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At present, amongst European Nations, a Naval Strength, which id the portion of Great Britain, is more than ever of the greatest importance to Sovereignty, as well because most of the Kingdoms of Europe are not Con* tinents, but in a good measure surrounded by the Sea, as because the treasures of both Indies seem but an accessory to the Dominion of the Sea." Bacok. " The Sea, which is ouf Mother, (that embrace* Both the rich Indies iu her out-stretched arras), Yields every day a crop, if we dare reap it." Mauingsr. LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. M.^^ICHARDSON, CORNHILL. By T. Davison, ffniitcfriat*. 1814. 1^ c TO THE RIGHT HOxNOURABLLJ JOHN LORD ELDON, THIS TRACT IS MOST RESPECTFULLY AND APPROPRIATELY INSCRIBED, FROM HIS WELL KNOWN AND FIXED DETERMINATION TO MAINTAIN UNIMPAIRED, Tlir: MARITIME AND TERRITORIAL RIGHTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. •> c I COMPRESSED VIEW 01 ; THE POINTS TO BE DISCUSSED, IN TREATING WITH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; A. D. 1814. As the period approaches, when conferences ace- to be. held at Gottenburgh to adjust the differences between Great. Britain' and the United States of America, the attention is. naturally called to the objects which will offer themselves for discussion. The principal point- is generally supposed to be our maritime rights.;, but to suffer these even to be discussed would, be a dereliction of duty, in any negociator who might attempt, or^^^ aay minister who might sanction it. No infringement, abatement, or. qualification can be admitted. But there are various other, objects, concerning which this negociation will give us an. op-, portunity of treating, and which, though latent and little re<». garded by the public at large, are seriously felt, as of the utmost, moment, by the few who have bad opportunities of appreciating their importance. At this juncture, therefore, and previous to the appointed meeting of plenipotentiaries, it is desirable to. instii into the public mind, widely to circulate, and warmly to. impress, the truths, that it will be.the object of the following, pages to maintain, and which, it is hoped, will not escape th^r penetration^ or appear insignificant in the eyes, of those who may be entrusted with the interests of the empire on this mo- mentous occasion. To " ships, colonies, and commerce," no one will deny, that the inhabitants of the British islands owe their weahh and prosperity, the government its preponderance and stability, and the imperial crown its lustre. Whatever, therefore, tends to augment the numbers of our mercantile and warlike fleets, of our seamen, and our traders j whatever can give increased ex- tent, security, nnd value to our colonics ; whatever can promote the commercial interests of the nation at large; must be an ob- ject of the warm solicitude of every patriot statesman. It will be contended in these pages, that no occurrence has for a series of years afforded so great an opening for enhancing these in- estimable privileges, for correcting the errors of former times, tnd for making ample and stable provision for the future, than the result of the war, we are at present engaged in with the United States of America; for by that, all former treaties, all impolitic concessions are abrogated; every thing itiay pass in revision; and we shall, whenever a peace is con- cluded, be entitled, supposing the events of the war to give us that commanding attitude which we ought to possess, to claim and enforce those advantages, which nature and policy point out as belonging to the possessors of Canada. The importance of our possessions in North America, has never been duly estimated. Though the abundant supplies of timber, masts, &c. which our navy has , for years, derived from Canada, have, as to that point, now opened the eyes of the country ; though the nursery for our seamen, which the fisheries on those coasts have constituted, has long been acknow- ledged, as almost a vital part of our naval existence ; yet are there other advantages to be derived from the productions of nature and industry, which encouragement and protection from •he mother country would incessantly call into action, that Iwve been mostly overlooked, or greatly underrated. - . I t :' J 3 5SC who his mo- ly, that hh and ity, and tends to eets, of ased ex- promote e an ob- it will a series hese in- ir times, future, raged in former fry thing » is con- give us , to claim licy point erica, has applies of I, derived le eyes of vhich the 1 acknow- j J yet are uctions of :tion from , that Iwve The bounds within wliich this discussion is meant to bo con- iincd, will not permit of more than an enumeration of the most prominent of these objects. In tlie first place, our colonies of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland, are amply adequate to supply our West India possessions with all the timber, all the staves, and nil the fish they can require ; and prior to the present American war with nearly all the wheat and flour they could consume. The fur trade is an important branch, and might be made far more productive, if adequate protection and encouragement were given to pursue it to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Ashes, indispensable in our bleach- ing and soap manufactories, can be yielded in any quantities. Shumac, used for dying, can be furnished in abundance ; flax seed, for which the staple of Ireland is now dependant on the United States, Holland, and the Baltic, might be raised and exported to great advantage ; — and great quantities of oil I and blubber might be imported from them if admitted to entry at the same rate of duty, as the oil and blubber from Nevfoundland. A loyal population, increasing in numbers, and diffusing itself over the millions of yet uncleared and uncultivated acres, which yield in fertility, and convenience of site, to no part of the United States, has proved, that Canada has resources within itself, stamina of sturdy prosperity, that need but the fostering aid of the mother country, and her parental protection, to \^ establish an influence on the continent of North America, spreading even in time to the Pacific, and trading from the shores of that ocean with the rich regions of the East. That we may not again return into a course that has been productive of so much embarrassment, vexation, and injury to our interests; that we may not in future blindly commit our- selves by treaties, which may be the overflowing sources of con- tention ; in short, that we may not evince hereafter a total ig- norance either of the rights or of the boundaries of the two nations, the oversights in our rormcr nepr'^ci.uions will bo pointed 0!ir, and an endeavour made to ^ugK^iit remedies for such cause* of disscniioM ?n future. In concluding a treaty of peace with the l^iited States, not only ought the main feature of the war, the inviolate mainten- ance of our maritime rights, to be kept in view ; but the scarcely less important object, the preservation of the British North American colonies, ought not to be overlooked. To secure this last it is requisite to advert to one grand point, the neces- sity of the establishment oi a tieiu lrovinces J dear in carrying d that in )n of the cretion to >f the dlf- ports of Americans Is. treaty of 2 Indians, tectlon of f Canada, e, to the river an4 ce up the ed States , and ex- and west- ? lines to rv of Ca- hunt'a:g» 5 and the VI 13 Indians, as fixed by the treaty of Greenville, before alluded to, would perhaps answer as the new boundary line for the pro- tection of the Indians, if extended so as to run up the Missouri and to the Rocky mountains, provided that a// the reservo' tlons and conditions in that treaty relative to the various tracts of ground within that line, for the advantage of the United States, and all the other conditions attached to them by it, be nvholly done awayy and the American government (and probably also reciprocally the British), excluded from having any fcrts, mili- tary posts, territorial jurisdiction, or public property of any kind, within the Indian line : — but the bona fide property of white people, in lands within that boundary, where the Indian titles shall have been fairly extinguished previous to a new treaty with America, might perhaps be safely allowed under th^ territorial jurisdiction of Great Britain. This would of course obviate the necessity of any reservation as to the right of the British to carry on trade with the Indians, T\'hose independence being thus established, they would have the right to admit or interdict whom they please; and we well know to whom they would, both from inclination and interest, give the preference. This is the more desirable, as the inter- course with the Indians of that quarter by the British, being carried on by permission, as it were, of a jealous and hostile nation, has been the fruitful source of innumerable exartions, continued disputes, and incessant broils. For men, whose friendship has been recently shown to be of such great importance to us, we cannot do too much. We should see all their wrongs redressed, their territory restored to them, and themselves rend(ired for ever secure from American encroachment. But the independence of the Indians cannot be effectually preserved, by the articles of any treaty, which shall provide security for Indian territory or Indian rights, unless, what is indispensable for their due execution^ jG/v.v/ Britain become the aiwwed guarantee and protector of those fights and that territory, so gs to have both the right and thp I ■ I' 1 1, 1 r 1 1 1 [ ■ i 1 1 1 !i , 1 M!- If k' ! l: } 14 power of instant interference, incase of any encroachment or violation, and not, as hitherto, be a silent spectator of wrongs and injustice, more immediately injurious to the aborigines, but eventually as ruinous to the security of the Canadas. In illustration of the injuries the independent Indians have sustained from the Americans, and which have excited those apprehensions of extermination so generally entertained by the natives, we shall give the substance of the speech of the saga- cious and brave Tecumsecth *, at his interview with the lamented General Brock, whom he came to aid, in his ex- pedition to repel Hull's invasion of Upper Canada. Pint, The Americans systematically encroach upon their lands, and drive them from their hunting-grounds. Secondly^ The American government make fraudulent pur- ch?'5es of their lands from Indians who have no right or power to sell, as, : or example, by getting a few insignificant members of a villajje to make a sale, to colour usurpation. Tljirdlyi The American government, in many instances, have paid the Indians only one farthing per acre for lands, which they sold immediately afterwards for six dollars, deriving thus a most productive article of revenue from this unprincipled system ; whilst even the miserable pittance of one farthing per acre they connive at the embezzlement of, by their agents. Fourthly i The American government has established what they call trading posts \n th'i Indian territory, under the pre- tence of supplying them with necessaries instead of money, for their lands. Fifihiy, These posts are turned into military stations at the pleasure of the American government, tending to the imme- diate annoyance, and to the ultimate subjugation, of the In- dians. t m n * This illustrious chief having been wounded in one of the late actions in Upper Canada, was found by the Americans in the field and afterwards taken to their quarters and ilayed, ; 15 iment or f wrongs >origines, ias. ians have ed those ;d by the the saga- vvith the in his ex- 5on their ilent pur- er power : members nces, have nds, which iving thus iprincipled irthing per agents. Ished what lY the pre- money, for tions at the ) the imme- , of the In- 10 of the late IS in the field SixfUyy Obstnictions and embarrassments of various kinds have been long thrown in the way of the British traders re- pairing with supplies to the Indians ; and finally, those traders were altogether prohibited from bringing their goods, by laws, such as tiie acts of non-iir.portation, non-intercourse, &c. to which the Indians were ro parties ; notwithstanding they were by treaties, made with them as independent nations, and so- lemnly sanctioned by the United States, entitled to the right of free intercourse with the British traders*. Seventhly^ Neither the feelings, the interests, nor the rights of the Indians, wen' nt all considered by the Americans; but, on the contriiry, were, on all occasions, studiously outraged and violated f . If this view of the subject be entertained by those whom we are accustomed to call unenlightened savages, how much more readily will the European politician see the evil consequences with which such a system as the Americans pursue is pregnant both to the Indians and to the Canadas ! The next point to be adverted to is, the necessity of exclud- ing the Americans from the fisheries on the coasts of British North America, especially those of Labradore, Newfoundland, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The third article of the treaty of 178.3, which admits them to take and dry fish on the shores of these colonies, ought to be utterly abrogated, and every vestige of its existence taken aw^ay. Improvitlent and impolitic in the outset, experience has shewn, that it is much more injurious than might, on a supers ficial view, be supposed. That the Americans were enabled thereby to carry our own fish to the West Indies, and dei'ive * See the case of the Michiliniakinac Company, whose boats were seized in ISO" by the Americans, which in more unembar- rassed times would have been considered a justifiablo cause of im- mediate war. t Appendix m 'J 1 w»« IIS! II! 1 16 great part of the advantages of a trade which nature points out as belonging to us, is too well known to be more largely in- sisted on. But the latent evil consists in the encroachments committed, the insults offered, the depraved habits introduced, and the contraband trade carried on, under the mask of fishery, by the Americans, wherever their feet have been set on ':hore. That the mode in which the Americans have in this respect conducted themselves, is a systematic preliminary to the ulterior views of their government for the acquisition of territorial power in those parts, is apparent, when it is re- marked, that in an article of a treaty concluded between France and the United States within the last twelve years, they mutu- ally guarantee such lands as they may acquire in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and this at a time when neither of them owned an inch of land in the Gulf. Not less than twelve hundred sail of American vessels were on those coasts, on real or pretended fishing expeditions, in 1805*, and a very extended illicit trade was carried on by them. The evils complained of are strongly set forth in the memorial of the inhabitants of Nova Scotia, addressed to Lord Bathurst in October last, and corroborated by affidavits ; by which it appears, that the Americans have of late years, pre- vious to the present war, far outnumbered the British fishermen, and were very lawless in their manners. They endeavoured to appropriate the bait exclusively to themselves; and fre- quently, on purpose, passed their boats through the British nets, even at times taking the fish out of them, and going on shore and plundering with impunity. They have frequently landed at the Magdalen Islands, and, hoisting the American flag, have beer very abusive and insulting to the inhabitants. On this subject the words of the Memorialists are worthy of quotation: " Amon.g the evils," they say, " which such an in- * Letter from the Custom-house, at Halifax, 20th August, }S06, 'ii 17 lomts out argely in- achments troiluccd, mask of ave been ns have in elinunary uisition of it is rc- en France hey mutu- \Q Gulf of em owned jssels were sJitlons, in •ied on by 3rth in the sed to Lord idavits i by years, pre- i fishermen, ndeavoured ;; and fre- the British id going on frequently e American inhabitants, e worthy of such an in- Dth August, i ** tercourse must inevitably produce, wc are convinced, that the *' sentiments, habits, and manners, both political and moral, of *' the lower order of the Americans, are dangerous and con- *' laminating in a very great degree. It is our first wish to see *' these colonies completely British; this will ever be found *' their surest defence and greatest blessing j but the intercourse " permitted by that fatal article of the definitive treaty was «* detrimental to their duty as subjects, and to every other ob- ** ject of this address." By this subject, the attention is collaterally drawn to the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, which we have been in the habit of restoring to France at the conclusion of every war, but which, it is to be hoped, will never more be done ; for not only is it impolitic to give the French that privilege, but it will afford the Americans an opportunity of treating for the purchase of them from France, which, ii is well ascertained, they had on former occasions in contemplation, in order to pursue their favourite plan of aggrandizement, by getting a footing of some kind in the vicinity of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and we trust that the French will, in future, be totally excluded from New- foundland — we have much to restore on the retm i of peace, but we have much that we ought to retain. The objects hitherto recommended to the attention of the negociators of a treaty with America, are such as Lend to secure the integrity of our colonies in that quarter from future encroachment or invasion, and to ensure the perma- nent enjoyment, boih to them and to the mother country, of the advantages in actual or past possession. But another main point remains to be adverted to, and its merits discussed, namely, the improvement and extension of those advantages by the augmentation of the population, agriculture, trade, and fisheries of those possessions, reasonably to be expected from pursuing a true line of policy. It is not enough to know thai these terri- tories possess the sources of extended and permanent prospenty> II: la but it is necessary also to give effect and fecundity to tliein, by overcoming tlic obstacles that stand in the way of their abundant overflow. An especial, an artificial, and, if the ex- pression may be allowed, a suicidal barrier, has, for years, obstructed and destroyed the blessings which the bounty of Providence put into our hands. This barrier consisted iu allowing the Americans to supply our West India Islands with timber, staves, fish, and provisions. The war has put an end to tliis impolitic system, and experience has destroyed the illusions upon which that intercourse was sanctioned, which should never be revived ! But it is not only with respect to the prosperity of our North American colonies, that the permitted intercourse of the citizens of the United States with the West Indies is prejudicial, for otlier and very important branches of British trade have experienced also serious injury. Under the plea of distress in the islands, American vessels, of all sizes, having clandestinely on board Ea^t India, European (not British,) and United States manufiictures, were admitted during several years, and, till the embar;;o system took place, almost as freely as if the intercourse had been legally justified*. This, however, is only incidentally mentioned. By the declaration of His Majesty In council of the 27th of December 1783, immediately consequent upon the treaty with America, the lirt infraction was made In our system of navi- gation, and the commerce between the United States and the West Indies, which had been completely suspended for eight years, was suddenly revived by public authority. By that hasty and improvident concession we made the United States necessary to the West Indies, and a system has grown out of it, which has so entangled and beset us on all sides, thtit it is difficult to convince, even rational and unprejudiced minds, * Memorial from Nova Scotia to Lord Bathurst, I M i<:i •,-^ ^ 1% to tliem, of their f the ex- or years, >ountjr of isisted ill ands with ut an end roycd the J, which ty of our irse of the irejudicial, radc have ress in the stinely on ted States ^d, till the ntercourse icidentally le 27th of reaty with 1 of navi- gates and ended for Drity. By le United las grown iides, that :ed minds, thai the West India Islands can exist and flourish, without communication with those States. Tliis renders it, therefore, necessary to go a little at large into this suhiect, which is of vital importance to the British settlements in North America. The infallible tendency of the revival of that trafhc was to discourage those settlements, which were thereby deprived of a market, which, if they had enjoyed to the present time, would have rendered them as valuable as any of the posseisioiis under the British Crown. Before the American rebellion, the tra/Tlc between the conti- nental colonies and the"^Vest Indies was so great, that congress, under the idea of ruining the islands, during the war, prohibited all intercourse with them. The experience, however, of eight years, proved that the West India Islands could exist and prosper, even if the United States had been doomed to perpetual sterility. The traders of Great Britain and Ireland seized the opportunity, niiich the enmity of America afforded them, and even during :ui exjiensive and consuming war, when vast fleets and armies were fed beyond the ocean, all those necessaries which the West Indies did not readily procure by their own economy, were sufficiently, and even superabundantly, supplied from the British islands. It would carry these observations to greater length than intended, to give the detailed accounts upon which these asser- tions are founded* •, but in illustration of them, the supplies of salted provisions (beef, pork, and fish), those upon which the advocates of a free intercourse with the West Indies lay the most stress, shall here be contrasted, as made by the pro- vincials, (as th.ey were then called) in 1773, the last year prrjious to hostilities, in which their intercourse with the West Indies was iininterrnped, and as made from England in the year l78u,when the war was raging, and in JlStJ, when peace was concluded. * See the Report* of tlig Privy Council, 1784 and 1791. ' 'f It*, 11 so Barrels of beef Barrels of • -mt^,, 1 ^ J • X it- trr A. and pork. salted fish. In 1773 there was imported into the West ^ Indies from America 14,922 16,200 from England 259 2,506 In ITSO from England 17,795 10,394 In 1783 from England 16,526 18,248 As to these and other necessaries the West India demand was amply answered. The planters also derived ground pro- visions from the best of nil recources, their own industry, and began to learn a lesson, which is of the greatest importance for every people to know, that no community ought to depend upon their neighbours for the necessaries of life, and that the country which is physically dependant upon another runs the greatest hazard of becoming, sooner or later, also politically dependant upon It. From authentic documents it Is undeniably proved, that;, for the space of eight years, pending the American war, the West Indies was wholly subsisted without entertaining any commer- cial intercourse wirh the Thirteen States ; that during that period they were supplied by the mother country and her dependencies; and that the^ not only existed, but thrived and prospered without America. It may now therefore be asked, why is the United K'ngdom, together with its remaining colonies in North America, the culture and population of which have been wonderfully increased since the secession of the United States, presumed to be incompetent to supply the West India colonies, when, thirty years ago, we administered to all their wants, and that too when we had to contend against the combined naval power of France, Holland, and Spain .'' Fortunately, many Im- pediments in the way of coming to a direct determination of this question are removed. The arguments of interest or prejudice, used by those who have espoused the opposite side, have been most ably refuted by the thorough official and parliamentary Investigations that have taken place, and have been trium- .. f :t i"!5^ 'I ' .d Barrels of salted fish. 16,200 2,0 06 10,394 18,248 a demand ound pro- ^stry'y and tance for depend that the runs the politically that;, for he West commer- ing that ind her ived and 'Cd, why lonies in ive been 1 States, olonies, nts, and d naval any im- I of this ?judice, 'e been lentary triuin*. '^ 21 phantly and practicably baffled by the experience of the lasr seven or eight years, during which time the Americans have, in a great measure, excluded themselves from the West India trade, by embargo systems and actual hostiUtics. In 1781-, the necessity of allowing a free intercourse between the sugar colonies and the United States of America, in American bottoms, underwent a full and thorough investigation by the privy council. In the report of the committee of council of the 31st of May in that year, there is a statement of the allegations and evidence produced, and the opinions of mer- chants and other persons, both for and against the alleged necessity. The result of this important enquiry was, the satisfactory ccnvlctiojiy that by prohlbhitig cr cbstructhig the in- tercourse bitween the United States and the West India islands, the people of the United States will suffer more than His Majestfs subjects ; that their lumber and provisions must perish on their 'hands; and that the British West India islands may be furnished with those articles without their assistance. When a fresh in- vestigation took place in 1791, the former opinion of the com- mittee of the privy council, respecting the competency of the British North American colonies to supply the West Indies, and the necessity of confining that traffic to British vessels, was substiinlially and unequivocally confirmed. The report made upon that occasion, together with the memorials from our colo- nies in North America, in 1804, and the reports of the Board of Trade upon them, as well as the orders issued in consequence, by the administration of that day*, form as complete a body of evidence a-ainst the expediency of allowing this intercourse between the West India islands and the United States of America, as ever was submitted to the consideration ot man. The superabundance of wheat and flour before the present war was so great in Canada, that considerable cargoes were * Mr. Atcheson's Collection of Reports, &c. on Navigation and Trade, 6vo. Jiichardson, 180/. n annually shipped to Great Britain, Portugal, and other parts i and it is observed by an intelligent writer on the resources of British North America, " That the temporary causes which ** had checked the cultivation of this province are in some re- ** spects removed, and an increased annual export of flour and ** wheat may be depended upon, as the culture of wheat and ** manufacture of flour are rapidly increasing in that settlement, ** whence have recently been exported in one year, 800,000 « bushels of wheat, and 30,000 barrels of flour'' ." The facts adduced respecting the competency of these colo- nies, from their progressive improvement, to supply the West India islands, apply with equal or more force to the settlements of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ; not only because their geographical situation is more advantageous to Great Britain than any other on the continent of North America, but also from their connection with Canada, the adjacent British islands, and the fisheries, and from the superior excellence and number of their harbours, the) can scpply, with fa- cility, the British West India islands with every species of lumber, and the woods abound with all the various kinds of timber to be found in New England. Live-stock is raised in the greatest abundance, and sold at the lowest price ; so that horses, oxen, sheep, and hogs, (formerly a material part of the shipments from the United States,) may equally be depended upon from this quarter. So great is the abundance in this respect, that His Majesty's navy, on the American, and occa- sionally that on the West India station, together with the king's troops in the provinces, are amply supplied, and several thou- sand barrels of salted beef and pork annually exported. The lands of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are well adapted for the cultivation of alJ sorts of grain, and of hemp, flax, and tobacco. Fish can be cured and carried from Newfoundland, and the Bay of Funcly to the West Indies, at as cheap a rate * Americ an Encroachments on Britii^h Bights. I t u w 23 Xy M as, and of a superior quality to, most of the fish that used to be sent from the United States. Herrings have hitherto been carried to the West Indies from these two provinces, at a ciieaper rate, than from Great Britain. In short, to expatiate •n all the objects of which these colonies are capable would require a volume. The war in which we are engaged illustrates, and will speedily justify all these reasonings. It is no longer in the power of the United States to supply the British West Indies, and it becomes daily more evident, that those islands can and. wi/l be supplied without their intervention. Y^ ^st sincerely is It to be hoped, that the reiterated experience of the fallacy of the doctrines of the American advocates, which has been derived through the medium of war, will open our eyes, and induce us to revive, in all its vigour, the navigation, and colonial system of England, to give every species of encou- ragement to our colonies, and to prohibit, in future, all inter- course between the United States and the British West India islands. Though foreign to the more immediate object of these pages, it is equally desirable, that the Americans may be also excluded from trading with our Asiatic possessions. That most absurd anomaly in commercial policy by which foreigners were ad- mitted to trade to British ports in India, from which the East India company excluded all other British traders, will now, it is most fervently to be hoped, from the new aspect which our oriental commerce will assume, by the partial opening of the India trade, be abandoned, never to be resumed ; and this is an object likewise to be attended to in any peace with the United States of America. Now that all former treaties are cancelled, and that the power of the sword will enable us to carry into effect such measure's as may rescue us from the evil consequences of past oversights, it is to be presumed that the British government will wot allow Florida to be incorporated with the United States ; fl < 2-i *--wlll insist upon the free navigation of the Mlssisippi, and se-* curity for its continuance; — uill espouse the cause of our ancient and faithful allies, the Indians ; — and will require such boun- daries, securities, and checks, as will in future keep within their due confines, and curb the ambitious projects of the American republicans. The war may be said to have re- trieved our lost ground, and to have placed the assertion of cur maritime rights wholly within our own power, unshackled by the embarrassment of improvident concessions, or of com" mercial treaties. We should accordingly avoid, at the restoration of peace, entering into any commercial treaty with the United States ; for we have seen, that almost every article of those which have been concluded with them, has only served to entangle us in fresh negociations, and to encourage the American govern- ment to pursue a systematic course of fraud and encroachment, whenever an article unfavourable to their views admitted of contortion or evasion. It being, thus, advisable, that no com- mercial treaty should be made with the United States, it will be necessary that all the bases that will have reference to the future commercial relations between the two countries, should be de- fined by the treaty of peace and amity; and these may be fixed in the best and easiest mode, by discharging from the discussion all questions of detail as to countervailing duties, legal or illegal importations, &c., and leaving the trade to be carried on under the municipal regulations of each country. To conclude. The summary of whit we have attempted to shew the necessity of, and have warmly recommended to those whom Great Britain may charge with the adjustment of our differences with America, is, Firsti a new boundary line throughout the whole extent of North America, where our possessions and those of the United States come into contact ; keeping in view, that Nova Scotia and New Brunswick be restored to their aRcient limits, security against aggression, and a free communication !r m 25 with Canada be obtained, without passing through the United States, and the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay be resumed by us : That the Americans be excluded from the navigation of the St. Lawrence, and of all its tributary lakes and waters ; and That a navigable part of the Missisippi be brought within our Canadian territories. Secofidlyy A new boundary line for the Indian territory. Thirulyi No forts, or military posts, to be erected by the Americans in the Indian territory, or on the boundaries, or any territorial or other jurisdiction or public property possessed by them within those limits. Fourthly^ The independence of the Indians, and the integrity of their boundaries, to be guaranteed by Great Britain. Fiflhlyy The Americans to be excluded from the fisheries on the coasts of British North America, incidentally on this head taking care that it be recommended in negociating with France, by no means to restore the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, or to permit the French to participate in the fisheries of New- foundland. Sixthly J The Americans to be excluded from all intercourse with the British West India Islands. Seventhly^ The Americans to be excluded from trading with our East Indiapossessions, and their /ir^/rW^rt' right to the north- west coast of America to be extinguished for ever. Eighthly f The Americans not to be allowed to incorporate the Floridas with their republic ; and the cession of New Orleans to be required, ia order to ensure to us the due enjoyment of our privilege to navigate the Missisippi : and here it may also be a question, in how far the arrangements made between Spain, France, and America, respecting Louisiana, can come into discussion. Lastly^ No commercial treaty to be entered into with the United States, but the bases upon which trade is in future to be carried on between the two nations, to be defined and ac- knowledged in the treaty of peace and amity, and to be regu* iated by the municipal laws of each country. E m ,'^l ■i 26 Having thus reviewed and examined these objects, and pro- duced, it is to be hoped, a conviction of the essential nature of them to the prosperity and existence of our colonial possessions in North America, we trust thev will not be absorbed in the magnitude, or be suffered to merge in the weight, of those grand questions, whence the war originated, — the respective assertion and denial of our maritime and inherent rights. In fact, whilst they are scarcely to be deemed of minor import- ance, in one point of view they form the bulk of what ought to come under discussion ; for, as- to our maritime rights, we re- assert, that so far from the concession being admitted, even all disquisition relative to them should peremptorily be abstained from. It is needless to enter into the abstract principle, the moral propriety, or the accepted and acknowledged legality of our claims, though all have been established on grounds> if not always wholly incontrovertible, yet never satisfactorily contro- verted. It is sufficient to revert to the principle, that God and nature having put the power of the ocean, as the surest and only bulwark of an island against its ambitious neighbours, into our hands, we are fully entitled to exercise that power for our com- plete security, and so as to ensure us the full enjoyment of the naval prosperity consequent upon it. We seek not, we cannot seek, to controul the nations of the earth, whose strength is in armies, and in territories, and in multitudes; but we have a power given to us to wield, by which this our little island can resist the armies, and the wealth, and the multitudes of the assembled world. That power must never depart from us, or we cease to exist as a nation. That power resides in our maritime rights. To them unreserved adherence must be our device, the sword and the rudder our supporters : so shall the shield of our security be blazoned Avitli glory, and our crest be, and remain, the honourable and perdurable dominion of the ocean. " QUI MARE TENEAT, EUM NECESSE RERUM POTIRI." London^ 2d March j 1814. r APPENDIX. ON TUB CONDUCT OF THE GOVERNMENT OP THE UNITED STAVES TOWARDS THE INDIAN TRIBES. Extracts frofH a Letter dated Canada, Hth January ISIS. [Taken from the Morning Post of the 26tli April 1S13.] " I HOPE that before this letter reaches you, the eyes of the nation nvill have been opened to the real views of the American government, in their infamous war against Great Britain, which are none other than eventual destruction to the independence of the country of their forefathers, by the establishment of principles ruinous to her navy, and by the immediate conquest of all British North America, and especially the Canadas, as means conducive thereto. *' The diplomatic farce they have been acting, in their pro- posals (impudently J^/;/fl//^//V/^ therein, as a preliminary, the very object of the contest) for an armistice on your side of the water, whilst they rejected it on this side, must surely convince the most incredulous that their purpose was to lull the nation asleep, in order that their conquest might be prosecuted, without in- terruption *. * In vanity and impudence the Ann ricaiis surpass the world. The late Mr. Fox observed, that he had heard of Scotch modesty and Irish impudence, but that the true Corinthian bras« was only ^o be found in America. iL ll h , J 1] 111 25 ** It cannot but make a forcible Impression upon all who will impartiaHy reflect upon the past conduct of the American go- vernment, that whilst the orders in council were considered likely to be persisted in, they were loudly complained of, as the only bar to accommodation and harmony between the two countries : but no sooner was it found that they would be given up, if that would suffice (see Lord Wellesley's letter to Mr. Pinkney, of 29th December 1810), than the latter, in his an- swer of 14th January 181 1, brings forward the annulment of the blockade of May 1806, as also indispensable. Now, it is notorious, that this blockade was never complained of by Ame- rica, until she was required so to do by Bonaparte j for Mr. Monroe, so far from remonstrating against it, at the time, of- ikially wrote, that he considered it * as highly satisfactory to the commercial interests ;' and the said orders and blockade being at an end, Bonaparte's principles of blockade must also be acknowledged, and impressments from American vessels given up ; which latter they confound and blind in such a manner, as to leave it equivocal, whether native American sea- men be only meant, a point lue nner claimed^ or British seamen naturalized in America be also included, which ivc can never admity as it violates fundamental principles of right, and would unman our navy in a few years. " Further, they insidiously aim at our giving up the right of search for our sei men, and to trust to their prohibitions, (to be hereafter made,) about employing them ; but if we ever aban- don that right, either as to search for contraband goods or for seamen — or trust to any other security for enforcement of our rights upon these points, than the vigilance of our own navy — then farewell to our independence as a nation. Thus, it is evi- dent, that give up what you will, .something more is always held in reserve by America, to keep up irritation against us j and to pro- mote the purposes of France ; and it is further evident, by the conduct of America since her declaration of war, that in draw- |Ji ■ I t ll i.i id ing the sword she threw away the scabbard, and yet wc reinaiji with ours sheathed. " The forbearance and spirit of conciliation of Great Britain towards America have been so extreme and imprcccdented, that, instead of being attributed to magnanimity, and a sincere wish for peace, weakness only is considered in the United States as the motive. The time is therefore arrived when such deter- mined enmity against us must be met by a proportionate and energetic application of our power against this new enemy, Of his vulnerable points, of which there are many ; for by such a course only will America be brought to her sober senses, and both countries saved from destruction ; and I hope and trust, that no terms of peace will hereafter be acceded to, that shall not provide ample security for our maritime rights — to our North American provinces — and to our Indian allies. ** The American government will be found inferior only to Bonaparte's in the arts of deception, and of framing and cir- culating falsehoods, calculated to give a colour to their unprin- cipled deeds, and to mislead public opinion. They are ever ready to accuse their enemy of practices nvhich they scruple not to pursue. In nothing is this more manifest, than in their hypo- critical tnisrepresentations about our employing the Indians, and which form a prominent feature in Mr. Madison's message to congress, at the opening of its present session. ** The truth is, that the Americans have done the utmost to corrupt all the Indian nations, and employ them against us * when, finding their efforts in general fail (although successful in particular instances), they imitate the fox in the fable, and cry out sour grapes ;— affecting to wish for Indian neutrality ; al- though it is notorious that they would, if they could, employ every Indian in desolating Canada ; and it is equally notoriousj, that they exaggerate the cruelties of Indian warfare, whilst greater are practiicd by the ivhite savages of the lVester?iAmericafi States, who are really more barbarous than the red savages of the wilderness. 30 I ** Of the Indians of North America, the far greater propor» tion Hve wuhout the British territories, and only a small part within ; which latter are chiefly such as were driven from the United States, in the American war, and to whom tracts of land were assigned in Upper Canada. Even these were offered bribes by the Americans to desert us, and being terrified by their gasconade about the power of America, and our difenceUss situation, at one time balanced, from fear of them ; but not from luaiU of' affection for us. *' Part of the Indians of St. Regis, a few others of the Six Na- tions, and some Shawaneese who live within the American terri- tory, joined them. General Hull's official dispatch proves the efforts ho made to procure others ; who, he bitterly complains, deceived and deserted him : and the American Gendral Brown's invitation to the St. Regis Indians, whilst he commanded at Og- densberg; as well as the Indians, generally, hing invited- to go to IVaihingion and other places-, to hJd conferences^ are further proofs of what I assert. Yet, after all these efforts to seduce the Indians, the American government has the efl^rontery to talk about Indian assistance to us. The reason why they do not succeed better in their plans of corruption, is, that the In- dians have experienced their deceptions and treachery too often to trust them, in any case, but tha«: of necessity. The rule of the United States, respecting the Indians, is, * that might makes right.' They consider them as an inferior and unprotected class of beings, and act accordingly. " The Indians, as well as the loyalists of British America, are objects of deadiy democratic hate, as the speechei> in congress plainly evince: indeed, the views of the American govern- ment seem long to have pointed at a systematic plan for exter-> minatingthe Indians — if not always by open force, at least by an insidious policy, which must operate to that effect : and the farce of the attempt made to civilize them, so much vaunted of in Mr. Jefferson's cant, was merely to deceive, and gain ap- plause from foreign nations, who were ignorant of American prnc fam the beei ilian vioi licai on Brit % 51 3 practices, and of their Indian land swindling. Of this, the famous chief, Tccumsccth, who unites the greatest wisilom with the most determined valour, was so well aware, that he had been long endeavouring to form a general league, to preserve In- dian right^^ and repress American injustice; but which, pre- vious to the war, our government, from good faith, and de- licacy to the United States, declined giving countenance to, and on all occasions recommended peace ; which sentiment, the British traders, in conformity with the wishes of this govern- ment, and in furtherance of their own interests, re-echoed to the interior tribes. But the moment that America declared war against Great Britain, the idea seems almost universally to have flashed upon the Indian mind, like lightning : that the moment was arrived for redress of the deep injuries inflicted upon them by the United States ; and consequently, they em- braced tht British cause in the full persuasion that they had no penuanent kopehut from British success and justice. — Thus every motive combined to stimulate them to aid in defending their AND OUR lives and properties against American ambition and rapacity. - " Under such circumstances, had we, from any absurd or fastidious scruples, rejected their assistance, it would have been holding out a premium for their turning against us ; for, as an Indian chief lately observed, there is no such word in their language as neutral. They understand not its meaning — they know only oifritnd or foe. But an unanswerable argument is, that we and the Indians are not attacking American rights, but defending our own — we seek not the unnatural foe, but he comes (in many cases above ine thousand miles,) to invade and enslave both of us. By what la\T, therefore, of God or man, are we to be prevented from employing those who have so deep a common interest in our defence ; and especially as we are at three thousand miles distance from the mother country, which unhappily has been temporally blinded by American cunning i^id hypocrisy, whereby, for a time, the Canadas liave been left 32 'i exposed to the attack of a population of ten times their nunv* bers. ** The Americans atVect to rcprob;itc the Indian mode of war- fare ; but look at t/}eir own practice, which will be seen in Ge- neral Hull's exterminating proclamation, and in General Smyth's offering a jiriceyir the spoils of each Indian killed; and further, in the fact, that the Jirst scalps this war, was taken by an American scout ^ at the river Canard, near Ainherstburg. Look also at all the American Newspapers, from Ohio to Georgia, wherein will be seen statetl, as matters of course y the burning of Indian villages and corn iielJs, wherein they boast that sick and wounded Indians were consumed — and that so many sralps nvere brought azvny as trophies. — The house of a Ken- tucky man is generally orir.unented with some Indian scalps. The American back-woods men go to hunt Indians, as if they were wild beasts. " The Americans, in their public capacity, behave with equal injustice. Governor Harri:;on, in 1811, with an army, wr«/ across the Indian line fixed by solemn treaty, without any previous notitication, to attack the Prophet's town, which he burnt, after, however, being made to pay dearly for his trea- chery. ** Admitting, however, there may be some instances of the massacre of a family by Indians, it will be generally found to have been such as had encroached upon tht . territory, esta- blished by treaty : — but what comparison, in point of atrocity, is there between such, and the deliberate purpose of extermina- tion, which is evinced by the burning of Indian villages and corn-fields, and driving tribes from tlicir hunting grounds. To aim at starving or expatriating a whole people, is surely more heinous than killing a few individuals. American encroach- ments are not confined to one quarter. They extend to the Floridas, where a scene of peculiar and unblushing villainy has been exhibited. " As to the Americans practising what they affect to reprobate. rj.3 it nil,L,'ht be suniclent to rest the proof tluTOof upon the facf, that scjlpitig knives atul totnabanvhs form part of the equi^^'menti :f the western nii/ititit aiitl tliat the c.irtrltlgcs of all their sol- diers, reguhirs, and others, are made up with one bull and thrtt buck ih.'>t, "In their accoiMit of the late incursion into Lower Canada bv Colonel Pyke, one of tlieir regular olllcers, some of their letters state, that they burnt a hut occupied aIons, Is entitled to my higho; t coniniendatioiis, for his zeal and activity as superintentlant of the Inoian depart. nent; and 1 am happy to add, that through his exertions, and that of his officer^,, no act their empty boasting in time to come. ** Of the effrontery of the American government,can z.ny thing more in point be adduced than this: that at the time they were making so much noise about one Henry being employed by Sir James Craig (although merely to obtain informaiion about their designs upon Canada), they were then, and have been since, actively employing agents and spies to corrupt and mould the people of the Canadas to their views, by organizing a system of treason and opposition to the provincial governments, and in procuring information in contemplation of their invasion and conquest of these provinces. Witness the traitor ■ , who had been some years engaged in such practices, but who, ** In consequence of wliich Lieutenant King died. ^-/ t! 1' 3() It' ■I If I unfortunately for us, escn.ped froai LToper Canada, and avoided h-s merited fate, when Detroit was captured, by escaping in disguise. was one of many, but the proofs of his guilt are the strongest. ** Another instance of that ctrVoiiLerv will be found in Hull's proclamation, which wa , coined for him at v^^ishington, where- in is held forth a public invitation to the people of Upper Canada, to rebel againjt their government. Yet to read the American, accusations against the British government, people at a distance would suppose the Americans to be most delicately scrupulous, and possessing the very milk of human kindness; but it is a duty to unmask and s/jow ikein in their real character. Happily their plans of conquest, although long premeditated, and urged on by the mean, additional stimulus, of considering us corrupted, unprepared, and unprotected, have produced to them nothing but disgrace. " The people of the Canadas, in spite of the arts used to de- eeive thein^ have nobly done their duty to their king and coun- try. What spectacle can be more gratifying to the mother country, than to see that her fiithful colonies, although invaded, as it were by surprise, and at a time when the government at home was palsied by American hypocrisy and cunning, in making delusive proposals about peace, and when the i\mcrlcan government knew, that the nation had their hands full in com- bating the enemy of mankind, have yet, under all these dis- advantages, been able so gloriously to resist, with efl'ect, the treacherous foe ; aided only by a peace establishment of regular troops, consisting, it is true, of heroes, but from necessity dis- persed in small bands (to form points of support upon a line of mimense length), and by our brave Indian allies. ** Surely the mother country will, this spring, step forth as becomes her, for the deliverance of colonies inhabited by people so meritorious, and rendered (independent of their intrinsic value to the nation, which is very great,) doubly interesting from containing those loyalists and their descendants, who, by haN mei Au| anc bd in em| tht \.\xA do] hai hu str no 37 having .saci'iilced their all In the American rebellion, for attach- ment to their king and country, are still relentlessly pursued by American ambition, as objects of pillage and extermination : and wiiich also contain a brave population, partly British born, but th(- greater proportion descended from our ancient rivals, who, in linking their fortunes with those loyalists and native Britons, emulate thc'i exertions for the common defence, and spurn at the insidious offers of American fraternization. And further, that she will step forth for the deliverance, from American domination and injustice, of those faithful Indians, who have the strongest claims upon our national justice, honour, and humanity. Indeed, the claims of all seem paramount, and a stronger combination for action cannot be conceived ; therefore non'^ can doubt of the national efforts being proportionate. *' It may be asked, what injuries have the Indians who inhabit the country, without the British territory, sustained from the Americans> which can justify the inveterate antipathy wdiich has produced so many Indian wars, and which have excited those apprehensions of extermination, so generally entertained by the Aborigines. In the number of those injuries and wrongs are the following, as mentioned in substance by the sagacious Tecumsecth, in his interesting interview with the lamented and brave General Brock, whom he came to see, and aid in his expedition to repel Hull's invasion of Upper Canada : ** Firsts The Americans systematically encroach upon their lands, and drive them from their hunting grounds. " Second^ The American government make fraudulent pur- chases of their lands, from Indians who have no right or power to sell : as, for example, by getting a few insignificant members of a village to make a sale, to colour usurpation. " Third, The American government in many instances have paid the Indians only one farthiig an acre for lands which they sold immediately afterwards for six dollars ; thereby deriving a most productive article of revenue from this nefarious system ; and even this miserable pittance of one farthing per acre, they connive at their agents in cmbezxling. i-;i 9mim>!f!iiif^.!mmmi9 TsmniimmBfmitpims- \ ? 1 /'tt^ft ^.i I'lll I'llilv .H7 tli'Oi:' thntU.V uf'lhtn tin Dmi-- Htnti I'ttx \ ^iiutuf tht It'f.xi /t'tii'h^i tiirrr I <. 4t ii Hmfr tt ffu yiyrfui'fi/uf t'l't'hiinif'itnn lunlhuh.vn't %fti.\'.\inti nfitht -VV//// fUi"u-ii thenis I'lirh- Hir X'Jrhii I ii ^/ %;. fc . K tttfV ii iUN lwfe* no 115 UO Red. BUu'. vs \ LXPL ANA TI ON. They Boimdary Line a,v tlveJ bif the 'Jr^eaty of nti'A TTie Proposed Liw to he now iii.sisted on fhr' ^W Bri4Tu,widc and Canada, ; hut in case that hine, cannot be ohtmied . then the Boundary Lii^ as coloured . Oransre. Extension of Line einimjed bi/ the Anw/wuis . \/conbyik/, t(i the Treutii of J7S3 . ae the Kor^u'rn\ Boiimiary of (the ItiiSti'if^ of ^ikti/i':--, , i ,Groeri ( tei-ritory of Ohio. \ \ '"'"} ,' called the H^ftern Territoru \ l^Z(-. of Mehictan.) ,^ ^ rr ^ ^ ' ,; ... "- ■' assumed m/ the Uruted .Shiies (N^:; U i llOf> ■' mmmmrm - li(V(,. / '"'^■s-S,-;;:-:^ •Sour.-*, of ^^^^, sipi AiiKNiMijj '%f«?>( /,„,,.,. -4-^ .4 ^> ft'o Lt^ ^^^^>tA.V,s ofthf his 'U/.y ^ V> i ) fronti?:r of the ;^ iTNI TED ~^ S JI: which has never been respected by the J^ ILI/KISWIKB — a/ff/ tht B/'/t//// /^/ Y> I '/// f YS ////f//Y/f'f/ /Yt SY'Y'/// r t/tY'I/Y 80 ( ■ EMiapB'- 7.5 70 NORTH - mzmiMi- AMERI CA. Tkg ) )"^-^- V^ the American Government. •E t/ff^I/ff^f^/ff/f/Zf/frr i>/ t//^ IND TANS . ., /V •XT X ?m \ 100 06 kSScs*- -wamxmm 7> ; \ MAsrooTENS 8(> /<>