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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commencant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impressibn ou d'illustration et en terminant par *■ la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur ia dernidre image de chaque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmfo d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seui clich6. il est film6 A partir de I'angle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagranimes suivants illustrent la m6thode. % 32 > 1 2 jr- — (1 3 1 2 « 3 4 5 6 ".' -fjl TK Tl OOMTAXHIirO TORE, AHI A REFUTA' ■^H-- #:|; ■■? ' ■■ ' ■i^h^-fi^-. :..«;, . I X iNCfllQUIN, THE JESUIt^ l^ETTERS '■ / ' ' ' »■ ■ X DUMXO A LATE »«IISKNCB IS THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: AFRAGBIEMT or A PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE, ^ Aoeit»sifTAt.LT BtacdVBmKb ^ TOEUROPEi * OOKTAIHIHO A rAVOU«A#,B VIEW or THE MAHNBRS, tlTEEA- TDRE, AHD tTAT« OT SOOtKTT, O* T«« CHITKI) STATES, AND A REFUTATIOW or HAJT* Of ^B* ASfEESIONS CAST OPOM THIS co»»r»r, IT roBMUi m«tit»HTs and toueists. ■>i^^ BY* SOMS tNKNOW^|v«6R£lON£R. TedaU UbaMo, yi giorfaiMta e isettbi Vai3 oottani aveii, ran wai, Peregrinandoda] {^ freddi eerehl' Del nortro mondo agii Etiopi d\i/-r Jyi0rsr€6 (' wMeu: E eome uoin «he vinute e lanno mewhi, M Givell^ le atanze,'e i riti appreri. TaHoLa GienMalemme Ubenta, • Canto decimoquapto. M*', ^c* ■'='%•:■_ JviBw-rostr.' Printed and pabtished by L Riler. 1810. MJ^j^..'..,, ■ ■'■■■r,r- . ,». m. i '■ i*. v= OISTBICT OF NBW.YORK, „. Bfa.'3;j^lS?^K*'^*^^r"SbP" *«. twenty.«^d d.y of December. II?•♦;.f^^f .iiS^.?^ i,"*? "^ dwtnet, hath deposited in thi> office Slo!bg,^to ii^^ '*'* '"'*"^ '** '^'" " P~P™t*. !" »»»• *«* " siSS A'Ji^^f*^ ^*^ "'"^•^P * '•?' midenw in the United " A^^M^^^ ^S • fn'K™"'* M » Prf»«te oorrespondenee, Mci- ««m.n^ «Tr"^ '5 ^""P",' conuining . fevouihiWe View rf the «.wl!^^"^^*^^V*P*''"°"» '«•* upon this oountry, byfbriner re- "sidents and tottnsu. By rome unknown forei^er. rmer re " VednU Uiikido, in giovinezza e oerehi «V»geottami ■▼ea, Taij paesi, " Peregnoando dai piu freftdi oerohi *• Del nostro mondo ag(i Etiopi-aoeesi : ' u ? «>«>>« wm ohe virtute e senno merohi. „ I*.r» '^^^y^A'^jL^^ .'^■^^l:^^^i^<;,l^i.^i^4k¥'-'''^ -^--^MMr- J/" ^ PREFACE. THE JESUrPS LETTERS. * Sm, Utter^ «ipp^d to have 6eex mitten h,, and to, m hHokJendt. *«ws Aw reridence ik the United Suae, of America. THE letters here pubUshed, were bought at a bookseller's sun tothe street, in Antwerp, for the humble consideration or a French crown. Thejr were tied op together in an en- velope, on Which was writtei^ « Letter. fi.>m America- Rx,m internal evidence, and, as\ more «deable designation, they,haye been denominated « T% ^suit's Letters." They a« Pl^n to the world by the American editor, precisely as ht tasiHSen assured they were fouiid in manuscript, withbut My encroachment* upon their disposition or matter. Where ^ occur, Uie words were carefully marked out with a pen. beyon4 the pbssibiUty of restWion. the Aime metiiod had been pursued to conceal the names; but witi, less success. . foi' tiiough It cannot be pretended tiuit tiiey are unquestiona- Wrreclaimed, yet great pains have brought them nearly to light ; and, it is believed, Uiose herein prefixed are almost, if ^ not quite, tiie «une tiiat were subscribed to the originals. Thi^ however, is a, matter of no great moment, as it ian , hardly be doubted the Wes are fictitious, and therefoi* they afford no, clew to the correspondents. The purcha«!r from tiie bookseller at Antwerp, was not an American, and had not the patifencei thbugh weU acquaint- ed with tiie EngUsh language, in which tjrty are written, to decypher ti,e whole MS.; but he explored enough to a^en a common curiosity to know s6metiung of the auUiors. rt.?"'., I' ^ '**"™*^ *° *« "*'^»' «»d inquired of the bookse, er, from .whom he obtained the papers, but could collectnotiung more, tiian that a mendicantV^me weekT^. ^e W ^^" ^°' '*''' "'* ^'^'** '''"' *'"" readily for "can^tT *!i*T""* »«"*»«'**»"y to the rars of an Ameri- 2l T7 K ^ ^^'**'*' "^ ^^' «" ^' expressing a Wish to have them, they wew courteously presented by L t^!r ' *^ from ^hom we received U.em for puWiea- ■ 'Ik «> IV PREFACE. >K., i?« It is Evident) from several pastagcf , that they were writ- ten by a^ Irjishmanf who mast have resided some time in this country, less biassed by prejudkesi tfian most of our uropeaij visitants. Indeed, the inducement to publish these lettera, aros6 not so much from any faitrinsic merit they can boa^t^lis from the candid and favourable view they exhibit of the United StaUs. As they might have tended to dispel some of the false me^ dium» through which we are obscurely seen frmn the other side of the Atlantic) it is to be regretted, they were not ori- ginally published there.- But whether they were composed far publHation ; how many of them may have been suiq>ress* cd or misa^ried ; or, Indeed, whAt their author's object was in thia country, are altogether matters of conjecture} though it is pibbable, that no pnore than a detachment from a larger correspoodej|ce has fallen into our hands. It is not ti^essary to detail the reasons which have led to a belief; that the principal writer, if not some of the others, must, have been attached to the company of Jesuits. Inde^ pendent of a positive declaration to that amowit, in one of the letters, ther^ are other, though trivial, circumstances, corroborative of such an opinion. The modern Charlemagne h^ many motives for re>establishing that <»:de(lPknd the germs of another Paraguay may be intended for our seal. Of this, however, every reader will be enabled to form his own judgment ; for, indeed, the very air of mystery in which the correspondence is 'shrouded, may itself be counterfeit, taid put on to give a false importance to things in themselves insignificant. ^ As, however, the letters are ascribed to a Jesuit, it-may be proper to sUte briefly, that the order of Jesuits, afltwbe- ing broken up, and the members successively expelled from the different natims of Europe, was finally suppress^ and abolished by Pq)e Gregory XIV. in ITTS. In addition to the three wws of poverty, chastity and monastic ser« i^udei in ord^ to obtain, in the first instance^ a cimfirma- tion of their mysterious institution, they were obUged to assume a fourth, that of obedience te the popeMonding. the iiuelves to go and to serve, without rewani»ia the cause -V '^ PREFACE. y of religioD, wh«resoeTer he should command. The fumk- mental maxim of the lodety was, that instead of being bu- ried in monkish sloth and solitude, they should devote themselves to more active bene6cence. In return for abso- lution from aU piouB austerities and mortifications, they de- clared themselves the champions of truth, and^rusadere against its eneihies. To promote the service of religion in all puts of the ^lobe, the instruction of youth and the igno- rant, to observe ihe transactions of the world, to study the charw^ters and dispositions of persons in auUiority, to infonn themselves of the policy of governments and genius of na- tions, were the pursuits to which they dedicated tiidr lives; pursuiu, in themselves, most laudable ; however the^ might be perverted to improper purposes.. In order to facilitate and support Uieir missions, the Jesuits were permitted to trade with the CQuntries tiieyj visited i/f«Hd formerly were engaged in extensive and lu'■ ^;iu -*.< m. t;*.' .*,*i,^*r :i^^u. LS^^'t •i.1- f .iL^^i&i.%, h- .-4i'-'- .ISa ,y 4 <. f M »• 0th SUM ^^ii ( A ; i "" •' t » ( - \.- .N ■J- tETTER^*' ^ CHABlEBfpt^ TO mCHIQUIN. / My dear jprefel^pCbr and frieni)^. i^ V. / f v1 c / ■■,'■;■;'.■,".-■•■ ! ACCOBDQ^Q.topronte ttena after y^ the Bfltioeof St. Pkrre," which I procured from >M. dc *r-m, to^ latu^p^ptould into Jt>|.epcercise you de- sired, before f^^paiti^^ As it is authentiei being in pun cofnyiiinlciriled hj the philo- sopKcr hims^r^li? M. dt — ^, and thereat haying paased iwder .his observatbn, yOu are at li^ity to, con^municate it to bur friends at BaltioioiVor any ^ ivtherS) yibfii may be desirous of learning particulars vV^mcJi Hemy$0^ti;dc St Kerre was bom in ijb^ l^jiltrict pf Caux, in tie Province of Nonqi^y, fifiaii.ai^:i^t ai^ jemectable, jSmiily : being a^neiu- ifMm ^-^^4^^ P*w^, ccletiwtt4 for ^ . iri translation from the iPreftch, in^wMch the riffiiiU TiL'ttMtMn" P' ■ ■'■■ 'feiL '"^ ■■■■'.'"■' iit' -:'■' *.':■■ ■'^^^■■'^5-m,-* >- ■^ ,^; 'i^-io>: don in iittflftirf is too rcstActivt ^ ^p; Stfi^^pa diantemiJlaflSon he Itmged to j^ thi^^'^^ed of his jpay sii an officfer|^ generously relmc^uished what fikd',^'ih favour of ^ sist«ir, his l(^|il^1^s^r^S|)ect^il^ t|ie 'fete^f g^ius seemed tb^lMiPii)^^^^ h^ neither repined, ndiP||,|g,4i|^^ * i^^med'an acqu^mtance wltb toMlcdb^'Ilc^^ whom iieiescmblcd in Iqily taki^ eM^^n^ $^ bility,a]t)d devotion to retirement; ,|)|C|||g||i,thef^ was .# .-•.] inour about His friend St^Pierre. ?^N ^ /;6;^, ^nUiedvbjr tbeir^^fatioBfei, 4!iidftl^,feto^;^. ram ;^^^^ to;wfeorti:i«f^ Indebted for ^ff^«>^»^> the revolution. But he. w^ *^W^ esc«p^ ,he l)erils of that tmpest, to uWife reiWlv to* g,^<,^4^^ bfcA^and Wcaw:^^ #• % ». ; «h»-oujp»^' aciendfic ^p ^^ one of the only/neft of fctteWf fiSSr' " '' '" ^' ^'r-'iiyiiitiialii aaiii 9Fskctch'ar^aHtf^)P: beaiuie»i desire of most readers Jto kiioff ']^ °*j*^ ^*«- *«y >dimre, the qudiW^llf. r,em^, ^^Z^-^^^^0f^f^^(^^-^ worker tkttlwK .-rf#!j9 A|^ W,. Alii ;,-*-* »,r *^jjs&»i^*'*'^l • ' ' "'I^'R ■.■','--T.>'- «kB _6h =1 }■ n'^"': i*i *4 ^: sent %ji^fte iii^:!|ilinit)ii^ af'^ ltfior% m^ m-^prnxm fBt^msm'yiroiM have b(i«ri gMtifile4 HO^ifl rather a late- %, satMfi^S^ l^%idMbiiil jftuin^ to marnngtt, fiii| & ^nleiytkAn#^ 'td'i#i9i$finl^^ dedii stuffy, txidii'ivW nufy f 'There are ino more { M^^Miirai^^ at^iMcSitk, ithan dii ctuumiitg w^. Lkdmrjr mdi'* propagators * of ; «»^ *otli^ IMidaiiie BsiBer lidrs^lf liihdrance in the piirstiit 6t ^mmsSt his tnnal^goiill setTMS '^Ik^ pnest»j' b^^K^^^^Vil '1km i^ teM|^' atid ihore ex( (to bvtier *th^Aft # % doite M)«ff by injollillfl" icians ans^8^od commercml usages. «nc summons to U^gc ; and Idd not think I should depart without at least thitc. Pmigethora,mianm part of the time, die emperor wHs gone to die wars ;• Mid|if^ideav|gfM^ *?****^l^|^*%^ doring his august absence. Since hiltiiiitthere has been nothii^ \m rtjoicing and festivity. liM^^me^ m i ^ meaAB «e no^r K^iilPOur walls, cdch one holdh^ a^S^Jitfirte and splendid court, so as to i«idfir ft ami>ie^i«ri^ to flU ^didr ms. tl«e thea^ p^lblic round.' i#^%fop df this ^wiU subside. ^#iN^iMDgular*fii^ ""'^^^l^li^iWjFipain, • and" NafMfi ^^^ ,, ^^^^■'WpiPS*^^ on "fllif' # wM^'^M^-m^ '-^^■• „. ^ ^i^if ;\2 jj-t*Siv ?■ i 4 -m -^>,- B '■> ■•**>■''''■>>>•■' i' '^^'l^f^ki' inlbmipted— .Good' -God^^yj^^i^'t-v^wc opfy tniie%aidd&rewdl; a loDg^pferfaaps aneteroalfi^ 'wdis^ijtys(i,:.jay bdoved friend and guid^i.,^;^, ,. # " ' ( ■ f , 4 ■ 'A ' » J fci P ^ i- • » |\ ^t^J^ALvAl ..'^^bi.. ^■-i^ k^^^ •••"■ ,.l»».^l|PW|SHp BRSH1«!S.5" -: ■'.'-.;, f »«^ . _iO'rV*)' ■ 1 CHie preoedbf (««gt y^^towa ii ^jj^j .ft. ^'POOR Charlemont!-The ibql^ed fetfer was' forwarded to me open, from the prefectuwi of * • •. with.some strictures ' •: ^?# * ' » .!^ ,■' '' fc. I have also received, by a private hand, icomAt' i^t^ op the subject from O., with aU the pj^ticu; 5*^ ll aeeQu, thatoo intriliieiice of an appitliS^: «a descent near Cherbourg, he was forced to volim. ^to the conscription, without even drawi^ml P^iP#r his attadunem to a company, he ^ IjSfWJd to go to his iod^ifigs, w^er a serkari^ misirJ^id in hb regimental^^ ^mij^ij^ m^l^ ' ^; tgr which te hadanot^o^^ EM^/^^ /l^teargiiptenedinhis^^ ^weff filtered on his tonpl But tT^ dmW Lm- ' TO?^ him away ;j^nd, inspired with the 80un , s -:^i^ r: ^U&^^mxoyercfmt ^^ the n^oment it hll artest, and iiliideed I i^ confess ^e dismay with^ in^h I flist heard of his tseiiig ^orh from us, led nie into i'tiyn of reflection on that prodigioils engine of state, the militaiy conscription, winch, I am happy ' to say, hiis tenninated m the removal of an my tin- easmess, and iti3^^i^^itc6t«c|teih«nt to ^t 'most useful and in^pjensable measure of state necessity. ^Meeoi^mi piipne to in^n^liate impresnons, with- out lirang up their conteQ^tioh to results ; and they su£b' motneirit^ aibtii^'j^ri^aiddns ti>^^ 1^^ ^ distant permwcntadvantages. But what c»m be n^ ^iXH^<3idbry to f ^ fiiisfc prin^ipTesI of fi body pbtitic^ thiuntii^t one.c^its meitoberf^ a' i^ ifii»e, diould rc^se its office ib any w^y the whole body may command ifr ? The conscripdon is unpopiv k^' tki^yis^! ii^^E^I^^^ mpsM i^ in{erior i^1u€al^lhc6t^ ^Bl^ IS iidt ^m^li^ire dt'td*day ; hor id it uio£|pnng b^^ n^volutibri, ieriiTe as that crisis was ih %l^ a^ ^^(^ei^ cri»ti€»u. <* t We seei^ iii ^y ^^v^ ^^ W^l^ irtfiost ^itUtt^^ torit!^\vn^i^^'^sel[i#6^ ^criilts led dBTIii'^idt^ iiielii^ct6i^»*' 1* fe «0d*tia^:t>M ti^ ^i^ii^ilt'of la^ mp^, ^^^6^ thdr abi$ % . statesman ^Siiftd, in ki': ■■S^i •■fe y-' -.-^^J^^-*- ■ * * ■ .:f -<■•-.' ■/J ,■ ■e p- ;.■ ; ■ -' "■ t ■ t '* ■ • ■ n % i?^^^ti^if * ( ^...,. M^?niriififliiirtii it ■ii •^sf •■Jj ■V' t» 1* '^'a^-' thrc)i*#)|*^ib^«f^ wields j^||iV times of danger, and w^ kaovr how,ductigD«|if the^eiMfh %^ tMSe^ hreu^t in France jf^hen I reflect on the excdlence of ^fsr, niai^nlaGlaireft a^d fi^rics, second to none but ours, md in % ,,aMn^ Plirtkhla^n^lllecond ;(wken I conteni|date the grand ^jEc^jindMioqp fl^yiM^^ uid private ;{when I survey the Mp^^lJ^^e has bredfor-extending her-.&me in^ ii||^ her able sti^smen, the multitude of her profiound lawyipni and theologian^ her philosophers, l^er critics, her historiainil *%** ■tf4- \'v4- • hf:'''U wM wtouM hiive f^h&B leflcctiensi had he lived to \m^iott.hmmkM tmm .die ashes of deaolatiofr he irmmiwi iOhmc astonishing inttamal improvement and blessings, which, no Jess than his unparaBded victofiet, are the gioriea of ^that inoon^amble beings toi^ whose guidance the destinies d^ the ficoch em. 1^ hav^ since bm *«^i(iip!^ % Mi-fliAniscient ^iretpdeaeep^ndiv wlKiotdqlidtgea^ ponscrip- . tion woAsi like t^rcM|^,4d»itheimod df dbud. ^ ^HHrn i ii'l j iil ii iio mmission, efethelhimd«iv^lKi»|6|Qte ' * ' 'l!»|J»*t itsjiregiess. . .-■■"/;; ■-^f%ftj^t^,f,;> . ate those Fiienohn|en that hope tx^^iesiiacitato -^fpipl^dllllliitf the hQUse.o<^~Bour>> diefiR^ndttA^nils amoi^thc^i^ ^^i^ worn out stock to obs is in the aid oC the deadly, :^ Toes, both of the^Bourbonsand ^^TJ^^^m*' ^ fh^ new fftaOi dyn^ f jjlcir ite e hatred of France, sfaaip^ by the .^ ^' k9^l^^i^eagtf f. mixed Up k^ ih^ ^(S % # i they, who since dfcir own Bmyf^, over* «d «tiquaric«, her poets wd,h«r omtors, sacreT ^J/^^^ . .|ne, I behold iu all this somethmg which awis and <^ «i|ul« the imaginaUon, kc^J?«rihr', Jtefltctipl, on tJieR^^ BIV6 " .;<■ /' T ><> ^^c<; i;" wS; axi** i/-h' «|W> ,"isi^. ^^ ":Sinat»S«r!.l£i/u-"' v - • 14 \ hj- )'' ^tmamwtipeDOkmm^Mm^^t^ Wmm UL the p^mmiatKgaiiat of JUpuu X(V. bMMt^ragoA mm comi m a d eon^^ of hoitililiea, oometiinM JMiealuBg , oul Ib foleiim war, and at odieiaiio Jejugotivt imdir plomatic stratagem,; ag^psk ihe wrU baag, ti» jftrf aaHenee niliMl«peeoh^ in «fai(jh this^piiisage -.- V occiti8ti5.^^ai^sJMiA^ t,; i&8h#3diiigs,iii%oairi^ - ';^y)^ of ;die'Jioiiae<.df/,.Baii^|iOBitD'':^^ ■^"''' hapfc^thatfi||^.aiiiaRtD.hGarhc^ ■»'-# •,'r<'i fi9»»^ n»t hii^M^lo^^ the insatiable^ ,spi:it of that race. Tl^iy • e imiajpt^tlie pmtWW their gi«at {trototyfif^ ' ^thit)ugii tteirwhqje career of mischief and ctimes, have done m more than servUdLV trace &e .,"> 5fa?f-« ^lA, t i La # m^inmtiiw^aiid mtag()d tlKt% tliiy k«vt do^ it uiiiftiaEli**"'^ pnn«P^rtf tl^yiiw* nrined tod ."WiMiiia ^ere^niH H k cfltiicly.^tt||er the Boyt« f^tn Miner; tf ^ kive ^^ AMembttd wMi ifai of fei«%ii ecMiiitiifiii «i^|MifeMiided to iiti^ ^j^ tiieir ^fwii, th€f Ml ^^,,Hm||,,^ r^ipe^ to tlif commuiuc «*»W3r,WQft»v«|<,|^l8i»,' /'^wi-/ vr^i ,!3t8f»?.f,^ 4„ W ^' V " M' \r J ^ ^- h" ' ' ' V 4i"' mj ^m ?^^A": r^ y- ' - * % '■ )n^ "".v Ml I It" M fmnve ^ financed o€ France restorei ti> ^^6iB^ teiu^iiiiNqrMeiii, ^^id an inmual disbursement of « niiffidbilDU^oiis Divided for withont ^trapidBHtfy fH^pdits; wlieii:^ comider ^t pocn*, and poor rates H^ p^vasures lio longer^existing'; that much moref land is>eultivi^bed^raiid'^vided among smaUerf^^ prietoiSy? ttbfift lielt^ tlie V jrearr 1789 ; ibai com lod irifie,> aapilppi;^^^ of subsistpice^ «n^ abundai|l^iii|i^i||lii|i^thai ^^ of moneys iir re^(^l})Pi^ influx attendant on flecu]i(y#om 10 aiid>^.1)0 3i8iid4^^ <0»lb; when we behold public Greditm full vigour and reputation ; natbnal schools ''IPIglifliiCwM ii'ijiii department ; obsolete laws; fc^ect. ii|kl>i^|liined and mountains lefelledi^ ^l^t the public charge, without mdividuat tdi^ci^^, connecting distant ]»rovinces; fiplfive contesi;ipliite>the modem metropolis qf the IIPl^fadopp^Mpnth die master works of all agesi«nd ^|^*»*^«ii^^j|»ost elegant and enlig^itenei| ||ii% of^4l|^}^pM86|lt; and when we iieflect that 1lt^iSm^^l^,^lff^S/fl^fi^^ few years andfof ^Hiil^^niJBge from that 9, OTtrebel against. the it-with !Wliieh he,nd«e4^ scene! From jh^Hlacti^. mi^£hiiitidm gi|l«ipoUtiQal c^os, Wderihe imijfi»^m^mp(AB^ik^ ^^^^: Jrnii| | pt jof tiaile, the visions of ages, has become an u i'r#- • >, fc-^i^""/' ^-^Xf'^Wik # vi''^:^i IT '# imineiiac empiic, tranquil withui, terrible abxt^id; new kingdoms have mm \m> J^lngi christjat% je. toins to her pillaged aanctuaiiies ; And^^njjeiiusalc^ raises her bowed head from Uie^afth;-!^ hai% sciences, diemiaby^ imnerak)^, suitbieiiMlic& aimi astronomy, shoot up fix>m a Kiilrmoitlcined with blood and manured with fooocs* to spread their golden ftnitage over desoUte legions; while poetry^ paint- ing, sculpture and miteic, wanton under (Mr sh^, and eacouragelhof «xpanaion* . ^4,^ ^ ; .t,;;*^ i .« ,-vi\ »;?,.! NteJtt to these prin^ry oljj^ts, whil«i yqu i^^n^i^^ on those shores, whefe,f. Not onljr idie language ah^ the church, but the state and population b«ng composed of such hettefo. geneous and mBitant materials, it i^ absuitl to sup- pose the contmuation, for anW considfcnible period, of such a nation, especiaUy when feebly held together by a nerveless government f Nothing," wrote Ans. totle two thousand years ago,Ldall;nibsequent expe- nencehas made an axiom of what waaiat firet but an opmion—" Nothing is infit unfiiendiy to public teanquillity than dissimiUtuAe of character in the ci- tizens. A heterogeneou^ assemblage of mixed tribes cannot speedily coalesce into a nation; and communities which have ^wn populous by sudden accessions are commonl/ torn by sedition." This When applied to tjie American states, is prophecy . in the full train of verificaW Thedcstmctive fevei^^ fatal thai faction. I ha4 always thought with* the Abbg Raynal, that Ac Wuilation wiU neverexceed ten miUions. But of all these things, and many^ others, you wiH give jiis the results of your unm^i diate observation; and, as you know, for the h^ possible reason, I mos^ anxiously desire youmaylnd cause to assure us ji om- error. ^But remember what rehance rests on( your assurances, and be cau- tious accordingly. Almost as you advis6 we wiU act. And I trust yfeudiily appreciate die import, ance of your recominendatioU, and the momen^us consequences to vfWch itmay lead. JtT. ^^"^^n^verfoiiotten in our pi^ Wnte daily, and wiite atlMii*Jevermm/L: ^ t ■ miri^_ it - _- -■] "^^'gapS^vcr mmd oppoe^ p«*,«iBc comes together, so much the -fe ' . • 1*1 ■ I. > -wH' •«^ ilkvLl.l } :"'':''':''W'' ''^'"'■--': '^:':Ww^%#' SO better. This letter should have been longer and bet- ter cofintoted, if I held a pen with less difficulty. Your AelflH^ads are aH well» widi their eyes fixed on youi. May Ood preaenie and ptotper yiwi. Cm* i( l r: if m ■nyy^ ' > ■>\ ..>:t ■ , ,, . ... ■1 1 *-. -1 • ■.(tj: , «c. ' ^-|v.r: -\ 1 - (•.; •ir- Vvv5-V' V -v^^.' - .iW.li-., ■■' ■,,'"; V/. ■ . m* ■■»;:'•*!' •V >-(, ."• ■iV .-'%:^;;' ■^' :,'*'" 'r»; ■■' '•: '> -. ■ .. ) . '-•«'«,■. ■ .. :.v?(. ■**■'.'■:>, t'M.., ■fM-i ;»5fV> > ■ -.. ■:-- ,1 ,---i,--; --rr. .. ■.' ' ^^-^ '■..- ■ V.tv-lJ [■.Jv: ■'4'' • . 1 V ' ■:'' "' -'•£ii^i ^/^i^-f- •-»•:-'•) ■'J- f:;^,- ,^, ,-, .,s', '■ r^-. ^- .. . . y 1 - ■ „ ■-, ■ • " ■,-■ '■:"{' .'-•■\*' ■, -.'j^- i"- -- '■- ' ' ., ''(•■' ^■{%fj ;.^^v *(*..!- , V ^^ if "» -/ '; '*:' , ' ; ■■ -uA . -*■, ■'M-.r-' ■^"jJ*.>V 'V.^Vfjv '1- ^,af*-.vL. '^ '■*■■'. y ./... |^#r'v- W-"}-- f ::■ :.'^ i.-- :i. ■* i '. ■'. ■ ' ■ ■•■• '^ .<^ LETTER IH. CUNRICKAKD TO INCHIQUIN. OearB Dated at London. WJj^ recdved a few days ago, by an accidental conveyance through Holland, your letter from Li^gc, anijouncing your intended departure for America, whither I now address myself, as I take it for granted you must Ikye arrived before this time. Your aster received Uic infelligvnce with considerably uneasi- mess, asyou know she alw^ had a dread qi* the cli- mate? In iIaI, unwholesome country, I regretted it for U|at,^and for other reasons, which I will take this occasion to impait in the most unreservedl manner ; as I am sure, however we may differ in opinion, we can exchange sentiments without olfence. It was your misfortune, at least I tfamk so, to have been brou^t up at j^ Oqier'a, where you imbibed pre- possessions uncongenial with the habits andx;ourse of lifis, to which from your birth and fortune you were destined, Xou wiU do me the justice to admit that I , never did approve of yo^^ attachment to the Jesuits, rJifei {^rdoR my franknei^i L %f .A ^:iM ■^v5 22 time I should be explicit Had you never left Ire. land, until your ideas received a permanent cast, I am now fully persuaded that we should both have avoided those rocks, on which your fortunes . were ^^ dashed to'pieces, and from which mine had so nar. row an escape. Be that however as it may, the" questid)! at present is not to remedy the past, but from its^ lessons t6 learn to provide f(^ the future. It has always been matter of poignant regret with your family, that, whatevo* were your persecutions, you should seek refuge among the natural, and at this time the declared andcruel enemies o{ your coun- ,try; among a people soiled .with every crime as a nation, and of the utmost depravi^ as individuals. Mr. Burke's prophecies h%ye been so dreadfully- re- alized, and at th€ same time it has pleased an aUwise Providence to vouchsafe such incredible success to didr Inhuman designs, that it truly may be said that sacrilege, massacre and perfidy, pile up ** the sbmbre pyramids of their renown.'* All tfaje iniquities in history are transcended by the vices aind degradation of die modem French; not in their revolutionaiy excesses, which were popular ebullidohs, capable, perhaps, of some extenuation, and of which I own that in con^mbn with many others, who ar^ now smarting under 4heir efifects, t caught the sanguinary contagion. But their disregard of every religious and moral obligatic^, their abject submission to the most remorseless despot, suswhose footstool an en- slaved people ever grouched, above all, their insidious and barbarian persecution of QicsA Britain, a mag- }» jk 1 23 chatacter so hateful In the eyes of aU civiUzed man- kindi that I hold it one of a Britoii's mo8t sacred dil- ties to loathe a Fpenchman ; and I cabnot reflect with- out shame and horror, that any person so near and dear to me as you are, by the ties of Wood, con- nection and friendship, should be a willing partici- pator of their dangers and depravity. Thb is strong language; but you must bear with me. What se- curity have you, my dear Inchiquin, that the mon- sters, whocompose thepoUce, may not at any mo- ment tear you froni your bed, and plunge^ you in a dungeon, ^ transport you to some remote and de- structive latitude^. Dejwnd upon it, a foreigner must always be a mark of suspicion. I cannot at this dis- tance think, without an involuntary shudder, of the Temple, the Wood of Vincennes, and the many other places appropriated to human immolation. How can yo(i be certain that the next conscription, breaking through any immunities in which you may imagme younelf entrenched, may not drag you in chains like a malefactor to the fit>ntier, and expose you to . an ignominious death? for such it certainly would be to M in the cause of France. Theseare por- tentous, and jrou may think idle bodings. But I tirge the^ with the mo*e zeal, because, whUe you' resided on the contment, I feared to expose you by venturing an appeal, which, if discovered, (and the French post-offices have no regard for the saiictity of - a pnvate correspondence) might have not only de- featedits own purpose, but betrayed you at once into the power rf the poKce. Doesnotyour lateact indeed allcAt die probability of the results I depre: t 1 r JM \ oate? Why dse have you left France, wfa^ atleast you might enjoy those sockd recreations to which you are accustomed, to wander in the wilds of Amco inxski where yoii must rdihquiah every such enjoy, nentf Your letter is ^silent respecting ^ motives for your toj/age^ rrhvck has set us adrift on an ocean . of anxioud 'conjectures. I presiimft .h Is * politieBl ; Ibr though ymvixsources must be narrow, i do not suppose you can have laimched into any mercantile qieculations, with a view to ittneving them. But why have you gone at idl? My last advices, if they ever reached you, gave you reason to expect that, upcNi showing a l^rcper oontrid(Ui, govommoit may hereafter permit you to return to tthis, th^ oialy *re- ^^maihing asylum of tranquilli^ and happiiieflii; It is now conceded, tiiat you were nOI guilty of the crimes chained agsmist you ; Jthd thoi^ it is too late to re- trieve Ihe r^jim.in w^h we were all involved, a dis- position is entertained to fongive txansgressions that flowed rather^^ youth and enthusiasm, than the judgment ^ut the first, and an indispensable step, is the abandonment of the French wA th^ domi- nions. *Nor will your voyage to the American states be an acceptable procee^Un|f, unless, as I sometimes flatter myself, it should appear diat in consideration of the difficulties attending a di|tct transit, you havo gMie there only preparatory/to your return to En- gland.' ■^■ In the mcanwhile-wciiave hapjner tidings to com- municate. I do i^ you observe, date, as hereto- fore, from Kiilmallodc. Smce my last, every re- stnnnt has beetrTemoved from ou r pc iao n s, and-l > have succeeded, through the influence of Lord MoJra, in obtaining a place in the Cuatoma, which yields about 1001. ayear : a miserable pittance, to be sure, compared with the affluence we fell frbm, but sJiJl a great amelioration of our condition for the last ^J|(five years. Upon receiving the appointoient, I re- paired immediately to London, without even taking Dublin in my way, and entered witfi alacrity upon the ^ties of a place, which fonnerly I shoiUd have considered with much contempt. It reqMire*, in- deed^ my moit assiduous attention ; and when I re- flect on what I was bom to, aU the philosophy I have , learned ij^ requisite to a^ble me to dweU with com- ' posure on a i(pverse imposed upon me and my inno- cent famUy 1^ 6n accusation so wicked and unjust. As long as ^e were under any sort of confinement, a piiiwipl^ reastance suppressed the emotions of despair. %t now that there is no longer any pres- sure to create such a reaction, the firstlings of mU- fortune prove extremely bitter. We are, however, tranquil, at least, if aotconteoted. I Jt^ve taken and furnished, in the homeliest style, a smaU house li Shugg Lane» where your sister has lately lain in with our fifth daughter, two of whom (I may almost thank God .«) have been removed fi-om this world of mourn- ing. The expense of, Uving^enormous, especially to us, who have all our economy to learp; and no one, who has not been in a similar situatfon, can conceive the infinite petty impositions and exactions 9f which we luie the prey, , The air of London, or perhaps it is of this coalined part of it, does not ^agree w i th J a np . B|^ i hc b car r^hrincoinvenferces— 1^ V 'as ai)jd priVatioiu, fio which we muitt submit, with a ae* renity and fortittlde, that administer to me perpetual consolation. With such a^^ example, whatever I may feel, I should be ashai^ed to complain: During the principal part of the day^ I am necessarily from hdme* We se^ nor^ company whatever, ,ahd live in the ti*. most privacy and retirement* I have w> boote but there is a libraij in the neighbourhood^ where ^may be furnished if I will. What^isure hQumttlkVef particularly the evening, I employ in edue^tiafe my children ; in which task^ when she is not indisposed, their mother .is 'my assistantov ':-. Im..-:: 4. ■ :iMi^i-Ljy.^^'^ As if to reconcile us to our 1^ -by provin|^ how much worse it might be, we haYfrbeen 9lFead|y vi^ ated with aJlictions superadded tr%^idinary and unavoidable hardships. Soon after we were settled in ^ this house, a fire broke out one night in an adjoining street, to which I lan in order to assist in putting im out, wh^ Jane and the children mounted up into the garret to have a better view of the danger. The par- kjur and chamber being thus deserted, some of those harfues wh9 are always oa the alert In this city to ^e^advantage of confusion, found means to strip our^ ill.fated habitation of every article of ftimiture. Not a piece was l^ftj and we were put to the ex- pense, which we co\ild btt^ ill bear, of buying an «h- tire new stock or mther I should say another stock ; for, iar ieaa^ being new, it wm procured at second' hand, at as^e of the goods of some compamon in distress, whicii were brought to tije hammer bff i^' execution. This accident eaused us a great de^ of vcixation and Irtkible; an d w e had hardly r e|)aftti#ia|i- 27 fwmges by pledging my ui^paid aalHry for payment of Ae debts tbus contracted, wh^ another inroad WM as unexpectedly made on our peace, which threatened much more serious consequences I waa watting along the wharvea in a dresa, as if should •eem^ too indicative of nny poverty, whea a press- gwig adzed on me, and, m spite of my resistance, -remonstrances and entrcatiea, hurried kne on board a gwiM shipi where I lay for two days fin momenl^ expectation of being t^en before the mast of a man of war.-l^ deliverance was 4>wing to the resolution and conduct of dmt incomparable woman, whom in , aU my trials I have found a tutelary angel ; and whom It is Hie keenest x>^^f paags to think I hwe rts ^duced to mdigence and wretchedness. She locked , up oiH- house, and with herxlaughters hanging on • her arms, fiew to the admiialty, whcrci having made her way through the contumelyrof, underlings and the repulses of their lonis, she never ceased her suit tiU an order was granted for my release. Even' Ais had nearly come too htte ; for it ms wfth no small difficulty I satisfied the officers of die custom-house, that my absence was accidental, and not owing to* some iiregularity, which ought t»dq)rive me of mv But I ahaft tire you with iiflkae sorry details- which, melancholy as tiiey are, I cannot but think P««8ent an existence preferable to. the vagabond ca^ i«cr you feilow. A few months will inuixj us -to *^^^**?' **^ clothe our humble fire-side with al^ the iheffiible charms of home, if you wiU biit bring "" ' rhich yfmr ibcie^ ..*^^ ..avV'-; ■■ "i y ,sA- .>. 28 would afford, I foildly . persuade myself ive could forget the abunduice m w^ich we (Xice flourialied, make a merit^of ' adveruty, and live on the hope cf better things. i»#tt^i'-?*K'!'f>' v/i"*' - «f •, - ■_ ,.>-,«„ ■ a^ i _••,■■ j..,-^ visty . '^ 'When, as is sometimes the case of, a Sunday, I take a short leave of that gloomy part of this vast metropolis ih which we reside, and wander through tho itiagpificent squares and porks of the west, thronged with gay equipages and smiling multitudes, my breast swells with admiration at the unequalled prosperity of Great Britain, whose inhabitants, re- posing under the sUdd of the mistress of the world, can. be thus secure} and happy, while hosts of ene- m(ies in vain environ aild beset them* Alt such a momeertt I can dude my selfish miseiy, and almost wish I had not been bom an . Irishman and bred li cathdic. How different is the scene, dmt must strike your observation among the demi-savages of Ame- 1^; where a weak and ignorant, goven^oent is idly engaj|(ed in framing laws for an uncivilized and ' heterogeneous popubtion. After all» the Uon is the ndslest beast. Let France and Russia, with' their tributary potentates, conspire against him, and the American eaglet too show lus impptent talons ; the lion shakes his imperial mane in dauntless defiance of them all. The American federation, I suppose, tiaimot maintain itself much longer. According to the best judgment I can form of the prospects o^ that distracted clountry, the crisis is not veiy distant, when it wUl in^plicnie gb«rf^ f ram «fi*id. w« ^m^ you m, Awenc».,«^4: ^,^,^^..f,^.^,:i ,,^^^ v<' •-. ^s- A'' »i^ «iS ■;i;K5wi..i^. •! vy^-. i,..;^^»,v ■:iM^:-- '•».»* >,-., "i i-^£ifif\,. 73^; ,'yi"' riir ',ir. ' ^ ^' :^f^^-^i:^ ^,^Mm.^^'^ ■x .^^- \\ ! '«..• i; !(', % W^A .^• C> yJ' s' < I m i;'.3U? ' V ,Jfe r^ . •*-.-, ::-!:M-% •:*f^-''_^ ) 4^ W • »*; I .54c/-v> %f?f ,.(*-»■•■ ;f.'*-'*'^ li- •-■mCi-. v'tf-xfte'^r'f ■f ^'l Dated St WaalMngton. '■<1 "yfi't:;'; ■■^ .-' ^aWBJLLE I was at Balthnoie, the accidental cir- cumstance c^ our living in the same' hotel made me acquainted witb>«:^ung Greek merchant, who has since become my companion here, where wse share an uncomfortable chamber tc^ther. As he is to be your correspondent, on this occasion, and peihaps oftener, it b proper you should be general^ inform- ed that he is a native of Athens, who received a mer- cantile education in the English &ctory at Smyrna^ Having finished his apprenticeship last year, in a^^ spirit of enterprise not usual in a modem Greek, he resolved on accompanying a commercial adventure to lliiil country ; where he arrived a ^w weeks since an investment, which good luck has doubled His amiable (tisposition, «id the ideas naturally excited by the presence of mi Athenian, togietiier with such scfmty kitdligence as is to be ^ gleaned ftmn his conversation, respecting his coun- try. and language, botii so iddatrously venerable in my eyes, have attached me to lus society. • In con- *i* Mderation of the frie ndly relati ons exi sting between us, he sometimes reads to me his letters to a fellow 31 W«««<» « Sm^i , a,d to-day gnnted nfy wq«st I^r**^-!^' ""^''^^ ^ are, in iWian m whpjfi .hfr^jnmuaicates his ideas of this federal donain, or city,,te it i. e revived beforethis fte letter* containii,g my view, „f ^ singular capi- tal, I shall present my fellow travelleii's without com- ment r olwemng only, that I haveino other ffmon for behe»^ his narrative to be fibftlous, (as it i. all «>y l»»ble,) than that with the 6ncy and vivacity rf ap ancient Greek, and all a traveller's prejudices hedoesnotuniteaTuA's deliberation, biti^with: stodmg .total ig^„„ ^ ^^j^^ ^ .^^^ ot every thmg, except half a doaadiftrent Ian. Euages t^ seem to be equally Buirifiar to him, he ^^ «»rehe. straight forward on his conch.. «^^ ordmaiy p«^ of ge«i,g to them by a course of reasoning. The.tnith is, that the foun dmons of dHB federal city have «. Ln mZ^ P^^sausp^es; »di,UtheonIypar,of theUni. ^tates of y^erica I have ever seen on the decline. WrtJ*: ""e^ unwieldy scale, in a district »«™pKa by Avcholders, without the habits of in- du^ or th. a^ng of commeree, instead of rising „ 't"^/ r""'^>'»'A?»'yW«ri.,theenor: • m««j^mts fcU «und„ before they c«, be weul^ «<«e«heri and the symptom, of premature dihpid,. ^ I ms letter must have ini.riin4.^ «« ». ' ' ^ ioe« not api,ear.....P ""'*'"«*» ^' ^een suppressed, as U does not wn desolate and despairing on the dreary wastes that se- parate and environ them. Till lately the ci^ was thickly wooded, and the American Numa might woo his Egeria in a hundred groves. But much of this mnament has* been cut down for fuel, leaving, how- ever, oiough for footing grounds to amuse those sKldicted to sports C of the field. Not more than 7,000 souls are computed as the population, spread over an immense aroi. Of these probably (me half are blacks ; aiul most of the remainder members of congress, clerks, servants, innkeepers, or in some way appurtenant to the govemmmt, prepared to fol- low its fortunes^ if neoessary, to the banks of the Missouri^ or the coast c^ California. ' • >r». « * Several lines are erased herew...E. ■ .'"■ * \f^' •■'■14 fK-^' '. 'i - .:■ . -- .;'ij -f.^- :«'-\ :■■■ ^^ * V ,i I - . ■■■ AlMif^ i-f f * 4 ■■^1- i -if* "**.itrH.*i y^^t ».|?^'?*^ 9f Coliw^, sute of Maiyland, one JiT the Umted States in NortH Ai^ric^ ^ ^ „,--- aiaetttw»4tt»bjectiiew to nwa, i^ vipoa which, tberefore* my reilcctiow ^^^^^ conclusive: though Imust «y,iheiiiore I »ee^.4i„ft think, Ae folkr is inyc^yk:^oa»tha^^^^^ rncnt, «aHed republican, b w^^^ i^0^ vemments ought to be; w«l »»l8«i|ii. fct^^ip^ n^ed^ the- people, iMP0tt««fe8eiviiw|.^^ contradictory in^ps^HmmTmldMmm^mAim iindCT which hap|»y and gloriouft em^-m^mm^ mcstunable godd. fortune to Hve, iaceitiJ^«iu«* more simple and popiifar. Ourgwgicheris, themi^ ht»,:a9 th«^^%a&d ^hm'mmm bo% of th» « people, imiiieiiilit^ i^^^ chooge, declare, and instil a iiii|4p#^^ at the chief ihagistmiiii^icd in tiiia eountiy ; who, as he thus proceeds directly from the people, is 61^ Kmoved, to make^SSSE&rohjecfcol ii«k ±i' % be abwrd to talk f :^:.- t . \ .34 .V • . ' m fiicti^the repi«8entative, improperly so ftykd, b ichosen not by the people, but by a sniaU number of el^ctor^, who. ai9v^t]»eii||$elves yariopsly i^poii\tc4> l^y-of, them i)ot by ^ peopte, but by oUierelec^ |pl% who again do -m^ ia all iostances, «roaiiat».di- rectly from the <;;^ppiunilyatlai|^, ;pd wlpo^ for the c«t tMpvsel^ctioo^'^ ^|)^P^^ un- ^pubted^ Jlie lineal desceplant, and most precious vi^^^^the mcm^ Gimm ifyj^bli^vi^liiiein the ^^4)i«^igs(l!^^i^t ol-lu^ cgrst^ l#boii&«$liii9g?,wSiK^ «f IM^ ^ lioir^op^MKH w^ch, , a» %-^ cqiwidiNMr eoNged upoi% i^ wf liil^.^jwyi iBptjwfuaie^ at fiillhere^ jbut si^Moiji;^ your ii^«S|f|p|^^ and twly ■^Mneri rB», fa(|i p | ittlai|feta«i«i.|^^^^ BTwhich tt^ hutidi*d 6^»^|r«8^men, as they 4re ca«. <pGt, I left the highway, or avenue, asit 18 cfdkd^ and Btruck. into the moor, that com- poaea'a-jgreat pert of ffaelciQr^ I had not walked a ii^«9' when ]t heai^ a 4i>n ,go off) aiKl saiv ^ smpke « riaiug.atrftrli|tle distance. Nolctfing tO;eiicouiitei^ ii«^itm^v% ;8(»^^wild h p^:]^ was turning back, wh«i#sav^ia dog hunting ?i(t^ the bushes, 4iid ^se i^ier lUii^? fi^ young mwi) who came run- ning toward me^.»9>^tt^ther ratherv coiffsejly capari- dbned, and seemed tp be^i^teii^'qiiMgaiip^, i Jitst after lief^^Mo^ted me«^ lAiOi^, is^^ kced hat,^ but imarmed, came ridiii^^vfp^t^^ pirfar r4lie heathy leadi^ a horse teai^w^M$Am4i Nillc^ ^ drawing up close to| yflm^ ip' stood,, pilMoifr rhis hAt,'st^tQ^th? taiter, IVSir, tber^ ar^ Jt^-. ^pofedbes ijuil furived.'' " When ?" cried^g|ytiipt^r, # WitWn thi%i4llil^lK>ur— by express-rtwp set9|f hoBM^esMldaJlAuibdBff HBUBJ ^^^ "V? ' •h * TV* iirrH<||ip|||g||ipi|inn) from a'dlultereated quartfr. ^« point that hai^f^ &o uitfortunately contested between 6.1Brinust place the ^ct fe«ycmd 4^ fihlb^^ j> m^r^^:^mi^-^0i0i^ ^,,,l^,|^^4^ I ■fr JO'i Asu ' ,. iff- ^• ^jjjy» hmner ha8% ; and dJsencumbCTinyhim- sca^Jtomhiao shooting accoutremojla^ he vaulted into Ae aaddle of ^ led horse, and gidloped out of sight «i aminulp* AH amazed at this n^ystejrious meeting, ****»9V^Vsaid|ifesiiectft% to^theo^ as he w galiiering up the things the hun^ , edUw^officeri #kh an wr^4ign%. -But who is the cnvoyr?" «pUedI, «« What 4aan envoy ? That's wt^the^prtsideo^ is iN!?^ia'h«; preside," ^toM f^^^f^^mi^i^mcm^M an oAei giiewsott of a persoiir-t^^^^ envoy ex fa«»*i»iy*^ "Mutmkp is he i^tmoidinaiy ?» said ^^^^«% because,'^ aaidJie. « J^use why ?» said *^^1»^ because he 44 thft BrHisb ambassador, iHf ^tnasliBrr and the king his masteR'«, servant, and I Sri;Aift /.servant^ and. neither he ni^ J^iftcadent^ ^ the matter o^l8t.", said the officer, imd mQuntuig Im beast* iie , trotted away .whisdiag after the other, > » «, .^» .. . • ^*«^An^^^ possible, thought I, Aat that young Inw^ i*«heBii|iahiamba^sadpr, the representative of the *«w«rm«K*aiitnw»nairch,, whose fl^ the Dar- l»«Wth*this^?iSoit<^ men** #M^^ i a^ii^ ^»^(!ael^ ;ttroUing aioi^.MMii.d^ direction fcom •^••iilfoUowed at«il% >4wd npt paying much «i^ ^j^^^wJ*^ I went, tai I came tqa thicket/ taea\ Irom -my r^rcm by jbe loort pursued % a coup] M^H «?IX.,^,^JTO8 ' -'^t W > V.'' " t| ^' •>■.■ \ ■ . \ ■'VWH^^'^^ " ^l f^ St always fimd of die chaae, yoql^blinvv^ ami oaed ofteii taiamuse myself in ^us wajr oift (fie hills pew Ismiz^ I joined instinctivdiy in the {mrstnlv shouted to eai courage (he dog%i and made ^ hest exertwosJ iHrald to]^l»;iip with tibenasM^^he rabbit ;doiit)li6dy and made back ''^Mti&^^mwti^J^st •s^'^i^^^ escaping into iSat thicke(^« jtixoih# liilit^fi^aa^ by my head/ and dorim drpppied puss ^ dead «t>^^n>y feeti Castihg aiwund^fer^the p^-son i^m whom H't^aiiMlt I presently descried a gehdemati under n large trse^ leaning on his fowling-piece,vand«ci|l&ig to^ dogi to come in. As I approached him» heaccoaited mo in Frenchy telling met that I nm wmy vfeSi^m^i^dodi I answered^ also in Frencfc^ 4hat he dfql^^ Being thus mutiKkUy introduced i^ a sU^ 6ompH ment, w^ entered into conversation about^tbe^^dt^^ , the rabbits, the grbundi the weatfaer* and a i%i^)f^> of such indifferent subfe^s, which kistedi lnv^^pose^ for half an hour, when a oaiins^dnxm vKpi&x a n»d a few paces distant, into whidi ^fxett^bsmn |^ widi his dogs and ^it^ rabbit, lAod ^r^e aw^i^ 1^ By this timelbegsn'to d^nk o^^my bre- W^ V^^ ^^'^^^^mmtm^ '.md hominv,* Ig^^^dian -.^ll|i^iJ^«»^ locating my .«.-*« 'o Ae door, and »the^verse of more. :l.ss;4 -.«i. »^^ caps, \- / 4/(i >< 'A ■' cle, and pirtook of a luncheon of the cake, wi^ some homing. ' fe^was how almost noooff and.th^ poor. people were takingp: »their dinner. As I'ply^ theiik. with a great many qu^(Mis, jH^Mch they am^^ii^red ai.' well as they could, ' hi thepi^ turn tfi^ me, and among otlpirs one that led to an iknport»it disclosure. '*' i' gueas massa belong to^ ^be Irencj^ bassadw," said ihe y^iing woman, show^g teeth. "What's di«fef»* answered fci^^/ Him dtoots rabbdts ;** and htaa a fittle more jpfoppaticMI^ on this sal^ect, interlarded between aidiiirf^Q^^ hominy, I was giveii liil^'^to understaDjd^ 4hi^ ^^'^^ hiuiter, whom I last me% who w^it^way jhiacaiTiiig|[ freighted with rablNta, was iio other Uta^ the plj»ru|^ of another^^gh^ monarch, who Mttfiaes hims^tl^ by field-sports 4n the heart of the American capital* . Notlofig ought to mrpriae in &is country,^ or chi^ ipc^ht be permitted^ to wlanBtk», There m^mi»eBt alittleibtenqefciMfii^ pig. ^jbd'had fainted It '>• l|Sil-» « '.';j.i*r >># 42 bibod In i ahort time tte wounded nfviv)^ fh»n hu swtKsn, and was soppotted in the lap 'of drfe^ ^dK '^istants. .^is aiitagmust i»w dniwftig higfa^ , ^boek hands with pm with e(liat emotion, hu^ 1^^ milsii lltaRe ihlgie puilieus of the ^eral city, fSi^ habitation or ht^iaii creature, when, JNlll §> the t(ip%f a hilt I was jmsing, my attention mia^ ^tracted, mA Wmaa mduced to abandon die Toa£$ #.■ "5^ torinen, ^Ji*i,t-4 4 4 ^ -; «™i e«*^ which I <^aumLfi,ifmnin a *imcomm«ay d«k. .od wiping to i^^ *„ j, ««r «nd »P«utawi. .Afier aU fhrf seen » tad, ^«d«ed i, no ™« ^ p„dent to w™^ »«^ .acer^ what to, a,e pmpose of , tattH. ^^din,,«ere fa«i«g fo«h. Mflo^^ raution, md proippted me, «t « ev^^jom.Z W Wiexe ft^excd. dW*** tt a law oni *^??'*^ (^lltflSoera of Slate down tefliAt^ fe2 ir^ If^ "***^ "^"^ «i»8 «P0M on tlTZuSS^^*^ ^''^ % ' ^ 4^-^.'»r^:5^^;* if t ' « T.-^..-0 ^ * r':''"'^ ^' i ^'WiSk, ii 'f*-* £v.aa3iiff|g^ ■-t>?fc: » ^1 i^ a cxiBiMtl Tiiliil t»f iiobteiamtwrnt j^ ,jrl^i^%^ healing liidr crcBtv i#f^ aodc fo^^ ^"^ ; m^nble skekumft atM^lliByely up to &e gioi^i tat in tibb |)mrerae| |!p|i)%^ k stibms, iStigys foSu&f iasUlid tif {lampeii^ ibdir datfie ibrw irace, said &r j^v and twenty hclu^ b&foi^^ tlang to eat* !ni|E; ddett i^^ J iT*^-'' ^^t': xV^'-.' ■"■ -■ «-^Prrv-Vr.,'^i\.',>'' ' '■. " ■ # ■■ ■W'' • c-a * 'M-, 1 ■ ^ .^ T . .-,•-3 .-'.t^iiJ:' #.J.>.A .it ..-. ■:*-■" ' j^ ■ ■> ' ■ ■ - ' f|(liieir:baDd% :ta;(tfi||iif|il|f|M^ llief^rcide; ]|i|theBe:iBttoh iju&itcie^^ . jiiDii was inade> * ---^ -. .< -- ^ -. r |IIUa^ |)Qit^% from tiiC' .^;|ii9Cflfe -goaded on Ibr imeJMiiieiiiMiilil^^ ^ . !fiham, ovetcome fay- I # -^'' .•Ci^(^ huimanes, to ^ch '^j&iihi^^ ^^^ be^ to blow like an Arabim i^ri^^ #olei>fced "nai^ra giife|t^b|it,iite^^ ^ . to tlit Waat Tie<3oi*maii, Wtii all iii»«iiiighl^.^t in vaii^-^ tem- BW» was ireeaistibje ; Imd we were blown, tasm hack and all, off the road, into a deep ditdi atliB aide, where 1% till 4e hones were cut ]oos# frop the harness, ai^ the door kiosened %M%^i«|#ig as die only means of my.,«tricatioa^"Ji^^'^^^^ |i^ I «»^ife»n|*riPecovered tpli^ itiysa^ ^^^*^*^J?*^ — ^^^ negro M ci^^ipA ,. , m^^f^mmmgS^ hakMmt ' '"' or the whcds^ diat was tying i|^^ ' «tt |ht;|[round, s^ skiiaij^^lrith one #i «Md 11^ b«|plt. aiangfed, dotocated, ahd nsoift dead than alite. It began to be ddrk. At toy tim6 ^ fliKJM^t^iltto^^^ to find my Way in thb toert ; but bewild^ as my senses wctt5» I got tip glfii>vcdbii, as well as my lameness, blitidiieas and '■^i^l|'*w» ^^froiM permit, not knowing i^ithl^ "^-^ ^ined on me qwce, with aU those i^pi^S^^^ ^ich die stoutest heart might own Ml an Amc- A'fiMH5ien# -miiiM[^ i»i» iiiliwi i <| i lttMy i-i f f »» i ^^ ^■j* i^:.^J^;fS|^ "^ k *e wwHijI iljf wolves, and die hissing oT ratOe^ ...* t ~, I. '^Mj . < t.4; , \ - i - 1 \ .^.^ ■^ ^#r; --.J^ Tliemcl ;mtl^ duslt. ffidberedaboutwyhe^aiyK rflitted round^n^ilfc^ and a ie^l^^T mo*. ^«^ * *°".9|*V«Ma, ii^se bite no mpiii^ |Siire, fastened on my ^, hands and legi, vm '^ were, and unprotected from : thwr vfiHib wand^g to%e of anxbiis mlmiies, grui^ ^'wifh^^ny Ikrtsi 1^^ «^ w^.i ' at ^^tt siidden I wa& r^^fod from a moin^||i^ ^?»Wbcs8 of aU^other Jfe&^ shout bursting ft*th just beside me, asjtf^a whole tribe at ]Mbhawil# were puttihg up their Wioop of destrBlflQn.; W ted to the spot, 1 never dibuld have vcntiired to kwlt it. had I not gradually discovcred?that the^^Miif n^ immediate akim was. an. imiocent^^^ tttOWfiin^ elbse by,; whose braying I had i^sta^tenJ^ "^^dian war whoop. RUivipgto somethin| ^h | || ^^ iny form» level of ecii carried imo ^ ** 5W^^^« dancing amund i?°*''f"**l^'«e« with my ass i^ 1»t>wtf mj^^fii^l^^t^ ga«,^ c^^. 1^ the>.xp«,se of^ few mST fenem,ehfiMi a Wb, ithat Served toT Z^vvr «™3^ the awful scene oeiQn|! ^r^ught i, quiv^iig „wre th»^.« ^^^?|^^ emckling dt? ^^>«^ their hands, heating their l^T tm uttering the must barbarous sliouts, while a «/ male %attheir fee^.jn convulsions^ jl^^^^^^ and ap|>aremly in nidirieniary expeiiatie« of ^d^ devoured. If t„y limbs had been yww, I cotild not have moved from the spot. r^ *«mM. Aar^n^me me. ^ in^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ *« ««int,y, and s^ i^iiUiiHI Wink '^"L- iiTTheq- Jiip^ but In ^ ' ni«»^-*« 1.1- * ^T ^ jMI"» out In «» iial 4» "JK' of bfei -i: ^^*li■,^r"•*^ >', » •* '<* •? P^'' [fitdi ethq;; in contortiGnis of itwn. TBey wntlie^, bellowed, foat «t?t|ii Wouth, hun^, ovqr tlie wi«ch on the gwjui «i|d exhihi||^ «wer)r sign, of cannibals greedy t '^ pwy- Juat.at the filial moment, when tliey' |d ncuuuA the victim on the groond; ai^ IP beginitheir acomaed m^, allash oFi ' Ig eclipsed dieir in^smal light,, foflowc of thunder that broke over their headsf •n looking up^ whicii I had not llefore venture -■^J ptrceivtd a. tstoran 6n' the poink of bi^i 1 .Hieiwr were the first streaks of a clear s|y _ im to the shipijnft^ed marinipr, ^vaaM^iM' .^^^^U^jtorm to me,^ wlubh soon ts^mp dowh; ^MlMf MifBin, with cootmued stream^af lij^ li^|«wl9J9f thunder ; for it bitike up the pandsvi^ "*^ «nd ansrtx^ me from ^mostdifeadl^ iof), aslhad Uttib hope (rf" eitcaping being victim. A9 soon as the ram inftdrrupted ^ J»» .lt»e blacks ceased, though wltho«rt; imy sjd Ip^ lHAlr or trepi^tmnu The woman qi| Up P:1 ^' %», 3 1 '>441 rtr>is> ■ (/ 1 • \ .V t 49 i-' vA^4^ty of .^VashiDj^ton ;^k opposite to fliatlitt which % iaS: , hobbled along, till, to my inex- pressible W, I heard a dog bark. Presently a Uttlc l^unincriiMf light twinkled from^ no great distancQ^, V w^ I onfe 9^1 thought I mi^t approach withQui' 118k, and/ in a few minutes more I was welcomed into a decent log ferm-house, where a family of a mm md three women were seated roun4 a toUe,^ ea^imish, anodier preparation of Lidian corn • of" whi^ after having the blood and dirt washed from my fitee, I was pibented with a bowl. It lyas now **^/r ™^'^ I fbund I was further from my lo^gmgs than f could possibly, wdk in my maimed conditimi, jn die dark, and without a g^ide. Whctt, therefore Ae man and his wife and dici»thft» b eves were forgotten in a sound sleistt t^ ^nc^ning; But whqn 1 awcdce, arid attemp^ to get up, i^y bruises 1)|re so stifl^ that I coul^M||^ stand, much leto Walk a m^e and a half m in^ lodgings. la this emergency, infiy host, ^o ^as goin^ to 6u? hold, with a cart load of potatoes, generously (gavje ^a ride on the top of them ; and shot me down jt Ihe km door iVith the rest of his b^^ithen. For thnS diys IhtLve not been put of my chaioiber. Blood-let fever, phyw c and^a«d>e% a cql<^ro o a ^, a^ a ! • ■■*'; ^ M i « bed, cpntinually^aU to mii;d the peril^ )«^j^|wn^blej r I .'f**'-;*®:;:...*;-^- \ " ' ' ^r*. ^^^•rMf^F-^ ikk m % \? "fieve me, fij^^lftj for the c^^ cnvirctas, the bqu^iiful iny iuid>Iof«^ 8e<^<^ V 'C ,, .. J • . ;'^ v'4:j ^v J.. t ' '. :2U.^ ' r ^; ■^'5' ' "' M* ' ,». „ V. r * > Jr-^ ^n' V t ( *":» , ^ '^i 4V l<^"a''S|^' Jr* TTTWm '■> 4' ^ "J<^ ^^3i^ f . ■;i^^i.^5^^p^,rtjp5,,j*jp^^/„^^^;;.V,;7^ ^"'■tW^» »•' ?§: I •»- T .V!r^-'V' tETTER t: ■ v \ ? ;«)M mcfliQttor TO poiiUMOiro. ■^ ^V-tJ in/the c^itbl. In the absence of aU oii» pfeces i n pa rticutory iM^ mo gr xonktiuiiiUg g y^ M jrf tl|c wa?i«afil#«» 1^^ i^^ / '*•' ^. , .^ .■\- ..';.. ■ *■ .1 IK* /--: '\ ■■f BMnsionsi an om^Burrounded by tWent^.fo^ Cb- rifithian pMWrs, ^d sunndunted by a lo%^ pomted dome^ through w^iich the light is admitted by a hundred apertures. The gaUerics and loWbies, situ- ated behind the pillars^ are large and convenient, fes- tooned with scarlet drapery, that serves to prevent too gre^t a resonance of the vofte, and at the same time to give a compactness and finish to tbp apartmeiit. Over the grand entrance, there are emUeroatic bas "^^ and*; on the c^pposite side, a statue of Kber- ^« %e furniture, ilecora and arrangement, are becoming and elq^ant j; and duimg a nidit semmr Jhen ^ to i* li^edby lamps, the^ofca^ fine, aa^-imp^^. ' - ""^ ' - ' '"* ^ -^^ -"\ ^ ^•^f^J^^^^b^nberjjs in tlie o^^ wing ofibc^ ii^whicH is yet in quite an }tQfifu^ieii:istili^1s| « size' than the hall of the repreienbativ^ with a riniancy, ^*'r , ,. ;' ' ^;* ;/■' ;. ^r^^\ fyfT^^^ tMer the senate c]|«uS>er j» tie hall of ji^ce^ «ke 0^1% s been taken as the theatre for epclesias- tical^iscourscs ; and a sctii^, which Want! iio addi- JP^^rwt from its origi]^, aiiee mj fwidcnCe ftete. has be<9j rcMfewdyJiy-Atf cdte- crowded with an^ fliicl4corc<»iii8tin^ <^^^ tions ctf- persons, |it|#>|^ » iwifcdoi^ %^ ^ ^"^seated^ mnf gilSaii^ ; th e gaO^es, slalrW^ 't and entrtaces thTongeft'^ytid every avenue surfeited^ .. 4 ^/ i; '•' #': 'H, yiff^^mil^xM. Nil <^^; »o l»titotary ^ioe or Bolemtuti>0m M « i*3^;'^f«lr'^ one sideof the fine foren^c^dnnfadc was ooc«ipie4; by a paity of la^, who,' a^ir lo^^ in^ grfl^ ^^ peti- uie^/^o^;nesi:for "that wlulch^ouM accottipany^ oMa|;fe ;»Jhis habit of tte«o^ai^c^» edged with^ toihishM iace?^ hair^^Mrfe as snow; hi^fece' ««nwed,«l>utMoC,;4^^iifilig with 6ne hand^ y^i) :>;:^P^iX^T;f^^^j| / ■■- ^Ij.-.f . '( '▼«*np^ip«^jlat~^ sf» G.:-.r *■ v-J L''"5liit- ;i'ar «l ni- , « ^-^fSar^ tlm audiem^ was the bcnoh of reverend pip^teoing with constraijied patience to a hiby- ^Jf^ppl^esnwn; who,^thhishairinfuUpowda- ^without any robe, i^hi^h, like charity, miehl l^covereda miijtitude pf impipprieties, was u^c debating are ^ostuiilveisal. But jbe re haJh^^n, andS ^^^» elsewl^,wk9, as their ^^its have iJ^feA coiTobor^tedliy a morecl»n^ete^ucatioivM^ ^A i \ «-!, J ty - ^^ I t, ^. ';■??■ r^;.^-; K" cd prpbaWy. 1o higher giadcs qC #jt«|gpi |l|||^*9Sf of the Americap^t , ^. - , '^j^' Is COl ^ 'ifeeare^ierj in ngre>j^3t| whoM^r^ smeli of th6 cai^p is mone j^fceptible ; but Aotie t6 txb cdn^id^'i^d modeh df'fine speaking. tiad«<»I ifi6 adopt eithek- the cotigi^iss, ' or the fbrunt flt Wftshu^g;. t(m/as types of the natiohat oratory, woUAd be doing; injustice to the xotintry; for there are at th^bir, and in the proyihcli^ assemblies of many of the states, or at le^ tKere were,- when t formerly resided in Attii; rioaxjneh certainly iyj^ilior to ahy whose «xhibMm ,^, ^^ _ , ^ .ring br,ne6fessil^^^''^^ tgiiienceis the cliild of ihe passioiu, biurh in diebosoih ^l3>erty, fokered by die, |ove bf gtbry. In ^ <^ly sbiges of society, a mi^i endowed iviw fllwil|6 ^i^fM ima^oh, an^ an i^^t^ uniting a firiti and rapid enimciatioh With strdiiiig igestures, and vehement intonad cent% would surpass, someUmea in great strokes, andjiyiways in impres^oh, an orator enlightened by study^ and di^cifdined by ntle^ But the scene is cl'^anged, when society advances in civilization, when manners become refined> ideas eil^ged» objects com- plicated ; wh^n saga^i^ rather ihark truth prevails in debate ; whei^ ^ ;/|ir|^ and^ienc^li^ furnishing a j?uWti^ of ^€^ '^^pff0^ii^ auf. 4-W^'«g«fc ^<| «ittl«d itf thi* {dace, contaming probably some persoMf ttric* tures, not intended for the public eye. .imi '-4^ 'ft^i -, "Vite ■iSKW' ^im4i*iiaiiiiiii I'l lint litSe^ «of« tisQ the jrI with ammatioii^ w^ b^omcs thcp devpiei^ ■'--^m^ t,/ 1 j^ ■■ '^^ ■ ■ 'y: >^ 'inH f' • 1 2g5#P*w»- But idniiwi^, ■Jod. __£ > ^*>1 I. 'y^' .^iA*-!. N J. ..^.Mff .:^i ,f^- ^^M#Qlil^ ISP* ia itilm>itie|i|| ^ are fi^ 09 *'^^#^i^^|^m«pf^^^^fi 4ue tae'pre^ei ^,,._,.._. !* f* «':rv;''*. ■**#'■■•... « . » Jf k ^ 1.-1I.U ?f f'^ipiis'ii^ •■i^^lfi, Burke, or evcii Pitt ti^ Fox r^- ' t _.... f^:"^ ^ of those ^tifiiiibirs, that p biinidind that Ommmd^l^nk- I^^j |i|^ji||t; ,att constitutional mm9&- > rklista and Mpil||ipilil% against the shftddes , of d omination / teve atrttc k out somfe of the Jacst ftai&elof an doqviiiee, s&blim^ ki-itpm- {■■■ :.;*'. '. ,. / .tt\^... /.^•-^•^ m i t ^ |#iore gen issemblws, tlie bai^dr the aevtmd m^,.m-J& j#uneroii8 poUtiad, ud academiG nniriii|i||^iyTau 'f^lllilJ^lllpliBnbUes of ny««g«iwiis most natura^ii^mp^ Acip. _,,^ . ,,..,^^., ._...-_..»■<*« Apa|iiiip -statt!8» an Wfffilliriliii iM^ wli|cli{ie^iiced the ^me efiba In ^ii MiiMi nViunonw^ilths.^ In t^^^ ^ulacc ---^^-^.-^-c,w--,w^,^l^- i^acpiiM^e j,,h(Bitj 'the peo- m^^VttahviAm^msmgry; notth^wiiich retain* *''^'" ^"'Jl* which ideas are classed, ailJMte, in ^ onkre ^Wm^. . ,- ,,«ti»blch unites, wl^ it ,.- coii«*ws8 ideas; an jptn^d and haniy Ic^ic, which. ' *t ^^dedu(^j « c^nige iMie^^ oomparison^ abated 11^. mm, /*■' ^d 1^'^U^ •'J.V ri VSF^ #* t^-. " iM^^yVTAlmifili^mtfrWifriaiVif-^^^^^ -m' - ' '"' 'V ^^^ ,.4to-, .) > t . '" ■■ '.:*" T ■ •■ ■ r:^ ■' '' ' 4WV ■ ■'T'r ^^^ 4t ' irfiliklii 'i-i-iiiiifcii^-'' l;^Jk\. ' '".vli^K. •stv-.,^ . ' -.jfef U .i ! ^ '% ♦ 1>-^ ir*^ mm r i; ■ ''1, #.4,~li ^ Pl^Ciiiing' ^j ^. , every *k ^'fellow-ckizeiis lov^t ittif fartttre^ hiracteii^ticflf: * '* *ttc as it is useful, and as jnqrvite life. GiriU be Washmgtoot Thent^ire I»«)dipoMs Jten, whp appear at mtenib, with t^ «h««acterof greatoesaaiKldominaticw. iCimkndwn w^rnatuial cause sends Aem forth, wWjnrqtiired, to found, «r repair the ruhis of empW In vain ^Mch men keep alooi; p^'ini, witttfe crowd j l|te|and of fertiinc raiaiw them suddeily. and ^hey through triumph, to the sHmmit of authhrity. Impi lation animates their tjidiights ; ah wiiible move- . m«,t js given to %il enterprises, ^e^riiultitude looks for them m itsetf, but ends them Lot , and lift. •«ig up tei eyes, they are behcid in a s&efe hstt,len. dent with light and gloiy. No mo|arch J his - tWB ever so great aa Wag^L i^ hk re- ftt No founder of an d the aame ^^ % locking io-ound tin die . and pro^rity he had created, to excL meamagmes, hacnobiRtas, non heredjUt l^ribus^et pericutts qu \esiuu power im, £k sunt # '}^^ ^Jwipcient. would lunre deified .ochi Inditiaaii i, Wa*fa^on, «id traosmittpd his name, th«, rendered ^ m«i^ ^oBal iottitutions, no c6m*l of p&r.^Tiwfe . . , *^'llf»'9"^» ■■^n? w^rested e:!terttoins of indi- vidtt^s, efsltid by their su^rft^lnt. and viiC* t7 4 *» be Mt qf the fi,pt ^ects W tfMllifc- £^t«^ ranne me characters of those meit, to^M^ tfillrWs#iii|e iii^ «ten in part .#Hbed, «,d with whoselame^ ^^^ ?!!"'!!" *" •r'^S^- 8ome^#the kbfe-t »nd hi »tQrf»na hr ^ "«»' -^^'' '•*-fi* ■m^ J^': ■'^ JAj* 1^ ri •vf: ■!*■' parsed liway «poBti«i%^ each of them nrltb,^3|:. much urged, anckffliuch untested, to applauaei,i4p|j^ ■% ate«|f «sidenc«i4n the United Stotes, anditokjii iii^|cJbsenratk»i of thiir principal men, mamielf; and iastitotions, I hope 1 have coUected the meaA fo* appreciating them jo^i without imbibing tJne IpoipOft of their foctions and pereonalities : jAif^ stell endeavour to, delineate them, to if tH^ wcfi no more^ witliiput biaa or pi^tdice. s^* A ^^ -^e. - ■•*-!. i, k,!V *''-!, i T^t^p^ ^\, d tn piteferencc tp measures. Salluat, a warm ^trer of popuW 8;ovemment8,and certainly enliste^'wjthlMpular^ «de, inquiring into the causes of Roman greatniw, thi^ei- ^«^W» opinion: Mhi,multa agitanti, conat^^t fumko- f^mtm^greffUm mtutem euncta patrvm,Me t toqutja^ m ^^itins fiaUfierttu, nmltieudintm jmcita»Mufieraret. ^dePit.».S^ Untuou8 is tie pinion, that la^i iiy thing! And how weak and pe«*aous^li^ maxh^*^ ^Jded upon It, th,t measures, notmen,»re to* be attended ,,v If-^^ f^l-^^. J|j> tpo-the philosophic 4-' w .1 't'fii- ■ ■■.♦> « .#-^ -v ;«#» '4' Mi^ '/, !V *i"-i .*fi*e comffleBcement of the n^ia6m, , i^i; ''|te *• rM* M '$■ '*»; ^:^ .if' ■fjiij ««.. «.» u nci^ H^|iPipf!%^ of spkndid an^ versatile te* lent9i|jl^ a rcfmantic temper and noEik^ile^^ of hd* noiir,^bl]t imprudent, ahd hathg and despising the president* Oft the odiw^ytM antagonists were ^managed by a kader d^l^nn^te i^ill, m whom 1*M*s opposition rq)08ed implicit confidence, l^pi i^hdliw every way si^rior to Mr; Adaiii%.i|i |wc arts of jpopularity. He suffered m6it«oyer fitiift ^]tomparisoite with. Washington. Of a pisoA and gracefW persbii, iteserv^d, august and commanding/ the latter knew how td be gracious ^yitbout; relaxing Ills i^ve dignity, and to maintain an elevated oii- *ss^^ w^^ time-serving abandonmenl^was not J|ore^l<»,dou8 than an independent pe«evmncein ^unpopular measures. ^ . Pftt^lations of privi^life, Mr. Adams was al- ^P ^V*^ *^ exemplary j affectionate in hb fit- ^r^f^mA ingenuous in hi3 friendships; punctilious,^ the observance of his engageme,^, of religious habits, and few, if any vices^ incapabte. of intngiife, and deficient even in that additss, which ' IS oftenr so necessary, an^ seldom amiss, ift a »^^ called to act a distinguished p«it His love o^uT ny was ard^ and high4oned. He W Ibowledge, but mrn^ books than men. He had seen a gi^ foutme O^ubUe iwsiness^ but hU acqu«remei|i *w notjprictic^ Vanity was his predomiAatfi^ mg; and though his judgment was in geneial gooit • *»t)of imbe^a^ htmg about it, like ivy round if . i-i^l: ■ r. . .^^* J As J ■^- i s^ .* m 70 . . : ^ As Madame de Scv%rt6 says of one of her friends. his ^ and bad qualities w*re mixed up pell-mell together; and these nevef could answer their desiim without more or less thwarting from the othe^.^ * ^ Yct^lus Administration was more unfortunate for tamself ted his party, than for his country: not so lU advised, as unsteadily executed, ending as much too low as It began too high. As his career wis un- successful his annals are obscured ; and fhdeed it may be doubted, whether his party, as such, will ever recover the defeat they sustained under his aus^ces. But he must always feel the consolation ^JT^J t^l ^' ''?'** ^^ Princq,les, the least ' ^"^^ "^^ "^*^*"S worse than ambition^ a tUB^; which one of the most celebrated ancient writers and politicians designates as vitium pfophis vv^tt, the vice nearest to virtue. > If, as has been ^ ttiought, the aggrandizement of his own family was his favourite object, he at least associated their e* altation with ^ of his onmtty ; and as a great poet .^'' •' \ When men aspire;''*'" --'*:/^r- v- . ^ rri» but a gpa* 106 oitach of heai^nly Ik? ^^ .'C- ' « ' ' ' ' ' ' . ■ • ■ ;,■ ■ r „: ^ * ! .■■>-■• "■Ilii supposed Mr. Adams is relieving his leisure by composing Wd tir^rn memoirs; a donation which J^mm^s^smen, who survive their power, oiw^Wptem^^ aJisuth aaarefo^iiate to' their c m.mm^ffi:^■; ^i^^ p^^i^^-,i^^^.^^^ ■.... _ . ^..^ %pie political demise of presi^nt Adams wa^ succeeded hf a cfifts that thrcatcM^ ^,^ave fetai <_* % "i^ M''" VB' ,il •jj* to tto?Aiteio»i union; .nd <»»idi, thouRh4ot «n"t, inaanuchasit tends to show theiw^a^abte ^f=^.:^.«""'r^'«««' ambition. tlSt^ by «„ »d.«dud of n.nk and talent., ..pJu^Zt and n«un..««,s of .l,e American people. Qie ofU^ ^^Part.^ whocontested die preadenojr, gave the# vWesforMr. leflbson and Colonel Burrfas^sid^ ^ ■^:T\*^ -*o„. desig™..i„rwlud, M^mtmled for d« one office, ami whichV tf* other. ^Burr was a man of unquestioned duUties but unbounded ambition. B«ve, insinuatinr^ mficent and artful, fond of pleasu«. but foSeTrf g^onr,acce»sU,le,a(6ble and eloquent: Bke Rienzi and some other eminent demagogues, studious «ri bbonous , cahn m recess, undismayed at reverses; po*. j» debt, subtle, popular and intriguing, ft!^ chttf rtagisttacy. But the d»„fusion of suffices placed that dazzling object within hi.««.h;^ unable .0 resist the „mpU.,ion. he Uimpem,^ S the oAer t»rty, iu hope, of attaimng tt^ ,7* voices. I^ke Qost double dealei^fce .wantef lufon to go all lerifeths; and. thk, intrigu^ when, had he exercised^-same baueno. that'^ Va.H=«, »d,all el^ivSSchies h.«.,^^ s^^SeSsir""™'^ «^»e;- After a violent and doubtAUeonclavS M • .-•■■ 4" J^ - -,• Whatever this mysterious scheme was, it was so badly either planned or executed, as never to be, • come Sufficiently obnoxious to i3:ik law; and was tr«ied, detected and crushed by President Jefiereon with tiiumphant facility. Since thjs series of disas- tcrei.in w|ich Burr has been impliSked, many have «ai^«cd~lhat he nevef coukJ have possessed the. vi^^us understanding and ch(aractfei\ generally at-. . ^buted to him. But his conspiouousness was too-"* .'lon||f perceived, and too extensively^ ta be decep- ' H^ tive : iqEid he is rather to be viewed s^ tui instance of ^ degradation, consequent up<^ nlisapplied ta- *fert^^ His country lost in him^a citissen of mascu- ^ line>nd aspiring sjfirit, of infinite addr^ andxx- ^fllent acquiccments, who, had he succeeded, might he ha fir "• • f 'I' '.|''-, - „ — . '1 ' , — ^ :_..*:'..:• U. ^ ■%■ ";■*;/ .:";^^.v:' ?^^^»f^'^ Caesar; but as he fiul«iis hanlly entitled to th^ infamous celebrity (tf Catk Mn Jefiesc*. to whom the rei^ were «u» coii mitted, was dways a l»d« ; and in Act waslanttly fontr°n J" creating^ party to which hX' longed.^ Under a gradual «cumuIation of fresh points of controvtoy, he maintained this post with Jeft It tmbe had accomplished the extremest ftiUa , Pf the pohtics to which his life was devoted. WhUe out of place his oppositira, was incessant and peK ™dmg; andwhen invested with power toeTetSe Ae prmc„rfes he professed, his p«aHce show^fiow much he WM m earnest in his pwfessions. He mad^ >. way to the executive magistracy through clo*b iE^»m^tatM|»s awl evtqr sort of o&tele.. Wtea ' r^lT *>! t «™«» -"i^. when^beamsS. ■■. . .... ..#-^' \ ■'■-' i 'P WflWwB^^ ' y t y *' 74 kit" « * throned in^ lefferson vm the people; p^mtfsdt was it HiiA' ' * tt freei cide, as he had^ magiianiaiity or tbo po^cy never to notice or cohtradict such aecusatwn«. If, as\va» said, he wantefl personal rcsoiution, he certainly did not want pol^cil firmness, which he evinced on ma^iy occasions. Though supple, he could \^ ki- aexible ; and' though wary, he waa^ determined. U he stooped t6 miwortby aets for popularity, hp had at least the justification d»t arises from success; for probably no ^dividual, without force, ever was cn^ predominant a personal influence. If the idolater, he was also the idol;, of ad even Washington, though ipoce ne ahvays. more populan ^^^-^^.^i,^, was k ' man - • '"" "V. t 1 1 • ■■■«J ^^gfev-^; \.' - ■^; ■^* ^ "'"»:;; :^^ \. ' ■ 0'' h¥ .« and whatever may have been their immediate e^ct Ort the sjMTi* 4^ character bf^^ American people, ^imem any rate systematic and ordinal. If they' ^N«« experiment*, tiey were tried on a gi^t sc^, and peace WtotfiCBKHid. It seemed to be his am- bJtidS,tod the invariable aim of his policy, to prove , to the world that wars are not necessary to the pre- servadort pf ^ptace, that a -republicaa pol^^^ is sus- ceptibl^ of the utmost freedom without anarchy, and of combining with excessive liberty the tjtmost ex- ecutive vigour, without incumng a dc^)otism. For seveifi years of bis administration, all his efforts ap- peared to aim at the diininution df hb own authority, and the reduption of government, which he efibcted to siich k deg*«e, as to leave the people at last almost with ottt any sensation of |t%^ He had rto talents for war no pretenaons to military fame. For the trophies of pieacehe contended, and withdrew before they could fade- on his brftw. His administration was original pacife and taosdy prosperous. It i^ years to come topas^ judgment /■•''■' -\ ' > f % w t ■Si rv#,.- t' :#- his pitfty. His Dp^ a istormy couwi*^ iiotrdteafitig, now overcadtl duMtlived; and setting in discsomfitum a^^hlscurity* After an eccentHc, but, successful ¥im,JcSkT8on retired powerful, if riot seivne ; and I «iough partia% shorn of his beams, yet leaving- tl» national horizon, even after his departure, marked With the radi^ice of his influence. M defects ai? : concealed in the glare of his success. ^. Adaite's > virtues obscured in the gloom of his feU. ^ - \ A firth, but temperttte adherence to th0^ nbatnd r P°^^y» ^'w*^ Washington practised*!^ recommend- ed, #ould perhaps Imve maintained Ae first in the presidency. A mof* maiily< assertion of that potior, a Ifessexcursive departure from theestabUshed usages of government, and a less extravagant experiment of the elasticity of republicanism, would have rendered the latter'* administration more permanently i|)9Cful. Tkgr wandered both, particularly Jefierson, imo ex- tremes, fiMgetting tiiat jjolitics have their ascertained cen&ie, towhicfa, after ail eccemricities^ they invaria- bly must gravitate, and i^rheiie alone tiiey rest^in J . As Mr. Madison has but just entered on the chief magistracy,^ his probation is to come, and his estimate lan be conjectured only. The crisis is big with peril and untertainty. The civUized world has been shaken ftt>m its ancient baizes, by. tremendous con. cussions, which UieUnited States of America have felt but in tiieir- remote vibrations. IVIr. Madison having distinguished himself^ an accomplished «peafc^« «id an »bfe writeri it remams to be seen tf^Mjfer he will prove himself an eirfightcned executive P'♦;'^;■ ■",■.)(■ gov«^^ against .ggreasi<»s. ]o concajat,. ifee-faufa a <>atK»«l eharactet for p^ot&m awl B,S^ J^^ w«t an hone« economy. « cuUivate Z «^' 5it^ 'te* ../I '^ *> ?T ■f »i.5 ' iiS \- -_^..4*» »;. . »'■ '^€ ="s=f= -I- ■ -■>•■■ \ — N ^^ LETTER Vir. FROM INCHIQUIN. mf :/ ', ' 'Pated at Wa&hingtoD. ■J . , f "h '■■ THOUGH the literature of this countj-y seems to have incurred the scorn of Europe, th^ certainly are two works, which 'as literary comp^ions on national subjects, are at least comparable, if^wtisu- perior to any that have appeared in Europe sinde^ independence of the United States: I m^an Mr. Barlow's epic and Mr. Marshall's history ; of Which, as they have been^gross^ misrepresented by what are caUed the critics of J^urope, I propose, in this letter, to take a transient review. To begin with the Columbiad, of which'thc" American press has just put forth a splendid editioii, ornamented with rich engravings, and executed al- together in such a style as to plaice it decidedly at' thd^head of American typogbphy. The poet with a y^ial, if not a laudable partiaU^Tlis himself cdn- tributed large sums froni his private fortune to the cn^belUshment of this work, wifich doe§ great honour .to Its author and his country; yet I cannot help re- gtetting that so excellent^ dispassionate and benevo- lent a \yriter did not* bestow the^ime, talents md / • i, -..l..-*)(. ~ ' \) S' % * 'I ■'■':/.■.--; ^ ?atperi8e appropriated t6 lioetiy, on some theme b^. ; ter suited to his geniui and which might have be^^ nww extenslvdy useful. Mr. Barlow is yet pujy a > Jivmg iJoeti and fame seldom give* the whole scope ofheirdarioiib^to the dead. He has e^tiy re^^ to be satisfied ^ith his literary rank; thowg^^ ^s pen w probably capable of pnxiuctipns. supeiior to Mie Colunabiad. V ? /?4^«« - .. - i^)etiy iw soimuch the languagernftf nat^w?, thaJv almost ev. ex<^usiv4|hc "^ g«iniuyiat fi^m the age: of Miria^ &^ harmonious days, the number of its elecO^xtremeiy fwciqi}?. "AiWi»vebecn<^edl)uff^wchc)8dn/». The f^iliti«j of ptintrog hayp added to the num[?er v^ f0et8> i^thout improving their melody or Wbi l^ity. Sm()ptlmcssofnumbidfs, rbgularjty of m<^.^ sure, skilfulneii in shprt in the business krhymink ait WQ|i^,conuBon>(in£e the Jnvcnticm'of^ whenwe see aU these prerequisites so frequ|?iitlJjcionii. bm^ without cieating a ca|^vating or ^1^ poem; tl* mfcrence is so miiit^tHe stronger that gehuii^ ^9^P^, '^J^ (Spring of a native genius. Of i£| great quantity of literary matter afioat good po^ constitutesasmaU proportion. By^^Imeani^t ^generally thelanguage of harmonH^^Um; tiut? a -.r> L. \^ , f IT' •' ~ajti,|!,»«^ *: "5 -^^v * ■ metrical disjKwitioii of^ aitksulate- '^itoj^ _ according to ithc taste of dWerent nations, b« # distinguished Irohi ^11 i!^r writmgsias 16 W^^^ saHy designated pQc6^i^'*^i«b/'H?^ ivi.; ,r*^^"••,as7^| ]t>f^l others tlwj tpic^ » th«f ^^antt^tt W>^ diviileBrt, which*w«st have ilucecifeftilljf attempted- Lyripg, dramatic, satiric, didactic, an^^other species, hayl had then- shrines crowded with T^mries, and wiA sotftc, of^h^^ ;;ges, who hai>€ bee^i distin- giiished. fi^ the epic poem i» imivers^ify altowed to be of aU poetical works mos^ dign^d, md at the same thne most difficiiKW execution.*^ An epif poem, the critics iigree, is fte greatest work ^^^^'^^'iM^ab^e of, aAd genius is its first qualifica- ^'°"^t |B |py nations celebrated* lor Icbiiing and '^^WHI ^^^ flourished fpr ^jentuiiis, without '»f5^P|pn epic po^r^ ; W on<^;pa^ nfet ^llptened of moderns nations, after rehiainhi^'' tffl ^0yjm ^ymovt tKs hpnoii^l^ms^^t^^ ^^'^«^|^<5t^eeto, cailyto show k? i^^ ^. ^a9«^?wP|»l»«h it., tnticaiy sp^in^, Homer, ^"#ia^ Milton oqgi]^ exclusive t^ iHu^ro^s quarter of Pam^u^ ap^ time alojie can detenriiiii; i»*fther Bariow shall be seated with theiii/^*- -^ -^^^^ ^ 4^^m, of the tolumbiad is vast sM^^ ra^reso tta^smyjpAerexceirt Rfites. the dis- covery of a Ww^'woJi^* inv<^^ all the noble ini»a^5> arisi^out ofthc fi^ j^ssa^y t^ Atlant^ op^)i, a^prds a broader foiinitiot^ for the sublime tl^ ahy po^t,exce^JWilton, ev^ jbuiltUpon. And the !^bj§fitli*^ig i^Bi^jalaiid emi political, adds don- * Blair'3 Lectures. * a !' t Pope's Ttd^.Gi to make an epic. j" ' :\' '">'■ v^^ ta «^^^ «» |wgnificent,*Jv«. «„p,^,, •i<»«.bly J,*^„,, «l^i«t^1^H' "^"•;; mnrai »k^ '^speot to 4csMra and ™»y b« a4mi«ed Aat they ,«„« such syiteife mcBlcations. as the f olumbiad. of pS^ vS^.!^ the amelioration of nmnlin^ t^i:'*^^' ^ ^ Mr. Bario. WUv^^rl Z^"^ "* '^«' ^ eijoch of .wj-r^ u , ''"6'"™ mwt tempestuoSs ton of h.s >«, that he wS* S ir"* and ftat. like other ^^ „, J,^ ttem,^^B jnipoMible to applaud too WgWy he can d«^ ^partialit, whl. Which heS^tifc i«^.r^ ^^ *^^oJ^W^ «MJ^riberaUtar he is ' 1 /" ,,,,., ^ 1 ■"■- '-v -S..;, ;-'■; v-;^: 1 ■'/ ' ■ X \ ■ • :, /J 1 ». w . 'J> ' _ . ■ •*• ' . * ■ '■,''■ ■4 t ■V. 4^ ■4^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^4 v'^O f iA \ - < r LO r.25 I4S ~ Uii 1^ 2.0 U 11 1.6 '/ ^^.. Hiotographic Sciences -^N ^ ^ -^ <^ ^ 23 WEST MAlt4 STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSM (710)873.4503 — - on aiK^i L^ %^ <*■■■.' . . 'V--'- • ■f. ■ ■ *■, • - • ^ r' ' ?^w ;C^ * • .• \ ' / 4 ■1 ■ .1 / *^ ■ #» :^ ■ ' "*» ,»<,-,> m ' ,-:X^' 'Mme ,,, ■ ^ »- ^'j.*3^.. »• than their pleasort,Wtns i;o huve been the end of his work : flhd with a strength of reason tad abstrac- tion from allp^judioc, worthyso glorioiksapurpoaei he pursues his aitn in a stiain pur«fy and truly philo- sophical. There are many philosophising poets, and dibse who blend the u^liiF with the sweet : But where ^haU w^.find a poerii; in which die best inte. rests of humanity are as steadily kept in view, or displayed with aa much fascination, as hi the Cohi4. biad? . i , 'TMs is great, but ndtejftmvagant praise. It >s to be hoped Mr. Barlow priaes his philosophy so for be- yond his poetry, diattiowiU not be mortiiedto find panegyric pausingjiere; As a moral vision, broadly based in historical trudi, with a due aimixtuie of fiction and poetic machinery!, constructed of interest- ing incidents, intersected witfi agreeable episodes, and conductdi tdi^lnknictivc catastrophe, the Colum- bia4 wiU always bc^mired. If die wotds could be so transposed as to ii^move every, vestige of versifica- tion, whhout impah% the sense and beauty of this composition, it would stUl be read, and read with plcasure^^ ll if chaste, moral, and elegant performance. But its merits lie more in the moral of the design and force of die aiigument than in die poetic charms ^ of the execution. '^^■■'^■'■■' ' S '<- ^' ■ - ■i}^,^- -■ -• fi ii evident Ae iudior is of a refined and con- teiftplativc mind; bu| a disciplined taste wiU nq| make amends for a dearth of invention. Readers are advertised in die preface that diey will find die utti- ties in goo^ preservadon. But what great poet re- gaids the unities ? A man dT genius should as soon X % ^5 ■^..- propidate^the fetal sisters. A writer who sets out with the heathenish determination of adoring through eveor chapter, these mummies of the achoob, cL atesfcM- himself a most umiecessaiy and insuimounta- ble difficulty. If in the couwe of his flight, he im. pe^eptibly faU within their influence, he -ma^ fredi lustre from their reflection: but if wid, unde. viatiftg wing hefolloigieir feint lighvhe must often grovel^h he oi*^ to be soaring unchecked Arough the zodiac of fancy. Thfe unity of actioa hasstdl some foUdwers left, though the feme of the Orlando Funoso proves how successfuBy even that m^ be violated. The unity of place in an epic is Iwrdly practicable: and the unity of time is one of those relics of dramatic barbarity, which no great ' JT)ic poet ever heeded, and which the first of dramadc poets has tmmpled into scorn. As the Iliad and Odywey occupy several weeks each, ver the narrative. It is said pne of |ie Comeiile* preferred the Phar^ia to the Eneid, because oqtsaboundmg m stoical sentiments; w^ch is probate^ ^ the maiiy reasons why the Eneid is generalH|rerTed to thelWilia. No man has. yet app<|««d possessing the superlative art of making his h^a more enga- ging m reflection than action^i^ and Mr. feo«^ ^ed greatly i^thecause of truth, Iwfien he attempted to render h|i verse subservient to his moral. This ienuity of interest is beaten out'to'a.dcMce of languor, by the absence, of all those objects of huge deep-hned, disgusting i^^y\x^, which poets have properly mtroduced to r^der vutue by the a)ntiast more lovely and attractive. There is a Want of moral antithesis. The American poet docs not geeni to have reflected that mere vutue is apt to prove iiwipid, and reqiiire&the contrast of vice in odious shades. to^s?t " y ■j-\^..,^ ^f! ■^1 #/■ , ^ HI it off to adVantSip ^^- m^s p*a«fcwc««^hi,r^.-. ^r Z^^^:^ oHgM Wast 6f his poe4 1 bfe^J^il*^ defects of the Cdum. ^' ^^ '^i»». witlKp,, which the mow mellifluous ve-Slic^o,, ■^ 88 w scarcely deserved to be Entitled poetry, Wc look in vain througli'theipassagea U the Columbiad. » i \ . There irb«iid«s\ defic^ieiicy of the pathetic; Pk- thos is doubly li^ssary #i an • epic. Independent of the immediate sympathies it roises;^lt5«Qfv0s moreover to prepare for taA pJ&kte those exti[ava- gancies into which poetry sometimes plunges; and which, unless^ fortified with surrounding beau^es, that master the fbelings, excite all the cflfects of ludi- crous hyperboles/'"*^', ■ •■'^;'?; '.*^ f ^yj^pm^- *4^?y- ^ *x,:^i- . V Non satit e»t pttkhM«MO liqemattt duldia s\wto £t quocuoque volenU animum.auditoris aeUi^to.' - Quodans tottSTot d|8toaHkpnkttton^t»o«i^^^^' ^^^ . Aiife oherche'r le dtttP^l'i6cluttSb«tler6tiitt«.% {'V ^mm^ hMTf':-! ■■'■>■•• ^m: ^m^ Mr. Bi^'low never betrays a want of fancy, percep- tion, or sentiment He is seldom harsh wijprosaic. His learning, benevolence, elegance, taste* iniihbrf ,^ his eminentqualifications of many kinds, dignify and ^ adorn every paft of his performance, which has been - carefully elaborated after the best models, and is as near perfection perhaps as art can render^ it. 'But it want;s the ether of poedc creation, the geiuus of epic poetry. We we pleased, npt &scinatedi;^:ii^y^ shocked at ruggednesses ; but rmnSr charmed' widi U|iexpc^t|d recreations. The Columbiad b all serene, agreeable and instructive ; never delight^ paretic or sublime. The coupletS4^meander smoo^y along, flowing in a natural current, without apparent effort or retrenchment ; frequently swelled and rippled with the breath of fimcy, and in almost ev^ry respdd; pietuw ^^ V.if 89 .resqueand inviting ; but where do they gu i with ge mus, or foam with the liquid fire of imnipril song ? There are mmorhfcmishes, which iuld not escapea critic: ai^l indeed this w«#k L been shamefiiUy critki^, especially in this coUiy, to ^ose gloiy it is so purely dedicated. Thefiiultsto which I allude are, an infiation pf language and proncnessto aUiteraUon. The choiafe of words is a matter oT much nicety with poets. Th^y have always been indulged in the use of such as prose wiitenr dare not meddle with. Obsolete terms, yttbk transmuted into nouns, and nouns into verbs,* iwth maiiy other such liberties they have never beeii grudged. But these indulgences are not to be abused with impunity. The adaptation ofsoijnd to sense is a leading excellence of the ancients, and has sometimes been attempted with partial raccesa by later poets. Bat the Columbia^ teems with woids tliat are unusual, technical, and unmusical, without' any perceptible reason or apology fortheir introduc ^. . " Words too remote, or too femiliar^ defeat th& jpurpose of a poet ;"* for wh^ the ^plication is forced, the eifect will be absui^. ,.-, /i^;; ;^ To sdlege that a poem wantsl inventi^ is to be sure denyiivr it the fiwt of poetical ifterits: but awardmg it eveiy other, is rendermg a homage that few are entitled W Mr. Bariow is now occupied, I understand, upon a work,t for which more iiiidi.' vidcdsuflfcages may ber predicted; and what countiy? * Johnson's Life of DrydcQ. • .t A History of America. u \L 90 ^ 1 can boast an epic on the natiooal haslQiy eqoi^ to Let ua next cdatider Mr. Chief Justice MarahaU'sl Life of Washingtioh; another' gieat national work* When we iciect that the Greeks had no hiamrian >the 8Qth Olympiad, more than a thousand years f their earliest ages ; that Fabius Bctor, the firat .« man who wrote an account of his country, did nc write till 540 years after thf foundation of Roi that Gregory of Tours Is tis earliest of what termed modem historianss and that many great tiona, like the Carthaginums, have flourisbed w, passed away without evef having had an hiatoriaw/to transmit Uieir annals to posterity ; and when wc vert noreover to the doubb that oivei«ast all our 1 hisMcs* whae wc tender iilial is due ftv tiplic^n and improvement of late y^agm toihe/«Mqi ciiweiy cf printing and progress of science, wc/«^ not deny dat die American histfl&y k a very/early nationat productiani nor when we consider ' lialsand author, can we any mme deny die Vrjb-cnu^ nence of i^ authenticity.. During the war pf the revolution^ the present cbirf jiBtiec tdSompmMd Ae American forces k7thc ca- padtyr l^^deputy jui^ge advocate, wh^jh Tituation aft»ded him the best means of becommg' piiidacaUy conversant with die details of that contestT its diffi- culties and resources, die character* and viewa of those ^ whom it mainly devolved, and thf con^hic- tion, movements and engagetoents of j5ie armies. In process of time he attained to situatibiis of more importance, and successively filled seve^ of the first * 91 vfittt.* Posaewed of these adnMBfgta, endowed with a maacuUnc, vcrsttile and dttcrimmating mt- i^tis, and hoMing^a place calculated to stamp weight on whatevt^ he ahoiiTd publish, he was sdected to compile from the manuscripts of Washington, and from the puWic records ind papers, the join? amite of Washington and his country. The objects of the work thus confided to his crea- tidn were to perpetuate a correct and honourable me- mortal of national events, and to immortalize Wish. ington. The herois Aerefpre introdu^ with a fall \ • The various t>ubUe suUonk 4rhich the present chief jus- tice of the United S^tes has heW^nwy be thought to indicate an early stage of society. During the war he served in the army, and to this day Nj, as well known by the title of gene- ?! "'*^*''** °^ ^''''^*- **''"' we numerous insbmcts. of this Cfp^nation, or rather perhaps confusion of dvU, mIM- tetf and judicial functions. Mr. Marshan is the thiixl chief justice, who has been within the same twelvemonth a judiw' eial officer end a foreign ambassador. The most improved!^, nauonsofthe ancientw^ls^ew no distincUon between the * performance rf civil and nrtiitary services. Caesar was high priest before he comhianded an army'; nor wia it till ad late as the reign of Constaiitiae that the Romaas:di«lra Jine nf separation. OlanriUe, a renowned justiciary tOJ^^ ^kod in the reign of Heniy II. was a great captain, ^id gain- ed a signal victory over the forces of SioUandl ThS to be sure was in an age of rudeness. But at a lateripWhUt ^^:ii!**"'*^*^^*'^ States of Orteana, in Ft«ic«,durintthe n»iboi% of Charies IX» i^ir^ctioiMi «f jiikiie* mA/of war, UMiretefore indfacriminatel|r admiatster4 were Ibr tMf first nine formally set apart, as distinct pro^ssions, one to' the BaUlisM-. .:. •■ .. ■ . ' '; ', -y *:. '^ As ^t expcsMations were entertained of this per- fonhanoe, considerable disappomtaient has l^een ex. pressed at dome ojT its alleged defects : particularly by those who, vitiated by the malevolent system of criticism that prevails m England and tfiis pourttfy, are never satisfied with nature and plain sense, but incessantly crave tile amazing and romantic. The - press has rendered a mod|ciiy^ of Icaming^so cheap and attainable, tiiat in tiie subdivision of literaiy oc- ' ^pations, criticism Mb been seised upon as a sepa* rateliandicraft, whose biiskfeiss'il deems to be to di». sect great books for the amuseihent of tbb^ who have not minds to embrace thpm enthr/ This i;iew niystery has its ittw canons and models. The doc- trine of i^ive assimilaticui w proclaimed through. - dutthfere^irts of letted. Eihty book, before it cv^ i|f literature are nd loliger to be regaided ; b\it readeil*aiJB:teiigfatt6 rest witii festidiOus mquiiy on tiiie sup^n^ltiife and dkdratio^^ Like otiier things, learning seems to grow weak and vitious witK its spread and refinement; and that primeval age to } b6 Ktumingr, when history wUl be unpalatable uolea^ preserved in poetry, ethics in apothegmt, and pMo. 8ophy m fables. In>.every depaitmenl rof leftcis, standards^ crectt^ t© which iresh publicatiMsare referred for their estimate. But is it feir to condemn an Amenqan historian to oblivion, because he is less ^tcrtaining than Hume or Gibbon, or an epic' poet, because he faUs short of MUton P—Extend die test. Compate MarshaU with SmoUet, Bissett or Fox, aod Barlo^ with the raetremong«rs of the day, the pre- sent tnasters of the song i,^ England, and neither they jior their country need fear the comparison. When critics caip at MarshaU's history, becaus^, . as has been avenW, it moves heavily along under a load of provincial documents, a propensityXto conl demnation must pervert their faculties. None but a tradmgcritic qould reprehendan annaUst for givmg de- tails mstead of a retrospect, and the speeches of his personages precisely as they were delivered, instead of cuttmg them down to his own condensation. The greittend of historical i^ng rs the dissemination of mowl tnith: subsidiarylfbt siibordinate. to which purpose, are the attributes of composition, distribu- tion and reflections. One of the best informed of late writers has ventured to assevt thataiuiieiit histoiy. fs like the cabbage as Wg as a hottse,.and the pot as ' big as kcl^, that wasmade to boU thc^abbagt;.* Withouf^scribiiig ^tbis homely sawasm, whidi strikes at the roc* of the tree of itiudi , of but^ most "sefbl knowledge, it cannot be denied that iMsterv / X. .*1 ? Volt, Es. sur le» Maurs, Disc. P^eliin. 1^4. . M ) L r 94 :i . both ancient and modem, is too ciften and palpably fabulbusj and %it nunkind are of laJKmore tfaaii . ever disposedto postpone authenticity to composition. The pubUc doci^^nents of which the American chief juatice had Ae disposition, would be inestimable, even if arranged by infisrior hands, without any at- ^" tempt at shaping them into a contacted narrative. But wrought, as they have been J^y him, into a clear,- manly, systematic and philosoplyi^ histonr; without a grain of merit on the score of^bmposition, they would outweigh the most beautiful composition that ever was formed. There is not another natiored his- jtoiy extant, which is composed entirely of authentic, public materials, by a ' cotempQtary and a partici- pator. ,, ' Nor is the composition unworthy of the subject The commentaries and reflections arc simple, natural and just The style and language plain, rapid, ner- vous, unsophisticated, perhaps too bare of omament, ' and sometimes liable to the imputation'of peculiarity; but never r^gfa, irksome or inelegant ' The poet and the orator may melt in i^flences or brisde with antidieses. But the liistorian must ^d an iron pen, and^fharch with a measured fctep. He profanes his iunction, whenever the slightest fictidh colours his descriptions, or wit flaunts in liis observations. Fine writing, says Addison, consists m the ex^ssion of sentiments, Uiat are natural, without being obvious : or as Boileau, with (if possible) stiU greater feUcity defines it, ** des id6es bien 6claircics et mise dans un bcau^our," wliich m^y be translated, a pleasing ejt- position of clear ideas. It is this that ponstitutes the 2 - { «awihttmof p^comporitkm; riot the novelty Of «he KDUmenii^thc «>lnhor the itwhJ ™..h-^ • ^^r^^l^rSL 'V*' *« b,.«y rf'ityie. .^ i, .„. «l!t»ttc^^cM«comm«riatiDn. themnof hi* 1 ftl!h7i: *'*«'"■'*«* • con*U«fc)„ of fcc "^ Jte T««or»„ „ho »cri&*. hi, ioqmria .Ber 6«.*>bdrnjA„phisperioda.orwho.^a.»rf,„„, -^ «Ae«ic material.. ^.^^ ^^ «d.cton rf po^erity. Gibhon «rifa ,h,Z.1^ ««J d»t migh. have been Voided, b, ^^„ M^. Foxcall^^childi»h«Jmi«io„ofpri„jr: Th^mdeed are regal banqueto. ^ttt*e^fi«„' iniftdoDe ftom the one, and poi,«, fa to be su. - •^ mdwl ^regent u» with «t occasional appendix^ ■ d»qn»,t,«, or a cabinet ofhfatorical curiE ?^ ^T^l *^ " Tlimas-a-Beckef, pa,^^ ' ^4.. American hfatorian had neitB^3^ - nor mjraclft to deal with. The km«» *..^^; a neiv worid • the «ill^ ^*^ discovery of qna , the still more recent strafes of an - «r .^ *. *•■ ^B : •*' hiiant peopfle^ to shake bff the ttrdhmels of eoloniza- tidh; M^ evifchts, of little'eii^pt moral iriterestVpar- tkl, pibcrastinatfid, and seldoin signalized M^mrfeit ; the adjustment bf/treatl^s iuM fiimation of republi- can ihstitutioris, though^ Mghty interesting to tik^l cbhtemplatidii, aremuch fe^malleabla thftti remote and doubtful trkditioiii^ of astonishing transactidns into tiiat maga's^iri^bf enter^timeftt, which s^ms to be lobked for in^jt modem history. But whatever the preset age may desire, ^cts soon become tsuidy tntkt important than dissertatbn ; nor can moral re- ad^' «ver 4)6! &irly taken, unless readers may impli- iMfMfmi^ truthT'^"^- details. ■ *->^^«^*^^f- rsThe^^ riiifrativ« bf the ' Mt ^of Washington might pierhkps1«Vei9J6«ft enlivened with more biographical and chaiieterisd^' sketches. But it must be remem- bered:^^ to ^# liv^>^bharacters is an arduous and invidious ' task. And when the whole subject ^ litdttd^iw #6Hcbnsideredi the author w^ be found ctititled to blir api^tiobation for the ctfution he has ex- ercised in thi^ particular. As to Washingttm him- self, the^imiforhiify of his life, and taciturn!^ of his naturb pi^clu^^fed atiy sufficient funds for thk minor scene : dibUgh' I cannot refltmn frbm observing tl^t hk unaffected and warm piety, his belief in the ehris- tiut religion, aiid" exemplary discharge of all its publib^d priv^e duties, might have been enlarged upon with more emphasis and advantage. At aich a period as the present, when the press, instead of enlightening the* community, is converted into ar most ]^owerful engine of falsehood, proscrip- twu aiid^^confuttflB^ whctt letters at^ perverted to tibe KM)ft4tiicacherQu».aiid unworthy purppses, when hi»^ *aoi»^ state p^ec8» pi^c records and official com- mumcationa are n^H&ded, suppressed or published, asit suits the object of the moment, to distort or dis- guise, and not to make known &ct8 ; and when es- pecially a usurpation of hypercriticism is subsisting PR Ihe excoriation of literature,, it behoves eveiy American, who admires the Jji^ It bebov«» indeed every nHmJ^holovea trudi,'^ ui>hold «o authentic national woikk Uke/a^l^pbaU'# ^gapit its^malipMni enemiea and^ukcwaia^^^^^iidp and ti^^erishk aaa performance whp8(& ^ject and- «|JJ»en|i^ alone.,iiH^^ ^^^. will^preserve and^mag^ k fo^ ,^,^^ ,^. :^^^^^^. •h<-'s-A#^:#%%i%: ;j;s^.> ■»^.^-j,^p^>^. j*-:,jf,^ \ .4 A<' ife^eM^t^aracteristics^ llp^ people, it #88 ii#in3r intention tovfiii tts^arMe accolmt of ^St^i but rather that you should (;l«i^ these parti« culttv AKim^commuiiicsitioiift g^ioMylih^ poUicUus, As, however, you enjomitll willcheer- fi% endeavour, from the scanty mater^ and little timie ,1 can commaiidi to sketch their character ; pie- mislng that I enter on the sulijeot with tiiofe than or^ ^wrf daidencc^^ from the assurance I feel of its inJ ttal6 imficulty, atid the many prejudices I know! I must encounter. To be as per^icuou8|aspos^ble, I $haU puisue the inquiiy und^ 4ie se^mte conn- derations of; 1. Tlieir origin moA popt^Oadon ; 2. Their provmcial diversitiea; 3. Their natural and political association ; A, Its moml results ; 1 and, hut> ]y, their reaopces and prospects. ; """N. x^. ^ I. Histoiy iJbidB no instanoe of a tiition fonnei onip»tt% on audi piaoiples» or of Mcfa materifilp^ ••^thqAji^Bjp^ ofBliioii, iat Awe ■Mtei«|y*ii(jpg^ iqwck».r?.inigBbciiidj^ inendioMliii Mi|iiiivicte, But t^ &ct i% that tb^ iuM wtllin imctiiioa% 6£ iiei^it^ fiumli» and CNd^chaiacter, it^ <;aiae to ^ntrica under tjbe au^ apiots df ioteDigei^ ai4^^^^t^^ individuals, indielaogoag^oiliiil^ijiljb t^c^ « brmbg the dan* gers Of ijMWpiriipad aeaa,'' > an honourable aodW cctiMi ii | i i ^nl terrt«^ fiponti tbdr prisieval abcca^ "'» After 'th» l»t*t« ^S«^^f '--^ '^f ■^®^|'^'*^ Alter tne iMttle Mhr Worcester, ilere Charfes I. ill f^**i^.!^?^? i^ ^otch Mid lehttfch, irtib weW ^iiiint^%' Loi^oAlf th*re Mid as sUitm, iMNto tbft,Aiiteikaii filuitattolil' ,,.., ,., ttlip.«^^Ntiil|i tirKfitpHtted ig99^ 'fp'^Mm^^f^l^^-md society, w sf v «» not to be Counted toCmouS) a»i tbeorigiMl Old m*a»ttm>^mtitfUikolth»Amtti6mk sutes. It IS indeed of very Uttle coMe^Qce to the presenf t^ W «^ *Ws ^^o«ntt^^ t^ scKOern of it wtheiranpestiy is.much purcrthM aUght:exainiiiajK», MMm^pem .pi«tcn8iDii».to^. ginal iwtion^ty.inB 8^ how littlrthere Mto boast rit TMbwbftiian aboi^mes ofr mort European countricsi ham bcea mixed witli Roman conquciiorB, and thus bUadcd, fecdvedt^ aoiy accesMons of northern •avagesi'iriio, at later |i^ nods, overrannearly aU the^contiiient. Thfe^andent Romans, a highl}r national, wtKw^ an origiiml p^ pte, but a. bond of freebooters, whose first national act. was forcibly uniting thehuMves w^^femign women, and who, durii^ the fiwt centuries of tfusit existence, were almost perpetui%^«iijiloyed fai^tfte subjugation of foreign nations, that«wWe«ucccSsivteIy embodied witii die Roman empire. '^iWfodera Europe is composed of mixed nati6ns, whose broaden di^ ^tions,havc appeared since thefe resurrection Ihmt the. darkness iad oaBdiitM!dbyfeadef8eitet%lt* ted to be the ft^ndets of iiew e6iFfi«i^v1|^^y|i^ the Goloninitiioa «f "^Vif^ia muiter Rale%b, tA mart numerous white im^njtlofs of fhe'^AiMricaii aoU were religious e«U^ £hom whom die gktirt^ part of die present race me sprung^ If, t^ii^lg^ piosed, an aiustrioua national ancestiy be dT si^ii feet in IbrmiAgittid invigorating a the orig^ of thfenatkft'wasaot The most iittractabl%|i|ii^(|||hat antic devotion to oertaiii^ 'pi i i i lfcii^ csi lll'^KBBIIii'l«m poaticB, whidiexpelMfiiaFml*^ of itsinost useful irfia^itiiii^ whicA «hroluti<^iedi England, and iinpressed upgi|^||^;||£^i||lil all ^^u^ getic spirit of freedom Bild ^IB6ttl#(^l^^Kij^ i^.' venture, d»t laid die g^S^odi^ of at its subsil quent greatness, 801^ vpjp 1^ art unrnvilixed hc^ sphere, where its ardciM^^iirhi&eito met wWiiw* obstacle ^i« could vm$m^^l^m^ ^\m\mRM lated but Hiot e wai^ and follies of man.t And where subsistj^tce is scaw, itxis to little purpose to legislate for a census. S'hc spring of population lies beyond tfie reach of uoUti- <^f«n^ can neitficr be relaxed materially by ware, nor fop:cd by artiacial bounties. In some parts of Europe two children are reckoned from, ^ mairiage. In England it is said there are four. In tiie United Stales tile average is nearfy wt-l So kjpjg; as tiie 9(Hl can bear a l^i^ge multipUcation, tiie momcn^ will increase. 1 hi^ve no data by which *^ **?^?M*^ American censps at; an early period. 3ut Dr, Franklin, who was^tentivc to statistical in- fi»«^ estimafied it, «i *;r5?, «^ Utde more than one ntiffion.^ The augmentation varies ill different irfaces, h«t^»leeiiefal average is double in about twenty • ^"^'fnfi. inJinut. vot, I. fi.m, H0yn. vS! 6. /i. 351. 5^'fc^i ? »»«"»"« of ten miltions as the ne filu, ultra of J«;«^^Ato«^ lK>ttol«bn, is almbst attained already, and^ wiH doiibtH»s be exdieded btlbfe the year 1816, imr^^KvU. l.fi. 373. modg.Eccn. 73. MaUh. *. J. >. h TT '^" r^"^'''°" °^ ^'^ ^°5'«^ ''^ 21,200 in 1643, and half a million in 1760. B(.' ' J^ 104 years. Allowing betu^n one and two millions fifty years ago» and between seven and eight millions now, Ac Wtural duplications yield about that amount; whi^h proves thatthe aecessions{h)m foreign countries by no means so conuderable as b generaHy inui« But of this there are still more decisive proofs. Kt has been ascertained by actual enumeration* that the importations of foreigners for ten years preceding 1805 did not exceed four thousand. Many of these are certamly the refuse of Irish, German and English populate, who have mostly taken up their residence in the cjities on the Atlantic side of tlie continent. But the interhii;, especially the nejv lands, is princigdly setfled by native Americans, the course of whose migration is from east to west. In .and about the towm on the seabord, in the middle and southern states, there are many emigrants from Europe, some of whom are ignoraiit and turbufent ; but their proportion in the* community b not considerable, and the inhabitants of New England universally, with the yeonfinry in general, throughout the United Statejs, are natives. 2. In point of cirighi the people o^thb country are less homogeneous than many pdieit. But the |Mi^ mary causes of their migration iuthel- were the same ; the liberality of their ins^tutions, t^eir mtelligencc and common interests, together with external pres- sure, have tended to approximate thepi ; and though- so small a population is scattered overl so extensive a territory, including many varieties of climate, , their provincial diversities are fewer and le^^trikiog, than might be expected. About nine tenths speak pie- ■ ^■' \ . * Blodg, Eton. ,75. ' \ ■sm.-. m cbky the ;8MBe language, whkl|!|g t^national wuiy probaWy not to brfound, wkhout^i^ ^^W*ict, amotigAe8amenumbtr,.8tt.|i|gdytoiB«d, inanyothwip^ woM. fPi^^Omm^i$ Aeon^^tdrigue spoken, thstfonnsiteHKB^c^U^liD ^gi^d;iml unless som» unforaa^ «^kthe i^iogiress of natiHil increase, it is^fro^bto, tJweM oi» centuiy , tl|tre intt Iic one hiuMj«d fl^^ of peopte in Anierica^ i6>ivdkM»»aie fin^ashMhi^ hiitA niiritv will lww..^«-„,»^i--.x, . r. .. t ^TTT^ ' ^^^^i** "• preserved to tUl aif:'' A PtrisiwT cJm- WM^ lit Qrett Britnn, wlMi«i from tli« iiftimuctiplioii of f&e'iMh-itoty, tlw^iteinitf isj|iwti%'wm«clariili,.t||« ;liili^ Sk Weldun^n, a Scotsman andm Ij^injui irer^ caat togedier i«Mii ft desert island, they mii*tii*it tiitt ftir » ifi^iib C^lMiiiiutticatioii. ' ^'rtaioktfm^msm^l^jf^ ■ t^' tia%ll«ii of the British/ eitli^ la rAtteri«i^|i|||^l^ ^ the omtj^ 1^4. 1^ iiu^^ meUomiest, in H% iMOth| ho^ no <^il^ or po[4tive variatioD. The Prince 0^l^^#t^ (^. TaUejrrai]^ in Ids Mem#^^^e X7hitei^ Sfil^^ bietfor* the Ni^lMitt Ifi|»iihite'1ii^^^:i^ 5, deefiii«s identi^ of laogttige q^lfr^ gililfi^ Vmaai «^t ^amoBgmeq. 'M'^rif-^^-^^fyiA: , ,. 'jj.^^^.^ • ,,_ mt f<^,th«fuia4f«i^jof,t|M fulness ^a^^^ tp^c^ of^^ j;a^ gUA lang^iage, it maj be consolatory to reject, t^'^rliae Fieooli arioa md/^tmi^kmwm ^«r» ftrviuliiiK eirfiir ^tioii<«^ Edr^flv, to such aa oKteotr as to threaten thf oPS tinctlob i>f the English, there is on tbj^m^ the^AOpw^iff^ it.'itJi ..^^ ^ V^jJj SJ'' UQ6 ^ »iwi»^. I^e vOKibitMiti of tjijt 4iffrept; 9t|ik9, while w^'^ftWdc. inLi»iw5|pj#;: m^M. A from pjl^- ^^^'.waAmirk btitdcles, kiggmml^iim *^y the Je^Qjk iirflufiaco.of siibo;pdte^ which the southern Amerioaos ioAJgfr their couMto M^ "»dolieace. A trkisposition of laboui' upon imm'h^m^ i^b^m^ ^y^m and ^ha^im '^fij^ 4vt>h^ ^pus'6ffice6f^^thd»3itejg is spxpval as to Wo^;#|^ ^^ "-^i|j^«Vhcrethei»k»^i^ f^^^v^ii&^d tli^€iifc3|iya^ ^tbo^ whii^a^e ifi^l;: ^.by ir ijic mpft proiMliirid;j^^ #Plti l^?«#¥^|to,thcpi'i^ blit.;i Juod of ^,and v^ninii^i^Msfi^i^^ that^ws^m, as in countries where %|s.a/eo«iBoi&^ "%^^^ hroad and gcBcralasthe aiiV toa^^^^ Etiro^ ywrtt ^AiiiT. limoi»>UM Englkh ^^b€^kia;li^ '>!iii I .^,« ,'■>.. id7 .t -toy, #iihgipeatmiaeiy^^ th^m, like soðing Oiat is more noble and fibemi, Thfepeople <)f'^6 touthcrtiT^kmies aie mtich ita^ afttMi^lf , «ifl #itfh a higlita* aiid more Mtibbiim ijil- rit^^«ttl«h^ lalilie raemblance to Ehgbnd isflbxmneit in the ttMt, aiid Wkatt jfroc^edin^ at^, tiU it tptnUy j j m - >Tbe' division, ohareeteristie tnd;UeptHaiiiI,^iqto whiphthe Ameri^uuid themselves have s^arated their countiy b thatof the southern, northern or nuddk;, atHl eiMtem steins. The wester^ or th^ aeparatf^ by the great interseqting rulge ofniountains, ^nun the' iMIandc Btatirs; it a nstund allotment, scarcdy ycjt aokrfowledged, iBjfchibiting no moral varieties from tln^ Others; jtfnd formed by migrations from the cast ^ ii» Atlantic sid^i- ,:jfn^^ Immi % ^h^ig^^ilt :^, I iHThe eastern and BOiidiem sections of th6«iiniofi.aie ihhiibiled clMy bf natives. The popiUatioii the Greek* wer^ to the Jlbin«M|^ their populaUon, bcip]| fu^l, they leaTe hotee poor but irSf instructed, shrewd and inde0i£%d)le,^^^a^ in almost ilv^ <|u^er of th6 ul^n fillb)C^4(i'foi the atbumiient of «Mi^f the ' moat lacVaUVeandinfliientiia sittiaHol^ Tliisy ip^'tlie same thing does in En^d, and did in-lbme, ejidusa, jealousy on the part of the other Ameriojins.* Oqo of JutjB' nal'a mo^ anijnated satiras is addresstd to^ «iibject.' Jiut ihe compjibtt itaelf is Sfu aclino s^ipenor adroihiess of Im Gr^ekV. ^^^'^ ' J[ ^ Ingehium velojc, audacUil perdltl^ '^Sfe* '^'"^ y^-^fti^i l^rMBptus, et Isae torrentior, ede, qiila ilWiii f ' ^-^ lElsse putes ? quemn^ hominem' secumattuUt'iuI n^s,!;-' Q|ammaticus, ilietor, geometres, pictpr, aliptes, ' .,^ / r«.scho|riQbates, medicos, ntagus omnia novit. •' iuliis ^mcns in ccelum, jusseris, & ' J^ ''*^ ' >d lumm^j^ifMaurus erat,' neque Sarnaataneqi^e Thn(x ;ui sUmsitpennas, mediisaednatusAthemsi ^ ', *^ " Juv. Sat. 3. V. 72. ' ,«»* -vi^ mon . '■?'•.. if, >.^^ of«q purai; when states stronj th« i^ de» I their niootl Butii existc the si i ■ \ . / fj^ y» 0.. '<# certain degree of tl^ properties of tint e«it and dOMth, ^blfllpded in different proportions with iti own. l^ss ^^'^ 19: or fierce than those of the tou^ leas botpi- ■0^ vfmj:., or attiiable thdn either ; without the romantic Ittaltoide, the lofty prejiH^ces and haughty i«cpub^ eamsm of the. southern rgentferiH^ or^ iavine^le enterpriae of the eastern pe<^, without that Ixddiiess of chtracteristic, and im^elciate provincifdiam, thit are displayed in both }« but richer, less prejudiced^ molt „cQiitentcd[» luid mcn« thriving in : populatiop^ agiicultttre,^ commerce, mawif«cturea and resource^^ •than either; their capitals being ,tbe emporia. qf the continent, the. seirt of its empire and its ar^ die in- habitants of what are called tjlie middle stsjtesdifier more from each other, and leas ^m those of the , ^^,t* Wkhout «feii tx^^n, the English, the eastern and ioi^liem inhabitanti of ihe united States are the most roving of v^cltfilised people, "fhey liriutld^ lii puraiatfof edut^tion, tMe, *09^|leagw«, m^ grfegariotis vhea tbroad, an^ gencTa% dedrovs of . ret«liiia|^. Patriot- Ism, M a liRNid attachno^ent distinguuh^d froiA piOTincialisin, pcetails as much in the middle, as in the southern or eastern States.. But the latter are mori» national. They have eadi a stronger unity of characteristic ' The feelings expressed in the remiiiite§iur Argot ot the'^ilda pott) Mid In the i7iM2 df« TacAM otthe ttMBi^r^ Siriis^ %fd^ 1^^ hx^anted in their biieaMa.. The Prince of Be^evento express^ his opi- monthat the occupftion of fishing weakeiis die lore of country. Bujt ili tibe pe(^le, ^f New England, who are mostly fishermen, ^Iwm Jlrissot stjrles ckIox ir^e^^mti^ii^^ one oflBurke'smoBt splendM flights is bestowed, a pei)>eteal existence at sea ia associated with an invincible attachment to the shores of their nativity. + » \ ■ \ i^Cjj^ % k-A^^ -" -• Tf^V^'^L ^sAaA- . ^^^ ^ I ' 3rv 'v ' im,^^M^.'0^ ^^ few*^ «i^ irtiMliir ttttreettn the «flr ^f life# aaa AteiteIitM«aterM5wd» hdmst, festiiradi i^ where the ame « brave sphit," pemdmg the wh^ n^|»fic^ arid bmaing it togeliiirls^ -^I^Si^^ ndt^tes powerful, because Wcilient is prtmaje^ by^ i»mma»ing^trariet3v ; Oie Ayiciican peubUcia#:*s^ineroial federation . ^ , , ^ ^l^eotirae and cotestrophc ofthc French i^vtAii* *^|^;^^ g»oomov«S- repuWicanistti, wh^' pq^ps k may never 8h|ke off; and which, it least % Ihc i»rep|ij,,jcod«s4^ in Europe lepuisive and v^ :^M discwdkaWci But the AawerUaiti repubiio. i» tki mtural fajitof the AmjEarican ^il: the sjwit gf ^ fi^ua qth^y. Itij in ViOni tOJUIftiypl, md^br surd tof dcswc^ the^ ^^^ poli^ aip« |;eiiei^ melfiqatMiR «|,ib© tet-of -nstions. WOTjp,iaiiae8i4J»t are.biijreiid Ok^ reiieh of mjw, M^st^ Qoncor la Hs^estebUabmeiit; 9n4 theie have bee^) iew^countries pcedispoBed, aa they shouid iM^ for Ite^ iiccptiqau The^^^i^ loaliicd At Jidul* teratlQir t^ eoduied.duri^ thoieraofi tbeircdw* monwe^th, whenhypocridcalipwUnciai^fisn^^ naticatoi^and overstiined^K^Qomj;,' wewrsubsj^^ for 1^ pneroMs .W eimobkd and peip#iMUedksth©# ancient,iicpuWi«|i Yet shoit a^ waa ita,duilKto»j«iid pervieriedaa W)»ir ita piiooqpks, suth. M ;Jhe : oatiiial vigoi^ ic^ aj^ eoiiuiiwJs«i^l|Mi white it dark^^ mfll^Mcm^Mvpoxmf^j0^^^^^^ ,t the dpiec^ ^J^'Jp^i^ ,8Mif?e fi^^ nflif.f^if i*»^;mi>n)B«wijt^8uited^^ fiwdom^ an^ whatever Bwy have l?eea the e&qte hi^on in %)pfap^tl[]|f abuses, jind 'regenerating their w^^mJ ^n«»c»i5 i^ waa not ^ |;«c ^wppoaed Jwt it republican gpveninient would endun^ in France. The Fix^i^hadnot^ieiiwiDaJt^ J^ the Ameriean federation ia the »t«tuial ©flaring 4 commerce an^, libei^, iwbope oc^rdative inteiesU wi|l bioG^ It ^ gc*e^MIJiiBS^» even after its formal dissolutions' been framed by the people of tMa eountiy it is not 112 . m'^^i>: neccssaiy hij^- to InquiBe, or wheditf tbs government be calculated' fbt'.stiv^^ «Iate$; as nom^frganized, tnajr be uey in point of iW^^il. itieeast aI^i |l^^ laioot^ IM^cii^^ oomi^^ ol rdflit#i| ^ | i d »rt o a ii|t^^ reck 'ilili^ipip^ umon^-Se^ *mr theori^iiy^wrfi i^ l p^ ' aPi^lederal' f^uba^, md^^i^k'^^^^aiit^ ^ miy la'^^iM'p^ anxiet]^ : H^p; iti»^th^ an enfightened and predomioaiit ;|Cfit^ sb^^ as tl^Ose of Greece, Carthage and Hcfilnfe, is die dl<^ |bticM']ilidn£^^ obiect the nMBd fliD con* lirnts is die batdM resuk fiW dieir gl!o|p^iphicM^ and ptjlidcad combination. It b ila(uMl^)6tit a peo. pki deiKsieml^so ktely from pilgrtittii^aBd sectanesr tihdttid^ l^^criaw^iasts^-dwtjt commercial peo^ ^ic^lle^Ppilf ttiP^il^^ ■/-• k 1 > V « ^^V ; vS';*?*>'' lU \ ment The . '.^■ SIOIU (On* ^' ical lica iple ^At^ lican people, whose press is free, and whose gpvmi- ment is a government of laws and opinion, shoild be mtelligent and licentious— that an adolescent aiid prosperous people should be aspiring, warlike ^ vainglorious. This b not the character the Ameri-'^ cans bear in Europe. The question there is whether they have any national character at all ; and the com- mon impression is that they have not. There is^ great proneness to misrepresent national character, which is a consideration extremely ob- scured by gross prejudices.* That verisimilitude of ^ See Hum^tSatay on Mttional CAaraeter. Statesmen have studied to render pattiotisni, which ought to be one M, fUJ^ lA**'^ ■^'f Hi habits, maiuieiis and propensities, iiidicative of the inhabitants of ancient countries, is not an infallible Index to the national character : there are vulgar fea- thehui J theirmiUury at once ponderous 6hd active j their lite- ratiire, arts, language, features, and the very forms of their bodies, partoke of the two sources from whence the na- tion proceeds. To the simplicity, calmness, good sense, and slowness of the Germans, they join the glare, fury, folly, vi- Vacity and elegance of the f'renth. The Ettglish excel in public Spirit ; the French in national lionbur. Eldest sons of atitiqaity, theFrfench, llomans in genius, are Greeks in character. Restless and volatile in prosperity constant and invincible in adversity; formed \fo^ all artsj. ci- vilised to ^excess darin|^ a period of tranquillity ; brutal and savage in polid<;tal troubles ; floating, like vessels without bal- last, at the breath of passion, now in the clouds, a moment after in the abyss; enthusiasts in good and evil; rendering the one withont expecting a return, and perpetrating the other without remorse; forgetful alike of their crimes and liieir virtues; pusillanimous lovers of life during peace, pro- digal of it in battle ; vain, sarcastic, and ambitious ; despising Whatever is not theirs; amiable individuals ; disagreeable in txidies; charmin|^ in their own country ; insupportable else- where; by turns more gfenUe and innocent Uian the lan^ that is slaughtered, more remorseless and ferocious than the tiger that devours--such formeriy were the Athenians, and such now are the French. Chateaubriand Gitiiejtu Chrittianume- > Jn this beautiful {Hcture we perceive to be sure a strong tinge of national partiality; but we perceive also Uie touches of a master. Some of the features of the French have been forced forward in most striking lights, by the late revolu- tion : mA others are exacUy true to the life. But what is prindpally evident throughout Uie whole is the original im- pMssimis, which ages of refinement baye not Worn away or :. '-.4ivM -ifi-' ;■':■'■•• -■",*' ■ 115 tures,.,itriking. but deceptive. - Heroes, poets and lustorwn, wifladapt national gi^atness to a poor and enstevcd people. Peace, plenty and a certain degree of obscurity render a people happy ; and if they are ^Piy, they will commonly be virtuous.* But virtue _Amongthe ancients the Greek, are a more eminenf peoplp than their conquerors the Romans, who did not achieve their conquest Ull the former were distracted and exhausted ; and Who even then, and ever after continued in all things but arms, he imuato««,d ahve. of the G«jeks. Theri we« compara" ^ «««ore fr«t men in Greece than in Roriie; particularly ^^»»S the penod. of their decUne reppectively. WheJ G^ece beg«i to totter, a sucpe,sion of heroes appealed to her relief. But after a short though glorious struggle, Rome Iwch iTTh. **^*"^™^*«'«**« <5recian people that alLty ■t-renoh now lay plaim. i«l ^'".tlT '"^"^ «» Volu«-. logo,, on ft,. .„b. Mcogmoo Hfe. Th. numiera of, iMopIo «. not to bo fi»»d » *, «h»U of homing, o, ^.'X. of ^.^ S^lrTT' "^ »**»°I"'y-' v«i«,: .„ i. p„w,J SC «^ ^T^ J2L' «"" "~ " ■«*»" " -'*" ^rr!?' 7^'^^ *W*8:*««««"«»» «"«' people, •iKlfiwntliemcoU.caT.ly conrfd.«d nut th. monureof * JfihtlA. sit. ,'<-*£>, li *' . u. ^i ^S^f 116 .1^ and happineisi are not so imposing as greatness, in the national, or in the individual estimate. The same -principle that induces a preference of the great to &e good, l^ears admuation fh>m the wise and peaceafiHe commonivealth to the belligerent empiit. We prize ihili^ renown beyond civil or pacific distinction, fbUovrtng the blaze of gloiy rather than the sober light of wisdom. We eulogize fpr its national character, a warlike empire, composed of the most despicable materials, with no common spuit but implicit obe- dience to chiefs, through whose merits alone it is emi- nent; and deinythe same homage to a country com- posed of a vhtiious and intelligent population, go- verned by one common sentiment of policy," but whose policy happens toije peace, Ko excellence in Ae arts, no morals, no refinement^ no intelligence, no literary feme, will give national importance, without an ability for war, and a high martial rank among sovereign states. The Chinese, in niMiy respects a tnse and original people, consistmg of three hundred millions of souls under one head, are demised by the pettiest nation in Eurbpi;^'' The l^wiss and the Dutch, the only powers TbT mod^rri Europe ttet never wage foreign wars, acquired the obly national reputa- tion they tver enjoyed, n<|t by apypecuUad^ of general prosperity betake, Astbef approach to delicacy a na- tion is refined ; at tbeir conveniencea we multiplied, a nation, at least a commercial nation, lAust be denominated wealthy. Tour to the HeMde,, fi. 32, 33. To the meridian of what nation in Europe is Voltaire's language suitfUe ? Certainly not to that of the gqr and uniaUe people, of whom he was .,?%' .-. y 'V' ..(^.■■■--•/;;;:^iJH«-it-y 117 manneijs, or wise institutions, but by their capacity for resistance to hostile encroachment. Reflecting men ii^ Europe regard the American revolution ^ a period when the American character shone forth with cc^nsiderable distinction. Yct'the same nation, in part the same men, after thuty years of peace and prosperity, are supposed to have lost the energy of patriotism they then displayed. An expansbn of population, of resources, of territory, of power^ of" in- formatiicin, of freiedom, of evciy thmg that tends to magni^ man, is supposed to have degenerated the Americas. Is this the course of nature ? All things are said^o tend from their origin to a certMrt degree of perfecktion, and thence to decline and dissolution. But can the time be so soon arrived for die tide of Ameri<^n declension? According to the comhidti course of events, the genius of the American people should he enhanced, not deteriorated, by the peace and prc^rity they have enjoyed since the period of their birtfi as a nation.^ By sketches of the present state of their religion, legislation, literature, arts and society, with an aspect never turned from their na- tional characteristics, and embracing no further deiaib than are necessary for their exposition, I propose to endeavour to. refute the false opmions infeired from their tranquiUity, and at the same time to exhibit their national character. In this age of infidelity and indiflfcrence, to call any pe<^le a religious people, is a license, which no- thing but a comparative view of the state of religion in this and Ja other christian countries^cWnpTin^ ItlsTfiowever, true, that the number of persons dc- \ tf*■•^■..'. voted topiovs exercises, from reflection, ihdepenc^ «»t of education and h^it, is grater in the United States, than in anjr btber part of the :worid, in pro- portion to the population ; and religious moraUty is more general and pui^ hsiv than elsewhere. The political ordipance of leHgious toleration is^one of . those improvements in the science of poUtjcs, for Which mankind will acknowledge their obligations to Anienca: and the divorce of church and state is a^ inestimable pledge for the puriljF and stability of «- Bi^fean goyemment. Religious toleration, says the Pnace of Benevcnto, is one of the most power- ful guaranties of social tranquility ; for where liber- ty of conscience is respected, ^veiy other right cah- not fail to be sa As cliristianity and civUi^ation have lutlwrto been inseparable companions, it is probable that where thJt practice of the former is most accept- •We, the influipceorihe latter will be the most per. yading. One of th^t acts of Ptenn and Baltimore m their rcspcctip^vinces, was the absolute sepa- ration of ecd^iastical from secuku- concerns: a ca- tholic and a qnaker,* the cxtt«mes of die christian creed, thus signaUring their administrations by a li- berality equaUy wise and magnanimous, the bencfi- cialcfects of which will be felt to the latest geneni- tion. In New England, where/ pnssbyterianism is- the predominant faith, fanaticism expired slowly, and proacriptioii blazed up/tabrc th^ once, after it -^1 ■i"? ■•5*-t .^yi'lTf' T^""^^"^ Chest««eld crfl. the qo^ers 1«. .J'^'"? -T' "Wat Voltaire p^a^t^d thm the mgst cathoUc christkas. cA'. »r«' \ 119 «»« believed and ought to have been extinguished,* #it at tfiw time persecution is impractioabUr. Uws» and opinions strodger than laws, prevent it. The ^^urche* ^ Home, of Engkmd, of Ludier. of ^ / Wesley and of Fox, in all their various subdivisionii *nd modifications, subsist in peace and bsnnony Worshi|>ping Withottt molestation, accoiding to their' diflcrent tenets. Universal toleration hhs produced numberiess particular sects, each mamtaine^ by en. ^usiastic firoselytes. Thus the Americans area n».' twntrf freethinkm ; and having moreover not oahr no established church, but being perfectly unrestrain. ^ m Ae^ beiicj; those persuasions are most foUow- ed, which mvolve Ac utmost refinements of entho^ swsm, and rejection of ceremonial. Afer shaking off entirely die shackles of superstition, k is not eau^ to avoid the phrensy of fanaticism ; for one begins where die odier ends. But it is die advantage of the lattel', diat H*ereas superstition binds the soulai slothand Iter, fenaticism sets it free from ihcir moit tification ; and diough for a time it may float in an uhsetded medium, it wHl setde at last on die rirfit • Alots n*admettant plus d>«i^ritfe visible, •'''t '' Chacun ftit de la fbi cens6 fuge ihfidllible ; ^ " Bx\ sans etre approuv6 par le clerg6 Romtiii, > T^t Proteatantfut Rape, uncWblei la main.' A JlKi>^ i)b.ervatioBs on the state of rcUgion in tte tTni^ J>t«tris, are meant to i>e confined to iu national effects ; foras- ^°nt.^f?il'!!!!!^f "'^^f^^ ^^ '"^^ " "y »ff«*t the lipn*"* 9f Ihcjieqik. It i» fin i^^ummj imemnrtrproi^iince any opinion upon their respective merits. Thus much, however, ^'.uri'K m-ii A , ^.vr.mM^'" \^i^fei. H^«.. ' --y^'^m u^-: 120 The- civil in^liitatioiis of thk cooiittT^ eeiiduce ec(ually whh reiiKoiJts'toleratkni to habits of hitelli- gence and independence. Natural equaKty perhaps does not exist. Birth, affluence and talents create ^stinenon^ notw [^standing political regulations to th^ Gontrtuy. ' ' ^he ; pride of fiimily*, the vaiiity of health, and pdier adventitious :adyantage9Ji i^ not incdi^ sensation in society, even in t$j|^iqui% fcpublic. But. patrician and plebeian (»rders>&re un- 'icnown, and.that third or middle class, uJjchi which sb>tiiany/^£<»ies have been founded, is k section „■,■■ • -.'.x,' ■ ■,,'■,'' 'H - tSiat-flias no existofi^' here. Luxury ms not yet Corrupted tibe ricb,^^)Qr is there^|^)y Inl^^uit^ want, ^IWuch classifies the poor. ; Ther^fe no p^Hilace.* / 'All are peoplcf What in other countries is calledC^ &e populace, a eclnpost (leap, whence gen)UQflte mobs, be^ars, and tyrants,, is notto be found, i^- the towns; and there b no peasantry in th^VibQunby. Were it not for the slaves of the south, ttere would bet>ut one rank. By the facility of subsistence and higb-IH-ice of labour, by ihe universal educadonand universal suffrage, almost every roan b a yeoman or a citizen, sensible of his individual importance. Not more than 350,000 of the seven millions composing the population of the American states, reside in large townis. llie reniaiader live on farms or in vUlages. I may be permittefl tolftay, that toleration seems more likely than coercion to make catholics. The fire of free thinking wUI burn itself out Nor is it a « fond and iantastical prophecy" to fbretel, that free inquiry will in time accomplish what ana- themas and inqoi^tions in vain endeavoured to compel. Plebs. t Populus. Hy. f' •* <»-• Most m :o8t6f them are pnjprietora of the wU J and i^ rf them th© imltbiest jmd most influential n^ws.* This gveaticpttiiitifMi of estate has necessarily a great and benei&dallinilueiiee qa the m«ials and scntimenta of the peopbt, w)iich the lawaam m genital, fltmtrived tb idd and €|Milir ibwrrtctbin that bav* threifeBid -£ p^W/oftM» government sinpft thi^ «tabUshdie« of ^jte JjTMent copf Ot^tionr bav«, ^rolMni :0H$ ik the ioterioy, re!iiot<^ fe^*" ^rpetratednot hf means ortownmob8,liutCit^iicr sfcftlci^ or wfeat are known fcereby the denomination of fej^k- wr, norcithoKcV and th<> yirtiies of contentment, indttstrr and sobtietf, am at least a» common (jf not^aore >o) in cities aa in th. ^^„n, _ ^ttf, I' « !■ 122 to the soil, who own a part of it; from which attach4 mcnt spring loveioCcountiy, gloiy, and that fine union of public wiA^^vateicelinga, which constitutes the ii«ogth and onuunent of rq>ubUc8.*' InWomudiiesy flieac sentiments are confined to the great The mate of the peopie^to)be ^ure distinctively love the sp6t of their nativity, biit «»e seldom animated with that; no|^ personal, ahdadfish and obstinate zeal^ ^Ph^ citioiis fyjfk for idiat they caU thei© own. Haid^Ja^ b«»r and low iwages stupify tod vitiate (he lower daases of nojMt coimtries. But in the United States wiig^ffl^veiy high, arid ^rd labour is altogether opi? Jl||^ TTw^ days* wotk out of seven yields a sup^i part. The lassitude and dissipation, which might be i^|ikl6J IliAn so much leisure, are providcid against bjrimtiind circumstances. On one side the sea, ari^: oh the o^ rich waste lands, present ines^austible! fidds of adventure and opulence. The induoemeiit totebour, the rt:comp a most industrious pedple. As;in higher life, leanung! and assididty are certain pas^rts to prefermentand' celebi^ty, so in the occupations of trade, agricultui^. and the sea, persevering industry, almost; without w risk of disappointment, leads to comlbrt ai^ consei* quence. The proportion of persons of larj^ fortune is sniall; that of paupers next to nothing. iEvery^ one is a man of business; eveiy thmg m the pi^ gress of emulation and improvement Univeraality of suocessail employment difiiiscs ala^ and happi- ___lSee Montead t . Grand. c tJic i9 ^4»B Kfm^^Sr mv , • -'i^^'tJJ 133 Mssthroughout the community. No tares, noiiM>^ torjr, no ranks, remove every scmation of restraint. Each indiyidual feels hiWlf rising in his foftunes; and the nation, rising with the concentration of aU . thia elasticity, rejoices hi its^wing gitatocss.-i;lt is the perfecUon of ciyiUged society, as fcr as respects the happiness ofdts members, when its ends aie^at- compliahed with Ale least pctssure from govcnnalBt ; , and if the principle of , internal coiruptia^ aamtit dangers of foreign aggression, did not rtS^ necea. , saiy a sacrifice of some rf this fclid^y[^to^|>reiciip and p^petuatc theitest, 'vsp,AmcncaiMi^m^^ nu^ to float in und&tUBbci buoyancy. Tl^i^T ncas. the virtue* and the mostjdesirabli^ chuMe^f^ a peoDleJrt such a time, and un^br 8U«|^^«kcS/ stances, are, most perfect, and should b?toatt di». linguishcd. But * ^ of licentiousness abvady disturbs this happy, equilibrium, and it must be^ overthrown by foreign or domestic vidence,:iMi||^ it be retn^nched and;p^iqtected. rk ;f -, > > "^S^ From: ignorance and bigotry, die common fea- tunes o^ common people, the Americans have less ^ ' «»r than ffomithe.opposite. evils of fection and ft. Jiaticism. Fnipcosiliesito Ac bottie. toconviMiikfcs, ittid.to pedlar dssonblies, awe fQUnde4 in enthusiasm, and fomented by freedom. A free and prosperous' pe«^ will hftiDfccte4 wkh ^ lust $)rnovelty ; a passion more eaaUy diverted ihto subdued; jk would be practicayp /<»• the Ainerican government to give such encouragemertto puWic festivals and re- creationa,a3^t ^n4j3^a|^ypQp^^ .;WK> «t :fV-v. ^«idfe ii^ifii popular fcdSg^ *>* c> i- '-sir .'I- 3)^^ ^1 < .^' ^ fV <^i?1> j-li> .V 1^, M ^prtriotie dktctJdn. But at |iresent,.^withi all their Ibndiiesij for {HHtlk^meetings, which 4s indulged in ninimberless variety of tosooifetiiMis, rdipious, pdi- ^^^ convival and aocial, greatljr exce^Jing thdt of i% Ae Americana have few im»k ?w^i !anr fiifiiiig i^io disu8e»4^v % -^fioih^tf^iiiB i^the^^3^ Utenktuife artsi i ilusiiiesa and traUquillitjr arfr not eii^ntai; '1*e ^xiets^ painters, architecte 6r ^ ^^ Amerioa, wetfiy^ neither vety nmn^ llkudie AmericanssQ«%- no messis, Tin rEu»c^ «> abtorbed in ignoble '^ to iie HJnrtriribte itk tjic artfr t&Bt*|xslUi r^arHeaatiMiilgWiiot titsmWwtf lB[^cli|riateB,;andUteiaiy eicdleiice law liad All Civilized men Itftheir timii Why ilieii Tih«^a*te» irichand rilingiiaiiontekist to the noble* lArtcticiis, the gnnoiullircfk lor * whoae attachment |!^te»i»fe i» brfiadiy laid ina fiu- more genenl diioew iimilforfjgf common taniug, than % odier pec^ m^fh^mK; jife i^^ N^l^riieHcans, frho cannot to:ad I^Uo.^sonoem hf^ ifatoioany other dountrfi %<*«*** ^ate of €oiil ^lpctii»^.«ipBi^;^^^ m0i-hm ^im ^laoo fydbiit 125 schools, ivhiGh contain about 4a»000 sdiola».at » time.* The counie of tdumhn, homievir, is in ^ n^ral short and sl^rficial : adapted mher to the oc- casions than the perfection of the student There is less of that minute division oC employment, which obtams in older nitions, and^iiuch hai:;gtt^^ ten- dency toward the ext^t and certainty of acquh* mente. Bat the number 4,f schools b tinequaHcii elsewhere: and m the severol colleges' thoijaifc .probably about 2,000 scbplarsat a time. ■" J:9r i^in njdimental learning, and «^ ^£ ^f^T^ the Ameri«in. .uipa^li;^^ ^^ lower classes m Ei^land, m%m 4 ^»ut ^ «rtional chamcter, in thispc^^^ diat^ctf an ^t miiveraal mediocrity, than any par- ^m^^rM^^^ o( j^^^astA, The Jiteiituirrf •^e Mliler's »et«).pfqt Ibf the i»ml>erof pubUe «di«iafe cannot ,^*rip^«i authority, bat it «ay b*. r^^l^u^^ excit« th* «„b.tion 6f many fcrme„ ^ labo^ttj^ JZ Wilf. the;.»w,ue. of the taw, the chorblH physic aWIM*. ^.e«e«l» public Ilfe,«*.U Wdope„,r*rbachJ^1^ ^«li|«wy Who ittdn to tbk deg«., coinmem:o thefr •todUiwHhomafarthtagia their p^fceti, awi ddWiy tH. f^ Wi Uf | »» ..w|»|^, l^ o^H^^ iLiurf estfetJ StS r r ^ rMding over the face of Europeaad North America, «^|jiMu en to delace and obliterate every vestige of the good W»e mAMom»&>nt^\i9 derived from well chosen roadinfind unprejudwed wq«,y. In the United States particularly. Where the people in general are«o#ell informed, there is less •co^loo thanin any other countiy, for these HttleMghte; «d mor* ocoiHtoand abettw atmoephere, th«i In any other, »>r the grew lumMnrie. of ^^^^ and instruction. A male- volent syatem of uijcandid criticism, dictat«t by no principle of wnpwtiaU^ or Impiovement, but directed with a single •y« ^circuhitipn, sale end profit, k the iU^uited vMkicle u^ whi>;h most vMem |»erformance« in iMtert •!« Ushered into the wortdr And the newspapers of England and the United States, almost ^thout excepdon, from being th^ repositories U polillcs 4mI ipteUigepce,J»ave become the mere base oK r«« Of ftctfcl, rfbridiy 4nd s^iidon. Any obnoxious Indiv^ s t^e grav^« ^f>^^:-''f 127 mense nhportations from Europe at books of em* dracnption, sjnd their continual «te .t vmr hS pices. Oteprin^B !»«»«. the pMbliclibra.4,^ pMosophuirt^iuri Uteray in«iM&^^. .rt^veJ ^gene«.^„o.tion andimelUgence ofAecwnml^ . ™^.__'W»»<*c«u%re6«ethech«gesbri.dift«nce the ,onty co^uie, where mo« b,^k, .„ ^^ pub tehed ; and in nehhar of ftese, a^^ ^^ glial wnleiB are more aume,w«. is, the »,»!,«,, rf J^ ^grea, «, i„ Ae «„i,«d StaSi v,»„i„>^ tfcerof Acse oraqr o4er e«n»7 w&k,^; j^ mus for writing or flaking a man usdal ^i^* »Xlwti*»iow 'work.'iL^^uf-'''*"^..- -'«a«*N(Wi'*' *» «»«iwr w a nevspftper it was onci th(^irh»tMe«Muit«« ** P!^» ■«» tofcn««io.™d cl««,^.™, C^!^*! country hi which Hit tol«,«»d. Letter. /^h^ ""'^ •jndangewd from tU,i coitumil J^ST ^"^ '^'^'* Uon may prove ^ theT^. ' ""' ^^""^^ '^« •«P«™- yprove, or the metal IS o#t worth preserving. 4 I > •■i > ^ fll^d^ in the AmaAomstatit papers, bo^fiir com- pdutfeAana^k^Bk^Ofi Wael^^ eonte^ted Inde. fiendttktof sevenl piiblic Ihei^ works^ of sttit^ iSibriMBitrikmerks^ i^|iao«tf evcry^st^e h^ ife historian ti^'fii$^^t^8tical» profe^ibfKil, ' com. I^l|i9^^bcially potitlit»I treatises j are - iie'^eiftilrifig oT «^rf ^%, and miittipl5r at ^ pit^. f^^ iaiR . It is not' ivetyf^itr^ in aHfji^ coiku^^ that the more curious and costly fabrications, in agr^cul- tittfebdthpractki^ airi acfentScaI^,in^M)^^ «^5f^,>IH^i9?w ^ J&^^ aiidiM^l»>fiirpaas a«awi(.dbll'ii^«t nor bettier pretension tlM* t^^lier. na^obal ancestiy, ffremittie td ^;^fe their imjflC|net^i|igi^^ t|^^, fliey are a century mpre jim{NK>yq4 than the inbat^anli of France and Snaii#ii^^#^^ . a^hq»LlV« JfiVi^^ pniirinceof utility^ and ap. p«ttlrii ^i | |i w» of e^legii^/%r thedeptl^ of erti-' did»B, iB k t*tlc they are in a state of minority, when 129 arts and studies reqiiire leisure and patronagcif«„- h^s luxuiy, to foster them into matui%. Though of these the ATOcrioan soU is not entirely m^pdiic- tive, yctauQh shoots as have appeared, aiexaieimd 8pontan§pus. There are fetiv individuals with tbo means mid incUnatiort to be IpaHxHis : and the gw^. ment has hitherto afforded Utde piotection 6f,e0u»- tenance to such improvements. / .^ ;, . , .^ [p^|j.^ /Most foreigners impute tbiff barbarianm^^ar^ ucsswi the part of the government to the sl»ri|t of « republican popple, aftd the poUeyoftbeir rulers ,j^ I fear there are not wanting native AmeticaiwiiirhD consider the fine arU and repUbUcaiiism inpompiii^lc. But how rude and felse is suqh a ^titoent ! Howf «flbisivc to the history and g«wus rf lepuWip*!^,, , Certain it ia, however, that there is aUiiost« tf^ ab^enoe from diis copntiy of those j^iagmficent ijae- morials ami incentives of distinctiop* whii the ^e art** partictilariy those of statuary and painting, create and sanctify. There i^^scaroely a statue] structure or public monument tp comffliemofftte the achievements of th^ war for independence. J|p ground where the principal battles were fou^, 1^- awtas wncOn»6cntted--4hc ashes of the,^^^ who died ibr liberty, yninumfid--and i^yfiy ^is|io^on towsrd a suitable ertiblaeonmentof , dy}$e jeveatiB and c^aetersi wbwh should be p^rpjetuJ^Uy present to *e.n(iti«»,, ill^«y ,j^vatmg^^C^^ prewed as hiimioal 19 t^ie thf j% p^y of repul^^ licanisiii;, thousands of pens indeed, sis4 tt^ pf ^houan^^jf ^^gusg^ yfe with facJi ''\ """ '■''''.\'V''i';'.-"'f^'^P; ; W 130 pwlsgyi^. And more than one native pencil too has been dedicate .td their immortafelng, Bii.tth4s*are Riyatecfiusions. The wiaon ha» not Ae hrtiotir of thwr cwation-j and remains ta this day with scarcely o^ .^ those grdit and splendid edifices, obelisks asAlndnutilclnts, which should bei scatteied over the land^withtrtiinificent profiision, to attach and inaphc its inhabitants, and embody, identify, and preserve thdr na^nri feelings gnd character. Patriotism must have shrink' or its ardour will relent. Permanent pwblic memoiiUs^ s^rw not only to invigorate the chaj^ot«r of « cbumiyj and mcite the best emotions of its'^^fts^ fe«.ls^ eafljeUish,^ x^ n^akc it h^M'y.' ' SeHieet^^^ mhJ cemm Mtm, « fw^ue figuram, tmtam Vifn h setthabirei sed memoriaterum ^estn. rum e&mjlamtjiam9grtfiit vmt, in pectore enscefe ; neq(ke frks iedim jjuam^i^^ gwidmadaquaif^t^u ih I . ., . ; . ' ;Jfei^eakers,'>itt the fife attd captivation OfifchcirjMArfic harangues, parliamentaiyy pcmular, forensic and^of the pttlpii, tl» English are the onjy mod^ pebple«fcomp^i»afele wid> the i\^ricans^ ahd the «:nglUai*^ from being their.*^l«ife. Popular reJ>nssent^tioh «ind fh^bnk of ipecfch- several sove- i^igntie s, ea ^ofte^res cn tedma debating asfifttn . '■'■'.•'v' \ ■ 131 bly.^ahrays rivals and sometimesidirectly op^ toMch.oa»r,cuW«.teanicaU forth 4eTO^ aE l?o*e« of oralo,^, „ho«, conc^tionsam ftcUitattd t»rty of the muge. „£ ,„^. jjot only <,n»o«- but aU the.art. and aciencea a«.arid to floibh in* , !^«»»- and Gwc»e wilt ever «main«.fll„arioo. ">«a"ce that a dU8.tr of cpmmereial repubUcTk ^mmcndy adapted to their propagation anTperfc^ B« thei^ ai« circumstances both natiinj and moral, promotive, or prejudicial to the int«wst»of letter^^dthc fine arts, that hav^ opemted on differ, cnt nations and ages, which baffle «»^h, and a« indicated only in efects, not to be tmced tp.any ,«^. t^in cause. Thus SaUust observes of. the Gree^- thatowuig to their, great «enu» fo«-^vriting,;tlieii acteare moic cdebiatedthan th^ deserved t6 be- whereas the Romans did not wnte'cnough for their" omt renown. M p^fiulo Rmano mmquam ea capia /flwaferi* 9i4am ipse dwrum tHmrarn^nmkbaul^ vitjs commoi»m Europe ^r^d.Oie American state* wtth. cdm€itipi,r,bewHse, aroimg^^^^.4^^ dclectp,, of ' th«r.sqi^osedMii»pafude..fei Jij^ wfinmente: and thft,nonproducMon?0C;ftm^ adopted as a proof of the poverty of their taste for "\. '/I j*fl a t il. « . « . "i v^ ' ■ ' . ? V .""! X K '' * ^ ' ' t.' las -i literati|re, wHich is ascribed to coihinercial and re- publican habits and laws. I havp endeavoured to sho^ the falsehood of these preifliscs. But admittmg their correctness, does the' inference foUowf The Homans, who, as I have jus^ shown, wrote very litde, who were not a commercial people, and who, above all others, tveie addicted to theatrical spectacles, never had a tragic poet ; and their few coiAic writers are inferior to thOsd of Greece. Spain has been said to have produced but one excellent book, and that rioe^ have already exhibited a genius f6r oratory ' aiidl^gialation, and their genewa^telligence ia so un* li^^ed as that of the Americana, we should be slow to conclude, from the paucity of their origuial wri* ters, that they want an aptitude for componjltion, or a taste for literature an^ the arts. Siflcc the itiycntion of pnntin^, and'the improvements in commerce, the antiquated princijJcs of gradual im^lioitticai sat^po longer apidicable to any people, esjiecially not to the Americahs. Rudiments are bbsolete. Ai the dia. coveiy and fii^t settlement of Amtrica wtot^ re. suits of, and simultaneoiis with, the reappearance of the arts aiid sciences during the ISth^nd 16th cen- times, and as the inhabitants of this fcoimtiy h»v« ever since, by the means of commerce ai^^ W presses^ been mtimately connected with all the most polished nations of the older worid. their ii^tation of aucces. sive improvements has been dose ^ constant, some^ tunes enlivened wiih distinguished discoveries and useful inventions of their own. WWlc the shackkj of a mother country laid upon their gfaiius, it wafc'^ necessarily somewhat restricted and mortified, the revolution caHed it forth to action, with aU theatdom- inci^m to sueh occasions. Inuring the short period that has elapsed since their independence, fiwdom, prosperity and ambition have Sthnulated its powers 5 and setting aside two, or perhaps three, of the most enhghfened empires nf Europe, the literature, art6 awl. sciences of the peo]^ of the United States ^^^«, are cqu# , and their g eneral infiirt^fea ^ and mteingence superior, tolltese of any othe^ naUon. ~rr. •i A people so lately sprung from Europe, ^ closely connected with it, and so much younger in die an- nab of civUization, , naturaUy adopts European cus- toms. At die same time there being few rich, and no poor, diere is less disparity, litde luxury^ and mo- rals predominate over manners in diis country. As civilized society rests on reciprocal concessions, its structure is most harmonious whfe'n diey arc b^st regulated ; for, perhaps, die most we can say of hu- man nature 19, diat it b capable of being rendered ambbfe by a reciprocity of good offices. -The arts erf hospitality and politeness, the alternation of bu- aness and pleasure, social assemblies, innocent re- creations and good breeding, M^de diey give zest to existence, undoubtedly tend to reEne and cement so- ciety, and td render mankind more virtuous as well as more elegant. Up to the period of enervation, refinements mend the afiections as well as die man- ners: but it b die misfortune of society, that civili. zation, after a Certdn point, begins to lose its seem- f liiiess; morab give way to manners, and character has no \«reigiit agamst; rank, appcanmce or beha- viour. > Though didvai^ fe^ ih^i^veiy k^ in die United States, a great proportion are in easy ' circumstances, and hospitality and politeness are common virtues. Commercial people ^ said to be inhospit^e.» The Englbh and die Dutch are die least h<»^tabfe people of modem Europe. But, in the United States, abundance overcomes the cakur laing spiqi of trade, stod the least and die soudi vie * Mon\xst{. i»fi. clcs Loix. ''''l . 135 with each othef in unbounded hospitality. Even . this by some of those Eun)peans who arc prepos- sessed agamst this countiy, may be accounted a remnant of simplicity at least, if not of barbarity Savages are always hospitable, llie Romans found It necessaiy to prohibit the lavish dispensation of this duty among the Ckrmans. But in the exerciae of such a virtue, we admire the vanquished more thad their conquerors in its extinction.- ^^ ..; 1 '^tl"*"*"™'"'" °^ *^ Americans are gayer and less fero%pi^ Aan those of the English, ^^e^ «e more addicted to dancmg, foi;.mstance, and l4 to boxmfe bulLlxnimg, and cock-fighting. Noldiat tfiere is more ferocity in the English than fa the American character. But the Americaiw have had opportunines, of whidi they have availed Aemselv^, to by asKkceitain savage attachments, vrfiich un- broken custom stiU mamtains m England* The atncal exhibitions, Ae 4ort8 of the field, and the pleasmies of the table, are found by die Amo^^ans not intompatiWe with serious and lucrative occupations andawifoHdwed with a general and increasingrdish' V Gammg and vitioui* dissipation are uot uhj^tised - t-tmor^cp«pi^ the better^ of people.,-,^, ,,m.,,,.^^;,. , , ,,,,^,^,,,: The prevaihnir ^^% ^^brtet^ . i^„^^ relaxing heats of die cUmate in die soudiem and ^^f^J^l^^ ^bsenot^ of all restrictiou, and thew^pncfextfwages.^^:^^!^^^ ^Am^pngland i^ e^e^pt. But ip ,v^^ part of t[H> TTnion , > c ^^ P^us. ^^w^^oT- f 1 I _i| ■!,,.. ri> ■ ■ Li's-iiCTJE' ■> 136 the £urmers, arc g^ven up to a pernicious indulgence in spirituous liqueur.* Marrkgesvin the United States are contracted eaiiy, and generally from disinterested motives. With very few exceptions they are sacred. Adultery is ran, and seduction seldom practised. The« inter. course of the sexes is more &miliar, without vice, than in any other part of the world,; to which cir* cumstance may, in great measuHe, be attributed the hi^tpy footii^ olaocKty, This intercourse; in some countries, is confined, t^ cold and haughty customs, ahnost to tl)c circles of consanguinity ; in others, froin Of^iDsite causes, it b unrestraioed> >t}luptuous, and depraved. In the United States, it is ^ree, • chaste and honouraUe. Women are said to afibrd t t3rpe €^ the state of dvilizaticm. In savage life they are slaves. At the middle era of refinement, they are companioQS. With its excess they become mis- tresses and sUves again. North America is now at that bappy mean, when well educated and virtuous , women, enjoy the ccmfidencx of their husbands, the revereilce of Uieir children, and the respect of socie- wMch k chiefly indebted to them for its tcttie and en^^li^Aents. The unobtrusive suid insensible influence of<^ sex is in meridian qperatiim at this tisilei and as m^-<^Qnq>any of vktuous wiHn^n is the * tlie prevuling; dml^ of somenSidfis affordi a partial in- dex to their characters. The chatnpsugne of the French, the malt liquor of the English, the wi^skey of the Iri^h, the (in f of the Dttt6h, the ram of the southern, uid the cjrderpf the eastern Americans, ate-jespectively somewhat indicative of their national temperaments. 1 ■# ua .(■■I >'■« bertaitotafer inannera,#hc Ami^ without as l»igh*|6li8h « »«e Biropen even the nm refined, have 091 attained. ^ I ^^ '^""•'?Wi^^^PPI|ii!ii«.i copied alter En* •NSN** "^ ««l!(fl«» of the AmericansA,k ^r S'Jir '^*"'* in lhelre«i«at. W the igw^ce «i «»»«*^ !*»w*l»ipW>w«a^ alternately Iblsiime^^rt^^ mmi^ w^m^ ^^ ^'".'vi*?^ ./ :n.f IV. ti|r^^lie|^oas; poli^bi «i^ Isodai^ let ine faasteh ib jmenta, coippared^nrith their spiicbf In Earope, such dgre- errbrt are t&tSiy assig^iy^uri^"^ uncbhinKKn caQ8<^^-^ jp;^ or iwo with flatteriiig ^^oet^om c^ theirj>iiiQ^^ %offf characteriiitics ; gf*\ii)ing the swains oif Florida, Vir* giiiia, and Canada alt^ther in the samejlNi^a^ di^ <^ out in the florid ct>l^ these|^retei?d«* ^i^snesse^ W* *|^S *^||llP?"nt for the moUves of their cr«atiuld be any th^gmpre than a feeble scion fmm the It stock, un^or^y to be c|U|ysi^red ^ an eqi|«l, qiuc^ m^S. V^^kA^^^ we '■^j^.im^'i^^ and love^i^hado^ ; llie parent 8tQcl^|^^ has mm^d ^ fyjAptm of ru^ ^^^ M^ f|j|;i«W%»tr9ija a^Mrdi^ca be tpj^iiNi '^ M^ ai^d, the ^^nabersome ^t^^^i tistGi,amd ^W(«f ^I^III^^Uatc f^ Amedeii^ to \ie ^o^jf^r^6}fj^ ^f*W)mVm^f^illll^^ of stitevmeo, and Uic 4l«p. siUoiw o£ Kterati, »vt^ first to, proclaim t^^^ sapctipn all 4he narpow preju4ic«,j^ti^ pwml thepe «n tbia ^libject. One of the last !V^mmm^^lll$t^ot ^^^l^m h%Ye cnd^ voured.to de^thp^txp?!!^ of a t^r «qgh th« United SftMe^^ 1^ JIlil^S^ of a wli^^tiayels, ip an iftdi- yIdl^,d,Mfagul«h«^Jb^ U,.^ » ,el«far ^4 *;P9el, over wfaosc^ mind; therefore, illiberal prepc^;. siQns should have less swa^.^n over the xnttt itiiierants a^ travel-wrights of the ag^^ | allude to Anacreon Mqom who is so el^^>,|^.|J»»^|^^^^i|^p his pen is exercliei on this coiinpyi tliat3f1» hweft of attits magic, and he dwfe- dies intq^a poo^ epi|>ime^ of commcm-place calutanids.^ J^ left England to tak^lpon >ini sofie litNeaffice in the «'|ii!- j«x*d Bermoothes ,•• and not Ukin| the sit^atioii, cttme fttenii leas andpen^yless to the AmerlpanconHiien^ with too othefr recommtodittion than his enchHilng^tiaenta for music; mki which pasvport he wng his wsy throijgh some of the cMef towns, lc)iteii9S,Yhere he was bidden, and almost |^ij>i|)R 1^ a uneals of course w%>ut any iheans of knowing o^ i^^. ciating the ijihabltantf. Yet, on hia tt^tUt necesd^£^ him to manulactum ft paltry, maUgiiant ditodeeimo, dlsgrice- fut alike to his bcml andO^ heart ; ia which, after deatta| 'otit l]|iii ingratituls in as mtich prose as he could produi^^ ^e occaajbn, he fiUIs away into rhyme, as grov«Uiog ill usual stvaina are toftyi and spits the remainder •§ his m travelled over Europe on fobt, with a Wallet oivhis shoulders, hss ¥ a?#?t:JW^^ IQ «r^ ^fi6«i! tb bSHs of #^ii^^iirfttfi(^tfi#^ii^t«itt^ hav^ tontisnted tfitoiftelv^^ irtrith btiinji dt4l hi^nbsft^iW of i! stories aid retailed of rl|i^* S^*rto« of M»ii<^ cttiiwtptlS^fti the fcctMi<^faid%ui^lng houses oVei^. ^ ^'Iftef enj^tejf a;^^^ hamst of ^moiameot and hnport- ancc Id the t^dji'bf tliiiil ctMtiitrf, tttmi tO; thOir briginal i^^ a^ifieiinee ^ Home, to bu^B aspi^rsionsj^rough their " Utt|t jjlloons of so<^t|r,'* Mi^_^||come badr a^ialii to ba«k iA ^ "iaij^tihtyMgH'i^^ «t)d undei-stnip* ^rj; £^}^^t^i9flitm'\]^' dHttftuttHe, hi the course of Uiei'r fAjg^tbim die Atkncii are tra&$fnutcd into fine gen* ilemeA and viirt^od, ihbdted it tt||» baitarhnt ctistoinaol thU savage republic ; the hospitality of #h<}Se eitJaens ihey ce^ descend to accept, while Aey ta|nttiiis«rate mi tialummate ^eir hosts, and ^aiiiMer it their 6spedal ettand iuid office to tlistorb, and overturn th^ goverttment. t^t thne wa| these Btotdf beggars wmd without kntfddlig um ^di bnpuBitjr the fbod they fed on. But so many ludfenwi^ and so many serious explosioas h|if« jjpe \^ of tbeae in- ^ * 'lil' ^ Md «Bititito.||||NW of Aepo, ttipMblofidtt^ by thfit 'p6lhiiii,gct«», M^tliWfl* <|«lUHon «*rpk«t ipdtliey be^|.|« »e*a b *o«*2Mtti8ait]p«itKl self respect, which «r^e first stefw *• "KPWeraOoo from oOMpi, hitfewto |||r^ «jMOT«Ma,t ttsurpauonr^lledfcMiiihePitecie^, J^M^W- Mrtigpmtra, ;?s .'»r*."^ e|t^e4 from St Dooimgo, • p^tch lii^SS^i^e., ^ ^.as.cdtifffrmnCaa^^titlei^ ac^pjofone cottntrjmun of mine'j al|oC vhlta, after a, ptiama rende ttoddriBki,^^ other-* heU^tm their brSS^^ddled with «ron^ ,fiq«ors, w^uld %^ .yeiy ^, ^ .^^ ^eral execr^in of the fsre, oIi».te. custo4 ^le, J iB«ituUon. of tSis nether region. Ope of the if^h^^u SPrW^"*"^*"' ^^^ ne^e' .*W,?ut «^ * mist fci|^ fife 0tt kel,^ the parish of hU hi«l^; com^ned of I'w ^a third of the porter, a^-viatbns, wtokS-hk ther f^cede^nc^in^pportable; u:^^^^ mr^ir complaints with magnificent eutoglttms on ^ dear sky, che^ UHng. rt»d^ t^mjiy unqSstionidrti £ v«mtage, o f t heir own con n^^ pccadrn ml lnd«>.>,^ '^^mf' L?» -.J' % '~i(.\.«4 ^ n^f. ■:■* ■f i4^ ■ .,'*■;■■ * _ . ■ ■ ■ > M^l^ ^hlBbr;^|ilBipp| liliiP^lifcpillMi^^fceoHectMii «jf ili^ ^tHijMm ebta^^t^jfom ht iMiing. the ki^iMtf. The ^hUjiege, iMio nevdfiSis free £rpm a fweftt ii)|( he doubli^ •*^. ^1^**' ^^ ^^' aod yho, when Id CwtoR, oevef fin^Ot tt Als pMjrers to implore the t)le&sings of a &nune or |»e«titiNiie«'ti^l|Mi'^H^^^ of the compMii^, and me- ehattteaDy iMiiilWJlli^ hte couW ddt *j)«ik id as ^# vmi^i^^WmMA by %Aft tod Ihra^loshoW' d^^ ''Z "T', ' ^«nd'ga'vtys''W'6iMli»%tanlll"'flii!^w ■ n^ pill^lblfal^llmeri^^ Jn iiich a^^cUrii^. The Iris^^ x»«i^lil» iii|dir«M ^les of claret wUh a meal, ^ id iiait liquop swore the inteniperate weathef iudi'feTen. The Hbll|^er siintoked his {>hlegmaUc pipt^ ID snence/^Q:>AiMiei^iii|tM^^^ who iv» idence, the fima riOB. it costs Ihem an (liiit ^^^»ni«s; ^t if fiirttgn, &ijr^ submit to it «itli implicit ilOffil Thejr depre<;ist« not only litics, , tit«rature, seienee and language, l^tft the ffiotals^ Brf^ md state wi» Qati^ dM f isost prepoat«)Otts EuraipetMi usag^ a tl^rst after die coafjpany and alliance of foreigners iii prefiftrenM tothdri cmi^toTfltien, an aifected reluctaatoe to live and #» they w«ve bfii^, aitr«i(nie of the sjrm^l^s oft ' ^''_''_^ ' ilil liiii II J |if|||i|||||iii'e^ lui'kgfilite'tBAl'fess pardonid>le thtaHi op|Mi«|4|||M^-<'» My«.n A ' 8tatei#'so>fciefy .in tlie meiiii' diaa of ««lBiiic»t wid virtu^%udvray tfoWeeh simpficity aiii; cjMTOimonj gay and polite, without b#ng pl«fligate} sbdl dingtho selectoit inftuence of tiii^ liollbrt ai^ publie tnuK|uii%i Siii^-thp creeping tWijgs of the earth, who feed on the olTals of for^igners^who ficlj the foot that tramples on them— who are despised by air others, evei those they worsMp, and must demise theniselvj^s.'^"'"'' fi^ Breathes there the mpn, with soul sq de^^l, . •, l„. Who never to bin^self h^th Wkid . ^ ,('; This is my mm, my native land! Whose heart hath ne'er within hiiki burned, As home his footsteps he hsth tuhied, f ram wandering on a foreign strand 1 ' : If such there breathf, go, mvli him w^Mfi-^. For Um np xnirMtre} raptures 9W9\li ,.^f ^ High though his .titles,, j^^roud ^ i^m^ Boundless his wealth irt Vish' cmi tiifm'$' = Despite those titles, pqw^ and pel?^- ^V -- -^^ ^e wretch, concentred all ip self, Lhring, shaU fiarfeit iair renowftl . / ^ r'^h. oU And, doubly dying, shall go dow© • To the ■1 '1 iilrdim».i'pnm wheate fce fpnin gf Vnwept, unhonoured, anduQaun^ ] W6 ^ racter. Enteiprisci |H|1^g spirit, mteUigence,fM^ and love of countiy toi^mtiiral.ttt suchapcp^ aeries of agesii rei^isiifcto fonnor conadi^ character. AttheearHcit date Hk legend is meal de- cided ; aaAtho*^ itrt||^y balii^gWvated, ia seldom W^MWcdl^;y«are»or,ttSidi^^ , ,:3it]i:t. ^ m:;^cj. ^Whqtwer ^ ^ndr/ferW wj findjiwlished inaiiiiers.»i It iacoiiarieite tlMt harmoniaes the intercourse and dissipates tffe preju- dice oif nations ; softens their witive pccidiarities, aftd ^)proximato8th^ir national ^jhai^ctefs to one cean- ^^«^JJ^^d-t Commerce, andtrade, and manufec. . ,^B6tirishcdi^'^^^^'^^*-^f^^ ^"'iiri^-wm^ *ble. itistoNorth America only that their justice IS denied. IjiEutope at least it isaprevaiUngnotioti- to associate die commercial habits of die United States, with sbtdidftaiiid^ adis6i^e for nbbte pur- suits, and a drettd of 1l«^^r atld M Amdffcahs^ve mcurrcdthe wjhmi and conteni|)t, which Slrlh he the p of any nation that is cpnsiddred by othera to be me, merccnify and |»sf ^ people. AkAi 1ri#«i6tts, ajiyi^toriews and 'puWic discussibiii, M vfetionsof Vpopu^lsym- padiics are in no .^^^ 'j^ot |ai|Cja^a fif^ . • Montesq. E«p, des Loi»^ |.r i^WfP^ t.m/:4r^fi^ ^ ^ tRobirt.C|,.rie,y^vpLl'|,1ViR J. '"■ ,-« ■ / '■/,.■ As individuals, «ida« a community^ they have cx- bibitsd and continue to exhibit ev^di)!'/ the noiit decided pKX»fii:of couiige and. impetuolllj^.j*ru[.,j| ' -The appeiil to duds for the detisiwiaSf private disputes is more frequent in the Iftiited States than itt any ' odier countiy whatever s -and thC^ private combats are conducted with a scientific ferociousness, and terminate ia general wiOii a iai^ jinkxiomk elsewhere. /^IV^verest statutes have invwn 1^ ed thehf^MtiUe^against this chivaihic custom, whit?b seem^^io^ inveterate among impassioned and opirii*. ate^^ireemen. /fli Is certiib that men have beonbe lew fiee^ less courageous, less di^xised for g;reat oO^ teiprises, than they were inthe days of Rome and of suicide, when, as Montesqp^u expitsses it, they ap- pear to have beoi bom with a" greater aptitudie, fiw teroism,* and bf exerting thb mconcdvable power over themselves, could bid defiance to aUx^ther hu- manpower. The niodem duel is an offspring of thi!» beathen sacrifice, in which similar causes lead to nearly thesapjc-efect. The^valence Of - the Gi^ow w. Inhwthum of the Romans nu^ not be in evidence of then- good sense or their fortitude j t«ir the fi^ quency of fiital duels in ^dsuntry of the superior braveiy of its inhabitants, jfiiut they prove at least the sensibility of both to that romantic. and ioe^i^ cable jwiB^of honour, which, however mde&nsible its votaries' may be in the eyes of both'God and ra- tional man, haii ever|)e^ a, e|ir«ieja^^ and high- mind^. .^^^^^^-r^-A-'.i- .-? 'j ■ .^.,^^^ ,^r ...v^-,..^; •*t • Montesq. Gruid. «t Ij^cad. c, isl p. X^i, ~^ 148 As'«' cdABnadty, Hht Amakxntk hten^ always thofwn-'theinselvni no kss forwaitK. Uwii;^tt indlvl- duals, to fiice thtskt eAemies and aggressbrs* In titom cou^ti^hi» the government that provokes, declares^and maintains wan. But the United States fmm exhibited continiial struggles between the govtttnittent and the people, in whieh the latter have been «tikinorous lor hostilities, at one time With ooe for^gn power, at another time with anotber, v^ule itU tiie Inflttence and forbearance of thdr ruleis has btm exercised to restrain this martifa intoxication^ tht levoUitioA Was ligked up by a national instinct ^ ind^^t^ndsacei called early into action by the M- laitiiienis til llbeity ati|d republicanism; when cer- tainly lio incapacity f^r war was evinced. HoW iUus- IrioUs indeed should the conduct and tqmination of that ttttitest render the Americans, wlkn contrasted . witfitfie pusillanimous facility widi which the most compact and WMiike nations o^ Europe have lately JWtefi under the arms of their .invaders ! The Amcri. cift colonies would not ha;ve vetitU^ « war single* handed with the irst maritime |iower of the world, aboul a triffingtais on tea, had not tiiot military im- pdlSfeiWhleh inflamed aUke the atitidy east, and die impatient south, prompted th«ii 06 mdte for the as. sertioh of their independence. It wasnot oppn^ion that goaded them uport emancipation. But their ui- stihct forliberty : as the author bf their epic, with hit* peculiar propriety of expression, describes their feel, ings atthe time, . '■'''"''"' '^'^ i^^^^tf ^^'y-" ■■ \J ■jfsi "•fc 149 •A longintervalr of profound tranquUlity andmiU- tipUed commcfce may have tamialied the feme, per- haps relaxed somewhat the tone of this people. But it was the government, not the nation, who com- promised witii endurance for emdumenti and the same ^ii^ which was once displayed, is stiU ready ^ jhfftr itself when summoned into acdoQ. The Wme/valoiir, goo^ ^k, clemency and patriotism 5^11 ^imate the bosoms of America, as the first burst ol| the^r hostiUties, whenever it takes place^ will coa- ^ tl^irylwnniators. , , . ,., , , ,,^ £.egitima^ commerce, instead of demoraliz'mg or debasing aT community, refines its sentiments, mul- tiphes its intelligence, and shaipens its ingenuity. Where are theevide^jces tothecontraiy in thiscoun- tiy ?^The Americip, for from being a soitiid J venal, are Qot even a thrifty people. Subsistence is so easy, andcompetency so common, that those nice calculations of domestic economy which are a branch almost of education ip Europe, aro aearcely attended torn America; and that long, di^usting catalogttc of petty offences, through which the lower classes of other nations are driven by indigence and wietched- ne^ has hardly an existence hero* though dea^ is almost proscribed ax>m the p«ial code. Native Ame- ricansare vety seldtim to be metwith in ineni4orthe laborious occupations, whie^arc fiU^ by blicks and foreigners, mortfy Mur(^ea»s, ^ho «ro also the cooi- «|M|i perpetrators of , the smalhr crimes aUudedto. Though the govcrimicnt is supported by die cus* J°°^_y>d tfte Rum g toai t a: for ibejg^eo^ are merely.pecuniary, yet iuch delinquencies aro mfi- nitely less frequent than in Europe or even Asia. The r- M) -■#■ aahneikof libe public oflicels^ive very inconsiderable : yet malversation iii a crime of nu# occummce ; aiid dnt essential venality, whkh pervades almost every det)artment of government in other countries, is al- together unpractised in this. l# ^ r^ ;.*;, . 1^,,^^^ , \ cfa their foreign traffic the Americttna haVe been ex- posed to all the contumelious indignities which supe- rior power and rapacity could inflict. But have the accusationa charged upon them been substantiated ? When a young and unarmed people have nootber reliance for their advanc^iAent than their industry and -OQiteness, and neveitlie^ess, owing to these and their tenitorial advantages, succeed against the j^Otis re. stricHons^ and overwhelming maritime strength of older states, it is as natural for the latter to stigmatize them with dishonesty and encroachment, as it was for Rome, when Carthage was half subdued, to pro- claim the instability of Punic fiuth. ^ Bttt*,the charge contradicts itself: for how could the Americans pursue a successfid and augmenting commerce, if their frauds' were as numerous as they are declared to be, after the whole world are put on their guaid, and in anna» to suitress them ? The American merchant can have no other convoy than his nejutrality and feir- ness : and if he have common sense,' must perceive that honesty is his onlypoUq5P.^,jriieu^i&imc8a wiOi wibich the trade of these states is charged, is ascriba. ble^ndt^the American, but tc^tthe^pany desperate foreigners, who assume « neutralized citizenship for the designs of disiumest speculation, and m top many instances abuse the privilege by simulation and ini- " P:'i J 151 While univcn»l4)ccupation, agriculhinU, merean- tile and professional, imbues aooiety with its spirit of punctuaUty and txactitudc, poverty doc»wrt vitiate th^low^..p« Fofligacy diatinguiaH the higher rlagfx^g *yin- If...... , r t . ^ classes. TTie laws of been adopted in ^ei <4 good feiMk or . character, of fortune, any community,.ainonj r, as we have teen, have 9ur; and infractions liable to the loss of itself: nor is t|Kre . -' -T—^-'r — "A the temptations to de- baaenient are Icsapowerfulj or where the laws and morals combine *> oppose^ a^oie cfectual restniiht <»>th^.onmesthat cause. it.. i.:r^^^:;.^■^^^^,. _9. A wew of the fcsources and prospect of ^ the United Statea necessarily i^vplves some conaidoB. Uon of diat commercial Capacity, by which they sat counted. a» regards thek intereouwe with die w« of th^ worW, wd^s^it affect* them with the poUci' ' and revolutions of otfier^r^t commercial ^^ I have endeavoured to show that tiade jMbnc^ ira- poverish. deteriorate or demoralize. ButWmurtbe understood wjdi referenct to ^Kmtaneous trade, Hie ofeptmgof supcrBuous agriculture, or superior mie ^f>mmerce jvhk^ furnishes a national revenui,- which cj^Uvates an iriexhawstible territoiy, and n^ at any nion^ent be n^odiBed or suspended ^m Z hmier grievance ^ a temporaor deprivation of F^t, should age ^ confounded with that exotic tndhc. for whose products a nation ne^ects its ami. culture, which is protected by navies that cort ^ iw^ wars, and impoverishes the people that it may nfil: to thmw ndPTife ««« 1 _..__^ ... • . • .~ ~^- .1*1 \ 152 the harpest of the river, andwho isti mart of nations; but it is as unnataral as fetal to stretch everjr sinew ^ it cracks, in commercial efforts. ^ With the benignant influence of free trade, nothing is more militant than the isaneful spirit of monopoly. The latter, like all other systems founded on injus- tice, is of temporary advantage and ultimate ruin to its supporters. A warlike nation may extend their dominion by arms, in defiance of the opposition of others. But commercial, aggrandizement to the prejudice of the rest of the world, attempted by any one people, is a position that cannot possibly belong^ maintained. Exclusive restrictions, with whatsoever art and powbr fortified, may fco* a time attract an excessive prt^ortion of ti*affic and grandeur to any particular state ; but they inevitably draw upon it, at the same time, the jealousy and hostility of all others. It is the fate of national monopolies that by the time they have completely succeeded, the whole world is in league to beat thetn dow/l ; and the state Which wa- ges war for their perpetuation, must either surrender them whe^ they are most productive, or Muk at last, exhausted by its own exertbns, overcome by its multiplied enemies. Independent of the Reasoning that suggests^ itself in support of thjs opinion from the common operation of cause to effect, an historical examination of monopolies, as they have been succes- sively attempted by cBfferent empire9,^ill show that ^ere is. scarcely one^ which, ajfter a diort and spe- cious show of greatness, lias not recoiled destruptive- ouits cont r ivers, Venice^ Pohug al^ H o lla nd, Sp ai n and England are fatal testimonies of the disaster and r> 7 Wr m ff destruction, in wlricb these flatteiing expedients must tenninHtCi .JBn|^Mid indeed is a^ a gi«at power: but however successfuUy she nwy lesiat sui9|^dbn^ it is in^MMsiye she can hold for ever the pretensions she setsup agaiiist aU the worid. tlie cniel impoli- cy of Ae Spanish commercial ^stem wa^ long cx- empliBed in the hnpoverbhment and decline of the peninsab^ and the ignorance and retardment of Sottdi America, And^ainisnowundeigoingtfaeKsultsor herparsimonious sequestration of diose imi^enae «* sout^ces, whichj^nder proper government, wouWhavn enriched and made haj^y all her extended veafans. ^>iugglmg, contpabaad, blockades, searches, are ^ immediate o%ring of monopoly. €ommercial imuds increase in proportion to the belligerent prohibitions opposed tor them. IKmulation on die one hand bft. comes as indispensable^ m^m/t en the other, tin «t last the maritime iatereourse of states wUl become sq distorted, as to exlnbit one universal scene of tolem* ted ^^imsf^fmmm^immmmMm^^m >^ war fiff commerce destooys the veiy object it is waged to mamtain. Europe has been drendied in desolation for conun^id advantages, which have taken r^ge i|^^f|||||^i^^^ of the United S^^MIflill^Jieftlculabk resources of solarge '^fSlI** <^^ Asia, Africa, and South Am^ifei<; *tti niafei linemployed, die dreadful havoc^that has been S!!i^^ *irfng tlfe iMlt SO years for the prwlucf -'-■*' 8t.India island, or a little carrying or colon^ awf ul rebuke to t he boasted scientiifc ImJjrdvwmKSRtt^' oT modfeiti tl '9kvtt fourths bf^ globe, and aH their soperfluit! ) tj ■HI I J % tm ir [:■ > ' M « Bmmm^ kiiow«i«^B»l|b«einaiiiing fourth, wMeb, wiA tl^%hts of pve-emiiietil civiUzation, i^^warting ks^ ^lil^fqI^the comparatively inconsidcrabic re- mainder. The jich^t region»4o£ the most extensive y quarteiB of itiie j^obe. we suffered to lie unej^lored, ^ while eveiyjmdeaYourkmakiiig to limit and preveiit 4he extension p^ that commerce^ which would^bting ^ i!rii|ple intci^a^^ MiltionsoC lives J Ibwc been uselessly and wickedly sacrificed. Bullions of iia|>py and industrioua beings thrown out of enlr pli^rtnent into idleness|^ and want, Bullions oiArm- deemable debts contracted, all the pernicious cona^ quences oC using lajj^syiii^Jaws-and' rapacious evocations incuiired^MiliaW^ made more c^mon and tremendiHis tSm thef were in the dark ages, by Ae in^uation which would estabii^ national greatness on the perverted and tott«tang twsis of navigatiw ^ipsgl^^^ \ ment.' *'-'W*'-^^l»4!'Mi|»^!- '*"'>'' -^'^ . "'^sti Fortunately fdH/Aweiica, and,for the woridlnge- pei^al, this atnefif things is not.ascribable to t^ spirit of trade, but to the deksion of monopdisti^; an4 many indications appear of its approachii^ dU- Iplution. It is prpbable^tet before the lap^p||p^ \^ century mankind m/111 look back iiHIi ujS^S contempt to, tlie nanrow confine*^>of that traffic, they ar« now destroying eait has originated will continue. In tiie north of Europe a great empire, and on this side of the Atotic a powerful repub^p^ yet but developing "wjY^squrcesandprinciptes^^^^*^ ^ of ^^j^ - wiU b^ directed, 1^ a natural concert, infinitely ^ n g er \\m a ny nation^ co mp aeij i<>ihe ' »tt ofj^»|!^^lb||ipJjQI|i|,gf^ seas. ...L^^ irf ., /* >;,- .--?'■' n .:<-'i. > f;'^^IV3Mi^ ti^ vttemiost einds df 1^ Wdi #9} bti ttiiCKli^ to ^ researches io^diristiiifityt«#ili^ x^^ 1^ witt unbar mt ^oft>inle4 l«|^stiiti>r€faiiui and fii^ knock off tliehtold«n|ttlptof Soi^ Amerioi, and penetnitii lii%lmost Mliiblti^^iegions m of Africa. ^3Q iiid^ amaded'toifiiid that mciDe than one half <^ tiie gidbiitt#be(n j^ out ftom the benefit ^«Okili 4nii«ldMit)i(iiifM thectther, ttot bj^oeettoi^iaiid ■ go^^iy that af b^^es^ is tinns^^ted for tke attaia* ■ flieiift'cC'fdeiAiii^i so dcdisiofisd \^^ to ^ sieev^t^.a^ permanency of peace. Asi long as a; people i«firtin from oflfemive hostilities, a military gemus b ffli^^tribitte deiierving eticooragem^nt ; and it ii cspecisily the ihterest of the Uhitcd States to ci^ tivatjl^ ^"mVK^df a warlil^ ^irit» as may n^ b^ iii^ cbmpatibte with th^u* repubtican instikt|( are not in a ^ituaticoi to desire conqi ritone# 'tadtin*' need ' conceiftrat^ lite sdi^Mbbvemment b sp where ■ 'imfSm' would be requited, iHia Utile «1 fear' ^om the &mbiti(^ Andde^iotbm isless to be dreaded mamten ja icc of a' suitjable estabU gji its sudden creatign, incase. (^«mfei^gciic , * Tm^nienttillJi^;fl^^ premaey ofihe^Wjis re-cstaWishei^vf Btit a db«g-. ' nantrepuWican empire, with military feroeenoug^ic) *;d^end its righte, wi^out%> much% to mstigate!^ ambition, to subvert ^fhern; jun and^pectable r -jw; *-'7 -^^ -I J ' .:*. ■ V ■ ■) ^iWJIf, feave^/Uie ^^^ ,^ saarl^ for this attitude t ^l^irresouxces have bees^ if possible, more underrated than their character. TlieirpopulfttioQrnow Ms but little short of toiniil* lkiia.u»l¥ith ail inexhaustible tenitorial, fond of ivtahliy wididit debts or taxation, tirttii eveiy abun^*^ of munition and requisite for war, they have %. in men withims in their hands, than the Ronvur:emi>aie ever maintained at «iy one time* ^ than the force^ii^ Wluch Louisi^XlVv te«^$ttij#«tli» v povrei^ of Etirope obii|b^iGd^ or widi which^^^ «fM««b^i^5Bd hi^^^iliaries drove Louial^ iiitothemjlaietof Wjip^i^ A militia of six iiim*^^ dned thousand men, undiscq>lki^ ii^eed, unofficerj^ cd, «id uninured to the tste^ 9t8Jte otho^i%» but hardy, aOiletifv^^iMil, and ln» vmo^y'liiaached to thdr country^ are.theinw materials at least for fornm^ alb^dab% barrier to in va^QiU Much of Ac contumeUous a^ gresaipn the^ ire t^^^ *'*^*^^ iii|(with it ^^Ithat eondilef^ eittbodi^ and preserves ijl jpeopMBT*^ An»oq|i|ii lli ji iyi iittmber of kidinduals «s (;onq>pe tl officers of this little navy, never did nor does therc'-oxi^tl^ more glorious spirit of chivalrit valour and ehtferprise, supe- "^^ rioe^iftttScal ^H and proMenc7,-^seipttne,-su1>oi^^^ — and concert iii^micrf a«**tin<]|u«| iappci^ij^ ?!*»*W is no body of men so well deserving to be entitled the itfctwer of the coMntry, But the ft|yr of the Chesapeake h» drench<« ed their laurels with more ig;nomin]r than a1j| the watert^of the Chesapeake can wash out: not only thope implicated ia that indeUbljr shamed transacUon-prhut eveiy <#per 4d Ihe navy«-.*nay,,«Tery ipdividual in the natipn— aod t^ve aU^jil^i nation itself, still smjarting u^revenged vpn^er «iM;haa in%;« tbn. ^lood, blood al(we can wash out that^iftain. An occa- sion, presenting itself, ai| if on puipose, to signalize thei? cootage ajid capacity, which mig^ ha^ been the meant of wiping off, ia oQ^^meiiiontUe hour, 9U the a^eraiena tiuig from all quarteri on tiMinalioi)»l reputation, anieifsUtnpiog their name in the %pinos| «le «f coumge^Ma peop^jHM^ suflfered to lound He tocab of their disgrace! canning through all regions the h^;itbtioiu jreTerheiatioaa of thfir cowardice tod ilDcapac^'' --^' -"' .''"•■^;v> ' If it were ib« ino other purpoae than to contradiet and repel the firal eonaei^ieneea all the world muitt info from thb unspeakably in^ous discometure, the American aataon aboutd apply aU thf ir «eal aad effiwta to the immthse re- loincea they enjoy IbrcrMting a respectable, a formidabMe 'lMf)M«et.jBiidhaiaTf>asmight dam die jealous ^ohmmIoqi ^^dth«rpowers^^B&v|r of ships of the line^^^attc^aiw^ as n^ight i^jl to tKMiTfiy and protect their anircraai cttm^ >«»««r1ttdWtg those lafliitapetty^^l^^ Bies, t^t^ .^petual proyoqations, wjkhout eren being sufficient mod»e»to,*ratv4s would ronder it always lutoec;^ ^^ *3°^ theur merchant ii^pB)f4has (mttingwiM iii£iiiK eReBies6«Rii ff^ ««» M^lrwail aaniK f|ft«Md |ir;coae«^ 'i,. '"w" U9 tiisiasm have already madc.offi- expensive for the inunense re> MurtTea of thb country, hitherto not half dere^opecefn stki ransadk every (a^M^ol^ commercie will i» safe without a ^avy to protect it!: ml livB AmocicaM mustvSi^ mit tn;.bo TnM:^\Bnd plui^^Rfiig^ bunibd^ antdi and destroy^ in eveiy latitvachH or«o bie convoyed by the jSnglish, or seoaici oflMtc inendly powerj^whkJh w fsalouaiMt a ndl pimipi^M^looi^^ •A '. m \ ♦^ m' 1/5 4 *: vasioiis of Europe^V a barrier sufficient in ittelf at present, "Mrhilethe only power that could become an invader is unable to keep the sea^ which b ruled by a power unable to invade. ' At no distant day die stationary strength of Eprapc; may be counterpbised by the ina«ased |trengtMf America ; and the cur, rent of irruption, whictiTor ae many thousand years hasproceeded from east to west, h^ybg reached ^e limits^ ks action, may re^soil^ and trace back its stq>s from rthe populous and^foigl^y west- tp the ce- .'tr ■^ duced and prg«sti«te east. Fimnj oiJDiimercial depredations the Ignited. $tates may not^fqf son^eyears,^ beexethpt^, Butt)iei?Tpie, ability «is^>m«i»«than a match for apy foifce t]^ sent ^ter aefi (^ their invasion, Jn both ^- naoderp timesi lai^ . militaiy expeditions, Mfhi^i^pended rgp na?al copperatioi^ have almost alwayabeeft^misucc^ssfttU A^ 0^^ exhaust the ,ji^ ^ t^tiwsembl^s tiem, it is impossible tOTejMO^ disasters % ii^shsiiuBooi^.. If ttoy o^ part bf( or d^troyed» the odiers being more or kss dCj cat upon each other, cannqt act thus niutilated ^ _ unavoidable slowness of wch enterprises gives "^ opportunity for preparatiofl to the odier party. Jipd tempests of thejsea are periis^f |aily occur^eiHJe^ ipsuiinountable difficulty. Admitting, however^ thg^ Iq^an uiM^mmpncoincidewx of ^c?r^^ accident an invasion were«fected, and that aH North America mj^lje overrun by an experienced, weU appoint^ ari^ ^ pmld n^v^e^ss Jt;|^ impossible to py^- cpme Ac inhabitants, or reco n c il e tfiem to a y^^ Thr^eans of escape, of subsistence, and of sove- <^ 4i!. r' ■ -* 'ij'f^ m v#" fieig^, ore wididiiit beundii, tn^ no ibnre or priti^ tSon tlitt «ii themy could apply, would ib«ee m inb- iDissftoii. War might ravage their fidda, coii%(rate tficlr villages; ttickdidr towns, and s(au|^iter a pttt ^ llMir poj^QiAttbnrbiitthost kho remained would an^t^ dil]jti|t|&tiliQ^'1Jw*^:.55^ & +a,. r [^^^pliii^M ieng^, and I fear ttctliB4d yoiir ' Mlis&ctibn, haV« I ;ltteitlpted to commaniaate t!M^' idia* ^ i0^t Anlericatt %iS0p|e,>^^^'^^ been formed ^ova. lon^ acquaintanoe ifid 'dftlibentte mtfidi tI^af^«aninM^ apotogy( Bl| ai U|ai^ |aI» wlMit «t«ar8 i itu^ haf^ been b^vay«d by ftftittiaUly, wMeh I am proud tc^ iKsknowledge, I cannot ^tii** mSfi6 ; dKnigh a aCri^ itgird tb- tht uiitjiaggenittd trudi ha!{ guided my p«(^ V¥6bdtHy 'Iti^ lit^^^i^ llrti^l^ fifnm a feet^ig, whkih tdl iadAf 'aficdini}^^ mti^ittlA I iiNoreiwUing prejudtcn>pe- Ahd ^ gntVest philbtophersof d)t<)l#%dillha«iNs1ed^ way in thdie ignotttoty ab8t^'p^bdi^;i^ llR^.^ ' Hi^ a^ has been itpresented as par^monious lllid kfiortlt^ ; ^ cHntate as #bwiaid and pernicious ; 1^ Creatures as stunted, stuj>id> ^ debased below thcy-species ; the mann ers^ prin dptea, and gove ni^ xnent, as suited todiis iml^d^ depravity. These J mit. - ^1 T^ m t a k n t] £ 1( c n ¥ - ? 1^ absurdities appeared engraved iKith the itamp loif knowledge andautnority ; their circulation was gfe-^ nend and accredited ; and it is amazinghow current ^ diey continue to this day, notwithstanding the pioofii-^ |' that have successively adduced themselv<» <>^ ^yiV :v^\ fiilaiacation and baseness. BUt it is time sudb^iO^ii^li ^' ; J were called in, and a new seignorage issued, less al- loyed with prejudice; thatEun^ may be i|pde- ceived respecting a pe^Ie, in many respects the firs^ and in none the lowest on the scale of naiofl$. ^^ -'' ' 'Si \\ A ifi^a '■J"- ft 1 -J tmr m' tt,.^,*/. !• rft T \^4 •1 J* J ^ - » ,%fe- K ^VV -^d ,