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COMPRESSED VIEW
OF THE
POINTS TO BE DISCUSSED,
IN TREATING
TViril THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
A. D. 1814.
WITH
AN APPENDIX AND TWO MAPS.
'* . .. At present, amongst European Nations, a Naval Strength, which id
the portion of Great Britain, is more than ever of the greatest importance to
Sovereignty, as well because most of the Kingdoms of Europe are not Con*
tinents, but in a good measure surrounded by the Sea, as because the
treasures of both Indies seem but an accessory to the Dominion of the Sea."
Bacok.
" The Sea, which is ouf Mother, (that embrace*
Both the rich Indies iu her out-stretched arras),
Yields every day a crop, if we dare reap it."
Mauingsr.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. M.^^ICHARDSON, CORNHILL.
By T. Davison, ffniitcfriat*.
1814.
1^ c
TO THE
RIGHT HOxNOURABLLJ
JOHN LORD ELDON,
THIS TRACT
IS MOST RESPECTFULLY
AND
APPROPRIATELY INSCRIBED,
FROM HIS WELL KNOWN AND FIXED DETERMINATION
TO
MAINTAIN UNIMPAIRED,
Tlir: MARITIME AND TERRITORIAL RIGHTS
OF
GREAT BRITAIN.
•> c
I
COMPRESSED VIEW
01 ;
THE POINTS TO BE DISCUSSED,
IN TREATING
WITH THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA;
A. D. 1814.
As the period approaches, when conferences ace- to be.
held at Gottenburgh to adjust the differences between Great.
Britain' and the United States of America, the attention is.
naturally called to the objects which will offer themselves for
discussion. The principal point- is generally supposed to be our
maritime rights.;, but to suffer these even to be discussed would,
be a dereliction of duty, in any negociator who might attempt, or^^^
aay minister who might sanction it. No infringement, abatement,
or. qualification can be admitted. But there are various other,
objects, concerning which this negociation will give us an. op-,
portunity of treating, and which, though latent and little re<».
garded by the public at large, are seriously felt, as of the utmost,
moment, by the few who have bad opportunities of appreciating
their importance. At this juncture, therefore, and previous to
the appointed meeting of plenipotentiaries, it is desirable to.
instii into the public mind, widely to circulate, and warmly to.
impress, the truths, that it will be.the object of the following,
pages to maintain, and which, it is hoped, will not escape th^r
penetration^ or appear insignificant in the eyes, of those who
may be entrusted with the interests of the empire on this mo-
mentous occasion.
To " ships, colonies, and commerce," no one will deny, that
the inhabitants of the British islands owe their weahh and
prosperity, the government its preponderance and stability, and
the imperial crown its lustre. Whatever, therefore, tends to
augment the numbers of our mercantile and warlike fleets, of
our seamen, and our traders j whatever can give increased ex-
tent, security, nnd value to our colonics ; whatever can promote
the commercial interests of the nation at large; must be an ob-
ject of the warm solicitude of every patriot statesman. It will
be contended in these pages, that no occurrence has for a series
of years afforded so great an opening for enhancing these in-
estimable privileges, for correcting the errors of former times,
tnd for making ample and stable provision for the future,
than the result of the war, we are at present engaged in
with the United States of America; for by that, all former
treaties, all impolitic concessions are abrogated; every thing
itiay pass in revision; and we shall, whenever a peace is con-
cluded, be entitled, supposing the events of the war to give us
that commanding attitude which we ought to possess, to claim
and enforce those advantages, which nature and policy point
out as belonging to the possessors of Canada.
The importance of our possessions in North America, has
never been duly estimated. Though the abundant supplies of
timber, masts, &c. which our navy has , for years, derived
from Canada, have, as to that point, now opened the eyes of
the country ; though the nursery for our seamen, which the
fisheries on those coasts have constituted, has long been acknow-
ledged, as almost a vital part of our naval existence ; yet are
there other advantages to be derived from the productions of
nature and industry, which encouragement and protection from
•he mother country would incessantly call into action, that Iwve
been mostly overlooked, or greatly underrated. - .
I
t :' J
3
5SC who
his mo-
ly, that
hh and
ity, and
tends to
eets, of
ased ex-
promote
e an ob-
it will
a series
hese in-
ir times,
future,
raged in
former
fry thing
» is con-
give us
, to claim
licy point
erica, has
applies of
I, derived
le eyes of
vhich the
1 acknow-
j J yet are
uctions of
:tion from
, that Iwve
The bounds within wliich this discussion is meant to bo con-
iincd, will not permit of more than an enumeration of the most
prominent of these objects.
In tlie first place, our colonies of Upper and Lower Canada,
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland, are amply
adequate to supply our West India possessions with all the
timber, all the staves, and nil the fish they can require ; and
prior to the present American war with nearly all the wheat
and flour they could consume. The fur trade is an important
branch, and might be made far more productive, if adequate
protection and encouragement were given to pursue it to the
shores of the Pacific Ocean. Ashes, indispensable in our bleach-
ing and soap manufactories, can be yielded in any quantities.
Shumac, used for dying, can be furnished in abundance ; flax
seed, for which the staple of Ireland is now dependant on
the United States, Holland, and the Baltic, might be raised
and exported to great advantage ; — and great quantities of oil
I and blubber might be imported from them if admitted to
entry at the same rate of duty, as the oil and blubber from
Nevfoundland.
A loyal population, increasing in numbers, and diffusing itself
over the millions of yet uncleared and uncultivated acres, which
yield in fertility, and convenience of site, to no part of the
United States, has proved, that Canada has resources within
itself, stamina of sturdy prosperity, that need but the fostering
aid of the mother country, and her parental protection, to
\^ establish an influence on the continent of North America,
spreading even in time to the Pacific, and trading from the
shores of that ocean with the rich regions of the East.
That we may not again return into a course that has been
productive of so much embarrassment, vexation, and injury to
our interests; that we may not in future blindly commit our-
selves by treaties, which may be the overflowing sources of con-
tention ; in short, that we may not evince hereafter a total ig-
norance either of the rights or of the boundaries of the two
nations, the oversights in our rormcr nepr'^ci.uions will bo pointed
0!ir, and an endeavour made to ^ugK^iit remedies for such cause*
of disscniioM ?n future.
In concluding a treaty of peace with the l^iited States, not
only ought the main feature of the war, the inviolate mainten-
ance of our maritime rights, to be kept in view ; but the scarcely
less important object, the preservation of the British North
American colonies, ought not to be overlooked. To secure
this last it is requisite to advert to one grand point, the neces-
sity of the establishment oi a tieiu l<ne of boundary^ between the
British and the American possessions, and to several subordinate
objects, which will be noticed in this tract.
Posterity will scarcely believe, though history must attest the
mortifying truth, that in acceding to the independence of the
States of America, their territory was not merely allowed to
them i but an extent of country, then a portion of the province
of Quebec, nearly of equal magnitude to the thirteen provinces
or states, which then composed the Union, was ceded to them,
though not a foot of the country so ceded was, or could be, at
the time, occupied by an American in arms : and this cession
is the more remarkable, as, New York and Rhode Island being
then in possession of the British army, the surrender of these
valuable posts seemed, on the contrary, to require a large equi-
valent elsewhere, instead of giving, as it were, a premium for
getting rJd of them.
Yet such was the ignorance of the then minister of Great
Britain, and those whom he eniployed, in regard to the geogra-
phical position and local importance of the territory ceded, that
when the merchants of London, interested in the Canada
trade, waited on i\lr. Oswald, the negociator, to represent the
impolitic and improvident cession of the upper country, and
the posts commanding the same, viz. Michilimachinak, Detroit,
Niagara, Presqj' isle, Scholosser, Oswego, and Oswegatchie,
&c. and to endeavour to discover, whether some means could
not be devised for averting the destructive consequences which
1
1
? pointed
li causes
ates, not
maintcn-
! scarcely
h North
o secure
10 neces-
vveen the
}ordinate
attest the
c of the
lowed to
province
provinces
to them,
jld be, at
is cession
md being
of these
irge equi-
nium for
of Great
e geogra-
;ded, that
Q Canada
esent the
ntry, and
, Detroit,
regatchie,
ins could
:es which
might ensue to the inhabitants of Canada, and \.o the HriiUh
trade and influence with the Indians, he literally bur si into
tears, and acknowledged his complete ignorance of «,ucli
posts being in our possession, and of the country given away
being an object in any respect worthy of notice. Unfortu-
nately, it was too late to retrieve the error, and deeply did
British interests and influence suffer in consequence. Hut its
mischievous efll'cts were not solely confined to British
subjects : they fell also upon a body of men, whose interests
the British negociator had no authority or right to com-
promise. The ceded country was inhabited by numerous
tribes and nations of Indians, who were independent both of us
and of the Americans. They were the real proprietors of the
land, and we had no right to transfer to others what did not
belong to ourselves. This injustice was greatly aggravated by
the consideration, that those aboriginal nations had been our
faithful allies during the whole of the contest, and yet no
stipulation was made in their favour.
Immediately after the treaty of 1783, the American go-
vernment shamefully evaded or infringed the stipulations
respecting the loyalists, and British debts, in consequence
of which the before-mentioned upper posts were retained
as a pledge till the due performance of those articles. —
Many years after, when appearances indicated that these posts
would be surrendered to America, the merchants of Montreal,
who were principally concerned in the Indian trade, preferred
representations, in which the impolicy of the cession was ex-
posed, and every efibrt made to procure a new line of bound-
ary or demarcation, compatible with the security of Canada,
and the protection of the Indians, but without efl^ect, as, by
Mr. Jay's treaty of IIQ*, the said posts were agreed to be de-
livered up on or before the 1st of June, 1796 } and the only
provision obtained respecting the Indians, was a right of trade
from Canada with them, on the same footing as the Americans,
and which had been suggested in those representations as an
1
ilii
li
*•♦
ir
M
alternative desirable only in the event of a new line not
being procurable. The posts were accordingly given up :
but the encroaching character of the Americans was here
again manifested) for, notwithstanding the positive stipu-
lations of that treaty, so little regard was paid by the Ame*
rican government to their plighted faith, that by a treaty
between the United States and the Indians, concluded at Fort
Greenville on the 3d of August, 1795, an article was forced
upon the Indians, by which they engaged that no trader should
reside at any Indian town or hunting camp, without a license
under the authority of the United States *.
To remedy this direct breach of the treaty of 1794, an ex-
planatory article was concluded at Philadelphia, on the 4th of
May, 1796, between Mr. Bond and Mr. Pickering, on the part
of their respective governments. But the evil was merely
shifted, not removed. British traders were assailed and
harassed in various ways, even passes were enforced, notwith-
standing the stipulations of the treaty of 17-^4, extortions were
practised in the duties required to be paid, and wherever
any flaw could be discovered, or there was room for any
unnatural interpretation, the British were sure to be the
sufferers.
In spite of these vexations, the British traders persevered,
and continued to participate in the Indian commerce, contri-
buting, thus, eminently to preserve to the British nation that
attachment of the natives, which recent experience has proved
to be of signal importance to the security of Canada. On the
other hand the American government was pursuing an unre-
lenting and systematic plan, for despoiling the Indians of their
lands, by every species of injustice, and it carried on this plan
with such deUberate zeal, that the natives became finally con-
vinced, that their extermination was the real object of that
government and its rapacious land jobbers. To give, therefore,
security and permar mcy, not only to our boundary line, but
* See the Travels of Pike, Lewis, and Clark.
1
line not
ven up :
was here
^e stipu-
he Ame-
a treaty
i at Fort
IS forced
2r should
a license
}•, an ex*
le 4th of
the part
merely
[led and
notwith-
)ns were
vherever
for any
be the
severed,
contri-
ion that
i proved
On the
ftn unre-
of their
his plan
illy con-
of that
erefore,
ine, but
to that of our faithful Indian allies, is a most necessary and
important point.
The boundary line, as supposed to be fixed in 1783, betrays,
at its commencement, in its course, and at its termination, the
greatest ignorance of the geography, and of the natural features
and utilities of the vast regions through which it runs.
The framers of that treaty, on the part of Great Britain, in-
stead of insisting, according to their instructions, on the river
Penobscot being the boundary between New Brunswick and
the United States, abandoned that point, and allowed the line
to be carried as fu* as the river St. Croix, giving up an extent
of sea coast of nearly fifty leagues, though the Penobscot was
the utmost northern point to which the limits of the New
England States were before supposed to extend. At the same
time the mouth of the St. Croix was uncertain, nor was it
settled till 1198 what river was exactly meant by that name.
This river falls into Passamaquoddy Bay, part of the Bay of
Fundy, in the latitude of 45* 5' north; and American en*
croachment has been at work here aLo, and surreptitious pos-
session has been obtained, by the State of Massachusetts, of
three islands in Passamaquoddy Bay, which are of considerable
importance to the security and to the trade of the adjacent parts
of New Brunswick. These islands, which are the Moose^
Dudley, and Frederic, being at the time, and previous to the
conclusion of the treaty, of 1783, part of Nova Scotia, come
undeniably within the exception made in the treaty, by which
the American territory was allowed to comprehend all islands
within twenty leagues of the United States, " excepting such
" as now are, or heretofore have been, within the limits of the
" said province of Nova Scotia**"
The line then rims up the river St. Croix to its source, and
thence in a southerly direction along the height of land from
which that river flows, till it strikes the forty-fifth degree of
north latitude. And here, again, the ignorance or inattention
* JSec Map of Passamaquoddy Bay. Nc. f.
«
8
»«»
of the framers of the treaty to the locality and courses of the
river, has produced the monstrous absurdity, that there is
actually no, readily, practicable communication between Lower
Canada and New Brunswick, without crossing a part of the:
American tcrritoryy now called the province of Maine.
It then proceeds westward along the forty-fifth degree of
latitude, till it reaches the St. Lawrence, cutting off, in a most
artificial and unnatural manner, the water communications of
Lake Champlain and Lake George, with the St. Lawrence ;
thence along the middle of the St. Lawrence into Lake Ontario,
through the water communication between it and Lake Erie,
through the middle of Lake Erie to the water communication
with Lake Huron, through that, and then across Lake Huron
in a northerly direction, and through the straits of St. Mary
into Liake Superior.
That no geographical blunders took place in the drawing of
this extensive line from the St. Lawrence to Lake Superior,
may be ascribed to the plain direct course, which did not admit
of ignorance or inattention deviating either to the right or the
left. But the line is thenceforward described to extend
through Lake Superior northward to the isles Royal and
Philippeaux, to the Long Lake, and the water communication
between it and the Lake of the Woods ; thence through that
lake to the northernmost point thereof, and thence in a due line
west to the river Missisippi,
Now there is no water communication at all between Lake
Superior and the Lake of the Woods. A height of land inter-
venes between them, from which the water flows in north-
westerly and south-easterly directions. The line presumed
to be meant by these accurate negociators, is that along which
the north-eastern fur trade is conducted. There is a small
river flowing into Lake Superior, which it is necessary to
ascend in canoes, landing frequently at carrying places, to avoid
rapids and falls, which are numerous in this river, as its course
from the height of land into Lake Superior is short, and tli6
9
es of the
there is
en Lower
art cf ihe:
degree of
in a most
ications of
^awrence ;
e Ontario,
Lake Erie,
munication
ake Huron
f St. Mary-
drawing of
e Superior,
J not admit
right or the
to extend
Royal and
nmunication
ihrough that
in a due line
etween Lake
)f land inter-
ws in north-
ne presumed
along which
re is a small
necessary to-
aces, to avoid
, as its course
hort, and tlit
current strong. Having reached the summit and passed the
portage, which separates the streams that flow in opposite
directions, the canoes proceed down the western stream, through
the Rainy Lake, and the Lake of the Woods, into Lake Win-
nepeg. From the north-western point of the Lake of the
Woods, a line drawn due west could never strike the Missi-
sippi, which rises far to the southward. So that at this end of
the boundary line the uncertainty of it is so great, that, had not
hostilities intervened, it would* in course of time have become
necessary to resume the discussion of the boundaries, and fix
them in a more intelligible and defined manner.
Thus, however, it stands at present. A new boundary line
is therefore necessary, were it simply to define geographical
limits, and remedy the errors we have pointed out. But it is
more imperiously requisite, in a political point of view, to give
permanent security to our North American possessions, and
effectually to curb the avowed ambition, and encroachments
of the Americans.
The great feature of this new line, strenuously to be insisted
on, ought to be the exclusion of the Americans from the na-
vigation of the St. Lawrence, and all its congregation of
tributary seas and waters. They are the natural patrimony
of the Canadas. Water communications do not offer either
a natural or secure boundary. Mountains separate, but rivers
approximate mankind. Hence the prominent boundary should
be the heights of land separating the respective territories.
If this basis were adopted, the advantages of it, on looking at
the map, will be obvious to the most superficial observer*.
We shoul 1 have possession of Lake Champlair.-, and the waters
descending into it i of an adjacent country; andof the southern
shores of all the great lakes, of which we have now only the
northern coasts ; together with the whole of Lake Michigan,
from which, through a series of the same watercourse, we are
wholly excluded. In this quarter, the heights of land separate
* See the Map, No. 2,
c
If!
%
'('''■
10
the waters that flow into the great lakes, from those that take
their course towards the Missisippi ; and as, by the eighth
article of the treaty of 1783, we are entitled to the free navi-
gation of that important river, so essential an advantage should
not be neglected to be ensured to us, and a point of contact of
our territories with a navigable part of that river, secured by a
line down one of die rivers running into it in these regions,
or along a height of land between two of them.
No arguments need be used to illustrate the extreme im-
portance of this last object, which Is obvious ; and if we should
not be able to obtain the heights of land as a new line of
boundary throughout, and should be obliged to be content with
a line passing through the several watercourse communications
from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron ; at all events, instead of
proceeding through the Straits of St. Mary into Lake Supe-
rior, it should go from Lake Erie up the Sandusky River to
the nearest waters falling into the Ohio, and from thence
own that river into the Missislppi ; thus according w
the spirit of the eighth article of the treaty of 1783, and
giving us a point of contact with the MIssisipj)i In a navigable
part, which the second article, defining the boundaries, meant
to bestow upon us, but failed of doing from its geographical
inaccuracy.
Again, whether we procure the heights of land as a boun-
dary-basis or not, we ought to insist on all the Islands in the River
St. Lawrence and the Lakes, and the islands of St. Pierre and
Miquelon ; at least, no one of them should be ceded without
previously ascertaining, by commissioners duly qualified from
residence in the country, their locality and importance.
It has been suggested that, it should be stipuJatcdy thai no vessel
belonging to the Americans, exceeding a certain burthen, twenty
*)r thirty tont, which is a size quite adequate tc the trade of those regions ^
ahould be suffered to navigate any of the lakes, and that no forti-
fications of any kind should be erected upon their borders, or the
torders of the St. Lawrence, or upon any of the waters that fall
k
liat take
eighth
;e navi-
e should
mtact of
red by a
regions,
;me im-
e should
V line of
ent with
nications
istead of
ce Supe-
River to
n thence
rr w
7'S'3y and
navigable
es, meant
•graphical
a boun-
the River
'ierre and
d without
fied from
e.
t no vessel
eti, twenty
ose regions,
t no forti-
ers, or the
rs that fall
K
"6
11
into them from the American side j whilst the right of the British
in these respects should be restrved to be exercised without re-
striction : because one of the avowed and main objects of the
American government, in this war, being the conquest of the
Canadns, and the object of Great Britain merely the security of
these provinces against aggression, — it is indisputable, that no
peace can be safe or durable, vvitliout providing ample security
ap-ainst attacks of that nature in future. It is equally important
that the new claim set up by the United States to the whole
of the nortli-wcst coast of America, as far as the Columbia
River, in consequence of their possession of Louisiana, should
be set at rest and extinguished for ever.
Before dismissing the subject of our own boundary line, it may
be well to advert to the limits as now existing between NewBruns-
wick and the United States ; and if we cannot get to the Pe-
nobscot*, at least let some route or line be drawn, by which we
may be enabled to have a free communication between Canada
and Nova Scotia. And it is also, perhaps, the more requisite
to insist upon the necessity of our resuming the islands in
Passamaquoddy Bay, (and why they have not been taken pos-
session of since the war cannot easily be explained,) as, by
the unratified convention of 130'j, it was most unaccountably
agreed to cede them to tlie United States, this government
being, it is presumed, ignorant not only of their importance,
but of their having been for many years part of the parish of
West Isles, in the county of Charlotte (the southernmost county
of New Brunswick,) paying the rates and acknowledging the
municipal regulations incident upon such an appropriation.
Large quantities of lumber, furnished from the neighbour-
ing parts of the province, are purchased by the Americans and
carried to these islands, which are paid for in prohibited articles
from the United States ; and they in the same manner engross
almost the whole of the produce of the fisheries, which is
equally paid for in such articles: thus precluding the West India
* See the Map, No. l.
I
<!•
^i
Ik / k'i
I I m
1 1
;!■
12
Islands, in a great measurci from receiving those supplies of
fish and lumber In British bottoms, and Introducing large quan-
tities of contraband goods into the colony, to the serious injury
of the manufacturing interests of the mother country. The
situation cf these islands aho enables their Inhabitants to engross
a very great proporiion of the trade in gypsum, which is noir
become an object of great demand, and, in some degree, of ne-
cessity, in the United States. In 1 S06, upwards of 40,000 tons
were exported fioni New IJrunsv/ick and Nova Scotia ; and, if
(he contraband trauc in tliis article in Passamaquoddy Bay was
supprewod, the export or it to the United States would annu-
ally employ lO.OuO tons of Briiish shipping. The United
States muit al^o, in a ve;y fo,v years, resort to these provinces
for coal, as other k'uids of fuel have become scarce and dear in
the Eastern State- •, and \n the same manner as the carrying
trade in g- p'saiv is intercepted by these Islands, would that in
the coal be, if they were to continue in the possession of the
Americans. Ir would tliereforc be tlie height of indiscretion to
give up these Isiar.ds to the United States, exclusive of the dlf-
Cculty of approach wliich It would occasion to the ports of
New Brnr.-,\viJc, within Passamaquoddy Bay, the Americans
liaving already erected a battery on one of these Islands.
The next important point to be attended to in a treaty of
peace with the United States, is a new boundary for the Indians.
The boundary line which appears best for the protection of
fndi.m rigiits, and which would add to the security of Canada,
would be to run a line from Sandusky, on Lake Erie, to the
nearest wuters falling into tlie Ohio j then down that river an4
up the Missis^ppi to the mouth of the Missouri ; thence up the
■Missouri to its principal source, confining the United States
to the Rocky mountains, as their western boundary, and ex-
cluding them from all the country to the northward and west-
ward of the lines here designated, which, from those lines to
that which should be agreed on as the British boundary of Ca^
nada, should remain wholly for the Indians, as their huntii;g-
groui-.ds. The boundary between the United States and the
%
'i
I
pplles of
ge quan-
is injur7
. The
engross
I is xiovr
c, of ne-
000 tons
} and, if
Bay was
'd annu-
? (Jnited
>rovinces
J dear in
carrying
d that in
)n of the
cretion to
>f the dlf-
ports of
Americans
Is.
treaty of
2 Indians,
tectlon of
f Canada,
e, to the
river an4
ce up the
ed States
, and ex-
and west-
? lines to
rv of Ca-
hunt'a:g»
5 and the
VI
13
Indians, as fixed by the treaty of Greenville, before alluded to,
would perhaps answer as the new boundary line for the pro-
tection of the Indians, if extended so as to run up the Missouri
and to the Rocky mountains, provided that a// the reservo'
tlons and conditions in that treaty relative to the various tracts of
ground within that line, for the advantage of the United States,
and all the other conditions attached to them by it, be nvholly
done awayy and the American government (and probably also
reciprocally the British), excluded from having any fcrts, mili-
tary posts, territorial jurisdiction, or public property of any
kind, within the Indian line : — but the bona fide property of
white people, in lands within that boundary, where the Indian
titles shall have been fairly extinguished previous to a new
treaty with America, might perhaps be safely allowed under th^
territorial jurisdiction of Great Britain.
This would of course obviate the necessity of any reservation
as to the right of the British to carry on trade with the Indians,
T\'hose independence being thus established, they would have
the right to admit or interdict whom they please; and we well
know to whom they would, both from inclination and interest,
give the preference. This is the more desirable, as the inter-
course with the Indians of that quarter by the British, being
carried on by permission, as it were, of a jealous and hostile
nation, has been the fruitful source of innumerable exartions,
continued disputes, and incessant broils.
For men, whose friendship has been recently shown to
be of such great importance to us, we cannot do too much.
We should see all their wrongs redressed, their territory
restored to them, and themselves rend(ired for ever secure
from American encroachment. But the independence of the
Indians cannot be effectually preserved, by the articles of any
treaty, which shall provide security for Indian territory or Indian
rights, unless, what is indispensable for their due execution^
jG/v.v/ Britain become the aiwwed guarantee and protector of those
fights and that territory, so gs to have both the right and thp
I
■
I' 1
1,
1
r
1
1
1
[
■
i
1
1
1
!i
, 1
M!-
If
k'
! l: }
14
power of instant interference, incase of any encroachment or
violation, and not, as hitherto, be a silent spectator of wrongs
and injustice, more immediately injurious to the aborigines,
but eventually as ruinous to the security of the Canadas.
In illustration of the injuries the independent Indians have
sustained from the Americans, and which have excited those
apprehensions of extermination so generally entertained by the
natives, we shall give the substance of the speech of the saga-
cious and brave Tecumsecth *, at his interview with the
lamented General Brock, whom he came to aid, in his ex-
pedition to repel Hull's invasion of Upper Canada.
Pint, The Americans systematically encroach upon their
lands, and drive them from their hunting-grounds.
Secondly^ The American government make fraudulent pur-
ch?'5es of their lands from Indians who have no right or power
to sell, as, : or example, by getting a few insignificant members
of a villajje to make a sale, to colour usurpation.
Tljirdlyi The American government, in many instances, have
paid the Indians only one farthing per acre for lands, which
they sold immediately afterwards for six dollars, deriving thus
a most productive article of revenue from this unprincipled
system ; whilst even the miserable pittance of one farthing per
acre they connive at the embezzlement of, by their agents.
Fourthly i The American government has established what
they call trading posts \n th'i Indian territory, under the pre-
tence of supplying them with necessaries instead of money, for
their lands.
Fifihiy, These posts are turned into military stations at the
pleasure of the American government, tending to the imme-
diate annoyance, and to the ultimate subjugation, of the In-
dians.
t
m
n
* This illustrious chief having been wounded in one of the late
actions in Upper Canada, was found by the Americans in the field
and afterwards taken to their quarters and ilayed, ;
15
iment or
f wrongs
>origines,
ias.
ians have
ed those
;d by the
the saga-
vvith the
in his ex-
5on their
ilent pur-
er power
: members
nces, have
nds, which
iving thus
iprincipled
irthing per
agents.
Ished what
lY the pre-
money, for
tions at the
) the imme-
, of the In-
10 of the late
IS in the field
SixfUyy Obstnictions and embarrassments of various kinds
have been long thrown in the way of the British traders re-
pairing with supplies to the Indians ; and finally, those traders
were altogether prohibited from bringing their goods, by laws,
such as tiie acts of non-iir.portation, non-intercourse, &c. to
which the Indians were ro parties ; notwithstanding they were
by treaties, made with them as independent nations, and so-
lemnly sanctioned by the United States, entitled to the right of
free intercourse with the British traders*.
Seventhly^ Neither the feelings, the interests, nor the rights
of the Indians, wen' nt all considered by the Americans; but,
on the contriiry, were, on all occasions, studiously outraged and
violated f .
If this view of the subject be entertained by those whom we
are accustomed to call unenlightened savages, how much more
readily will the European politician see the evil consequences
with which such a system as the Americans pursue is pregnant
both to the Indians and to the Canadas !
The next point to be adverted to is, the necessity of exclud-
ing the Americans from the fisheries on the coasts of British
North America, especially those of Labradore, Newfoundland,
and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
The third article of the treaty of 178.3, which admits them
to take and dry fish on the shores of these colonies, ought to
be utterly abrogated, and every vestige of its existence taken
aw^ay. Improvitlent and impolitic in the outset, experience has
shewn, that it is much more injurious than might, on a supers
ficial view, be supposed. That the Americans were enabled
thereby to carry our own fish to the West Indies, and dei'ive
* See the case of the Michiliniakinac Company, whose boats
were seized in ISO" by the Americans, which in more unembar-
rassed times would have been considered a justifiablo cause of im-
mediate war.
t Appendix
m
'J
1
w»«
IIS!
II!
1
16
great part of the advantages of a trade which nature points out
as belonging to us, is too well known to be more largely in-
sisted on. But the latent evil consists in the encroachments
committed, the insults offered, the depraved habits introduced,
and the contraband trade carried on, under the mask of
fishery, by the Americans, wherever their feet have been
set on ':hore. That the mode in which the Americans have in
this respect conducted themselves, is a systematic preliminary
to the ulterior views of their government for the acquisition of
territorial power in those parts, is apparent, when it is re-
marked, that in an article of a treaty concluded between France
and the United States within the last twelve years, they mutu-
ally guarantee such lands as they may acquire in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence, and this at a time when neither of them owned
an inch of land in the Gulf.
Not less than twelve hundred sail of American vessels were
on those coasts, on real or pretended fishing expeditions, in
1805*, and a very extended illicit trade was carried on by
them. The evils complained of are strongly set forth in the
memorial of the inhabitants of Nova Scotia, addressed to Lord
Bathurst in October last, and corroborated by affidavits ; by
which it appears, that the Americans have of late years, pre-
vious to the present war, far outnumbered the British fishermen,
and were very lawless in their manners. They endeavoured
to appropriate the bait exclusively to themselves; and fre-
quently, on purpose, passed their boats through the British
nets, even at times taking the fish out of them, and going on
shore and plundering with impunity. They have frequently
landed at the Magdalen Islands, and, hoisting the American
flag, have beer very abusive and insulting to the inhabitants.
On this subject the words of the Memorialists are worthy of
quotation: " Amon.g the evils," they say, " which such an in-
* Letter from the Custom-house, at Halifax, 20th August,
}S06,
'ii
17
lomts out
argely in-
achments
troiluccd,
mask of
ave been
ns have in
elinunary
uisition of
it is rc-
en France
hey mutu-
\Q Gulf of
em owned
jssels were
sJitlons, in
•ied on by
3rth in the
sed to Lord
idavits i by
years, pre-
i fishermen,
ndeavoured
;; and fre-
the British
id going on
frequently
e American
inhabitants,
e worthy of
such an in-
Dth August,
i
** tercourse must inevitably produce, wc are convinced, that the
*' sentiments, habits, and manners, both political and moral, of
*' the lower order of the Americans, are dangerous and con-
*' laminating in a very great degree. It is our first wish to see
*' these colonies completely British; this will ever be found
*' their surest defence and greatest blessing j but the intercourse
" permitted by that fatal article of the definitive treaty was
«* detrimental to their duty as subjects, and to every other ob-
** ject of this address."
By this subject, the attention is collaterally drawn to the
islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, which we have been in the
habit of restoring to France at the conclusion of every war, but
which, it is to be hoped, will never more be done ; for not only
is it impolitic to give the French that privilege, but it will afford
the Americans an opportunity of treating for the purchase of
them from France, which, ii is well ascertained, they had on
former occasions in contemplation, in order to pursue their
favourite plan of aggrandizement, by getting a footing of some
kind in the vicinity of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and we trust
that the French will, in future, be totally excluded from New-
foundland — we have much to restore on the retm i of peace,
but we have much that we ought to retain.
The objects hitherto recommended to the attention of
the negociators of a treaty with America, are such as Lend
to secure the integrity of our colonies in that quarter from
future encroachment or invasion, and to ensure the perma-
nent enjoyment, boih to them and to the mother country, of
the advantages in actual or past possession. But another main
point remains to be adverted to, and its merits discussed, namely,
the improvement and extension of those advantages by the
augmentation of the population, agriculture, trade, and fisheries
of those possessions, reasonably to be expected from pursuing
a true line of policy. It is not enough to know thai these terri-
tories possess the sources of extended and permanent prospenty>
II:
la
but it is necessary also to give effect and fecundity to tliein,
by overcoming tlic obstacles that stand in the way of their
abundant overflow. An especial, an artificial, and, if the ex-
pression may be allowed, a suicidal barrier, has, for years,
obstructed and destroyed the blessings which the bounty of
Providence put into our hands. This barrier consisted iu
allowing the Americans to supply our West India Islands with
timber, staves, fish, and provisions. The war has put an end
to tliis impolitic system, and experience has destroyed the
illusions upon which that intercourse was sanctioned, which
should never be revived !
But it is not only with respect to the prosperity of our
North American colonies, that the permitted intercourse of the
citizens of the United States with the West Indies is prejudicial,
for otlier and very important branches of British trade have
experienced also serious injury. Under the plea of distress in the
islands, American vessels, of all sizes, having clandestinely on
board Ea^t India, European (not British,) and United States
manufiictures, were admitted during several years, and, till the
embar;;o system took place, almost as freely as if the intercourse
had been legally justified*. This, however, is only incidentally
mentioned.
By the declaration of His Majesty In council of the 27th of
December 1783, immediately consequent upon the treaty with
America, the lirt infraction was made In our system of navi-
gation, and the commerce between the United States and
the West Indies, which had been completely suspended for
eight years, was suddenly revived by public authority. By
that hasty and improvident concession we made the United
States necessary to the West Indies, and a system has grown
out of it, which has so entangled and beset us on all sides, thtit
it is difficult to convince, even rational and unprejudiced minds,
* Memorial from Nova Scotia to Lord Bathurst,
I
M
i<:i
•,-^
^
1%
to tliem,
of their
f the ex-
or years,
>ountjr of
isisted ill
ands with
ut an end
roycd the
J, which
ty of our
irse of the
irejudicial,
radc have
ress in the
stinely on
ted States
^d, till the
ntercourse
icidentally
le 27th of
reaty with
1 of navi-
gates and
ended for
Drity. By
le United
las grown
iides, that
:ed minds,
thai the West India Islands can exist and flourish, without
communication with those States. Tliis renders it, therefore,
necessary to go a little at large into this suhiect, which is of
vital importance to the British settlements in North America.
The infallible tendency of the revival of that trafhc was to
discourage those settlements, which were thereby deprived of
a market, which, if they had enjoyed to the present time,
would have rendered them as valuable as any of the posseisioiis
under the British Crown.
Before the American rebellion, the tra/Tlc between the conti-
nental colonies and the"^Vest Indies was so great, that congress,
under the idea of ruining the islands, during the war, prohibited
all intercourse with them. The experience, however, of eight
years, proved that the West India Islands could exist and prosper,
even if the United States had been doomed to perpetual sterility.
The traders of Great Britain and Ireland seized the opportunity,
niiich the enmity of America afforded them, and even during
:ui exjiensive and consuming war, when vast fleets and armies
were fed beyond the ocean, all those necessaries which the West
Indies did not readily procure by their own economy, were
sufficiently, and even superabundantly, supplied from the
British islands.
It would carry these observations to greater length than
intended, to give the detailed accounts upon which these asser-
tions are founded* •, but in illustration of them, the supplies of
salted provisions (beef, pork, and fish), those upon which the
advocates of a free intercourse with the West Indies lay the
most stress, shall here be contrasted, as made by the pro-
vincials, (as th.ey were then called) in 1773, the last year
prrjious to hostilities, in which their intercourse with the West
Indies was iininterrnped, and as made from England in the year
l78u,when the war was raging, and in JlStJ, when peace was
concluded.
* See the Report* of tlig Privy Council, 1784 and 1791.
' 'f
It*,
11
so
Barrels of beef Barrels of
• -mt^,, 1 ^ J • X it- trr A. and pork. salted fish.
In 1773 there was imported into the West ^
Indies from America 14,922 16,200
from England 259 2,506
In ITSO from England 17,795 10,394
In 1783 from England 16,526 18,248
As to these and other necessaries the West India demand
was amply answered. The planters also derived ground pro-
visions from the best of nil recources, their own industry, and
began to learn a lesson, which is of the greatest importance for
every people to know, that no community ought to depend
upon their neighbours for the necessaries of life, and that the
country which is physically dependant upon another runs the
greatest hazard of becoming, sooner or later, also politically
dependant upon It.
From authentic documents it Is undeniably proved, that;, for
the space of eight years, pending the American war, the West
Indies was wholly subsisted without entertaining any commer-
cial intercourse wirh the Thirteen States ; that during that
period they were supplied by the mother country and her
dependencies; and that the^ not only existed, but thrived and
prospered without America. It may now therefore be asked, why
is the United K'ngdom, together with its remaining colonies in
North America, the culture and population of which have been
wonderfully increased since the secession of the United States,
presumed to be incompetent to supply the West India colonies,
when, thirty years ago, we administered to all their wants, and
that too when we had to contend against the combined naval
power of France, Holland, and Spain .'' Fortunately, many Im-
pediments in the way of coming to a direct determination of this
question are removed. The arguments of interest or prejudice,
used by those who have espoused the opposite side, have been
most ably refuted by the thorough official and parliamentary
Investigations that have taken place, and have been trium-
.. f
:t
i"!5^
'I '
.d
Barrels of
salted fish.
16,200
2,0 06
10,394
18,248
a demand
ound pro-
^stry'y and
tance for
depend
that the
runs the
politically
that;, for
he West
commer-
ing that
ind her
ived and
'Cd, why
lonies in
ive been
1 States,
olonies,
nts, and
d naval
any im-
I of this
?judice,
'e been
lentary
triuin*.
'^
21
phantly and practicably baffled by the experience of the lasr
seven or eight years, during which time the Americans have,
in a great measure, excluded themselves from the West India
trade, by embargo systems and actual hostiUtics.
In 1781-, the necessity of allowing a free intercourse between
the sugar colonies and the United States of America, in
American bottoms, underwent a full and thorough investigation
by the privy council. In the report of the committee of council
of the 31st of May in that year, there is a statement of the
allegations and evidence produced, and the opinions of mer-
chants and other persons, both for and against the alleged
necessity. The result of this important enquiry was, the
satisfactory ccnvlctiojiy that by prohlbhitig cr cbstructhig the in-
tercourse bitween the United States and the West India islands, the
people of the United States will suffer more than His Majestfs
subjects ; that their lumber and provisions must perish on their
'hands; and that the British West India islands may be furnished
with those articles without their assistance. When a fresh in-
vestigation took place in 1791, the former opinion of the com-
mittee of the privy council, respecting the competency of the
British North American colonies to supply the West Indies,
and the necessity of confining that traffic to British vessels, was
substiinlially and unequivocally confirmed. The report made upon
that occasion, together with the memorials from our colo-
nies in North America, in 1804, and the reports of the
Board of Trade upon them, as well as the orders issued in
consequence, by the administration of that day*, form as
complete a body of evidence a-ainst the expediency of allowing
this intercourse between the West India islands and the United
States of America, as ever was submitted to the consideration
ot man.
The superabundance of wheat and flour before the present
war was so great in Canada, that considerable cargoes were
* Mr. Atcheson's Collection of Reports, &c. on Navigation and
Trade, 6vo. Jiichardson, 180/.
n
annually shipped to Great Britain, Portugal, and other parts i
and it is observed by an intelligent writer on the resources of
British North America, " That the temporary causes which
** had checked the cultivation of this province are in some re-
** spects removed, and an increased annual export of flour and
** wheat may be depended upon, as the culture of wheat and
** manufacture of flour are rapidly increasing in that settlement,
** whence have recently been exported in one year, 800,000
« bushels of wheat, and 30,000 barrels of flour'' ."
The facts adduced respecting the competency of these colo-
nies, from their progressive improvement, to supply the West
India islands, apply with equal or more force to the settlements
of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; not only because their
geographical situation is more advantageous to Great Britain
than any other on the continent of North America, but also
from their connection with Canada, the adjacent British
islands, and the fisheries, and from the superior excellence
and number of their harbours, the) can scpply, with fa-
cility, the British West India islands with every species of
lumber, and the woods abound with all the various kinds of
timber to be found in New England. Live-stock is raised in
the greatest abundance, and sold at the lowest price ; so that
horses, oxen, sheep, and hogs, (formerly a material part of the
shipments from the United States,) may equally be depended
upon from this quarter. So great is the abundance in this
respect, that His Majesty's navy, on the American, and occa-
sionally that on the West India station, together with the king's
troops in the provinces, are amply supplied, and several thou-
sand barrels of salted beef and pork annually exported. The
lands of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are well adapted for
the cultivation of alJ sorts of grain, and of hemp, flax, and
tobacco. Fish can be cured and carried from Newfoundland,
and the Bay of Funcly to the West Indies, at as cheap a rate
* Americ an Encroachments on Britii^h Bights.
I
t
u
w
23
Xy
M
as, and of a superior quality to, most of the fish that used to
be sent from the United States. Herrings have hitherto been
carried to the West Indies from these two provinces, at a
ciieaper rate, than from Great Britain. In short, to expatiate
•n all the objects of which these colonies are capable would
require a volume.
The war in which we are engaged illustrates, and will
speedily justify all these reasonings. It is no longer in the
power of the United States to supply the British West Indies,
and it becomes daily more evident, that those islands can and.
wi/l be supplied without their intervention. Y^ ^st sincerely is
It to be hoped, that the reiterated experience of the fallacy
of the doctrines of the American advocates, which has been
derived through the medium of war, will open our eyes, and
induce us to revive, in all its vigour, the navigation, and
colonial system of England, to give every species of encou-
ragement to our colonies, and to prohibit, in future, all inter-
course between the United States and the British West India
islands.
Though foreign to the more immediate object of these pages,
it is equally desirable, that the Americans may be also excluded
from trading with our Asiatic possessions. That most absurd
anomaly in commercial policy by which foreigners were ad-
mitted to trade to British ports in India, from which the East
India company excluded all other British traders, will now, it
is most fervently to be hoped, from the new aspect which our
oriental commerce will assume, by the partial opening of the
India trade, be abandoned, never to be resumed ; and this
is an object likewise to be attended to in any peace with
the United States of America.
Now that all former treaties are cancelled, and that the
power of the sword will enable us to carry into effect such
measure's as may rescue us from the evil consequences of past
oversights, it is to be presumed that the British government will
wot allow Florida to be incorporated with the United States ;
fl
<
2-i
*--wlll insist upon the free navigation of the Mlssisippi, and se-*
curity for its continuance; — uill espouse the cause of our ancient
and faithful allies, the Indians ; — and will require such boun-
daries, securities, and checks, as will in future keep within
their due confines, and curb the ambitious projects of the
American republicans. The war may be said to have re-
trieved our lost ground, and to have placed the assertion of
cur maritime rights wholly within our own power, unshackled
by the embarrassment of improvident concessions, or of com"
mercial treaties.
We should accordingly avoid, at the restoration of peace,
entering into any commercial treaty with the United States ;
for we have seen, that almost every article of those which
have been concluded with them, has only served to entangle
us in fresh negociations, and to encourage the American govern-
ment to pursue a systematic course of fraud and encroachment,
whenever an article unfavourable to their views admitted of
contortion or evasion. It being, thus, advisable, that no com-
mercial treaty should be made with the United States, it will be
necessary that all the bases that will have reference to the future
commercial relations between the two countries, should be de-
fined by the treaty of peace and amity; and these may be fixed
in the best and easiest mode, by discharging from the discussion
all questions of detail as to countervailing duties, legal or illegal
importations, &c., and leaving the trade to be carried on under
the municipal regulations of each country.
To conclude. The summary of whit we have attempted to
shew the necessity of, and have warmly recommended to those
whom Great Britain may charge with the adjustment of our
differences with America, is,
Firsti a new boundary line throughout the whole extent of
North America, where our possessions and those of the United
States come into contact ; keeping in view, that
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick be restored to their aRcient
limits, security against aggression, and a free communication
!r
m
25
with Canada be obtained, without passing through the United
States, and the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay be resumed by us :
That the Americans be excluded from the navigation of the
St. Lawrence, and of all its tributary lakes and waters ; and
That a navigable part of the Missisippi be brought within our
Canadian territories.
Secofidlyy A new boundary line for the Indian territory.
Thirulyi No forts, or military posts, to be erected by the
Americans in the Indian territory, or on the boundaries, or
any territorial or other jurisdiction or public property possessed
by them within those limits.
Fourthly^ The independence of the Indians, and the integrity
of their boundaries, to be guaranteed by Great Britain.
Fiflhlyy The Americans to be excluded from the fisheries on
the coasts of British North America, incidentally on this head
taking care that it be recommended in negociating with France,
by no means to restore the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon,
or to permit the French to participate in the fisheries of New-
foundland.
Sixthly J The Americans to be excluded from all intercourse
with the British West India Islands.
Seventhly^ The Americans to be excluded from trading with
our East Indiapossessions, and their /ir^/rW^rt' right to the north-
west coast of America to be extinguished for ever.
Eighthly f The Americans not to be allowed to incorporate the
Floridas with their republic ; and the cession of New Orleans
to be required, ia order to ensure to us the due enjoyment of
our privilege to navigate the Missisippi : and here it may also
be a question, in how far the arrangements made between
Spain, France, and America, respecting Louisiana, can come
into discussion.
Lastly^ No commercial treaty to be entered into with the
United States, but the bases upon which trade is in future to
be carried on between the two nations, to be defined and ac-
knowledged in the treaty of peace and amity, and to be regu*
iated by the municipal laws of each country.
E
m
,'^l
■i
26
Having thus reviewed and examined these objects, and pro-
duced, it is to be hoped, a conviction of the essential nature of
them to the prosperity and existence of our colonial possessions
in North America, we trust thev will not be absorbed in the
magnitude, or be suffered to merge in the weight, of those
grand questions, whence the war originated, — the respective
assertion and denial of our maritime and inherent rights.
In fact, whilst they are scarcely to be deemed of minor import-
ance, in one point of view they form the bulk of what ought to
come under discussion ; for, as- to our maritime rights, we re-
assert, that so far from the concession being admitted, even all
disquisition relative to them should peremptorily be abstained
from.
It is needless to enter into the abstract principle, the moral
propriety, or the accepted and acknowledged legality of our
claims, though all have been established on grounds> if not
always wholly incontrovertible, yet never satisfactorily contro-
verted. It is sufficient to revert to the principle, that God and
nature having put the power of the ocean, as the surest and only
bulwark of an island against its ambitious neighbours, into our
hands, we are fully entitled to exercise that power for our com-
plete security, and so as to ensure us the full enjoyment of the
naval prosperity consequent upon it. We seek not, we cannot
seek, to controul the nations of the earth, whose strength is in
armies, and in territories, and in multitudes; but we have a power
given to us to wield, by which this our little island can resist
the armies, and the wealth, and the multitudes of the assembled
world. That power must never depart from us, or we cease to
exist as a nation. That power resides in our maritime rights.
To them unreserved adherence must be our device, the sword
and the rudder our supporters : so shall the shield of our
security be blazoned Avitli glory, and our crest be, and remain,
the honourable and perdurable dominion of the ocean.
" QUI MARE TENEAT, EUM NECESSE RERUM POTIRI."
London^ 2d March j 1814.
r
APPENDIX.
ON TUB CONDUCT OF THE GOVERNMENT OP THE
UNITED STAVES TOWARDS THE INDIAN TRIBES.
Extracts frofH a Letter dated Canada, Hth January ISIS.
[Taken from the Morning Post of the 26tli April 1S13.]
" I HOPE that before this letter reaches you, the eyes of the
nation nvill have been opened to the real views of the American
government, in their infamous war against Great Britain, which
are none other than eventual destruction to the independence
of the country of their forefathers, by the establishment of
principles ruinous to her navy, and by the immediate conquest
of all British North America, and especially the Canadas, as
means conducive thereto.
*' The diplomatic farce they have been acting, in their pro-
posals (impudently J^/;/fl//^//V/^ therein, as a preliminary, the very
object of the contest) for an armistice on your side of the water,
whilst they rejected it on this side, must surely convince the
most incredulous that their purpose was to lull the nation asleep,
in order that their conquest might be prosecuted, without in-
terruption *.
* In vanity and impudence the Ann ricaiis surpass the world.
The late Mr. Fox observed, that he had heard of Scotch modesty
and Irish impudence, but that the true Corinthian bras« was only
^o be found in America.
iL ll
h , J
1]
111
25
** It cannot but make a forcible Impression upon all who will
impartiaHy reflect upon the past conduct of the American go-
vernment, that whilst the orders in council were considered
likely to be persisted in, they were loudly complained of, as the
only bar to accommodation and harmony between the two
countries : but no sooner was it found that they would be given
up, if that would suffice (see Lord Wellesley's letter to Mr.
Pinkney, of 29th December 1810), than the latter, in his an-
swer of 14th January 181 1, brings forward the annulment of
the blockade of May 1806, as also indispensable. Now, it is
notorious, that this blockade was never complained of by Ame-
rica, until she was required so to do by Bonaparte j for Mr.
Monroe, so far from remonstrating against it, at the time, of-
ikially wrote, that he considered it * as highly satisfactory to
the commercial interests ;' and the said orders and blockade
being at an end, Bonaparte's principles of blockade must also
be acknowledged, and impressments from American vessels
given up ; which latter they confound and blind in such a
manner, as to leave it equivocal, whether native American sea-
men be only meant, a point lue nner claimed^ or British seamen
naturalized in America be also included, which ivc can never
admity as it violates fundamental principles of right, and would
unman our navy in a few years.
" Further, they insidiously aim at our giving up the right of
search for our sei men, and to trust to their prohibitions, (to be
hereafter made,) about employing them ; but if we ever aban-
don that right, either as to search for contraband goods or for
seamen — or trust to any other security for enforcement of our
rights upon these points, than the vigilance of our own navy —
then farewell to our independence as a nation. Thus, it is evi-
dent, that give up what you will, .something more is always held in
reserve by America, to keep up irritation against us j and to pro-
mote the purposes of France ; and it is further evident, by the
conduct of America since her declaration of war, that in draw-
|Ji ■
I t
ll
i.i
id
ing the sword she threw away the scabbard, and yet wc reinaiji
with ours sheathed.
" The forbearance and spirit of conciliation of Great Britain
towards America have been so extreme and imprcccdented,
that, instead of being attributed to magnanimity, and a sincere
wish for peace, weakness only is considered in the United States as
the motive. The time is therefore arrived when such deter-
mined enmity against us must be met by a proportionate and
energetic application of our power against this new enemy, Of
his vulnerable points, of which there are many ; for by such a
course only will America be brought to her sober senses, and
both countries saved from destruction ; and I hope and trust,
that no terms of peace will hereafter be acceded to, that shall
not provide ample security for our maritime rights — to our
North American provinces — and to our Indian allies.
** The American government will be found inferior only to
Bonaparte's in the arts of deception, and of framing and cir-
culating falsehoods, calculated to give a colour to their unprin-
cipled deeds, and to mislead public opinion. They are ever
ready to accuse their enemy of practices nvhich they scruple not
to pursue. In nothing is this more manifest, than in their hypo-
critical tnisrepresentations about our employing the Indians, and
which form a prominent feature in Mr. Madison's message to
congress, at the opening of its present session.
** The truth is, that the Americans have done the utmost to
corrupt all the Indian nations, and employ them against us *
when, finding their efforts in general fail (although successful in
particular instances), they imitate the fox in the fable, and cry
out sour grapes ;— affecting to wish for Indian neutrality ; al-
though it is notorious that they would, if they could, employ
every Indian in desolating Canada ; and it is equally notoriousj,
that they exaggerate the cruelties of Indian warfare, whilst
greater are practiicd by the ivhite savages of the lVester?iAmericafi
States, who are really more barbarous than the red savages of the
wilderness.
30
I
** Of the Indians of North America, the far greater propor»
tion Hve wuhout the British territories, and only a small part
within ; which latter are chiefly such as were driven from the
United States, in the American war, and to whom tracts of land
were assigned in Upper Canada. Even these were offered
bribes by the Americans to desert us, and being terrified by
their gasconade about the power of America, and our difenceUss
situation, at one time balanced, from fear of them ; but not from
luaiU of' affection for us.
*' Part of the Indians of St. Regis, a few others of the Six Na-
tions, and some Shawaneese who live within the American terri-
tory, joined them. General Hull's official dispatch proves the
efforts ho made to procure others ; who, he bitterly complains,
deceived and deserted him : and the American Gendral Brown's
invitation to the St. Regis Indians, whilst he commanded at Og-
densberg; as well as the Indians, generally, hing invited- to go
to IVaihingion and other places-, to hJd conferences^ are further
proofs of what I assert. Yet, after all these efforts to seduce
the Indians, the American government has the efl^rontery to
talk about Indian assistance to us. The reason why they do
not succeed better in their plans of corruption, is, that the In-
dians have experienced their deceptions and treachery too often
to trust them, in any case, but tha«: of necessity. The rule of
the United States, respecting the Indians, is, * that might makes
right.' They consider them as an inferior and unprotected
class of beings, and act accordingly.
" The Indians, as well as the loyalists of British America, are
objects of deadiy democratic hate, as the speechei> in congress
plainly evince: indeed, the views of the American govern-
ment seem long to have pointed at a systematic plan for exter->
minatingthe Indians — if not always by open force, at least by an
insidious policy, which must operate to that effect : and the
farce of the attempt made to civilize them, so much vaunted of
in Mr. Jefferson's cant, was merely to deceive, and gain ap-
plause from foreign nations, who were ignorant of American
prnc
fam
the
beei
ilian
vioi
licai
on
Brit
%
51
3
practices, and of their Indian land swindling. Of this, the
famous chief, Tccumsccth, who unites the greatest wisilom with
the most determined valour, was so well aware, that he had
been long endeavouring to form a general league, to preserve In-
dian right^^ and repress American injustice; but which, pre-
vious to the war, our government, from good faith, and de-
licacy to the United States, declined giving countenance to, and
on all occasions recommended peace ; which sentiment, the
British traders, in conformity with the wishes of this govern-
ment, and in furtherance of their own interests, re-echoed to
the interior tribes. But the moment that America declared
war against Great Britain, the idea seems almost universally to
have flashed upon the Indian mind, like lightning : that the
moment was arrived for redress of the deep injuries inflicted
upon them by the United States ; and consequently, they em-
braced tht British cause in the full persuasion that they had no
penuanent kopehut from British success and justice. — Thus every
motive combined to stimulate them to aid in defending their
AND OUR lives and properties against American ambition and
rapacity. -
" Under such circumstances, had we, from any absurd or
fastidious scruples, rejected their assistance, it would have
been holding out a premium for their turning against us ; for,
as an Indian chief lately observed, there is no such word in
their language as neutral. They understand not its meaning —
they know only oifritnd or foe. But an unanswerable argument
is, that we and the Indians are not attacking American rights, but
defending our own — we seek not the unnatural foe, but he
comes (in many cases above ine thousand miles,) to invade and
enslave both of us. By what la\T, therefore, of God or man,
are we to be prevented from employing those who have so deep
a common interest in our defence ; and especially as we are at
three thousand miles distance from the mother country, which
unhappily has been temporally blinded by American cunning
i^id hypocrisy, whereby, for a time, the Canadas liave been left
32
'i
exposed to the attack of a population of ten times their nunv*
bers.
** The Americans atVect to rcprob;itc the Indian mode of war-
fare ; but look at t/}eir own practice, which will be seen in Ge-
neral Hull's exterminating proclamation, and in General
Smyth's offering a jiriceyir the spoils of each Indian killed; and
further, in the fact, that the Jirst scalps this war, was taken by
an American scout ^ at the river Canard, near Ainherstburg.
Look also at all the American Newspapers, from Ohio to
Georgia, wherein will be seen statetl, as matters of course y the
burning of Indian villages and corn iielJs, wherein they boast
that sick and wounded Indians were consumed — and that so
many sralps nvere brought azvny as trophies. — The house of a Ken-
tucky man is generally orir.unented with some Indian scalps.
The American back-woods men go to hunt Indians, as if they
were wild beasts.
" The Americans, in their public capacity, behave with equal
injustice. Governor Harri:;on, in 1811, with an army, wr«/
across the Indian line fixed by solemn treaty, without any
previous notitication, to attack the Prophet's town, which he
burnt, after, however, being made to pay dearly for his trea-
chery.
** Admitting, however, there may be some instances of the
massacre of a family by Indians, it will be generally found to
have been such as had encroached upon tht . territory, esta-
blished by treaty : — but what comparison, in point of atrocity,
is there between such, and the deliberate purpose of extermina-
tion, which is evinced by the burning of Indian villages and
corn-fields, and driving tribes from tlicir hunting grounds. To
aim at starving or expatriating a whole people, is surely more
heinous than killing a few individuals. American encroach-
ments are not confined to one quarter. They extend to the
Floridas, where a scene of peculiar and unblushing villainy has
been exhibited.
" As to the Americans practising what they affect to reprobate.
rj.3
it nil,L,'ht be suniclent to rest the proof tluTOof upon the facf,
that scjlpitig knives atul totnabanvhs form part of the equi^^'menti :f
the western nii/ititit aiitl tliat the c.irtrltlgcs of all their sol-
diers, reguhirs, and others, are made up with one bull and thrtt
buck ih.'>t,
"In their accoiMit of the late incursion into Lower Canada bv
Colonel Pyke, one of tlieir regular olllcers, some of their
letters state, that they burnt a hut occupied a<? a guard house,
at Odle town, icherdn tht'y b.ast of Cjnsirmng four or Jiv-.' Indians^
whose bones they pretcndcvl to have found amongbl the en\-
bers. This was false, as the whole escaped; but it proves the
American practice, mind, ami feeling, r.s strongly as \i it had
been true.
" It Is a memorable fact, that since tlieconnnencement of the
war, NO CRUELTY HAS DEIJN COMMITTED BY THE INDIANS;
but, on the contrary, at Michilimakinac, Detroit, ITpp-r and
Lower Canada, they have been confined v;ithin the strictest
bounds of humanity and nioderation'% although jircviously threat-
ened by General Hull with no quarter. And nothing can more
strongly evince the duplicity and want of candour In the Ame-
rican character than this further fact, that none of thope wljo
owed their lives to Indian forbearance, under the guidance of
liritish humanity, have ever had the honesty, publicly to ac-
* It is with peculiar sutislaction wc liiul our Indian ailioi^, not-
withstanding the wrongs tlicy have suficred, still pursuing the
same line of conduct, in proof of which we quote the letter from
Major-general P. Riiill, to Lieutenant-general Druinmond, dated
Niagani Frontier, Fort Erie, January first 181 1. See the London
Gazette, 20"th Tehruary 1 8 ! 1.
*' Lieutenant-colonel Elliot in this, as well as on other occa:>Ions,
Is entitled to my higho; t coniniendatioiis, for his zeal and activity
as superintentlant of the Inoian depart. nent; and 1 am happy to
add, that through his exertions, and that of his officer^,, no act <f
crueUij, as far as I could /cam, xvas committed hj the Indium tO'
wards ani/ of their prisoners.''
•
Ill
S4t
knowledge the fact, or to publish a contradiction to the bare-'
faced filsehoods daily circulated in the American deniocratic
papers, (Including the government paper, the National hiltl-
ligettceVj) about cruelties coniiniucd by Indims, under British
excitements. And although thousands of American militia-
men have, after capture, been suftend inunediately to return
home ; yet, in no instance has a Canadian militia-man, in either
province, who had been made a prisoner by the Americans,
(whereof, thank God, the whole number is short of one hun-
dred), been released, before he was regularly, but with dith-
culty, exchanged; and before being marched, ni soiue iti-
stances, several hundred miles, through fbeir country, as if far
a shoiv *.
" As a sample of American humanity, it also should be
known, that on the third attempt at invasion in Upper Canada,
below Fort Erie, on the 28th of November last, when they had
a trifling temporary success, wherein Lieutenant king, of the
royal artillery, and Lieutenant Lamont, of the 49th regiment,
were both severely wounded, and made prisoners by the Anie-
* In a very recent instance, the Americans at Nevv-Londou
claimed from one of the Bi-itisli naval officers commanding on the
station an American citizen, who was said to have been made a
prisoner by His Majesty's forces, although not a military man ;
it however appeared afterwards, that he had been employed as a
Torpedo-man. The conduct of the Americans in this instance
is very conspicuous, as it is well known, tliat from the district of
Niagara, alone, they have carried off about fifty men, who were
Civilians, and had not taken up arms during thv. war — Many of
them above sixty years of age, were dragged from theii' fields and
houses, and are now kept in rigorous confinement in American
prisons; though on the occupation of that district by the American
army, the inhabitants were requested by their commander-in-chief
to remain quietly at their homes, and that they should be by him
protected ! Thus, lulling the unwary and helpless into security,
who might otherwise have avoided falling into their power.
35
ricans ; they were, at the risk of their lives, sent over to the Ann-
rican side*. Although at Oueenston, the wounded Americans,
who were made prisoners by us in great numbers on our side of
the river, were allowed to be sent across to their countrymen,
an armistice being granted for that purpose. And as further
samples, their firing red hot shot at the open toun of Newark, on the
British side, whereby private houses were burnt ; and their set-
ting fire to private houses and stores by their soldiers, below
(and at) Fort Erie, are conspicuous.
** In one of General Smyth's famous proclamations, he says,
that, on his entering Canada, persons and property should b«
protected, as far as the imperious necessities of his army would
<illow. In plain English, — there was to be no limit to plunder,
but their wants; and, at Sandwich, Gencial Hull gave a spe-
cimen of their thirst for pillage, his promises of protection not-
withstand'ng. It is said that the plunder of Montreal was of-
fered as a stimulus to the militia to volunteer crossing the line
on the late occasion ; wliich is highly probable, as it had long
been a common boast amongst the Vermont democrats, that
they would take Montreal at their own expense, if they should
be allowed the plunder of it. They havt^ got some lessons about
invasions that will at least check, if they cannot wholly cure>
their empty boasting in time to come.
** Of the effrontery of the American government,can z.ny thing
more in point be adduced than this: that at the time they were
making so much noise about one Henry being employed by
Sir James Craig (although merely to obtain informaiion about
their designs upon Canada), they were then, and have been
since, actively employing agents and spies to corrupt and mould the
people of the Canadas to their views, by organizing a system
of treason and opposition to the provincial governments, and
in procuring information in contemplation of their invasion
and conquest of these provinces. Witness the traitor ■ ,
who had been some years engaged in such practices, but who,
** In consequence of wliich Lieutenant King died.
^-/
t!
1'
3()
It'
■I
If
I
unfortunately for us, escn.ped froai LToper Canada, and avoided
h-s merited fate, when Detroit was captured, by escaping in
disguise. was one of many, but the proofs of his guilt
are the strongest.
** Another instance of that ctrVoiiLerv will be found in Hull's
proclamation, which wa , coined for him at v^^ishington, where-
in is held forth a public invitation to the people of Upper
Canada, to rebel againjt their government. Yet to read the
American, accusations against the British government, people at
a distance would suppose the Americans to be most delicately
scrupulous, and possessing the very milk of human kindness;
but it is a duty to unmask and s/jow ikein in their real character.
Happily their plans of conquest, although long premeditated,
and urged on by the mean, additional stimulus, of considering
us corrupted, unprepared, and unprotected, have produced to
them nothing but disgrace.
" The people of the Canadas, in spite of the arts used to de-
eeive thein^ have nobly done their duty to their king and coun-
try. What spectacle can be more gratifying to the mother
country, than to see that her fiithful colonies, although invaded,
as it were by surprise, and at a time when the government at
home was palsied by American hypocrisy and cunning, in
making delusive proposals about peace, and when the i\mcrlcan
government knew, that the nation had their hands full in com-
bating the enemy of mankind, have yet, under all these dis-
advantages, been able so gloriously to resist, with efl'ect, the
treacherous foe ; aided only by a peace establishment of regular
troops, consisting, it is true, of heroes, but from necessity dis-
persed in small bands (to form points of support upon a line of
mimense length), and by our brave Indian allies.
** Surely the mother country will, this spring, step forth as
becomes her, for the deliverance of colonies inhabited by people
so meritorious, and rendered (independent of their intrinsic
value to the nation, which is very great,) doubly interesting
from containing those loyalists and their descendants, who, by
haN
mei
Au|
anc
bd
in
em|
tht
\.\xA
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hai
hu
str
no
37
having .saci'iilced their all In the American rebellion, for attach-
ment to their king and country, are still relentlessly pursued by
American ambition, as objects of pillage and extermination :
and wiiich also contain a brave population, partly British born,
but th(- greater proportion descended from our ancient rivals, who,
in linking their fortunes with those loyalists and native Britons,
emulate thc'i exertions for the common defence, and spurn at
the insidious offers of American fraternization. And further,
that she will step forth for the deliverance, from American
domination and injustice, of those faithful Indians, who
have the strongest claims upon our national justice, honour, and
humanity. Indeed, the claims of all seem paramount, and a
stronger combination for action cannot be conceived ; therefore
non'^ can doubt of the national efforts being proportionate.
*' It may be asked, what injuries have the Indians who inhabit
the country, without the British territory, sustained from the
Americans> which can justify the inveterate antipathy wdiich
has produced so many Indian wars, and which have excited
those apprehensions of extermination, so generally entertained
by the Aborigines. In the number of those injuries and
wrongs are the following, as mentioned in substance by the
sagacious Tecumsecth, in his interesting interview with the
lamented and brave General Brock, whom he came to see, and
aid in his expedition to repel Hull's invasion of Upper Canada :
** Firsts The Americans systematically encroach upon their
lands, and drive them from their hunting grounds.
" Second^ The American government make fraudulent pur-
chases of their lands, from Indians who have no right or power
to sell : as, for example, by getting a few insignificant members
of a village to make a sale, to colour usurpation.
" Third, The American government in many instances have
paid the Indians only one farthiig an acre for lands which they
sold immediately afterwards for six dollars ; thereby deriving
a most productive article of revenue from this nefarious system ;
and even this miserable pittance of one farthing per acre, they
connive at their agents in cmbezxling.
i-;i
<i!
'I
h
58
*' Fsurihf The American government hnve established what
they call trading post!, in the Indian territory, under the pre-
tence o. 3Lip[)lyiijg them with necessaries, instead of money, for
their lands, at which posts the most scandalous frauds are prac-
tised.
" Fifth, These posts are turned into military stations, at the
pleasure of the American government, to the immediate annoy-
ance of ihe Indians, and to their ultimate subjugation.
" Sixth, Ob.'.t ructions and embarrassments of various kinds
had bten lo; g thrown in the way of British traders coming to
them with su|.plies ; and finally, those traders were altogether
prohibited from bringing their supplies, by laws (namely, the
non-importation, non-intercourse, ike.) to which the Indians
ivere no parties ; notwithstanding they were, by treaties made
by ther.i as independent nations (and solemnly sanctioned by
America), iniintained in their right of intercourse with the
British iraders.
*' Seventh, That neither the feelings, interests, or rights of
Indians, are at all considered by the Anericans ; but, on the
contrary, are studiously outraged and violated on all occasions,
which reduces the natives to despair.
** It is needless to go further into enumeration of the wrongs
systematically practised against the Indians by America ; but, it
is a curious fact, and worthy of serious consideration, that these
sturdy advocates (the Anjericans) for neutral rights against
belligerents, were not ashamed to illustrate their theory by a
most shameless practical invasion of the rights of Indians, who
are indepen*ient nations, and completely neutral in the contest
between Great Britain and France ; and this at a time when
America, still pretending to maintain neutrality, and to act as
a non-belligerent, was, by one of those very acts, invading
neutral Indian rights, in defiance of their own principles, and of
positive stipulation.
** Let it be observed, that in speaking herein of the Ameri-
cans, I mean the democrats of the United States, who compose a
great majority of their population. That country unquestion-
,
39
ably contaiiis a great number of able and honourable men ; but
the idea of a British parly there is absurd. The Federalists, no
doubt, wish Great Britain to prevail over France in the present
contest ; but they are our friends in so far only as will promote
their party views, which once obtained, they would not scruple
to endeavour to humble their mother country ; icitness their
joining in exultation about the taking of some of our frigates.
" I fear that I am becoming tiresome, and must conclude,
but not before submitting to you these questions, after a perusal
of the foregoing observations.
" Can there be a doubt about the practical as well as ab .tract
right of employing the Indians in our and their defence ; and
is there not now an imperious necessity for manifesting to
America, by every practicable means, our power of compelling
her to do them and us justice ?
" Can there be a Briton now so lost to all feeling and sense
®f national honour, as not to be roused to indignation, when
the motive, the time, and all the circumstances of the American
declaration of war, as also their practice under it, are taken
into consideration ?
** Can America, as a nation, be at present considered in any
other light than a parricide, deliberately aiming at the life of
her parent; and that to promote the triumph of the merci-
less USURPER who is desolating continental Europe ? Surely
Heaven will punish, even in this world, a conduct so superla-
tively unnatural. For the facts within stated I pledge my
veracity, and leave you to make such use of them as you shall
judge most conducive to the cause of truth, and of our common
COUNTRY , at the present alarming crisis ! "
THE END.
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T. Davison, LombartUstriet,
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