sTVJ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ IM S ^ lllll^ ui Hi 1^ b£ 12.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 m /, r A O / ^^%% '^/A V c?>^ ^\ lV 6^ % V« -^f" r^^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. n n Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachetdes ou piqudes Tight binding (may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin)/ Reliure serr6 (peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure) L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grardes pour dtre reproduites en un seui ciichd sont fiimdes d partir de i'angle sup6rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Le diagramme suivant iilustre ia m^thode : 1 2 3 t If^' 3^^ ADVANCED t cHecK sYSTen FOR ^> M Locating Errors IN BOOK-KEEPING, BY HENRY GOLDMAN, vt AUTHOR AND INVENTOR ^ OF " Short^M^MG^s for 'Computing Interest and Discounts,' ♦•New Method for Averaging Accounts,'* "Security System for Preventing Forgeries." ''Self-Checking Trial Balance and Blank Books," Editor of the ♦* Office Men's Record," Etc. MONTREAL: rBLISHED BY THt: AUTHOR. 1895. J \^ ^ \ (V- i u«> / ^ /J^fuultJ^ i ^^■ y >- < / #>-V-^4»-*.--U> / ■< .. *,• L ' ADVANCED / CttecK SYSTen FOR Locating Errors IN BOOK-KEEPING, BY HENRY GOLDMAN, AUTHOR AND INVENTOR , ./ OF ■ - \ "Short Methods for Computing Interest and Discounts," " N» w Method for Averaging Accounts," ^ "Security System for Preventing Forgeries." "Self-Checking Trial Balance and Blank Books," Editor of the "Office Men's Record," Etc. MONTREAL: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1895. Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year 1895, by Henry Goldman, at the office of the Minister of Agriculture. . PREFACE. ^ I^IIE success which attended the introduction of my "Advanced System for LocatingErrors"in theUnited States and Canada, and its ahiiost universal adoption by progressive book-keepers, for the purpose of avoiding and removing the work and worry generally connected with the Trial Balance, has led the author to undertake the adaptation of the System to English Currency. The principal difficulty met with, the fact that shillings and pence are not decimal subdivisions of one pound, has, after thorough investigation, been successfully and practi- cally overcome, and the author takes great pleasure and pride in being able to place within reach of every book- keeper in Great Britain and her colonies a System which not only represents an important addition to one's knowl- edge, but, if properly followed, will result in a great saving of time and labor, and at the same time prevent annoyance and losses, frequently caused by Errors in Book- keeping. With the hope that his efforts will be duly appreciated by those for whose benefit they are intended, this work is respectfully submitted by ., The Author. . CONTENTS, I'AGE INTRODUCTION ADVy\NCED CHECK SYSTEM FOR LOCATING ERRORS. Check-Numbers 7 Self-Chkcking Postinc; 10 Original Entry Checks 11 Ledger Pantry Checks 16 Trial Balance Checks 19 Review 21 WHAT IT DOES! I. It locals an error in posting tj the very account tn the ledger^ without re-ckecking or copying entries and almost instantaneously. a. It indicates directly the account in which an entry has been omitted^ and points out the repetition 9/ an entry. 3. It ojff'ers a safeguard against errors, which even the Trial Bal- ance does not exhibit^ as, /or instance, counterbalancing errors, etc. 4. // proves the totals in the books 0/ original entry, without re- quiring a second footing. 5. // detects errors of forwarding totals or balances, without com- paring the amounts carried 6. // verifies the footings of each account in the ledger, without go- ing over the additions. 7. It proves the correctness of every balance without repeating the operation, and locates an error immediately to the account in which it occurred. 8. It prevents the omission of a balance in the Trial Balance, rul- ing ojff" accounts which should be left open, and mistaking the pencil footings of previous months. Q. // discovers the transfer of a wrong balance from the ledger to the Trial Balance, embracing all classes of errors., transpositions, etc. 10. // proves the footings of the Trial Balance and indicates the page and account in which an error has been made. APPENDIX. 100 Days Interest Method 24 INTRODUCTION, Though in the presentation of this System a mercantile business has been supposed, the prac- tical book-keeperwill, without much difficulty, be able to apply it to any special line. As there is only one system of double entry book-keeping, no matter how widely the branches of business differ in which it is employed, a system which simplifies the detection of errors in one set of books, will necessarily facilitate it in all, the devia- tions being simply of a minor or secondary nature, not interferring with the general principles of double entry. But also in single entry book- keeping the knowledge of my ** Advanced Check System " will be found advantageous, the proof of postings, footings and balances being secured entirely independent of the system of book-keep- ing employed. The idea of obtaining a check-number for every entry, by utilizing a wonderful property of the decimal system in reducing amounts, and not only considering the figure value, but also the place value of each figure, forms the corner stone of this system, without which the claims pre- sented are complete imposibilities. Compared — 6— with the method founded on the property of the number 9, it offers not only a more perfect safe- guard, but at the same time is less laborious, avoiding the process of repeated addition and the necessity of considering the number of pounds (once) and the number of shillings (twice) car- ried, besides the principle of subtraction being in itself a powerful factor in reducing numbers. The process of ascertaining the check-numbers forms an important part of the application of the •system, therefore an exhaustive explanation of the method by which the check-numbers are ob- tained, is appropriately presented in the first chapter of this work. Note. — In adding long columns of pounds, shillings and pence the following suggestions may prove of value: Though the sub-divisions of pounds are not decimal, the decimal prin- ciple could still be advantageously utilized to some extent. In adding the pence columns it should be remembered that 120 pence equal 10 shillings, that 240 pence equal 20 shillings, etc., and as the multiples of 12 smaller than 120 are known, any given number ot pence can be readily and conveniently reduced to shillings. For instance, 512 pence equal 2X20-J- 2=:-'42 ,y. and 8 r/, The reduction of shillings to pounds can be easily performed by bearing in mind tliat 100 shillings equal ^^5, 200 shillings equal ;^io, etc., the multiples of 20 smaller than 100 being thorougly familiar. In adding the shillings columns the units figures may be added separately and set down, and the tens figures carried and treated ac- cording to the above, the division by 20 not interferring with the units figures. — 7— CHECK-NUMBERS. The check-number, corresponding to any given amount, can be readily arrived at by add- ing every alternate figure, commencing with the units of pence, and deducting from the sum ob- tained the sum of the figures previously omitted. For example, ^64,13,07; (7_^3_^4)_(o-|-i-^6) = 7. 12, 15, 03; (34.5_^2)— (o+i-f-i)=8. Note. — The noughts inserted in the above ilhistration merely indicate the vacant places in the shillings or pence columns, but are, as a matter of course, not written in prac- tical work. In amounts, composed of only two figures, simply deduct the left hand from the right hand figure. P'or instance, Jp^ 26, 0,0. 4. 18, 7. In case the difference between the sums of the left hand and right hand figures should ex- ceed 10, subtract again the left hand from the right hand figure. ;£" 37, 2, 9, . . . . 18—33.15 ... 4 Whenever the sum of the figures in the right hand places is smaller than the sum of the figures in the left hand places add 11, or, if necessary, a multiple of 11 (22 or 2iZ) before subtracting. 54 reduced gives 10, 11 added to 4 making 15, and 5 deducted leaving 10. £io, 12. 2 . 4-fii — 9=6 — 8— It may be preferred by some to add the left hand or middle figures first, and to deduct their 'sum from the sum of the right hand figures, which does not alter the process materially. To increase the sum of the figures in the odd or right hand places o may be counted as ii. For instance, ;£ 50, o, o, . . . 6 £ 40, II, 2 . . . 14—5=9 Equal figures in the even and odd places can be entirely omitted. ^ 55. II, 3 3, ^ 22, 15, II 4 If II is to be deducted from a number smaller than II that number invariably represents the check. £ 93, 10, 10 3, ^ 97, 15, 10 I When the sum of the figures in the right hand places is by i smaller than the sum of the figures in the left hand places, the check-number is al- ways 10, the addition of 11 and subtraction of i leaving that difference. ^21, o, o, . . . o ^185, 16, 10 10 The utilization of this fact can be extended by taking 9 as check-number whenever the sum of the right hand figures is by 2 smaller, etc. All multiples of 11. such as 22, 33, 44, 55, etc., reduced give o. Figures making together 11, as 2 and 9, 3 and 8, 4 and 7, 5 and 6, if in the corresponding places of an amount, can be on itted. £ 318, 12, II o Note. — The check-number equals the remainder left after dividmg the given amount, considered as one number, by 11. M II I Ml « I Owing to the fact that in the shilling and pence columns the units or right hand figures are nat- urally larger than the tens or left hand figures, which are either o or i, the reduction of amounts can, as a rule, be performed without the slightest inconvenience, viz. : the necessity of increasing the sum of the right hand figures by ii. For the same reason the check-numbers corresponding to any given number of pounds, shillings or pence can be seen separately at a glance, and there- fore their sum readily obtained. To illustrate: £ 46, 15, 3 2+4+3=9 121, 13, II 0+2+0=2. This method of reduction will no doubt be preferred by many to those previously explained. , In applying the system to amounts, composed of pounds, shillings, pence and farthings, the latter written as J^, i^^ and ^, one simply has to remember the check-numbers corresponding to the equivalent decimals, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75, re- duced 3, 6 and 9, which numbers areadded to the checks of the given amounts, or can be immediate- ly added to the right hand figures. For instance, '£ 246, 12, iii^ 4+1+0+3= 8 67, o, 25^ 1+0+2+9 = 12 . . .1 The operation of ascertaining the check-num- ber, though requiring a lengthy explanation, is extremely simple, and with little practice can be readily performed while making the ledger entry, and without the loss of any perceptible amount of time. The addition of 11 to the sum of the right hand figures is only occasionally required, and after a short time becomes mechanical and instantaneous. lO- SELF=CHECKINQ POSTING. P^very entry placed in the ledger produces ii check-number in the ledger, on the side of the folio, and an immediate copy of it, on the side of the ledger folio in the book of original entry. The check-numbers in the book of original en- try serve as check-marks, the paging being more conveniently and advantageously performed pre- vious to posting; they prove the correctness of posting, as explained in the following chapter, verify the footings in the books of original entry, prevent and detect errors of omission and errors in forwarding totals from page to page. An error made in the ledger is returned into the book of original entry in the form of a check-number, and the errors made during the month's work,, viz. : Errors of posting, footing, forwarding and • omission are discovered and located on the page on which they occurred, thereby saving work, worry and delay. ajt',the end of the month. Translocations ;from the shillings into the v. pence columns or v^ce versa result in differences which, reduced to p<^nce, are divisible by ii, and ■divided by ii indicate the difference between the number of. shillings and pence translocated. The larger this difference the smaller the possi- ble number of combinations which have to be considered, especially as a number of shillings larger than ii could not l3e misplaced into the , pence columns, Without being noticed by (^ven a casual inspection. • ' ^-^'^ o-. 17 9 2 . 6x12+5 =77 . 17 2 9 _ u) 77 (7, 9—2=7- VII \n i\ ORIGINAL ENTRY CHECKS. >< The reduced total of the amounts in any book ■ of original entry must correspond with the re- duced sum of the check-numbers, taken from the ledger entries, increased by three times the number of pounds carried, provided no error has been made. : 'V • The principal difficulty, consisting in the car- rying of shillings from the pence columns, and of pounds from the shillings columns, has thus been practically overcome by a close investigation of the principle, governing the application of the system to the process of division, the addition of pounds, shillings and pence being virtually addi- tion and division combined. The agreement of the check-number of the total and the total of check-numbers can also be readily brought about by deducting from the latter eight times the num- ber of pounds carried. ^ •• Note. — The reason for this rule lies in the relation of pounds to sliillings (1:20) and sliillings to pence (1:12), in the reduction of the numbers 20 and 12 to 9 and .1, and in the subtraction of i from each of the reduced numbers, tlic num- ber of pounds and shillings carried being once included in the total, leaving 8 and o. Tlierefore the numl^er of shillings carried may be entirely ignored, and the product of the num- ber of i-ounds carried by 8 or 3 may first be reduced to a single figure, in order to sim])lify the ojieration. The increase by three times the number of pounds carried is to be preferred, on account of the greater facility of multiplying by 3 instead of 8. :,. ■ ,^ ^n ,". '■ —12— ... , - i ■ The extension of the carrying check can be made at the time the addition of the amounts is performed, and previous to the addition of the check-numbers, in order to avoid a separate op- eration. In case the number of pounds carried is large, it can be reduced before multiplying by 3, and the product can also be reduced before extending the carrying check into the check col- umn, to be readily included when the addition of the check-numbers is made. CasA Book. 8 129 7 423 2 243 3 524 5 173 6 246 3x2 = 6 4 114 6 23 6 6 13 91 3 16 7 26 n 2 218 15 9 11 5 8 4 7 8 This proof can be applied daily, weekly or whenever the posting of a page has been com- pleted, which is most advisable. In case the re- duced total of the amounts does not correspond with the reduced total of the check-numbers, the error can be readily traced to the very account without referring to the ledger, by comparing the amounts with the checks in the book of first 1 i m —13— entry, ledger folio and check-number being on the same line. The omission of an entry in the ledger is dis- covered by the absence of the check-number in the book of original entry, as every folio num- ber should have a check-number on its side, and the disagreement at the bottom of the page. The contrast between the black check-number and the red folio is an additional aid in this con- nection. ' Errors in footing the books of original entry are also discovered by the disagreement between the reduced total of the amounts and check- numbers, and whenever an amount is carried from page to page the check is also carried for- ward, thereby readily discovering an error by the disagreement of the check-number at the foot of the following page. A wrong check-number, though obtained from an amount which has been correctly en- tered in the ledger, disturbs the equilibrium of the page of original entry and can be quickly^ traced and corrected. The system, with slight variations, applies to all kinds and forms of books of original entry, and can be readily fitted to special requirements. In cash books the check of the balance is inserted on the smaller side to make the totals of checks and amounts corre- spond. In cash books with numerous columns ■14— the system applies specially to the columns in which the entries are separately posted to the ledger. Note. — It should l)e remembered tliat o has tlie same im- portance as other check-numbers, its absence indicating the omission of an entry. In adding a cokimn of check-num- bers all elevens or multiples of eleven can ])e omitted, and the sum of the remaining figures conveniently reduced, when the right hand figure is larger than the left hand figure. For in- stance: instead of 24 carry 2, instead of 49 carry 5, etc. Proof footings and reductions are jerformed mentally, and only the reduced totals of the check-numbers are ] laced in the book of original entry. The check-nunil)er 10 may be represented by tiie letter C, to avoid the writing of two fig- ♦ ures as a check- mark. The above application of the system refers to all books of original entry in which footings are made. In two column journals the footing of the amounts can be dispensed with by distin- guishing between debit and credit check-num- bers, according to the position in which they are placed. . ^ . The reduced sum of the debit check-num- bers, increased by three times the number of pounds carried in the partial additions, must agree with the reduced sum of the credit check- numbers, increased in the same manner. The carrying checks can be extended into the check columns at the time the partial footings are per- formed to expedite the work of proving each journal page. The distinction between debit and credit check-numbers acts also as safeguard 4 f (? .> — IS— against posting to the wrong side of an account. Sufficient space for the placing of the check- numbers can be readily found in any book of original entry, and considering the many ad- vantages derived from their adoption, the use of JournaL 4 432 12 6 S I 127 , 3 4 5 .... / c S29 ■ 26 S 9 o 014 7 13 2 c. c. 3 522 7 I 49 13 429 9 26 12 4 827 o 8 16 9 • ■-,'•• ^,. 613 4 -• ' ... 3 19 4 - ••• ;■ ' •* -■ '■- 422 6 26 11 2 ■■-':'."\„,.^- '' 3 113 6 c. c. 65 19 7 2 ■■; ^■■^*-"/ ■ c 516 ' ' ' ' . ♦ . 211 5 3 ■' ■■"•• ' ' . ■ 223 c ^ 211 5 3 '; ■•■••:-■.■ 9 9 \ «•.:;■ :■■ ■ . . this system has a tendency to accelerate rather than to impede the work, while giving an amount of self-confidence to the book-keeper, which is in itself an element of speed. ... ' "■ ;■ ■" .' "'■ . ■ '■■ ■< ■ ■ ■- ' :'■ \ - ' '■ '. '.: '■'"■' '■ '"''■•'"-' '- '■• ! '• "» Note. — C. C. is used as an abbreviation for the words, carrying check. — 16— LEDGER ENTRY CHECKS. The ledger checks are generally placed on the left hand side of the folio in the explanation column, and at the time the entry is made. If for any reason the place near the folio is not available, the margin in the date or amount col- umns may be utilized. In order to start the system in the ledger, it is only necessary to ex- tend the check-numbers of pencil footings or balances into the columns where afterwards the checks of entries will be placed. At the end of the month, or at any time the ledger entries are footed, the reduced total of the ledger checks, in- creased by three times the number of pounds carried, must agree with the reduced total of the amounts, on the debit as well as on the credit side. The carrying check is extended into the check column at the time the footing of the amount column is performed, and may be written as a small figure above the line or on the side of the last check-number. Note. — The carrying checks can be directly included in the check totals, if writing them near the last check-num- ber seems objectionable. At the end of the month every ledger entry will exhibit an accompanying check-number, and the totals of the entries can therefore be easily proved by the simple addition of the check- j * I * h' —17— Flenry Goldman. Jan. 1 8 113 114 6 9 Jan. 3 2 26 51 17 11 4 r> IK) 23 10 11 15 3,6 39 62 11 10 25 2 147 6 13 5 Fe\ 10 74 I 14 23 9 10 9 11 30 3,0 1G3 in 2 6 28 3,5 87 97 17 1 Feb. 15 27 s c 3.S 181 214 42 16 10 3 7 2 It s -2 3 5 •7 9 7I ^94 n s *• Note. — The small figures denote pencil marks. numbers, increasing their sum by 3 times the number of pounds carried. The reduced total of the check-numbers must correspond with the check-number of the total, if no error has been made. The ledger checks, however, not only prove the correctness of footings but also the balances, by deducting the check of the smaller from the check of the larger side of the account. Whenever the checks of the larger side should be smaller add 11 before deducting, but it is es- sential that the checks should be deducted in the same direction as the amounts. In applying the system to the subtraction of amounts the following rule must be observed: Whenever the number of shillings in the minu- end is larger the check-number of the difference immediately corresponds with the difference of -i8— the check-numbers; but when the number of shillinji^s in the minuend is smaller than in the subtrahend 3 must be deducted from the differ- ence of the check-numbers, or 8 added to this difference. The addition of 8 to the check- number of the minuend will in many instances save the addition of 11, when the minuend check is smaller, which makes the application of the system practically as simple as in decimal cur- rency. . ' Examples. 1- ^235, 19, 7 ... 8 2. ^294, 13, 8 ... 7 114, 9, 9 . . . o 235, 17, 9 ... 8 £\2\, 9, 10 ... 8 ^58, 15, II. . . c -3 7 The balance of the check-numbers is never placed in the ledger, as it can be readily ascer- tained by merely glancing at the amount and noticing the relative number of shillings on each side. No attention need be paid to the relative number of pence. The addition of 8 to or the subtraction of 3 from the difference of the check- numbers produces reduced the same result. — 19 - TRIAL BALANCE CHECKS. The balances of the check-numbers of the debit and credit totals of each account, placed on the side of the balances in the trial balance, prove the c >rrectness of the balances as well as the footings of each trial balance pa^e. There- fore no time need be consumed in comparing the checks and totals in the ledger, as the proof of ledger footings, balances and trial balance foot- ings is accomplished simultaneously in the Trial Balance, by comparing the reduced total of the check-numbers on each page, increased by 3 times the number of pounds carried, with the check-number of the total. In case of a dis- agreement ascertain first whether the addition has been made correctly and proceed with the , comparison of checks and balances. It is recom- mended to draw off the check balances independ- ently of the account balances as a safeguard against the omission of an account, as well as to save time, two distinct processes being more rapidly performed, if done separately. This also enables the book-keeper to conveniently write the check balances with pencil and to erase them as soon as their mission is fulfilled. Note. — The carrying clieck, consisting of three times the number of pounds carried and reduced, can be extended into jthe check column at the time the addition of the page is per- T -20 — tormed, and therefore the number of pounds carried need not be indicated in the amount column, as is done in the follow- ing illustration for the sake of clearness. Trial Balance Page, 1 Henry Goldman. 8 121 9 10 2 Office Men^s Record Go. 7 58 15 11 5 P. li. Wright. 8 26 4 11 7 J. Woodgin. 8 213 16 10 13 Wm M. Ayres. I 61 8 9 25 W. Pare. 6 7 19 2 28 U. A. Gill. 56 18 3 69 E. W. Latson. c 29 1 2 113 M. Jarrihan. 5 84 13 7 125 M. Wedgsick. I 67 2 9 180 M. Lackemie. 8 5 2 1 249 Galderstood & Wrong. 16 2 4 3x4 I 4 4 3_ 7 I 631 9 2 117 6 5 The system can also be advantageously ap- plied to a trial balance of totals instead of bal- ances, by placing the check totals of each ac- count on the side of the corresponding totals in the trial balance, and forwarding or recapitula- ting the reduced check totals, when the footings of the trial balance are forwarded or recapitu- lated. The addition of long check columns can be considerably simplified by reducing the par- tial sums whenever convenient, and carrying the reduced numbers. Check columns, as shown above, are a convenience, but by no nicans a ne- cessity, as ample room for a single figure can bq found on any line, no matter how crowded. ^ —21 — REVIEW. The system, presented in these pages, is not an aggregate of disconnected rules, which may- be easily forgotten, but the systematic applica- tion of a single principle, from the first ledger entry to the last Trial Balance footing. Not only consuming no extra time, it will result in an actual saving of time, on account of the various proofs supplied and the increased amount of con- fidence gained. Every ledger entry produces a check in the ledger and an immediate copy of that check on the side of the folio in the book of original entry. These checks take the places of the ordinary check marks, prove the accuracy of postings and footings, by the agreement of the reduced total of the checks, increased by 3 times the number of pounds carried, and the check of the total of each page, act as safeguard against forwarding wrong totals by forwarding the check-numbers, and prevent omissions, the checks being derived from the ledger entries themselves. In this man- ner all errors made during the month's work are discovered on the day and on the page on which they occurred. The checks accumulated in the ledger prove at the end of the month the footings and balances of all accounts, by draw- ing off the balances of check-numbers, and — fi— verify the Trial Balance footings, by adding the check balances, and increasing their sum by 3 times the number of pounds carried, locating an error to the page of the Trial Balance and trac- ing it to tJe ledger account, without referring to the ledger, re-checking or copying entries. The system can also be advantageously ap- plied to books which are out of balance, saving time and labor over the ordinary (lack of) method, which consists in hunting aimlessly in all direc- tions, repeatedly overlooking the same mistake. The Trial Balance footings and ledger bal- ances can be proved by inserting check-num- bers, corresponding to the pencil totals of each ledger account, and writing the check balances on the side of the account balances in the Trial Balance. The ledger footings can be proved by extending the check-iK.mbers corresponding to the amounts in the check columns and compar- ing the totals. Errors of posting are located by copying the ledger checks on the side of the folios in the books of original entry, and comparing and forwarding the check totals, which at the same time proves the footings in the books of orig- inal entry, as well as the forwarding of totals from page to page. Omissions are also discov- ered by the absence of the check-number and the •disagreement at the bottom of the page. Errors which baffled the skill of expert book- i i —23— keepers have been quickly located with the aid of my '^Advanced Check System," thereby fully demonstrating its general utility. Excellent and almost infallible safeguards are also furnished by this system against the mistak- ing of pencil footings of previous months in the ledger accounts, the ruling off of accounts, which should be left open, and against counterbalanc- ing errors on different pages of the books of original entry, the ledger and Trial Balance, which, while not disturbing the equilibrium of the' latter, would be discovered separately on the pages on which they occurred. The omission of a balance in the trial bal- ance is detected by drawing off the account bal- ances independently of the check balances, which also saves time, and makes it convenient to write the check balances with pencil, which after serving their purpose can be erased. In conclusion I am justified in claiming that my "Advanced Check System," is the only com- plete system known, which locates errors of post- ing, footing balancing, forwarding or omission in the books of original entry, ledger or Trial Balance to page and account, without change of books or book-keeping and almost instantane- ously. Its adoption is bound to save a great amount of work and worry to those who con- scientiously heed its timely warnings,, while forming a useful and important addition to the knowledge of every progressive book-keeper. I —24— APPENDIX. 100 DAYS INTEREST METHOD. Reduce the shillings and pence to decimals of one pound, and proceed according to the *'ioo Days Interest Method," with the deviation that one more decimal should be figured. The deci- mals of the answer must be transformed again into s. and d. Example: £^7^ 4> 5j for 93 ^^^ys at 6% ? 6)17-22 0287 — 20 Interest for 100 days at 6% 7 " 6% (( 0-267, Interest for 93 days at 6% 4, The year counted at 365 days. 73 ;^o-263, Answer: ;^— , 5, 3X- • NOTES. I. To reduce any given number of shillings and pence to decimals: Multiply the number of shillings by 5, annex one cipher, and add 4^ * times the number of pence, i, 2 or 3 farthings equal X) /4 <^r ^ pence. For Instance: ;^43, 18, 7. = 43. 18x5 := -900 7X4 1-6= 28 12 ^ ■ ^^43-9292 [This can be easily fig'ured mentally.] 2. To transform any decimal fraction of one pound into shillings and pence: Divide the first and second decimal, considered as a number, by five, annex the third and fourth decimal to the remainder, and divide by ^^f. The result of the first division is the number of shillings, of the second the number of pence. In case the second division should give the answer 12, increase the number of shillings by i. . ni" r "^ f ^y 4 gives an approximately correct answer. cimals s ^'lOO •n that ) deci- again ence to lex one , 2 or 3 id into ecimal, fourth result second should I. |l ! ^ »■/• i ■ r" ' ) . • • ( . ,■ ' ■ ■ ■ I' i V • ^•;^^i^^ ^^Ma^ :{; ^ '^i J t-.f^'^