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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les castes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds A des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6. il est film6 A partir de i'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la methods. errata to I pelure, on d n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE ONE rfUNDUED PRIZE QUESTIONS IX CANADIAN HISTORY AXD THK ANSWERS OF "HERMES" (Henry Mir.r.s. Jxj?.. of Montreal) THE WI.NXEH (H- THK FHisr IMIIZE WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAININCr NOTES AND COMMENTS. ;J^-*^- MONTREAL DAWSON BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS 1880 N0TirF.-77ie probable that others began to compete, who. owing to various causes, and at different stages, saw lit to retire from the contest ; but the whole number of answerers was 78, and of these 52 answered more than 50 per cent of the questions, and therefore constituted the actual competitors in accordance with the l>Tescribed conditions. Doubtless much credit is due to tliose who initiated and promoted the project of encouraging, in this manner, gi*eater and more general atten- tion to the Study of Canadian History — and especially to the " Question Editor " of the Montreal " Canadian Spectator ", and to others connected with that periodical, for the excellent and highly instructive manner in which the design hais been carried out. It may be hoped that the practice may be resumed in future. On referring to the questions it will be seen that they embrace every kind of topic appertain- to Canada — Historical, Political, Civil, mg (I) See .statistics of the compoiiiion tri\on at the <.'iul ol" tlw (v)uf»stions and .\ns\vorp. i ! IV I»REKA(?E (ft'ographical, Religious, Social (1)— as well as matterN associated with Discovery, Science, Art, (^ommerce and Manufactures, in connection with the progress of Upper and Lower Canada and the other Provinces of the Dominion. It is therefore scarcely requisite to offer any apology lor the reproduction, in the present form, of these ** Prize Questions and Answers in Canadian Uistorffr As respects the Appendix, containing* illus- trative notes, comments, &c., which seems to be needed in order to render the publii-ation more generally useful and interesting to readers who may be in any way connected with the promotion and diffusion of the knowledge of our local History, all pretension to having iinally disposed of the " debateable questions " and points which present themselves is dis- claimed. On the contrary, several of these arc of a nature which do not admit of being thus disposed of, and to which, it is hoped, those writei's and lovers of Canadian History who have heretofore interested themselves in endea- voring to elucidate them, will continue to devote attention for the purpose of throwing a clearer light upon them. Montreal, March 13th, 1880. (I) Quebec Morning Chronicle oi VtGCi^mhGT (^\.\^, 1879. Montreal haihj Witness of December hX\\. Morninff Star, Ac. "Wi.-'^' DEDICATION. To the Hon. CIedkon Ouimet, Superintendent of Public Instruction for the Province of Quebec. In availing myself of y^ur kind permission to dedicate to you this small contribution to Canadian History, I beg to state (which I omitted to do in my application of the 10th Instant) that I have been impelled by a conviction, which, 1 feel sure, I entertain in common with many young men and women, of all origins and creeds, who, like myself, have been born and brought up on Canadian soil, that this Province owes to you a heavy debt of gratitude for your patronage of literary and scientific pursuits, in general, and for your solicitous encouragement I! VI DEDICATION of the study of Canadian History in particular. I believe, Sir, that every Canadian Educational Institution ought to include this study in its curriculum, in order that the youth may b«' better prepared lor entering upon the duties of Canadian citizenship, when made to realize the fact that their native country possesses a History, and one which is replete with examples of excellence and virtue in all the walks of life. I believe, that, if this study were ignored in the case of our instructed youth, we should soon cease to witness the growth of disinterested patriotic sentiments in Society at large, the absence of which, onipccasions which may again arise, would be felt in proportion to the need lor their active exercise. That you, Sir, may be long spared to preside over the Educational interests of our Province, is, therefore, the earnest desire of Yours respectfully, " Ueiimes ". Montreal, March 13th 1880. CONTKNTS. I'AI.K. I. TIkj Ont.'-lliiiKlit'il l'ii/»* Qiii.'stioii:^ in (iiMiadifin History — \vitli(tut Answ.'i's !) to !."• 'i. The giit'siioiis, ami Answers ol'-' Herim's 17 - 7-.' ;i. Statistics ol' the CoinpiHitioti iind list of winiifis of the fight |tii/t's M _ i. A|tpoii(Ii\,{;oiiliiinin^; lli>tnrii'iij Nntt's uimI Ooui. '"•Mits 77 _ Ku •"». Atldcnila— Tli»f (,)uehec sfiies of Pri/.c Quest ions ill Ciinadiun Ilistdiy— AppiMidici's 7 IOr> - \\i «). Jndox t«i nainps of persons and pl.Hi-s ; list ol' T\ i'it<'i> and uutlioritics ritcd ij.'l _ |».{ T. Advertisements, t After the Manuscript containing llie Hundred Questions ami Answers in Canadian I listorv iiad l)een sent to press, a correspcndenii' tooiv place w itl> II. li.* tlie Count de Proniio-Real, the donor of 2 prize-* for Answers to the Smaller Series of (Fifteen) Questions given tntt at <,)uehec, under the auspices of the President of tiie Litcrarv and llistoricnl Sttciety, in imitation of the Montreal scheme. The result was a decision to .inncx to tliis publication the Quelicc trizc Questions, and several interesting historical articles, letters, i\c communicated by the Count. * Vule Ivlitor's Note, p. 107. ' -I iiiXL:.iji'j l>i;i)Ma.WI!iiiauJ>j!M« II 111 I ■Mil, I ] THi: PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY .:: • Qutstlon.- ]. Who discovered America ? L*. Who discovered Canada ? iJ. Who is the first person on record wlio sailed up the St. Lawrence, and from wliat did the river derive its name .' 4. Under the reign of what Frencli King was Canada (f) first settled ? 5. What denomination of Christians fh'st at- tempted to colonize Canada ? 0. What Europeans first wintered in Canada ? t 7. Who first settled in Canada ? t 8. Who was the first Governor of Canada ? \ 0. Who was the first person who discovered thf> river called the Great Ricer, Fine River, or Mississipjn f 10. W^hat is the origin of the namo '• Ba>/ of Fundi/ " ? 1 1 . Name the first of the series of victories whicli - led to the Concjuest of Canada by the British, and who commanded ? •J- While tlieso quostion.s were boing issued, ton every wer-k, and not all together as hore printed, inquiries wore addressed to the " Question Editor" of tlio Spectator as to tlie sense in which the word Canada was to bo taken ; in n'piy it was announced that unless otherwise expressly intimated in subse- quent questions, Iho term Canada (as in Questions 4tli, CMi, 7th, 8th,) was to be understood as applicable only to tli'* lerritorv of Hie old Provinces of LIj)per and Lower Canada. 1 I mm 10 THE PRIZE QUESTIONS h Qiiesiiou,-l'2. Name the two most heroic acts in Canadian History ? 1.3. What is the oiugin of the name Labrador 7 1 4. When did the first earthquake occur within historic times in Canada ? * 1 5. From what does Canada derive its name ? 16. Give the name of the first newspaper printed in Canada, and the date of its publication, also the name of the oldest Canada news- paper now in existence ? 17. Where is iacrowe first mentioned, and where was the first public game played among white people ? 18. What is the origin of the Legend " Ckien d'Or" at Quebec? 10. When was the first coin issued by the ' Canadian Government ? 20. When was the first bank-note issued in Canada ? 2J . Which is the oldest military oi-ganization of which there exists an authentic record of formation ? 22. What is the oldest Literary Society now in existence in Canada ? 2o. What was the name of the first steamship that crossed the Atlantic^ date of sailing, port of departure, and name of Captain ? 24. From what is the name " Sault de St. Loids,'^ given to the Lachine Rapids, derived ? From what is the name of " Bord-d-Plonffe,'^ derived ? From what does Place d^irmes in Montreal derive its name ? When was slavery abolished in Canada, by what means, and when was the last negro slave publicly sold in Montreal ? When and where did Protestants and Catholics worship in the same Church ? 29. Who originated the project of Confederation ? 30. Who piloted Sir Guy Carleton iti an open boat to Quebec when Canada was invaded by the Americans 1775 ? 31. When and by whom was " Annexation " to the United States proposed, and in what way ? 25. 20. 27. 28. IN CANADIAN HISTORY 11 Qneation.-32. When and by whom was gold first discovered in tlie Province of Quebec ? ;J3. When and by whom was Bytown, (now Ottawa) settled, and give the origin ot* the • new name ? 34. What became of the eminence called the Citadel in Dalhousie Square, in Montreal, which appears in the old engravings ? 35. Which is the first mention of Niagara Falh in history ? 3G. Wiien and by wliom was the iirst petroleum well sunk in Canada ? 37. When was a minister put in Jail in Lower Canada for preaching a sermon, and what otticial acts did he perform in (raol ? .{S. What Governors of Canada died from acci- dents, and give the dates ? 39. Which is the oldest Protestant Church in Canada ? 40. Who first owned St. Helen IsLmd (opposite Montreal), from what did it derive its name by whom was it occupied after the battle of Ste. Foye, and wliat event took place there which prevented the French stan- dards falling into the hands of the English at the Capitulation of Montreal 7 41. When did the Acadians arrive in Canada, and how were they treated ? 42. Who first suggested a llailway bridge across the St. Lawrence and took steps to test its possibility ? 43. What, was the name of the first llailway Company in Canada, and who was the first President ? 44. What is the earliest record of a deed of sale of land on the Island of Montreal, and when was the consideration paid therefor ? 45. What was the name of the first vessel with steam power which ascended the Kapids below Montreal ? 46. Was prince Edward (afterwards Duke of Kent) received in Quebec by Lord Dorches- ter when his regiment was quartered there ? 12 THE PRIZE QUESTIONS Qiiestion.-4 48 Why was the old Government House called " Chateau Ramesay, " and what important conference took place there ? What event rendered memorable to one man the landing of King William IV at Newfoundland ? 49. When was Colonel (afterwards Creneral) Scott taken prisoner ? By what means were the colonel, and his fellow prisoners, returned to the United-States, and in what way were their lives endangered ? From what does " Father Point "' derive its name ? Who invented green tint for bank-notes, and why was that colour used ? What upper deck steamer first descended the Lachine Rapids, and who commanded her ? 53. What caused the political agitation in Canada in the spring of 1837 ? What was the immediate cause of the resort to arms by the habitants near Montreal 1837? What is the oldest incorporated town Ontario ? When did Lower Canada pay the Civil List from the Reveiiue of the Province ? Which is the oldest building in the City of Quebec, and what incident is connected with it ? Which is the oldest town in the Dominion ? When and by whom was the first cargo of coals shipped from any Canadian port ? When was iron first smelted in Canada ? 61. Give name, correct spelling and origin of the name oi the ton n opposite Hochelaga ? Who was the first settler \iithin the limits of the town of Sherbrooke ? When was the first public Temi)erance meeting in Canada, and what public men first set ;n example of temperance ? Which are the two oldest buildings in Montreal, and date of erection ? 65. Which is the oldest building in the Dominion, and date of erection ? £0. 51. 52, 54. 00. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 62. 63. 64. m m IN CANADIAN HISTORY 13 Question.-(iO. When and where was the first clock factory established in Canada ? 67. Who first setled in the town of Prescott, and what battles have occurred there ? C8. Date of the building of the old fort at Cham- bly, and from what does it take its name ? 69. When was the first paper-mill erected in Canada ? 70. Who erected the first distillery in Canada ? 71. What Treasurer or Receiver General of Lower Canada was a defaulter ? Give the names dates and circumstances ? 72. When and where was the first DayScJiool opened in Canada ? 73. What is the date of the settlement of Kingston, and what is the Indian name derived from ? 74. What is the date of the settlement of La- chine, and from Avhat did it derive its name ? 75. From what does Sault au RecoUet derive its name ? 76. What Knight had among his pall-bearers one who had arrested him for treason, and an Attorney-General who had issued a warrant for his arrest for high treason agamst his sovereign ? t 77. What mayors of Lower Canada were once marched in chains through the streets of Montreal as prisoners, under guard of a detachment of British soldiers, and who afterwards were, in company with a Go- vernor General, saluted by a detachment of the same regiment who had guarded them as prisoners ? * 78. How did the rebel prisoners escape from the Citadel of Quebec ; how did they find their way to their friends in the night, and who concealed them when a reward of £3000 was offered for the it arrest ? What regiment garrisoned the citadel ? * •{• Note. — ll will be seen, l)y the answers given (1)\ "llermcs") to Questions 76 and 77, tbat tl;e person who propounded them was un^ 14 THE PRIZE QUESTIONS !! Mi ! 1 Quaiion.-1'J. What was the name given at Hrst to the capital of Upper Canada, and what was the origin of that name ? 80. VVhAn was the change made in the name of the capital of Upper Canada ? 81. Give some remarkable events which have occurred at Ste Anne's, Bout^e-l'Isle 7 82. What is the signification of the word Toronto and to what spot or locality was it at first applied ? 83. What Provincial troops of the American Colo- nies took part in the conquest of Caliada, and in what battles were they engaged ? 84. What is the origin of the name Manitoba 7 85. Who piloted the expedition against Quebec, in the St. Lawrence in 1759 7 80. Where did Lord Amherst sign the treaty for the surrender of Canada to the Britisii in 1760 7 87. When was the first Sunday School opened, and by whom ? ii8. Whence does the plant called Soldier's Cup derive its common and botanical names, and how many varieties are found in Canada 7 89. Explain Yonf/e Sir et and Dundas Street occuring in the toj jgraphy of Ontario, and give the origin of the two expressions 7 90. What was the name given by the French to the Kiver Thames ? 91. Whence does the Island of Orleans derive its name and what other name has it been known by 7 92. When and where was the first newspaper published in Upper Canada 7 93. Whence does Isle-aux Noix, on tlie river Bichelieu, derive its name and by what other name has it been called 7 94. Is there anyfecord of Mercury having frozen in the bulb of the thermometer in Montreal,^ if so give the date 7 95. Give the date of the first capture of Quebec by the English, and what led to its being again surrendered to France 7 IN CANADIAN HISTORY 15 Quaiion.-O(i, Who laid the first stone of tlie lUdeau Canal f 97. Give the date of tlie first lighting of the streets of Montreal by lamps ? 9S. Where was the first printing press set up in Montreal, by whom, and under what cir cumstances ? 99. Give the names of the iirst books printed in Montreal, and Quebec, and the dates of publication ? ](X). What was the legal status and title of a Protestant Bishop in Canada, on the crea- tion of the Office, and how has it been aftected by subsequent legislation ? 1,1 ' I I f i ;,iV»V*S#«ri!l.'4.w;iji v,'^--»: v. M i t * w 1>RIZK QLIKSTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY AND AN8WKRS OF ''HKIIMKS.' Questiun. — 1. Who discovered America ? Anstaer. — 1. Christopher Columbus, in the year 1492. Note. — Although it must be admitted that navigators and fishermen from the north oi" Europe visited Greenland and other parts of N. America long* before the time of Columbus yet their visits had no more effect in making the New World known to the nations of the Old World than if they had never taken place — Practically speaking, and by the common con- sent of mankind, the honour of having discovered America is accorded to Columbus. (1) '=*^ Question. — 2. Who discovered Canada ? Answer--2.JsLcq\xes Cartier of St.Malo, France, who led expeditions, in 1534 and 1535, to the (') A number placed at Ihc end of u question or answer refers to the nolo upon it given in th(^ Appendix. 18 PllIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN IIISTOIIY < oasts of Labrador, N. Brunswick, Gaspe, and up the St. Lawrence in the last named year. Question. — 3. Who is the first person on record who sailed up the 8t. Lawrence, and from what did the river derive its name ? Answer. ^'S. (1) Jacques Cartier. (2) The river and Gulf derived their name from that originally given to a Bay in which Cartier' s ships found shelter on August 10th. the Ffite day of St. Laurent. Question. — 4. Under the reign of what French King was Canada first settled ? Answer. — 4. The settlement of Canada was attempted during the reign of Francis I, and its ]>ermanent settlement effected in the reign of Henry IV, who was King of France from A. D.. 1589 to 1610. (2) Question. — 5. What denomination of Christians iirst attempted to colonise Canada ? Answer. — 5. Roman Catholics from France — members of the Franciscan Order called RecoUets, were the first who came out to teach the doctrines of Christianity in Canada and as these also endeavored to instruct the natives in clear- ing and cultivating land they mai/ be styled the first christians who attempted to colonise Canada. / ly AND ANSWERS OK *' HERMES V.) Qtteation.—G. What Europeans first wintered in Canada? Atuiver. — (3. Jacques Cartior and the crews of his three vessels wintered at the month of the St. Charles Kiver, then called by J. Cartier the river Ste. Croix, near an Indian Village, kStadacona— 1535-1536. Question.— -l. Who iirst settled in Canada V Answer. — 7. Louis Hubert, who came out in 1617 with his family, consisting of his wife and three children, to settle on Canadian soil. The importance ascribed to his advent by Champlain himself, and the fact that he and his family succeeded in deriving their subsistance almost wholly from agriculture, justify us in consider- ing Hebert the earliest actual settler or immi- grant. — Page 26, Dr. Miles, " School History of (^anada." Question. — 8. Who was the first Governor of Canada ? Answer. — 8. Samuel de Champlain who found- ed Quebec in 1608 and from that time was chief agent of the company authorized by charter to carry on the Fur trade in Canada : in 1620 and 1621 Royal letters signed by Louis XIII confirmed his appointment as Lieutenant of his Vice-Roy of New France, which title, although at first not expressly acknowledged by the King, he had held since 1612 from which year his position as first Grovernor of Canada is iTsually assumed to date. 20 rUIZK QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN IIISTUUV Question. — 9. Who was tlie first person who discovered the river called the Great River, Fine River or Mississippi ? ilwsifcr. — 9. Louis Joliet in tho year 1G7{j, accompanied by Father Marquette, discovered the Mississippi /rom Canada. Authority (t)— " Oarneau ", " Tarkmuu ", " Ferland ", " Miles ", page 18G, etc., etc. Note. — De Soto a Spaniard crossed the river at its southern extremity in the year loSO and left his bones upon its banks. A beautiful engraving of his arrival upon tlu' banks of the river can be seen on the backs of some of the American notes. (3) Question. — 10. Wliat is the origin of the name Bay of Fundy ? Ansiver. — 10. It is a corruption of the French " Fond de la Baie " by which a part of " Baio Fran^aise " was formerly knovvu (see Oenest's map.) Authority. — J. M. Lemoine's Maple Leaves 1878, p. 169. Read's History of Canadian Geogra- phical Names. Question. — 11. Name the first of the series of victories which led to the Conquest of Canada by the British, and who commanded 7 (f) la giving Iheir answers to all the more important questions, tlie candidates were requested tu slate Uieir authority. w AND ANSWERS OF " HERMES ai Answer. — 11. Tho capture of Louisburg, Juno 20 1758. Cleiieral JeiFrey Amherst commanded the land forces having under him General James Wolfe. The lleet was commanded by Admiral Bosrawon and the French Garrison by Mr. de Drucor. Question. — 12. Name the tivo most heroic acts in Canadian History ? Answer. — 12. (1) The condu*^ of DoUard des Ormeanx, sometimes called I)aulac, a young French captain serving under de Maisonneuve at Montreal in 1660. The Iroquois, who had concerted a plan for the destruction of the whole colony, intended to attack Quebec, Three Iliv«rs and Montreal with such overwhelming numbers as to render it impossible for the French to maintain a successful resistance. Captain DoUard, with a party of 16 French followers started from Montreal in April, and marched to a place near some Fails on the River Ottawa, where he was joined by 44 Indians, who had come up from Quebec for the purpose of encountering their Iroquois enemies on their return from their winter hunting grounds. There, Dullard and his followers lay in ambush, in a kind of Fort made with pickets, until they were discovered and attacked by a large partvr of Iroqu.is. Dollard's design was, w U the aid of good 1 i' ii ..xuwmasB m 22 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY i| i all • I ■Ik i 1 Ml marksmen who composed his small body ol' Europeans, to slay a great number of the enemy, and if possible to make such an impression upon the Iroquois generally as might serve to intimidate them and perhaps divert them from their grand design. During many days, the repeated assaults of the Iroquois, numbering several hundred warriors, were repelled, and many of theso w^ere slain. At length, after the supply of water ^needed both for drinking and extinguishing fire) in the fort was* exhausted — when all his Indians except six had deserted, when a fresh band of 400 Iroquois had arrived from the Richelieu to re-inforce the first assaillants, DoUard was killed fighting courage- ously to the last, and with him fell every French- man and warrior who had remained faithful. The Iroquois, at last, had forced an entrance into the Fort, but did not succeed in capturing a single one of the gallant defenders alive. It should be mentioned, as an additional proof of Bollards heroism and devotion, that it was part of his original plan that he and his brave followers should all perish in combat with their truculent foes rather than surrender under any circumstances. Such heroic conduct did intimidate the Iroquois and divert them from their intended assaults on the French posts at Ville-Marie, Three Rivers and Quebec. :i AND ANSWERS OF '' IIERMilS 23 Particulars are given in the Jesuits Relations (for 1660) — in Ferland (chap. 12 Book 3) in Faillon and G-arneau — and are to be found in Lemoine's " Maple Leaves " (1873), under the heading " The Canadian Leonidas." (2) The act or rather series of acts performed by Mdlle Marie M.de Vercheres in 1690 and 1692. In the absence of her father she successfully defended his residence when attacked by Iroquois marauders who could perceive only a young girl inside, actively using fire arms against them with all the courage and skill that could have been displayed by a brave and experienced soldier. Later, in 1692, when Iroquois in greater numbers came to attack the place, the same young lady, aged only 14, after narrowly escaping capture outside, shut herseif in the house or fort, and, by stratagem, caused them to believe that it w^as defended by soldiers, whereas only one was present. She loaded and fired off a small field-piece killing some of the Iroquois, and the sound thus made was heard in the Island of Montreal. This brought down a body of armed men, by whom, the band of Iroquois, retiring with M. de Yerchere's work people as prisoners, was beaten in combat and the captives recovered. Another very heroic act was performed by the same heroine, which resulted in saving her future husband's life. See Lemoine's " Maple i I n 1 i ( 24 PRIZE 'lUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Leaves " new series, article headed " The Heroine of Vercheres." (4) Question — 13. What is the origin of the name Labrador ? Answer. — 13. Some allege that Cortereal, a Portuguese, gave the name, and others that the Spaniards called it " Tierra Labrador " " being less barren than Grreenland. " Its origin is more likely the following : About the middle of the 15th century and therefore prior to Jacques Cartier's discovery of Canada, a Basque "Whaler named Labrador, belonging to the Kingdom of Navarre, penetrated through the straits of Belleisle as far as a Bay and harbour situated a few miles beyond where Blanc Sablon is marked on the old maps, which Bay and harbour took from him the name La Bradore and eventually the w^hole coast. This view is supported by the universal tradition of the coast. Authority. — '' Notes of the coast of Labrador " read before the Quebec Literary and Historical Society 6 January 1841. — Article 5 page 2V. Transactions of Society 1843. Question.— li. Wliendid the first earthquake occur within historic times in Canada ? Answer. — 14. In June Saint Barnabe. " (5) 1638 " Le jour de Note. — In 1GG3, the (Jreal Earthquake. AND ANSWERS OK " IIEIIMES " 25 (1) Authority. — " Relations des Jesuites." chap. XI, p. 28. Relation de lG38.-par Paul Le Jeune ptre. (2) Ferland's History of Canada. — Vol. 1, page 295. (6) (Question. — 15. Fr< m whatdoei Canada derive its name? Answer. -\ij. From the Iroquois word ''Kanata " which signifies " a village " " collection of Huts " or, according to Dr Scadding, " Yonder are our Wigwams." There exists a difFerenoe of opinion however upon the derivation of the word Canada, and several other theories are advanced by some. The above is tht generally accepted view. Dean Stanley has written upon the subject and seems to draw this conclusion. (T) Question. — 16. Give the name ol" the first newspaper printed in Canada, and the date of its publication ; also the name of the oldest Canadian newspaper now in existence ? Answer.— \(S. (1) Tlie " Gazette " published in Quebec, 1*764. The first number appeared 21st June 1764, in French and English-(discontiiiued about 4 years ago.) (2) The " Montreal (lazette," which appeared in 1*7*78, also in French and p]nglish, is the oldest paper now existing in Canada. (8) NoTE.-Aca-nada, there isnothinir. Spanish-view next in favoi-. 3 ,' III I •2(1 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Question, — 17. Where is Lacrosse first mentioned, and where was the first public game played among white people? Anstver. — 17. (1) 1G08 " Le jeu do crosse." "Ferland's History of Canada " Vol. 1, page 130. 1636. " Relations des .Tesuites. " Relation of 1G3G by Father Le .Teune, cliaj). IV, page 113. — Charlevoix refers to it many years later. (2) In Montreal, " Doctor Beer's History of Lacrosse." (9) Question — 18. What is the origin of the Legend " Chien d'Or" at Quebec? Answer. — 18. The Legend itself is, substan- tirdiy, this ; a Monsieur Philibert, merchant, living at Quebec at the time when the avaricious and prolligate M. Bigot Avas Royal Intendant, had a house built on the site of the existing new Post Oilice, on the face of the East wall of which was placed the figure of a (gilded) Dog, in relievo, gnawing a bone, and, underneath, an inscription, also gilded, in four lines, commencing. " .Te suis un chien qui ronge I'os." Bigot, believing that the figure and inscrii^tion were levelled at him, as a lampoon, and remembering, perhaps, that in reference to his exorbitant drafts on the French Treasury, one of the Queens of France had sarcasticly suggested " that the walls of Quebec were being built of gold," was so exas- AND ANSWERS OF HERMES" 27 I perated that ho procured tho assassination of Philibert by the hand of an ofTicor of the garrison. The murderer of rhilil)ert was i'ollowed bv the deceased's brother and slain in Pondicherry. The foregoing^ baing an outline of the Legend, it is only fair to add that Mr. Christie the Historian, on the authority of Mr. .T. Yiger, asserts it to be merely a fable. In fact the presence of the ligure and inscrip- tion which were replaced on the wall of tho Post OfFice,regilded, when the old house (founded in 1730) was removed, has given rise to numerous conjectures and to several romantic narratives, but without liaving led to any satisfactory solution of the question why they were so placed. The old house, before its demolition in 1872-73, was used, successively, for various purposes — as printing olilces, Post, etc., eto, and often mentioned by the name of " La maison du chien d'or." Authority.— Mentioned in Knox's Journal. 1759, Chas. Roger " Quel)ec as it was and is " 1867, 5th edition, p. 86, other guidebooks relating to Quebec. .T. M. Lemoine's " Maple Leaves," etc. Queaiion. — 19. When was the first coin issued by tlie Canadian Government ? Ansiver. — 19. In the year 1858. Authority. — " Sandham's coins of the Domi- I i. f nion J) ■ i ■ I (IF It 28 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN IlISTOllY Question. — 20. When was the first bank note issued in Canada ? Ansiver. — 20. October 1st, 1817 the first notes of the (then) Montreal Bank were issued. Authority.— Manager of the Bank of Montreal . Note. — The " Canadian Antiquarian Vol. Ill, April 1875, page 190, describes a note of tho " Canada Bank " dated 1*792 and in the same publication Vol. IV, July 1875, page 48, we see positive opinion given that the " Canada Bank," never existed '• save as a project " and that the Montreal Bank ; '• is stated on good authority to be the first Canadian Bank ". In ' Duncan's Travels in Canada " the Canada Bank is referred to as " a project which was speedily abandoned owing to the fact that the notes could not be circulated from want of confidence ". Several good specimens are held by collectors. Question. — 2 1 . Wliich is the oldest military organization of which there exists an authentic record of formation ? Answer. — 21. After the disbanding of the Cari- gnan Regiment in 1008 tracts of land were granted to its officers and men who chose to settle in the Colony. The lands were situated chiefly in the vicinity of the Rivers Richelieu and St. Lawrence, in the Montreal district ; and, in case of attack by the Iroquois or by the Anglo- American colonists, the officers and soldiers i AND ANSWERS OF '' IIKRMES 29 occupying them were expected, Irom their former experience in warfare, to )>« able to immediately organize an adequate defen<-e of the whole colony. The officers (seigneurs) could at any tim« l)e called upon by the (rovernor, representing the King to render military service and they in virtue of the feudal system could call upon the settleri on their seigneuries to take up arms. Authority. — Tuttle's History, — Grarneau (Bell's) Vol. I, p. 223, Miles F. Regime, p. 1*71. Question. — 22. What is the oldest Literary Society now in existence in Canada ? Answer. — 22. The Quebec Literary and Histo- rical Society Founded by the Earl of Dalhousie in 1824 and incorporated 1831. Question — 23. What was the name of the first steamship that crossed the Atlantic, date of sailing, port of departure, and name of captain ? Answer.— 23. The " Royal AVilliam " sailed from Quebec 18 Aug. 1833, touched at Pictou, N. S., and arrived at G-ravesend, Sept. 11th and commanded by Capt. McDonald. (10) Question. — 24. From what is tlie name Sault de St. Louis given to the Lachine Rapids derived ? Answer. — 24. From a fatal accident which befell one of Champlain's work people, named \' t s 'SO TRIZK (-iUESTlOXS IN (JANADIAN 11 1 STORY ih:^ Louis, ill the year 1(511 — Prior to that year th'^ne rapids, when they were mentioned, were styled in French " Lc Orand Saut de la lliviere du Canada ". The said Louia is mentioned ])y " Faillon " as " Uii jeune liomme, aux gag'es de De Monts et grand amateur de la chasse ". lie had gone in a canoe with two Indians from the Island of Montreal to nn Island (Heron's Island) near the foot of the rapids in order to secure some of the birds which i'requented the Islet in great numbers. In returnini^', Louis passed too near the foot of the rapids, his over- loaded canoe was upset and he, as well as one of Indians, was drowned. From this time the old name ceased to be used. The Historian Faillon, from whose work (pages 131 and 132, Vol. I,) the above particulars are taken, says, with respect to the name " Sault St. -Louis '■. " Nous pensons que c'est en memoire de la inort du Jeune Louis, qu'on I'aura appele du iiom do son saint patron " aiid refers at the same time to the name " SauH au Recollet " on the river des Prairies as having had a similar origin. (11) , :■: Question. — .'."). From what is tliename ''Bord-a-Ploufte " derived ? Answer. —Ill (about) the year 1801 the first settler in this locality, named Francois Plovffe, AND ANSWERS OF '• IlEUMES :3 " 81 started a Furry Boat, in partnership Avith one Desloriers — PlouiFe living on the north side ol' the river ; and Deshiuriers on the 8outli side, in the parish oi' St. Laurent. Tlie North side ol" the river has ever since been called " Uord a rioufFe " (Ploiiii'e's shore or rioulle's Landing). Note. — At first (I believe) the place or ferry was known as Barre n PlouD'e (or Plauff'es Line). A few years ago some Montroalers wished to change the name to Lemai/ville l)ut did nol succeed, and the present luime will doul)tle6s remain and in time to come indicate llie fact that it was '' Plonffe's " side of thi? Kiver. Question. — -0. From what does Place d'Arrncs in Montreal derive its name V Ansiaer. — 26. It has ])oen alleged that (reneral Montgomery gave this name in November 177o. and this is stated tv.ice in *' Drysdalos Guide to Montreal " written (I believe) by the late S. Jones Lyman. On the other hand, Sir (}uy Carlton not long before had exercised liis soldiers on the same ground — and undoubtedly it liad been long previously used as a " Place of Arms " and rendez-vous of troops. Nor does it seem probable that the French name " Place d'Arrncs " was really given by Montgomery an Englishman (f) by birth and then an American Oflicer. In fact the term is a general one and applied to grounds (t) He was of fn'sli descent. ■: \ i ;' 1 t rifi" ?)2 PRIZi: QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY used for such purposes in many military or Garrison towns. In Spain we see ihc same term in many instances. Note. — It is believed by some that the name (at Montreal) originated in its having been the spot upon which Maisonneuve and his people had an encounter with the Iroquois. The " llistoire do la colonic Franpaise " gives an account oi' this and the details of a hand to hand Fight between Maisonneuve and an Indian, etc. Queslion. — 27. When was slavery abolished in Canada, by what means, and when was the last negro slave publicly sold in Montreal ? Answer. — 27. In 1103 slavery was abolished in l^l)per (Canada by an act of the Upper Canadian Parliament entitled, " An act to prevent the further introduction of slaves and to limit the term of contracts for servitude within the Province ". In Lower Canada the matter was brought up in the sessions of Parliament of 1793 and 1799, nothing was eflected however, and it was not until 1833 that slavery was abolished by act of Parliament chap. 33. — Some 30" years previous to this C!hief Justice Osgoode decided, at Montreal, " that Slavery was incompatible with the laws of the Country ". i( AND ANS^VERS OK " IIEUMES '' 88 The last slave (publicly) sold in Montreal was in the year 1797. The deed was passed by Mr. Gray and his partner, notaries. Manuel was the name of the slave. Aged 33 years, price .£36. — Parties to the sale. — F. Geo. Turner and Mary Rlaney his wife : and Thomas John Sullivan. Authority. — Major Latour and statutes. Question. — 2S. Wlien and wliere ditl Protestants and Catholics worship in the same Church ? Ansiaer. — 28. At Quebec, sliortly after the conquest, when the Kecollets allowed the Protestants to use their chapel at limes when not required by themselves. Also at Montreal the same favor was granted before any Protestani Church was built. Lorg before, however, de Caen compelled Koman Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots) to worship together in the same (*hurch at Quebec— Recorded by " Faillon " Vol. I, p. 212 and cited by " Leclercq " Vol. L pp. 332 et 341. Note. — l)e Caen was a Calvinist and head of the Company for which Champlain was agent at Que])ec, and who had brought out the first Jesuit Priests to assist the EecoUets in Canada. He obliged the Roman Catholic priests to assist at the prayers of the Huguenots, w^hich caused Champlain (then in France, looking after the Company's and his own private aflairs) to 34 I'llIZE ClUEs^lTIONS IN CANADIAN IIISTOHY complain to the Kint'', supported by the KecoUet Father .Tosopli Le Caron, and, in oonsoqnenco, the King commanded Do ( 'aen to make no more voyagOB to Canada. This was in 102.'» and 1(>2»!. Que.itii»i.—'29. Who originated^ the project orConretle- ration ? Answer. — 29. ( ^hiel" Justice Sowellin 1814. — •' Dr. Mih's History of (\inada ", p. 1^83. Question. — 30. Who piloted Sir (lay Carleton in an open boat to Quebtc wlien Canada was invaded by the Ameri- cans, 1775 ? Answer. — 80. Captain IJouchctte — as n'luted in surveyor General Bouchettc's larg(; work. — Abbe VerreauUs published acct. (f) Question. — 'M. When and by whom was annexation to the United States proposed, and in Avhat way ? Anstoer.—?)!. lo. In the lime of Sir (luy Carleton, when the invasion ])y the Americans was in progress, some people at Quebec, including it is said, the famous Adam Lymburner, proposed to have the Province of Quebec join the revolted Anglo America colonies. 2o. In 1840, after the sanction of the llebellion Losses Bill, 350 persons, mostly of some local importance, at a turbulent meeting on the Champ de Mars, Montreal, signed a manifesto, declaring (t) NOT!-.— Garneau (Bells) Vol. 1, p. 13G. AND ANSWKIt5 OK " IIKUMKS 85 that uniiexiitioH to I he I'liited States was the only romody for the politi PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Question. — 33. When and by whom waa Bytown (now Ottawa) settled, and give the origin of the new name ? Answer. — 33. Bytown was founded by Col. By in 1827, and was settled by those engaged in the construction of the Rideau Canal. The name Ottawa is derived from the tribe of Indians who had posts on the river above and below. The word '' Ottawa " or " Ottawak " signifies " an ear " and was applied to the tribe from the fact that they were the only tribe of Canadian Indians who brushed bade their hair. It has been alleged that the Indians called the settlement from the first Ottaiuak. Question. — 34. What became of the eminence called the Citadel in Dalhousie Square, in Montreal, which appears in old engraving.s ? Ansicer.—'i'^. The citadel hill was 54 feet high and was removed at two u...;e e^it periods. The first portion w^as removed in the year 1812 and was used in forming the " Champ-de-Mars." In 1819 I. H. Dorwin, contracted for the removal of the remainder, w^hich he effected in the sum- mer of that year and it was employed to fill in a pond then situated a little to the North "West of the Hill, or Dalhousie Square, and to level off in the same vicinity. AuTHORiTi^. — I. H. Dorwin the contractor for its removal and Mr. T. S. Brown. AND ANSWER>S OF " HERMES 37 Question. — 35. When ia the first mention of Niagara Falig in History ? Answer. — 35. In 1G48 " Relations dee Jesuites," p. 40, and the mention is as follows : "A. Lake called Erie discharges its waters par une cheute d'eaux d'unc effroyable hauteur " into lake Ontario. (12) Question.— S(j. When and by whom was the first petro- leum well sunk in Canada ? Answer. —^G. In the year 1800 L. B. Vaughn came to Canada from Pensylvania U. S. Arriving hi August he commenced the work of sinking an oil well. In November he struck oil at a depth of 85 feet— 32 feet through clay to the rock, and (drilled) 53 feet throngli rock. The oil was of fine quality. Authority. — Numerous— particularly letter from Mr. Vaughn at present of the Banking House of Vaughn and Fairbank, Petrolia Ont. and extracts from his diary. Letters also from P. Barclay Post-master, Petrolia, and Alex. Mac- Kenzie M. P. for Lambton. Note. — Surface wells were dug through the Grum beds and Clay — where the oil accumulated, in 1854, by Iripp & Co and .T. M. Williams, Registrar of the city of Hamilton. (13) Question. — 37. When was a Minister put in jail in Lower Canada for preaching a sermon, and what official acts did he perform in (Joal ? bH^ttMWHiS sKs:: 38 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Atiswer. — 37. In 1674, the Abbe Fonelon, wlio had preached a sermon (at Montreal) which was held to contain reflections against the Governor, (count Frontenac), and who was accused oi" instigating sedition, was condemned by the supreme council to remain imprisoned in his lodgings at Quebec, guarded by a liaililF (Judg- ment of the Council 21 aug. 1674). Parkman (Count Frontenac and new France under Louis XIV. Boston 1877 p. 38) calls Fenelon s confine- ment '' a sort of honorable imprisonment." To protest as publicly as possible against the authority in virtue of which his arrest and confinement had been ordered, Fenelon had performed the usual functions of a Priest, regard- less of the said authority so that on Aug. 23rd, 1674 the Bailiff w^as ordered by the Council to remain always with Abbe Fenelon and prohibit- ed from allowing him to leave his quarters except to celebrate mass on Sundaijs and Fete days, in whatever church he pleased. His official acts while imprisoned were, therefore those api^ertaining to the duties of a minister of religion, Baptism, marriage, etc. " Faillon's colonie Franvaise " Vol. Ill, pp. 516, 517. (14) Question — 38. What Governors of Canada died from accidents and give the dates ? Answer. — 38. Lord Sydenham, 19 Sept. 1841. Duke of Richmond, 1819.(15) AND ANSWERS OF " HERMES 39 Question. — 39. Which is the oldest Protestant Clmrcli in Canada ? Answer. 39. — The chapel at Berthier, built by the seigner Cutlibert in the year 1786. Authority. — " Canadian Antiquarian." Note. — The church of England mission at Sorel was commenced in 1784 and the cliurch was built there shortly afterwards. It does not now exist, although the present church is built upon the same spot. Authority. — Hawkins " Annals of iJiocese of Quebec," etc. The Ht. G-abriel St. church Montreal was erected in 1792. (IG) Question. — 40. Who first owned St. Helen's Island (opposite Montreal) ; from what did it derive its name ; by whom was it occupied after the battle of Ste. Foye, and what event took place there which prevented the French standards from falling into the liands of the English at the capitulation of Montreal ? Amwer. — 40. (i) Charles Lemoine, Education Journal 1867.— (i)ffl/?/e Leaves, 1873.) (2) Chami^lain named it after his wife Ilclene Bouille, Authority. — Dr Miles Er. llegime p. 43 and foot note. — Dr Miles school History of Canada, p. 25 and note. (3) Ue Levis the French, General, retreated, after the Battle of St. Eoye, April 28fh 1760 to ^EEOEB 40 PllIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Montreal, where most of the regular troops were quartered in the town and on St, Helens Island. Authority. — Dr. Miles Fr. Regime p. 460. (4) After the capitulation of Montreal the British commander-in-chief sent Col. Haldimand to demand the French colors, &c. The French declared they had none to give up as all had been destroyed. De Vaudreuil and De Levis certified to the fact of their destruction by giving their " parole d'honneur." The reason- alleged for their destruction was that they were too cumbrous, for " this woody country." Authority. — Dr Miles Fr. Regime, p. 510. Note. — St. Helens Island was granted to Lemoine, 3 Nov. 1672. Question. — 41. When did the Acftdians arrive in Can»d«, and how were they treated ? Ansiver. — 41. ItoS. Shamefully treated by the intendant Bigot, Varin and others in authority who kept back the provisions sent out from France for them and gave them horseflesh, etc., to eat. The bad treatment thoy received caused Ihe death of many of the unhappy Acadians from Avant and misery. Acithority. — Writings of the late Dr Ander- son of Quebec and Dr. Miles' Fr. Regime, p. 804 and appendix. AND ANSWERS OF ** IIEllMES 41 ■I 'i Question.-~4k2. Who| first su.'gested a Railway Bridge, across the St. Lawrence, and took steps to test its possibility ? Ansiver.'-4t2. The Hon. John Young.-" Sand- ham's Montreal past and present," p. 218. — " Morgan's Sketches of Celebrated Canadians," p. 530. Note. — He advanced the necessary funds to Mr.T.C.Keefer for a survey and plan of the work, and urged its importance on every occasion. (IT) Quesiion,-'43. What was the name of the Ist Railway Company in Canada, and who was the Ist President ? Ansiver. — 43. The Champlain and St. Law- rence Railroad. The Charter was granted in 1831. Road commenced in 1835 and opened lor traffic in 1836 from Laprairie to St. Johns. Hon. Peter McGill was the first chairman oi" the Company and (first) President for many years dating from its commencement in 1835. Note. — It is written of as the " St. Law^reiico and Champlain " Railroad— either this or above name I suppose correct as 1)oth are used by authorities. It has also been referred to as the " St. Johns and Laprairie." R. R. from the fact of its running between these places. Authorities. —Morgan's Sketches of Cana- dian Celebreties p. 350. — *' Sandham's, Montreal 4 ■ n i i i •' 42 I>K1ZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN IIISTORY Past and Present ". — " Eighty years Progress in 1>. N. America ". Question. — 44. What is the earlitst record of a deed of sale of land on the Island of Montreal, and trhen was the consideration paid therefor ? Answer. — 44. The earliest record of a deed of sale on the Island of Montreal is 4th January 1048, when 40 acres of land were sold by MaisonnouV'. (de Chomedy) to one Gradays. Its situati A \ bout where the St. Ann's Market now staiif^ V T \ ^ consideration was paid yearly, the amount — i sou per acre yearly. — " Histoire de la colv.nie ^Vai c "^p ". — Historical notes of Major Latour. • Question — 45. What was the name of the 1st vessel nith steam power which ascended the liapids below Montreal ? Answer. — 45. The Hercules was the first Aessel that with steam power ascended the St. Mary's current. 1824. Authority. — Capt. Brush, etc. Note. — The " Accomodation " was the first .steamer on the river between Montreal and Quebec. She made her first trip (from Montreal) in 180i>. The Swiftsure, and " Car of Commerce " came later. The first steamers that plied on the river landed their passengers etc., at the Molson AND ANSWERS OF " IIEIIMES 4fj AVharf at the foot of the current, and those which first ascended the current did so with the aid of oxen. The Hercules was a towboat. Question. — 46. Was Prince Edward (afterwards Duke of Kent) received in Quebec by Lord Dorchester when his regiment was quartered there ? Ansiver. — 46. Prince Ed^vard (in August 1791) arrived only 6 days before Lord Dorchester and family departed for England. The Prince depart- ed not long after Lord Dorchester' return — and there is no express record of his having received the Prince during those intervals. No. (18). Question — 47. AVhy was tlie old government House called " Chateau Ramesay," and what importint conference took place there ? Ansiver. — 47. Because it was built by Claude de Ramesay who was for sometime Governor of Montreal. It remained in his family until 1745 when it passed into the hands of the Compagnie des Indes with whom it remained for a few years. Mr. Grant afterwards purchased ii, but it became the property of the Government about the year 1850. The conference oS greatest importance held there was relative to the articles of Capitulation and Cession of the country in 1760. Question. — 48. What event rendered memorable to one man the landing of King William IV, at Newfoundland ? * ';'' it m lilTTT il n BS 1! 'I il I 44 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Ansiver. — 48. "When Prince William Henry (afterwards "William I"V) landed there as capt. ol' the Pegasus he went on shore as surrogate to hold a court. He condemned, a man to 100 lashes (on a Sunday). The man received 80 and could not bear more and it then turned out that he Avas the wrong person ! — To him of course this was a memorable event. *' Canadian Antiquarian."' No. (19). Question.— ^9. When waa colonel (afterwards General) Scott taken' prisoner ? By what means were the colonel and his fellow prisoners returned to the United State?, and in what way were their lives endangered ? Anstver. — 49. At the battle of Queenston Heights, Oct. 18th 1812. The militia officers and privates captured were paroled and sent off at once to the United States, but the regulars were detained as prisoners of war, for exchange, and sent to Quebec. Thence, in a cartel^ or vessel specially commissioned to carry prisoners for exchange, they Avere sent to Boston, except 23, who were forwarded to England, to be tried i'or treason, being claimed as British subjects. Scott exerted himself stremously to save these men, and protested vehemently against their being dealt with as men guilty of treason, boldly defying the officers in charge of them, and AND AKSWKRS OF " HEIIMES 4o asserting- that if they should be punished as such, his own government would avenge the outrage. Scott himself, being exchanged iu January 1813, made a full report concerning the case of those 23 prisoners to the American Secretary of War, and went to Washington to press the subject on the attention of Congress, into which body an act was introduced investing the President with " powers of retaliation." Two months later Seott commanded at the capture of Fort George and selected from his prisoners 28 to be confined and to abide the fate of those w^ho had been sent to England from Quebec. The final result was that the latter were not condemned and put to death in conformity with the doctrine of ' ' perpetual allegiance," by which their lives had been endangered. Authority.—" Stone's Life of Brant," Vol. 2, pages 514, 515. — " Lossing's Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812,"— pp. 408 and 409. r !' - Question. — 50. From what does " Father Point," derive its name ? Answer. — 50. The name Father Point (Pointe- aux-Peres) as applied to a point on the south shore of the St. Lawrence, not far from Kimouski and opposite to the Island of Barnaby, originated from the fact that Father Nouvel landed there I'' sac 46 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN IILSTOUV in 1663 on Dec. Yth,— celebrated the " Fete of the^ Immaculate Conception," on the 8th, and remained several days. Note. — The name Pointe-anx-Peres, must not be understood as being exclusively confined to the above named point ; for it is rather a general term applicable to other known points on the shores of the St. Lawrence and of the Lakes, where the French Missionaries were accustomed to land from their canoes for the purposes ol" prayer, religious exercises, or temporary repose, on their tedious way up and down the St. Lawrence to their distant scenes of labour. ! Question. — 51. Who invented green tint for bank notes, and why was that colour used ? Answer. — 51. Dr Sterry Hunt invented the patent Grreen ; that colour was selected as it could not be photographed. (20) Question. — 52. What Upper-deck steamer first descend- ed the Lachine Eapids, and who commanded her ? Ansiver. — 52. The Steamer Ontario (name after- vrards changed) Capt. Hilliard, was the first steamer to descend the Lachine rapids and was an upper-deck steamer. Authority. — Dr. Scadding— Alex. Miloy — Capt. Nelson. Note. — I believe this vessel was afterwards called the " Lord Sydenham " or " Sydenham.*' AND ANSWERS OF '" HEUMES 47 Question. — 5,']. What caused the political agitation i>i Canada in the spring of 1837 ? Anstver. — 53. The adoption (by the British House of Commons) of ten Kesolutions by Lord John Russelljby which the British Government manifested a change in their previous policy of conciliation toward the mal-contents and radicals of Canada and by which the hopes of the radical political leaders were discouraged, the hands of the executive strengthened, the demand for an elective Council refused and the Governor General empowered to draw from the Treasury .€142,000 to pay the expenses of the Civil Government, as the House of Assembly, during the antecedent five years, had voted no civil list. When the tenor of these resolutions became known in Canada much agitation ensued, espe- cially among the population of French descent. Question, — 54. What was the immediate cause of the resort to arms by the habitants near Montreal in ] 837 ? Ansiver. — 53. The arrest by Col. Ermatinger, of two inhabitants of St. Johns, on Nov. 16, 1837. The Colonel had with him 18 cavalry, and the party, while returning to Montreal, was attacked. and several were w^ounded. Note. — The affray took place near Longueuil and the prisoners were Desmarais and Davignau. ml m m" ' >■ IS 4S PllIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Question, — 55. Which is the oldeit incorporate^ town in Ontario ? Ansioer. — o5. Toronto, incorporated in 1834. Note. — Kingston was incorporated in 1838 and Niagara in 1845. Question. — 56. When did Lower Canada pay the Civil r.ist from the revenue of the Province ? Ansiver. — 56. The House of Assembly having, in the year 1810, made a voluntary offer to vote the necessary expenses of the Civil Government, was not formally called upon to do so until the year 1818, when, in the session of the Legislature which began on January Yth and ended April 1st 1818, the amount necessary to be i)rovided (^640,203) was voted after a long debate. Authority, — Christie's History Vol. 1, page 298.— Christie's History Vol. 2, page 301. Question. — 57. Which is the oldest building in the City of Quebec, and wliat incident is connected with it ? Ansiver. — 57. The oldest building of which reliable record exists at Quebec is that at the corner of St. Louis and Garden Streets — owned by Mr. Glackemeyer, N. P. This gentleman, aged 86, has in his possession a deed of its transfer on Nov. 30th 1674. It is the house which (in 1759) was occupied by surgeon Arnoux^ who attended General Montcalm, on his death bed — Montcalm died in this hous: and was laid out there, and AND ANSWERS OF " HERMES " 49 • ariiod thence to his grave in the Ursulino (Convent) Chapel. It is also believed that the articles oi' capitulation (of Quebec) were signed there. The Chateau St. Louis was too much exposed to the j^uns of the English during the siege to admit ot its being used, as previously, for ofhcial purposes. (21) ^MM/j'on.— 5S. Which is the oldest town in the Domi- nion ? Ansioer. — 58. Port lloyal — now Annapolis — Founded 1005.—" Ferland " Vol. I, page 08, Edition 1861." Note. — ^The name was changed to Annapolis (in honoiir of Queen Anno) in 1710 l>y General Nicholson. Queation.-b'i. When and by vrhom was the lirst cargo of coals shipped from any Canadian port ? Answer. — 59. In 1815 by John MacKay — From the port of Pictou to Halifax. *' History of the county of Pictou" p. 398. NoTE.—In 1677— The French Government. Who paid a bounty on all coal shipped— Annals of Canada. The coal was shipped from a port iu Cape Breton." Question. — CO. When was Iron first smelted j^n Canada? Answer.— 60. In 1737— Oct. 15th, at the St. Maurice Forges near Three Rivers. — " Ferland " p. 449, Vol 2, Edition 1865.— " Antiquarian " p. 27, July 1876. I mmtmm \i 60 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Question.— 01. Give name, correct spelling and origin of the name of the town opposite Hochelaga ? Anstver. — 61. Longueuil — so spelt by the first Baron de Longueuil — vide his signature " Lon- gueuil. " The signature of the Baron in 1604 exists in the archives of the Parish of Boucher- ville. It was the residence of the first seigneur, Charles Lemoine, who was created Baron de Longueuil, and from whom it takes its name. Note. — By some authors it is spelt as folloAvs " Longueil " and " Longeuil, " etc. There is a town in France, Longueuil. (22) Question. — 62. Who was the first settler within the limits of the town of Sherbrooke ? Ansiver. — 62. David Moe was the first settler within the limits of the {old) Town of Sherbrooke. The limits of the present city are not the same. Gilbert Hyat was probably, the first to settle inside the i^resent limits. He erected the first mills etc., there. " History of the Eastern Tow^n- ships " by Mrs Day, and information from oldest Inhabitants. Question. — 63. When was the 1st public Temperance Meeting in Canada, and what public men first set an example of temperance ? Ansiver. — 63. The first Public Temperance Meeting was held in Montreal, in the St. Peter St. Church June 9th 1828. At this meeting thirti/ signed the pledge. AND ANSWERS OF " HERMES 51 The following prominent gentlemen's names were amongst the thirty who signed : Rev. Mr. Christmas, Alexander Murphy, Colonel Moore, Jacob DeWitt, Samuel Hedge, Joseph Savage, Thos Rodden, and Ebenezer "Weir, and later the following appear. : Benjamin Lyman, Henry Lyman, Wm. Lyman, N. 13. Corse, D. P. James, John E. Mills, John Dougall, William Workman and Harrison Ste- phens, etc., etc. Authority. — The original records, minutes, etc., in the hands of Rev. Geo. H. Wells and the *' New Dominion Monthly." Note. — In the county of Pictou a meeting was held some months earlier, in January 1828. The originators of the movement there were Geo. McDonald, Revd. D. Ross, Donald McLeod and David McLeod. Authority. — " Historv of the County of Pictou." (23) |l il iS ■I; .1 Question. — 04. Which are the two oldest buildings in Montreal, aud date of erection ? •0 lO" ^3 Answer. — 64. The tioo buildings on Sherbrooke Street known as '• The Towers " built by Mr. de Belmont 1694. " Vie de la sceur Bourgeoys " Vol 1, chap. VI, p. 305. •I 52 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY The " Chateau de Ramezay " or " Old Grovern- ment House " situated on Notre-Dame St. opposite the new city Hall erected by Claude de Ramezay 1703. Nc E. — A portion of the seminary building (near the Parish church of Notre-Dame) is probably older but the date of erection cannot be authentically given. Authority. — Mr. Marler. •There is a small building, near the St. Anne's Market, and in what was the yard of the Grey Nunnery, which is also very old, ])ut the date of its erection cannot be given as there is nothing to identify it with the buildings first built there about the year 1677. The first use made of these towers was by the " soBurs de la congregation " one being used for school purposes and the other the nuns lived in. They formed also part of the defence of the " Village de la Montague " or as it was called " Le fort des Messieurs." — " History of La Congregation." Queaiion.—6j. Which is the oldest building in the Dominion, and date of erection ? Anstver. — Qo. An old fort (portion of) situated near Annapolis ( formerly Port Royal) first built under French Regime — cai)tured by General Nicholson in 1710 ; and repaired and enlarged AND ANSWERS OF " HERMES 53 by the British. Antiquarian Vol. V, No. 1, p. ^6. — Archives of Nova Scotia, p. 18, etc. Note. — If this is not considered " a building ' I beg to give answer 5t for this as well. (24) Question.— QO. When and where was the Ist clock factory established in Canada ? Ansioer.—66. At Whitby, Ontario, 18tl-2. In the fall of 1871 William and John Collins established themselves in a building owned by J. Hamer Greenwood. It took them over a year to fit it up and get in the machinery etc. They made the first clocks in Canada, and their factory was in operation for 3 or 4 years, when the machinery was sold to paities in Hamilton. It is said that some $50,000 was sunk in this attempt. Authorities. — Hamilton Clock, Co., Charles Sarney, Whitby News. The mayor of Whitby and J. II. Grreenwood, Attorney, W^hitby. Question.— 61. Who first settled the town of Prescott, and what battles liave occured there ? Anstver. — 67. The founder was Major Edward Jessup, U. E. Loyalist from Albany N.-Y. who obtained a grant (in 1791) of the land on which the Town is built. In 1810 he had lots No. -2 and 3 laid out as town lots and named the site after the G-overnor General Prescott. :4 , f ■««H 54 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY In November 1838 a body of American " sympathizers " embarked in a steamer named the United States and 2 schooners one of which anchored opposite the Prescott "Windmill. They landed and took possession of the mill. Some marines and some men of the 83rd Regiment, as well as detachments of the 9th Provincial Battalion, Glengarry, and Dundas Militia, having arrived at Prescoot, a series of conflicts ensued around the mill. — A few days later the 83rd regiment and a detachment of Royal Artillery, (3ame on the scene, when the " sympathizers," who had established themselves in some stone houses in the neighborhood, congregated in the mill and after a brief resistance, surrendered — Over 40 of the sympathizers had been killed. The prisoners were taken to Kingston and most of them condemned to be hung, but the sentence was carried out only upon ten of the whole number. AuTilORiiY. — " The Canadian Illustrated News, " for May 4th 1878.—" Jeffer's History of Canada, " pages, 257, 258. Quettion. — 68. Date of the building of the old Fort at Chambly, and from what does it take its name ? Answer. — 68. Fort Chambly (or Fort Chartrain) was built in the year 1665 and took its name from Captain Jacques de Chambly who sui^erin- i AND ANSWERS OF " IIEKMES 55 tended the work of the erection. — "Canadian Antiquarian." Note. — The name has been erroneously stated to have arisen from the French Champ de Ble owing to its being situated in a prolific country, esi)ccially in the culture of that grain. This view is untenable. Question. — G9. When was the first Paper Mill erected in Canada ? Anstver. — G9. In 1803 an American Company (Thomas Mears-Ware and Jackson) commenced the erection of a Paper Mill at St. Andrews P. Q. The first paper was made in 1805 or 1806. A Mr. Brown bought them out in 1807 and carried on the works for some 25 years when the lease of the water power expired. Several years later the Allsop Mill w^as built at the Jacques Cartier river, and in 1819 the Bedford U.-S. mill was orected. " Bouchette." IT. Harrington agent, Argenteuil Seigneury. Question. — 70. Who erected the first distillery in Canada ? Answer. — 70. The Hon. John Young at Quebec, about the year 1788. Authority. — •' Bouchette's Topography of Lower Canada etc.," p. 422. Archives of Quebec. Question. — 71. What Treasurer or Receiver (jeneral of Lower Canada was a defaulter ? Give name, date, and circumstances ? i i 56 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY Answer.SiT John Caldwell 1822 and 1823— Amount of defalcation .£96,000 sterling. IIo ,was retained a member of the Executive Council after the deficit was discovered and afterwards made some restitution by giving up some seigneurial rights, &;c. Authority. — " Christies History of Lower Canada. ' ' — " Miles' History Canada," &c. Question. — 72. When and where was the first Day School opened in Canada ? Answer. — 72. In 1632 Kev. Father Lejeune opened the first Canadian School at Quebec. — " Relations des Jesuites." — Cited by " Canadian Antiquarian. " and in Dr. Miles School " History of Canada," p. 59, and " French Regime " p. 96. Question. — 73. What is tlxe date of the Settlemeni of Kingston, and what is the Indian name derived from ? Ansiver. — *73. Kingston was founded in 1!784 and incorporated 1838. Cataraqui was the name of an Indian Village near the site of the present City, and was also applied to the River St. Lawrence between Montreal and Kingston. The name is doubtless from the Indian Village. Question. — 74. What is the date of the settlement of Lachine, and from what did it derive its name ? AND ANSWERS OK •' llKll.MES .37 Anstver. — 74. Lachine l)egaii to be settled about the year 1G78, when La Salle established a post there ; but the priests of the Seminary had a mission there and held religious services ten years earlier. It is said that its name was given to it in 1069, in derision, on account of La Salles having proposed thence to find a passage to China. Its progress as a settlement was so far from rapid that in 1815 there were only liO houses in the place, although it then had storehouses, &c.— Archives of the l^arish, Cure Bourgeau (Laprairie), Bouchette p. loo (Edition 1815).—" Miles," '• French Regime " p. 189. Question. — 7"). From what does Hault an Kecollet derive its name ? Answer. — 75. From the fact that Teve Nicholas, (Viel) a Recollet, and a companion, perished in the rapids at that place in 1G25. Referred to in " llelationsdes Jesuites " of the years 1(526 (p. 2) 1634 (92) and 1636 (p. 91). '■ llistoire de La Colonic Fran^aise." Question. — 76. What hiighf had among his pallbearers line who had arrested him for treason and an Attorney (Heneral who had issued a warrant for his arrest for high treason against his Sovereign ? Answer. — 76. It is thought that this question, as printed and here copied, is not precisely that which it was intended to give out, as there is no record in Canadian History of the funeral of ' '' • sp.. 1 ''* ■PHP mmmmmimmmiimmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm I 58 THE PllIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTOKY imy Knight to whom the question, as it stands, is applicable. But the terms of the question are applicable in part to Sir L. H. Lafontaine, Baronet, buried on Monday February 29th 1864. lie had been arrested for treason in 1838, but we do not find in the list of names of his pall-bearers (Judges Badgley, Mondelet and Caron ; Messrs. C. S. Cherrier, IJcaujeu and J. \j. Papineau) that of, the then, Attorney Greneral (Mr. Ogden) or of the person by Avhom he had been arrested in 1838. The Hon. Sir Ueo. K. Cartier (also a Baronet, not Knight) liad, amontr his pall-bearers (Messrs. Hinnks, Ferrier, Ryan, Letellier de St. Just, A. A. Dorion, Polettc, Judaes Meredith and ^icotte, Sir A. T. Gait, Lt. Crovernor Howland, Sir N. 1^"'. IJelleau and lion. Mr. Arehambault) one who had arrested (not Cartier) Lafontaine, though, not one of Lafontaine's pall-bearers. It is therefore con- cluded that tlie question, as it stands, cannot bo answered. Question. — 77. What iVayo)* of Lower Canada were once marched in chains, through the streets of Montreal, as prisoners, under guard of a detachment of British Soldiers, and who, afterwai-ds, were, in Company with a Governor General, saluted by a detachment of the same regiment who had guarded them as prisoners ? Answer. — 77. This question cannot be definite- ly answered. It refers to facts erroneously ADD ANSWERS nV " llEll.MES OO supposed to have occurred. It is probably intended to apply to Messrs. Nelson aiid Fabro. both afterward Mayors of Montreal, arrested during the llebellion. To tlie former it doe^ apply witli one exception. Qiiesiion. — 78. Ilow did the rebel prisoners escape from the Citadel of Quebec ; how did they find their way to their friends in the nigiit, and who concealed them when a reward of £3000, was offered for their arrest ; what regiment garrisoned the citadel ? Ansiver. — tH. The escape of those jnisoners (including a fillibvslerinf!; ' Ijrig-adier General " Theller, " Colonel " Bodgv, Culver and Hall) was oilected on a dark rainy uight, late in Oct. 1838. Having previously cut througli j»n iron bar Avith a file given them from witliout, they, ])y their own clever management, and profiting by the unsuspecting stupidity of the sentry who guarded the door of their prison, and whom Theller had seduced into conversation, into smoking a pipe, and, next, into drinking porter drugged with laudanum, contrived, in the first place, to make their exit from the apartment in which they had been confined. Theller, who afterwards related the particulars, said that, in order to completely stupefy the soldier, he induced him to swallow, besides, a quantity of strong brandy. They next succeeded in passing all the guards ■11 ! t '■I H CO PRIZK QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY and sentries, posted at different points between the prison and the place where the half-moon battery and flagstafi* were situated, sometimes answering, when challenged, so as to deceive the challengers, until they reached thft outer wall, above the precipitous rock. Then an alarm was raised, and some, including one named Parker were recaptured ; but Theller, Dodge, Culver and Hall, leaped down from the wall, one of the party breaking his leg in the descent, and another spraining his wrist. There was another descent to effect, and also the outer wall of the ditch to asrend, but they succeeded in passing down the glacis into des Carrieres Street. They met two gentlemen and a lady, by whom they were ascertained to be i^risoners escaped from the Citadel, but who did not see fit to raise an alarm. Then, in Paul Street, they met a Canadian, named Michel, who carried Theller on his back to the house of a friend in St. Eochs, whence assistance was sent back to bring Culver and Hall, who had been left behind in the Crovernor's Garden, but these two were afterward recaptured. Theller was taken from Michel's house in a cart to another place where his wounded limb was dressed by a " patriot " Surgeon, and then he and Dodge were concealed together in a hole under a stable. The names of two of their friends were Hunter and Grace, Hi n wr AND ANSWERS OK *' HEKMES 61 Oil November ord disguised as priests, they crossed over to Point Levi — and eventual! y tiiey passed, on horseback, to the boundary lino and reached Augusta, Maine. At this time the Citadel was garrisoned by a battalion of tlie Guards, commanded by Sir James McDonell. Authority. — " Quebec as it was and is " otli edition 1867, by Charles Koger, pages 68 and 77. Question. — 79. Wliat was the name given, at ^irat, to the capital of Upper Canada, and what was the origin or that nam* ? Ansvjer. — 79. York — so called after the soldier son of George the Third, Frederick Duke of York.—" Dr. Scadding's Toronto of Old." Question. — 80. When was the change made in the name of the Capital of Upper Canada ? Answer.— %0. March Gth 18:U. ' Dr. Scaddings Toronto of Old." Question. — 81. Give someremarkable«vent8 which have occurred at Ste. Anne's, Bout-de-L'isle ? Ansiuer. — 81. Thomas Moore wrote the Cana- dian Boat Song there in 1804. — " Dr. Scadding. &;c." — Destruction of the Fort. &c. — A Massacre by the Indians, Life of Le Ber. Question. — 82 What is the signification of the word Toronto, and to what spot or locality was it first applied ? Answer. — 82. Toronto signifies *' A place of meeting " Toronto Eegion " A well peopled district ". " The haunt of numerous allied ii ' 1^ ♦12 PllIZK 8. In 1Y75 by Berger and Mesplet. — Mesplet came from Philadelphia to Montreal with the American Commissioners, agents of the Continental (American) Congress to establish a printing house and publish a Newspaper as a means to interest the i^eople in the cause of American Liberty. The press was set up in an office in the then Market Place, now known as the Custom House Square. — " Canadian Antiquarian." Question. — 99. Give the names of the iirst books printed in Montreal and Quebec, and the dates of publication ? Ansiver. — 99. " Reglement de la confrerie de I'adoration perpetuelle du Saint-Sacrement et la bonne mort." — Published at Montreal 17Y6, by Mesplet and Berger. ** Jonathan and David ' ' a tragedy, a book of 40 pages. — Published at Moutreal 1776, by Mesplet and Berger. " Officium Sacerdotum." — By Mesplet at Montreal 1777. * I fa m if 'If: 70 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HlSTOllY " Oatechisme Montagiiaise." — Pablished at Quebec 1767. " Lettre sur hi rille de Quebec."— Quebec 1774. " Cantiquo de Marseilles."- -Quebec 1776. Question. — 100. What was the legal Status and title of a Protestant Bishop in Canada, on the creation of the office, and how has it ? (have they) been affected hj subsequent legislation. Answer. — 100. (1) Ilis status was that of a Bishop of the established church of England, Upper and Lower Canada having been (by letters Patent executed, .Tune 28th 1793) constituted a Bishop's see,and Dr. Jacob Mountain having been consecrated at Lambeth on July 7th 1793, as the lirst Bishop of Quebec. The latter was subse- quently appointed a member of the Executive Council, established in Canada under the consti- tution of 1701 — thus maintainig the analogy of position between the English Bishops, members of the House of Lords, and a Bishop of Canada as a member of the highest Legislative body in the Province. (2) His title was formally conferred by letters Patent, from the crown, dated May 29th 1794, which assigned to him '' and his successors " — that of " Lord Rishop of Quebec " ; but this title had not been given to, nor was it ever assumed by, Dr Inglis, appointed in 1787, the first Bishop of Nova Scotia, and who held a visitation and AND ANSWERS OF " IIKRMES 71 exercised other Episcopal lunctions in C'anada before the erection oi' Upper and Lower Canada, into a Bishop's See. AVe may add to the foregoing that the status ol a Protestant Bishop in Canada was never in reality and ])y Law, precisely the same as that of a Bishop in England, and there was always something anamolous in his position in respect of his being a functionary of an Established church, notwithstanding that Bishop Strachan of Toronto (and his friends) contended for the right to consider liimself as such, having, it is thought, interpreted loo literally the terms of the mandamus or wTit by w^liicli he was .summoned to tlie council of Upper Canada. ' ' Know ye, that, as w^ell for the especial trust ■ and confidence we have manifested in you as • for the purpose of obtaining your advice and • assistance in all weighty and arduous affairs. •• whicli may the state and defence of our Province •' of Canada and the Church thereof concern.'^ (3) The status and i)osition of a Bishop iu Canada, with respect to the theory of an Established Church, liave been rendered, by legislation and usage subsequent to the creation of the office, diflerent from what, at first, they were held to be. Instead of their constituting' an Establishment, in the sense contended for by Bishop Strachun. no Canadian Law was ever ' w 72 PRIZE QUESTIONS IN CANADIAN HISTORY passed making the members of the colonial <'hurch of England other than ' as forming one of many religious bodies, consisting of such persons as may voluntarily declare themselves members of that church ",.. The same fact was acknowledged at a Convocation of Bishops, attended by 5 of the 7 British North American Bishops at Quebec, on September 23rd, 1851. In 1856, an act was passed by the Provincial Legislature enabling the members of the church of England to meet in synod — and to transact business, which under an Establishment, would devolve on the Bishop ex officio. The legal status therefore of a Canadian Protestant Bishop, such as it was believed to be at first, has been changed — although his title and pastoral func- tions have not been modified either by usage or legislation. Authorities. — " Hawkins' Annals of the Diocese of Quebec," Fennings Tai/hr's, " Lives of the last Three Bishops appointed by the Crown." (29) II STATISTICS OK TlIK COMPKTITION AND I.IST OK THE WINNEliS O V T HE E I G II T P II I Z E S NoTR.— The names of those to whom prizes were awarded for answering the largest number of foregoing qiiestions were announced in the Montreal " Canadian Spectator " of December 13th 1879, in tlie following order : Valuation per cent. Wholi^s. Halvfs. Totnl. lat Prize, " Hermes ", Henry Milks, Jr., of Montreal 97 97 2iid Prize, " Clio J^nea ", Miss Christina Stuart, of Morris - burg, Ontario 92 7 954 3rd Prize, Hiram B. Stbphbn's, of St. Lambert's, P. Q 88 5 90J 4th Prize, " E. C. i. ", Miss LoTiRiN, of Montreal 88 3 89^ 5th Prize, « Pro Patria ", Jas. RoDoiR, of Montreal 81 14 S8 6th Prize, (Special Prize) t 7th " '^ ttC.E. Bland, of the 6th Form, High School, Montreal 56 27 69^ 8th Prize, " Quisicoaa ", Jas. MoCoRD, Quebec 84 3 85^* (t) The name of the winner of this prize was not announced. This prize was •ffered for the best iAree answers by a candidate wlio should not hav« obtained any one of tlie ist five prizes. (tt) This 7th Prize was offered fqr the best answering by a candidate connected with one of the City; [Montreal] Schools. (*) Next in order to " QuisUom " came Miss H. Ilealey of Qaebec and P. E. Parker, of Water%'ille, eacli counting precisely the same, viz. 84 wholes and 3 halves. 6 %\ li it APPENDIX CONT.MNINf; CKITICAL AM) 1 1.LLSTR.MIV!: NOTES AND COMMENTS TO Arco.NtPANV The kwers of HEBMES' to the Hundred Prize Ouest lOOS IN CANADIAN HISTORY If I' 'i a. ' aimm:m)I\ CONTAINING CKITK'AL AND ITiLUSTUATI VE NOTES AND ("(nr^IENTS. I'd Hrcoiii|inny llui aiiswors ol' " IIkumks ■ to lln' 100 Piizt ' (^iioslions ill (Innatliaii Ilislury. ; NoTi (1). — Question and Answer la/. — It has been justly remarked (See Transactions of the Quebec Literary and Historical Society for 1841, page 32) that it nas not the discovery of unknown regions that imparted such eclat to the 1st transatlantic voyage of Columbus, but " the supposed discovery " (by a new route), " of those already known, " viz India, Japan, China, etc. It has also been alleged (as referred to by Washington Irving in his Life of Columbus) that Columbus himself, while maturing his designs for a voyage across the Atlantic, took into account information which already existed concerning extensive islands and continental coasts, now known as Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, and still further south, jmrts of the territory of Massachusetts called by their earliest European visitors " Vinland." He even, it is recorded, made a voyage, in 1477, to Iceland, for the express purpose of procuring evidence, likely to be useful to him, in the traditions and writings there preserved (in the old Norse language) by descendants of the Norsemen — people who came originally from Norway, .Sweden and Denmark — who possessed and colonizud Ij t8 AP]'EM)I\ I: Iceland, in the OLli century, found their way thence to (ireenland in tho lOtli., and afterwards made expeditions to other parts of tho N>"orsemen and Whalers had been before him, because liis (conjectures about the supposed direction ol' '* Oathay " did not recommend tliat course. Those Norsemen, the most indomitable of adventurers «nd sea-rovers, continued tiieir expeditions, (after having founded a republic in Iceland, and eitected settlements on the uninviting siiores of (Jreenland) during tJie course of the II til, iL'th and I.Jth centuries. Tlie last of tlie Norse expeditions is recorded to have occurr'id less than 150 years before the 1st voyage of Columbus. Much liglit has been thrown on the question of the l)riority of claims to the discovery of America by a more particular study of tlie antiquities and languages of Northei'n Europe ; and, while it is indisputable that Columbus was not the 1st discoverer of tlie new world, it is believed tliat the continuation of those studies and pursuits will hereafter place us in possession of complete information upon the wliole subject, as to persons, dates, .,nd the territories visited by tlie earliest European explorers of America. (See " Scientijtc American " Feby. IHSO, p. 124.) , . ■ horn (-).—(,)uesliini, and Answer -i/h. — Jn the answer to this question, tlie date of the founaation of Quebec (July ."iid Ki I'-'), by Chftmplain, is assumed to be that of the 1st ' li APPENDIX 79 permanent settlement ellectecl in Canada, and it is correctly stated that tiiis occurred in tlie reign of ITenry IV, of France, Arhich lasted to 1610. After him, Louis XII F reigned till Die year 104;* wlien tlie protracted reign of Louis Xr V began, and continued to 1715. He ^vas succeeded l)y Louis XV, niio also had a long rgign — from 1715 to 1774-; iso that the ^vhole period of Canadian History, from the foundation of Quebec to the end of the French Regime, in 1700, >vas included in the reigns of Louis XIM »nd XIV, preceded I>y 2 years of that of Henry IV, and followed by tlie l^'t 40 years of that of Louis XV. During the same period England was governed by 10 successive rulers — from James I to (leorge II, inclusive. " • ' -" The question and ans\Tor to which this note belong* suggest a point, in respect of Canadian History, which appears to merit special remark, vix : to follow satisfacto- rily the course of that History, and to enable one to recall nith facility many particulars connected witli the places, personages, objects, names, treaties, events, etc., of vyhich the mention occurs, it h very usofiU to have at hand a compendious table, exhibiting the names, dates ttc, of the foregoing French and British Sovereigns, their chief ministers, the successive governors of Canada, lioyal Intendants und other members of the Supreme Council of New France or (Janada. Such tables are to ho found, published in the I'rench language, bnf not, so far as the writer is cognizant, in tlie English. Note (.'J a). — Qnest.'nu and Ans/rf.r ')lh. — The liecollets commenced missionary ATork in New I'ranco in 1015, in which year Champlain brouglit out four niembers of that <)rder to convert the Indians and to serve the trading stJitions at Tadousac, Quebec, and Three llivers. One of the party, Josejjk Ic Qiruii, was tho first Europeo,n that penetrated to the distant regions occupied by the Huron tribes. The liecollets finding the extent and increasing I', ^•*Ai« if * f • '3 I If fr i s t 80 Al'PENDIX ■fs .i: demands altogether beyond their abiUty, application was made, through their head quarters at Paris, to the Jesuits, for assistance, and it was arranged that several Jesuit Missionaries and Brothers should go out in 1625, to be followed by others, according as their services might be required. Thenceforward, until the Colony was surren- dered to the English, in, 1629, both Recollets and Jesuits were engaged in the Canadian Missionary work ; but when the French regained possession in 1632, Jesuits alone were retained, and the Recollets were excluded. In 1670, however, the famous Intendant Talon R«»ain brought out Recollets, whose return was a source of creat joy to the Colonists, to whom the missionaries of the order had endeared themselves by their congenial man- ners and habits, their cheerful participation in their trials and labours, and their sympathy in all their alTairs. They brought no money or pi'operty or work-people with them, like the Jesuits ; they were contented with the huiablest fare and accommodations, and neither sought nor received any reward for their services. The Jesuits, on their first arrival in 1625, were very coolly received, and there was a probability that they would have been obliged at once to retui'n to France — but for tlie hospitable intervention of the Kecojlets at Quebec, wlio, by this time, had an establishment there in which the newcomers were entertained until ihey could construct quarters for themselves. Fn later times, after tlie territories of New France had passed under the rule of Great Britain, it was to the Recollets chiefly that the early and small congregations of Protestants were indebted for opportunities of publicly celebrating divine ser /ice in conformity with their own tenets. The latter had, at lirst, no churches or chapels of their own in which to assemble, either at Quebec or ifontrealj and the Recollets generously, offered the use of APPENDIX 81 theirs, and of which t^e Protestants gladly availed them selves. Such friendly offices, based solely on the funda- mental dictates of Christianity, and unrestrained by the feeli'jgs, which, even in these days, often serve to keep asunder the members of different communions in the Christian church, deserve to be retained on historical record in memory of the poor llecollets. (See Anxwcr Ic Quesiion 28.) NoTK {Z h). — Question and Answer 'ith. — The wording of this question does not expressly limit it to discovery y>-o»H Canada, and, consequently, it is interesting to inquire who was the first European to make the discovery of the "^lississippi. Even before De Soto's time — i e. about 152(> -there existed a map on which the lower part of the < Jreat Kiver was traced, with the name attached " Kio del Espiritu Srnto '", i. e. The ll'ver of the Holy Ghost, which De Soto, about A. D. .1540, found to bo tliat which was called by the aborigines '' Mississippi ''. The first European man who traversed the continent from Sea to Sea, from Florida, and who crossed the Mississippi, as well as other large rivers met with on his route, was named Caheza dc Vaca, of whom Shea make-s mention in his History of the Discovery of the Valley of the Mississippi in the following terms " He remains then •' in History, in a distant twilight, as the Jirsf European " known to have stood on the hanks oj the Mississipi, and to '^ have launched his boat vpon its waters ". De Vaca was a I'ormer follower of the Spanish Commander Narvaez. After him, Ferdinand de Soto, Governor of the Island of Cuba, in 1539, having under his command a considerable i'orce, entered Florida and started westward into the unknown interior. Tie j:ad heard of the '^ Espiritu Santo '' and after a long and fatiguing march of many hundred leagues reached it and found that it was named, by the inhabitants, the Mississippi. In a narrative given in the M . ii 11 r I 5 I ! 82 AP]>ENDIX '^Historical collections of Lonisiana^^ vol. II, p. 168, it is described as " driver about half a league broad ; if a •' man stood still on the other side, it could not be '' discerned whether he was a man or no. It was deep •'and of strong current, and the water always muddy. " There came down continually many trees and timber" De Soto explored part of the Kiver Arkansas, and then descended tlie stream of the Mississippi, until, in the spring of 1542, he died in its bank and was there buried. Ills successor, Muscnso, leading 322 Spaniards, in 7 brigantines which they had constructed, started, iVom the .«pot where De Soto's remains had been interred, on July 2nd 1543, and after sailing down the Mississippi a distance computed to be 250 leagues, reached its embouchure into the Gulf of Mexico De Soto had found the Mississippi navigable for at least 1000 miles. Thus were the discovery of the Great River from Canada (by Jolietand Marquette), and its subsequent exploration to its mouth by La Salle, anticipated by de Vasca, de Soto, and Muscoso, Spaniards, by about 150 years prior to the days of Governor Frontenac, under whose auspices the Canadian exi^edit ons were planned and executed. Note (4). — Question and Ansirci' I2!k. — in forming a comparatice estimate, as is required for answering this question, we have need of some guiding principles. The '' Question Editor's " comment is, that the question is a debateable one and that the most heroic acts may be matter "J opinion. Those who concur in these ideas, would base a decision not alone on the mere courage and endurance displayed in the pevformsnce of a given act, — claimed to be heroic, — but would take into account all the attendant circumstances— the motives of the actor, the difficulties and obstacles surmounted, tlie skill exhibited, and especially, perhaps, the effects or consequences intended or hoped to be brought about. In the larger Histories of countries. APPENDIX 8:^. TT :i such as the Roman, Grecian, British, iVc, we have record of feats performed ahout which there can arise no doubt as to the degree of heroism, or the class in whicli they deserve to be placed, taking into account all the above considerations. For example, who can refuse to recognize, as most heroic, the conduct of the Jloralii, in their triple combat upon whose issue hang the fate of a Roman armb- and destiny of their country ; or that of the immortal 300 iSpartans who fought the overwhelming host of Xerxes at the pass ofThermopvhc ? To the last named achievement the author of the ** Maple Leaves ' has likened the case of Dollard and his followers, happily conferring upon the leader the title of " The Canadian Leonidas". Considering' the nature of the plans laid down by Dollard, the skill and indomitable courage with which they were executed, the grand object he had in view — no less than the salvation of the whole Frencli Colony from impending destruction — that he went forth voluntarily to sell his own life and the lives of his followers, for the mere chance, or hope, of being instrumental in saving his countrymen and fellow colonists at Ville Marie, Three Rivers and Quebec, and that, tlierefore, in the desperate struggle which ensued he was animated by the loftiest motives, and his heart ami arm nerved by sentiments of pure patriotism— and, finally, that success was achieved in respect of his ultimate objects — it would be diiiicult to cite from the history of any country a mure signal example of heroism Jn the other case — that of Mademoiselle de Vercheres — while admitted to be an extraordinary and most roman tic one, and while it shewed that valorous instincts were not confined to the sterner sex in those days, the anima- ting motives were, probably, fear for, and love of, her family and home. Considering how young the heroine was, and that her procedure on each o[ the two occasions adverted to was wholly unpremeditated, we cannot but II !' ' f r f: SI 84 APPENDIX wonder at the courage and self-reliance displayed by her. An instance of female heroism which was, perliaps, etjual in degree, might have been cited for the second part of tlie answer to this question but for the restriction specified in the foot-note on page 9, namely, that of Madame de la Tour of Acadia, acting in defence of the propert}-^ and rights of lier absent husband. Without specially claiming for other examples of heroism that are presented in the course of Canadian History the degree and place that are claimed by " JFermes ", for the actions of Dollard and Mademoiselle de Vercheres, certainly not a few remarkable instances might be cited if the scope of the question rendered this necessary. Who can deny the heroic character of the conduct of the Jesuit fathers and missionaries in voluntarily exposing themselves, on many occasions, to every cenceivable form of danger a :id sutfering, and to martyrdom itself at the hands of the heathen enemies of the Colony ? The cases (^f fathers Brebrouf and Lalement, in 1G49, are notable examples. At different times numerous signal acts of heroism have occurred in Canada, which it would be impossible to classify as to their comparative merit. We shall merely allude, en pasmrU, to Frontenac's .jallant and successful defence of Quebec against the English, in 1G90, followed, a few years later, by his invasion of the Iroquois territory, when he was 76 years old. To shew the spirit which the brave old count excited among his followers, at the siege in 1690, we have only to mention the incident of the two young French Canadians who plunged into the St, Lawrence in order to pick up a British flag, which, regardless of the guns aimed at them from the nearest ship of war, they seized and swam off with to the beach where S;ault au-Matelot street now stands. Then, nearly 70 years later, we have record of the heroic exploit of APPENDIX 80 Wolfe and his gallant army in ascending to the Plains of Abraham to fight a spirited and more numerous foe for the possession of the Capital of New France. Later, while two American armies were advancing by different routes to capture and lay waste the district and City of Montreal, the heroism of Morrison and De Salaberry interposed to save the country — the former pursuing, with a small band of heroes, a vastly more numerous host, doiyn the St. Lawrence, and along its left bank, until a «pot was reached (Chrysler^ s Farm) where opportunity occurred of bringing it to battle, and of compelling an ignominious flight ; the latter, on the banks of the Chateauguay, checking and out-witting, and finally repul- sing a vain-glorious opponent, whose command was 2') times as numerous as that of Do Salabei'ry. Such results, obtained under such circumstances of disparity, could have been gained only through the exercise of a spirit of lofty patriotism and lieroism. In times more recent, and within the memory of many still living, we read of the prompt valor of Sir Allan McNabb, by which a rebellion was nipped in the bud, and of the daring exploit of a naval Lieutenant, with a small body of heroes, who cut out the '• Caroline " and sent her adrift over the Falls of Niagara (See Sch. Ilisty Can. p. 215.) But, notwithstanding the edat usually attached to the exhibition of chivalrous valour amidst the pomp and excitement of warfare, we are disposed to think that there is room for the display of a not less exalted grade of heroism in what may he termed the Civil Service of Society — and that there have occurred singular instances of such in Canada, both on the part of clergy and laity, in times of pestilence and distress, and in other modes which it would be tedious to enumerate, will not, we believe, be denied. Of the genuine heroism Avhich has made famous throughout the civilized world the names i i sc> U'PENDIX o( JIoward^Muiii/n Farh; Flon nee Niijhlln[/ale, Grace Darlini/, Feahodi/, Smithson, etc., •('•c , there have arisen imitators in Canada, from time to time, though undoubtedly the exercise of it has been confined to a less extended theatre of action, and one more in accord with the circumstances and requirements of Colonial life. NoTK (G). — Question and Answer 1-ith. — The Earthquake Jjere referred to was one of comparative insignificance. A quarter of a century later, an earthquake — or rather a series of earthquakes — occurred, of a far more portentous and alarming character. Le Pere II. Lalemant, in the Relsiiion of ]GQ3 (lielations des J^snUes, tome HI) giver a detailed narrative of the phenomena, under the heading " Tremblement de Terre, Universel en Canada et ses effeis prodigienXf^' (see also ^^ History of the Ursulines of Quebec,^* and '' Canada Under French Refjime pp. 148, ISO.") Note (T). — Question and Answer lijth. — Besides the source or origin, given in this answer, the following have been assigned : ^^ Aca-nada (nothing here), " Cuba de nada"' {le cap de rien), and "que nada da' ^ (^lohichyields nothing), exipreBsiona used by the Basques, both French and Spanish, who visited the shores of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence long before the Ist voyage of J. Cartier. The terms were intended to intimate that the country contained no precious metals - See an interesting note (page 20, of '< le Canada et Les Basques ") by the Count de PremioReal, of Quebec, who cites from N". P. Willis (Pay sages Canadiens) La Potherie, Hennepin, /cc, to show that the repetition of the above expressions by the natives, when subsequent European visitors arrived, led to the idea that " Canada " was the name which the aborigines applied to the v/hole territory from the Gulf to Ilochelaga. The argument, however, in favour of the derivation given by " Hermes " is very r? APPENDIX 8T strong — namely that it (Cannula or Kannata), was tlie Iroquois word for a collection of cabins or huts— as a village or town. (See No II, Part 2ncl, " Quebec Prize Quesiions,^^ and Appendix A to tlio same, furnished by II. E. Count Premio-Real. N'oTB (8). — Question ajid Ansjcer IGth. — The following additional particulars may not be uninteresting on the subject of Canadian newspapers. "The Halifax Weekly Jiccorder,'' long since defunct, was started within o years of the '' Quebec Gazette,'' by a printer named Anthony Henry. It was edited by a military man, named Buckley. Next in order of time were the ''Montreal Gazette," 1778, " Niagara Constella- tion,'' 1799, followed by the ''Halifax liogal Gazette,'' 1801 J " The Quebec Mercury." 1805, and " Le Canadien," Quebec, 1806. In 1807, the •' Royal Gazette and New- foundland Advertiser " appeared , and, in 1809, the " Montreal Herald," founded by a merchant named Kay. Only 4 of the above mentioned papers exist now, and a great many others were started, from time to time, in various places in Canada, which failed to maintain a long existence. Of existing Ontario papers, the oldest is the " Chronicle and News, ' of Kingston, and in the same city was issued the earliest Daily paper " The British Whig," begun in 1834. .Some of those which have the most extensive cii'culation . and which exercise much influence on public opinion, were of comparatively recent establishment, e. g. " La Minerve," Montreal, 1826 ; " Toronto Globe," 1844 ; « Motit- treal Witness," ISiQ (weekly), 1S60 (Daily) ; Quebec 3forning Chronicle," 1847 " Hamilton Spectator, " 1848 ; Montreal Star," 1869 ; " Toronto Mail," 1870, and City of Ottawa Newspapers. :: n 88 APPKNDIX Among the newspapers (Englisli) which are published in the Eastern Townships and whicli liave a consid«rabU circulation, mention may ho made of '' The Sherbrookf daztitt.;' 1833 ; " ThtHt. Johns News and Frontier Advocate;' 1848 5 " The Richmond Guardian;' 1857 ; Waterloo Ad ver tiser, 1859. In the past half century a great many other newspapers have been brought out in the centres of population in all the Provinces of the Dominion, whose titles, dates, Arc, it would be tedious to enumerate in this note, even if our space permitted our doing so. NoTK (9). — Question and Answer ITth. — '* Hermes " in nnswering the last part of this question furnishes no particulars as to the time when the iirdt public game was played among the white people, or the persons who took part in it. An interesting note on the subject was supplied in the "Spectator" October 11, 1879, page 972: Tli« *' 1st public game by white players, took place at Montreal, «' in 1839, on the old race-course, between the founders of " the Montreal Lacrosse Club and Iroquois Indians ". It is further stated that the 1st game between white players only occurred in 1859, at Montreal, in which the parties concerned were the Montreal Club and the Hochelaga Club. A correspondent of the same Journal (November 1 5th 1879, p. 103) calls attention to a public game at Lacrosse played in September 18o4, on a race-course situated on the Lower Lachine Road, before a large concourse of citizens of Montreal. The players were all Caughnawaga Indians. Some very interesting particulars concerning the game itself were published in the '' Canadian Monthly " of April 1877, over the signature " Shebaygo ". This writer, manifestly an enthusiastic admirer of the game, states that the original name of it is " Baggatiway ", and that it was known and practised among the Western tribes of n APrr.xDix Bit ii )f Jiidians from timo imiaemorial, ior the express purpose of encouraging, among their youth, emulation, activity, fortitude, endurance and self control. He describes the implements used, and the modes of playing tiie game and other particulars, citing the authority of one Jamen Adair, who passed 40 years of his life among savages belonging to Western and Southern tribes, and also that oi^lr. Alexander If enr I/, author of a narrative of travels among the Western Indians, and who was an eyewitness of the fearful massacre of the British Garrison at Fort Michilimakinak, in 170o, by Indians connected \vith the conspiracy devised by tlie celebrated Fontiac. It will be recollected that Pontiac's followers, on the occasion referred to, obtained admission into the Fort by means of a remarkable stratagem, the chief feature of which was the playing of a game of * Baggatiway ' or lacrosse, outside the walls, and so near, that the ball, as if by accident, though really of design, was thrown into the court yard within, all the players and their accomplices rushing inafter it, while the Commandant, Major Ethering- ton, and his ofKcers, spectators of the game, interposed no resistance, being unwilling to interrupt the supposed amusement. In his narrative, Ilenry calls it ^ Baggatiway ' explaining, that, by the Canadians, it is named " Lejeii de la crosse'', jc ..t ;r , : '■ The writer {Shebaygo) of the article in the Canadian Monthly, makes a strong appeal to all lovers of the game to discontinue the use of the name Lacrosse and adopt the Indian name ' Baggatiway ' as being the original ancl only proper name. " Let theFrench, if they will " says he, " continue to call it Lacrosse, but it never was and never '* will be, any more than Cricket, a French game. It must " and will make for itself a permanent home among tlie '' Anglo-Saxon race." It is pleasant to learn from the statements of this 1 ■ H IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I ;f i^ iiiiiM ''' '^ iiiiiii Ij 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► v2 1k *» .-> /a V >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation '^^U w^^ ^ fi WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. MS80 (716) 872-4503 L^- ^ ball. NoTB ( 1 1 a).— Question and Answer 24ih. — Although some liare suggested that the name St. Louis was, probably, giren to these Bapids in honour of Louis Xilf, yet the evidence of Faillon on the subject seems to exclude the mere probability. The case of " Sault au BecoUet," as cited by him, is quite to the point. Moreover, Louis XIII was at the time a minor, only 11 years old, and Champlain, so far as we now know, coxild have hoped for no particular advantage from changing the established name" CfrandSautdeLaRiviirf du Canada," into" St Louis'^ merely to celebrate the substitution, on the Throne oi France, of this very young prince for his powerful and celebrated friend Henry IV. It is reasonable to believe, that, had Champlain desired in such a manner to do honour to the successor of Iiis friend, he would, in preference to clianging the old name by which a striking natural object was generally known, have conferred the n^vr name ou some other object which had not already received an appellation derived from Europe. Nor is it likely tliat the young king had any power to serve the interests of Champlain or of Canada, as he was then wholly under the control of the Queen Mother, who was Regent of the Kingdom, and of his chief minister. Therefore, in the absence of better support for that other suggestion than mere conjecture or probability, and in the face of Faillon's express declaration that the Rapids had their name changed in memory of the death of the young man who was drowned at their foot, it seems only reasonable to accept, as correct, the answer given by « Hermes " in the text. Non (1 1 &).— Question and Answer 29th. — Whether or not the claim of priority, cited by the <' Question Editor ", APPENDIX 91 in favour of Mr Uniacke, be well grounded, more promi- nenoe has been given to that of Chief Justice Sewell, especially in the celebrated report of Lord Durham, dated, London, January 3i. 1839. The Earl's observations are so interesting, and important, that no apology is needed for introducing here the following quotations : " On my first arrival in Canada I was strongly inclined to the project of a Federal Union, and it was with such a plan in view that I discussed a general measure for the Government of the Colonies with the deputations of the Lower Provinces, and with various leading individuals and public bodies in both the Canadas." << Two kinds of union have been proposed— federal and legislative. — By the first, the separate legislature of each Province would be preserved in its present form, and retain almost all its present attributes of internal legislation, the Federal Legislature exercising no power save in those matters of general concern whicii may have been expressly ceded to it by the constituent Provinces. A Legislative Union would imply a complete incorporation of the Provinces included in it under one Legislature, exercising universal and sole Legislative authority over all of them, in exactly the same manner as the Parliament legislates alone for the whole of the British isles." << The views on which I found my support of a compre- hensive union have long been entertained by many persons in these colonies, whose opinion is entitled to the highest consideration. 1 cannot, however, refrain from mentioning the sanction of such view by one whose authority, your Majesty will, I may venture to say, receive with the utmost respect. Mr. Sewell, the late chief justice of Quebec, laid before me an autograph letter addressed to himself, by your Majesty's illustrious and lamented father, in which his royal highness was pleased to express his approbation of a similar plan then proposed by that ^ c ) 02 APPENDIX I gentlmnan. No one better understood the interests and character of these colonies than his Royal Highness ; and it is with peculiar satisfaction, therefore, that I submit to your Majesty's persual the important document whicli contains his Royal Ilighness's opinion in favour of such u scheme : — " Kensington Palace, Nov. 30, 1814. <' My deak Sewell.— I have this day liad the pleasure of receiving your note of yesterday, with its interesting enclosure ; nothing can be better arranged than the whole thing is, or more perfectly I cannot wish ; and when I see an opening it is fully my intention to hint the matter to Lord Bathurst, and put the paper into his liands, without however, telling him from whom I have it, though I shall urge him to have some conversation with you relative to it. Permit me, howev or, just to ask you whether it was not an oversight in you to state that there are live Houses of Assembly in the British Colonies in North America ; for if I am not under an error, there arc six — viz : Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, the islands of Prince Edward and Cape Breton. Allow me to beg of you to put down the proportion in which you think the thirty Members of the Representative Assembly ought to be furnished by each Province ; and, finally, to suggest whethei you would not think two Lieutenant-Governors, with two Executive Councils, sufficient for the Executive Government of the whole — viz : one for the two Canadas, and one for Nova Scotia and New Brunskick, comprehend- ing the small dependencies of Cape Breton and Prince Edward's Island ; the former to reside at Montreal, and the latter at ^^hicIlever of the two situations may bo considered most central for the two provinces, whether Annapolis Royal or Windsor. But, at all events, should you even consider four Executive Governments and four Executive Councils requisite. I presume there cannot be APPENDIX 98 ;e a question of tlh^ expediency of comprehending ilia two small islands in tae gulf of St. Lawrence with Nova Scotia. Delieve me ever to remain, with the most friendly regard, my dear Sewell, yours faithfully. "Edwaku." Although thus early recommended by Chief Justice Sewell, iufiuentially supported by II . R. IJ., the Duke of ICent, in 1814, and by t'ae Earl of Durham, in 1839, nearly 20 years more elapsed before the project was presented to the Canadian Parliament and people in a practicable form, and so as to ensure the astsent of the Imperial authorities. It is to that eminent statesman and financier, Sir A. T. Gait, then member for the town of Sherbrooke, tliat the country is indebted for the revival of the grand scheme, in 1858, and m a great measure, for the arrange- ment of its multifarious details — his efforts and those of his political colleagues resulting, finally, in its successful ticcomplishment, in the year 18G7. Note (12). — Question and Answer 35//*. — The remarks on this question printed in the ''Spectator " of October 18 th 1879, excepting tlie words used by '< Hermes" in his answer, can scarcely be accepted as conclusive relative to the priority of historical mention of Niagara Falls, alleged to have been made in a map by Champlain in 1632. It should be observed, that, according to Laverdiere, it was merely a new edition of former writings by Clumplain, (tonoerning New France, that was prepared by him during his enforced absence, while Quebec remained in the hands of the British between 1629 and 1632 prior to its restoration to France by the Treaty oiSt, Germain euLayfi—Champlain liimself never saw Niagara Falls, though he may possibly liave heard of its existence from the Hurons. On his visits to their chief Bourgade, situated where Orillia now is, his routes had been vii the course of tho lUver 94 APPENDIX \ Ottawa and thence along Ffcitch River to Georgian Bay, and onc«, on his return to Quebec, vifi. Lake Simcoe and the foot of Lake Ontirio into the St. Lawrence. Their site may be marked on maps annexed to much later editions of .the one prepared by Champlain in 1632— but that he then eren used the term Niagara is more than doubtful— Nor i§ it sufficient, to establish the priority in question, to assert that '< the Niagara Jiioer ' ' is mentioned in Lalemanl's Relation of 1 64 1. His words are '< cette liioiire ou Fleuve... etprendle nom eP OnguiaaJiraf jtuques d ce qu^elle se soil deschargie dans V Ontario ou Lac de St. LouySj ' which do not appear to amount to an historical mention, in 1641 of " Thf. Falls of Niagara " or even of the River Niagara, except by inference. Even the citation by " Hermes, " which is embodied in the remarks under consideration. '' A lake called Erie discharges its waters into Lake Ontario — par une cheute d'eaux d'une effroyable hauteur J*' does not wholly meet the requirements of the question, altliough it cannot be doubted but that the writer who gave those words, in his Relation of i648, referred to none other than the stupendous) and celebrated cataract, to which the name Niagara was probably not attached in history until a quarter of a century later. In considering this Question, No. 35, << which is the first mention of Niagara Falls in History?'^ the reply of « Hermes,'* and that of the Question Editor, in citing Lalemant's Relation of 1632, would only be fully applicable to the following modification of it, namely, '' which is the tirst mention, in history, of the River and Cataract, after- wards known as the River and Falls of Niagara? " NOTB (13). — Question and Answei' SQth. — This question and answer are chiefly valuable because they suggest, that, in setting forth the History of a nation, it is essential not to neglect the facts which appertain to Social and Commercial progress. The alleged dryness of those fl APPENDIX M professed Histories in whica the narrative is limited to details about the succession of rulers, about political affairs, &o., relieved, partially, perhaps, by accounts of wars and battles, is certainly not without g6od foundation. The observations contained in the foregoing note, to question 36th, are equally applicable to questions 42, 4Z, 45, 51, 50, 63, 66, 69, 70, 72, 87, 88, 92, 94, 96, 97, 98, yi>, as well as to some others which have been already referred to. It will not be disputed by the lovers of true history, or by any who would encourage its study on a basis more liberal and more extended tlian has been usual heretofore, tlia J those who were concerned in framing and propound- ing these '< Prize questiovs ' have rendered a service which may, in future, bear good fruit for the whole community, by not excluding, from the competition, interesting questions of the nature here adverted to and which may be as important, even in a historical point of view, as any others that could have been given out. Note (14). — Question and Answer 37/A. — In one of the answers to this question, printed in the Spectator of October 19th, mention is made of a Lutheran Minister, "Jomenting rebellion " ,- and it is stated that his name does " not appear to have been recorded.^ ^ But, as an inquiry for this Minister's name forms the subject of No. 5 of a series of 15 prize questions lately propounded at Quebec, under the auspices of the Literary and Historical Society, in imitation of the scheme initiated at Montreal, there should be such record, and it should be known to .some, otherwise it may be regarded as a question calculated to occasion loss of time and labour to the competitors for the prize otfered. The answer of *' Hermes '', although it meets nearly all tlie requirements of the question, does not appear to be entirely the one expected, nor entirely faultless— for Kenelon's title of m APPENDIX Ahhi and J'tiest does not wholly accord with the ordinary usage of the word Minister in such oases. There is a 4th answer to this question printed in the Spectator, which seems to meet the requirements. It refers, to a Congregutionalist Minister, who, in the time at the first Bishop Mountain, performed a Marriage Cere- mony, that was afterwards declared null, on the grounds tliat the officiating minister was not an Episcopalian clergyman. Being vexed, he (the minister) preached against the Bishop from tlie two texts, laaiah XL^ 4, and haiah XLI, 14, for which a libel suit was instituted. Judgment was rendered in the Bishop's favour, and the Minister was sentenced to imprisonment, and while in prison performed another Marriage Ceremony. NoTK (15). — Quation mid Answer 3Stk. — From tho tenor of the Answers to this question, printed in the Spectator of October 18th., it is evident that the deaths implied have reference to all such as have occurred from causes usually reckoned to be outside of those of the ordmary course of nature — including drowning, killing in battle, ftc, — otherwise it is difficult to understand why the deaths of Roberval, and of Brock, who wac killed in the Battle of Queenston, in 1812, should be given as instances of deaths of Ciovernors by accident. The two cases given by " Hermes ", viz. those of the Duke of Richmond in 1819, and of Lord Sydenham in J 841, are the only ones to be found in Canadian History u3 having been deaths from accident, according to the usually received meaning of the term. Note (16). — Question and Answer 39/A. — The first of the smswers to this question given in the Spectator o'f Oct. ISth., specifies St. Paul's Church, Halifax, as the oldest Protestant church in the Dominion ; but one of the conditions announced in course of the competition was. APPENDIX 07 I tliat, unless notice should be given to tlie contrary, the questions were to be imJerstood as referring only to the old Provinces of Canada — now Quebec and Ontario, so that tills answer is excluded. « Jlermes " therefore gives the Cuthbert clutpel,atBerthier-en*bas, as the oldest although strictly speaking, it was rather a private chapel built for the USA of the iSeigneur and his family than for the purposes of a public or parochial place of worship. The Sorel church, undoubtedly the Rrat public place of worship erected for the use of Protestants in Canada, was built in the year 1786 or 1787, the Church of England Mission at that place having been established in 1784. In the Rev. Ernest llawkin's, " Annala of the Diocese of Quebec,^^ There is given a neat engraving of this church, printed from a sketch by a lady, the wife of a military officer, and liaving attached to it the inscription " Sorel church, llir. \sf Protestant Church huilt in Canada." NoTB (17). — Question and Answer 42*»«i. — Vidr (13). Question and Answer 36th. . note No. XoTE (18). — Question and Answer iOth. — Some ambiguity occurs m the wording of this question, which is occasioned chiefly by the absence of some word or words to qualify the word '< received. " It is, in fact, impossible to decide, readily, vdiether an official reception is implied, or one of those " receptions " when it was customary for the citizens and the officials living at Quebec to wait upon, or to be entertained by the Governor athis residence, the Castle of •St. Louis, or Chateau^ as it was often styled. The ambiguity is enhanced by the tenor of the last six words << when his reffimeni was quartered there" which seem to imply, merely, '' while the Prince's regiment was stationed there," as if to set aside the idea of any official reception on his first arrival being referred to. Morever, the " Question Editor " of the Spectator, in his comments upon this question. 98 APPENDIX I mentions the probability that the Prince's official recep- tion devolved on the Lieut.-Oovemor, Sir Alured Clarke. Unquestionably, Prince Edward and his regiment soon after their arrival at Quebec, had a public and official reoeption, in which Lord Dorchester took part, as well as the officers then in the place, and citizens, and this is made clear by the information derived from the Quebec Gazette and other authentic sources. NoTi (19). — i^uestion and Answer 48//(. — It should be explained, that, in those days, there was a great lack of facilities for administering the English Law in many places outside of England where there w«re British settlements, small towns, harbours, &c., visited, en passant, by British war-vessels, aud especially where the local authorities had neither the power nor the requisite legal knowledge to deal with the cases that might occur, whether criminal or civil. Some remedy, but a very imper* feet one, as is shown by the circumstances under conside ration, was devised by conferring upon the commanders of squadrons, and ships of war, power to hold courts, should occasion require, in places visited by them, and to adjudi- cate on all cases that were not of a nature to necessitate sending the party or parties concerned to England for trial and sentence. Consequently, in his capacity of Captain of the Pegasus, frigate. Prince William Henry on arriving at St. John,, Newfoundland, proceeded to hold such a court and to pass sentence upon the man, accused of riotous conduct and sedition, whose sentence forms the subject of this question. NoTi (20). — Question and Answer 51st. — Tlie celebrated American Chemist, Profeseoi- Silliman, whose pupil Dr. Hunt had been, wrote a paper on the subject of this invention. He explained that the Green tint was the result of a combination of colours produced by a chemical APPENDIX 99 substance (the aeaqui-oxitU of Chromium), unchangeable by any other substance known to the chemist, and which could not be de>composed without destruction of the paper itself. At the same time complete protection was afforded against photographic imitation. (Vide Canadian XaturalUt, vol. II, p. 297.) NoTK (21). — Question and Answer 57 ).—Qtie»tion and Amirer 8O//1.— The word Ca,uj>, in the line over Ueneral Amherst's signature to the Articles of Capitulation, can only refer to the camp occupied by his o^vn division of troops which he hod led do>vn the St. Lawrence — for, in fact, three camps were formed behind the city on the Slopes of the Mountain. On tlie NorthEost side, the troops commanded by Cieneral Murray were stationed, next to these, to the west of them, and, ns nearly equidistant as the nature of the ground permitted from northern wall of the city, the division under Colonel Ilaviland, and, lastly, westward of these, the troops under the immediate orders of the Commander in Chief. The three camps were detached from each other by considerable intervals, yet were near enough to admit of prompt exchange of communications by means of messengers, and to ensure an effective bombardment of the doomed city, and the success of the combined final attack which Amiierst contemplated if the French Canadian Governor and General should not decide upon an instant surrender. The three positions hero indicated are shewn in a large coloured plan possessed by tlie Abbe Verreau, in whicli the plan of the town, as it then was, is beautifully laid down, and, behind it, as described above, the masses of tents, artillery, &c., of the tiiree armies. The small house mentioned in the note given by the '< Question Editor ' ' upon this question, was, according to tradition, the hoad quarters of Amherst, and in it, on the same authority, we are to believe tliat he affixed his signature to the important document, t (t) Tl\e plan or map here mentioned must liave been drawn while the streets and buildings of the town, as it then was, and the positions of the English forces outside, were fresh in the memory- of llie draftsman, for it bears on it the date 1761. The Abb^ Verreau is thanked for his courtes\ in allowing access t^- it, as well as to the Oulaiv Hook (cited in tlie Answer to Question anc' Answer 83rd) of Oeneml Amherst, and for opportunities of consultint; other sources of inforinnti'in contiiinoil in !iis vnlnalile liistorical collection. 102 APPENDIX Note. (26). — Question ami Atiswei' 87/A. — The school opened by Prince Edward, at Quebec, on September 4th 1793, con scarcely be styled a Sunday School in the sense in which the term is now employed. It was simply a free school in which secular and elementary branches were taught en Sundays. It is well known that, on all suitable occasions, the Prince was in the habit of discouraging the distinction, then so commonly made, of French and English, alleging that all persons in Canada were equally the king's << Cana- dian subjects." If the school he caused to be opened had been such as we now style a Sunday School, it is certain tliat no Roman Catholic children, whether of French origin or not, would have attended it, or derived any benefit from its existence. The Prince's laudable purpose and desire manifestly were (in view of the then prevalent ignorance among the great mass of the people, and of the dearth of educational facilities) to liave a school opened which might be attended by the poorer children without distinction of creed or origin, on a day upon which at least the majority could come forward for instruction without any scruples of conscience, while by making it a free school, all obstacles, on the score of expense might be removed. NoTB (27). — Question and Answer SSlh. — The note upon thip question given by the " Question Editor " is a very instructive one, and would be here transcribed in full of our space permitted. In addition to the various names by which he states this plant has been designated {Sarraccnia Purpurea, S. Darlingtonia (California), S. Heliamplura (Guiana), La Sarrasine, Soldiers Cup, Hunts- man's Oup, Indian Cup, Side Saddle Flotcer, Fly Trap, there is that of " Forefather's Oup " which is given in Zadock Thompson's Catalogue of the plants of Vermont. APPENDIX 103 Note (2S).— Question and Aiisicer 9ith. — On referring to the late Dr Smallwood's report of the cold spell which occured at and near the date (Jany 10th 1859) cited by '* Hermes " at the close of his answer to this question, it will be seen that a considerably lower temperature wao then registered than that noticed by Dr Skakel on Jany 28th 1823. In the more exposed parts of the Eastern Townships it was from 2 to 3 degrees lower —at Lennoxville 44" below zero— at Island Pond, beyond the Canadian boundary line, 49' below zero was recorded. In former times, when less care was taken to register the precise temperatures, mention was not unfrequently made (in print, in the magazines etc.,) of the fact that Mercury had frozen at Quebec ; also, in communications sent home to friends, and published for the information of the English public, there have been statements to the effect that officers belonging to the Quebec garrison amused themselves on some very cold days in making and firing oft bullets oi frozen Mercury. How much lower than about 39' below zero (the freezing point for Mercury) the temperature really was on those occasions, was not intimated. Note (29).— Each one of the last six of the Hundred Questions and Answers is suggestive of interesting reminis- cences upon points and events, more or less important, in Canadian History. But the fullness of the answers to those given by " Hermes " renders it unnessary to offer further comment. ADDENDA. 1. Memorandum. — The President of the Liter- ary and Historical Society, J. M. Lemoine, Esqr., addressed the following communication to the Count de Premio-Real on June 2nd 18t0 : — " The interest you have recently manifested by the '* publication of a volume on our archives, etc., makes me '^ hope you will continue to help on the cause of Canadian '< History, by allowing your name to be associated with the " solutions of the following questions : — " The plan recently adopted in Montreal of mserting " questions in some widely circulated journal, has been " attended with beneficial results ; prizes might here also '' be offered and awarded by a Committee presided over " by you, and composed of the President of the '' Literary " and Historical Society, " and Dr. Vallee, the President " of " L'Institut Canadien," at Quebec." The Count de Premio-Real generously offered two prize? as follows : — " Ist Prize, $10, for whoever will solve the largest number of the following ten questions : — " 1st, In what part of Quebec was its founder, Samuel de " Cliamplain, buried ? ^' 2nd. In what spot did the Marquis of Montcalm expire, " on the morning of the 14th Sept., 1759 ? " 3rd. Give all the names of Jacques Cartier's followers " in 1535, on his voyage to Quebec. " 4th, Had he any clergymen nitli him ? If so give '< their names. '< 5th. What was the name of the Lutheran clergyman *' whom Captain Louis Kertk, (jovernor of Quebec, 8 10« ADDENDA *< incarcerated in the Jesuit's residence at Quebec for '* fomenting a rebellion during the time the city was held '^ by the British, 1629-1632? " 6th. Give the names of all the Lieutenant-Governors '< of Quebec and of Gaspd, from 1763 to 1838. ' « 7th. Give the names of all the French who remained •■ in Quebec after Champlain's departure, 1629-1632. '< 8th. Who was the first Lieut-Governor of Gaspd ? '< 9th. Where was the first model-farm in the Province ' of Quebec ? " 10th. What was the name and tonnage of the first '' Canada-built ship 7 2nd Prize, |5, << 1st. Give all the origins of the word " Quebec." << 2nd. Give all the origins of the word '< Canada." <' 3rd. What were all the names of, and when were they « given to, the Island of Anticosti ? " 4th. State proof, if any exists, of Bigot's treachery to '' the French Government during the seige of Quebec, in '' 1759. « 5th. Of what origin was Donacona the chief who " greeted Jacques Cartier in 1535." A competition accordingly took place, at Quebec,and the prize8,which the Count increased to $20, were duly awarded to the successful candidate in January 1880, when the particulars were published in the newspapers. 2. The following Appendices, marked, A, B, i\ I), and E, were communicated by the Count to the Editor of this publication ; They relate chiefly to the subjects of No. 1, 2 and 3 of the Montreal Prize Questions, and of No. 1 and 2, part II of the Quebec Questions. ADDENDA-APPKN DICES COMMrNM'.ATEI) JIY (r. E.* THB COUNT DKPRBMIO-RKAL OF QUKBKC. APPENDIX A. " The Basques open the first page of our Canadian Hiatory. << A well informed Englishman, son of the celebrated Judge Ilaliburton, tells me that, about thirty years ago, they found one day on the island of Cape Breton the ruins of a fort of very ancient appearance and, in the midst of different articles unearthed by digging, they found a cannon, made of sheet iron, encircled by bands of the same metal. We are, thus, at once at the infancy of the art of making firearms." (Extract from Letter of Mr. Benjamin Suites of Ottawa, dated 5th October 1870.) APPENDIX B. <' I assure you that I liave done justice to the valiant Basques. " I have described them as having been the first whale fishers, and as having discovered the Banks of Newfound- land, (whither they had followed schools of whales,) and probably also the Island of Newfoundland, prior to the discovery of America by Columbus." "My speech will be published " — ^Extract from Letter from the Hon. P. Fortin, M. P., dated lOth May 1879.) * Note by the editor.— The Count's right to be thus styled is derived Irom his quahty of Knight of the (irand Cross of the Royal Order of Catholic Isabella of Spain, conferred on him by his o\vr\ sovereign. Outside of Spain the privileges of members of that Spanislt Order may not be generally known, although the Knights of the Grand Cross are considered legally entitled to the designation of ' ' Excellency, ' ' which is tlierefore accorded to them in oflficial correspondence with their own government. The precise Spanish title is " FA I^xcelentisimo Senor." lOS ADDENDA APPENDIX C. The following paragraphs are extracts from the lion. P. Fortin's pamphlet containing the spoech referred to ribove : " The Basque fishermen, who lived on and frequented the Bay of Biscay, for whale fishing, because tliat sea was full of these mammiferous animals, were attracted in pursuit of schools of whales to the middle of the Atlantic, and even to the Banks of Newfoundland, where the whale were more abundant, because, on these banks and banks similarly situated, the moUusca and crustticea and small lish, which served as their food, were found in abundance, so that the opinion, that rests on good foundation, obtains that the Basque fishermen discovered the Banks ot Newfoundland, and probably Newfoundland itself, before Columbus discovered America ; and this led to the exi.-* tence of a fishing industry, carried on by fishermen from Biscay, Spain, and Brittany, France, of which we, nowadays, can have no idea, as, if certain historical records are to be believed, these fishei-men, and the merchants who traded with them, kept their operations as secret as pc sible. ... " The prosecution of the fisheries is of much older date than is generally credited. In the account of his first voyage to the Saint-Lawrence Jacques Cartier does not pretend to have discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence nor the coast of Labrador, but says he had met a LaRochelle vessel, on the coast of Labrador, bound for Brest.'' APPENDIX I). E.\ri!ACTsy/-o»i a LeUef, dated 29th. September 1879, addressed " to His Excellency The Count de Fremio-Ileal by Mr. Modesto de Castro, City Librarian at Jerez de la Front era." "Chapter 10 of the XXIst Book of ' The General and Natural History of the Indie?,' by (ionzalo Fernandez de ADDENDA ion Oviedo, has lor its title ' Description of the extension oi' the north or septentrional coast of tlie land from the Archipelago and Cape Santa Maria to the land known as Labrador.' After having enumerated the ditferent points on this coast, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo adds : — '< ' From Cape San Pablo the coast runs to the eastward for twenty leagues, as far as Cape Ilasso, which is 47 .^ on this side of the equinoctial line and midway is Cape De Espera. From Cape Kasso the coast runs iifty leagues to the northward as far as the land and the lUver De los Bacallaos. This river is 50^" on this side of the equator. Further on, towards the north, some islands near the land are also marked on the cliart, so that, up to now, I have given a description in this chapter of the coast for a distance of about eight hundred and fifty leagues, and at this point the modem chart of the coamographer Alonzo de Cliaves ceases, which chart was revised and corrected last year (1536). " ' And here I would add what is found from the chart of the Portuguese, Diego Rivero, who having been in his lifetime in the service of the Emperor Charles V, as Cosmographer to Uis Majesty, was wortliy of credit and to whom I myself give entire credence. '< < The said Rivero, in his charts and maps, describes forty leagues of coast to the north of the River de los Bacallaos as far as a small bay, whence the coast trends for twenty live leagues to the east, as far as the Cape ot the land called Cape de Marzo. The little bay, mentioned above, is 51 ^» and the Cape de Marzo 52^" this side of the Equator. From the Cape de Marzo the coast turns for sixty leagues to the north-west as far as a bay, called De las Gamas, which is situate 55" this side of the Equator and within this stretch of sixty leagues are the islands De las Aves, the islan I Del Fuego and other islets and rocks. ii* 110 ADDENDA it ' Leaving the bay or creek De las rJamas, the land ' turns directly eastward for a distance of about forty < leagues as far as Cape Hermoso, which is 55' on this side ' of the Equator. From Cape llermoso the coast runs for ' forty five leagues North-by-East as far as the cape or ' promontory opposite the islands De los Sabalos and the ' island of San Johan, which cape is 57^" this side of the * Equator. From this cape we run twenty five leagues to ' the north-east by the high sea ; for in this stretch we ' find no projection of the coast and the land is evidently ' at a distance. In this stretch are found the Islands De ' la Tormenta and De la Fortuna. After having traversed ' these twenty five leagues, we find the land called < Labrador, at 59o this side of the Equator. From this point ' the coast turns, on the one side, to\vaTd3 the south-east a ' distance of, at least, one hundred leagues (of which there ' is no place indicated by any special name on the chart, < and, on the other side, towards the north-east an equal ' distance of one hundred leagues : — the furthest point ' marked on the cbart by Diego Rivero is situate 60» this ' side of the Equator.' '* It is shown, from the foregoing description, not only that, from the year 1536, Chaves, the Cosmographer to the Emperor, had traced a considerable portion of the coasts of North America, by assisting himself mth the use of charts of anterior date, but also, that Diego Rivero, deceased several years previously, had already made a much more extended chart, on which were designated a large number of bays, capes and rivers. It is thus impossible to doubt that these latitudes had been more than once purposely visited before Cartier's first voyage : the last named, at all events on his first voyage, explored a very much shorter extent of coast-line than that which is found described on Cliaves' chart and, « fortiori, on Rivfro's chart. *• In France, even after Cartier's voyage, Spanish charts i ADDENDA 111 were used : it was not wished tliat the report of Cartier should be published, because, according to the then existing law, the whole of the New World was looked upon as belonging to the King of Spain and the taking possession of Canada was considered, for a long time, by this power as an act of piracy. " The writers of that time, and particularly the saiil Oviedo, considered this portion of the New Continent an a country, whose coast at least, had been already described and visited by Spaniards. '< All the works of Oviedo bear the impress of truth and, like all his fellow-countrymen of that time, if impressed with the glory of Spain, he would scorn to have recourse to falsehood for its augmentation. -' To sum up. Sir Count, there is no doubt, scientitioally speaking, of the fact that the Basques were the first discoverers of these lands and that they had already given, prior to Cartier's first voyage, names to places, of which some were Basque and others purely Spanish, and which are preserved to this day. " I cannot. Your Excellency, be accused, Avithout injus- tice, of having taken from Tbysalius his illusion of being the owner of all the ships that entered the Pirceus ; on the contrary, I have transformed his illusion into a reality." It remains to say that it is not here sought to deprive the illustrious Jacques Car tier of the glory he had won amid a thousand perils :— it is merely asserted that the Spaniards knew this portion of America l«ng before the glorious Captain of Saint Malo had hoisted French colours on the banks of the Saint Lawrence, t t The contents of the foregoing appendices will be acceptable on account of their original character. Excepting the extracts from the Hon. P. Fortin's pamphlet on the Fisheries" Question, they are now published for tlie first time. They should be considered in connection with Questions ist, 2nd, 3rd, of tlie Montreal series of Questions, ami the note on page 77 and 78. 112 ADDENDA APPENDIX E. I.ETTER on the neglect to erect permanent memorials of Columbus, Jacques Cartier, and Ferdinand and Isabella, on Canadian Soil. Quebec, Htli February 1880. My dear Sir, Do you not consider it strange that at no point on tlie banks of the Saint Lawrence lias any monument been erected worthy of the memory of Jacques Cartier ; and tliat throughout Upper and Lower Canada none has been raised to the memory of Christopher Columbus ; and tiiat, on this Continent, no imposing memorial has been set up to recall to remembrance Ferdinand and Isabella, to whom this quarter of the globe owes that it is to-day a seat of civilization. The costly Parliament Buildings at Ottawa, completed some time ago, and those of the Provinces of Quebec and < )ntario, now in course of construction, indicate that it is not exactly money that is wanted for the object in question, t I have tlie honor to be, My dear Sir, Your most humble and obedient Servant, 11. II. MsLKS, Kscj,, LL. U. President of the Quebec (Jeo- . graphical Society, etc. ) ^ PUEMIO-REAL. t The Count's suggestion rcL-itivc to memorials in honour of Ferdinand and I#ibella, Columbus and Jacques-Cartier, will strike m.my as being wortlw of attention, enforced, as it is, by the .illusion to the cost of our Federal and Local Parliamcnlarv structures. INDEX ro NAMES OF PERSONS AND PLACES (A number witliin pnrcndicsis re'^crs to the Appendix) A Acadians — AiTival an I Treat- ment of, 1) 40. Ai'Cidont, deaths oldovernors l»y, 38, [15]. Accommodation — I si liiver Steamer between Montreal and Quebec, p. ^2. Albany, p. G2. America — Discovery of, j>. 17, 77, 79, [I]. Amherst, Gen. 21, 02, Gi, [25]. Annapolis [Port Roval], p. 49, 52,92, [11]. Annexation — when and by whom proposed, p. 3i Anlicosti — Various names ol', " Quebec Questions " No. 3, Part II. Antiquarian — Canadian, cited, p. 28, 39,44, 49.53^07, (38, C9. Arnoux — Surgeon, iiis resi- dence, p. 48. Atlantic — 1st stenmor that rrossed, p. 29. Bapgatiway [Lacrosso], Indian (iame, p. 20, and 88, [!)]. Bank — 1st in Canada, p 28. Bank-Nole— 1st issued, p. 2S, green tint for invented, p. 'lO, [20]. Barnaby — Isle, 45. Battles— The principal preced- ing the Conquest of Canada, p. G3, Queenston Heights 44 and ri5], Chrysler's Farm and Chateauguay, p. 85, [4], lloratii and Cufiatii, p. 83. Thermopybe [4], Dollard and the Iroquois, 83,Mai.sonncuv<' and the Iroquois, p. 32, Plains of Abraliam, 85. Beers Dr — History of Lacrosse cited, p. 20. Bcdard — Author (.it.'d, p. '.»?, [20]. Bell— Prof., ]). G4. Berger — i)rinter, p. G9. Borthior-en-haut — 1st Piot. Chajtelat, 95, [10]. 114 INDEX Uotany, Prores.sor ol at Luvnl University, on Surraconia Purpuroa, p. 63. Bishop— Anglican, Htalus and Title of, 70 ; convocation of Protestant Bishops, 7*2. Bord-u-Plouiri!— Deiivation ol', .10,31. Bosoawen— Admirul. '21. Botany, Professor of in Lu\al University, citcil, 65. Bouchette — Capt. 34,Siir\ <•> or- (lennrnl, p. 34, 55, 57, (i(i. Bouillu — llelonc, Chaniplain's wife.St.Hclcn's Island nain. 84, (4). Bridge — R. R., across the St. Lawrenco, 1st suggested, p. 41. Brock— ricn., p. 95, [15]. Brown— T. S., j). 3(5, 1?.{. By-Town, Settlement of, p. ;{6. Caldwell, — Sir, J. p. 46. Canada — discovered, p. 17 ; origin of name p. 25. 86, [7] ; "Quebec Questions, " No. 2, part II. Capitulation, of Quebec, p. 49, 97, [21] ; of Montreal, p. 6i [25]. Carleton, — Sir Guy — see Dor- chester. Caroline, — cutting out of by Lieut. Drew, p. 38, [i]. Caron— Jos. C, 1st Ilecollel Missionary, j). 79, [3 a] ; sup- ports Chamnlaiu's cc m|)tdiiil against de Caen, p. 3i. Christie— Historian, disoreiiits the legend of* chien d'or. " 27 ; cited, p. 48, 56. Cartier — ilacques, dLscover* Canada, p. 18. names Islf d'Orleans, p. 56, list of hi:* followers in 1535, " Qiiobfc Questions," [lart I, No. 3. Cartier — Sir (I., his funeral and pall bearers, p. 58, Castro — Modesto de, Let tor ••!, p. 103. Caturftcoui — origin of nann.', p. 56. Chambly — origin ol'naui(\p.5i. Chaudiere — H. Isl lindirif,' of Gold, p. 35. Cliampiain — Samuel do, names Sault St. Louis, p. .30 and [10] ; names St. IIelen'.>< Island, p. 3!) ; complains against de(]aen ; founds Quo- boc, p. 78, [2] ; place of interment, '• Quebec Ques- tions," part I, No. I. Charlevoix — Historian, citfd, p. 26 ; Chateau — St. Louis, p. 49, !)6, [18]; DeRame/ay, p. i3, 52. Cliien (I'or, origin of legend of, p. 26. Christianity— doctrines of in- troduced", 18. Canadien— >Quebec,Newspap«>r started in n. 87, [8]. Conspiracy, Pontiac's,p 88,[9]. Church — lirst Protestant in Canada, p. 39, St. Pauls, Halifax, Oldest Protestant church, in Dominion p. 95, [16] ; old, at Berthier, Sorel, Montreal, p. 39. Citadel — of Montreal, its remo- val, p. 36 ; of Quebeo, escapo of |)risonors from, p, 59. y>f^ INDEX li:> <;iock-fa<;l()r\, l8t in taiindu, p. .'lU. Coin— I si issuod by Canndian, (ioveinm«'nt, p. 27. < ion Is — |gt (Jarpj, Shiiipcil, p. <;o|iiml»U8— Christoplii'i', p. 17, [ I ], no monuinoul in America in memory of, LoUor of (lounl do Prnniio-Rf'nl, ad- ilenda, appendix K. (liinfcdenilion — Ist sn^r^rtjslion of, p. ;ii, [II], wliiMi and iliroHRh wliosp exertions os- lai)lished, p. 1)2, [llj. (^on(iucst, Ist or Canada, p. ♦iS. 2nd in I7jfl(10, llie serif^s of victorir^s that lod In, p. (\:\. OorltTcal — names Lai)radui', p. 2i. (lullibei't — SCi^'neur, huiids l'-,l l*rotPslantcliap«'l at BeilhiPi* p. ny. D Dawson, IJi'os., I)onl Hill, Montreal, |i. iiO : cited as authority lor Ist Sunda\ School, p, tif). Dorehester— LonI, p. 31, ;ii, V.i, yti, [18]. Dnu'.or-Cumniandant at Louis- bourg, p 21. Drysdalo — 10, donor of pri^i- for answers in (;anadiaii History, Preface IV ; guide to Montreal cited, p. 31. Duncan — Travels in Canada, cited, p. 28. Dundas — Street, ()rii,'in ni' name, |». 0<». Diuluim — Earl. His lleport, p. 90. [111. E ICarliifpiakes — p. '.'i, ^5, sC}, [G]. Eastern — Townships, Historv of, p. 35, 50. Edward — H. H. H., Priore, Reception by Lord Dorches- ter, in 1701, p. 43, 96, [18]: founds Sunday School at Quebec, 100, [^6] ; his letter to Chief Justice Sewoll, in 181'', supporting Confcclrra- lio-., p. 91,02, [II]. F Faillon — Historian, <-iie,|, p. 2.1, .30, :!8, .".7. lit) INDEX (1 FatlitT Point, " l'i)inle-auv- Pon!^,' orif^iii of name, p. 4o, 4G. I'Vnelon, Abl)6, conlincd for (ireaching u Kornion reflect- ing: on governor l-'rontcnac, p. 38. Of). [|/|]. '• Fine" — Uiver, one , 20. l-'oreM'atlier's Cup — one olthe • omnion namesor.S'arracy/aa I'urpurm, p. 100, [27]. l'"iflnklin — Sir John, lays I si stone of Rulcau (];inal, jt. OK, Francis I, King of France, p.l«. Frentenac, Heroism of, p. 8i, ['i] ; promotes discovery of the Mississippi, p. 82, [.'1 h]. Fundy — Bay of, oritrln of name, '20. I'Yaser — Scott and, Donois of Prize, Pn'f. n . Call—Sir A. T., addivss to in Kaslern Townships on An- nexation, J). .'{.') ; attends Sir (1. Carliers funeral as pall bearer p. 48 ; Revives the project of Confederation Ni u practical)le shape, and con- tributes to its Una! acconi- \.Iismont, p. 'J'.', [II]. (iarneau, Historian, riled, p. '20, '29. Cazette, Montreal, oldest exist- ing Canadian Newspaper, p. •25, 87 ; Quebec, Isl esla- lilished in Canada ]>. '25 and S7, [8] ; Sherbrooke, esta- blished, 1833, p. 87. r.i'nest, — Map of Now l-Vancc, p. 20. George — Fort, battle at, 03. Great River, a name of tlio Mississippi, J). 20. (llackmeyer, N. P., owner nf oliest house in Quebec, p. 48. H Halifax — Cily, its Newspapers. Rccordci- in 1707, and Roval Ga/.etle, in I7y0. p. 87, [8]. Hamilton — Cit\ , p. 37, .'(3, 87, [81- Haviland— Col., !)!). [25]. Hawkins — E., cited, p. 37, \)l. Hebert — L., 1st actual scttli-r in Can. Hedge, — Miss Lucy, opens Isl Sunday School, p. Oi. Helens — St. Island, naming,' of, p. 3!). Henry — IV, of Francf!, p. 18. Hoinv — Alexander, his travels, cited, J). 80, [9]. Heral(l.-~Monlr(ml Newspaper, started, p. 81, [8]. Hercules, — name of vessel thai lirsl ascended St. Marie Ra- pids by steam alone, j). 42. Heroic— Acts in Canadian His- tory, 21, 2'j, 82, 80. [4]. Ilincks — Sir F., at Sir 0. Cartier's funeral, oS. Hochelaga — p. ")0. Hotfd Dieu — at Quebec, |». !)8, ['20]. Hunt — Dr Sierry, invents the Green Tint for Hank notes, p. 4G, 97, [20]. Huntsman's Cup, Sarraccnia purpurea, ]i. 100, [27]. INDEX 117 Illiislriiled— i\c\v>, cilcil, p. 5'i. InRlis — Dr., 1st Hishop olNovu Scoliii, p. 70, 71. Iroquois— p. 21, 24. Iron— lirst sni«ltofl, p. V.i. Isln-aux-Noix, G7. Island or Orleans, GG ; iis oiIht names, p. 67. Irving — WasliinuMon, riled, jt. "7, [11 Jiiiino — Le, .losiiil ^Ii^si(ma^v, p. 2.'), 2G, 5G. .lesiiils— Helutions, (;ili'(J, p. I't, 2G. 37, 5G, 57. Joliet — li., Iiis I'xjuidition to llio Mississippi, p. 20, Hi, [li h]. Ji'ssup— U. I'j. Ii()\;ilisl, roMiids Crpscotl, p. ■),';. . K Kay — mercliuiit, ^liii'ls the Moiili'cal llcraltl, p. Hi. K*'(!lci' — siU'Vf'v and plan mI' I si \\. U. IJrid}.^t! across tlie SI. Fawn.ijci!, p. M. Kolloy — Dr., Donor ol' Prize lor answers in Canadian Histo- ry, Prof. IV. Knrkt— T, and I.., hroifiors, capture (,)u('l)0(;, p. (JS. Kinf,'— T. ')., Donor ol' Pri/o Pi'of. IV. Kingston — scttloiuonl, incorito- rallon, and Indian nauio ol', P.M. Knox — f.'ipi., jniinial rit<'d, )i. 27. Labrador— ori^'in ol' nuino, 2i. Lacliine— soUlement of, and origin ol' name 57 ; liapid> of, 2'J, '»G ; Lacrosse plavi-d at, II. 88, [9]. Laci'osso — [liaggaliirai/], li* st mention of, p. 2G ; Isl play»;d hy while people, p. 20 ; Indian and proper name of, p. 98, [9] ; Treacherous game of, played by Pontiac and Ibllowors at thuMichilimaci- nac Massacre, June 17G3, j* 89, [9]. Laflamme — Prol'. cited and thanked, ]>. GO, 123. Lamits— 1st used for lighting,' streets of Montreal, p. 68, G9. Latour— Major, cited, p. 33, 'li, 123. Legend — of'chien d'Or, p. 2G. Leclenj — writer, raited, p. 3.'l. Lagace— Abbe, p. 123. Le Jeuno — father, p. 25, 2G, 5ii. Lemoine — J. M., his writing's cited, p. 20, 33, 24, 27, 39. Lennox villo — low ti^mperaturn recorded at, on Janv, lOtli I8.y., p. 100, [28], L(!vis — (le, (t(;nei'al, p. 39, 'ii». Lilf-rary — Society, oldiist Cana- dian, p. 29. Lit'M-ary- and Historical Socii'- tv. Transactions cited, p. 24, 29. Lonf/ueuil— I). .".O, 98, [22]. Lossin^ — " Pictorial Ifi^tory," cited, p. A.'t. Louis — XIII, XIV, etc., King> of l-'rancc, p. lil. Loiiisbourg — p. 21, C3. Louisiana — "Hisloiical Col lee lions of p. 82, [36]. Lyinbiiru'i' - Adam, |t. ,'tG. ■I ij? lis IM)EX 11 Fiynjan — S. Jones, guide book (Had ; Colonel, Ro^; imeiit !ook part in conquest of Canada, p. 62. Lyman— B. 11. and W. suppor- ters of the First Tom perance- movement in Canadu, \). 51. AI McDonald — Gapt. of 1st Atlan- tic Steamer, p. 29. McDonnell — Commandant at Quebec, p. 61. McKenzie —A., M. P., cited, p. 37. McKay — J., first Shipper of Canadian Coals, p. 40. McNab— Sir A., heroism of, p. 85, [4]. Maisonaeuve—Fighls the Iro- quois on the site of Place (I'Armes, Montreal, p. 32 ; deeds 40 acres of land, p. 42. Manitoba — origin of name, p. 63,64 Marler— cited, p. 52. Mercury, Freezing of nt Mon- treal, p. 67, 68, 101, [28]. Meredith — Judge, a pall bearer at Sir G. Cartier's funeral, p. 58. Mesplet and Berger, printers. Publishers of 1st books at Montreal, p. 69. Marquette — Father, discovers the Mississippi, p. 20. Miles — Dr H., writings cited, p. 20, 29, 34, 48, 56, 57 ; Letter to, from Count de Premio-Real, on subject of Monuments in Memory of Ferdinani.' and Isabella, Co- lumbus, and Jacques Cartier, Addenda, p. 112. Miles — H. Junior, " Hermes ", winner of 1st pi-ize for an- swers in Canadian History, p. 73. Military— Organization, oldest Canadian on record, p. 28, 20. Michilimimac — Massacre at, p. 80. Mississippi — Discovorv of, p. 20, 81,82, [3 6]. Moe — David, 1st settler in Town of Shorkrooke, p. ")(). Monongahela — Battle of, p. 6;{. Montgomery — Gen. erroneous- ly allleged to have given name to Place d'Armes, Montreal, p. 31. Montreal— City and Island of, passim. Monts — de, p. 30, Montcalm — Gen., place oi death and burial, p. 48, 40. Morgan— Q. J., writings of cited, p. 41. Morrison — Col., lioroism of, p. 85, [4]. Mountain — 1st Anglic. Bishojt, sermon preached against, p. 95, [14] ; appointed, p. 70. Murray— Gen., p. 98, [25] ; Muscoso — with 322 Spaniards, navigates the Mississippi to its mouth, p. 82, [3 b]. JS Newark — Niagara, p. 07. Newfoundland — Landing of Prince W. Henry, made memorable to one man, p. 4 'i. Newspapers— Canadian, p. 2"». 07, G7, 88, [8]. Niagara — Falls, 1st mention of, p. 37, 93, [12], Nova Scotia — Archives of, j). 53, 1st Bishop of, p. 70. Nicholson — Gcii.. captures P'^rt Royal and changes name to Annapolis, p. 40, 52. INDEX 119 O Oflioiuni — Sacerdotum, l)Ook printed at Montreal by Mes- plet in 1777, p, 69. Ogden — Attorney General, p. r)8. Ontario — Province, p. J3 ; Slea- iner, the 1st Upper-Deck to descend Lachino Rapids, p. 46. Orderly — Book, ol General Amherst's expedition in 1760, cited, p. 62. Orleans — Island, naming ol", p. 66, 67. Osgood — Ch. Just., decision on Slavery in Canada, p. .12. Oswego — p. 63. Ottawa — River and Falls on, p. 21, city, p. 36 ; origin ol" name, p. 36. Ouimet— lion. G., Dedication to. Paper-Mill — 1st in Canada, p. Papincau — J. L,, p 58 Parkraan, Historian, cited, p. 20, 38. Park— Mungo, p. 86, [i]. Pepperel — Hegt. ol", p. 62. Plains — of Abraham, p. 63. Ploufl'e — Franf^ois, after whom named Bord-a-PloufTe, p. 30. Pointe-aux-Pores — origin of name, p. 45, 46. Premio-Real — H. E. Count de, DonorofPrizes,p.7; supplies appendices (see Addenda) ; on origin of word Canada, 86, (7) ; his letter on memo- rials to Columbus, Ac, 112. Protestant — Bishop, legal sta- ins and title of, p. 70, T2 ; Church, thy lirst erected in Canada, p. 39, 95, [16]. Proscott — Town of laid out, and battles near, p. 53, 54. Provincial — [colonial] Troops that took part in conquest of Canada, p. 02, 63. Pictou — History of cited, \>. 49,51. Progres.s — " 80 vearsof," t-ited p. 42, 66, 68. ' u Quebec — Province, gold lirst found in, p. 35, citv, founded p. 18, 78, [2] ; 1st capture of by the English, p. 68; oldest building in, p. 48 ; 1st book printed at, p. 70 ; citadel of, escape from, 59. 60; oldest building in, p. 48, /21). Qucenston — Heights, Battle of, p. 44. R Railway — 1st in Canada, 41. Railway — Bridge, across St Lawrence by whom 1st planned, p. 41. Ramozay — de, Chateau, p. 4;i, 52. Read— his " Geog. Names, "' cited, p. 20. Receiver — General, Sir J. Cald- well, p. 66. RecoUets — 1st missionaries, ]> 18, 70, 81 ; hospitality of toward Jesuits, p. 80 ; lend their churches for Protestant worship, p. 33, 80, 81. Relations — des Josuites, cited [see Jesuits]. Revue— Canadionne, cited, p. 6i. Richelieu—River, p. 28. Richmond — Duke of, p. .'IS. W wm 120 INDEX 1 = Hideau— Canal, I si slone of laid bv Sir Jolin Franklin, p. 08. " Iloger — C, liis wrlliiigs cited, p, 27, Gl. S Sl.Barnabt; — p. 'I'l ; St. Cij.irl. R. p. 19 ; Ste. Croix, p. 19. Ste. Foyo— Battle, p. 39 ; St. Gabriel, church, p. 39. St. Germain-en-Lave — Treaty, p. 68 ; St. Helens Islanil, p. 40 ; St. Johns, Town, p. 41, 47. St, Lawrence — River, passim ; Ste. Marie, current, p. \2 ; St. Malo, p. 18; St. Maurice, Forges, p. 49. Salabery— de, his hoi-oisni, p. 85. ['ij. Sandhum—wriUngs cited, p. 27,41,09. Sansom's, — Travels etc., cited, p. 07. Sarracenia [Purpurea], Bota- nical name of plant " Sol; (Heir's Cup,'' "Pilchor Plant,' varieties of, p. 05. Scadding—Dr. writings cilod, p. 01,02, 07. Sowell — Ch. Just., advocates Confederation, p. 91, 92, [11] Skakel — Dr, A, his observation of, and experiments with Frozen Mercury, 28lh Janv 1823 at Montreal, p. 68. Shcrbrooke— Town, tst settlors in, p. ")0. Spectatoi'— (Canadian, Pref. iii, p. 73. Stanley — Dean, on origin of word Canada, p. 2'). Stone— his " Life of Brandt," cited, p. 45, Strachan — Bishop, his view un status of Episcopal Ch. in Canada, p. 71. Smallwood — Dr., Meteorologist, observations of cited, p. 08. Silliman — Professor, i). 35, 97, . [20]. Stewart, Geo. Junr, p 121. SulteB., letterof p. 107. Sydenham — Lord, his dfuih, p. 3, [15]. Tadousac— p. 79, [3 a]. Talon— Intendant, p. 80, (3 a), Taylor — Fennings, writings cited, p. 72. cued, p. 7'^. Temperance — 1st public Mcfl- ing, p. 50, 51. [23]. Thames— R., French name of, p. 00. Ticonderoga — 1>. 63. Title — of Anglican Iiislioi)S. v. 70, 72. Toronto— p. 01, 02. Towers— the 2 old on Shcr- brooke St., Montreal, p. 51. Townships, Eastern, p. 35. Treaty — of St. rrormain-tm- Layc, p. 58. Tattle— writings of cited, 29. T Uniacke— Mr., p. 90, [II]. Upper Canada — tst name uf Capital of, p. 01 , 1st News- paper, p. 67. ITrsulines— Oldest building on (heir premises, p. 97, [21]. INDEX 121 Vaca de— Cabeza. I si of Euro- peans to hehold waters of the Mississippi, i». 81, [3 b]. \audreuil— de, Governor, 99 Vercheres—IIeroine of, p. 28 83.(/.). t '' \ erreau— Abbe, cited, 3 i ; his Map of 1 76 1 , thanks tendered to, p. 99, [25]. Victories—Series of wliicli led to conquest of Canada, p. G3, Ville Marie— ("See Montreal]. V inland — Name given by Norsemen to parts of N. America before 1st voyage of Columbus, p. 77, fll." V,i!lee~Dr. ji. 10'.. William Henry— Prince, liis landing at Newfoundland P. 44. Wilson— Commissarv General, his Orderly Book of Ani- Iiersl's Expedition cited, \<. 62. Wolfe— Gen., p. i.], Horoism of, 11. 8.5, [.'.]. X Xerxes— Ho.«^t of at Tliernjo- pylo-, p. 83, [i]. Yonge— St.,deiivalion of name, p. 60. Young— Hon. John, first advo- cates a R. i{. bridge across St. Lawrence, p. 41, erects \^t Distillery, p. .').'j. ^I^;S?!';?t.'John? N? B." "''' *""'' ''"""''"^ '" ^'''^ '""'' '-'"=^"^^'> 9 ALPHABETICAL LIST OK TUB I'M ft WRITERS AND AUTHORITIES <;itod in the foregoing pages. A kins — Dr., Archives of Nova Scotia. Annals of Diocese of Quebec, Antiquarian — Canadian. licdard, 50 ans. Beer — Dr., History of Lacrosse. Bell — Professor, Leclui-e [Ma- nitoba]. liouchette — Topography of Canada. Castro — Modesto de. Canadian Antiquarian. Canadian Monthly Magazine. Canadian Illustrated News. Charlevoix— History of Canada Christie— Political History of Lower Canada, 6 to Is. Day — Mrs., History of the Eastern Townships. Dorwin — L. H., Diary. Duncan — Travels in Canada. Education — Journal of. Eighty Years Progress of Brit. N. America. Faillon — Histoiro de laCoIonie Fran^aise. Ferland — Histoire dn Canada, 1534-1760. Fortin— Hon.'P. Garneau — Histoire du Canada, Translated by A. Bell, 2 vols. Genest — Carte pour I'etude de 1 'Histoire de la Nouvelle France depuis la decouverte jusqu'au 1760. Hawkins — E., Annals of the Diocese of Quebec. Historical — Collections, of Louisiana ; Notes, Latour. History — of Canada, Charle voix, Christie, Ferland, Gar- neau, Miles, Tuttle ; of I'lsle d'Orleans, Turcotte ; of La- crosse, Dr. Beers ; of the Congregation. Jesuits Relations— 161 1-1G72, 3 vols. 8vo. .. "IIZ!^ Knox— Capt,, Journal, 2 vol.«. 4to. s^»ii LIST OF WRITERS AND AUTHORITIES CITED 123 Laflammc — Professor of Bota- ny, Laval University. 7 Latour — Major, Historical No- tes. Lemoine— J. M., Maple Leaves, Quebec Past and Present. I.ossing — Pictorial Field Book of the war of 1812,900 Illus- trations. Louisiana — Ilistor. Coll. of. Miles-rDr. H. H., History of Canada [School] 1434-1867. French Regime, 1634-1760. Kastern Townsliips at the London Exhibition [1802] with map. Morgan — H. J., Celebrated Canadians. Ouimet— Hon. CI. Parkman — Discovery of the Great West. Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV. Conspiracy of Pontiac. Piclou— History of County of. Premio-Real — the Count de. Quebec — Literary and Histori- cal Society. — Transactions of the Society to 1879. Hevue Canadiehne — Magazine. Head— Canad. Geog. Names. Rogers — C., " Quebec as it was and is.'" Sandiiam, Coins of the Domi- nion, Montreal Past and Pre- sent. Sansom — Travel? in Canada. Slicbaygo — On Baggataway (Lacrosse) article in Monthly Canadian. Smallwood — Dr., meteorologi- cal observations. Scadding— Dr., Toronto of Old, Stone— Life of Brandt, 2 vols. Stewart— Geo. Junr, Quarterly Magazine, author of Lord Dufferin's Administration. Shea — J. G., Discovery and Exploration of the " River Mississipi. Suite — Benjamin, Revue tana- dienne. Taylor — Fennings, Lives of the last three Bishops appointed by the Crown. Turcotte — Hisloire de lisle d'Orleans. Tuttle's— History of the Domi- nion of Canada. Verreau — Abbe. Vie de la socur Bourgeoys. t " Hermes " desires to tender thanks to this learned gentleman for his kindly furnished explanations relative to the varieties, &c., of the plant " Soldier's Cup " [Sairacenia Purpurea\, which is tlie subject of Question 88, p. 65. His acknowledgments are due to others, whose names have been given as authority, in his answers to not a few of the hundred questions, and which, in the absence of any reliable published record, could not have been correctly or fully answered without recourse to those possessing, or believed to possess, a personal knowledge of the iacts concerned. Of this nature are questions, No. 25, 34, 36, 45, 57, 63, 64, 69, 76, 'JT, and some others. In conclusion, "Hermes" begs particularly to acknowledge the courteous explanations he received from .Major Latour, Judge Berthelot Mr. T. S. Brown, Mr. G. L. Marlcr and Mr. J. H. Uorwin, of Montreal, and, likewise, from Mr. Glackmeycr (through Mr. Jones) of Quebec, the Abb^ I^eg.ic^, and the Ursulines, from whose records .ind traditions cert.nin vaUuible information was derived. 11 ^■ m I I!' Ill ULE WORKS Oil MMOUN NISTOIIY IIY I llANCIS F»AH K.MAN llisioiy ol'lli^ Conspiracy olPonliac;, 2 vols $,■> (H) The l»ioneer:5 of Franco in Uio N,mentary schools, with maps and illustrations ."tit nistoiro du Canada pour les enfants i Fusiigo des ^colea plemontaires * ^ ». f» Ti CARNEAU.— History of Canada from the time of iU discovery till the Union 18'»0-il. Translated from thftFrenchofP.X.Oarneat, by Andrew Bell, 2 vols.. ^ 00 \TITHttOW.— A Popular History of the Dominion of Canada from the discovery of America to the present time by William II. Withrow M. 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Jolin, Pictou Jk Halifax. — IS I, Mil WITH STEEL I^-A.I3L.S \Ni» suiM'MivK urrn Passenj^er Oars, Kitted up with SMrriTs \ acci .m IJuaki;s i^ Mili.hm I'LATFORMS, is ill cvorv rcsncct Fihst-Caass Link iiTiPiirpassed for (iOiut'oiL safety and Speed. lici^ PULLMAN rALACI-: SLELinNG CARS RUN ON \i.i, i;\i'iu:s>i;ii tuains ihctwiikn ST. lOHN, HALIFAX, QUEBEC & MONTREAL BAtiiGA€t£ CHECKED THROVdtll To all principal pohiia in CAKADA .0 UNITED STATES. Tliis road is becoming !i p^ijular line ol" traiisport ibr I.i\t; s I.,. :k una Freight for sliipuiunl. to Hurojio, \i;i Halllax, and nii<'i's superior lacilities for shipment of Freight to and from ilie Upper Provinces, tiic gauge hoiny llie sanie as that of lljc Western Railways. Otta\v.\. I'oh. 1880, The St. John's " News," THE BES^T I.OCAL PAPER $1.00 A YEAR. We have made arrangements to continue and L'xteiid our subscription lisi witli other periodicals, this season. The following Standard publications will he sent with THE NEWS at the low rates mentioned, which, as will he scon, is a reduction of from 50 cents to $1.00 on each periodical : St. Nicholas Harper's Magazine HaRPURS WliEKLY Harper's Bazaar Harper's Youkg I*eopi-i: Little Living Age Appleton's Journal Popular Science Monthly American Agriculturist Canadian III. News UosE Belford's Canadian ) Monthly j jiONDON Society, Cana- | dian Edition \ SciENTii'iG American North American Review New York Medical Journal K. St. John, 1880. 11 E NEWS. $•4.25 " " ' 3.2i» ii. t. '■" ■ 4.25 f - 4.50 ' ' ii 4.50 1 i^ ! '^ ' ^.25 tk 8.00 il 3.50 u 5.50 1,'. 2.10 u 1.25 a 3.50 Ci l.OO u ,y to u j.^C u k.6o R. SMITH, 1> ublishcr. 94, ST. JOHN ST. QUEBEC. Razoi'fci, Knh cs, Scis?oiv, set in order. Favasols and Umbrellas, covered and repaired. All orders promptly dispatched, WORKS PUBLI8UKD BY J. M. LEMOINE. KNGLlSH.—Legendary Lore of the Lower St. Lawrence, [i vol. in-33], 1862.— Maple Leaves, fist Series] [i vol. in-80], 1863.— Maple Leaves, [and Series] [r vol. in-8oJ, 1864.— Maple Leaves, [3rd Series] [i vol. in-8oJ, 1865. — The Totinst's Note Book, [i vol, in-64] bv Cosmopolite, 1870. — Sword of Brigadier (ieneral Montgoirjery, [A Memoir] [i vol. in-64], 187c —Jottings from Canadian History, 1871. — Trifles from my Port Folio, iSya.-Maple Leaves, [New Series], 1873 % —Quebec, Past & Present, 1876,— The Tourist's Note Book [seconri edition], i876.-Chronicles of the St. L.awrence, 1878. -Historical Notes, of Environs of Quebec, 1879. FRENCH.— L'Omithologie du Canada, [2 vol. in-8o], i860.— Les Pccheriesdu Canada, [i vol. in-8o],i863.-M(5moirede Montcalm. Vengec, [i vol. in 32], 1865,— 1/Album Canadien, 1870.— L'Albumdu Touriste, [i vol. in-8o], 1873*. — Notes Historiques sur les rues de Quebec, 1876. /•'cr safe at DawsoH ^ Co.,L.' 7'., [Quebec and dt Dawson Bros., Montreal- I Miss Mspp§rd, Show Rooms : Ne. 10 Fabrique St.^ Upper Town^ Quebec. In this eslablishment every article is guaivmleed to be of llirt First Class in respect of quality and materials, style, beauty and workmanship. Work done promtia a.nd economically. Lftidfs, .stranfiers and lourisls visiting the vity, are re.speclfiilln incited to visit the Show Roorns. ■■«'' c niPOHTEK AXD MAXCFACTURKU OK TRUNKS, VALISES, SATCHELS, SHAWL STRAPS, AND ynriom articles required for the use and convenience of Travellers., Tourists., Excursionists, kc. N. B, — Repairs made with neaiivs'; and dPi^paJi li. M^dnille ct Diplomas a Li demifcre Exposition Provinciale. J« B* ILiAXjIBBBTIi) MANUFACTURIER ET MARCNAND DE FOURRURES, 13 0, Rue St. Josepb, HU Bocb, Un^bce. / (V.'/y-v/YS (/e toutes descriptions cofift'ctiomit'es pour Dames ct Messieurs. Le mciilcur choix de Peaux de Vison. Loup Marin dc la Mer du Slid, Castor, Loutre d« Mer, Martre, Moutonde Perse, Hennine, Greb, etc. I'eaiix de Russie et de la Haie d'lludson, constaniment en mains, Salle d'dchdntiUonx de fourrures ouverte lout h long de I'annic. Dealet'H in Fine Watchi'^y Gold JeweUei'4/, ST. JOSEPH STREET, ST. ROCH'S QUEBEC. I>E?0^IT01^Y OF FRUITS, FLOWERS & COl^FECTIONERY. .j(), Vabrique Street^ Upper Town, Quebec Cilij. ./. ff, PMiMF» Prqfxistqk* Strangers visiting the city will find our Stock of all foreiRn and domestic fruits complete in their season. Small baskets will be provided ruid orders sent to any of tlie boats or railroad Stations. N. H, — .A.monfj the places worthy of a few minutes inspection are the CoiistTvalory at Dufferin TeiTace, and the Belvedere Nurseries and 1 loi-IIouses, corner of St. i.onis and Belvedere Roads, open for inspee- tiim e\or\' (i;i\ but Sundav . w DCJIG & PHILP, Pioiirietor^, i V .-^ - - .. — -. --■ '. -. -. _•..„:-.-_.-■ V — ^^ _ WT- ■ >^ . ft!,. Frabvique St>,. Quebec^ (xeau the iusri,i<;A.) GENUINE BRITISH AND FOREIGN DRUGS, P JwTEHT MEBICIKES, Pnfiimery, Toilet Articles, Sponger, Trusses, Gardm, Field and, Flower Seeds, ^b^c. Olivier Montreuil AT TIIK NEAJi THE BASILICA. QUEBEC. SuppJies comfortubJe VcliicJes .t .■fl,.»fMi . • irains and Steam., y-'l to ail places of "fiiniiiipiciir A HIGH CLASS AND WEEKLY JODENAL #a per aiiiinm. EDITED KY The Rev. Alfred J. Brav ^^^ ST. JAMES STREET, QUEBEC. PUBLISHED OfAIlTEBLY BV THh NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARHN SOCIKTY OK MONTREAL. President. Vice-PresUUnls. EDITING COMMITTEE J .Tin s 5M . 5U I rer annum, i n ad va iicp. IJox. J. 0. P. ChauveaiJ, Hemky Mott, Eso., •» Major Latour. ^ | \, A., \r. Allo)'ilti-fie,rrri(h'iiii-iUi carrc.nd ai:<]Urtl loal Ifirslmrlrsf nnlicr. Ir 1(1 Id tn E. nOXiIWEJLIc, STA.TI01srER #XNT^R. loOKBINB^K AND |nGKAVEK. K\(MI8II AND AMEIUCAN NEWS DKPOT. Opposite I>ost Officr, juljlislied. ^ ' -^'*^^ ^o\'Q\9, Ac, {IS soon as I puljlislied Chemist and toriiWWist No. 144 8T. LAAVKEiXCE MAI\- ST ' IH.reandgenuinV ComrvdP»1..l^^''1^^ warranted to L ^Vy Grays X^/«ryv«wS f '"PP'',?^^*^^^'''ol*'''aleprice». P>-eparation for the Hair (R«?'Stored) a,, invaluabFo THE ZABIAN SYSTEM OF STLFDHNG HrSTORr ■ ■;. LOM'S, llononMc Meiuion ami Medals Awarded at th?'- Cm J, >ml" and the Paris International l^^L, "' Or J, RUSSELL'S 8T< XiOVIS HOTJSIfc, ST. LOUIS STREET, QUEBEC. TttE BU88EU ttOTEt COMfAWY WILLIS IIU8SELL, Phesident. This Hotel, which is unrivalled for size, style and locality in Quebec, is open throughout the year for pleasure and business travel, having accommodatioa for 500 Guests. Omnibuses alv^raws in attendance on arrival of Trains and Steamboats. Carriages with experienced drivers in conslawt ittendance for ! •". ':'• " "'anco of travellers and tourists to all places of inlerc in . tv and environs, to and from Steam Boat and R. R. S(uf Telegraph and T»jiephoae on the premises. J. WILLiAi^S k BROTHER HAIR-DRESSERS, BARBERS AND PERFUMERS. All services in their line rendered with skill and dispatch. N. B. — The premises occupied by the Messrs. Williams arc contiguous to the Montcalm Restaurant, situated immediately opposite St. Louis Hotel. These, together, form the oldest existing and occupied building in the city of which then; remains any reliable record. The brave General Montcalm had his occasional head-(]uarters here duiing the siege of 1759. Here ho expired on the morning of Sept. i4th 1759, and was thence carried to his grave in the neighbouring chapel of the Ursulines. Here also were signed the Articles of Capitulation on Sept. 17lh 1759. Grovernment Railway WESTEBN DIVISION* a M. O. & O. Railway. SHORTEST Sr MOST DIRECT ROUTE TO Magnificent Palace Cars on all Passenger Trains, ,„ „f-S^V^i{^i OFFICE: li, Place d Armes Square, Mont, eal. ' MSTEUW JJIVISJON. Trams leaves Montreal for Three Rivers an.l from n' *?""/ "^^^ ■ "l^o depart twice a day from Quebec for Three Rivers and Montrea? performing the whole journey in about 7 hour'' fofwfT "{^uebec-^ahen through (ickels for Montreal and Ottaioa, time Bilh &-c ■may be obtained ' Opposite tite ST. LO UlS irOl'Kf I'-om the City of Quebec. '" '^'""t''^'"'- «'■ Westward til [■inKI.ITV ASSUHANCi:. I I' CITIZENS ASSUflXNCE COMPAYK OF CANHDII ^ ESTABLIEIIED I8G4 CaikitxEl, t2,000,000. Dftjjosiled'witli Dominion Governinenl, HIOS.OOO. sm HUGH ALLAN, Presid(3nl, (lEHALD E, HART, General Manauer, I). DEROME, Mami^er Life and Gi"ira/ilee Deiiarhneiil'*. This Ooiiipany issues Holicies of (lUarantoe to ollicers in all liUittloiii requiring security by LAW, to llie DoMiNKt.N ami PnoviNciAL (Governments, to Euiployus of Banks, Rauavav (JoMPAME?, Municipalities, Mercantile Housks, and to it II whose position requires tliat surety ship shorild J)0 {"iven. Persons ah-eady acting as Bondsmeu for relatives or friends., can lie relieved from their obligations without trouble, Jjy Hiking out a Policy of Counter Security, at a very small cost. Those who are guaranteed by the Bond.s of the Citizens I nsurance Company can obtain Life Policies at greatly reduced rates. This system' is exclusively practised by this Company. The holder of a Guarantee Policy insurinff his Life for luiif as much again as the amount of his Bond, will receive « reduction of the whole of the annual premium of his Guarantee, sMicuring himself by this means />'(?(* o/tus/, All enquiries'will be answered, information l 'vcn and I'drms wrprnposuls furnished, on application to OWKN MURPHY, Ayenl. Teleyraph lUUIrlhi!/, St. Pi:teh Stiikkt, Qi iihkc. nr Ike General Manaijer, Montreal. . MONTCALM RESTAURANT, OPPOSITE ST. LOUIS HOTEL, QUEBEC. Ahvay* on hand u cltolco selection of AViiins, Cigars, Liquors and Ales. j|ia^ Tlii< is the oldt'st building in Quolx?c of wliich ipliahlt? iei ord t.>N.i>:.ts ; once Monti.'ulni's lleud Quarters. ■^ r,0M>8 }<: A} In Positions of Trust. lo ""' issiin of li.e filmye luuIJ^^^ '« specially dnrotfU .•.''copied bv tl.e J ondniou an, P.n? •'''• Y?^ «""'onzecI U> )..« ""^ only company whcUml f'„°''"?'''^' Governments. Jt is In llic jiast f,3\v vears this r'nmn.l^^ • Po^"">'on- « single contest at"!" " o' er $ moKnF ' ^""'^"'••cd, wil I.o«i •'(• Eijiploy(-.(.s. «^^'«^»r *I0IM)00 to Employers lor dotttii I, s ^'>'';}idfnl:~Sll{ A.T.GALT C. r M r . KHWARD ItAWLlM;!^, ' Corner or McGill Street '"'^^'*' Opposite the Kiiirlisi, CalhiHlntl, ?/PPi:;/i TOTFiV, QUEBEC. »-«ach or all places of nterytTn "lif "^ 'f."^''^'' ^^''^'''° '^^^^ -Tice, and liusinoss par"s or tL Unner ' L-l'^' ^'^'."'•^'''^' ^'''' m telegraphic and iBlophonic commnn.v "' '^"'^ ^^ "" ^O't^ J•'.^^v^^ *c. Term, as l.^Se^amTHro'^'rvm!. "'"' ""^ '""""^ British American M Note Company, Montreal. INCOni'ORATED llY I.KTTErtS PATENT. CAPITAIi <|100,000. liank Nolop, Bond, Postage, Bill and Law Stamps, Rcvonufi Stamps, Bills of Exchange, Promisory Notes, Ac, Ac, executed In the Best Stylo of Stoei Plate Engraving. Portraits a Speciality. G, B. BORLAND, President A- Manager. THE CANADIAN ILLUSTRATED NEWS is printed and publislied every Saturday by the Borlan'i) Lithographic Company, (Limited) at their otficcs, 5 and 7 Bleury St., Montreal, on the following conditions : $i,00 per annum in advance, $4.50 if not paid strictly in advance. All remittancesand business communications to be addressed to G. B. BunLAND, General Manager. THE SCIENTIFIC CANADIAN mechanics' MAGAZINE and PATENT OFFICE RECORD, a monthly journal devoted to the advancement and dill'usion of Praclicul Science, and the education of Mechanics. The only scientific and mechanical jpaper in the Dominion, published by The Burland Lithographic Co. G. B. Borland, general Manager. F. N. Boxon, Architect and Civil Engineer, Editor. Terms : — One copy, one year including postage, $2.00. One copy. G months, including postage. $1.10 ROSE-BELFORD'S CANADIAN MONTHLY and NATIONAL REVIEW, Toronto, Rose-Belford, Publish- ing Co. I C THE BYSTANDER." A monthly review of current events, Canadian and general. 5t> Pages Demy 8 vo. each. Price 10 cents per number. Subs- cription $1.00 per Annum, payable in advance. Subscriptions and Communications may be sent to Mr. G. Mercer Adam, P. O. Box 14G, Toronto, or to the Publishers, Messrs. HUNTER, HOSE A CO., 25 Wellington Street West, Toronto. Wholesale Agents :~THE TORONTO NEWS COMPANY. "»>• r^AMJES i. OTTJiWJi. w!1 rOUIN, IS THE — :feKOPHIETOK ^15 various D.|Mr.mo„t, of ieH'Jor«'"« "■■"""»' »■"!' 'I- make every .iJ>lX ciSZZ^^TZ ,fo„l°e ■• ""'""^ '" Omnibuses meet the Arrioaljf every Tnun and Bon,. a.HSe!!?„'?t,';a^r"Vhe;:SS,e°rirr ""t""''' " «" vvilh leading ™„„ of evlry t Jk T„ ir„ ???"' .'"f".''™'""' ALEXANDRA IToTEE; Hyde park corner, liONDON, ENG. looking Hvde Pant B^?,«J d "."" '" London— over-- lirsl-class Hotel in LoXn ™"'''"' " ""' cheapest ele"arc°X"EoT„;!r DSn^'R'Z'r"?' t.^'""-" »"" A T»ri(?„r A*™"'"'"* Boom to every nooi^ ' Mana^ef ■""""'■«'' ™>' *>« »""""<''* "Pon apphca.ion ,„ „.. prL';>l'JiLta\1"fer^Sfrus^;e;t^'^™^' "^ »" "" 1^ DEPOSITORY !! OK BOOKS UNO SCHOOL-FURNISHINfiS, la conncclioii with the Department of Public fustruction^ Quebec. Tlie Ibllowing is Ihn price list of the school Ujxl-boo'cs f>lc., most (Vi'iiUHnlly auplicd Tor by School Hoards and Teachers ; a rotn|)leto hst, in holh languay* s. may he had al the Doposilory. ENGLISH HEADINr. -SPELLING WHITING : AND The Ciiiiailian National scries, viz : I-'ii'sl hook of Heading Lt'ssonH, with 31 Iliiislralionb. Kiist Book of Reading Lessons, ^nd part, 54 Ulus (rations Si'cond Book of Reading Lessons, 50 Illustrations.. Third Book of Reading Lessons, 41 Illustrations... Kunrth Book of Reading Lessons. 45 Illustrations.. Kiflh Book of Rnailiug Lessons, 50 Illustrations The Advanced Book of Reading Lessons. Andrew's Dramatic Reader .. The Canadian Spelling Book Morell's Manual ..' Writing, Fayson »!t Dunton, and Scrihner's Series, English Edition of larger, and American of larger. Smaller >. The Spencorian system of Penmanship ARITHMETIC. Smith and McMurchy's Elementary Arithmetic, do Advanced do Sangster's Elementary Arithmetic .. do Advanced do Richardson's Canadian Arithmetic ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION, Morrison's Grammar Bain's First English Grammar J^ennie's English Grammar. .. Bullion's do Murray's » do 3- 4 5 5 7 els. 45 do/. 90 25 50 50 40 40 '25 70 36 00 90 72 l5doz. 30 15 80 00 03 doz. 36 00 20 00 PRIZE LIST OF THE SCHOOL TEXT-HOOKS {Continued] GEOGHAPHY. Hodgin's Kasy Lossons (Lovoll)... o 10 90 80 85 75 50 doz. 25 1 1 3 2 2 12 00 15 00 50 doz. 09 87 90 68 3 18 12 3 18 13 4 25 doz. 00 00 60 00 doz. 50 36 LIST OF THE SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS {Continued) i\ BOOKS, 4c., FOR aECRETARY-THBASURERS. 'nSeT^fpage^'afflw^'r"'' ^"'"' "'" '«" '"■""°«' 50 sheets qti or. too sheets ^ii 150 sheets .".'.*.','!..*!.".'.'..' 3 35 Cash-Books. same paper and binding ': 150 sheets (to tn 300 sheets %^ 2? Ledgers, same paper and binding V 335 sheets, with index «o nn 460 sheets *« ^n 600 sheets 9 65 "^Sd'ngT' °^ ^he proceedings of tnl'sVe^s: same paper and 150 sheets $2 00 SCHOOL SUPPLIES. Foolscap paper, per ream : 10 lbs .. ■ *9 90 12 lbs hl^ 14 lbs i °^ . Slates, I x U, per doz n «a do 8 X 12 " ■; " 5* Slate Pencils, per box of 100 n m do Paper " ....;;;. X i^2 Lead Pencils from 8 c. to 50 c doz Steel Pens. Gillots 203, per gros ...." n (iO do " 292, " .... n In ^° " 404, " :^::::v;;;;;;;;;.;: 50 do (commercial pen) 30 Penholders Blanzy-Poure. per box of 1 gro'ss!" 60 Chalk, per box 7 J 25