their lines over the ftern, and let the hooks drag along the furface of the water. The fifh taking the hooka for fmall lifli, fn:p ac them ; and they are no fooner hooked, than the filher- mcn fwing them into the barks with their rod.s. Thefe iifli, which the Canarians call taftiirte, have no fcales, and arc Ihaped like a mackarcl, but are as larije as a falmon ; and they are fo voracious, as to fwallowall the hook, notwithllanding its being fo large ; and was it bearded, it would be impoflihie to cxtradl it, without cutting open the fifli. Our author obferves, that he has fecn three men in the ftcrn of a bark catch a hundred and fifty taflarte in half an hour, and a bark will fometimcs complete her lading with thefe fifli only. Another fort of fi(h which they call anhoua is taken in the fame man- ner : this is rather bigger than a large mackarcl, and alfo fcrves for a bait i""as does alfo another fifh called cavallos, which is (hoped like a mackarcl, but is fome- what more flat and broad ; it is about a fpan long, and is catched with an angle-rod and line, with a very fmall hook, baited with almoft any thing that comes to hand. When a bark has obtained a fufficient ftock of bait, flie leaves her boat with five or fix men to catch more, and runs out to fea till fhc gets into a great depth of water; there Ihe anchors, and all the crtav heave their lines and hooks over-board, baited with the above fifh, in order to catch bream and cod. The lines are loaded fo as to caufe the hooks to fink near the bottom of the fea, where thefe fifh fwim ; and when a bark meets with fine weather, and is well provided with bait, fhe will be able to compleat her cargo in four days. Thefe people make but one meal in the whole day, which is in the evening, after they hav3 cleaned and .falted the fifh they have taken ; they then drcfs their fup- per in the following manner. In every bark the rrew has a long flat flonefor a hearth, upon which thev light a fire, and hang a large kettle over it, in which they boil fome fifh : they then take a platter, with fome broken bifcuit, onions flired fmall, to which they add pepper and vinegar, and then pour in the broth of the fifli, which is faid to be delicious. Having eaten of this excellent foup, they finifh their meal with roafted fifh ; for they throw that of which the foup was made into the fea. Soon after this rcpafl: thev lie down to fleep in the moft commodious part of the veflcl, for they have no bedding, and about five or fix in the morning rife, leave the boat near the fliore, weigh anchor, and (land out to fea as before, never tailing food before the fame time the next evening. Though the bulk of their cargoes confifts of large bream, yet they catch many other forts. The taffarte juft mentioned is a delicious filh, which tafles like a large and a fat mackarcl ; but, when dried, is not to be dif- tinguiflied from falmon. The cod caught here is better than that of Newfoundland : the anhoua is extremely good ; the corbino is a large fifh that weighs about thirty pounds. There are alfo a number of flat fifli, with many other forts. Thefe fifli are thus cured ; they cut them open, and having thoroughly cleaned and wafhed them, chop off their heads and fins, and pile them up to drain ofl' the water ; after which they are falted, and flowed in bulk in the hold. " It is ftrange, fays Mr. Glas, r ('.;. i'. ,hat the Spa- " niards fliould want to fliare the Mcwtoundland fifhery " with the Englifli, when they have one much better ac " their own doors. I fay better, for the weather here, " and every thing elfe, concurs to make it the bed " fifliery in the univerfe. What can be a flronger proof " of this, than the Moors on the continent drying and " curing all their filh without fait, or any other procefs " than expofing them to the fun-beams ? for the pure " wholefome air of that climate, and the ftrong northerly " wind which ahnofl conflantlv prevails on this coaft, " totally Cana!! V Islands. F I C A. 47^ " total!)' prevents putrcHiinion, providci! the fi(h nre fplit '• open, well wulhcil, ami expol'cU to the Tun until tncy " are pcrlicUy ilry." The Ciii.iridn barks make ci^ht or nine voyages in a vcar i lor haviny; uiiloadcJ their cargoes, they leave the iiih with their ag^ents to fell them at their leilure, while thev K" 111 liarch of" more. They are commonly fold at three hail-pjiire tor a pound of thirty-two ounces, which is the weii;ht uicd here for flefh and fifli. Infteaii of f.-.couraging this ufeful and profitable branch of trade, t:;L- niagilirates take every method to hurt it, by iixini; the price of tiie fifli, clogging the trade with un- realonable duties, and forbidding the fifliermcn to have .my interi-ourle with the Moors on the coall, where they fometimcs go to lilh, which is a great hardlhip, as they are frequently obliged, when they meet with bad weather, to go afliore for fewcl and water. They, however, pri- vately corrcfpond, to their mutual advantage ; for the Canarians 'j;ive the inhabitants of the dclart old ropes, whicli the latter untwift and fpin into yarn or twine, for making fifliing-ntts : they alio give them bread, potatoes, ' onions, and many kinds of fruit ; in return for which the ' Moors allow them to take wood and water on their coaft, whenever they are in want of thefe neceflary articles, and make them prcfcnts of ollrich eggs and feathers. The current coin in the Canaries is the Mexican dol- lar, and tlie half, quarter, eighth, and fixtcenth parts of a dollar. There is alfo the provincial rial of plate, which is a fmall filvcr piece worth five-pence fterling. The quart, a copper coin of the value of a half-penny, ten of which make a rial of plate. The provincial filver coin is never exported, on account of its pafling in the idands for more than its intrinfic value. Accounts arc kept in imaginary money, that is, current dollars of ten rials of vellon each. The rial of vellon is equal in value to eight of the above quarts, and the current dollar is exactly three Ihillings and four-pence ; and, therefore, fix of them make one pound fterling. Three fixtecnths of the Mexi- can dollar pafs for two rials of plate. Little or no gold coin is to be found in tlicfe idands. The pound and fmallcr weights are nearly the fame with ours. The quintal, which is their hundred weight, weighs only a hundred and four pounds. The arroba is twenty-five pounds. The meafurcs ufed in the Canaries arc the fanega, or lianega, the .-ilmud, the liquid arroba, the quartillo, and the var. The fanega is a meafurc for corn, cacao, fait, and the lik?, and contains nearly the quantity of two Englifli bulhcls. Twelve almuds inaKe a fanega. The liquid arroba contains little more than three gallons, and the quartillo is nearly equal to our quart. The var is ameafure for cloth, iic. and is fomewhat lefs than the Englifli yard. Wc have now concluded our account of thefe iflands, in which we have borrowed much from Mr. Glas, whofe Hiftory of the Canary Iflands muft be cftcemed both the beft and the moft entertaining that has been wrote on this fubjeft ; and it is a pleal'urc to us that, in the courfe of this work, we have an opportunity of doing juftice to the merit ot authors who have deferved well of their country and of mankind. SECT. XVIII. J ccmifo Dc'fcription cf the If ami i called the Salvages ; Situation ami Produce. thi. IT will not be improper, before we defcribe the Ma- deras, to give aconcife account of the iflands or rocks named the Salvages, which lie between the Canary Iflands iuft defciibed, and Madera, and are fituated twenty-feven , leagues north from Point Nago, in Tenerife, in thirty JO-ilf. degrees twenty minutes north latitude, and in fixteen dc- j^j^. j< grees twenty-five minutes weft longitude from London. The principal ifland, which is high and rocky, is a- bout three miles in circumference. Three or four leagues ^ ' to the fouth-weft of this ifland is another not unlike the largeft Needle rock at the weft end of the Ifle of Wight, t Between tlicfe iflands are a confiderable number of rocks and fands, fome above and others under water, which render it dangerous for thofe unacquainted with thefe iflands to approucli them, except on the eaft fide of the great ifland, which produces nothing but orchilla-weed. Here are great plenty of cormorants, or fea-fowls that nearly refcmble them. Some baiks and boats belong- ing to the Canary Iflands frequent the Salvages in the fummer fcafon, in fearch of wrecks and thofe lea-fowls i for they catch the young in their ncfts, kill and fait them, and then carry them to Tenerife for falc. The Salvages, though uninhabited, belong to the Por- tugi.efe, who confidcr them as dependant on the ifland of Madera, and, notwithftanding they fcarcely ever vilit them, will not allow the Spaniards to gather orchilla- weed there. A few years ago fome fifliermcn went in a bark from Tenerife to thefe iflands, in qucft of wrecks ; but finding none, went alhore, and gathered about half a ton of orchilla-weed. But this was no fooncr known at Madera, than the Portuguefe complained of it to the governor-general of the Canary Iflands, and would not be fatisficd till the mafter of the bark was thrown into prifon, where he remained a long time. SECT. XIX. Of the Madera, or Madeira Ifands. The Situation., Extent, and Produce of Madera ; with it Defer ipi ion of Fonchiale, its Capital; and a coneife Account of the little Ifland of Porto Santo. THE Maderas arc two iflands, fituated to the north of the Salvages, and were thus named from the prin- cipal of them, which was called by the Portuguefe Ma- dera, fignifying a wood or foreft, from its being over- grown with trees. The ifland of Madera was difcovered, according to Mr. Ovington, by an Englifh gentleman in 1344, and was taken by the Portuguefe in 143 1, when they found it uninhabited ; and making a fire to warm thcmfelves, it communicated itfelf to the treei, which continued burn- ing for feveral years ; but the aflics rendered the foil ex- tremely fertile. This ifland is fituated under the thirty-fecond degree twenty-feven minutes north latitude, and extends, ac- cording to Lord Anfon's Journal, from the eighteenth degree thirty minutes to the nineteenth degree thirty minutes weft longitude from London, it being about fixty miles in length, about twenty in breadth, and a hundred and forty-four in circumference. It is compofed of one continued hill of a confiderable height, cxtendinT from eaft to weft; the declivity of which, on the fou'h fide, is cultivated and interfpcrfcd with vineyards ; and^ in thcmidft of this Hope, the merchants have fixed their country-feats, which help to form a very agreeable profpeil. The air of Madera is more moderate than in the Ca- nary Iflands, and the foil more fertile in corn, wine, fugar, and fruits ; for, as it has five or fix rivers, it is better watered than any of thofe iflands. It has alfo the fame cattle, birds, plants, and trees. Here is a perpe.* tual fpring, which produces bloflbms and fruit throughout the whole year. It produces plenty of citrons, bananas, peaches, apri- cots, plums, cherries, figs, and walnuts ; with oranges of all forts, and lemons of a prodigious fize. Fruit-trees from Europe thrive here in perfeftion ; and the natives arc faid to make the beft fweetnieats of any in the world, and particularly greatly excel in preferving citrons and oranges, and in making marmalade and perfumed partes, which greatly exceed thofe of Genoa. The fugar made here is very fine, and has the fmell of violets ; this, in- deed, is faid to be the firft place in the Weft where this manufacture was fet on foot, and from thence was car-< ried to America : but afterwards the fugar plantations at Brazil profpering extremely, the greateft part of the fugar- canes in this ifland were pulled up, and vineyards planted in their ftead, that produce excellent wines, which, the author of Lord AnfonV Voyage obferves, feems to be defigned by Providence for the refrelhment of the inha- bitants of the torrid zone. !■■; o 4^0 A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, B AKBar V s: Til K'!:. i'ii f^i 11 Of thefe winfi there are feveral furts ; oiii; is of the Cnliiur of clwinpain, but is not miiih vjIiicJ : anotiicr f'lrt is a white wine, iiiiich (hongcr than the former. A third fort is exiclli'iu, and rclcmbios mahiirey, it being of the fame nature with that which erows in Tcntrife : and another refcmb!c5 Aiicant wine, but is much inferior to it in tallc, and is never drank akin.", but mixed with the other forts, to which it gives a colour, and ftrength to keep. It is obfervablc of the Madera wines, that they arc greatly improved by the heat of the fun, when cxpol- cd to it in the barrel, after the bung is taken out. In the whole idand they annually make about twenty-eight thouf.ind pipes, eight thouland of which are drank there, and the red exported, the greatell part being fcnt to the Weft Indies, tfpecially to liarbadots. Among the timber trees are tall and ftrait cedars, and nafio-wood, the boards of which arc of a bright rofe colour. There are alfo the niallic and gum-dragon tree. Atkins mentions a curiofity which he found in the gardens of this idand, called the evcrlalling flower ; for when plucked, it never liiia. It grows like fagc, and the flower refeniblcs that of camomile. This author fays, he pluck- ed feveral, which a year after appeared as frtfli as when firft gathered. There is but one confidcrablc town in the whole idand ; it is named Fonchiale, and is feated on the (buth part of the ifland at the bottom of a large bay. Towards the fea it is fortified by a high wall, with a battery of can- non, befiJes a caftle on the Loo, which is a rock ft:'nd- ing in the water, at a fmall diftance from the (liore. Fonchiale is the only place of trade, and indeed the only place virhere it is poflible for a boat to land. And even here the beach is Covered with large Hones, and a violent furf continnally beats upon it. The churches here arc well built, beautiful IlruiSures, enriched with gilding, fine pictures and plate, and people are faid to meet in them upon bufinefs that has little rela- tion to devotion. 'l"he town is very populous, but the majority of the inhabitants are not natural born Portuguefe ; for there arc a great number of Englifh and French Ro- man catholics fettled there, who live after the Portu- guefe manner; fome Engliflj proteftants, and a prodigi- ous number of negroes and mulattoes, both freemen and Haves. The ftrcets are ftraight, and drawn by a line ; the houfcs arc pretty well built, and the windows have lattice- work inftead of failles. The wometi, who have nodomf ITIo chspsls, never "o to church but on Sundays and holid.iys ; when, if thcie be feveral daughters, they walk two and two before the mother, each having a large thin veil over her face ; |)ut their breaft and ftiouldera arc quite bar;. By tlicir liJ • walks a venerable old man, with a firing of bead3 in hu hand, and armed with a fword and dagger. The city is the fee of a bilhop, who has the whole idand under his fpiritualjurifdickioii, and is furt'ra'Mii tu the archbilhop of Lifbon. Heie alfo rcfides the governor of the idand. There arc two other towns, one called Manthico, which has a church named Santa (Jr u/., or the Holy (Jrois» and a convent of Bernardine friars : the other town is named Moncerito. In fliort, the idand lately contained thirty-fix pariflies, a college and monaftery of jefuits, five other monafteries, eighty-two hermitages, five hof- pitals, and there are feveral fine feats and caftles about the country. Porto Santo, which is generally termed one of the Ma- deira idands, lies to the north-caft of Madeira, in the thirty-fecond degree thirty minutes north latitude, and in VJil^t. the fixtcenth degree five minutes weft longitude iitotntf:ei- London, and is only about fifteen miles in circumference. It was difcovcrcd in the year 1412 by two Portuguefe gentlemen, fent by prince Henry, fon to John I. king of Portugal, to double Cape Bajador, in order to make far- ther difcoverics ; but being iurprifed by a violent ftorm, were driven out to fea, and, when thev gave thcmfelves over for loft, had thchappincfs tofind this idand, whicli proving a fafe afylum to them, they called it Porto Santo, or the Holy Port. This idand produces wheat and other corn juft fufficicnt for the fupport of the inhabitants : here alfo are plenty of oxen, wild hogs, anJ a vaft number of r.ibbets. There are trees which produce the gum called dragons-blood, and likewife a little honey and wax, which arc extremely good. It has properly no harbour, but there is good mooring in the road, which aftords a convenient retreat to fhips going to Africa, or coming from the Indies ; fo that merchantmen often ftop there, which affords confiderable profit to the inhabitants, who arc defcended from the Portuguefe, the ifland being fub- je£l to Portugal. , .. - CHAP. XVII. Of BARBARY, including MOROCCO, FEZ, ALGIERS, TUNIS, and TRIPOLY. SECT. L 0/" B A R n A R Y ill general. Its Situation, Extent, Climate, and Seafoni. WE now proceed to the northern countries of Africa, ufually comprehended under the general name of Barbary, and, from its limits, fituation, and commercre with Europe, better known than moft parts of that extenfive continent we have already defcribed. This country was by turns poflelVed by the Carthaginians, Romans, Greeks, Saracens, Vandals, Arabs, Moors, and Turks ; befidcs the various attempts made by the Spa- niards, Portuguefe, and the European nations who have formed fettlements in fome parts of this coaff, which ftretches from eaft to weft near two thoufand miles in length, and in fome places feven hundred and fifty in breadth. It was known to the antients by the name of Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Proper, and Lybia ; and is the beft country in all Africa, except Egypt and the country about the Cape of Good Hope. Barbary begins on the weft at Mount Atlas, ex- tending north-eaftward along the coaft of the Atl intic Ocean to Cape Spartel,and then bending eaftward, fjrms the fouth coaft of the Straights of Gibraltar, and after- wards the I'outh coaft of the Mediterranean as far as the city of Alexandria, which is the weflcrn boundary of Egypt, where that country joins to Barbary. Both coafts, whether that walhed by the Atlantic Ocean, or by the Mediterranean, arc extremely fertile in corn and pafturcs j the former being watered by many large and fmall rivers, which fiow from Mount Alias, and difcharge themfelves into the ocean ; while the other extends along the decli- vity of a vaft range of mountains, fome of them of a con- fidcrablc height, and fpread in depth above forty leagues into the inland country : all of them watered by a mul- titude of rivers, which, after a long courfe, and various windings, through a vaft variety of pleafant and fertile vallics, difcharge themfelves into the Mediterranean. The climate of this extenfive country is, during a great part of the year, neither cxti^mely hot, nor very . , cold. There is, however, great quantities of fnow in '_ winter, and both Atlas and tome other of the mountains have their tops covered with it all the year round. ^Vinter begins here about the middle of O£lobcr,^««^/^ when the weather is frequently very fliarp. The rains ufually begin about the end of the month, and laft till the end of January, and fomctimes longer j but how feverc -Is never jrr, hcii, it theic to be fore the cr f.icc i l.ut iy tlicir iidj bcaiJj HI hij li tlic wholir 1 the governor J Manihico, L- Holy Crols, )tl)cr town is .Iy contained y of jefuits, ges, five hol- calllcs about ic of the Ma- idcira, in the , , titudc, and in JH:ji'. ngitude from t^:ei rcumfercnce. vo Portugucfc )hn I, king of to make far- violent ftorm, ive thcmfelves illand, which t Porto Santo, leat and other abitaiits : here all nurribcr of hf gum called ley and wax, no harbour, 'hich afFords a :a, or coming en flop there, labitants, who and being fub* RIPOLY. tar, and after- n as far as the !i boundary of . Both coafts, i;an, or by the I and pafturcs ; id finall rivers, rge themfflves ong the decli- thcm of a con- e forty leagues rrcd by a mul- c, and various ant and fertile iterrancan. I is, during a hot, nor very s of fnow in ,. ,. . the mountains round. ; of OaohcTy/fthhr 3. The rains , and hn till jcr ; but how fevere Jj/frii Vtunturr Xliuiurttn , Barbaryi A F R I A. 4»Jt feveref.ievcrthe weather may be in the morning, the after- noons arc commonly warm ciiouf»h to (lifpenCc with a (ire. InFebruarythc air becomes miliicr, and the wcatherufually changes three or four times in a day. Jftrin^ During the fpriny, which begins about the end of Fcbruarv, the weather is fur the moll jurt fercnc, except from the latter end of April to that of May, when kind refrefhini; fliowers bctin to fall in great plenty, which, warmed by the moderate rays of the fun, bring the produce of the earth to a gradual maturity j (o that by ilic latter end of May, ripe tigs and cherries arc gathered in Tunis, Algiers, and fome parts of Morocco. By the middle of July their apples, pears, and plumbs arc in full maturity \ and grapes, with all the latter fruits, are gathered by the latter end of September. 'I'hcfc arc more or le(s plentiful, according to the quantity of rain that has fallen from the twenty-fifth of April to the twenty-fifth of May j on which account this rain is ftiled naifan, or water fent from heaven ; and the people favc a quantity of it in velRls for ufe. XSvttnier. Their fummcr begins on the twenty-eighth of May, and lafts till the twenty-fixth of Auguft ; during which the heat is fo exccflive as to be dangerous, efpecially if they have great rains in June and July, when the .ttmo- fphere becomes fo hot as to caufe malignant fevers, and other difealls of the pcllilential kind, which carry off a prodi<'iou3 number of people for want of proper caution 111 preventing, or fufficient flcill in curing of them. This is chiefly owing to a religious prejudice deeply rooted in the mind of every Mahometan, who imagines that all fuch fublunary difafters are pre-ordered by an unerring and unalterable decree of the Divine Providence ; fo that every precaution ufed either to prevent or avoid, and every remedy ufed againtt them, arc not only fruitlefs, but impious. Thii notion has, however, been in fome meafure exploded among the more fcnfible part of the in- habitants of the coaft, by their frequent commerce with, as well as the example of fuch Chnitians as were conver- fant with them •, but the red ttill efteem it the greatt ft im- piety to go aftep out of their way to avoid the plague or any Other difaft rous calamity, or to ufe any remedy againll them. hu/um/l Autumn begins on the twenty- feventh of Augufl, when a fenfibic diminution of the heat begins to be felt. Winter begins on the feventeenth of November, and ends on the fixtcenth of February, when the people begin to plough and fow their low lands ; but that work is peiformed on the high lands and mountainous parts a month fooner. They fuppofe the year to have forty ,l.iMil. The Moon aiul Ar.ibs ftill lul- low the priniitiv : cultomi obfervcd in the Kaft of tread- ing out their corn, after which it is only winnowed by throwing it into the wind with fliovels. Dr. Shaw obferves, that in Barbary all kinds of pro- vifions are extremely cheapo and that you may piiichafe a large piece of bread, a bundle of turnips, or a fmall balkct of fruit, for the fix hundredth and nincty-fixtti nart of a dollar, of three fhillingH and fix-pence (terling. Fowls are frequently bought for three half-pence a piece, a Iheep for three (hillings and fix-pcncc, and a cow and calf for a guinea. One year with another the people can purchafc a bu(hi'l of the beft wheat for fifteen or eigh- teen pence. The inhabitants of thefe countries, as well as the Faftern nations in general, are great caters of bread, and three perfons in four live entirely upon it, or upon fuch food as is made of wheat and barley-Hour. All the fruits in Europe, befides thofe found in Kgypr, are produced here, except the ha/.el-nut, the filbert, the g(x)fuberry, and currant-tree, (heir gardens arc, how- ever, laid out without the leaft method and defign, and arc a confufed intermixture of trees with beds of turnips, cabbages, beans, and fometimcs wheat and barley difperfcJ among them. Parterres and fine walks would be con- fidercd as the lofs of fo much foil and labour, and new improvements regarded as fo many deviations from the praillice of ihcir anceltorf, which they think they ought to follow with the utmoft reverence. The bcalh of burthen in this extcnfivo country arc camels, a few dromedaries, horfes, which arc faid to have lately much degenerated, affes, mules, and a creature called the kumrah, which. Dr. Shaw fays, is a little ferviceable beaft of burthen, begot between an afs and a cow i it is fingle hoofed like the afs, but in every other rcfpcift different from it j the Ikin being fleekcr, and the tail and head, though without horns, refembling that of , a cow. The cows of this country are fmall, (lender, and af- ford but little milk. Whence Abdy Ba(ha, dey of Al- giers, and all his minifters, were greatly furpriled, when told by admiral Cavendifh, that he had an Hampfhirc cow on board the Canterbury, then in the road of A'gicrs, that every day gave a gallon of milk, which is as much as half a dozen of the beft Barbary cows yield in the fame time ; befides thefe cattle always lofe their calves and their milk together. The dairies are fupplied by the (beep and goats, the chcefe being chiefly made of their milk. Inftead of ren- net they, during the fummer, make ufe of the flowers of the great headed thiftle, or wild artichoke, to turn the milk. The curds are put into fmall bafkets of rufhcs or palmetta leaves, and afterwards bound and pre(red.' Thefe chcefes are generally of the (hape and fizeofa penny-loaf. Their butter has neither the fubftance nor the rich tafte of ours, and is only made by puttin» their cream into a goats- (kin, which being fufpended from one fide of the tent to the other, and pre(l<;d to and fro, foon occafions the fcparation of the butter from the whey. The fhccp are of two kinds ; one ot them, common all over the Levant, is diftinguifhed by its having a large broad tail, and is of the fame fpecies we have already defcribed in treating of Syria. Thofe c.*"the other fpecies are almoft as tall as our fallow-det-r, and, excepting the head, arc not much different from them in (liapc j but their flcfli is dry, and their fleeces as coarfc and hairy as thofe of the goats. It is obfervable, that a geldin (itiated with lood j (or then they loCe their (ierceneCH (o Car that, the Ariiiis r.iy, a woman may Icl/.e their prev, and rcl'cue it , and (lu h.irkino: of tlieir dojrs all night, thofe ra- venous bcalls fr ipiently outbrave ihefe terrors, and leap- in;; into the mldll of the circle enclofcd by their tents, briii'j;oiit a (Ivcp or a (;oat alive. If thcle rava^^cs arc repeated, the ,\rah'-, obferving where they enter, dlf; :i pit, ;nd covermi; It over lliy.htly with cedars, or fni.dl branclus of trees, frequently catch them, and teed on their flv'fh, which is mnch ellecmed, it having the tallc of veal. Thedii'i bah |s,nfxt fo the lion and p.inthcr,thc fierrrft of the wild beads of ll.irbjry. It of the ii/.o of a wolf ; but has a Hatter body, and naturallv limps upon its liinder right leg ; notwithilanding which, it is tolerably fwllt. Its neck is fo (lift", that in looking behind, oi fnatehing obliiiiiclv at any objci^t. It is obliged to move its whole body. It is of a dun or reddidl butt' colour, with fomc tranf'.cife (Ireaks of a dark brown. It has a inane near a fpan long, ami its ftct, which are well armed with claws, ferve to dig up the roots of plants, and fometimcs the graves of the dead. An animal whicli Dr. Shaw calls the faadh has fpots like the leopard, but the fkin is coarfer and of a deeper colour, and the animal is nut naturally fo fierce. The Arabs imagine that it is begot by a lion and a lenpardefs. There are alio twootl : animals marked like the leo- pard, but their fpots are generally of adarker colour, and the furfofter and fomcwhat longer. One of the cat kind is about a third Icfs than a full grown leopard, and may be taken for a fpccics of the lynx. The other has a fmall pointed head, with the feet, teeth, and fonie other parts refembling thofe of the weaftl. The body is only about a foot long, and is round and flender, with a regular fucceflion of black and white ringlets upon the tall. Both the jackall, and an animal called the black eared cat, are fuppofed to find out prey tor the lion, and are thence called the lion's provider, though it maybe much queftioncd whether any l\ich friendly intercourfc fubfifls between animals fo dilfercnt in their natures. Indeed in the night-time tbefi', with other beads, prowl about in fearch of prey, and have often been fecn in the morning devouring fiich carcales as the lion is tuppofed to have fed upon the night before. Tbi-^, and the promlfcuous nolle made by the jackall and the lion, are laid to be the only circumliances in favour ot this opinion. The lior. is fuppofed to feed chiefly on the wild boar, who fome- timcs defends himfcif with fuch courage, that thecarcafles of both have been found dead, lying together, covered with blood, and dreadfully mangled. Barbary alio produces bears, porcupines, foxes, apes, hares, rabbets, ferrets, weafels, and moles ; with came- Icons, and fcveral kinds of lizards. The moll remarkable of the ferpent kind is the thai- bannc, fome of which are laid to be three or four yards long, and the people make purfes of their fkins. The ziirreike is about fifteen inches long, flender, and rc- inarkable for darting along with great fwiftncfs ; but the moft malignant of this tribe is the leffah, which appears to be the burning dipfas of the antients, and feldom ex- ceeds a foot in length. Amon';the birdi are the rliaad, which i i ed two fpecie i the (inalUr is of the tl/e of an ordinary piilkt, but tho larger 11 aInKdl as big as u capon, ami dirters from thr Idler in having a black head with a lult of dark bluw fealherj immediately below it. I hr bellv of both an- white, the back and wings nrc of a butt cidour, fpottcd with brown ; but the taifis lighter, and marked allaloiir' with black tianfverfe llrcakn. Thekitawiih freqiicnti the moll barren, as the rhaaj does the ni"ithin its walls above four thoufand lloufi',. Thtfe walls arc hii'h, ftrong, flanked with lofty towti-, and fui rounded with a good ditch ; they have two :;ates, one to the fouth, fiicing the adjacent country, and the other on the north, next the city ; both of them guardidby a company of foldiers to prevent theChrif- tian flaves going out without their keepers. This lart gate faces a ftrai^ht and handfome ftrcet, at the end of which ftandn, in the center of a fpacious court, a magni- ficent niofquc, creeled by Abdalmumem, king of the Almohcdrs ; but being too low for its bulk, was raifed fifty cubits higher by nis grandfon Alnianzor, who alfo built its great tower, or ftccple, which is only to lie equalled in height and beauty by thofe of Rabet, in the kingdom of Tremcfen, and of Seville, in Spain, which were the works of the fame architeci. This noble ftruflurc was alfo embelliflied with carvings of jafpcr, marble, and other coftly ftoncs j which, together with the noble gates of the cathedral of Seville, covered with relievo in brafs, that conqueror caufed to be brought from Spain to enrich this new fabric. On the top of the above-mentioned tower were fixed on an iron fpike four large balls of copper, plated fo thick with gold, that they were thought to be made of that rich metal. Thefe 'vereofdifl'ercnt fixes, the largcft capable of containing eight facks, the fecond four, the third two, and the up- ptrmoft one fack of wheat ; but Muley Ilhmael took them down, and had them put in his treafury. Under the floor of this extcnfivc mofquc is a deep vault, of the fame length and breadth with the building, in which is dcpofited an immenfc quantity of corn bc- longitig to the king; but it was originally defgned for a capacious ciftern to receive the rain-water that fell up- on the leads, and was conveyed into it by leaden pipes. The battlements of the tower are of an amazing lieioht, and from thence arifes a fpire of about feventy fect,°on the top of which were fixed the above-mentioned balls. But to return to the palace : before the removal of the court to Mequinez, the royal apartments, and thofe for the king's wives and concubines, the ftate-chambers, and the halls of audience, were cMremely magnificent ; and we are told, that the pillars, ; iings, and mouldings were all richly gilt. The gardens, though far from being regularly defign- ed, had fomething uncommonly grand and noble, thew being adorned with terraces, fountains, fpacious Hlh- ponds, and rich pavilions, fliaded from the heat of the fun by delightful groves of fragrant trees : but ni the midft: of this fplendour were the remains of other noble build- ings, which, before the removal of the court, were furtered to run to decay ; and of four hundred aqueduds, fome were broke down, and others fliamefully negledted. In the firft court of the royal palace the apartments, though eredted in the Morefco ftile, appeared with fur- prifing grandeur, adorned with bafons and fountains of the finell marble, and moft curious workmanfliip, (haded with citron, orange, and lemon-trees. The next court was cmbellifhcd with galleries and colonades of white marble, fo exquifitely wrought, that fome of the niceft judges in ai chitedlure among'the Europeans have beheld them with the greatcft admiration, even in their decay- ing flate. In this court alfo ftood a great number of marble vafes and bafons full of water, in which (he Moors mad? frequent ablutions before prayer. The ftables for camels, dromedaries, horfes, and mules, were extremely fplendid. Near them were two granaries, each of which was capable of containing thirty thoufand loads of corn : thefe were two ftorics high, thelowei for vi-hear, and the upper for oats and barley, which were conveyed on mules, by an eafy afccnt, to the top of the buildino-, and thence thrown by trap-doors into their proper cham- bers; whence they were diftributed with the fame eafe, by proper conduits, into the ftables and mangers. The gardens at the farther end of the caftlc towards the country, and the park almoft contiguous to them, file wed Ibme eminent tokens of their former elegance. When Mouquct was there, thefe gardens had a prodigious variety of fruit and other trees, fhrubs, and flowers ; and were adorned with a noble fqiiarc, railed in with a mar- ble baluftrade : in the center ftood a column, on which was phiccd a lion, both of the fame flone. This lion threw from Iiis mouth a fine ftream of water into a large !-at'on within the rails, on the four corners of which were lour leopards of white marble, beautifully fpotted with round fpots of green natural to the Hone. In the park were to be (een a variety of wild bealb, as elephants, lions, tygers, leopards, &c. which weie kept in build- ings prepared for their reception. At a fmall diftance from the palace ftands the quarter of the Jews, inclofed within its own walls, which have but one gate, and that is guarded by the Moors. VVc learn from Mouquet, that when he was there, four thou- fand of chofc people lived withiu that precinct. The foreign Morocco. A i- R I 4'<.- rorcigii agents, aiiJ even ainbjfTaJor":, alio clioofc to rclidc there, rather than in any other p.u t of the city ; but the Chriftian merchants commonly live near the Cullom-houle, which is about three miles tVo[ii the pa- lace. The Jews have always been burthened with very heavy taxes, notwith(tandin_L; which many of them aie very rich ; but it is their toi\ft.int policy in all thefe ilelpotic governments to make the mcancit appearance in their drcTs and houfcs, to avoid their being Itill more opprcfled ; even the natural fiilijecls of the kingdom are obliged to do the fame to prevent their beeoming a prey to the avarice of the monarch, or his minilters. tKnee the houfesof all the middling aiiJ common people in every part of the city, that is ftill inhabited, make a milerable appearance. Indeed thofc of the alcade;;, nobles, military officers, and courtiers are llrong, well built, and lol'ty, encompailed with walls, and flat on the top, where they ufually fpcnd the evening in freico, alter the African manner. The river Tcnlft, which runs through the city, has a handfome bridge over it, and turns a variety of mills on its banks. From this river water is conveyed into all the houfcs and wardens. SECT. vir. Of themojl i-mfiderabh' Cities in the Kiiigdcm of Fez ; parti- iuliirly oftlie City of Fez, its aniieiit Capital, A'leqiiinez, the prefent Capital of the whole Empire, Sallee, Maja^an, Tangier, Ceuta, undTetiian. THE city of Fc7. was formerly cflcemeJ the next in dignity, it being the capital of the once powerful kingdom of the fame name, and is divided into the Old and New City. The firft is moft worthy of notice, it being near nine miles m comp.ifsjand one of the moft populous cities in all Africa. Old Fez is fituated on the declivity of two mountains, the valley lying between them, and is furrounded by a ftrong wall of fquare ftone, flanked with towers. The houfes are fquare, terrafl(;d on the top, without any windows fronting the (Ireet. Thofc of the wealthy inhabitants, .and alio the colleges, mofqucs, baths, and hofpitals, have fpacious courts adorned with- in with galleries, fountains, bafons of fine marble and fifli-ponds, and are (haded with lemon and orange trees, which are loaded with fruit throughout the year. Thefe flruflures are plentifully fupplicd with water from the river Fez, which here divides itfclf into fix branches, and turns about four hundred mills. The city has feven gates, but no fuburbs : the (frccts are narrow, but moftly ftraight, and arc fhut up at night with gates placed at the end of theiW ; fo that no people can go out after that time, except upon extraordinary occafions. The mofqucs are faid to amount to five hundred, fifty of which are of the firft rank ; among thefe one exceeds all the reft, and, including the college and clnifter be- longing to it, is near a mile and a half in compafs. Ft has thirty ftatcly gates : its roof is a hundred and fifty cubits in length, and eighty in breadth, divided into fe- ventecn great domes, btfidcs a confidcrable number of inferior ones, and the whole fupportcd by fifteen hun- dred pillars of white rtlarbic ; every dome is adorned with l.unps of a large fi/c, and curioudy wrought. There arc laid to he four hundred ciflerns in the cloifter, to which the people repair to make their ufual ablutions before prayer. ■ Within the buildings of this mofiiue is i fpa- cious college, in which divinity, philofophy, and other fcienees are taught by their moft learned men, the chief of whom is chofen prefidcnt over the reft, and raifed to the dignitv of grand nnifti. In this college is alio one of the largcit libraries in all Africa. The inhabitants of this citv arc faid to amount to three hundred thoufand, befides the merchants and other foreigners. The principal magittrate, who is (lilcd pro- volt of the merchants, has feveral inferior magiftratcs under him, and ul'uallv refidcs in one of the molt popu- lous ftrcets, that he mav be near at hand to punilh all delinquents. This magilhitc is tholcn from among the citizens. There is alio a gcjvei lioi .ippointcJ !>v th; king, 4' who has a cady, or iuJgi", under him to t;v criminal caufes. When a perloa is condemned to fuUir death, if he be a plebeian, he is led through the chief ftreels of tlietityto the place of execution, with his hands tied behind him, and is obliged to pioclalm as he goes his crime and puniihment ; and when l;e comes to the gal- lows, he is hung up by the feet, and has his tiuoat cut j but if he be a pcrfon of high rank, his throat is cut before- hand, and the hangman marching before the body pro- claims his crime. .■X man guilty of murder is conducted to the ncareft relation of the dcce.ifed, who mav either condemn him to fuffer what death he pleafes, or com- pound with him for a fum of monev. liut if he deniij the crime, he is cither baftin.idoed or fcourged in lb cruel a manner, that he commonly dies under the e.xecuiioner'j hands. As Fez. is the common emporium of all Barbary, to which all commodities are brought and e.\chani:ed, the ftrcets fwarm with merchants and tradefmen. 'Fhe goods imported chiefly confift oflpices, Vermillion, co- chineal, brafs, iron,fteel, wire, arms, ammunition, drugs, watches, fmall looking-glalles, quickfilver, opium, tartar, aloes, allum, Englifti woollen and linen cloths, nuif- lins, calicoes, fuftians, filks of all kinds, brocades, da- mafks, velvets, red woollen cips, toys of all forts, earthen-ware, combs, and paper. The exports confift in hide.-;, and all forts of leather, particularly the Morocco, which is the maiuita.ituie of thf; country, wool, furs, fkins, cotton and Hax, cloth of the fame materials, horfes, oftrich feathers, potilhcs, almons, dates, raifins, figs, olives, honey, filk of their own manufacCurc, gold duft and ducats, of both which the Jews have the fole brokerage. Mequinc/., the prefent capital of the empire, is fitu.ited in the ki.igdom of Fez, on the river Sebu, or Sabro, in a fpacious and delightful plain, fixtv-fix leagues to the weftward of Fez, and three to the ealt of Sallee. Fhis city is furrounded with high walls, at the toot of which are pleafant gardens. It has many -iiofqucs, col k res, baths, and other public buildings ; and it has a continual market, to which the Arabs refort from all parts to fell their honey, wax, butter, dates, and other commo- dities. The palace is about four miles in circumference, and is almoft fquare. It ftands on even ground, and has no hill near it. The buildings are of rich mortar, without either brick or ftone, except for pillars and arches; and the mortar fo well wrought, that the walls lefemble one entire piece of terrace : they are formed in wooden cafes, within which the mortar is rammed down by the Chrif- tiaii (laves, much in the fame manner as the paviours among us drive down the ftoncs ; they all raife together heavy pieces of wood, and keeptimc in their ftrokcs. Thefe wooden cafes are built higher as the wall riles ; and when they are finifhed, and dry enough to ftand firmly without them, arc removed. The whole building is cxccedins; malTy, and the outer wall, which furroumls the whole, is twenty-five feet thick. Mr. Windus, a gentleman in the retinue of Charles Stewart, Efq; amba(T!idor to the emperor of Morocco in the year 177.^, attended his excellency to fee the palace, when they were firft (liewn fome large rooms full of men and bovs making faddles, (locks for gun<, fcabbards for Ccymetars, and other things. From thence they paflcd through feveral large neat buildings, and at length en- tered the moft inward .'.'ll as withinj that the eyes of tlie be- holders Morocco. AFRICA. 4S- tsrn Ai-rf 26- no. holders are dazzled by the reflcclion of the fun. The baftia's palace Is both acurious and magiiiticcnt llruiSlure; as is likewife his villa, about two miles out of town. The mofqucs, and other public ftruilures, make a noble ap- pearance, though built in the Morefco talle. The Jews of this city are computed to amount to a- bout five thoufand, and are allowed to make wine and brandy. They have feven fyiiagogucs, and yet arc faid to have no more than a hundred and fcvcnty houfes. The city is furrounded with a fin; country covcrc ' with gardens, orchards, and villas ; and on an adjaccju eminence is a fpacious burying-ground, adorned with I'uch a variety of cupolas, pyramids, and other monu- ments, that at a diftance it refcmbles a fine city in mi- niature. If to this be added its profpecl towards the fea, and of the adjacent hills and plains, and the courtcouf- nefs and affability of the people, which exceeds that even in the moll celebrated capital of this empire, we (hall not fcruple to acknowledge this to be one of the moft agree- able cities ill all Barbary. SECT. viri. Of the Province of Suz ; luilh a concifi Account of the Cities of Mepy Tefftit, Tir^oji, Tarmlunt, .nid'Tedfi. AS we have now taken a view of the principal cities of Morocco and Fez, we fliall fay fomething of Suz, or Bus. The province of Suz is intcrfeiled by fc- veral ridges of Mount Atlas, fror which many fprings flow, and render the country fruitful in corn, rice, fugar, dates, vines, and indigo. The river Suz, like the Nile ill Egypt, overflows all the low lands, and, by having canals cut from it, enriches all the country through which it pafles. This, and the inferior rivers, turn a great number of fugar and corn-mills i and the indigo, which grows wild in all the low grounds, is of a very bright colour, and is prepared and exported in great quantities. The inhabitants, who are chiefly Berebers, are diftin- guiflied by their induftry ; and many of them who live in towns become wealthy, and arc much more polite than the natives of Fez and Morocco : but the cities of this province arc neither cor.fiderable for their (Irength, fize, nor beauty. The city of Mefia Is feated on the river Suz, where it difcharges itfelf into the fea, and is divided into three dillinA quarters about a mile diftant from each other, and each quarter enr'. fed by its own walls. The inha- bitants cultivate the adjacent lands which are fertilized by the overflowing of the Suz; but when it fails to rife above its banks, the natives are obliged to live chiefly on dates, which are here much coarfer than in other parts of Africa. As the river forms no harbour, the natives have little or no foreign commerce ; and the ftiore being flat and (hallow, whales are fometimes caft upon it. About three or four miles from Mefla, on the fame river, ftands Tefl'ut, or Teceut, which, like the for- mer, is divided into three parts ; but is much larger and more populous. In the center is ereiSed a (lately mofque, through which runs a branch of the river. TefTut is fuppofed to contain four thoufand families, moft of which are induftriousand in good circumftances ; for the fugar manufaflory flouriflies here, and the fineft Mo- rocco leather is drellcd in this placo and exported from thence in great quantities. Tagoaft, or Tagoft, the largeft city in the province, is built in a fpacious and fertile plain, and was furrounded with walls, which are now decayed. It is faid to con- tain eight thoufand families, four hundred of which are Jews ; and though the reft are Mahometans, they nevcr- thekfs prefervc a kind of religious veneration for St. Auftin, who, they fay, was born there. It enjoys two markets in a week, to which the Arabs and Moors refort with their commodities, and the negroes to buy cloth. Tarudant is fituated near the .Atlantic Ocean, in lati- tude thirty degrees, and, though a fmall place, is in a flourifhing condition, and carries on a confiderable com- merce with the Berebers, who refort to its markets. Its buildings are handfome, and the adjacent plains fertile. It was once the refidcnce of its own princes, who adorned it with handfome edifices, as it is how that o'' (he go- vernors of the province. Tedfi is a confiderable town, which chiefly fubfift.^ by the cultivation of fugar, and contains about five hundred inhabitants. Its market on Mondays is reforted to by merchants from many dillant parts of Barbarv, and even from Nigritia. Its trade confifts in cattle, leather, linen, and woollen cloths, fugar, wax, honey, butter, and iron tools. The Jews are here rich and numerous, and the people of the town are much commended for their cour' teous behaviour to ftrangers. w l,il SECT. IX. A ancife Defcription of Tciflet and Gefula. E fhall now give a concifc account of Tafiler, which was once a kingdom of itfelf, though now fuhjeil to Morocco. This kingdom has its name from its capital, and is along tradt of dry and barren ground, which runs almoft eaft and weft, it being bounded on the north by Fez an^ Tremefen ; on the fouth by Za- hara, or the Defait ; on the eaft by the country of the Berebers ; and on the weft by Morocco and Suz. Its extent, including the provinces of Itaat, Darha, Sakrah, and Tuct, is very confiderable, and varioufly computed ; but the country is, for the moft part, io hot and fandy, that it produces little corn and fruit. The only placu where they can raife barley is along the banks of the river, and even there it grows in fmall quantities ; fo that none but perfons of diftin£lion are able to purchafe it, while the common people live chiefly upon dates and the flefh of camels, both which are here in great plenty : yet indigo grows without art or culture, and yields a more vivid and lafting bluethan that produced in our American plantations. They have abundance of oftriches of a pro- digious fize, the flefh of which they eat. The chief commerce of the natives of Tafilet, befides the indigo a- bove-mentioned, confifts in their dates, and in a fort of leather made of the hides of a creature called the dantos. Theyalfo make a fort of ft.iped filk of various colours, much ufed by the Moors and negroes ; alfo fine caflbcks and caps for the men, veils for the women, curious car- pets, and the like. The king, or emperor, of Morocco, among his other titles, takes that of lord of Tafilet and Darha, and fre- quently permits the prince, whom he fends thither gover- nor, to take that of king of Tafilet The city of Tafilet, which is the capit.il of this king- dom, is feated on the river of the fame name, and has a ftrong caftle, fuppofed to have been built by the Berebers, who have here the name of Fitelis, and are induftrious and rich in camels, horfcs, and other cattle. This city is reforted to by merchants, not only from feveral parts of Barbary, but even from Europe. The people are af- fable and civil to ftrangers, but the Arabs are much ad- dicted to fuperftition. Adjoining to this kingdom is Gefula, which is alfo fubje£l to Morocco, and is bounded by Tafilet on the eaft, by Darha on the fouth, by Suz on the weft, and by Morocco on the north ; but its extent and boundaries are too uncertain to be determined with any degree of exaftnefs. Though the country is moftly dry and barren, it has many mines of copper and iron, which are worked by the natives, who alio fabricate thofe metals into all the uteiifils ufed in'Barbary ; and thefc they exchange for horfes, linen and woollen cloths, fpices, and the other commodities they want, either by tarrying them into other p;\rts of Barbary, or by the frequent fairs they hold in their plains, or in their large towns, fome of which con- tain a thoufand houfes, or more. They have one fair in particular, kept in a large plain, that lafts two months, to which ftrangers refort from moft parts of Barbary and Nigritia i and, it is faid, that though thefe ftrangers a- mount to at leaft ten thoufand perfons, befides their fer- Tidoo. vants and cattle, they are all maintained at the public expence, there being perfons appointed to drefs their provifions, and tofurnilh them with all other necefl'aries, which is d onewithuut tumult or diftui bancc. Two cap- tains, i ■t; 'f!l iSS A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. MoROCCdi laiiis, with a fufSclcnt body of folJicrs, prevent all dif- ordcrs ; and if a thief be taken, he is immediately put to death, and his flefti thrown to the dogs. They h.ivc a remarkable cuftom, which is, that let them be at war with whonifoevcr they will, they obferve a tiucc three days in the week with all ftrangcrs, for the encouragement of trade; and thii is likcwifc done during the two months of the above fair. This country produces very little wheat, but plenty of barley, dates, good pafturc, and variety of cattle. The inhabitants are faid to be fo numerous, as to be able to bring fixty thoufand men into the field. Their drefs is only a fhort ftripej woollen or linen jacket, with half fleeves, over which they throw a long coat or gown of coarfe woollen cloth, under which hangs either .t dagger, or a fhort two-edged fword. Their other weapons, when at war, are the fcimitar, Ipcar, and (hort gun. A part of this country was once conquered by the Por- tuguefe; but the natives foon recovered their liberty, which they enjoyed till they were fubdued by the emperor of Morocco. SECT. X. Oftht diffirent Inhahitanti ^f Mnoui. Their Perfons, Drefs, Eiiterlaininentit Man/ters, find Cujhms, THE inhabitants of this empire are compofed of a mixture of different nations, particularly of the Aloors, whoare chiefly the defcendants of thofe who were driven out of Spain ; and, though poor and opprefTed, are very numerous, cfpecially on the fea-coaft ; but they have no trading vcflcis, nor carry on any imme- diate commerce with foreign nations. Thefe are faid to be covetous, fuperftitious, great cheats, jealous, vindic- tive, and treacherous. The Berebcrs, or, as thev flile themfelves, the anticnt natives, are people who ftill follow their own cuftoms, ufc their antient language, and live in huts on the moun- tains, for the fake of enjoying their liberty, they having never yet been entirely fubdued. The Arabs are here very numerous, and range from place to place with their herds, cultivate the plains, and low corn on the moil fertile fpots. Thefe are equally t'onil of liberty ; and though they pay a kind of tribute, live under chcvks of their own riice and choofing. Some of their tribes live rather upon plunder than indufl^ry, and cannot eafily be fupprcHld, as they generally live in fomc of the moll inacceltiblc parts of the mountains, from which they make their excurfions into the low lands, and attack the caravans who come in their way. The Jews were .ilfo for the m^ fl part obliged to fly out of Spain and Portugal ; and, though they have a very bad cliaraclcr, are fuftcred to be the chief traders, fac- tois, miiiters, and bankers in the empire ; and it is faid, that, by their frauds and impofitions,they make themfelves .iiiiplc amends for the heavy taxes with which they arc loaded. The rciicgadocs, thouTh lefs numerous than in Al- ciers and Tunis, yet made a diftiniSl clafs of people ; but are alinofl as much dctcfted by the reft of the inhabitants as bv the Cinlllians. Thefe guard the gates of the royal palaces and fortified places; and fome of them are diftri- butid among the governors of the provinces, who are to employ them as occafion oftcrs. The (laves make another confiderablc clafs ; they are b^'re alfo very numerous, and are much more inhumanly treated than in Algiers and Tunis, Thefe all belong to the king, who cauies them to be employed in the hardeft labour, and the • ilcft offices, almofl without intcrmiflion. The poor pittance allowed them daily confifts of a pound cake of coarfe barley-bread, dipped in a little oil, which they are fometimes forced to put in their mouths with one hand, while the other is employed in fome painful drudgery. Their drefs confifts of a long coarfe woollen coat, with a hood, which ferves them for cap, fhirt, coat, iind brcci.hcs. In this wretched fituatioii they arc har- n"fi"ed in carts with mules and afl'es, and more unmerci- fully laflud for tht Icaft inadvertency or intcrmiffion of ilieir labour, thyu^^h perhaps folcly owing to their ftrcn^th being quite cxhauflcd by luniivcr, tliirfl, and fatlgu". Their loduing at night is a fubtcrraneoiii duii;;enM, about ten yards in diameter, into which they di.-fi.tfnd by a luui - ladder, which is afterwards drawn uji, and the inouth of the pril'on covered with an iron grate. In fhoit, thcij cruel wretches take a fingular plcafure in tortneiuiii™ tliiic unhappy people : they, howcve., c^cept thole th^at aiu .married from hard labour, a favour which is induli'td the wom.-n, on account of their breeding and iiurlintTa ir-'a- brood of flaves ; but thefe are neither better fed, clothed, or lodged than the red. The language of this country is the Arabcfk, or mo- dern Arabic, which is fpoken not only in all the cities, towns, villages, and tents of this empire, but h undcr- flood throughout all Barbary, and indeed throughout the Turkifh dominions. The drefs of the people of Morocco is not unpraceful. The men wear fhort /hirts, with very broad flccvcs that fometimes l^jing down ; but are more frequently tucked up to keep them cool. They have linen bteeches tieJ about their waid next their fkin. Over their fhirt they wear a cloth-veft, or waiflcoat, very (hort, made to fie clofe to the body, and faliened with fmall buttons and loops fct clofe together, which is often embroidered with gold or filver thread. Round the waifl they tie a fcarf of filk or fluff, in which they ftick large knives, with the handles either of fome valuable metal or ivory inlaid, ar-^ the flieaths are tipt with filver. Their outer garment is either the alhague, or the albornooce ; the former is a piece of fine white woollen ftufi^", five or fix yards in length, and about one and a half broad, which they winp round them above and below their arms, a drefs which reiembles the drapery of antique figures : the albornooce is cither made of cloth or woollen fhilF napped, and has fome re- femblance to a fhort cloak ; but is joined a little way be- fore, from the neck downwards, having two or three rows of fliort flripes worked in the ffuff, and frinsjcJ at the ends : the bottom and fides are cd/ed v;ith a deep fringe, and at the neck behind there hangs a peaked cowl, with a tofl'el at the end. With this cowl they can cover their heads to keep oft^ the weather. On their heads, which they always keep fliaved, they wear a little red cap, which they make into a turban by rolling muf.in abouc it ; but when they go into the country they wear a hand- fome cane hat, to keep off the fun. The alcaides have a broad leather belt, embroidered with gold, in which they hang their fcimitars. They all go bare-lccgcd, but wear flippers of red or yellow leather, without heels. The Moors in general drefs after this manner, without any other difference than in the richnefs and fincncfs of the fluffs, only the upper garment worn by the poor is a coarfe, thick, woollen cloth with holes at the top to put their arms through, inflead of fieevcs : this reaches to their knees, and hangs loofe about their bodies. Whenever the women go abroad, they drefs nearly like the men, their upper garment being the'alhaguejuft men. tioncd, with which they cover their heads, brinointr it down over their foreheads clufe to their eyes, and under- neath tie a piece of white cloth to hide the lower part of the face. The alhague covers all but their legs, which, when they are at home, or vifit from the tops of their houfes, are generally naked ; only fome ladies of fuperior rank have their drawers fo long that they reach to their feet, and hang in great loofe folds about their legs. They wearthe fame kind of flippers as the men. Within doois they have only a fingle binder about their foreheads, and their hair hangs behind in two large phits ^^ fir'! lpn."ih. They alfo wear at home a vcft open from the hofum to the waifl, to (hew their embroidered fmocks, and faflcii large pieces of muflin to the fieevcs of their vcfl, which hang down very low, in the manner of rufjlcs. Tlicv wear a (hort petticoat over their drawers, have lart^c ear- rings in their ears, with bracelets on their arms and Ics. The women arc remarkable for their fine eye-, and fome of them have very beautiful fklns, which .Mr. Win- dus, one of the Englifii ambaflador's letinue, in the year 1720, fays they had fometimes an opportunity ufobfcrv- ing ; and though a man might live a year in or.e of their towns without feeing the face of a Mooiifh woman in the flreets, yet when thefi; Knglifh gentlemen inct them m the fields, or faw them outhe houlc-top'i, ifmncofthe Moors Morocco. A F k 1 A. iO7.0CC(5. iJ fatlgu". by :i iu|jL - iiiomh ut lort, tlicli: ntiiigtiu-ic Ic tliat aiii iJiii^rcJ t!u- linn ■! iii-'A- d, clotlieJ, -^rci Moors were in fi'^ht, they woikl unveil, and I,tiiij1i till the appearance ot one obliged llicni to concejl iliiir faces a^;.iin. ' I'he above author obfervcs, that tlic men are of a fwarthy complexion, intermixed with a race of well- lookiii;.; men, fomcwhat fairer than the rell. They are j;cnerally Uifty, llronj^-limbed, ;ii.4ivc, laborious, and tn- durini; with lurprifini; refohition the heats of fummer and the cold rains of winter. Thus a mclll-iger will go from 'I'etuan to Mequinez, which is a hundred and fifty miles, for a li.irbary i\uc.:\., of the value of three fhillings and fi:.-penre; and when caught in a ftorni of rain, will only looh out for a bufh or hiiih ttone, and litting down on his hams, with his back toward:, it, remain in that pollure the whole ni_'ht ; or, 'f the we.ither be fair, will wrap himfclfupin his cloaths, and pafs the night fleep- ini- on the [;rafs. 'Tis laid that the nioit famous footmen will go a hundred and eighty miles in three days. They fwim the rivers, even in the depth of winter, if not de- terred by the rapidity of the cur-ent ; and A'hen they take a journey of fcven or eight days, carry only a little meal and a few raifins or tigs in a fmall goat's fkin. They lian. no ports for carrying Ictteis in this country; the ufual way of fending them being by footmen, who are almod as expeditious as horfcs : nor have they any kind of wheel- carriage ; for they remove their light goods from place to place on horfes, but make ufe of camels when they carry a confiderable diftance, great ijuantities o£ corn, hides, or the like. Their vifits are generally fliort, and laft no longer than thebufmefs which occafions them requires; the vifitor being only treated with coffee, or (licrbet, and a pipe of tobacco, except on particular occafions. The women have their peculiar apartments, where they receive their female vifitors ; and from which even their hufbands are excluded. When a Moor is difpofcd to give an entertainment to his neighbours, his women go to the top of the houle, where they cuiitinue till the gucfts are gone. Their en- tertainments generally confilt of cufcufu, which is thus made : they put tine flour into a large flat pan, and moift- ening it with water, roll it up into fmall balls. Thefe they put into a kind of cullender, that ferves for the cover of a pot, in which meat and fowls are Hewing ; whence it receives the heat and rteani. As foon as it is enough, it is put into a dilli, and Itrong broth being poured over it, they put in the meat and fowls, and ferve it up. Their difties are either pewter or earthen-ware, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, fomewhat like a high crowned hat turned with the crown downwards. They fit crofslegged on the floor, placing their diflies on a h'.ge piece of iVlorocco leather, that ferves both for table and table-cloth. While they cat a fervant Hands by with a f-rcat bowl of water in one hand, and a narrow lonn piece of blue linen in the other, to wipe their right hands, with which thevpull the viftuals to pieces, it be- in'.'; generally ftcweil to rags. 'I'hoy never ufe the let't hand in eating, bccaufe that is always ufed on neccflary and lefs cleanly occafions. They ent without fpeakins:, and after their meals drink water or fherber, their riligion forbidding them the ule of wine and all other intoxicating licpiors; vet mofl: of them will get drunk with ftrong drink of any kind, if they c.ui g -t it. They are fo very fond of butter-milk, which is t.itir chief dciert, that when they would fpeak of tt'.e extraordinary fweetncfs of any thing, they com- pare it with that. A large black pitcher of it is ufually brouirlu in with .t wooden 'ladle, which is prefcnted to the moll conhJcrable pcrfon, and from him it pafl'cs fcvcral times round the company. They burv their butter in the ground to make it keep, and do nor it. (like it when it is three or four years old. Thev alio wrap up the cauls, fuet, and fat of cows, r.iccp, and goats, in great rolls, which in winter are fold to the poor inHead of butter. Their bread is, however, extremely cheap and good. When they arc in their houfes they are always fitting or Iving on mats; and if they ever go out on foot, it is never f.irther than to make a villt, unlefs their burinrfs requires it; but they d.iily fpcnd live or fix hours before tlieir doors, fitting on their h.ims, for they think it ex- 4« tremely ridiculous for any one to walk up and down J. room : " \Vliv, fay they, (hould a man ritiiove freni " one end of the room to the other, without appaieiit " caufe ? Cannot he as well (lay where he is, as go " to the other end, incerly to come luck again?" It is heie reckoned fo fliamcful a thing for a man to make water in a ftanJing pollure, that thofe who arc found guilty of it are excluded from being evidence in any tiial. Whether this be i'.\ order to prevent any drop of their urine falling upon their cloaths, which they crtecm u legal defilement, is not cafily determined ; they are, however, very careful to fquat down, like the fe- males, whenever they make thii evacuation. The women in labour h.ave alio a rtrangc fupcrftitious cuftom of fending to a fchool for five little boys, four of whom arc directed to hold the four corners of a cloth, in each of which an egg is tied, and running with it through the ffrcets, fing prayers alternately ; upon which the Moors come out of their houfes with bottles or pitchers of water, which they pour into the middle of the cloth ; and by this means they exptiit to have an eafy and quick delivery. SEC T. XI. 0/llie Government of Morouo, the defpil'u Power eftheEv:- p!r}>-, his Til/es, Lnws, RfViuuc, Navy, Land-Forca, Alamier of making II iir, and the Punijhmoiti Injiiifcd i>t Criminali. THKRE is not, pcrhano, upon earth a more dcfpotic government than that of Morocco ; for their reli- gion, laws, antient cufloms, and inbred prejudices, all confpire to render the monarch abfolute, and to confirm the fubje(5ls in the moil abfolute flavery. The king, or emperor, who has the title of Iharif, is not only allowed to have an uncontroulable property and power over the lives and fortunes of his iubjects, but even over their confciences too, he being the only perfon who, as the fucceflor of Mahomet, fets up for being the principal in- interpreter of the Koran, and appoints all the judges under him. Whenever therefore any of his laws are en- afted and proclaimed, as they are commonly done by his governors in all places of his dominions, that none may plead ignorance, they are every where received with an implicit and religious fubmiffion. His fubjedts zre cten bred up with a notion, that thofe that die in the execu- tion of his commands are immediately admitted into Haradife ; and thofe that have the honour to die by his h?nd to a ilill greater degree of happinefs there. Whence it is not furprifuig that we find on the one fide fuch cruelty, opprcflion, and tyranny ; and on the other fuch paflive fubmiflion and abjeift flavery. When the honourable Charles Stuart, ambaffador from England, appeared before the emperor of Morocco, he was mounted on a black horlc, which the negroes fanned, and beat off the flies with cloths, while an um- brella was kept conftantly twirling over thi emperor'>i head, to produce a little wind ; the m.in that carried it taking care to move as the horfe did, thsc the fun might not fliine upon him. His drefs differed little from that of his bafhas ; but the hilt of his Icimitar was of gold, fet with large emeralds ; his (addle was covered with fcarkt cloth, embroidered with gold, with one pillol in a cloth cafe on the left fide. His baflias proftrated theni- fclvcs before him, kilfed the ground, and rifing, went up to him and killed his feet : which they all do very often when he talks to them, and then retire backwards into their places. The emperor treated the ambalfador with great civilitv; he was named Muley Abdallah, and was cighty-fevcn years of age, about fiftv of which he had (pent on the throne ; but though his behaviour to the Englilli was lull of civility, our author obfervcs, he might ju(Uy be term- ed a nionfter in the human form, ami one of the mofl bloody tyrants that ever plagued mankind ; for his life was one continued fcciie of exactions, murders, and the moft horrid acts of cruelty, daily excrcilcd on his flavc.4 and his wretched fuhjedls : yet this monfler was eftetm- cd a faint ; he was continually proftrating himfelf on the 6 (j aatth. '■i J'iil "!' '11 4?^ A SYSTEM Of GEOGRAPHY. Morocco. earth, to offer up his petitions to heavtn, and perpetually cxercinn:-, wanton act;, of inhumanity. Hy his tmir wives, and the many tlioiilanil women ho haij had in his Icraglio, durin;; hib Icmk!; reign, he is (aid to have had (even hun- dred Ions ableto mount a horfc ; but the number of his daughters is unknown. On the ambafl'ador's goir>K tr. vifit one of the emperor's fons, the prince received him fittini; on a fiilc carpet, wrought with pold in large flowers. He had two black boys tanning him, one of them drell'ed in a vc(t of bi.ick and white flowerc.l velvet, the other's was of yellow vel- vet fpeckled with bl.uk. The prince's ganiKiit was of rich cloth of gold. The Englilh had chairs brou.'lit them, and fat down for fonie lime, the ambailador talk- ing to the- prince by one of the captives, who relUd him- fclY on his hands and knees at the threfhold of the door ; and, when he fpoke to the prince, prollratcd himfclfalmolt clofe to the ground. The tyraiMiv of the emperors of Morocco is chiefly ex- erci fed on the Moors and ilaves ; for the Ar.ibs, who pay an involuntary fibute, are not to be treated with fuch rigour. The zeal and attachment of the negroes who enjoy the principal power at court, entitle them to better treatment. During the laft reign they gained a gr-at afcendency from Mulcy Ifhmael's mother being a negro. Thefe arc better foldicrs than the Moors ; and the tyrant whoraifes them to the highcit pofl of trull and authority, commits his pcrfon, treature, and concubines to their care ; and encourages them, by his own example, to tyrannize over and opprefsthc natives. 'i'he emperor has here cflablifhed a branch ofdefpo- tifm, which renders him extremely powerful and for- midable; that is, his being the folc heir to all his fubjecls, in virtue of which he feizes on all their etFeils, and makes only fuch provifion for their families as bethinks proper; frequently leaveing them entirely dertitute of fupport. To prcferve, however, fomc fpecious fliadow of juffice, he allows the mufti a kind of fuperiority in fpirituals, and themeanef^ fubjc«ff the power of fummoning him be- fore the mufti's tribunal ; but the danger of fuch an at- tempt, which would probably be no lefs than death, is alone fufficient to deter any man from it. The titles afl'umed by the emperors of Morocco are thoft of troft gracious, mighty, and noble emperor of Africa, king of Fez and Morocco, Tafilct, Suz, Dahra, and all the Algarbe and its territories in Africa ; grand ftiarif, or xarif, (that is fuccelTor, or vicegerent) of the great prophet Mahomet. The judges are cither fpiritual or temi>oral, or rather ecclefiaftical and military : the mufti and cadis are judges in all religious and civil affairs ; and the badias, governors, alcaides, and other military officers, of thofe affairs that relate to the ftate and the army. Thefe are all the moft obfequious flaves to their prince, and the moft rapacious tyrants to his fubjcfls ; for from them they can obtain neither jullice nor favour, without a bribe. In- deed it cannot be otherwife in an arbitrary government, where the higheft pofts are bought of the prince at a moft exfivagant rate, and only enjoyed by paying an exorbi- tant tribute to him ; and bribing the courtiers about the monarch's perfon to prevent their being fupplanted by Handerers, or higher bidders. Another very confiderable branch of the revenue arifcs from the piratical trade, which brings the greater fums into the cm|)eror's treafury, as he is at no expencc, either in fitting out vcflels, or maintaining the men, and yet has a tenth both of all the cargo and of all the captives : belides which he obtains all the reft by paying fifty crowns per head ; by which means he engroH'es all the (laves, whofe ranfom he fixes at a very high rate ; and, while they flay, has all the profit of their labour, without allowing them any other maintenance than a little bread and oil ; nor any other affilfancc, when fick, than what medicines they receive gratis from a Spanifh convent, which he tolerates, and which is forced to pay him an annual prefent for that toleration, befides furnifliing the court with medicines, and the Haves who are unable to work with lodging and diet. Another branch of his revenue confifts in the tenth part of all cattle, corn, fiuit, honey, wax, hides, and •ther produce, which b exadtcd of the Arabs and Be- rcbers, as well as of the ir.iiivLS, ind aic farr.-.ed bv hit baftias, governors, and akaidts. 'I'he Jews and Clirillians alio pny a canit.Kinn ; the former of fix Clowns pel bead on .ill males licin lifteeij years and upwards, befuies aibiir.iry impolU ;;iid lines. I'liat on the ChrifHans for the libeuy of tiadiii;; it! hii dominions rifes and falls according to their iiunibcr, ;iiid the conimeicc they carry on ; and when once fetrled there, tlay cannot leave the country y.'ithout lorltuing all their debts .iiid elledts to the crown. I'lie duties on inipoits and expor" is aii'thcr braiirh of his income; but .is the trade of Morocco is not vciy coiiliiier.ible, the amount of it cannot be great. IndetJ cotlhil Haifield has computed tlie wluile .mnu.il ri-ve- nue to amount to no more ih.in five luindied qnint ils of iilver, each quintal, or hundred weight, worih lonie- vvhat above three hundred ami thirty pounds llerliii;; ; lo that the whole, according to him, an.ounts to no more than one hundred lixty-live thoufaiid pounds, a v^ry fmall reverue for fo lar^e an empire ; but the piince IijS little occalion for mone) , iince he has almoif e\erv thin" without it ; befides, the iiecciUiries and luxuries or luu are exceeding cheap. 'I'he ii.ivy of Morocco is in the utmoft degree In- confiderable ; in Mr. IJraithwait's lime, it confilt.J only of two fhips of twenty ""nscacli, thclargel'. not above two hundred tons burthen ; a French briiintiae ihey had lately taken, and a few row vclVels ; yet with thel't; well manned, they made a great number of pi izes. It is a fingular happintfs to the Chrillian traders, th.it in this whole enipiie there is not one good haibour, that of Sallee, which is the belt, being aliiK.ll dry at , >v/ water, and has befides a very iiicoiivenient bar, which prevents fliips of any Earthen fiom enteiing; fur had they better ports, they mig!it be induced to make a greater figure at fca. They alio want tin.ber for build- ing of Ihips, and tackle fur rii'ging them, with wliicli, as well as with powder and fhot, they are fuininied by England ami Holland. So little forniidahlc are liicy at lea, that about forty years ago a finall Fnglifh fri- gate of twenty guns, with an active comiiiaiider, by taking forne of their fliips, and running others afhyic, flruck fuch terror among them, that the name of tap- tain Delgarno, like that of fome other v.arriors of di- ftinguiflied bravery, was ufed by the women of Sallee and Mamora to flill their peeviOi children. The land forces, among which are the greateft part of the renegadoes, are dilperfed in diftant parts, to gar- rifon the taffies, and forts on the frontiers. 'I he pay of thefe foot foldiers is no more than about tiine (liiliinLrs and four-pence a month, wi:h a fmail allowance of flour; and they appear half naked, and half llarvcd. The Moors are neither much better paid, nor equip- ped ; but the choiceft troops, both of hcitfe and loot arc the negroes, who being brought hither from the other fide of the river Senegal, when young, are trained up for the army, and commonly make the beft loldicr.-,. Thefe are computed to amount, includiiif; both horfc and foot, to about forty thoufarid, and the Moors are pretty near as many. Thcle laff forces are, however, neither railed, paid, nor armed at the emperor's ex- pence ; but upon any expedition are lent to hiin byr the alcaides, every one of wliich is obliged to furr.ifK his particular quota, according to the extent of V.m government: every town and village being oblijed to maintain a number proportionable to itr bignela, to be ready to march ready armed upon the hill notice. Their martial fkill and difeipline is amaziniily rmie and imperfecf, except in their dexterity in riding .irid horl'cmaiifliip. When they engage an cneinv, they place the horfe on the two wings, r.nd the fcoi. in the center, in the form of a crefccnt, :nd where the ground will allow it, the infantry are never more tnan two ranks deep ; but thefe have neither difeipline nor order, and are in fuch dread of the cavalry of the cricniv, tliat five hundred foot will be put to flight by hr'iy horfe- men. They at beft make but a poor figure in ti.e field ; for the only mark of courage thev fhew, is their beginning the attack with a loud fhiiur,which is followed by a fhoit cjaculatory prayer for viitory. The cavalry neirclt to the emperor chiefly confifts of negroes arir.td with tuns, I'illols, Morocco. niKii by hit irali"!! ; the Ircm litti'tn s ;;nj lines. uliii;^ in hii niiiibt'i', ;iiid oiHC k'trlcd jt tcjr(<.jting thtr braiirh > !i not vtiy -ac. InJciJ nniinl ri-vt-- il iji'lnt ik o( vivrih (iMKc- iils Ik'rlin:; ; mints to no )un(is, a v.ry i; prince lus } c\try ihinj :ui'ics ui J^l;; I degree in- linlilt'.d only II not abo\c 'iii'.iin; ihiy :t with theilr •" prizi-s. It ders, th.it in :iiboiir, tlut . dry at i jv/ bar, which ng i Cur had to make a !cr lor biiilJ- with whici), fjiniHieJ by •.!o aif tlicy Englilh t'ri- ninai.di.T, by hers alhjic, ame of cap- rriors ot' di- icn ot Sallte [;reattft part larts, to gar- 'I he pay of ine fliiiiings iliouancc of liair (larvcd. nor cquip- and loot arc m the other e tiainL'd up L-ft loldicr.,. both horl'e Moors are :c, however, npcror's cx- to him by to furnim itcnt of his r obligid to gntia, to be otite. azinglv rtide 1 riding and niinv, they fooL in the e the ground c than two le ncr order, ciifoiv, tliat fifty liorfe- in liic licld ; •ir Ix't'.inning cd by a flioi c y nc.ireU to d with tmis, I'illols, I 1^' **.■■ ■! Morocco. 1- R 1 A. 4?t pillols, and fcvniit'irs, anj thr.t f.irtluft from him only with niufquLts and lanecs. I'tie infantry are rarioullv armed, fume with guns, others with bnw.s, riiM:;s, broad fwords, Ihort pikes, and tlllb^. VViih tiu-li- weapons they engage the eneriiv with a kind of enthnU.iKiv fury, rather than like a well difiiplincd army ; but if thev meet with a brave oppofitinn, or an iincxpcitcd re- pulfe, arc eafily routed ; and when this is the cafe, are with great difliculty r.illied again ; efpeci.ii.y it the ene- my be of the fmie religion iis themf'.Kes, 'Ih; Arabs and Herebers arc feldom called in as auxi- liaries J becaufe being under a forced fubjeiition, they cannot be fafely trufted. They arc, howevi.r, required to fuinilh tlie emperor's troips with corn, barley, cattle, butter, oil, honcv, iScc. wherever they tneamp. The Arabs, who are very numerous, and at the fame time brave and fond of liberty, would foon fliake oft the yoke, were they not kept under by the want of good urins. The puniflimcnts inflifleJ on criminals arc the f.ime as thofe we fhall find defcribed in other pairs of IJar- barv, except fuch as flow f'rom the arbitrary l(;ntcnce i)f their monarch?, as fawing afundcr, either length or crofs-wife ; burning by flow fires, and other inffances of cruelty, that fill the mind with horror at the bare repetition ; cfpeci.dly as they are frequcntlv iiiflitlcd on the innocent, aud are the efU'dfs of jealnuly, reveii.;e, dctrailion, ami frequcnilv of drunliennef» or dilap- pointment. The rcnegadoes on attempting to return to Chtillir.nity, are dripped quite naked, and anointed nil over with tallow, and having a chain t'alfened about their loins, are dragged from piifon to the place of exe- cution, and there burned. SECT. XII. Of the Reunion, SuperjUtions and Ignorance of the fcopk of Morocci. THE eflablifhcd religion both among the Moors and Arabs is the Mahometan, of the feil of Melech. Tha Moors are in particular extremely fuperffitious, and cxprels a more than common abhorrence againtt all Chrirtians, to whom they ufually give the name of dogs. 'J'hev on particular days are faid to place a variety of provifions on the tomb.s of their dcccafed relations ; and iiury with them gold, filvcr, jewels, and oth-^r treafurcs, to enable them to live the more at their eafe in the other world. But thefe are rather Pagan than Mahometan i'uperlHtioiis, They are alfo faid to dig iheir graves nar- row at the top, and broad at the bottom, in order to give the dcceafcd more room, and greater facility in ga- thering up their bones at the refurrcction ; on which ac- count they never inter two pcrfons in one grave. They pay a great veneration to thefe fepulchrcs embellifliing them with tomb-ftones, cupolas and other ornaments, forbidding all Chriftians ro approach them. Every Fri- day, which is their fabbath, thefe fepulchrcs, are crowd- edvvith men and women in a blue drels; but moflly by the latter, they being allowed to repair thither to pay their tribute of tears and prayers for the dead ; and by prielh who have generally cells in the neighbourhood of the burving places, which are out of town, and for a little money join their devotions with a feeming zeal aiid fervency. In their inofques they behave with great decency, and feeming devotion, and if a man be convidted of having iiblented himlclf from them during eight days, he is for the lirfl fault rendered incapable of being a witnefs in any court of judicature, is lined for the fecond, and burnt as a heretic for the third : but as for the women, they are never permitted to enter them, they being ob- liged to pray at home, or at the fepulchres juft men- tioned. 'I'hcy allow falvation for all of what nation or reli- I'ion foever that die before they arc fifteen years of age ; but to none beyond it, except to the Mahometans of their own fciEt. They, like the other Mahometans, rec- kon idcots and madmen among their faints of the firft clal's, and build chapels to them after their death, which arc vifited with great divolion, and .ire ufKvmed faii- ctj.iries I'rir all erinui, except treafon. As the Kor.itt l>;;b)ds all names of chance, that prohibition is fo flnet- ly oblerved in Morocco, tnat tiie people ol all rank* content themielves with playing at cliels, dr.iij;:hts, and the like games, and exprela the utmoll abhorrence for cards, dice, iVc. und if any perfoii has lull his moM^-y at any game and cnmplains of it to the c.:Jy, he will order it to be immediately rdlored to him, and the win- ner to be bailinadoed or iinjd. Indeed they uljallv plav only for a neat of cjli'ee, or fome other trillc. They fulf'er neither Chrijluns nor Jewti to enter in- to their mofques, or to have any carnal converf.ition with thtir women; anJ if any of thsni arc found guilt/ of either, they muft turn M.ihoniet.-.ns, or be luirned or impaled a'i've. They are ftricl: obltrvers of their ramadan or lent; and the v^rv corf.iirs, though the ba- fcfl villains under tlie fun, will keep this long l>.(l on fllip-board, and if a rcnegaJo i:, found to neglciit is, he is puiiillied witii one or two hundred blows on the folea of his feet. It mull, however, be acknowledged th.it they pay the utniofl regard to the name of Cjod, and exprels jreat abhorrence of the impious cullom (a much in vogue among numv who c.ill thenilVlves Chriftians, of I'wcar- iiig upon liie moll trivial occalioiis, which the greatcft relentment cannot piovok'- r:.^ m to, much lefs to ufe blafplieniouj, and ii.J.;. >..il expreffions, in ("peeking of the Supreme Being. Nor are they ever guilty of duel- ling or murder; they never kill but in war ; for their religion allows of no pardon for murder, and it is with the utmolb reludtance that they ever engage in battle with thofe of their own religion. They are no lefs commendable for their obfcrvance of fome of their focial duties. Their refpeft and obe- dience to their parents, lupeiiors, and even a youri^er brother to an elder, is very reni;!rk..Li^ ; fnr before the~m, they neither dare to fit or fpcak \. ''Hit being biJ. They arc extremely jealous of the honour their wL'tj:, and impatient of the leaf! blcmifh, or f'ui; ieion that is cafl: upon it. They are moderate in their eating, an I with refpecl to drinking wine and other intoxicating li- quors, it is forbidden by their law; and though this pro- hibition is perhaps the leall obfcrved, many even of their great men indulging themfelvcs with drinking them pri- vately. However, thofe perfons, of whatever rank, who abllain from them, and regale themfelvcs only with coftcc, fticrbct, and fuch foljcr liquors, arc the mofl eftccmcd. The priefls and doclors of the law are the only pcr- fons of any learning, though a few of the people can read, write, and call accounts; even thefe are much neglefled by their princes and nobles, many of whom, like the late emperor Mulcy Iflimael, can neither write nor read. The people are, however, fond of the pre- tended fcience of allrology, and place great confidence in charms. There are, however, fome regular fchoots in all their cities and great towns, for teaching children to read, wt'te. ^"'1 caft account.s ; but all the books they are taught confift only of fome (hort catechifnis, and the Koran, When a bi>y has once gone through the lafl, he is handfomtly dreifed, fet upon a horfe, and led in triumph through the town by the reft of the fchool boys. SECT. XIII. Of the Trade and Coins of Alorocct, THE commerce carried on here is almofl entirely confined to the Jews and Chriftians, the Moors neither underftand it, nor have any trading veflels of their own ; whence the whole navigation is carried on by European fhips, chiefly thofe belonging to the En- glifh and French ; but this trade is not a fourth part lo extcnfivc as it miglit le. The principal gonds exported are elephants teeth, oftrich feathers, copper, tin, wool, hides, honey, wax, dates, raifli,?, olives, almonds, gum arable, fjndrac, and fine mats. The 111 i^\ A*}^ A SYSTEM OF G I'. G 1^ A P H V, Ai.f, i: ft 5. i The ufu.il imports nrc arm", bullets, pmi-powilor, hard ware, iron in bars, lead, linen and woulkii ilotlis, all which fiiimerly paid a duty <;! ton per tint. Imt now only cii;ht i litfulcs which the fliips trading to Muroctn pay a barrel ot gun-powder tor entrance, with twelve mure tor loading and anchnraL'C, and twelve to the t.ip- tain <:( the port, '^'et vellels failing to and from Cii- braltar, pay but half that duty, this beiiiu; an indul- gence granted by the late Muiev Ifhniael, who had a particular regard for ihc En;!lifh, more than lor any other Kurnpeans. The Kn^lilh and Krcneh conl'ul age is eight dollars, and everv French and Spanifli lliiti nays three more to the hofpital or convent of Spmilh fri.iis, founded there tor the benefit of Chrilliaii Haves, l!ut what is extremely dctrinitntal to their coninicrce, is their diftiunclly ; for they are laid to cheat all the Hi an- gers they can, both in their WLighti. and meafurcs, par- ticularly in their filver coin, which bclides its wear, is generally clipped by the Jews ; fo that if a man does not carry a pair of fcalco ni his pocket, he is lure to be cheated. They alfo carry on a confiderable trade by land by their caravans which fet out twice a year from be?, to Mecca and Medina, and carry variety of their woollen manufactures, foinc of which are very fine and beautiful ; befidcs Morocco leather, cochineal, indigo, and ollrieli feathers : in return for which they bring iilks, mullins, and a variety of drugs. They liliewife lend large c.ira- vans into Nigritia, tonfirting of many tho' find canuls, which the Icni'th of the way and the difficulty of the paiTage, through defarts void of provilions and water, render ablbluttly necelVary, every other camel being load- ed with water and provilions : the others carry liik and woollen goods, oil, fait, beads, &c. which they ex- change with the natives for negro Haves, ollrieh feathers, ivorv, and gold dull. The coin of Morocco is of three forts, the lowtit, called aflucc, is a fmall piece of copper a little lefs tiian a farthing; twenty of thefe make a blankit, which is a fmall filvir com worth about two-pence I'-nglilh. I'his lalt is moll in ufe, and for want of being milled is fo liable to be clifit by the Jews, that if care be not taken to weigh them, one is fure to be a lofer ; for though both the Jews and Moors will u\e their utmolUndeavours to put thcni otf, vet if they be light they will refufe to take them, except by weight, inorder to be melted againj for the Jews being both clippers and coiners, get con- fiderably by both. They alio exchange good money for bad ; for which, befides the payment of the difference, tbcy extor: an extravagant premium. 'I'his renders trad- ing very troublcfome, becaufe if one of thefc pieces be but cracked it will be refufcd ; and yet large payments are generally made in that coin, gold being very Icarce. The only gold coin current in this country is the du- c-it, which is not unlike that of Hungary, and is worth about nine fhillings ilerling; and three of them make a moidore. Merchants accompts are kept by ounces, each of which contains four blankits, and four of thefe laft make a ducat accompt, or, as they ilile it, a mcticai. But in payments to the government they require no lefs than feventeen and a half for a gold ducat. 'I'hcfe Ia(t ounces and ducats, or mcticals, arc imaginary. With relpe£b to the three real fpccies above-mentioned, the Mahometan religion not permitting them to bear the effigy of the prince, or of any other perfon, they are only (tamp- ed with fomc Arabic charadlcrs. \Vith refpeclto gold or filver foreign coin, it is only valued according to its weight, and as it it was to be melted. The Jews here make a confiderable profit, not only in the exchange of it, but in Icllening and even iV-- bafing it, which renders it dangerous to take any from them without the touch- flone and the f'calcs. SECT. XIV. Of the King/inn of Algiers, Its Situatisn, Extent, Provinces, Sail, and Climate. w E now come to the kingdom of Algiers, which is bounded on t!it ncith by the Mcditcrranvan fea ; on the call by the river '/aine, the anti. nt Tulen, whiih iViuritis it lioni i uiii- ion the (outh by (he /..ih.ird, or the Dulart ; and on tilt v^el^ bv the villag.- ot Twiiiif, and tlie mountains of 'I Vara, 'wlm h fepaiatcs it fioni Morocco i txtenjiiig in length, according to ))r. Shaw, froinlixte.il mmutes well longitude from I,oiid^.-fc. bundled .ind lixiyniiKs. To the weft it is L'enetallv a- bout hxty milv.s htbad, but the ealttrn pait i. no wlurc lels than a hiiiuind miles in breadth. I'his lountry is at piel'cnt divided into three province ., that of rrcineifn, or I'lemfcn, to the weft ; the provintc ot Titteiie, which li-.s to the fouth ; and Conftantia, wtiith lies to the ealt. Each of thefe provinces is govern! ed by a bey, or viceroy, appointed and removed at plea- lure by the dey of Algiers. 1 he remarkable tnain of mountains, fomctimes placcj betv\een this country and the Zahara, and at otheij reckoned within the dominions of AlgiiTi, is thought to be a continuation of Mount Atlas; thoui^h theft inoun- tains are far from being fo high as they have been reprc- ' lented by the anticnts ; for the .above excellent author ob- krves, that thoic parts which he has leen arc nearly equal to fume of the moll lolty nVu'ntains in our illand ; and he queltions whether they arc any where lb high aj tile Alps or the Appenlnes. " if you form, fays he " the idea of a number of hills of the perpendicular " height of four, five, or fix hundred yards, with an " ealy afccnt, adorned with groves of fruit and foreit- " trees, rifiiig furceflively one'btliind another, with hen; " and there a rocky precipice, and place upon its fide o- " lunimit a village, cncoinpalled with a mud-wall, v„„ " will have a jult and lively idea of one of thefe moun- " tains, and will have no -jceafion to hei:,.htcn the pie- " ture with tho imaginary noifurnal fi.iim s, the niclo- " dious founds, or the lafcivious revels of the fidtitious " beings attributed to them bv th • anticnts." 'I'wuiit and the mountains of Trara form the weflern confines of the provinie of iVemelen, as the river Ma- laflian, at near two huiidr.d miles didancc, bounds it ta tlie eall. This province is almoft equally diflrihutcd into mountains and valleys. Twunt, the frontier villa.rc of the Algtrines, is fituatcd abou^four leacues to the fSuth- vvefl ot Cape Hone, and is defended bv a fmall fort. This Cape is the largelt and one of the moft confpicuoiis pro- montoi es to the eaftward of the river Malva. The jlimate of Algiers is for the moft part fo mode- rate, that the country enjoys a conflant verdure, the leaves of the trees being neither parched by the heat of funmi-- nor nipt by the cold of winter. They begin to bud in l-cbruary ; in April the fruit Is in its full fize, and molt of it IS ripe in May. The grapes are fit to gather in June • and their figs, olives, and" nuts in Au^urt : but this is not every where the cafe, for the foil diSers greatly, Ibine parts being exceffivcly hot, dry, and barren ; and on that account lie uncultivated, the inhabitants in general bein ' very negligent about agriculture : other parls, efpeeialiy the mountainous placed of Tencz, liugia, and Al Jer's Proper, are fertile in corn and otner grain, and vancty of fruits ; others afford plenty of excellent paftura^e efpecially the northern coafl of Tremefen ; while The fbuthern fide, and other parts at a diffance from the fea- coaft, being wild and barren, harbour a great variety of wild bcafti, as liens, tygers, buffaloes, wild boars, flairs, porcupines, oflriches, and wild fowl ; on which accotmt A rrupi/i they have few towns, and thole but thinly peopled, when compared with the cities near the fca ; yet bein-j advan- tagcoully fituated for an inland trade, carry on a confider- able commerce with Biitdulgcrid, and other countiics to the fouth. SECT. XV. A Defcription of the princfat Places in the W.Jlern Gci'/in- mcnt of Algiers ; particuLtly the Cities ofTianijen, Unm, Aizew, Ahjttigan, andTenez. WE (hall begin in the wcftern government of Algiers with the dcfciiption of Tremefen, or, accordin ' to the pronoiinciation of the Moors and Arabs, Tkinfen*' which is fituated on the foutliern part of the province of the Aloi ers. AFRICA, 493 yi ■ ti . the fame name, in thiity-fojr Jegrees forty minutes north latitude, anil in thrt-c di-grces t"n minutes w.-ll lonjituJe, about thirty miles from the fe.i, and niujty ro\i:ri-v«/ell deteiuled hy a ri giil.ir baition. 'I'his city was tak'-n by the bpaniards in the y-ar I 505, after which thev built feveral beautllul churches an. I othei edifices in the Roman itdc ; and alio imitated the Romans in carving upon the friezes, and >itli;r convenient places, inlcriptioiis in their own language in large characters : but after this city had continued in the pijli-ITion of the Spaniards above two hundred yeais, it was retaken by the Algermes in the year 170S. At the diflancc of three indes from Oran is Arzevv, the antient Arfenaria, behind which tlie country extends in rich chanipaiii grounds ; but on the other '^\iLt. is a view of the fea from precipices that are a natural fafe-'.:uard to the place. The water now ufed by the inhabitants is drawn from wells below thefe precipices; but being be- ii'-ath tlie furface of the lea, it is brackifli. In order to procure the advantage of frelh water, the antient city was erected on cifterns cut in the rock, wliieh received that which fell in rains ; but though thefe refervoir^ Hill fub- fiit, they are applied to a very different ufe, and ferve the inhabitants as caves to dwell in. Some ruins of thi; antient city are (till to be leen ; capitals, (hafts, and bafcs of columns being fcattered about. Dr. Shaw ob- fcrves, that a well wrought Corinthian capital of I'ariati marble, when he was there, fupported a fmith's anvil ; and that he accidentally difcovcred a beautiful Mof.iic pavement through the rents of a ragged carpet fpicad over it ; and that there is herealfu a fepulelira! chamber, liiteeti feet fquaie, built plain, v.'ithout nielubor any o;her orna- ments, tliough there arc feveral Latin infcriptiuns in Roman capitals on the walls. At the dillaiiceof five miles to the fouthv.-ard of Arzevv is a large fpace of ground filled wiih pits, from which the neighbouring people are fupplied with fait. 'I'heli; falt-pits take up an area of about fix miles in compafs, furrounded with mountains. 'I'nis fp.iee is in winter a lake, but in fummer the water is exii.iled by the heat of the fun, and the fait left behind cryllallrzed. This co.Ti- modity, from the faeility of digging it, and the fliortnefi of carriage to the adjacent port, would, under any other government, be an invaluable branch cf trade, the pits being inexhauftible. About fixty miles to the cart of Oran is Moftagan, or Moftagnnnin, which is built in the form of a theatre, with a full profpeft of the fea ; and on every other fiJe is furrounded with hills, which hang over it. In one of the v.acant fpaces, about the middle of the town, are the remains of an old Moorifh caille, which, from its form, appears to have been built before the invention of fire- arms. The norili-wctt corner of the city, which over- looks the park, is enconipafled with a wall of hewn- Itone, and has another caltle built in a more regular man- ner, and defended by a Turkifli garrilbn. But thele bein.; over-looked by the aJj.icent hill.., the chief {ii:\\- rity of the place lies in the citadel, which, being eiecte.J upon one of the juft mentioned eminences, commands both the city and the adjacent country. The town is well fupplied with water, and its haven is fafe and co.x.- modious. Behind it runs Mount Magaraba, which is (<> called fiom the M^garabas, its inhabitants, whoared.'- 6 H ' fccnJeJ 4H A SYSTEM OF G F. O G R A I> li Y. At ctn t, \m n (cended from the Rerebers. Tliis mount extends alinut thirty miles from tad to wtft along the coalt dI the Mi- iliterrancan. Thefc Mag.u.bas live in tents, (cnl a gie.it quantity of florks, and annually pay ten thuufand crowns to the (Jev ol Al;;icrs. About fifty miles to the call of Mod.iRan, is the rity of lent/, (ituiited at the tout of a lull, anJ about a Ic.ngue from the lea, whore it has a connnient port. Ihis city with its territory were once fubjedt to the kings of 'l"remifen ; but the inhabitants taking advan- tage of the ii'tellinc broils bv whieh that kiii;;doni was divided, thufe a king of their own : yet thev eni'ntd their iiidipeiidenee but a (hort tunc j for their little it.ite became (ooii .ifter a prey to the Algtnnes, wlio havJ kept a Ihons garrifon in it ever fmce. Tlie goveiiior refidcs in the cattle, whie'ii was once the royal palace. The adjacent territory is very fertile in corn, truit:., and pafturagc, and produces hoiii'v and wax. Still farther to the eallward i^ the city of Sherfliel, the inhabitants of which are famous for makini; ear- then velUls, llcel and fuch hard-ware as is wanted by the neighbouring Araba. It only conlills of low tiled houfes, and is a mile in circumference, though it was cnce the feat of one of the petty kings of the country. It is fituatcd amidit the ruins of a city that wa.. once Jittle inferior in extent to Carthage. Ihefe ruins arc a proof of its former magnificence ; for thev abound with i\nc capitals, the fliafts of columns, capacious ciileriis, and beautiful Mofaic pavements. The water of llie liver Halhem, as it is now calltd, was conveyed thitlur through a large and noble ai)ueJucl, little inferior to that of Carthage, in the loltinefs and flreiigth of its arches, feveral fragments of which are to be found among the tieighbouring mountains and vallies, and aie ; inconteflible proofs of the grandeur and beauty of the wnrkmanfliip. Two conduits were alfo brought from the mountains to the fmith and fouth-wcft ; thcle ilill fubfiil, and as thev furnilli Sherfhel with excellent wa- ter, while that of the wells are brackifh, they may be confidertd as two legacies of incftimable value, left to the inhabitants of this town by the ancients. The fituation of this pl.^cc was nobly adapted to an- fwer the purpofes of llrcngth and beauty. It was fe- curcd from the incroachmtnt of the fea by a wall near forty feet high, fuppotted by buttrelfes, and winding near two miles along the levcral creeks of the fea- fhorc. The city was on a level for two furlongs with- in this wall, and afteiw.irds gradually rofe for the fpace of a mile, to a confidcraMe height, extending over a variety of Imall hilK and vallies. This ancient city appears, by many circumftanccs, to htvc been the Julia Cn-faria of the Romans, which was the fee of a bithop. The inhabitants have a tradition, that the city was deftroved by an earthquake, and that the port, which was once large and commodious, was reduced to its prel'cnt wretched Hate, by the arfenal, and the other adjacent buildings being thrown into it by the concuflions. The Cothon, which had a commu- nication with the wellern part of the port, affords a ])roof of the truth of this tradition ; for when the fea IS low and calm, there are difcovcred all over the area, maliy pillars, and pieces of great walls, that can fcarcc- Iv be conceived to come there by any other means than bv fome violent Ihocks of an earthquake. Indeed, no place could be better contrived for the fafcty of their vellels than this Cothon, which was fifty yards fquarc, and in every part of it fecurc from the wind, the fwell and the current of the fea, which are tioublcfome enough in the port. The country round the city is extremely fertile, and well watered bv feveral brooks. On the banks of one them is an old ruined town, under a high rocky pre- cipice, and at foms diftance near thefe fprings, the Al- };erincs have a forticfj, in which is a garrifon of Moors ?.nd Arabs. SECT. XVI. Of the Southern Prrjince iiamid Tittire, with a particuhir Drjliiptioii of the city of Algien. TITTERK, the fouthern province of Algiers, is much iiifaior to the wcllern in extent, it being fcarcc fi.\ty miles cither in brciidih or Icimth. Tbu |jj iojK to the bieadth of five or fix K.i;ue,i chK-lly ,t_ bound, in lich clianipaiii ground, behind which ii .1 ran^e ot ruggid moiiiuains, that luii . liiiuiHii .1 du\ct line throu-h a great p.irt of the province, .mJ bevoud them are extenlive plain .. In tl.n. province is lituatij Algicr , tliL lapital of the kingdom, in the thirty-fixtli degree thirty niiniitts noith laliiudi-, which lia:. (or (eve- o^. r.il ages bi-vcd the refiiitinmt of the givatifl puwers in ChrilKiulom ; though it is not much above a mile ami a hall in ciiciimftrincc; but little .is it is, it i> faid to contain a hundred thoufand Maliomct.ins, hftciii thou- land Jews, and two thoufaild Chriflian Haves. It is waftied on the north, and 1101 th-call fide by thr Mediterranean, over which it has a full profpcift, it ho- ing built on the declivity of a hill, upon which the houfes rife fo gradually above each other, that there ii fcaice one in the city that has not a view of the (ca, and from thence it affords a beautiful profpec), from the advantai^e of that declivity, and the whiienefs of the H-rralfes. The walls of the upper part of the city arc thirty feet in height, and forty at the lower end towards the fea. They are twilve feit thick, and flanked with fijiiare towers ; but all from thu \\\H to the calf eiul, ami is in (iime jMits wider than in otheri ; but ni all nuich broader than any ol the rcll. It has on the wrJeH pait tlie houfes cf the thief nicrthantj, handlome (l)np>, and a market tor corn and provil'i'ins. All the other iheets arc lo nar- row, that two pel foils em hanlly walk a-brcaU, and the niidrle btin^', nuieh lower than the fides, added to the ulual nallinefs of tlicl'e llreets or lanes, renders it very difa^rccable to walk through them, efpecially as camels, hcirirs, mules, and ad'es, are eontinually paffin:^ and rc- I'.iliing, to which one mull i^ive way at the firit warn- injr, by fquet/.ini; up clufe to the houfes. It is (lill more dangerous to meet with a Turkilli lolJier inthcio llreetsj t\m of the Cltin of Biigia, Roiia, Hil'po, Conjijiilinaf the Iiul)a>it,:d Baths, and the Ahuntain! of Aurefs. THE eafiern province of Algiers, diftinguifhcd by the name of Conftantiira, is nearly equal in ex- tent to the other two, for it is two hundred and thirty miles long, and about a hundred broad. The fea-coalt is rocky ainiolt through its whole extent. The tirll town worthy of notice on the weft is that of Bugia. The port is larger than either that of Oran or Arzew, though it is formed like theirs by a narrow neck of land running out with the fea, a great part of which was once faced with a wall of hewn (tone, and there was likewife an aqueduiEt for bringing frefh water to the fort; but at prefcnt both the wall, the aqucduft, and the bafons into which the water flowed, are dclfroycd. The town of Hugia is built upon the ruins of the an- tient city, at the fc)ot of a higher mountain. Bcfides the calllc which commands the city, there are two others at the bottom of the mountain for the fecurity of the port, and upon the walls of one of them arc ftill re- maining the marks of a cannon ball fired againft it by admiral Spragg, in his famou*^ expedition againft this phcr. 1^1 I. Thij 4-ri A SYSTEM Or G I. O G R A 1' II Y. AiniKH*. This town i< JcfL-nJril by anarriion, notvviihrtandin;; wliiirh llii; iici-libduiiiiL; Aruhi l.iy it in a iii.iriiii'r iiiiili.r fHTpt-'tllul lllni'ltjlli-. Hi)Wi.'VCr, ItlC illll.lllit.lllt . I jti y oil i»cuiiruii.uliL' tr ii! • ill pliiiij>li-(h«res niittutki, an. I otlur iitciilils, whiili thfy liirgc out of the irun ore dtr^ out iif till- n.i:;lit)niiriii;^ mountains i prcat i|iiaiiiitii,s -it w.ix iinJ liil aic .illi) liroii,;ht thiTO L'virv ni.iikcf day by the A.i's aii.l lliipj.ej ort'tor Kurop'.- ami the Levant. Yit ih' (V \.d\ railc llrann'; dilliirbaiui-i in the town every niirkit day: every thm;i indeed it tranladeii wiili the HtiTiiilt tr.ui(|iiilily whiit tlu- nurlcet conlinues ; bii: it i> iiii lioMcr iivr tlun thf uhuli; [il.i;:e u ia un npriur, and till' Jay ii fillom toniludtii without lomc tla^rant in- (KiiV-C iil'r.'.piiu' and birhanty. A' a coiili.ler.ible dill.iiKj to the cart ftinds the city oi I5.i!i.i, on the loiitli-ojil lido of a hill, (wi ih.- top ol' wliu h the Aljjeriiies have a c.iiH'j and i^arrilon. IKl'idfs the ca- (Wci m.s rna.! whicli lie? before it to ilio call, thi.i city b.id lornierly a rn.ill coiU!.'iiiL'nt p:>it un.ler iti vi ry walls to the loitthwMrd i but by the tuiiihint ilii..li,ii.;e ol ballalt into t!u' ( :u-, and the iiei;Iecl ol ikanli!!'.' iht other, bMis, from its bcin,' one of the royal citm of tl.u Numidi .n kinys ; it havin.; the ad- vunta;;e of ;Meat (hen.tli, and o7 beiii^; lomiiindimifly litiiatid both for coninierce and for hunting. It injovi a iK'.illhful air, and .iltbrds fo line a ( lol'pecl, that at one view the eye takes in the fpa.ious harbour, a nuinber vi r.v.)untainj cuvercd with trte.s, and planii linely watered. 'I"hc ruins of the city take up about a niiie and a half in compafs, and chiefly coiifdl (.f large broken walls and ciilein.s, St. Aujjultine w.i, bidinp of this citv, and the .Moors fliew a part of the ruiiij which they lay belonged to his convent. At a linall diflancv to the e.'ft of Cape Rufa is a haftion on a linall cretk, and the ruins of a fort which vith a large Icolloji- fiiell for licr canopy. This is well executed in a bold relief, 'f'hc elephants, which Hand with their t.ices turned towauls c.ich other, twilf their trunks together ; and the woman, who is drcil'ed in her hair, with aciole- bodied garment like an Fnglilh liding-habit, raifts up her petticoats wiih her right hand, lookinj; fcorniullv at the city. 'I'his j^roup, in any other fituation, n^ight: be fuppuled to belong to fome f.iuiitain ; thele bein^ fometiiiies ornamented, with fuch wanton dcfigns. The river Runimel begins to turn to the northward juft below the bridge, and continues that courle ihrougli a fubterranean pallage in the rocks, which lecms to h.ivc been an extraordinary provilion of natuie for the recep- tion of this river, that mull othcrwife have formed a pro- digious lake, and have laid a great part of the luiglibour- ing country under water, before it found a palia^e to the fiw. 'I'his river falls from its fubterranean cavity in a large catarac'}, a quarter of a mile to the ealhvard of a place called Seedy Mccmon, Amidft the ruins to the fouth-weft of the bridge Is a great part of a triumphal arch, named The Callle of the Ciiaiix. All the mouldings and fiiezesare tmbclliihcd vvitii the figures of battle-axes, flowers, and other orna- ments. On each fide of the grand arch, which is between two fniallcr ones, are pilafters of the Coiinthian order, pannelled like the fide-polls of the city-gates, in a tade that feenis peculiar to this citv. At the dillanee of fome leagues to the eallof Conflan- tina are the Inchanted IJalh.s, lituatcd on a low ground furrounded with mountains. There are heic feveral Iprings of an intenfe heat, and at a fmall diftancc are others ex- tremely cold. The hot fprings have a flrong fulphureou? fleam J and Dr. Shaw obferves, tliat their heat is fo great I as ALCItRt. A u M to boil a Ijr^e |>iiTC o^ mutton vfry ttn Icr in a quar- ter of ail hour, .iiiil thjt the ri)cky gri)unr\, who ate tliut idled from M.iuiitinia, their antient countrv, arc of two (iift«, \\\i>(f wno inhabit lh>; ntin and towns, and carry "ii |i»ine cniMiiiir. r, ritii^r by hind 01 (ea, bejrinj» ofii.ts in ic- laiion I > ihr (oncrrni of ihcii "wii n.ition, iiiuUr the ciimmill'nn ot the dey, beys, or a^.i^ of the ptici^, wliere tluy live J finu- lul|r)w trails and maniihTiirei i oiheta arc f.irn\Lrs, (javdemri, and grafirrs ; and hamii houfei an I lands ot (luir own, may l)c liilcd the uli/.ens nf Allien. Many of ihcl'e prriw li> rieh, as to pirchafo cll.ife', and lh.it' 1 in the Ihipj tliai iiuilc .ibro.nl. The oihcr fnit of .Moon an of the wiodirm^ klnd| without liii.N or patiimony, and are in nil refpeel* very pour. Thtf.' arc divided m'o a piodigious number of tribes, dillinguilhtd cither by the nam. -s of tluirion with his aflift.iii. c, (lovirn the whnio 'omimiiiity with fieat iquity and teiiilernef). They live (olcly on theproiliKT ol luth hind- ^is iliey (arm from tho other .Moors, and pay th'ir rent in kiml, wlicihT in corn, fruit, hfibs, honey, .lud wax, lelling the lem.'in ler to tlv inh.iliitants of t'.e neii;hhoining towns. I h' y are Ikilfulin thi'ihoice of ihc molladianligeous foil fj; every feafon, and Like great care to avoid tiie neighbourhood of the I'urkifh troops. I'.ath a lowar piys the di y a tax in proportion to the number of its families, tin ir chief being anfwcrahle to him ; and the whole- community for eacli individual. As thefe wandering Moors are fe-attereJ over .ill this part of Africa, it will he proper here to take fome notice of their manners, religion, and cuftoms. Their drcfs confills in a haik, or coarfe piece of cloth four or live ells long, which they wrap about their (liouKlers ; t.iis haii^s down to their ankles, and to this tluy aid a cup of the fame- cloth. The diefs of the" cheyk is a Ihirt and a cloak all of one piece, wliicli comes il i-.vn to tin* calf of the leg. On the upper part of the chal; is a hood of a liner Inrt of tloth. IJofh the boys an! giiis go (jtiiti; naked, till they are about feven or eight years" of a^c, when they tic a rai: or tv 1 about them, "/'heir mother-i carrv them while they liicl;, and have often two in a ba-; tied behind their backs wlicn tlicv n" to fetch woo I or water ; but thele ehildr.-n are generally (o ftroii^, that tliev begin to walk when fix months old. 'J'hc .Mo.iiilh women drefs in only a piece of woollen ftulf, whieh covers their bodies from the fliould' rs down to the knees. Thev v.car their h.ilr braided, and ,i!or;i it with bugles, coral, giafs, (ilbc;, t-e'h, and othrr baubles j and on their legs and arms wear brae'ejets of horn or ivory, Their clucks, forehead', arms, tin-_'ers- cnds,aiid legs are cinbelliftird with black fpots from "their very infancy, which is donebv pricking thole pl.iceswith a needle, aiitl then rubbing thi'm with a black powder. Tluir complexion is in general very fwarthv, but their conrtitution robuft and lively j they marry while very young, the boys at fourteen or fifteen, and the daugh- ters at nine or ten years of age ; and as they are gene- rally very fruitful, it is not uncommon to fee ihem luclc- ling their children at ten or eleven. Wlien a youth has obtained the parent's confent to have his daughter, he brings the number of cattle agrted upon to her father's hut, where flic, without any reluclance, rereives him for her fpoufe ; when fome of the bv-ll.;nders afking what his bride coft him, he ani'vers, " A virtuous " and induftrious woman cannot be bought too dear." After the mutual congratulations, the young women of the adowar are invited to themarriage-feaft, and ihebriJe being fet upon the bridegroom's horfc, is carried to his tent, amidft the acclamations of the people; nn,| htiiiR arrived at the entrance, is oftered a mixture of milk ;iniJ honey; and while fhe drinks, the reft of the compiin/ fing an cpithalamiiim, concluding with their Jond willies to the new-married couple. The biide then a!i_.|itin", her companions put a ftick into her hand, \vli:cii Ihs thrufts as far as (he is able into the ground, favinir, As the ftick cannot be rrmoved without force, fo ne'ther 6 I will II A S Y S T E M O I- G L O G R A P H Y. Almers. will (lie quit her hiifb.inJ, except lie forces her L> ni hitii. Keiorc the is adinittcJ into tlic tetit, he pljce lii^ floek before her, which flie muft k;iJ to foine laighbuur- inu ji.irt urc ; by wliich ihe ii inforiiuil, tli.'.t he expLvts her to labour, ami lo take cue of his flocks ami famil,-. I'pun her return, (he ami hir retinue aie ailiiiittcJ. The fealt begins anil endi with finging and danrinj^, which are continued till the cveniri;:, when tne briJe be- ing prefented to her hiiiband, the conip-anv take their leave. S:.'; is afterwards to wear a ved over her face during a whole month, and not to Itir out of tiie tent till that term is expired, from which time (he enters inio 'hat biamh of the family trconomy that is allotted lo the relt of ih- married women. 'riefo w;:iidering Moors are gencr-iUy ftrong, warlike, and (kilful horfemen ; they value themfcKcs on not being confined to towns like the other Moor-, whom thcv re- gard .IS Haves alwavs at the mercy of tlie Turks : lo that if they receive any infult or ill ufagc from the Turkilh a'ia, thev inftantiv return it in a hoitile manner, till the town Moors, who arc unable to fubfift without being fupplied with provifions from them, have mediated a peaci- hetween them. To keep up this martial ijiirit, the chief perlons of every adowar meet in a cii Je round their chevk, every evening, to difcufs public allairs ; after which thcv perform their ufual exi rcifes tin horfe- baek, in whicii they arc fodextrou!^, that thev can take up any thing froiii the ground with their lance in lull ipecd. Their ufual weapons arc a broad cutlafs, which iiangsjuft below the lefteibow, andalhort lance, ^^h.th iney alwavs carry in the h;imJ. Thele wandering .Moors arc generally fo addicied to robbcrv, th.it it is dangerous travelling at a dillance from the towns without a guard, or at lead a marabut, that is, one of their priells, or monks ; for as they confider tlicmfelvcs as the original pioprietorsof the country, and not only as difpofielied bv tiie rcrt of the inhabitants, but reduced by them '.o the loweft flate of poverty, they make no fcniple to plunder all they meet, by way of re- pri/al. The other confidcrabic nation fcattcred through all the province,;, not oiilv of the Al;^erinc dominions, but thio' the otiier parts of JJarb.iry, is that of the Arabs, which is a 'iM.cttire of many tribes dcfcended from the iMaho- metan Arabians, who onee over-run this part of Africa, frjm which being driven by the Tuiks, they (led to the mnuntainuus p;.rts to {.ne themfelves, their cattle, and ttfrilN, where they have ever (Ince enjoyed their liberty ; .ind, by their l.ihour and indullry, have improved thefe barren and delart lands into pleafant and fertile territories, 'I hev are divided ir.to a nmltitudc of little governments, une'er their icfpeciive chiefs, and value themfelves high.v cks, and drive Tie inaccellible i them defiance, ons. t wander along I never take the : in fcarch of cr, not <'-\ly of ded ail the year ir temples only ■ being trouble- like the Purki :n cloth of the jttom of which 1 loofe garment s, and above it 3ve in one piece tight about the dy wear this in wear next their nth or without cnt above it, is ;s arc iiUially of , and made to one end, being I'cs for a purfe. heir knives and I themfcKes by iffice, lulpeiided )m is plain and [)Ic : but perfons larcl, not unlike ,ne cloth or filk: jns very cxpt-n- ;gs are covered lifter only from d Ieni;th, their feet. Their ned either with cording to their wear a cap of adorning their id bracelets let ndants. When linen veil over Ic, and wr.ip an fo that they are whom thev are nveycd about in th a thin paint- crofs-lcgsed up- pcrfons ill that leen, and travel as from the too •incipal officers, allowed to ride and other places n alles, ur walk. red to wear their arc much more jrcy luit, and a Mahomet, have s by the colour Ik , the pilgrims Mecca, and aic ar a nuik of dif- Algiers. A F R As for the common people, llicy wear a linen pair of drawers over their (hirts, and an open white woollen jacket, with a kind that dignity with the higheft, every bold and alpinng fuldier, thouL^li but lately taken from the plouoh, may be confidered as heir apparent to the throne. Indeed they are not afham- cd to own the mcanncfs of their extraction. Dr. Shaw obferves, that Mahomet liallia, who was dey when he W.1S at Algiers, in a difpute with a deputy coiiful of a neighbouring nation, freely mentioned the meannefs of his birth : " My mother, faid he, fold fheeps trotters, *' and mv father ncats tongues ; but they would have " been ;ifbamcd to have cxpofcd to fale fo worthlefs a " tongue as thine." He who afpircs to this hi.'h rank feldom waits till fieknels or age has removed the prelent poilellor ; it is enough if lis be able to protedl himfcif with the fame fcyineiar which he boldly flieathcs in the bowels of his predecellbr ; for fcarcely one in ten of them dies in his bed. Even the few v\'ho have had a more peaceful exit, cannot be faid to have owed it to the high reg.Trd the army had for them ; but rather to their good fortune or forefight in nipping a new infurrection in the bad, be- fore the conlpirators could put their deligiis in execution. Neither their mal-adniinllhation, tyranny, or avarice, ferve to hailcn their ruin ; nor can the contrary amiable qualities prevent it. The want of fucccfs in an ciuer- pii'/e, though ever fo wifely concerted and carried on, is a fufficient crime with thcfc fuperllitious and mutinous troops to caulc an infurrciflion, and coll the moll faga- cious dey, or ofliccr, his life: iiav, they arc often llain Iromno other motive, than a defirc of change, blown up by fome bold afpirer to the lupieme power. This, how- ever, helps to keep up the (hew of a divaii, which might iitherwile have been abolilhed ; and the devs are frcquciit- ly obliged to all'enible, and confult them on important arfairs, merely to fcreen thcmfelves from popular dif- coiiteiits ; though in reality the chief members being for the nioli part his creatures, he m.iy be faid to act with a delpotic authority, th?re being no appeal from this fupreme tribunal. This fadlioiis humour, however, feems to be lomewhat allayed by the many fcafon.ible execu- tions that have been made of thefe afpiiin^ members. The grand fi.;nior, however, IHll flues the dey his vice- roy, or balha, as he docs the people his fubjech, and claims the right of approving or difapproving of hi> elec- tion ; though he has fellom ventured to dilannul it, for fear of loliiig the ihadow of authority he claims over them. As the loweft pcrfon has aright to vote in the rleclion of a dey, as well as the highell, and as there arc iifualiy feveral candidates for that dignity, the hearing the complaint and witnefl'cs, immediately after which they proceed to give fentence, there being n>;ithcr counfellors nor attornies to retard the adniinllii.ition of i'llMcc. When the women have any fuit to them, they come veiled, crying aloud, and often repeating the words Char Alia, th.it is, Julticc in God's name ; and thefe are generally .leeompanied with a crowd of their own lex, to back the petition with their joint out ciics. Juftice is, however, adminiltered in the moft venal manner, with refpecl to the punifliment of offenders i and more p.irticularlv when thele are the Turkifh foldiers, who behave with thegicatcit inli)lcii;:c, and commit aSts I of Algiirs. A f R 1 C A. Soi of violence with impunity j for they feldom fuffer death for any crimes except that of rebellion, in which cafe they are commonly ftrangled with a bow-ftring. For fome fmaller offences they are either baftinadoed, fined, or their pay (lopped ; and, if officers, reduced to the rank of common foldiers, whence they may gradually rife to their former ftations. For clipping or debafing the public coin, the old Egyp- tian punimment is infilled, which is cutting off the hands. If a Jew or Chriftian is guilty of murder, or any othT capital crime, he is burnt alive without the gates of the city i but for the fame crimes the Moors and Arabs are cither impaled, hung up by the neclc over the baltlementi of the city, or thrown upon hooks fixed in the walls be- low i where they fometimes hang thirty or forty hours in the mod dreadful agonies, before they expire. Moors found guilty of robbery or burglary have their right hand cut off, apd hung about their necks ; and are made to ride through the city on an afs, with their faces towards the tail. The Jews and Chriftians for certain offences, as fpeak- ing againtt Mahomet and his religion, muft cither turn Mahometans, or be impaled ; which is ceruinly one of the greateft indignities and barbarities that can be offered to a human being. The patient is laid on his face, and m ftake, made fharp at one end, and about eight or nine feet long, is forced up his fundament ; and then taking him by the legs, they draw on his body, till the point of the ftake appears at his (boulders ; after which they eredl the (Vake, and faften it in a hole dug in the ground. The ant'Cnt inhuman cuftom of fawing in funder is ftill retained : this is done by laying the condemned perfon between two boards of the fame length and breadth, and beginning to faw at the head. Small offences are punifhed with the ballinado, which is given either upon the belly, back, or foles of the feet, according to the nature of the crime, or the arbitrary will of the cady, or judge, who alfo appoints the number of ftrokes to be given with fticks of the thicknefs of one's little finger ; and thefe ffrokes fometimes amount to two or three hundred j but the number mzy be leffcned, either by the influence of a bribe, or the interpofition of friends. But though the offender frequently dies for want of one of thefe powerful advocates, yet this punilhment is neither reckoned capital, nor is the judge called to an account for caufiog it to be infli£led in that inhuman degree. In cafes of debt, the debtor is ufually detained in pri- fon till the choufes, or baihffs, have (eized upon, and fold his effeds : when, if the fale amounts to more than the debt, the overplus is returned to the prifoner ; or if it comes fhort, he is releafcd, and no future demands are made upon him. When the women offend, they are not expofed to the populace, but fent to a private houfe of correction ; or if the crime be capital, they are tied up in a fack, carried out to the fea, and drowned. Having given the punilhments infliiEled on malefaftors, vre (hall conclude this fe£lion with their treatment of the Chriftian (laves, who, though innocent, may be faid to be under a perpetual ftate of puni(hment. As foon as thefe (laves are made prifoners, the corfairs make a (Iridl enquiry into their country, condition, and quality, which is often done by baftinadoing them to ex- tort a true confeifion ; after which, having dripped them almoft naked, they are brought to the palace of the dcy, to which the European confuis repair, in order to examine whether any of them belong to their refpe^ive nations ; and if any were only pal&ngers, to reclaim them. But if it be proved that they have ferved for pay to any nation at war with Algiers, they cannot be releafed without pity- ing their full ranfom. Of thefe the dey has the choice of every eighth man, and choofes tho(e who have fome ufeful trades or profeflions, as furgeons mates, carpen- they are fold by auction ; and whatever is bid above thi price fet upon them, belongs to the government. Thefe unhappy men have then an iron ring put round one of their ancles, and a long or fliort chain faftened to it, according as they imagine them more or lefs inclined to attempt their cfcape : but if any of thefe can procure a little money from their friends, or by way of charity, they are allowed to keep wine cellars ; but muft pay a certain tribute to the dey, according to the quantity they fell ; by which means many of them grow rich enough in time to purchafe their liberty ; though, bcfides their tribute to the dey, they are obliged to contribute towards the maintenance of their poor Tick brethren, and of the Chriftian chapels aHowed for their ufe. As for the reftj who have neither trades, nor can put themfelves in any way of living, they are ufcd with very great feverity ; they fare and work hard all day, and at night are locked up in public prifons, where they lie on the bare ground, without any other covering than the (ky, whence they are fometimes almoft ftifled in mud and water. In the cities and towns they are put to the loweft and hardcft kinds of labour ; in the country they are fometimes made to draw the plough inftead of horfes and oxen ; and in all other refpefts, are treated with fuch inhumanity, as would be feverely punilhed, if cxercifed on the loweft rank of brutes. The women (laves are treated with lefs fc- verity, and, if handfome and witty, are commonly made concubines, and fometimes gain aperfe£i afcendcncyovcr their mafters ; but if any of them refufe to comply, they fpare neither threats nor cruelty to force them to it ; and if application be made to the government in their behalf^ the common anfwer is, that they are their mafter's pro- perty, and he is at liberty to put them to what ufe he thinks proper. Thofe who want youth and beauty, are ufually configned to fome of the lower olfices of the fa- mily, and are lir'''" to be feverely chaftifed for every (light mifcarriage, efpecially in point of cleanlinefs, which they, in common with the Turks, affeft to a very high degree, both with refpe£t to their cloaths, provifions, utenfils, and furniture. The popi(h priefts and monks who are (laves, ar* generally ufed with more gentlenefs, on account of their being better fupplied with money, by which they procure an exemption from labour and other hardfhips ; but. whene\'er any Chriftian prince declares war againft the Algerines, they are the firft who become the vitSims of their cruelty and refentment. SECT. XXt. I Of the Religion and Super/lit ioHs of the Algtrtnii, the Educo' lien of the Children^ and their Ignorance in the Sciencesi Their Trades, Ctmmerce, and Coin. THE Algerine religion differs only from the Turki(h in their cherilhing a great variety of fuperftitions. I"hu8 they hang the figure of an open hand round the neck of their children, as a counter-charm againft an evil eye ; and both the Turks and Moors paint it upon their (nips and houfes. The people who are grown up always carry about them fome paragraph of the Koran, which they place upon their breaft, or few under both their caps, to prevent fafcinatJon and witchcraft, and tofecure themfelves from fickncfs and misfortunes. Thefe charms they efteem fo univerfal, that they alfo hang them to the necks of their cattle, horfes, and othi"- beafts of burthen* An opinion prevails over all Barbary, that many dif- eafes proceed from fome offence given to the Jenoune, a fort of beings placed by the Mahometans between the angels and the devils. Thefe are fuppofcd to frequent (hades and fountains, and to affume the bodies of wormr, toads, and other little animals, which being always in their way, are every moment liable to be molcfted and ten, &c. becaufe they fell for a great price ; and if of I hurt. When any one is therefore maimed or ficfcly, he quality, for a ftill greater. The reft, who are left to the owners and captors, are carried to the befiftan, or (lave-market, where a price is fet upon them according to their profe(rion, age, ftrength, and ability. From thence they are led to the court before the dey's palace, where fancies that he has injured one of thefe beings ; on which the women (killed in thefe ceremonies go upon a Wed- nefday, with frankincenfe and other perfumes, to fome neighbouring fpring, and there facrifice a cock or ahen, a ram or an ewe, according to the quality and fex of the 6 K . . patient) A SYSTEM Of G 1: U G R A 1* H Y. Algiers. patient, «nJ the nature of the tlifcal'e, a female hciiij I'.icrilked for one of the male fcx, and a m.il'; fur the women. The Algerincs have three prifici;>al ofHccr'. who prcfiJt.- overall religious matters ; thcle arc the multi, cir hiyh pried J the cady, or chief judge in corldVitfual caiili s, and inch other matters as the civil and military |.o\vjr turns over to him ; an.i the gram! inarahut, who is at the head of his order, which confills of a kind of eremitical monks in fuch high veneration, that they b?ar an extra- ordinary fway, not only in ninll private families, but even in the government. 'I hefc three officers have thiir feats in the great divan next under the dcy, and on his rijht h.ind, where they are allowed to give their opinion in all ditKcult and important affairs of flate ; but have not the liberty of voting with the nrt of the members. As to religious affairs they are ufuallv rt--ferred to them, and their decifions, if unanimous, arc clleemed binding, and no longer to bedifputcd. The people have a great veneration for the marabuts, who are ufually perfons of a rigid aulfere life, continually employing themfclves either in counting over their beads, or in prayer and meditation. I'heir chaplct ufuallv coii- iills of ninety-nine beads ; mi touching each of which they cither fay, " Ciod is great. CJod be prailid, or Go'J " forgive me." This kinJ of faintfhip ufually sjocs bv fuccillion, and the ion, if he c^n behave wilh equal gra- vity, is intitled to the fame elfeem and reverence with the father. Somcof them pretend to fee vifions, and to con\eifc with the Deitv, while others are fuppofed to work miracles. Dr. Snaw fays, that Seedy Alulh'.fa, caliph of the wcftern province, told him, that a nti;;h- bouiing marabut had a folid iron bar, which, upon command, would give the fjine report, and do as much execution as a piece of cannon ; and that once the whole Algerinc army, on the dey's demanding too exorbitant a tax from the Arabs under his protcdlion, were put to flight by the miracle : yCt, notwithlfanding the frequency, as they pretended, of the experiment, neither the argu- ments urged by that divine on the merit of convincing a Chriftian, nor the follicitations of the company, could prevail fo far as to have the experiment tried before him ; for the marabut had too much policy to hazard his reputa- tion by putting it to the proof. At Sctecf that learned gentleman faw a marabut famous for vomiting fire ; but though he was at lirft gieatly furprifed at feeing his mouth fuddenly in a blaze, and at the violent agonres he counterfeited at the fame time, he afterwards plainly per- ceived that it was all a trick, and that the flames and fmoke with which he was furrounded, arofe from fome tow and fulphur which he contrived to let on fire under his burnoofc. The roving and unfcttlcd life of the Arabs, and the perpetual grievances the Moors frequently futl'er from the Turks, prevent either of them enjoying that liberty and fecurity which give birth and encouragement tolcarninTi hence the knowledge of philofophy, mathematics, and medicine, which once flouriilied among the Arabs, arc now loft, and there are fcarcc any traces of them re- maining. The fons of the Moors and Turks are fent to fchoni at about fix years of age, when they are taught to read and write for the value of about a penny a week. Each boy, inftead of paper, has a piece of thin (iquare board, (lightly dawbed over with whiting ; and on this he makes his letters, which may be wiped off or renewed at plea- fure. On his having made fome progrcfs in the Koran, he is initiated in the feveral ceremonies and myfleries of religion : and when a boy has 'uftinguifhed himfelf in any branch of learning, he is richly drefTed, mounted upon a horfe richly caparifoned, and, as bath been alrea- dy mentioned in treating of Morocco, is conduced amidft the huzz.isof his fchool- fellows through the (treets, while his friends and relations afl'einbic to congratulate his pa- rents, and to load him with gifts. The boys, after be- ing three or four years at fchool, are put to trades, or enrolled in the army, where mod of them foon forget all they have learned at fchool. While the reverend divine we have fo often quoted, was chaplain at Algiers, he endeavoured to become ac- quainted with the perfons mod dillinguifhed fur their I learning; and though i'ri'm Ibcir njfiirai llivnof', to Aran* gers, and contempt of the Chriliians, i: s dilTicult to cultiv;i.le a leal tnendfhip with them, vet le loon found that th;ir chief altronomur, v/l.o rcyiil.itvs :mj fuper- inti nils the hours of prayer, had not the (Vrll to muke a fun-diiJ : that the whole art of navigation, as ptacli- fed at Al';iers and I'linis, '>nlv lonfilts In v.'hatis term- ed prickiii!,' of a chart, and dillinguilhiinr li;,' eiglit prin- cipal poiiit.i of the compafs ; and that even thcmdtrv, once the faviuirite f< iente ol thvfe pLO| le, is at preftnt only applied to diftilliiig a little rofc water. The phy- fitians chiefly (fudy tlie Spandh eJitinn of Diofcorides; but ihey oftcner confult the tigures of plants and animals than their ufes. Notwlihliniiiling this, thefe people are naturally fubtle and ingenious, and only want time, application, anil encouragement, to cultivate and im- prove their faculties. As the Mahometans are generally prcdtftinarians, they p.iy little regard to medicine, and ufually cither leave the dKbrder to contend with nature, or make uft of charms and Incnntatioi s. Yet in all dilfempers they refc.rt to bagnios, and there are a few other remedies ia general ufe. I hus a dram or two of the root of round birthwnrt is an edablifhed remedy for the colic ; in plcuritii; and rheumatic cafes, they make feveral punc- tures on the part ati'edfed with a red-hot iron, re- pcatlni; the operation aceording to the violence of the difiafe, and the ilrtngth of the patient. The prickly pear roilled in the embers is applied hot for the cure of bruiles, fwellings, and intlummations. They pour frefh butter aimed boiling hot into all fimple gun fliot wounds, and fome of tiieni inncuLite for the fmall-pox; though this practice is not much in reputation in this part of liarbary, and they tell a number of dories to dilcourage the uie of it. They have few compound medicines ; however, they ufe a mixture of mvrrh, aloe.s, fafFron, and fyrrup of myrtle-berries, which is fre- quently found ciTeclual in the cure of the plague. (Jur author was fometimcs favoured with the fight of their ancient kalendars, in which the fun's place, the femi-diurnal and nodlurnai arch, the length of the twi- light, with the feveral hours of prayer for each day in the month are calculated to a minute, and beautifully wrote in proper columns ; but thefe are as little confult- cd as their ancient mathematical inftruments, of which they know not the ufe: thus, if the cloudlncfi of the weather prevents their adjuding their large and fmall hour-glalles to fome inaccurate meridian lines they have made for that purpofe, their times for devotion, which fliould le piindlual to a minute, are entirely left to the Will and pleafure of their cryers ; for public clocks arc not allowed in this country, which is perhaps owing to the 'jri-.i: aveifion of tlie Mahometans to bells. Though their ancedors were alio didinguifhed for their fkiil ill arithmetic and algebra, not one in twenty thou- f.ind appears to be at prefent acquainted with the firlt operations in thefe branches of mathematics; yet the merchants are frequently very dexterous in the addition and fubdraclion of large fums by memory, and have alfo a very fingular method of numeration, by putting their hands into each other's fleeves, and touching one another with this or that finger, or a particular joint, each denoting a determined fum or number ; thus, with- out moving their lips, or giving the lead intimation tn the by- dander, they conclude bargains of the grcatcft value. Though piracy fecms to fuit bed with the temper of the Algerines, they luder free C'hridians, Jews, either natives or foreigners, Arabians and Moors, to exir- cilc a fair commerce both by fea and land, and to carry on trades and manufadures in (ilk, cottrjn, wool, lea- ther, and other commodities, which are modly condudl- ed by Spaniards fettled in Algiers, elpecially about the metropolis. Carpets arc another manufafiurc of this coun- try, though they are greatly inferior tothofeof Turky for beauty and finenefs; but being both cheaper and foftcr, arc preferred by the people to lie upon. 'I'hereare like- wife at Algiers looms for velvet, tadeties, and other wrought filks, and a coarfe fort of linen is made in mod parts of the kingdom, of which Sufa produces the finefl. Thefe manufadures are chiefly confunicd at home, fome lyr.cfs to Aran* IS difliciilt to he loon li)iin(i t.s ;inj lii|HT- (kill to ninke ion, as pracli- v.hatis tcrin- lliv- eight priii- icn ihcniiltry, , is at pri'ltiu r. The pliy- f Diofcoridts ; Its and animals licfc pcopli? jre V want time, ivjte and im- ircdcftinarian<;, ufually cither ', or make iifi lillcmpers they icr remedies in : root of round the colic ; in c (cvetal punc- •hot iron, re- iolencc of the The priilcljr : for the cure . They pour iiiiplc gun (hot the fmall-pox ; itation in this r of floiics to few compound 1 mvrrh, aloes, which IS fre- plaguc. th the fight of jn's place, the ;th of the twi- ir each day in nd beautifully little confult- nts, of which dincfi of the and fmall lies tiicy have votinn, which left to the c clocks arc ps owing to Is. fhcd for their wentv thou- th the firft ic. ; yet the the addition , and have by putting touching one ticular joint, thus, with- ntimatiun to the grcatcft :he tcmpiT of Jews, lithcr rs, to cxir- aiul to carry wool, Ica- )(lly condudl- lly about the of thiscour- of 'I'urky for and fuftcr, here are like- anJ other made in moll .cs the fiiiift. at home, iomc T L'N IS. A !'• R 1 C A. 5^5 fomc of them, cfpecially thofe of filk ami linen, bcin^ (ii inconfiderable, that they are obliged to fupply iho want of a fufficicnt quantity by in'portin;,' them from Europe and the Levant. I he people fend few of their commodities t>> foreign m;irk?ts, their oil, wax, com, and pulfe, being b.ircly fuflicicnt to fupply the country, though before tne city ot Oran bccnnie fubjeit to Spain, the merchants have been known to fljip off from the va- rious ports of li.irbary, feven or ci;;ht thoul.iM (light modern building, is a great confufion of columns of granite, en- tablatures, £.nd altars, which, when entire, and in their proper fr.uatioos, muft have been great ornamentj to the city. SECT. XXIV. Of the Rtiman and other Anlir/uilit! to be found in the King- doms of Tunis. FROM the account we have given of the principal towns of Tunis, it appears that this country abounds with Roman and other antiquities; and we fliall now add to thofe we have already mentioned, others of a more extraordinary nature. The Rev. and learnc'l Dr. Shaw f.iyj, it is difEcult to fix the cxafl fiiuatlon of the an- ticnt city ot iJtic.i, except we allow that the fea hai ///frtt . been driven back three or (uur miles bv the ca(b riy wind."., and the incrc.d'e of the mud, whien is probuMy the cafe ; and then it may be jiillly placed at JJodlhatcr, where are many traces of buildings of great extent and magnificence, as walls, ciftcfn:;, and a large aqueduiSt. Iliefe ruins lie about twcnty-levcn Roman miles from Carthage, and behind them we are entertained with a view of the large fields which the Romans have rendered famous by their military exploits. The celehrat .d city of Carthage has not much better Ot/^LlOk:. fupported itfelf againfl the »iicrii.icbiiients caiifed by the nnrth-caft winds, and the mud tlirown out by the Me- jerdah, which has (lopped up the aiitient harbour, and rendered it almoft as far dillant from the fea as Utica, The greateft part of Carthage flood upon three hills, in- ferior in elevation to thofe on which konie was built. Upon a place which overlooks the fouth-eaft fhorc is the area of a fpacious room, with feveral (mailer near it : fome of them have tcfltlatcd pavements, but neither the dc(i2n nor the execution are very extraordinary. In rowing along the (hore, the common (ewers are fecn in (everal pl.iccs, whi>.h, as they were originally well built and cemented, time has not in the lead impaired. Ex- cept thefe, the ciftcrns have fu(Fered Icaft by the ruin of the city ; for, befides thofe which belonged to particular houfes, there w.retwo lets for the public ufc: the largeft, which was the grand rcf-rvcir, and received the water of the aqueduct, lay near tli;T welt wall of the ;ity, and con- fifted of more than twenty contiguous cifterns, each a- bout a hundred feet long and thirty broad. 'I'he (mailer ciftcrn is in a higher fituation near the rolhon, it being contrived to colli tt the rain water that fell upon the top of it, and upon fome adjacent pavements made for that purpofe. This, however, might be repaired with little expcnce, the fmall earthen pipes through which the water was conveyed wanting only to be cleaned. No other remains of the grandeur and magnificence of this ancient city, the rival of Rome, are now to be fecn. \Vc find no fuperb pieces of architecture ; no triumphal arches ; no columns of porphyry or gra- nite; no curious cnt.-iblatures : all the broken walls and ftruiturcs now to be f'cen, being erected either in the Gothic manner, or by the later inhabitants. However, the ruins of the celebrated aquedud that conveyed the water into the greater cifterns, may be traced to the di- ftance of at lealt fifty miles. This was a very expenfivc work, and that part of it which extends along the pc- ninfula, was beautifully faced with ftonc. Dr. Shaw obfcrvcs, that at Arriana, a fmall village to the north- ward of Tunis, are feveral entire arches, which he found to be feventy feet high, and fupported by piers fix teen feet fquarc. The water channel above thefe arches was vaulted over, and plaiftcrcd with a ftrong cement: a man of the ordinary fize m.iy walk upright in it, and at certain diftanccs holes are left open both 1 for the admiflion of frcfh air, and the convenience of ! cleaning it. A temple was erected at Zowan, and at ' Zungar, over the fountains by which this aqueduft is fupplied with water ; that of Zungar appears to have been of the Corinthian order, atid ends very beautifully in a dome that has three niches, and extends over the fountain. In thefe niches were probably Itatucs of wa- ter-nymphs, or other deities. ; Farther to the eaft is the fani^uary of Seedy DouJe, ' which takes its name from David, or as they pronounce ; it Doude, a Moorifli faint, whofe fepulchrc is here Ihewn five yards long Yet this ftrudture appears to be part of a Roman I'raetorium, from the contiguous Mo- faic pavements, all of them executed with the gieateft fymmetry and cxadtnefs: the figures are horfes, ticcs, birds, and fifhcs, beautifully inlaid in fuch a variety of colours, that they even appear more g.iy and lively than nuny tolerable paintings. The horle, the infignia of the Carthaginians, is reprcfcntcd in the bold pofture in which it appears upon the African medals ; the birds arc the hawk and the partridge; the fifties the gilt-head and the mullet ; and the trees the palm and the olive. The defigner perhaps, intending to pointout the ftrength, the diverlions, the iifliery, and the plenty of dates and olives. :i-Ni3. AFRICA, rof olives, for whicii this country has always bcca fa- tnous. Six inlli's farther to the raft !■; I.owbarcah, the Aqui- lariii of the ancients, where Curio landed the trnops that were iiCterwarJs cut to pieces by Sabiira. There are here (evcral fragments of antiquities ; but none of them very rcniarlcable, except a furprizing cavern ; for from the fea flioro to this village, whith is about half a mile dillant from it, is a mountain hollowed with great art, fron\ the level of the fea to the height of twenty or thirty Icet, with large pillars and arches, which have been left ftaniling at proper diltances to fupport the mountain. Thefe arc the quarries mentioned by Strabo, from whence the buildings of Carthage, Utica, and manv other neighbouring cities, might receive their ma- terials. t)ur author remarks, that as this mountain is all over fliaJed with trees ; as the arches below lie open to the fea, with a large clifF on each frJe, and oppofitc to it is placed the ifland of ;?igimurus ; while fprings arc perpetually trickling down the rocks, and feats are raifed for the weary labourer, there is fcarce any doubt but that this is the cave placed by Virgil fome where in this gulf, though fome have thought his deftription merely the work of imagination. The amphitheatre of Jcmme, the Tiftra of Cxfar, is • noble piece of antiquity, originally confiding of fixty- four arches, and four orders of columns. The upper order, fuppofed to be no more than an Attic, has fuf- fercd greatly from the Arabs, and in a late revolt of thofc people, who ufcd this place as a fortrcfs, Maho- met bey blew up four of the arches from top to bot- tom, otherwife nothing can appear more entire and beau- tiful, particularly on the outfide ; and within, the plat- form of the feats, with the galleries leading to them, are (till ftanding. The arena is nearly circular, and in the center of it is a deep well of hewn ftonc, where the pillar that fupported the velum, or awning, may be fuppofed to have been fixed. Befides this noble ftrudture, there arc ftill to be fcen many other antiquities ; as a variety of columns, altars with defaced infcriptions, trunks of marble ftatuen, one of which is of the colotl'al kind in armour, and another is of a naked Venus, in the attitude and dimcnfions of the Mcdiccan, both by good mailers : but their heads broken off. Not inferior to this, are the triumphal arches of Spaitla, the ancient Sufetula, which is of the Corinthian order, confiding of one large arch, and a fmaller one on each fide, with the fragment of an in- fcription upon it. From thence all along to the city, which is at about a furlong diftancc, is a pavement of large black ftoncs, with a parapet wall on each fide. At the end of this pavement you pafs through a beautiful portico, built in the fame manner with the triumphal arch. This leads into a fpacious court, where are the ruins of three contiguous temples; but the roofs, porticos and fronts are broken down, though all the other walls, with their pediments and cntabfa- tures, remain entire. Upon an eminence fix leagues to the vvcft-fouth -weft of Spaitla, is Calfareen. The river Derb runs winding below it, and upon a precipice that hangs over that ri- ver, is a triumphal arch, more remarkable for the quan- tity and value of the materials, than for the beauty and elegance of the defign. It confifts of only one large arch, with an Attic ftruflure above it, that has fome ornaments, refembling the Corinthian, upon the enta- blature ; but the pilafters are entirely Gothic ; yet not- withlhnding the rudenefs of the workmanfhip, and the oddnefs of the fituation, it has an infcription, in which Manlius Felix, the founder, is gratefully commemorat- ed. In the plains below the city arc many maufolca, upon one of which is an elegy in hexameter and penta- meter verfes. Upon the fea-coaft, about two leagues wcft-by-fouth of Hamamcl, is the Menara, a maufolcum creeled in the form of a cylindrical pcdeftal, near fixty feet in diameter, with a vault underneath. On the top of this ftruiturc, juft above the cornice, are placed feveral fmall altars, which the Moors fuppofe to have been defigiied for fo many lamps for the direction uf niittineis. All thrfc altars had infcription?, three of wliich arc ftill le- gible, one of them his thilc words ; L. A^milio Afiictmt Avuncuh i another, (;. i'«i-///o Ponttam I'atiutli ; and the o^)L-r, ritcllis Lliiarti I'ulr. There are alio a variety of thefe m?ufolea at Hydra, fome of a round, others of an ochigou form ; others a;jain fquare, with a niche on one of the fides, or a wide open place like a balcony on the top, all of iheiu fupported by four, fix, or eight columns, and well pre- fcrvedj only their infcriptions arc defaced by time, or by the malice of the Arabs. It is perhaps inipofliblc to conclude this feftion, with words mote applicable to the fubjedl, than a pa(la;^c in the preface to the travels of the learned author we have fo often quoted. " A traveller, fays he, can fcarce fail " of falling into a ferious train of thought, when he " obfervcs fuch large fccnes of ruins and defolation, as " arc fecn in thcfc countries. He is (truck with the " (blitude of the few domes .ind porticoes that are left " (landing, which hiftoiy tells him vvtre crouded with " inhabitants; where Syphax, and .Vlaffiniira, Scipio " and Cicfar ; where tilt ortliodox Chriltians and the " Arians, the Saracens and the Turks, have in their " turns given laws. F.very pile, every heap of ruins " points out to him the wcakncfs and inftability of all " human art and contrivance, reminding him of t!ie " many thoufa.'Js that lie buried below, now loft in " oblivion, and forgotten to the world." SECT. XXV. Of the Pi-rfom, Cujiomi^ Manners^ and Butleiln;! of the Tunifcem, fart'uuiar!y of the Turks, Moon, unci jnik; uith many Cujhim that are agrecablt tt the Practice of the ntoji early Agti. THE Tunifeens in general, and particularly the inhabitants of the metropolis, are like thole of Algiers, a mixture of Turks, Moors, Arabs, Jews^ Chriltian merchants, and flavcs ; with this remarkable difference, that they are here more polite and civili/.ed,i and entirely free from that haughtincfs, infolcnce and cruelty for which the reft of the people in IJarbary are jultly branded. They arc in general much more kind and humane to their (laves, though they -treat the knights of Malta, who are reduced to that condition with gre.it- er feverity, chiefly to oblige them to purchafc their I'rcc- dom at a dearer rate : for bcfidcs the iron (hackle whicti all are obliged to wear about their ankles, they have a huge heavy chain fattened to it, which commonly weighs twenty-five pounds, and which they are obliged, either to twill about their legs, though it is then very troublcfome to walk with ; or to hang it to their ijirdic by a hook, which caules a pain in the fide; or ell'e to hang it over their (houlder. They were formerlv put to the hardcft labours, fuch as carrying of fand, (lone, and mortar for the builders, on which account they were obliged to write to Malta, as foon as po(rible for their ranli:)in. The Maltcfe, on the other hand, were no fooner informed of their ill treatment, than they or- dered all their 'l'urki{h flavcs to be cruelly baltinadocj by way of return. In confcquencc of which thefe were obliged to write to the 'I'unifeens, that if they conti- nued to make the Maltefe (laves work at Tunis, they (hould be cudgelled to death at Malta ; and this at length put an end to this additional hardfliip. 'I"he Tunifeens are, in f-;her rcfpedts, very courtcouj to ((rangers, and all aftairs with the regency are iranf- aiilcd in n very friendly manner. The confuls that rc- fide at Tunis are treated with greater affability and condcfcenfion, juftice, and difpatch, than in any other court on thefe coalls. Indeed, this nation has for many vears been more intent upon trade, and the improve, ment of manufartures, than upon phindering and crui- fing ; on which account the people have jullly obtained the charadlcr of not living like their neighbours, in a perpetual open war with the Chriftian powers; but of cultivating their friendOiip, and readily joining in their alliances. I Th« ioS A SYSTEM OF GK OGRAPHY. Tin- IS. The greatcfl part of the Moorilh women here wonlil be cflcemcd beauties even in LnglanJ, ;uul their chiMien have the finell complexions of any nation whatfocvci ; but the boys arc fo expofcd to the tun, that thty foon .it- taintlicfwarlhincfsof the Arab ; butasthegirls keep niiire at home, they prcftrve their beauty till they are thirty, when they are generally pall child-bearing. One ofthtfe girls is fometinies a mother at eleven, anil a grandmother at twenty-two } and, as they generally live as long as the Europeans, they fometinies live tu fee their children of many generations. The drefs of the Tunifecni of both fexes is alfo neater and more genteel, though nearly of the lame falhion with that of the Algerincs. The citizens of both fexes con- fiantly wear drawers, efpecially when they go abroad, or receive vifits. The virgins are, however, dilUnguiflied from the matrons, by having theirs made of needle-work, ftrijied filk, or linen ; but when the women are at home, or m private, they lay afide their hykcs, and fometinies their tunics, and, inilead of drawers, bind only a towel about their loins. The ladies affedl to have their hair hang down to the ground, which they colledl into one lock upon the hinder part of the head, binding, and plait- ing it with ribbons; but where nature has been lefs libe- ral, they fupply the defeat by adding artificial to the na- tural locks. The hair being thus adorned, they tie clofe together above the lock the fcvcral corners of a triangular piece of linen, worked with the needle in a variety of figures. Thofc of fuperior fortune wear what is called a farmah, which is nearly of the fame fhape as the other head-drefs; but is made of thin flexible plates of gold or filver, cut through, and engraved in the man- ner of lace; and the drefs is compleated by a handker- chief of filk, gau/e, crape, or painted linen, bound clofc about the farmah, and negligently falling upon the lock. But none of thcfc ladies think themfi-lves completely adorned, till they have tinged the eye-ta(hes and the edges of their eye-lids with the powder of lead ore. This operation is performed by dipping a wooden bodkin, of the thicknefs of a quill, into the powder of lead ore, and drawing it under the eye-lids over the ball of the eye, which communicates to the eyes a blacknels that is thought to add great beauty toperfonsof all complexions. " This pra(5tice, fays the learned Dr. Shaw, is of great " antiquity ; for we find that when Jezebel Is faid, in *' 2 Kings ix. 30. to have painted her face, the original " words are, She fet off her eyes with the powder of " lead ore." The fame author has proved, that this kindof ornament was alfo in ufe among the antient Greeks and Romans ; and, in the courfe of this work, wc have (hewn, that it is not only pratflifed in Barbary, but in Turky in Afia, and other countries in the Eaft. The women of Tunis are not only handfome and more neat, but rtiorc familiar ; they, indeed, put on their veils when they go abroad ; but are allowed to be feen, and toconverfe with ftrangers, their hufbands being lefs in- clined to jealoufy than the other Africans. The ladies of fortune arc very fond of rich ornaments and perfumes, and arc very conflant in vifiting the public baths belong- ing to their own fex ; on which account the (hops of the druggifls and apothecaries are feldom (hut before mid- night, that being their chief time for bathing ; in which they ufe a confiderablc quantity of odoriferous drugs and rich perfumes. The men, as well as the women, refort much to thefe baths, their religion obliging them to ufe frequent wafhings, particularly before the hours of public prayers, after every trifling detilement, and more particularly after the matrimonial int^rcourfe. The merchants, officers, doiSors, and fcholars, when they go abro a'z,n. Upon meetiiii"; each other, they lUll nuke life of "the prnnitivc (aliitation, " IVate be unto thee." Tlie iiifeiiiiis Ihew their deference and refpecl to their fupeiiors by kiiliiii; tlieir feet, knees, or ^^annents, while the chiMien, or kiiijtollc, pay the fame refpect to the hcad:i of ibi'ir p.nents, and a.;td relations. In (aluting each other, they clap their right hand on their bnall, while ihofe who are more iiunnately aciiuaiiltcd, or are of an equal .!;,',e or dignity, mutually kila the band, head, or tlioulder ; and, at their ;;re.it fuleinnilies, the wife a!fj compliments her bulband by kiflin^ his hand. I'erlbns of the hi2;hcll char.iclcr, like the antient pa- triarctisand the heroes of Homer, perform what we iliould term meni.il ofTiccs. The gieatell prince, when vilited by a ltraiit;i r, is not afhamed to t'etch a lamb fro n his flock and kill it, while the priiicel'. makes haile to pre- pare her fire and kettle, and then drefles it. The cuiiom of walkinu: cither bare-foot, (.r with fandals, renders thj compliment of waftiing the ihangcrs feet Ifill nccellary : this IS done by the maltcr of the family, who fitrt prefents himfelf, and is always the mod officious in this adl of kindnefs. When his entertainment is ready, he would think it a (hame to fit down with his giiells ; inllead of which he (lands all the time, and waits upon them : yet, notwith(hndin;j this rtfpedl, thofe are fomctimes over- taken and robbed in the morning, by the very perfons who entertained tbcni with (uch hofpitality the night before. The rcfpc£l paid by the polite nations of Europe to the female fc.x, is in this country confidered as abfurd in- fringements of that law of nature which a(rigns the pre- eminence to man : for the wives arc only confidered as j a (iipcrior tiafs of (ervants,who ate yet to have the great- I «(t fhaie of toil and labour. While the la/y hulbands take their repofe under fome nci^hbouiing fliadc, and | the young men and maidens attend the flocks, the wives are all iiv either employed at grinding at the mill, drcf- | fing provifioiis, or working at their looms ; and,tocon- ciude the dav, they (till, as in antient times, take a pitcher, cr goats fkin, and tying their fucking children j to their backs, trudge two or three miles to fetch water : , yet, notwithdanding all this bufin. IV, neither thel'c coun- ' try ladies, nor thofe of (lill higher rank in the cities, will , lay afideany of tiitir ornaments, neither their nole-jewels, their bracelets for their arms and legs, or their ear-rings, all of which are very cumbeifomc; nor will thcv omit tinging their eyes with lead ore ; fo prevalent is cullom, and lo fond are even the ladies in Harbjry of appearing ill the fafhion. Tilt method of building both in IJarbarv and the Le- vant feems alfo to haveeoiuimied the fame from the moll early ages. Their houlcs are (\iuare Luildiiigs, w ith t!at roofs, t'urrounding a court, where alone they are orna- mented. Ind'.cd large doors, (pacious rooms, marble pavements, and cloKtercd courts, with fountains fomc- times playing in the midft, arc well adapted to the heat of the elimate. On leaving the llreets, which are generally narrow, with a range of (hops on each tide, and entering one of the prineipal huufis, you fiiil paf^ through a porch, or gate-v.av, with btiiches on e.ieh (ide, where the mailer of the taniilv receives vifits and difpatches biifiiu IV, few pcrlons, c\en among the iif^rtlf relations, being a liiiit- tcd aiiv farther, exeipt upon extraordin.iry oceafions : from lience you pafs into the court, which lying o|)<.n to the weather, is, aceoiding to the ability of the owner, tiiher paved withniaiblc, or fucli icarkr uialcrialsi.j are 43 proper for carrying oil' tiic water. When a number oi people ate to be admitted, as upon the liitunicili.n o. a child, or the celebration of ainairia'e, lliev i te UlJom received into.iny of the rooms, but only ;nio tin. toiiil, which ia then covered with mats and caijiets l.ir lh'.:i more coniiiio.lioiii cntett«inir...i,t ; and, to (heller liii' Ironi the heat of the weather, a kind of veil is f.\p;iniie I upon rope., Iroinone (i.lc of the parapet wall or l..tticc i l" the flat roof to the other. 'I o ihi. ci.vciin!', which may be folded or unfolded at plcal'uie. Dr. Sliaw (cnurUi, that the l'l..linill feems to.iUude, in tliat btautifal i,\p.M- lion, " i l.ou (prcjdelt out the he,ivcii> like a curl.iin." This couit i.'.iilu.dly fiirioiinded wi.h as many iloilleu above each other as the lioule is Itorici lii^h, w.th lither a balullrade, or lattice-work louiui thofe above, to pie- vent any peilons Irom falling down. \'ou are conduct- ed from the tloiller .nul galleiies into large Ipacioiij chain - hers of the lame length with the court j but lliey lian* lelduni or never any eoinmiinicaiion withtaih oilur, :'ni one of tliele looms frecjueiitly (erves a wliole family, pai- ticulaily when many p rfoiis join in the lent of a l.ouii , hence the cities of Harbaiy aie extremely pc|iijiuus i,» proportion to their extent. 'i'heir moli|ucs are built c.xaclly in th.' form of out churches, only inilead of pews the lljoi is c nered witli mats. Near the middle a pulpit is eix\.led, tro:n whence the mufii, or one of the inuns, every Kriday e.\plains a part of the Koran, and exhorts the people to piety and good works. Near all tlic cities and villages is a large fpot of ground, in which they bury the deaiT. Kvery "lainily has a par- ticular part of it walled in like a garden, in whicli the bones of thti'- aneellots have, for ni.my generatioii.>, re- mained undillurbed. In thele cnclofurcs the gr.ues am all feparatc and diltimSt, each haviiij; a Ibnie placed up- right both at the head and feet, while the interniediato Ijiace is either planted v>'ith flowers, bordered round witli lione, or paved all over with tiles. The graves of per- fons of dilliiiction are didinguilhed by their having a ftiuare room with a cupola built our thiin ; which "be- ing condantly kept clean, whitc-wallud, and beautified, they to this day continue, as our authur remark-^, an excellent comment upon the cxprcfTion of our Saviour, where he compares the hypocrites to whitcd f; pukbres, which appear outwardly beautiful, but are witiiin full ot' dead mens bones and all unclcannefs, Matth. xxiii. iy. It is worthy of obfervation, with refpect to thefe (i- vcral (Iructurcs, that where extraordinary lirength is re- quired, the plailler and cement are, to all appearance, of the fame conlillence and comp.ifiiion with thofe of the antients. 'I'hus our author obferves, that th.- cilkrns built by Sultan ben Kglib, in fcveral parts of the kiii"- dom of runis, are of equal folidity with the famous ones at Carthage, and continue as firm and comp.ict, unlels where they have been defignedly broken, as if they wen; but juft finilhcd. The compofition is made ia the fol- lowing .nianr.er : They take two parts of wood-aflics, three of lime, and one of fine ('and, which, after being well fifted and mix- ed together, they beat incciraiuly tor three d.iys and nii;hti with wooden mallets, fprinkling thcni alternately, "and at proper times with a little oil and water, till thiy become of a due conlillence. Th.s compofition i- chiefly tiled in their cillerns, arches, .ind terraces ; but the pipes of their aqueducts are joined with tow and lime beat together with oil only, witnout any mixture of water. Koth thefe compofitions foon allum.- the hardn.-fs of done, and fetfer no water to pervade them. The ingenious and learned divine we have I'o oftca quoted, and from whom we h.U'e borrowed thj ahovo article, alfo oblervcs, that, inltead of co.Tunon rluc, the joyners frequently ufe a preparation of chccle, whicli i.s hrd to be pounded with a little water in a mortar, till the whcyie matter is wadicd out. When this i., done, they pound it again with a fniall qu.intity of fine lime, and apply it .dteiwaids as quick as poflihieto (uch bonds as are to be joined together ; which, alter llic cement becomes drv, it is (aid, will not be (eparated even by water itfell. ^Vc (hall now take a view of the h ibitations of the iJedl'wcens and Kabyles, the fcrmcr the iniiabitant: of th« 5to A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. T I N-IS the pl.iiiis, anJ the Ijttcr of the mniint.iins. The tciui oltht lUil'iWLCiis whiih Mrc of iiii olilong fij^iirc, ami ri'liiiilik- tlu- hull of a Ihip turned iipriile down, arc CdVLrcil with a coarli.- li.iir-iloth, ;uij diUVr ii\ fi/i', ni pruporii'iii til the nunihcr of p;.'rf<)iis whu live in llu'in. iioitic ol ihini iirc fupportid bv a puis cij^ht or ten feet hi?h, and others by two or three piiles of the fame Icnpth, while a curtain, placed upon nccafion at each of thefc diviftons, fcparatcs the whole into Icvcral apartments ; and theic poleii hein;^ covered with hooks, the Arabs hang upon them their eloaths, faddlea, hafkcts, and war- like inllrunients. 'I'hey take their rell by lvini» upon a mat, or carpet, wrapped in their hykes, which have been already defcribcd in treating of Aljjicrs, and have neither bed, mattrcfs, nor pillow. When there arc a number of tlKie tents to;>t;ther, thfy are ufually placed in a circle, and in the ni;;ht the cattle arc incloled in the area in the middle, to leciirc them from the wildbcaih. In fliort, Virgil's defcription of their manner of living and deeatnping is as juOly drawn, as if he had but lately made his obfervations. The villages of the Kabylcs confift of a number of cottages, built cither witlj bricks dried in the fun, with the materials of fome anticnt ruins, or with hurdles daub- id over with mud; while the roofs are covered with Hraw, or turf, fupportid by reeds, or the branches of trees. In the largell of them there is feldom more than one room, which not only fcrvcs for a kitchen, dining- room, and bcd-chamher, but one corner of it is refcrvcd for tlieir foals, calves, and kids. In thcfe huts the wo- men make their blankets called hvkes, and the goats hair cloth lor their tents ; hut, inlleail of weaving them with a Ihuttle, they conduit every thread of the woof with their finRCrs. SEC T. XXVI. Of theGiVtrnmcnt, Lawi, Cvmnene, and Languagt of the Tunijtcni. THF. government of Tunis is at prefent, like th.it of Algiers, entirely defpotic ; but with this dif- ference, that the dignity of dey of Algiers is eledtive, while that of the bey of Tunis is not only hereditary, but he has the power of nominating which of his fons he chool'es for his fucccflbr ; or, if he thinks none of them worthy of that honour, he may choofe either a brother or a nephew to fuccced him in the throne. The beys arc alio equally independent both of the "rand feigriior and the divan. They were indeed once under the protection of the former ; but the rapacious ex- tortions and tyranny of the badias in a manner obliged them to fhakc off their yoke, and form a government of their own, which was fettled in fuch a manner, that their dcys, as they were then called, could do nothing with- out the content of the divan : but they at length found means to rid thcmfclvcs alfo of this uncafy clog, tho' the government Hill retains a fhadow of both ; for the Porte has fliU a balha who rcfides here; but his power and influence arc fo inconfiderablc, that he only fcrvcs to remind the Tunifecns of tiicir being once fubjcil to^hc grand feignior, or at mofl to prevent the regency taking any mcafurcs prejudicial to his interelh As to the divan, it being chiefly compofed of the friends and creatures of the bey, they arc rather aflembled to give a forced ap- probation to his rcfolutioBS, than for him to confult them about their jufticc and expediency. AVhcn this new form of government was firft cftab- liflicd, the dcyfhip, as hath been already intimated, was the fuprcmc dignity, and the beys, who were the next in rank, were entirely fubordinate; but having fince built their power on the ruin of the dey's, they have by de- grees raifcd thcmfclvcs to their prefent independency ; and, by making the office of bey hereditary, have en- deavoured to prevent thofe frequent depofitions, rebel- lions, and mallacres, which arc too common in an elec- tive monarchy. They have, however, been unable to prevent jcalouiics and cabals, or to hinder the fons re- belling againlt their fathers, or aijainit fuch of their brothers as arc nominated to fuccfcd them; whence the dif;nity of bey oltcncr t.ills to the fliare ol that fim who hai had the addreU to f irm the llioiigcll party, than tn hini who h.is been appointed by his father, or is moll woitliy to hll the throne. Thus, whenever this olficc becomes vacant, it is ftldoni lillid up again without much bloodllitd, rapine, and violence. I he dinnityof dey is now dwindled to fuch a dcrec, that he who enjoys it has fcarco half the Iharc in the po- vernment,- which the beys pollilled when they held the next rank ul^r it ; for thife weic then appointed go- vernors of th4-f)rovinccs, wlieic they lived in great (latu and grandeur, gaining iminenfc wealth by upprcllin|j; tlieir fellow fubjc(5ls, and by linking a conlidcrable pait ol the revenue into their own cottVis : whcrcai the bey, by dividing the kingdom into two circuits, and coUedt- ing the revenue in perfoii, iit the head of his flying camp, has at once Iftipped them tif the greatctl branch ot their wealth, grandeur, and authority, and left them only a mere de|Hndence on ihe t.ivoiir of the bey. Hoth the cleys and the divan took great umbrage at this excefs of power, and much more on their entailing the royal dignity oil thtir defccndants, and rcndeiiiig it Hill more leture to them by the alliances they coniradtcd with the Arabiait princes, their near neighbours ; but the noble and united ilrugglcs they made to (hake oft" this new and irktomc yoke, inftead of meeting with the fuccefs they expcdted, Icrvcd rather to render it more heavy and durable. The bey, however, fhews a great indifterence to all the grandeur of ftate, and is contented with fecuring to him and his defccndants the privilege of reigning with an uncontroiiled fway, He has indeed very powerful rca- fons to prevent his making fuch a fpleiidid iigurc as would rather create envy and jealoufy, than awe and regard, either from his fubjcds, cfpecially the Moors and Arabs, or from his neighbours, and more particu- larly the dey of Algiers. What the revenues and land forces of the bey of Tunis are, is not eafy to guefs, the former chiefly conlilting in the tribute which the'Moors and Arabs pay, and in the cu(- toms ariling from imports and exports, both of which arc in a conftant flufluation j for both the Moors and Arabs frequently find means of eluding the payment of their taxes. '1 he forces of the bey chiefly conlilb of renega- docs and a few militia, the latter of whom are chiefly kept in their garrifons and fea- ports ; but arc neither lo well-paid nor difciplined us thole of Algiers. The rcne- gado foldiers, who chiefly compofe the bey's guard and the garrifon of his capital, arc indeed better maintained and cloathed. Bcfides thcfe the bey can, upon all emer- gencies, command a powerful army of ^'ioors and Arabs, both horfe and foot } but can have no great dependence on their fidelity. 1 heir fliips are alfo much inferior to what might be expected from fuch a maritime trading nation. Thofe that belong to the government are feldom more than four, and all ot them poorly rigged, the largeft carrying no more than forty guns : belides thcfe they have about thirty galliots, which carry from twenty to a hundred and twenty men; thefc are t^nerally commanded by a rencgado, and manned partly by fome of the fame peo- ple, and partly by Turks and Couloglics, or the fons of married foldiers. The Chrillian flaves work the fliip, and thofe of the Mahometan religion arc only concern- ed in the fighting part. The four great Ihips let out on a cruife, and are fupplied with bifcuit, oil, butter, and vinegar, by the bey ; but as thefc provifions arc in- fufficicnt, their captains, for two pialiers more from every Turk, enlarge the allowance. Other galliots are alfo fitted out by private owners, who cruiz.e at their own expcncc, pay the (hip's crew, defray other charges, and are allowed the fole property of the prizes they take, except fuch perquifltcs ai the bey referves for himfelf. When any of the government (hips bring in a priz.c, the hull of the veflel and half the cargo, after the fhip's expence has been deducted, belong to the bey ; and the other half is divided between the rais, or captain, and the company. The rai3 has fix fliares, thp under rai« four, the maimer two, the cockfwain two, and each pjlViltC Tunis. A F HI A. .'.»i private man hai hall' a fli.ire. With rcTpefl to the flavc i, tlir bey, b'-fiilivi hit h;il(', has the priviltr^e of biiyiiin the rcit n a hiindicil pialKTu piT head, though hu Icklnm faili of fcllirii; them fur three or four hutulrcd i only every tenth head h4'Inii '. to the divan, A Chrirtian mcrchaiitmaii, on entering the road of Tunis, hiiilK hii colour'?, and f.ilutcs the callle of (to- Ictta with three ;Min', and then the m i(*cr goes afhore to inform the a;;.i whence he comes. Hut when a man of war bclon!;ing to one of the Chriftian powers comes in, he anchcirs ;>t a farther dill.incc from tlie ta(Hc than the merchjntmcn, and is firll faluteil from it according; to his rate, whieli he returns with the l.\'ne number of guns. While he (lays, a (laij; is hoilkd at the houfc of the conful beloncing to his nation, and all th'- merchant- men of the famecountrv keep ihiir colours flying. The man of war is no fooner arrived, than the conful is obliped to pive notice of it to the bey, who inllanily orders all the (laves to lie fhut iip, lell any of them (hould find means to get on board i in which cafe there would be no ncl.iimin!; them. At the departure of a Ihip of war, the bry commonly fends the captain the ufual prefents of oxen, flicep, poultry, and other refrelh- ments. All trading vefTli which load or unload in thin kingdom, arc obliged to pay anchora;>c, which a- mounts to fivcntccn piafter", and alfo for loadmg and unloading. The average on (hips loading being part ot the public revenue, rifej and falls arrordin;; to the exigen- cies of the n.M. This duty, which ran liigh in the year iy33, amounted to twenty piafters for every fliip, whe- ther loading or unloading. To thcfe may be added, the duty of two per cent, called the confulagc, on every car- go taken on board at Tunis, and is for the falary of the conful and other officers. 'f'hc paflports granted to J"rench ca; lains are, at the defire of their own crow:i, limited to thrcj years ; at the end of which they are to appear before an admiralty-court in France, under fevcrc penalties, before they renew it : but thofe granted to the Englifh extend to fourteen years, without their being confined to the above-mentioned obligation. All public conventions and inllrumcnts arc written in the Arabic tongue, which, from the introduction of the Turkifh religion into Harbary, and the intercourfc with the Moors, is much corrupted from its antient energy and elegance. The public commerce is generally carried on by the help of the Lingua Franca. The great number of rcncgadocs from France, Spain, and Italy, which are here much ciicourajed, on account of their abilities, ufefulnefs, and profclled hatred to all Chril^ians, have likewife rendered their languages fo familiar in thefe parts, efpecially in Tunis, that it would he dangerous to talk of (late aftairs in any of them before cither the Turks or .Moors. Many of thefe renegadocs find means to raifc themfelves to the mod conliderablc employments, and gain immenfe riches. The Jews alfo (warm in this kingdom, on account of their ufefulnefs and commerce, and live after their own manner in their feparate quarters. There are computed to be no lefs th in nine or ten thoufand in the city of Tunis, many of whom carry on a very confiHerable commerce ; and as they are much addicted to cheat in their weights and mcafurcs, to make fraudulent bank- ruptcies, and alio to adulterate gold duft and other com- modities, they are generally more fevcrely punifhcd or fined tlun any other foreigners ; efpecially if they are caught in liiminifhing or counterfeiting the coin, which is much the (ame here as at Algiers. The puniihmcnts iiifli£led on criminals arc much the fame at Tunis as at Algiers, only their fupcrftition has diclatcd a ditterent method of putting to death thol'c rc- ncgndoes who turn Chriftians. Their cruelty is here ex- tremely dreadful, for they cither wrap them up in a cloth dippctl in melted pitch, and thin fet it on fire ; or clfe put them to a more lingering death, by encloling the whole liody, except the head, and rubbing that and the face with honey, which cxpofcs them to the bite and ftiiigs of wafps and other infcfts, by which they arc tortured fe- vcral days and niahts before they expire. They alfo punifh wi^h inhuman crucltv the fl:ivcs who attempt to runaway, efpecially !\ich .is kill their Maho- metan mafters i for this laft offince lliey hre.ilc liie of- fender's .inns and legs, tie him to a horfe's tail, ami drag him through all the (Irects i after which, it lie bo dill alive, they give bii body to the Franks or F.iir.ipeaii ChrilHans ; but the boys freciucnilv take the' body out of the e\ei iitioner's band), in I'pigh'. of the me/.j.ir, or lub-balh.i 1 and havint', dragged it about fome time Ioniser, road it with draw, and, alter many other indignitien, at lad throw it into fome ilitch, from which it is tcti hed b/ the Franks in onler to be interred. Tunis exports to France .Morocco (kins, hid^s, wfinl, corn, oil, bc.iiis, lentils, and wax i ,ind rcctuis in ex- change I.angucdoc cloths, Spanid* wool, iron, d:el, hardware, paper, brandy, wine, pepper, clove:., fugar, and Vermillion. 'Fhe It.ilian trade is carried on eniirelv by the Jews, who fend the fime comm'iditic'i as to France, and inipoit from tiience gold ami lilver till'ue, Spini(h cloths, dinLilks, and fever.il forts of filk and woilleii dud's. The Moors and Turk'- export to the Levant gold dud, chemiins, woollen (hift's, bales ot c.ips, and had; and bring in return filks, c.ilicoes, iron, verniillion, and allum. They vend much the f.imc kind ot comm'ili- ties into Fgypt ; but the oil that is carried ihiincr imrd be put up in jars, and not in calks, the i;reated p.irt of it being deligned lor the lamps of Mecca and Miilin i ; and the Arabians would diiiik it polluted, .-"s the calks might formerly have contained wine. From thetuclhev export in exchange lice, linen, flax, cotton, and cotfee. The number of French diips frci 'liled at I'unis by the 'Lurks, Moors, and Jews, are l.iid to amount nn- nu.illy to lui lefs than a hundreil and fiftv to the Lev.int, and fifty for France and Italy : but a'; for thote of the F,n;;li(h, their number is quite uncertain. ()n'' coiifiderable branch of the commerce of Tunis confids in the caravan vclUU which trade to the Levant, notonlv 'ui account of the half aver.'.ge thcv pay to the date, but of the vail concourfe of people thev oc(;afii'M, anU the tax on pafl'pc.rts ; but the mod conliderablc of ^'U the caruvans are thol'c from Sallce and the Cadenfis ; the fird of whieh arrives about three weeks betore thr hi\ if Ramadan, and enriches the Tiinifcens with gidd dull and rheiiuins to the value of a luindred thouf.iii.l pouiuls derling. 'Ihe Cadeiifian, which conifs in twice are. ir, alio brings plenty of gold dud, belides a coiifiderable niim-- ber of negroes, which they exchange torcloaths, Venice glades, coral, wire, paper, &c. In molf other relpciits, the commerce of the Tunifeem is carried on much after the fame manner as th.'t of Al- giers, with this advantage, that forei;/ncis are iifed with much greater equity and humanity. 'Ihe F.nglidi, French, Dutch, Imperialids, and Cienoefe, have their confuN, who are likewife treated with much greater refpcifl. Lhev have not only f\ne houfes in the metropolis, but hand- tome villas, or country feats, in its ncighbouihoo.l ; and in both they live in a fple ndid manner. The duty of two per cent, on all the vclTels that take their cargo on board .at Tunis, which ferves for thcir's andiluirof- cers falaries, is colleifled bv a merchant of the greatcd: reputation, who pades his acrount cvcrv year before the conful, chancellor, and four other merchants. SECT. XXVII. 0flljeKiii:;'l^mi>/TKlP0ll,:rTRU'0L\\ indudlng J] A R t A . //J Siluatim and Extent ; witl' ii Dcfcriptisn tftht Gulph of S::ir,i. THOUGH this date is tributary to the Porte, and under its protecfion, it airumes the name of a kingdom ; the grand feignior being always foiui of mul- tiplying thefe titles, in (^nlcr to fwell the pomp and grandeur of bis own. It receives its name from that of its metropolis, which i". diled New 'I'ripoli, to diltin- guifh it from a much more antient city in Phocni.i.^ which dill retains its former name. The kingdom of Tripoli, including thedefarto' '"■ >-».. and the tell of Barbarv, is bounded on the ca tv E.;vi \ on the north by the ^leJlterranean tea, on t.ic wit t^- Tunis, nnd on the fouth bv Nubia and unknc-, r- jr^'s- ; , ^ Africa, extending from t^:i degiees thirty minui-s to fr:8f-3au thirtv r,n A s V s T i' M o I G i: o r; r .\ i^ ii v, Vi' i:'i)L(. thirty il'-^rccs cad lonrritudc from LonJon, whicli, with tiio wiitiliiiij u hiiiitlrcii, anJ in others three huilJred null-, Iroiii rurtn to loulh. I'iie toali iitl'orii'. im luturjl curinfitv, rxcipt the!;ut|>h ofSiJr.i, '.viiicii has iis iiani.' rniiii a iinall illaiid at the hcttomoti:. it was aiUieiitiy tailed the Syiti^ Magna, 1 1 .;i!!inr"iilh it Ironi a Imalkr mie mi the eoalt ot I'uiiis, and I'.-, tieiiii; more daii:;eioub to inatiiiers, Irom its draw- in.; with ;.;rtattr violence, and the lands btiiu deeper, lint lew livers dilchalsie tlier.iieKts into it, and thole are of no i^rtat nole : iioi are the Ma^ra, RuLiiinabeb, Ca- lainac.ir, and iillleis, that eniptv thenifelves into the .Vle- diiciraiuan, nt greater cimlt.; jeiue, e.xtcjit their fervin:^ to noiirfli an iii!iiii;e luniibei o: paiiii trees bv their being dillii'Miied into canals, without whicii it would be im- poirilili lor the:n to^;iow in the (a.'iJy del'aits. Tills country is at preient divided into maritime and inland : the inhabitants ot t!'.e tormi.r live chii-liy upon coiiiiiieree and tiie pir.'.tical trade, and the latter lor the iiu.tl part on plunder and robberv. Kach «t ihei'e divi- sion; ha; lonie cities ar.J to-.vn^, with a much larger niniifccr ot villajcs, which lie chielly leattcred through the latter ; but moll ot thcni are verv poor and thinly iiili.iMted. tl'.c coii:ur\ b.-iiu', almoll e.eiy where laiidy and b-nr^ii. Indeed, ;ill the cities and towns woithvol notice i.re litiiated alon^; liie coall. < )!' the nudt con- (i lerable ot' theie we ili.ill ;-,ivj loiiie account, tile rcil b^in:; either i;one to ruin, and cntircK' depjpulated, (;r ii'ha'jited only bv a lew fiihermen, people wlio burn liin.-, the m.u;jia of pot-.dhes, and a lew l.ibourers, all rediiicd !o c:;;renie povt.t) through th. c.x.iclioiis ot the goicrnnicnt, or the ticijui-nt dep.edatuna of the Arabs. •' I S K C T. XXVIII. A Dtfiij>;lcn tf thf Cily cf Tiifis/y, ct ■7'(/;.V, .'*.• Cipiiat cf ihi Ki'i^ilsm ; iin.l piirlkuLt Ij cf an ji::n,:t in/nii/'iAil y^uh in ihcil Li y. RIP(Jl.l, tlie metropolis ie to be met wnn. 'I"he architeclurc and ballo relievos in this famous work are linely executed. 'I'lie four coriicis cf the build- ing are lu;ipoited by an equal number of pil.ilf.rs, adorned v,i:h vine leaves. Over each of the four gates is a triumphal cisariot, in one of wliich is leptclVnted Alex- ander drawn by two fphinxfs, with fjine flaves und;'r it. The iiifci iptioiis over the ga'.cs are all worn cut, except one (111 the north fide, whicn is Itiil legible, i'hc (tones ot this itruclure are all of tine marble, between live and (ix feet tiiick, and are faltcnej to each other by iron cr', nor any other means of I'upplying it with that neccllarv clement, but relVrvoirs for laving the rain ; the letonil inconvenience is the great (Varcity of corn, and the other produce of the earth, the city being (urrounded tor Icvt- lal miles together on the land liJe with a dry Candy foil. This, fome authors maintain, was lornutly arable and lertile ground, that produced great abundance of corn and otlitr giaiii, till beinv: overttowed by the lea, it le(t thole tiuie Irom I,ond(.ii, ar '. in thirty-three degrees five mi- ' vail quaiuities ot land which now cover the whole fur- face of the earth, and render it incapable of producing any thing but palm trees, which arc l.nd to giow in grcac plenty, nutwitliltaiuling tlie banenncfs and di\ nefsot the loil, ;ind y'..lj the moll delighiful dates which is aco.n- lider.ible part of their tuod ; belidcs theic they have the lotus, ;i fiuit reikoiied liner than dates -, and as the na- tives make lioni it a mod excell-.iit wine, this plant lervi's them both tor iiuat and drink. Near the city walls is a famous burvinpigrounJ, in which are fiuml coftins, urns, medals, and other curious lelits of ai'iquity. I he rraiicifcan tii^ra have here a h.indlomc cliuuli, convent, and holjiiial ; the l:;ll of which is the more iRCcllaiy, aa the city is fo often, and (.> feverely, vilited by the pl.igiie. Other orders of monk.-, have been likcwile (etihd there, but have I'mcc been ob'iged to ;ibamlc)ii it. The nuintiv is, however, adorned with a nuiltipliiity of haiulfnme mILs, the vu- dens of which are thietly culiivaied by Ci-.r.ltian iljves. It is obfervable, with lelp.cl to thole unhappy wretches, that there is only a vciy Imall number of them h.-rc, when compared with the many tlituifands in the cities of Alj'icrsand rmiis, whence thiv are luekcil up at nli;ht in one tingle bagnio. 'I he people jult keep .1 fu.licien: number to cultivate their gaideiis and letve them in thi; lowill otHces, and lell all tile rcll. The people here carry on a great trade in linen cloth, iMcat quantities of which are 111,1, le by the mhabitanti ; iiiit their tliiel dependante is on tlieir torlairs, .iiu! tliofc of other naiions which rcloit to this city; lluvindccd keep only iix or feven at molt, \et thcfe are to defperitc, .iiid make luch advantag.* of their tituation, by bein" within reacii of tl'.ole meichant tliip; wliich ttaJc into !•; ypt, Italy, and the Arehiielago, ihat they greatly ir.l.ll thole tcaj, and 'ixo iiiu.h milchief. TRIPOI.I, the mctn ed ill finirteen de2 nutes north latitude, and was once divided into two parts, '(Vi'Xirrii ''"•■ ^"'' ''"'' t''^' ^*e'v»- '\n>: former waa the native p'.ice of the emperor Severn-, and is luppoled to have iH-en built by the Romans ; alter which it wa> coiupiered by the Wind.iN, and at lali deC.royed by the Maho retails; (nice wh.cr, time 1: has never recovered iti'elf, or if 11 diJ, )us been liifiered to run to decay, and is nowalnuiit gone to ruin. The latter, which is (ituate I at a (mall diitance (rom it, i> ot no great extent 1 but i> populous an,l in a tlouritliiii'^ condition. It (lands on a (andy ground bv the (ea-(liore, .iiid is encompalled with liijh wall> and lliong raii'pait', flanked with pyramidiial towers, but has no ditch. It has only two gates, one on the fouth towards the country, i.nd the otiicron the north fronting the lea, where the city fpreaJs itieif in the lorm ot a creftent, near a Iji.icious and comir.oJiou"- haven. The |iiiiiit to the rail is little elle bclides a group ot rocl.j, on which aie to be teen tome anticnt torts, which are now run tod lay ; but that to the weltward is defended by a (Irong eallle, encoinpaliid with lortiheations in the nio- diiil tall.', imd def.tuled by limie lar.-e c.iniion. New I'ripoli is (uppoled to hive been built by the na- tives, who ■.Mv." it the name of Tarabilis, or I'lebilis, whence tlie Latin > call it liipolis, Accoiding to (,inie authors It w.i. lormetly a place of very gre..t trade, on ac- count ot its neighbourhood to Numidi.i, Tunis and other rohliderable places; and was theiclnre retorted to hy \ellels tiom Malt 1, Venice, Mcily, .Maileilles, and other ports, it Ivivint; onn be met I tijvc k(cu liciuii whii.,') uiiio ilr^aJ- flicwa Itoi.c uikrt, that a e Itoncs, the i.arthqu.ikc ; Wii tupcnu- a [irutiigiuus cm Itruclurc : cannot dig lomc ot" the 10 to be met :his famous ot the build- l-.r;, adorned r ^atcti \i a iViitcd Alex- :ves undvT it. n cut, except I'hc (tones 'cen five and ther by iron ly of this city; ihcfirlt iuhc I Its, fplillgf, ihac ncccllatv ; the fecond md the other ided lui leve- y ianJy foil, y aiable and c ut corn and It left thole le whole lur- >t producing luw in greac iiMiefaol the iich is acon- V have tho iJ as the na- this plan: pground, ill other curioui have here a ; the Ink ot" fo often, and ler orders of ut i'.ave fincc is, however, lias, the [;i{- r;!lijn llavci. ppy wretches, of them h.-rc, II the cities of d up at iiighc p .> luHicieiit c them ill the ill linen cloth, .' iiih.ihitaiiti } tirs, .ind thufc Uuy indeed e to dcfperaie, ion, by bein^ iih Hade into . they great'./ SEC T. T: ?ui.t. AFRICA. 513 SECT. XKIX. J D.fjripfr.'r ^,r tht: Town' rf /■'! Hartmn!', Aara, ir 7,>ara, c;v.7 f/' .'.'/..• Tawm iDiil D :■> i] cf Dant tit:.! jll,j'i at.i. ■£7*1/ Hiiiim.Th, a:i aiitiiiit town long '^riK to d^^':iy, Al/ is fitiiati:'! in thirty-four dcorcfs north latitude, and is oiilv rcn: irk.i'ili; for its Rnniaii walls of ("qcare lloiie~, •111. I I. line nii'cnptioiis niciitio.icvi by (,ei) Africmus and J).ilip.r, Init now lii defaced as not to be road, and !ur i''. ho; (uli.iiircoiis Iprinizs, which aie conveyed to it by an old aiiueJiitt. It is now a poor niifuaMe town, only in- habited bv a few hufbandmen and fi(h.-rmen, and thole who fcek lor .1 bctrrr livelihood from the piratical trade. ZaiM, or Zoara, another miiiniis town, cnromp.ified by an old d-rc.-.ycJ w.dl, and feated near the fea, about tliinceii lra;;ii:s from the illaiid of Jcrlia, or Jerbis. It is at preli.-iit inhabited oiilv by poor p-ople, who live cither liy burn ii;'; quick-lir.io and pnt-alh-s, or follow til-' piraiual an I hlhnij; tr.ide. All thele tland on the caltern co ill ol th • !;iilph of .Sidr.; : thofo that are within it, and on its e-idcrn fide, .ire in a !lill more ruin'iu< condition. What has moil contributed to ■h:s and to th'? dcllruction of their piratical trade, on whi^'i, like their neighbours, thcv chicHy fubfillod, i: their brinw fo near to the iil.'.nd of Malta ; which hemi.r convenicntiv fitiiat- cd oppulite to the coalt, the knights of that i:1.md 'r..wf conlt.iiiilv watched them, and, bv fupprcHiiv.^ their fre- quent ixciitfions oblige th'.in to apply to filhiii;, and to cultivate as much land abrnit t.iolc towns as will julb ferve llnni frotii li.ind to n-.oiitil. The only place worthy of notice on th-; weft fide of the a'L).^ve gulph is Deriie, now a fmal! town. It Hands about half a mile from the lea, audi; fiirrouivlcd with fine l"piin:;s of l-.veet water, one of which runs through the town, and otiiers round the wall-s and therefore its territory is Ifill cap.ihle of bearing corn and gardcn- ftutf"; but it is fo poorly inhabited, that little advantage is obtained from it. This town is Ihll the capital of a diilricl of its own name, which extends from Cape K.n;nb on the calf to thj pjiilph ot Hen^ifi, wlv>h is above three hundred miles ; hut is clii' (ly inhabited by wandering Arabs, wlYh are laid to amount to thirty thoufand fami- lies, that pay a fna'.l tribute to the bey of I'ripoii. This tract is almolf c ery where cov..ri:d with a plant or (brub that bears a thick downy Icat", with branches of yellow flowers, and not only keeps green, but blolioms durintr the grcatclt part of the year. The bees chiefly feed up- on this flower, which gives an excellent taffc to their honcv. On the w-(l;rn fide of the piilph i.l 'iJra is alio the diilnil of Melrata, which contains the i .ntry antitntiy called Cyrcnaica and I'entapolis, from . thin bavins; five cities ; but is now called Mefr.'ta, tiom its capital. It has tome town; and villas;c9, both on the fea-fidc and within land, that trade witli the Chndiani for Euro- pean c immo.li;;.;, which they fell to the ne.;roe-, and oxchaii::e for fl ives, mulk, and civet, which they carry into riirky. The inhabitants were formerly rich and warlike, impatient of the yoki- rrt" the Tunileens, a> they lire now of that of the I'ripoiitans. Thev can niulter a- Iniut ten thoiil'and men fit to be.ir arms, and are often at war with the Arabs. The other countries within land are (lill more dcf.irt aiul void of towns ; thi-y arc inhabiteil by much the fime .p- opie with the two 1 ilt mentioned, live a("ter the f^me in.inncr, anil are pcrpetu.il'.y ende.ivourin:» to free them- lelvfs from the tribute exacted from them. I':-.: Ian.! i$ for the moll part dry, barren, and covered with fii- h light ("and, that on.' cannot travel throu;;h it wi'hout lomc- times finkinj; into it above the middle ; fo that were it not ("or the abundance of dates that i^row there, and for ("cime mountains that afford pafture for their cattle, it would be impoflibic to fubfill. SEC T. XXX. Oflht Dffart ef finrca, ill Situation and Exltitl, and ihe Aliinncn of tht InliuLltanti. THE dcfart of Ihrca, fitiiated between Eevpt and what is more properly called the kingdom of 4J Tripoli, is in breadth from north fo fouth auou! thirty leagiu. ; but its cor.finc:; on the lomh liuC mull be ac- knowledged to be very uncertain. 'I'hii. country is (or the nioft part, cfpccially in the miiidle, nothiiii; mote th.tii a trail of diy and barren lanJ.i, on whicM account the Arabs, itspriiuip.il niii.-bi- tants, (tile It I'lie delait or road of whirlwind-.. It.ili'ioll every where labours und.r aijreat ("canity of w.ittr ; and, except in the neighbourhood of the towns and villai;es, where the earth produces a ("null quantity of '.;rain, as corn, millet, and tome in.nze, the letl is in a manner uncultivated. Even ol tne Iniall quintity of corn pio- ductd III the few l"pot> capable of cultivation, the poor iiihaimants are obliged to exchan^tc a part with their in- iligent lui^thbours lor dat-s, (h:.ep, and cam,-;;; thefelatl tlicy Hand in greater nee! of than thcv, on a.count of their great daitity ofgial^, and other propc-r tood. VhK moll dcl'art and dangeiou ; canton of all is th.it in which the temple of Jiip'ter Amnion ant; n'ly (t..od, whicn, thouyh in otiicr relpccts pl'.al.intiy lituated, w.:.: encompafli d a great wav* round with luch quick and burnin;; lands, as have al ways been detri.iu iitai to ir.ivel- Krs, not only as they link iiin!cr their feet, but, being lignt and heated by the rays of the fun, aio calily raikd by every breath ol wind; wiiich, if it haj.j.ciis to be in their faces, almoll burns out tncir eyes, an I ril'cs them for want of breath ; and, if vehfincnt, ottcii ov.vwh'tlms whole caravans. The (ad catallrophe of Cani!iyl">.s and his army in his bold attempt ngainlt tiiat trmjile .ind oracle, as well as .Mexandei's more luccelful, t!iou(;K ditlicult expedition thither, are well known. Upon t1ic whole, the country may be jiiftly termed fo wild a dcfart, that there i^ no travelling t.troiigh it without the direc- tion of the liars, 01 the help of acompnfs ; and thoiiah it was once the thorough-tare for tlie caravans Irom Ijar- bary to .Mecca, yet it has been (iiicc fo iiiielf ,1 with wild Arabs, that thofe caravans arc obliged 10 'ravel a hundred and fifty miles about to avoid bein;; pi u in' red. Some of the French geographers divide the country of IJirca into what they teim the kini;dnm, and the dif.irt ; the former of which has lome cimlidcrable ports, towns, and viiUgcs, and is under the protection i;f tli.- Porte, and governed by a cady who refides at Tripo.i ; but other authors call the coalf, the eadcrnfhore of Tripoli : it IS, however, more comntonly known by tiie name of Deine, from one of its molt conliderable towr.j and ports; hcfides wliich it has (everal others, and the ruins of manr more, now reduced to poor villages ; but what Kuidition they arc in, or by ,vhom they are governed, is not known. Indu.d the maritime towns are probably under the pro- tection ot the I'orte ; but whether under the goveinment of the bafha of Tripoli or Egypt, or whethi.rtluy have formed thcmlelves into iiulependant tlatcs, like thofe of Tunis and Algiers, is not eafy to determine. The inhabitants ot tiie maritime towns are more civi- li/.cd and convcrfablc than thofe of the inland country, and have imbibed notions of humanity and jullice, whilr: thj people who live in the defart appear in many relpecti favages, and, like other wild Arabs, fubfill by robbery and plunder. It was indeed by the Arabs that this fraifl, tlil then a continued barren delart, was liilt inhabited ; tl.cle, at their firft coming into it, (ettled in the be(t cantons ; but .IS tliey multiplied, and the feveral tribes eniragcd in frequent wars at'ainlf each other, the (frorfett diovc the weaked out of the bed Ipots, and lent them to wander in the delart parts, where they live in the moff abiect and miferabie condition, the country yielding little tor^d and no raiment. Hence they arc rcprtfenttd as lcin(» the molt difagreeable of all the Arabs, their bodies hav- ing fcarcely any thing but (kin and bones, their facej are meagre, their looks (iercc and rav-mnus, and their gaib, which is what they commonly lake from the paf- fengers and pilgrims who travel through thofe parts, are tattered with long wearing, while the poorefthave Icarce- ly a ra:: to wrap round their wailts. It is no wonder that thef'e are faid to be the mod refolutc and expert robber* and plunderers ; but both frequently yield them lb mile- rable a harvril, that ncccfTity lorces them to makcexcur- (i'ns as far a: into Numidia, Libya, and other louthern partj, to obtain frcfh ("upplies. Uardened by ind-grn'e, 6 N the/ A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, mm .h 514 tlicv arc f.iiil to romniit tht (?;rc.iteft cruelties on thofc that tjll into their hands, niakinj; thcni diink warm milk, anj tlicn luingin^; thrm up by the feet, ami (liak ini; tlic;!! ii; oFiler to nuke thcin '.jjiiig up T.iiroLi. anv 111'^ iiH..!i 11: MIHV.1 r.-.iich of the revenue arifcs from the duties on imports and txpi rts, ai'd Irom the taxes laid on the Jew-, which arc t\tr;-mely l"igh. 'I'hefe people are very numerous, iind catrv on rue j»reatcfl (hare of the Italian conuncrce. The native, alio, 1 hough ever fo poor, mull pay apart of tin- produc: of tt;;.ir (.round or other manuta.itures. The .Moors and Arabj in the country arc alio heavily t.ixed, aaJ 2mnn:; them the bey lends his flying c.^mp of iani/ari and loiiietiines goes himlelf at the head of iaiil/-.il .h ., auu uJiii^Liii^i s Ki'v^ iiiiiiivii a\. iii\. MLau ui them, t.-j lew the impofitions laid upon them : for both the Arabs and .Moors arc C(|ualiy reltive and im|utient under the 'l"uiki(h yoke, and are ki nt fo poor, that no- thinL- but foicc, and fomctimcb exciuplary fuvcrity, can extort it from tlicm. The bey, by receiving the protciSlion of the Porte, ftill keeps up a kind of defpotic power ; for as he is — , ...^ ^...,^3, «.,u3, .um oiiier youni peneralillimo of all the forces, by appointing the olficers cattle, that arc every night tied up in the tents, to prc- whni'Ct in all capacities under him, he has obtained fuch 1 vent their fucking their dams j for the cords being gc- ' ' ' er the divan, that it is now conti- ■ nerally made of loofe fpun yarn, they fiequentlv break embers having no- j loofe. and trample over them. When they are entertained in a courteous manner. SEC T. XXXII. Of the Mamiir of travelling in Bmbur): THE account of the manner of travelling through IJarbary, as given us by the learned iJr. Shawj will fcive av a luminary of the manners of the people, the ilimate, and llatc of the country. Ill the fevcral maritime towns of Barhary and the I-ev int, where Hritifh fadlories are cftablilhcd, our au- thor was entertained with extraordinary marks of ocne- lolityand liicndthip, having the ufe not only of ''their houks, but of their horfes, their janizaries, anJ fcrvants. In the inland towns and villages there is generally a houle let apart for the reception of flrangcrs, with a pro- per ollKer to attend it, where peifons are lodged and en- tertained for one night in the belt manner the place will attord, at the expence of the community : but, except at thefc, and the pl.ices before-mentioned, there are nu lioufes of entertainment throughout this extenfivc coun- try ; yet, were travellers to furnilh thcmfclves with tents. It would not only be attended with expence and trouble' but might laile the fufpicion of the Arabs of their being perlons of rank and fortune, and confcquently too rich and templing a booty to be futiered to cfcapc. If, there- fore, inthccourfc of their travels they do not f.dl in with the hovels of the Kabyles, or the encampments of the Arabs, they can have nothing to protect them from the: kor.hing heat of the fun by day, or the cold of the night, unlels he has the happiiiefs to fnid a grove of trees, the (iKlfof a rock, or a cave. When they arc kt fortunate to find an encampment of the Arabs, they are entertained one night on free coft and lurnifhcd with a fufficient quantity of provilions for themleiv s and their horles. Upon their arrival they are generally pielcnted with a bowl of milk, and a balketof figs, dates, railins, or other dried fruit ; the matter of the tent where they lodge then fetches them, according; to the number of their company, cither a kid, a goat a flieep, or lamb, half of which is infbntly boiled by his wilt-, and lerved up with cufcufu ; and the rcll is uluall/ roalled, and fcrved for their breakfaft or dinner the ne.xc day. But though the tents of the wandering Arabs ma/ fhelter them from the weather, they have their inconve- niencies ; for, befides the fleas and lice, which are here in all their quarters, the apprchenllons of being bit or Hung by the viper, the fcorpion,or the venomous fpider, leldom fails, in tome parts of thefe countries, to inter- rupt the repofe fo grateful to a weary traveller. They arc no lei's difturbcd by the calves, kids, and other younir , -^ttXt^ »ri->» ri.... ..:..L. .:..j . ' .1 J t> an abl'olute power ovei iiued only as a matter of form, tlie mciiii.....i ii,.nnj; uu- thing to do but to approve and ratify whatever he is plealed to lay before liiem ; nor does the I'urte, or its hilha, [live theinfcKcs tlie lead concern about the go- vernment ; for, provided he does but puiiiilually pay his tribute to the one, and fatislv the avarice of the other, they lc;ive him to govern the rell in as arbitrary and ty- rannical a manner as he choofes. which IS not always the cale, they may highly pleafe the triafler ot the tent by giving him either a kiiile, a couple offlint.s, or a little Englilh gunpowder; which being- much flrongcr than theirs, tliey highly cflccm, and keeu ittoleivcas priming for their fire-arms ; and the wito will return a thouland thanks for a pair of fcillars a -- .";■■.■. • . .w.v,... - ..,.,,,. iii.iii^s 10, .1 pair 01 iciMars, a As to the commerce of Tripoli, it chiefly confifts cither Ikean of thread, or a large needle, which are extraordinary ofl'ieh flavcs as are taken by their corfairs, or Inch as rarities, they trafllc for with their neighbours ; the greatcit part ' Our author fays, that during the cxccflive heats of of both they fend into Turky, where they ran dilpole of fummer, and particularly when they were afraid of them to the beft advantage. The next luaneh is that of 1 meeting with a party ot the .Arab free-booters, they tra- aflie,, whieli they buy from the Arabi.uis, and fell to veiled in the night, which, according to an Aiabiau the I'.uiopcans to make glafs and foap. 'I'he rcll of proverb, having no eyes, few of them dare venture a- fo inconfiderable as to be unworthy of broad, from their not knowing into what danijcrs and ' ambufcades they m.iy fall. Our travellers h.id then Ire "" "■ to call to miiul the words of the Pfal their irathc is notice. TriiPoi.i." At K I C A. ji5 awfully breakin;; iii iipnn the folituJo, Jeflroy the ideas ot that lafcty they cuJcavoured to find by travelling at that fealoji. They did not always take ftages of the fani': length ; for while under the apprehc-'nl'ion of danger, they travelled through all the bye-paths known to their conductors, d>'cI,ir:;iion did not meet with the favoMraHc anfwcr he expected ; upon which drawinj; nearer to the pl.iee, he began to cannonade it with great fury- The Tripulitans, wlio weie then employed in refitting their fliattered vef- jels, I'.vain with all poflible hade to the two ions belong- ing to the town. Du Qiiefne tried in vain to enter the fometjmes for twelve or fifteen miles together, without . port, he being prevented by a llrong flocrado, wliieh they ...il: u... - i: I...', r _.. i...-._ l-.u.. 1. ..I l„:P... i. . a ;• • i . ' reding J but an ordinary day's journey, exclufivc of the time taken up in making obfervations, feldom exceeded eight or nine hours. I'hey conllantly rofe at break of day, and fetting forward with the fun, tr.ivelled till the had laid in hiS way. A furious combat enfued, whirh laded three hours and a half, the caftle all the while dif- chargiiig their artillery at his fquadron, v.hieh in their turn threw feven thoufand bombs, few of which fjileJ middle of the afternoon, when t.'iey began to look out i of making I'ome execution, cither on the Tripolitan fliips for the encampments of the Arabs, who, to prevent fuch parties coming to live upon them, choofe fueh places as arc lead confpicuous : and, indeed, unlefs they difcovered the fmoke of their tents, and the baiking of their dogs, or obfervcd fone of their flocks, it was with difficulty they were able to find them, and all their labour was frequently inetfechial. When they cam; up with them, they were accommodated as hath been alrcidv men- tioned, for one night ; and if in travelling the next day, They chant 'd to find A new repad, or an untaded fpring, They blefl their ftars, and thought it luxury. AuuisoN. The bed method to prevent fallinij into their hands, is for a traveller to be always drefled in the habit of the country ; tor the Arabs are jealous and inquilitive, fuf- pedfing every drangcr to be a fpv fent to take afurvcy ot thole lands, which they are taught to fear will one* time or other be redorcd to the Chriltians. SECT, xxxiir. or the city, where a great number of houfes were either thrown down or much fliattcred, and many of the inha- bitants killed or wounded. The next day the city tent to dem;;nd a parley, and promited either to oblige the 1 ripolitans to accept of a peace, or to drive tluin out of the port : but Du Qiicfne, indead of giviiiir any ani'wer to their propofals, removed farther olf, in order to bloclc up the corfairs more edciStually. This ad'air loon reached the Ottoman court, and the coi iplaints made of it both to the Grand Scigi-.ior and Divan, to greatly cxafpcrateJ them againd the French, that their ainbafiador at that court, who had exprefs or- ders not to recede in the lead from his mailer's pretcn- fions, found it difficult to maintain his honour and inte- red, and was forced to make ufe of all liis politics, bribes, and cabals, to prevent a rupture between the two triiwr.s. 15ut at length, alter a long and itreiiuous con- tell, it was agreed, 'i'liat all the French (l.ives who had failed from Con- ftantinople, fince the yea' 1681, either in Tripolitail corfaus, or other vellels, fliould be tet at liberty. 'J hat the f of captain Cruvilier, which they ha J taken under th, rerich llag, and carried to Chios, fhould be redored, wi'.. all its artillery, arms, rigging, i*vc. That no Tripolitan fhip fhould pretcniltovifit anv trading vellels under French colours, in cafe they were O/the Bomkinlment of the City sf Tripoli /■>■ //v />,•« obtjiii .1 pfaie up- on his own ii-mi'i. Thcv tlmlc (or this piiriiDlc a vc- iKTiiblc olil nun, ai'/d inncty-h)iir, who biin^ iniroilu- ccd to thf vicc-admir.ll, addrelVcd him to the foUowiri}; cft'cil : " 1 ,\n\ the nntorlunatc Trik, the (athcr-iii-law •' of Ujba HjlLin, an>l w.i.« driven out o( Algiers atccr •« 1 had reigned as dey twenty liiiir years, and always •' behaved aj a true Iriend to the Krcneh. 1 am now " lent by the divan ot I ripoli to know your demands, «' and to mediate a peaec between you and tliem." The vicc-admiial anl'wercd in terms that cxprelUd his I'atislaction, and h.ivinp told him the motives th it had induced the king his mailer to beain the warugainll the 'I'ripolitans, propoftd the nudk etVeckual means of put- ting an end to ir, prominn;; him, at the Unie time, a ctlVation ot' ho(lilities till the next day, that they niii';hi have time to dcrcrmine on the artieles that he HmuUI lend them. Trik allured him that no time (hoiild be l(]i^, liic city bcin^; wholly inclined to peace; aiul leav- in'4 one of the principal members, who had accompa- nied him, as an holhigc, returned with Mr. Ravmiuul, a niijor of the I'rench army, and Mr. I, a Cioix, who was to Ccrvc as interpreter. Tliefo met vt'ith a civil rrceptlon, and the next r.'-l\ facrid ma'],Jly ill :ri;i- I. c'l. (/«(/ ihi- nn/l rx.iilciit knii Mdhanii-il Ilev, Yiikj Diy, //■.• lii Villi, mid ll.v >ij! cf the offucri an.i pct^lc of the City mill kin^/km ifTripi.'i, rc'.-iciv/, ancludtil, and Yiiitfiid, sn llv ni'itl/rmh fjf Jul)., .1.1). 1716, ly 'jel.n BfUr, Elj\ 'iLt-d.im'iiiil, ii'V. I. 'I'hat from this time forward, for evrr, there fiiall he a true and inviolable peaee betw< en the nioH feieiic king <.f (jrcnt Uritain and the rr.ott illullrioiis lords and governors of the city and kingdom of Tripoli, in I'arhary; and tlieretore, if the (hips au.l lubjecls of ci:lier party (h ill happen to meet at ka, or elfewhcrc, they (Ijali ihcw all noflih'e icfpcct and liieiuKliip. II. That all mcrehantOiips belonging to the uominionc of (treat IJiit.iin (h.ll pay no more th.in three per cent, cullom for all the goods t'ley ftlill fill in tiiis kingilomj and tor tholi' they ifliall not ieil, they (hall be perliiitted (reeiy to take tiicm again on board their fllips, without paving any duty. III. 'I'hat all their (liips :ind other vedlls belonging to the fubjccts of Clreat liiitaln, and to tile ciiy and" kiiig- liom of I'ripoli, (hall freely ))afs the fcas, and traffic where they pleali:, without any (t;aKh or moled, itioii from each other ; and that all pcrlons and pallengrrs of whatever counlry, and all money, goods, and nierclun- (ii/.e belonging to any other peo,)lc on board any of the (aid (hips or ve(|i.'ls, (hall be entirely free, and not rtop- pcd, taken, or plundered, or iiceivc any damage (rom either p,irty. IV. That the ftiips of 'I'ii|K)li meeting with any mcr- cliant (hips or vellels of the lubjeiis o( tile king of CJreat liritain, not being in ;uiy (■,ms belonging 10 his mijelfy's dominions, m.iy lend on boatd one fingle b'at with two fitters, who (lull enter fuch meichant (h p or vellels j and then, uj-(,ii their producing to them a pal's under the hand and leal of the commiflioners of the admiraltv, the (.lid boat fliall l>s. VH. Thit IiiiroLi, 'urn lli.inkj '1 June ihc i Willi liicli iii''s, ami the i-' ruins. The ;:j'pointcd H'li, jikI Mr. "HI his rom- 'hc Ficiich Ijy a third ' luis ciiiicd ■-•iiin of the '■'intl'c p.lrls. '|">li with ,1 ilic ri'gency Hjkir in immtdiatcly of tiic lU- Tripoi.t. 1- R I r,r/ i VII. I'h.it no vtlTcl of Tiipoli (li.ill tic delivered up or permitteJ to i;o to am' otlier place at enmity with the king uf (iteat liiitjiii, t j he made ulc of .u a corlair n- g.iiiill his lu.ijelly's (iihi^eti. VIII. That if .uiv vdi'il belori;;ing to Tunis, Al^i' r , Tetuan, Sallcj, oi any other place at var with the kin^ of Great L!ritaiii, '.irniL: any villels belonging to liis iiia- jefty's fubjidts to J'lipuli, or to any port of that kin^-- doiii, the goiemots tlierc lllall not permit them to be fol I .Mthin the teiritor;tj of Tripoli. IX. That if any of the kiiiL; of Circa Urit.tin's fub- icctb happen to die in Tripoli, or any of its i' iiitories, his ^oods or money ihall not be fcized, butfliall remain v/itli t.'ie tni;Iifti conful. X. I'liat neitherthe t( nful, nor any other Ijiitifli fub- ject, Hull be bound to pay the debts of any other fub- iects of Cire.it liritaiii, unkfs ihcy become fuicty for t!i>.n\ by a public act. XI. That the liibjccls of his Britannic majeHy in Tri- poli, or its territories, ili.ill, in matters of controverfy, be liable to no other jurildiclion but that ot thi: dey or liivan ; txiept the ditt'ereiice be between theiiifelyes, in which cafe they fliall be liable to nu other determination than thai of the conful. XII. 'That If any fubj.ct of his Britannic niajedy In any part of the kiMt;domoi Tripoli (hill happen to (liike, Wound, or kill .i I urk or .Moor, if he be taken, he fhall le puiiinied with no j;reater feyerity than a 'l\itk for the like jltence ; but if Ik- i fcape, neitherthe Kiiglllh conful, nor any other Britilh fuhject, Iliall be in di\y manner (pallioneJ or troubled on tluit account. XIII. That the Lnglilli conful lefulin;; at Tripoli fhill al'.vays enjoy the entire freedom a;iJ falety ol hi~ perfon a;id cllate, and fliall be allowed to choofe his own interpreter anJ broker. IIj may freely goon boaid any fliip in the roads as often as he pleafes ; he may haye the liberty of the coumiy ; he llidlbc allowed a place cf worfliip, and nu perfoii ihall injuie him in word or deed. XIV. That not onlyd'iiin; the cOMtiiniaiKC of this pc.ice and irienddiipibut .'.'lo il any breach or war (lioiiKI lierealter happen between hii IJritaniilc ni.ijelty and the kingdom ot Tripoli, the conful, and all the king of Great !J''ltJiii's other fubieils in the dominions of Tri- poli, (li.ill .'.t all times h.ive full and abfoiute liberty to • lepart, and to Lyi into their own or any other country, inanvlliipor vellel they (hall think fit ; .iml tot.ikewith them .ill their ertedi, goods, families, and (i.rv.iiits, though born in the country, without any moleftaiioii or iiindrance. XV. That no fubjcifl of his liritannic miij.-fly while a pafienger from, or to, any port, lh.dl be molelle.l, :houy;h he be in a fliip or vellel at war with Tripoli. XVI. That if any of his liritannic m.^jcfty's lliips of war come to Tripoli, or to any other pla^e of that king- dom with any pii/.e, they fli.dl have lib -ity to kll i.r difpofjof it at pLafuie, witliout any mwleltation. That li-.efc flilps (hall not be obli.'cd to pay any cull mis wiiatever ; and that it they (li.ill w.mt provilioib, vi>;iu- a!b, or any other things, they n;ay fieJy buy tluni M in:- Miaiket-piicc. .W'll. 'That v\'henan-'.)f his Hiitannic nnje(ly'> Ih'p;. of war appear beore Tiipoli, upon notice given to tiic iinglini conful, or by the cammauJer to tiie chief go- vernor of Tiipoli, public p:ML!.'.m.-it!'.n (hall be inrne- diatelv made to fecure the Chriilian capti\es, and if after th.;t, any Chrilliaiis efcape on board any of th ife Iliipj of uar, they Iliall not be reijuircd bark, nor (liall the conful or coiiiiiiandi.r, or ar.y other lirtiih fuljocl, be oblued lo pay (or thole cfcancd C:iul!i..iK. XVill. That all the oieuli.ii.t lliips coMiiim to the city or kilu;doin o( Jripoli, lhi.ii_;h*iigt ht.l.in^iii;; lo Gteat-Kiitiin, may frcily put themielviA uiiilvr the pio tedtlon of the Kritifli coiilul in felluig uiii di'polin^; ol their j;o(iJj and m-rebandi/.c, if they tliiiil; prvp'.r, with- out any nu^lelhition, .\l\'. That all Hi nidi fliip-iof warcar;yinjlilsniaji !!•, ' (lap, upon ill' ir appe-Ttini; beloir th'.- city of Tripoli, fllall be fluted with i .v>'nty-feyen pi c es of c..nii'iii tired fioni the caflle, and that '.Ii- (bi|.s (1)^!! rcfi'ii the Uine number. ♦3 XX. That no ir.;;e:'..!r: Hup belonjin^ to Grea:- Uritaiii, or lo any oti-.er nation, under the proteelicn ol tile Britilh conful, fllall be detained in the port of Tii- poli, and hindered from proceiiiiK; to fea loiii;er thai' time days, under the p.'e'ence of arniiii;^ the iliipi ot w.ir of this ;4oyeiiiir.'. Mt^ or any ether pietciice whatfo- ever. X.KI. Tl.jt I'.o liiitHi (ubie,-> fliall be permitted to turn .M.dioiiiet.Mi in the city and kiii;^dom of I'ripoli, uiilef he voluntarily appeals before the dey or [gover- nor, witli the Knglifli cotiful's interpreter, thrice m tweiuy-four hours, and every lin.e de. laies his refoUi- lion to become Mahomet in. XXII. 'Th;:t hi . Biitaniiic miiclly's confil refidinjf in 'Tripoli, (hall at all times have libeity to put uj) thu Briiifli (laj on the top of his houfe, and to continue i^ there Jifplayed as lonj; as he pleafcs ; and the Britifl' conful (hall have the like liberty of putting up and dii- plav in;; that fia;^ in his boat v.hen he pilles on the water, and no nun is to di!*.i;ib, oppofe, or iiiiure him in doin:; :t. XXIII. 'That foin this t!;ix forwiird for ever, tho idand of Miiioua, and the city of (jibralt.ir, (hall be elleemed in every itfpedt by the ;.'overiimeiit ot Tri- poli a part of his I'ritatmic iiujeUv's dominions, and the inhabitant., thereof fhull be lieemed his natural fuhjeds, as if ti.ey had hceti born in Cjreat-Hr.tain •, and they with their lliips carryiiii Britifh colcir.., (hall be per- mitted lieily to trade in any part of the kiir>,!om of 'Tiipwli i and (!i dl pals without any ni(,lil!at:oii, lither on the fea; or other ■.vile, in the la.iie manner, and with the fame frc'-'lcni .'nJ piivib;;es, as have been iHnuiat- ed in this and all former treaties in behalf ot tile Bri- tifli iiatidii and fubjei'ls. XXU'. .'\nil wherea-,; in the tie.itv coiieluded in the rei Ml of kin;^ CharU , II. in the year 167'), by Sir fohii N.uDoroii^h, a:i artiric w.i:. inferted, by which the ihips (if 'Tiipoli were excluded cr.iifinj; before or in li Jit ol the port of 'T.in^icr, wliieh then belontied to his nia- jidy, it is n. w iv.titied and coiuluded, that none of ihi! (hip; or yellLls belon;;ii'T t.) I'ripoli (ball crui/.e, or look for prizes, beioic, or in lii;ht of (iibraltar, and the ifland of Minorci, to dllluib or niolclt their coin • merce in any m.iniitr whitfoever. XXV. 'Ti'.at all and eyerv arlieic in thi- treaty, fliall be invinlablv kept am! obferved l>etwei 11 his facied iJii- tifh niaielfy, and the ir.oil ilUiluious lords, fee. of the city and kiiinl mi o' 'Tripoli ; and all other matters, not pai liculaily cxpr llld in this treaty, and provided for 1:1 any formi r, (Inll (till reTiaiii in full (oice, and fltal! be edeeiTied t!ie fame a. if infertcd here. Dated in the pn.f nee oi Alniii;!ity (lod, in the my of Tripoli, on the nineteenth of June, 171O of the Chniiiin .ir.i, and of the Ma- hometan Heira I I iS. The fame year a trc.ty nf p.^i " was cnnciadel vvitli Tunis to the fame puipofe ; only there are one or tWi> articles of a didercnt n ituie, particularly the tbllov.inj, which is xvoithy of notice. It is aL'reed, concliid'd, and cdablinicd, that at what- foever time it (hall plc.ie the ;.;overnmeiu of'I'uniito reduce the cuOo.iis of the French to lels than th.y pav at pre lent, it (li.:ll always be obferved, that the Britidl cuit-iins (hall be two per cent, lels than any agreement tli.it (hill for the future be ma.le by the breach, or t!i..ii diall be paid by the lubie^ls cd" Kiaiiee. And that, in cfe any Kiitidi diip or fiiips fhall Import into the kin;;dom of Tuiiu any naval or warlike itore:, or any kind of proyiliJiis, thcy (hall pay no duty or tudiiin vvhitfotver. We have only to aid, that, with refprft to Baibarv 111 geiv ral, all that country capable of cultiiatinn, was once extrenvly pojuloiis. Cattii.ij;e, the lival ot Rome, a.iiuir d immeiile wealth by cimmerie, und pl.nted dilter^iil nation;. Its wiis and its deltruciion toiiii .1 remiikaMe period 111 liiliot). 'Thii cxienlivc c.imiiry, where Chiillianity i.i no-.v dcl'pifed, and its proleil'oi 3 taken captive by the Mahome- tan piiate , .mj f.-Juccil ttf '.be iJW.il de-rce of llavrry, O '~ was 5i8 A S Y S T K M OF G I'. O G |{ A 1' II V. Tripoli, wasoiKc Clirirtlan. IiidcrJ it early enibraicJ Chriftii- nity J anJ in the third an. I fourth ci-imiri..-5 there wore Icvcral luinJred bilhoprics, ot' whicli the arv.hb (liui) of Cirlha^c was primate, and the celebrated St. C)|>riaii, 'rcrtiiiiiaii, St. AuOiii, and inanv otncrs celebrated in cccleruilical hillory, adorned thii church. SECT. XXXIV. Of thi RiViluMns of Barhary in general, comhding with Refieclnm an thije pyralical Sliihi. WE (lull conclude this account of Barbary with a coiicife hillory of the dates on the coaft, and fomc rtflcdions an their pyratical trade, extracted from the Modern l.'niverfal Hiitoi) . The coa(t of Barbary was probably firft planted by the Egyptians. The I'neniciaiis afterwards lent colonies tiii- thcr, and built Utica and Carthage. The Carthagini- ans fojn became powerful and wealthy by trade, and find- ing the country tlividid into a great many little kingdoms and llatcs, cit:ier I'ubdued or made the princes on that coalt their t.ibutarics, who being weary of tlieir yoke, were glad of the opportunity of aflifting the Romans in Aibduing Carthage. The Romans remained I'overcigns of the coall of Barbary, 'till the Vandals, in tne hfth century, reduced it under their dominion. The Roman, or rather the Grecian emperors, having fomc time after recovered the coall of Barbary from the Vandals, it remained under their dominion till the Sara- cen caliphs, the fucccllbrs of Mahomet, made an entire conqucit of all the north of Africa in the leventh century, and divi^icd the country among their chiefs, of wlioni the fovereign of Morocco was the moft confiderable, poflef- fiiig tne north-weft part of that country, which in the Roman divifion obtained the name of Mauritania Tingi- tana, irom Tingis or Tangir, the capital, and is now ftiled the empire of Morocco, comprehending the king- doms or provinces of Fez and Morocco. The emperors of thcfe territories arc almoft always at war with the Spaniards and I'ortuguefe. In the eighth century their a luLill tribute paid ihcni. All of th.'m, lir.wever, in calc (i( eiiier;;enfy, claim the proteelioii of ihe (Jttoman court, andtluy ftill continue ti> ircy upon the S;>aniards, liav- mj; never been at peace wit;i them lincc the lo;s of Gra- nada. They make pri/e alio of all other Chrifti.:n Hiip* that have Spaiiifh ("ood^ or pallengcrs on board, and in- deed of all others that are not at peaci with thcni. Tlie Turks of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, are an aban- doned race, confiding of pyrat; J, baiiJim, and the very rcfufe of Tiirky, who have been forced to leave their luveral countries, to avoid the punilhmcnt oi their crimes. '1 he Mahometans, wherever they arc citabiilhed, elpccially thofe of them who partake of the genius and difpolition of the Turks, have very little inclination to the arts of iiidudry. 'J'his evidently appears in the in- habitants of thofe parts we have bc^n now dcfcnbing on the African fea-coalK Being a rapacious and tyrannical people, difdaining all induftry and labour, ncgUdhng all culiuic and improvement, it made them t ikv^s and lob- ber.s, as naturally as idlencfs makes be^'giis ; and, be- ing trained to rapine and fpoil, when they were no longer able to plunder and dedroy the fiuitlul plains of Valen- tia, Ciranada, and Andalulia, they Ull to roving upvn the fea. They built fhips, or rather feizcd them from others, and ravaged the neighbouring coafis, landing I in the night, lurpriling, and carrying away the pourcouii- I try people out of their beds into (laverv. This was their ! (iril occupation, and this naturally m.:de pyratcs of them: for, not being content with mere landing and | lundiring the fea coaftb of Sp lir, by dctirecs, b'/ing g'owii powerful and rich, and made boid arid audacious by their lucicfs, they armed their fliips, and began to attack, firft the Spa- niards upon the high leas, and then all the Chriltian na- tions in Europe, wherever they could find them, 'i'lms this detcllable praflire of roving and robbing began. What magnitude they are fince arrived to, what milchicf they have brought upon the trading part of t)ie world, how powerful tliey arc grown, and how they ar; creiiled into Hates and governments, nay, into kingdoms, and, as they would be called, empires j for the kings of Fez and Morocco call themfelves emperors, and how they are to the dilgrace of all Chriftian powers, treated with as anceftors made a conquell of the greateft part of Spain j i fuch, is well known from the hidcrics of thole nations "s of Granada, which happened about the who have been at any time embroiled with them. Tlio firft Chridian prince, who, rcfenting the info- lenceof thefe barbarians, and dildaining to make peace with them, refolved their deftrudlion, was the emperor Charles V. he was moved with a generous compalTiun fcr the many thoufands of miferabic Chridi.ins who were, at that time, kept among them in flatery ; and, from a. benevolent principle of fetting the Chriftian world free from the terror of fuch barbarians, he undertook fingly, and without the a/Tiftancc of any other nation, to fall up- on them with all his power. Jn this war, had He been but after the lof: year 1492, they were difpolieffed of this country ; and Ferdinand and Ifabclla, who were then upon t!ie throne of Spain, obliged them to renounce their religion, or tranfport themfelves to the coaft of Africa. Thofi: who made choice of the alternative of going into exile, to re- venge themfelves on the Spaniards, and fuppty th-^irne- ceflities, confederated with the Mahometan princes on the coafi of Barbary, and having fitted out little fleets of cruifing vefTcIs, took all the Spanifh merchant (hips they met with at fea, and being well acquainted with the coun- try, landed in Spain, and brought awajj multitudes of joined by the French and Englifli, and the Hans-towns, Spaniards, and made flavcs o; them. The Spaniards (as for the Dutch they were not then a nation) he mii'ht hereupon alfembled a fleet of men of war, invaded Bar bary, and having taken Oran, and many other places liavc cleared the country; at lead, he might have cleared the fea-coafts of the whole race, and have planted colo- on the coaft of Algiers, were in a fair way of making an ' nies of Chriftians in ail the ports, for the encouragement intirc conqueft of that country. In this diftrefs the Afri ' '" 1 . .. .• - can piince. applied to that famous Turkilh rover, Bar baroila, defiling his aflidancc againft the Chriftians He very readily complied with their requcft, but had nj fooner rcpulfed their enemies, than he ufurped the poverimient of Algiers, and treated the people who called him in as fiaves ; as his brother Heyradin Baiba- rofla afterwards did the people of Tunis ; and a third ob- tained the government of I'ripoli by the like means. In tl.efe ufurpations they were fupportcd by the Grand Seig- nior, who claimed the fovcrcignty of the whole coaft, and for fome time they were eftcemed the fubjecU of Turky, 3nd governed by Turkifh baflias, or viceroys ; but each of thefe ftates, or rather the militaiy men, at length took upon them to eledl a fovereign out of their own body, and render themfelves independent of the Turkilli empire. The Grand Seignior has not now fii much as a ballia or officer at Algiers ; but the dey adls as an ab- foliitc prince, and is only liable to be depofed by the fol- diery that advanced him. At Tunis and 'i'ripoli he has fiill balhas, who are fomc check upon the deys, and have of commerce, and for the fafety of all the European na- tions. But Francis 1. king ol Fr.ince, his mortal and conltant enemy, envied him the glory of the greateft and bcft entcrpnv.e that was ever projected in Europe ; an cntcrpri/.ca thoufand times beyond all theciulaJoes and expeditions to the Holy-Land, which, during; a hundred and twenty years, cod Europe, ;.nd to no purpofc, a million of lives and immcnfe tieafuic. Though the em- peror was aliided by no one prince in Chridendom, the pope excepted, (and his artillery would not go far in battering down done-walls) yet lie took the furtrets of Goletta, and afterwards the city, and the whole kingdom of Tunis ; and, bad he kept polleflion, it might have proved a happy tore-iunner of f.irthcr conqueds ; but, milcarrying in his attempt againd Algicr, ai:d a terrible dorm failing upon his fleet, tlic faither attempt was laid afiilc, and the kini;dom of f uiiis returned to its former polRiiurs, by which means t:ieir pytacics are d:ll con- tinued. i'herc fceins, therefore, to be a ncccflity, that all the posvcrs of Europe, cfpecially the maritime,' fliould endca- vuuf Tfttpoti. AFRICA, vniir to frc(r thcmfelvcs from thclnfolcnce of thcfc rovers, that their fuhjccis may thtrt-by be protcilcl in their pcr- fdiH atul I'ooils fri)iii the hands of rapin'; aiiJ violence, their coa(h Iccured from inlults and dcfccnts, and their Ihips frcim capture on the fca. The conqutll could not hi: attended with any great difficulty, if the Knglidi, Dutch, French, and Spaniards would unite, to join their forces and fleets, and fall upon them in feparate boilie'i, and in fcveral places at the fame time. The general benefit of ci'mmerce would immediately follow, by feitlini^ the go- vernment of the fca coaff towns in the hands and pollef- fion of ihe fcveral united powers ; lb that every one ihould pDllcf^the Icalt, in proportion to the forces employed in the coni|uell of it : the confei|uenre of the fuccefs would foon be ftnlibly felt by the intereftcd parlies ; for if the quantity of produiflions fitted for the ufe of merchandize be fo conliderable as we find it to be, even now, under the indolence and llotli of the moft barbarous people in tlic world, how may we fuppofe ail thofe valuable things to be incrcafed by the indiiftry and application of the ililigcnt Europeans, cfpecially the En;;lifli, French, or r)utch?J^mi-;ht alforeafonably fupp'ili.', tiiat the Moors, being i^l^fequenceof fuehacunquelt driven up farther into the country, and being obliged to fcek their fub- niL-nce by honell labour and application, would at length be induced to iiicrcafe the produfl ; and, as multitudes of Chriltians would be encouraged, by the advantages of the place, to go over and fettle upon it, the manufadlures and merchandizes of Europe mull foon find a great addi- tional confumption ; and the many new ports and harbours where thofe Chriftian nations might fettle, would be fo many new markets for the fale of thofe manufat^urcs, where they had little or no fale or confumption before. Uefides, would not the fuccefs be deliverinj Europe from the depredations of powerful thieves, and their com- merce and navigatio.i from the rapine of a mercilefs crew, who are the ruin of thoufands of families, and, in fome fenfe, the reproach of Chriftcndom ? Such meafures as thefe are far from being impradticable ; they are worthy of being undertaken by the princes and powers of Europe, and would, therefore, bring infinitely more glory to the Chriflian name, than all their intelline wars among eacli other, which are the fcandal of Europe, and the only thing that, at fird, let in the Turks and other barbatiani among them. END of the FIRST VOLUME. that a!l the I N D E X T O T H E FIRST VOLUME. CONTAINING ASIA and A F R I C A, A. A BEX !n general, 337 Abydus, or Avido, ^00 Abyfliiiia, or Upper Ethiopia, 326 AbyfTinians, 329 Acham, 178 Achcn, the rity of, 118 Achombone, 427 Acra, 292 Acron, 413 Adtl, 338 Adiiielli, 298 Adiquas, 3; 3 Adultery piinillted with death, 411, 4M JEoWs, 298 Acra, 292 Africa ill general, 307 Agoiiiia, 423 Agra, 201 Agation, 407 Alacflieyer, the antient Philadelphi*, 298 Aladulia, 297 Albacore dcfcribcd, 182 Aleppo, 282 ... . . cuftomi and manners of the ChriRian inhabitants, 285 Algiers, kingdom of, 492 ■ city of, 494 Algerines, their perfons, mannen. and cullomii 497 Alexandretta, 287 Alexandria, 314 Amadabad, 112 Amadia, 274 Amaquas tree, defcription of, 355 Amarj, pro/ince of, 336 Amboyna ifland, 1 1 1 Amet tree defcribcd, 97 Anifia, 3.1.1 Aninuboa, fort of, 4»J Anatoli.!, 29*) Andonun illands, 131 Andrew, river ot St. 430 Anga/eja, illand of, 345 Angola, 384 Aiigoj, 342 Angot, kingdom of, 336 Angoiiri, the aninrnt Aiicyra, 298 Angria, his dominions conquered by the Englilh, 119 Anian in general, 337 Anifa, 34' Anjengo, 204 Annabun, ifland of, 434 Ania, kingdom of, 427 Antinoopolii, luint of, 3*1 Vot.I. Anthony, fort of St. 428 Antiquities of Egypt, 317 —— — of Tunis 507 Antogonil-bay, in Madagafcar, 3;! Antonio, ifland of St. 451 Ants, very prejudicial on the Gold Coad, 420 Apamia, 298 Apes, many different fpecies of them on the Gold Coaft, 41^ Apolliniipolis, ruins of, 32 j ApoUonia, cape, 428 Aquamboe, 423 Arabia, Felix, 258 — — — Deferia, 259 Peiraea, ib. Arabs, 262 Arabic, gum, how produced, 444 Aranmnkutan illand, 72 Arbcla, 274 Ardrah, kingdom of, 416 — — ^ city of, 418 Arebo, 407 Aieka nut defcribed, with its ufe, 147 Arka, the ruins of that ciiy, 287 Armenia Major, 275 Armenian Chriftiani, 276 Argun river, 75 Arkico, 337 A'racan, kingdom of, 177 Arzcrom, 175 Arzew, city of, 493 Afcenfion, ifland of, 43 j Afi.i in general, 7 AfiJiic Tartars bordering on the Cafplan fea, 2 ; 3 Afia Minor, now called Natolia, igd Afp, dcfctiplion of, 361 Aflafoctida, liow procured, 228 AflVm, 4 18 Artyria, 274 Alirarhan, city of, 256 Aftrachan Tariary, ib. Aflronomy of the Chinefo, 4 3 Alias, that moun'.ain defcribtd, 483 Attaqua, 3;4 Aliinga, queen of, 224 Ava, empire of, 174 (he abfolute power and fervile homage paid to tin fovereign, 1 76 Augufline's-bay, in Midagafcar, 351 Avido, the antient Abydus, 300 Aurengab.id, 215 Aurefs, mountains of, 497 Axim, county of, 427 Axumi, 335 • a B. BabeU B N Ahc'msndel. ij« Ualioorn of ilic Cjpe ofGood Hope defaibcd, 359 ihrir rxtrioi'dinary cunning, ib. of Macairir, 105 D X. Bjchian i(1aii ;i3 Barcelor, 113 Bardoa, province of, 454 Barks of China, 48 Barrady ri} Braircm defcribed, )6j Rraitki 'I'Ariari, 89 Hravo, 338 [iiava, lllc of, 4;o llrrad-lruii'Uec dcfv:tibcd, r,; 111 ii^KLi, extraordinary ones of China, 4; niiitiuS tcli^ion, :3 BuffaloTs ut the Cape of Good Hope dcfiribcd, j?/ H.igia, 495 Bulam, ille of, 453 Burning the dead, 19X Sulfa, 3C0 Bufiris, ruins of, 311 Butchei'i ifland, 217 P'AALEON, an inftrument ufed by the Perfiant li ^^ fmouking, 130 Cachao, city and palaces of, 148 Caffraiia, 2^3 I'roper, 380 Caffrei, ib. Cairo, Grand, 32; Old, ib. Caifar, iheaiiticnt C.-efjrea, J97 Calcutta, 20 f Calicut, 123 Callimaiha, 304 Calmuc Tarurs, 2;3 Calviry, the church of the Holy Sepulchre upctt that niuuu- t»in defcribed, 293 Canib.iya, 2 1 : Cinibodia, or Catnbnya, 1^4 Cambodians, their pirfuns, drefi, manned, 5:c. ib, Cimelions dcfcribtd, 299 Carr.eloparctus defcribed, 328 Camels of China, 30 — — of Perfla defcribed, 228 Camondug'tree defcribed, 97 Camphire-tree, defcription of, 3jS Canals, how cut in China, tj Canals of Egypt, 310, 316 Cananor, 223 Canara, provirce of, tzt Canarians, 463 Canary iflandi, 459 Cape city, 378 *" Cape cabbage-plant, 356 Cape Coaft, 424 Cape-town, 378 Cape Verd Iflands, 4;o Caravans of India defcribed, 180 Caramania, ^96 Caria, 298 Cars, or Kars, 27 j Carthage, ;c6 Carwar, zzz Cafbin, 235 Cafpian fea, 253 . >. • why it never overflows !ti batiks, ib. Caflimire, province of, 2 10 CafTarcen, 507 Callia tree defcribed, 97 Cafnagut, ifland of, 453 ' Caftro, 302 Catacombs of F.gypt, 310 nearLalakia, 287 Catarafts of the Nile, 309 Catharine, convent of, on Mount Sinai, 259 Calherincburg, 92 Cayas, 459 Cazegut, ifland of, 453 Cebu, or Sebou river, 483 Celebes, or MacalTar ifland, loj Ceram ifland, 1 1 2 Ceula city, 486 Ceylon, ifle of, 132 Chalcedon, 3CO Chaldea, 273 Chiligan, 20; Chimtcuri, I N E X. Ch»m»oi)ts, 5;.f Clondigri, jji C'limuli ii.igoic, ao4 Clicrafoul, i;^ LliriilHiii, tiiHii (if, I 1 8 Cliickriis, ill-: iiumicr uf lilliliiiig them In l^gfpU 317 C'hitiiata, mnurilaiii of, 196 China tuwcr, 44 China in general, >6 China-pa|)cT, liuw made, 18 China-ware, how madr, ib. Chinefe, their drefi, manncri, cuflomi, Stc. 31, ■ a general charatUr of them, 61 Chiniaia, }()8 Chioi, iile (if, '03 Chlrigri£iiai, 354 ChniioCi, rhe antieni Cnlofi, a^B Chriniatilburg, fort of, 42} Chrinubil dc la Liguna, St, 466 Cilicia, 297 CinghflVi, ihcir manneri, cufloms, tec. ijj Cinnamontrce, ib. Cinope, itjH Circ»irun Tartary, 257 Claao, a generoui unfortunate Ilottentut, his hidory, 365 Cla/uincne, 29B Ctove-tree difcribed, iii Cochaquas, 353 Cochin-Chijia, 153 Cochin- Chinefe, ib. Cochin ill Malabar, aa^ Cocoa- ircL- dcfcribed, 114 Ci-farea, no* Caifar, 297 CojTce-flirub diTcribed, 2;8 Coini, weightj, and meafures of the Canary illandi, 479 -^^ of Ceylon, 142 — — of China, 60 of IndoHan, 2co ofGanibroon, ajj — — of Mocha, 264 of Morocco, 491 of Sumatra, 231 at Borneo, 12; of Siam, 169 •■ of Perfia, 253 — — of Algiers, 503 Coletore, ao6 Colchis, now MIngrelia, 278 Colophon, agS Colofs, now ChonoHi, ib. Coloflus of Rhodes, 30a Commendo, kingdom of, 426 Comombo, 31; Comora iOands, 34J Concordia, town of, 1 19 Confucius, religion of, $6 Congo, empire of, 383 Congo Proper, 385 . the manners and cuRonit ol tht Inhabitants, 387 Conradlburg fort, 416 Condantini, provincr of, 495 — ^ city of, 496 Cora, 305 Cordomelo, 304 Corea in general, 6; Cormantin, 4Z4 Cormorants defcribed, 80 I trained up to fiihing, 4 1 Coos, now Stanchia, 306 Coto, 408 Cotton- dirub of China, 30 Crane, defcription of, 360 Cranganor, 213 Crevecoeiir fort, 423 Crim Tartars, 255 Cripple-'vood-tree, defcription of, 35; Crccodile of Egypt defcribed, 311 Crucifix, ihe manner of trampling it under foot in Japan, 20 Curdiftan, 274 Cyprus, ifle of, 301 D. DACA, 20 ; * U.i.ti.1, ,1 root much v.ilued by tha Il.itfenfofi, j65 Dilay l.im.i, ur f.ivcrei^n punlili ul iibi-t, 14^ D.iman, 215 l)jin.ii|ii.i>, t;f Dinialiut, i^<) IVimlifH, province c*", jj'J D.imcl, kiiif.Jom of, 443 Hancaly, 337 Dancing-gills (if Indij, 184 Oandaghs, 457 Djngala, 327 Danltf, a defcription of, 3X6 natc-tree dcfciih'd, 227 Dauphin furt inMadagalcar, 3;) Dead fea, 291 Dilli, 202 Devil's- hill, a mountain fo called, 3;! Derne, dillriiil and city, ; 1 3 Dcfaris of Arabia, 259 Defiina ifland, 24 Diamonds of Gulconda, 10; Diarbec, 274 Dick's Covt, 423 Diiif.S or thiill-fcrpent, a (.'eiVii,,tIon of, ;6l Dill, 21a Dog5 how fed in Kamtfthatka, 79 Dolphin defcribed, 182 Doris, 298 Dorothea fort, 428 DiunkcnneA, remaikabie cHin of, 188 Dfjnmurjn, 7, Dunquas, 3;4 Dubbah delnibed, 482 Ducks, wild, an cxtiaurdinary method of citcMng t'icm, 4a Dutch faifurics ai Sumatra, 1 3 1 fjflory at Japan, liillory of, 24 CpARTHhog, defcription of. 359 '-' iianhquake in the illc ot Teneriffe, 466 Edotiu dclciibed, 361 Egypt in general, 308 Egyptians, their manners, cuftomi, &c. 31 1 EIrphanta ifland, 217 Elephants of Ceylon, 1 3 ; of India defcribed, 181, 18; a diveriiny incident rtlaicd of on« at Aihen, l>8 Elephantine ifland, 325 El Haniinah, 5 1 3 Elk, African, defcription of, 358 Elmina, St. George, 429 Englilli fiftories in Sumatra, 130 the manner in which fhcy obtained the poITeflion of Surat, 213 r.nfada-tree, defcription of, 386 Ephefus, 298 Erzerom, 27; Kfiie, or Elfenay, 3:-^ Eturpn ifland, 7 1 Eililf 'lia in general, 327 European letilemenls from Mjdrafi to Cape Comotin, 108 Euxinc fea, 296 Eytaca Arabic, 273 F. rAmagufta, 301 * Kantiii, 423 Fekies religion, 2 2 Ftriiaiido I'o, illaiid uf, 434 Fcrreaniih, 506 Ferro, id and of, 471 Fetiches, the nunner in whiih thJ."!: iJoll are formed, 4»» Fetu, Ikiogd.im of, 424 Fez, city ot, 485 Fire, perpetual, 196 Chamtcun, 1 N n X. I Fir*> tftiUlling, of CtrTii, 144 FilH I'g, !i >w iiiafliT'il in Chiiii, 41 Filh |) iiJ<, I riii^tiil'r miMiicr ol Docking ihrrn, 41 Fl4inln(Mi, dtlciipiioii of, }(to Fly i 11(1 tiili. iKi Foe, l-^n ot, ill Cliinii, s; ^^ Fi'lryi, 44t l''(iiuhi«l, linvn of, 41(0 Fi)nj'- •lijnc, (.hlrij!, 0') I'oini 'Hi ilUni), dj Fiiro, 4 iti F"rl Hiiyul, 4>; Fmt Willlini in Rriigal, :04 fort St. I" 'igc, irf> Furt Sf. D.i»iil, J09 Fredciiilbiir)', 418 F'lirgo, line <>t I he Cape Vcrd ilUndi, 450 Fiiert,i\'ciiiiiu, ilUnd of, 459 G. /^Al.ATIA, te,» ^^ Ciillj", 4 lu.baroin nation, 3i6 CilliiKi, id iiid (if, 45 ) Gambia tivcr, 4 V/ Gaii.l)i'iion, ];: G.iiigri, I iver of, I 79 Gun; ', (rrcviiice of, 45 s Giru, jc') Garra>hlca, 46b Gjuks, v.firiliipiierj of fire, ig6 CJuroct, 1^4 Gcnio'-s of India, 18S, ifo, &.1-. Gcorgil, or (iurj;iiUii, a;; Gcrizim, a mountain on »liii.h tlie Simaiitani dill worOiip, G8 Guinea pepper, defciiption of that (hrub, 431 Gum Senegal-tree defcribed, 444 Gurgiftan, or Georgia, 277 Guzarat, 212 " Si. I rjAlKRHRS, a remarkable cariiige drawn by oicn, ll{ ^ ' I Lilian illand, ^4 ,A Hair-firpriiti, dcfcripliui) of, 361 ' Malirarnullui, 298 II iiTiamtr, \o^ II III of the Cape of Good Hope defcribed, 3;! Ilawk'i ufird lui hiiniiiig antelupci, 218 llcUiia, itljiid of bi. 4J2 Heliopolii, or Ralber, ruins of, a88 ■ — in ttsyp'i ruiiii of, 311 lleirai|uai, 3^4 tl'ykjnii, lb, Hiero, or F(rro, illaiid of, 471 Hippo, 496 llippopoiamuv or river-horfr, a defciiption of, 3>t , lliltory ot I ipan, lb ■ of Cninj, 49 — — nf the Miijuica illands, log — ^ ofihefirll Iciilementuf bunialrt, 129 of I'almyra, j6i of Egypt. 31, of Tonquin, 149 of the Cape of Good Hope, 377 of Congo, 39; of Whidah, 414 '