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THE 
 
 WATER SUPPLY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CITY OF TORONTO 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 BY JAMES MANSERGH, CIVIL ENGINEER, 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, MEMBER GF THE INSTITUTION OF 
 
 MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETV AND OF THE 
 
 ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETV, ETC., ETC. 
 
 Westminster, 
 
 Janitanj, 1896. 
 
38: 
 
« i'V-i 'o^-h^: 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PACE 
 
 Introductory 6 
 
 Briar Hill District 8 
 
 Erin District 9 
 
 Ridge Lakes Scheme 10 
 
 Quality of the Waters of Lakes Simcoe and Ontario 17 
 
 Bases of relative cost of Gravibvtion and Puniiiing Schemes 21 
 
 Griivitation Scheme from Lake Simcoe 29 
 
 Cost of Gravitation Scheme ;J3 
 
 Pumping Scheme, Lake Ontario 38- 
 
 Recommendation 46: 
 
 Utilization of Water for Power 47 
 
 General description of Pumping Scheme recommended 50 
 
 Sewage 51 
 
 Currents in Lake Ontario ... 53 
 
 Appendices 54 
 
 3.83 
 
iWVIW'* '■'''•■.'J"'" ."■!V'""'P.'* 
 
15! 
 
 TORONTO WATER. 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 Wkstminstkk, January illHt. IHWB. 
 
 To Hin Worship the Matjor and Meinliei.s «/ the t'onnril of thi' Voi-poration <>/ the 
 Oitij of Toronto: 
 
 Uentlemen, — 
 
 On the 10th September, 18U4, I had an unofflctal visit from Mr. Alderman 
 Shaw at my Chambers In Westminster when the questioii of public water 
 supply generally was talked over, and at his request I had the pleasure of 
 Informing him about some of the undertakings 1 had then in hand and on 
 the work of the Koyal Commission which had recently reported upon the 
 supply of water to Greater London and of which 1 had been a member. 
 
 At the same time Mr. Shaw explained to me the character of the works 
 now furnishing water to Toronto from Lake Ontario by pumping, the rising 
 of the pipe on Christmas Day in IHUL', and the alternative suggestion for 
 obtaining water by gravi;ation from Lake Slmcoe. 
 
 At the close of this interview Alderman Shaw asked me if I would write 
 him as to the probable cost of such an alternative scheme in a broad general 
 way, and if not if I would state the fee 1 should require for visiting Toronto, 
 investigating the whole matter, and reporting thereupon. 
 
 As the result of this conversation 1 wrote him my letter of the IGth 
 November, 1894, which has been before you. 
 
 I heard nothing more of the matter (except an acknowledgment of mine 
 above referred to) until the 15th of September, 1895, when I received a call 
 from Mr. Coady, the City Treasurer, bringing a telegram from Mr. Shaw 
 enquiring if 1 would visit Toronto immediately and asking my fee for so 
 doing. 
 
 Mr. Coady explained that the pipe had again floated to the surface in 
 the Harbour and that there was considerable excitement in the City in 
 consequence of the fouling of the water, which was the inevitable conse- 
 quence of such an accident. 
 
 It was quite Impossible for me to leave England immediately because of 
 Important work which had to be arranged in connection with the deposit of 
 plans for the next session of Parliament, and because I had several uncom- 
 pleted reports in hand which must be cleared off if I were to be absent for 
 some weeks. 
 
6 
 
 
 These mattera and the time occupied In tlnally arranging terms delayed 
 my (I('i)urtiiro from London until the 2Uth October, and my arrival in 
 Toronto until Saturday, the lind of November. 
 
 On Monday forenoon, the 4th, I had an Interview with Mr. Keating In 
 his olHce, when he described generally the existing arrangements, and In 
 company with him, Mr. Followes, and my son 1 visited and traversed the 
 Island and inspected the Pumping Station. 
 
 In the afternoon I attended a meeting of the Special Committee appointed 
 to confer with me, and read, and subsequently handed in, a statement which 
 I had prepared setting forth the information I desired to be pui)plled with In 
 addition to that mentioned in my letter of the lUth November, 18!)4, which 
 liad been repeated in one sent to Mr. Coady to Liverpool, dated October 
 Ist, 18l>5. 
 
 At that meeting it was arranged at my request that I might be put into 
 direct communication with your oilicials in all departments, so that time 
 might not be lost in passing everything through the hands of the Com- 
 mittee, and this was a great convenience, for almost on every day during my 
 stay I had occasion to trouble one or other of these gentlemen, from all of 
 whom I may here state I received Immediate and most courteous attention. 
 
 From that day forward to the time of my leaving on the 20th November 
 i was engaged in acquiring information on the subject matter ot the refer- 
 ence to me, and I was agreeably surprised to receive the major part ot the 
 documentary evidence, mainly from your Engineer's office, with less delay 
 than I had reason to expect. 
 
 Meanwhile I paid two visits to Lake Simcoe, going on the first occasion 
 to the north or outlet end near Orillia, and on the second to the south and 
 east. 
 
 We were exceedingly fortunate on the latter of these excursions In get- 
 ting the loan of Mr. E. B. Osier's steam launch which was about to be laid 
 up the very next day. But for his Iciudness in allowing us to use this boat 
 much more time would have been spent and inconvenience incurred in 
 seeing all the southern shore to the east of Black River, the lake as far 
 as the north end of Georgina Island, Cook's Bay, and the lower end of the 
 Holland River. 
 
 I also inspected very carefully the southern slope of the range of hills 
 lying between Lake Simcoe and Toronto, "especially the watershed areas and 
 small lakes which Messrs. MacAlplne and Tully recommended as a source of 
 supply for Toronto In their Report of February 14th, 1887. 
 
 On the 8th of November I went through the we iterH;,entrance to the 
 
I 
 
 J 
 
 ( 
 
 J 
 
 Harbour on a trip with your Engineer along the Humber Bay to near the 
 mouth of the llunibor lllver and Mlmlco Point, then back by the existing 
 Intake south of the Island and on to Scarborough Heights, and on the fol- 
 lowing day we went along the new cut which has recently been made from 
 the Harbour to Ashbridge's Bay. 
 
 In addition to these inspections I visited UosehlU Reservoir and the 
 High I^evel Pumping Station, and acquainted myself generally with the area 
 embraced within the City boundaries, and I had interviews as occasion 
 required outside the Engineer's department with Dr. Sheard, your Medical 
 Officer, Professor Shuttleworth, Mr. Maughan the Assessment Commissioner, 
 Mr. Coady and others. 
 
 Before leaving I had also a second meeting with the Special Committpe, 
 and reported that the information they liad instructed your officials to place 
 at my disposal had practically all been provided, and that I had arranged for 
 the remainder to be forwarded to me, if possible to New York, during the 
 week which would elapse between my leaving Toronto and sailing, so that 
 I might have the opportunity of writing without loss of time if anything 
 further were needed. 
 
 That meeting was attended by Mr. Macdonald, the Secretary of the 
 Georgian Bay Canal Company, who handed me some papers and who after- 
 wards showed me at the offlce of his Company, a plan of the Canal and a 
 model of part of the country lying between Lake Ontario and Lake Simcoe. 
 
 Mr. Macdonald was also good enough to give me a copy of the Charter of 
 the Georgian Bay Ship Canal and Power Aqueduct Company of 1894, and to 
 lend me a report of Mr. Kivas Tully's on the route of the Canal, dated 185H, 
 which I made some notes from and returned to him the following day. 
 
 Having cleared away these preliminaries, I am now in a poaitlon to deal 
 with the problem upon which my advice has been sought, viz.: — 
 
 '^What in til he in ihe. future, the .sditrce of the voter .fiipitlied to the people of 
 Toronto f" 
 
 The altematives are as you know: — 
 
 1. Lake Ontario Pumping. 
 
 2. Lake Simcoe Gravitation. 
 
 3. Oak Ridge Lakes and Rivers Don and Rouge. .Gravitation. 
 
 Other sources have been mentioned and are referred to in Mr. Keatlng'a 
 Report of October 30th, 1893, which I will describe as supplcmrntal rather 
 ihandlternciire, because it cannot be contended that these sources would be 
 adequate to provide the whole of the water required in Toronto for all time. 
 
8 
 
 Tbese are: — 
 
 (») Wells Blink In the gravel beds north of the City. 
 (h) HpringB aud artesian wells In the Township ot! Erin. 
 
 (</) With regard to the flrst of these supplemental sourccH, I found that 
 some correspondence had passed between Messrs. U'lirian and Oault and 
 Mr. Keating about the time of my arrival In Toronto, and on the t4th of 
 November I requested Mr. Keating to ask these gentlemen the three follow- 
 ing questions, viz.: — 
 
 1st. How much water are you prepared to supply to Toronto ? 
 '2nd. At what level would It be delivered ? 
 
 On the liOth November the following reply was received by Mr. Keating, 
 and handed to me. 
 
 Dkar Sir,- 
 
 Toiu NTo, Novetnbor '20th, 1895. 
 lie BRIAR HILL WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 We have yours of the 14th Instant, and we beg to enclose you herewith 
 a memorandum briefly stating the facts regarding this project. To answer 
 your questions seriatim: — 
 
 («) It Is confidently expected that a supply of at least two millions of 
 gallons per day can be delivered, and possibly much more. 
 
 (h) The level at which the water would leave our premises is approxi- 
 mately 200 feet above the Rosehill Reservoir. 
 
 (c) The price per 1,000 gallons would be fixed at less than the cost to 
 the City of supplying a like quantity by any otner means. 
 
 As you know our dints have refrained from putting in a plant until the 
 City should express its willingness to take water from this source. The City 
 Is practically the only customer for It, and until the Council declares its 
 willingness to buy the water or the works, on the supply being developed, 
 there Is no encouragement to our clients, as prudent men, to expend money 
 in further development. 
 
 It seems to us to fall within the scope of Mr. Mansergh's duty to report 
 to the Council on the advisability of securing such a supply as this, as an 
 auxiliary or reserve supply, and a means of increasing the Are pressure, etc. 
 
 On the City being led by a favorable report from him to take action in 
 regard to this sou'-ce of supply, our clients would meet them in every reason- 
 able way, whether by selling the land as it is, or leasing it, or by completing. 
 

 
 
 
 
 under arrangement with the Council, the development and eBtabllBhment of 
 a supply system. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 (Signed) OBRIAN & OAULT. 
 E. H. KEATING. ESQ. 
 
 The letter was accompanied by a " Memorandum concerning the pro- 
 posed auxiliary supply of water for the City of Toronto from the sourco 
 known as " Hrlar Hill," under the heads of Character, Location, Quantity, 
 Quality, and Cost. 
 
 It is not, I think, necessary to give this Memorandum In full; the 
 supply is admittedly suggested merely as auxiliary, the Information given Is 
 of the vaguest and most speculative character, and some of the remarks 
 exhibit a want of knowledge of the subject, which detracts from the value 
 of the proposal. 
 
 Thus, in speaking of the quantity procurable from the source, the fol- 
 lowing Sentence occurs: " The situation and the abundance of the water 
 precludes the Idea of its being a mere rain or natural drainage catchment." 
 
 On this, I hope, 1 might say without offence that It is a delusion, and 
 that if the water is not the product of raiq but is supernaturnlly produced, 
 then it is something of which 1 have had no prior experience, and am utterly 
 Incompetent to advise you about, but it surely will be time enough to inves- 
 tigate such a freak of nature when Lake Simcoe and Lake Ontario have 
 foiled. 
 
 From what 1 have learned, however, of the geological structure of the 
 southern slope of the ridge between the two lakes 1 have no doubt that water 
 must be found In many places issuing as springs, or may be obtained by 
 driving or sinking, under quite normal and natural conditions; and possibly 
 Briar Hill is one of the most favourably situated of these. 
 
 I think, however, that nothing more need be said about this proposal, 
 because I cannot believe you invited me to come from England to consider 
 an insignificant addition of 10 per cent, to your present means of supply. 
 
 ERIN DISTRICT. 
 (6) The Erin district 1 did not consider it was worth my while to visit 
 
 Mr. Keating describes having seen there three or four springs of bright 
 and very hard water, issuing at an elevation of about 1,000 feet above Lake 
 Ontario, and at a distance from the centre of the City, as the crow flies, of 
 about 36 miles. 
 
 The suggestion that this source might be available for Toronto seems 
 to have come from a Mr. Vanderlip, who pointed out the site of an aban- 
 doned boring sunk some years ago with the hope of finding oil. 
 
10 
 
 At a depth of 80 or 90 feet water was struck, and rose to the surface, 
 but the search for oil having been unsuccessful, the boring was abandoned, 
 and its site is now marked only by a small puddle. 
 
 I have little doubt that similar conditions might be discovered In any 
 number of places around Toronto, and I agree entirely with Mr. Keating 
 that the project of seeking water in so precarious a source, the bringing of 
 which would involve the laying of a conduit nearly 40 miles in length, can- 
 not seriously be entertained. 
 
 The risks and contingencies involved in sinking and driving in search 
 of underground water are exceedingly great under the most favourable 
 gelogical conditions. 
 
 For instance, in the chalk formation which stretches from the Sussex 
 coast of the South of England, right away under, and for many milp" to the 
 North of London, no one can predict with confidence the quantity of water 
 which can be obtained by given works in any specific locality, although it is 
 well known that the whole mass of the chalk is more or less saturated with 
 water, from Its base on the impervious gault up to certain easily ascertain- 
 able heights — a thickness in many places of several hundreds of feei. 
 
 I do not believe for a moment that anything like the quantity of water 
 ultimately to be required can be obtained from this source, and to lay a pipe 
 so great a distance for a mere supplemental supply would be a foolish expen- 
 diture of capital. 
 
 If there were not inexhaustible quantities of water of good quality In 
 sight upon the surface, within the same distance. It might be excusable to 
 spend time and money in investigating this source more closely, but under 
 the circumstances I am clear that the suggestion may be dropped out of 
 further consideration. 
 
 RIDGE LAKES SCHEME. 
 
 I now come to the Ridge Lakes and Don and Rouge Rivers Scheme of 
 Messrs JIacAlpine and Tully. 
 
 These watersheds were seriously suggested in 1887 by Engineers of posi- 
 tion as sufflcieut and suitable sources for the supply of Toronto for as long a 
 period as it is ever needful to look forward to. Their estimate of the cost 
 of works was temptingly low, and the quality of the water was said to be 
 pure and wholesome. 
 
 This proposal consequently calls for careful examination and considera- 
 tion, and this I have given, to the extent to which, in my opinion its merits 
 ^deserve. 
 
II 
 
 I have read through the report more than once — It professes to be only 
 preliminary and therefore very close criticism may possibly be deprecated, — 
 but I was at once struck with the general tone of lukewarmness, not to say 
 apology, with which it is complied. 
 
 My impression is that its writers were not very enthusiastic in favour of 
 their scheme, nor much disappointed that they have never been asked to 
 carry out the instrumental examinations necessary to determine the actual 
 ar(as of the various watersheds, the positions of the storage reservoirs, or 
 the locations of the pipe lines. 
 
 I must, however, deal with the report in a general way as I find it, and 
 afterwards give my opinion of the scheme based upon my examination of the 
 lakes and the watersheds of the several rivers proposed to be utilised. 
 
 The simplest way will be to take up seriatim the points 1 noted in re?id- 
 ing, and the first of these 1 find on page 5, where it is stated that the water 
 to be procured is " pure and wholesome." 
 
 On the next page I find it is suggested that all the water should be 
 passed through mechanical, and, if found necessary, chemical filters. 
 
 This caused me a little surprise as it suggested that the pureness and 
 wholesomeness were not the natural condition of the water, but were to be 
 obtained by a process of more or less elaborate engineering and doctoring. 
 
 I have no fault to find with the interesting description of what may be 
 called the natural history of water found upon the earth, given on pages 
 C and 7, and I agree with the conclusions arrived at in the middle of page 7, 
 viz.: — that "For a public water supply the water should be selected having 
 the following characteristics in the highest degree possible, viz.: first, purity, 
 next softness, and next limpidity." 
 
 After the enunciation of this sound doctrine, one would not have expected 
 that the water to be obtained by this scheme might need both " mechanical 
 and chemical flltcration." 
 
 Lower down on the 7th page we find how it is that this elaborate treat- 
 ment may be found necessary, for " the Analyst has reported that the waters 
 of the llidge Lakes as they are now found are objectionable, on account of 
 the amount of vegetable matter present thei "in." 
 
 On reading this, I looked forward to And how the Analyst exactly put it, 
 and found that he entered on a lengthy investigation into the quality as 
 tested by the standards formulated by the chemists Wigner, Mutiir, Tidy and 
 Wanklyn, and that his final conclusions are stated as follows: — 
 
 Page 29. " The water of the Ridge Lakes is very Impure and entirely 
 unfit in its present condition for drinking p'lrposes." 
 
!i 
 
 
 12 
 
 Then after setting out that the organic matter they contain, is almost 
 exclusively of vegetable origin, and, therefore, very greatly less objection- 
 able than it tt were due to excremental or sewage pollution, the Analyj-i 
 says on page 31, " But after giving all due weight to considerations of thU 
 nature, the fact remains that the water of these lakes is loaded with organic 
 matter, no doubt vegetable in Us origin, to a degree tnat renders it quite 
 unlit for drinking." 
 
 With these expressions of opinion before them 1 do not wonder that the 
 Reporters recommend*!d a very perfect system of filtration. 
 
 I cannot find that any of the waters of the Rivers Don and Rouge or 
 melr tributaries were analysed, but l do not suppose that these would have 
 been found to differ materially from the average quality of the water of the 
 lakes. 
 
 Let us now go back and examine the hydrology and engineering of the 
 scheme. 
 
 First as to the drainage areas, these are given In round fleures and must 
 be taken as more or less approximate. 
 
 That of the lakes stated at U% square miles in the table on page y. is 
 «nly l-16th of the whole area dealt with, viz., 151 square miles. 
 
 In the absence of reliable contoured plans it is not possible on existing 
 <lata to cheque this figure, and in view of the opinion 1 arrived at on my 
 Inspection of the " locus." I have not deemed It necessary to ask you to Incur 
 the expense of having Instrumental surveys put In hand. 
 
 Second, as to " Daily Discharge." it is not definitely set out In the Reoort 
 how this has been arrived at. 
 
 
 The only rainfall returns are a few figures given on the top of page v. 
 And these appear to apply only to the sheds feeding the lakes. 
 
 The average annual fall of rain and snow for the years 1841 to 1871 ii> 
 given as ;{0.63 inches. If the oDservanons were accurately maae ana 
 recorded this is a sufficiently long term lo worK upon. 
 
 m England we should calculate from tne mean of such a period that t.»>« 
 rainfall of the minimum or driest year would be 24.42 inches, and that the 
 average of the three driest consecutive years (whicn is the period upon 
 which such calculations are based) would be 20.30 Inches. 
 
 The Report states that the driest year of the 31 years In question was 
 1848, when the rainfall measured was 2G.80; it does not give the average of 
 three consecutive dry years, but I think it would not be safe to take this an 
 more than 30 inches. 
 
13 
 
 From tbat quantity I should be disposed to deduct 15 inchies for eTai<ora- 
 tion; it is a tigure not infrequently used in Great Britain and I think it quitft 
 Justified here, because what is recorded as rainfall is rain plus snow reduced 
 to water, and the evaporation from snow is frequently very great indeed. 
 
 In prosecuting my enquiries arouna Toronto, especially into the question 
 of the present abnormally low water level of the lakes, I have learned that 
 although there was a large quantity of snow last winter, its melting con- 
 duced very slightly to the swelling of the rivers and the replenishing of the 
 lakes, mainly because there were no heavy warm rains which melted and 
 carried the snow away rapidly, but that on the contrary it was quiejy and 
 Insensibly evaporated into the atmosphere. 
 
 Deducting then lb from 30 we get 15 as the number of inches of rainfall 
 upon the watersheds which could be Impounded it natural lakes existed, or 
 artificial reservoirs were constructed of sufficient aggregate capacity to hold 
 the water this fall upon the sheds would produce. 
 
 To put this into the shape adopted by Messrs. MacAlpine and Tully, 
 viz., " Daily Supply," — or as I should prefer to call it " Daily Yield" — we get 
 151 square miles Dy 15 ins. by 40,000 gallons*=:yo,(500,000 gallons a day as 
 against 79% millions, given in the table on page 9, with a provision of 4,443 
 million gallons of storage. 
 
 But In my opinion this provision is entirely inadequate and insufficient; 
 It Is not 50 times the daily quantity obtainable, and I should not think of 
 providing less than 200 days' storage with such a rainfall as prevails here, 
 In order to utilise the whole of the water, and be certain of maintaining the 
 full supply during a period of drought. 
 
 Then further, the Reporters take credit for obtaining 8% million gallons 
 a day from the six Ridge Lakes, although they give no figure for storage in 
 the corresponding column of the table. 
 
 I confess to having been very much puzzied to understand in what way 
 It was contemplated to make use of the lakes. 
 
 On page 8 I found the following passages: " The supply from these lakes 
 forms an admirable adjunct to the scheme, as the lakes will form a very 
 large storage at small cost, 'sufficient to retain all the rain and snow, with- 
 out allowing any to run to waste, and also enough to hold over the surplus 
 from one year of larger rainfall to another of lesser rainfall." 
 
 Again " The supply from the lakes alone would be an average of H% 
 million gallons a day for the whole year, and, if desired, by retaining the 
 water in the lakes, 12 or 15 millions of gallons daily can be furnished to the 
 City through the summer season from this source. 
 
 The quivntity due jxir day to one inch of rainfall per annntn per 8<|uare mile. 
 
 , 
 
14 
 
 Nowhere Is anything said about raising artificially the present normal top 
 water level of the lakes or of drawing the water down below that level, and 
 that neither of these is intended to be done, is borne out by the absence from 
 the table on page 9 of any figure for storage. 
 
 Whence then the 8% million gallons a day throughout the year or the 12 
 or 15 millions during the summer are to be obtained, I entirely fall to see. 
 
 If no water is to be stored in the lakes, that Is If a certain depth in feet 
 above or below the present normal surface is not to be alternately filled and 
 drawn upon, then the only supply available during .the summer months 
 would be the dry weather yield of the watersheds, which I am satisfied, from 
 what I have seen, may fall to 15 cube feet per minute per 1,000 acres for 
 weeks together which Is equivalent, to 821,000 gallons a day instead of the 
 12 or 15 millions stated in the report. 
 
 If I were to assume that 4,443 millions of gallons of storage could be 
 provided as stated by the Reporters by the construction of the reservoirs 
 oh the sites they have indicated (which I very much doubt), then I should 
 put the full reliable daily capability of supply of the works at about 56 
 million gallons a day, arrived at in this way: — 
 
 One two-hundredth of 4,443,000,000 gallons stor- '' 
 
 age equals 22,215,000 
 
 Average flow of rivers with 151 square miles of . . 
 
 drainage area at 25 cube feet per minute per 
 square mile 33,075,000 
 
 56,190,000 
 
 works. — Of course It Is not to be expected that In a preliminary report 
 such as I am criticising, anything very definite can be said about works, but 
 I cannot help calling attention to a passage or two which attracted my 
 notice on page 19, as follows: — 
 
 " If the gravity project shall receive the favourable consideration of the 
 Municipal Government we would recommend that the works necessary to 
 bring in the water from the west branch of the Don (10 millions of gallons 
 daily) shall be first commenced, and built with as much alacrity as the case 
 admits, so that it may meet the immediate demand for an increased supply 
 instead of increasing the pumping works. 
 
 " The expenditure will be ?210,000, or about one-fourth of the sum esti- 
 mated by the Superintendent for a supply of 8 millions by pumping. 
 
 " The necessary surveys and plans can be pr spared in three months, and 
 the works constructed in four to six months. 
 
15 
 
 ormal top 
 level, and 
 ;nce from 
 
 or the 12 
 to see. 
 
 ;h In feet 
 Blled and 
 months 
 led, from 
 acres for 
 Id of the 
 
 could he 
 
 eseryoirs 
 I should 
 about 56 
 
 y report 
 rks, but 
 ted my 
 
 I of the 
 isary to 
 
 gallons 
 he case 
 
 supply 
 
 m estl- 
 
 r. 
 
 hs, and^ 
 
 " The lowfti' storage reservoir, ccntainmg irom 2W to 300 millions of 
 gallons, would d2 UV^ miles from KosehlU Keservoir. 
 
 " The conduit pipe connecting them would have a capacity for delivering 
 from Ave to ten thousand gallons per minute into the City distribution." 
 
 I will venture to test this a little in detail so as to be able to form a 
 Judgment on the correctness of the estimate. 
 
 In order to procure 10 million gallons a day, 1 find from the table on 
 page 9, that 494V^, say 500 million gallons of storage, are to be provided. 
 (I do not accept this as accurate but will use it for the purpose of my 
 argument.) 
 
 Further, to deliver this quantity to Rosehill reservoir, a pipe y^4 miles in 
 length must be laid. 
 
 From the levels I have on plans furnished to me, I assume that the head 
 of this pipe in order to draw down the reservoir fully, must be about 400 
 feet above Toronto datum, whilst the dellvefy end at Rosehill will be 21(5, 
 giving 184 feet fall in the 9^^ miles, or about 1 in 272. If the true hydraulic 
 gradient between these points can be obtained (that is if no higher ground 
 intervenes), a pipe of 27 inches diameter will be required to deliver the 10 
 million gallons a day or 7,000 a minute. 
 
 Such a pipe, 9% miles long, could not, I believe, be laid for the $210,000, 
 as this would only allow $4.18 per foot. I shoud prefer to call the cost at 
 least $7 a foot, which is a low estimate, if sluice valves, air cocks, washouts, 
 and easements are included. On this basis, the pipes alone would cost 
 $350,000, or $140,000 more than the Reporters' estimate, will be the whole 
 outlay, including the 500 million gallons of storage. What the cost of this 
 would be, it is not easy to say without definite information upon the con- 
 figuration and geological structure of the site. 
 
 From what I have observed personally and learned by enquiry, I cannot 
 assume, however, that the facilities for reservoir construction, will be more 
 favourable or the works less costly in the township of Vaughan, than in an 
 average case in England. 
 
 The same care must be exercised, and the same expense must be incurred 
 in dealing with water stored to a consid arable depth, in order to prevent 
 leakage and avoid disaster, and I cannot see why my home experience should 
 not be utilised in estimating the cost of a reservoir to hold 500 million 
 gallons. 
 
 If I do this, I should put it down at $500,000. 
 
 Adding this to the $350,000 for the conduit and 15 per cent; to the whole- 
 
1() 
 
 for engineering and contingencies, we get a total of 1077,600 or nearly five 
 times the estimate of Messrs. MacAlpine and Tully. 
 
 Now as to the time in which it is stated that all this work could be car- 
 ried out, viz., from tour to six months. 
 
 I have heard of the lightning speed at which the Canadian Pacific and 
 other railways on the American continent have been executed, but I have yat 
 to learn that hydraulic works of a reliable and stable character have ever 
 been, or can be rushed in this way, and I venture to suggest that not four to 
 six months, but more nearly four to six years would be needed to build these 
 reservoirs. 
 
 From these criticisms you will learn that my opinion is, that neither in 
 respect of its capability of supply, nor the cost at which it can be executed, 
 is this scheme to be relied upon. 
 
 I think that in every respect the flgures are misleading, and I believe 
 that if the Reporters had made detail surveys and working drawings, their 
 sstimatfcs would have been modified so as to approximate to the figures I 
 have named. 
 
 It might, however, have turned out that notwithstanding this, the pro- 
 ject would have been a desirable one, if Lhe quality of the water could for all 
 time have been relied upon. 
 
 * 
 
 This, however, I believe is not the case. 
 
 If Toronto is ever to grow so that the quantity of watei obtainable from 
 these watersheds is needed, then by that time all this district will have been 
 much more closely settled and densely populated than it is at present, with 
 the inevitable result of the pollution of the streams by sewage and foul 
 manures. 
 
 Even m their present condition, these sheds would never be selected 
 now-a-days at home. Only open mountain pastures, unploughed and un- 
 manured, and with practically no population, are considered good enough 
 as collecting grounds for town supplies, and where a river, like the Thames, 
 Is still utilised, the whole of the conditions bearing upon the use of Its waters 
 must be distinctly understood before it can be set up In comparison with the 
 scheme under consideration. From my own intimate knowledge of the 
 Thames, I can say that the two are in no sense comparable. 
 
 After a full consideration of this proposal, I unhesitatingly condemn It. 
 
Qearly five 
 
 iild be car- 
 
 Pacific and 
 I have yet 
 have eveiT 
 aot four to 
 build these 
 
 neither In 
 i executed. 
 
 I I believe 
 ings. their 
 3 figures I 
 
 s, the pro- 
 )uld for all 
 
 lable from 
 have been 
 sent, with 
 and foul 
 
 selected 
 and un- 
 enough 
 Thames, 
 its waters 
 with the 
 'e of the 
 
 idemn it. 
 
 Lake Simcok — Gkavitation. 
 
 LaKK OnTAUIO — PuMl'INd. 
 
 1 now come to the real question at issue, viz : Is the future supply of 
 water to Toronto to be obtained by pumping from Lake Ontario or by gravi- 
 tation from Lake Simcoe? 
 
 What the answer to this question is to be will depend upon two main 
 factors, viz.: — 
 
 First.— The quality of the water procurable from each source, and 
 Second. — The relative cost of obtaining it. 
 1 will deal with them In this order: — 
 
 (^UAI.ITV <tl' THK WaTKIW OK LaKK ONTAKK) AND LaKK SiMCOE. 
 
 Upon this point my opinion must necessarily be formed partly by a con- 
 sideration of the general conditions affecting each of these waters, but mainly 
 upon the chemical analyses and biological examinations which have been 
 made from time to time by your own officers. 
 
 In order to obtain this information in a systematic form, I had an inter- 
 view with Dr. Shcard and Professor Shuttlcworlh on the 8th November, and 
 on the same day 1 wrote the following letter: — 
 
 [Copy ] 
 
 Queen's Hotel, November 8th. 189r). 
 
 Dr. Slwanl: 
 
 My Dear Sih,— 
 
 1 shall be much obliged if you will be good enough, in concert with your 
 colleague, Professor Shuttleworth, to furnish me with the following informa- 
 tion: — 
 
 1st. A tabulated statement in chronological order of the chemical 
 analyses which have been made during the last 10 years of the water of Lake 
 Ontario at the waterworks Intake, south of the island. 
 
 :^nd. A similar statement of the bacteriological examinations for such 
 period as these have been made. 
 
 8rd. Chemical and biological results In the same form of the waters of 
 Lake Simcoe, the Ridge Lakes, and the Rivers Don and Rouge, referred to 
 in the 1887 Report of Messrs. McAlplne and Tully. 
 
 4th. Similar information, if such exists, of the water of Lake Ontario at 
 Mimico Point and Scarborough Heights, and of any other sources which have 
 been seriously suggested for the supply of the City. 
 
 2 
 
18 
 
 To all these analyses I shall be much obliged If you will add a ay obser- 
 vations made as to taste, colour or odour, and your opinions genei-ally as to 
 their Individual and relative suitability tor the supply for all purposes to a 
 community such as that of Toronto, 
 
 I have already requested, through the Special Committee, to be furnished 
 with analyses (C. & B.) of ihe waters of the Niagara river, and 1 explained 
 this afternoon how the samples should be taken. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 (Signed) JAS. MANSERGH. 
 
 Since my return home 1 have received a report, dated December Oth, 
 1895, signed by both these gentlemen, and a separate note from Dr. Shuttle- 
 worth, on the water of the Niagara river, dated 23rd November, 1895. 
 
 Both these are printed as appendices and marked A and B. 
 
 I have submitted these reports to Dr. Edward Frankland, F. R. S., who 
 has probably had a larger experience In the analysis of water and in advising 
 upon public supplies than any chemist now living, and with him I have talk- 
 ed the matter over in all its bearings, the rosuit being to fortify— on the 
 points referred to him— the opinion I had myself substantially arrived at. 
 
 Curiously enough the two lakes we aie dealing with stand, the one 
 Simcoe, at the head, and the other, Ontario, at the foot of the great system 
 of inland seas occupying the centre of the North American continent; thus, 
 on the water parting of the ridge between Simcoe and Ontario, a child with 
 a toy spade could cause a little stream to flow either by a twenty miles run 
 into Ontario or to follow a course by way of Huron, Erie, and the Niagara 
 river of 800 miles. 
 
 The watershed into Simcoe is 1,100 square miles and into Ontario 270,075. 
 
 The average dally discharge from Simcoe by the River Severn is pro- 
 bably G(50 million gallons; from Ontario by the St. Lawrence 150.000 million 
 gallons. 
 
 The drainage area of Simcoe is sparsely populated and the lake has upon 
 Its banks but a few small towns, so that the organic pollution is now very 
 small indeed and will probably never be serious. 
 
 I am not In a position to say how the population of the rural part of the 
 drainaee area above Ont^trio comnares ratably with that of Simcoe. hut 
 there are upon the banks of the great lakes a number of large cities* and 
 
 *As you iirp aw.are the larprest of these cities, Chicago, is now carrying out works 
 which will have the effect of diverting its sewage from Lake Michigan (and ultimately the 
 St. Lawrence River) into the MisBissippi. 
 
19 
 
 NSERGH. 
 
 irio 270,075. 
 
 other populous places, and upon Ontario stands Toronto itself, wliicli, from 
 its proximity to the intake, I regard as more important by far than all the 
 others put together. 
 
 Making a broad mental comparison of these relative conditions one 
 would Judge that, under normal circumstances of wind and weather, tho 
 waters of thT two lakes should be very similar when viewed from a purely 
 chemical standpoint, but Dr. Frankland advises me that the analyses show 
 distinctly that the water of Simcoe is in this sense " very decidedly inferior 
 to that of Ontario." 
 
 He also says that " the water of the Niagara River as it enters Lake 
 Ontario is of excellent chemical quality, for, although it has received the 
 Eowagp of Buffalo and other places, the immense volume of water with 
 which this is mixed renders its effect upon the chemical, as distinguished 
 from the bacteriological character of the water, inappreciable." 
 
 It Is, however, nowadays considered by all the authorities that the 
 bacteriological condition of a water intended for dietetic purposes. Is prob- 
 ably of greater importance than its chemical composition. 
 
 In this respect, under normal conditions, there is nothing to choose be- 
 tween the two waters, and if I had not seen the result of an examination 
 made by Dr. Shuttleworth when the Ontario water was in quite an abnormal 
 condition, I might have assumed that, balancing everything, it was at all 
 times slightly the better of the two. 
 
 On that occasion, January 19th, 1894, a very heavy sea was running with 
 much floating ice, and the whole condition was one of quite exceptional 
 disturbance, and, in consequence, the number of organisms was Increased 
 from an average of 104 to 7,880, this being, no doubt, due to the stirring up 
 of the mud by the action of the waves. 
 
 To the unitiated these numbers may sound very alarming, and 1. there- 
 fore, append a footnote (♦) containing a few passages from the Report 
 
 *Mr. Win. Croolccs, F.R.S.. put in .a Htatement containing tlic fulliiwinfr fiicts^ 
 spoken to by high French and (i«-rman aiithonties : — 
 
 Ba<iteria in — 
 
 Aerated waters 10,000 to To.OOO per cubic ccntimi trc. 
 
 Milk 1,000,000 to 7.200.000 " 
 
 Lyons sansapffi l,8'.»0,000 to (),(ir)4,000 per prramine. 
 
 Flour 85,000 to 200,000 •' 
 
 Oatmeal 400,000 to noo.OOO ' 
 
 Cheese 5,r)00,(MiO to .S'tO'i.ooO 
 
 Butter 10.000,000 to 20,000,000 
 
 N.B. — A cubic centimetre of water weighs one gram in . 
 
20 
 
 f 
 
 of the Royal CommlsBlon on London water of 1893, which shows that there 
 may be present In foods or drfnks a very large number of mlcro-organiams 
 without any harm being done. 
 
 Dr. Sheard and Professor Shuttlcworth were, no doubt, quite right In 
 keeping out of their comparative tables the particulars of this exceptional 
 observation, because, as they say, the figures " would exorcise a dominating 
 influence which would quite overwhelm any conclusion which might other- 
 wise be formed as to the average condition of the water at the lake stations." 
 
 As dealing In a practical way with the whole question, I cannot, however, 
 ignore the fact that, occasionally and for short periods, the bacteriological 
 condition of the water is such as to make it inadvisable to send It " into 
 supply " in its raw state. 
 
 No doubt an enormous majority of the organisms found by Dr. Shuttle- 
 worth In January, 1894, were perfectly harmless, but the fear Is that there 
 might be among them an occasional pathogenic microbe or spore capable of 
 doing harm. 
 
 In view of this contingency I have from the first been Inclined to advise 
 that the water of Lake Ontario should be filtered, and in his Report to me 
 Dr. Frankland emphatically supports this view. 
 
 In fact, he goes further and says: " As regards Alteration, I should 
 strongly advise this to be adopted, ,rliirlirn-r whnv Is selected. If the water 
 is not filtered I should, on the whole, prefer Lake Slmcoe; if It Is decided to 
 filter, then I should prefer Ontario."* 
 
 My own view Is that the Slmcoe water need not bo filtered at present. 
 No examination of it has been made at a time of unusual disturbance, as in 
 the case of Ontario; if it were made, there is little doubt a very much greater 
 number of organisms than the average would be found, but there is, in my 
 opinion, little fear that any of them would be pathogenic. 
 
 Instead, therefore, o.' going to the cost of filtering the water, I think at 
 the outset it would be quite sufficient to construct a service reRcrvoir to 
 hold 100 million gallons, which should always be kept full (except in fire or 
 other emergency), so that when the water was not quite right the City could 
 be supplied from the reservoir for three or four days without drawing any 
 from the lake. 
 
 Experience would soon show if further precautions were necessary. I 
 am of opinion that not for a great many years, if ever, would they need to 
 be taken. 
 
 •Til.' .■ff.'ct ..f tiltiiitinii is to remove 90 \v^r cent of all the organisms whether harmful 
 „r iiirmless- ,an.l ns unlv one of the former may exist amonp thonnands of the latter the 
 chances of it. oa.sine throM^li the filter are exceedingly remote. The bacillus of typhoid 
 which is ,.rob.al.ly the only one to be feared, has, I believe, never yet been isolated and 
 recognized in the water of linke Ontario. 
 
 / 
 
21 
 
 that there 
 -organisma 
 
 :e right In 
 sxceptlonal 
 lominating 
 Ight other- 
 3 stations." 
 
 t, however, 
 Lerlological 
 d It " into 
 
 tr. Shuttle- 
 that there 
 capable of 
 
 (1 to advise 
 port to me 
 
 1, I should 
 
 [ the water 
 
 decided to 
 
 at present. 
 
 ance, as in 
 
 ich greater 
 
 is, in my 
 
 think at 
 
 servoir to 
 
 in Are or 
 
 Mty could 
 
 iwlng any 
 
 essary. I 
 sy need to 
 
 li armful 
 
 latter the 
 
 of typhoid, 
 
 oliited and 
 
 On the quefltion of quality, nothing more' need be said than to repeat in 
 a sentence that if the aimcoe water is dealt with as I have Just described, 
 and if the Ontario water— drawn from the present intake— is filtered, both of 
 them, as delivered to consumers will bo high-class waters of unimpeachable 
 character, with practically nothing to choose between them. 
 
 I am now, therefore, in a position to take up the discussion of the second 
 factor, which is to determine what my answer shall be to the question put 
 upon page 23, viz., the question of " relative cost." 
 
 Rklvtivk Cost dt t)Br.\iNi\(» W.vtku hy (iiuvrr.vnox i'uom I.akk Sfmcok 
 .\VI) IIV PlMPI.Nd Fl!i) 1 fjAKt; Ont.iiiio. 
 
 The first stage in thla enquiry will be to formulate the bases upon which 
 the comparison of cost is to be founded. 
 
 To do this we must at the outset determine the quantity of water to bo 
 ultimately provided, and in using the word " ultimately " I mean, of course, 
 the termination of a period in the future up to which it will be reasonable 
 to attempt to forecast the growth of the population. 
 
 We must also assume a certain rate at which this growth is to go on. 
 
 Having made this forecast of the number of people to bo supplied in any 
 year up to the ultimate time, we must then fix upon a quantity per head per 
 day which shall be amply sufllclent to meet all the usual demands for domes- 
 tic, sanitary, and commercial purposes. 
 
 It would be folly to pretend that it is possible to predict the future of 
 Toronto with any degree of accuracy; all that can be done is to make a 
 reasonable assimiption as to its future progress, based upon its growth in the 
 past and upon all the conditions likely to operate in determining it. 
 
 During my stay in Toronto and on the voyage home, I took every avail- 
 able opportunity of learning the views of liose who I thought were probably 
 more or less competent to form an opinion, but I was referred by the Com- 
 mittee to the gentleman whom they considered the highest authority, viz., 
 Mr. Maughan, the Assessment Commissioner. 
 
 By him I was furnished with a table of the population of the City from 
 1870 to 18i).~», and he was good enough to give me two or three opportunities 
 of talking the matter over with him, both before and after he had written 
 me the following letter. 
 
22 
 
 Nuvumber 7th, IHOff. 
 Dkah Sik, — 
 
 You Imvo requoBted me to furnisli vou with an estimate of the probable 
 annual increase of population which may reaHonably be expected for the 
 future In the City of Toronto. 
 
 After giving tho nmtt«'r duo conBidcratlon, and taking into acroiint all 
 the facts of which 1 iini cognizant, I am of opinion that such Increase will be 
 at the rate of about two per cent, per annum. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 (Signed) N. MAUOHAN, 
 
 James Mansergh, Esq. 
 
 Assesament Commissioner. 
 
 Tho followinu is tlio table above roforrod to : — 
 
 TABLE No. 1. 
 Population of Toronto from 1H70 tu iHWfi from Ahsksihmbnt Koll. 
 
 1H70 
 1H71 
 
 1872 
 1H7H 
 1874 
 1875 
 1870 
 1877 
 1878 
 187'J 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 188;-1 
 1884 
 1885 
 1880 
 1887 
 1888 
 188!) 
 18!»0 
 1801 
 1892 
 189» 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 54.7:!(i 
 57.020 
 (W,G47 
 H7.995 
 ()H,«78 
 71,()9;-5 
 ()7,;J8(i 
 70,807 
 
 7;',8i;5 
 
 75.110 
 77,();t4 
 80,415 
 81), 94 5 
 102,5:i7 
 108,(i8fl 
 115.210 
 122,122 
 l;)0,Ot)0 
 14;i,710 
 1()4.980 
 172,410 
 1(I7,4;{9 
 170,051 
 169,099 
 107,0.58 
 174,809 
 
 Yorkville (5,211 |)eoi)lc') annexed. 
 Brockton 745, Rivcrtlale 2,980. 
 
 The annex and E. Rosedale aune.\ed. 
 Dovcrconrt annexed. 
 Parkdalo annexed, 4,588. 
 
 It will be seen that these figures form a very unsatisfactory basis 
 to found a forecast upon, first, because during the whole 25 years' 
 
28 
 
 period, tho area upon which the populaUon wuh located did not remain the 
 same, but was extended on live dlfTorcnt occaclons. Second, bocauae during 
 tho tlmen wh(*n the areas were Identical, the fluctations in tho growth were 
 very conHidorable. 
 
 Thus In the — 
 
 Four years from 1H7() to 1874 It was 2r>.47 pfr cent. 
 Four years from 1874 to 1878 It was 7.48 per cent. 
 Four years from 1878 to 188:i It was 2l.ii5 per cent. 
 
 r-,nd In the whole twelve years between 1870 and 1882 it was (W.;J2 per cent. 
 
 Between 1882 and 181)0 the City boundaries were extended so as to take 
 In the out districts of Yorkville, Brockton, Rlverdale, The Annex, East 
 Kosedale, Dovercourt, and Parkdale; and tho population of the City, which 
 prior tp these extensions had been In 1882 8lt,045, became in 1Si)() 172,410, 
 being an Increase of 1)1.07 per cent, in the eight years. 
 
 How much of this Increase was due to extension of area, and how much 
 to real growth of population, I nave no means of ascertaining. 
 
 In the five years from 1800 to 181)5— during which period no extension of 
 the City limits has been made — the population has grown from 172,410 to 
 174,.'{01), or 1,81)1), which Is equivalent to 1.10 per cent., or about one-fifth per 
 cent, per annum. 
 
 This Is a very different state of things from that which prevailed betweon 
 1870 and 1882 when the average annual Increase was at the rate of 4V4 por 
 cent., or 21 times as great. 
 
 In the light of these figures, and taking into account the opinions I have 
 obtained other than Mr. Maughan's, my own impression is that his estimate 
 for the future is a somewhat sanguine one. 
 
 I propose, however, to adopt the two per cent, per annum in my calcula- 
 tions, because it was agreed on all hands that Mr. Maughan was the man 
 best quallfl' d to form an opinion upon the point. 
 
 I sincerely trust that his forecast may be found correct as years go by, 
 for If it is, then the City of Toronto has indeed a prosperous and brilliant 
 future before it. 
 
 On this assumption then I have prepared the following Table No. 2 
 which gives the estimated population In each year up to 1045. bednnlng with 
 the round figure of 175,000 in 1895. 
 
24 
 
 TABLE No. i>. 
 Population, Emtimatf.d. 
 
 Yuai'. Po])uliition. i Year. Pi)i)iilatiun. Yuar. iPopulation 
 
 1895 
 
 175,000 
 
 1 
 
 1912 .. .. 
 
 245,042 
 
 IH'.Hl 
 
 17H,i"),IO 
 
 lOlU 
 
 249,94'J 
 
 181»7 
 
 182,070 
 
 1014 
 
 254,942 
 
 1808 . . . . 
 
 185,712 
 
 1015 
 
 200,040 
 
 mn) 
 
 180.425 
 
 1910 
 
 2()5.242 
 
 1000 
 
 10;5.214 
 
 1017 
 
 270.545 
 
 
 107,078 
 
 1018 
 
 275,057 
 
 1001 
 
 1010 
 
 2!-:l,47(i 
 
 1002 
 
 ..: 201,020 
 
 1020 
 
 2^7,100 
 
 100.S 
 
 ..' 205,040 
 
 
 
 1904 
 
 200,140 
 
 1021 
 
 201', s 48 
 
 IOC;-) 
 
 21:J,;{24 
 
 1022 
 
 298,705 
 
 190<; 
 
 .. 217,591 
 
 102:} 
 
 ;<04,(i70 
 
 1007 
 
 221,942 
 
 1924 
 
 1025 
 
 :U(>,77:) 
 
 lOOK 
 
 22(i..S.sl 
 
 :il(>,988 
 
 1000 
 
 2:50,008 
 
 1020 
 
 :i:.':i,:«8 
 
 1910.... 
 
 2:f5,527 
 
 1027 
 
 :529,794 
 
 
 
 1928 
 
 :?;!o.:5'.!() 
 
 1011 
 
 240,287 
 
 i 
 
 1029 
 
 ;u:<,ii8 
 
 19;{0. 
 
 lo:ii ... 
 
 19:52. .. 
 
 19;5;? 
 
 
 19:54 .... 
 19:55 . . 
 
 1 »;'.(; 
 
 19;;7 .... 
 io:!,s . . . 
 
 19:50 
 
 
 1940 
 
 
 1041 
 
 
 1942 
 
 194:5 
 
 
 1044 
 
 
 1915 . . 
 
 
 ;549,980 
 ;560,98(k 
 
 :504,12a 
 
 ;J7 1,402 
 
 :578,8;io 
 ;i8(i,40(; 
 
 ' :594, 1.S4 
 102,018 
 410,058 
 118,258 
 420,(524 
 
 4:5.5,158 
 44:5, ,*■()(> 
 452,7:58 
 401.792 
 471,028 
 
 This Table is made out as will be seen for a term of 50 years from 1895. 
 
 The Royal Commission which had ui.dcr consideration two years age 
 the supply of water to London, discussed at great length the question of 
 how long a period it was desirable to look forwai'd to, and finally came to 
 the conclusion to take 40 years, feeling that " every addition to the period 
 adds enormously to the chances of serious error in the computation of pro- 
 bable future population." 
 
 I think it may fairly be assumed that such chances of error are greater 
 in the case of Toronto than of London but for reasons which later on I may 
 again refer to, I have decided to deal with 50 years and even to put a little 
 addition on to that, as will be found In the sequel. 
 
 It may be a surprise to some who have not looked into the figures to 
 learn that a growth of 2 per cent, per annum means that in 1045 the popula- 
 tion would be 471,028 and in 1948, half a million. 
 
 If the growth of the City between 1870 and 1882, viz., 4^4 per cent, per 
 annum were projected forward to 1948 the population would then be over 
 1,400,00^. I ' -Jf;: 
 
25 
 
 Some of the persons I discussed the matter wlth.were optimistic enough 
 to assert that a similar rate of increase (414 per cent.) might not unfairly 
 be loolied forward to in the future, whilst others who agreed that 2 per cent, 
 per annum was a perfectly reasonable assumption, were taken aback at 
 finding that there would, on that basis, be !500,000 people in Toronto in 1<J48; 
 and there and then expressed their belief that it would never attain to such 
 a position. 
 
 These considerations are sufficient to illustrate and emphasize the impru- 
 dence of dogmatising either on the future rate of growth or on the period 
 during which such rate is likely to be maintained. 
 
 It is, however, absolutely necessary for the purposes of this report that I 
 should assume something on each of these points, and for the reasons I hare 
 given, I take a growth of 2 per cent, per annum for a term of 50 years. 
 
 In doing this I feel very confident that I am erring— if erring at all— on 
 the side of excess. 
 
 Having taken these steps I must now discuss the question of the quan- 
 tity of water that ought to be provided daily per head of the population. 
 
 It is a matter of common knowledge that in the United States, Canada, 
 and other of the Colonies, the consumption per head is very much greater 
 than it is in England. 
 
 How this comes about I have never been able satisfactorily to ascertain. 
 
 Taking the year 1804 for which I have been furnished by Mr. Keating 
 with the quantity pumped upon every day, giving an aggregate for the year 
 of (j,5«!),4i)2,]42 gallons or an average of ]8,053,4();j gallons per day, and 
 dividing that quantity by Mr. Maughan's population for the same year, vis., 
 107,05^, I find that the daily allowance per head is 107.7 gallons. 
 
 This is assuming that the whole population is supplied from the public 
 works, and none at all from private sources, which is a little unlikely, and, 
 therefore, the 107.7 is probably somewhat less than the actual figure. 
 
 Let us see how this compares with home consumption. 
 
 The recent Royal Commission found that, in the year 1801, the average 
 daily quantity supplied per head in Greater London was .'^2.68 gallons, anrT 
 after hearing much evidence from all sides, and fully considering the matter, 
 they fixed on 3") gallons as an ample quantity for all purposes, domestic, 
 sanitary, trade and ornamental, and, I think it may safely be stated, that 
 this is more than the average consumption in the whole of the United 
 Kingdom. 
 
26 
 
 How it, comes about that over three gallons have to be provided In 
 Toronto, tor one in "London, I cannot positively say, but I have a shrewd 
 suspicion that by far the greater part of the excess is due to misuse or 
 waste in one way or another. 
 
 In all countries there are, no doubt, certain localities, the homes of 
 special industries, in which abnormally large quantities of water are required 
 for the processes carried on; such for example as the ironmaking district, 
 on and near the banks of the Tees in the north-east of England. 
 
 There, out of a consumption equal to 52 gallons per head of the popula- 
 tion, 39 are sold by meter for trade purposes, leaving 13 for domestic supply. 
 
 This, however, is quite an exceptional case, and in cities like London, 
 Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield, the meter consumption ranges from 
 (5 to 10 gallons per head, leaving for the domestic supply from l.'l to 2.j 
 gallons. 
 
 The larger of these figures is, now-a-days, never exceeded, and very 
 rarely reached, in laying the estimates of consumption before Parliamentary 
 Committees; it is, In fact, admitted on all hands to be a very full and ample 
 provision for all domestic and sanitary purposes. 
 
 So far as I have been able to judge the conditions of life and the habits 
 of the people in Canada and the United States, do not differ so materially 
 from those prevailing at home, as to lead to a greatly increased user of water, 
 and I am clear that if the 25 is raised tc 30, that is a very liberal provision. 
 
 How then are the 77.7 gallons provided in excess of this quantity dis- 
 posed of ? 
 
 I did my best to ascertain this whilst in Toronto, obtaining the infor- 
 mation from the Treasurer's department. 
 
 According to the books the quantity of water sold by meter in 1804 was 
 683 millions of gallons, but 1 was told that owing mainly to the presence of 
 aand in the water, the meters could not be maintained in good working 
 order, and were believed to register on the average in favour of the con- 
 sumer to the extent of 25 per cent. 
 
 Assuming this to be the case (it is a rather strong assumption), the 083 
 millions would be increased to 854 millions, which, divided by 3(55, gives an 
 average meter consumption of 2,340,000 gallons per day. 
 
 Again dividing this by the 1894 population (2,340,000-^107,0.53) we get 
 14 gallons per head per day, the difference between this figure and 77.7 — say 
 C3 gallons — remaining still to be accounted for. 
 
27 
 
 uantity dis- 
 
 l the infor- 
 
 Now I find from the table of daily pumping in 181)4 that the greatest 
 excess over the average supply (dealing with months) occurred in February ; 
 this excess being due, probably, to the deliberate running of taps to prevent 
 freezing of the service pipes and fittings, and amounting to 11 gallons per 
 day In addition to the (W. 
 
 The demand over the average in the summer months amounts to only 
 5^^ gallons per day. 
 
 To complete the statement of useful facts obtained from the table (fhls 
 is far too voluminous to print), I may add that the least quantity of water 
 was pumped in the months of November and December, that is, in cool weath- 
 er, either entirely without frost, or with frost so slight as not to induce con- 
 sumers to leave their taps open. In those months the average daily supply 
 per head was 'JT gallons; but it would not be right to put down domestic 
 and sanitary during these months at 30, because the use of water for baths, 
 street watering and sewer-flushing would all be materially less at such a 
 time; the unrecognised waste would therefore be going on much as usual. 
 
 I am certain that if the proper steps are taken, all this can be remedied 
 and the consumption per head for all purposes, be brought down to 50 gallons 
 a day. It would cost money to do this, in providing self-registering meters 
 for localising the waste; and in instituting and maintaining an effective staff 
 of day and night inspectors, and other workmen to discover and remedy 
 defective fittings, services and possibly mains, but the cost would be recouped 
 in a comparatively short time." 
 
 *8iiic'n my return to Ldiulon T have receivi'd a publication of tlu> State; Board of 
 Mansivchii.setts in whicii I find a report l)y Mr. Dexter Brackett on the !<\i))))ly of water per 
 head of the )H>pnlation in the Boston Met.roi)olitan District. After giving a larpe amount of 
 infonnation with regard to otiier Ignited States cities, and much detail as to the (piantities 
 used in different ])arts of the Boston district, Mr. Brackett sinus up by stating liis view as 
 to the allowance per head whicli should he made in the future, and this he jnits at 100 
 American or S,'V;{ Canadian gallons. 
 
 Tiiis is made up as follows : — 
 
 For (iomestic use- -35 gallons, although lie says that the legitimate demand at present 
 
 is 30 gallons. 
 For trade ptu-poses -3.") gallons, the quantity in 1892 being 
 22-(>0 sold by meter. 
 7"fi7 estimated, not measured. 
 
 30 27 
 For public purposes -5 gallons. Under this head is given the following table : — 
 
 Public buildings, schools and hospitals 2'30 gallons. 
 
 Street sprinkling I'OO " 
 
 Flushing sewers, |)ublic urinals '10 " 
 
 Ornamental and ilrinking fountains '1T\ " 
 
 Fires -10 
 
 Total for iniblic purposes 3"76 " 
 
•!X3I» 
 
 ( , 
 
 I ', 
 
 28 
 
 I must, however, not now dwnll further on this point, as I have thought 
 it best to make the comparison between the Gravitation and Pumping schemes 
 on the assumption that the quantity of water to be provided per head shall 
 remain practically as at present. To be quite precise, I intend to take 100 
 gallons per head per day instead of the 107.7 before mentioned, feeling assured 
 that the progressive reduction in the quantity pumped, shown by Schedule 
 No. (> in the City Engineer's Report of 1804, will be continued, and that, 
 with very little trouble, the diminution to 100 gallons can be reached and 
 maintained. 
 
 I now, therefore, insert Table No. 3 which gives the quantity of water 
 to be provided in each year up to 1948, when it will be seen that it amounts 
 in round figures to r/J million gallons a day. 
 
 tiie 
 
 It will be observwl tliat in tliu Krst of tlieso items, Ki'fi per cent, in added, 
 second 1.5'()2 per cent., and in tlie third, .3;{ jjer cent. 
 
 Addintr tlie<e very liberally rated items topfetlier, we g'et 7^> gallons, and to malve up 
 his 100. Mr. lirackettdeliljcrately adds •_'.■> gallons. /"or Wustc. 
 
 Tliis is an adniissi(m either of bad worlc in mains and fittings, or ineflRcient sujier- 
 vision, which 1 am mucli surprised to see, and wliicli, with all respect, I may say is liardly 
 creditalile to the Waterworks staif. 
 
 But let us apply tliese fijfures to.tlie case "f Toronto. 
 
 Tlie iW gallons domestic, and 
 
 .5 " public, 1 will put together 
 
 making 40, tliiar ecpiivalent in Canadian gallons ',eing33'5. 
 
 Metered and unnietered trade water in Boston is 3.') American, or .s.'iy .SO Canadian 
 gallons. I have madi? out tliat tliis ((uautity in Toronto is 14, hut tliat is by adding 25 i>er 
 cent, for incorrect meter recording wliich sliould ht^ reduced considerably, say to ~> per cent., 
 when the sand is kept out of tlie water, tluis brinjring tiie figure dowti to ll'i). 
 
 Adding tliis to tlie 33T) we get 4."> gallons for all legitimate uses, that is, without 
 waste, and why waste siiould exceed o gallons 1 cannot conceive. To call it 21 (Can.adian) 
 as Mr. Brackett does, is absolutely inexcusable, in tiie face of the results of English experi- 
 ence in hundreds of towns (where the uijiply ranges between 20 and 30 gallons for all 
 purposes) where meters are not used for domestic supply, where the water is laid on con- 
 stantly under pn'ssure, and where there is no stint or restriction whatever on the freest and 
 fulle.st legitimate w*v. 
 
 I repeat, therefore, that from 4.") to ."iO gallons ought to suffice for Toronto. 
 
 On my way home I visited Philadalphia. and was most courteously received by Mr. 
 Trautwir.e, the recently appointed Kiigiiieer-inChief of the Water department, who showed 
 me all over his works. 
 
 He confirmed what I had previ<msly learned, that the water jiuniped per head i>er 
 day amounted to l.'iO Canadian gallons, but he could give no explanation whatever as to 
 how it was disposed of otherwise than by waste. Mr. Traiitwine has a fine oiUHirtunity of 
 showing what can be done to remedy this state of things in a city where every drop of water 
 has to be pumped. 
 
 In my opinion, unless there is an abnormally high trade user, he should not rest 
 content until he has saved half tlu- immping charges. 
 
 The effecting of this economy would enable the authorities to filter all the water, a 
 treatment which it needs very badly indeed. 
 
 
29 
 
 ave thought 
 ling schemes 
 r head shall 
 to take 100 
 sling assured 
 by Schedule 
 Hi, and that, 
 reached and 
 
 ity of water 
 ,t it amounts 
 
 addt'd, in the 
 
 11(1 to make up 
 
 efficient super- 
 ,y say is liardly 
 
 TABLE No. n 
 Quantity ok Watkk to bk Providki). 
 
 [y 30 Canadian 
 idding'-',) i>fr 
 ') per cent., 
 
 is, witlioiit 
 
 21 (Canadian) 
 
 nglisli experi- 
 
 llons for all 
 
 laid on con- 
 
 tlie freest and 
 
 lat 
 
 pa 
 
 ito. 
 ■ived by Mr. 
 , who showed 
 
 per head ]>er 
 whatever aa to 
 opportunity of 
 
 drill) of water 
 
 ould not rest 
 the water, a 
 
 Year. 
 
 1893 . , 
 1896. , 
 1897 . . 
 1898.. 
 1899., 
 19uC. 
 
 1901 . 
 
 1902. 
 
 190a. 
 
 1904 
 
 1905. 
 
 1906. 
 
 1907. 
 
 1908. 
 
 1909. 
 
 1910. 
 
 1911. 
 1912. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Gallous. 
 17,500,000 
 17,850,000 
 18,207,000 
 18,571,200 
 18,942,500 
 19,ii21,400 
 
 19,707,800 
 20,102,000 
 20,504,000 
 20,914,001) 
 21,8;(2,400 
 21,759,1(0 
 22,194,200 
 22,();i8,100 
 2:),09(),H00 
 23,552,700 
 
 24,02:!,700 
 24,504,200 
 
 Year. 
 
 19l;j 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1910. 
 
 1917. 
 
 1918. 
 
 1919. 
 
 1920. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 1921 . 
 
 1922 
 
 192:i , 
 
 1924. 
 
 1925. 
 
 192(1 . 
 
 1927. 
 
 1928. 
 
 1929 
 
 1930. 
 
 (iallons. 
 24,994,800 
 25,494.200 
 26,004,000 
 26,;j24,200 
 27,054,5110 
 27.595,701) 
 28,147,000 
 28,710,6uO 
 
 29,284,800 
 29,870,500 
 ;J0.4()7,900 
 
 ;)i,077,:i0() 
 
 81,698,800 
 82,882,800 
 82,979,400 
 88,()89,00() 
 84,811,800 
 84.998,000 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 85,698,0li0 
 8(),4 12,000 
 87,14l>,200 
 87,883,000 
 38,640,600 
 89,413,400 
 40,201,800 
 41,005,800 
 41,825,800 
 42,662,100 
 
 48,51.5,800 
 44,886,000 
 45,273,800 
 46,179,200 
 47,102,800 
 48,044,800 
 49,005,700 
 49,985.800 
 
 I am now in a position to commence the description of the two schemes, 
 and to set out an estimate of their cost, and will deal first with the 
 
 (tUAVITATION SCIIKMK FliOM TiAKK SiMCdK. 
 
 At the outset I must state that I have found (as was to be expected in a 
 comparatively new country) that the maps and plans procurable wera on viM-y 
 small scales and manifestly wanting in accuracy, and that some of them 
 were practically useless, because they had no scale on at all. Further, that 
 none of them showed surface levels or contours from which the areas of 
 watersheds, etc., could be accurately ascertained. 
 
 I may say that I was doubtful that this would be the case on raaklnt; 
 enquiries of map sellers in London, and therefore, in my offer to come our 
 I distinctly stated that such surveys as were necessary should be made under 
 my direction at the cost of the Corporation. 
 
 On my arrival, however, I found that at the stage which the water ques- 
 tion had then reached, It was clearly inadvisable to spend the time, and to 
 incur the very great expense that would be necessary to cibtain all this infor- 
 mation; as for present purposes, the existing plans might be made to 
 suffice. 
 
30 
 
 t •; 
 
 Under these circumstances, all areas and the lengths of tunnels and con- 
 duits must be considered as approximate only, whilst being sufllciently near 
 the truth to admit of the schemes being fairly compared. 
 
 Luke Simcue is situated almost due north from Toronto, and Its centre 
 is about 53 miles from the shore of the Bay, near the Pumping station. 
 
 In the Reports I have seen, Its area is given as 300 square miles, but as 
 measured on the four miles to an Inch map accompanying the Report of a 
 Committee dated August, 18!)1, I make it only :iGO, including the Islands. 
 
 Its height above mean sea level is stated to be 720 feet, and that of Lake 
 Ontario 247, so that it has a superior elevation over Ontario of 473 feet. 
 
 The area of country draining naturally Into the Lake is about 1,100 
 square miles, the principal streams conveying the water from this area into 
 the Lake being the Holland River, the Black River, and the Talbot, with some 
 others of which I cannot find the names. 
 
 For a considerable number of years rain gauges have been kept at 
 Barrle, Orillia, and Georgina Island, and assuming these records to be reli- 
 able the rainfall upon the watershed can be arrived at with sufUclent accur- 
 acy for present purposes. 
 
 Taking the 20 years from 1875 to 1894 
 
 The Barrle gauge shows an annual mean of . . . . 2!>.T5 ins. 
 
 The Orillia 32.98 Ins. 
 
 The Georgina Island 29.53 ins. 
 
 s 
 
 The mean of the three being 30.75 Ins. 
 
 Taking the average of the three highest yearly records at each gauge. 
 I find 
 
 The maximum annual fall to be 38.94 ins. 
 
 The minimum annual fall to be 22.10 ins. 
 
 And the mean of the three driest consecutive years 27.76 ins. 
 
 As these three gauges are at a low level as compared with the average 
 elevation of the whole watershed, probably the 27.70 may fairly be increased 
 to about 29.20 to arrive at the true fall on the average of three dry years. 
 If from this be deducted 14.20 for evaporation and absorption, the collectable 
 rainfall would be 15 inches per annum, which would produce an average 
 daily discharge of 600 gallons. 
 
 There might be a small addition to this volume, on account of the rain 
 falling upon the Lake itself, but as the evaporation from the water surface 
 might approach very nearly to the rainfall, It Is usual under such conditions 
 to neglect it, and I do so In this case. 
 
SI 
 
 nels and con- 
 Hiciently near 
 
 ind its centre 
 J station. 
 
 I miles, but as 
 e Report of a 
 the Islands. 
 
 d that of Lake 
 of 473 feet. 
 
 is about 1,100 
 
 this area into 
 
 Ibot, with some 
 
 been kept at 
 )rds to be reli- 
 lufficlent accur- 
 
 .75 ins. 
 
 
 .98 Ins. 
 
 
 .58 ins. 
 
 
 .75 Ins. 
 
 
 at each 
 
 gauge 
 
 .!M ins. 
 
 
 .10 ins. 
 
 
 .76 ins. 
 
 
 ith the average 
 ly be increased 
 hree dry years, 
 the collectable 
 ice an average 
 
 unt of the rain 
 
 water surface 
 
 such conditions 
 
 In a year of maximum rninfuli the average daily discharge from the shed 
 may r?ach to something between IKJO and 1,000 million gallons. 
 
 It is manifest froni these figures that Lake Slmcoe is competent to supply 
 water to Toronto for all time, but I assume that, in all fairness, the water 
 cannot be diverted from its natural outlet by way of the Severn River into 
 Georgian Bay, without the riparian owners having some grounds of claim 
 for such diversion. Probably they could not make out a very strong case of 
 " Injuriously affecting," because the quantity \.o be taken for waterworks 
 purposes would never be more than a small fraction of the natural discharge 
 from the Lake, but this question should not be quite overlooked. 
 
 Point oi' Abstraction. 
 
 From my inspection and enquiries in and about the southern end of 
 Slmcoe, 1 am of opinion that the intake or head of an abstracting aqueduct 
 may be located at about one mile and a quarter east of the east end of Snake 
 Island, and three-quarters of a mile or 1,320 yards from the southern shore 
 of the Lake. 
 
 The aqueduct in the Lake would be a steel pipe laid in a dredged chan- 
 nel for some distance from the shore, and protected by substantial crib work 
 further out, where laid merely on the bed. 
 
 At a very short distance south of the shore line, this pipe would connect 
 in a proper penstock chamber or gate house to the head of a brick and 
 concrete aqueduct having its invert about 700 feet above sea level. 
 
 Up to the penstock chamber from the Lake, the work would be con- 
 structed in open cutting, but thence forward it would be in tunnel. 
 
 The section upon which I have laid down this tunnel was taken along 
 Yonge Street from Toronto to about two miles north of Holland Landing, 
 thence in a north-easterly direction to near Jersey, and then north again to 
 Lake Slmcoe. (Appendix D.) 
 
 Its exact location at the present moment is a matter of small importance; 
 tunnelling will be necessary, practically, from the Lake side whatever line 
 Is adopted; the length might be somewhat shortened by taking a straight 
 course between Its two extremities, but this would not necessarily diminish 
 the cost of the work, because it might at the same time reduce the facilities 
 for carriage of materials, the housing of workmen, etc., etc. 
 
 It may be as well that I should distinctly state here that in setting out 
 the line, gradient and sectional area of this tunnel, I am providing merely 
 for the supply of 100 gallons a day of water to 500,0<X> people (or 50 gallons a 
 head for one million), and thus proposing to construct an aqueduct that will 
 
32 
 
 'i 
 
 deliver 50 million gallons In 24 hours Into a service reservoir at a sufficient 
 elevation to supply under adequate pressure, the whole of the Ulty. 
 
 I do not intend to be led away Into hypothetical discussion of the ques- 
 tion ot providing power lor all sorts ol tancitul purposes that may be sug- 
 gested. 
 
 I am of opinion that it is no part of the duty of the Corporation to enter 
 Into speculations of this character, and I am quite clear that it is not my 
 business, under the terms of my engagement, to consider any of the power 
 schemes which have been of late so persistently advertised in the City. 
 
 I will, however, before closing this Report, state shortly how much powor 
 can be obtained by delivering the no million gallons of water under a given 
 head, greater than is needful for water works purposes only, and the addi- 
 tional outlay which will be required to make this power available. 
 
 Tunnel. The tunnel excavation then, would be got out of such a size as 
 to admit of being lined with a composite structure of concrete and brick- 
 work, having a curved Invert, curved and battered sidewalls and a seg- 
 mental arch, its height being 8 feet 3 inches and its width at springing level 
 7 feet. 
 
 Its gradient would be 1 in 4,000, and its discharging capacity up to 
 springing 5,660 cubic feet per minute, or nearly 51 million gallons per day. 
 
 As set out on the section, the length of this tunnel would be .'J.'? miles, 
 its outlet end being situated about a mile and a half south of Richmond Hill, 
 and I have shown upon it ]8 shafts, so that with the two ends it could be 
 worked from 38 faces giving an average of 1,544 yards of driving from each 
 face. 
 
 (This tunnel would be about a mile longer than that recently constructed 
 at New York to augment in connection with a very large new reservoir 
 now in hand, the supply of Abater to that city from the Croton Valley.) 
 
 The invert level of the tunnel at the low end M'ould be (m.'«.-1(). 
 
 At this point the ground falls away to the south, and a length of 5,000 
 yards of iron pipes would have to be put in to cross the valley. To convey 
 the whole 50,000,000 gallons with a fall of 1 in ;{50, four 32-lnch pipes would 
 be needed, but at the outset, only two of these would require to be laid, as 
 they would together discharge 7,000,000 gallons a day more than is at pre- 
 sent used, and at the contemplated rate of growth a third pipe would not be 
 necessary until 1013. 
 
 At the end of this first syphon higher ground is again reached, and a 
 length of 3,000 yards of " Cut and Cover " conduit of the same cross-section. 
 
88 
 
 gradient and construction, as the tunnel may be erected (competent, of 
 course to deliver the 50,000,000 gallons) at a little over the cost of the two 
 32-inch pipes. 
 
 Then would begin the second syphon 7,000 yards in length of two ;{2-lncn 
 pipes, terminating in a new service reservoir to be located near Eglington, 
 having its top water at 547 feet above sea level or 300 feet above Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 CO.ST OF GRAVITATION SCHEME. 
 
 I have made an estimate of the cost of, these works, which does not 
 however, represent the whole outlay that would have to be incurred, because 
 lor obvious reasons I have not included in it the following items, viz.: — 
 
 1st. The purchase of the easement along the line of tunnel, cut and cover 
 and pipes; land for the gate house, shafts, caretakers' houses and Eglington 
 Reservoir; and for the deposit of the material excavated from the tunnel 
 and trenches. 
 
 2nd. The compensation which might become due to the riparian owners 
 upon the River Severn on account of the diversion of some of the water 
 from that river into Toronto and ultimately into Lake Ontario. 
 
 I cannot, of course, say that any claim would be made on this account, 
 but it certainly would in England. 
 
34 
 
 ESTIMATK OF CoBT OF THE GbAVITATION ScHEMK FROM LaKE SIMC0», m 
 I>EH(!RIlTION OK WOKK. | • 
 
 Intake. 
 G-ft. Bteel pipe, 1,320 lln. yds 108,000 
 
 Valve chamber, penstocks, screening apparatus, &c., 
 
 and keeper's house 17,500 
 
 '■ 215,500 
 
 Tunnel. 
 58,t'U7 Jin. yds. of tunnel ..... 7,110,395 
 
 Shafts on ditto 182,760 
 
 7,293,155 
 
 First Cut <tnd Cover. 
 
 800 lln. yds 80j50 
 
 First Syphon. 
 4 lines of 32-in. pipes, each 5,000 lln. yds . . . 650,000 
 
 River crossings 25,000 
 
 Inlet and Outlet Chambers 5,000 
 
 680,00<) 
 
 Second Cut and Covet: 
 3,000 lin. yds 292,080 
 
 Second Syphon. 
 
 4 lines of 32-in. pipes, each 7,600 lln. yds . . . 988,000 yds. 
 
 River crossings 25,000 
 
 Inlet chamber 2,500 
 
 Outlet to reservoir 5,000 
 
 1,020.500 
 
 JFTm/Zi Servdce Reservoir, to hold 100 million gallons . . . 500,000 
 
 Provide for 6 houses 12,000 
 
 Mains to connect High Service Reservoir with Rose 
 
 Hill and distributing system in lower part of City . 335,000 
 
 ¥ 10,434,985 
 Cortingencies, engineering and supervision, 15 yer 
 
 cent., say 1,565,015 
 
 Total , . . $12,000,')00 
 
 In order to compare clearly the burden which the carrying out of this 
 gravitation scheme and the spending of this sum of twelve million dollars 
 would put upon the ratepayers with that imposed by a continuance of the 
 existing system of pumping from Lake Ontario, it will manifestly be neces- 
 
 1 
 
35 
 
 sary to calculate the amount of the total annual charge which the spending 
 of the capital will involve by adding together the Intereat, the Biuklug fund, 
 and the working expenses In each case. 
 
 Prom Mr. Coady, the Treasurer.I have learned that the City can borrow 
 money for public works at 3V^ per cent, per annum, with the obligation to 
 set aside a sinking fund invested at 3 per cent,, competent to pay off the 
 capital in 40 yearn, and that these two items )including the cost of invest- 
 ment) may be taken for my purpose at 5 per cent, per annum. 
 
 If this gravitation scheme were at once adopted It would, of course, take 
 some time to prepare plans, acquire lands, and enter into contracts, but, if 
 we assume that the works were fairly started at the beginning of 1H!)7, all 
 these preliminaries, with the getting together of plant, the erection of huts, 
 shops and stores, etc., etc., would, I believe, entail the expending of some- 
 thing like a million dollars In inm. 
 
 The entire completion of the Intake works, the tunnel, and the first pair 
 of Iron pipes in the two syphons shown on the section, the " cut and cover " 
 and the Eglington reservol'" could not. In my opinion, be ensured before the 
 end of 1000, the rate of expenditure in each year being as follows: — 
 
 In 1890 ?1,000,000 
 
 In 1897 1,50(),(K)0 
 
 In 1898 2,500,000 
 
 In 1899 3,0<H),000 
 
 In 1000 3,058,150 
 
 In 1012 470,0'J:) 
 
 In 1032 470,925 
 
 and the setting aside of the sinking fund commencing as soon as any interest 
 is due. 
 
 I am not sure that this Is the case, but it will simplify the calculations 
 to assume that it is, and if I am not quite right, your own Accountant will bo 
 able quite readily to amena the figures. 
 
 The following Table, No. 4, speaks for itself, and shows in the last 
 column, No. 5, the charge which It will Involve year by year up to 1048. 
 
8(5 
 
 T( )ll( >NT< ) VVATKIl ( ; IIA V ITATK )N. 
 
 lH5>f) 
 IHiMl 
 IHi>7 
 1H08 
 jM'.Mt 
 
 Mm 
 
 IIKU 
 
 l!H);{ 
 1!M>4 
 UK)f) 
 IJHMJ 
 l!K»7 
 I'.tOH 
 HKMI 
 
 J!)l() 
 VMl 
 1!H2 
 1!H:{ 
 1!H4 
 
 linn 
 i<.)ir> 
 I'.ilT 
 1!»18 
 liU!» 
 
 l!t2(t 
 JlfJl 
 1<.»22 
 li»2:i 
 l'.t24 
 1!»26 
 
 i\m\ 
 
 Ht27 
 ]'.t28 
 l<.)2t> 
 
 i«:w) 
 i!t;?2 
 
 V'oiw. 
 
 Cnpittil 
 
 Rx|H!ii<litiiru 
 
 (luruig tliu ywir. 
 
 1,(KK),00() 
 l.')(M),(MK) 
 •2,r)(K»,(KM) 
 
 .•J,(«>H.ir)(l 
 
 470, '.>2r) 
 
 Tittiil Aiiiiu!il 
 Inttii'iiMt liiul Ainuial (.'hiu'gu. 
 
 Ht)iU'm|iti(in Working Kx-' — 
 
 5 pt'i' euiit. poimoM. Siiiii of Col- 
 
 iuiiiiiM '.i liixl 4. 
 
 li 
 
 5 
 
 470,025 
 
 25,000 
 
 87,500 
 
 187.500 
 
 :J25,000 
 
 470,454 
 
 552,)H)8 
 552,!K)8 
 552, '.K)8 
 552,!M)8 
 552,!Kt8 
 552,1108 
 552,'.M)8 
 5.".2,008 
 552,1M)8 
 
 552,iM)8 
 552,!M)8 
 5»i4,081 
 57(i,464 
 57(),454 
 570,454 
 570.454 
 57(),4r.4 
 570,454 
 670,454 
 
 570,454 
 570,454 
 570.454 
 570,454 
 575.454 
 570,454 
 570, 454 
 57(>,4.54 
 570,4.54 
 570,4.54 
 67(i.454 
 
 570,454 
 .588,227 
 0(K).000 
 (i(IO,(M)0 
 000,000 
 
 04,440 
 
 0.5.78(5 
 07,1 '.Mi 
 08,042 
 70,110 
 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 5.000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 5.0itO 
 5,(J00 
 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 5..-)00 
 5,600 
 5,5(KJ 
 5,500 
 6,600 
 6,600 
 6,500 
 6,500 
 
 6,500 
 5.500 
 .5,500 
 5.500 
 5,6(K) 
 5,500 
 5..5(X) 
 5,5(K) 
 5,500 
 5,500 
 5,500 
 
 .5,500 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 6,000 
 
 80,440 
 1.5;»,286 
 254,61KI 
 .•{0;»,<i42 
 540,570 
 
 .557,1M)8 
 557,tH)8 
 657,SH»8 
 567,5H)8 
 557,!H)8 
 557,0<)8 
 557,0<)8 
 557,!H)8 
 667,008 
 
 567,!M)8 
 557,'.I08 
 570. 181 
 581,0.54 
 581,054 
 581.054 
 581,0.54 
 581,054 
 581,054 
 581,964 
 
 581,054 
 .581,054 
 581.0.54 
 581,054 
 .581,054 
 581,0.54 
 581,064 
 .581 054 
 581,054 
 581,054 
 581,054 
 
 581,954 
 594,227 
 (i(l«,(K)0 
 00<),(M)0 
 606,000 
 
37 
 
 (iKAVITATtON ^'im^HlW. 
 
 Your, 
 
 Ciipitul 
 J Kxpoiiilituri! 
 , (lui'iii({ thu yuiir. 
 
 S 
 
 I'KWl . . . I 
 
 loar I 
 
 i!t;w I 
 
 i!i;{<» ..' 
 
 1!>40 1 
 
 lit4I 
 
 1!»42 
 
 l»4a 
 
 1!»44 
 
 U»4r) 
 
 l'.»4() [ 
 
 1!»47 
 
 1!)48 j 
 
 [iituruHt Hii(i Aiiiuiiil 
 Ki!(U!iii|itii)ii Working Kx- 
 
 5 \Hit UUnt. I pUllHt'H. 
 
 .'{ I 4 
 
 575, (KM) 
 512,5(Ht 
 4I2,5(K) 
 •J75,()OU 
 12:<,54(( 
 
 47. <>!•-' 
 47.<Kt2 
 47,(l»2 
 47,0!»2 
 47,(t'.»2 
 47.<»it2 
 47,"'.t2 
 47,0) »2 
 
 Ti)t»l Aiiiiiiul 
 Cliurgu. 
 
 SlllM of Clll- 
 
 iiiiiim'l luul 4. 
 5 
 
 • 
 
 «,000 
 H,(XX) 
 (i,U<N) 
 «,0(M) 
 (1,<NM) 
 
 «,(MH) 
 
 «,()no 
 
 ((,(MH) 
 U,0!l(> 
 «,000 
 «,0()() 
 (>,(Hi() 
 (!,IMI() 
 
 5Hi,(ro 
 
 5 1 H, 5(H) 
 4IH.5(K) 
 '_'«!, (M)(> 
 12)),54(i 
 
 .'>:»,()i»2 
 
 5;»,()!»2 
 5;i,0»2 
 5.'1,()»2 
 .5:i,()S»2 
 
 5:{,(«>2 
 
 .•).•{, ()1>2 
 5;i,(M»2 
 
 I have not Included In the annui-l charges anything for the rates and 
 taxes which I assume would be levied upon the Corporation by the various 
 parishes through which the aqueduct would pass. At home this is a very 
 serious item of annual expense, and Is year by year becoming more onerous. 
 
 If the works are carried out in a sound and substantial manner, the cost 
 of their maintenance and upkeep after completion should be a very small 
 annual sum. 
 
 Two men would be required at Lake Simcoe and the gate house at the 
 head of the tunnel, and four or live more along the line and at its termina- 
 tion in the service reservoir, and these should all occupy houses adjoining 
 tunnel shafts, fitted with telephones, so that ready communication would be 
 possible from the gate house at Lake Blmcoe, throughout the line, to Eglin- 
 ton reservoir, and on to the City Engineer's Ofllce. 
 
 I have inserted in the Table such sums as I think would cover the wages, 
 repairs, and incidental charges during the term dealt with. 
 
 By the Table It will be seen that the charges commence in ISlKi with a 
 sum of |8!),44!), and go on increasing up to 15)35, when they would amount to 
 f(!0(i,0()(). After that they drop in six years to ?.")a,0!)2, because the large 
 capital outlay at the outset woula be paid off. 
 
38 
 
 After the smaller amount had similarly come to an end by the operation 
 of the sinking fund in 1973 the only charge would be the |(5,000 for the men 
 engaged on the aqueduct, if at that date the wnole of the works are still in 
 satisfactory order, and if the City has not grown so as to require extensions. 
 Upon this point 1 will speak later on. 
 
 PUMPING SCHEME— LAKE ONTARIO. 
 
 In making provision for the ultimate supply of tlfty million gallons a 
 day from this source, an essential difference is apparent in the period over 
 which the expenditure of Capital can be spread from that which would be 
 necessary — and has been described — in the case of the gravitation works 
 bringing water from Lake Simcoe. 
 
 In the latter it is manifest that the only possible course woalJ be to 
 construct a tunnel capable of bringing the full quantity at one otieranon; 
 it could not be done by instalments, and therefore the major part of the 
 great outlay of twelve million dollars must necessarily be incurred within a 
 limited time and at tlie very outset. 
 
 This would entail a very heavy burden in the payment of Interest, and 
 in the accumulation of a sinking fund, during forty years, that is, In the life- 
 time of a single generation. 
 
 On the other hand although a good round sum would have to be spent 
 within the next few years in order to put the pumping scheme into a con- 
 dition fairly comparable with the gravitation, yet the bulk of the capital 
 required to provide the fifty million gallons a day can be spread over 4U 
 years instead of 5, and the total amount to be spent on works would not be 
 more than 47i/4 per cent, of the twelve millions required for the alternative. 
 
 Although there is this very large difference in Capital cost, it is, however, 
 not all to the good, for as everybody knows the carrying on of the pumping 
 operations will entail a very heavy annual charge. 
 
 In order to make clear the exact difference I have prepared the following 
 Tables, Nos. 5a and 5b, which show how and when Capital would have to 
 be spent, what it would cost in interest and sinking fund, and what would 
 be the working expenses year by jear to meet the growing demand of the 
 community. 
 
 In a small Table apart, No. G, I have shown in parallel columns Just the 
 respective amounts which would have to be paid for the water m each year 
 for a period of 53 years, the total of the gravitation column being $23,907,447. 
 and of the pumping column $15,383,400, a difference in favour of th: latter of 
 J8,584.041. 
 
 Another advantage of the pumping scheme would be that after the initial 
 
 I 
 
 \i 
 
39 
 
 e operation 
 or the men 
 are still In 
 extensions. 
 
 1 gallons a 
 period over 
 h would be 
 tlon works 
 
 roulJ be to 
 c oticrarion; 
 part of the 
 ed within a 
 
 iterest, and 
 in the llte- 
 
 to be spent 
 into a con- 
 the capital 
 ad over 4U 
 uld not be 
 Iternatlve. 
 
 [s, however, 
 18 pumping 
 
 following 
 d have to 
 i^hat would 
 ind of the 
 
 IS Just the 
 I each year 
 i2;!,907,447. 
 latter of 
 
 ■the initial 
 
 expenditure has been incurred, further money need not be spent until it is 
 actually required by the growth of the population. 
 
 If, for in^.tance, the rate of increase for the next ten years should be, as 
 in the past five years, only one-fifth per cent, per a.' ;um, instead of the two 
 per cent, assumed in the Tables, it is clear that a rew pumping station and 
 machinery would not have to be erected in lyoi, and that the working 
 expenses would be very much less. 
 
 On the other hand, once the money has been spent on the gravitation 
 scheme, the interest, etc., must be paid, and it this payment were to fall on a 
 population numbering few more than the present, the burden would obvi- 
 ously be an intolerable one. 
 
 To set against all this. It will no doubt be argued that if the present 
 generation are willing to accept this burden, their successors would come in 
 for a legacy of enormous value, because the whole water supply of the City 
 would be obtained at a mere nominal annual sum, after the capital was paid 
 off. 
 
 No doubt this would be the case, if, after growing up to half a million, 
 the City were suddenly to stop its march of progress; but if, on the con- 
 trary, it were to continue to increase, capital would again have to be spent, 
 just as at the commencement of the first fifty years, and an additional and 
 similar burden of interest and sinking fund would be again accumulated. 
 
 This must be clearly realised, or a total misapprehension of the position 
 will be created. 
 
 The same thing is going on in every growing City at home; just when 
 the water account is beginning to show a favourable balance, then further 
 capital expenditure must be faced. 
 
 In order to put this matter clearly I have prepared a Diagram Appendix 
 F, in which the respective annual charges for the gravitation and pumping 
 schemes are graphically shown up to 1975, on the basis of a duplication of 
 the original gravitation works when this becomes necessary, and an exten- 
 sion of the pumping works to meet a continuing demand at 2 per cent, 
 increase per anr.um.* 
 
 *Of course it must be understood tliat in all tlie f<,ll()wing estimfttcK lam notincludiiiff 
 any existmtf <lt'bts, or the cost of a iniinistration, or of distributing wori<s which would l)e 
 common to tlie two sciienies. 
 
6 
 
 H 
 
 B^ 
 <l 
 
 
 
 EH 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 ;0 O lO w lO S O 
 ■X rt ift 1-1 rl lO US 
 
 ■^f tH o i-i T? a<» 
 
 • 53 O 
 
 . 00 rH 
 
 ^■" 
 
 as' t>r 
 
 <X> (N 
 
 g 
 
 ?M 
 
 i-lrl ;0« 
 
 . 00 1-1 
 
 §lft 
 frf oo' 
 
 > S-l 
 
 ;0 
 
 lO 
 
 IM 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 (V» 
 
 €» 
 
 ©o 
 
 . (M © 
 
 
 ft » 
 
 N oo' 
 
 ■< 
 
 H 
 
 IM 
 
 <% 
 
 . IM © 
 
 © !» 
 © l«. 
 
 lO 00 
 
 (M 00 
 
 CO 
 
 1— ( 
 IM 
 <M 
 
 in 
 
 (M 
 (M 
 
 (M 
 (M 
 
 05 
 
 »s 
 
 & 
 
 H 
 Q 
 
 !?; 
 
 ■< 
 
 ■< 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 EH 
 
 .© 
 
 
 IS 
 
 r 
 
 1-1 
 
 at 
 
 . iM © 
 
 . 00 iH 
 
 §iO 
 00 
 
 05(M 
 
 <M © 
 
 00 1^ 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 Jt'g 
 
 00 
 
 «-foc' 
 
 35 -M 
 
 © l^ 
 
 05 
 
 
 ;5R 
 
 CC ©'©o'lo' 
 
 00 -^ © is -H 
 (M O 
 
 C 
 
 in 
 
 I 05' t>^ x'x' 
 
 . X IM © © 
 
 in X 
 
 IM 35 
 
 CO x' 
 
 > in — I I I © 
 
 I X 
 
 i? 
 
 OS 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 s. 
 
 -a 
 c 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 3 
 
 SO 
 
 13 
 
 ■^ S 2 
 
 c : ^ h 
 !« "- = S 
 
 * ¥ s S > .S 
 
 3^: 3 E » 6jD 
 
 CC fc Oh H iz; W 
 
 55 
 
 "3 
 
 K 
 S 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 IS 
 
 c 
 £ 
 
 3 
 .A 
 
 ce 
 
 PQ 
 
 I 
 
 •S-2 
 
 a-s 
 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 '■2 
 tr 
 bO 
 
 .s 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 S a 
 
 bo.SP, 
 
 "5 
 « 
 
 ^ ? 
 l« 
 
 11 B 
 
 3 
 
 a a. 
 
 - u 
 
 c s .r3 ^- c ff 
 '^ s 3 3 ^ -S § 
 
 — ^ ^ — p *H ^ 
 
 SB 
 
 in 
 
 c 
 
 s e 
 
 ?s^ a 
 
 .5P .^ . . 
 
 r; as M "> ^ 
 
 •S .3.9 
 
 (M (N « 
 
 
 iM 
 
 B 
 u 
 
 in 
 
 o 
 
 a. 
 
 3 
 
 ■c 
 
 V 
 
 <u 
 
 G 
 
 •a 
 § 
 
 of 
 
 •e 
 
 c 
 bo 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 in 
 
 IM 
 
 IM 
 
 in 
 
 i-T 
 
 IM 
 IM 
 
 s 
 
 !.>. 
 
 n 
 
 iM 
 
 (M' 
 
 in 
 
 "M 
 
 CO 
 
 ^ 
 
i\ 
 
 i i 
 
 I! 
 
 l!»8 
 
 !l,6f;.s 
 
 2,947 
 :i,9or, 
 
 4,277 
 4,9(;:{ 
 5,«(;:> 
 '^,377 
 i\Vn 
 7,84(i 
 8,6(iL' 
 
 i7<i 
 
 158 
 
 ;i 
 
 P.'i 
 i:i 
 i7 
 
 10 
 
 78 
 
 n 
 
43-44 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total annual 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 Total cost 
 
 of |)umjiinK 
 
 at Miiin 
 
 
 
 working ex- 
 
 punseR. Main 
 
 anil High 
 
 
 
 Total annual 
 
 
 Total coRt 
 of piuiipiuK 
 atHiuli Level 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Total coRt of 
 
 Level I'nuip- 
 
 Capital 
 
 Interest and 
 
 Hodemptioii 
 
 5 per cent. 
 
 charges. 
 
 
 
 aiitl llltoring 
 on Island. 
 
 
 during the 
 
 Sum of 
 
 
 Suui of 
 
 
 year. 
 
 
 Columns 19 
 
 
 Coliiuins li, 
 
 
 
 Siiin of 
 
 
 
 and ai. 
 
 
 13, U and 15. 
 
 
 
 Columns 10 
 17 and 18. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 sa 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 » 
 
 $ 
 
 » 
 
 « 
 
 jSoi) 
 
 r»4,44'.l 
 
 10,0(10 
 
 7,500 
 
 71,5145) 
 
 1,087,:525 
 
 27,18:5 
 
 5)i)j;52 
 
 zBko 
 
 r)r),r>H(i 
 
 10,2) M) 
 
 7,(550 
 
 7:5,4:5(5 
 
 1,(502,2:57 
 
 5)4,422 
 
 107,. 858 
 
 l^tT'* 
 
 5(i,7!)2 
 
 10,404 
 
 7,80;5 
 
 74,S»!»<» 
 
 
 
 1:54,478 
 
 2051,477 
 
 iH|;7 
 
 58, ():{() 
 
 10,(il2 
 
 7,5)55) 
 
 7(i,()0l 
 
 
 1:54.478 
 
 211,075) 
 
 MHkr-g 
 
 5!»,2!t2 
 
 10,824 
 
 8,118 
 
 78,2:54 
 
 
 1:54,478 
 
 212,712 
 
 mm 
 
 ft(),58(i 
 
 11,041 
 
 8,280 
 
 75),5)07 
 
 4(55,750 
 
 140,122 
 
 220,025) 
 
 flb'i!) 
 
 5e,854 
 
 11,2(52 
 
 8,44(5 
 
 7(i,5(52 
 
 
 
 157,7(5(5 
 
 2:54, :528 
 
 ^K(ii) 
 
 58,»X) 
 
 11,487 
 
 8,(il5 
 
 78, 40 J 
 
 
 157,7(50 
 
 2:5(5,108 
 
 ^■'21 
 
 59,8:«) 
 
 11,717 
 
 8,787 
 
 80,:5:54 
 
 
 1.57,7(50 
 
 2:58,100 
 
 ^Ks^? 
 
 (il,2«(i 
 
 11,5)51 
 
 8,5»();5 
 
 82,180 
 
 
 ]57.7(i() 
 
 2:5!),S)4(5 
 
 ^BriCi 
 
 «2,7!>8 
 
 12,l!tO 
 
 5), 142 
 
 84,1:50 
 
 221,:575 
 
 1(5:5, :500 
 
 247,4:50 
 
 ^K4'2 
 
 (i4,.'i55 
 
 12,4;U 
 
 5t,;525 
 
 8(5, 1 14 
 
 
 1( 58,8:54 
 
 254,5)48 
 
 |H:{7 
 
 »i(i,01!) 
 
 12,082 
 
 5i,511 
 
 8,-<,212 
 
 
 108,8:54 
 
 257,04(5 
 
 tS4(i 
 
 t>7,r.72 
 
 I2.s»:5() 
 
 5»,701 
 
 5)0.20!t 
 
 
 108,8:54 
 
 255), 04:5 
 
 sSr.s 
 
 »)!t,2-J() 
 
 i;'.ji)5 
 
 51,8515 
 
 5)2,:510 
 
 
 
 108,8:54 
 
 2(51,150 
 
 '^< 
 
 7<',!I17 
 
 l.S,459 
 
 10,05»:5 
 
 5)4,405) 
 
 
 1(58,8:54 
 
 2(s:5,;5o;5 
 
 'Wr" 
 
 72,715 
 
 1:5,728 
 
 10,25)5 
 
 5)(:,7:58 
 
 1(58,8:54 
 
 2(55,572 
 
 I^H);', 
 
 74,:«t2 
 
 14,002 
 
 10,500 
 
 5)8,85)4 
 
 
 1(58,8:54 
 
 207,728 
 
 ^^^F" 
 
 7<i,l7!> 
 
 14,2H2 
 
 10.710 
 
 101,171 
 
 
 108,8:54 
 
 270,005 
 
 ^S;:', 
 
 78,0!)4 
 
 14.508 
 
 10,"24 
 
 10:!,4S)0 
 
 
 108,8:54 
 
 272,:5:5() 
 
 oM>- 
 
 7!>,!t58 
 
 14,855) 
 
 11,142 
 
 105,5)55) 
 
 22l,;575 174,:505) 
 
 280,:528 
 
 ^■77 
 
 81,77t 
 
 15,157 
 
 11,:5(S5 
 
 108,25)0 
 
 
 i7S),5)o:i 
 
 288,1<,)!» 
 
 aub^i 
 
 s;{,715 
 
 15,4)iO 
 
 11,5512 
 
 110,7(57 
 
 
 175),5)0:5 
 
 25)0,(i70 
 
 1^»4<i 
 
 85,()!»3 
 
 15,7(i5) 
 
 11.824 
 
 11:5.28(5 
 
 
 175).5IO:5 
 
 25):5,18<» 
 
 ^)L' 
 
 87,801 
 
 10,084 
 
 12,000 
 
 115,5)45 
 
 
 17S),5)0:5 
 
 25)5,848 
 
 74 
 
 8<»,758 
 
 10,40(5 
 
 12, .301 
 
 118,4(55 
 
 
 175),5K):5 
 
 25)8,:5<58 
 
 m 
 
 5)1,871 
 
 l(i,7:54 
 
 12, .547 
 
 121,152 
 
 7:50, (KK) 
 
 15)8,:50.S 
 
 ;515),455 
 
 (i(i 
 
 8(i,05« 
 
 17,005) 
 
 12,75)8 
 
 11.5,5)20 
 
 
 21(5,70:5 
 
 ;5:52,(525) 
 
 84 
 
 87,87t! 
 
 17,410 
 
 l.f,054 
 
 118,:540 
 
 
 21(5,70:5 
 
 :535,04;5 
 
 1<» 
 
 89,5:J4 
 
 17,758 
 
 i:5,:5i5 
 
 120,(507 
 
 22l,:575 
 
 222,2:57 
 
 :542,844 
 
 74 
 
 1»1,;}25 
 
 18,114 
 
 i:i,58] 
 
 12:5,020 
 
 
 227,772 
 
 :550,7S)2 
 
 42 
 
 ;»a,i50 
 
 18,47(5 
 
 i:5.85;5 
 
 125,475) 
 
 
 227,772 
 
 ;5.5:5,-.;5i 
 
 28 
 
 !»5,119 
 
 1^,845 
 
 14, i;5() 
 
 128,05)4 
 
 
 227,772 
 
 :555,800 
 
 .•{.•5 
 
 U(>.!)17 
 
 15),222 
 
 14,4i;5 
 
 i;;o,.552 
 
 
 227,772 
 
 :558,:524 
 
 r)7 
 
 5*8,855 
 
 15),()07 
 
 14,701 
 
 1:5:5, i(i:5 
 
 
 227,772 
 
 :5(50,5):55 
 
 7(i 
 
 100,812 
 
 15),{)5)9 
 
 14,5)5)5 
 
 1:55,80(5 
 
 
 227,772 
 
 :5(>:5,578 
 
 r)8 
 
 102.5M51 
 
 20,:55)5) 
 
 1.5,25)5 
 
 1:58, (i,55 
 
 221, .-575 
 
 2:5:5, :50(5 
 
 :571,5)(J1 
 
 .S7 
 
 104,5K}5 
 
 20,807 
 
 15,001 
 
 ui,:5i:5 
 
 
 2:58,841 
 
 :580,i;>4 
 
 ;{r. 
 
 107,010 
 
 21,22:5 
 
 15,5)1:5 
 
 144,140 
 
 • 
 
 2:58,841 
 
 ;582,5)87 
 
 vi 
 
 105»,144 
 
 21,047 
 
 l(i,2:51 
 
 147,022 
 
 
 2:58,841 
 
 :585, 8(5:5 
 
 it2 
 
 111,447 
 
 22,080 
 
 1(5.5.50 
 
 150,08:5 
 
 4(5.5,7.50 
 
 22:5,:5()2 
 
 :57:5,:i85 
 
 T).'! 
 
 lia,555 
 
 22,522 
 
 1(5,887 
 
 152,5)()4 
 
 
 107,707 
 
 :520,(J71 
 
 lil? 
 
 115,822 
 
 22,5)72 
 
 17,225 
 
 15(i,015) 
 
 
 127,()51 
 
 28:5, (i7() 
 
 ^7 
 
 118.i:i<> 
 
 2:5,4:52 
 
 17,570 
 
 155), 141 
 
 221, .-575 
 
 1:5:5,185 
 
 25)2, :520 
 
 Ii2 
 
 120,0; id 
 
 2:5,5)01 
 
 17,5)21 
 
 1(52,458 
 
 
 138,720 
 
 ;50i,i78 
 
 Ijo 
 
 122,S)1() 
 
 24,:575) 
 
 18,275) 
 
 105,574 
 
 
 
 127,076 
 
 292,050 
 
 H7!^ 
 
 125,;{71 
 
 24,8(i(i 
 
 18,(545 
 
 1(58,882 
 
 
 115,4:52 
 
 284,:514 
 
 Hri 
 
 127,877 
 
 25,:5(i:i 
 
 15),018 
 
 172,258 
 
 
 
 115,4:52 
 
 287,(55)0 
 
 Hmi 
 
 1:50,580 
 
 25,871 
 
 1S»,:5SI8 
 
 175,845) 
 
 221,. -575 
 
 120,5)(5() 
 
 25)(S,815 
 
 ■" 
 
 1. •52, 5(27 
 
 2(!,:588 
 
 1 51,780 
 
 175), 101 
 
 
 12(5,500 
 
 .•505,(501 
 
 His 
 
 i;{5,704 
 
 2(),5»l(i 
 
 2(>,182 
 
 182,802 
 
 
 
 12(),5)(S(! 
 
 :50:5,7(i8 
 
 ■)(! 
 
 i;W,4l5t 
 
 27,454 
 
 20,587 
 
 18(5,4(50 
 
 
 115,4:52 
 
 ;501,85)2 
 
 H)7 
 
 141, .•«.•{ 
 
 28,00;5 
 
 21,800 
 
 1SK),:546 
 
 
 115,4.52 
 
 305,778 
 
TABLE No. 5 B. 
 
 TOE^OISTTO "WjfLTBI?. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Population. 
 
 IH'.*;") 
 18!Mi 
 18117 
 )S<)« 
 181 (it 
 11MM» 
 
 11H>1 
 iWI 
 V.HYA 
 IIHM 
 IKOf) 
 lltOC) 
 
 11107 
 11)08 
 11M»1» 
 iltlO 
 
 lltll 
 11(1 -J 
 11(1. S 
 l!tl4 
 11(15 
 IKIC. 
 11(17 
 11(18 
 11(111 
 1!(L'(( 
 
 11)21 
 11(L"_' 
 11(2:5 
 11(24 
 l!(2r. 
 
 ii(2»; 
 
 11(27 
 11(28 
 I!(21( 
 1<»:5(( 
 
 ii):n 
 ii);52 
 ii(:« 
 
 V.)M 
 
 ii(;«i 
 ii(:{7 
 ii(:{8 
 new 
 
 11(4(( 
 
 1941 
 1!>42 
 l!»4a 
 
 iim 
 
 11)45 i 
 l!(4(i 
 1947 
 11)48 
 
 MAIN PUMPING STATION. 
 
 Daily demand 
 
 for water at 100 
 
 fialloiiB i)or 
 
 head . 
 
 175,(MM( 
 178,r)(H) 
 182. ((70 
 ls5,712 
 189,425 
 19.S,214 
 
 197,078 
 2<(1,((2(( 
 205, ((4(( 
 2(('.(,14(( 
 2i;5,;{24 
 217,591 
 221,1(42 
 22(i,:}81 
 2;5((,1M(8 
 2.S5,527 
 
 240,2:^7 
 245, ((42 
 249, 94:5 
 254,942 
 2()((,((4(( 
 2()5.242 
 27(»,545 
 275,957 
 281,47() 
 287, 1U() 
 
 292,848 
 298, 7( (5 
 .•i((4,(i79 
 :{l((,77:i 
 
 :U(),1(88 
 
 :?2.s,:i28 
 .S21(,794 
 ;<;{(), .•{i((( 
 ;i4:5,ii8 
 
 :{49,98(( 
 
 ;35(),i(8() 
 
 .•{()4, 120 
 .S71,4((2 
 .'{78,8:{(( 
 
 a8(>,40C 
 
 .si(4,i:u 
 
 4((2,018 
 41((,((58 
 418,258 
 42(5,624 
 
 435,158 
 44.S,860 
 452,738 
 4()1,792 
 471,028 
 480,448 
 41K),057 
 499,858! 
 
 Quantity 
 
 l)uuiim(l during 
 
 the year. 
 
 Iiiij)!. gallons. 
 17,5(K),(((M) 
 17,85((,(MM( 
 
 18,2((7,(»(M( 
 18,571,2(M) 
 18,942,5(H( 
 19,321,400 
 
 19,7((7,8(M( 
 2(),102,0(M( 
 2((,5()4,(HM( 
 2((,914,(((M) 
 21,332,4(H( 
 21,759,1(M) 
 22,194,2(M( 
 22,(i38,10(( 
 23,((1(((,MM) 
 23,552,700 
 
 24,023,7(M( 
 24,5((4,2(M» 
 24,1(94,3(((( 
 25,494,2(((( 
 2(),((0-4,(KK(i 
 2(),524,200 
 27,((54,5(M( 
 27,595,7(M) 
 28,147,(100 
 28,71O,(iO0 
 
 29,284,8(K) 
 29,870,500 
 3((,4(i7,9(K( 
 31,((77,3(K( 
 31,()1(8,800 
 32,332,8((0 
 32,1(79,4(K) 
 3.3,()39,(KK( 
 34,31 1,8(K) 
 ;M,998,0(K) 
 
 35,698,(MM( 
 .3(5,412,000 
 .37,140,2(M( 
 .37,883,(((K( 
 .38,(54( (,(!(((( 
 31(,413,4(M( 
 40,201,800 
 41,005,8(K( 
 41,825,800 
 42,(502,400 
 
 4.3,515,800 
 44,.38fi,(M)0 
 45,273,800 
 4(5,179.200 
 47,102,800 
 48,044,800 
 49,005,700 
 49,985,800 
 
 Iinpl. gfillon.s. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 pumiiod l)y Hifih- 
 
 duty Kuyines. 
 
 Impl. giillon.s. 
 
 (5,53.3,100,000 
 (5,()45,555,((()0 
 (5,778,488,000 
 (5,914,012,500 
 7,052,311,000 
 
 7,19.3,347,000 
 
 7,337,230,000 
 
 7,48.3,9t)(»f"M 
 
 7,(554,524 <A> 
 
 7,78(5,32(5,000 
 
 7,942,071,5(((( 
 
 8,100,88.3,000 
 
 8,285,644,(500 
 
 8,428,142,000 
 
 8,59(5,735,500 
 
 8,7fi8.(550,5(X) 
 
 8,9(58,5.'57,200 
 
 9, 122,911', 500 
 
 9,305,3!- '1000 
 
 9,491,4' .,0(M(1 
 
 9,707,857,:^' "); 
 
 9,874,892,5((((! 
 
 l((,()72,4:i((,5((((i 
 
 1((,273,874,0((((, 
 
 10,5((8,(>79,()((Oi 
 
 10,(5^'.8,952,()(M) 
 10,9((2,732,5tM) 
 U,120,783,,5(M) 
 11,.374,21(1,8((0 
 11,570,(((S2,0(((( 
 11,8((1,472,(M)0 
 12,((37,481,(((K) 
 12,311,874,0(M) 
 12,52.3,8((7,(M(0 
 12,774,270,((00 
 
 13,029, 
 
 1.3,32(5; 
 
 1.3,55(5 
 
 13,827, 
 
 14,10.3, 
 
 14,425 
 
 14.(573 
 
 14,9(57, 
 
 15,2(5(5 
 
 15,614 
 
 770,(KM) 
 71(2,(M)0 
 173,000 
 21(.5,(M(0 
 811(,(((((( 
 .3((4,4(((( 
 ()57.((0(( 
 117,000 
 417,(MM) 
 4.38,4(M( 
 
 15,883,267,000 
 1(5,2(K),89((,((0(( 
 1(5,524,1(.37,0(H) 
 1(5,9((1,.587,200 
 17,192,522,(KK) 
 17,5.3(S,.3.52,((00 
 ]7,887,((8((,5(K) 
 18,294,802,800 
 
 5,748,1(K),(MM) 
 5,824,855,(KM) 
 5,921,;5(S8,0((0 
 (),011(,7(52,5((0 
 (5,120,171,(-K(0 
 
 6,222,567,0(X) 
 
 7 321.1(.3((,0((0 
 , r8,3(50,((((0 
 7. j7,424,0(((( 
 V.58(5,4(56,((O0 
 7,(578,20(5,.5((0 
 7,771,75.3,000 
 7,889,829,(500 
 7,9(54,522,(XH) 
 8,0('3,.S, .'(.SOO 
 
 i,,h}"- Ui'"' '^< 
 
 8 21':^, ' - ■ 
 8,;,,3,77'i,".Ov»l 
 8,481,2.5.3,00!" 
 
 8,;. 0.'-' jo,(((X(j 
 8,:..:,.,2.r, "ooi 
 
 8, 81(5,71:,."''.) 
 8,9.3.3,075,5((0 
 !),051,734,00(( 
 9,201,489,(500 
 
 9,296,232,000 
 9,422,157,5(K) 
 
 Quantity 
 punipod by Low- 
 duty Eufiiues. 
 
 Impl. gallons. 
 
 Tons of Coal 
 UHoil per an-lCoBt of Coal 
 num l»yHigli-! fur Hiuh 
 (luiv Knijines duty Rnf^iiioB 
 at 1-2 touH per at S'^ ."JOIOO 
 
 uiilliou gal- 
 lons pumped, 
 
 per ton. 
 
 at 'i touH per 
 million gal- 
 lons puim)ed. 
 
 785,(MH),(K(0 
 820,7<(0,(MM( 
 8.57,12((,(M((( 
 894,25((,(J((0 
 932, 140, (KX) 
 
 970,780,000 
 15,:)((0,(M)(( 
 75.()0((,(MK( 
 1.37,100,000 
 ll(9,8(;o,(X)0 
 263,865,000; 
 .329,1.30,(XK)i 
 395.715,0(X)! 
 4(5.3,(S2((,0(X(i 
 532,905,000 
 
 603,555,000 
 
 fi7C, (5.30,000 
 
 749,145,000 
 
 ".:M,i;io,(M)(~' 
 
 ■ • r,(io,(XX)] 
 
 .r;^-'>,oooj 
 
 ! ■.. . - .;:"H 
 
 :i,rii(, , ...'iv,, 
 
 1,222, 140, 0((0 
 1,.306,59{(,()(X) 
 
 1,.392,720,(XK) 
 1,480,575,((00 
 
 (5,898 
 6,1(1(0 
 7.105 
 7,224 
 7,344 
 
 7,468 
 8,786 
 8,81(0 
 9,020 
 9,103 
 9,214 
 9,.326 
 9.4(58 
 9,558 
 9,(577 
 
 9,798 
 9,952 
 ]0,(J49 
 10.177 
 1((,.309 
 10.475 
 10, .580 
 10,720 
 10,8(52 
 11,041 
 
 11,1,55 
 11, .30(5 
 1.3,345 
 1.3,649 
 13,884 
 14,161 
 14,444 
 14,774 
 I5,((29 
 15,. 329 
 
 15,(536 
 15,992 
 1(5,267 
 1(),595 
 l(i,l(25 
 17,310 
 17,(5((9 
 17,96(( 
 18,319 
 18,737 
 
 19,0(50 
 19,441 
 19,8.30 
 20,282 
 20,(5.32 
 21,043 
 21,4(54 
 21,954 
 
 $ 
 
 17,245 
 17,475 
 17,7(52 
 18,0(50 
 18,.3(50 
 
 18,(570 
 21,965 
 22,225 
 22,550 
 22,758 
 23,035 
 23,315 
 23.670 
 23,895 
 24,192 
 
 24,495 
 
 24,880 
 25,122 
 25,442 
 25,772 
 2(5,187 
 2(5,450 
 2(5,8(((( 
 27.155 
 
 27,(502 
 
 27,888 
 28,2(55 
 33,3(52 
 ,34,123 
 34,710 
 35,402 
 36,1](( 
 3(5,935 
 37,573 
 38, .323 
 
 39,090 
 .39,980 
 4((,(5(i8 
 41,488 
 42,313 
 4.3,275 
 44,023 
 44,900 
 45,798 
 46,843 
 
 47,()5(( 
 48,(5((3 
 49,575 
 50,705 
 51,580 
 52,608 
 53,(5(50 
 64,885 
 
 Tons of Coal 
 
 used per an- Cost of Coal 
 
 nuni Ijy Ijow-I forliow- ^ „. 
 
 duty ICnginoa duty Kngines caning Coal 
 
 1,670 
 1,(542 
 1,714 
 
 1,788 
 1,864 
 
 1,942 
 30 
 152 
 274 
 400 
 528 
 658 
 792 
 928 
 
 1,0(5(5 
 
 1,208 
 1,.352 
 1,498 
 1,(548 
 1,800 
 1,958 
 2,116 
 2,278 
 2,444 
 2,614 
 
 2,783 
 2,9(52 
 
 at .'54.00 per 
 ton. 
 
 10 
 
 $ 
 
 (5,280 
 6,5(58 
 (5,8.56 
 7,152 
 7,456 
 
 7,7(58 
 120 
 (508 
 1,096 
 1,(5(K) 
 2,112 
 2,632 
 3,1(58 
 3,712 
 4,2(54 
 
 4,8,32 
 5,408 
 5,992 
 6,. 592 
 7,2((0 
 7,832 
 8,4(54 
 9,112 
 9,77(5 
 10,45(5 
 
 11,132 
 
 11,848 
 
O "W.A.TEI?> — :E^TJl^:E>Xl<rGr. 
 
 4»-44 
 
 tVTION. 
 
 >al| 
 
 111- Coat of Coal 
 w-l forljow- Cost of 
 
 los fluty KiiHiiicB caning Coal 
 at .•S4.00 ;)(jr at H ceiitH 
 tou. I i)or toil. 
 
 10 
 
 $ 
 
 <i,28() 
 (l,r)()8 
 <i,85(i 
 7,152 
 7,45(5 
 
 7,7()h 
 120 
 (iOH 
 1,0(»(! 
 1,«(M) 
 2,112 
 2,m2 
 3,1(58 
 M,712 
 4,2(i4 
 
 4,832 
 5,408 
 5,95)2 
 (5,592 
 7,200 
 7,832 
 8,4(54 
 9,112 
 9,770 
 10,45(5 
 
 11,132 
 11,848 
 
 u 
 
 (577 
 (590 
 705 
 721 
 73(5 
 
 705 
 723 
 744 
 7(50 
 779 
 798 
 821 
 838 
 859 
 
 880 
 
 904 
 
 924 
 
 94(5 
 
 9(58 
 
 994 
 
 1,015 
 
 1,040 
 
 1,0(54 
 
 1,092 
 
 1,115 
 1,141 
 1,0(57 
 1,092 
 1,110 
 1,133 
 1,155 
 1,182 
 1,202 
 1,220 
 
 1,251 
 1,279 
 1,301 
 1,328 
 1,354 
 1.385 
 1,409 
 1,437 
 1,4(55 
 1,499 
 
 1,525 
 1,555 
 1,580 
 1,(522 
 1,(550 
 1,(583 
 1.717 
 1,750 
 
 ICostof lubri-l 
 
 cants, waste, 
 
 Total cost jpackiiiR, yon-l Coat of 
 
 of Coal i)or iinal Hupiilios,] repaiis to 
 
 aiinuiii. I gas, in«ui- JODKinoa, etc 
 
 - ance.etc ,o(c 
 
 Sinn of 
 
 Columns 
 
 S, 10 and 11 
 
 12 
 
 » 
 
 24,202 
 24,733 
 25, .323 
 25,9;!3 
 2(5,552 
 
 27,190 
 22,790 
 2.3,55(5 
 24,390 
 25,118 
 25,92(5 
 2(5,745 
 27,(559 
 28,445 
 29,315 
 
 30,207 
 31,192 
 .•52,038 
 .32,980 
 33,940 
 35,013 
 .35,929 
 ■3(5,952 
 .S7,995 
 .39,150 
 
 40,1.35 
 41,254 
 34,429 
 35,215 
 35,820 
 30,. 5.35 
 37,2(55 
 38,117 
 38,775 
 39,549 
 
 40, .341 
 41,259 
 41,9(59 
 42,810 
 43,(5(57 
 44,(5(50 
 45,432 
 4(5,337 
 47,2(53 
 48,342 
 
 49,175 
 50,15S 
 61,1(51 
 52,327 
 5.3,230 
 .54,291 
 55,377 
 50,(541 
 
 at .«225 |ier 
 
 annum iicr 
 
 milliou gal 
 
 Ions a (lay 
 
 liumpod. 
 
 ly 
 
 ai !?l2r) per 
 
 aiiMiim iier 
 
 iiiilliou gill- 
 
 Kins a (lay 
 
 pumped. 
 
 14 
 
 4,01(5 
 4,097 
 4,178 
 4,2(52 
 4,347 
 
 4,4.34 
 4,523 
 4,013 
 4,705 
 4,800 
 4,H90 
 4,994 
 5,093 
 5,195 
 5,299 
 
 5,405 
 5,513 
 5,(525 
 5,73(5 
 5,851 
 5,9(58 
 6,087 
 6,209 
 6, .3.33 
 6,4(50 
 
 6,589 
 6,721 
 
 6,855 
 6,992 
 7,132 
 
 7,275 
 7,420 
 7,509 
 7,720 
 
 7,874 
 
 8.032 
 ^,193 
 8,3.5(5 
 8,524 
 8,(594 
 8,8(59 
 9,045 
 9,226 
 9,410 
 9,599 
 
 9.791 
 9,98(5 
 10, 18(5 
 10,390 
 10,598 
 10,810 
 11,02(5 
 11,247 
 
 ^ I 
 
 2,231 
 2,27<) 
 2,.321 
 2, .3(58 
 2,415 
 
 2,4(54 
 2,. 512 
 2,. 5(52 
 2,(514 
 
 2,(5(50 
 2,720 
 2,774 
 2,8.30 
 2,88(5 
 2,944 
 
 3,(X>3 
 3,0(53 
 .3,124 
 .3,186 
 .3,250 
 .3,315 
 .3,.381 
 3.4.50 
 3,519 
 3,589 
 
 3,(5(50 
 3,734 
 3,809 
 3,885 
 .3,9(53 
 4,041 
 4,123 
 4,205 
 4,289 
 4,375 
 
 4,4(53 
 4,551 
 4,(543 
 4,735 
 4,830 
 4,926 
 5,025 
 5,126 
 5,229 
 5,333 
 
 5,440 
 5,549 
 5,(559 
 5,773 
 5,888 
 (5,005 
 (5,126 
 6,248 
 
 Wages. 
 
 L'l.OOO 
 L'4,4.SO 
 24,970 
 25,4(57 
 25,978 
 
 2(5,498 
 27,029 
 27,5(59 
 28,121 
 28,(582 
 29,256 
 29,842 
 .•iO.437 
 :!l,04t) 
 31,(5(58 
 
 32,302 
 32,947 
 33,00r) 
 i4,277 
 4,9(53 
 i5,()(52 
 "■-,377 
 • .,104 
 37,84(5 
 .•58,(502 
 
 39, .•574 
 ;-\l()2 
 40,9(56 
 41,784 
 42,(519 
 43,474 
 44,342 
 45,228 
 
 4(),i;i3 
 
 47.057 
 
 47,976 
 48,958 
 49,937 
 50. 9:55 
 51.953 
 52,992 
 54,053 
 55,133 
 5(5,237 
 57,362 
 
 r.8,510 
 r.!»,(578 
 (10,871 
 (i2,090 
 
 (;:{,2ll 
 
 (i4,.598 
 (iri.890 
 (17,207 
 
 Total cost 
 
 of puiiijiiug 
 
 at Main 
 
 Station. 
 
 Sum of 
 ColiiniiiK 1.', 
 13, 14 and 15. 
 
 10 
 
 54,449 
 
 65,586 
 5(5,792 
 58,0;50 
 59,292 
 
 6(),.58(S 
 5(5,8.54 
 58,;500 
 .59,8:50 
 (51,2(5(5 
 (52,798 
 (54,355 
 (5(5,019 
 (57,572 
 69,22(5 
 
 7(.,917 
 72,715 
 74,:{92 
 76,179 
 78,004 
 79,958 
 81,774 
 s:5,7l5 
 85,693 
 87,801 
 
 89,758 
 91,871 
 86,059 
 87,876 
 89,534 
 91,325 
 93,150 
 95,119 
 96.917 
 98,855 
 
 100,812 
 102,9(51 
 104,9(J5 
 107,010 
 109,144 
 111,447 
 113,655 
 115,822 
 118,139 
 120,(5.30 
 
 122,916 
 125,;571 
 127,877 
 130,580 
 132,927 
 i;i5,704 
 138,419 
 141,.343 
 
 Total cost 
 of flumping 
 
 Total cost of 
 
 Total annual 
 working ex- 
 penses, Main 
 
 and High 
 Level I'uiiip 
 
 Ca])ital 
 
 pumping ing Stations expenditure 
 
 atHieli Level and tiltenng andll'.tration 
 
 Stations. 
 
 17 
 
 10,0(10 
 10,200 
 10,404 
 10,(512 
 
 10,824 
 
 11,041 
 
 11,2(52 
 
 11,4H7' 
 
 11,717 
 
 11,951 
 
 12,190 
 
 12,4.34 
 
 12,(582 
 
 12,9.3(5 
 
 13,195 
 
 13.4.59 
 13,728 
 14,002 
 14,2H2 
 14,5(58 
 14,859 
 15,157 
 15,4(50 
 15,7(59 
 16,084 
 
 1(5,40(5 
 1(5,734 
 17,0(59 
 17,410 
 17,758 
 18,114 
 18,47(5 
 1^,845 
 19,222 
 19,607 
 
 19,999 
 20,.'«»9 
 20,807 
 21,223 
 21,(547 
 22,080 
 22,522 
 22 972 
 2.V32 
 23, Wl 
 
 24,379 
 24,8(5(5 
 25, .36:5 
 25.871 
 26,;i88 
 2(5,916 
 27,454 
 28,(J03 
 
 on Island. 
 
 ]H 
 
 7,. 500 
 7,(550 
 7,803 
 7,959 
 8,118 
 
 8,280 
 8,44(5 
 8,(515 
 8.787 
 8,9(53 
 9,142 
 9,325 
 9,.-)ll 
 9.7(»1 
 !),.S95 
 
 10,093 
 10,295 
 10,5(K) 
 
 10.710 
 
 10,'>24 
 11,142 
 11, .•^(55 
 11,592 
 11,824 
 12,0(50 
 
 12,301 
 12,547 
 12,798 
 13,054 
 1.3,315 
 i;5,581 
 13,853 
 14,i;iO 
 14,413 
 14,701 
 
 14,995 
 15,295 
 15,(501 
 1.5,913 
 1(5,231 
 1(5, .5.56 
 1(5,887 
 17,225 
 17,570 
 17,921 
 
 18.279 
 18,(545 
 19,018 
 19,398 
 19,780 
 2(\182 
 20,587 
 21,800 
 
 Sum of 
 
 Coluiiiiis 10 
 
 17 and 18. 
 
 19 
 
 $ 
 
 71,949: 
 73,4;5() 
 74,999 
 7(5,601 1 
 78,234 
 
 79,!K)7! 
 7(5. 5(52 1 
 78,40Ji 
 80,3;54; 
 82,180 
 84.i;50' 
 .S(i,ll4 
 8S,212i 
 90,209; 
 92,31(5 
 
 94,4(59 
 9(5,738 
 98,894 
 101.171 
 10;!,49(i 
 105,959 
 108,29(5; 
 1H»,7()7 
 113,28(5 
 115,945 
 
 118,4(55 
 121,152 
 11.5,92(5 
 118.340 
 120,(507 
 123,020 
 125,479 
 ! 28, 094 
 l.'!t>.552 
 
 i;$;i,i(5;5 
 
 I 
 
 135, 80(5 1 
 1. •58, (555 
 141,313 
 144,146 
 147,022 
 150,083 
 152,904 
 1.5(5,019 
 159, 141 j 
 1(52,4.58^ 
 
 165,574 
 J •58, 88'? 
 172,258 
 175,849 
 179,101 
 182,802 
 18(5,4(50 
 UK),.'M6 
 
 during the 
 year. 
 
 ao 
 
 1,087,325 
 1,(502,237 
 
 Interest and 
 
 Kedeiiiptiou 
 
 a per cent. 
 
 21 
 
 465,750 
 
 221,37^ 
 
 221,375 
 
 73(5,(K)0 
 22 1 i 375 
 
 I 
 
 221,. '575 
 
 4(5.5,750 
 221 ',.'{75 
 
 221, .375 
 
 Total aunual 
 charges. 
 
 Sum of 
 
 Ooliimiia 10 
 
 and 21. 
 
 22 
 
 27,183 
 
 94, 422 i 
 
 134,478' 
 
 134,478' 
 
 134,478; 
 
 14(5,122: 
 157,7(5(5 
 157,7(5(5; 
 ]57,7()(5i 
 157.7(>6' 
 
 ](i;5,;{oo: 
 
 1(58,8:54' 
 
 ](;8,,s;{4: 
 
 1(58,8:54' 
 1(58,8:54! 
 
 1(58,,H:{4' 
 1(58,8:54 
 1(58,8:54 
 1(S8,«:54 
 1(58,8:54 
 174,:S09 
 179,90:! 
 179,903 
 179,903 
 179,!»03 
 
 179,{K)3 
 198.:503 
 21(5,703 
 21(5,703 
 222,2:571 
 227,772, 
 227,772' 
 
 227,772 
 
 227,772i 
 2:5:5,:{o<5| 
 
 2:58,841 1 
 2:58,841! 
 2:58,8411 
 22:5,. •5021 
 1(57,707; 
 127,651 
 1:5:5,185 
 138,720 
 
 127,07(5 
 115,4:52 
 115,4:52 
 120,!HS6 
 12(5,500 
 120,i»(S(5| 
 115,4.32 
 115,432 
 
 99, 1. -52 
 1(57,868 
 209,477 
 211,079 
 212,712 
 
 22(5,029 
 2:54, :528 
 2:5(5,1(58 
 2:58,100 
 2:59,94(5 
 247,4:«» 
 254,948 
 257,04(5 
 2.59,043 
 2(51,1.50 
 
 2(5:5, :5o;{ 
 
 2(55,572 
 2(57,728 
 270,005 
 272,:5:5o 
 
 280,328 
 288,199 
 290,(570 
 29:5,1,'<9 
 296,848 
 
 298, .-5(58 
 .319,455 
 .3:52,(529 
 ;«5,04:5 
 :542,844 
 :550,792 
 
 :55:5,v5i 
 
 :555,8(5(5 
 :558,:524 
 ;5(50,935 
 
 3(5:5,578 
 :571,9(51 
 .•580, 154 
 :582,987 
 :585,8(5:? 
 37:5,385 
 320,(571 
 28:5,(570 
 292,:52(5 
 301,178 
 
 292,(550 
 284,314 
 287,(5!K) 
 2iM5,815 
 :505,(501 
 :503,7(58 
 .•{01,892 
 306,778 
 
^ 
 
 W'- '•■y'rv^r^iry'r'r'i^-.-yHinr^-^TY^j^TT-^ ,77-/^-^,^.,, 
 
 r jr-^:~ yt^Yf^' '^ ^Tr 
 
 -'TT'^^TTT.TtTCT- 
 
in''''^vf^i'^,r''t»^T-f f|'»-^ ' 
 
 45 
 
 TABLE No. f). 
 Toronto Watek.— Yearly Charoes of Gravitation and Pumping Schemrs 
 
 Compared. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Gravita- 
 tion. 
 
 189.5 1 
 
 1896 i 89,449 
 
 1897 1 1.'>3,28G 
 
 1898 '2,'54,()9() 
 
 1899 1 393.<54'2 
 
 1900 ; 540.570 
 
 1901 1 557,908 
 
 1902 557,908 
 
 1903 ,'j.'57,908 
 
 1904 ' 5.')7,908 
 
 1905 557,908 
 
 1906 557,908 
 
 1907 ■'557,908 
 
 1908 557,908 
 
 1909 .557,908 
 
 1910 ; .557.908 
 
 1911 i 557.908 
 
 1912 ,570,181 
 
 1913 ,581,954 
 
 1914 1 581.9,54 
 
 1915 1 581,954 
 
 1916 1 581.954 
 
 1917 1 .581.954 
 
 1918 ! ,581,954 
 
 1919 i 581,9.54 
 
 1920 ,581,954 
 
 1921 j 581,954 
 
 Puiuping. 
 
 99,132 
 167,858 
 209,477 
 211,079 
 212,712 
 
 229.029 
 234,328 
 236,168 
 238,100 
 239,946 
 247,430 
 9,54.948 
 257,046 
 259,043 
 261,150 
 
 263„303 
 265,572 
 267,728 
 270,005 
 272,330 
 280,32:^ 
 288,199 
 290,670 
 293,189 
 295,848 
 
 298 368 
 
 Year. 
 
 Gravita- 
 tioQ. 
 
 Punipint}. 
 
 1922 ; 581,954 
 
 1923 ! .581,9,54 
 
 1924 i 681,954 
 
 1925 i .581,954 
 
 1926 581,9.54 
 
 1927 581,954 
 
 1928 .581,9.54 
 
 1929 i ,581,9.54 
 
 1930 : 581,9.54 
 
 1931 .581,954 
 
 1932 .594,227 
 
 1933 ; 606,000 
 
 1934 606,000 
 
 1935 1 606,000 
 
 1936 .581,000 
 
 1937 518,500 
 
 1938 418„500 
 
 1939 281,000 
 
 1940 129,546 
 
 I 
 
 li,'41 53,092 
 
 1942 \ 53,092 
 
 1943 .53,092 
 
 1944 53,092 
 
 1945 1 ,53,092 
 
 1946 ' 53,092 
 
 1947 ! 58,092 
 
 1948 1 53,092 
 
 Total 23,967,447 
 
 319,455 
 332,629 
 335,043 
 342.844 
 350,792 
 353,251 
 355,866 
 358,324 
 360,935 
 
 363,.57» 
 371.961 
 380,1.54 
 382,987 
 885,863 
 873,385 
 320,671 
 283,670 
 292.326 
 301,178 
 
 292,650 
 284,314 
 287,690 
 296,815 
 305,601 
 303,768 
 301,892 
 305,778 
 
 15,383,406 
 
 Total water supply from 189^-1948 = r)05, 144 million gallons. 
 Total coat, gravitation »2H,y()7,4t7 = :! itO cents, per 1,000 gallons. 
 Total cost, pumping $15,383,406 = '2-54 " " " 
 
40 
 
 RECOMHENDATION. 
 
 I think there is no necessity to labour the matter further. 
 
 I have no dlfflcuity myself in advising you which scheme to adopt. My 
 natural inclination and predilection would be In favour of the Simcoe 
 
 Schoiiie ; hut uudei' tlio spuciiil ciruumHtuiices (if the cHHe 1 UE(,"()MMKND 
 
 Yor TO adhb:uk to voir present source. 
 
 As I have already said, the considerations that impress me very strongly 
 are the following: — 
 
 1st. No one can predict with any certainty what the future of Toronto is 
 going to be; it may never grow beyond two hundred thousand inhabitants. 
 
 2nd. The Simcoe Scheme should not be designed and carried out on Ijss 
 broad lines than I have set out; it would never do to construct a tunnel over 
 30 miles long with a smaller carrying capacity than 50,000,000 gallons a-day, 
 for it would be such a terrible business to have to make another alongside in 
 a few years' time if the City were to increase faster than has been estimated. 
 
 3rd. But to do this work involves a very heavy expenditure all at once, 
 which would saddle the Toronto of to-day with a burden it ought not lightly 
 to be called upon to bear. 
 
 4th. On the other hand, the Pumping Scheme can be proceeded with ten- 
 tatively, and extensions be made just as and when they are needed. 
 
 5th. Further, if the Gravitation Scheme Is executed, and 50,000,000 gal- 
 lons a day be brought to the City, there will be no inducement to diminish 
 the extravagant waste which must now be going on. 
 
 6th. But if you continue to pump I am satisfied that by adopting the pro- 
 per methods the quantity of water to be supplied may be reduced 40 to 50 per 
 cent, with a corresponding reduction in pumping expenses, and a long post- 
 ponement of the spending of capital on new stations and machinery. 
 
 7th. The gravitation scheme will certainly involve the construction at 
 the outset of the hundred million gallons reservoir at Eglinton, because it 
 Is the only way of avoiding using " riley"* water, but it will not be necessary 
 to make the 12 acres of filters in connection with the pumping immediately, 
 but will sufllce to build the subsiding reservoir, and, perhaps one-third of the 
 filters. 
 
 8th. You may banish from your minds any idea that the Simcoe Scheme 
 should be carried out because of the power that the water will bring with It. 
 This is a will-o'-the-wisp and a delusion. 
 
 * A Ifical word meaning " tvirbid." 
 
47 
 
 Power can be manufactured In Toronto more cheaply In other ways. 
 
 I promised In an early part of this Roport to tell you liow much powf^r 
 could be got out of the 50 million gallons a day, and at what coat, and I will 
 now proceed to do so. 
 
 Utilization of Watku fou Powkh. 
 
 A reference to the section (Appendix D) will show that the level of the 
 water surface in Lake Simcoe is taken at 720 feet above the sea, and the in- 
 vert of the aqueduct at the gatehouse is 700. 
 
 The difference or head oi: 20 feet is required to allow a margin for the 
 level of the water being lowered In exceptionally dry seasons, and to force 
 the water through the feet pipe laid in the lake. 
 
 In the tunnel between the gatehouse and its low end near Richmond Hill 
 there is a fall of 44.60 feet, making the invert at that point 055.40. 
 
 This fall is required to give a velocity (about 139 feet per minute) suffi- 
 cient to dicharge 50,000,(XX) gallons in 24 hours with the water running up to 
 springing level. 
 
 There is not, therefore, any head left available for power down to the 
 low end of the tunnel, because it has all been used up in getting the water 
 to that point. 
 
 The top water of the proposed high-service reservoir at EgUngton is 547 
 feet, giving a fall in the two syphons and the length of aqueduct in " cut and 
 cover" work of 108.40 feet. 
 
 Similarly, all this fall Is needed to pass the 50,000,000 gallons a day 
 through the iron pipes and conduit to the reservoir; the water therefore 
 reiichi's fhi' n'aerfnir trithind (inij hmd uhich run hi' ii.HPd for poirer, the size of 
 the pipes with the available gradient being adjusted on the most economical 
 lines for water supply purposes only, that is to say at tne outset two .■!2-inch 
 cost-iron pipes would be laid, competent to discharge together 25,O()lt,00O 
 gallons a day, and in 1012 and 1932 a third and a fourth ;{2-inch pipe would 
 be put down. 
 
 Now, in order to obtain any power out of the water, it is manifest that 
 It must be delivered at the reservoir under some surplus head or pressure 
 more than Is needed simply to discharge it Into the reservoir. 
 
 The only way In which this can be done Is to lay pipes so much larger 
 than the four 32-Inch that they will pass the same quantity In the same time 
 and still have that surplus head. 
 
 What I have set out, then, and shown on the section, is a continuation of 
 
48 
 
 the tunnel gradient, viz., 1 in 4,0(M), giving the height at the rcHervoIr as 
 ^i4^^.^0 feet, and 1 find that with this full two UU-lnoh steel pipeu would be 
 required In order to pass the r)(i,u<M),(N)() gullonu In 21 houra Into the Kglinton 
 reservoir with a surplus bead available for power of l)U.7U feet. 
 
 Of course, it must be understood that these pipes would be laid under- 
 ground on the same line as would otherwise be occupied by the :i:i-inch, and 
 that in speaking of Mli.lO I um speaking of the height, at the reuttrvolr, of 
 the hydraulic gradient and not the actual level at which the pipes w'" he 
 laid. 
 
 In other words, if a vertical standnipe were erected at the Egilnton 
 reBervolr SM(.70 feet high above its top water level, the water coming down 
 the two OD-inch pipes would rise to the top of It and still discharge 
 50,(X)0,(X)0 gallons a day into the reservoir. 
 
 The gross power thus obtained is as follows: — 
 
 OalloDH 
 pur niiiiiiU>, Ibfi, feet. 
 
 H4,72i X 10 X ()i) 
 
 as ,000 
 
 = 1,010 H. 
 
 Now, let us see what cost has been incurred in securing this 1,010 horse 
 power (/)oss. 
 
 Manifestly, if the water power is to be so valuable as has been made U, 
 the sooner it can be brought into use the better, and, therefore, by th i 
 
 the tunnel— competent to bring 50,000,000 gallons a-day— is finished, t 
 (iO Inch pipes should also be ready to convey the water on to Eglinton. 
 
 My estimate of the coat of the two lengths of syphon, each having two 
 a2-inch Iron pipes, and of the intervening length of " cut and cover" is 
 
 ?l,;i49,«r)0 and of the two GO-inch pipes . $«,04y,800. 
 
 At '■> per cent, the annual charge on the former Is . $r.7,482 
 
 and on the latter 1152,490 
 
 showing an excess for the power pipes of . . . . $85,00.S 
 
 that is to say that up to the year 1!)12 tho additional cost to the City of having 
 laid the larger pipes would bo $.S5,()08 per annum. 
 
 Then If we divide the 585,008 by 1.010, we get the cost per annum of one- 
 horse-power, viz., !|!84. 
 
 But I must carry this discussion a little further. 
 
 The 1,010 h.-p. cannot be made uao of without a machine, and the most 
 suitabie machine woulci. no doubt, be a tvrbine. 
 
49 
 
 If there is a demand for power at Egllnton, thnr would bo the plure 
 to utilise it; but hh tliJH 1h uulikelj, 1 liuve iiHsuined tliut tlio turbliH! wouiil 
 drive a dynamo, and that by an electric lead the power would be conveyed 
 to about the centre of the City (near the University), a dlHtanco of :i% miles, 
 where by means of another electrical motor It could bo used for doing work. 
 
 I believe the best plan would be for the turbine to actimte dynamos 
 giving current at a very high voltage, say, r»,(KK( volts, this to be transmitted 
 to the place of utilisation and transformed down to r>(N) or \HHi volts, as might 
 be deemed expedient. 
 
 The net maximum power available after this last transformation might 
 possibly reach (MM) h.p. (Electrical), but would probably not exceed 5(Ml. 
 
 The cost of turbines, dynamos, mains, transformers and road work would 
 be, at a low estimate, (l.'iO.tXM). 
 
 The fullest possible use of this power would be In a factory working, 
 say, 18 hours a day some electrolytical process or similar thing, situated 
 exactly on the spot where the power is delivered. 
 
 If, however, the power were used for working trolley cars, the demand 
 for energy would fluctuate greatly from minute to minute, and Its average 
 value would probably not be more than half the maximum. 
 
 But further. If the power were used foi electric lighting, the average 
 would in winter be about one-fourth of the maximum, and over all the year 
 round not more than one-eighth. 
 
 To take it at the very best, the net available power in Toronto could not 
 exceed (KM) h.p., but, as I have alread. xplained, the fn'osn power of 1,010 h.p. 
 has cost $84 per h.p. to get to EglliiKKi. and this would, of course, be In- 
 creased In the ratio of 0(X) to 1,010, or to $141 for the nrt power. 
 
 But this is not all, for the transformation and transmission will cost 
 $130,000, which at H per cent, would be |(i,,500 per annum, maklne; $11 per 
 h.p. more, bringing the total cost per h.p. to $ir)2. 
 
 I believe in Toronto It does not coat two-fifths of that price as at pre- 
 sent produced. 
 
 I fear a great deal of misapprehension has been created in Toronto by 
 the wild and groundless Ftatements which have been made broadcast In the 
 press and at public meetings convened by interested and ignorant partlzans. 
 
 If people would only consider the difference between having a gigantic 
 natural waterfall like Niagara, so placed that its power can be utilised on 
 the spot, with the pioposition here to bring water over 40 miles in an artifi- 
 
60 
 
 cial chnnne], to be constructed at enormous cost, and remember what I have 
 stated about the fall required to bring the water along that channel, they 
 would soon realise the folly of the whole idea. I understand that the Niagara 
 Power Company is offering one electrical horse power to the City of Buffalo 
 for 18 dollars per annum; if this is compared with the cost I have worked 
 out above, I think it will be admitted that upon this point nothing more need 
 be said. 
 
 Gknkkal Description of Pumping Scheme Recommended. 
 Perhaps it would be well that I should recapitulate distinctly and in a 
 few sentences how I think the pumping scheme, taking the water from Lake 
 Ontario, should be added to in order to ensure a thoroughly reliable supply 
 of water of admirable quality at all times. 
 
 1st. The intake pipe must be relald on the lines suggested by Mr. Keat- 
 ing, and already approved by you. 
 
 I have carefully considered the position of the intake and am of opinion 
 that taking all the circumstances into consideration it cannot well be im- 
 proved. 
 
 For those who are not thoroughly acquainted with the locus, let me ex- 
 plain that the intake is in the open lake 2,250 feet beyond the southern shore 
 of the island and 'ly^ miles In a straight line from the present pumping 
 station. 
 
 That the Island with Its eastern and western extremities incurving to 
 wards the Toronto shore, forms practically an enclosed harbour a mile and a 
 quarter wide from north to south and over two miles long from east to west. 
 
 The two narrow entrance channels are situated the one at the north- 
 west corner of the harbour and the other near the south-east corner, and each 
 is two miles and a half from the intake. 
 
 The sewers discharge of course along the city shore or the north side ot 
 the harbour and the deposit of solids takes place mainly on a narrow strip 
 Immediately adjacent and can rarely if ever occur outside the harbour. 
 
 There is therefore under ordinary conditions no chance of the water at 
 the intake being fouled by sewage, especially as the normal current (and all 
 currents are very slack) must be in an easterly direction and away from the 
 Intake. 
 
 2nd. A small steam pumping station should be erected near the Shore 
 Crib on the island, to lift the water about seven feet into two subsiding tanks 
 to hold each eleven million gallons. 
 
 The water would be delivered into one end of these tanks and be drawn 
 
51 
 
 by an overflow from the other (on to the filter), depositing the matter held in 
 suspension during its slow passage through them. 
 
 I propose to keep these tanks and the filters up and to inimp the water, 
 because I believe if they were kept down so that the water could amrifitte. 
 Into them, the cost of construction would be greatly Increased, and some 
 power would in any case be required to drain the filters. 
 
 Power will also be wanted for sand washing, and heat would have to be 
 provided for warming the low buildings to be erected over the filters to pre- 
 vent treeziiig. 
 
 3rd. Filter beds must ultimately be provided to the extent estimated for,, 
 but they may be erected by degrees as shall be deemed necessary by the En- 
 gineer in concert with the Medical Officer and Analyst. 
 
 4th. The new pipes and tunnel to the Pumping Station projected by Mr. 
 Keating must also be carried out. 
 
 With regard to the tunnel, Mr. Keating should conbider if it might not 
 be better to lay it parallel to the surface of the rock at a shallower depth 
 than is shown on his section, and to line it with cast-iron plates forming a 
 circle in cross-section with internal flange joints, excavating as nearly as 
 possible to the size of the outside of the plates, and grouting the upace with 
 cement imder pressure, and filling the panels between the flanges. 
 
 5th. The compounding of the low-duty engines, as proposed by Mr. Keat- 
 ing, should be ione, and such extensions be made from time to time as are 
 needed to meet the demand for water. 
 
 r.th. Rising mains will have to be laid to Rosehlll and on to Eglinton 
 as described and when required. 
 
 7th. A new service reservoir must be constructed at Eglinton with its 
 top water at 3(X) feet above Ontario (547 feet above sea level) to hold r)0,0()0,- 
 (HX) gallons. 
 
 8th. As time goes on and new rising mains are laid the high-level pump- 
 ing station may be done away with. 
 
 Skwaok. 
 I cannot close this Report without saying a few wovds upon the sewage 
 question, although it does not come within the terms of my instruction. 
 
 To justify this intiuslon, I may say that for over thirty years I have 
 b«:en constantly engaged in the designing and carrying out of Important 
 works of sewage collection, interception and treatment, or I would not have 
 vt*ntured without invitation to make any observations on the subject; and 
 Aich as I do make will be of quite a general character. 
 
52 
 
 During my stay in Toronto I did not meet a single Individual who had 
 a word to say In justification of the existing state ot things, excepting that 
 it would cost a very large sum of money to remedy it. 
 
 To discharge all ihe sewage of 175,00<J people in its crude state into a 
 tideless and practically stagnant harbour is obviously a very wrong thing 
 to do, and every rational man must condemn it. 
 
 If Toronto ir, ever to take the high position as a residential City, which 
 its climate and other natural advantages would justify, this blot must be 
 wiped out. All the world over people are becoming more alive to the impoit- 
 ancr of safe sanitary surroundings, and more critical in fixing upon a place 
 of permanent residence; and a common enough question to be asked now-a- 
 days is: Where does the sewage go to, and where does the water come from? 
 
 I am quite prepared for adverse criticism upon my advice respecting the 
 water, on account of the bald answer which could be given at Toronto to 
 this question. I am quite satisfied however, that if what I have recommend- 
 ed is carried out, there is no risk whatever of harmful pollution of the water 
 to be supplied: but, at the same time, everyone must admit that If the 
 sewage were removed right away there would not remain a ground even for 
 the slightest sentimental objection. 
 
 The offence arising from the stirring up of the foul mud in front of the 
 wharves by the steamboats In hot weather, is, I know, very great, and the 
 discomfort caused to the people carrying on their business on the waterside, 
 must at times be almost intolerable, not to speak of Injury to their health. 
 
 But I know there is no necessity whatever to argue the question, and 
 that it is merely the cost which stands in the way of a remedy being found. 
 On this I would say that: If you determine to indulge in the luxury of Sim- 
 coe water, I fear ibe diversion of the sewage from the harbour will be re- 
 legated to the dim future. 
 
 If you adhere to Ontario, several good things will follow, viz. : — 
 
 1st. You will be better able to imdertake the sewage work; 
 
 2nd. You will see the desirability of stopping the waste of water, in order 
 to save money to spend upon that work, and to reduce the cost of its execu- 
 tion, by diminishing the volume of sewage; and 
 
 3rd. You will lesiro to remove entirely the last trace of uneasiness with 
 regard to the intake. 
 
• 
 
 ('uRRicNTs IN Lake Oniakio. 
 
 Appendix G, consists of a reproduction of a chart of Lake Ontario, show- 
 ing the results of a large number of float experiments published by the 
 United States Department of Agriculture, Weather Bureau. 
 
 I have Inserted this because I found there was an Impression among cer- 
 tain well-informed people in Toronto that the stream of the Niagara River 
 was continued directly across the Lake to Scarborough Heights, where It was 
 deflected partly to the right and partly to the left, so as to produce, in ad- 
 dition to the main easterly stream, a subsidiary but persistent current west- 
 wards, and that the constant washing away of the cliff by this impingement 
 produced the material which had formed the island. 
 
 I think it is clear from this chart that no such constant westerly current 
 exists, but that the immense volume of water brought in by the river takes 
 what would appear to be its natural course in the direction of the Lake out- 
 let by the St. Lawrence River. 
 
 The effect of this course is that the upper part of the Lake is, in its nor- 
 mal condition, a practically still pool or back water, influenced only by the 
 inflow of the comparatively small streams west of Toronto and by the wind. 
 
 Although, therefore, its level is maintained mainly by Niagara, there is 
 In the 30 miles stretch of quiet water betwixt the mouth of that river and the 
 intake, ample opportunity for the complete sedimentation and disappearance 
 of the organisms found in the river itself, as shown by their relative num- 
 bers, namely, 2,205 and 104. 
 
 In conclusion, I desire to thank Mr. Alderman Shaw, the Chairman, anu 
 all the Members of the Special Committee appointed to confer with me, for 
 the cordial manner in which they fell in with my views on the readiest way 
 to get together the information I needed, and for their attention and kind 
 assistance during my stay in the City. 
 
 I repeat also the expression of my obligation to Mr. Keating, Mr. Rust, 
 Mr. Coady, Dr. Sheard, Professor Shuttleworth, and, in fact, all your officials 
 for their sympathetic and ready help whenever I troubled them.' 
 
 Last of all, I wish to thank the alert and intelligent representatives of 
 the local press for allowing me to go about my work in peace and quietness 
 80 soon as they found that I seriously desired to avoid being interviewed, an 
 experience contrasting very agreeably with the dally pestering I suffered 
 from, when in another colony en a similar errand six years ago. 
 
 I am, Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, 
 
 Your obedient Servant, 
 
 JAS. MANSERGH. 
 
54 
 
 APPENDIX "A.' 
 
 loRONTo, Canada, December Stli, 1895. 
 Jamen Mnnscvtjh. Ei»i., Londau, Emj.: 
 
 SlB,— 
 
 We have the honour to submit herewith the required information on the 
 various matters referred to in your letter of November 8th, anu which you 
 specify as follows: — 
 
 1st. A tabulated statement in chronological order of the chemical analy- 
 ses which have been made during the last ten years, of the water of Lake 
 Ontario at the Waterworks intake, south of the island. 
 
 2nd. A similar statement of the bacteriological examinations for such 
 period as these have been made. 
 
 3rd. Chemical and biological results in the same form of the water of 
 Lake Simcoe, the Ridge Lakes, and the Rivers Don and Rouge referred to in 
 the 1887 Report of Messrs. McAlpine and Tully. 
 
 4th. Similar informaticn, if such exists, of the water of Lake Ontario at 
 Mimico Point and Scarborough Heights, and of any other sources which have 
 been seriously sucgested for the supply of the City. 
 
 5th. Any observations made as to taste, colour or odor, and an opinion 
 generally as to the individual and relative suitability of the various waters 
 for the supply for all purposes to a community such as that of Toronto. 
 
 With regard to the first point, we have caused a search to be made In the 
 official records of the Engineer's Department for all analysis made during 
 the time mentioned, and from these have been enabled to present a fair enu- 
 meration. Prior to June 25th, 1891, the intake was located at the Bell Buoy, 
 but since that date the water has been taken at a point 365 feet further out. 
 This latter position we have designated the intake, while analyses prior to 
 June, 1S!)1, are referred to under the heading of Bell Buoy. We also give 
 returns of analyses from wat^r taken two miles, and eight miles from the 
 shore of the island. There do not appear to be any records of chemical work 
 from 188.") till 1S!)0— except in 1887— when there was some public discussion 
 as to a now source of water supply; and the last chemical analyses were 
 made in December, 1892, subsequent exeaminations being of a biological char- 
 acter. 
 
 Biological examinations of lake water, from 18S5 to 1890, were confined 
 to one observation, by Professor Ramsay Wright, in 1887. This gentleman 
 again reported in September, 1890, and Mr. J. J. Mackenzie made an exam- 
 
 1 
 
55 
 
 Ination In October, 18! and In September, 1892. In December of that year 
 one of us commenced a series of bacteriological observations, which has been 
 continued until the present time, and for the most part has been detailed in 
 the Annual Report of the Board of Health, of which copies have been fur- 
 nished you. The results are, however, summarized and continued in the pre- 
 sent report. 
 
 The only chemical analyses of Lake Simcoe water, and that of the Ridge 
 Lakes, appear to have been made in May, 1887, by Profeseor Ellis, and of 
 Lake Simcoe alone by three other analysts in June, 1891. We have not been 
 able to obtain any information of an official character respecting the Rivera 
 Don and Rouge. Biological examinations of Lake Simcoe water were made 
 by one of us on five occasions from October, 18lt;{, to November, 18S)5. Re- 
 cords relating to the Rivers Don and Rouge are not procurable. 
 
 We have not been able to obtain any chemical analyses of ths water of 
 L£.ki; Ontario at Mimico Point, nor are there any biological records. One 
 analysis of the water at Scaiboro' Heights is herewith submitted, but bac- 
 teriological records are wanting. 
 
 In the tabular statenientsi which follow, a chronological order has boen 
 observed with reference to each locality. The figures given are mostly those 
 of the original analyses, but in some cases (in whif h the results were statod 
 in grains, per gallon, or parts per lOO.OttO) they have been reduced to parts 
 per 1,000,000, so that they may be more readily compared. In most casosi the 
 degree or organic impurity has been given by the various analysts as being 
 in accordance with Muter's standard, and these original figur(e have boen 
 reproduced. In those ir-'tances in which such estimation was wanting, it 
 has boen calculated and supplied. We may remark that some of the analysts 
 apparent;:' calculate this degree by data other man those with which we are 
 acquainted, and consequently their figures will not quite agrea with oirs. 
 The rule we have adopted, and which we believe to be correct, is that of 
 dividing the amount of ammonia, albuminoid ammonia, oxygen absorbed in 
 15 minutes and 4 hours by fixed divisors, and doubling all figures over 10 
 In the quotient. The latter step has evidently been omitted by some of the 
 analysts, thus leading to the under-estimation of waters yielding high 
 figures. 
 
 The following tables* of Averages of Analyses have been obtained from 
 the data furnished by the indlvidal examinations. The degree or organic 
 Impurity by Muter's scale, was not, however, ascertained by averaging the 
 figures stated by the various analysts, but has been calculated, by the rule 
 mentioned, from the average constituents. 
 
 N.B. — All these tallies are not reproluced in this Re])ort, Imt only those strictly jiertinent 
 
 to the emiuiry 
 
Although the analyses of the water at the Pell Buoy, and also at Park- 
 dale intake, have been continued throughout, so that you might be made ac- 
 quainted with all the facts at disposal, we do not think that either situation 
 indicates correctly the character of the lake water generally, the Bell Buoy 
 marks the line of shallow water, the depth being about 25 feet. From this 
 point to the intake, 365 feet further south, th?re is an increase of 50 feet in 
 depth, and shore influences are felt to a much less degree. Even in very 
 stormy weather the limit of turbid water seldom extends beyond the Bell 
 Buoy, but often reaches this mark. The Parkdale intake, which Is situated 
 in number Bay, about 1,000 feet from shore, is in only about 10 feet of water, 
 which, during stormy weather, is liable to great disturbance, as also from the 
 influence of the Hamber River at times of flood. 
 
 In order, therefore, to bring the question at issue to its narrowest limits, 
 the Bell Buoy and Parkdale waters may be excluded, and a comparison made 
 of the organic impurity of the remainder. 
 
 According to Dr. Muter's scale they stand thus: — 
 
 Lake Ontario 123, Class I. 
 
 Intake 147, Class I. 
 
 Lake Simcoe 380, Class II. 
 
 Ridge Lakes 1.026, Undrinkable.. 
 
 By the scale devised by Dr. Tidy, based on the oxygen absorbed in three 
 hours, it is impossible to give accurate estimations, as the determinations 
 were made in four hours, but, using this standard as far as possible, the or- 
 der of the waters will be as follows:— the water of Lake Ontario being prac- 
 ticall> within the limits of the first class (.500) on account of the slightly 
 overstated figures. 
 
 ■ Intake 409, of great organic purity. 
 
 Lake Ontario . . .516, of great organic purity. 
 
 Lake Simcoe . . . 1.349, of medium organic purity. 
 Ridge Lak3S . . . 2.782, of doubtful purity. 
 
 Professor Wanklyn's classification, as to albuminoid ammonia, glvea 
 similar results: — 
 
 Lake Ontario 061 Organically safe. 
 
 Intake 088 Orfeanlcally safe. 
 
 Lake Simcoe 136 Dirty. 
 
 Ridge Lakes 235 Dirty. 
 
 Reference to these standards renders unnecessary any opinion, on our 
 part, as to the relative qualities of the waters in question, but it may be said 
 that the low ratings thus assigned to Lake Simcoe water, and that of the 
 
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 X X 1-1 s-j c . 
 
 o I- » t~ 5 : 
 o = — Tj. 5 • 
 
 
 
 ^ >, 
 
 
 s » 
 
 >o 
 
 Tt< : 
 
 -Hta 
 
 
 
 >. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 1-9 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 22. 
 
 is 
 
 a 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 Q 
 
 I 
 
 t~ O « — O >ra 5 S 
 c -H CO ■* '•■1 X 1) 5 >>,5 
 
 [- I- i£ i.-r v 
 
 ■M -^ « O w 
 O -H r^ M !.■; 
 
 Pa* 
 
 o o « 
 
 - "^ E: - 5 
 
 =: tr s 12 5 
 
 .•X ll' J 
 
 i-( "** Jm 
 
 - a ? 
 
 MS5 ^ 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 0. X « i- 
 
 ^ 
 
 c ? a ^ 
 
 •"' 
 
 o n o Ji 
 
 
 y. -2.^:0 
 
 
 •f Z- O a: z 
 C •>! X * "I 
 
 5 -H o ■>) i- 
 
 s w 3 
 
 tz -r 3 
 
 ?1 t- -H 
 
 i?5 • 
 
 * « = : 
 
 ,;; a; : 
 
 5aH : 
 
 
 CI r 
 
 3J "— ' ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 x«-< 
 §22 
 
 X c . 
 
 8 - »- : 
 
 
 "* : 
 
 2^2 i 
 
 K 
 
 3 
 
 a .. 
 
 a o 
 
 .2 .5 
 a a 
 
 
 a a o 
 
 eS a 
 
 r- .— o r- I. .J — ¥ TI 
 
 O O ;j 55 ft, 03 O ■< 53 
 
 Q a a a> ^ 
 ac oc s P 3; Ts 
 
 s 
 E 
 
::^ 
 
 i_iA.k:e sjnyiiooB j^isri 
 
 Graue Island. 
 
 Depth 40 feet. 
 
 May, 18H7. 
 
 KlliB. 
 
 18 
 
 Bnake Island. 
 
 Depth 40 feet. 
 
 May, 1887. 
 
 RUis. 
 
 19 
 
 Free Ammonia 
 
 Albuminoid Ammonia 
 
 Oxygen in 15 minutes .... 
 
 Oxygen in 4 hours 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Nitrogen in Nitrates 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Solids 
 
 Odor 
 
 Appearance 
 
 Hardness, before boiling. 
 Hardness, after boiling ... 
 Organic impurity 
 
 .040 
 
 .100 
 
 .576 
 
 1.350 
 
 5.000 
 
 .088 
 
 .000 
 
 108.600 
 
 None 
 
 Clear='= 
 
 79.500 
 
 28.200 
 
 .316 
 
 .040 
 
 .140 
 
 .548 
 
 1.592 
 
 5.000 
 
 .083 
 
 .000 
 
 144.000 
 
 None 
 
 Clear- 
 
 110.500 
 
 29.900 
 
 .36 
 
 Free Ammonia 
 
 Albuminoid Ammonia 
 
 Oxygen in 15 minutes 
 
 Oxygen in 4 hours 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Nitrogen in Nitrates 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Solids 
 
 (j>dor 
 
 Appearance 
 
 Hardness, before boiling. 
 Elardness, after boiling... 
 drganic impurity 
 
 Georgina Island. Georgina Island 
 
 3 miles N. by W. 3 miles N. by W. 
 
 Depth 30 feet. Depth 30 feet. 
 
 June 20th, 1891. June 20th, 1891. 
 
 Heys. Harrison. 
 
 28 
 
 .060 
 
 .145 
 
 .522 
 
 1.346 
 
 2.500 
 
 115.000 
 None 
 Clear 
 
 Trace 
 
 .140 
 
 .473 
 
 1.144 
 
 1.000 
 
 Trace 
 
 Slight trace 
 
 150.000 
 Not marked 
 
 Roche's Point. 
 
 Depth 40 feet. 
 
 May, 1887. 
 
 Ellis. 
 
 20 
 
 .040 
 
 .120 
 
 .548 
 
 1.512 
 
 5.000 
 
 .033 
 
 .000 
 
 156.000 
 
 None 
 
 Clear''' 
 
 115.0U0 
 
 89 000 
 
 .84 
 
 Cook's Bay. 
 
 Depth 40 feet 
 
 Mav, 1887. 
 
 Ellis. 
 
 21 
 
 .080 
 
 .140 
 
 .656 
 
 1.496 
 
 5.000 
 
 Trace 
 
 .000 
 
 164.000 
 
 None 
 
 Clear''- 
 
 113.r)00 
 
 27.500 
 
 .88 
 
 Georgina IslAnd. 
 3 miles N. by W. 
 
 Depth 30 feet. 
 June 20th, 1891. j 
 Pyne. 
 
 29 
 
 .035 
 
 .159 
 
 .698 
 
 1.861 
 
 5.200 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 140.000 
 
 .855 
 
 .342 
 
 .896 
 
 Georgina Islan 
 3 miles N. by 
 
 Depth 30 feet. 
 June 20th, 189 
 Pyne. 
 
 30 
 
 .029 
 
 .135 
 
 .715 
 
 1.310 
 
 5.000 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 180.000 
 
 .368 
 
 * Color described as pale, 
 
 tfl 
 
OE J^1<T1D E.ir)(3-E Xj^ICES. 
 
 59-GO 
 
 >int. 
 9et. 
 
 7. 
 
 Cook's Bay. 
 
 Depth 40 feet 
 
 Mav, 1887. 
 
 Kills. 
 
 21 
 
 "W. Gwillimbury 
 Town line con- MosalnRton's Point 
 tinned one mile ! 1,200 feet from 
 from shore. i shore. D'^pth 20 
 
 Depth 40 feet. 
 
 June 20th, 1891. 
 
 Heys. 
 
 22 
 
 feet. 
 
 June 20th, 1891. 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 Jackson's Point. 
 
 2,(K)0 feet from 
 
 shore. Depth 25 
 
 feet. 
 
 June 20th, 1891. 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 24 
 
 Jaclison's Point. 
 
 1 mile N. * E. 
 
 Depth 40 feet. 
 
 June 20th, 1891. 
 
 Harrison, 
 
 2.5 
 
 Jackson's Point. 
 
 1 mile N. ^ E. 
 
 Depth 40 feet 
 
 June 20th, 1891. 
 
 Heys, 
 
 20 
 
 .080 
 .140 
 
 .6r)6 
 
 1.496 
 
 5.000 
 
 Trace 
 
 .000 
 
 164.000 
 
 None 
 
 Clear''- 
 
 113.500 
 
 27.500 
 
 .88 
 
 .060 
 
 .134 
 
 .560 
 
 1.500 
 
 2.370 
 
 145.000 
 None 
 Clear 
 
 Trace 
 
 .123 
 
 .513 
 
 1.184 
 
 1.000 
 
 Trace 
 
 Slight Trace 
 
 160.000 
 Not marKed 
 
 Trace 
 
 .140 
 
 .473 
 
 1.144 
 
 1.000 
 
 Trace 
 
 Slight Trace 
 
 150.000 
 Not marked 
 
 Trace 
 
 .148 
 
 .473 
 
 1.158 
 
 1.000 
 
 •Trace 
 
 Slight trace 
 
 160.000 
 Not marked 
 
 .36 
 
 -.350 
 
 .342 
 
 .359 
 
 .034 
 
 .146 
 
 .522 
 
 1.422 
 
 2.500 
 
 156.000 
 None 
 Clear 
 
 .355 
 
 ■Jt 
 
 And. Georgina Island 
 y W. 3 miles N. by W. 
 let. Depth 30 feet. 
 
 1891. i June 20th, 1891 
 Pyne. 
 
 30 
 
 .029 
 
 .135 
 
 .715 
 
 1.310 
 
 5.000 
 
 None 
 
 None 
 
 180.000 
 
 LAKE SIMCOE. 
 
 AVEKAGE OF 13 SaMPLKS. 
 
 31 
 
 RIDGE LAKES. 
 Average of 8 Samples. 
 
 32 
 
 .368 
 
 .032 
 
 .136 
 
 .562 
 
 1.349 
 
 3.197 
 
 147.969 
 
 104.625 
 
 31.150 
 
 .380 
 
 .102 
 
 .235 
 
 1.187 
 
 2.782 
 .500 
 .144 
 
 140.250 
 
 102.1-00 
 
 84.487 
 
 1.026 
 
 described as pale, greenish-yollow. 
 
K 
 
61 
 
 Ridge Lakes, is in part attrlbu.mjlje tg tbe mor« or less peaty character of 
 these sources. 
 
 We have not had the opportunity of personal observation of the ttldgc 
 Lakes waters, but at ^certain seasons have noticed a slight vegetable odor 
 and taste, In that of Lake Slmcoe, towards the south shore. This is probably 
 attributable to the swamp water of the Pefferlaw and Black Rivera which 
 enters here, and to the Holland River, vhlch carries its burden of marsh 
 water into Cook's Bay. The water of Lake Slmcoe, when viewed through a 
 two-fooi tube, is of a pale yellowish-green rather than a greenish-yellow 
 colour, and that of the southern end of Cook's Bay is of a still greener hue. 
 
 In the case of the Ridge Lakes the proportion of albuminoid ammonia 
 is one-twelfth that of the very large amount of oxygen absorbed in four 
 hours, a quantity which, under such conditions, seems abnormally high, and. 
 together with the uniformly bad quality indicated by other means of estima- 
 tion, condemns these lakes, taken together, as a source of potable water 
 supply. 
 
 The tests for hardness in the different waters places them In the following 
 order: — 
 
 Lake Ontario . . 94.3 parts per million, or 0.00 grains per gallon. 
 Ridge Lakes . . 102.1 parts per million, or 7.14 grains per gallon. 
 Lake Slmcoe . . 104.0 parts per million, or ~.',\2 grains per gallon. 
 
 This difference in soap-consuming power, and consequent comfort in 
 using, no doubt demands some consideration. 
 
 BioLomcvL Examination. 
 The following tables* embrace every available record, except one, which 
 relates to an Investigation made on January IDth, 1894, and which was in 
 part designed for the purpose of ascertaining the condition of I>ake Ontario, 
 in mld-wlnter, during very stormy weather. Such a record has never been 
 obtained, and was only procured with considerable difficulty and risk. A 
 very heavy sea, with floating Ice, was at this time running In the Lake, and 
 the line of muddy water not only reached th« Bell Buoy, but extended south- 
 ward as far as the eye could reach — a state of things which Is never notice- 
 able during the season of navigation. The condition was that of exceptional 
 disturbance, and was fully confirmed by the bacteriological examination of 
 the samples of water obtained. 
 
 "The records of thi? iipivestlgatlon have been purposely excluded from the 
 foregoing tables, as th^y would exercise a dominating Influence which would 
 
 N.B. — All ttiese taUlcH aro ii(>t reprfxluoMt in this Ht'|Mirt, but iinly tliiwe strictly |)ertiiient 
 
 tn the t'liiiuiry. 
 
62 
 
 quite overwhelm any roncluslon which might otherwlae be formed as to the 
 avoraRR condition of the water at the Lake statlonH, as deduced by Ml) deter- 
 niinatlona, extending over Ave yearn. 
 
 Another consideration which influenced us in ofhitting these details is 
 that the biological records of Lake SImcoe water do not Include any which 
 cover stormy periods, either In winter, or at other seasons, bo that a compari- 
 son of the two would thus be quite unfair and misleading. Kven as it is, 
 the water of Ontario is placed at considerable disadvantage, Inasmuch as we 
 have taken in a record of the stormy weather of August ir>th, \HU'.l, when the 
 investigation was made for the special purpose of ascertaining the effect of 
 a north-west blow. 
 
 In order that you may be acquainted with all the particulars, we here- 
 with submit the bacteriological results of the examination made on January 
 IDth, and for further particulars refer you to the Annual Report of the Doard 
 of Health, page :«), 1804. 
 
 One mile south of intake, sample at 57 feet. . . . 200 cols. 
 Intake sample at 72 feet.. .. 7,M7ricols. 
 
 Intake sample at 57 feet.. .. 7,H,SOcols. 
 
 The following statement of averages of the Lake Ontario and intake 
 samples, and those from I^ake SImcoe, show the comparative bacteriological 
 position of each source of supply, as indicated by the number of organisms 
 present. 
 
 Lake SImcoe 2tt samples H~ cols. 
 
 Intake 27 samples 104 cols. 
 
 Lake Ontario, stations outside intake, .'tO samples 120 cols. 
 
 Lake Simcoe water thus shows an advantage over that of the Intake and 
 I^ke stations, but the difference in the numbers is not such as to be of any 
 sanitary Importance, and, as before explained, the disparity would be less 
 evident if the records of the stormy period referred to were excluded. Both 
 lakes take a very high position as furnishing bicterlologically pure watero, 
 and, from this point of view, no exception can be taken to either. 
 
 Trusting that this Report may be found to fully comply with your 
 Instructions, 
 
 We are, yours faithfully, 
 
 CHARLES SHEARD, M.D 
 E. B. SHUTTLEWORTH. 
 
63 
 
 Rkhulth or BionooK'AL FiXAMiNATioNs or Watrr. 
 
 Inttike. 
 
 Dfttn. 
 
 1801 
 
 -October 10... 
 December 17 , 
 
 180'i — Septeiiibtir 
 1803 
 
 April 17 
 
 .Tiilv IH 
 
 July 'il 
 
 Aii){tist IS .... , 
 AuuiiHt 2'i ... 
 AuunHt .Si .. . , 
 8e|iteiiiber l!t , 
 October l(> , 
 
 1804— AuKUBt 7 
 1803 
 
 Aiif^iiHt :il . . . . 
 September IH 
 
 1894- 
 1803- 
 
 • I 
 
 • ( 
 *t 
 
 1805- 
 
 18<.»3- 
 
 II 
 It 
 
 1802- 
 1808- 
 1894- 
 
 -A">iu«t 7 
 
 -AuRiiHt HI ... . 
 8epteii\l)er 13 
 October Ifi .. 
 Novfcinber 25 . 
 
 -October 2f) 
 
 -August HI. . .. 
 September 13 
 Aui{iiHt HI.. . . 
 September 13 
 
 -December 17 . 
 
 -Au}!UHt 31.. .. 
 
 -Au((U8t 7 .. .. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 73 feet 
 
 m feet 
 UO feet 
 
 67 feet 
 60 feet 
 
 40 feet 
 
 II 
 
 30 feet 
 tiO feet 
 
 3 feet 
 
 ('.7 
 
 ooionies 
 
 per CO. 
 
 lit 
 
 *' 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 it 
 
 II 
 
 370 
 
 *i 
 
 M 
 
 16 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 (IH 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 20 
 
 tt 
 
 11 
 
 «6 
 
 ti 
 
 II 
 
 117 
 
 ti 
 
 II 
 
 140 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 162 
 
 It' 
 
 II 
 
 386 
 
 11 
 
 II 
 
 93 
 
 ti 
 
 II 
 
 40 
 
 It 
 
 II 
 
 120 
 
 70 
 
 S3 
 
 160 
 
 68 
 
 146 
 
 123 
 
 83 
 
 107 
 
 48 
 
 94 
 
 85 
 190 
 
 Avera({c of 27 bamples, 104 colouieH per c.c. 
 
 The examinfttiona of October, 1891, and September, 1892, were made by Prof. 
 Mackenzie and those subsequently by Prof. Shuttleworth. 
 
I 
 
 64 
 
 KeHULTM Ol' BlOLOOK'AL EXAMINATIONS OF WaTER. 
 
 Lake Simcoe. 
 Piof. Shuttleworth. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1894. 
 
 Apr. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1895. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 •20 
 •20 
 '20 
 June 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 I 
 15 I 
 15 I 
 15 ' 
 15 ! 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 
 11 
 U 
 
 Cook's Hay, line with Ue Grassi Point (750 ft.). 
 
 (1,500 ft).... 
 
 ( " )•• 
 
 750 ft S.E. from Bolle Ewurt Ice-house. 
 
 line \vit)i Ice iiouHe (half across Bay) .. 
 •• ( " ) .. 
 
 2,000 ft. out from Jackson's Point 
 
 i mile N. from Black River 
 
 j mile from shore, off Morson's Well . . . 
 " " off MoasiiiHtoii Point , 
 
 j mile N. from Black River 
 
 '2,000 ft out from Jackson's Point 
 
 •i mile from siioru, off Morson's Well 
 
 " " off Sedoar's Barn 
 
 " " off Huntley's Creek Bridge . 
 
 West end Snake Island (inidciiaiirtd) 
 
 Between Fox Island aiul Bin Ceda Point 
 
 J mile E. of Bi>{ Cedar Point 
 
 2,000 ft out from Jackson's Point 
 Middle pf Cook's Bay 
 
 Average of 29 samples 
 
 Depth. 
 Pt. 
 
 »i 
 
 2 
 21) 
 
 2 
 22 
 
 2 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 45 
 24 
 
 3 
 43 
 24 
 
 3 
 <20 
 52 
 48 
 24 
 
 3 
 45 
 13 
 50 
 50 
 35 
 15 
 50 
 50 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Col's. 
 
 70 
 26 
 
 130 
 
 
 100 
 25 
 10 
 35 
 
 360 
 
 '255 
 
 400 
 
 65 
 
 105 
 
 65 
 
 140 
 
 85 
 
 r20 
 
 65 
 
 55 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 88 
 
 34 
 
 26 
 
 75 
 10'2 
 
 87 
 
 ti. 
 
Q5 
 
 APPENDIX "B.- 
 
 Laboratory, Toronto, November '25tli, 1H'J5. 
 James Mannenjh, EtKi., Ltiiulon, thuj. : 
 SiB,— 
 
 In compliance with your request, I herewith submit a report on the 
 chemical and biological character of the water of the Niagara River, obtained 
 on November 15th, when In company with Dr. Sheard, Medical Health Officer. 
 
 The point selected was between Queenstown and the mouth of the river, 
 at such a distance from the latter as to entirely preclude the possibility oi 
 any admixture of the water of Lake Ontario. 
 
 The river here is about 1,200 feet in width, and is said to be from (iO to 
 100 feet in depth, with a current of about 4 miles an hour. The samples 
 were taken for chemical analysis at a depth of 10 feet from the surface, and 
 at distances of about 170 f^et apart, a like space intervening between the 
 east and west shores. The six samples so obtained were afterwards uni- 
 formly mixed, and an analysis made, of which the following is the result: — 
 
 In parts per million. 
 
 Free ammonia 000 
 
 Albuminoid ammonia .120 
 
 Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes .270 
 
 Oxygen absorbed In 4 hours .422 
 
 Chlorine 3.7)00 
 
 Nitrogen in nitrites, etc 000 
 
 PhosphDric acid .000 
 
 Total solids 135.000 
 
 Volatile solids 45.000 
 
 Odor at 100 F none 
 
 By Muter's scale the water will be within the limits of Class I. (.218>. 
 but by Tidy's classification it would probably just pass Into the limits of 
 medium purity (.422 in 4 hours, against .5(XJ in .•{ hours); and according to 
 Wank'.yn it must be placed among the " dirty " waters. 
 
 The following are the figures resulting from the biological examination. 
 
 the samples running from the Canadian, or western, to the American, or 
 
 eastern shore: — 
 
 1,900 cols, per cubic centimetre. 
 
 2,110 cols, per cubic centimetre. 
 
 2,500 cols, per cubic centimetre. 
 
 2,850 cols, per cubic centimetre. 
 
 2,0T0 cols, per cubic centimetre. 
 
 1,650 coIb. per cubic centimetre. 
 
()6 
 
 This gives an average of 2,2or> colonies, and it will be observed that the 
 greatest number of bacteria were found in the water from the middle of the 
 river (2,720) where the current is most rapid, with a less number in the slack 
 water at the side (1 ,8G0 on the east, and 2,(KJ0 on the west). 
 
 The comparatively large numb'r of colonies is probably attribitable to 
 the sewage of the City of Buffalo, which according to recent reseaiohes would 
 be unaffected by the aeration in the Rapids and Falls. 
 
 I regret that your note requiring observation by the 2 ft. tube was not 
 received in time, but I do not think that the colour of the water would be 
 found to differ from that of Lake Ontario, and would probably be set down 
 as pale greenish-yellow. 
 
 Yours faithfully, 
 
 E. B. SHUTTLEWORTH. 
 
67 
 
 Ai'l'KNDlX "C." 
 
 Before I left Toronto I went through, with Mr. Keating, a number of 
 communications on the water question which had been received either by 
 himself or the Committee, and which it was desired I should consider. 
 
 The following is a list of these papers: — 
 
 From — 
 
 1. Messrs Barber & Watson, as to forcing water through the Intake pipe. 
 
 2. Mr. J. H. Oakley, as to a supply of underground water from an 
 unnamed source, to be discovered by the divining rod. 
 
 3. Mr. George A. Chapman, being a suggestion to use the Grenadier 
 Pond as a settling basin and reservoir. 
 
 4. Messrs R. T. Sutton & Co., as to making a channel from Hanlan's 
 Crib, through the island, to the lake in a westerly direction. 
 
 5. Mr. A. E. Shipley, as to a supply from tributaries of the Humber and 
 Credit. 
 
 6. Mr. Arthur Harvey, as to a new intake near Taylor's bath house. 
 
 7. Mr. H. Glazebrook, as to siD''ing 20 or 30 artesian wells in the suburbs 
 of the City. 
 
 8. Mr. A. Davis. Offer to relay suction pipe. 
 
 0. Mr. Isaiah Ryder, suggesting that all that is necessary to make water 
 supply perfect is to lay a new steel conduit in place of the wooden one. 
 
 10. Mr. Jas. Crowther. A strong recommendation of the Simcoe scheme, 
 describing in glowing terms the advantages that all classes of the community 
 are to derive from it, but us»umiH(j apparently that somebody else is going to 
 pay for it. 
 
 11. Mr. J. A. Macdonold, Secretary of Georgian Bay Canal Company. 
 Offer to suppl;> the City with 18 million gallons a day for |08,50(> per annum, 
 annum. 
 
 1 have perused all these papers and I think 1 may fairly classify them as— 
 
 (rt) Suggestions for minor alterations of or additions to the existing works 
 Df cuts, some of which are now out of date as applying to repairs consequent 
 on the rising of the pipe in September last; 
 
 (6) Proposals for obtaining supplies from streams at a distance or from 
 underground sources near Toronto such as I have already dealt with; 
 
68 
 
 ((•) An offer to supply water to the City by a Company. 
 
 I think I need hardly occupy my own tlmi in writing, or yours in reading, 
 much about these proposals as they none of them affect in any way whatever 
 the general tenur or conclusions of my report. 
 
 The only one that calls for any special comment is the offer made 
 through Mr. J. A. Macdonald by the Georgian Bay Ship Canal and Power 
 Aqueduct Company in the following letter: — 
 
 jCoPV.j 
 
 ToKoNTo, September 7th, 1895. 
 
 To llii' <'<iiiiicil iif llir < 'iirfMinition <>f llir ('itif <»/ Tumnli) : 
 
 Okntlkmkn, - 
 
 I am instructed by the Directors or the Georgian Bay Ship Canal and 
 Power Aqueduct Company to advise you that the Company have for many 
 months been considering, in all its bearings, the question of a contract 
 between the City and the Company for a domestic water supply for Toronto, 
 and in view of the breakdown of the present system, the Company desires to 
 withdraw all former offers, and submit the following as a basis for agree 
 ment: — 
 
 1. The Company will supply the Corporation i^ith 18 million imperial 
 gallons of water daily for ?!)H,."i() per annum, and at the same proportionate 
 rate (one and a-balf cents per 1,<HK) gallons) for any quantity that the Cor- 
 poration may require up to 30 million gallons per day, and one cent per 1.000 
 gallons for all that may be required over .'U) million gallons daily. 
 
 2. The Company will at the time of the execution of the agreement pay 
 to the City Treasurer $21i(>,<MM> to be expended in the purchase and laying of 
 new feed-mains as heretofore recommended by the City Engineer, such mains 
 to be the absolute property of the City. 
 
 The water to be delivered to the present City reservoir, or the Company 
 will construct an additional reservoir or reservoirs (not more than two), at 
 any elevation or elevations that the City may require, not exceeding 4(K) fept 
 above Lake Ontario. 
 
 4. The water to be procured from Lake Simcoe by means of gravitation, 
 and shall be of such standard or standards of purity as the City and the 
 l^rovinclal Board of Health may require. 
 
 • 
 
 5. The Company to have th new system In operation, and the City sup- 
 plied not later than the 1st day of July, 1897, provided the agreement be 
 fPtf ?<i '°to before th^ end ot t^i9 y^^r. 
 
no 
 
 The agreement to be for a term of 35 years, the City to have the option 
 of buying from the Company at the expiration of the said term of .'15 years all 
 the property and assets of the Company, real or personal, or both, that may 
 be necessary for supplying the City with water. 
 
 7. The price to be paid by the Cit. for the water^^orks system, property, 
 and rights of the Company, at the expiration of the said term, shall (if not 
 arranged by mutual agreement) be determined by arbitration, and the Com- 
 pany shall only receive the then actual value of property or privileges, or 
 both, to be taken by the City, and no allowance or consideration shall be 
 made or given to the Company by virtue or reason of any privilege or fran- 
 chise conferred upon the Company by the City, or agreement entered into 
 between the City and the Company. 
 
 (Signed) J. A. MACDONALD, 
 
 Svcirtarif. 
 
 By this letter It will be observed that the Company withdraw all former 
 offers and undertake to supply water without any limit of quantity by gravi- 
 tation from Lake Simcoe Into reservoirs to be constructed at any elevation 
 not exceeding 400 feet above Lake Ontario. 
 
 The price to be one and a-half cents per 1,000 gallons up to 30 million 
 gallons a day, and one cent for any larger quantity. 
 
 They also propose to present to the City a " bonus for the right to supply 
 water" on these terms, of $22(5,000, or 18 million gallons a day for two years 
 and 107 days. 
 
 They also undertake to have the necessary works completed in 18 months 
 from the date of the agreement. 
 
 The water to be of any such standard of purity as the City or the Provin- 
 cial Board of Health may require. 
 
 The Company are to work the concession for 35 years and at the end of 
 that period the City is to have the option of buying on terms set out In the 
 7th paragraph of the letter, which terms, I am bound to say, I do not under- 
 stand, as the second part seems to contradict the first. 
 
 After considering this letter, I wrote to Mr. Macdonald on the 20th No- 
 vember, the day before I left Toronto, as follows: — 
 
I 
 
 70 
 
 ToRONTIi WaTKK. 
 
 Toronto, November 2()tli. 1895. 
 
 J. A . Mucdonidd, Eiuf. : 
 
 Dbak Sik,— 
 Your letter of September last offering, on behalf of your Company, to 
 supply the City of Toronto with 18 million gallons of water a day for $l>H,()Oi> 
 has been handed to me for consideration and report. I shall be much obliged 
 to you if you will inform me by what means this water is intended to be 
 brought from Lake Simcoe to the service reservoir near the City. Is it by 
 the canal of which you showed me the plan and profile yesterday, or by an 
 independent tunnel and pipe? If the latter, upon what line would these be 
 laid? Also what would be the cross section and gradient of the tunnel, anv^ 
 what the diameter and hydraulic gradient of the pipe? 
 
 Will you please reply to me before the litJth inst., to 144 W. 7Uth Street, 
 New York City. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 (Signed) JAS. MANSERGH, 
 
 To this letter I recuived the followiii!,' reply : 
 
 Toronto, November 23ril, ISUo. 
 
 J. Mnmenjli, /•>/.. G.E., lU "''''<' ^''''/» Stm'l, iVcic York Citij : 
 
 Dkaii Siu. — 
 
 Yours of the 20th inst. received. The Company propose to amend their 
 offer in several particulars. One would be to give the City the option of 
 taking its supply from the upper reaches of the west branch of the Huniber 
 River, amplified by the diversion of the waters of the Credit River. In either 
 case there would be no tunnelling. The water would be conveyed to the 
 service reservoirs near the City by means of steel pipes. If Lake Simcoe be 
 determined upon, the Company would take advantage of its open cutting 
 through the Ridges to be made for the Ship Canal and Power Aqueduct, and 
 the pipes would be laid below the level of Lake Simcoe on a margin of land 
 at the side of the open duct. 
 
 As to the diameter and gradient of the steel pipe, that will depend entirely 
 upon the quantity we will require for the several municipalities that the 
 Company will have to supply. We have already entered into a contract with 
 the Township of York, and are now negotiating with a number of other 
 municipalities. 
 
 We are most willing to give you all the data In our possession and con- 
 trol. We deeply regret that your report will not cover the I'ppor 'lumber 
 
 L 
 
71 
 
 and Credit sources, as no report on the possible sources of Toronto's water 
 supply can be complete without embracing this water-shed. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 (Signed) J. A. MACDONALD, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 I hardly know what adjective to use in respect of this letter, but I desire 
 not to be offensive, and I will therefore describe it as an " astute " letter, 
 the sting of it being in its tail, for the last paragraph reads thus: " \Vr 
 deeply regret that your report will not cover the Upper Humber and Credit 
 sources, as no report on the possible sources of Toronto's water supply can 
 be complete without embracing this watershed." 
 
 It is very curious that, although Mr. Macdonald was invited two days 
 after my arrival in Toronto to lay any information he desired on the water 
 question before the Committee, he never mentioned the " Credit " until a few 
 hours (as he l<new) before I was leaving the City, when he did so in a casual 
 and off-hand manner when I was examining the model in his office. 
 
 It is more curious still that at a public meeting a few days later than 
 his letter of the li.'Srd he should (after groundlessly accusing Mr. Alderman 
 Lamb of hurrying Mr. Keating off, to sail with me in the same boat to Liver- 
 pool, as if there were some conspiracy between us), have wound up by saying 
 that my report would be incomplete because it would not touch on the 
 " Credit," the greatest water-shed in the world ! ! 
 
 Surely if Mr. Macdonald had a spark of good feeling in him, or had 
 believed honestly what he says about this watcr-shcd, he could novor have 
 behaved In this fashion. He must have known — if he knows anything at all 
 about water-sheds— that to fully examine these districts would take several 
 weeks' work of a number of surveyors, and that he ought to have put them 
 to the front immediately I arrived, instead of keeping " Ihv urcatcHt wata-Hhrd 
 in the irorld " In his pocket until I had left the country. 
 
 I prefer to assume that Mr. Macdonald's mention of the " Credit " in his 
 9fflce was quite accidental, and arose o\it of a short conversation with two 
 engineers who were present, and that it afterwards occured to him to use 
 it in the mischievous way I have described. 
 
 Although, however, this letter, for some purpose or other, creates thia 
 diversion — Mr. Macdonald docs tell me in answer to my enquiry how the 
 water is to be brought from Lake Simcoe to Toronto. He says: " If Lake 
 Slmcoe is determined upon, the Company would take advantage of its open 
 cutting through the Ridges to be made for the Ship Canal and Power Aque- 
 duct, and the pipes would be laid below the level of Lake Simcoe on a margin 
 of land at the side of the open duct" 
 
72 
 
 Now, you will remember that in the letter of September 7th, 1805, the 
 Company undertook to deliver water by gravitation from Lake Simcoe in 
 18 monlhn after an agreement was come to with the City, and we now know 
 that before they can do thin the rutthnj for thv vantitmuat be made throuyh tKe 
 ridges and the water-pipe be laid alotiunide. 
 
 Without professing to be absolutely accurate, I learn from Messrs. Hering 
 and Gray's section, which is, 1 believe, very nearly on the same line, that the 
 canal cutting will have a maximum depth of about 200 feet, and that for a 
 length of nine miles it will average 100 feet in depth. 
 
 In this nine miles alone, the excavation to be made must amount to A't 
 least 40 million cubic yards, and the water conduit in order to have the 
 proper gradient must be laid in this part at an average depth of 50 feet 
 below top water of the canal. 
 
 I should not have said anything whatever about this work if I hid lidt 
 been called upon to consider the Company's offer to the City, biit as it hAs 
 been mentioned I may say that this enormous cutting for the canal, with the 
 tunnel for the water conduit close alongside, and at a much lower level, is 
 by no means a simple engineering undertaking, and it is utterly impossible 
 that it can be executed in anything like the 18 months stated. 
 
 The whole proposal bears on the face of it evidence that it Is not based 
 on any substantial foundation, and I should suppose that no engineer of 
 experience has ever been consulted about the details of the offer made to the 
 City Council. 
 
 If this offer were accepted I am quit6 positive that the bargain would 
 never be completed by the Company, and the whole business would end in a 
 miserable fiasco. 
 
 Moreover, I advise distinctly that the supply of water to any City should 
 never be entrusted to a Company, however serious and stable It is essen- 
 tially a municipal business— and wherever a competent, incorruptible and 
 truly representative municipal authority exists, that body should administer 
 and control the water supply in the sole Interest of the ratepayers, and with- 
 out increasing its cost by providing dividends to shareholders. 
 
 J. M. 
 
mm 
 
 ^■TORONTO WATERWORKS. 
 APPENDIX 0. 
 
 ^yCt^''i^!k.tP€^9^€,^^-^yt^;/^^ 
 
 January; J896. 
 
 4d 4aM.T0T VOt. 
 TOTAL LtM«TI| 
 
 l«\ tCAtt 
 
LAKE 
 
 INTAKE 
 
 ONTARIO 
 
 M A 
 
 t^- 
 
 P U M P I N G 
 
 SCHEME 
 
 ^- 
 
 LAKE 
 ■ONTARIO 
 
 ISLAND 
 
 TORONTO 
 
 harbour; 
 
 r - 
 
 TO R O N T O 
 
 i: 
 
 «i 
 
 i; 
 
 
 _My:OltAULrC _GflApjENT___ 
 
 HYD. 00^1- 
 
 . -t--=j: ^^ 
 
 .^ — — " ** 
 
 /r ^^^^mmarn^^^^ 
 
 ■4 
 
 j^ s Y P H O N y^^TACOVERhIi- S Y P H N - - <i 
 
 j^-HYDRAUUC GRADIENT I IN 356 - -*j^ I in 4000 -fj^HYORAUUC GRAD.Iin 356 4(- 
 
 }rA CAST IRON PIPES 3Z 0!AM<J 
 
 I 
 
 ! CUT 
 
 A 
 COVER 
 
 -HYDRAULIC GRADIENT I IN 356 - ■**■ 
 !•-•• 4 CAST IRON PIPES 32"DIAM.-- 
 
 HONIZOMT^kL SCAL 
 
PLAN 
 
 . 2 MILES TO AN INCH. 
 
 w^ 
 
 HIMC 
 
 V A U G H A N 
 
 S yj R El .^_._T_ 
 
 y.i^fl/H N i c*C* «^/^/ 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 
 "iohmA 
 
 
 K 
 
 N^ 
 
 L 
 
 Y I N 6 
 
 M A R K H A M 
 
 I*. 
 
 MCWMAnnti 
 
 I CUT I 
 
 iVPHON---H*i 
 .COVCRi 
 
 UUC GRAD.Ii„3S6 -»l^ 
 
 fRON PIPES 32 DIAmJ 
 
 T 
 N 
 
 U 
 
 N 
 
 22 
 
 VM ]M« 
 
 23 24. 
 
 vcnricAL scALc 
 
 3«» 
 
 2S 2^ 
 
 30O rttT 
 
:h. 
 
 BftAorono 
 
 N 
 
 G 
 
 ">• f»» 
 
 23 24. 
 
 WEnTICAL SCALC 30O FECT TO AN INCH 
 
 aoo «- »^ «0O TOO •.o f^ ^i^.o 
 
 ass= 
 
 i«oo i«oo looo rsKT 
 
TORONTO WATERWORKS. 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 ^^xS^^^^'^^*'*^-*^^^^^^^ 
 
 xJcuiueMry, 1896. 
 
 MTAKL 
 
 Ml Lis 
 
 44 4SM.7OTV0t. 
 TOTAL LCN*TH 
 
¥ 
 
 Bathucst Street 
 
 MAIN 
 Pumping station 
 
 
 ae"Vs7wc"MAiTr'"lLf.^/.^':.g.?.......^.':?Ay.!. 
 
 -1 
 
 ^> 
 
 SKETCH PLAN 
 
 EXISTING MA 
 MAINS TO Bl 
 MAINS TO Bl 
 
 MAINS TO ae 
 
 T0HI6H UVUaiSIR 
 HIOHLR 
 
 pumnna STA 
 
 V. 
 "I 
 
 }||_ Ko_n £^e_ jSt^ i 
 
 e«e 36" MAIN 
 
 ■ ji t.ii.*u«« mniin . I I 
 
 36" RISINO MAIN 
 
 SCALE. 3 INCHE 
 
APPENDIX E 
 
 >KETCH PLAN OF MAINS IN CONNECTION WITH PUMPING SCHEME. 
 
 ^yety'^i^i.^!^'^-^-^^ 
 
 Janujary IS $6. 
 
 eXISTING MAINS ■--, , SHOW HI THUS 
 
 MAINS TO BE LAIO IN 1696 SHOIVHI THUS 
 
 MAINS TO BE. LAID IN 1097 SHOWN THUS 
 
 MAINS TO BE LAID WHEN MEW ENGINES AflE EHCCTEO SHOWN THUS 
 
 T0 men levu oisimcr^^^ 
 
 HIONLP.VIL A| 
 PU¥HN6 STATION [I!* 
 
 IN 
 till 
 il*' 
 
 Jill 
 *■** 
 
 
 
 "•I 
 
 rMAIN 
 
 t 
 
 8 
 
 II 
 
 * 
 I 
 
 1 1 i.ll.*U»»H l liAil . IX-L.a.- l.J T 
 
 ISINO MAIN 
 
 sri ;!«" MAIN 
 
 .1.... 
 
 nasEHiLi. 
 
 f^ESERVOlR 
 
 lip 
 
 
 PROPOSED 
 EGLIwrON 
 P£SC«VOin 
 
 SCALE. 3 INCHELS TO A MILL. 
 
Gravitation Scheme shown thus 
 
 600,000 4 
 
 500^000 ^ 
 
 400,000 ^ 
 
 aoaooo 4 
 
 YEAR 
 
 f-i e<) GO ^ u) ID 
 
 rH i-« fH r-« rH t-l 
 
 Ob o o o o Ob 
 
 t> 00 a o »H N 
 U ?^ S S^ g cj 
 0) Or Ob at OB cb 
 
Diagram of Annual Chargils. 
 
 Pump 
 
 
^^Ki^Bi^awi 
 
 Pumping Schcmc shown thus 
 
 I i I i f I I i i i I g i § i i § s 
 
APPENDIX F. 
 
 
 I ■ T— - lilt r ' *"" r 
 
 f/tmuary, IS96. 
 
 II III 
 
 1-4 1-4 fi^ F-l r4 
 
 p -< e; gi gl g 
 S ^ S S4 ^ ^ 
 
m(.j_lJ I IffWI^^IWl 
 
 ^M^ 
 
 US. Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau. J-J A. Iv Jtii O P 
 

 
 •IP 
 
 '^iP-'^wiP^piUpii^ 
 
 ^^^IP 
 
 »-^ Ht APPENDIX G. 
 
 E ON TAR I 0- BOTTLE Paper Courses of 1892 » 1893. 
 
 ^>^ taag. 
 
 IB93. 
 
 iM