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 MEMORANDUM 
 
 FREPAkCD BY A COMMITTEE APPOINTED AT THE FIFTH 
 ANNl'AL MEETING 
 
 OP THE 
 
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 Held at Ottawa, March 15TH an/ i6th, 1888/ | 
 
 ^ TO CONSIDER THE QUE8ti(^OF A \ 
 
 • ^rijdnoWrical ^urv^of tl?e Bominion.» 
 
 ■ ■' ' ' \ •'■■:■ ■ . / I 
 
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 Ta draft a tchemA fo' *»» incerti<^, and to take wch steps as they might deem 
 advisable, to bribg ihe subject undfer the notice of the Government and of 6then 
 likely to be intevested in this much needed work. ^^ 
 
 i 
 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 OTTO J. KLOTZ, D.T.S. 
 W. F. KING, D.T.S. 
 W. S. DREWRY, D.L.S. 
 
 ' E. J. rainboth; d.l. s. 
 
 J. Si dKNNIS, DTS. 
 
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 I ^. ; PRINTtt) BY JOHN l^VELL *• SON. \ r|^ 
 
 
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 SHOUtb-you not be a memlwer of the Association; it ii"^^ . 
 
 ■■■■' * ■ \. <"'-'- ,1*1 -r 
 
 respectfully urged that you at once become sucivi' and by f . 
 your earnest co-operation anbt in making it a means of /t h. 
 elevating the standai^ of the profession, and. by an inter- / ;f | ) / 1 
 change of ideas, of increasing the scientific knowledge of its ) \ ; } ) 
 members to as great an extent as possible. — t f ^ | ^ |vf f | | r V i ^ 
 
 Those Who are not Dominion Land Surveyors by profes- ' ^^ 
 sion, but whose pursuits, scientific acquirements or practit^l! | f 
 expfriencse fit theni to co-operate with Dominion X<and ' ' 
 Surveyors in the advancement of prpfessional knowledge, • ^ 
 are qualified to join as Associate Members. 
 
 Should you be acquSiinted with any 
 vSurveyor who is not a member, or any gentleman qualified 
 
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 to join as an associate menlber, use your earnest endea-' <( 
 
 Should you be acquiiinted with any t^mihion Land *^ I * ^ 1 £ • 
 
 ■■/■fa 
 
 vours to make him become such. " In Unity is sifRENGTH." I f 1 » % 1 1 
 sThen let us unite together, and as a body be one man with, -i ^^ f V ' 1 1 
 
 «w end m viewi ■ . * ' 7 .: ' ^* ! ' -~ :; " Ti • I ■* V^ 
 
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 Ussocibtion^bf Pominion Qand ^urve 
 
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 {Cinuiar.^ 
 Jkar Sir, 
 
 (}T I AW A, A/>rj7 1 3 I ,S8.H./ 
 
 ">>, 
 
 1/ 1 In Conimittn of tin- Association of Dou iiiioii Laiai 
 
 Surveyors, ixppoinU;l at tlu lad Annual Matiu};] luUi /\/,ii,n 
 
 I 5/// anil \(U//, at Ottaica, to consider the subject of a frij^vin ■ 
 met neat .Survey oj the Dontinion, have ntiLh plJasurc in 
 submitting the accompany ing^ Memorandum ]%■ your coiisi\ 
 deration. - / 
 
 With the object of obtaining all the fnforni/ition po£sibi> 
 to assist them tncJnteresting persons wh^ can /natcrially lulp 
 in havi^''a beginning made in this hnmlh /^/^xded survey: 
 the Committee. :,•/ II b< exceedingly obliged if A'(>iM0)vr:vard, 
 any information of a local character, whicli might he qnotid 
 to slun<< the benejits arising from the possession of reliahU 
 maps, compiled from data furnished bv la triironometrical and 
 dependent detail survey. ^ / .; 
 
 - - No doubt there ,tre many cases/ of this hind^^'hich have 
 come under your notice, and xjiich i^'ould\aJford valuabii 
 
 inforniation in, assisting the Com/hittee to prepare any fitrtlur 
 
 i' 
 memoranda on tJie subject. ' / d. 
 
 ■■■■. '' ' . ' ■■'' ;■ , '■■■ '■ 
 
 1 a,m. '-^ 
 D^r Sir, 
 
 Yours very truly, ^' / 
 
 ^ ~ , Secy, cjCuminiltir. 
 
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 MEMORANDl^M 
 
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 PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE APPOiNTED AT THE FIFTH 
 ANNUAL MEETING 
 
 
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 or THX 
 
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 Held at Ottavva, March isth and j 6th, 1888,^ '^ 
 
 TO CONSIDER THE QUESTION OF A 
 
 • %Ijonometpical purvey of' f\)e Bominion.* 
 
 Todimft a ichenit for itt inception, and to take wch steps as they might deein 
 advisable, to bring%s* subject under the notice of the Government and of others 
 likely to be interested^ ^ Wh, needed work. 
 
 'i\ 
 
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 COJVfl^TyKK. 
 
 OTTO J. KLO rZ, ^.S. ^ 
 W. F. KING, D.TS. 
 W. 'S. DREWRY, D.L.S. 
 E. J. RAINBOTH,.D.L.S. ^^ 
 J. S. DENNIS, D.T.S. 
 
 M 
 
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 PRINTED BY JOHN LO YELL *• SON. 
 
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 , MenjoraQdurrj. 
 
 At the fifth Annual Meeting of the Association of Dominion Land 
 Survej'ors, held at Ottawa, on the 14th and isth 0^ M?irth lasit, u 
 Committee was appointed to consider the questic^ of a Trigono- 
 metrical Survey of the Dominion, to draft a scheme for its incei- 
 tion, and to take such steps as they might deem advisable to bring 
 the subject under the notice of the Government, and of -others 
 likely to be interested in this much needed work. 
 The Committee beg to submit the following in reference thereto : 
 The Dominion has now arrived at that stage when the wants of 
 the country demand a more exact system of survey than that in 
 vogue. 
 
 The question of the value and utility of a' trigonometrical 
 survey has been so settled by almost every civilized nation, that 
 It IS hardly necessary to advance proof of the statement that it 
 -°"'^i^??'"^*^"**^^**^^** valtie To the whole Dominion ; 
 **"* ^"IfP"*'**'*^"' *.nd in support of the statement, the follow- 
 ing facts iare offered. 
 
 The surveys of this kind, which have been made by other coun- 
 tries, may be briefly referred to. 
 
 First and foremost is the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, covering nearly 11.1,000 square miles, which was 
 begun in 1784 and is now Hearing completion. Then comes 
 the great Trigonometrical Survey of India, inaugurated at the 
 beginning of the present century by Colonel Lambton, which is 
 still in progress, and of which the beneficial results have been 
 inestimable. Belgium is carrying on a survey which, when 
 completed^ will furnish 450 sheets of map oii a scale of „ J,, 
 with contour lines one meti« apart. 
 
 Prussia is carrying on an extensive survey, and since 1849 
 has introduced new and more perfect methods. Russia, with its 
 enormous Jerritory, about twice the size of the United States, 
 
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Memorandum on Qeodetic Survey. 
 
 
 including Alaska, has been for many years engaged in prosecuting 
 trigonometrical surveys^ -^ 
 
 Norway, although a comparatively poor country, has set itself 
 on having agood topographical map, on a scale of yf,i it com- 
 piled from trigonometrical surveys. 
 
 Austria has completed a hew map of the Empire, comprising 
 71 5 sheets also cpmpiled from data furnished by trigonometrical 
 ' surveys.,, ' \ \ ' ' ' ■■ 
 
 I)cnmai<k, /Switzerland, Spain, rortugal and Italy are all carry- 
 'ing on trigonometrical surveys, toxenable them to map their ierrf- 
 to(ies accurately. 
 
 \ France has completed hcr^urvey\and the result is shown iii 
 276 sheets of map. 
 
 On this continent surveys of a high order of precision have bcf<en 
 made Ijy the United States. Government, and the work of the.^ 
 Coast ^nd Geodetic Survey is -going steadily on, having been \ . 
 extended along the sea coast and also along the Great I^akes, and 
 many of the States^ and Territories havej^n covered by its opera- 
 tions, including some in the far West, viz. : Nevada, Colorado, 
 Utah, New Mexico, Montana,^ Idaho and part of Arizona. 
 
 Several of the states. have conducted independent trigonome- 
 trical surveys of their own territory, including Massachusetts, 
 California, New^Jersey-and New Hampshire, and in other states 
 they are in progress. 
 
 All the foregoing surveys are based on triangulation. 
 '^ It may be asked what are the practical benefits to be derived 
 from a trigonometri^^al survey, and what is there to justify the 
 expenditure ;6f the large sum of money which a survey of this kind 
 would ultimately cost. To make the point of practical benefit 
 clear, the following will be readily understood by all : 
 
 It is stated by an eminent Ameridan Engineer that " if the 
 State of Massachusetti had had a good topographical map in 1836, 
 .some $20,000,000 woufd probably have been saved in 4ts public 
 railway expenditure." 
 
 Mr.^andford Fleming, C.M.G., in his report to the Minister of ^ 
 I^blic Worlcs, dated April 5th, 1879, says: "If the railways of 
 Ontario had to be established ' de novo,' a careful study of the 
 requirements of that Province would enable any intelligent engi- 
 neer of ordinary experience to projecit a new system which at* one 
 half the co^t would far better serve the public, and would meet 
 every demand of traffic, would more fully satisfy every exp'ecta- 
 
 
Memorandum on Oeodetic Sutvey. 
 
 8 
 
 tion, and which would not resuUAin disappointment and loss to 
 those who have been induced to iiivest their means in that which 
 has. proved to many an unprofitaible undertaking." 
 _„ If to-dajr^jtji^railroad is projected in England, or any other coun- 
 try possessed of a good topographical map,^prelitninary surveys 
 such as we are obliged to make are unnecessary, for from these 
 plans the lengths and grades of any jjroposod line can be deter- 
 mined with sufficient accuracy to enable a final location to be 
 made. 
 
 In carrying on a survey of the charilcter contemplated, it is 
 necessary to run lines of exact levels from station to station, and 
 thus we would have the elevations of points all tjij)»ugh the settled 
 portions of the country, and in future operations, m whifcTTlevelling 
 is a feature, all levels could be referred to a common datum line 
 (sea level for instance), and when railway lines are pushed back ' 
 into the- wooded interior, the physical char.acter of which is buf ■ 
 little known, we would then have some definite idea of main" 
 watersheds and valleys, to guide future operations, instead 
 of relying, as is at present done, on guess work ami hearsay 
 evidence. * ./ - / ■ .' 
 
 Among other benefits to be derived from a survey of this kind,, 
 are the following : Our ext<^sive coast line both in the (lulf of St. 
 / Lawrence, on the Atlantic and Pacific seaboards, and also in our 
 ^-%land waters, has ^been very roughly determined m many places, 
 and in consequence many disasters happen to shipping, and many 
 valuable lives are lost annually, which would in^a great measure 
 be avoided wer? we in.possession of reliable charts of our waters 7 
 and one of the first requisites in making the hydrographic surveys, 
 necessary to provide the data or compilati9n of these charts, 4s 
 that certain points on the shore should be accurately fixf d. It 
 may be mentioned in connection-with the Hydrographic Survey 
 of Georgian Bay, at present being carried on under the direction- 
 of Staff Commander Boulton, R.N., that Commander Boulton 
 stated before the D. L. S. Association, at its last annual nieeting, 
 that in making his survey, he had not been able to connect his 
 work with any point accurately determined by Canadian auj 
 thority, but had to use points established by the United States 
 Coast arid Geodetic Survey. "^ 
 
 On our inland^akes and waters large sums are annually spent in 
 t harbor and other improvements, and yet the geographical posi- 
 tions of -these lirarbqrs and waters are not acciiiirately shown on any* 
 map or chart.. 
 
 4 
 
 —7 
 
 
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 ■^.'^^■■'^mh'-i V'-T-*' 
 
 4 Memorandum on Geodetic Survey. 
 
 A large sum has been spent in building the Murray Ganal be- 
 tween Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quinte, but there is no correct 
 chart of the Bay, and a stranger attempting to navigate a deeply 
 laden vessel in its waters would probably meet with disaster. -This 
 has happened time and again, and will continue until we have an 
 accurate chart of the pay, and as has already been said the work 
 of making these charts would be greatly expedited by .having 
 points along the shores established by a trigonometrical survey 
 from which to begin the^ hydrographic survey. 
 
 Numerous isolated surveys have been made under various de- 
 partments of the Government, at points on the Atlantic coast, the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in the Great Lakes ; it is also proposed 
 by the Militia Department to make a series of reconnaissance 
 surveys at different points ; all these surveys, made,' or to be 
 made, give valuable results, but they cannot be considered com- 
 plete until they are connected. To this end a carefully executed 
 triangulation is necessary. ' 
 
 Again, with the increase in the value of real property, any work 
 having in view the permanent marking of points which would 
 definitely fx the positions of boundaries of real esitate, is for 
 the public godd. In many of the Provinces the boundaries of 
 valuable properties are in most cases dependent on the dura- 
 bility of wooden posts, a few marks on trees, or the testimony 
 •of a few of the oldest inhabitants, and as a consequence expen- 
 "^e litigation often arises, in fact it may safely be said that the 
 amount annually expended in litigation regarding boundaries 
 would go a long way towards paying for the cost, of a trigo- 
 nometrical survey. "^ 
 
 Were the boundaries, especially those of large areas, such as 
 counties, townships, and concessions, accurately defined by a 
 trigonometi/ical sy&rvey, similar to that made by the countries 
 herein referred to,*^all doubt as to their position would be forever 
 set at rest. 
 
 At the present time, throughout the Dominion, every city and 
 many of the towns and villages are looking about for means of 
 ^ obtaining a good water supply or of improving the supply they 
 have. " , 
 
 Qravity being the' best method of utilizing a water supply, is 
 generally first sought after, but the information- necessary to 
 determine the availability of a supply by this means, can now 
 only be had by expenditure of large sums in surveys, as has been 
 lately seen in Toronto. 
 
 ■ i 
 
./ 
 
 Memorandum on Geodetic Burvey. 
 
 Had there b<;en a good topographical map in existence, that 
 expenditure would have been unnecessary. 
 
 In drainage work the. information derivable from a survey of 
 this kind would be invaluable, and as our agricultural population 
 is waking up to the benefits arising from proper drainage, no time 
 should be lost in giving th^m this aid. The maps would enable 
 any engineer to determine b^ a simple calculation the are^ of any 
 basin to be drained, and to know accurately the size <^ drain neces- 
 sary, and its proper location,' and, the survey would do away with 
 all litigation arising from parties claiming that their iVnds do not 
 lie in the basin to be drained, as a reference to the map Would show 
 • it a glance the^D^ural drainage. outlet for any piece oil land. 
 
 These maps would, also be exceedingly valuable in alssisting an 
 equitable assessment of real estate for taxes, and in pr()viding the 
 necessary information required in locating and building public 
 highways, and would save large sums of money whi^h are now * 
 expended in finding but where roads should be built ; ahd the sum ; 
 ^so -^ved thight be expended in making the roads more solid and 
 permanent. « 
 
 The information afforded by the maps provided .ifroij;^ Survey 
 of this kind, in reference to our inland waters,* and ttfe' possibility 
 of their utilization for navigation which is h&comng every d^y of 
 more importance, would be of vast benefit to the country. 
 
 Many large public works are now being agitated, and will no 
 doubt in the near future be undertaken, as, for instance, the 
 " Ottawa Ship Canal," the " Trent Valley Canal," etc., the pos- 
 session of good topographical maps would very naturally assist 
 in settling the question of the feasibility of these and many other 
 schemes for the improvement of navigation, etc. 
 
 Instances might be cited indefinitely to prove the value, not 
 only to the Government, but to the people at large of a trigono- 
 metrical and accompajiying detail survey of the kind herein referred 
 to, but it is thought that enough has been said to conclusively 
 show the benefits which would accrue therefrom. 
 
 The survey should be undertaken by the Federal Government, 
 as it is pre-eminently a Dominion work, and we now come to the 
 importaif t point of a basis or scheme for its inception. 
 
 In a work of such proportions as a survey of this kind would 
 alternately assume, it is primarily essential that a well matured and 
 carefully considered scheme be first laid down, upon which to 
 develop the whole ; and being guided by the experience of other 
 countries, it is evident that a primary triangulation is necessary as 
 a ground work for all detail surveys. 
 
 M 
 
y 
 
 6 Memwandum <m Geodetic Survey. ' 
 
 For the inception of the work, and that a beginning may be 
 made, ,t is suggested thar the. work should be commenced on the 
 St. Lawrence River near Cornwall, where the U. & Lake survey 
 ended, and be continued down that River to the Gulf. The work 
 would first consist of a primary triangulation, with sides of from lo 
 to 30 miles m length, as Circumstances permitted, and would then 
 be extended by carrying on a greater or less amount of interior 
 topographical work, levelling, etc. 
 
 COST. 
 
 • > ■* 
 
 The cost would of course vary with the extent of survey, but it 
 IS thought that a sum of, say, $15,000 would be sufficient to start 
 the primary triangulation, which is the basis of survey This 
 amount would cover the cost of two observers, one on each side of 
 a main chain of triangulation, and two station setting parties and 
 would pay all expenditure of the above for transport and trave'lline 
 expenses. ° 
 
 Of course a much larger sum than that mentioned could be 
 advantageously employed, but .the annuaj expenditure of this 
 small amount would provide a large quantity of valuable informa- 
 tion, and would lay the foundation for more extensive prosecu- 
 tion of the work, when the circumstances warranted it. 
 
 The advantages accruing to the country by a geodetic survey 
 would not be confined to the definite material advantages gained 
 m topographical knowledge, and the coast and sounding Surveys 
 based upon the triangulation. ° 
 
 An additional and not inconsiderable advantage would be the 
 stimulus given to scientific research. It has been the experience 
 of other countries that men employed on geodetic surveys, having 
 their attention drawn to the numerous branches of science involved 
 have, by their scientific and mechanical inventions, added greatly 
 to the sum of knowledge in these branches, and indirectly tu the 
 material wealth and progress of the countries. 
 
 The Association of Dominion Land Surveyors has long felt that " 
 the timehad arrived when a trigonometrical survey of the country 
 should be begun, and the question has frequently been discussed at 
 their annual meetings. In 1886 they took action in the matter by 
 preparing a memorial on the subject, and submitted the same 
 to the Hon. the Minister of the Interior; and recognizing the 
 
./ 
 
 V'-'v 
 
 ming may be 
 rtenced on the 
 r. Lake survey 
 If. The work 
 ies of from lo 
 id would then 
 int of interior 
 
 survey, but it 
 icient to start 
 urvey. This 
 I each side of 
 f parties, and 
 nd travelling 
 
 ed could be 
 ture of this 
 ible informa- 
 ive prosecu- 
 t. 
 
 detic survey 
 tages gained 
 iing Surveys 
 
 Mem&randurn^n Geodetic Survey. 
 
 necessity for keeping the matter alive, they appointed this com- 
 mittee, as has already been mentioned^ to prepare a memorandum 
 on the siTbject. 
 
 In submitting this memorandum for your consideration, the 
 committee feel tliat the subject is one which should appeal strong- 
 ly to all who are interested in.ll^e welfare of our Dominion, and 
 they think the facts herein contained should be sufficient to show 
 the necessity for a beginning being made towards a geode'tic ' 
 survey of our country. . 
 
 They earnestly ask you to do anything you can to assist the 
 Association in bringing this matter to the notice of any who are 
 likely to be interested in seeing this much needed work begun, all , 
 of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 W. F. King, 
 O. J. Klotz, 
 W. S. Drewry, 
 E. J. Rainboth 
 J. S. Dennis. 
 
 Committee 
 
 Ottawa, April 13th, i888. 
 
 ■ r" 
 
 rould be the 
 ; experience 
 v^eys, having 
 ice involved, 
 dded greatly 
 ectly to the 
 
 ong felt that 
 the country 
 discussed at 
 e matter by 
 1 the same 
 fnizing the