%. <>, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TAP.GET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 "" |||M 1 2.5 ■" 1113.2 16 1.8 14 111.6 V] <^ /i ^;. "c-l c^^/ 4* ■c?- # o / Photographic Sciences Corporation 4 ■'■y^ \ «■ 40-^ :\ ^4> \ \ * o^ .^ ^^..^ to divert the attention from tho marvellous spectacles presented by tho other sections. A few workmen's houses forming a modest little street; a few pavilions erected singly or in groups; an economic restaurant, a dispensary; a rotunda serving as a committee-room, and a little corridor of a few hundred foot dimensions, enclosed all tho treasures of this section. And what treasures! Bo ks, documents, graphic pictures, tho monotony of which was only varied by some I'lans in relievo, orthoAVorks of a training or profes- sional school. There was nothing there, in this corner of tho Explanado of tho Invalidos, or very little, to attract.tb<> attention of tho great crowd of visitors; however, this little space was one of those frequently visited, much admired and much stuilied. It was here, Ja this corner, that were deposited documents illuminating tho social question Avith a new departure, demonstrating that accord of capital and labor was no Utopian scherno, nor an impossibility, and that the workman was more than he is generally regarded to be, capable of creating permanent assurance com. panics, provident, co-operative and educational institutions. In adding tho Social Economy section (the eleventh group), to sections ci'oated in tho first place, tho object was to group and reward — " All tho institutions created either by the employers of labor, in favour of the workmen themselves, or by tho State, or by cities, to ameliorate tho moral and physical condition of tho citizens, to accustom them to habits ot economy, to ac([Uaint them with the advantages of cooporation, to stimulate enterprise, and in procuring for them healthy dwellings, to facilitate their opportunities for becoming proprietors. Useful examples will be given to tho public, and by the efficacious results of acquired experience and well-proved facts, harmony will be developed among those working at similar occupations." Ministerial resolution of \)th June, 1887. From the month of Juno 1887, committees were formed in France, as well as elsewhere, to organize the new section ; those committees proceeded to make a vm tlii)i'<>ii;^|i i'ii(|iiir\ III! ('cuniiinic (|ii('>l inii.s, a iiu'llniiliciil ciKiuiry Ijiisivl oii ii woll- Bolt'Ctnl list (it' over L'OO (jiichI ioii.><. Tlic (liiciimi'iit> ((illccitil Kv llic coiuinitteos viTe c!liiHs«'(l as I'niliiw.s : — Niniilx'r rif I'xhiliitorK. Si'clioii I. l{omiiiU'nitinii (or labor 2-1 — II. I'l'iilil-sliaiiiiif — ('inipfrativi' priKluctioii Hocit'tios.... 88 — ill. I'lofi'SHioiial syndicates Gl •^ IV. Aiiiirc'iiticc'ship 78 — V. .Mnliial lu'iu'voli'iil .sociolios 15-1 — VJ. I'ciisKtii fiiiuls and life |)fiisii)iis (i7 — ^'11. Acc'iilrtii and life insiiiaiicf fiiiiipaiiii'.-i 36 — VIII. Savings 45 — IX. CoiiHumerH' coopi'ialivi' association 37 — X. (Joupcrativc credit associations 13 — XI. WorUnien's (Iwtdlin^fH 51 — Xll. \Vns tlu'ir cm- rev icw- "lic Social Mupaiiicd le Rhone, jes, indus- lestions of lyle clear, Ihe rcsulta lible insti- lat which Wiiali'vor lie the vahie ol' tlio di»ciiments oxhibitt-d, it was quite inipossilile to review tliem all and do juBtiee to thorn in n Bingle report. Further, u reporter in not ttjuri/, and has nol the duly to judge > r the meritu, jjcreat or little, of the lilcas advanceil, but simply to desciibi' thost> the application ^>\' whicdi niii,dit otler special interest in (/aiiada. This is what we have cMili'iivunrfd to do. To attain this end wo have omitted from our description e^ery doeiunent, what- ovor it.s value, which treats of institutions already establisheil on thin cr)ntincnt. The docuinentH rotaineil have been classed not altogether on account of their im- portance, but from the JMlercst they possess from a Canadian point nt' view. Thus, a considerable sjiace has been given to the participation in prollls, to pension tunds and cooperative asssoeiations, tVc, whilst t' the jirincipal Soeial (.'ongresses which mot at the Hxbibition. OUOANI/ATION OF LABOR. Section I. — Payment of labour. Section II. — Profit-sharing. Section III. — Apprvntlreship. Section IV. — Patronal inatitutiona. Al'I'BENTICESIIlf. Appi'cnticesbip in the strict sense of the wonl, that is, apjirenticeship s.rved at the workshop, is gradually disajipearing. The perfection of machinery, the division of labour, the necessity for rapid and largo ])roduction, the disappearance of a great many small workshops and emjdoyei's incapable of competing witii the laige cstalilisli- ments and powerful joint-stoek comjianies, are so many causes which have brought about the suppression of apprenticesbij). Chihlren are no longer rei[uired to give a lew ycai's ot their time in exchange for initiation into the mysteries of the trade which they wish to learn ; there is no longer time to instruct them. Production is necessaiy, the machine must bo tended, a work M'hich is learnt in a few days, or a few weeks at most; and the apprentice has disappeared before the cbild-W(jrkinan. So long as the old apprentices of fifty ^-ears ago continued at work, manufacturers and industry suffered but little from the moi'e or less complete suppression of apprenticeship. But one day the fact became apparent, now in one country, now in another, that certain industiy could not compete with foreign innxirtations, that the hitter were bettor made, better linished, more salable in a woi'd, than national pro- ducts, and the prospect was alarming. The question was considered and it was recognized that manufacturers the best equipped for comjietition wei-e those who knew how to preserve the traditions of apiirenticeship. •■'" "lllll The question has become in Europe ii national one, and in all labour districts, attempts are nor being made to re-establ'sh apprenticeship in another form, under the title of professional instruction. It is thus that a largo number of employers have formed in their establishments, cithor collectively, or under control of their managing boards, professional schools, in which the apprentice is instructed in the theory of the trade which is practically learnt at the workshop. Good results have so far been obtained; the child is really an apprentice, living the life of the workshop, under the direction, almost the pro- tection, of skilled workmen who learn thorn tiieir trade. Here is again found, with but little difference, that old system of apprenticeship, when the apprentice, rather strictly trained perhaps, learnt thoroughly his trade at the side of, and in the samo' establishment with, the workman to whose care he was confided. These individual oflForte of employers have been limited enough and were insuf- ficient in many cases to revive or maintain the supremacy which some countries had acquired in some branches of industry. It is thus that the public authorities in orilcr to lessen the consequences attending the disappearance of apprenticeship have created a complete system of professional instruction. This system, quite recently applied, takes, so to speak, the chihl at his first entry into school. As soon as his little hands can hold a tool, he is instructed how to- use it; not for the purpose of making a workman of him on his leaving school, but mainly to suppress the disagreeable jjeriod of apprenticeship which lasts as long as the apprentice is unable to make use of his tools, and also to discover the apti- tude and taste of the child, and make him select, when satisfied on this point, the trade offering him the best chances of success. These schools, wi h very rare exceptions, have been much appreciated by work- men from various countries, w^ho send their children to them in preference to the onlinary primary schools. On leaving one of these schools, the pupil who knows the first practical elements of the trade he intends to learn, is not. altogether useless to the workman under whose orders he is placed ; and the latter, finding beside him, instead of a useless encumbrance, who can onl}' make him lose a portion of his time, a little workman who will prove useful to him under his guidance and counsel, does not withhold from hira instruction from which he will be the first to profit. it was to interest workmen as much as apprentices in thedevelopment and per- fection of apprenticeship, that the competition of apprentices was instituteil, and that rewards were given not only to the latter, but also to the workmen who had taken the trouble to instruct them. Besides the manual schools we find the apprentice schools, schools professional, municipal or syndic.il, into which pupils enter on leaving the primary school to learn theoretically and practically any particular trade. These are veritable schools provided with workshops, givingdiplomas of capacity ; the instruction is generally gratuitous, and thus, in many cases, the pupils receive a salary equal to that they might obtain in an ordinary workshop. tec III! they teach not o^ T ence n museui for Car and em ompl.)\ "\V "•hich but son or Avor and till Ah villages and iia modify "r j)laiti '»f Lutol Zl The exhibition of work executed by the pupils of these schools has surprised many visitors; it is irresistible proof of the necessity for similar establishments. It is proper to remark that the establishment at Paris of these municipal appren- tice schools has been opposed by the Workmen's Associations; but those who, at first, were adversaries, having been able, like competent men. to appreciate the worth i)f workmen who left these schools, have become their most ardeat advocates, and have recognized their usefulness by gi-anting prizes to their most deserving scholars. The establishment of these schools has always answered a necessity, and they have frequently saved from ruin the industry of a locality; the Municipal Weaving School of Se. incTKise. •■^ L-Xti. 8 CtS. % Average salary for men 0,702 1,172 0,41 54 do women 0,424 0,598 0,17 41 (h'HKH CiTlK.S. Average salary for men 0,412 0,092 0,28 G7 do women 0,214 0,304 0,15 70 In skilled labour the comparisons arc given on the 32 industries indicated on pages 5 and 9, and only comprise the years from 1881 to 1885. AvEiiA(iK dailv salaries of the "graiidc industric." he hat Iho ries. isan led." will the Departiiicnt of the Seine. Otlier Departments. 1881. 1883. 1885. 1881. 1883. 1885. I 8 CtS. Forciii.n I 1,3!)0 'I'lnie keejiers l,10(i Workni.-u ' T' 21 y^'^^r^ "f "S'' • ^''^^ tfroni li) to 21 years of age. : 0, ((H( Women 1 0,,534 /-.i 1 1 ( l?ovs I 0,3.')<) Ch.hlren..,,,;^,^ | ^^^aw Engineers, ]>res.smen, &c 1,122 Laborers, iKirters, carters, &c 0,838 8 CtS. 1,4!H) 1,132 l.WiO (»,70(i 0,53(J 0,3i)(i 0,324 l,14(i 0,!»24 8 CtS. l,42(i l.KMi 1,070 0,(i!l(! 0,,532 0,370 0,304 1,144 0,!)36 8 CtS. 8 CtS. 1,080 1,088 0,828 0,8,50 0,708 0,710 0,470 0,480 0,3of') 0,300 0,2(W 0,270 0,210 0,220 0,812 0,812 0,588 0,590 8 CtS. 1,(180 (1,858 (»,710 0,4! 10 o,:«(! 0,2G() 0,214 0,812 0,6110 In addition to his regular sahiry, there acciues to the workman, in a great number of establishments, a source of protit omitted in the statistics, consisting of prizes or pi'cmiums on salaries. Some of these accumulated premiums procure for the workman, upon his retirement — a pension which places him beyond the reach of want, the highest premium onregistered is that of the perfumery Pinaud (page 21), ensuring to the workman who hivs entered the establishment at the ago of 21 a capital of §4,372 at the age of 65. These piemiums were established long ago, and have nothing in common with the ordinaiy premiums arising from savings in general cases. Some branches of in- dustry have, however, replacxnl these last premiums by a sj'stem aggravating still further the disadvantages under which woi-kmcn suffer when working by the piece. In these establishments, the salary' by the piece leaves the workman responsible for the material which he uses; this organization of labour should certainly I'ealize notable economies, but it can neither improve the quality of the work, nor ameliorate the relations between employers and workmen. xSiRliiiiliriV, XIV The objection of workmen aj^ainst piece-work is as marltod in Europe as in America. Woik by the piece is there generally adopted ; however, the establish- ments whose work requires skill and precision reject absolutely work by the piece, and pay their employees by the day. In general, these employers are those who grant premiums to their workmen, which proves that the best paid work- men are not always the most expensive. Messrs. Piquet & Co., (page 20) constructors of machinery, have adopted a system as ingenious as it is equitable, although ))aying their employees by the hour, yet they obtain the same if not more good work that a workman paid by the piece is capable of turning out. Among the number of complaints made by the workmen before the Labor Com- mission, one were more frequent than those concerning that intervening party, who was designated by a term as oflPcnsive and brutal as his functions — the runner of team. This functionar\' exists also in Europe, but instead of being a charge on workmen whom he employs, diminishing their salary to his profit, he can, on the contrary, when ho is capable, mcrease the men's wages to a large extent. (Pages 13 and Hi.) In some large establishments, the reduction of salaries, when it is necessary, oecomes the object of special arrangements, made in view of avoiding some difficulty. At the glass works of Baccarat, for instance, the management gives a notice three months in advance of a reduction in wages ; the Company of the Champagne Foundries explains to its workmen the causes necessitating the reduction, and furnishes to a delegation of workmen all the necessary explanations on the industrial situation. How many troubles arise, not from the temporary reduction of salaries, but from the suddenness, the roughness and haughtiness accompanying them, and the absence of all explanation. This reduction of salary is severely felt if it takes place at the com- mencement or in the course of a cold season ; it is the more irritating to a workman when it is not justified by a superabundance of demand for employment, due to the regular stoppage of industries entirely foreign to that in which ho is engaged, and not caused by the diminution in value of manufactured products. This is the application of the theory of supply and demand, in its most unjust and cruel asj^oct, and the evidence received by the Labor Commission, proves that this application is unfortunately too frequent in Canada. At Bordeaux, in France, discussion on this point has been for a long time sup- pressed. The2'>rice paid for a day's work is the same in summer asit is in winter, whatever be the number of hours of the day (pages 6 and 21). "The Joint-Stock Compan3' of Lumbermen and Workshops of the Girondc" em- ploys 800 workmen, working 11 hours daily in .summer, and receiving a uniform salary from one year's end to the other; its manager says on this subject, in his re- port to the exhibition : — " This s3'stom, which we consider proper, and which wo would like to see estab- lished everywhere, has boon in force for a long time at Bordeaux, and I have con- XV unjust ,'es that i n lu^i re- fiidored it right to preserve it, principally from a humanitarian point of view, for winter is the time when wants are most pressing ; it is not then, at the time when the workman stands most in need of his resources that ho should be given a lower salary; it suits better to give him a uniform daj-'s pay, for experience proves that it is only a few who economize when earning large wages, to provide something for hard times." With a working population more or less nomadic, and more or less day-laborers, this system would be inapplicable; but it can be applied without danger in all cir- cumstances when the employer has known how to create a staff of workmen certain of finding with him steady employment and equitable remuneration. Jtules of the Workshops. The rules of the workshops on the continent are very strict, and the fines very numerous. But, contrary to what has been found in certain factories in Canada, faults, subject to fines, are in Europe fully specified (page 23), and if the foreman can be proved to exercise excessive severity, he can but rarely commit an abuse of authority. One point struck us in Paris, however, which was that, however severe, how- ever arbitrary, were the rules in force in some workshops, not one of them contained clauses so strict and tyraimical as those in force in the workshops of workmen's co- oi^erative societies. That associated members should submit to a Di'aeonian set of rules, drawn up with a view of maintaining each co-operator within the limits of his dut\', and to serve in the absence of liinatiiins, Ijy A. Demetirc, cntrineer. t Bi'lgiiin soctiiin. I'litroiial institutioiiH. Kt'ixiit by M. E. VandervekU', p. 111. XV! umploj-eil, Imt thoy were prepared by those romarlviiblo Boards of Explaaations (pa^e 29). whifh liave done Hiich good nervico in Belgium, and linally revised h^/ :•. Council of Arbitration and Conciliation. That which renders a system of fines, as it is admiiiistorod in i'lurope, le.ss odious and intolerable than in America, is that the amounts thus received are invarialdy deposited in a mutual benevolent society's for the iienefit of the workmen. In two manufactories, the managers, to thoroughly prove to their employees that in their opinion tines were necessary; that they were only imposed for the good of the service, pay from their private funds, in the bank of the Mutual Benevolent Society of their workmen, an amount equal to that of the tines paid by the latter. (Sieber, Seydoux k, Co., pages 24 anil 423., Solvay & Co., pages 42(i and G13.) In spite of those amendments, of this return to the fund of sums nearly double the fines imposed, the system of fines shoukl be condemned and its suppression ordered b}' law. It is adangerous weapon which is placed in the hands of super- intendents and foremen, and which many make use of in such a way as that while injuring the workman, it recoils at the same time on the employer. This unhappy interference of the foreman in the relations of master and work- men is much dreaded by the employers of labour, and the uneasiness which they experience is expresse I in the documents exhibited. Thus Messrs. J^iquet & Co., of Lyons, in describing the system of remuneration they have adoptetl, say : — "Thanks to this ingenious combination, there is no need of a foreman, or at all events his authority is diminished, and what was irritating in his functions has entirely disappeared. The foreman has no longer to reform the lazy ones, for the excellent reason that there are none, and occa.sions of difficully no longer arise." "To avoid the strikes and misunderstandings which frequently occur, the surest method is to suppress the intermediaries between emplo^'er and workman, to multiply the points of contact, to convince the workman that at the workshop all interests are identical. Holding these opinions, Jlossrs. Piquet have long since taken away from the foremen the right of engaging and dismissing the employees. The staff is placed under their jiersonal direction, and possessing the qualities necessary for exercising their authority with delicate tact, they avoid the frictions which frequently gives rise to great embarrassment," Eesults of this system : no strikes and an absolute stability of the staff. Other manufacturers, Messrs. Pleyel Wolf & Co., of Paris, have also foreseen the causes of contention attributable to the foremen, and have taken to avoid them the following plan : " We rey a royal edict, either officially, oroudc nandofa commercial council, or of interested employers of labor. Th(! decree tixes the extent and limits of their jurisdiction, and determines the number and nature ot their sections. Each section is composed ol an equal number of employers and workmen. The minimum is six and the maximum twelve. The workmen and employers choose their delegates in the manner of tlie rule at the Prud'kommes. The duration of the mandate is for three years; the section meets, at least, once every year. AVhen circumstances require, the Governor of the Province, or the burgomhstcr convokes on demand, either the employers or the workmen of the section in whicli the dispute arises. The section endeavors to lind means of conciliating and allay- inii' the difficulty. If no agreement can bo etfected, the deliberation is resumed under i\ proces-vei'bal which is made public. The King can summon the Council of the District t(» a general assemblj', to <'ive advice on questions or projects of general interest in relation to industrial or labor questions which he may think pioper to submit. Til Tl 1. •► IIr'sc ii 4. liiriiisi <"). to Weal man's a( Tl mast err the soli; jal v'.n tl, Sal days in I Tic he niadt It i^ fi'om (lis Sala XIX ana Tlie royal uilirt convoking a general assembly, a^ also the ediots of tlio (Jovernor or the permanent deputation convf)king a section, indicate the order of the day, and fix the dui-ation of the session. No question foreign to tin' ordii- of the day can lie sulimilteced to the working- man's accoui\t, except at cost price. The permanent committee* appointed by the fiovernment ean authorize the masters to sup])ly their workmen as e(piivalent to salary, food, clolhing or fuel, on the sok condition of their beiwj furnisheil at cost jirice. jalaries cannot be paid in tavi'rns, saloons, stores or any jilace in connection v-.n them. Salaries not above 81 per day must be paid at least twice a month, at sixteen days interval at longest. Piece work, made-up work, or contract work, a partial or full settlement must be made at least once a month. It is strictly forbidden to make agreements which would prevent the workman IVom disposing of his salary as be saw til. Salaries can only be slopped for the following causes : i I I r t Appointed by the State. 20— B^ XX 1. For finpH iiieiirrofl ; 2. Kor goods t'iiriii(ihiHl oii coiidilionH hIhIoiI aliovo ; 3. Kor iisHosMniciilM due lo the benefit and inovidciit fiiiids. 4. For adviiiiocs inadf in iiioiiey, Imt oidy lo tlio extent ofono-tiftli. Ill 1KH7 the Boi^'iiiii (roverniiieiit, to exempt from Hoi/.iiro the amount of Hillary iiecesMiiry to niiiiiitiiin iIm: fiiinily, created the lidlowiiii^ law: Law concerning the itntransferabiliti/ and immu nit i/ from seizure of the salary of ivorkimj- men and employees. Art. I. — Not more than two-tifthH of the Hiiin to be paid to the artisans or per- sons in tht^ employ of the princijjal can bo transferred or onc-tifth seized. All other stipulations are null and void. Art. II. — The >aine shall Ixdd good as regards salaries of clerks or employees receiving not more tiian .S2-K> per annum. Many dirt'orent schemes have been tried in all countries in order to prevent the workinginan from spending his wages on pay day in drink, but so far every device to prevent this has failed. This is of course unnecessary as regards the sober and industrious artisan. No matter what day of the week salaries are paid, the one will regularly carry his earnings to the saloon and the other lo the savings bank. I Female and Child Labor. Looking at the protestations against abuses concerning female and child labor, protestations made by the masters, one can safely say that the time of radical refoiin ami protection by law has arrivetl. The managers of the " Socidtd de la Vieillo Montague," say : "Woman's place is not in the factory but at home, and the " Vicillc Montagne" does not encourage the employing of women and girls in its works." ^larrieil women are not allowed to work in the "Compagnie des Mines de Blanzy." They keep the house, and attend to their household duties and their children. Much has been dono for the married woman, but apart from the obligations set forth by law, little or nothing has been done as regards children. The tirst question is one of pulilic interest: the employment ofmai'iied women in mills tends to lower the moral standard and industrial strength of a nation. The man wiio has no household, whose wife works in the mill, whoscchiidren are left to run wild and take care of tiiemselves make bad workmen and useless citizens. The results of the work of the married woman soon manifested itself, especially in the agglomerations of working people near large manufactures, and it has been suppressed, as much through necessity as through humanity. In most factories where married women are employed, the rules and regulations are modified in their favor, so as to allow of their working without completely giving up their duties as mothers of families. At the works of Messrs. Maine & Sons, Tours, the married woman is not bound down to the regular working hours ; it is only Y iiidu.-l obliirej tJ ' 'V\ - .-k-ill aj into, al much emignl omploj Tl l«']Hilal omploJ zxi )f Hillary u-orkiiKj- iH or i)t'f- '.od. All oveiit tho ry device st)l)cr ami e one will ik. Iiilil lubor, cal rt't'oiiu onta^no ^Miiies de and their i)-ations sot St (|Uehtion o lowortlio ■hildreniire ;ss citizens. ', t'speciallj'' it has been regulations etoly giving N)ns, Tours, ri i it is only nccesMiiry to make n request, fixing,' the nuniher <>f hniirs posslMo to work, and an exception is ininiodialoly made in lier favor. Thus nianicd women witiiout children, or those Iiaving a grown-iip family, are permitted to begin work one hour later, ami leave off one hour sooner than the regular hands, thus allowing them time to look lifter their housoholds. Those with young chililren art- allowed to eoine and go as necessary. In other factories the masters allow a cci'tain amount in cases of sickness, and give help to the women during continement, making it obligatory that they should take care of themselves and not return to work till after a certain number of weeks. Some factories have opened day nurseries where the mothers can leave their children on their way to work in the morning ami call for them on their way homo at night. These humanitary measures are most prai^ewortby, but unfortunately they oidy tend to prolong the work of married woman, by alleviating in some degree, the dis- tress and troubles which surround them. ■ The employing of women in factories has been denounced in all ages. The book by Jules Simon called " I'Ouvric^rc " has called forth as much indigna- tion as " Uncle Tom's Cabin ;" the pictures he draws of the coiisimjuoucos and results owing to the absence of the ^vife antl mother, are and always will be true, no matter what balm is poured over it. It has been said that it was necessary for the maintenance of the family that the woman should work; that is true, but for how long has this been necessary? Only since t lie women and chiMren have been put in competition with 'be men, thus lower- ing the wages earned by the father to such a point that he was no longer able to main- tain his Himily. , It is not the intention to entirely suppress female labor. In all times, long before the liscoveiy of steam, women worked; but what should be suppressed is the em]>loying of women in mills, which kills, destroys all family life, without even helping its members to live; the wages are not equal in a pecuniary sense to tho benetits derived by tho presence of the wife at home. Mr. Gladstone has said on this subject : — " The greatest benefactor to his country will be be who discovers out some industry which will enable the married women to earn something without being obliged to leave their firesides."' These industries exist, it is sufficient to look for them and to teach them. The use of machinery has not invailed everything, there are many trades where skill and knowledge are more necessary than strength ; these trades should be hjoked into, and the same should be done for the women in cities, in order to keep them as much as possible out of factories as that which we pi-oposed in order to suppiess emigration from tho agricultural districts: trades should bo developed for the employment of women in which the work is pui'oly manual. The laboi- orators has often been accused of trying to gain an unhealthy l)opularit}' by describing, in too sombre hues, the moral consequences following the employing of women and girls in factories. The contrary- is true: the workingman I xxu in general, llii'nii^'li !i fcoliiii^ of prid<>, I'linily uiiilortttootl, rofiwos alwiiyn to oxposo to view tlio immorulity which uxistn in certain tactorieH. It waH not the artisnn but the mornllHt who ticcuHctl the mills of depraving the women. f-o Play has written : — ■• 1 liavf ot'ti'M noticed (liiriiii; my travels, the mora! tortures sufTered liy poor mothers through their dauniilors having to seek work f)Utsi(k) tlieir homes; they hiive often conOded in me tiie hatreil engendered to the wealthy who une their ri(dies to seduce tliese gii-Fs. and ever Hineo I have ceaHeloHsly endeavored to stump out (his disgraceful state of things." One of Lo Play's disciples writing on -^ Les ouvriera et les riformen niceasaircs" has shown us the condition of the artisan as follows: — " Wlicn the woman works outside, I'omcs home at night tii-od, to an ill-kept house, home life is no longer possible; there is no longer a wife, a mother, or a wonnin, there is no faniilv; the working woman hm killed it. "The employing of women in factories is a lilii,'ii!, which demoralizes the child, takes away all charm from the tii'oside, a'lgood and happiness trum the hnme circle, " Not only do women, reduced to work in mills, deprive the home circle of the good her presence would do; is not able to attend to her household duties, but oidy too often, she loses in thefactoi'y that which is essential in a woman, her moilesty, .She becomes corrupted through contact with other artisans, or those of her own sex alreatly debauched," The Count de Mun, in one of his speeches (^1885) on nocial questions nuule the following statement: — '• In the mills of the Ardiiche (Fiance), unfortunate children work from four in the morning till half-past seven at lugbt, in the woollen mills of Fourmies, Anor and Trelon, Irom fourteen to eighteen hours pt'r da}'." "Acconling to an account of .M. Janjoul, inspector in the Department of Trades ami Manufactures. Eussia, on the condition of the wordcing classes in the disti-icts of Moscow and Vlailimir, some terrible things are bioiigbl to ligiit; in the ISO mills ho visited he found 8,112 children of from nine to fourteen years old working; children ten years old, working as many as thirteen and eighteen hours [)er diem, ' In Austria, the '• I'evuo Autricbicnne" gives an account of 111 textile mills, especially those in lower Austria and Moravia; women are mentioned as working from six in the morning till ten at night, and even later in drying rooms, in a temperature of 122° Ft. At Piesting pregnant women work till their continement. The same review has pnblished the recent works of the Rev. Abbd Kichborn, (m the miserable condition of the working classes in the snburbs of Vienna ; the details fairly make one shudder; hundreds of children growing u|i without parents to look after them, the fatlier and mother away working in the mills all day, these children are left to roam about, dressed in rags, ill-fed, debauched at an early age, the sexes living promiscuously together, in a state of immorality impossible to describe. ' The fTOvernments, vmder the pressure of public opinion, were obliged to come forward and do something to put a stop to this state of things. In nearly ail countries of Europe laws were passed regulating the employment of children in factories, the age of admission, the number of working hours and prohibiting night work nearly everywhei'e. In England it was made illegal for women to work at night. betw( wei'i thai lim- ing or Co 1 E. J. of hi> iaboi-. spite ill 18 ['.\cit( of ma tionei impre lOnvth XXtll I'lii^laml is ot all citiiiitries the one wlioic tlio law is tlio most i»>s|ie(tm 77.* Tlic \V(>rkiiu>n \V(> iij;noranio aro ot'ion llio nlo^t ft>rniidaliio i>airii'i's tliat )iroi;i'i>ss lias to ovonomo. f '• I'aius, SoptonilHT IS, lS-i:i. '•To riiK ritKKKcT or Tolick, " Monsioiir lo I'fiMot, — Tliodillioultios to lioovoicoino to siicfosst'iilly oariy on llio l>iisino-s wliioli 1 am in, have tloiidod nio to or'^ani/.o my liiiii in sin li a maniior. as (o siinpiify my work and niaUo it pay wi>ll not mily I'ortlio |iii>st>nt, Imi to prost>rvo that wliiidi has oost mo many yoars of hard and stoady work lo luiild up. Tho iiu>ans 1 uso to roaoli this oiid aro sot t'orth in tho small voliinu> 1 sond you with this, in which you will tiiul a summary of all my linn's transaolions for tho yoar ISIi.'. "Tlu" rosiills haviiii;' fully roachod my aiitioipalions it will ho nooossary for mo lo call a mooliiii:; in my works, /ix//- or //ct' ^//ii.n' (J //(iir, of thoso omplnyi-os and handsio whom I ti.hi\\\ i\\s\v'\h\\\i^ t/it'ir jtniportioiuiteahare of thi' jirojitK of the liiisiiii\^ti. Thoso iiu>i>lini;s will havo Itut ono aim, namoly, to oxplain (o thoso prosoni what oai-h ono sliouM do, liow Ihoy should ludd thoms(d\i>s towards tlioso who honor mo \'ith ihoir trust, with ono anotluM', and uivi' llu>m instruclions how lo oxoouto tho onloi's ijivon mo for t>xooution. in ono word, it nu>ansto hold a i-oiirso of looliiros on i>lhios, prac- tical painting, and nianai;onuMil. " Tho ri>s|>ooi in wliiidi I hold Iho laws of tlu- count ry prc\ t'lit nu' from doinnany tliinu' in an iimU'rhand way, i>\on lo convoniii';' my omployoos in my own works wilhout hoiiiLi' properly aulliori/.od hy Iho authoi'itios. " May 1 ask you, .Slonsioiir lo I'rofol, lo ho i,'ood onouuh liiiianl mo a hoarint^? 1 will then explain loyou my reasons for this lavor which 1 hope you will i;rant mo. il olu'Nc imv \'ours very rospooll'ull}', (Si<;-iu>d) M:('I,.V!KK lnst(>ad of iioiuii' liTanlod a ho.irii ,oclau\> rocoixod a nolict> ol > Iho rJlh of Octolior forhiildini;; him lo hold the said modinu; unlcs>.duly am liori/od. This refusal was founded on the followinn' report : l'Kf:K>-;("n itK i>k. I'oi.iok — St'crt'titrii innrriil'/i (W.v — Ollieo Nt>. L'. — Analysis It is a ilani^er and ahiiso lo Iho workiiiy; class to auliioriso tho meelini:;s of omployoos of Ml', l.eelairo, contraelor and painlor, in order to ayree upon iho sh;ire oi' pro- tits lo lie divided, resultini;' from llio opi'ratioiis of his hiisinoss, (>n (lie iiiiirijiii iiiis thefoUoifituj ilrciaioii Write to Loclair and rol'uso the ai i'aris, L'lst Seplomhor, 1S|;{. II iionsaiuin asuoii lor, Siuiiod : A. \\ JvKI'OHT, JiOelairo's jiainlors arc tormcd inio a niulual henesoleiil soeiely. A niiuisliM'ial dee roe ol the L'Slli Soptomher ISilS, autliurisos theii' associclion and «p|trovos their rides. The said licolaire, contraelor, is the honorary president and treasurer. The rules of this soi'ioty have no ohiuso aiilliorisiii!;' lln' employoi's lo share in the )>rotits ol w ork uiidi'i'lakeii li\' Mr. i.eolairi *■ !lin({in|iliiiMrmi lIunitiH' I 1 ilr, |>ivr ("liaili's Ui'lnil. t |)iHllinrlit.>« ('\iiiliili'(l li\ tlic I'lt'inli ( JnM riiliii'iil. '^* XXV l>lll MU' Ih'Umo lliis, iiiul ill Manli, ISJi', llu> sjiitl liOi'liiir, ^olicitoii I'ldm tin- I'lct'iu'l, |>or- niissioM lo IidKI ii iiuu'liiii;' in liis \V(iri;s ot' iVom (iO In S(l nl' liis liiiiuls in ordi'i' to sliaro will) lluMu ll\o prolitH ;iri>ini;' tVoni his Im.sinoss. Acliiii;' on llu' ri'ijMlation !is to tlu< \viii;»>s ofurtisun^', jiiul llio rales >;o\('rniMs; jiioi'c worlv lii'twoon iMujiloycr ami ('niployoo, tlu> l'i'i't\>i't rol'nsoil or rall-.cr torlinilo llio nu>i'tin!;' ; tlio said liOriairt' aliiilfil 1>_\' llio iliH'isjon, ami llu' niOiMini^ diil not tak(> phu'o, witii tlio parposo not lorth in his potition iiri'sonltvl tills your. .\o\t'rllnss tilt' said htu'lairo dividod in tiu' year 1M2, a sum of ll.Stlti liani's I'Olwt'cii II ol" his hands, llio piodiu't of pii>lils arisii\ opoi'alions ot' his hiisini'-s. It is this jiind ol a niiitMai sooioty. whiidt ho \vislu>s to roiu'w tliis yt>ar; to uain this end, ho |>olitions to ho allowoil to hold ntootini^s in hi>< works, ol' his iiands namhorinj; inoio than twiMiIy, \V(> I'onsidor that umlor tho oiictimstanoos tho intoidions of f his oontraotiH" nro lo I'ntioo ai'lisans to oi\i;ai:;o with him, hy holding' out to thorn tho tdianoo ot' shaiino; in tho pi'otils lu" dofi\t>s, and thus a^suro tlu' t>\tt>nsion of his hu^inoss. 'I'his is a ([Uostion hoarinj:; on tiio fulos I'onooininy,' th(> wa^os of artisans, whioh wodo not con- >idi>f, should 1)0 ono()ura,ii;od, and whitdi IS foihidilon hy law; tho artisan must ho tMilifoly t'roo to ii\ his sal;ii'y, and mu-'l not oo\-onant with llio niasiiT whiidi i-- iho s;iid 1,1'olairo's aim today. TiuUm' this lioad, tlu> ponnissioii ho asU^ for should wo thinU hi> riMusod, if ono oiinsidi>rs that in ordi in tlii> pi'olits, tli«> ai'tisaiis oonlr.'iot lo wofU tor a poriod :;;roator than oiu^ yoar, whioh is loi'hiddon hy arliolo l.'I, law of li'Jml (iof- minal, yoar XI (^rJtli April !S(l.|.> Imm' |Iu>m" reasons. wt> oon--idor and propnso to rot'iiso lhi> .authoiisalion sniioilod hy Iho said Loolairo. 'riioChiof. (^Si;;naluio illii^Mhlo.') Il was onl\ in IS |S, afior tho lovolulion whith ovi'i-throw I ho i;'i>voriim<'nl of Louisd'hilippi', Ihal l-oolairt* was ;il'!'.' to di\idi' tho prolil-- <'\' hi-^ firm with his iMiployoos, I, oolair always doniod hoiiiu' i;o\oriu>d ''.\ Jmy |ihilaiilliropio id<. In ISd'.l In- ooiiNcnod his hands and oxplaiiiod to iIh'IU how ho oanio to m>o that hy apidyiiiL;' tho pi inoijial ot" |iiolii shariiii;' holwoon masti>r and man, ho oould sorvo his own onds and honolit \\'\'* woiknion and omployoos wdio oonnoolod lhom>(d\os with him. His roasonin-;', as oli>ar as il is practioal, dosorvos lo ho liroiiL^hl iindor tho nolioo iA' holh maslors and moii : " 1 ivason Ihusaml havoslalod il oIUmi al our nioolinus; :dl tiados wliitdi do|u'nd on work ilono hy tho day, may \ary ;;roally, wlion ono oporat«>s on a lar^o soalo, llio rosulls aro ooiisidorahh'. "Can an arlis.an in our Irado ( paint iiiyX hy his aolivily, i;ood will and a moro inlolliijfont uso of his tiiiio, produoo in tho sanu> spaoi> ol' linn' ^oIloday) an inori'aso ol work oijiial III ono hour, that is lo say S'f 1'-, ^vhi^h is tho aotiial rato por hour'.' "("an ho hosidos, >a\(< 8". I'.") |)or d.iy hy avdidiii!;- wasio in the malorials ;;ivon him. and hy taking oaro ot' tho implomonts of his I lado ',' " Tiu-y all answor in tho atlirniativo. " If ono artisan oiiM roali/.o for tho oonlraolor {J0.17 por day, for .'!(»(> workinu,- days, this will t'lpial .S.M. and supposiiiic tho lirm omploys an avora^o of ;!(I0 hands, an annual sa\ini;- of ?^ ].").. 'iUO is thus ohiainod. " It is hy this savim;' that on ono hand our mutu.al luMiovtdont sooioty inoroasi>s ovi'iy yi'ar its oaiMlal and <'aii pay poiisions to tho aivod workinu;man, and on tho oliior hami, van distrihuU protits |o those who help lo produoo Humu," I XXVI Mr. Ai'a Ciisliman, president oi" Ilio '• Ara Ciishmun ( 'Ompany " of Auburn, Mo. the larsfost boot and ishoo tactorj' in the State of Maine, ijjavo out to his eniployoos in 188(1 that he would inauii;urato in his factory the system of Profit-Sharing between employer and employees : '' If a man in cutting grain leather uses one foot inori^ for a ease of slippers than is absojulely necessary, the loss on his woric is IVom 50 to (id cents a day. Such a resiill might easily happen, and be biirdly ])ereeptible to a looker-on, or even to the cutler himself. If a cutter of calfskins fails to put every part of the skin where it will count for the most, or in liie place to wliicli it is best ada])tod, and therely maiies his shoe vani|)s eost a half cent a pair moi'e than they otherwise would, tin* loss on his day's works amount to at least a dollar." Specifying other openings for economy in material and in the care of machines, Mr. Ciisbman answers atlirma- tively his own question : "Could not the savings in all the ways I have indicated be made (o amount to a sum whicdi, if divided to all the employees would be eiinal to 2^ or .") ])er cent increase in your pay ? " The system of Profit-Sharing was introduced in the Spi'inglield Foumliy in 1887, and in 1888 the directors said to the workmen : — " Some men have been careless and made imperfect castings, fit only for scrap iron. Such castings coiistiliile the worst '• leak " in all foundries It may sur- i)rise you to know it, but it is nevertheless true, (hat our average loss jier jjound on liad castings (dav work,) is over seven times tlie average profit on good castings! iOven on piece work, we lose five times as miicii on an imperfect casting as we gain on a good one. In other words, when you lose a casting wbit remain, 5, 10, 15 or liu years in a firm before ,; tcivin_i?him the ri^-htto hold the sums carried annually to his account, and eontiscato I this on his leaving; his employci" for sonu' oiu^ or othci' reasons, is in every ease to exact Irom lheein|)loyee ;; sacrifice out of all proportion to the advantages i^iven hi m. Hither profit-sharing is or is not advantageous to the employe:'. If it is not irodiictive of some hcnetil to him. it the sums he veai ■ly div ides amonii'st his employees represent a |)hilanthr()pical act and not a commercial eomlanalion, let him strike out the word profit-sharing from his rules and replace it ii\' the word don.ation. When the employer niaUes a donation, founds an institulion with his own moneys for the benefit of his hands, he has an absolute' right to dispose (d'and share it will) whom^oevcr he lik-es ; this is a palronal inslitution. Hut when lii^ insiiiiilcs ])rofit-sliaring with his hands, when these last to increase these profits give more care to their work, intelligence and use every means within their reach to this end, they have the riglit to exact the whole amount promised. Here is what an hln^iish member, Mr. l)aviil ScUl aid at the i'rofit-shar ( 'ongress : '' In iMiglanil, where as yet, we luive not had youi' experience in !lie profit-shar- ing system, it has been r'eeognized lliatiuu^ should win over I lu' artisans by lu'iie- volenl nu'aiis, but never by ri'laining the money they havt' earned. ■■ In iOngland where the Trades Unions have solved many dilliculties, the artisans will lu'ver allow their rights to the profit-sharing to be taken away, and if you voted for the foi'leiture ot'lhe rights of those who left the linn for which tlu'y d 1 lail lieen w I i orking, you woidd have everv Trade's I'nion against y 111." oU. lave always done my utmost to recommend the profit-sharing system lo m} friends in the I'lnglish workmen's unions, but this shaiing of profits -liould bo estabiished according to rubis of e(|uit\'. "I have not authority enough here to discuss this iioinl, but can s.ay as far as I'lngland is t-oneerned, if y(Ui vote for torfcilurt;, if you do not leave the workingman free to cdaim his share, profit-sharing will nevei- be established in iMigland."' It will be t'-e s.ame with Canada, the employers who introduce piolit-sharing in their factories, shoidil str ji'Ct ion doi's not appear to nio to bo well founded. I do not pretend that there is anything niagical in proHt-shaiing, ami 1 cannot say (hat anyone ean boast of having fultilled the wants and desires of the workingniiin Ity putting (his system in practice. It might possildy hap|ien, if prnfit-siiaring was very small, taking into consideration the zeal shown and the benefits obtained, that a strike shoui(l take place against the quantum of protit-sharing, as happens to-day as regards wages. Hut one must take a broader view of things. Come back to the e.xpurinu'nlal method, which rests on established facts. 1 think I may say that no striUo hastaken place in those firms that have .udopted tiie profit-sharing system, in oi'der to obtain a larger share. On the contrary, in France, this system has prevented stiikes for higher wages in many firms. Profit-sharing is condusive to a better understanding between employer and employee. The two opposing interests become reconciled, and conseciuentiy chances of strikes are much less. This is so much gain for public security and general order in the country." There is in profit-sharing an element over which stiikes and the ■workingmen have no power: enterprise and commercial intelligence. The 'ywT/if)/wi of profit- sharing has no other value than that which it produces; it matters little if it be high if the undertaking protluces small profits. The hands will not aek, before engaging with the factory, what is the quanfum of profit-sharing, but how much is the share, and that this should be his first thought will not be one of the least results of the system; it will accustom the workingman to take into account this element of pro- fits, which a certain school does not recognize to-day, pretending that labor has a I'ight to the whole surplus drawn fi-om the sale of the article produced. To make profit-sharing efficacious, and give the maximum amount of advantages moral and material, the employer who adopts it must apply it in general to all his hands. He can ajjportion the shares in proportion to the time the artisan has been in bis employ, but he must entitle all his employees to participate, unless he wishes to lose a^reat part of the profits he hoped to make by adopting this plan. In instituting profit-sharing in his firm. lioclaire had limited it to the nucleus ot his hands, later he admitted the au.Kiliary hands, and according to one of the heads of his firm this is how he decided to change his plans: — " After the events of 1870 a workingman, a stranger to the firm, said one day to to Mr. Leclaire, " youi' house is nothing but a collection of small employers, because a part loyers have no pecuniary interest and which bring them in nothing are with a view to keep the employees from want in their old age. No objection can be urged U) such exercise of foresight, nevortii'dess, we cannot defend the pi'inciplo of i)utting the employee under guardianship. On being ques- tioneil on this point Mi'. Laroche Joubert, director of the Angoulcme Paper Works, said : "There are so many benevolent societies around us that we did not think it nccessarj- to have one especially for our firm." '' This is contrary to our principles, as attacking the workingnian's liberty, who see withheld without liis permission a part of his i)rotits, and paid into the benevolent fund, it goes to make him doubt the principles of mutual aid. " This questicm will come u]i again some day, if the conditions of life continue to become worse, as they have done for some time past." And on the same theme this manufacturer stated before the Profit .sharing Congress : — " When wo startee profit-sharing system we said to the vorkingman : You shall have your sliare of the profits. But we did not add : You shall not have the right to dispose of them." " But tlie firm does not consider its duties tinished with the payment of the share ; it advises the workingman, .nnd encourages economy by giving certain privileges to the tlu-ifty." This question of using the funtls has always been an objection advanced by the opponents of the system. Already in 1872, Leclaire, to defend liis work, tluis replied (,n this subject to a correspondent: '• As regards the bad use the workingman would make of his share, has an inquiry ever been held in the matter ? The workingmen of Lyons are most likel}- much Ihe same as those of Paris. The maj(jrity hardly earn enough to bu\' bread for their families. All these poor houseliolds are in a most destitute condition, iiut if by receiving some extra help outside their salary, they are enabled to take their miserable rags out of pawn, where is the harm? Can it be said that there are no unfortunates driven to driidi through want, despair and domestic troubles ? Far from it, for in our own house some have fallen into it. Jiut to take the present generation, just as it is, and from that to argue that demoralization must be perjietuated is an excuse with many for continuing to do nothing." Leclaire was right. The most ardent adversaries of profit-sharing are those who, without looking into it, refuse to practise it. Of all the different systems of profit-sharing, we think the one adopted by the Angouliime Co-operative Paper Company (page 55) most suitable for Canada. This system, established on a just basis, takes into account the aptitude of the employee, the length of time he has worked in the firm, and pays him yearly in money his share of the profits. It also allows the employees, who have confidence in the future of the firm, to invest their money in it, anel become shareholders. XXXI as ill! |8 are earn in a tlieir is the want, fallen argue Ic who, |by the it' the |irly in ilence Tlie foumlation ol the Guise Familistire, one of tiic most romarkahio works cvoi' ])roduce(l, coultl not Ite repeated on lliis coiuinent, the colleclive prinei])le on which it was founded and worked has no root in America.* I'ii)(itsliarin<{ lias been tlu' siihjcct of inuoli discussion, I'Mthusiastic apin'ohation, ami liittcr ciiticism. In such a matter tin- opinion of cxj)crts should cany nioi'e weight than that of theorists. And to siiow the good results obtained by the appli- cation of profit-sharing it is only sutlicient to know the opinion of tiiose wlio have Tried it. Ujiinions of a few inanufacturcrs on profit-xJuirin.) Extract from Mens. Barhas' deposition before the Commission of J-jicpury. >• " We consider thnl, as in the liaison f "I'laire, a largo ])ortion of the success of I our liouse is due to tjic institution of jin sharing, as well as to our Mutual Aid .| Society and to the prolessional school which we established at a suitabK> time. '' Protit-sharing possesses a merit that we place in the first rank : that of ensuring st.diility in the start'; it is not the rolling stones that become j)rotit-shaiers, and when these same workmen own a bank book showing a saving of .StJIMI increasing from year to year by an annual sbair in the ])rotits added to the interest at ") jter cent.; when apart from these advantages the}' arc pretty sure of work all the year round ; when in the same house they timl a mutual aid society ready organized, a pro- fessional school for their (diildrcn. either woi'kmen or employees ; finally an insurance against accidents the premium of whii'li is entiiely paid by the house, these workmen are perforce respectable and steady. Extracts from the documents exhibited by the firm. " Our personal cxjierience therefore ])roves that jirofit-sharing is not oidy an economy in production, but an estsential element of prosper it ij for all and for the firm. '' Moreover to whatever ])oint our glance is directed this assei'tion is confirmed by facts ; in fact Ave see nothing but jirospority in all the establishments practising ])rotit-sharing, and it has been proved that all those that have adopted it in Erance, save one, preserve it carefully. " Profit-sharing ott'ers many advantages, it encoui'ages apprenticeship, it develops industrial (pialities the most essential to workingmen ; knowledge, stability and devotcdness; it is an Cfcy/iy?(i^o/pWMO/?OH,a source of profit for workmen and master, a means of prosperity and a method of transferring a liusiness to other bands. " So much for the purely industrial view of the question. From another point of view profit-sharing develops the dignitj' and the moralit\- of workmen, it is an education in economy to them, it cori'i'cts many ci'i'ors in ri'gard to labor, it destroys all pretexts for strikes, and may be used as an initiation into cooperation. It draws workmen more closely together, 'and it diaws tiie master neater to the work- men, it i)inils them with a bond of interest which sooner or later is transformed into a bond of sympathy which destroys all antagonisms. It sati^^fies a legitimate am- bition, brightens the future, and for the bitter thoughts born of prosjtecfive misery sulistitutes gentleness and sympathy. '' III liis treatise (in .Social Itytjiene — 1SSS - I Kn'toi' Kiicliaid said in s|)eakint; of the (hiise Fninilinlirr "Tills life in (.'oiinnon, uiifornniately forces the head of the family, always to remain tenant of a small fireside, which he can never ac(|nire and hand down to his children. 'l"he savings, the |irotits are con- centrated into a coiiinion fund, and take all the risks r\ni liy an imlividnal enterprise. An unlooked-for ivent, a war would give an irreiiaraiile lilow to the works, the workingman, iHissessing nothing' outside, would lose his all. "The ni.-inner of educating the children results in taking ftway all family individuality. "All are I'ducateil in common. They pass from the nursery to the infants scIhkiI, thence to the school Ill-longing to the factory. They remain there all the yeai round, and have not a fortnight's holiday. "The right of cJKHising otiier schools is denied the parents. ln|Kiintof law, the family is jierfectly free, it nevertheless undergoes a iiressure at the Fmin'/i.itt ir, which, though slight in appearance, does not leave it master of its moral and religious life.' • ' ''I Extracts from the evidence taken liefore the extra-parliamentary coinnii.ssion of the French Working- men's Ass(X'iation. Documents exhihiteil by the l-'rencli (Joveniment. xxxn ic lirst I'iiiilv lis a stale tlial all llio and nicthoilical *' Fiiiallv, it is well to note lluit inca-x' otaicidi'iil or oftloath wliicli tivquontly tl('|ii'ivi's a iioiisc of its lit-ail. |in)lit->liarii)u; may In- t lie salvation of tlio family by juvsoi'viiii;- tlio litf of till' rsialilisliini'iil ami proven! in<,' a rnimms liiiuidation. " In a lettoi" totiie Chairman of llic ( 'omnji^NJon of tlie Lahor AsHoeiations, Mr. fiofflnon, wlio is the founder of jirotit-shariiii; in the estaMishment of liarhas, TassarL and Halas, says :— " Ah a principle, we rank profit-sharing' as an institution (i\' twonomii' production, and not iiH it has heeii too fre([iiently styled an act of philanthropy the etloet of which would havo lioon to lower the worUmon, instead of raising him to a hi.u;iier level as has heen our intention. " We hav(* Nlated I hat [irotit-sharinu; imi- been adopted : — •' 1st. In my opinion, there should no hesitation in giviiiy; t means of economic production; in support of this opinion I may establishments that have adopted this system in a determined manner have suecoeded and that not one has abandoned it ; "2nd. Profit-sharing binds together capital, diu'clion and labor which form a great power and raises the levtd of professional knowledge b}' moans of ii more thorough a|)prcnticcship now loo much overlo()i snviiii;?* Iiuve loss need of t ho fMriiiiiLC'' (it'tlifir rliildivii and aic tlu'rclnn. nnt oliliMfd lo Inicc tlicin lo any work lircjudirial lo I he natural dovi'lopnu-nl ot'tludi' [lowiTt-. Tlio Hon M.vuciifi (woo \m'^o ;{"). -Mr. Fim,ot. "Thin organization is irroatiy in tlu' onipioyeos' intoroHt, toi- tiic slmro ot'pi-otilrt irlvcii ovor liy tlu> liousc to its co-opi-ralors cioatt's an oxci'iilional position tor llu'in. Many of our lieads of (Icpartnicnls lu'inj; intrrivstcd in tlu> protits ot' the lioasf aro anxious to make iidvantairt'ous ]iurcdiasoH, and to siip«>rintt'nd tlio condiK-t of tho stall' under llu'ni, and strivoto ccononuso as mmdi as possilijo for tlio bonctit of tlic lioiiso, and in this rt-spoct, I it'pcat, wo havo ovoiy roason to ho salisliod with our organiza- tion. Wo havo roa.-'on to oon<4ratiilato oiirstdvos on our I'rovidoni l-'und ; it providos for tho loast t'ortunalo ainoni;' our ])oopli', a oortain soourily tor tho I'uluro, and it himls thoni to tho hou^o. All our jiooplo tiro intoroslod in tho smooth working- of tho bwsinoss. which is iho roa^(ni such ^ood rosulls aro iditaino(I. " Strikos aro an inipossihility in our honso, hocau.-c^ tho hoadsof t iioiloparlinont and of oountors ai'O all intort'>tod in tho protits roalix.od. Moroovor, tho oinployoos who holon^ to tho i'rovidoni Kiind havo too larf:;oa oapilal invostod in Iho fund, to allow of their doinu' anylhini^ wluitsoovor that iniirht ho tho oau^o of thi-ir iosini;' it, and liosides tho amount thoy nicoivo in salary IiIikIs thorn still morototho ostalilisii- inont. MV. llUTTNER-TinEHRY (soi- ]):igo ."!!•). "As rou;ai'ds thi' worlcmoii, lludr savinu's invostod in tho nisuraix'O oonij)any onalilos tlu'in to taoo tho futuro witii t ran(|uilliiy. As t h oso savin^-s inoroaso iho'y oxorciso thoir intluonoo on them ovon oiilsido tho workshoj), as I havo fri-cjiiontly had occasion to remark. A.s for my.solf, prolit-sharini:: has siirroundod mo with u corlain nnndior of oni]iloyoos and workmon mofo desirous llian hoicloforc of pi'o- duoinii' ^•ooll work. 'JMio relations hetwoon u- aro those of all'eclion and mutual linist. Wo iiavo trained in security and our evory-day life is more oii.sy. 1 am oncouray;od hy their cordial attitude, wdiieh is a support to mo in tho trials inseparahlo from any industry, and am thus led to hope that hy a loyal and continued iindorstandiny; hetwoon them, f may ho spared, it not the inovitahio business cares, al least labor troubles since they will iio in the enjoyment ol'as large an amount of well-being as tho .state of my i)usinoss will j)eiiuit.'' Mr. Chaix (seo page 39.) '• I boliov(> protit-sharing to he a mixed system hofween pati'on:il institution a'^ it now st.ands and the coo[»eralivi' association ; it deserves to bo encouraged, 'flu- wofk- man specially will prolit b}- it ; he will learn independence, and to form labor associ- ations for which ho is not yet sulUciently ])ropared, because he docs not possess tho iiu.nliiies ho aequiros in meetings, such as are hold in our establishment, and whero he sees what wo are doing for the children, for himself, and for tho old ])oople. If profu-sharing woio encouraged, if this programini' of union wori> inscribed on tho htinnor of tho Ropublie, I boliovo that within ton yetirs, tho workman, from tin economic ])oint of view, would have mi'de immense progress." " In 1848 my father wished loostablish |)rotit-sharingand failed. ITo had ilecided to give 10 por eont. of tho prolils to be divido ten assomlilies tiiat liavr so far lieon licld. " Wo arc about thirty niastiTs in Franco wbo practisi' ]irotit-.siiiirini;; ; if our ox- amplo woro tojlowod a uToat step —ould bo taken on tho way towards uniting mastorH and worivmon, oapilai ami iaboi-. " As for tho amount to bo divided, that I cannot state; |ioriians some day one- tliird will bo awai-ded to intolloct ; oiK'-tlurroiluced this state of things, ami as a general result, in tho interest of the employees; 1 am able to estimate the sums distributed among the statf in premiums at about 15 per cent, of tho salaries and payments." La Compagnie Universelle du Canal de Suez (see page 45) — Mr. Ferdinand de Lessei's. "We must congratulate ourselves on the system of profit-sharing that we have adopted Our emido^'ces form one family. Thus, every day the telegraph indicates tho receipts of the day previous, and all the employees applaud when the recei|)ts are large. In all respects the profit-sharing has been useful to us, and I have never found the least resistance to it on the part of my staff." Maison a. Deherny (see page 4G) — Mr. Tuleu, partner. "Profit-sharing has attracted ami retained in our establishment the best workmen of the place. " The Avorkmon, .seeing that their interest is directly associated with that of the house, are more careful with their work. '• In an industry where the models are very minute, bad modelling is almost unknown. '• These advantages — it is very difficult to estimate them — have, in our e^'es, a gi'oator value than the so-much-por-cent. on the jirofits by which we secure them. " We would add that if the profits are not allotted directly to each worker as the}' were before, in 1ST2, it is because, after an experience of twenty-four years of the system of direct distribution, it was seen that it did not respond to tho end Mr. Deberny had in view. He was desirous that tlie workmen should assui-e themselves by saving against sickness or old age ; but too small a number had such forethought, and Mr. L)eberny considered himself moi-aliy bound to be so for all. 4 to XXXV ''Tlio |)riitil->li;iriiii,' ustiililihliOH lirtwccn tlio wufkineii iiml miistfr Midi a iiiiioii lliat llio iUH'stioii fifHulaiioH witli uh in wi-ttlod in Iho iiiont ^iiiipli- wiiy. Thi' worit- iiicii, cci-taiii nf thciii at least, iinilcrHtaiid lu'rloctly whut tlioir r'iu'hts arc and know well Imw to I'lilnrro tJM'ni ; tiicy arc naturally very Htrict. Mimctinic^ even smiu'wliat riiioroiiH. All (|ni'stionH arc ilisciiNscd aniicalily and witli'mi irrilatinn. 'i'lifir luuU jilac*' lasi year ino^t disastrous .sti'iUcs uf worknuMi, Ijut nolhini^ dI' I Ik- kind dccurrod wiili as. WIk'Ii ilic >tiiUi> first ooc-uiri'd our worknion liUMtcnod In assuii' us tlial tiny \V(Hild lint juiii any siudi innvcnicnl. ll is a nfcat advaiitauc In i'c aMi> In slfcp calnily, knitwiiiii' that we have wnrknieii on wlinni wc can icly. Tin' wnik cannot lie hadly (lone in oui- estaiillHlimcnt ; it is culled Ky worknitMi wlm know t lieir business ami are aMe to examine it." Cooi'KHATiVK r.\i'i;u WoHKS oF ANaoui,fi.ME — Mr. Larochk-.Ioi iiKUT, niaiiai;cr (see l)ugo 55). Th' remits of proJit-sharin the wasti' and are alsd to siitier for it, cry: Stop that I '"Iff am at ]ieaoe in parliann-nt, if I have no distracting subject of thought, it is thanks to cooperation, it is because I know that our business is most carefully attended to. " Jf J knew ihat my workmen rob me and destroy my goods without being them- selves the first to suffer tor it 1 could not possibly retain this position. But the unity created by profit-sharing induces my workmen to watch over each other, and is the reason wiiy this superintendence is more thorough than that of any paid su|)erin- tendent could possibly be who was not personally interested in the results of the work. " There is an instance which clearly shows the advantages of profit-sharing. " Two factories are established in the same ])lace, cooperation is organi/.ed in one but not in the other. They both manufacture the same goods; they have tlie same hydraulic power or the same steam power. Employees and workmen are paid the same wages in botli; in the factory practising profit-sharing 25 per cent, of the profits over and above the wages are reserved to be divided at so much in the dollar among employees and workmen ; in the other theyare paid the amount of wages 20— rJf XXXVl ngivod upon. To wliicli of tlio«o two I'lictorieM «lo yon think workmen would go by jiroferciicf ? Kvidontly to tho t'actury piiiflisiiii^ protit-Hhiiriiii;. '■ It luiH Iti'i'ii iiSHtM'd'd tliat woiknien an' nol at nil intou'sted in ijic (|m'Ntioii ot" profii-sliarini,', and that tht-y huj': " It is all ihi'oiy, tiici'o is no roHult." ■' Nuno but t'ooU woiiM ^ay siudi a tliinj^. The host proof in that our worknicn I'arely loiivo us, whilMt evorv day wo uro a.si.ed I'or situations from workmen from olhi-r fiu'tories, drawn to iis ny the hope of a >hurt« in tho profits. " I return to my exainpU' of ihc two factories. I said thai workmen would eiiijago hy iireforem e in the eooporative faetoiy. It is most ecfrlain, for it would he moro to their interest ; and then what wouhl the inaiiufaeturer do? He would ehooso from amoii!4sl the 2,()'M) workmen, whom I suppose have applit^l, l,(l((0 ot the best work- men, and the other 1,0(10 would i,'o to work in the other faetoiy. " J)o yon suppoM! the quality ot the tjoods j.rodueed would ho the same in both ? In one the workmen will say: wo work W(dl eii(Mii,di for the pay wo got, ami tiiey will talk of the sweat of their brow shed for their iiiasler's profit; always the same old story I have iieard so often. In the other laefory the inon will woik hanl and much; Ihev will ho {•arefiil ihat Ihere is no waste in order that at the end of tho year tho prolits may bo tho larger, and eoniiiolitioii then becomes an impossibility for one of those factories; one will produce three or four times moro than tin' other, whi(di can now he proved by more than one of our cooperative factories. |i must nol he believed that the master, in e>t;iblishing I'ooporat ion. gives away a part "'''ds jirotits, not at all; he does a very good stroke of business, and that is what tho- \ lio do not practise it must bo made to understand. "Mr. Leelairo, a contractor in house painting, declared tliat he had iia.i no pliilaiithri>pie molivo in estahlishing co-operation. •• I admit that, for my part, il I am a pliilanlhrojiist. I am one without knowing it. When I act as a man 1 follow tho impulse of my heart, but when I act as a manager, I am guided by the interest of my society. '■ \Vhen I wished to establish protit--.hariiig in our liouso I met many obstacles agaiii>t wl'i(di I hail to >truggh' ; amongst others my eldest broiiu'r l(>ft nie. llo opened a factory ami took his two chihlren with him. llo did not adopt protit- sharing. Well, In- did not succeed, and 1 helped him out of his ditticulty by admit- ting him again to our cooperative association. I also took his factory into tho system of cooperation, which, without it, had mot with nothing but lo-ises, ami which now is making money like tho others, among which it has boon long in existence. •• If, therefore, wo wish thei-e to be an end of stiikos iind violent revolutions, if, in a word, wo wish to destroy tho wi'apoiis most used by ]>rofossional agitators, wo must do away with any legitimate cause of discontent among workers, '' Coujieration, i/uit is to sai/^profit-sfutriiuj h>/ the workmen is alone capable of proilii- ciny the dcMred result. In fact not only does cooperation improve the material condi- tion of the workman, it raises him in his own esteem; nothing indeed can so well satisfy the legitimate sidf-estoem of tlu' workman as to fe(d himself a little more on an equality with his ma-^tor, as is tho case wlu'ii he shares in the lattei''s profits. Aijitd- tors lose their time when tJteij appbj to irorkmen of this kind, ichen tlieij try to excite them. " Cooperation is the most poirerfiil lever that can be imagined to increase the amount of production (for a stated work) in aijricidtural as icell as in industrial matters. Mr. Pi.vt (see page G6). ■' As an index of tho results that profit-sharing can give, I would state that last year my foundry was subjected to a labor crisis, and my workmen founders went on two months strike with their comrades. This iindoubiedly, wa> very annoying; but it must ho said in extenuation that though jn-otit-sharing existed it may be said it was only in theory, for they had notyot received anj-of the money, and besides they were afraid of their comrades who were very violent and who intimated them. Tho proof that they wore not of the detorminod and bad-intent ioned strikers, that are fountl iu all labor strikes, was that they were spoken against in all the meetings and xxxvn III last t'ut on ;• ; hut said it s tliey Tho lat are ''^ anil cniisifhTftl iH fiilso lirotliifii, fhoy t<>f> wi-r*' tlio first ti) ii'tui ii iiiicnnilitiDiially In iho wniksliop ami ilu'ir f.\ani|il(' wan lollowttl liy all of tlie worknu-ri-. .luritlorM. Tlio HtriUi' virtually cca-cil tin'ilay tln'V ifciiiniiii'iifcil to work. '• Lanl year at ii liku period hoiiu- of tiicm sooiiu'd to faro or to tliiiik ot protlt- rtliarini;. To-diiy tlioy l)otli caro and tliink a ^roat dcid of it. Tlio workman who in ahout to li'avf tlio workshop lor an\ caufc wlialfvor, thinks twico hft'oie doin^f so; two years more ot'this sy>icni and tlicsc iry interest. "We have frequentl\' men working; in the country, on whom we have no kind of control or supervision and nevertheless we receive nothing hut the least reports of their if ood conduct and of the carefid way they perform their work, from tiioso witii whom they are workin;;; tlu'se results aiedue to protil--liarinir. foi'tho work-- nian knows that il is enliroly lo his iuterest to yive satislaclion to the customers whi(di insure him work. Our workmen employ their tiiue usefully, heeaiiso they know that at tho end of tho year, the hetter they have conduclod themselves and llie lietter residts they have attained, tho more they will iiavi' lariiod. '• if sometimes duriiiij a i)ress of work a hlaek sheep should mingle with our lloc'k, he never remains more than forty-ciijht hours, he is at once dismissed. '• Accordinii' to statistics which we ha\'e made ri'i;'ardin,u' our house oiiiy. li(d'oi'e the sharing of prolits was delinitoly ostahlished hy ^oUarial Act, the numln'i' ot' workiui;' painters who did not work on Monday and kept drinkini;, was 40 per cent. Since lS(i^ the inimher has deci'oased ami for tho hist ton yi>ars we have not hail more than one per cent; and during- the last live years we have not heon ealled upon to ])unish any. The moral results that we hiiv,' ohtained arc of the hiu'hest import- ance. The workmen who work with us seek to remain. There is one imporiant point that I would suhmit to ihc commission, whidi is that workmen under forty years are much hctler.'dile to iindo;stand the advaiUaiics und the henelits of protit- sliariiii;- than the workmen who are over forty years of auc These latter are almost indillcrenl. ■"This inditferonco without douht, is caused hy the ilitticulty of obtainiiiif a retii'- inj^ pension : and hecaiise men over i'oriy years have not hetoii- them the hope> of youth, ;ind they work without ihounht of the future, whilst we tind that theheay the other worlcmen. If' a forenum iloes not perforT.1 his duty, wo are immediately informed of it by letter. If anythini; irivn'iilar takes ])lace in tho workshop we are informed of it, and after notification we act as required. In case of an infiingoment of the rules, we pass judgment. There is ii committee who admit to the noi/ati, and a committee that judges mattei's and that judges of them rigorously." I XXXVIU 4 Society of the Familistjire de Guise. (See page 75.) — Mr. Godin, Manager. '•It iH my opinion that the Society of the Familist^re will eventually realize great pnitits : and suppose' tjiiit in my old age 1 decide upon retiring from active life, my capital is .secure. Tins sounds rather egotistical, Init is not that the tone of our period? My l)usinesa capital brings me 84(),0()0 interest per annum, and I receive aliout §1(1,000 as managei. Iieing a total of about 800,000 per annum. I fiiid this 11 large sum, enormous; and yet the Society is doing good business. At the pro]»er time I shall reeeive my ca])ital in full, the workmen will have taken my place; but the statutary dispositions arc such that the payment of capital will continue indetinitely and be applied to the more ancient claims, consequently the establish- ment will bo in the hands of workmen in active business. From an economic point of view 1 consider this to bo an impoi'tant result." Finally, as an answer to the objection raised, that young America could not adopt the. idea of the old world, avc will cite the opinion of M. Carroll Wright on the ipu'stion ; this opinion demonstrates in u few words tno advantages derived from the application of profit-sharing : — " From the data gathered from all sources we derive these cardinal principles of industrial partnership : "Participation by woricmen in profits in addition to wages is a true harmo- nizer of tlie interests of capita! and labor. It does in fad identity the interest of the employe with the interest oi the emiiioyei. It eonvei'ts the industrial associa- tion of emjdoyer and employes into a nu)ral organism, in wliich all the various talents, services, and desires of the component individuals are fused into a commu- nit}^ of pur])ose and endeavor. " The dividend to labor is not usually an increase of pay, services remaining the same, but a form of exti-a pay for extra services and an inducement calling them out. " The extra serviees called out, and the maimer in which they are called out, constitute an invalual)le educational discipline. They develop the whole grou]) of industrial virtues: ^ for all his neeiis. witiiout exacting any efi'ort. thu workman ceases to rely upon himself — he loses the gift of forethought, ec<)iiomy; because he feels these are no longer a necessity; his efforts relax, his dignity din\inishes, he is ripe for socialism. •' These effects, that are the consequences --f too great a patronage, began to be felt at Monceau some years ago. O'. the other haml. by a kind of reaction natural enough in its way, the spirit of association began to revive. Bakers' inoperative societies, mutual aid societies, and syndicates were forme,ainst the re- suits of sickness, intirmities, and old age, by employer's institutions, banks of relief, provident societies, i^c. " 5. Two conditions, tooofteu neglected, are absolutely necessary f)i' the ])r()pcr working of these banks and to avoid their ruin. " (a) The first consists in rendering an exact statement of their present liability and especially- of their future calls and to well establish their resources and the necessary reserves. " (i) The second consists in doing away with the two systems of administra- tion, either of the employer solely or the workman alone, and by adopting a mixed system. " Tlius oidy can we interest the worknu-n in the pi'oper management while retaining the necessary control hy the employer." xlii ^ Whether these institutions are necessary or not to the workmen ; whether or not they be administered by them in whole or in part, the worlimen will have none of thorn wlienovor they contain the slightest cause of forfeiture, or whenever they encroach on their liberty. Workmen will no longer consent to bo connected with any estalilishmcnt by pecuniary questions other than that of wages ; they desire liberty, and the multi- plicity of provident societies enables them to secure their wants. They often con- sent to a c ipulsory saving, but they wish the funds they deposit or that are deposited fni them, to be placed out of roach of all intervention by the employer, in a state bank or a free society, and fully secured against loss or confiscation. One cannot blame them for assuring at once their liberty of action and the security of their savings. I'ROFESSIO.VAL SYXDICATES. The legal recognition of workmen's unions in France is quite recent ; it dates from 1884. Before that period the French workman was in a very strange posi- tion ; as a laborer ho was absolutely free, but he had not liberty to meet with his companions lor discussing his interests or ameliorating his condition. This suprcssion of the right of association — "a natural gift that sliouM remain free in a free country" — was all the more remarkable in France, from having been the consequence of the application of laws passed for protecting laboi'ors and assur- ing the absolute liberty of labor. It is important, at the time that Canadian work- men's associations demand amendments to the '' Combines Act," to show in a few lines, how a law, made with a view of protection, should become a law of oppres- sion. The wardens and free corporations, abolished the first time under Louis XVI, in 1776, was ro-Gstablished the same year, and done away with at last, by the law of l-tth-27th June, 1791, which, made free to workman, delivered them, duiing a century, without defence to all the demands of capital. This law, repealeil in 188-1, enacted : — " Art. 1. The extinction of all kinds of corporations of citizens of the same con- dition and profession, being one of the fundamental supports of the French Consti- tution, it is forbidden to re-establish them under any pretext or form whatsoever. "Art. 2. Citizens of the same condition or profession, contractors, those having 0]ien shops, the companions of any art whatever, cannot, when they meet, name a president, nor secretary, nor syndic, hold registers, take records or deliberate, or make rules for their protended common interest." This law acknowledges the right of the workmen to become employer, capitalist, but deprived him of the means of ameliorating his condition, as long as he remained a labtn-or. Some years afterwards, in 1803, still to assure liberty to the laborer, they passed that famous law of 22 Germinal, in the year XI that forbade any understanding, oven temporarily, between employer and workman — an agreement that they quali- fied as a coalition. It was in virtue of this law that an attempt was made lo prevent Leclairo dividing his profits with his workmen. the W( lUiinio T indivi( T Tl. eniployt xliii 31- or none they lit by nulti- 1 con- it are rev, in Oae I'ity of t dates posi- nt\\ his remain ig been J assiir- n work- in a few oppres- 18 XVI, the hiw uiin.u; a ime ton- Co nsti- u'ver. luiving name a )crate, or apitalist, ,g as he cy passed 'Standing, ley q^iiali' ; Leclaire Finally, article 41G of the penal code, also repealed in 1884, by the law of Syndi- cates ul' workmen, punished by fine and imprisonment : — " All workmen, omployors and contractors of work, wiio liy moans ot' tines, expenses, proscriptions, interdictions, pnmounced in conscrpience of a concerted ])lan, have interfered with (ho free exercise of industry and labor." This denied to workiucn the right to consult each other with a view of arriving aL any common understanding — it w.is suppressing the right to strike. The consequence of these laws was disastrous to the workman ; they isolated iiim at the very time v;hen the progress and development of infuestions regai'ding the conditions of labor, the inspection and control of works, workshop.-?, manufactories, workmen's lodgings. Organisation of relief, in case of sickness, accident, death, incapacity' to work. Art. 8. Every partner lias, notwithstanding any clause to the contrary, the right to retire at any time from the union, which can reclaim from him his assessment then due. If he has made any payments into the relief bank, be has the power either to remain a member or to receive for the payments made, an indemnity to be deter- mined on. The by-laws ought to bo tiled with the Minister of Commerce. They can be annulled by the tribunals in case of violation of the law. Employers liave profited as much, if not more by the libertj' of association, eitbei- by forming syndicates of employers, or by forming mixed s^'nclicates of employers and Avorkmen. Among tlie number of the last named, we must cite, as the most useful, the labor exchanges. These exchanges have for their object the facilitating the exchange of hibor hy biinging into communication the demand and supply: their creation is demanded by Canadian workmen's societies, and the notice concerning "Labor Exchange of Li(5ge " (page IGO) is sufficient to show that they can be installed and administered at but little cost. CoiigrAs interna tint ml df» aocidfiitH tin travail. Rai)iKn't de M. Rt'm' Jourdain. xlv T to (lotOV- ;in be lor l>y landeil nge of istered Finiilly, it may Ko affirinod tliat tlio loirni I'xistcnco of workmon's unions lias fiicilitatod arbitration aiultlu' .srttlemontofdiiru iiltit's botwoon employers and work- men ; has ameliorated the conditions of apprenticeship, stimulated professional in- struction and permitted the creation of numerous employers' and workmen's socie- ties favorable to the development of industry. PROVIDENT INSTITUTIONS. Section ") — Mutual Benevolent Societies. Section — Retiring funds and annuities. Section 7 — Life and Accident Assurance. Section S — Savings. The absence of Canadian statistics renders it difficult to state positively as to tiie si less and mortality of Canadian woi'kraen. In France it is estimated that among the muss of workmen of 12,000,000 per- sonf--, 2,(j0(),0')0 are annually- afflicted with sickness, and that 80,000 fathers and 34,000 mother.-, die prematurely. In studying the lignres of the census of 1881, it can he established that the mor- tality of worknu'n's families in Canada, is nearly in the same proportion as it is in France, with this ditlerence, that death overtakes the fathers and mothers nearly equally, there being a slighter deviation between the ages of the married couple. Sickness, death, either natural or liy accident, and old age, are the causes of misery which the workman can now considerably diminish the ell'eets. Against sickness he has the Mutual Aid Societies. Against old ago he has the Life Aniuiities Funds. Two institutions that completely shelter him trom distress and exacts but few sacrifices. Against death resulting from accidents arising from his work, he has insurance which is not costly. There remains but the consequences of natural death against which he is yet unable, without great sacrifices, to eflicaciously protect his family. Provident societies are yet little developed in Canada, and against unforeseen distress the Canadian workman has no other piotection than the Mutual Benevolent Societies. It is true that these societies are established on broader foundations than those adopted by European societies, and some of them are veritable assurance in case of death, paying considerable indemnities to the families of their deceased members. Against State socialism, which, trom Germany, has spread to Austria and Switzerland and menaces an extension to other countries, the economists oppose the pro])agation of free proviilent institutions and see their efforts seconded not only by the employers, but also by numerous workmen's associations, at the head of which xlvi muHt lio placed tlio powerful Trades Unions. The 8tudy of the thrco hiindrtvl docu- ments ligiiriiii; in tlio sections of the " Pr^Jvoyuncc," at the '• Exiiiliition of Social Economy," furnisiios a subjectof groat intere«t, not from thoir immber, but from the conception and ajjplication of ideas whence have issued various institutions being able to sorve, and having in fact already sei'vel, as types to a great number of others. The study of the documents referring to these model societies was ail tjiat was needed, so that these documents are the only ones that were repi'oduced. Mutual Benevolent Societies. Mutual aid societies in France ;ind Belgium aie under the wing of the (lovt-rn- mont; in return for the protection and aid that they receive, tluy are compelled to submit their by-laws for approval and to furnish a report of thoir operations. Nevertheless, there exist mutual aiil societies outside of the protection of the Government — those in France which are simply authorized, and those in Beigiun\ which are n(»t recognized. In France the licensed mutual aid societies arc administered under the decree of 26th MaiTli, 1852, and are benefited by an endowment created in their favor by tiie State in 1850 (page 217). In Belgium the Government has established a jiermanent con\mission of mutual aid societies, charged with discovoiing the moans of extending and multii)l3'ing mutual institutions, and to distribute to societies the rewards, decreed at th-^ triennial competition established by the Government, to those which in a special manner, signalised themselves by tiioir progress, management, and the results olitained. The average accounts of the mutual aid societies in France shew the following results: (Tibles pages 218-220). SOCIKTIES. Per active memueu. Approved. Authorised. Total payment for sickness: — Physician, modicines,pecuniary indemnity $2 31 82 GO^! Cost of manaunient ISl 2(!V do funerals ISl 10| Statutory expenses §2 67* S3 064 Assessments 2 8!t| 3 294 Surplus 22 23| Aid to widows and orphans $0 09i 80 22-i Aid to intirm old men and incur- ables 19| 334 Various expenses 341 434 Managing expenses G3 63 99f 99f Annual deficit 80 41 80 76* Assessments of honorary mem- bers 1 654 2 114 Actual surplus 81 24, §1 344 xlvii -1 IS Tho entire economy of the French Mutual Aid Societies is recapitulated in this tai)lt'; the assoHsinents of aotiviMni'mbiTs sutttco to cover tlio expenses of hick noss, liut liie extraon Unary aids and pensions can only be talcen Irom the assessment of honorary niemlters. Nearly all the Frencli societies accord aid to tlioir sick memhers (hiring only three to six numtlis ; the ostahlishnient, " Caisse Generale ile Edassurance, " how- ever, continues by the means of a small assessment to lunii>li aid to the siek during tivo years. (I'ages 222 and 228.) These iianks of reassurance of mutual aid societies must assist in their pro- per working and development. Sicknesses that are [irolonged beyond six months are rare, but unfortunately they do occur, and there is m)thing so fatal to a mutual society as tho example of sick persons whom they have been compelled to abamlon. Tho discussion of their interests; the settlement of accounts; the ajiplicatioii of ;ho bylaws, and too ofti'U the animositj" that some members feel towards others, are obstacles to the prospei'ity of societies, if not tho causes of their ruin. It is to do away with these dangers that mutual societies of certain districts have united, and have formed a sort of court of appeal before which are brought all causes of diifei-oneo that may ;irise between tho members of a society, either between each other, or between them ami their society. Tho " Grand Conseil desSocietesde Secours ^lutuols des Bouches-du-Rhono '' (page 221), and tho " Comite G<5neral des Socidt^s do Secours 3Iutuels et do RtUraite do Lvon " are the most j)erfcct tyjies of these institutions. The creation of similar councils would be advantageous in Canada. A]iart from their conciliatoiy influence these councils study the march of these societies, and by their wise advice, save them from deficits arising from financial methods established, too often, on erroneous principles. In Belgium, the Mutual Aid Societies have formed a central association, under tho name of "National Federation,'' whose working expenses are covtsrod by an annual assessment of 80.01 paid by all the members of tho afHliated societies. The National Federation has for its object the tightening of the bonds of confraternity between the mutualists, in order the discover the means of assisting tho Mutual Aid Soeieties. In 18S7 thej' founded a "Fund of Reassurance," similar to those existing in France. We must also observe, in Belgium, the notable progress that has been realised in the direction of mutuality : 1. The " Fidiration libre <1es Societies dc secours jnutuels de Bruxellcs et de scs faubourgs" furnishes tho members of the affiliated societies, by the means of an annual assessment of S0.3G, a gratuitous medical service. This mutuality of societies has permitted of tho obtaining a complete service, embracing 13 doctors forordinaiy service and special services for diseases of the eyes, of tho throat, the nose, the ears; baths, &c. The wives of the members, and their children under 18 years, enjoy tho same privileges. xlviii 2. The " Popular Drug^orioH," eetiililiHhod l»y the cooporiition of tho MiitunI Societies, allows the Mntiiul Aid SociotiuH of Unissols to furnish ;,'ratnitoue medicines to their nick members while roalisini; a considerahle annual profit. These two institutions arc administered by Boards formed of delegates named by the afllliated societies. Tho advantages that thfy furnish ti) tlu'ir mcmliers are considerable. The tirst and most positive is, to fix, in an absolute manner, the expenses or the caro of the sick; tho second, to diminish those e.xpensi's. Thus, at Brussels, thanks to the "Free Federation, " the mutualists covered their medical fees by the means of a fixed expense of S().."50 a year per participating member, while at Paris the average of these fees is 80. 4fJ per active niomber, and it is 80.50 for the whole of France. With I'egard to pharmaceutical fees, which average jier participating member §0.88 at Paris and SO.fiT for all France, they are conqdetely suppressed at Brussels, Liege and Verviers, thanks to the establishment of the "Popular Druggei-ies."* The study of these institutions is the duty of" Canadian Mutual Aid Societies. " 111 Italy, the "Mutual Aid Societies'" are numerous and prosperous; they have given birth to various institutions, and from some among them have arisen j^opular banks, mutual assurance companies, building societies, kc. A largo number of European 3Iiitiiiil Aid Societies accord their members other advantages than assistance in ease of sickness. Some have established libraries and professional lectures; others registry offices; a few assist embarrassed tenants, and never abandon either their unfortunate members or the young orphans they may leave after them. (Page 22G). The European societies have a strong tendency of attracting towards themselves the mothers and ehildren. The moral and financial results obtained by this special recruitment are very satisfactory. Some societies, that of " Instituteurs des Basses Pyr^nt5cs " (page 223), for example, assure the member's whole family, and the subdivision of relief is made annually and by family. This system, as we can easily understand, may cause some disapiioiiilments at the subdivision, cspeciall}' as it docs not pei-mit of the creation of any capital, any reserve fund, and of that a memlier having paid his assess- ment during many years, may, in a year of epidemic, for example, not obtain the assistance that his previous payments have permitted him to hope for. The Ward societies (page 22(5) are eminently suited for large cities. This system is .nlso in vigorous operation in some Canadian cities, possessing societies having a central office and ward branches. *Tlie "Poi)\il;iiI)nitrgcii»'s'" are oiKjix-rati ve societies, of vliicii tlu' "Mutual Aid S(Kiftip.s"ivro .lewliare- lidldcrs. TIr'hc last pay a tixid fee of ^i.OO per society, and a sul)scii|)tioii of sO.Iill per active iiieinlHT ; the paid-n|i capital receives interest at 4 p' r cent. At tlie end of cacli six luontlis tlie participating; socie- ties receive an invoice of tlie ini'dicines fnrnislied to tlieir niemliers, and slioidd pay the amount. The '•f'opular f Iruf^Reries" also sell to tlie jmhlie, and realize from tliis source c-onsideraMe jiroHts. In ISSS the affiliated societies, tlianks to tile profits realized, received gratuitously, tlie medicines furnislied to tlieir nieniliers, and received liesides a lionusof '2U per cent, of tlie amount of their purchases of these nu'di- ciiies. At ISnissels, for examiile, tlie net profits realized by the " fojiular Dniffgeries" amounted to.^lO.SIi.S ; till' medicines furnished to the members amounted to .SS,S!t8, which gave a profit on the year of si 'J70.00 independent of the gratuity of the nudicincs. At Verviers the results are still more remarkable. xlix Tlio wocu'tii's liavf iiol jill udopiiMl tlic saino priiieiplo in tlio miiltor of assossnKMil ; wi' havo rcpiDiliicud, in tlio cloruiniMitary |)urti(iii of iliiw ii'pDrt (pa^os 217 to -2.S), till) types of tlie ilill'oient syHtoniH in aclivo 0])orati()n. On tlio other haiui, all tho Mocietios, siive one, reduce and suppresH tho u-swiHtance thoy accord to their Hick at ihe Olid of a more or less loneeiiniary aid which it accords to its sick in proportion as tlio malady is prolonged. This gradation in importance of the aid, is e(piitablo and cliaritablo. The otloets of sickness of a short duration may easily he supported hy tho suf- foiei' without great sacrifice .of money. The family is in possession of all its moral and physical foices, and tho economies, even credit, supplomented Ity a small pecu- niary indemnity, are sulHcient to onahle them to meet expenses, (^uite otherwise is tho situation of tli(^ family whoso bread-winner is bedridden for six months, tho extreme term accorded foi' assistance in cash. The Mippression of this aiil occuirsjust at tho most ciitical moment, when tho supplies are eaten, credit gone, the tamily prostrated by vigils and anxiety, and loss capable to proi'uco tiie necessary effort to make up by their labor, if possible, the wages lost by tho head of the family. The unfortunate position of workingmen's families overtaken by sickness, and the anomaly of the distribution of aid in cash, diminished or suppressed when thev become the most necessary, has not failed to attract the attention of certain em- ployers and a good number of Kuropean mutualists. These last, to remedy the evil, have created Banks of Reassurance; some of the lirst named have created Provident Banks. in this manner, the Provident Bank of the liaison Piat (-ill') pays the sick members of the Mutual Aid Society, indemnities augmenting in pr')portion to the diminution of the indemnities paid by this last. In the liaison Ddberny, (page 40) the aiy Messrs. Waddington tV Co. (page 428), (.dassify their maladies by categories and allow ditt'erent indemnilies according to the category — that is to say, according to the gravity of the malady. In accordance with an article of its by-laws, this society, on the advice of tho il'ictor, allows a nurse to its bedridden members. This most humanitarian course, Avliieh is also found in the by-laws of other societies, should bo adopted in the con- stitutions of all Mutual Societies. Far from being a charge, this outlay, in augment- ing the chances of recovery and by producing them, is transformed into an economy. Kvcn if this expense augmented the charges of these societies, nothing coul .. 70 'lo .. -so fio .. *Up to a 11 i>niilit\ iiKir talit^v at "I'PI icatioii riu' tiir li It would 1)0 (litYicult to inako u cDinplotc ami alisoliite ciiiDpai ison ot'tiio advaii- ta^t'M oII'itimI by the ditft-nMit, Hocidirs of tlio types t'it('(l in lids roport, tin' assoHs- iiicntrt and tin- tiiiios ot c-iijoymoiit o|" llui poiision bi-iiig ilill'i-roiit. It is, liowovcr, pos- sililu to oslaMisli a coin|>aris<>ii bulwoeii the twu inslitutioiiM granting ihu HinalloHt and tho largest pension Amount of Retirhuj Pensions granti'd for an Annual Deposit of $12, made from 2r» i/mrs of aye, at alieneted Capitol. Aki' when |)i'n!iii'(l. SOyeni's $ .'Wl.liS 55 do 58.51 60 do M7.40 KclKiiiii N'atiiiiml Ki'fUfli Niitioiml 230tli SiK'it-ty I'i'liNiciii l''iiiirlH, I'ciiNiDii KiimiIm. di^K'' 2'>!))- 8 4(i.2!> 74.44 12:{.24 « 12!t.fiO 21(;.40 :{72.7(» 05 do 172.30 21(J.24 CSS.KI These considoniblo ditloroncos, for tho same deposit, are the result of tho basiH adopteil by diflbrent institutions — that is, the mortality tables which each makes uae of, and the rate of capitalized interest which they grant. The tables and rates are 4VS follows : — Half of Mortulity Tiilili> liitiTCHt UHfd. jfrantfcl. Belgian National Pension Bank Qnetelet 3 p. c. *French do do Special table 4 p. c. 2H0tb Society for assist.mco to old ago Duvillard 5 p. c. To fully api)reciato the intiuonco of the tables of mortality, it is sufficient to cite some of thoir tigures. Comparison of the Rate of Mortality. Ages. Qui'tflft ^Pal.!.'. Di'parficnx Tal.l.' 300 0-7!t Oils 1-Oil 1(K) 1 72 2 SO 012 14 40 Fmidi Tab!.. C.K. l)iivillai'd Tal.i.'. 4 02 O.-iO ir>o lOil 2 20 3-32 5-30 !»13 070 0-20 75 071 080 in 2-00 5 71 13 54 4 In 10 do :>o do 070 1 17 ;«i do 1-54 40 do r8!> r>o do 2r>!t lio do 4 :^) 70 do S 13 so do 1070 •up to 1888 the French AdniiniHtration made use of Deparcieux's tal)le. In 1888 tiiey replaced it witii a mortality talile rcHultinjf from the ex|HTiencc also (if the National I'eiiHion Fund. 'I hi« table pive.-* a iiicirtality at a slower rate than that of Deiiaroieux. and i.s nearly similar to tiie Enjflisli table Hmk. Itn :i|ipli(ation has thus the effect of reducinjf the amounts of iieiisioiis. Tile tariffs pulilished on pages 'l',V) to 238 are calculated from this new table, called Table C. R, 20— Di Hi Probable or Average Life-time accordimj to Tables of- Ciucti'li •t (i«r>(i.) 1). piircit ux (1710.) Ages. — — Yearn. MolltllM. Y earn. M ontliH. 8 vt'iir.s 40 7 iV) 4 10 ck. 44 3 .M 10 20 do 37 .31 W 44 3t> •) ;w do 10 40 d 3 4 DuviU. ird (180U.) Years. MontliH. 4:. 42 2!) t) 23 1 l(i 10 11 2 (i 1 3 5 AiiKTioaii (IHCS.) Years. Moiitlis. 48 •1 42 2 ;c> 4 L'S •> 20 11 14 1 s (i 4 4 The tables generally used by the European assurance companies (except in England) are those of Deparcieux and Duvillard. That of Duviilard, of which the mortality is the most rapid, is used in case of insurance payable at death, as it calls for a liighci- proniiiiin : and Ihatof Doparcicux, of which the mortality is slowest, is applied to life pensions, in order to reduce tlie amounts of aniiuitios payable. In using Duvillard's table, the 2:50th Society did not forgot tjiat it based its operations on a too rapid scale ot mortality.* To this increase in the rate of mi)rtality. the 230lh Society adds, to raise the amount of ju'nsion, a capitalized interest of .") ])ercent., whilst the J3elgian and French pension baidvs grant but 15 and 4 per cent, respectively. With a capital producing scarcely 4 per cent, it is dilticult to understand this capitalization at 5 per ci-iit. The Report of the Commission of Enquiry on Pensions of the 2!>(Hh Society Justitii's it whilst naming tiie si:< economic clauses permitting this interest. Five of these reasons are as just as equitable ; the tirst only is ques- tionable, as c-an be easily seen : 1st. A pi.'ition of the sums left by those whose names are struck out, and those who have resigned (the other portion is employed in disposing of charges made from the use of the Diivilliird table). The names struck out and resignations arc numerous, as may be judged from the e.xtract on the fluctuation of the roll, published in the IJepoi t of tjie Boai"d of ^lanagement, dated Januaiy 1, IHSl): Statement, 3lsi December, 1888. Participating members 21,441 Supplcinentaiy inscrijitions t>,857 Honorary members 241 Total 28,539 Pensioned members 1,800 30,339 * Circular \o. 2(i.--I{t'iK>rt of tlu; Commission of Enquiry ijito Pensions. (I'age 4.) Th 2r)0), M- contrar The c) must be m, ceivod ill \ «i,27o of the members of the Commercial Provident Society thus expressed himself in the General Assembly of 1888, in regard to these cancellations : — " I cannot sincerely ratify this decision, and am conscientiously opposed to it. There may be found among names erased those of persons unable tojiay their assess- ments from want of employment or infirmities, and this is why I cannot approve a measure which seems to mo inhuman, anil contrary to the object of the Cominercial Provident Society." The Mutual Procident Retiring Society of Reims (page 2G1), was instituted by a workman, Mr. Lesage, who alono, without assistance, created in his city a com- plete system — mutual, cooptu'ative and provident. The financial principles of this association are simple, give good results, and assure a reasonable pension ; but that which is most remarkable in this society is the exoneration fund (page 2(^2) not existing in any other society, and ])ermitting tho father of a family to insure, from its birth, a retiring pension for his child. The Fraternal Association of Emjyloyees in French Railroad Companies, and the Pension Fund of Workmen, under the jiatronage of the Municipal Council of the City of Sedan, have adojited principles less egotistical than those followed by other asso- ciations. These two societies have extended to the whole family the benefits arising from economy, while in other societies tho ])ension ceases on the death of the incumbent. This last system is bad. for the widow or the children of a pensioner, whoso per.sion was not revertible, will fin(i themselves in a situation more precarious than they would be if the head of the family had not been a member of a provident society, as tho ileposits paid in are lost. We cannot help objecting to the egotism which prompts men to insure onl}' their ease and requirements, whilst the family which is called upon to support part of the sacrifices necessary to create this insurance are ju'evonted from ]>artici|)ating in its profits. The Grain de BU, a vcvy prosperous society, and whose organization merits the consideration of Canadian mutual society members, grants also certain a(' ...itages to the widows of deceased members (page 258). Considerable mention has been niaile, for some time past, of a pension fund ol recent creation, which, in the opinion of its founders, should aid in exiinguishini:- pauperism, and assure to the laboring man a pension at the period when his sti'oiigtii is exhausted. This society bears the name of " The Providents for the futuie " (page 241). It is conceived in a liber.'d spirit, and could be fruitful in good results, but it^ financial system cannot be approved. The disillusions which many pensioners will experience when entering upoi. enjoyment of pension should then, we fear, have tho effect of turning away many young workmen from provident societies. Th 1882, hi capital the sur^ teres I of by Mr. At eslabjisl Thv ^'■ovicloii '•anceiljii tliepeiisi. —1.") yea I This >inco its Iv the Here is the opinion of a iiiathoinatician, Mr. Josojili Bertra'.ul, («ef'i'etarv of tho Acadoni}' of Scienfos, on (lie tinaiiciiil system of this society: — " The consequences of this combination is the enormous amount of advantages to till- first subscribers. Take, tor example, the society at its orii,'in, and suppose it to be coinposod of 1.000 nuMnbors of 15 years of ai^e: Each one of them (h'posits (lurinu: 20 years a sum of S2.40 annually, or $48.00 for those wiio attain the age of 3,(jO, and at last, the progi'css of tho society being supposed t^j be regular, to 82.80 for the fortieth j-ear. Such are tho evil effects of the constitution.'" The deductions of this learned academician are certainly under the I'cality. It is sufficient proof hereof to read the official figures published i)y tlie Society: — Mi'inlx'vs. Capitiil. On January 1, 1882 7o7 8 1,;543 188:i 1,432 4,T;{8 1884 3,70!) 13,092 1885 8.080 c5.143 1880 15,008 72.212 1887 25,078 134,053 18S8 47,400 253,372 1889 74,301 437,G0!t On August 1, 1889 94,448 598,085 Thus in Augu.st, 1889, each one of these 757* founders, or members enrolled in 1882, had, in 1887, deposited $20.40. while the interest at 4 per cent, on the bank capital, assured ali'eady, to every one of tiiem, a dividend equal to 831.00. In 1902, the survivors of these 757 members of 1882 would btive to divide among them the in- terest of a considerable capital, and the dividends would be much above 8200, as fixed by ^[r. J. Bertrand. At all events it was so understood bj' the founders of a concurrent society established in France: La France pr^vojjatite (Ytage 2H)). The founders of this society have adopted the sj'stem of division used in, "The Providcnts for the future " ; but in oi'ilerto invite subscriptions, thov have sujipressed cancellations, fixed the fluration of prvmiums at 15 years, instead of 20, and limited tlii'pensions to 8400. So that, for the surviving founders after the period for deposits — 15 years — the first dividend may amount to $400, for a total payment of $30.00. This society has had quite as much success at its ju'cdeces^oi'. We give its record since its foundation : — Veil'-. Mi'iiilirls. Sliirt's. ("ii|iit;il. 1886 500 1.250 $1,073 1887 ."5.109 8.700 12,997 1888 0,430 14,313 32,848 Ivi Rcpre*inl »^ already in 1888, tor each founder's Hhare, a diviilend of $10.50, for a total ])ay riij , of S7.20. It was H'ycessary to dwell at some length on these several combinations; to show the advantages and utility of some, and the dangers of the others. The work- ing classes, who are not very fDmiliar with tinancial (|ueslions, are easily dazzled by promises based on theories the value of which they cannot very well appreciate, more especially when those theories are backed by the capital of the promoters who are in a jiositioii to profit by their own schema. Life and Accident Insurance. Life. — Of all classes of society, worknen and minor employees, who should, above all others, derive benefit from the advantages of life insurance, profit the least from them. Why? It is certainly not because they do not appreciate their iisefulnese; for a long time past, the truth of the scientific principle on ^vhich lite insurance is based has lieen recognized and admitted, even by those Avho do not understand it ; and it is not mistrust which keeps employees from insuring. The employee seldom or never insures, because he cannot pay the high pre- miums demanded b^' the companies, and besides, ho cannot engage to pay them at the dates rigourously fixed for their falling due. Life insurance companies have established their tariffs to suit a rich class of customers, or enjoying at least a certain competence. These tarifis allow an extra premium, which is returned to the insurer in the shape of benefits; an extra charge easily borne by the usual class of customers, but which, added to the general cxpenses> bring up the price of premiums to a rate inaccessible to workmen. The obligation to pay premiums at fixed periods is again one of the reasons which keej) workmen from insuring ; the sums placed aside with difficulty to meet the premiums, being often, between the maturity of each, absorbed by untbreseen expenses, or employed in providing for the family duiinga stoppage of employment. Life insurance also on the workman constitutes what is called a " bad risk," on account of the hygienic conditions under which he lives, and the accidents to v,'hich he is exposed at his work. Life insurance on the workman can thus only be ettccted by a company specially founded in view of it, having tariffs established according to the risks to be taken, and collecting the premiums in weekly payments. The Prudential, an English company, is, perhaps, the most perfect type of this class of insurance. It insures workmen by premiums varying from 2 cents to 25 cents weekly, and counts to-day more than 5,000,000 persons insured, representing risks amounting to $230,000, or an average of §4() per each jjolicy, which is, it must be admitted, insufficient to place the family above want. The danger to these com- panies ot' petty insurance is, that to atti-act customers and receive weekly premiums, they must undergo considerables expense, which must be provided fc when e^tab- lishing tarirt's, and results in that, for a fixed premium, the employee receives a policy which is of much less value than that granted, for the same premium, when insuring in companies whose customers are recruited from other classes of society. ■'1 iiicnibei •>'■') ceiii- which ,s Ivii This question of potty insurance, as it is called, has received the iit^^ontion of moro.than one government; and, as far as 18G-i, ^Ir. Gladstone presented, a'lil had voted on by the British Parliament, a law creating a State life insurance, gra:iting policies the ; laximums of which was $500. • The operations of this State insurance have always been limited enough, but it has fultillod its intended role, remedying the frauds or imprudences of^frioulli/ societies of the time, of which 2(59 out of 283, founded from 1H50 to 1800, have I'ailed. The Government of New Zealand has exceeded the limit.s fixed by the English Government, and has establisli . under the control, and with the guarantee of the State, an actual Life Insurance Company, in good operation, accepting all risks with- out ii maximum, and granting profits, whilst charging a i-ate of premium much lower than that demanded by ordinary companies (page 271.) In France, the Gcvernraent established, in 1808, an " Insurance in case of death " (pages 205 to 208), the maximum of sums insured on one person being 8')00. This law (Article 7) grants considerable advantages to approved mutual benevolent societies; it permits them to grant insurances called collective, contracted for one year only by a special tarilf. The mutual benevolent society of the establishment of Kedouly 'iiS. is an actual encouragement, a prize in reality, granted to the mutual benevo- lent societies. The following extract from the official report on the operations of muinal benevolent societies furnishes sufficient proof of 't : — " The law of July 11, 1808, which permits, by Article 11, approvei $1,012, the pi-dfit of whicli il deprives itself. However, the Typoifraphical Society gi-anta from its funds SIC on each death. (10 ■ l(5=8!t<)0. The surplus of .?!I6(I over S')1.S is $ 142, which it can niaiie available in paying premiums of insurance. Thus, .§ 1,042 of profits of which it is assured on the one part, and §442 wiiich it pays in addition to the premiums of insurance on the othfr, consiitute a loss of 81,042 ; 442=81,484 per annum.* Accidents. — All comment is su[ierthiou.s (jn the (piestion of accidents during work after the report containing the remarkable communications which Messrs N. Di-oz, O. Keller and E. Cheysson have presented to the Congress on accidents inherent to lal)()r. AVo will content ourselves with reniiirking (ho consideraidc ilimiuution in the nunilier of accidents in workshops forming part of the '' Association for prevention of Accidents," anpecial remark, except the tendency which they exhibit to emjtloy the savings of workmen for the ])rotit of the workmen. The Italian savings l)anks are also remarkable from this point of view. In France, some savings banks employ with success a portion of their reserve fund in the constiMiclion of woi-kmen's dwellings. (Page 27lt'-respect or liberty' on the part of the workman, and notwithstanding this, often repulsed or des- pised by the latter. Cooperation. Section II. — Cooperative productive societies. Section IX. — Cooperative consumers' associations. Section X. — Cooperative credit associations. An«'Conomist-'= has defined cooperation as: — " An association of persons with a view of evading the deductions causetl by intermediaries." " The aim of cooperation, adds the author, is to reduce the number of middlemen to the minimum ; to m;dce the workers tiieir own purveyors, and thus retain the major part of the product of their labor. To this end it says of them: "Asso- ciate youi'selves, produce, buy, borrow conjointly, and divide among yourselves these purchases and loans. You will no longer liave to pay for the servici's of the con- tractor, the merchant and the banker. Hence arise the three great divisions of co- opei'ation — the coo|)eration of production, the cooperation of consumption, and the (■ooj)eration of credit." What is remarkable in putting this tht'ory in ])ractice is, that the first three euuntries doing so have chosen one of three kinds, developing it almost to the detri- ment of the other two. * Wnrkiiii'ii's civitit (irKiinii'.iitinn, liv ^[. L. Hinnnux. England has o-itablishod conHumora' cooperative Hocieties ; Gormany societies of mutual credit, and France coQ])erative productive societies. This division of the ♦lifferent hrantdies of coopr ration in jjot due to chance, or to the preference wliicii one or the otlicr country gives to one of thcHe systems, Imt to industrial condition of the country. In Knjjjlaml, the impetus given to industiy, the ci-eation of largo companies, the abundance of money, render useless all contention with capital, and the laboring classes, renouncing the idea of bettering their condition by participat- ing in the profits of production, leagued themselves together to suppress the profits which tlu; middlemen collected I'rom consumers, by abolishing Hie miildK-men them- selves. They established the consumers' coopei'ative societies. In (iormany, money being less plentiful, and consequently less powerful than in England, the large manufactories were less develojjed, the workmen were independ- ent — working for the most jiart at homo with theii' families — and thei'e were more petty employers and contractors than salaried employees. That which was lacking was not the capital, but the credit permitting them to buy material at favorable rates to finish their work, and wait for the proceeds, without having recourse to the usurer. From these I'cquiremenfs there arose the establishment of mutual credit associations and people's banks. In France the working classes tried to establish cooperative productive societies, Avith a view of thus finding a means to free tbe workman from the master and sup- press the wages' system. Consumers' Cooperative Societies. The history of these associations, their success in England, the facility with which the}' can bo established, developed and maintained in operation, are facts too well known to requiie description. With the e.Kample of these flourishing societies existing in Europe, in all the gi-eat centres, we may well be surprised at the want of success of the majority of consumers' societies founded in Canada, and their almost entire disappeai-ance. Cooperative consumers' societies are as flourishing in France, in Italy, in tror- niany as in England, although less numerous, less rich and less powerful. They arc just beginning Two points are necessaiy to their success: a fair working Capital, easily formed, and a good administration, confided to a manager expei'ienced and honest. With these two elements of success, Canadian workmen would succeed like their European comrades in reducing their expenses, this reduction being equivalent to an increase of salary. Cooperative Credit Associations. Germany is the cradle of mutual credit societies. The first of these was estab- li.shed at Dolitsh in 185(1, by Mr. Schuize, whom his fellow-countrymen justly esteem as one of their greatest men. The popular banks of German}' only make advances to their shareholders, and owe their success to the adoption of the principle of the absolute responsibility of shareholders, a principle borrowed from the banks of Scotland, and the facilities granted to all respectable people to become shareholders. Ixi ler- are pittil, and like alont jst all- deem and ty of lities To Loeoinu a .sliiiroholiU'r it is only nocossaiy to sijLi;n iIk' statutes, and bo accepted tiv a committee of rtdmisMJoii. Once admitted, tlie now moniher becomes entitled to all the riglilH, on payiniC an t-nt ranee fee of 1 tliaU-r (74 cents) in one or several terms, and a subscription of 40 tliaU-rw, which may Ik; made in monthly paymentsof ."» >illier/^ros (lli cents).-'- This is an accession not only to the capital, but to all the advantatfes wh."'- e^.. lie iiiitainod from it, placed in the possession of those with the most limited means. The capital of these popular banks is formed by the accumulation of assets gradually collected by th*' members themselves, and by borrowed capital assumed (111 conunon er<'(lit and common guarantee. It is the capital thus Ibrmcil, partly by the savings of tlie shareholders, and partly by the guarantees offered to the c(dlective responsibility, which permits workmen ami small i)roducers to obtain the credit which thev need without haviny; to pay ton high a I'ate for it. The advantages of such a system are easily recognized. To complete it, Mr. Schulze established at Weimar a Central Aijency charged wit h the grnii])ingof infoi-matioii. the assistance of new sucietie>, and of creating a nucleus of establi.-hment. In 18(J1 he founded 14 Provincial Unions, to serve as intermediaries between the central agency and the banks, and transformed, in 18G4, the agency into tho Federation of German Cooperatives. Finally ho founded, in 18G4, a Central Bank. Subsftintially assisted by the German ttovernment, which passed a law, in 18(17, regulating the indefinite variation of capital, the mimber of members, the responsi- liility tor the contraction of debts (but with calls |)roportionate to tho bonuses of members), and the diminution of fiscal charges, these banks multiplied rapidly. On January 1, 1888, theie were in Germany 2,200 popular baidvs, numbering more than a million of shareholders ; 886 of these banks furnished a rej)ort of their condition to the Iv'furl Congi'oss (1888), and one can form an idea of the importance, the extent of these condiinations of petty savings, by the tigures given by these 886 banks : Statement of Position of 886 German Popular Jicnks in IS.-.! I. 1SS7. Xumber of shareholders 18.t;T(; 4.')t;,27<5 Advances to shareholders $!;!,(li;i,41U 83'jr),Ur)S,T27 lieserves 22.8:)(J r).!)88,523 Deposits 751.47!' 10r),49!»,'J40 And this refers to only 886 banks among 2,2(10. Schulze-Delitsch's work had been imitated in Italy-'' and in Belgium with these moditieations ; that tho uidimited liability had been rejilaced by a more or less limited liability, and that the shaie- liolders could subscribe for more than one share. Statutfs of tile Ci-fdit Sdciity of I)i'lil.-li. ' Tlic inoiiiotcis of iliiliiiii |Mi|iiil:ir liiiuks ;iKv;iv>- |iiiiftHMcl tln'iiisclvi's to lie disoiplis lunl iniitutois of Siliiil/.f : till' liy-liiw> of the imi|pu1:ii' Imiik of Milan. |>a^ri' ;<1H, :iri' tlif saiiif lis tliility of tlic sharcholilii' i-^ liiiiitiTl to iIm' aiiioiiiit of lii.s sliari'S. Ixii ThoHO modifications dill not interforo witii lln- dovelopnicnt of tlif fJorman ai)k» — quite tlio revorso; hut tliey will, Mooncr'or Intor, dispiive them oflhoir popiihir charactor, and will injure their credit, il'in the event of any crisis tlu! limited liahility pi-ovc iiisulHcient to sceure from loss (he creditors of the first hank that may sus|)end paynuMit. In a reniarkahle i-eport, made ut a congress itf French popular hanks, held at Marseilles in iSSlt^ yi. II. G. Kostraud deserihed, as follows, the principles on which aro^based the orjranization of hanks of the Schulzo type, and the results produced hy Huch institutions. Fundamental principles. " 1. The \vaiu;os of the manual laborer furnishes, whalcver may he saiil to the con- trary, and if he courai^eously wills it, once that his lei^itimate expenses arc satistied, n surplus, whi(di, hy savini:;s and fructiticaiion of savings, enaldes him to accumulate a capital, resulting in the improvement of Ins material condition hy hetler living, and his moral condition hy gi-eater dignit}', intlcpemlencc and mental culture. " 2. Molality, lahor, skill, form a spiritual ca])ital, hut a sure and safe one — the aim is to hring it out : '' ;{. The tool required is association, mutual lud|), coopei'ation, iiorrovving, the security tor which is the wage, the ))artuers retaiiung for themselves the profits arising from the transactions they engage in. ' . To raise themselves in this iminner. the manual laborers should lely U])on themselves alone, and hind together equal associations that the coo])eration nuiy recruit. '• Economic Results — In 18S7, 1 find in 88G Schuize lianks (and therif are numy more, as we shall see) $120,000,000 of current accounts — more than is shown by the balance sheet of the Baidi of Fiance on 25th April last. It is therefore an immense extension of credit placed at the disposal of the humblest class, the economical edu- cation of pool- people hy personal experience, that nothing can replace — afecundalion by a thousand rivulets of productive forces. '' Moral Results — In tne iSchulze banks, the noble acceptance of union has raised the average morality of artisans, of cultivators, of small employers, has rendered them prompt in the fulfilment of their engagements. A constant appeal has multi- plied savings; the demand on individual energy has accustomed each one to rely upon himself alone, to act, not to wait on .State providence, or to indulge in idle dreams. J?y the EaitVeisen Hanks, ties of attachmcni and esteem have brought together the rich agriculturists and the paysans in the commune. A Hungarian deputy in a trip through the valley of the llhine, speaking of these institutions, has declared that they had " revealed to him a new world of Christian fraternit}' and peace." " Social Results. — If I consult the most recent statistics of the Scliuize banks I discover the following classification of members: — 20 per cent, of cultivators, for- esters, tishermen, gardeners, 3 per cent, of their workmen: 29 per cent, of small employers, 48 per cent, laborers of small inilustries, 05 per cent, merchants, 5 per cent, cariiagemakers, sailors, hotel-keepers, coffee-house keepers, 2 per cent, employees in post-ofHces, telegraphs and railroads. The shareholders consist, therefore, nearly all of the lowest class of wage-earners, to whom is afforded a constant opportunity of becoming emjiloyers. It is not a question of transforming the social organization, but of reducing its inecpialities. Besides, it is quite evident the union, bred of these associations, is an active agent in consolidating the union of class>. . Finally, and above all, they are opposed to " collcctiviste" tendencies, which would cause the world to return to its primary condition — a very active element in individual development." (Ici'eil iiiiilti- ) I'elv inks I s, ior- Miiall .") per loyees nearly tunity ^.ation, tlie!r ilijiii tiiiaiicial -^oficties, to wliidi tlu' "t"r(5dit iniitiU'l ol )Mi|iiilaii-f " of l*ariK (pauo I 3(1') ) very nearly ai)pi'()aelu's. 'I'liese baiiUs aro also eslalilislied in Italy. There is a type ofinutiial assistanee, of'aid atlorded liy those posH'.xsinjf an over- ;iliundan('e to tlio.se who laelc means, whicii i« niosl i-oinarl. IJailloisen was iiosseHsed of anotiier idea — mutual assislinico, tiie love doserihed hy the evan^elirtt, patr iniiffe. In his view the popular banks aro not ordinary assoeiations; they aro -ocial works, Tlie dividend, the jjrotit, is oliminateii. The ditferenee is jtrofouiid. There is somethinjf wlueh, in certain aspeets, i-ecalls the onter]ii'i>e in France ot'lhe noble I'. Luilovic do Hresse. " Patronage in rural life is its oi'iifin. Tlie Kaitl'eiseii banks lend to cultivators to enaiile them to purcdiase their seeil i^'rain at wholesah', cattle, aifrieullural insti-ii- inonts, the constnu'tion of buildinifs. It is undei'stood that in country life sueli institutions aro more easily develojied. They are, above all, aiciicultural banks of mutual credit, and they wore establiHlied in the valley of the Uhine. This is why tliey are sometimes styled the Schuize country banks. •'As regar|Mity, ;iOtfi May, 1K4S. I )ii rcc iif till' Xatimial Asscnilify of .")tli •Inly, 1S4S, in fiivor of ii.ssociiitions Ix'twi'iii \vor]a(jt' lOit. is Hllfl they tioii I iiavo siipcri selvc' Ixv iMHiiflli'iiiit to cover tlio <'y tho (icncial AssemMy. We have i'Usei'tcil in our hydaws a clause that makes a chani;o of managci' very dillicult ; for the chan^^e of nianaiioinent is the dan^'or in all societies. The manay;er can bo displacoil only by a mectinjj; com]K)scd of nt least two-thirds of the members of the society, by a majoi-ity of two-thirds of the vote. Wo were subjected als(> lo somo roui,di liandlini.;. but this soon calmed ilown, thaidcs to the above clause and tho council of administraiion ; ton pcrsidis a^'i'cc bettor than three hundi'cd who commence Bhouting and end by UKikintj fools of themselves. '•The council of adnnnisl rat ion is oloctt^l tor three yeai'S. It is renewable by thirds; there remain^., accordinii'ly, always some of tlu^ild stock. The manaiicr is elected for life, so to speak, considering' the conditions rc([uircd to displace him. '• The Presideiit : — Therefore the manager roiyns and governs ? — Ves, it is simply an autocratic Jio|iublic. "The ['resident: — Do you tind it satisfactory? — Yes, since, in short, it is the only possible course. This is why wo exist. iV-ojilo who havo money to spt^nd are not au.\ious to seek for anarchists.'' This was to abandon the principles adopted by certain schools, and consequently, to raise tho animosity of their adepts. The cooperative societies of production, in adopting different modes of assess- ment, ditt'erent systems of cooperation, and often rules for their workshop of a severity exceeding that of other workshops rendered themselves obnoxious to criticism and very often justified the attacks to which they exposed themselves. Tho cooperative societies of production lack that unity of principle, of plan and idea, which presided at the foundation of cooperative societies of credit and con- sumption. In studying the bydaws of tlieso societies, we search in vain for the jiarciit idea whence they issued. Some, forgetting that they are cooperations of workmen, divide their profits on a pui-ely financial basis; othoi's overlook, with tho 20— E Ixvi objf'ci of prott ction, (lio frooilom of l:il)or riul forbid duriiiii; ii ctTtimi iiuimIkm' of 3'oars, niulcr sovoro poimlties, to their resigned or excliidoil mombors, to work sit tboir trado ;is oiuployor or piirtue •. Soino, scoridii!'; capital, accord uniform divi- donds to shareholders who work, as well as to those who do not, and that without re^ijnrd to the capital paid uj). Others, on the other hand, accord to capital a greater shnro than to labor, or sujjprossing the dividends pay to the partners oidy their simple wages, and apj)!y their jtrotits to (ho increase of the collective property. Finally, we tlnd among them those who, scorning the principicvs they profess, refuse to admit their auxiliary workmen to a share of theii- profits. Some of these societies have raised, by their workshop I'ules, more animosity tlian the hardesl employers. We can easUy understand this hos(ilit\-on I'cadingsome of the ruies published in this repo'-t rules, the application of whi( h will cause daily strikes in Canada. The few cooperative societies, established in the United States, those of Massacliusetts, for examole, have nothing cooperative but the name. They are stock companies, of which tiie shares are partly or wholly held by (he workmen, but divide theii profits, in the shape of a dividenil on the capital, excluding the labor from such repartition, exactly the same as done by societies of capitalists. This tendency of cooperators not to treat i xiliai-ies according to the principles they profess, seems to be general. Thus, when, in England, the workmen in the cooperative manufactories of " Wholesale Stoi'es," of the cooperative societies of consumption demanded, in virtue of the fundamental principles of these societies, that they divide the ordinary ])rotits, realised on ihe manufacture, the " Wholesale Stores " opposed it, albging (bat (he nianufactoricL worked on the common capital, and that, besides, the workmen had nr right to the profile, these ])ro(its being made, not by workmen, but by the consumers. It is the old (heory of (he middlemen, adopted by (he very nun who declared (hem- selves their adversaries. ^Notwithstanding their economical errors, we must not condemn (he cooperadve societies of j)iodnc(ion, especially those who treat their auxiliaiy worknuui as (hey treat their own members. Some of them have succoetlcd in imjtroving (lu^ condKion of their momboi's, and in giving the workmen examples t)(' indepeni!eni'(>, of courage and perseverance, wiiilc teaeiiing tlieui how tliey can create a capital witliou( odier I'csoui'ccs than fii(uio; i( alone may ln'ingcom- ]>lete soc'ul peace, l-or this reason it must not l.e compromised. J''very unsuccessful effort diverts the '.*rorkman from the object he seeks to obtain; they must not there- fore bo incited or urged (o (ly (heir s(rength in this direction before (hey are ready for the contest, and (hey will no( be ready until (he day when (hey have found (he fixeil and stable basis for cooperation in production as they had been jstahlishcd for cooperation 'M consumption and credit. Until then workmen will do better todirect their efforts (o arrive, when is possible, at the jiarficipation of profits, much broader and much moi'c couitabic (ban most of the systems I'ollowed bj* coojtei'ative sociedes. ;mil wiiii'li will k'lul (lieiu with inoi'e or lc;<.s ilolay t > tiio voritablo cooporation of worUiiioii. jloro, iiovoftlioloss, is tlio opinion on the question by the manajjjor of ono of ilii' most im|)()rtant cooporalivo societies, that of ''The Spoctaclo Makers:" "The moment yon l)oc'orne of nuMnl>or of (his association of vai'ialile capital and momhership, you really are, by the interest derived from it, and tiie pi>- tenants of small lodgings are no better Imlgcd in the large (Canadian cities. At Montreal oidy l-l'DT persons die per 1.000 in the rich ward of Si. Antoine, while in the workmen's quarters of Sle. Marie and St. (ialuii'l the mortality is IJC-.'iS .md lOnC jter I,0OO='=='=='-. Tn Kngland the average leiigtii of life among the rich class is ;"):> yejirs ; it is 11 yours for the general ]topu- 1; (inn :iiid 20^ years only for the laboi'ing class.* It is estimated in I'^ranee and in I'lnglaml, the loss in wages, e\pen>es in treal- mcnl and fmiiM'.'d and iiiaintenance of widows and oriihans, that I'esults from |iieiiialiiri' deaths of workmen caused by unhealthy lodgings, amoiinl to over $100,000,000 annually in each ot these counlrios.** *•• l{..|».tl (,f Dr. Lal«'lK'' ISS',1. »Tlic MctropnlilMii, No. TM. ** HiMii' il IIvKiciic, iia^rt' 7l>r>. 20-K^ Ixviu Tliis fiLTuro is certainly not exaggerated, in view of the facts established by recent ofliciai enquiries. At London, for oxuinpie, tlie cMKiuiry revealed that among tliopooi", the family, in tlio majority of cases, live in one room. Tliey found liouscs of six rooms occupied 1)3' six families, and as many as eight persons lived in tho same room. In Ilambury street, Spitalfields 63 persons lived in a house of nine rooms. At (Jlasifow, ISO, ()()() porsons lived in 40,00(1 lodgings of one room. At Dundee, 22,877 jjcrsons in 8,221 rooms ; at Dublin, they found 1,071: families occupying 175 houses containing 1,48'{ rooms. ^ In France, in 18S1, 219,270 houses occupied, acconling to deputy Martin Xudaud, by 1,;')00,000 persons, had no windows. At Paris, 39,ti00 poor families, forming a populati(m of 100,000 souls, had but one room for each families. At Brussels, one-third of workmen's households live in one I'oom. At >St. Petersburgh, 75,055 persons live in 10,505 rooms. They found as many as 50 tenants in the same ro(jm. In 1880, at Berlin, in 3,230 lodgings they could not have a tire ; they sheltered 10,000 persons ; in 127,500 lodgings of one room, hariioring 478,000 jieisons, they could not light a tire ; 07,000 lodgings, whei'e 302,U0t> persons lived, containing each two rooms capalile of being heated and 100,000 persons lodged in 23,000 cellars.^ At New York, the crowding is still greater than in the old world. For example, while in London there are about 45 persons to the acre, in Xew York there are in certain (}uarters 300 to 750. In 1885 there was, in the last named city, 20.859 tene- ment houses, harboring 1,300,000 persons. In one of these houses was founil 32 rooms, having no communication with the outer air. How has it happened that cities have allowed such focuses of epidemics to become established? How have they permitted generations of chiLlren to grow up, in such ii promiscuous manner that nothing can be looked for to issue from such centres but corrupted souls and dangerous citizens. ^len of courage, philanthropists, patriots, have for long years denounced the hygienic conditions and morals of lodgings in which the workman was too often, alas, forced to live. For a long time these pi-otcstations have been met by the argument of a free contract, to live where one chooses. Nobody, it was said, compels the workman to live in such lodgings; if he does not like them, let him go elsewheie. But when these unhealthy lodgings became dangerous to the healthy ((uarters, anii in the time of an opideniic death dealt with the tenants of these as well as the former, it was admitted that the protestators hail good reasons to object, and that something must bo done to improve the workmen's lodgings. Inspection laws were made. They serve more in admitting the extent and nature of the evil than in suppressing it. They were even incapable of checking it; the crowding increased with the development of industry in the largo cities. * Lc Id^i'iut'iit do Torn ricr ut du i)iuivr(', par A. Kiitfiilovicli. Ixix but tlio ten, Irec to lors, tlu- tliat Ul'O lie It was tlion that the GoveiMimoiU and municipalities creatotl la\v^^ and reifula- liuhs ]K'riiuttiMii-, to a cciMain degree, the sanitation of ])opalous quarters. Tiu'se laws are all reeent, tho oldo>t datiny; loss than twenty yoars baek, and their applica- tion '.'.as n'iven sati.->i'ac'toi'y results. Hui ihe evil has, during- the last fewj-ears, taken sueh proportions that ihevean sueei'ed in maUini;' it oi>ly slowly disap])ear. The real and serious iinpi'oveinenis made in workmen's hxlyings have heen realized hy private initiative. 'lenerous heiiefaelors, of whom Peahoily is the liest known, have e()n^tr^eted healtiiy lo(luini;s and leased them to workmen at ver^- low lates. Others have founded societies foi- the construetion of huildini^s destineil ior workmen, eontentinir ihem>elves witli reeeiviuii; a ridieidoiis small interest on the ea|)ital employed, or have, like Miss Oetavia Hill, transformed hovels into hahitalile loduinus. The workmen in lari;e muiulaetories o.-4aldished oul.^ide of eities have been, in rey;ard to their hahitation, more favored tlvan their eonfre/es in larn'e centres. Tiie employers, oi' the companies for whom they work, 'Mialile them either by louii-. or by sellini;' on lonu,' terms, to become ]proprietors without incuriinij^ heavier charges than an ordinaiy lotlging would inipo- statl", gives tlie followingdescriplion of the workman |)ropi'ietor : — ■'There is not in any State a more meritorious and more useful citizen, there is not ill an industrial society an element more eitieacious ami more reliable than the workman ari'ived at the ownershij) of properly by labor and by saving, it niay be ■-aid that the power and the progress of a people or of a com]iaiiy may Ik^ measured, not by the importance of its territory or its capital, but the pioporlioii of tiie labor- ing proprietors that constitute tluir numbois. Nothing is more favoiable than tho possession of the domestic hearth, to the growth of morality and the dignity of the workman, and at the same time of his Sfi' .Scctiiiii XIV, Institutions I'iitronivlt's, ipanff SH3. l.cx independence. This tiunsfoimation of the piDldtaire into the pi'Dpriet'jr, constantly introduces into society elements of order and of peace." To this influence of proprietorship on the citizen must be added that of the lodging on the father of the family. Tiiis influence is very considerable in counter- balancing that of the tavei'n. The city of Mulliouso furnishes a convincing proof of it. Since the magnificent creation of M. Jean DoUfus, '■• La Sociiti Malhoasienne des Citis Ouvriires," in which the shareholders deny themselves any profit what- ever, this city has always been cited as one of the manufacturing cities exempt from troubles of every nature, and its working population give good reason for the following words that one of the pi'omoters of that work pronounced before anassem- bly of citizens whose concurrence he was seolcing : — "The convenience, the neatness of a lodging has a greater influence than might perhaps be at first supposed, on the morality and well-being of a family. The man who, on entering his home, rinds but a miserable hovel, dirty, in disorder, whei'e he respires nauseous and uidiealthy air, cannot content himself in it, and flies to the tavei'n to pass a great portion of the time he has at his disposal. Thus he becomes a stranger to his home, and soon contracts there disastrous habits of expenditure, which his family feel too soon, and that almost always ends in poverty. If, on the contrary, we couitl olfer these same men clean and bright homes; if a small garden is given each, where he would find an agreeable and usel 1 occupation, where, in bin modest attempt at culture, he would learn to a|)pre<'iate at its just value that instinct of cleanliness wiiich I'rovidcnce has given us, would we not have solved in asatis- fa'^tory manner one of the most important problems of social economy? Would wo not have contributed tosti'cngthening the sacred ties of the family, and to render a veritable service to the class so interesting as our workmen, and of society itself." {LesCiUs Ouvriires de Miilhouse). In presence of the considerable advantages that building societies afford to the working classes, we have reason for surprise at the small number of associations of this character existing in Canada. This almost total absence of an institution prosperous in every countiy is due to a well-known cause. Some building societies established in Canada nearly all failed ; some hon- estly, because they bad been managed by incapaMes; others, because they had been administered by people that were more capable than honest. The first building societies inserted in their b\--laws the principle of cancellationfor non-payment. This principle drives away and will always drive away a largo num- ber of workmen, who will not I'un the risk. It Im true that a society cannot exist without funds, ami that it contiacts engagements which it jnust fulfil, but it is equally true that the workman being able to ])lace his capital in a way so as not to lose any portion of it, prefers to renounce the advantages ottered, by no matter what financial combination, rather than see himselftloprived of his savings, just at the time when he may most need of them ; at a time of lock-out, of sickness, or to remedy the consequences of any other unforeseen event. No confiscations, then; they are neither just nor necessary. ''La Solidaritt?," (page 328) for example, is a building society that does not admit them ; this does not prevent its working. It is erased from the by-laws of the majority of joint stock companies, founded for the construction of workmen's dwellings; and the regula- tiotiB of employers' Imilding societies, as well as the documents ot Section XI (pa/,'o ;-i2;5) inilicntetho measures taken by tlie founders of European building societies for assuring to workmen the re-imf)ursement of sums paid in, in case that death or sick- ness, or lock-out, should prevent the laboring shareholder from fulliUing his engage- ments.* Every one cannot become proprietor, and tenants form not the least interesting portion ot the working population. For them, societies of a character essentially philanthropic have lieen created; they build tenement houses, or cottages, under the most hygienic conditions, and which they lease at a figure giving a very small interest for the capital engaged. The rents of the small lodgings are relatively very high ; they bear, unfor- tunately, an additional charge put by the proprietor to cover risks of losses. To lower the rent of small lodgings, while guaranteeing their payment by the aid of any combination whatever, is a pi'oblem that merited the attention of economists, ami that M. Costo solved by his remarkable conception, the " Epanjne Locative" that he explains as follows, in his book. " Les Questions Sociales Contemporaines " : — '• Ij'Epanj7ie Locative" is the progi'essive acquisition of shares conferring the right of lease ami ])romise of sale of the immoveable occupied by the tenant with progressive reduction of the rent. Let us suppose twenty small workmen's dwellings of $1,200, or ten clerks' houses of $2,400, or one single largo dwelling of §24,000, containing from 80 to lUO rooms, leaseil at attics as simple rooms, in the higher stories as lodgings of throe or four rooms, in the lower stories as apartments of six or seven rooms ; and let us take as the average unity the family house or the lodgings of four t)r five rooms, representing a capital invested of §1,200.00. Lodgings of this char- acter, rented to unknown pei'sons, more often to workmen or to employees without resources, will 3-ield a gross rental of SOO.OO to §120.00, say at a rate of 8 or 10 [)or cent, necessary to cover the expense of maintaining the immovable, as well as the risks of deficiency, of non-payment, of expulsion of tenants, and repairs, which are considerable for the kind of tenant we are considering. But the proprietor would lie well contented with a revenue of 5 to 6 per cent, if he were sure of buing I'egularly paid. The whole problem consists in constituting a guarantee for the rent, Ity deter- mining the tenant to devote his savings to it. Let us consider with this view the value of the house or block .-is repre- sented for t)ne half, by HOO hypothecai'y obligations of $20 eacli, and for the other half by tJOO ordinary shares also of §20 ; each household or each lodging of 4 or 5 rooms would have a value of 30 obligations and of HO sh.ares. In acquiring successively at first the 30 obligations, then the 30 shares, he would become succes- sively owner of a coriesponding value of the capital invested in the house or lodging *NVi' sluill find ill the (l(iciiiiiiiit>( of .Siitimi XI iiiiiiiinnis coiiiliinatidiis agjiinst tlir di-liiys nsultiriR frimi sickness or Idck-imt. A^'ainst, dcatli wv tiiid (Hily the rcsiliatiim (if contract with coiiiph'tc or partial re iniliiirscmciit to tiic widow. To assiiie the tiansmissioii of the iiroperty. free from ail char^^es, to the widow and cliildren of the workman, dyin^f 1h fore tile comiilete execution of liis eoiitraet, in assiirinj? lii^ life, is an idea tiiat commences to press itself on tlie attention of economists. Tlie note sent on tiii« >uliject to tile 'Wr.iK/n.v ih.i Ifiihitiitiniis duvriiri x" liy M. Ciieyson (4(»e) contained a project in every point identical to tiiat projKjsed liy the " Uoyai r,al"ir Coinniission." (UeiMjrt, page ;i(».) -«V'*', XT' BH Ixxii tliat he occupioH. Once in the possession of the (!0 lortificatos, he would have, to l)ecome propiiotor ofthe housi' or loilging, but to remit the corlilioates into thi; iiands of tiie vendor society to he annulled at its pleasure. Up to tliis, tlie oliligations purehased hy the tenant could be deposited in a public bank, to be held subject to pa^'ment and guaranteed l)y his rent. And thus, the savings of the tenant would bo found to be doubly secured : On one side, the interests due on his obligations would lie e()ni])ensated by one portion of his rent; on the other the rate of his rent Avcndd pi'ogressively decrease, because the projirietor wouUl find himself more and more guaranteed by an increasing security. Now, in this double reduction of rent we see developed a sufficient advantage for inciting the tenant to the acquisition of hypothecary obligations on the immov- able, even if he has no intention of acquiring it ; and this renders the combination apjilicable to tenants of all categories, even to those who occupy but a very small fraction of a considerable immovable, of which ho could never dream of becoming the proprietor. Such is the principle of " L'Ejmrgne Locative " in all its simplicity ; this, then, is how we are able to calculate the results. Giving right to !l IcilSC of Rate "/„ ST. Interest 4 '7,, on Oliligations going in reduction of rent. IJalance to jiay. Security of Olilipitidiis. Amount. I'ri )gressi ve reduction. 8 ct«. 8 els. 8 cts. 8 cts. 8 cts. 1 j. 8.00 7. (Hi lli; (Ml !l2 00 i)() 0(1 SS (K) .. -*->' 100 00 1 years 4 00 8 (X) ^f 200 00 2 " 7.3;i 88 (JO 8 00 80 00 If) 00 300 00 3 " 7.00 84 00 12 on 72 (M» 24 00 ■^I 400 00 4 " (i.()i> SO 00 1(> 00 (i4 00 32 00 ^'^ 500 00 .') " (1.33 711 00 2o 00 5(i 00 40 00 s- - COO 00 " COO 72 00 24 00 48 (HI 4S 0^^-^f cacious .stimulant to tlie accuiuuliilion of savings. It' it liecanu' univerHal it would rondor cortain tlie payment of lonts ot' small houses, and would lower tiio rent of tnodost (ciiemonts. Finally, roal-ostato societies would (ind, in the application of I he foregoing, new facilities for the sale of their properly or at least the stahility of their invested capital." Wliat is the best system to .''dopt in the construction of workmen's dwellings ? The solution of this question varies with the climatic condition of each country, and the habits of the working |)opulation. in Canadian cities, tenements, constructed under hygienic conditions, heated l)y steam, lighted by gas, would offer great econ- omic advantages, but these advantages would be far from compensating those Avhich the family draws, in a inor.-il point of view, fi'om the isolation that can alone be pro- cured by the separated house or the cottage. The tenement is almost unknown in Canada; one meets with but few specimens of them in some of the large cities, and the development of this system of construction is not desirable. The collective house, which is called "tenement," " barrack," "phalansttire," is a hindrance to the transformation of the tenant into a proprietor. Scotland offers the spectacle, almost unique, of houses sold in detail ami occupied by several tenant co-])i'oprietors whoso rights and duties are ])erfectly limited by the law. It was tried to import the s^'stem into England; Parliament with this view enacted a law in 1881, " The Chambers and Office Act," but up to the ])resent, work- men have preferred the isolated house to that of the lodging, forming a portion of a great building. Attempts at dealing with collective property, represented Ijy shares acquiree xamplc. IJ2-5 per 5'G per Dt'liosits, Savings Hanks of Paris. •S 1'rolioi'tioTi of a U'oholic patii-nts jic at TasiUi .Stc Aniif ■ loo admissions Ykah. M.n. 11. 1(K». Women. I). 100. Total I>. KJO. 1s(;k-(;o 10, 4! IS, 41 1(1 7,(I!I0.H(M) ll,45!l,(i(W 21 to 24 13, ,50 2(l,il7 4 to(i 3,33 3,H1 25 to 30 1S7-2-73 is7s-7!i IC.,83 24. 7S The author adds : "It seems plain cnougli that alcoholism, in a usually prosperous country, should ho considered as a manifestation of public well-being ratlier than as a manifostatioa of want. ' Hygiene sociale contre le pamierisme. tL'Asilc il'aliwK's ii Paris. Ixxvi "All tliis Ih vcMy insti'iiclivt'. As iilculiuliHiii is tin- oiitciunc of pliMily us well nH want, and also (as iiKfrital patliolof^y shows) dl' iiiU'llcotnal wt'aUiioss and nudaii- colia, it has ovidoiitly riiiinhorit'ss causos^ butli of (he moral and ol liio niali'iial ordor. Th " Wants, ovoi'-woi'lc, wo will oidy uot the hcttor of tlicni with proi^rcss in jiro- eil. By Miu\ial Benefit .Sueicty. Sontli-west 134 105 m 620 336 269 47i 30 12 2!) Whole of France 37 Nortli 46 There were in the whole of France (1878) 350,G97 taverns; tho south-west dis- tricts, 28,474 ; northern districts, G3,iHi3. I The c '•lily spenc Xovoi i'ocn show mini her re compare t The C i|iU'stion ll Yet NlW '^71 i^ri i\7 , . i>S() I\S2 * This is a Ixxvii Till' mornl ivinoily rs I'Xi'ollont, but whilst wiiitiiig lor ii to work tlioro is oiiy ur<'uiitly HiHkuil I'ni- : the roduciiii; of the niimbor of Uivorns. Tlioro irt in I'lii^liuid 1 (avorn for II.") iiiliuliilants, i-'ranc.' 1 i,7:n,!ir)7 »,'.(84,3r)l r.,OH7,H2(i r),33(i,(m r),r)i!),835 r>3,(«»7 74,!)4(» ill, 527 l(J(),7(i3 240 245 220 207 3(17 33(^ 533 183 21, M5 1835 4,278 5,170 5,(112 (1,481 7,230 8,250 18(i(» 18(i 133 105 134 137 lS,7ii4 18(ir) i(i,;c>(i 1870 l!l,4'.l« 23,50!) 3(1,121 187") IHKO 125,000 But one would say, a man can only drink a certain amount; onco drunk or satiated ho is forced to stop, and tho inciea>e in the iiuniber of taverns diminishes tho tavern-keopors' profits without increasing the number of drunkards or the amount of drink. The statistics answer equjdly to the partizans of absolute liberty for the taverns, and the following table ])rovcs that in Belgium consumption per head increases with the number of taverns. Table of tho Annual Consumption of Beer, "Wines and Liquors per Inhabitant ca(di vear. ^^•at•s. NuiuIht of [ Tiivi-rn«. 15.»T, gulUjIlH. Spii'itiioiis rii(|lll)IS (IMT 12-|ll(M)f, gallauH. Win.', gilllullM, liihilain. 1H51 1S51. 1S04 1S(!(1. 1S70 1872. lS7:i 1S75, 18711 ISSl, 18S4 l''rimc'i' (ilTIIlllIlV . . . Eiigliuul . . . . AiiHtria Hussiii Italy Switzerland IfiSi. 53. (m7 '.(1.527 100,7(13 125,000 14(1,000 40(J,000 24,293 .10.05 32.11 .'14,5(1 ;«,47 34,05 3(1, S2 4,.5n 14,13 31,28 (i,l!» 1,00 0,01 8,15 1,27 1,()8 1,66 1,91 2,12 2,12 0,84 1,87 1,16 1,25 1,75 2,02 0,05 0,00 0,07 0,08 0,08 0,08 25,91 1,30 0,04 4,86 18,09 7,00 'Doci^.MKNTM. — AivMuiires Offciih of the Kingrloin. 1840 to 1882, .and statistics of the Minister of Justice, 1875-1880, (ieiieral state of the Kingdom, 1851 to 1875. mainly In issd tlio Kiiifli>li Amliassinlor lit' BnisHi'ls, afU'c tl)r MUi;,niiii!iiy slrikivs which ha .■>S|.,.S".I4 (1,403 .Vi,.S22 l,li)3,aS8 The loan of engravings, plans, industrial designs, can be made for a period of 15 days. In Belgium,* out of 2,505 districts, 142 contained in 1887, 446 libraries established under the patronage ot the communal administration. Their catidogues contain allngcther 1,243,48!) works; they were visited by 97,110 readers, and count 122,601 subscribers. * From tiie aicliivcH of t\u' Aitiiuiiintritlion nj (i( ncnil .StiitiMic^ (Minister of tiie Interior iind I'liblic LiHtruction.) Ixxxi )tl5 mios l)Ullt ihlio Tho loans of books during the your wore as follows : — Commorce und industry 19,833 History and geography 95,li"^8 Fiction and litoralurc r)(;i,S45 Moral si'ienc'o, political, &.c 42,508 Nidural science, matlioinatics, &c 142,239 Miscellaneous lOO.lOfJ Total nunihe.' l)o OKS lent. 9;)2.:!I4 Tho pc>i| ' seek instruction, and the public authorities rival jjrivato ent;rprisc in catering to those aspirations. Besides luitional, provincial, niunici[»ai or com morcial librmios, the workmen's socielics, the syndicates of emjiloye-s or workmen, .ind the industrial societies have tlninded libraries open fiee to all, or at i- very moderate entrance fee. Wherever thei'O is a library, oiu! may be sure of finding a liberal supply' of progi'ammes of the courses or conferences, thanks to the attention of the managing committee, and all jiei'sons connected with it generally. In England, France, Switzerland, IJelgium, (lerniany, you can hardly iind a town, even a villagr, without its I'cgular evening lectures, or at least u society of lectuieis whose services are given gratuitously. Wo can aflirm, without fear of contradiction, that in countries where the hours of labor are reasonable, the employees can, with very lit ie etlort, acquire instruction whi(di many young pco])le do Hut receive at school. After I'oading, music suits the tasle of woikmcn. While the choral societies in France only numbered 100 in 1840, tliere are now 7.000, counting their members by lumdrcds of thousands, and their cx])enses by millions. We must adniil generally that (dioristers and musicians are bad customers for the wine-shops. What are the residts of these insi ilutions ? We Iind them indicated in a stfik- ing manner in the report ol the Belgian Commission of the Xllth Section. ■■■ The social que>tion, we ai'e convinced, reduces itself to a system of education. Let us place men of good charartor in (he dillcieiil jvisitions of superintendence, find soon all will lend assistance, and associate fraternally to raise those who .'u-e in lo\ver stale, anil thusensure the welfaic iiud Iiappeness of all. Hut t' ose wlioaie doablliil of these educational institutions, which we have n.-'.^sed rapidly in review, may refer to the opinion of Mr. Kmile do Laveloye,* an eminent social economist. ''Twenty yours ago, in the indiistiial centres of W'rviers, Jladimont, Dison and Knsival, numerous groups of workmen weie to be met with, openly (h'claring war on i)i(»perty, eonstituling themselves Judges of ali actions ot their employers, pio- noiiiieing against them, without listening to them, terrible si'ntences, which they postponed until the first day of revolution. Thoy passe: — "The :j;ood sense (j1 our workmen, their lovo of order, IIh; idi^as which hy meaii-^ of many conferences, certain institutions really popular, have sown in aliumlance, IIh! (iducation they have ^iven, all have coiil rilnited to prevcitit conta^non. and while other conti'cs of workmen were aii;itaied we are ahh^ to slate I hat no spark li'om the disturbance had aliglited in our city. At no time was the lalmiiess ai. ' moderation of the j)opulation of our worlcshops at all destroyed." This is an indication of ihe impoiiant (diaiiije for the hcdltsr ei'U:cleil in senti- ments ^ince I'^TO, and i! isonly fair anti jiroper lo conu;ralulate those who, by unre niitted efl'orts, lia\ e ell'ected this imjirox enient, and iho.ie who also know how to ])rotit by their excellent advice. Ah tho reporter says : these fads are convinninfj. HEOTION XV, Tho XVth Hocfion, (jrnnde ct petite Industrie, — fl^n>M;/?iitH exposed in Hint scrlinn irlaliiiii; to a project or to an iilca little known in Caiiiula liavt; Ikm-ji rcpi'oiluccd in tlic report. Moreover, lic^ini:; awaro of tiie inlluence of l-'jif^lisli ideas and leirinlalion on tliin coidinont, wo have; extracte i from foreii;n reports, all tiie statistics reHpc('tin;f (Ireat jJritain, anponsil)ility in the ease ofaceidcwds, sanitar}' laws, in-peetiori »[' fuetoiies, (S:c., the whole ^nvini; an exact idea of llie state of those (jiies- tions throughout England. CONCLUSION. Th(! Sofdal Kconomy Mxliiltition of ISSII will Ix; fraught with good results. It had liu! (dl'eel of grouping and showing to interested jiarties wiial <'ould and should he don(!, to htsscni the ill-fe(!ling oxi^ting lielween eniployirs and workmen. It has proved heyond j)0Ksihle 'lisputo, that pnditshuring, the first step towards (•o|)erative production, was as henclieial to the eniployei' as to the workman, and that it was the oidy means to put an end to the di-iS(!nsions wliicdi ilislurh the mamd'aeluiing imiusli-ics It has rshown that women's and ehildrc^n's laboui' shouhl he regulated, and even iliseountenaneed ; that the industrial strength of a nation dejiended on ihtidegreeof llieoi-(tie;d and practi<'.'il instrueiion ot its apprentici's and workmen, and that the iireater the numher of property holding workmen, liie greater was its wealth. It ha^ causcfl 1(1 jio recogniz( d tin; pr'inei|(le of the |)rofessional risk, whicdi charges on the jiroducts, that is, on the general ex]) SEOTION^ I. REMUNERATION FOR LABOR. 20—1 rwi-a'amiu '■% IX] TjiuiiKlri'ssia. . llUtclllT.S .... Bilkers Uicwi'i-.s Hiick- 11)1(1 tiki Kmliriiidi'i'tM'.s '^•iiarrvincii. . . ('i)afli iiiiikHr.s ('li;irc'(ial liiini I'nl-li l)lltcllci-s lliittci-; f.'iir|)t'iitiTN. . . Wliochvi-iglits Bni/iicrs StiicUiufj imike l!ii|"' iiiakfr.s. . ■Sli(ii'!iial;iTs. . . ('ni'>ct iiiakors. C'litlcis ] )M'ssiii.-ik(,'rs . . Ro.lfM'S Tiiiiisi'r maker! I.iace luakers. . f'aliiiiet maker.' TiiisiiiitliN ami Artificial Howei do KIacks)iiitlis . . , ^ e.st makers. . . Clock makers. . J'rinter.-i • iardeiiers Linen draper.s. . Ma.-ions Horse slioer.s . . . •loirier.s Milliners I'astry cooks. . . I'ainters ^Vijr makers Pioot liinders ]'lnmlie,s i^'ove makers & Putters Jiookhiiulers. Sauvers '. ''. iScnlptors Saddlers '.■.■.■,■.■; LiK'k.sniitlis . . . * General Sti and In TThe nnload t Are hoarde. S Cliief Town |i Are boardei 20—11- FRAXC^E. The ordinary Bail}- Wa<;cw of Jlinor Imlustries (*). INDUSTRIES. Jiwi'llcr fjdldsmithH. I,:uni|ircii- ticeship. 8 cts. Months. 15lV\V.TS Brick and tile makci-s Kmbroidcivrs (Jiiairynifii Coai'li makers (Miarciial liin'nors Pi Ilk Imtflifi-M llattMN faviMiiti'i's WliDchviigiits 1 20 80 1 20 ] 40 1 00 <)() (iO 1 (M) 1 20 + 1 00 liiii StiickinfT niakerH. IJiipi' niaktis. . . . Sliiii-iiiakcrs CiiiM-t niakci'H. . . r'litlfis Divssniakcrs.... 1 .'«) 1 70 1 20 1 20 ItunfiTS 'I'linisi'V niakci'M liiici' niaki'i's Caliinft niakt'i's 'I'lnsiaitlis and lamp nuikors Artificial Howcr makers, men . . . do wonu'ii. Blac'ksniitlis ^'l■st makers Clock makers. I'rinters (iardeners T.ineii drapers Masons Hor.se shoers .loiiiers ^lilliners I'iistry i-ooks I'aiiiters \\'\'^ makers Tioiit liinders I'limilii'is S'ove makers & chimupy repairers. I'otters lioukliinders Sawyers Siiilptors Saddler.s Locksmiths .so 70 40 1 20 1 40 1 ,V> HO (iO 1 5.-) 1 00 1 (M> fiO 1 20 (!0 1 20 I 30 48 30 24 48 is' Cnstoniiiry prices |iaid to masters for ajiprentiee- ship. T'^sual Watjes. The \isual I Onstomary dination jiricespaiil to of i masters for apprentice- .S cts. 24 20 (H) 3(! 48 3(! 24 3(1 .30 3(; 24 48 48 31J 30 24 48 3G 40 1 00 1 20 1 00 i'oo' 1 m ()0 00 20 40 00 10 .^iO 40 !)0 30 24 24 24 24 3(i 30 12 40tol 20 31) 8 48 48 30 appren- ticeship. .? cts. Months H4 3(i 04 72! I'llll, (ilt 34 i 0.")' 74 .Mi fil 731 .so 70V 71' 543 .-.7' (il 3.") (i3f 37 SOv 35^ 42+ 73^1 08;i 42 78 •MVl 84 781. 00^ 32* 73;) (i5H 72' 33* (!0.; 77 50^ 301, 73-i 70^ 02' 02' 73* 1 04 i (>8'i 71 37 18 18 17 22 21 20 18 30 30 2."> 20 2i> 25 18 2!) 32 20 30 10 .30 20 30 ship. S cts. 75 00 17 20 35 00 31 20 00 (K) 10 00 40 (iO 22 3li (Ml 21 45 00 25 38 00 27 ,30 (M) 31 41 40 17 21 tM» 23 27 40 20 2ti (X) *)•> 20 40 31 43 80 25 20 40 23 20 10 >so 20 lit 20 34 45 20 20 as 00 22 27 (10 30 30 80 ')•> 10 00 .30 (13 40 30 41 00 18 25 80 21 18 (K) 21 25 .35 (H) .35 00 37 00 24 40 45 40 31 «) 38 40 13 00 37 00 35 § Chief Towns of the Department. i .\ri' lioardetl and paid by the uiontii ; average monthly wages, 812. (JO, 20— U Tlic onlinary Daily Wa^os of Minor TiidiiHtrios — Concluded. I'AHlrt. OniKit TowNs.§ INDUSTRIES. Umml Wagfs. Tim UHiml (lurntioii of ii|)|)rcii- ticfshii). CiiMtdinary priccHpaidto iiiaHtcrrt for iilipn^iitice- Hliip. ir.sual Wages. Tlif iiHual (liiratidii of lyppren- ticeHliip. Customary pric!cspai(lto masters for apprcntice- sliip. Tailors S cts. I 00 I 70 1 (HI 1 00 !HI 1 (HI 77 1 00 1 00 1 40 <.HI 1 (HI 1 10 MuntliH. 48 8 CtB. % CtH. (171 HOI (>(> HI (1 ().S* oO* Months 27 21 22 31 2(i 8 CtH. 30 00 UpIiolsterovH. Dyers 42 42 3!) 40 47 00 TtTntcG-iiuikt'i'M Weavers 24 24 3(! 3(J i 52* (i7 70 7H'.; 74 (1 H.-)^ 7(i* 11 25 27 31 23 22 00 CoopcrH 37 00 35 20 Ttii'iicrs ill iiii'tal ! 3(i Mil j 33 40 1 i C C 7; § Cliii'f Towns of tlic Dcpavtmcnt. u U Si' < fi o ■ll » e c c « CO 4) i', a p5 5, u-f;|3 sc r; c tj t- s !5 i t-'i- 5 s ^ ? s ^' ta -a » wr^^'^ T:.^.'^. 2, fl< ?i V7 ?i ?i ^ ?c 5i i^ i^ 5i 5^ f i ?i :^ . I ^ ?t 71 J^ f i ?i ?i Ji 5i f i .1 tj ?i ?i ?) ■ .1TM9*i^»-iO?li5?U -rtOO wrt-O <» • X »-< Ti Ti ■ p t;^ c. Ti O TIO Tl c yr M • Tl •-* *-H ^ cc -f 7) i-H -ac « i-t 'f S,Sffi*i*i .fi,-;:.*i;5 fl^lflSfi M?-*l»n^ifi tt ':i'H'm--M'M':i OOOOe '09e9S0030SOOOS3SSeCC03S» ^^ «♦< kW -*^ ?*^ ^ KVS;i**tA-^- ~ Ti © -• -t rt M it 1-; I- •© © © S3 i> -^ -1" T i^ • t."^ -r 1^ -t- 1* t* -r -r -f 1* 1* -r -r -r -r -r -r -r -t -r -r 1^ f 1^ »o ■» ©©©©©©© = ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 1- — ti I-© -^ i-t-_ -^ 1--^ .i .:: 1-1- ti -i © © -ji © •© © •© © -x •© l-l- ©©©©rH©©©©-©c©©©©=©©©©©©©©©©©©© 5 c s ^ ^ "tr - -H-5 U s ^ * © I- 1 © © ■ o o is © ir; © 1;; © © • is © 1.": o © © 15 o © >; © © © © rt ccjc^ij^j^ ■fcccxscf^j^c^r'31'5 •c'^JC7i7irc^f^fi^i^f'i*iT'ifi O o © •' © © ■©© © ■ • © nn • c5 S S f ' ' ec 71 s^ ©© '©©©© • •©©© v. I - X ■ o © -f 71 © -f © 1; o • © : © © © © • © © © lO f I- 1-1 • © © © © © c-i -» •© en • © © 71 -r © © 71 o © ©. © i?7 X © f i.t i~ I' • is -^ in © © It -f o o ■ is © It It it it It 1 - to © 1-. o © ©©©© •©©©©©©©©© •©©©©©©©©©©©©©© !2 E §2 2 2 ©©rHiHS: '©©0'1>©0»X>2 •© u STi^i-©-© • X 0E1-1-. 031-2 -i © 1- i» -- © o © © •©©©©©©©©© ■ © © © • © © © ©■* © i--r 3 71 I- © -H 71 CO ■ -f It M » © © ■© X -t< • I- © © 5 © © ® © © © p 71 « M 71?. r. r^i-H -1— i-i©^i-©©. r. ©. •". r-*^**s©ec5'-i7i©©iri I •s : n tc Sg-a i :! * 5 ' ■ ' ' 5 ' ; ■ ■ s ■ ■■(, ;^ ;j 2§s ; "a ~ i S S - ~ X 'E ■ " vl i 5 >- 5 -r: - ? &.- - is a - '5 'S j- « ■ o t£ ./: y: -^ i 3 g ■ — -3 ^ =5 ll Tn tlio80 liu'go induftti'ieH tho wages oi" foromon vary according to the following tabic : Dcpiirtnicnt of tho .Sfini'. OiIht |)f|partiMi'iitH. Higliost wages ^l.K) 10 82.50 Avorago do 81 . 10 to ijJli.KO O.ilHJto l.(!2» Lowi'st d "Wages ot'ovcrsoors : Uigliost wagos 81.00 0.50 to 1.20 Avorago do 60.W to 81 .30 Lowest do Wages of workmen charged with earo of macldnery : 0.70 0.40 to 82.40 to 1 . (55 to 1.30 Jli^Iiest wages. ??1.()0 to 61.40 80.80 0.73 0.40 to 81.50 to 1 . 00 to 1.00 Average do Lowest do Wages of assistants, carters: Highest wagos 80. (jO to $1.00 Average do 80..S0to81.l2 0.541 to 0.(!5 Lowest do 0.30 to 0.50 Df/Hiiiinents e.xciusu'i' of the Seine. Lowest daily wages paid to men over 21 years of age, are : Men worUiM'i-- in felt hats 80.39 Marlile, tloiir mill>, lime liilu . siiiiuiers of all Uinds 0.40 Lowest diiily wages piiid to men of troru 15 to 21 years of age, are : Marble works, bi'iek works, poreelain, and Avax candle works 80.20 In the other industries, the lowest rates ot wages vary between 80.30 and 80.40. The lowest foi- looking-glasses is from S(I.4S. The lowest daily wages paid to women, are : Marbles, limekilns, flour mill, spinning, shawl manufactories, from 80.10 to 80.19 In the other nuhniries the lowest wage-* vary from 80.20 to 80.30 The lowest daily wages paid to lioys, are : ]\Iarbles, limekilns, briek works, sawmills, tanneries, spinn- ing factories 80 . 10 In the other industries the lowe.-t wii^es vary from 80.12 to 80.20 The lowest daily wages jiaid to girls, are : (rimp and iionnet trimmings 80.0() Shawl making 0.08 ^Marbles, limekilns, brickworks, j)oreelains, looking-glasses, sawmills, tanneries, paper and ])asteboard factories, gas laetories, wax eandle factories, spinning factories, weaving, dyes and preparations 0.10 In the other indnstries tho other wages vary b(!tween 80. 15 and 81.00 BOUDEAUX.'-i^' At Bordeaux, acccording to a report of the Departmental Committee of tho Gironde, the wages in the building industry, for a day often hours, are as follows: 18S',). Terrace-makers $0.76 to 0.80 ^Masons 1.00 to 1.00 Stonecutters 1.00 to 1.20 Plasterers 1.20 to 0.40 ITodmen 0.70 to 0.76 Carriers 1.00 1S.17. IiicTfase. 50.50 to 0.55 50 p.c. 0.75 to 0.85 37 p.c. 0.70 to 0.80 37 p.c. 0.90 to 1.00 47 p.c. 'Of all the towns of France is that which in its poinilation and .situation most resfinble.s Montreal. Paviers, The prico of tlioir dny'w work in, on an ftvorayo, 81.00 Tlu'diirution of their day's work varies accnnliii/^ l'» tlio Hoason ; 10 liours in siiinin<'r, and trorn s and (>ven 7 hdurs in the doptli of winter. The itrice of their day's work is tiieHaniein winter uh in Slimmer, no matter how many iionrs in tlie ihiy's work. To eneoiira^^e the work- men thev are often i,nvon work ny the job with a settled ]>iiee for so many sqnaro vards ol pavin^f, and any workman working; over lioiirs lias tiio rii,dit to elaim wa<,'o.s for the siirphiH of time which varies from ^O.'JO to ${\.(]{) accordiiif^ to his ability and ([Uickness. LYONS: AVKRAOE WA(1E8. isrir. 1H«7. Masons ^0.75 81.10 Turners O.SO 1.10 Mlaeksmilhs 11.0') 1.00 Cabinet makers O.ti') 1,00 Printers 0.00 I.IO VAIiM W.\(iES. Department of tiarthe. Tliey vary aoenrdini,^ to the seasons and they are as hiifh ai^ain in summer as in wintoi', Tiiero is a little dill'erenci^ in the dillcrent cantons. As fur example. Men hired Inj the ditij, Ciiiitnii. WiiitiT. SiiiniMir. Vitray per diem 25 10^00. 80 to g 1. 00 St, Calais per diem "iOc. <»0e. North and West :!0 to H5c. (JO to 7. These servants i^et their lioard, Diirinu; the last twenty ^'ears the condition of the farm servant lias been greall}' ameliorated. His dwelling is more comfortable, his food more wholesome and his clothing better. This improvement in his general well being has, as a consequence, given rise to an increase in wages, and, among u certain number ol' tliem, has encou- raged habits of economy. STIilKES m FRANCE FROM 1S74 TO 1S85. Number of strikes officially reported Iron 187-i to 1885, (the year 1881 excepted). Yi'iir. .Strikes. 1874 21 1875 27 187(1 50 1877 ^JO 1878 34 1870 53 1880 (!5 1882 182 1883 144 1884 00 1885 108 Total hul IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IIM IM ilM |||||Z2 2.0 1.8 1^ ■ 50 • IIM 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ► v: V] >^ o c^. f^ '^ '^^ ■^^ "^^V V ^ O 7 /A f r Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY, 14580 (716) 872-4503 &P w ^ w. 1 8 Causos of the Strikes. — The workmen's grievances. 1874-1885. Number, i ncroase of wages 364 Causes. Demand for lieduction of wages 182 Ditt'erent grievances concerning conditions of labor 93 Deniand for reduction of number of work hours 46 JJemand for dismissal of foreman or other employee 25 Dismissal of workmen, foremen 16 Eeduclion of work hours 13 Delay in ])ayment 7 Demand for new rules 7 Inferior quality of the raw matei'ial 6 Manner of payment 5 lietontion foi- accident insurance fund 5 Introduction of improved machinery 4 IJefusing new rules 4 Demand for dismissal of foreign workmen 4 Establishing a tax on bread (master-bakers) 3 Demand for posting up of taritt' 3 Severity of masters or foremen 3 Ecgulation for tines 3 Demand tor the withdrawal of payment for tools 2 Eelieved from obligation of belonging to board of syndicate ... . 2 Cha nge of local ity llefusing to work on Sundays AVorkinen's projected jjlan of forming a syndicate (masters refusal) Com))etition between two rival houses Introduction of work women Demand for work to be done by the job Refusal to work by the job Demanil for work '.o be done by the day Demand for wages to betixed by the syndicate Kefusal to work at night in winter Establishing a co-operative society Eefusing to subscribe to superannuation fund Unreliabil i ty of a master Defective tools About the matter of meal hours 1874, . 187,-).. lS7t).. 1877.. 1878.. 187!t.. 1880.. 1882. . 1883.. 1884. . 1885. . 1874.. 187.\ . 1S7ti. . . 1877. . 1878 18711 ISSI) ISS". l^Ki. . . 188.1 is,s.5... Tc Total. 813 RECAPITULATION. Demand for increase of wages 44 p. c. Eeduction of wages 22 p. c. Divers grievanct's not specified concerning the labor societies 11 p. c. Demand of I'oduction of hours of labor 5'6 p. c. Demand for the dismissal of a superior 3 p. c. Other causes 14*4 p. c. 100 p. c. 9 Nuviber of men on strike. Year. Number of Strikis in wliicti the XuiiilxT of Workmen was known. Total Number of Men on Strike . Averaffe Nu:nlH'r of Men on Strike. Number of Female .Strikes. 1874 11 22 30 18 23 3(> .59 136 140 90 108 2,730 8,544 7,173 4,662 6,207 •43,283 28, .-.2(5 42,15(5 32,90.S 23,702 1(5,671 2.57 ,387 239 259 269 1,200 485 311 2.35 2(i3 1.54 2 ]S75 1 lS7li 1 ],S77 o 1S7.S 2 1,S79 IJSHO 4 ],h!S2 1 ],s,S3 8 ]SS4 2 ISS.") . 4 Total and average 673 on 804 21(5,(562 323 27 .Strike of 20,000 joiners in Paris Duration of strikes. Yeah. N>unl)er of Strikes the Dm'iition of which is known. Total Number of Days of Strike. Average Duration f)f Strike.s. 1874.. 18 26 36 19 16 42 54 157 141 90 100 218 371 537 5(56 183 (559 848 ,3,696 1,442 1,455 l,05(i D.iys. 12 1S75. . 14 1876... . 15 1S77 '. 30 1S78 11 1879 16 1880 1(5 1882 23 18,S3 10 1884 Wi 1885 10 Total and average 700 on 804 11,31 16 10 Number of days lost by strihers. Ykah. NumlxT of Strikes of wliicli it iiiis lifcu jjoMHiiili' to Iciini tlic Duriitioii and tlic XniiibiT ! of Workinen. A\ ' NttmlHT of i k Days host. Average N^iiiiImt of Days' Work Lost. BySt-ike. ^£::,^_ 1S74. 1H75. 187(1. 1877. 1878. 187!). 1880. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1SH5. Total and average. 11 21 25 13 15 28 4!l 138 i:w 111 100 (i2!» on 804 27,120 *2(i3,875 '.HI..3.55 20,072 tl!l(;,3(IO +1,!(5(;,!)02 302,1(21 8(;8,5.53 .5!IS,212 ii!l30,2S0 18! 1, 027 5,.50"J,3()7 2,4.55 12,550 3,.580 2,(KK) 13, 1(H) (•>il,H50 7,:i82 (v300 4,340 10,220 l,8il!l 8,(i(>4 10 32 1.5 8 48 58 15 20 10 .30 12 27 The iiinnhi'.r (if drikr.s (tnil Mrikerr; dirUhil (icriiriHini In the nature, nf tin- linhiMrij (I '>73-lSs5). Cla-ssificatioii of Strikes. Number of .Strikers. Textile iiulustrie.s Miiierid and nietiilliircricid industries Clot hint; ." Le.-itliiT iiiid hides 1?iiiltal 310 alMiut .30 |i.c. 140 38 50 123 14 12!) 17 5 (> 15 2 10 '. 7,!»22 42,045 12,(i83 7,547 3!),013 1,2.53 3(i,19!J 804 about KJO i).c. 21(i,(;2 Result of the strikes during the period from 1874 to 18S.5. Ykau. Ftiroralitc tn the )y'fir/ciiti II, Satisfaction given to the Strikers. Tndixdrtiiiii. Satisfaction given, in part, to till' Strikers, after having,' come to an undiistaiiding with the Masters. Unfdvortittli'. ■Workmen being Keplaced oi' having Kesmiied Work on JMirmer Condi- tion.s. Total Number of .Strikes of whicli tiic Results are Known. 1874 1875 4 alinut 18 ji.c. 4 " 14 " 14 " 31 " 4 " 10 " 1*0 " 2!) " 17 " 27 " .50 " 2!) " .50 " 35 " 27 " 30 " 21 " 1!) " (i about 27 l>.c. !) " 33 " 11 " 25 " 4 " 10 " 5 " 22 " (i " 18 " 13 " 21 " 2!) " 17 " 1(J " 11 " 3 " 3 " 18 " 17 " 12 alx)Ut 55 i).e. 15 '• ,53 " 20 " 44 " 17 " 08 " 13 " .5(> " 18 " .53 " 33 " 52 " !)3 " 54 " 7(i " 54 " (il " ()7 " 0!) " 54 " 22 28 lS7(i 1877 1878 1,S70 45 25 23 34 ISSd (>3 1SS2 1883 18S4 1885 172 142 !)1 108 Total 20(> about 27 i>.c. 120 about 10 |).c. 427 about 57 i>.o. * Among which is included the strike of (.^niltui.akers .at Coiirs (Rhone). 3,000 strikers ; dun t " " Tvpograiihers of I'aris 2,000 + " " Viennese Weavers 4,000 " " " .Joiners of I'aris 20,3 dav^ 00 " 14S " 40 " 71 " 50 " 11 1(1 15 s 4H ns ir. •_'() HI X) V2 r,.t;il 111"'!' (if t.'ik.'s iii .1. ill,. \ilt.- :U'.' iiiiwn. <■>•> L'S (;:: 17-' 1 IJ 111 KIS (1). (>3 clays. DO " 4S " 4(i " n " Attacks on the liberty of labor and trade. Accused. 1S75 115 ISTC lis 1ST7 114 1ST8 271) is7it km; ]S8(I V.'.2 ISSl S!» 1SS2 1112 ISS'J 147 1SS4 117 1SS5 17 Totiil 1,:57(5 MESSRS. BlOSSKLIEVIiE, SONS. Calicoes. Maromme, (Seine Inf.) Men earn 80. GO per day, and the women SO.IJfi per ten houi-s' woi-lc. Tlio emolii- moiitH attached to certain special positions inci'ease the daily wayes of (he greater niinil'ci- ot 11 > workmen by 80.20 to $0.40, and those of workwomen I'roni 80.10 to 80.20. irOUSE OF FONTAINE BESSON. JLVNUPACTORY OI'" ^EdSTCAL INSTRUMENTS. [Paris, — Londcm.] Organisation of tcork. Tlic oi'dinarv d.-iy's work is of 10 hours. It hcifins at o'clock in the morniniz', in summer, at 7 o'cloclv in winter. No worlrk by the day, earning, in a day of 12 hours, from TO to 00 cents, and 10 women work 11 hours a day for 40 cents. The others work by the job and earn, on an average, as follows: — The men front SO cents to SI l)or day. The women from 40 to 45 cents per ilay. Childi'cn (13 to 1(] years old) 15 to 30 cents ]icr day. Huring the p:ist 20 years the rate of wages has increased from 20 fo 25 percent A workman earning, on an average SO cents a day, if he be mai'ried, has no mort tliun is needed to bring u]) his family. If his wife works also he may be able to put ill tlio Li'H'i'nii-i; 1i!inL- S.'t ni- .t ({o , . Q.2»l 032. ■ Ifi Pay of workmen. — Tlio puy-lint is niado in iilpliaboticiil orilor without rogunl either to the buHinoHH or tiio nhopn in wlucii the men woi k. The list is then divided into four e(iu!il Hoctions, two of which arc paid on the TucHchiy and Friday of each week, and the two otlierH on the Tuesday and Friday the followini^ wook, eacli aection and oacli workman being thus paid every fitteen days. ' The sections are divided as follows: From A to (> aie paid on Tuesdays. From J) to (r are paid on Fridays. From JI to L are paid on Tuosdays. From M to Z are paid on Fridays. HOUSE OP LECO^UE. .roiNEKs — (Paris.) Orur establishment was already in existence in the middle of the last century. In ordinary times it employs about 400 workmen at IIJJ benches. For a long time ]»ast the establishment has had in opei'ation a system of remuneration for work by the piece, which seems to us oxcclleMt and which the " JJulletin do la parti- cipation" thus describes : — " The men are formed into bands of seven or eight under the direction of one foreman or chief who directs the work and lends his tools. They work by the day, and on doors, window frames and otluM- articles a unii'ormity of price is established. The account of each band is settled fortnightly. A minimum salary of $1.20 a day is guaranteed to each workman of the band, but the work done is very much over the minimum ami has never given to each, as a total, less than $l,5fi per head. The foreman's wages are twenty cents extra. J)uring a recent visit to the worksh()])s of Miss Lecii'ur, we established the fact that, a band of seven men earned iu their fortnight $1,140.11, of which $'J0.23 was day's wages and $55.78 was in excess of the days' wages. The excess is equally divided among the band," LETHUILLIER AND PINET. ENOINEEUS — MECHANICS. [Eouen.]* Extracts from the Jiules of the Workshop, Art. 5. — Work is done by the piece or by the hour according to the orders given, the workmen having nothing to say in the matter. * * The number of working hours is tixed by us and posted up on the Ist of each month. The hours in excess of 132 hours of actual work per fortnight, will be paid for as follows : One hour and a quarter per hour during the week. One hour and a half per hour on Sundays and holy-dtlys, also for work at night. Work at night is calculated from eight o'clock in the evening. No fines are imposed. * * =*= Art. 10. — Every workman who has worked in our shop for three consecutive years shall receive a premium of $14,00 on the Slst of December of the third year. This premium increases every year until the thirty-fifth inclusive, as is shown by the following table : * A maritime and inanufacturiug town, witti a iK)i«ilation of 107,000. * * Nearly all tlio work is done by the hour, work by the pieces being only given to very yoang persuns aa encouragt'nient to work. * ** "The system of fines is frightful."— (Master's note.) 17 Taiii,k of Promiuma. NiimWTdf NuilllxT Annual Total NunilxT of NinnlxTof YcHfH of Hcrvirf. Niinil>i>r of I'ri'niiiiniH Aiiiiiiiil Total NunilKa of \ I'iirM nf I'rcini'.nn. rrfUiiiilnH, I'ri-iniiiiii, I'lrlliililnN, uf .St'i'vifc. I'ri'iiiiuHiM with liiti'icnt. with Intcn'Ht. * CtH. ^ 0t8. 9 CtH. !* CtH. 1 ( 10 i 20 1 21 17 18 10 30 00 31 (Ml 32 (Nl 403 38 <> 508 28 :) 1 14 00 11 (Ml ! 555 ")3 4 2 15 (K) 2!l 42 22 20 33 (Ml l'>05 10 5 3 It) (H) Ifi :<(l 23 21 34 (HI 057 35 t'l 4 17 35 IW |(> (1(1 1,515 )i5 IM 16 2!l 00 420 SO TlieHO promiums will bear iiitorcst at Iho late of',') por coiit. per annum. Tliey will bo represented by u non-negotiable title, called a premium bulletin. Every workman of sixty years, or has been employed in our worksbojis during lldrty-tive conseeutive years, has the right to be reimbursed in cash, the total number of his premiums with the interest. lie may continue, witli our consent, to form part of our establishment, in which case ho will have no right to any further premium. If a worUman voluntarily leaves our employ, or is dismissed, lu! cannot demand the number of premiums to which ho is entitled, until the exjiiiation ol live years to bo computed from the ;51st December of the year of his departure. Any workman who leaves our employ and afterwards returns, will have no right to any ]iremium until he shall have worked anew for two full and consecutive }cara' and tills ])remium siudl bo eqiuil to that of the last bulletin. "Jj, Jn case of death, the premiums acquireil are jiaid to the widow or to the direct heirs ; i at once and i on the Slst December following. Art. 11. — All the workmen are insured by us agtdnst accidents. MONSIEUE MAIIQUET. COTTON SPINNING AT CROUSILLES, NEAR cnARTRE-ON-TllE-I,(i[KE. This factory employs 9,200 spindles ; tlio working staff is composed, as follows: 40 men, 40 women and 40 children over 13 years of age. The wages paid represent } of the value of the production. The working day is of twelve hours, and the wages are as follows : Spinners, (men) from $0.70 to $0.S0 per day Spinners (women) frcmi 0.3(j to 0.48 do. Children from 0.15 to 0,40 do. Women by the day 0.28 to 0.24 do. The wages have increased 40 p. c. since 1840. A spinnei- earns from ^200 to $240 per year, and some families of four members earn S500 per j'ear. Old workmen of steady habits possess a capital of from $800 to $1,200, being partly in real estate and partly in money. 20—2 18 The monthH' wa^CH uro paid on the I'ith day oftlio tollowiiif? mnntli. A workman leaving;,' withnut nolicp torf'oitH tho amount tiiatinay bu duo Hinco hiw IiimI |)iiy ; otlinrwiHo lin must ^^ivc duo notico. Work liuH doulilcd in quantity Hinco 1850, tho co»t of living not incfoasing in proporlion, liut a lovo of luxury lias sprung up an.i urt-dH liavo ^i>tw with if, TJIi-: MOUTIKR KSTAIiLlSirMKNT. WOIIKH Kdll lli;iM)tN(* iil'KIlATIONS. (Saint Gennain-on-Layo.*) Locksmiths Work and etallic Contrivances a Specialty. Witli till' oxccptioii of t'rn|iliiyci's, forcnioi', ciiicf mcciiiiiiii's waifcw and of iiellows- bloworri wlio may l)i' |)aid liy llio nionlli. work is M;„niu-ally paid liy llie hour and always according to tiio ability of tho workman, taking tho following table as a basis ; — Cts. Foremen — For heavy work 13 For light work lli Adjust CIS, carpontors, rivottors — Very skilful, being capable of executing a work fioni plans... 12 Very skilful 11 Skilful 10 Old i nary capability !• Beaters — Ca])ahle when r('(|uired of forging irons for plastering Of orilinary capability 8 Blacksmiths — Knowing how to design on sheet iron 14 Vcrvskillul IH Skilful 12 Of ordinar}' ability' 10 Men working in the town — Veiy good iron workers having a knowledge of bell banging and banister making 12 Very good ironworkers 11 Ir;)n workers 10 Of ordinary ability 9 Boi'crs — Borers knowing how to set and sharpen gimlets 9 Ordinai-y borers 8 Pay-Dai/s. The first and sixteenth day of each month are pajMlays. Workmen encumbered with large families or those who are the support of their parents may receive money on account in the intiu'val lietween pay-days. No allowance of time or money is made for tliose who have to go or come from shanties within a two mile limit. Allowance of half an hour morning and evening, being an hour for the day, is made for those working in shanties at from two to four miles distance ; the work- man being expected to leave and arrive at tho supplementary hours. Beyond four miles, the Journey to and fro, made outside tho regular hours is allowed to the workman in full. *S»iiit Gemiain-en-Laye is a city of 16,000 inlmbitants, situated 8 miles from Paris. 19 Tho ostabliMliinciit payn tho cxponHo of th«> journey for all work done ii) fho Pro- viiict'H, aiiil a 'laily allowance of Sd cents beitiduti, to pay for oxponno of board and loil;,'iiii,'. All work tliat obligoH tho workmen t<» nk-op away IVoni homo is oonMidored as done ill tlu* IVovincos. Premiums, or Orer-Wat/es. Clcnend Idea. — Wlioii a valuation has lu'tsn t-stahlisluMl by tho hoanl of account tor handiwork, tho attempt may ho made to lower tho amount liy jiremiunis i^iantod to the slatV by whom the work may have boon dotu). Dirisiiiii. — Previous to tlio division of I ho premiums 10 per cent, will he allowed to the House in order to |)resont a j)roporlioiiatt! division holweon the head fore- man ami all tho stalJ', and 10 uov cent, will bo withdrawn for the foreman; the remainiler will he divided as follows: — Chief of the stall' 4 parts Director .5 Woi'kmen 2 Auxiliarios 1 The premiutii will he j)aid on tho completion of the work. Control — /icceii)ts. — Xo pi'omium will he grunted if the lime has not heon kept by tho chief of tho staff and tho ucconntunt. Tho value of any work imiierfectly done requiring to bo completed or repaired will ho deducted Ironi tho ain(junt of pi'onuuin. Rules of the Workshop. As nearly as possililo tho workshop will be opened at : In summer from (5 a.m. to 6 p.m. In wint(U" from the beginning of daylight to its close. No work is done on Sundays or holy-days, nor on the Monda}' or Tuesday of the feast (if lodges (a local feast.) Whenever a woi'kman, from lack of Avork, has to bo dismissed, notice is given him of it a few days ])reviously. Any workman leaving the establishment of his own free will is ex])(>eted to give tho same notice. Misconduct, im[)ropriot3' and the non-ohservanco of any of tho rules are causes of instant dismissal. The account of the person thus dismissed is settled the same day. All tools aro supplied by tho establishment, hut those using them are respon- sible tor thoin. On Saturday when ihe day's work is tinished, the workmen are hound to place tlie honches in order and to clean tho vices. Tho workshops aro to be kept in a daily state of cleanliness by the heaters and borers. When the engine has stopped work, tho ap|)renticos aro obliged to clean tho machines, and aro under the supervision of the engineer. TUE SONS OF PJ<:UGKOT BROTHERS. rs JH HARDWARE AND VELOCIPEDES. Valentigny (Doubs.) The works of this establishment are represented by those factoi'ies in which are employed 1,900 workmen. Nine-tenths of tho workmen work by tho piece, and one-tenth by tho day. AVurk is paid for by tho y)iece whenever it admits of a tariff, and the rate is so fixed that the workmen are charged with the furnishings and heating required in 20— 2i 20 tlieir work, and, when poswiblo, with the waste consequent on their work ; a con- siderable saving has thus been realized, both in means of heating and in raw niateriaL The working day is ten houi's. The rates for piece work, and for day work often hours : Maximum. Minimum. Average. In IHCa tlie iivenige rate was In 185H the average rate was Men , 8 cts. 1 (iO 80 40 1 20 50 25 8 cts. GO 40 20 50 30 !•> 8 cts. 1 00 (iO 30 (iO 40 20 8 CtH. 00 40 20 40 20 12 8 cts. 40 WOi.lt'Il Chiklrt'n 20 12 By the (III!/. 30 15 Children 08 The annual earnings of an ordinary workman are $260. Those of a family of four people worlcing in the shops, say, two men one woman, and one child, are from $7«0. Wages are paid monthly in cash, and are paid to ever}' workman in the shops. THE FACTOEY OF PIQUET & CO. iJRIVINa ENQINEEUS. (L}ons.) * The harmony that 2)revails in this factory, the permanent nature of the work- men's engagements, and the absence of strikes is a proof of its superior organisation. By whai means have these results been obtained? In the tin.t ])lace, Messrs. Piquet have gran*^od their workmen the highest ato of wages possible, c insistent with the proceeds of the business assuring them u eufticient commercial profit. The men are paid by the hour, at an average rate of 15 cents per hour. This is a mode of payment little approved of b}' political econo- mists who ai-e under the imp' •■ sion that, for a workman to be assui-ed of a certain ai.iount, no matter what Ids application is, is to insure idleness and loss of time. It has. however, been adopted in this factory on account of its superior results in the quality of work proiluced. When ngth of time required for each piece of work, and eveiy day tlie number of hours spent on the work are entered in it. Finally, the tliinl account includes the many elements which cannot be valued with the exactness of the two others; the hourly waste on the use of tools which is a proportionate part of the general ex])enses of the factory. When an order has been executed it is ar easy matter by means of simple addi- tion of these accounts in a strictly mathematical manner to ascertain the amount it hati cost and to atld to it the amount of profit allowed by the state of the market. * Exhibition of 18811. Keport of the Departmental Connnittee of the Rlione. 21 This means of compilation which Mcssiv. Piquet have had in use for many years has lieen of ii;ro!it a(lvantai:;e to tiicm. By referrini^ to tlio reoonl of former orders which are carofiiUy tiled, they have a sure hasis on which to I'c^ulate their prices. It also affords them an excellent substitute for pay by the day. If at an}' time, a workman ij;rinvs careless or idle, his want of enertry is the immediate cause of a rise ill the price of returns. Thus automatically warned of the increase in such price, the master searches for the cause of it, without requiring to examine any one he can discover the real culprit. By means of this ingenious contrivance he can dispense with the services of a foreman altojfether, or if there be one, the disau;reable and irritatini;; duties ])eculi!ir to his office, are entireh' removed. It is no longer neees- isary Hu' him to reprimand idlers there being none, and collision between him and the workmen, is thus avoided. The workman knowing himself to bo thus watcdied by a i^ilent automatic overseer works more assiduously, and moreover liis ambition and his pride are aroused to maintain his standing up to his past record. PINAUD'S PHRI'^UME FACTORY. [Paris.] Extract from the Rules of the Factory. Artirit: 5. — Any woi-kman or woman having been employed in the factoi-y during 5 consecutive years, receives over and above his or her wages a yearly gratuity ot §10 in a saving's bank book or in the lorni of French bond-. After 10 years of service, this yearly gratuity is raised to ... 820 After 15 do do lio ... ;!0 After 20 do do do ... 40 The workmen are bound to preserve these amounts intact, whether in baidvorin bonds, undei- peniilt}- of losing all right to any future gratuity. To this rule is attached a table demonstrating how an ai)|)rentice beginning work at the factory at 15 years of age, the usual age, will become possessed of the follow- ing amounts at the ages menti(med. Interest is calculateil at 5 per cent. At 15 years of age, the first year he will receive a premium of 6 10 At 2() years do do of 820 78 At 31 yea s do do of 30 220 At 3t) years do do of 40 45t> At 41 yc'U's the amount of premium does not change after 3() j'cars S04 At46y(ars do do' 1. 247 At51 years do do ],S]2 At 5(i years do do 2.554 At (51 years do do 3.445 At (i5 years when the man retires from work 4,372 A workman leaving tiie establishment is at liberty to dispose of his capital. JOOT STOCK COMPANIES OF LI^AEBKUrXG AND WOIJKSIIOPS THE CrlRONDE. OF snii'-nri[,n[xaiier do wall paper Woollen industry Shuighter of cattle for food. Tanneries and currier shops White leather trade Hosiery ii\ umhiI and cottons Steam machinery, looms, ..tc Agricultural implements Musical instruments Weights and measures, itc Manufacture of fire-arms I'owder factory Railroad materials 15oat-buiIding Carriage factories I'rinting Building contractors Manufactiu'e of cloths oil cloth wax candlery matches do do do do do soap artificial manures. Average wages of workmen. Duration of daily work of Workmen. Under 14 years of age. $ cts. 2Slt 21^^ 17s 24j! 2t»i 2lj 15' 21^ 18J[ 281, 2(ii 27 i{ ID 27* l!)if 24i 18if Mi. 14'^ 18t 2;{i> 1.5 From 14 toKJyrs. of age. 8 cts. 371! 28i! 33* 3.5i 42* %')\ .S.'it 32i 27* -^i 42 38 3(>t am 45* 37i 37^ 35 17* 17 27s 15 Kii! 15' 14* 24S (» 15 1.5* 21 X l(>i 25* 15 15* VXi 14ii (I 23i.; 2(tJ (t 15* 17s 25ii 25' k;^ l(i 22 30 17J (» 15 223 K! 13J 21i| 281 21)* 32\ 37^ .35' 51 34* 3!l .3(1* 4Gi a5 31 ;i 32* 27* 38 ' 2i)S 2i»' 35i{ 24* 37* 32ii 34* .30 21(1 38 30 4i)v| 38+ 35S 41* .3i)i 31 32^ 42?; 30* 45 422 2(5* 323 38!! Over 1() years of age !? cts. m\ (17* 541 (WJ 7(1^ 74 7o;< .5!) (•.2 03* (ir^ ()2* (J3i| 48 !)4* 0!) 71 5 05* 8i5 43'^ 44 51* 53ii 48* (17 .58* ,55* ,58* Oi5* 02* .54* 48i.; 45* (( 00* 52' mi .52* .55* (;o* 00* (iO* r)8'i (>"' 50 74 53! '.14 74! (ii»3 (i5J 75ii 82 71 75ij 0(i83 4!>! 07 .58* .52! 58* 5!»i| Day. 2 to 4 to to 2 to (■> to 10 to 4 to 4 to 10 to 10 to 10 to 4 to 8 to (> to 2 to 2 to 10 to Oto 8 to 10 to () to 1 to 2 to 8 to () to () to 3 to 7 to 7 to !t to 10 to 10 to 8 to (i to 2 to 7 to Oto 10 to 10 to 7 to 3 to 8 to Hours. 7 to Oto 8 to 5 to 10 to (i to 2 to 8 to 7.i to 5 to 10 to 4 to 10 to 4 to 4 to 8 to 10 to Night. The night. 7 to 12 i) to 12 8 to 1(1 5 to 12 10 to 12 7 to 14 lOi to 12 11 to 12 1(( U 8 to 12 8 to 12 ' ' '4 to 12' 8 to 7 to 12 8 to 12 10 to 12 U 9 to 12 10 to 12 10 to 12 8 to 12 8 to 10 8 to 12 'wto'ii' 10 W 12 'io' 9 to 12 I'roductio: NiinilH^r 11 Average d llll V T'dst of mi Averagi- c< do do * Report of the Belgian section, group XI, sec. 1, by Mr. A. Soupart. 27 All tlieso induHtrles to^othor employ : 15,508 (ii rectors nnil employeoN. 24,70!) \vf)ikmen under H years of a^o, earning an average of SO. 24V per day. 3S,;{;')(! do from 14 to 1(> years do 0.36 do 321,020 do over 1(1, earning an average of 0.62i do Coal Industry, Bassin de Hainault. I'riiductkin, iiiiiiilicr of toiin NimilHr of WDikiiu'ii Avi ra({t' (liiily wurch do wiiK'i-s, ]icr ton Cost (if miiiini,', jxT ton AvflMp' cost of flour, |iiT 111. . . . do meat, (nn' Hi 18,50. 4,420,7(11 4tl,8!»o $t :{(i'{ 7r.i 2,-)! (» 1!)* 0!)' 1870. 10,l!M5,r).'«) !H),!),"i8 •S 58;^ 1 18i.! 17 4 03^ 2iVi, i;t^ 1887 13,470,0(10 !)8,0H7 .«! ,*)7 88 mi 2 41 2r.-j 15 Duration of the day's work in Belgium. Accoi'ding to the last census taken for the information of workmen, it was shown, that thei-e were : p. c. 2,700 workmen, working less than 8 hours, about 0.73 5,817 do do 8 do 1.51 12,071 do do do 3.14 l(il,U>3 do do 10 do 41.!>7 54,717 do do 11 do 14.25 133,431 do do 12 do 34.74 14,()4G do more than 12 do 3.(j(i Industries having the greater number of ivorkmen working 10 hours. Working of coal mines do slatf! and stone quarries. do mines Mi'tallinvic industry Illuniiiiatiii|,f gas Miuinf.ii'lurc (if coke • lla>s iudustiy Manufacture of sugar do paiier ilo engines, &c do railway supplies I'l'inting Biiilding contractors Average duration of a day's w3 iV.Ki r,i3 (17 " 1!),477 " ;«,()48 " i(),(ir)4 " !i,8r)7 " 23..T)!! " ll,il40 " '115 " !I12 11 II II II II 11 3<» 41 53 45 (•.3 70 12 21 Industries having the greater number of Workmen working over 12 hoiirs. Makers of iirinN imd Hrt-anns. 1,358 on 3,53() 12()3 Rates of xvaijes for agricultural lnhorers. Ykaus. Withoii t IViiii'd. Witli Hoard. Men. Women, Men. Women. 1850 $ cts. 2'M 27!' wi 48 8 cts. 15!, 17', 24^ 25 9 cts. 13V 15-J 231! 24J $ cts. 08 1850 (• (;;( 1874 13t 1880 14! The report gives for 1887, the average wages without claasification, for the whole kingdo'ii, as follows : — Men 80.401 u day Women 0.24 i do COAL COMPANIES MAEIKMONT AND BASCOUP. [Belgium.] These companies employ over 6,000 persons of the woiking class. They have established in favor of their staff numbers of institutions for their benefit, and none of these institutions present any distinctive characteristic from others of the same natui-e, with the exception of their remarliable chambers of explanation. Organisation of work. In the work of mining the sj^slcm of sale and that of premiums have been in use for the last fourteen years and have proved eminently satisfactory to the interest of both master and workman. Sales. — Certain kinds of work with mines, the condition of which rarelj' change, may be put up to auction. Herein the workman finds mnuy advantages, a settled price for his work during a certain period of time agreed upcm, the security it gives him, the power of choosing as partners in his work, workmen of the same ability as himself, and the chance of his wages increasing in proportion to the work done, provided work is regular anil favorable, &c. Bargains. — The care of the underground ways, the different repairs to be made and especially the cutting of coal are all subjects of bargaining ; that is the price discussed between the engineers or their assistants and the workmen. Premiums. — .Since the system of premiums lias been introduced for all workmen loading, driving or drawing the coal from the pits, their wages now consist of one fixed part, and of one proportionate part in accordance with the number of cars that 29 liavc puHsod tlirouj^h tlioii' hands, or vvitli tho quantity of coal taken troin tho pits. This s3'slcm is a real stinnihis for tho workmon, and a certainly for tho owner, of coal lioin^f mined with rci^iilarity. Contracts. — In dcaiiii"; out the material from the rcjiair KJiops, stores, &c., tho ori^'auisation of work by t hejoi) has been extendeil to all workmeti withoul dislinction, allli(ini;h in c'ortain classes of work, su(di as drawin^^ up coal, and repairs dinicullies are incontestahly met with. Its ivsiUts ai'c an increase of waf^es ot 20 |)er cent, with a proportionate decrease in the pi'ice of returns. Thegn-ator part of the yearly woik, such as thedriving ot machine-*, tho repair and the care of tho material are all conti'actcd for, the conti'acts not extendini^ over a year. They are sit^ned hy Iho ciial companies and the hands of workmen who accept them. The amount foi-whi(di they are accept t^l is fre([uently based on the ([inintity of coal extracted. All tho risks of the work, which very often varies in quantity, are accepted by the workmen. Past experience shows that, though the coal company may at times advance money, and at others, the workmen may advance work, in the end the compensation is about eipialized. liesides, the |)i'otits nuulo by the contractors show that the conlidence in the results was not mis))laced. They have, in fact, si,i(ned new contracts under con- ditions entailing reductions of 20, 30 ami even 40 per cent, in favor of the companies. If, therefore, their wages have not diminished it must be because they have worked harder, or they have improved their manner of working, making it more intelligent and have thus seconded the etforts made by their superiors in providing improved implements. NOTES ON THE WORKMEN'S CIIAMHER OF EXPLANATIONS FOR THE DIVISION OF MATERIAL.* The Chamber of Explanations, instituted for the workmen employed at the coal mines of ^lariemont and Eascoup (45 in number), is divided into two sections ; ono for the workshops, and one for the extraction of coal and for the machines. Each section is divided into as many committees as there are ditferent kinds of M'ork. The committees are delegates chosen by the woikmen, and a chief elected by the delegates themselves. They meet once every quarter tho ;, gents under whose orders they work. Tho mooting is presided ovei- by the chief engineer of the divisions for tho material. Tho meetings are held during work hours. The committees enquire into all matters, ditfei'encos, disputes, kc, that ma^' have arisen between the workmen and the master (here represented by the com- pany) ; thej'- interpose also in settling the rate of wages, and in all ditficulties con- cerning the regulation of the work. Tlie tbilovving is given as an instance of the importance of those chambers of explanations and of their working ; the case was brought before the chambers for tho blacksmiths of the shops : — A working blacksmith had to do from plans given him, and at a rate settled by the (diief of the shop, certain difficult pieces of work, which had never heretofore been attempted in the shops. When the work was received, it was noticed that thej)ieees were not made in accordance with the plans, and the workman who had made them, having fallen ill, the correction of the woi'k was entru:ited <■ another blacksmith who undertook the work under reserve, the hammei', acco"'.ng to his opinion, not being strong enough ; the result pi'oved him to have been right. An adjuster was then charged with the correction and succeeded in ari'anging it. AYhen it was pro- posed to deduct the price of the work done by the adjuster from the amount agreed upon by the first blacksmith, the latter protested against such a course, pleading : 1st. That the iron used for the work was not large enough. 2nd. That the hammer was not strong enough. .'Jrd. That tl e correcti(m of the work was given to another person and of a ilifterent trade. (iroup IX. — See The Trades Associations of Belgiutn, Appt'iulix VI. 80 Til reply it \vm arp;no(l that : — iHt. Tliiit lie was ill tio way obiif^od to mako use of the iron in quostion, and tho propter iron was to Itc liad in tlio store. 2nd. That lio iiad made no protest as to tlio iiisutficioiicy of the liaininor. livd. 'I'luit tlio correction of the work could not be contideil to Iiini, bo bein/^siclc at the time. All tlio membors present and tho complainant himself accepted the correctness of these o.xpbiiiations, on condition that lor the ihture, in similar cases, it should lie clearly understood that, resorvutiuns boiiii;' niado in time, the worlanan should not be hold responsible. LA VIEILLK MONTAQNI': COMPANY'. Establishedin IS'M. ZiNO Ml.NES AND FoUNDKRIES. [Angleur, Belgium.] Or(janizafion of Wof/es.'-^ All those omployod in the Vieillo Montagno factories, from (he directors down to tho smallest assistants workiiii,' at tho ovens, ai'o, according to their ih-greo, inter- ested in proiliii'ing good work. This end has been attained by the l)estowal of over- wages or premiums, the regulation of which we will explain. The one is the real wages and is fi.Kod; the other, what is called the premium, is variable and incidental. Tho tirst is designed as a payment for the lime devoted to tho company's service, the other as a reward for the workman's individual exertion, the success attaineil by exceptional assiduity and intelligence. The basis for the workmen's premium is determined by the kind of work at which they are employed; it varies according to the relative importance of the woi'k, but the workman is always acquainted with the rates, and can himself every day, liy the results obtaiiietl, calculate the amount. The premiums are granted p'-oportionately lor the amount of mineral manufac- tured, for economizing the raw material, and in particular, the materials for tire, for good work and the quantity produced in a given time. In a word, they are regulated according to the personal caro and ability of the workman. The premium account is settled at tho same time as those of the tixed wages, every fortnight or everj'^ month, as the case may be. JIalf tho amount of the bonus is paid and constitutes an addition to his sahuy, and o' which ho is given possession. Tho other half is carried to tho credit of an account which is opened for each workman; it is ])aid to him in full at the end of each year, if during that time he has fiiltilled all tho moral and material obligations of his engagement. In case of death tho bonuses that have been retained are paid over in full to the workman's heirs. The average rate of wages paid by the A'.oillc Montagne Company has since its foundation followed a scheme of pi-ogression as follows: — 1S37 to 1847 1847 to 1S57 1857 to 18ti7 18(57 to 1877 1877 to 1888 8 0.27 to $ 0.2:t 0.29 to 0.44i 0.443- to 0.50i 0.50| to 0.fi2| 0.G2i to O.G3i 8 0.02 (l.loi O.Oli" 0.12 V O.OOi Total $ 0.36;i In tine the average wages of a workman in the Vieillo Montagne Company since 1837 have gradually increased by about 140 per cent. In the average wages of 18S8 of $0,653, the amount of the bonus varies from 25 per cent, to 10 per cent., according to the workman's rank. *Tlie Vioillc Montagne Comjiany at the Exhibition of 1889.— Labor Societies. ST^:CT ro:N^ TT. PROFIT SHARING. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION'S. 88 IMIOFIT-SIIAKING. BAKliAS, TASSAHT I:T HALAS. 1804-1888. noOKINO, VI,UM1UN(J AND HKATFNn. I'artioi|)iili<>ii in protits was introduccMl into (Iuh ostabliHiuneiil hy Mr. Kd. (ioflliinii, tilt; nredocoKsor oftho jtrosoiit imrtntTH. ill 1S(!2 Nir. iioffinon i,'raiitoro rata to the sums entered to their credit. If it is shown that a participant has become so intirm as to be unable to work, the total amount to liis credit may be paid to him should the committee consent. As long as the sums mentioned in the account books of the participants are deposited with the house, 5 per cent, interest will be granted. A general meting of the staff and particij)ating workmen takes place every year after the closi'ig of the stock-taking, to receive an account of the operntions of the year, to ascerta n the sum to be divided and to approve, if necessary, the changes in the regulations, iVc. This meeting every year names an arbitrator, an expert duly authorized to examine into the accounts with the ])artnei" or partners. The object of the report prepared by the arbitrator is to ascertain and state: 1st. If the inventory or stock-taking was made in conformity witl) the stipula- tions of the general agreement. 2nd. If tlie participation of 5 ^)er cent, on the net profits of such stock list was duly applic'l to tiie slatf'of workmen -a conformity with the regulations. This meeting nlso decides on the advice of the Consulting Committee whether it would be advisable to leave their capital with the house, or whether the amount should be invested with an Insurance Company, a Trust Society, or a Public Treasury. The participants should belong to tlie Society of Mutual Aid of the house. Results of the organization. From 1872 to 1884, total amount of wages amounted to $1G2,30(5.'73 The 5 per cent, on the proiits produced 17,140.00 Which gives in regard to wages a ])roportion of 1055 jx^r cent. The wages paid arts the same as those paid in other houses. A workman with $1.50 a day (the taritf of the City of Paris) and who works 300 days in the year, Beceives as a bonus at the end of the yeai- . In cash $23.75 To be entered in their books 23.75 From 1872 to 1888, 117 workmen were admitted as participants, of which number: 14 became masters. 5 retired. 2 entered military service. (i i-eturned to the house after voluntarily leaving it. 10 died. 4 were dismissed. 2»j loft voluntarily. 67 50 were participants in 1888. 85 Mr. BJiSSELTEVRR, Junior.* AT maromee' (Seine Infui-ieure). The q lestion of the participation of the worknien in the profits of the employer is not ii now one ; but it has never been put into practice in our locality, and it was considered that it -would not he uninteresting to describe the trial wo have i^iven the fij'stem in our calico establiHhment at Maromme (Seine Infcrieuro). About 250 workmen and employees are employed in our e.stablishment. The day's work of Ion hours varies from ',i francs for the aHsistant workmen to T and 8 francs for the workmen and foremen. The women earn from 1 franc 80 to 2 francs per day. Since 1877, with the desire to increase the well-beinjf of our fellow laborers and to strcni^tlion the bonds between them and us, we have inaui^uraled the system of profit- siiarinui:. However, in fear of making a step backward after making a step torward, we did not wish, at present at least, to assure the participants a fixed percentage in advance on the annual profits. We granted this as a gratuity over and above the regular wages, and we reserved the right to determine each year, alU'r the closing of the stock list, the sum to be allowed the participants. The work-])cople (men and women) admitted to participation are not chosen arbitrarily by the master; certain conditions of age (25 years), and of length of service (5 years), give them the rigbt to be participant>. We may add that the young nu;n calle|K)rti()ti(Ml atronlint; to miKimit M 128 118 lie. IKi 120 12C. 132 131 n,r,7X 17,3(i lli,7l l«7(t ■ 1H80 1881 1882 n,2!i 11,77 1883 8,17 1884 1(1,.S."> 188i") 8,07 188t> 7,t>3 1887 7.2(> 1888 7,2(> The workmen thoroughly understand the advantages of this sj'stera. They quite appi'eciato the material help this increase is to them, an increase whi<'h, in good years, has reached as high as 10 to 17 per cent. One old woman working in the factory declared that with her share and that of her husband who works in the same establishment, she was able to pay her rent and taxes. The subscription of a part of their ]irofits to the provident fund has taught the sharers habits of economy, and as a consequence the greiiter number of sharers, of their own free will, deposit every year the amount of their shares over and above their wages, in the Savings bank of the establishment. Looked at from a higher point of view the workmen who are already attached to the establishment by strong ties feel that participation will draw master and men closer together by uniting them in a comini.i' work. They have by their watchful- ness and care, been able to save both material and time for the benefit of the house, and the bonds between them and their chief are such that they speak of ow factory , our calico, and no event can occur either happy or otherwise in which the workuien do not entei', sharing in the joy and mourning of the head of the establishment as tiiough they were but one family with their master. This is a real advantage to all, and the experience of eleven years allows us to add that the employer himself has an interest in associating his workmen in his profits, above all in great industries, where superintendence is less direct and leakage more easy. Under organized participation the woi'kmon themselves exercise this superintendence, and we may cite the example of that partici])uting workman in one factory cliai-ged with oiling the machinery, who economized in one year an amount of oil of greater value than the bonus he was to receive. It is our hope that the system of participation will ever be better understood and that heads of establishments will ever give more and more attention to its appli- cation. But let there bo no mistake: there is no readj'-made form for applying tho system. Each one must apply it in his own particular way, according to the work he is engaged in, taking into consideration tho workmen lie employs, tho country they live, and their sui'roundings. There is but one thing aljout the system that is common to all, and that is good will, the wish to lend a helping hand to the work- men, I'ating them at their worth, and as they de.sei"ve. " Our workmen are not our slaves, our machines are our slaves, our workmen are our fellow-laborers! " These woi'ds spoken by Mons. Steinhel of Rothans, at the ban(|uet given by the Industrial Society of ^lulhouse in 18T<), are fresh in (tur memory, nor have we forgotten tho system of participation established in Alsace by Messrs. ychaett'er it Lalanco, suc- cessors to Mons. HaeHely. We have borrowed more thiin one idea for our organiz- ation from this system. 87 To the future l»elongs associated work. An extra-parliamentary commission assnciated with the Minister of the Intei-ior has been occupied in gatherins^ all the documents relatiniic to this subject of those who have inteiested themselves in this matter, and who have practised the system. The results wo expect from the system of participation cannot l)0 more aptly (jiven than in the words of Richard Cobden (ISGl) :" I view with ]>lea8ure every measure that tends to fill up the abyss that separates the iwo classes of capitali>its and laborers. I wish these two classes to understand the difheulties of their mutual position. I would wish the workmen to understand that capital is nothing more tlian accumulated labor, . nd that labor itself is only the seed grain of capital; that these two, the capitalist and the laborer, concerneil in a common work, should see that what is to the profit of one is to the benefit of the other, and that both are e([ually interested in tiie success of the enterprise." To masters belong the realization of these wishes, to masters belong the right to support and help their fellow-laborers, so that there may be establislied lietween them real parental relations, that to them may be applied the words: "We are but one i'amily, and with us, as with the workingman's family, some members are older than the others, and bear the younger ones in their arms." THE BON MARCIIE. HOUSE OF AEISTIDE BOUCICAULT. Co-operation. In the year 1880 Mde Boucicault, widow, passed a notarial deed with 90 of her heads of depai'tments, by which the Bon Marchi became a co-oporative associ- ation. ^Ide ]5oucicault took as co-partnei's, in two-fifth parts of her business, a num- ber of her employees, who were already the owners of a saving or capital sum with which they bought shares and became sleeping partners. The toti.l capital was fixed at 2,000,000 francs, of which Mde. Boucicault held 12,.")00,000 francs and the associates 7..'>00,000 francs. The society is a collective name as regards Mde. Bouci- cault, the other parties interested being merely sleeping partners.* The business has been divided into 400 parts of 310,(}00, in order that the lesser employees may be permitted to purchase a share or to join together to raise the neeessaiy capital. Cash boys, drivers, saleswomen have joined together to purchase shares, but all heads of departments or of counters have at least one share in the business,* * ft had been provided in the case of Mde Boucicault's death that the society should continue under a c(dlective name as regardeil the agents named by her, or failing such, by agents named by the associated partners, and remain a sleeping partnership for the representatives of Mde Boucicault and the other partners. But, by the mere fact of her death, the company, from being one of sleeping partnership, became a joint stock company with shares of SlO.OO francs as capital. Mdo Boucicault died in 1887, ami, according to the act of the society, new agents were named. Thanks to the co-opei'ative system introduced in the establishment, though the maiuigement was changed, in spite of the imjjorfance of the business none of its interests suffered. The Bon MarcM is now doing business under the name of Plassard, Morin, Fillot ik Co., as appears by the following extract from a notice at the Exhibition : " IW till' cMiiistitutiiir of tlii' Sdcifty nf Vciivc I5(uuic:i\ih i^ Cd., foumlrd in 1HS((, tin' ciitiri' coumici'ci.'il raiiital, iliviiU'd into -KMI slums nf tijflits piuts t-acii, tliiit is W.'IW) parts, lias lii'i'i. ilividcd buccessivi'ly uiiioiig a larjfc iiiimlier iif tlic iMiiployt'cs of tlii' iiousi-, who aic thus |iartni'rs in tlif profits." Frdfit-Sharing. A certain number of the superior employees in the Bon Marchihaxe an interest either in the profits or in the business of the establishment, or in the general sales in their department. * Frofit-Hharing, &c.— Dr. Bolnnest. * * Kxiviiiinatiou of tlie lat)or societies — ^[r. Fillot'8 deiJOHition. 38 In ISTC) Mons. Arirttido Boucieanlt, fonndei' of tho Bon Marchi, ostublished a Provident Fund, in order to interest, besides* liis superior employees, nil his atatf iu the profits of the liusiness. Tho shares according to tho rcfi'ulations of this Provident Fund were : All eni])loyees who liad been in the house for five years or more (with tho exception of those already interested in it). A ])ors()nal account was opened foi' each participant, Tiio division is made proportionately to tlie amount received b}^ each employoo calculatint^ on a basis ol StJOO tor tho lowest amount received, even tlioui:;h the employees may earn less than that sum, and on a basis of 81)00 for tlio largest amount, although the employees may earn more. Tho amounts earned to the names of each individual are bonuseil by an annual interest of 4 per cent. Tho right to share in the JJoucicnult Provident Fund is given: 1st. For one-third part to tho employees, men, having served ten years in tho house. 2nd. For two-thirds, employees, men or women who have soi'ved fifteen years in tho house. 3rd. For tho total amount, employees, women having served fifteen years in the house. 4th. For the total amount to employees, men, having served twenty years in the house. 5th. For the total amount, equally among the employees, women, who have attained the age of forty-live years, or of employees, men, who have attained the age of tifty years and over. An employee having attained the limit of the age may remain in the house, and draw the interest accruing to him as shown by liis book, but he can draw the capital sum only on his leaving the establishment. In case of tho death of a participant his share is paid over to the heirs. In case of iniirmity or any sickness incapacitating tlie particii)ant from work, tho agents may make over all or part of his share to himself or his family. When the particijiant is given an intei'ost in tho house, he no longer belongs to the Eoiici- cault Provident Fund, his account is stopped anli 177.18!t 201,SL'(i 23O.077 248,735 (ill!) 1877 1884 7;w 1878 1 1885 18.S(i 1887 ■s:.l 1879 !l!l."i 1880 l,2."i(l 1881 1888. 1,3NJ 1882 39^ On the 31st of Jul}', 1888, there wore therefore 1,383 sharers in the Eoucicault Provident Fund, possessing aeapitul ot §248,735; besides the sums distributed since tlie founding in 187C, amounting to $70,305. M. E. BUTTNEE-TIHERRY. LITHOGRAPHER. [Paris.] After deducting from the gross sales, losses, failures in production and breakage of material, Mons. Buttner-Tliierry grants 1 p. c. to his employees. To this grant established by statute, he adds a bonus proportionate to the amount of profit made. One-third part of the annual dividend is paid in cash to the participant, the other two-thirds are deposited to the workmen's account in the (Tnion Insurance Company at compound interest, payable after his death to his wife or children, or to the parti- ci])iirit al'ler 20 years' sei'vico in the house, or when ho is 60 years of age. The employee may add to this deposit the third ho has at his disposal, and in that case Mons. J3uttner-Thierry increases it by 5 p. c, as an encouragement to thrift. Four of the twenty-six participants have so far profited by this advantage ort'ercd them. CIIAIX PRINTING ESTABLTSILMFNT. Participation was established in Chaix in 1872. Since that date 15 p. c. of the net profits has been divided among the workmen particijiating, pro rata on each man's regular earnings. .', of the part of each participant is paid in cash. !\ is credited to his account on the books of the retiring ami jtiovident fund, which the participant can receive only on quitting the estal)iishment, or, in case of his death, while still emploj-ed iiy the house, it is paid over to his heirs. .\ is paid into the same i-etiring and provident fund, but which he cannot touch until he is sixty years old, or has worked twenty consecutive 3'oars for the firm. Any employee, workman or workwoman can after three years service in the house, become a participant on condition that his com])etence ami zeal in work has been manifest, and he must make apj)licalion in writing to Minis. Chaix. The amount of profits allotted in 1S72 represented lOp. c. of the wages; in 1873, 7 p. c; 101 p. c. in 1874; 7 p. c. in 1885. The average proportion from 1872 to 1888 was G p. c. of the wages. liesults of the Onjanization. The results are given in the following table exhibited by the Chaix printing establishment : Share allotted to the staff every year : — 15 p. c. of the profits. Amount distributed from 1872 to 1888:— §18O,G(5!t.20 divided by means of tho individual books. .Member of participancy admitted: — 871 workmen, workwomen and employees. Average rate of the division : — (J p. c. of the wages. Amoimts in 871 individual books. 1 of $5,480 1 of 4.500 1 of 3,500 5 of 2,000 to 83,000 37 of 1,000 to 2,000 20 of 800 to 1,000 7 of 700 to 800 9 of $cm to $700 14 of 500 to t;oo 20 of 400 to 5(10 30 of 300 to 4(10 42 of 200 to 300 80 of 100 to 200 595 of 100 ami und * No application has so far, Im'oii rffusetl. 40 Profit-Sharing by Apprentices. A special fiiiul has been opened by the Chaix house in favor of compositor apprentices, to divide annually among thoni a part of the profits procured by their work- • The amounts proceeding from this fund ai-e divided as follows : \- is immediately entcreti on the book of the fund belonging to the party interested. I is retained in the house to be remitted to the parents at the expiration of the term of appronticeshij). ^ is reserved for distribution every five years among the apprentices then present in the establishment. The apprentices aie thus, at the expiration of their apprenticeship, in the pos- session of a small ciipital, varying from $100 to $120. On the first of January previous to the termination of their apprenticeships, the apprentices share in a division of 15 per cent, of the profits among the statf. From 186!t to 1888 the number of apprentices sharing in the profits for appren- tices was 618, and the amounts paid over to the fund by the house, were altogether GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANIES. This Assurance Company founded in 1850 a Pension Fund which later on was changed into a Provident Fund. In 1850 the Board of Administration contributed to this fund $30,000, and every year it adds five per cent, of its profits. All the employees of the company, excepting outside agents, experts and door- lieepers, are allowed to participate on the Ist of January following their admission into the comjjany's service. The sums paid into the Provident Fund are divided among the sharers, pro rata the amounts received by each employee during the year. An individual account is opened for each participating emj)loyee; the accounts are capitalized and accumulate at 4 per cent, per annum. The employee cannot touch this amount until after twenty-five years in the service of the house, when he has attained the age of C5 yeai-s. Ho can then purchase with the amount set to his iiccount an annuity in the office, transfer- able to his heii's, or he can invest the money in railway or government securities, the conxpany then keeps possession of the stock certificates and pays him his divi- dends, the certificates being paid over to the persons named in his will. The employee whose account has been settled can remain in the company's service, and continue to share in the profits ; but he cannot enter the service of any other insurance company without the written authorization of the company under penalty, if the council so orders, of forfeiting all the sums or annuities to his account, which will then be returned to the Provident Fund. Em])loyees who have resigned, or been removed or dismissed, have lost all right to the Provident Fund, unless the council decide otherwise. The amounts forfeited are divided among the individual account, in proportion to the amounts already inscribed in them. In case of death the amounts in the sharer's books are paid over to his family. If an employee be alHicted with any infirmity by which ho is incapacitated for work, the council may dispose of all, or part of, the amount to his account for his benefit. If an employee be named a director his account is settled on the day of his nomination, and he can receive in cash and in full the amount inscribed in his book. If a participating employee should, with the consent of the council, undertake some employment excluding him from participation, he may by permission of the council leceive all or part of the amount credited in his book. 41 Results of the organisation. S Since 1850 tho company has puid over to the rrovi.lont Fund 1,:3LM,329 Interest at 4 p.c -ISl.SdH l,80(i,222 Amounts ]iaid to retiring employees or to their families amount to 97n,(JG8 Amount in full in tho Fund on the 31st December 1887.. 826,554 Shares in this company are very high, there are superior employees whose books at the age for retiring carried amounts of 820,000, anil otUce boys who, after 25 years service, lind themseh'es in possession of a capital of from $4,000 to $7,000. THE NATIONAL. FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES. [Paris.] The National Insurance Company divides evejy year a cash dividend of 2^ p.c. among its employees, the division being based on their salaries. Directors and ins- pectors do not share in this division. The division has ])een made annuallv since 1S37. THE SUN AND EAGLE. FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY. These Companies founded in 1881 a Provident Fund, based on the principles of the Provident Fund of the General Insurance Company. The oidy dirteronce of any importance between the two systems is in the manner of division which in these two companies is based not only on tiie amounts received, but on Iciigtii of services. Every year these two companies give to the Provident Fund 3 per cent, out of the sums set aside as dividends tor the shareholders. 75 per cent of this annual allowance is divided as follows : lY. 50 per cent^jro )-ata of the wages. • '■ 25 ])er cent.^jro rata the number of years service. The other 25 per cent, of the sum remaining at the disposal of the managing council to reward exceptional services, to aid certain employees and to add to the account of the participant's interest at 4 per cent. COMPANIES FOE ILLUMINATING BY GAS TIIE TOWNS OF MANS, A^ENDOME AND VANNES. CENTRAL COMPANY OP ELECTRICITY OP TIIE TOWN OF MANS. The workmen and employees receive every year a gratuity proportionate to the services rendered. ]!]very two years a sum is taken from the company's profits and dividetl between the workmen and employees in proportion to salaries. This sum, which represents an increase of abtnit 10 ])ei' cent, of the allowances and wages, is placed in the Savings Bank, and books are given on which the credit is entered. An annual sum of $10.00 is levied on the profits for the benefit of the work- men meriting it, and who have worked over five years in the house ; and this sum is placed to the credit of the workmen in a special account. At the end of ten years this allowance is raised to 815.00 a year. 42 Tho total l)cai'H iiiterest at 5 por cent. In 1S88, at th() iiiauifnration ol'tlio new factory of Mann, tlie of)mpany gave to oacli of tlio diildron of ilioir workmen a book for the Ketiring Fiiml for old ago, with a entry of crodit of $4.00. From that timo tho wt)rkmon are obliged to pay annually to the crodit of their children at least S2.0() until such time as tho children are able to earn theii' livelihood; the company j)laco a similar amount to the credit of each child. Tho capital is reserved for tho parents. With tho object of assisting workmen with large families, tho com]iany thorn- selves pay tho subscription for tho children, counting from the fourth. RAILWAY FllOM PAIUS TO ORLI^ANS. REGULATION ON TUE PAETICIl'ATION OF EMPLOYEES IN THE ANNUAL PROFITS OF THE RUNNING OF THE ROAD. Extract from the Statutes of the Orleans Company. The Administrative Council, see article 54 of tho new statutes : Art. 54. After the different assessments mentioned in Articles 50, 51, 52 and 53 above referred to, and those to which may be apjilied tho guarantee of interest granted by the State, and to tho future division with the State of a part of the j)rotitM, the net proceeds of the enter])rise will each year be divided among tho shares at the rate of the six hundred thousandth, j)er share, with the exception made in Article It) above mentioned concerning new shares. However, when there is added to the total shares as interest and dividend a sum of $4,000,000 there is made on the surplus of the proceed.-i a deduction of 15 per cent,, which amount shall be distributed by the Board of Directors among the employees of the Comjiany, in proportion to their wages, or by reason of their .services, on principles to be dotermincd by regulations which shall bo submitted for the approval of the next general mooting. When, by application of the preceding dispositions, the total of shares has amounted to a sum total of $5,800,000, the assessment to be levied on the net proceeds shall bo reduced to 10 per cent. When, by ap])lication of the preceding dispositions, the total of shares ha.s amounted to §(),400,000, tho assessment to be levied on the proceeds shall be reducdl to 5 per cent. In accordance with the resolution of the general meeting of tho 31st March, 18()3, which gives power to the Board of Directors to modify the by-law of the 30th March, 1854, in accordance with the by-law of the 30th March, 1854, it is decided : — Art. 1. When, in carrying out Aritcle 54 of the Statutes, there is made, on the annual proceeds, deductions of the sum to bo divided among the employees of the Company in proportion to tho wages, and to their services, this sum shall be divided according to the following dispositions by the decision of the administrative council, rendered on tho propositions of the Directors : — Art. 2. Each year, before any division be male, there shall bo deducted, for the aid and encouragement fund, a sum which, in any case, shall not exceed 15 per cent, of the amount to be divided, and which shall not be more than the sum needed, with the full disposable amount of the previous year, to make up the maximum of $50,0(it'. Special decisions of the administrative council, rendered at tho request of the directors, have decided what sums shall bo taken from the aid or encouragement fund, either during tho year, or at the end of it, to be given : — 1st. To the employees who, in the performance of their duty, have been wounded, have contracted illness, or suffer from infirmities that render it impossible for them to continue their employment. 2nd. To the families of those who have died under similar circumstances, or hy reason of some extraordinary ailment. i 48 3r(l. To omployooH in want. 4tli. Finallj^, to oinployoos who diHtiiif^uiHluHl tIu'in?tioiis made anterior to these ages, tho onjoyinent is sent back a year as the employee commences a new year of work after 50 years, after 51 years, cS:c. The subscriptions to the retiring fund cease at the moment when tho life rent attains the maximum fixed by law. In such case the extra subscriptions as well as tho arrears nf the liquidated rent is placed in the name of the employee in the Sav- ings Bank 01 Paris until such time as he will sever his connection with tho company. Art. 8. The subscriptions to the Savings Bank are made on condition that they can only be withdrawn by the employee, in virtue of a special decision of the admin- istrative council rendered at the request of the director. The subscriptions are suspended when the credit of the employee to this fund has reached tho maximum determined bylaw; if, moreover, his subscription in the retir- in^^ fund for old age has not reached the maximum fixed by the law which regulates tlie latter fund. In that case that part of his contribution which should have been i,nveri to the Savings Bank is made over to the retiring fund to supplement tho maxi- imim fixed by Sec. 1 of Art. 5 above given. Tho contributions to the Savings Bank recommence when the maximum of the life-rent acquired by the retiring fund has 44 n^aclioil Wio maxiniiiin. Thou tlio hiiius wliioli rmirlit to bo contnl)utos in his deiM)sition liefoie the Commission gave the following explanations in regard til the classifications : — " Our agents are all taken on trial for a cert.ain length of time, and they are classi- tiiil, that is put in a position to admit of retiring, after they have served two years in Kgypt and a certain time in France. Article 2. — The right of retirement for years jiroportioned to the years of active service, counts from the date of classification and is granted— 46 Int. To ctniJlnycfH hftvinif wtvpH twenty yenrs in KfO't't- '2\\i\ 'I'll fiii|iloyicM ImviiiK MiTvcrl tlii' coiuiiiviiy |iiiit ni tln> tiiiif ill Fniiicf aiid pint in Mnypt, iliiriiiK ii M|(iic«' cif time, wliirli, iilliiwiiii; liffy |«'f 100 fur hi rviciH In I'Vypt, will givi' it total iif thirty yt'iirs' Mcrvici'. Mnl. Til all licinsi'd iMiiplnyci's fur ntuppatji' of wnrk, rc-ortfani/atioM, <»r any othor wlniiliiHtrativc ini'iixiiri' wliicli (Iiicn nut partake >if tlic natio)' nf ilirtniiHHul. Itli. Tn all i'mpli)yt'""< alllictfil « itli ci-itilicd lualailicn wliidi iiieaiNUMtatn tlicni fur ivctivo Ht'i'vicu. I'ltli. Kiiipliiyrcs liavinj; attuimd hi\ty ycaix uf »(;''■ Arlirh',\. Ily H|H'(ial aKiTrniiMit lictwccn tlic lunipany ami tlii' ciiipliiyi'f tlii> ri(fht tii retire tliM'it nut prevent inntiniiatiu!! of lU'tice service. ArticlcH 4 and T) ^ive I lie n^vorsioii ftt' halt' llio pt^iinii>ii of a ilccoaKod I'titict'd employee to Iuh det'oiulantH or liuirs, or to Hiich poiHons whoso support (ho decoasod has been. Art. (■). Any employee wlio ban iM'en clJHniiHHeil or wiiiwe ap|N)intnieiit hun U-en revoktiil Iohch u HkIiI to retire, or tu any anienilM w liatnoever. However, in tlie (Mse iif a (liMinis- classilicd cmplovees, the nudtiplier never to exceed liO. Hut this pnvilei^'e will cimsc when the amount to be distributed shall reach half the average ainotmt of the l■ctirill^,' i luplovee's last three years' salary, he having served the company for thirty years, and it shall be pro|iiirtiuuatily smidler fur those who h.-ive served the company less than thirty years. Art. 12. When, after deducting the 10 per cent, provided fur by Art. 10 frum the iimuunt for retiriiifr carried to the maximum as provided by .Art. 11, the aiimial proceeds of the 2 per cent, still haves an excess, this excess will be divided entirely among all the classitied emphiyecs in service in poriHirtiun tu tlnir salary un the Hist Ui'cember uf the previuus year, multi|ilied by tlu' number of the employees' years of aclu;il services, the multiplier never to exceed HO. .Art. l;!. The iiumlicr of years" service uf the classified working staff having a .share in the divisinii provided by .\rt. 12, will coiuit from the 1st of .lanuary. \o employee classitied after the 1st uf .lanuary sh.'dl sliar;* in the division of iirofits for the year in which he is classitied : but the year of his retirement slidl in any case be counted in compensation as entire, for the divisiiiit of profits. Alt. 14. When the division provided for by Art. 12 has iiroduced for the working staff a ]mt equal to that granted by Art. 11 for the retiring employees, that is, a part ecpial to half the salary i if ein|iluyees uf thirty years of services, the surplus of the proceeds of the 2 per cent, will be divided ainont; ;ill the staif giiieially acting or retired, according to the provisions of Art. 12. A last settli'inent for tin- retired employees will lie based the same as for the settlement at the period of their retirement. .Art. l."i. The annual amount to be given retiring employees, shall in no case exceed •'Ji'l,liOO for tlinsc employees whose average salaries during their last years uf service shall have been ^<.'>,ooo und \miler. And in liki^ pruisution fur those whose salaries have exceeded 83,000, the anaaint of §2,400 ivniainiiii.' as a last nia.xiinuni whatever may have been the amount aljove !!!r),000. ESTABLISIIMEXT OF A. DeBEENY Type Foundry. (Paris.) RULES FOR PROFIT-SHARINa AND FOR THE FUND OF THE FOUNDRY. Introduction.^ Mens. DeBerny introduced profit-sharing in 1848 ; this was the fourth trial of this system of remuneration. (* ■^) * Notice returned to Jury. (* *) The first aiiplicatioii of the system was by Leclaire in 1842, the second by Laroche-Joubert in If* 13 and the third by the Orleans Company in 1844. 47 Tlio first Mons. DoBorny l)ii8oil his systoni on tho roliitivo vnliio of Runital and liil><>i', iiiiitin^' in M nioro poiin)Kv priMliictioii. Tliy Hysli'in ho han us«m1 kuko 1S4H in a proportionate of this manner of profit-sharing, in which capital ami labor are associated on a footing of entire equality. 'flic form he chose, fioo from all idea of de>-polism, shows tho workmen clearly Ihiit llii'ir share in the profits dt'iiends upon and is onliroly measured by their work. Till.-', llicrofore. was well adapted to eneouniife them, and to create and dovidoj) mutual cniitideuce, without which experience teaches, any system of participation is preca- rious. Not oidy was Mons. do Horny guided by a souse of Jastice in his system of |ir()lil-sli;ii'ing, but be was moved liy a desire to provide a provident fund and one for mutual help. This was Iiow he became inspired to establish the fund lor tho foundry. Since its establishment this fund has been not only an aid fund, but also a -J eslalilished, and it is not. the least ori- 'uent. Ipy little else than subseri))! ions from 'I satisfied with tho snuill amount of that too small a share of their profits fund fiir mutual credit. The loan soei' ginal nor .he least useful fund in the ( Tho fund was, for a long lime, suppoi the wages ; but in 1S71 Mons. do Horny foresight shown by his workmen, anil decn were devoted to tlirift, decided to make n clumge, and devote that portion of thepro- ilts horctofbro i)aid to the men t(* a foundry fund. This fund has tlourislied, and has since exteniled its opei'ations,and i)ensioii funils have booncreatcd for retii'ing workmen, as well as a pension t'und for acting cinpioyees subject to certain conditions regarding age anorconf. retained on wages and allowances 5,182 20 Exterio, taxation 106 50 Interest on loans (!74 85 Interest on invested fund 4,9n() 90 Bonuses (!0 KeceiptB belonging to the 'und 10,9fifl 55 *lii uonwfpu'iici' of ttic complicated ftyHtem oiluiittii) fur deteruiining cuutiiigeut shares, wo have thougiit pivixT to calcuhitj l)y francs. 61 Share of profits granted labor for work on letters in 1S87 and made over to the fund 22,024 00 Total amount of receipts 32,9'J3 55 Expenses for the year : Aid in cases of Hickness : men 3,005 tO ") 4 aio -ia do do women 1,346 40 i •*.*^-a" Kotiring pensions at a fixed rate 11,571 80 1 91 o-m on IVnsioiis for worUd's at a variable rate 0,750 00 j -'^.■•■*'*" °^ Fuiicrai expenses, 3 deaths, 4 crowns 240 50 Temporary aid 130 (»0 Grants for 8 l)irlhs 400 00 Imieninities to those on reserve or local service 52 00 Liiihtin^jj furnaces 42 00 Li(|uidaling contingent share 1,818 15 28,455 55 Excess in receipts over expenses 4,538 00 Amount in fund the 31st December, 1887 141,175 40 Amount in fund the 3 Ist December, 1888 145,713 40 Of which amount 14,000 francs arc granted to the reserve funtl. SETTMNG CONTtNGENT SHARES OF MEMBERS OF THE FUND ON THE 31 ST DECEMHER. 1888. Amount in hand r.oing Fr. 145,713 00 anil he amount for pensions for 1889 21,330 00 The amount to serve as a basis for division is 124,38i 00 The half of this amount, 62,102 fr., is divided propf> nonately among the days of tlio members since their entrance into the establishment, the days of the women being calculated as ;i of the men's day, and the other half is divided proportiouiitcly among the wages. The men's days amount to 240,436 Tlie women's, ]79,2(i3 reduced to i 107,558 Total number of days for division 360,004 The amount for each day is therefore ^f}Ti\^f fr. =0' for the men. And of 0, 174 fr. X f =^ 0' 104 for the' w«)men. The amount to bo divided on all the wages of all members since their enti'ance into the establishment is 62,102 francs. The men's wages are 1,871,863 The women's do 646,707 Total amount of wages 2,518,660 The amount of wages is therefore ^HHiy ^^- ^' 0247 for the men and women. ACCOUNTS OF THE FUND SINCE 1871. Fr.aiiw. Amount on Slst December, 1870 24,170 45 Jieceipts since 1872 : Detained on wages 72,42.S 00 Profits grunted the fund 100.303 55 Inteiest on loans 7,402 20) rorr, or do invested funds 57,853 05 j "^V-^o -> 20— 4J 52 Beceipts since 1872 ; Variovis receipts. ipis Legacy from Mihs Iluet in 1872 Legacy from Mens. DeBerny in 1881. Total amount of receipts since 1871 Expenses since 1872: Aid i 11 cases of sickness 54,778 n5 Pensions to actual workers 94,5!)8 55 ~) do to retired do 50,314 80 [■ 157,843 35 do to widows of pensioners 3,930 00 j Funeral expenses 4,0(10 10 Various expenses 7,445 25 Liipiidation of contingent shares of property on account of leave or death 29,017 fiO Francs. 7,115 10 20,000 00 10,588 00 398,864 35 Total amount of expenses since 1871 Ditference in amount on hand 31st December, 1888 LOANS SINCE 1871. Loaned in the foundry $45,158 40 Paid back 42,010 80 Eemai.is due $2,547 00 Loans due 31st December, 1884 $2,073 20 | j. . 310 00 Loans for the year 2,583 40 Paid during the year :.. $2,709 00 Ballance due as above. Profits shared from 1848 to 1888 2,547 GO $00,019 88 DOCUMENTS OF STATISTFCS. Participation of the staff in the profits is given in different ways : Either as a division of profits ijotween work (represented by wages) and capital. By grant of so much per cent, on the profits. By grant of so much per cent, on the wages. These diffei'ent ways have no connection with each other. To attain a practical knowledge of a system of participation, it would be well to study one of these types of the system by calculating how much per cent, of the profits are due to labor. The relations the profits granted labor bear to the value of the labor. These three jioints, in the DeBerny & Co.'s foundry, and for the last five divisions, are : So much per cent, on the profits due labor 18 per cent. Kelations of labor to capital 23 do Eelations of profits grunted labor to the value of labor 8 do MAISON DOGNIIS', LACE ANn TULLE MANUFACTURER [Lyons]. All the workmen and emploj'ces of this house have an interest in the r.et profits of the concern. The division is not made on the general profits, but on the amount of J)i meoli Ihu ji '\ Thofl niiiiti (livi.sii salai-y sorvic profit!^ last si: 253,150 95 ■ Th ■ L\'ons i. 145,713 40 1 cornini-- ■ c'lUoro.i 1 Till 1 of many 1 Jti I opened. A p.| mills. The of aliouf, ••It wlioleJ The fundi among ill accord in T distrilaitti The Ever^' ye; pension.s For .• Jiave servJ Jias the I'll Jie is at hi paid liim reserved .si A i)n\ for any nT t" wiiich 1 63 of profit realized by each department in the factory. The workmen in the mechiinital fU'piU'tment of the factory were tir-st admi'Jed to wliaro in tliu profits of i\w Jiictory in 18S2, on the following basis: — The workmen are divided into seven classes, according to their years of service. The annual wages of each (tlie fixed wages, or the total amount of piece-work) is midtiplied l>3' the numher of workmen, and the product serves as the basis of the division. Thus, the share of a workman who has served thirty years, for an equal salary, is seven limes as great as that of the young journeyman in his first year of service in the house. The bonus to bo divided is so much per cent, on the special profits of the shop; the amount is not made known. This allotment, has for the last six years, given the following results: — For the 1st class, O'DO to l'2r) per cent, of the wages. do 2nd do 1-30 to 1-tiO do do do 3rd do 2-7() to 3t»r) do do do 4th do 3-()() to 5-25 do do do 5th do 4-(!5 to (i-oO do do do 6 th do 5-45 to 7-80 do do do 7th do (;-:{5 lo !»-20 do do Tlie division of those amounts is not made by ;be ]-.ouse. It is made at the Lyons Savings Bank. The parties interested are notiiied by letter of the amount coming to them. It is immeiliately paid to them in cash, if they request it, or it is ontere 1 to their account in a savings bank book. The distribution being ma1 — 5-41 per cent, of the wages. ISCl to 1871 — 4-32 do do 1871 to 1881 — 7-15 do do 1881 to 18RS — G-00 do do In 1887 participation of workmen in the profits gave the following results: — ] worlvman rocoived a premium of 858. .'J7, 40 years' service. 8 workmen do between 820 and $40, 1.5 to 3'6 yeais' service. 17 do do do SKI and 820, 3 to 38 do 16 do do do $8 and $10, 3 to 7 do. The other workmen received at least $8.00 ; those who hud not worked, two years received no shure in the profits. Example of the manner of calculating a share in the profits : — Name. Yfars of Scrvicp. Wages. . Rate of Boims. B. c. 13 44 17 19 30 03 Y 16 205 40 C i>. e. 13 53 17 31 30 84 Z 5 132 60 3 1). 0. 3 98 5 09 • i» 07 COOPERATIVE PAPER WORKS OF ANGOULfi.ME. LAROCIIE-JOUBERT & CO. Participation was established in the firm of Messrs. Laroche-Joubert & Co., (Co-operative Paper Works of Angouleme) under several ditferont forms, not includ- ing wages by the piece and monthly gratuities on the selling prices of manufactures, which constitute one particular form of ])ai'ticipati(m much in use, and which was employed in the beginning by this fii'ni. The largo statf of these works is divided into groups called "works" oi "enterprises," and each group of the house forioing in combination a sort of society, each engaged on a special kind of work for the general good of the house, and each j)o.'.sessing its own set of books and its own inventoi'ies, so that each workman umlcrstands and feels in a tangible way the results alike of his negligence and his assiduity, results less likely to strike him were he lost among the large staff of tho establishment. There is assessed on the profits of each group : 1st. A share allotted to labor, that is to say, the wages at so much in the franc. 2nd. A .'^liare allotted to intelliijence, that is, to the head men and foremen, and divided 20 20 35 10 10 20 20 20 20 **2r) ' ***30 ! % 10 10 10 10 10 8harn ill (Jeiieial PriititM. % 50 50 TiO 5(1 40 50 These departments form, as we have said, really separate factories, and the net profits of each, after de(liicli ca])ital employed in tliat department. All tlio costs of each department are set forth in the most precise manner in the regulations of the house. The division of the ijeneral profits is made in the following manner : — Before the (dosing of the liooUs a deduction is made of S(>,(iO(), rcjii'esenting the salaries of tlie maiuigers, plus 1 ])er cent, on the amount of the bills of sale of the Palis warehouse, and 5 jicr cent, interest is allowed to those who share in the capital. Of the remaiuing profits is allowed : 'JO per cent, to the president of the council, and to the five managers about 5 per cent, to each. 8 per cent to the superior employees. li! per cent, to tlie customers of the house. 50 per cent, falls, so jnucdi to the fianc, to capital ; the participating depositors and the wage-earners ot the whole active personnel not admitted to a share in the special ])rofits of any depart meiit.f To he admitted to partici])ation, it is necessary to have a book of wages. Such book is given to each worker of 15 j'ears old who was in the cm[)l()y of the firm for over a year at the time of the stock-taking, in whitdi he participates, and there must be no serious charge against him. The oldest workers, men and women, as regards the division of pi-ofits I'eserved as wages, receive a share which is larger in proportion to the number of years they have been in the house. The wages of woi'kei's having been 5 years in the em2)loy, and being at least 25 years of age are counted for \\ Having been 10 years in the employ and ,'iO years of age. 1^ do 15 do :J5 do If do 20 do 40 do 2 The share of profits is paid the worker in cash after each stock-taking. A savings funartineiits and the sum total is divided as follows : 10 per cent, to the management. 3.5 per cent, to the travellers. 20 per cent, to the heads of divisions. 25 per cent, to the employees. 10 iwr cent, to the workmen. to the d in tile I V]\y foi his t of I sleo In I ini; jiarl (Ik call] T., , the firm (ho foil.r gave us ( The Itsh and in th Paper W. ]ica( s oft of \v liich ( '1 67 to the depositoi'H, who, bosidoH receiving 5 percent, interest, were entitled to ii shuro ill tiie 1 per cent, olgenorul protitH ullottt'd to deposits. I'lvory depositor wlio lias worl,0U0, and eight old workmen and employees possessed $G2,000 of the ca|)ilal stock. To prove the complete success of the system of partici|)ation as ailopted by the tlio firm of Messrs. Laroche-Jonbert \' Co., wo content ourselves with publishing the following document, which was handed to the Jury, and of which they kindly gave us communication : — A.voour.iiMK, Ifith May, ISSO. The results shown in the following table are the most ehxiuent commpiitaries. It shows that notwithstanding the crisis in the ]Hiper tratlo of France generally, and in that of Charontcin particular, the efforts of the coiiperators in the Cooperative Paper Works at Angoulemo were such as to destroy the effects of such crisis. The heads of our house will be encouraged by these figures to learn all the improvements of which our work is susceptihle and to apply them without hesitation. Table of Results obtained since the Year 1870 to 1888, inclusively. W7U. ISSO. ]8«1. ]S,S2. l'"niiK's. riiititsof iiai'ticiiatioii jfiiiiitcil Ijy tlic liv-law of till' cii-(>i)i'nitiii's to till' I'lii- liliiyfi's, .siipi'iiois, iicads of (lt'|)art- iiuiits, fori'int'ii, chief workers and Wdikiiien 2. l)i\ iili'ud "11 s.'daries 3. I)ivid(i\d ]iaid over anital possessed liVtiie eiii|pliiyees or workmen of the house, eit her as de[H)sitorH, co-operators, sk'ep-, iiij; partners or participants of not ie«s' tiian liO.OOO j 10,;i(i;{ oO 4. Dividend of co-operators to customers. li),872 !)!( t!l,4(i3 02 1>S,,S57 !»" Francs. 08,078 74 22,351 70 Total. 110,057 48 .*i22,lll 50 ]2,7i:j 21,112 80 124,287 01 24,857 40 Francs. 71,053 US 28,021) 03 14,410 70 28,840 02 142,032 32 28,580 40 Fri 100, 37, 3(i8 no 448 40 1( 32, 300 30 •)22 72 Total. Francs. 309,!t04 40 107,285 (H) 53,884 42 102,34!» 43 105, 3!l. 700 44 141 20 573,483 25 114,t)00 05 1. I'rofltsof i>articipati()n granted by the hy-law of the co-operators to the eni- ployees, superiors, heads of (lei)art- leeiits, foremen, chief workers and wiirknien 2. Ilivideud on salaries 3. Hividend paid over and above the 5% interest on the capital possessed by the impliiyees or workmen fof the house, eitlieras depositors, co-ojK'rators, sleej)- iiiff piirtners or participants of not less tliim 20,tK)0 4. I )iviili'nd of co-operators to customers. Total 1883. Fra 80, 32, (i53 53 172 (i5 18, 080 '.Ml 40!) 10 140,222 18 §20,844 43 1884. 1885. Francs. 83,121 14 47,!M)8 28 10,230 27 21,477 28 Francs. ,58,870 34 30,070 78 4,100 78 0,818 18 100,745 07 .•«,340 19 100,400 08 20,002 01 188(i, Total. Francs. 48,424 04 27,050 12 3,011 25 t),030 10 Yvv 80,021 51 17,384 30 284 138, 000 05 487 83 2' .53, 238 20 034 0() r)03,340 74 100,000 05 58 Table of RohuUh obtained ninco the Year 1870 to 1888, inclusivoly. 1885. lH8(i. 1887. 18H«. Total. I. ProtitH of pnrtic'ipation (frantofl by the bv-liiw iif the co-diHTiitnrs to tlio fin. lAoyt'i'H, siiipfiiois, liciuls of (Icpiirt- nictits, fdicincii, ulii<-f workfru aiitl FnvncH. 58,870 34 30,(170 78 4,100 78 (1,818 18 100,4(10 08 .•«!20,002 02 Francs. 48,424 04 27,(J5(1 12 3,011 25 (1,030 10 l-'raiicH. (17,078 0(1 38,23.^ 10 11,(138 03 8,323 (12 125,275 80 .'il2.5,0.55 1(1 FrancK. (11,415 2(1 34,720 24 12,(150 00 !),318 08 FrancH. 235,788 (10 2. Dividend on Miilarifs 3. Dividend paid over imd iilM)ve tlie 5% interest on the cupital |«psseHsi'rl liy the employees or workmen of the hoiine, either as depositors, eo-opeiators, slee|)- inj,' partneiH or partifipantx of not Iuhh than 20,0(K» 4. Dividend of co-o)ieratorH to eustonierH. 131,282 33 32,.1()0 Of! 31,380 OH Total 8(1,021 51 *17,;W4 .10 118,112 58 .liaio ill tho iri^iilai' participation iiiidcr the i'ollowin;^ conditimiH, imposed \>y liiiuself alone, wlion studyiiif^ tlie oiifunization of hin pUin of woric, as in accordance witli each wiprkinati'H \vorl<. and mIho to necuro Mtahility in liis wtafi'. Mnns. Lninl)art determineH the ainoiiiit of tho honiiHert or prizoH ovory year dur- iiiif tiie inontii of Docmiher. i\t eacii period of Hettleiimnt a ceilaiii sum in asseHsed, ill accordance with what amount of |)rotit.s is not Hpecitied, imt varies t'rom S12,0II(> tn 8-(l.<)00, and in divided anionu; the employees and workmen. Tho division for tho wdikineii is math*- tirst, accoidiiiL'' <<> seniority; 2nd, earnings; IJrd, merit. Tlie hasis of tlie division is as follows: the individual's worth, as shown by three notes, tho 1st from the liead of the house, tlie 2nd from the foreman, the Hrd from the head of the de|»artment. 'I'lu; tliree notes are exprosHotl by points or marks, tho tiital niimher is divided by ."5, and ;xi^'*'» an average of merit. By multiplyiny; thin aveian'c by the nimilier of |ioints correspond in^^ to his notes ami ids years of servieo, the result is a number of poii.ts which j^ives the* ])roj)ortion of the yearl}' wa;^eH in wliieli tho workman is to siiare in tiie profits. Tims, the workman whose note is very ji^ood (.^)), and wiio has served ;{ yeai'H (or the eoi'i-espoiidiin; niimlK^r (!()), takes part in tho division as ,"„"„ of his wages, and ho who lias 12(1 points shares after a nunibei- ecpial to Ijjjj of his wagoa, etc. Jlio following table siiows this basis: — XuiiiImt of Vcars of Hw\ ice. Vahii' of tlic Note, Very (i(X)c1. 4 (■o(xl. 3 Pretty C.'tKMl. 2 PaHNable. 1 l^itd. 1 % 20 40 i;o 80 lIK) 120 140 IIH) IKO 21 H) 220 240 0/ /o ii; ;t2 48 114 80 nalcd tliuir capital in ordor to suciiru tlioiii- HolvcH a liin'liiT in(M)ni(' ; Iml, as a lacl, il is tlioso alone who, hein-^f married, havo no chiltlron, or liioso who liave dccidod ti» remain unmarried, who have done so, No Bin^lo NuliHcrinMon huH liuun untorud in tlio books which dooH not. hour mention of its boinjx inalie uid unseizahlo. On I he I January, ISSl), tho participation whowod tho foilowini^ rosultH : — Fl'llMCH, Aliiount luiid ti) tlic ictiritijr fund Wl.lilo (Ml ) do in fiiKh fidiii lHr>t; to IH-.') 42,IKMMH) I -r .1 . , i . { oi,,i. . » I »i 1. 1- .1 1 \ \ Ci. . ^1 . t. IUUI '• r 1/1 iii. lo till' total imiol it of S|lll,. Alnonnt to t II' cridil V)W) ^flvi'U ov .Moms. l,iiniliiiit Alnoiint paid to I'm 1 oyii's on stiill .iiit,2X',i ii> . .1 1 . 1 . ... luuci 1 c uu'i . luuii t : . 1111- 1/1 on t r iMt .la I aiv, IHS'.l. do from ISHl til IMS!) (in occa.Mion of iiiarriiigo 4,r.tii -lO | • do to .voiiiiK military nun in ndverxity 8,'JH7 (K) J Sii/i]i[emenfary Note. To make tho matter clearer to tlio .jury, MonH. Lombart thiiikH proper to add the followino; an siipplementaiy informtition :— That the reason for tho retiriiiif fund not having' lioon appii»>d to, is that when he started businesw in 185(i ho boi^tm l»y f^ivins^ hiw cmployeeH a present on tho first of .laiiuary of eacli yoiir; hut btivinii; had occasion to r<'maik that in many cases his generosity was of no beiKdit to the recij)ii'ni'H family, it heiii^ spi-nl solely t>r Uio i'Oci|»ient's gi'atilication, to tho exclusion of his tamily, lio decided to change tlio mannor of tho gift, and to establish the nucleus of an account for oa(di one, which should bo in' 'isod by his yearly gift and tho accumulated interest. In the begin- ning these wore in proporlion to tho prolits of the business, which at that time wore \{iVY tho ostablishment having to le-estahlish its former reputalioii, Since then thu naros havo increased in ratio with tho profits of tho business. Si.\ years ago a certain number of participants luiving expressed a desiro to start an eslablishment of their own, Mons. Lomiiart approved of the ideti most highly, and gave them every assistance to free themselves from the ii-^sociati'd amounts. For this purpose ho ])aid the neces.sary amount to socui'o them tho huiiis carried to thoir credit in tho participation. Tho hoiids of the Lombart factor}^ aro given the whole amount of their sliures in cash, and tbiis they receive from those shares amounts varying from tho i, the §, the f and sometimos double and treble the amount of their yearly salaries. ALFRED MA.ME & SONS, TOURS. (171)6-18811.) PaiNTEltS, BINDERS AND PCBLISIIEHS. Li 1874 Messrs. Alfred Maine & Sons established a participatory and provident iund, of which the following is ;i rcmmi of its organization and working : This fund is supplied by amounts which tho Messrs. ]\I.ame have engaged to give tho 1st of January of each year, from ;i sum calcidated a.s follows:— 1st. For employees in the publishing department, §0.G0 per 1,0U0 on total amount of sales effected during tho past year. 2nd. For workmen and employees in the printing and bindery departments, $5.00 on every l,Ot)0 of the proceeds of each department. The third of tho sum total of this amount is immediately distributed in cash among tho employees of each class who are 21 years of ago, and havo bcoii at least one year in tho employ of the establishment, and that in proportion to their 4illowances or salaries ; the two-thirds are destined, and go, to form a provident fiuid in their own favor, under conditions to be hereafter mentioned. For this purpose a book of participation is given to each individual member of tho .staff who is 21 years of jige, and who has been at least one year in tho employ of the house. 61 Two-tliinlM of tho iimoiint for participation given by MosHrs. Mamo arc thuH (liviiloil among dio proprietors of books in proportion to tho aliowanfon or HaluriuH of • •lull. I'lacb one is allowed an intoroHt of 5 percent, on tlie ainoiintu in bis book, which is cal paid over to his widow, or his cddldren or grandchildren, or to his ascendants. In any case of dismissal, apart froni a reduction of the statf, or from inlirmity or yii|pprcssioii of any luancdi ot employment, in any I'asc of ahsentc'eisni or of being tui'iied oil', the workman or enn)loyee loses all light to the amount entered iii his Ixxih Tlu( amount entered to his individual account is divided on the .'{1st T)ecem- her following his departure, among the accounts of tho romaini'ig i)articipaMt.s in hi.s (le|tartment, in pro])oition to tho sums alrea,.13() S!(i7,82(! AllllllllltH I'liid in Citsli. KrM. 14,lS(i 14,c.'.m; I4,r);«i ir.,oii! il,4r.(i 10, 570 !t,4.">3 !),r>(i8 i»,41!l !»,828 ll,0'.t2 ii),;>8H ! 1.0-5 !l,r.30 10,04!l hividcnd I'iiid t(i Staff. Total Alnoiiiit I'jiid ill l)y Messrs. Miiiiiii & Uiin. Annual I Value (if tlio Cupital, In- terest and 1 dividends (if the Veiir inelusive. FrM. 1()!>,5,')1 )j;«,!)10.20 n,atits. Amounts given in Cash . Sums Eutt'fcd to Iniliv!(hi:il Accounts. 1871 1872 1872-1873 5 7 10 12 14 12 12 13 1(1 12 14 14 2.'! 2(1 24 27 Francs. 348 .35 50fl (15 (14(1 75 882 00 005 00 1,185 55 1,117 25 1,1(11 75 1,212 50 1,370 05 1.(1(10 10 1,741 (15 1,0(10 45 1.850 45 1,(100 75 I.OL'O 05 1,778 00 Francs. 007 .30 1,327 S(! 1873-1874 1,422 75 1874 1875 1,053 7(1 1875-187(1 ... 2,203 0(1 187(1 1877 1877 1878 1878 1870 2,(104 7<> 2,(141 7(1 '1 04-' 5(1 1870 1880 3,510 (10 1880-1881 3,000 .'id 1881- 1882 4,214 0(1 1882 1883 4 4-'() X> 1883 1884 1884-1885 4,03(1 2(1 5 115 ■'(! 1885 188(1 .5,028 3(1 188(11887 5,311 75 1887- 1888 5,2(1(1 25 22,17(1 90 $4,4.35 38 57,(181 ;i8 SS11,.53(1 .37 Or a total of .?15,071.(10 given by thi! establishment. JNoTA. — During a period of seventeen years twenty-two employees have left the establishment, abandoning a sum of $1,870.01, which was divided among the other workmen. Eight employees have died, or lelt the house on account of sickness, and they or their widows have had a right to a total sum of $3,004.53. 68 MONDUIT. ROOFER ANi> PLUMBER. [Paris.] Ten per cent, of Iho annual profits is divided among the workmen and employees w!in liavo been omployevith the book-keeper and the master. The office of the expert will be to verify the accounts, and to see that the yearly amounts are duly entoied, and that one-quarter of the netprofitsof the inventory has hecii entered to the cre ()(! .«!.3,!l(13 20 l,!t8!t .fi3 &.)7 iM) * The niiiiilxT of particiii.uits repnwentf ; " the wtiitf. A TIk' iiarticipantH liavi^ sliart'd in !J4,3.">1.10 in excess of tlieir wages. 66 Tlie interest of the iimounts invested, and some few gratuities donated by cus- tomers, are paid over to the reserve fund. Tiie small results of the ])ast years aredue, notonly to the reduction in the sales' prices by competition, hut also to an increase of capital destineil to the buildinvee they may Judge worthy of the favor. The division of the interest of the participation is made among the participants in proportion to the amounts they have received during the year as settled allow- ances or wages. Half the amount of interest is every year paid over to the participant in cash, and the 'other half is paid to his account in the retiring fund for old age. if the partiei|)ants wish tliey can have the books of the liouse verified by an expert accountant, whose business it is to see that the books are regularly kept, and the division of 10 per cent well ajiplied, according to tlie regulations. There has been no case of forfeiture, but it is written in Artiele 10: That any woiktnan or employee leaving the employment of the house, or who has been dis- missed, shall in future lose all right to participation. Eesulfs of the Organization. 1885-18Sfi the division represents 8-2'7 of the saharies. 1SS(J-1887 do 8-70 do 1887-1888 do 7-25 do 1888-188!) do 10-0!» do HOUSE OF PERNOD S0X8. DISTILLERS. [I'ontarlier. Doulw.] The firm of Pernod Fils every year deducts a part of its profits, wliich it divides among its workmen. The amoui\t thus divided remains in the firm, which is responsible for it, and it hears interest at 4 per cent. Kveiy workman, after one year's cmplojnnent, becomes a participant. Tiie amount tlivided is entered in a book given to each ol the workmen. If tlie workman leaves the house, the amounts entered in liis book are given to him in full. In case of death these amounts a'-e paid over to his heirs. 20—5 66 In roturn for this paymont, the woikmuii on leaving, hinds hiniHclfnot to work for any competiiiL' hourto for a period of one year from the (hite of his departure. In case of sickness the workman is paid an indcTnnity of $0.30 per (hiy. This indemnity is drawn from tiio iiitei'est on tiie retir-iny; fund for a space of three months, after which it is drawn from the participant's hook. fn 1888 the tirm of Pernod Fils did husiness to the amount of $965,000; they emph)yeil 64 workmen, who were paid 811,675 in wages, and 86,700 as their share of the protits. A Dook presented with the repoi-t to the jury shows that a workman who had shared in the pi'ofits since 1872 had in his hook in capital and interest the sum of 81,764.34. Mxitnal Aid. — The firm pays their workmen's subsci'iptions to a Mutual Aid Socict}' of the city, by which they receive medical attendance gi-atis, also drugs, and a daily amount of 80.20 (80.30 at most) paid from the retiring fund. Accident hiaurance. — The firm insures its workmen, and pays the jjremiums, without deduction from the the wages. A. PIAT. IRON FOUNDRY AND BUILDING. [Soissons — Paris.] Mons. Piat established participation in the profits in 1882 on the following basis : Art. 1. Ditting from 1st Ainil, ISSl, a iiortioiKif the net jnofits of tlic year will lie divided, .as a gr.atuity, anumg the ciniiloyt't's liaving worked for five consecutive year.s in tlie estahlisliiiient, iiiid who iH'long to the Mutual Aid Soei"ty. For trie first year employes or workmen liaving worked ten years in the establish- ment, consecut .r or not. The obligation to belong to the Mutual Aid Society will not lie exacted from the old emploj'oes or workmen of the firm, who, for sound reasons, could not become members in the past. Art. .3. The rate of i)artici])ation in tiie profits will he fixed by Mons. Piat, every year after the closing of the inventory, which takes place annually on the 81st March. Art. 4. The amount of tiie share coming to each participant will be fomid by multiplying the amount of wages or allowances by the aliove rate. Kor workmen, tlie annual salary will lie the price of an hour multiplied by ten hours and by .'i(MI days' work, whether the workman works by the ]iiece or by the day. Kxam])le: Granting the fixed rate to be 8.50 i)er cent, of the wages, a work- man earning 80.12 per hour will receive : 80.12 X 10 X 300 :-= 83.60 X 8.50 per cent...:: 830.60. Art. ti. The .amount thus awarded will 1m' divided into two ecpial iiarts : One to be given him in cash every year, at a certain date. The other to be \>iw\ over to the Retiring Fund as reserved capital. Eesui/ps of the Organization. Years. Number of I'articiiiants. Amount % in pro]X)rtion to Salary. Paris. Soissons. 1S82 145 146 141 150 168 180 182 8.50 1883 7.00 1884 6.00 1885 3.00 1886 3.00 1887 10 16 3.00 188S 4.00 The total amount divided is $28,154.00. 67 EEDOULY & Co., FORMER MAISON LECLATRR. PAINTERS, DECORATORS, QILIJERS, TINTERS A>!D GLAZIERS AND PROVIDENT AND MUTUAL AID SOCIETY FOR THE WORKM'^N OF THE MAISON LECLAIRE. Founded by Mona. Lecluire in 1826. Changes in the Name of the Finn. I'Vom 182(5 to 1854 Loclaire. do 1854 to 18()!» Lecliiiro & Co. do 18(Jt) to 1872 Iwlaire, A. Defournaux & Co. do 1872 to 1875 A. Dofotii'iiaux & Co. From 1875 Redouly & Co. EDME-JEAN LECLAIRE.* Loclairo was born at Aisy-sur-Arman^on (Yoiine), the 24th Flordal, year IX (15th May, 1801.) He loft the primary school at ten years of ai^e to herd swine, sheep and cows, and came to Paris without money or friends at 17 years of ago, and entered as apprentice in the shop of a houso-paintor. He was foi-oman at 20 years of ago, and married at 22. At 2(5 years of age he set up for himself in a modest shop. In 182'J ho ventured to contract for large works, and offered his Nvorkmen 81 ])cr day, instead of the usual $0.80. His success led him to thiidv of the fate of his less forlnnale fellow-workmen. Atllicted by the sight of his workmen suti'ering and tlying from lead colic, he founded in 1838 a Mutual Aid Society for them, but relief and help did not content; ho wanted to eradicate the evil entirely. He studied chemistry in order to find a Buhstilute for white of lead, and in 1844 discovered a means of utilizing white of zinc, a perfectly innocuous substance. V>j this means he saved and jirolonged many ail existence. The Society for the Encouragement of National Industi-y awarded him a gold medal tor this discoveiy, and the Monthyon prize. In 184!) he received the cross of the Legion of Honor. But Leclaire's gi-eat work was the establishment in his house of participation of the workmen in the protits. The system was adopted and put into practice in 1842. After numberless difficulties, his perseverance and his continued etforts were crowned with success. Wishing to prove that (his success did not depend upon his influence and presence, but that the institution he had founded could walk alone, he witiidrew from active business in 18G5, leaving the entire management of the concern to his partner AlfVed Defournaux. l\\i, however, came forward again in 18G"J to establish his system of piu'ticipation more completely anrl on a tirmer basis. After the war he retired to his pi-operty at Herblay (Seino-et-Oise), where he died of congestion of the brain in .Inly, 18S2, having won the veneration and grati- tude of all the workmen and emjdoyees of his house. By Tueans of the institutions established by his house, Leclaire desired to assure to his workmen greater well-being, for the present and security for the future, and to this end strove to intei'ost his men personally in their work, to stimulate their intel- lii,H'iice, their wisdom and their energy. In 18(54 he addressed to them the words that are engraved over his bust : "' If you wish that I should leave this world witli a contented heart, you must have realizeil the dream of my whole life; after a career of orderly conduct and assiduous labor the workman and his wife must have the wherewithal to live in peace in their old age, without being a burden on any one." *\V'c U'licvt' it to be advisable to ii\ibli.sh ttii.s sjiort Ijiography of Leclaire the father of profit-iharing. 20 — 5i 68 It was only after much study, and havinfj ffivon a practical ti-ial to many sys- tems, that he succeeded in eslablisiiinu; the simple, vlaiv and pi-actical system ot'j)iir- ticipation now existing in tiie house ho founded in 1827. iMons. Leeliiiro ilied in 1872, but lie liud taken care that his work should not die with him, by means of a notarial act which went into etloct on 5(h January. 18(!!), and by which tlie workmau's interests were bound up in those of the enterprise, and by which he was assui'ed a share in the pi'otits witli joint ownership in the capital of the establishment (Mons. Loclaire bad ])reviously conferred with his fellow-work- men on the best means to be adopted, in a list of questions on twelve principal j)oints, to which two hundred workmen sent answers). The clauses of the contract were ratitied by Mons. Leclairo's death in 1872, and after the death of his successor, Mons. Alfred Defour'naux (in 1875) by new notarial deeds bearing tlate of the Clh of Sc])- tembex", 1872, and the 24th December, 1875. According to these deeds the business capital of the house was S80,00l), with :i reserve fund of 820,000 furnished by the two managers, and a sleeping partnershi|) ot §40,000 by the Provident and Mutual Aid Society of the workmen and employees of the Maison Lecdaire: — 25 per cent, to the managers. 25 per cent, to th(^ Mutual Aid Society. 50 per cent, to the workmen and employees working in the house in proportion to their salaries and wages. Every workman, a])prentice or employee of the establishment, oven if he has worked but one day, has a right to share in the proHts. When Mons. Lechiire ('stabiished participation in 1842 he at tirst admitted only a certain numbei- of workmen, to whom he gave the name of the Xu(deus(Xoyau) and this nucleus is in reality the proprietor of the establishment and of its forma- tion. Their number is recruited as follows, according to the rules of the house: — The Noyau and its Organization. Tlic nnvdu of nil iiiilustiiid cstabliHlimt'iit is conirxisecl of intelligent worknii'U of f,'oo(l nioiiil character; it is by tlicir niciuis tiiat satisfaction is (jivcn cii tonicrs, and tliat jrrcat perfection in work is attained. It is by the liel|) and co-o|)eration of tiiese devi ,. i fellow-lal Mirers tliat it lieconies possilile to inidertake largo works, and to control ii great number of workniep.. Rules for admission to the Noyau and the Adcantages derived. Art. 12. Seniority does not give a right to admission to the noi/tiu ; mei'it is the tirst recommendatidii ; nevertheless, none can be admitted, whatever their talent, whose habits and moral character are not almve reproach. l<'or admission, the workman nuist lie at least 2.5 years of age and -10 years at the most ; he must liavc a knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic. T'.iere may be admitted to tlie iidiiuu : 1st. Workmen iiouse painters having a knowledge of painting, panneling, varnishing and polishing. 2nd. Classified glaziers. ;ind. (iilders, being able to paint. 4th. House pointers liaving a passable knowledge of imitating wood, marble, and of gi'aining. .5th. '["hose having a knowledgt' of painting an| Itli. Disi, In till. 1;,, dcci.sion wil The (lisni Art. 17. Hmiloyeis tViii Wlllcll s||;i|| I Fin.illv, ''I.'i'cial i|e|i:ii- 'lircctoisiiMil f, TliefiiiTii Iiave i-\aniini., Xo wiiikn. . The inaste: I'ltlier by zeal , •The tariff of 1881 gives $l.-50, with an over pny of from iJO.lO to $0.30. Que Art. .J4. 'r !7 I'diimiillcc all workiiicii iiU'iiiliiTs of tlii' luiimu, aiiiiiciiticcs, anil fla.-siliccl i-iiiiiloyi'i's « lio have iii'tflcctt'd thrir duty duriii!^ work lioiiis : also as rc^'ards any matter rclat- iiii,'t(i iiiiiiKirality, dishonesty, drunkenness, or to tlie interests of the estalilishnient. Tlie penalties iini«)sed are at'cordiut' t,i> the seriousness of the fault : 1st. .\dvi(:e. L'nd. WarninfT. Urd. Suspension for three months. ■Ith. I)isniissal from tlie liou,-e. In the liittei' case, the expellc^d woi'kmaii may ajipeal to the ( ieneral ,\ssenil>ly, hut the eommittee's decision will hecariied into force notwithstandini,'. 'I'he dismission is decided only by secret liallot, and only by a decisive majority. Employees — Classification of Ailvatifar/es i/ranfed to Employees. Art. 17. 'I'he house, do.siriiiff to pncoiira^fe and make known all talent, recruits, as far as possible, its employees from the iioiKdi and the master from amon;,' the employees, and that according to a competition which shall be organised by the general assembly of the kdjihii. Finally, in order to jilace workmen accoiding to their talent, classes have been established in each speeial clep;utment of work and direction. To the master .alone belongs the right to classify the employees, (lirectois iind foiemen. 'I'lie foremen are classed for a year, the dassilication to take jilace at the end of e.ery year after they have e\aniineil the productions of the woi'kshojis. \o workman can beadmi'^ted to a class if he has not shown himself fitted for it. The master may make an exception in favor of a workman or employee whether classified or not, who culler by zeal or a.s.siduity hivs rendered important service to the house. Qualifications required of a foreman, his duties and his responsibilities. .\rt. 14. Tlieri' are three classes of foremen in the establishment. The foreman of the 1st cla.ss is paid (■very year, for ten hours work, the high rate of iJO.lO over and above his day's wages of $1.20,* one of the si-iund chuss .*i0.ir), and of the third class !*i().20. 'the foremen or heads of the workshops are elected by the workmen, and forming the ao/zin; and the chssitied enijiloyees. They iire elected and classed every year. A foreman whose apiHiiiitment has been revoked on account of imiiKjrality, dishonesty or niiscondnct may lie re-elected. 70 Fortmipn whime afjjiointtncnts have been twic«> revoked cannot be re-elected. All workmen and ciniiloyt'fs, when a fcircinaii is to lie noniinatcd, sliDuld n-nn'inlMT that a person can havi' nil intliicnce over those he is ealh'd ii|Kin to direct witliont lie is of in(|ii(iaelml>h' inorahty ; that he i:* to set the exaiiiple ; tliat lie is to he the first and tile last in tlie lireaeh ; tiiat in ids daily relations with others he is res|iected oidy so far as he res|>ei'ts others. Finally, all who oliey or coniniand should he jfov- erned liy a feelinj; uf pHid-will tow.irds eaeh nther, and the reniendxTaiiee that the i{(Hid conduct and devotedness of each tends to serve the interests of all. Art. I". .\ny disa^'riitnent lietween comrades to he brought no further than the d(K)r of the workshop. ]t is the forenmn's d\ity to act with thi' utmost justice in ret;ard to everyone, to consider neither a man's nationality, district nor character, liut only his f,'(K)d conduct and ability ; in giving hi.s ordi'rs he must avoid wounding any one's sensiliilities ; he must re(|uest rather than eonnuaiid. An injustice on the part of the foreman injures tim interests of all. A jiint man docn unto othrm ii» Ik U'oulil lidVi lilt III tilt til him. The forr'uian knows hy exjierience that it is not jpleasant to V>e given impcrinus orders publicly ; he is moreovei' aware that witli oiu' civilization men are not ruli'd by fe.ii but by reason. Finally, when a workman is sent to W(.rk in a sho|) for a few h^urs, the foreman should, l)y preference, give him the hast disagreeable tasks. Art. 4'.). 'i'he foreman being liound to worthily represent the dignity of the house, nuist behave accord- ingly ; even while at work he nuist always respect his jiosition. As he is charged with the directions of the workshop, he alone is responsible ; all faults connnitted by the men undir him are morally considered as his own. In a word, he shiadd icmember that he has Ucu elected by his felldw-labortrs, and that he is bound to worthily represent them. The foreman is also resjionsilile for lireakage and loss of tools, and for goods injnred. Art. ;")<•. When a furenian happens to be working in a workshop not under his direction, his duty is to leave the best work to the foreman in whose shop hi' happens to l)e momentarily placed. .Art. ."il. .Any onle?' given, bv thi' master and clearly understood by the foreman should be carried ont with exactness, without regard to the results ; otherwise, all residting defects will be remedied at the expense of those violating the order. -Art. 1 1:2. The furinian must not forget th.at the men all look to him, and that at the elections his activity, the trouble he has given himself, and his endeavors for others will all Ih- taken into acct)unt. PUOVIDENT AND .MUTUAL AID SOCIKTY OF THE 'VVOBKMEX AND E.MPLOYEES OP THE MAISON LECLAIRE. 1838. — Formation of the Provident and Mutual Aid Society. l.So4. — The ^futual Aid Society became a ylcepino; partnership in the ^[aison Lechiire, with a ciipilal of $20,01)0. Jt had a right to | of 50 per cent, of the net profits of (lie house. 18()!).— The liability of the Society is $40,000. It has a right to 25 per cent, of the profits of tiie house. The Society's Means. The means of the Society consist of: 1st, Interest of 5 per cent, on its lial)ility ($40,000). 2nd. Its sliai'c in the profits of the iiouse (25 per cent.) iird. The §4.00 paid by each member as entrance fee to the Society. 4th. The gratuities kindly given by customers to the Society. 5th. Fines imposed upon the members for infringement of the rules. Funds of the Society on 1st May, 1889, $451,40:5.00. Bales for Adviission. To be admitted to the society' it is necessary to be a member of the noym, having served tive years in the establishment, to bo of go(jd moral conduct iukI chai'acter. The members have to pay no subscription. Benefit of the Society. The members when siciv iuive a right to medical attendance, medicine, and ;ui indemnity ot 70 cents ]>er day. The wives of members, retired members and their wives, have a right to medical attendance and mediciiii's. The (diiidren of members have a right to consult the jjhysician of the house, and to the drugs he oi'ders. Any member being 50 years of age, and iiaving served 20 years in the Maison Leclaire, has a right to a lub rent of $240.00 ytev annum. 71 Tlio widows of members, and their orpluin oliildrcn, until thoy iiro-21 years of ju'e, iiMvo a right to om'-haif the above named pension. Workmen, not membors, wounded while at work, or ineapacitod from work, have a riy-lit to a pension ofS2K».0(). The widows of workmen killed while at work, and their orphan ehildr'jn, have a ritcht to a lialf ])enaion. All the claimants by rii^ht above mentioned are, at tiieir death, inteired at the society's expense, in accordance with a live year's concession. Assiininces. All the members of the society have a life insurance, in virtue of the Act of 11th .Tulv, 18G8, in the Life Insurance Fund, established under the State for a sum of §200 each. This assurance is for the benefit of the widows and orphans of members. Results of the Orijanization. Number of Wiirknien und Elilljloyees. Participatiim in tlie T'rotits. Amount of Wildes for the yi.ar. Proiiortion Years. Anioujits mid to the United Aid Hdciety. Amounts IHiid in Cixsli to the .Staff. Total. between the Amount in I'rofit and the Wages. 1S42 to 1804 l,S(i5 FraiiCH. Francs. Francs. 400,(X)0 Francs. % 25,2.33 48,470 88,832 73,975 45,000 30,812 33,750 44,125 32,250 39,5(X) 60,000 57,5(M» 8.8,250 (14, .500 7!i,o((0 100,000 112,.5o(t 115,(M»0 130,(HM) K'ld.ooo 100,0(10 215,0(10 240,7.50 225,000 230.(MM) 182.5(K) 182,5(KI 50,088 80,(HK) 01,807 lS(i(t is(i7 lS(iS io(»,(MH) ; isdo 1.S70 1.S71 1S72 1S73 1.S74 1S75 lS7(i 1.S77 1S7S 1,S7!I 1S,S0 1881 1S.S2 1SS3 1K84 1,SS5 l.S,S() 780 7r,8 1,0.30 076 033 827 l,0,-)2 1,081 820 1,0.32 1,125 040 1,125 008 838 824 710 710 135,(M>0 02,4.37 101,250 132.375 0(1,750 11S,.5(HJ 150,(HK) l(hS,750 172,5(K) 105,(M)0 240,(MM1 285,000 .322,.500 ,30 1.1 25 .337,.500 34.5,(H«) 273,7.50 273,750 Iliiililii IC.,13 14,.337 12.12!t I2,:u 12,(1'.>2 13.14 ]4,:{5 10,. 31 17.S1 18,21(! 18,4.35 l!l,.-.3 20,11 22, ."lO 23,27 2.3,77 21, (M) 21,00 1 The total amount of the sums paid in cash to the United Aid Society and to the workmen increased, from 1842 to 18H(), to 8!) 1 1,228. 40. All the workmen and employees share in the profits in'proportion to their wai!;es. TliiH, in 1881 a workman having worked for the house 4^ houis work, at the rate of 15 cents per hour, and was paid 68 cents, had, at the end of the year, a right to 14 cents bonus. And again, a workman having 2,7r)0i hours in a year, at the rate of 1^ cents an hour, received a bonus of $\M. During the same year the smallest bonus received by any employee of the house was S3. 13, and the highest 8201. The division is based ou the amount of the I'egular wages; over hours, night hours, gra- tuities, work done on Sunday and holidays are not counted in the workman's wages for the division of profits. 72 The, Mutual Aid Society had, on the Ut TIai/, 1889, available funds to the amount of 8tr.l,4o;5. Tlio Hocicty liiid paid out, apart from aid f^ivon to i(H mt'inlicrs in cuhIi and in goods, (Voni IHiL' to ISS',1, 12(t pcnKions, to wit, : 2!l pcMisioim to widowH, 2 |>onHionH to orplians, and H!t ponMions to vvorUinon over 55 yoaiK of ago, anMl, Since 1H81 tlio pension of retiring is §2K( u year ; tlmse for widows and oi'iiiianH S120 a year. Finally, tlie <'oii(H'tions of tiie life insuranco in favor of its momborH gave from 187!> to IS.SS I he following n^sullH : — tflicliiii{.Slst, .Inly. 18S0 IHMl iHH-2 IHHt 1S,S5 IHHfl iss; 18,S« 'V'riirly riciiiiuiiiM ■A liy th. Hi)cit,'tv. Fl'llIlCN. L>,sii ir. 2,.s!)l o; .'«,2!I2 HO .•<,2('.2 .■!."> .'i,7lo :(.") ■t.oir 7x 4,():!2 72 .SO,H(K) ,H(i .-taiices, may amouni Io half the entire sum, is placeij in the National li'etii'ing Fund for old age, a hook on the fund heing given the workman. This precaution is not required of workmen of tiirifty habits, and belonging to savings societii^s or others of like nature. To those tho gratuity is given in full. I'articipation, whicii was begun in 1877, in(duded in one year 11 em|doyces. In ISSO, 11 employees and I'.'i workmen sluired in this supplementary remuneration. In 1SS4, 21 em- ployees and ."iS work?nen shared. The number increased yearly, and at the present !HI workmen !ind '.'Ai omployeeH sliai'o in \\u'. gratuity. The amounts ]iaid are always increasing, and now vary between H and 10 per cent (jn the wages. For employees it even amounts to (!() |)er cent, of iheir sahirie.. The amounts paid to participants had, in the year 1889, reached tho uim of §C(),(M)0. G. STEIXIIIIOL, DII'ITI-MILION & Co. (Rothau, Alsace.] NOTICE OP FOIlTY-TVvO YEARS' EXPKIUENCE IN PARTICIPATION OV THE WOBICMEN IN THE PROFITS OK A COTTON MANUFACTORY.* Statutory Dispositions. The limited liabilily company of G. Sfeinheil, Dieterlen & Co., at Rolhau was established in 1S47. In its deed of partnership it engiiges itself to pay 10 per cent, of the net ])rofits to tho credit of a Workman's Account, and that, for years in which losses are sustained, 10 ])ei' cent, of tho said losses will bodebitedto thosame account. This was a beginning of an attempt at collective participation of tlie workmen in the pi'olits of the factory, us had been practised before us by our neighbors, Messrs. Lctri'and Br;)s., at Fouday. Tho amounts were to be manageil by us and used for endowing institutions for the advancement of intellectual, moral and ])hysical development, as well as to atford aid to families in distress. Ill 18()8 we raised the rate for ])aiticipation to 12 jiercent, for losses as well as prfilits; this 12 per cent being divided into 7 jter cent, for the collective participation and 5 por cent, for individual participation. But instead of realizing the amount of requisite profit to carry out our scheme, the period from 18t)8 to 1872 was one indus- trial crisis, followed by a war in whicdi Alsace became part of the German himjiii'o. AVo sustained immense losses and were oldiged to reconstruct our establishment on a now basis. Wo suspended individual participation for awhile, but maintained in tlie deeds of our now partnorshi}), collective participation under the following condi- tions : — * Ki'iKJvt grfven to the jury. 74 10 per cent, wnspnt in tho mnnnpfor'H bands to bo, in part, a maximum of 4 per cent, ajipiopriiitod td thciiMiinployi'cH, in «:r()t»forinily vvitli tho jji-ovlMions olAi'ticlo 'S.i of their statiilDs, ami in |):irt to thoii- worlcrmin's account, as a suhnidy to the Mutual Aid and Jlotirin^ I'^und and to tiio Widows' l-'und, in ordur to moot tho domamln mado tor aid in canos of noooHsity, and to provide for tho adult coufho, and tho exponsos of tho library. If, after tho wtcioty in disHolvod, thero remain any balanco, tho pjoneral aHHomhly will decide on tho Use to be niailo of it. If, on the contrary, tbonf be ii doticit, it will bo carricil to profit anil Iosh. It is of course umlerstood that tho above rulos jfive no rif^ht toom|)loyoes or workmori to intorforo in tho atlairs of the socioty. On tho contrary, I hoy have to roly on tho accounts approved by tho u:oiu'ral assembly. Hy this means wo have manai,'ed to maintain a i)rotty re^ndar supply for our workmen's aceouni, iiy |ilacin|r it boyond the extreme fluctuations resulting from the uiteriuite slates of profit and loss peculiar to the cotton business. \ Disposal of the Funds of the Workmen's Account. Durini; tho forty-foui- years intervening between 1S47 and 1888 tho entries on thia account have boon 8Cl,l58.t!0, or an annual aveiago of §l,r)lU. 3Iutual Aid Society, Fund for Widows, and Retiring Fund. These funds have been principally employed since tlio date of tho socioly's foundation, in \HV.), in succoring workmen in casi's of sitdcnoss. Since IHdfi the fund has also supi)lied a jionsion for widows, heretofore a deticicncy in our organization. By means of our subsidies tho workmen's subscriptions have been small, and at tho same time, savings of a certain importance have boon effected. The following iiguros give the receipts and oxpousos of tho Mutual Aid Socioty. RECEIPTS. Amount supplied l)y the masters 820,148 lf> Workmen's subscriptions 42,80!t 28 Interest on invested capital and tinea imposed 1(>,871 20 885,428 (J7 EXPEN.SES. Aid in cases of sickness in cash $10,050 93 Ketiring pensions 28,028 92 Medical attendance, drugs and funeral l!t,8n 59 Aid to widows (;,I58 t!0 $T3,3(]1 99 Excess of receipts $12,0)i() (i8 familie: rcipiire tiiiuily I or le.sH ( assisljin The fiu'lory ,'1 palace ca Arti( I lie create Art. (iliject I Ik faciiitule ; The 5 dliv's |;il,o Will, Isl venel;il)lc 2nd. ;{rd It coi •Ith. tlieir birth oth. Tl.o I from ilie 'livided am Mr, (;, 1877, but i in 188 entirely co 1 Loans for the Purchase or Building of Houses. The surplus amount of the receipts of the Mutual Aid Society have boon wisely loaned on mortgage at 5 per cent, interest to jnembers desiring to purchase or build houses for themselves, and by moans of those loans, and to a capital which is con- stantly renewed by tho payment of tho loan, 140 families have boon able to become owners of their own dwellings. We consider it of the utmost importance that the workmen should be proprie- tors of their hou«es, rather than in tho unenviable position of being without homo or fireside. 75 Supplementary Aid. Wliciit'vcf tho ])0]iiiliiti(tn of tlic working' cIiikh is lar^o Ihoro iiro ulwiiyH nonio tiiinili«'s innn» oi' Iohh miini'i'oiiH thiit, notwitlistaiidiii^ tho liclp of iiuitiial aid .HucictioH, L : .* ..^ II..., I ^ .1 : II-. .. . . *i. .. .1 * I ..!• » I. . i'..* I I -.. lilllllll'^ III'M^i *'i ItJntT iiitiiii.it/ii i~i iiiiti iiwiiTiiii,->iiiiivi4iir^ iinj lit i|fi/i 11111111(11 ttiii .-'i»vi\%'H_jn. riiiiiiro sii]i|tli'inoiitiii"y asMistanco. Proloiii^vd iHiiohh, tho ticiitli of tho I'athor, a hirj^o liimilv ol' cliildion too yoiinu; *o work, and othor caiisos, iioct^sHitato asHiHlancu iiioro (ir less coiilitiiiod, TliankH to ourworkmaii'M aceoiiiil, wo aro onablod to oomo to tlio assi.stanco ormich faiailio.s. FA>[1LI8TEUE DK UIJISK A COol'EUATIVE ASSOCIATION OK t'Al'ITAI. AND LAHoll. GODIN k COMPANY. lIKATINd Al'l'AHATUS. Tlio Familistiiro founded in l.S(J(l to worve as a dwollinu; to tho workors in tho factoiy and to thoii' faniilios is not a city of working pooplo, but a hirge oditico, a palace capable (»f holiliny; noai'ly 1,H()() persons. Article 8!) of the regulations of the society gives in a few words the object that the creator of tliis inslitutioii had in view. Art. 8!). Tho Social Palace (Familistiire) and its dependencies have for their (ilijecl the wellhoing and moral development of its inhabitants, and the desire to lliciiitate and jiut in practice the aims of the association. TIio Social Palace being neai" the workshoi)s, oilers rest to tho workman after his day's labor. With a desire of afTording every comfort the FamilistiJsro jjohsossos — Ist. Stores of general supplies, a bakery, a butcher shop, a ])ork butcher sliop, vogclable store, a clothing, grocery and mercer stores, a li(iuor store, &c. 2nd. Laundries and washrooms. 3rd. IJaths and open baths. It contains al.so, with the view of supplying ihe intellectual and moral demands — '1th. Scho(d rooms, which aro for the education and instruction of children, from their birth to Ihe time they become ap])renticos. 5tli. Meeting balls for adults, a theatre, libi'ary, casino, &c. The Familistere being an actual member of the society, all the ])ro(its realized fnnii the dwellings and provision and other stores, aro all put together, and then ilividod among the associates. ^Fr. (rodin inauguiated the .system of partici])ation inio his establishments in 1877, but it was only in 1880 that be organized it in a stable manner. In 1880 he founded a eomi)any of sleeping partners, the capital of which was oiitirely composed , indiislr}-, and t'lroo associates, clo(^ted !\y secret liallot at tiio n-cnoral assembly. The duties of this council include all the atluir.i uf the association. There is uLso a council Faniilistcio, and a lal)or council, and, linally, a council of Buporintendonce, named by the general assembly, for the veiitication of books. The general assemhl}' is composed of associates. The iissociates must have resided in (he Familislt^re for over live years, and must own. at least, SlOO worth of stock. They must also have attained the age of 25 years. These associates have priority in case of a scarcity of woi'k. They take part in voting at I he genei'al meetings, (hose among them who by age, sickness, or intirnii(y, are forced to ceasi^ ■work, still continue to reside in the Familis(iire, and to sit and vote at the general assemblies. The societaries must have worked for (he Associ;i(ion for at least tlirc years; tliey must also reside in the Social Palace, but it is not necessary that they should possess any share of the stock. They should be 21 years of age at least. The participan(s mus( have woiked for (he Associa{ion for at least a year, but they are not oliliged to reside in the Familistiire, and are not bound to own any stock. The intei'ested persons are only members of the Association, because they posf ess by iidieritance, purchase or otherwise, shares on the stock; they have no right to assist at the general meetings. The Association also employs employees and workmen as auxiliaries. Division of Profits. Aftei- having made (ho necessary deduction of 5 per cent, for depreciation on immovable property-, 10 per cent, on the value of (he movable ])roperiy, in(ereston capital, the costs of education and instruction, the mutual insurances, of which wo will speak hereafter, the net protits are divided according to the following scheme : — 2.') per cent, is ailo((ed to (he reserve fund, the object of which is to meet losses. "When this fund has reached a sum equal to a tenth of (ho capKal stock the 25 per cent, is applied to (be purchase of shares on account of the association. Shares thus bought boar no interest. 50 per cent, is allottpd to capital and labor; the tirst is represented by interest, returns and savings; (!>e second liy allowances and wag(*s received during (ho year, which are added (ogether. The ])ropor(ion each sum bears (o (he total amount determines *he shares of ca|»ital and labor. The 50 jier cent, is divided, so much in the franc, between these two ])roductive elements. The (livir: to (lie general council as many (imes 1 per cent., not to exceed KJ, as there are coun- cillors doing du(y ; 2 per cen(. to the councillors of supervision. (These amount- are, of course, independent of the sums that may be due the parties named iroiii the share allotted to labor) ; 2 per cent, to the Council of Management, to bedividcil in the c:turse of the year among the employees a. .1 workmen who may have disiin- guished themselves by some exce|'.tional service; 1 per cent, foi preparation nt' admission to the State schools, and for the 8up])ort at these schools of one or m<>re pupils from the schools of the Familistere. 77 Wc give below u practical demonsti'ution of the division. * We sii]>p()NO, as is actually tlu' case, that llio reserve I'uiul is c()ni|ilole ami tiial I ho net protits to ho divided are. 8(!(>,()00 From \vlii(li must ho deducted 25 per cent, for the share to he allotted to ahility 15,000 There consoiiiiently irmaiiis to he divided among the workers at so much in the i'ranc 45,000 1. The salary of capital represented hy interest at 5 per cent, ia tixcd, and amounts to 4(!,000 2. The siihu'ies ]iaid the associates, sup})osing a sum ' .' 8lS,0(l(l multiplied hy two DC.OOO 3. The wages ])aid the memhors should he multiplied hy 1.5, sui)posing a sum of 88(1,000 + 1.5 12!),000 00 4. The salaries paid participants io entered at its value say 1:55,000 00 5. The wages of outside help also at its value 04,000 00 The union of capital and lahor is represented by a total of ■ 500,000 00 and it is on this basis of salaries thiit the division is made. The percentage is given hy the following formula: — " Profits + 100 45,000 ^- 100 percent. Salaries 500,0(H). In conse(iuence, the dividends and the profits amount to: — 1. Capital, 40,000 \ i)er cent $4,140 00 2. Associates. 4S.000 X 2 X 9 8.(140 00 n. :demhers, S(;,000 1.5 X9 11, (MO 00 4. Participants liio.OOO X '•> 12,15(» 00 5. Assistants to bo paid for insurances, I)4,0li0 X 9 8,460 00 Equal toial §45,000 00 Tims capital receives per cent, on its interest, either in a ilividend of: — — , ^|— --0.45 per '.ent., which, considering interest as the salary of capital, makes the division of profits as follows: — To capital, 0.45 of its salary (in all 5.45 per cent.) for capital. To each associate 18 per cent, of salai'ies and allowances for the year. To each menihei ]'Ah pei- cent. do do To each participant it ))er cent. do do To the insui'anee fund ])ercenl. ol' the wages p.'iid assistants. The Familisterc has established the following institutions: — Labor Si/ntlirafe. — This syndieule is composed of elected memhors, and attends to uiatlers pertaining to lahor and salaries. (^)HeUi(itire Committee is noniinjited to settle trouble or differences of opinion that may arise between the Association and its members. „l'(,j Assurances for ])ensions and the necessaries of life. The fund for fiiis assurance is su|)|)lied, — ., 1. By a subsidy equal to 2 per cent, of the salaries and apj)ointments ])aid by J ho association and carried to the account for general expenses. 2. ^^y a dividend in pro])ortion to the assistant's work. A |iension is granted to all persons attached hy long sorvico to the_ ostablish- iiioiit and clearly incapable ot work. The pension is fixed, — *Le Faiiiilistert) de (iuiso, pagii 81. 78 1. I'^or associatcH, mon and women, at I of their allowances, not to be reduced to loss than Slf) per month for the men, or to less than $0 per month for women, 2. For members (soctVfa/res), men and women, at .\ of their allowances, an assured minimum of $12 per month for men, and $7 tor women. 3. For partici[)antB and assistants at : with Mvn. 'After 15 years service $0.20 Per day. WDtucn. $0.15 20 do 20 do 0.30 do 25 do 0.40 0.25 I. do 30 do 0.50 0.30 A workman wounded while at work and inca|)acitated foi- work receives the pension given after 20 years service, if be has worked 15 3'^ears for the society; and tho 30 years' pension if he has worked more than 15 years for the society. This assurance completes for associates and members invalided more than three months, the amount necessary to maintain during one year at the primitive rate the daily allowances granted by the mutual insurance in cases of sickness. This nasurance assures the associates, members, and other inhabitants of tho Familistcre and to their families, a minimum of subsistence, when their resources tlo not reach tho minimum rate fixed by the statutes.* Mutual Assurances in case of Sickness' — The funds of this assurance is maintained by an assessment of H on the salaries, the tines, and a subsidy !)y the association. The society's functions are those of an ordinary Mutual Aid Society. Cooperative Societies for provisions and a bakery are established in tho Familis- tcre. Institutions for the education and instruction of children in tl.c Familistcre de Guise include : — The nursery, which helps mothers in the cai-e of children up to two years of age. The play-room, whore the amusement of childhood is cared for, children of from 2 to 4 years of age being a<1 an follcnvs liy .Article 11 of tlic Htiitutt'H : For Inislwiul and wife, 50 fciits \»'X >\.\y ; a widower and a widow licail (if a family, 'M cents; a widow witlunit family, 20 cents ; an invalid (rriaii) withont family, 20 cents ; a woman, IT) cents ; for yo'inn men over 1(! years of atje, 20 cents ; from It tulli, 15 cents ; children from 2 to 14 years, 10 cents ; under 2 years, 5 cents. In tiie account for caleulatinff tlit resources of a family, in order to settle the amount recjuired to form a inininmm rate of subsistence, tho earnings of the memU'rs of the family or the allowances of the different assurances are first counted. Th( atioii in legacy ti slKires, ! Ace fruiso, th would be Associate, M'liibel •Tticiiant . Assistant.. . I'articij lot 1888, -^n undo 'lie wurk/nen ■I'le division i Ibdfdie eachiii,iivi,|„; 'ii'iji.iiit.scan t "'^Tli.'iveatti Tlio.se fii l'l'OIK>rty ,;f t '^"loiints , . *''''"■ value of "'^'■\"ftlMVem,| '^ '"■■"■ aee„r,li„j,, '""•"■"•'"■kmeMand m 79 The original capital was $[120,000, lepresenting the real amount of the associ- iitioM ill 1879. In 1888 this amounted lo ^1,7:58,475. Thanks to Mons. Godin'rt lei,'ucy the association, that is, the workers, owned over 00 per cent, of the cajiital shares, and $2,0 shares were in 1888 worth $;5r).71. Accordinijf to the published calculations of the Association of the Faniilisttii'o do Guise, the niinimnm pecuniary position of four retireci workmen, one of each class, would be as follows : — Owners. Associate, Miilllx!!'. Partiiinant , Assistant . Income. Years PensidiiK and InttT.'st under the name of Value of Servifn. of Savings.* Havings. 9. S. 15 250 72 1,152 71 2(t 2(>H 13 1,5.3(1 .50 25 2S11 55 1,020 30 30 :i(lS il- 2,.304 10 36 XV2 3S 2,ti87 iM» 15 203 71 l,(m .3(i 20 225 12 1,418 ](i 25 24(1 55 1,801 !)() 30 304 30 2,185 70 35 :i27 7S 2,1(10 3(i 15 124 44 iMl! 88 20 182 25 1,.S05 (>8 25 240 27 1,()80 .52 30 208 00 2,073 28 35 31 '.t M 2,457 08 15 73 00 loo M 14(i IMI 182 40 182 40 20 25 30 35 ENGLAND. THOMAS BUSIIILL & SONS. I'Al'ER MANUFACTUBEHS, COVENTIiy. Participation in the profits was established in this factory on the Ist September, 1888. An undetermined amount is divided every year on the Istdayof Septemltor. All the workmen who have served at least one year in the estal)lislnn(Mit arc])articipants. The division is made in pr>)portion to the salary or waj^es earned. llali'tlie amount to l)e divided is given them in cash, and the other is crediicd to each individual's |)crsoiial account in a ])r()vident fund established by the tirni. The par- ticipants can touch this amount only after 25 years' service in the house, or when they have attained the age of 05 years. Those funds bear interest at 4 j)er cent., and are secured by a mortgage on the property of the ostal)lishment. Amounts forfeited are divided among the participants. *Tlic Viiliu' of tlio savings (titri's (rcitargnc) is cstalilislicd accnnling to tlic asocndinir soalc of the Nivingsiif tiiitv nicnihiTs of the association wliosc wagtw ivniount to $330 jK-r annum, ami who licgin either ■'■" Hssiiciatcs, 111' nicnilxTs, or participants, ami pass successfully from one class txi the other. The ilivision hinaili' iiccording to tlie averatre of tlie ilivision from 1877 to 1888. .Mons. ,1. B. A. (Jodin died in 1888 and iH'queatiied to tlie Fy it, and was load to study Ww (|iicstii)ii of tisiu'rios. It lias 1)0011 piihlisliod iiy certain nowspa]»ei'K that tiicso fishcrrnon are p.iid hut one-tliird of the catcli, and thai tiic roniaindor holon^H to the ownor ol'tiio hoat. The stntcment in oiToncous. Tho lisheinion receive two-thirdH of the not pro- coeds and one-third only is reserved for the owner, it is ti'ul^- stated, however, that the latter i)ossess sonic lurther small advantages which iielp to raise the sum total of their share. Under these eireumstances, capital is not so exactin^^ as has been said; besides, were the tacts as stated, the position of an owner would he too good, and competition would soon step in to modify this state of things. However, I am of opinion that in all justice tho worUman ought to, as far as possible, tf) Ije given the larg(^r shar'e in the protluction he has socurcil. With the projected Building Society for the erection of workingmen's houses, of which I spoke lastyear, and of which an example has been given by the paper works of Willebroeck, it would ite very easy to provide boats foi- good fishoi'mon in a very short time ; I wisli to give tho same jiraotical ('xam])lc in favor of tishermei\ as f liavc done for workingmen's houses, ami to this end I have alro;idy purchased l)oals, and am on tho ])ointof buying others, besides having opened negotiations concerning the building of new boats. The following is the translation of a circular in Flemish which T had ])osted in Ostend : — Did the matter concern provident and educated pei'sons the information in the circular would be sullicient, that is tho circulation of 3^ i)or cent, interest or 8140 for a new boat costing 84,000, and about 84U0 sinking fund; but in tlie bcgiiniing I think it would be more prudent to lead and encourage tlicm, like childi'on or minors, and, therefore, in their own interest, be it understood, to insert a number of 8tipuh.ting clauses in the agreement. As for instance : — 1. The account should be made provisionally by the person representing capital, of course with the consent of the interested ]iartics, I say provisionally, because I am of o]nnion that after a certain time the whole may be given over to the fishoi- men, when the sinking fund is large enough and when they shall have given proofs of assiduity and good conduct. 2. A certain amount retained on each catch, representing: (a.) The expense of the boat's insurance. (b.) Those for Avear of nets, cordage, sails, etc. (c.) The lowest value of the boat. This can evidently only be done approximately, and for this reason the amounts retained should be only provisionally so. Moreover, they are retained entirely on liio fishermen's account, and every year an addition will be made of the amounts really expended and the valued depreciation of the boat. The difference will be carrictl to the credit of those to whom it may belong and added to the sinking fund. The part of this amount so retained may be increased or reduced after a first discount when the ti'ue amount has been obtained. Prom the remainder will first be taken the share for the sinking fund, as I have said, much, if the catch be good, little or nothing if it be bad. For instance: 50 per cent, if the value of the catch is over $ '00 45 do do under 200 40 do do do 180 35 do do do 1(50 30 do do do 140 26 do do do 120 20 do do do 100 15 do do do 80 nothing of it is less than U what ii bouts, 1 It own frt, who roi li'iwevo tliev nu 'iio cap aniount another tliat cas( agrccMK! ainouiit ] iiiav (lisj " 1 ha lishorniei Mori insure IIk An ii leceipts al Pi lota ports or Hji and (1)0 iV ]iilots and Thei'o boards Jiav. ei\t with them cease to e.\ist. When the siidht it riirht to give you m}' views concerning this question of tho llshermon, and what is to bo done to amelioi'ate theii' condition. Moreover, the question is so impoi-tant us to demand the attention of all to insure tho success of the enterprise. Believe mo, Sir, yours, &.C., PILOTAGE IX TUB ESCAUT. An interesting example of partici]iation, not only in the profits but in the receipts also, is given by the oi'ganization of ])ilotage. rilotage in the Esnaut, and in its mourhs, of sea-going vessels bound for Belgian ports or sailing from Belgian ports outward bound, is much jiractiscd in Belgium and the Netherlands {Pays Ban). Captains arc free to choose between Belgian pilots and Netherland ])ilots. There is conseciuently competition between tho two in serving vessels, and both hoards have been obliged to remunerate their pilots in proportion to the receipts, in order to excite their activity. Therefore all the Belgian agents are paid according to tho variable amount of tho receipts, and the agents are consequently directly interested in the work. HOLLAXI). NETHERLANDS YEAST AND SPIRIT MANUFACTURE. Delft. 1st Participation in the Profits, established in ISTO. 10 per cent, of tho net profits of each year (that is to say, after an assessment of ^ per cent, dividend for tho shareholders) is put in tho hands of tlieilirectors and tho Committee of Management, to be used to tho best of their ability in the interest of the employees and workmen of the establishment, having consulted with them, should thiy request it, without in any way being bound to give an account to anyone out- side tho general assembly of sliai'eholdors, of the use to which tho money is put. (Extract from the Statutes of tho Company, Art. 2(5.) The total amount from 1870 to 1888 was .SKi.HIO. Up to ISSC a part of tho protits was first deducted for a retiring fund, and a sum of $10,558 was applied to that purpose. Since 1887 the amounts so applied have been applied to tho general expense account. The share of the profits in 1887 amounted to 85,642. This amount was divided in p;(>portion to the wages, and gave to each employee and workman the right to a 86 dividend equal to fl per cent of hia salary for the year. These dividends wore paid to liie fathers of families in ready money, to bachelors half in cash, and half carried to their poi'sonal account in the Pi'emium Savinjiifs Bank.* ITALY. FELICE GENEVOIS & SONS. SOAP MANUKACTUEKRS. Naples, 17th August, 188i). !SIoNS. Jules IIelbronner, — Acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the !)th instant, I hasten to send j'ou the documents as requested, but these documents are in Italian. 1 will, therefore, offer you a translation, should you require it ; and raoro- ovor enclose you the principal articles of our statutes. Admission to participation is not limited, but exclusively at the willoftlio man- agement. Every person presented by the management must be accepted by the general assembly of participants. The capital of each participant is formed exclusively from his portion of the profits as shown by the annual inventory, and can reach to 8(j,000. When it reaches $400 he is not oi)liged to leave his profits in an entire sum; he may bank the one- half and carry the balance to his capital ar particij)ant. The division of pi'otits is made pro-rata of the capital of the participant, as increased by his annual salary. By profits we under-stand net profits, th'o excess of the assets over the liabili- ties after the deduction of the general expenses, the losses and the interest of 5 por cent, levied for the capital stock. Each participant, after 20 years of active service, may retire, and leaving his capital as participant, has a right in the division of the interest as if he, the partici- pant, was still an active member of the society. This, then, is the pension assured to them for their old age. These dividends are guaranteed to be never less than 5 per cent. Messrs. Gervais, Bros, k Husaut, the managers, formed alone their capitnl, each in a single jiayment, which constitutes tiie foundation of the capital of partiri- pation, to which is every yeai- added the shares of tlie ])r()fits divided among the participants, the capital stock, or 8!l0,000 furnished by the same managers, ami represented by imraoveble property, material, etc., has alone a right to the anntiiil interest of 5 per cent. The general feeling of the Neopolitan population, and of the workmen in parti- cular, has so far prevented us from establishing profit-sharing on a broad basis. Up to the present time wo have been forced to be satisfied with a chosen few, who recog- nize the benefits of profit-sharing, and are full of zeal in spreading the knowled.i,a'. Their example appears to have somewhat interested others in it, as we now begin to notice an increased assiduity in some, wliich seems to indicate a desire to be admitted to profit-sharing. Profit-sharing suggested to us the idea of establishing an aid funtl among i"U' workmen, in cases of accident, such as may occur during work, and for cases of sicl<- ness among the employees and workmen of our establishment. The funds for tliis aid are supplied by a subsidy granted by the managers, by the amoui\t of the fines imposed on the staff, by monthly contributions instituted as follows : the empluyoes $0.20 per month ; the workmen 80. 10. Both employees and workmen have a right. 1st. To medical attendance and medicines prescribed by the physician. * See section XIV. admit ( {•artiei Ou 87 2ii(l. Invalids uniiblo to bo prowont at the timo of tho phynic'iiin'H visit will bo visited at iiis own homo by tbo pliyHician, iih will ulso his wito and cluldron tbo cost ol'wuch visit by tho physician will bo rodiiood to $0.20. I remain, Sir, Your most obedient, JULES IIUSAUT, Partner and Manager of the firm of Genevois & Son. P.S. — Apart from tho manajjors, wo number 6 participants, and expect to admit () more at our no.xt general meeting, which will bring our numljor up to IG participants. Our firm employu from 180 to 200 persons of both soxos. UNITED STxVTES. N. 0. NELSON MANUFACTURING Co. STEAM AND WATER BlUSS WORKS, ENQINKS, BOILERS, ETC., St. Louis Missouri. Mr, N. O. Nelson instituted protit-sharing in his business in 1880, on tho princi- ples of Leelaire and Godin. Tho first division gave a sum of $-i,S2S, to bo divided among all perKons who worlcod for them during at least six months in the cstablish- moiit. The number of participants was 150, and the individual shares of tho wage- earners varied Irom 827 to §4l>, representing 5 per cent, on the wages earned. More than two-thirds of the men loft their dividends in the business. The division of not profits is made botweon capital and lahor in accordance with tho Godin system, capital having first recoivod interest at T por cent, in 1887 Ml'. Nelson modified hisoriginal plan by adiliiig the following clauses; — 1st. 10 por cent, of the profits for an aid fund for the disabled and side, and their families. 2nd, 10 per cent, for a provident fund, for meeting losses and paying dividends ill unfavorable years, iird. 2 por cent, for a library, 4th. That all employees who had taken a certificate for their 188G dividend sliuuUl receive a bonus of 25 per cent, 5th, That the required term of service in the establishment should bo raised from six to ten months. In 1887 the amount divided was $30,000. 83,000 w'ere set aside as a relief fund. 83,000 for a provident fund. 86U0 for a library funtl (400 volumes). Alter all these deductions there remained a dividend of 10 per cent, on the pre- ferred class, namely, those who had earned a dividend in 18S(J, and had left it in the business, recoivod a dividend of 10 per cent., and the others a dividend of 8 per cent. on the amount of tho wages earned during the year. Those who held dividend certificates for 188() received 15 per cent, dividend on tiait certificate, representing 7 per cent, interest and 8 per cent, dividend for 1887. In 1887-80 per cent, of the participants left their dividends in the business. In 1888 and 1889 tho preferred class of particii^ants received a dividend of 8 per cent. 88 PEACE DALK MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Peace Dale, Rhode Island. In lS7fi tliis company dooidcd to divido luimially n Hliiiro in tho ])rofit8 nmon;; tho workmen :tlio nmnui^omcnt roHorvod tlio rij^ht to dotormino tlio ])on'(Mitaf,'o ni llio mado amoiiir tin* porHons omployod durint; tlio monlli ol'.Ianuaiy that prcciMJos tin- Saymont, and who liad heon at loast Hcvon montliH in the comj)any's eniph)y on the rut of tho proceeding Fohruary. Ail <'mpioycoH dismiHHed, and who luivo not worked at leant seven montlis ilurini; tho year endinij: lUst, January or who have of tlioir own IVeo wili let't tlio com|)anv'> Borvice jirevioiis to tliat (hite, lose all rii^ht to a sliai'e in tho dividoml. Tlie division is made y//v> n/7(( tho waives oarneil hy o;itdi workman during tlic twelve months proceeding Ist Fohruary. Results of the Organization. 1879 — JanaurySlst Xo ilividend IHSO do Dividend 5 p. c. 8.'),842.40 1881 do do .f)p.c. r),!i!t;).(;r) 1882 do do :Jp.c. 3,7(iU.U 1883 do do :{p. c. :},7»!(».35 1884 do Nodividend 1885 do do 188(j do do 1887 do No circular * do 1888 do do 1889 do do • The coiiipftiiy wkwa a circular to its workmen explaining the causes of the increase allowing a divi- dend, or tluwti wliich iircvcnt it. in Cf. I 89 ^ h9 'f. 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J .J??22a • ; o *-■ rj--^- t -t' - J 5 d =« :s ^O - P5 S- . £> I i 1-2 ?i i~ CI 1-5 20-17 " 97 k- .-.-= ^ o > / u ? . v. ss: 20—7 ■3 ■.y, -1^21 «^ ?rfe S^ •J I I J oe CO 00 1 be is t £ to s a a to e ■a JS tso c4 J3 2 a o I • J I ^ J; c b S ~ 3 3 '5 « PC-;: 5 3 ^ a O a » o • "9 0) 98 CO-OPERATIVE PRODUCTIVE SOCIETIES. L. COUME'S ESTABLISHMENT. VILLENOV. In forming a co-operutivo society the chief ends in view are: IhI. Tiio exlHtence of a professional school, whose duration is limited only liy that of the industry Avhieh gave it being. 2nd. To assure the future of the workmen leaving the school, as they are certain to secure a salary in the association besides a notable share in the profits. 3rd. A continuity and completion of apprenticeship, which wore heretofoi'o unknown in this branch of business, and consequently a more thorough development of the French manufacture of hats by the suppression of the tax for foreign manu- factures, especially English. It is to be noted that the results actually oljtained at Meaux-Villenoy are due to means emploj'ed which French workmen — Parisians in particular — had not sufficiently appreciated. Thus, our better educated workmen undei'stand rioro clearly than the (jthers and will profit by their acquired experieiicf. As to tlio financial part of the project, improvements and gradual enlargement by means of increased capital and the possibility of loaning; the co-operative mode, in tine, enables the society to participate in the subsidies of the State, of the city of Paris, and in special endowments, such as the I{amj)al legacies, etc. An important innovation exists in the division of the profits by halves, between labor and ca])ital, and we may remark that the interest on capital cannot be assessed unless the profits are sufficient. The basis on which the division is made is in the Avorkmen's favof, eo that in the end labor is better remunerated than capital. The innovation of the general co-operative account, with its special provisions, will be to the advantage of the apprentices as regards subsidies and particular gifts. This account also has for its object, thanks to the successive retirement of the original partners, the progressive transfer of the capital to the associated workmen; these latter, in consequence of their co-operative activity, will within a very short delay become the proprietors of the common capital, and thus meet the demands of social progress. (Signed) L. COUMES. December, 1884. March, 1889. STATUTES. First Article. — There is formed, between the undersigned and all those who may become parties to these statutes, a co-operative society, which has for its object the manufacture and sale of hats, and particularl^Mif silk hats. It shall take the namo of the Joint Stock Co-operative Society of Parisian-made Hats. The society has fur its object the bringing to perfection the French industry of hat, making and tho improvement of professional instruction for apprentices. Art. 2. The duration of the society is fixed at thirty years, to date from the time of its formation. Art. 3. The capital is fixed at 50,000 (fifty thousand francs) and divided into 500 shares of 100 francs each. It is composeil 1st of goods, material and other articlcij mentioned in the annexed statement, of the value of twenty-live thousand francs nt stock in trade ; 2nd, of twenty-tivj thousand francs subscribed in cash. The L'oO shares are delivered at the time of subscription, for payment of half their cost. Tlif two othei' quarters of 2,") francs each shall be paid on calls, from the council ol management, who notify the sharehoUlers by letter one month in advance. The council or commission of manay Article 21 and the following articles. The original founder only shares in the capital which is dimin- ished later. The associate workman partici])ates at the same time in the capital and in I ho labor and should be owner of at least throe shares. (Art. 25.) All the shares are, and remain, in the name of the owners ; mention of " original founder" or "associate workman" is placed on each certiricato. JOach share gives the right, without distinction (according to law) to an equal share in the capital stock, except in case of an oxci.'ss, after H([uidation, and the pay- ment at ])ar ot all the shares, this excess will then be divided according to themunnor adopted foi' piotits. (See Articles 21 and 22.) Art. 6. The Society is managed by a council oi- commission of management comjioscd of six members, two of whom belong to it it by right, the chief manager ami accountant (le chef tin service commercial et do comptabilit^), and the head of the nianufactoiy ; the others are elected annually at a general assembly of the associates, who should choose two workmen and two associate founders. The pre- sident of the council has the casting vote. Art. 7. The members of the council should each be the owners of at least five .shares and the chief manager often shares. Those shares remain as a guarantee of the proper fullilment of their duties and are deposited with the firm and are inalien- able. Ai't. 8. The Assembly nominates for a period of thiee years the two chiefs of management and manufactory, who may, however, be re-elected the same as other memliers. Art. 9. The council has the most extensive powers over the goods and affairs of tiie Kocifty. The signature to drafts, commercial papei- nnd agreements, as .veil as to docu- ments iiiul papei-s to be tyled in court, must be that of the chief manager. Neverthe- less, any document that binds the society for more than a thousand dollars should be signed beside by a second mcmbei-. Art. 1(1. — The members of the council arrange among themselves the order of theii' deliberations and the duties to be performed liy each; they appoint and dismiss the employees ; they fix the wages of the workmen and of all the staff, bear- ing in mind that all the workmen should be " associates." The council may grant to the workmen and apprentices, pi\)portionate!y to each section of work, a supple- ment to the wages under form of "sharing by workshops." This assessment is tuken from the price of the hats, but cannot exceed one franc per hat. These gifts are disti'ibuted fortnightly either in cash or in shares bought from the co-operative mass. The council guarantees the entry of all sharo^j to the proper owner and of all transfers. Art. 11. Each year the general assembly confers upon one of the associate founders, the office of auditor (commissaire-censeur) to verify all accounts. Inventory — Division of Profits. Art. 20. The council of management, every two weeks, prepares a summary statement of affairs showing the assets and liabilities. Moi'cover, at the end of each year, on the Hist December, an inventory is made in detail of the goods, material, stock, assets and liabilities of the society. The inventory, balance sheet and account ot'piotit rnd loss are laid before the general assembly, i-jvery associate can, within i-'i,i,'ht days at least of the general assembly, take communication of the balance sheet, inventory and list of the associates. Art. 21. The net proceeds, deduction having been made for expenses, constitute the profits. The expenses include all the necessary annual outlay, salaries, general expenses, assessments, (!cc., with the exception of interest on capital. (See Profits.) 20-7J 100 Tho UHsoHsmontH inoludo : 1st, tlio "toi)l iiml mutoi-iiil " acoount, on which an annual asHcssmont ot at h)ast 10 por cent, in mado for woar and toar; 2nd, tlio account " tho first oponin;^," when the coHt of forming tho society, the ox|)onHOs of instalhition and of aj^encios are onterod ; this account is assossed by tho twentieth, to (hito from IKitO. After dciluctin^ tlio le^^al rosorvo off) per cent, (law of 188(5) tiie protits aro divided into two e([ual parts : the first is entered to capitJil, the other to labor, ;ih Jollows : the portion set aside for capital servos, tirst. tofmnpleto the interest account limited at 4 per cent, por annum ; the lialance, after an assessment of 15 percent, for the reserve fund, is divided, one-half to the capital's dividend (See Art. 24) ami one-half to the co-operative body's account (Art. 25 and 2f)). Art. 22. The snare infix* ])rofit8 due to labor, that is to say, to tho co-oporafors, outside of all relation to cai)ital, is thus divided : ;{ to Co-operative Labor, jj to S(W- iTKjs and jif to the entire Co-aperativc body (Seo Art. 25) viz. : Each associate workman receives over and above his wages by the piece (rato fixed by the Board of Management) a share, independent of tho shai-es he owns in tho business. This profit-sharing is given e([ually to the workmen, to the perfection- nants and to the apprentices of tho higher division in tiio co-operative work account, which is divided tiius: (io ]percent. to tho workmen, of which : 35 por cent, for the accou?»t of the working staff, dividend to be distributed jjit head, that is to say, efjually among the associate participants ; 30 per cent, for tho account oi' time in the association; tho division is made pm- portioiiately to tho number of years of service, computed from tho admission of tlio apprentice into the higher division, in such a way, for instance, that a workman who has boon a member six years receives three times as much as ono who has only been two years on the other hand. 35 per cent, for tlie account of J/fl7ia(/cmen^ d«y«s (i( three-fo ilppiCMt three sli, The socia(e \\ .'^'"i''y of n <'n'niinal en '«•; (he pel I'lit (his iv, Af(. 2,'- «P<'fial enio ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. O V 5? fe >" C^ <$> v^ .^4^^ fA I 1.0 IIM IIIIM IIM \wi2 I.I * us I. ^ 1 2.0 1.8 1.25 lllj! 1.4 illii 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation # ^% q^ '^^ ^ % V *> ■*"■ ?u^ % V <> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 <^ I i° ^ ^ 102 Until that time, it must be admitted that the ease with which sales were effected pievented the farmers from seeking other markets for their goods, or from trying to improve tlieir methods of producing butter. It now became necessaiy, to improve this unfavorable state of attairs, to find new markets for their butter, and to make use of the newes*^ and most improved methods of treating milk. Count Catl'orclli then called together the principal farmers of the district or commune of Leschello, which is situated in the most fertile part of the canton of Nou- vion, and proposed to them the formation of a co-operative society in the milk industry. His proposition was adopted, and in March, of 1887, the Joint Stock Co- operative Dairy Company of Leschelle was estalilished. We will give in a few words the daily working of this milk-factory, and state the results as shown by two yeai's' experience. The association started with a capital of $10,000. The buildings include, the butler factory proper, the butter cellars and two piggeries able to contain four hundred hogs. The motive power is furnished by a steam engine of fifteen horse power, heated by a generator of fifty horse power ; a generator of this power is required to heat by steam, during the winter months, the cellars and certain rooms of the factory, and to provide the large quantity of hot water required in the factory. The milk is brought to the factory three times a day in summer, and twice a day in winter; it is brought by the co-operative milkmen; it is skimmed at once by moans of centrifugal creamers. The cream is placed in the butter f'act.c>ry and kopt at one certain invariable temperatuii.', and has to undergo a certain amount of fermentation before being churned. Cluirning itself requires great cure, especially as regards temperature, which is kept at the required degree by means of hot water or ice, according to the season. Butter is churned everyday; the washing, the beating and the forming into rolls or pounds are all done liy machinery. Ice is used in large quantities ; it is furnished by a Eaoul-Pictet machine, which is also em])loyed to keej) one .speeial cellar cool, the temperature never being allowed to rise above 40° P'ahr. The butter is kept in this cellar until it is sent to market, and consignments are sent out every day. The staff i. composed of six persons, besides an accountant. The milk is ])ai 1 for every fortnight, and the price vaiies according to its richness and the amount <>i butter it renders; the association consequently is not exposed to the rink of losiii;:- money on the jDrice of purchase. The figures we are about to give will afford an idea of the progress made by the Co-operative Dairy Association of Leschelle in its two years of existence. The figures are taken from the report to the shareholders on 1st April, 188!>, by the Board of Management. During the period fi'om the 31st of March, 1888, to the 1st April, 1880, tiie Association received from its cooperators 343,200 gallons of milk, for which they paiil g33,8i)(;. 130,310 I'^s. of butter were manufactui-ed and sold for $10,400. During the months of .Tune and July li.200 gallons of milk were br.ught each ilay to the factory ; this year 3,,')()0 will be brought (hiily during the same months. The net profits of the commercial year 1888-1880 were §2,860 after deduetiim of 5 per cent, interest on shares of 3100; this amount was given partly to a sinkiiiir fund, partly as dividends, Accoi'ding to the rules of the association, and in order to confirm the spirit nt cooperation among the members the dividends are distributed according to tli< quantity and quality of milk furnished by each member, and not according to thi number of shares. Tlie milk of three hundred and seventy-five cows was brought to the factory. The profits for the first year were $1,()00, and we have Just seen the increase in the second year of working. This inciease is a sufficient proof that pi'oductive ce- operaticm is in every way the best remedy for the depression from which the owners of grass lands sutler. Tl Associi W predict being ]i ^VORI In t thcmsciv makers I 1st. 2nd. that will certain w 3/'d. sound dry 4th. The , Articles Art. ( The c is tlie unrc If the like propo Art. 7 Tiie a ai.ou 81.U0 the follow: I'iiy'iiont I. lu ordt aiitliorizcd scriber ba- it is a I Ai't. ,s'. t'>.subscril„ to subscrib. Art. 9. means, even ■on as autho Art. 10, iiilert..st bv I Art. 'll. 1st. To associated w> -'nd. To ;ird: To nil. To ,, * '•."xtiact fi '"'"_;iii;'>i'.iimiii The [ifij,! 108 The Agricultural Society of France in 1888 awarded a gold medal to the Dairy Association of Leschelle. Wlien the association first staited critics were not wanting, and failure was predicted by many ; at the present time new outlets are fouad, enlargements are being provided for, and many improvements are made each day. WORKIXGMEN'S CO-OPERATIVE PRODUCTIVE ASSOCIATIONS OP PARIS. GENERAL ASSOCIATION OP PARISIAN CABINETMAKERS. Joint Stock Company — Variable Capital. In the preface to the stattites of this a-ssociation it is stated that: In banding theni.solves together for all work pertaining to cabinetniaking, the end the cabinot- malcers have in view is not only to create a capital, but also: 1st. To guarantee an equality of right to work. 2nd. Ti) possess in the use of machinery and improved tools a powerful help, that will lessen physical labor, and by shortening the length of time required for any certain work reduce its cost. 3rd. To improve the manufacture of furniture by means of good workmanship, sound dry wood, and a superior quality of furnishings. 4th. To atlbi'd a retiring pension to its members and to tho>:a injured at work. Tiic capital stock, shares, transfers and obligations are thus established by Articles (i, T and following. Art. (i. The capital stock is provisionally fixed at $14,000. '•- * The capital may not bo reduced, authorized by Chapter III, below $12, GOO, which is the uineducablc capital of the Association. W the capital stock be increased, this unrodiicable capital is t-^ be increased in a like proportion, so that at all times it shall represent nine-tenths ot the cajiital. Art. 7. It is divided into 140 shares of $100 each. The amount of each share is payable as follows : 81.00 on subscribing ; 81.00 every month, dating from the time of subscription, and the balance by the following moans: 1st, the interest on the sums paid (interest will dale from the payment of every $20) ; 2nd, from share of dividends. In order to assist workingmcn having largo families to support, the treasurer is authori/od to leceive sums ori account, provided that during the past month the sub- scriber has paiil $1. It is allowed to make payments in advance. Ai't. 8. None but a cabinetmaker belomjiiiij to the Board of Syndicates is allowed to subscribe. No one belonging to any society relating to cabinetniaking is allowed to subscribe. No one has a right to subscribe for more than one share. Art. 9. In case of delayed pa^'ment the manageme- c will adopt every legal means, even to taking execution against the subscriber, and under reserve of exclus- ion as authorized by chaptoi- 111. Art. l(j. Until the opening of the associated workshop the funds are placed at intoiest by the management, .$00 only being disposable by them. Art. 11. Each share gives the right: 1st. To interest at 5 per cent., which will begin to bear only from the time the associated workshop is opened ; 2nd. To dividends; 3rd: To a proportionate share in the reserve fund ; 4th. To a retiring pension, on conditions provided for in Chapter VIII. lAtiact from diKiiiiii'iits cxhiliiu'il by tin- t'l'i'iuli ' iovfniiiicnt— Eiuiuiry iif the E.xtra-Parlianwntary Ciiiiiini^siiiu iiiiiiii'd liy tlic Minister i)f thcliitcridr— Xatitmal Printiii(? Office,' 1K8H. " Tlie paid ui» eaiiitul in 18S4 wan .*ir,UOO. 104 Art. 12. The clirm to shares is only nominal ; no shares belong to the bearei-. The shares are indivi- 4e; the Association recognizinif but one member lor all and each of tnem. Provis. 'nal receipts are given until ^20 per share has been paid up. Other payments are delinitive. Art. l.'i. The transfer of shares is accomplished by means of a declaration of such transfer, signed by transferer and transferee or their proxies, and entered in a register for this purpose. The transferer must, under penalty of the transfer being nullified, be accepted by the general assembly of members. Art. 14. The shareholders are responsible only for the amount of shares held by them, or in their name. Art. 15. Tlio I'ights and obligations of the share follow the share, whnover may be the owner; the possession of a share entails strictly, observance of the statutes, and of all tlie decisions of the general assembly. Art. 1(J. Neither the heirs nor creditors of a deceased shareholder may, under any pretext whatsoever, cause seals to be afiixed to the goods and valuables of the Association, nor demand ih.|i()|i ot tlu' a.ssociation, and the tive others from outside. .\rt. 24. They are nominated for eighteen months, renewable by three evor^- six iiiDutli:! ; the three members going out of oiHce are drawn by lot for the tirst two cliiuiges, and then liy length of service. Art. 2o. Tho right of revoking one or more members of the Board of Manage- ment belongs to the General Assembly. The Board of Management, or. in default, the Committee of Control, ai'e bound to call a special meeting of the General As^eMddy, in order to submit to it the proposed revocation, provided it be demanded by oue-tcnih of the whole number of members. Art. 26. The share possessed by each member of the board is affected as warranty of his management. It is inalienable, stamped with a seal noting its inulionabilit^', and it is deposited with the association. Art. 27. The members of the Board of Management who have left office, as soon as they are replaced, may obtain from the General Assembly the remission of their warianty, provided that no mismanagement or responsibility is imputed to them. Art. 28. The members of the Board are gi.'en counters for attendance, the value of which is tixed by the General Assembly. Art. 29. The board is vested with the most extensive powers of administrating and managing the Association. It has, notably, the folbnving powers, which are declarative and restrictive: It does all the commercial and banking business of the Association, makes all the purchases, concludes all bargains concerning the association, makes promissory- notes, discounts and endorses them, opens credit accounts, even on security provided oitiier li}' the association itself, or by the members acting individually in the interest of the association. It regulates and checks the general expenses of the Association, and finds invest- ments for disposable funds. Tlie investment maybe made either in Government liOMtls, or in sh.ares in some popular central bank, as may be approved of b^' the (General Assembly. Kvery six months it checks the accounts, and states the position of atfairs, which fctateinent is submitted for verification by the commissioners. They check the inventory every year, the balance sheet and the accounts which are to be submitted to the commissioners and the General Assembly, and it proposes the amount of dividends to be divided. Art. 30. The Boaril of Management, besides the powers above mentioned, has full authority in everything concerning manufactures and sales: it attemls to the ]iiireliase of all movable and immovable ]iroperty necessary to the interests of the association, under advice of the General Assembly. Art. 31. The Board of Management may d'degate ptirt or all of its powers, under what conditions it may judge ])roper. to a director, whose appointment is revokable, and who may be re-elected, whom it nominates for one yeai', and whom it chooses from among the entire number of shareholders. The choice must be confirmed by the (ieneral Assembly, which settles the amount of salary. Art. 32. The director acts in the name of the Board ; he is bound by the powers delegated to him, to conform to all the directions given him I)}' the Board. lie is bound to attend all the board meetings, but has only a consultative voice in their deliberations. Art. 33. The director may not, after the expiration or revocation of his powers of office, for a term of five years, work in the department of the .Seine, either on his own account or for an^' one else, at any of tlie goods manufactured by the Associa- tion, under penalty of twenty thousand dollars. Chapter V treats of the control : 306 CHAPTER V. Commission of Control. Art. 34. All tho business operations of the Association will bo subjected to the examinution of a Commission of Control, composed of seven mombei-s, nominated by tho Ciencral Assembly for the space of six months, and part renewable every three months. That is, three months after the nomination of this commission, four mem- bers will, by drawn lot, resign their positions, and three months later three others will also be replaced, and so on according to length of nomination. Members leaving office are re-eligiblo only throe months after. Art. 35. The Commission of Control is charged with the duty of overseeing the operations of the Board. It has the right to verify the books, examine correspon- dence and all business documents in general whenever it deems it advisable. It can at any time whatsoever verify the conditions of the assets. It I'cports to tho General Assembly on the situation of the Association, on the statement of atfairs and on the accounts presented by the Board of Administration. It gives advice as to management of affairs. It may convoke a special meeting of the General Assembly, after notice given to the Board of Management. The regulations of the workshop are treated in Chapter VI, as follows: — CHAPTER VI. Of the. Workshop, the Foreman, of the Commission of Experts. Art. 30. Admittance to the workshop of the Asn^ciation will bo allowed accoid- ing to requirements of work, and us the Association may become developed. Share- holders alone have a right to admittance; they will be chosen and nominated by the General Assembly to the number of fifty. After this number is chosen the next ten will be chosen by their rank on the subscription list ; the following ten will be drawn by lot, and so on. Any shaieholder who has been drawn hy lot or by rank on the subscription liU, and who does not accept his right to aduiittance to the workshop of the Association, may not compete for admission until the list of shareholders not drawn at the time of his election has been exhausted. He will then follow in turn. Art. 37. Work will be done by the piece, under tho direction and orders of the foreman of the workshop, who is named by the Boai'd of Management, and whose nominati(m should be ratifieil by the General Assembly. The foreman's pay will be settled by the Management. Art. 3H. The price of work by the piece will be in accordance with the tarifls of the principal establishments in Paris. Before determining the rate, the Boaid nt' Management will consult with a commission of experts. The same thing will he done for all work, the price of which can only be settled according the ])lans. Art, 39. The commission of experts is composed of seven members, two of whom will be chosen from among the shareholders working in the Association workshop, and the five others from outside. The members of this commission will be named for six months by the General Assembly ; they are re-electable. Art. 40. All difficulties arising about the price of handwork must be submitteil to arbitration by thi'ee experts from the chamber of syndicates, and of two named by the Board of Management. The decision of these five experts will be final. Chapter VII regulates the length and date of meetings, as well as the powers of the General Assembly. CHAPTER VII. General Assemblies. Art. 41. The ordinary General Assembly has full light to meet every three mouths, the first Wednesdays of January, April, July and October. Art. 42. Tho special General Assemblies are for the purpose of determining enactments on the following matters: — 107 1. Revocation of nomination of members of the Board of Management. 2. The purchane of tools, immovables, and the opening of now workshops. 3. Modification of the statutes, and the anticipated dissolution of the Association from any cause whatsoever. 4. deduction or reducing of the business capital. 5. Fusion or union with other societies, and, in general, for all mattere of interest to the Association, and with which the General Assembly has not power to deal. Art. 43. In special meetings of the General Assembly two-thirds of the share- holders must be present to form a quorum. Art. 44. At each meeting tiie ordinary General Assembly will nominate u president and assistants; the secretary' will be chosen from the munagers. Art. 4r). Any shareholders having ])aid jV, of their share, that is, SIO.OO ; may vote at any of these meetings those not having paid tliat amount will luive no consul- tative vote. Chapter VIII is the crowning point of the Association : ird of jiU be kvo of liatioii li will Lilteil lamed lev s of three liulnL' CHAPTEB VIII. Inventory, Benefits and Sharing, Siiperanuation Fund. Art 4(). An exact inventory of the assets and liabilities is prepai'ed on the 3lst January of each 3'ear by the council of management, and is presented by the Gene- ral Assembly 15 days before the meeting of that body. A copy of the statement con- taining a summaiy of the inventory is sent to each sliareholder, with the orders of the day of the meeting. Art. 47. The general expenses and the interest on the amounts paid by the share- hoideis, are deducted and the net protits are divided as follows : — 1st. 50 per cent, to the sharcholdei's, per head as dividend. 2nd. 25 per cent, as a reserve fund. 3rd. 25 per cent, to the retiring fund. Alt. 48. The shareholders will only have a light to dividends on the second iiiventoi'y after their admission, on establishing that they have regularly paid their calls. Art. 49. Those shareholders who have not paid up their calls within three months of the inventory will not receive their dividends for the year when sucli ilelay has occurred, without prejudice to Article 9 of these regulations. Art. 50. The share cori'esponding to the reserve fund belongs to the share- holilers, in proportion to tjie sums paid in l:)y each on their shares; ailistinct account will be kept of the amounts paid in on the shares. No interest on the reserve fund will lie paid. Art. 51. Each shareholder, after being ten years in the association and being of the age of sixty years, has the right to a retiring pension, to be regulated according to tiie conditions of the fund destined for that p\n-pose. Art. 52. The transferee will not have the right to the retiring pension, unless lie personally fulfils the same conditions. Alt. 53. The retiring fund is considered as a sleeping partner of the society, and an arnual interest of C per cent, is allowed it. Art. 54. Each shareholder who is injured in the exercise of his trade, or who cannot longer work, has the right to an allowance or a pension, to be tixed by the Council of Management and ratified by the general assembly. If tl.3 accident has caused the death of the member of the society, his widow iind children, to the exclusion of all heirs or assigns, have the right to an indemnity, to bo paid by the General Assembly. But if the accident is caused by the member's own negligence or fault, the Geneial Assembly may decide that no damages are due by the association. Finally, the Ninth chapter examines cases of instability and decides upon them. 108 CHAPTER IX. Art. 50. Tlio (Jenoral AHsembly nuiy modify or roviHotlio Htatutos on tho HUg^os- tion oftlio iJoiinl of MunugotruMit, or hy a written recjiiost to tiiat otl'oct by tiio said Hoard, and wignod by tvventy-tivo HhareholdcrH, one month previous to the Genera! Assuinl)!}'. In Huc'h a case, the convocation for a general assembly siioujd point out tlio modifications proposed. The Asscml)ly's power is sovereign ; it is at liberty to revise and modify the Htatiites as it may deem advisable, on the sole condition that it shall in no wise change the nature of the association. Art. 57. In the event of a loss of three-quarters of the business capital, the managers are obliged to convoke a meeting of the General Assembly todecree on tin; dissolution of the association. Art. 58. At the o.Kpiration of the societ}^, or in the case of anticipateil liqui- dation, the Assembly will, on proposal of the council of management, regulate tlic mode of licjuidation and name a commission of ii(|uidation with most extended powers, even that of amalgainating with other societies. Art. 51t. During the liquidation the powers of the General Assembly will con- tinue during the existence of the .society ; it has especially the right of approving of the account of the liciuidation and tiio giving of an acquittance. Art. (50. The noinin.-ition of ii([uidators puts an end to tlie powers of adminis- trators or their representatives. We have thought pi'oper to enter into all those statutory det^iils, because the Society of J^arisian Cabinetmakers is formed as ajoint- stock company, with a variable capital, and that these statutes or regulations, with a few important (dianges that we will notice, are those of all associations of a similar charactei- and form. There will, therefore, be no necessity to refer to these funda- mental points in classifying documents of other joint stock companies having ;i variable capital. PIAXO MANUFACTURING ASSOCrATrON.=i= UNLIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY. The Association of Piano ^Eanufacturers is formed undei'. We hei-owith givr their statutes, in order to point out the difference existing between this and the pre- ceding association. The law considers the members of a joint-stock company lialde only to tlio amount of their subscribed capital, whilst the membei's of an unlimited liability company are all severally lialtle to the thir4r),(MJ(), also created by means of retenti"ii- ; finally, it owns the property it occupies. It employs from eight to twelve assistants not interested in tlir company, but who have the right to U'come members. We have thought proper, in view of its success, tu give its statutes in full, and its workshop rules alike remarkable for detail anil stiictness. Tli( Art use of (I .•I lone, n I lie engi Willi lii, (••"npan^ tlio asso'c iiodiicui tlio comi Art. five mom The tlirei The of the ma Art. fliree moi ;;*pt'i'ial as i'ltciKJenc Abse; The .• Pi"'y's ill! It noi I'Ofj aired. In coi are giv<.|i ^•-'ii'liisioii ( thirds of It Art. !) meats an a Viously jicc The ar each memb 109 the bilitv L, In- lintil thr \\ I'.v I he any not un-l ■u tlie lasso- liitii'b litiou-; ill ill'- -. t" The lu'!iilquiirt(>rH ot'tho iissociation siro situtitod in PiiriH, at No. 64 Poissonniera street, but may bo clmiiffod to any locality prot'ciToil by tho majority. Art. 3. The Finn ami itx Name. — Thi'tirin is Hanoi, Anwol k Co. Tho aijNociation is Uiinwn as tho Plawi Manufaiiurim] A.isoriation of Paris. For tho ontiro dui'alion of tho (■om])any or a.sHociation, and for two yoars after its dissolution, Mossrs. Hand & Ansol bind themsolvos not to allow tiioir nainos, either collcotivoly or separutoly, to bo usod iiB tho buHinoss namo of any company doinii; the -ame business. Art. 4. The business contribution of each momboi- is variable, an. When the last sum, $2,(1(1(1, has been paid, there will remain only the dividends, which will bo added to tho capital or business fund. Those business contributions bear interest at 5 per cent, per annum; expired interest will be paid to whomevei' due. Art. '}. A(lvu)ti) Associatio'i, to conduct them to the persons inquiretl for, but ho must avoid Joining in the conversation without hoin<^ re([Uosted to do ho, iind will retuiu to his work ; infringoinent of this article will be punished hy a tine of lOe. at least, and (iOc. at most.* Art. 10. Cleanliness, prudence. — The workshops must bo swept every Saturda}-, and cleared of chips, the ends of wood carried to the garret and piled according to their length, tires carefully extinguished, the i)ails tilled with water, and the windows closed ii\ wet weather. Forgetfulnoss of any of these matters will entail a line of 80.10 on the guilty party. Any member leaving matches lying about on his bench or elsewhere will bo punished by a fine of 80.20. Any mombor smoking in the workshops or in the wood stores will bo i)unishi'd by a fine of 81.00. Art. liO. NUjht Watchmen. — A watch will bo established to make sure that all fires havo been carefully extinguished and the windows closed; it will be kept hy each member in turn, in accordance with a card given him the night befoi-e. Any member neglecting to keep watch in his turn witliout providing a substitute will ho fined 80.20 ; if the offence be repeated he will bo fined 81.00. The member on guard must warn the members fifteen miniites in advance in order that all tires may ho quite out at 8 o'clock. Any member who refuses to leave when warned by Iho watchman will be subject to a tine80.20. Any member who, being absent during tho evening, leaves his lamp or candle burning for longer than a quarter of an hour, will be Hned 80.20. Art. 21. Sunday Watch. — Will bo the same as at night, a card of warning haviiiu; been given eight days in advance. The member on guard is obliged to be at the workshop at in tho morning, in all seasons, until 4 o'clock in tlie evening ; he is at liberty to work, but will ho careful to notify the doorkeeper (coneierije) of his arrival in tho morning, that he may be warned if any person should hapjjen to come in. The agent should moreover make arrangements with him the previous evening, in case he should have anything particular to communicate to him. Any member guilty ot' an infringement of these regulations will be subject to the same tines as the night watchman. Art. 22. Fines of the Manarjevient. — Members belonging to tho management will he liable to the same tines, excepting that the tines will bo doubled, because they will bo doubly guilty in want of respect to the members. Art. 2;j. Chiefs of Sections. — Chiefs of sections will superintend the work in their sections, and see that nothing is wanting in their sections ; they share in tlio management, so far as to examine the work, and see that it is fit to be delivered; their judgment is sufflccnt authority ; they may order a piece of work to be repaired or alterecl if they deem it necessary. Article 18 is exactly similar to article 57 of the regulatioiiH of the Maison Leclaire. Tl work, 1 .\r hers Jill the sect invcnto I lie inei Mian or he rephi Art lion will liiilleliii, "'clock, lie returr I lie Work and Iho c Art. 'jii.siiiess, iTodit or from woi-l "fa line o ''illiel' f'roi iilorio is e> Art. '. 'iiioof 82 ! '•ally, addr Art. 2 ilotei'mine "'■«' Mot all( 'ii,'<'ii(, or (I I'fiiaKy of J f'llops witJH '"-'disti-ihiK Art. 2! I '('iideiieo ar ''lo rules \vl '""I llio Ti.a ;;'' tile o/feiK 'J'lio nicMiboi ^•'IVCS ;in ;ii, "lijecf of ilHi .^-''^■1' the foil, The s(ic iH'iessitate ;i The siclc " -^^ and to 4 "■•"•k, and sii 'lu'days of h ■"^ixty-tive day Jf the sic to tia. preside forgoing out. The socio "iii'diiiess or t] and ahove all '■'^es the soeie 20—8 118 Tlio chiclH of (*oclii)iiH who an' tlio lirHt to hoc, ami to jiidtjo of tin- stiito of tho work, aio boiiiul to piovoiit ihosiMlilHciiltios l)y llwir wafcht'ultH'ss. Art. lil. Tiiols. — TIu* Micioty pioviilcs all tlio tooln, oxci-pt drawiT tools ; mcin- Itfi's tilt' liomi'l to raiiL(o tlioii' tools on llicir liciiclios oiico cviTv mon' the cliii'fot' tlio soclioii or I'oroman will llu'ti I'xainiiu' and compiii'o tlu'iii witli ilu' list in tho inventory, ami nolo what tools are niissin^ ; all ini^siiii; tools must bo ronhu-oil at the nionilH'r'H expense. Any wo(lt;e, or wood used at the heiieh burnt by the work- man or his assistant njust be str:ii;,ditened ; if it is ;illoi,'ether [uist re|iiurin^ it must he replaeed at the expense of the person who liiirne(| it. Art. 2'». Paji-ilai/. — Tho pay-day will bo every liflt'on flays, uaeh chief of a sec- tion will, after havinj^ e.\amined the work done in his section, ^ivo his report in a liiilletin, whi(di he will jilace in the men's books, and siMid them to theolHfe at nine ii'cloek. The mnna^emeiil will settU^ the amounts at their meeting'; tlm books will 111 rel ui'ned in the evunini;- with the pay oiielosod, whicdi will be in proportion to ilie work done. All cortiticales ol work must be si^L^ned by the chief ot" tlio >eeti()n, and the chiefs siifued by one of the men in his section. Art. 2t!. Interdli'tcd t'DinmiTi'c, iiml WDrh. — All mendiers nro toi'liiddm to do liiisiness, or to practice any trade that may be undii;nilied oi liable to diminish tho credit or re|)Utatioii of tlio association ; ho is ut the same time strictly |)rohibitod bom working on his own jiorsonal account, and from trail iiii^ in pianos under pi'nalty of a tine of §20 ; all members are likewi^e forbidden to accept i;ny remit tanc*' or i^ift, either from . A/iplicatioii (if the Jiulcs. — Tlie management and the Board of Superin- Iciidrneo aro boiuul to see that tl:'^ rules are enforc(!d. 'J'ho assembly may modify ilir ndes when it sees tit. It receives elaims and rights 'hem. Tho management and tho Hoard of Superintendence impo^e all tho fines, and may, in case of repetition iil'ilie offence, double the amount of tine. Tho tines paid are given to the Aid Fund. The membei's ol the I'iano ^[allufaetllrcrs Association have instituted among tbem- sflves an aid society, of 'vhich all aro members by right and by compulsion. Tho object of the society is to p/ovido medical attendance and aid in case of illness. Wo irive tho following clauses from tho regulations of this society : — The society gives aid in cases of sickness only when tho sickness is such as to iR'ii'ssitato at least four days' rest. Tho sick person has a right to GO cents per day for tho fix'st six months of sick- 1) s^ and to 40 cents foi- the ni'xt six months. In ea'^c of a mcmbei- having ri'sumed work, and sulfering a relapse of tho same sickness during his first month of work, tlu" days of his sickness will count from his lirst attack up to thi'i'o hunlace after nine o'clock at ni^ht will be subject to a tine of 81.00, to be doubled in case of repetition. The liiiid will be su|)])lieil iiy the amount of lines imposed liy the Productive Association and by the Aid Society, and by a tax of SO. 10 on each ])ay until the I'unds amount to ??20.00, of which amount the fund should always be posses.sed. AS.S0CIAT10X OF WUUK1N(J AUM-CIIAIJI MAKKK'S. UNLIMlTKIi r.IAHlMTY SOCIETY, This assoclMioii was estiiblislied in IS.p.t. It is one of the few associations i.| that]teriod which has surviveil the 'Jnd of Ueceinber 1S51. The Associ;ition (»f Arm-chair .Makers is just completini;' its third reconstitulion. tne two first aiireeinents having exjiired by lapse of time. It has always been an unlimited liability company from tlie first. Its last deed of association, which tlatcs from the L'sth .March, ISSl and wlmst' a|ipointcu duration is fifteen years, states tii;i! it owned at that date §4,414.00, divided as follows : Sl,!l!l(J.07 from the undividci capital, and 82,448.15 belon of the statutes : — The offender will be bound to pay 82,000 to the associa'ion asdamages-inferots. Tlie same ])enalty is api)lied to the agent or to any member of th3 Board ot Management who has resigned, or who has been dismissed or expelled, who may h<' temote ciation Til Til Ar pavable Jle the san Iff increase The witJi the F'UM llic luisii Wo reserve fi Art. as decide '•xi-'ilil,., iii;ilcri;ils iissociatio In ca; made up I 'ho anioun Eac'i w^'llie asso All .-ui association P'lid before Ai-l. 1': '".y- lo hi, ''N'jiir.'ilioii "^y'lll bear ii '""IllliS, th, 'vr of each The y, ecciicring a J'liiiiU ''H' heirs ca I'T^TUi 'i'his ass. ;iblc c;i|,ita| ,1 points rofern '"'Vc.ioinl-sf, , The husi lowing-: SVM> Vri. (1. 1 repros "1^ ••'iid also o Tiie bala at least each missable. 115 tcmnted bv wliiitevor moans to draw to himsolf luiy or all of tho custom of the asso- ciation, eitiidr i'or liis own |irotit or lor that of a tliird ])arty. The ])ron'iiinff ruios arc also ajiplicahU' to a sinipio monibor of tho association. Tho allov.anofs and way,-os arc established by Article 17, as follows: — Art. IT. The agent's services are reniiineraled at the rate of ^4(MI i)or annum, payable monthly in equal parts. Jle is besides allowed $120 i'or ropreseutini;- tiie establisiiment, which is paid iiL the same way. If the board of manai;;cment or the committee of control decide to lower or to increase tho price of worU the aiiont's pay is increased or lowered in proportion. The foi'cmen and eni|)loye(>s' waives will lie delermineil by tiie aijont, toirether with the Hoard of .\ranaiieinent and the Committee of ('ontrol. finally, the worUmoii will be paid by the piece accord ini;' to the tariffs in use in the business, and will bo paid every tor(nii;-ht. Wo must also cite Articles 21 and 22 of tlu; statutes on the use to bo made of the rc.erve fund, and tho (daims of families of deceased mcmlun's : — .Vrt. 21. Tho reserve fund is intended to cover business losses; it will bo u.sed, as decided by the Board of Manay;omoi\t, to pay in advance debts that are not cxiiiiblo, for the increase of material for the society, for tho acquisition of raw UKitcrials foi' falu'ication. and linally for means lo extend the ojtoi'ations of tho associ.'ilion. In case of an asses.-ment on tho said fund for business losses, tlio amount must bo iiiado u]i by sums retained on the protils until it has attained again, for each member, (lie amount of a year's wages. Each memlior's shart> in tho reserve fund will be paid hint only at the expiration of the association. All amounts assessed for tho reserve fund must be considered as tho debts of the association, and as such, when tho association is dissolved, are conso(|uonth' to bo ]iaid liot'oi'e any division is mailo of the ])rolits. Art. 22. In case of a mombor's death the value of liis share, and the part belong- ing to him in tho reserve fund, will be paid in full to liis heirs, but only at the expiration of the association; until that time tho share and part of tho reserve fund will bear interest at I per cent. ]n'v annum; the interest will lie paid every tlii'oo inontlis, tho bt ot Februaiy, the Isi ot .May, the Isl ot' August and tho 1st ot Xovem- licr of each year. The value of sucli I'ights will bo dotormiiuHi by tho first Inisiness invontiuy occurring after the deatii of the member. During the interval luiweon tho death ot the mendior ;uul the said inventory, die iieiis can only claim interest calculated at the last inventoiy. I'UTURR ASSOCIATION (L'AVENm) OF FUI^NITHKF MAKFRS. •loiNT-sTocfc COMPANY, VAUiAiii.E cAi'iT.vi, { i.i.Mrri;r)). This association is instituted in the form of a joint-stock comjiany with a vari- able caoital and membership. Tho ])oculiaritios of its statutes bear princijially (m piiinls referring to trade. The whole statutes are similar to those of other co-opor- ativc ioii\t-stock companies. Tiie business capital is constituted in accordance with Articles (!, 7 and 8, fol- lowing: — Art. (I. The bnsiness capital from the founchition of the society was fixed .;t 81,lii)(t, represented by (iO nominal shai'os of S20 each, of' which 35 are entirely paid up, and also ono-fourtii part at least of the remaining 2."». The balance shoot will, each year, marlc the fluctuations of the capital. -^ rt. 7. The amount of shares are jiayable as follows : $5 on subscribing and $1 at least each nu)nth, until tiio share is paid up, payments in advance being jter- missable. 20~8i 116 Art. 8. Shaves in niatoriul, consisting of tools, raw materials and other valuables, may be aece2)ted as part or eiifiro paj'ment of subseribed shuros, after valnaMon by the J5()ard of Management. Ailmittance and the rankcf members are decided according to the provisions of the following articles: — Art. i;5. A permanent committee of admission, elected by members of each branch of the business, will give the Board of Management their opinion on the ability and morality of each candidate. Art. 14. The association employs no outside help of any kind, except provision- ally. Any temporary assistant may become a member by conforming to the present statutes. Art. Id. Legally constituted societies are allowed to subscribe in the same way as other ])ersons. ..Minors and married women presenting the necessary authorization may al.-) subscribe in the same way. Art. 17. Inordei' to become a member of the as.sociation it is necessary to engage to siiiiscribe and ac(niire successively tivo shares. The matter of the reserve tund is resolved as follows: — Art. r)(). When the balance sheet shows a surplus, the amount will bo entered ill the ledger to the reserve fund to the amount of a third of the subscribed ca|)ital. Art. 51. The resei've fund completed as has iieen stiid above, the balance of tlic surplus, or what remains, will also be entered in the leilger, to the funds of the fol- lowing instituti(ms: — 2.") per cent, to the .Members' Reserve Fuiul, in ])roportion to their co-operation during tiie last tei'iii ; 75 per cent. : 1st. To technical instruction and api)reiiticeship ; 2nd. To federal insurance, which may be contracted with other co-ojjcrative associations ; ord. To a jn'ovident fund, in case of accident and sickness; 4th. To a retiring fund. The (ieneral Ass.'mbly, on the piopo-sition of the Board of Management, may determine the quota of the 75 percent, to be given the preceding institutions as well as those they may consider it usotiil to foun(i and to endow later on. The provisions of the present article may lie moditicd only by a majority com- prising two-thirds of the active members of tjie association. Article 5(5 treats of the foundation of a trade library and of the nomination of a librarian. The t'ollowing is the text of the article: — Article 5(). Jn order to preserve ami clas.sity documents of any nature, such a> drawings, plans, manuscripts, account books and other printed books, correspnud- ence, invoices, taritt's, statutes, regulations, treaties and bargains, indentures, leases, patents, assurances, title-deeds, balance-sheets, reports, process-verbal, inventories and other titles, such as photogiaphed, or mouldeil models, and in general all tiiat may be or may become useful to the association, or for the instruction of the inoin- hers, as also for instruction and professional education, a librarian-keeper ol ilie records, together with an assistant, has been named by the General Assembly. Memljers of eucli branch of the profession are allowed to nominate a candidate. CABINETMAKi<:K'S ASSOCIATION. UNLIMITED LIABILITY SOCIETY. We now come to an association estaljlished on the most eleim>ntary ])riiici- ples possible to bind several persons together in a common work and in some sort known and settled. * 1 1 jd'cser (ornie( Kh'as, Is SSO, (o 2n com mo :u; Uie niei 41 ii three ;i desliiioc 5th Setlh>d ;| <>'th. use nf it 7th. aiuiiim f( JiiontJis" I 8tli. '^•oiisent () !'th. to e.xist ai one of Hi,, assets and lOlli. y-iirs. and! llih. Il'th, Janiiaiy J.'iili. t'le funds * This iissotiatiiin i.s most simple ii- its niitiire ; it is ri'iilly an imlimiti'ii llaliility company of tcnipunirv duration ; nifnilRTH It-avintf are still n's|H)nsil)le. It started with a capital of .*!2ed caiiital, $3.(X)0; i?2.4r)!) jKiiil. .\ very iirDsix-rous nsmx-iatiiui. 'I'ln' iirllin^; c,i|iitiil forimd iiv till- snyiiiifs (if tlif mcinl)i'is aiuciimts to .■sln.fMH), XiKlistriliutinn of lu-dtits has hfcii iiiadi', Imt the MWcs nf .s2e (paid) wi'if wertli •'*S(( after time ycuis' existence (if tlie ass(K'iati(iii. IH 118 It is (lividoil into 10(1 shares of §20.00 wich, tlio fourth of which amount- must be paid at the time of subscription anil the remainder by instalments of Sl.OU per month for ealiares of §20 each, was raised to SIG, ()(»(•, without I'eckoMing a reserve fund of §4,000. The pay- ment of the shares is subject to the following; conditicjns contained in Articles T and 11 of the Statutes: Art. 7. The shares are issued on payment. The amount of each sh:iro is pav- alile as follows: Half at the time of subscription and the other half on the receipt of tiic certificate, which will be given one month after subscrijitioii. The subscribers may pay in advance. Art. 11. Ea(di new subscriber, besides the .iinounts already paid by the iirst shareholders, in subscribing effects an amount equal to a iiroportionnte part of each f.hiin' in the reserve business fund. The member retiring or e.xpolled is subject to only one year's interdict regarding ills co-o]ieration in other tirms engaged in carpentiy. in tiie course of the de|K>siti()n of the representative of this association given before the Commission of Enquiry, mention was made of the extensive powers of the 'lirector.J These jiowers are establisheil by the following articles: Art. 22. The Board may delegate its powers to a c(mimittee of diieclion, coiii- ]iosed of three members, or to one sole director, elected from among iisown members. It may also delegate them for specified pur])oses f'oi- a limited time to uie oi' more members of the IJoard. re^ lui' lliC regii- im'il wlio This of a each jvei'. Art. 24. Tlie director or directors chosen from its members by the Board of Management is or are bound to obey the decisions of the Board. Art. 25. They ai'e under the authority of the Board of Management, and their nomination may be revoked at the suggestion of the Hoard by tiie (ieneral Assembly, on a majority of two-thirds of the members present, and the Assembly should consist of twi^thirds of the shareholders. W, however, the Assembly does not consist of two- thirds of the shareholders a second meeting will be convoked, the oliject of the meet- ing being specified, ami the vote will be taken in the same way. Ai't. 21!. The director represents the Board of .Management in regai'd to third parties, in all business of the association. Art, 27. Besides the rights and powers conferred on theilirector by the Board, lie directs all manufacturing operations, all the the sales and purchases of the Asso- ciation, disli'ibutes work in the worU'shops of the association, arranges and formu- lates, in concert with the Board of ^lanagement, the regulations for thi; workshops, *Tli«i"ipitiil, .sKl.lMM), is fiitiri'ly ii:iiil iii>. 'i'ln' mllinfr <'apitMl \aiics JK-tufiii s4,(km(;im(I S'.t,(hKl. 'I'Ik. shiiifs were paid liy a call iif 8.") per iiiimth. 'I'lir association realized laiKc pniHts while paying' to its ineiii- l«rs a salary (if 'J(l per cent, alidve the general t.iriff. The wuod in stuck is valued at 8Hi,(KH), and the tools ;lt SS.(I(KI. iTci lie a jiiurneynian one mnst have lieen (/viKov/) a fox. \ fox is a young man who has already wmked as a {hi/, in) raliliit in a shanty. Wlii^n a Iniy at tln' .age of fonrteen or fifteen liegins to work in a ^iiiiiity he is a i-aliliit : the ralihit g.itliers uii the chips, sharjiens up the tools, holds the string for niea-iiring. At tlie end of four or five years he lieconies a fox, and liegins to earn •'^1 or si. 20 a ilay. When one has wniki'd five or six years in this |iositioii he in received as a jonrnej-nian. I .See " .Snpphinentarv Notes." Cl In ISSII the sidiscrilied caiiital was S4,(MX), of which .^^.(t'll are paiil. The protits of the year .iiii(i\nited to .'*1,!I2<). Xet asHets. capital deducted, aninunted to S,'t,41l». This Association inidertook a "iiitrart for IJuenos-Avre.s. This is, we lielieve, the first engagement of the kind entered iutoUy a working "ii'lierative society. Tii the statement ent awav our assistants, some of whom were li\it too disiH)sed to criticise our enfleavoins. on iii^'lil with full purses, whilst we have gone ty tlio General Afiscnihly, liircH all workmiui required to inlHl ordern received iiy the Association, l»ut only when it lias Keen proved tliat the nienilioi'H are insutliciont to execute ilu' work. Woi'Unien thus hired have no I'ii^ht to ho consitlei'cd as heloiiginy to the associ- ation. LE THAA^AIL. ASSOCIATION OP IIOUSE-PAIXTEIJS. J(jlnt Stock Company, toith Variable Capital. This ass'.ciat ion dates from Decenihor, 1S82. It was established in an unpre- tentious way, with a capital of §1.28(1. of which one-tenth only was paid on subscrib- ing, about ^b'-!0. scarcely suflicient to pay expenses of constitution. Nevi'riheless, it undertook coni])aratively large Jobs, and its steady ]>rogress up lo the present give- reason to ho|)e that its intelligent direction will enable it to surmount all the dilK- culties inevitablj- to be met with by any newly started enterprise of this nearly unknown kind. The a(imis>ion of these new members is subject to the statutory provisions of Article -1, of which the following is the text : — Ai't. 4. ^'o one is allowed to subscribe unless he is a working painter, or exer- cises one of the branches similar to this industry. In order to be admitted as mem- bers, the candidates must conform to the ♦ollowing conditions: — 1st. To subseribe for at least four sha'vs, ami to ])ay, when sub.scribing, at least one-half 2nd. To ])ay the aihnission fee of SM. ^J'he amount of each snare must be ])ai(: at the rate of $0.40 a month each share, without any interruption. The admi.ssion is declared in General Assembly by the majority of two-thir^ls of those present. Article 11 fixes the rights of shareholders at General Assemblies. Each mem- ber has as man}^ votes as he has a tiuadruple ot shares, without exceeding lour vole-. The retiring fund is established in the following manner; — Art. 1(). J^ach member has a I'igbt to the retiring fund after twenty yeais ol' service in the Association. Temporary relief may bo given to sick members, or to wounded members unable to work at painting, 10 ])er cent, of the fund ci.'nstituliii;: the retiring fund specially set aside for this purpose. Finally, the question of division of profits is settled by Article 14, and is tliii> stated : — Art. 14. Kach year the net ])rofits resulting from the company's operations arc divided accoiding to the following proportions: — 1st. ') per cent, to constitute the legal I'cserve fund. 2nd. 5 per cent, on the interest of capital paid in. The surplus of benefits shall be divided as follows: — 25 ))er cent, among all the workers employed by the ila}' or the hour pro raio for the time givi-n by them for the good of the Association. 25 per cent, for the creation of an extraordinaiy I'eserve fund. 35 per cent, to all the shares. 15 per cent, for the retiring fund. Nevertheless, the members that have not paid uj) their shai'os in full will n"' touch the interest of the capital ]iaid in by them, nor the 35 per cent, awarded to each share. These sums are taken in deduction of the calls to bo made, by each on tliL'ii shares. tl Unti At 1), (lie tJejiei'ji ''it'll 111) ini per cent. In iJie ''idil to ,,, 121 THE LAJiOUK. OENERAT, ASSOCIATION (iF CEMENT MAKERS. Joint Stock Company {Limited) with Variable Capital. Tlie oxistoiico of this Association only datos hack to llic L'2n(i Aiiu;ust, ISSl. Tlieir rcj^iilations arc soniowliat siniilnr to societies of'tlio same nature. Anionic tlie (litleronfu's Ijcai'in;; on s])ocial points wo reniariv the tbllowing: — Art. '.*. Xo one can ])ossoss more tiian nine shaves. Ai't. 10. No one wiio is not a cenient-tnakoi' can snhsoiilio. Evoiy mcml)or \vl>o sjiall undei'taice woriv at'ior the formation of tho society shall be struck from the roil of the society, and what he has ]iaid in shall <;;o to the forma- tion of the society. Arti(do !• and the tir>t ])ar:>i;-:-a])h of Article Id evidenlly refers to the fear that workmen in ffcneral, who join in a prodiictivo association, e.\|ierience ol'socini;- their Imsinoss absorhed hy capitalists. Tlioreforo they forhid themselves from acce])ting iimney i^l>ewlHM'c than from the memhers of the trade! lo which lliey helorii;'. This precaution would he of use it the Cii|iitalists jxit much failh in these wmk- men's associations, but until now il has been nnniH'cssary, because cajiitalists have not shown any desire to rule these societies by placiui;' their <';ipital in atl'airs of this sort. Xevertheless, they deserve to bo aided and encoui'a;;ed. Thus, there is mistrust on both sides, ami it will probably re([uire many ^-ears more before it can be elVaced. The second parau'raph of Article It) is, in ouropinion, somewhat out of place, and we ilo not think that the law would ])e;mit the confiscation, by the society, oftlie capital invested by a member, because such mentber should disobey the rules on the ])oint indicated. Besides Ibis |»aragraph is conliadicled by Article 17, which reads as follows: — On the retirement, dismissal or death of the shaieholdei's, the society should reimburse him or his heirs: 1st. Jlis invested capital. 2nd. His >liareofthe reserve fund. .'ird. Jtis share of the profits, as slnnvn by the last inventory. If there are losses, the leimbursement only takes ])lace after reduction of his share (if the loss. The sum to he reimbursed may (in virtue of the law) remain in the Society, I'oi- five yeais from the last inventor}', to insure the Society against any claim that may ai'ise from such inventory In consequence a special account ol the liquidation is ke])t anil a regulation made ik'tiiiing the I'ights the memlier will enjoy at the expiration of these five years. L'ntil the reimbur'sement. the membei' has the right to 5 ]iei' corrt. irrterest. At the same time, should the society, for some good reason, ackrrowledged by the General A.ssembly, decide upon reimbur.-ements during the year' it is demanded, thcrr no interest is allowed for that ])eriod. After- the tii'st year it is calculated at 5 pel- cent. In the cliai)tci' on the (iener-al As-enibly a clause leatls that " each mcrrrlicr has a ri<;lrt to one vote only, no matter how many share- he may own." The net pi'ofits ar-e divided in the following mannei-, in eorrfor'rrrily with Arlicle 50 : 1st. 5 |)er cent, for the establishment of a legal reserve furrd. l-'nd. 25 ])er cent, for the creation of an extraordinary reserve fund. •ird. "O per cent to all the shares. Xevertheless, the members who have never paid their- sfalutor-y calU or' pay- nH'nt>. will oidy share in the division of TO per ccni. awarded to shares. The reserve fund is the subject of the four following articles : — Art. 57. On the net profits an annual assessment is made of a twentieth at least, to be applied to the formation of a reserve fund, in conformity' to Article 5(1 of tile prx'sunt statutes. 122 This iissoHsment coasos (o lio oliligntoiy when tho rosorvo renchos a tenth of tlio oa|iital. Art. 52. 'Plio oximonlinaty reserve fiiml is formed : — 1st. I''r()in till! fees of adniissinii. lind. Kiom till' lT) jK'i' cent, whicli is awardetl iiere accordiiii; to Article 50. 'I'lie as.sc'ssment, levii'd foi- I lie formation ceases when the fund shall have reaehi'd douhle the eapitul. Art. ").■!. At the e.xpiralioii of ihe society an funds shall lie ilivided ainoiii;- all (he shares. I""inally, the resjionsihility of the niana,i;einonl is provided tor hy Article 02 followinff : — Alt. (i2. Tiie memhei's representing the twentieth at least of tlie capital may, for the common interest, at theii' own cost, aiithoi-ise one or more a!::i'nts to taki' action a^;ainst the administrators for tludi' mismanai^ciuent, without j)rejiidiee to the action which each member could conslitute individually in his own name. CO-OPHHATIVH ASSOCIATION. SCiriiPTORS' UNH)N. Anonymotis })artncrship, variable capital. The object of the Sculptors' Union of I'aris is the ijenoral advancement of deeo- rutivo scul|)lure, both ii\ stone and in wood, in marble and plaster, as wi^ll as iu the ditfercnt s|)ccialties belonii'ini;' to them. The business capital is li.\i^d at 8-l-,!lOO, in 4!*0 shares of §10 each. In order to beeom(> a member it is necessary to subscribe foi' at least ten shares, of which liie tenth ])arl is payabh; at the time of subscribiii.i,^, in uniformity with tiic law, and the other nine-tenths at the rate of $().4t) i)er month. The division of profits is made in the foUowiiii'; order : — ") per cent, as interosl on the subscribed capital ; 5 per cent, to form a reserve fund ; 2(1 per cent, to outside assistants employed in the works of the Association, to liu paid ])roportit)nately to the work done by each. 75 per cent, to the shareholders in pi'oportion to the number of shares possessed by eacii. GEXEEAL ASSOCIATION OF TIIR TAVIORS OF THE SEINE. JOINT STOCIC C0.MP.4.;SY, VAHIAHLE CAl'ITAr,. The end the I'avior's Association has in view is. as indicate(J liy its name, the general work of paving and all that pertains to the construction and care of puiilir rortds. It al.so undertakes ])rivate contracts. Its constitution bears date the 12ili of February, 18S3. The tirst payment to capital is heavy. Member.ship is subject to tho conditions contained in the following articles: — Art. a. The business capital is provisionally fixed at the sum of $;{,H(IO. It may not be reduced l)y restitution or refunding of shares below 83,;j(I0, which is tlio nnredu('ii)Ie ca])ital of the Association. Art. 7. It is divided into S4 shares of $40 each. Tho amount of each share is payable in the following manner: — 812 on sub- scribing and 82 every month from the date of the subscription, and the balance by amounts retained : 1st, by the interest on amounts paid, tlie said interest to begin after each payment of 812; 2n(l, a share of dividends. To enable workmen with large families ilependent on them to become n ambers, tho treasurer is authorized to receive sums on account, provided that the month previous the member has paid $2, It is permittetl to pay amounts in advance. Ar( not, bell paving i >liares. sliaies, ji Art. to increji iiiiniber The 'lie niont will lie p Art. proceed i I Art. Ist. ' •\s>oeiali( 2nd. ;!rd. ' Art.: The sliar( slijii'e. I'l-ovii '■t'('eij)t the Art. I i^ l.'iken, n "I 'lie rule.' An. An. 21 I" "lie dec, f'liiplefed I'l'f aii'ium The foi An. n:. •■" 'iie foot limy lie onii) Art. ;{s' ly the direc The poM ^\vt. :>,u. The (|ue ■Art. 4S. '"-'i'lU-deduci Isl. 2n(i I'lic stall Its iiu'miiers 'ii case o Hie fine." Art. (;. A P''escribed is / ^i lie be li 123 Art. 8. Xo oMo is allowoil to suli-^fiilii' if lio lio iiDt a working pavior ami doos not bolonfj to tho Kyndical eliamlior; no ono bel<)ii<;ini; to any other society in tho puvinj? interest is allowed to siiliserihe. Xo one may Miliserilie t'oi- tnoi't^ than three >liiires. Kver}' suhscrilier cni^au'es liiiiisfit' to liccoine the owner of three Miccessive >liaies, and pays a niiniiniirn snni ot Sl'J on eiitei'lii!,' the Association. Art. !). However, a eonvoeation exlraordinaiy of the (teneral Assi-niMy, in order to increase tho funds of the association, may issue a second series of shares, equal in miniher to the shareholdeis then existiui;'. Tiie new shares will also lie .Std each ; the tenth pari at least to ho paici during the month in wiiiih the assemldy deciiled upon this increase of capital. The halance will lie paid as may ho deeidod hy the Assemhly. Art. 10. In case of delay in jiayment, the management may take all legal |iniceedings — even to c.xecution — against the suiiscriiier. Art. 11. Hach share icivcs a right, 1st. To interest at ."» per cent., whicdi it hears only from the opening of the As>ociation workshop ; 2nd. To dividends ; llrd. To a iiropoitionati^ sh.are in the reserve t'und. Art. 12. Tiie shares are in the name of the owner; no shares helong to hearer. Tlio shares uro inu, visible; tho association rocogni/.es hut one member for each share. I'rovisional I'eceipts are given until §40 lias been ])aid on eaidi share. Tho receipt then becomes Hnal. Art. 15. The i-iglits and oidigations of a share follow the name in which it is taken, no matter who may hold it; tho ownership of a share entails adherence to tiie rules and to all decisions of the fJeneral Assemblv. Art. 21, S 2. Suliscribers three monthly ])aymenls in arrears may be expelled. Alt. 22. Amounts coming tf) a member who has rcsigne(l, or been cx])elled, or til line deceased, are paid in accordance with the la.xt inventory; the payment is (iiiiipleted in three years, or one-thii'd every year, with interest at ."» pci' cent, per an um Tiie following are the rules relating to work : — ti|.' TIIK WORKSHOP, OF THE FORKM.VN. Art. ii7. The members are employed in turn ; in case of refusal they .are |)laceil at the foot of the list; in case of need, workmen not belonging to the .\ssociation may he employed. Art. !)S. Work is done liy the hour, umlci' the oi'ders of the Ibi-eman nominated ly the director. The powei'8 of the foreman are settled by the rules of the interior. Art. Hit. The price for work is settled according to the city of Paris list. The i|uesti members, aiul cs])ecially manufacture and sale, :ind in general all transactions ccii- cerning optii-al instiiiments and all other articles I'olating to the said business, or wdiich the M)cialion may undoi'take in the future. The capital is formetl in accordance with the following articles: OP THE CAPITAL ANO ITS FOU.MATIO.V. Art. (5 — The business cajiital fixed at S;i,800 on 25th December, 1SG4, raised tn $5,600 on the 1st October lS(i5. and to 822,000 in .luly, ISliS, is now at the mini- mum 824,000: it may in the future be brought S;{2,000, This business caj)ital may be increased by the admittance of new members nii'i by tj^e decision id' the general assembly. Art. 7, — Business contributions are fixed at 83,000 fixed shares and 84,000 ])">- sible, which will be represented by named shares of 8100; for this purpo.se emli member will lie subject to retention of a certain amount on his work and on tho pid- fits in the following i)ro])ortions : Until the sum of 81,000 has been reached. SO.tJO at the least, and 81.00 at the most, every week, and the entire profits; from $1,000 to $2,000, the entire priitit.>, 'lie mc half th until hi lie give 'liey hi Ar value ;i- Ar Jiavnieii ' Th. Art till' .Vsso trusted t and UM(I( iides est; ri'i:'idalin Art. \*'"rkslii|i cniployii, will ho Jis it-^poiid t •■'iiiumonei I lie time i \vill be pr .'disonce w iHithoriztM 'he leave , Art, 1 ••idarly by aj)proved" Pi'oli I Art, the husine "■ork done When Ijccn attaii •'' -Jiecial a( Art, ;} I'ccn ;i in,.ii workei', , 125 1)1)0 lair CS (I ill t(. »<:{,()()(), liis pi'iilils t'> I'lipital iiirl i>l' its iilcroU liis ilio mombor limy loiivo a inaximiiin i)t'8n.f!() |k'|' wi'ok, ami Irniii $'2 liiilt' llio jimtilH. Kiom S.'t.OOO, tilt' MU'iiiiici niiy, if lie <'liii()-.(», Icavf 1 iiiiiil \\v liiiH allaiiicd llii- |M>s-.ilili' ciiiilal, ?54.<)l)t). As many actual sliai lie f,'ivon tlio HliaroholdtTH us may lio nccossaiy to lopreseiit tlio sluiro tlicy luivt) loali/.i'd. Art. 8. Till' liiisinoHw capital may lu'vor lio reduced bolow tho teiitii i value as ii-alizt'il at the prccciliiiix iiivciitDry. Art. !•. Aji account liook will lie y;ivcii I'atli iiieiiibcr in wliicli will liec payments and his weekly ta.\'. The riijjlits ami duties of momlters are settled as tjivon lielow: • HIUIITS .Wli iJiniKS ilK MK.MIIKHS. Art. 1'.?. Every nienilier is hound to te his woi'k, his diiii^ence and ahiiiiy to tlic .\ssociation ; he hinds himselt' to irivt> all the care and assiduity to the work en- trusted to him ; to^ive his rei:;ular and continuous assistance in all the transactions and undcrtakiiifi's oi" the Association ; he is bound to conform and .-luhmit to all the lilies estahli>licd, either iiy the present deed of the Association, or hy the workshop regulations accepted hy the'ieneral As>emhl\'. Art. 1,'{. Members to ho successively or alternately employeil in the co k(>d by the Hoard to resume his woric, and if within eight M(Kioty ixjssossed besidoa its paid up capital {.S2'J(1,312) a stix'k valued at .?40,fX)() and tiwls vahu'd at 81L'0,000. 126 wuH iiftorwanls llic iiHKneiatcd Kpcc'taclo-mukorK. In a rncotiiii,' nf tlic nmjority iif (In- trade, llio (jUOHlion of a«H<)ciali<»ii, Id wliich ilio political t«vonl> nl' tlic tinuis iiad^^ivon riso, was fiiNt dcliatod. .Mmicaiix and Dflahit', lioth workmen, consulted Messrs. l)iU'Zi^ Diirie, whom (hey kni'W were not iiniilvcly toslnin- llinii' views, and after a lew nifclini^^ and --omc discussion the Association wa> decided upon. ApjM'ai was made to worivin^ spectacle maUers hut without result, (nr tn the j^reater numher the AsHOciation was still a utopiiin idea. Xcvciiiieli'ss, neither Muneaux nor Dclalpi-e wore idle, they inanajred to convince four or live other workmen who dccidcfl to join them. Thoy went ai;iiin to Messrs. Due/. \ Durie who cordially ij;ave them the u>e of theii' small estahlishmont, and their materials were then valued at $l',U). Neither of them lieinn' possessed of ninney, this was therefore §l.'!(l ofdehts, and with their hands as thcii" only resource ami hope for the future the ANSociation heuan Mandi the I'.Mli, isp.t, '['he lirsf statutes were arran/^ed as well as could ho nuin- iiLfed ; th(icnntriliulion of each memher was tixed at ^(10; the prolits were eiiually divided amoni^ the memhers, <;'iviiihi|) was still small, for on the Kith of Aun'ust of the same year hut twelve memhers si^c'it^'*' t'lo statuteH at Mr. J)umns' residence. The statutos wore ])uhlished and the association le^'ally started under the name oi' B rot he rli/ AanociatiDit of irarliiiKj Siifrtdcli-iiKikcrs. Tlie laisincss name for the first year was Duez. [)urit< & ()o, .Muneaux namcil as third a,i,^ent, wailed wdule still workiiu^ till tlx^ all'airs of the Association should reqiiiie his help in the management. That first year, in sjiito of lack of money and of credit, the nK^nihcrs worked zoalousiy and the Association found a market for over 8l,S<)<> ot its n'oods, with a yearly increase, until in IHlIT tlie pr< cec(ls amounted to $1,')!!. 100, an immense result the founders ot the Association had never foreseen. In 1852 the events of the; time ami the exii^encics of trade oldij^ed the Associati'ui to modify and revise its statutes; it ch;ingoil its name from Bi'otherly Association tn that of Industrial and rommercial Society of workini; spectaide-workcrs. The stall then nundieied twenty mend)ers, (piito insufficient to meet the ordeiN which were then more than they could till, and tor the same Hoason the pecuniary resoui'ces were insufficient foi- the demands. The cont rihulion of each memhor w.M'^ then raised to S-00, with a certainty that still the realized capital would ho insulli- ciont ; hut it was pretty s in tin- As.so- I'iatioii, at inlfit'Ht ot at iiiu^t Id |)t'r ci'iit., ami (I por conl. at least, p(>i' aiiiiiim. On till' -J nil March, 1S7S, i||(> Assofialion coiivokod in ;j,ont'ial as!Ht>iul)l_v, laisod tlic conf riliutc'il shaio of oaoli nu'nilMT to #r),tM)((, and that ot" assistant inonilnTS lo $l,(ltl(), and hiloplfd iinanitnnM-taluli's shown htM'fat'ti'r, l»iii'in^ thai pciind, I \vcnly-livt' years, we had I ;fret the death of live of our colleaj^iiOH ; the resii^nation of twenty-otie monihers, and of twenty ossistaMts (or iidhorents), the loss of whom rediieed the hMsiness capital hy 81S,(i(HI. This Society isa, general purlnerxliip as lei^ards it" au;ents, and a limited paitner- .-liip as re^ai'ds the other tMomhei's. it has no sliaros, Imt pnriions in the intoivst which are not, tran>ferralile. Admittance of new iiiemhoi's is estahlisho 1 hy articloi 8, !• an 1 Ki, in iho follow- inu: mannor : Art. H. A mombor i> a<'i'epled nnly I'nr the special hrancli in whicii he is versed ; ill ca-o there ho no work to he done in liial particiihir hraiKdi, the Association is not liound to ])rocurt> him employment. In siicli event, it he has hccn less than ten years a meml)er. he hart a I'lirht to rank with otiier memiters, beiiiLC placed iindor article K), as regards his maximmii or miniiniiiii r.ile. Uiil heyon 1 that period he lias a v\'^\\\ to the dividtMids jiertainiiiL!; to his capital. in either case he may no liiimer join in the hiisiness of the meeting's, i nit |)ie-*erve his riy;lit to assist at the rendition of the accounts of the inventory at tho end of the year, havim; a consti- tutive voice and the biimc powers as adheronts. If the ces.satioii of that hranidi , of amounts retained on work done, and on profits and dividcnils in the iiiaiiner horewitli iiulicated. ivuh member will contribute a capital of 80,000, to be divided into six parts of Sl,iMiU eacii. For this purpose tho entire amount of ])rofit9 coming to him will be retained until they amount to §1,000. and be is given the right to leave 10 })or cent, on his work, if he choose. From .<. This cajtital, (juite distinct from tho ti.ved capital, is ynaranted in same \va\' as widows' capital in accordance with tho meaning ot article 41, and wdl only bo [laid back after tixeci capital. This (•ai)ital, which may he styled allowable, will not he mort,a'd inlo (ixed capi- tal, and will lie |)ayable only at the death, resi^-nation c;" ex]}ulsion of tho member, and that in the manner and as is stated in the cha|)tei' on re-])aynients. Mividends proceeding from this allowable capital will bo paid each year at the pei'iod (ixed by the (renoral Assembly, and may not go to add, to nor to increase the said capital. A member who retires either from old ago or by placing himself within range of the advantages oflered by article 40, is not allowed to increase his capital; he receives the protits accruing from it under articles ;5!t and 40. Art. l!l, — Kach adherent must furnish to the Association a capital of 81,000, formed as follows: he will submit to a ii'tention of 10 per cent, on his work ainl ot tho entire amount of his protits up to 8200 ; from 8200 to 81,000, half his protits will be retained, with the jiowor given him to leave the whole and 10 per cent, on his work. Any adherent having become possessed of 81,000 in the Association and leaving, will submit for the period of one year to tho interdictions given in article 44. The Association has, however, a right to make any special agreement it may choose with any adherent. Art. 20. — -The capital originally fixed at 8'50 jjor member of tho thirteen found- ers, by act of the (ith August, 1840, has been increased several successive times, by retentions on work and on the protits of the business. It is susceptible of increase and diminution, but may not be reduced below the sum of 880,000. The division ef profits is regulated as follows : Art. 3G. — Capital and labor have each a proportionate share in the profits; yet- no memlior can, as legards work, count at so muci> in the franc for this divisiuu higher than tho sum of 8'>20. If the work done tluring the year is valued beyuiul this amount, tho surplus is considered as allowed wages. Art. 37. — Adherents filling no administrative otlicc in tho Association do not share in the protits for more th.tn a i»roportionate amount of their business capital. Art. 38, — Dividends are paid by twelfth parts month by month. The first i)ay- ment is fixed, on proposal of the Boards, at tho statutory meeting for settling accounts. Art, 3'J. — A member or adherent, in a case of infirmity which incapacitates liini for work, may only I'eceive his dividend at tho rates of realized profits and an account of his capital whatever tiie amount may be, in so far as ho has been periods of ten years a membei-. If the infirmity incapacitating for work occurs previous to tho la))se of the ten years mentionotl he can raidv only with members included under tin' provisions of article 40, unless the injury oi- infirmity incapacitating for work is the result of an accident which has been met with during work done for tho Associali'Mi. In case of the said nu'inber resuming his I'egular work, without intoriuption for one year, he may again become a memlier with enual rights. Any member or adherent lu'ving been twenty years in the employ of the Associ- ation, may retire, no matter what his ago or his share in tho capital ; in that case ho receives all his dividends. Any member fifty years of ago who has been fifteen years in the employ of tho Association has a right to the advantages. Any membei- or adherent having paid all his business capital and been fifteen years in the employ of the Association may retire and receive all his dividends. in regard u> any member, employee or foreman fifty-five years of age, the As- sociation reserves to itself the right to dismiss said member, by giving him six montl; (ienini Ti settled retire ^ trial, h A I c"i/)ital, 'hat is, receive "f profit the sam Art office, w por cent, tions .stii The 81,000 Tl The the most 129 montlis' notice in advance of the cessation of his engagomont, ami tliat without in- domnity. The Association fixes sixty as the extreme limit of the ago of activity, and has settled Ihat any member or adherent who has arrived at that age, must by right ri'tire whatever may bo the position, whether administrative, commercial or indus- trial, he may hold in the Association, and that without indemnity. Art. 40. — Any member or adherent, whatever may bo the amount of his paid cii])ital, who has spent at least ten years in the Association may, if he choose, retire, that is, cease to take an active part in the business of the Association; but can receive but 10 per cent, as the maximum interest of his capital. In case the amount of profits should be insutticient, or not reach this figure, he will receive dividends iu the same rate as other members, never, however, receiving less than (I per cent. Art. 4i. — Widows of members having no delilierative voice, nor holding any oftice, will be paid, as long as they remain widows as provided for by article 13, 10 per cent, dividends. These dividends may be reduced to 6 per "cnt. under the condi- tions stipulated in the preceding article. The Association of spectaclo-makeis number 5.3 members, contribuiing each 81,0(111 These latter have no vote in the General Assembly. The association has prepareil a set of rules for the interior, of w'uich wo give the most impoi'tant points : Preface. The working spectacle-makers, associated commercially and indu.strially, con- eider that harmony and agreement are the first conditions necessary for the exist- c:.ce of a society, having laid the foundation of their statutes, have adopted this present regulation to prevent any discussion that may disturb the harmony so ossenlial to the pi'OS])erity of an establishment. The members having adopted these regulations of their own free will and without mental reservation, bind themselves to observe and to enforce them. They urge the tlilferent councils named by them to avoid ill-will in their application, as the penalties named are imposed to preserve order and not as means of revenge. Three agents are named, one agent for the interior, one for outside and one for settling contracts. The following are th-^ir respective powers : Agent for the Iiif'rior. — This agent is chai-ged with the superintendence of the foremen, their accounts, and the verification of their several expenses ihiring the week. He must settle all differences and disputes that may arise between the fore- men and the woricmen undei- them. Agent for the Exterior. — This agent is charged with placdng the goods of the Association and with all that relates to giving publicity to the productions of the Association. Ho must make himself ac(piainted with all appliances and all novelties velatiiig to the business of the Association. lie is, moreover, charged with settling all disagieements that may arise between ciist'iniers and the Association, and bound to discover the cause of such ill-feeling. Agent for Contracts. — This agent is charged with the drawing uj) of all contracts :iiiil ((iiumercial treaties entered into by decision of the councils; be is responsible tor all commercial documents, and should see that extracts are made of all accounts, and that payment is made in concert with the agent of the exterior, charged with tlieir receipt. He is, moreover, charged with the banking, with all dealings with t'urni^hers, and with the correspondence. All matters relating to travellers are under his direction. Tile opening and closing of the workshops take place as follows: From the 1st ot April to the 30th of September, from six in the morning to eight at night. I'roin the 1st of October to the 15th of November, from seven o'clock to nine o'clock at night. From the 10th of November to the 15th of Fobruaiy from eight in the morning to nine at night. 20—9 MmMk 130 From llio Kith of February to the Slst of March, from seven in the morning to eight !it niglit. On Mondays at all seasons the workshops close at seven at night. The siiojw are opened for sale as follows: From the 1st oCAj)ril to ihe iiUtii of September, from seven o'clock in the morn- ing to cii^iit o'clock at night. From the 1st of Oclobor to the 31st of March, i'roni eight o'clock in the morning;- to nine o'clock at night. Any infraction to the above article is subject to the following penalties: Fifteen minutes late, 8(1.0.': fine; Thirty minutes late, S**.10 tine; Sixty minutes late, SO. 20 tine; All members must give ten hours work. The price of work is settled by tiie Assembly and entered in a tariff book for the purpose, which can always be consulted by the members; these prices can be detini- tively modified by the Assembly alone. Jn any case in whicdi the agents may bo obliged to change any of these prices, they must be authorized l)y the board of management; such change, although niail(^ immediately, will lie tinal aftei- it has been sanctioned by the Assemlily. Members, on entering, l>iiid thcm.selves to undertake any kind of work witinmt distinction or regard to ability, if the need should arise; any infraction of this article is punishable as follows : for a first refusal, 80.40 tine; for second refusal the .iiie will be raised to 81.00, and if need be, the councils may suggest the expulsion of the offender to the (rcnoral Assembly ; this article is applicable in its entirety to beginners and to adherents. The Association may give members leave to work at home; they remain subject to the same duties as those who woi'k in the shops, and tliey may be recall(>il to tliu ■workshop when there is need; a deduction of 10 per cent, will bo made on their woi-k, they not being liable to be distui'bed as are those who work in the workshoji. Members working at iiome have no right to emjiloy assistants or apprentices ■with lUt authorization from the Association, and tluy may not, in any case, work for others under ])enalty of being expelled. A Commission consisting of three members will be named for each bmnch of (ho business, and it is their duty to meet once a week under the agent for interior's presidency. The duties of this Commission will be to report on the moral condition of the workshops, and to assure themselves that the work is developing. This committee will be called upon to give advice on the tariff for work, and on tlie management of their shojts. They will draw up a i-eport of their proceedings and observations to he submitted to the Eoard of Management. A slate will be hung in each workshop, on which the men will e.ich day write the time of their arrival and the time they leave, as well as the time they havo hist; the foreman superintends this and copies it, every day, into a sjiecial book ; infringe- ment of this rule entails a fine of 80.05. Any emi)l " tilt' Assiic'iatiiin ? Wo hope to be able to explain in a few words why the productive Association is destined to ameliorate the workman's lot, and why, above all, the principle it con- l-.iins should draw to it all the most moral, most intelligent and most industrious men of every trade. And, in fact, the object of every productive association is the ii!i])rovement of the lot of the greater number of workmen in each trade; they demand the active and devoted co-ojicration of all its members. In order to secure the success of an association self-almegatiou, ])erseverence and honi'sty are indispensable (qualities lequired in its members. Their mission is, above all, to sup])ress the abuses practiced in the greater number of houses, to the workman's disadvantage, whether they are caused b}' the routine or by the pi'ide of the master whi(d> prevents his making any (diange in his ways. Another cei'tain result is to rej)ress tiie feeling of aniagoni-im which exists ill a latent state between workmen and masters, because practice better than])recept demonstrates the wiongs that exist on one side and the other. They tend to make the workman moi'e pliable and conciliatory in regard to details, and not to maintain aiiv grievance unless it has a real foundation, and he can support it by sufiiciont proof to censure his enforcing his rights. *Tliis society is very prospemus. IWsides its paid up capital it owns a lolljiif,' fund of ?40,(100 foinicd fioin tlif icservc and retiring' funds, materials worth . ntirinK fund of •*>(!. (iy the day. with receiving wcjrk, and with all infractions of the statutes and regulations. Art. 40. It will also decide, as a last resort, and as a friendly arbitrator, all differences that may arise between the workmen and the Association, or between workmen themselves, in all matters concerning the A-^sociation. Art. 59. There will be an annual assessment, after deduction, for all costs, on all kinds of productions of: — 1st. Two-tenths, of which the first goes to form a reserve fund, and the second to be given in the form of certificates of attendance, which amount cjinnot surpass the sum of $0.40. 2n(i. The amount required to pay capital a dividend, which must not exceed 5 per cent. The balance, if there be an}', will be divided between labor, capital and economy. Art. (50. The Association may, in case of need, employ outside help, the price to be agreed upon by mutual consent. The Association of working tailors possesses, moreover, a provident fund, the object of which is to provide its members with a retiring pension. Its fundamental capital is $12,(J00. ASSOCIATION OF ARTIST DECORATIVE PAINTI^RS. GENER.\L PARTNERSHIP. The Association of Decorative Painters consists of sixteen members ; they have signed among themselves a temporary agreement in regard to the execution of a certain quantity of decorative work to bo done in the City Hall (Hotel de Ville). It is a type of those temj)orary contracts entered into for certain specified works. Note.— The members over sixty years of age are not .Miil>jfct to this retention. 184 Tlio object of the AfiHociution is very explicitly given in their Htatiites, uh will be soon by aitidew 2 and 4, liorewith given : Art. 2. The object of the Aswociution is the execution of the doconitivo paint- ing to be (lone in the City llall of Paris. (Hotel dc Ville de Paris). Art. 4. The duration of the Association will be limited to the entire completion of the work undertaken or to be undertaken by the members of the Association in the City Hall of Paris. {Hotel de Ville de Paris), whicii is the object of the Associa- tion. The business capital is a secondary matter. The artist decorative painters liavo, it may lie stated, neither materials nor primary matter to provide. A few brushes, a ladder, and a little color are the onl^' advances necessitated by the business. And, therefore, the Association has limited its subscribed capital to $32, or $2 per member. In the event of the work contracted foi' requiring more time for their execution than was foreseen by the contracting ])arties, tluy may, according to their agree- ment, surmount the ditliculty by employing outside hired help who are not to be considered members, as is stated in the following article: — Art. 9. Jf the number of membei's prove too small to execute the work, the Association may engage assistants who are not to interfere in any way with its accounts. Article 10 regulates the work in the following terms: — The work done by the associated members is calculated by the hour. A com- mittee of three, chosen from among the members, will regulate the wages of members, each working at his special bi'ancli, the hitter being consulted. Liquidation is provided for in the following manner: Art. 11. At the expiration of the Association, when the work submitted has been delivered and paid ; account will be taken of each one's contribution; all debts contracted by the Association will ite first paid. This pay?nent made, the share con- ti'ibuted by each member will be paid him, and the profits realized by the Association will be divided among the members in proportion to the time each has spent at worlv without any loss of time whatsoever. The membei-s are then disbanded, being free from all obligations one towards the other, and are at liberty to engage in any other occu]iation without liability to damages and interest prescribed by other jointrstock companies of long duration. OFFICIAL JOUKXAL ASSOCIATION. TYPOGRAPHICAL LIMITED PARTNERSHIP.* Anonymous partnership — rariable capital. This typographieal limited partnershi]) has for its object the composition, print- ing, dispatch and distribution of the Official Journal of the French Eepublic. The business capital is fixed at SI, (100. which is simply a guarantee for the execution of the A'ork, besiiles a certain sum retained on the salaries.* * The $1,000 are divided into one hundred share of §10 each. The first paragraph of article 1 of the statutes says: No one is allowed to subscribe for shares in this Association but the members of the l^arisian syndical typographical chamber. The object of this |)recaution is to prevent all but syndicate printers from belong- ing to the commaiulite, and also those belonging to the syndicate seceded from that wlach treated for the undertaking. Article 13 declares that no one can own more than five shares. * This association is established witlioiit either capital, materials or tools ; it furnishes the work only, the niiittrial l«'in)j )irovi(le(l In- the Stati'. Tlie wmk re))resents alMHit .^IL'O.tMM* |)er year, on wliich tlii» Association realizes alnnit 10 pt'i' cent. proKt. < )ii the otiiei side, the (io\ eninicnt has declared) that by this arran^renient it saved, in ISSl, %!12(),0CM), as against ■S240,(X)0 jiaid in 1882, on private contracts [ireviously entevi'd into. The members of the Association have Ijound themselves in regard to the Htate, to avoid all strikes, \nider definite penalties. * • Tliis amount is represented by the salaries for the first two weeks in the year, and reaches the sum of 112,800. Al of ?nan p'lsilioi I'lirrcsp and det Tl, Th^ Tin Int. 2n(| hy them The follows • 1st. 2ii(l. ciation, 3rd, coopcrutc assembly. NEW This J years j)rev A^soeiatioi difiirnlties To be Art. (;. A\^hen <» one is ul Art. 4!t. Ill 'lis case Art. 51. "Pl'cal, for,, Art. 52 '^otiledbytih •■''"ice as to t lalu, ,;)""iiiiate( ' ' II'- aniciiin '•It ■SlL'(),(Hi. 185 Art. 2S. Tlio director ='= is cliarged with execution of all the decisions ot' the board olnuma^oinent of wiiich ho may lie a nu-mhcr; he sii|)criritendH and directs the com- position, printing', expeditinfjj and distrilnitini^ t»f the (){fi('ial Journal; he 8i:,MiH ail currespondcnco within hisaiitjiority ; heajipoints and dismisses all oiitsidoassistants and determines their allowances and waives. The protlis are thus divided : The net proceeds, deiuction made of all oxpensos, constitute the profits. Then the profit is assessed : 1st. ') per cent, to form the leifal reserve; L'nd. The amount necessary to pay shareholders 5 per cent, on the ainounts paid iy them. The remainder of the net profits after the above assessments will bo divided us follows: 1st. 10 pel- cent, deducted for ostablishint!; a jirovident fund ; 2iid. 5 percent, paid to the retirini,' fund ot the Parisian Tyjioi^raphical Asso- ciation. ;jrd. The balance will be divided among the shareiiolders .'uiil typ()ij;raphical coopcralors under the conditions and in the proportions fixed by annual general assembly. XEW PRINTING ESTABLISIIMl^NT— L'liMPRIMERIE NOUVELLE. CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION OP WORICINtl PRINTERS. Anonijiiious partnerships, rariable cajiital. This Association was definitively established on the lOth of May, 1870, after five years jirevious j)aymenls. with 816,000 subscribed, and more th;in 8(i,0()0 paid. The Association has been altered several times, and in the beginning met with great ditUcultios.f To bo noted in its statutes are the following articles: — Art. (). The business capital is fixed at 820,000. It may be increased. When the Association was constituted in 186S, the number of subscribed shares dill not permit the business capital to bo fixeil at more than §10,000. It was succes- sively raised to $l(i,000 in 1870, and to §20,000 in 1873. Art. 7. It is divided into shares of S20 each, which are to be paid in sums of 20 cents per week, with the right to pay in advance. Art. 8. No one is allowed to subscribe except he be u working compositor, a ivvisor-compositor, manager of a printing machine or printer, and he does not belong to the corporate society for the specialties above mentioned. No one is allowed to subscribe for more than six shares. The commentary says : The excluding of any workman not belonging to tho syndical chamber of his branch may, it is true, appear to be a severe measure; yet it is but a very legitimate warranty against any trouble that might arise front workmen holding themselves apart from their fellow-laborers, and whose conduct, inconsequence, might lead to the supposition that the Association is but a trading concern, and not a means of arriving at the solution of a social (juestion. Art. 48. The workshop is under the immediate management of the director. Xo one is allowed to disobey his orders. Art. 4!'. The director names the foreman and the head men. He is not bound, ill this case only, to observe the rules for entering, spoken ot in article 53. Art. 51. Tlie foreman and the head men answer to the director, and without fipjieal, for all tiiat concerns their duties. Art. 52. Tho work will be ilone by bands or groups, tho luunlicr of which will be '^ettled by the director. Each group will name its page-setter, and will be given free choice as to the following: *_\iiiuiimt('d for three jcais. +Tlic iiuiniiiit of subscnlKd a valiud at .^120,000. and pivid ui) capital in LSSt was S40,(HK), and tliu Company owned material 136 Whether the group will bo paid equal wages; Whether the group will ho pai. The balance of the protits, interest being paid, will bo used to enlarge the woi'kshop of the Association, or to the purchase of other ]irinting machines. Art. (iO. Nevertheless, when the reserve fund is com])lete, and all the members employed bj' the Association, thedeneral Assenilily may decree payment of dividends. The division will bo made according to the number of memi)ers and not according to shares. Art. (>1. Notwithstanding if the com])ositor-ataff docs not necessitate the employment of all the other shareholders, proot-readei's, or printei's the Assembly may. in such case, order the payment of dividends. Art. (>2. Sharelioldei's having refused woi'k from the Association will have no right to dividends. They will, however, still preserve their right to interest, and may claim iheii' right to loturn to the workshop when they choose. When a mem- ber is dismissed from the workshop of the Association, he thei'oby, from the date of his dismissal, loses all right to dividends. Any shareholder, di'awn by lot, who refuses to work in the workshop when first called to do so by the director, is debarred from drawing again, until the entire list of members has been drawn. COLLECTIVE ASSOCIATION OP FILE-MAKERS. In tiieir principal points the statutes of this Association differ in no way from those of othei- associations in nom collectif. The association was established in 1S4S, under government patronage, with $2,0U0 subsidy. Articles 0, 10 and 11 determine the amount of business capital and contrilm- tions, in the following manner: Art. !». The capital of the Association is formed from obligatory contiibutions from the members. Art. 10. The business contriltutions for each member, are limited to $1,^00, obli- gatory and $2,000 optional The conti'ilMition of §2,000 gives a preferential right to payment of dividi-nds, before the $1,600 contribution. Art. 11. Every memlier is bound to leave his profits and interest until they roach the sum of $400; beyond that amount he may receive interest on his capital; but his protits are left to increase his business capital. Cash ])ayments may also be made, and payments in tooly, after valuation, and if the Association requires them. The division of profits is thus regulated : Art. 38. Members whose contribution has reached the. sum of $400 have a right to be paid their interest wdion the General Assembly has voted its payment; their profits go to increase their business capital. The profits are shared and the losses divided among the members in proportion to the total amount of wages received by each during the your. CO-Ol'EllATIVE ASSOCIATION OF AVOPJvING JEWELLERS IN ROLT-EP GOLD. ANONYMOUS PARTNERSHIP WITH VARIABLE CAPITAL AND MEJIRERSIIIP. The Association of Working Jewellers in Rolled Gold was established on 25th, August 1881, and its future seems already secure. Its membership is now 1(30, who have paid $3,800. It has done sufficient business to realize profits. ciatic on th 'I I 2 3; ad van •4t oasoN I 5i 6t 7t; point h Ar Was pu; Ad Ar men; t nifty noi Art Ap, An such as i establish iipprentii •■'ge (hev 'J'h'c tile fblJo\ Art. tlioir spo( Art. tile work-^ fhlo I lie t'icm, wj] Art, 1 1^0 given i siiop, as J, Associati( iiiomber e oiation. Art. 2 ftii'ii of 1 1, Tiie d Art. ;j iice will, iillhii'sof til The n. The The sc The tiiO Ass(ici;i The lb, Tlie tif . Art. 33 tias iuiy rigi 137 In the profaco to its statutes it is stated that: III order that it iio clearly understood hy workers that the oliject of this Asso- ciation is not to promote any personal and particular interest, and that it is hasod on tho principle of the broadest frocdoin from mastership. The fundamental rule of the present statutes is: l>t. liofusal of all mastershi)); 2rid. The form of a joint stock company with variable capital and membership; 3rd. Respect due to tho i-i^ht of every one to belong to the Association with like advantages ; 4th. JJofusal to admit or employ as assistants men from outside, except in certain cases provided for by the statutes; 5th. Equal vote l)y membci', and not by number of shares; ,()0t>, and the contribution of each member is §200, which gives u membership ol'liOO. The rules for payment are as follows: — 1st. S2 for the tirst payment, plus ?J(».4t) per week. 2nd. I'rotits i-etained. The founders, who wore thirty in number, each paid $5U imnietliuteiy. By thin means tiieir weekly payments to make up the sum of S200, was reduced to 80.20. The following are among the si)ecial articles of the statutes: — Art. 11. The Association shoukl, as tar as practicable, give each of its members a share in the work to be done in its shops, according to each one's specialty. Art. 12. The Association does not engage outside help except accidentally, and in tlie event of not being in a ])Osition to admit new members on accou.tof un- certainty as to tlie duration of orders received for work. Art. 15. Work is paid by the ])iece, the day ox* the month ; its remuneration represents an actual salary, and is given to each in periodical payments; this remu- neration is settled for each one, acconling to the custom of businesn, by the three united commissions who will ai)ply the taritt" without appeal, and settle the rate for work not included in the tariff. Art. IG. Working members are not responsible for debts or for losses beyond the amount contributed. Art. 39. The division of profits is made as follows : — One-twentieth to each agent as a first share in the profits. Two-tenths to the reserve fund until it has attained half the amount of the busi- neps capital. One-tenth will be paid to the retiring fund, the rules of which will hereafter settle its disposal. Profits will bo shared in proportion to tho amounts paid. The statutes also establish an industrial committee whoso powers are thus defined : Art. 50. An industrial committee will be established in order to examine all models of inventions or improvement applicable to tho productions and tools or machinery of tho Association which may bo offered by the members or by any other persons, and to ilecide upon their acceptance or rejection. This committee is charged as follows : — To verity the execution of the work undertaken by the Association and to report on it at all tho ordinary assemblies. If there be occasion, to take out all patents in the name of inventor and of tho Association. In each case the Association will pay all expenses of the said patent, and tlio inventor will be paid a minumum of 10 per cent on the not profits proceeding from his invention ; the amount of such profits will be calculated for each inventory, by tho industrial committee; tho inventor's share in the profits will be paid him as long as the patent lasts; in case of death it will be paid to his heirs or claimants. To.i troni it, I till' prodi 'I'o d industrial TIliH I'orsj iho' Art.* clotcriiiinc ixpiratio; Art. j" 'I'c worksl fJH't would lute lieconi I lie cnj Art. 4. aiiniittuiico sion of so in, f'l" siirii oi'i Art. 7. shares 8ubs< amiiiint in li Admit t; An. 20 ^^20 Ml least, 'ii case I Inllowiiig fh( Art. 30. montiis; a si 'file pro ill veil tory; J, the successor '"■t'^'||'"iico th conditions of f 'Iccease. ^0 menil fai'ital |,elou- '-i'iie f„ll„v| . Art. 35. u •" ^ [ler cent. Tiio balai To :u To la To To th ^\ I'on tho ^'^n'., makin- '"atoi'iaj 189 To (lotonniiu', in acconliiiici* with tlio lulvnnta^os tho AHuopiiition mny tiorivo tVnm it, the aiiioiiiit of itioniiiim to l)o awarded tiie inventor of any improvement in the produclioiis or tools ot' the assoeiation. To determine which of tlie ]»i'od actions of the AwHocitttion may hoHent toditleront iii'hi-lrial exliil)ilionH. Thin committee consiHts of tivo actual momi)Oi'M and of two supplementary mem- lei^; they are named for one year, and are re-elitfihle. Art. 'in. Tiie idection is maiie iiy hailot ol tho entire mondtership at a peiiod dotcrndned hy eoiineil of superintendence, and tittoen days, at least, previous to tho ixpiration of the powers of tlie preeedim; conimitlee. Art. 53. No one may become a memher ot'any commission who is employed in tlic workshop of the Association; if one of them were voted to a commission, that llict would alone jjhice him in the position of having resigned, and the lirst suhsti- tuto liucomo an active member. HACKMKN'S ASSOCIATION. ANONYMOUS I'AUTNERSIIIP WITH VARIABLK CAl'ITAF.. Tho capital of this association is formed as follows: — Art. 4. Tiie business .'apital is fixed at §2 1, (!()(); it may he increased 1 13' tho ailmittiinco of now members. It may also be reduccMJ by the ri'sii^nation or oxclu- .-iou of some of the members, but in neither case is the capital to be reduced below thosamof810,»l()0. Art. 7. To become a member a miiumum sum of $400 must he paid, and six -hares subscribed, and the would-iie mend>er also binds himself to complete tho annuint in the manner prescriiieil by tho (Jeneral Asseinidy. Admittance and dismissal are determined as follows: — Art. 29. Candidates must, in order to have their names inscribed, pay a sum of 820 at least. In case of non-acceptanco this sum is returned to thom Avithin tho three months t'uliowing their rejection. Art. 30. An expelled mcmlier's current account Avill bo settled within three months; a sum of $50 will be repaid him within tive da^'s of his expulsion. The profits that may revert to him will be jiaid after tho close of the next inventory; ho has tlio right to present a successor to whom ho transfers his shares, the successor to be accepted at tho next General Assembly; in the event of non- iU'co|itiince the Associaticm will pay his shares at par, within a year's delay. These conditions of payment are applicable to members resigning and also to heirs in case ot decease. No memher may send in his resignation if his resignatifm reduces tho business caiiital below §10,000. The following aidicles relate to tho profits: Art. 35. 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I, . ;- ^ jl g C-. 5 C2 l~. X X O X rH O Ct«r*rHCTX»|(, iH 5£ fi^x ti -^ t. c. S 8 g X rH « 3^= :-3S •" k ^ uh '- f^ FH r -- fe ^ - /.xi = V« . -H s-3,rM =^<', .-3 * ♦ * ♦ 3 a e bo S i i ? « X X rt in ?f to s 3 p •i? ♦J ® o ^l^ 3 o T. ^ ■ i ^ ■ 0; ;2:c ; to :2 ■ tca= . =5 5 tc-r a I I 20—10 .c-ctc :,c 8.H d :-S g -.00000000 = ^8 |;gajHi-' MPh Ph tS 0000 w-ca 3 -2 9 a • o a ,"1 ■"".'•"U— 'A ■"■".'/AW'-^'W— lA IW BELGIUM. Tho absence in Belgium of a sufficiently extensive legislation, gi-anting a civil status to professional syndicates is an obstacle, that may lie termed insurmountable, to the establishment of working productive co-operative associations. As a conse- quence, associations of that nature are very scarce in Bolg'um. The Natie of Antwerp, associations of carriers between the city and the port. The Porters and Beer-carriers found in several towns. The Agricidtnral Society of Saint-Trond, :RATIVE MOVEMENT IN ITALY.* The co-operativo movement in Italy, both for consumption and for production, is most remarkable. It is well sustained by the popular banks established by Profes- sor Luzzatti, which now number 400. The associations claim four newspapeis in their interest, and the movement i-< sup]>i>rted by all classes. The Italian Parliament recently took up the matter and legislated on contracts to be granti'd working co-operativo associations, and the ex- emption from taxation to bo granted them. In 1887 there were 42 productive co-operative societies in, Italy with a member- ship of !),8()r); their subscribed capital amounted to 8192,000, the paid up capital being $13i*,000, a net profit of $44,500 having been realized during the year. THE ARTELES AND THE CO-OPERATIYE MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA.f In Eussia tlie name of Artcles is given to working co-operative associations These societies are of ancient date, and are divided into three very distinct types. Fur hunters and fishermen nearly all work in co-operation ; they generallj' form themselves into bands of about 20 each, each member furnishing an ecpial share of work and capital and sharing profits equally. In certain fishing associations, the boat, engines and provisions are supplied by one member, who lakes one-half the ])i'ofit for his share. Some of these Articles have charters dating from 1040 ; from the end of the XVII century we find Artcles provided with a system of assurances against accidents and a mutual aid society. We also find charters for co-o])erative productive a.ssociations granted to masons, blacksmiths aiul carpenters, dating from the year 1500. There have been and there still are artcles of forest-clearers. They baml themselves together in cutting down trees, burning the trunks and roots, pb ngliini; and sowing, the harvest Iteing shared equally. This end attained, they draw lots as to which of them shall have the land they have cleared, and theart^le disbands to reform again in some other locality. These art(^les are a very simple organization; no statutes ai-e written, there is no administration, no capital. An equal contribution, and an agent, named by tlu' members, who is in possession of very extensive powers, oven that of punishing tlio members. A quite dilTeront kind of association was started, at the time St. Petersburg was founded. OS tab vesse insj)e< broug .•U'ttMei A in St. , assoeij total Ci reoogn nearly In five Jial It] ti'a vol lo restaur;! ^"i' esta tliem. In 1 co-opo,..|, Atte f'leso est; also Wert Ti Accoi Hiere f\'er divided as * Profi'ssor Tffi) Rabljfiis. t M. Longuiinne. 20— lOJ 147 The snorinoiiH quiintities of goods passing through the customs of the newly established cities, demanded many hands in their transfer to the holds of foreign vessels. Other workmen being required to open and close the packages when inspecteil, and St. Petersburg then possessing no working ])0])iilation, men were brought from the depths of Ilussia, who brought with them tho organization of articles. They formed tiiemselves into associations of packers and porters. According to the last accounts published there are twenty-seven of these articles in St. Petersburg, with membership of ;{,0(J0 persons, or about 110 memliers to each association. Their net profits amount to about $'JOO,000 or $l{0() per member. The total capital of these associations is §G(),000. There are articles of packers and porters recognized by the State, who have the monopol}'^ of the handling of all goods in nearly eveiy customs port in Russia. In the more important towns, there are also porters' associations with collec- tive liability. It may be asserted that the co-operative spirit invades all Russian life. The traveller will there be astonished to Icai'n that news-dealers, bath-lioys, waitei's in restaurants, all belong to a co-operative association, and that the book-store, the bath- ing establishment and the i-estaurant are the common property of those who woi-k in tliem. In 1S()(> an attempt was made t-/ establish cheese factories, but this manner of co-operating being beyond the experience of tradition, did not succeed. Attempts were also made in co-operative nail-making and in shoe-making, but those establishments although often assisted by subsidies were unable to exist; they also were beyond ti-adition. thp: co-operative movement in the united states. According to the last i-eport of the Society of Sociology of the United States, there tvere in 1888, 107 co-operative productive associations in the United States, divided as follows : — Maine 1 New Hampshi re 1 Vermont 1 Massachusetts 37 Ehode-lsland Connecticut ."! New York 7 New Jersey 8 Pennsylvania 6 Virgi nia 8 Illinois !• Ohio 12 Michigan 2 Iowa Missouri Minnesota 10 Wisconsin !• Texas Utah 1 Total 107 20— lOJ Pi STCOTION^ III. PROFESSIONAL SYNDICATES. PROFESSIONAL SYNDICATES. LAWS RELATIVE TO THK CllEATION OF PROFESSIONAL SYNDICATES IN FRANCE. Art. 1. Are repcalod, the law of 14-27 June, 1701, aiid article 416 of the Penal Code. Articles 2!)1, 21t2, 203, 294 of the Penal Code, and the law of Kltli April, 18:J4, are not a))pli('ablo to protossioniil HyndicatoH, Art. 2. Syndicates <>r pi'ofossional ansociations of oven over twenty porsonH, practising the same profession, similar traden, or winiilar professions working con- currently for the establishing of certain detined productions, may bo freely established without government authoi'ization. Art. '.i The objecl of professional syndicates is exclusively the study and defence of interests of economy, industry, commerce and agiieulture. Art. 4. The founders uf any professional syndicate sliould deposit the statutes, and the names of those who have any share whatsoever, and they will be charged with the administration or direction. The deposit must lie ma, To become security foi' its members in liieii' piiicdiasi^s, in order to procure larger credit foi' them. This credit should be e(iual to the rights of tho members; it cannot in any case exceed the amount (»f the nominal value of the shares owned by tlie member; thus the member owning live shares has a right to §J00 security, the member owning ten shares has a right to i^l, ()()(» seeurit3^ All pr chases are made by the intermediary of the society. All orders must reach the sum of S-0 at least and i)urcliasers sliouli , as far !is possible, give their orders in advance in order that being groujjed in as large a number as possible, they may sec\ire the lowest terms both for purchase and transport. In virtue of the security givi>n to members by the society in regard to dealers, it claims tho commission generally given by (Lalers, and allows tho buyers the bene- fit of it to save a small sum retained, tho i>mount of which is tixed by the Board of ^[anagomcnt and is intended to moot tho general expenses of management. Tho ]Joard of Management also settles tho rale of discount and the commission to be taken off the notes ])resonted by the members for its endorsement. This retention or discount is immediately ])ayable. Tho Society takes care to do business only with well established and responsible firms, of honorable repute, in order to secure goods of tho best possible iiualit^'; it iiiiwever refuses to be held responsibK' for any matter concerning the purchases it has made at the request of its members, who will bo substituted in all it'j rights : it assumes no responsibility in tho dispatch and delivery of its goods. Art. 2. The Society assumes the name of Agricultural Societij of the District (arro7idissement) of Senlis (Oise) Joint Stocic Covijianij in shares, variable ccpital. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF FRENCH MILLS. SYNDICATE OF THE MILLERS OF FRANCE. The National Association of French Mills, Syndicate of tho Millers of France, was founded ITth November, ISSt!. It is represented throughout all France, and in the colonies; foveigners are iidinittod as corresponding members. It was established in conformity with tho law of 21st March, 1884, on profes- simuil syndicates, and all millers, grist and tlour owners, or working tenants, the liiroctors or agents of mills, representatives of mills, such as engineers, builders, brol'. 8, commission merchants, dealers ingrain or Hour, and tho members of all othei' idnils of business in any way connected with mills, may belong to the Associa- tion. Its statutes, which have been deposited according to law, thus detino its object :— 154 "Tpresentatives (A mills, bakers, and all those whoso inferosts are connected with mills; 4. Kmployces, foremen, mill watchmen, working millei's, and the entire staff of mills. Corresponding mombeis may attend meetings and assemblies having a consulta- tive voice. Jfonorary members are chosen from among persons who are most distinguished for services to the mill industry or who, by whatever means, have a claim on the gratitude of the Association. Women under any of the above mentioned conditions are admitted to the syn- dicate. I'iach member, with the exception of honorary mcmbei's, pays an annual sub- scription of $2.40, whether ho bo an active or corresponding nieniber. The Association has organized an annual congress styled the "Flour and Grain Industiial ami Commercial Congress," which is held after the harvest. Itlast three days and deals with : 1. Theoretic and practical discussions of all questions and matters pertaining to the industry and the commerce of grain and flour; 2. Of conferences ; 3. An exhibition of mill and bakers' materials; 4. Of commercial meetings where ideas on the general progress of the business will be exchanged, and relations established. The labors of the Congress were in 1887 and in 1888, divided into six sections comprising: Ist. The propaganda ; 2nil. Commercial and industrial questions; 3rd. Custom-house duties; 4th. Transportation; 5th. Professional instruction ; tJth. In- surances. Each section has a president and a reporter chosen from among the meniberh of its Board of Management. The suggestions made at the meeting of the Congress serve as a basis of work to be done by the Association in the intervals between the meetings. The work is done at the secretary's office (secretariat) of the Association, in a special locality where all the branches of the syndicate's work are centralized. At the present time thet-e branches of the service consist of: A mutual insurance society against fire, special to the mill industry; ' Fi'oncli "lejisiiic To Th ?><''"»,0(M), 166 till ram An InNUmnco offlto for tho preparation ami rovJHion of ftci-idcnt policioH, for ft(TiflontH that may occur to tlio worUincii wliilu tlicy arc ut work, tiixf agaiiiist nil other rinkH, in any company tho nidnhcr may chi)owo; An ollic(! lor isitiiation.s vacant in millM; An intelligence and har^ain olllco, Tho AHsociation owns one nowHpapor in itn intoroHt, "Xu Meunerii: Frani;aise, " a ;,'cnorul review, LsmumI n\oMthly, in which are piililished all comnuinicatioiiH from niomlioi'H, and the reportw of th«» AHHociation ot'alliliated socieliew. TluH piililication Ih sent to all niemburN; all nuitterH of intercHt to the mill in- dustry are treated in it ; all industrial improvementH and novelticH are j^iven with ilhiHtratioiis, phuiH, drawinj^s, and diagrams, in order that its readerH may have ii constant ly means of its national ori:;anization, the Association has notably been enabled lo supjjiy the state with information, and to intervene in many cpie tions of general interest, such as the duties on wheat and tlour, and provision supplies in tho ovont of war. A permanent office of information on harvests is, by tho assistance of the members, in full o|)eiation ; in tlu; interval until a larger number of syndical chambers is formed, in whicli such information will be classed by departments. Five departmental chambers have already been established by the Association's means, and two previouslj' formed have asked to be atfiliate(l. Other chambers are already in process of i'ormation. The object ot the departmental syndical chamber is : "Tho study of all questions relating to the object of the National Association of French Mills, has in view to assist in all necessiiry proceedings, to take all useful nieasuies to support, if need lie, the corporation's interests before a court of justice ; To judge as arbitrators all ditfoi'cnces submitted to them by members; To assist at the courts as experts." Tho 1,827 active members of this Association represent a capital amounting to §GJ,U00,00O. sinoss BUILDING} UNION OP THE CITY 01'^ PARIS AND OP THE DEPARTMENT OF TlIK SEINE. |)ers of work 1, io ;i PROFESSIONAL SYNDICATE. {Extract from the Statutes.) Ai't. 1. A syndicate is formed among those subscribing to the present statutes, with the object of supporting the interests of builders in general. Alt. 3. All architects, engineers, contractors, manufacturers ami dealers in supplies may belong to it. Art. 4. The contribution is §2.40 per year, and the entrance fee $0.(50. *T\w " Annuaire do la Meunerie Franjaise " for the year 1889 is a volume of G16 pages. 156 Bules. Art. 33. The membei'ship of the syndicate is divided into six Hcctions as follows: Section 1. Technical knowledge and practice, sub-divided into ten committees concerninjr the ditferent Iminches of the hiiilding industi-y. Art. 35. The ten comm'*^tee.s must attain a knowledge of the questions relating to: («.) The revision of taritt's and price lists and the study of bookdceeping ; (6.) The organization of a j)ermanent exhibition ; (c.) Boards of examinei's of productions presented by the syndicate; (d.) The organization of the distriliution of prizes, and of rewards, to inventors and to the oxhibiiors of the most remarkable productions, or of inventions calculated to advance the braiding interest. Art. 3ti — Secnon 2. With the oi'ganization and gronpini' of the building statf, in regard to the execution of the work of keeping in repair, ai'd of sanitation, as ]ire- ecribod by superior authority by districts and divisions, with tlie protection of the intei'ests of proprietors whose property is situated on streets not yet classitied. Art. 37 — Section 3. Of the adjudication of public or private works in their rela- tions with financial societies and capitalists to procure the indis]jensable security requii-ed by the recipient. Pi'otcction of the interests of members of the syndicate in case of disagreement. Art. 38 — Section 4. Commercial information given to members of the Union. Art. 31) — Section 5. Of the credit and establishing of a mutual bank, proceedings to facilitate the I'elations and transactions between members of the syndicate and creilit societies. Art. 41. The Council names, every year, a judicial council to which all legal questions will be i-efcrreil that aie of interest to the syndicate in gcnoial. A bargain agency will give members of the s^-ndicate all necessary information on their private business. Art. 42. A professional library will be established. Art. 43. The Council ma^- organize courses of teclinical and ]>ractical or profes- sional instruction to pupils or apprentices. SOCIi'^Tr OF FEENCH GLASS-WOKKERS OF THE SEINE. Extract from the Statutes of the Sijndical Union of l^Yench Glass JIakers. PREFACE. Considering that up to the present time the corporation )f glass-makers have been isolated (me from another, and tiiat each worker's relations with contractors are extremely difticult on this account, al ■', tirst meeting, held llth October, 188(), about 40 members of this coi'poration resolved to form a syndicate chamber in order to band themselves together, without distinction of class, and to make common cause. That any French glass-worker may lielong to this syndical chambei-. The object of the syndical chamber is to work against foreign comnetition, and to establish constant relations between the workmen of the corpoi'ation, to permit of their coming to an iiderstanding on the relations they are compelled to have with contractors, and i'' some sort to give each other mutual support to ward off the ditli- culies arising from lack of work. Finally the syndical chamber will study the laws of which the knowledge is necessary to prepare its supportei's to fulfill the serious and delicate functions of advisei'. Art. 1. There is formed by the parties to this deed, and by those Avho may belong to it, a corporate association under the name of Syndical Union of French Glass-Makers, of the Department of the Seine, having its headquarters at No. 13 Oavd Street. Art. 2. In order to become a member ' *' the Syndical Union, it is necessary to be a glass-worker and to reside in the Depaitment of the Seine. Its duration is unlimited, as is also the number of its members. 157 Art. 3. The Symlical Union has, as its object, the protection of all moral and material intevoBts o.' the wi>rUin<; corporation ; it will devote its attention to the matter of salaries, (hat they maj' always be remunerativo and in accordance with the progress of civilization, and that its rate may correspond as exactly as possible with the actual value of the woi'k. It opposes itself as far as it is able, and in accordance with the law to all attacks on the business. Art. 4. In the event of any ditlicuUy between a master and a member on any question of work or of wages, the Syndical Union will assume the cause of its mem- ber, if it is proved well-grounded; and will make use of every means to come to an amicable settlement. If the trouble is of a kind to require to be definitely settled by the courts, the syndical fund will assume the cost of the litigation; it may even advance the work- man, as a loan, the whole or part of the amounts in litigation. In that case the member who has received the necessary sums in advance, must give all power into the hands of the arbitrative committee of syndicates, who alone will have the right to receive in his stead the amounts due him, and whicii will be returne]RS AND PBINTERS OF BRUSSELS. The object of the Association is to assist its members to procure employment, and to maintain the rate of wages by legal means. The subscription is 50 cents per month. Members involuntarily deprived of work are allowed $4.20 per fortnight after two years' participation, after three years, S-i.SO ; after four years, $^)A() ; after five years, 8(1.00. For Brussels and the environs, the Association has a detailed taritf for hand- work, which has been agreed to by all the principal master printers of Brussels. It regulates the conditions for apprenticeship, and oidy accepts its members after they have passed a severe theoretic ami practical examination. ASSOCIATION OF LlTIIOtJRAPIIIC PRINTERS OF BRUSSELS. There belong to this Association a professional syndicate and a mutual aid society. It has one peculiarity, which is, that in order to maintain itself, as a body, at a certain level of ability, it admits only workmen earning, at least, $1 per 10 hours, work. It grants an aid of 62.40 per week, for Avant of work, to each of its members, who are obliged to sign eveiy da}- a book, for entering the number of days without work (livret de chOmage) ; this book may bo consulted by masters requiring workingmcn. THE LABOR EXCHANGE OF LIEGE.=i= Its Origin and Organization. HISTORICAL. The idea of organizing Labor Exchanges is born of the need proved to exist, of equalizing, as far as possible, the Hialance of the demand and supply of labor ; thus to •131,(XH» inliahitants. 161 increase social improvement, and afford heads of industries the means of supplying a vacancy in their statf whilst carefully guarding the interests of both parties. The first attempt at an institution of this nature dates from 18-46, it was first started by Mons. de Molinari. The first system of organization differed materially from later attempts. It was rather a sort of messenger of work, to which all the different corporate bodies of the city of Paris co-operated, and a report of which was weekly given to the public by means of the press. Mons. de Molinari began the movement by putting the columns of the Courrier Fram^ais, then edited by him, at the service of the iuifferent cor- porations. The coi'porations misunderstood tne proposal made them, and refused to profit by it. This refusal was based on the fact tjiat "Parisian workmen feared that by making known the rate of their wages to workmen from the provinces and foreign ports, they would draw to Paris a more lively competition." (Eeport of Mr. Iloct. bonis, professor in the Polytcchnical School at Bri els). This check did not discourage Mr. do Molinari ; with his brother Eugene's assist- ance he started in Brussels the t\&\i%-^ix}^Qv ih^ Labor Exchange — LaBoursedu Travail, and resumed his self-appointed task with renewed ardor. But Mr. de Molinai-i's work was no more understood in Brussels than in Paris. The workmen ofi'ered the same olijections, and refused to co-operate, thus compelling the first promoters of the labor market to abandon their project after five months' persevering and unheard of efforts to bring their intended measure to a happy conclusion. Mr. Max Wirth in 1856 resumed in Germany Mr. de Molinari's idea and strove to give it substance. The German economist met with no better success than his predecessor, having been unable, as he acknowledges in his treaties on political econ- omy, to succeed in efficiently extending the bounds of his enterprise to enable him to attain the end in view. The two learned economists sought a solution of the ques- tion by almost identical means ; both hoped for Government intei-vention and publi- city. The sole difference we discover in their manner of viewing the subject was, as Mr. Denis says in the report above mentioned, that Mr. de Molinari was satisfied to establish the Labor Exchange by localities, while Mr. Wirth's object seemed particu- larly to be giving publicity to the statistics by means of the state journals. " Only, " adds the same reporter " Mr. de Molinari who held himself much aloof and was too antagonistic in regard to Government intervention, gave more of his attention, and with reason, to the establishment of intermediary organs between the Government and the press on the one part, and the workmen individually on the other. The idea of a Labor E.xchango is so utilitarian in its nature that it has been brought forward at different times even in Paris, and in spite of the deception and (lisappclntment to which its author, the first who attempted to put it in practice, was subje.,icd. By decree of the Provisional Government of the Fi-encb Itepublic, in 1848 an institution of this nature was established. This decree, dated the 8th and 10th of March, commanded that an intelligence office for labor should be opened in every mairie of Paris. It was put into etlect unfortunately, but for a verj' short period. In 1851 Mr. Ducoux, of Paris, grafted on Mr. de Molinari's first project another, wiiDse organization was more in conformity with tliat adopted at the present time, especially in the city of Li(^ge. It consisted in the establishment of a central hiring iie])ut, where masters and workmen might meet at any time. This pi-oject was sub- inilleil to the National Assembly, and rejected 15th February, 1851. This rejection was in no wise on account of the inutility of the establishment, but was founded on tliu essentially communistic nature supposed to be discovered in it. Apart from some few organizations in the interest of special trades, and which were of no advantage to any but to those trades or associations wMiieh gave rise to ihein. we find no trace, whatsoever, of Labor Exchanges proper until 1875, when the municipality of Paris itself took up the idea. But it was long before the principle \vis tiilly understood. It was not until 11th February, 1S8:^, that a commission iiuined by the prefect of the Seine was charged with the study of the question. 20—11 162 The extent of the work taken at one time, and the amount of capital required for the projected organization, were perhaps the two primary causes why so small a result was obtained. Yet some attribute the want of success to other causes. Up to 1888 attempts wore still made in Bulj^ium, one at St. Giles, whore the registers were deposited at the Communal Hall, in which demands for and ofters of employment were entered ; another at the Democratic Union, which has on its programme the establishment of a Labor Exchange. As Mons. Ducoux in 1851 took up Mons. Molinari's idea, so did Mens. Burgo- master Bulb in 1888 in Belgium. In order to ari-ive at a happy solution of the question, Mr. Buls convoked differ- ent meetings of delegates of laoor societies, who wei'e requested to give their views on the matter. Mons. G. de Molinari also went to Brussels to ventilate his project. But in spile of all the efforts made by the honorable burgomaster, in spite of his excellent work on the question which has been pul>Iished, Brussels has not even to the present time been able to establish a labor market on any secure foundation. To what are we to attribute such a state of things ? The answer would be difficult hail not experience taught us that for all created things a period of incubation is necessary, if we had not seen for ourselves that the necessity of establishing, at first on very modest foundations, any institution that has not been yet adopted by custom. Although much within the exaggerated limits of the organization of the Paris Exchange (Bourse de Paris), Mons. Buls' institution seems to us still too complete a project to be established at one effort. It is only progressively, and little by little, that masters and woi-kmen will come to understand all the advantages to be derived from the lauded system, or that we ma}' hope to see accepted by them all the piin- ciples which should co-operate to found a well-organized Labor Exchange. As will be seen further on, the o/igin of the Lii^ge Labor Exchange was of the most unpretentious kind. In reality, it was in the beginning a simple intelligence office, in which, we may easily believe, masters had not too much confidence. Small attempts, but giving the best I'esults, put an end to the fears and want of confidence, and encouraged a more frequent application by masters and beads of industries. An existence of a few months have sufficed to give our Labor Exchange the assurance of a secure future. Our work has now entered upon a new phase, and that without in any way having openly sought it. Certain houses which, for some time jjast, have made use of t)ur agency, now not only address themselves to us for all their wants, but often apply to us themselves, or send their foremen to our Exchange to hire the hands they require; others send us a list of the wages they intend to give. These two classes of demand insensibly lead our work to the true end it aims at, to respond to its name of Labor Exchange or Market. There is another element which may also be considered as an assurance of the vitality for institutions such as ours, is the entire exclusion of any political charac- teristic. These institutions which are essentially humanitarian need the assistance of all ; it is only by joining all forces that it can hope for an assured future. It is for this reason that our Exchange has decided to establish its organization on all sides. The following exposition of its methods will show whether or not they are well founded. II. — CONSTITUTION OP THE LABOK EXCHANUE OF LlitlE. I. Creative Institutions, Means. The Labor Exchange of Liege was first started by the (Euvre des Chauffoirs publics of the same city. The latter institution having, by means of circulars, assured itself the welcome it was likelj' to meet from masters in establishing an institution to form a centre for demand and supply of labor, submitted to the Board of Tradeof Litsgea project calculated to supply the want. The plan met with the entire approval of the Board of Trade, who voted a sii'i- sidy to forward its execution. Encouraged by this support, the authors of the \no- ject next appealed to the Stock Exchange, to the Provincial Council, to the Commer- cial Council and to the Governracut for assistance. We •"id i-elatei lias view a iiiipoi'tant ii third poi The en seven mem 'cven members, of whom five are named by tho Board of Trade and two by the (Kiivro dos Ch.auftbirs publics. The committee has now admitted four members from the working-class, chosen from tho more important trades; the Commercial Board, on the other side, delegates one representative. The Board of Management is thus iletinitoly settled at twelve members. 20-11 J 164 Tho Board of Managemont has charge of the general management of the Exchange ; the mechanical work and the accounts are entrusted to two employees, one of whom bears the title of " director." Tho committee nominates from among its own members a president, a vice-president, secretary and treasurer. The material is composed principally of two special registers for entering offers of and demands for work. Tho registers are divided into columns, containing, first: the number of the order, its date, tho name and surname of the worker, his trade, residence, date and place of birth, civil status, length of service, the duties he is able to fulfil, besides those certified to in his papers, the places to which he has been sent, note of tho places and any necessary observation. To these two legisters is added another book to be used as an index to the pro- fessions classified alphabetically. To facilitate business the office issues three cards. The first (Card A*) is double; it is entrusted to the workman, who hands it to the master. It gives in- formation on the first side concerning the bearer's number on the books, his name and surname, the year and place of his birth, the mention of whether or not he has recommendations, and the kind of employment he declares himself fitted for. On the other half, which the master must return to the office, is the number of the bearer's order, notice of the acceptance or non-acceptance of tho applicant, as also whether the situation is still open or not. The means by which the office is enlight- ened on these points, consists simply of cancelling or erasing and leaving the re- mainder to give tho required information, two of the four lines on the half card to be returned : I have hired. I have not hired. The situation is still vacant. The situation is no longer vacant. The second card (B*) is used at need, to inform those interested of the establish- ments where they may find employment. The third card (C*) is used to inform the office of the employment the workmen may have found outside the city. This last card which serves a double purpose with the 2nd half of card A, should be mailed by the workman himself; it is franked. Having mado known these details, we will now proceed to explain the system in use for procuring situations. When a workman presents himself at the ofiice, his name is immediately entered, and his number given him, Avhich corresponds to that in the book, and which ho must at least remember. If u suitable situation is vacant he is given a cai-d A which he hands to tho master, and half of which, as we have said, must be I'eturned by the latter to tho office, after having been marked as before mentioned. If the situation is outside the city limits, the workman receives beside a card B which if he is engaged, ho sends to the office by mail. Apart from this private distribution, a general disti'ibution of work takes place at about half past twelve, that is to say, after the three principal newspapers of the city have been issued. In presence of the assembled workmen tho number of whom on certain days — particularly Thursday and Saturday — is is many as one huiulreil and fifty, the notices of situations vacant, in the papers and those sent to the f)flice, are road out, and each one chooses the situation likely to suit him and proceeds as has been stated. If among the workmen present none are found to correspond to the demands made, reference can bo made to the index to discover tho residence of those who are supposed to be out of employment, a card B model is then sent them. In the beginning, the iaiorJJ'x'c/ifln^/e made use of the moans generally empIo\-ed to give publicity to any matter, it inserted notices in tho newspapers and in public places. This system has, however, its defects, it lacks permanence ; it has since been motlified. This means is now replaced by tables of otter and demand of employment, posted in the different quarters of the city and altered daily according to the books of the Exchange, besides daily publication in the three large newspapers of the city. .2 T// M S o M 1 •H "S \ T> a ^~ £' Noi presentee leaves t (1) To b,. 'iicamng inte ^ Them -t^i'esident * See page 170. 165 It was at first feared that this means of publication might arouse the malevolence of employment atfoncios, but up to the present time nothing reprehensible has been (lone by them. The system employed, even at the present time, is wtill open to im- provement. Yet, it must be admitted, that for an institution so recently begun, the organization of the Labor Exchange is comparatively peifect, and ol a nature to meet the general want. This is an important measui-e of success, and the success is the more assured that its usefulness is more marked every day. It is to be hoped, in the interests of society, that other cities in Belgium and elsewhere, actuated by the principles that led to the institution of the Labor Exchange of Liego, will follow the example given by its founders. One day, perhaps, will be seen reigning over the continent a real power ready to exercise a beneficial influence on the economical situation. CARD A.— 1st Side. Xi t a 99. LABOR EXCHANGE. Li^ge. No. Wanted Telephone. LABOR SUPPLY AND DEMAND. Bulletin handed Mr. ,0 born in at bearing certificates. LiiGE, the 188 Note. — A ledger, in which are entered certificates, books and recommendations, presented by the applicant, may be consulted by masters. The exchange committee leaves the examination and verification of certificates to those interested. CARD A. — Postal half. the date of mailing. Number came to me. I have hired him. (1) I have not hired him. (1) The situation is still vacant. (1) The situation is no longer vacant. (1) Signature or seal : i IiJn«j H :,i> I. (1) To be cancelled, as the case may require, any two of the lines, leaving the other twc to give the meaning intended. The master is requested to tear off this bulletin, to frank it aud address it to the President of the Labor Exchange. 166 CARD B, LiioB thi. 188 Labok ExoriANQE, Saint-Barth^lomi place, 100. Sir, — We have the honor to int'onn you that a situation as is vacant You are hereby roquestod to oHer yourself for it and to give us information if you are engaged. We remain Sir, etc., Secretary, G. Durand. President, Edm. Van den Boorn. CARD C. — Half op the Postal Card. Number has been engaged. N.B. — The bearer of this curd binds himself to mail this as soon as he has found employment. ivl sectio:n^ IV. APPRENTICESHIP. Th life tail/ oxamin ii'U(!.>, ( pointed . Al tices by for the I consulta Api procediii The tants to Tfio" The. tliem uiK those 8pc At tl done by The should b years, dn: "nd the ( The in the sav The. h' the sj- The . Chaix. It w'orks in t tices a met moral educ 'iibor and ^ dent institi The ai tliat compr second, the Tlio length fir.st group course of t f'lildren of incTeased ArrUENTICESHIP. HOUSE OF BAHHAS, TASSART & UALAS. ROOFERS, PLUMIIERS, AC. This house has ostablirthod in its worlcnhops technical schoolH, in which schohirn lire taught the tnido. Tho approntico or the wchohir on his entry, submitH to an examination for claaHitication. If his instruction is not considoreil sufficient for tho trado, or the calling, which ho wishes to follow, he is bound to follow tho course pointed out to him. A part of the profits of tho house are annually distributed among the appren- tices by way of encouiagomont. When an apprentice does not show any aptitude for tho trade, or when ho is guilty of some grave ot!bnco, his cjiso is referred to the consultative board for decision. Apprentices are admitted as participants in tho profits from the 1st of January preceding tho ond of their apprenticeship. The journeymen apprentices, only receive thi« title after having served as assis- tants to journeymen during a year. Tho duration of their apprenticeship is two years. They must bo introduced by two sponsors, workmen participants, who take them under their care during tho terra of their apprenticeship. Every three months these sponsors make a report of the conduct of their proti(j6s. At the expiration of nis apprenticeship, tho apprentice must make some work done by hand ; a certificate of ability is not granted him unless the work is perfect. The apprentices of tho workshops may enter at thirteen years of age. They bhould have a certificate of primary instruction. Their appronticosnip last^ four years, during which thoy receive from $0.20 to $0.(50 a day, according to their capacity and the time they have served. Tho house grants them, moreover, a supplement to their pay of $0.05 aday, placed in tho savings bank to their account. The apprentices are obliged to follow the course in the technical school founded by tho syndical board of contractors and plumbers. THE CHAIX PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT. TECHNICAL SCHOOL. The technieal school of young pi-inters was founded in 1863 by M. Napolt5on Chaix. Its object is to make good workmen, foremen and employees tor tho different works in the establishment. The house pursues this end, by giving to the appren- tices a methodical instruction in manual work. It also endeavors to develop their monil education by well regulated discipline, useful lectures, by encouraging their labor and good conduct, in a word by giving them a practical knowledge of provi- dent institutions. Tho apprentices, to the number of about ninety, are divided into two groups, that comprise : the first, the pupil compositors, engravers and lithographers ; the second, the children and young people for the machines and for divers other works. The length of apprenticeship is four years. After six months' trial the pupils of the fir.st group receive a gratuity of $0.10 a day, which is raised successively during tho course of the apprenticeship to $0.20, $0.30, $0.40 and $0.50 The gratuity to the cliildren of the second group after fifteen days of trial is from $0.15 aday; it is increased $0.05 every four months. 170 TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. Practical Teaching. The room used by the apprentice compositors is altogether separated from the other workshops. A foreman, assisted by a sub-fc^ »'^i;.n and a cori-ector, superintends and directs tiie work. The teaching is thus divided: Ist year. — Exercises in composition from former prints. 2na year. — Composition from manuscripts. — Elementary job work. 3rd year. — Job work. — Composition in ali^ebra and geometry. — Typographical difficulties. — First exorcises in composition in Latin. Greek, English and (ierman. 4th yeai'. — Varied work: framing, vignettes, &c. — Putting into pages. — Com- position in Latin, Greek, English and German. The work to be done is chosen from the work of customers, according to the aptitude of the pupils. Besides, exercises are given every month by the pupilson progressive models specially made for them. The practical instruction in engraving and lithography is taught on the same principles and by the foreman of lithograpiiy. The appi'entices working at the machines, work in the same workshops as the workmen ; they are attnched to the stall' of a coniluctor, under the superintendence of the chief of the drawing. During the tirst and second yeai's the child is occupied in receiving the sheets of paper and feeding the machines; he leavns to margin in white. During the third and fourth years he is taught the working <^f the press, regulating the mai'gin ; he assists the conductor in working the pres,s. The children for divers wf)rks (paper making, pamphlets, ruling, plates, and the offices) are under the control of the foremen. They receive tech: deal instruction according to an analogous method applied to the wants of their trr d. School Teaching. The school teaching comprises the primary course destined to complete the instruction that the apprentices received befoj'c their >'ntry into the house, and the technical course on the theory of their trade. These coui'ses are given by employees and the foremen of the establishment. The school instruction continues two years. The school instruction has two degrees. The apprentice compositors, engravers and lithographers follow the sujici'or course; the children for the machines and for divei's other works follow the second course. The progi'amme of the superior course comprises: 1st and 2nd years. — Special Primarn Tcacliing. — Instruction with examples, writing, grammar and French, arithmetic and geometry as applied to typogi'aphy, histor}- of France, commercial and industrial ge.oraphy, instruction in the usual sciences. Technical Instruction. — Theoretical course of typographic composition, instruc- tion in manuscripts, lessons in grammar applied to typography. 2nd. and 3rd. years. — Supplejnenfary Instruction. — Sketches of Fi-ench authoi's, histoiy of printing, elements of physics and mechanics applied to printing, notions on health, principles of social economy an;! lessons on provident institutions. Technical Instruction. — Theoretical course on composition printing, lessons in grammar applied to printing, reading and writing of manuscripts in Latin, Greek, English and German. Two hours a day taken from th i hours of work are given to tliis object. The Second Course Comprises Elementary Instruction. — Writing, reading, gramniiU', arithmetic and sketches of history and geogiaphy. The examples and application are taken by preference fi'om typography. During the third and fourth j-eiirs tiie pupils on margins have a technical course on the tocds .'ind press, supplemented by some ideas c mechanics, as apnlied to printing machines. The class of the second bourse meets live times a week for one hour aflfr woj-k. , 'Ills fiinH ''^■'<" to ,.„alj "li" liav.. Ii,.,., I"'^i' tlicir |Hi ^:iviii),rs ,in. I-,J "' ' •"•h lAiik Ji'iniints to ,V!'"I- All tl ""'""flit JH ,1 "yNtein. 171 Provident Institutions. The provident institutions in favor of apprentices, founded by this establish- ment, is intended as a retii-in^fund for old ai^e, under form of life-rent on the State Treasury, and is placed to their profit as assurance in case of accident or death. In the organization of this system the house proposes to improve the material condition of their children, and to make of these institutions a means of moral education. Solicited by advice, gifts and rewards bcini^ added to his savings, the apprentice c(mtracts habits of order and economy, which will make of him later, a diligent and laborious workman. Moreover, in order to teach pupils the theory of provident institutions and their utility and mode of working, theio is included in the programme of instruction a course on provident, saving and working institutions, and another on social economy. The following tables give the names of the provident institutions foi' apprentices specially, that are in force i.; this house, and indicate the results which they produce : — I'.KTUUNO FIND OF AFl'KKNTK'KS. The retiring fiind li.a.s for itH oh- ji'Ct the ii-ssuriiiicc totliosc iipprcii- tict'H will) remain with the house tiftv-tive vearsof arintc ridfieram the State" of alHUit .?80. Itn work- iiiji,' is accomplished by means of an annual gift of .*«3 made by tlie house to ejich apprentice or old apprentice. 'Pile sums |)aid to this f\n)d since ISl)'.! amount to .*i(), .')()(». Tiie luim- l)tr of IxKiks on the lUst Decem- ber. ISSS, was TM. of which 133 were for the old apiirentices. SCHOL.\HS' SAVINfJS FUNM). The s"holars' savings fund, com- mon to apprentices and old a])- lirentices, was established in 1.H75. It was intended to reserve tlie sav- iiifis which the children and the yoiuif,' workmen m.ade from their rewards and salaries. Tlie house thus app-'als to their free will so as to accustom them to practice saving. The establishment enconrapes this institution : 1st, by granting a gratuity of •'?().4() to ea( h new iiieiiiber ; 2iid, in awarding each year, at the distribution of jirizes, savings bank Inxiks to tho^ewlio li;ivi' the largest savings ; 3ril, in ii'utriliuting to this fund a jKirtion iif the profits given O apprentice ovipositors on the work of the srIiiK.l, as well as a sjH'cial ^ift at thi end of the aiiprenticeshii). VOLUNTARY KETIBING FUND. ''"his fimd waH establishi d in Issd to enable old ai)|ireiiticeH, who liavi' become workmen, to de- |''i^;t their |«'rsonal savings. The sn iugs are rotained by the liouse ill caeli lAnk which pays over the iUiiiiunts to the .State Retiring Fund. .\11 the staff of the estab- lisliiiient is allowed to [irofit by tlii- system. 'I'he capital thus M^'d amounted on the 31st I)e- oiiil»i-, 1888, to !S1!»,70(>. INSUKANt'E IN CASK OF AtX'IDKNT. The object of the insnranco against accidents whilst in the ser- vice of the house is to guarantee to the childi-en and to the young i)eo- l)le engaged at ni.achines a rcntf via- (li'rr of from S"")!) to .^0 in case of a, seriotis accident occurring during the ajuirentieeship which will pre- vent him from exercising his tr.vde. The annual premium is .'Jl.llO. The instirance in case of accident was established in IStiS, and was contracted with tlie .State fund. From 1872 it Wivs m.'vde collective with clause of substitution. In IftthS the number of a.ssessed was 8(), and the amount of preiiiiums !*.')!!. In 18811 it included 74 apprentices and (!4 old ap|irentiees ; the pre- miums amounted to .?218. INSURANCE IN CASK OF DK.\TH. Tli'> insurance in case of death, coiitiiutei! .at the ex]M'nse of the house with the .State Kiind, gti.ar- anteed to the parents oftlie children deceased a capital of -SUMl. It is continued in favor of old ap|iren- tices becoming workmen, ri'maining in the house. The avt'iiige annual premium is about .'*1.34. In 1871, at the time of its formation, this institution numbered 'Sf jiersoim insiii'ed, and the amount of pi-e- miunis was .'*34. in 188!) the num- ber of assessed was 107, the pre- miums aiiiounting to .*1.'03.40. I'KOFIT SHAHINIJ. A Kliecial fund was treated in favor of apprentice (■(>niiH)sitors to divior- ti, and are sufficiently instructed to enter t.e technical school properly so-called. Here the foromen-instruetors teach them to complete the making of shoes by divided labor. The pupil remains about a month in each of the six divisions required by the work, so that at the expiration of the six months he has passed through ;iil the sections and is able to make an entire shoe. During this apprenticeship the youiii; man earns from $0.30 to $0.50 aday, so that all the work he does is paid according to the tariff, per pair, of the house, which furnishes the tools and renumerates the fore- men-instructors from whose work the pupils profit. The so: ™iJ)loyees "tilers. ^To con "i''iippreni '•■^'ei- he wib 173 When the pupils have terminated their apprenticeship at the technical school, woi'k is given them by the piece, as to the other workmen, to work at, either in the establishment or elsewhere. These pupils generally become, in a short time, first-class workmen. There are many who at !(> and 17 years of age make sewed boots of first quality at ^0.90 the pair, and make a pair a .'ay. Having acquired in these several woi-kshops of the factory more extended knowledge than they could acquire by serving their apprenticeship with a workman, working at hcjme, no part of the work is strange to them ; they know their trade from the beginning, and know how to make booth by every system ; to sew, peg, design and sew by machine, which enables thom to find work in no matter what country, much more easily than the workman who only knows how to make boots by one system, and itgives them the necessary knowledge to become foremen or experienced mastei's. There are a hundred young men that enter each year into the factory. As to the young girls, about 50 annually enter the workshops at the ago of 13, and arc employed at the beginning at very light and easy work. They advance gradually accoi-ding to their strength and age to more difficult work, passing through each division of work under the direction of a forewoman, and they soon acquire a complete knowledge of their trade of pegging boots and shoes. They earn on their entry into the workshop a minimum of $0.10 a day, and increase gradually to 80.60, the day being 10^ hours for the workwomen as for the workmen. For twenty years past Mr. Fanien has supplied his workmen with a school for boys which is constantly attended by about a hundred pupils of from 7 to 13 years of age. After the passing of the law on obligatory instruction he gave over the school to the town of Lillers. Moreover, a building independent from the factory was constructed into a school for girls and was also given over to the town of Lillers. These two establishments for schools, are lai-ge well aired, and lighted, and can accommodate 150 pupils each in separate class rooms, MOUTIEE HOUSP]. MANUFACTURES OF HARDWARE. Contract of apprenticeship. — Willingly acceptcl by the parents without giving rise to the slightest contestation. No apprentice has left the workshop before the expiration ot' his apprenticeship. Xo grave offence was charged to necessitate the dismissal of u child. One of the clauses of the contract recjuires a certificate of primary education; this has been very useful in getting new ai)prentices. Manual teachiuij. — This instruction decideil by progressive exercises, is confided to three foremen. Theoretic teaching. — Given by the master and the director of work ; they are iltlivered so as to develop the intellectual faculties of the children. FORMER HOUSE LECLATRE. REDOULY & CO. Apprenticeship. The sons, nephews of the foremen of the workshops, of the workmen and omployees members of the noyau ai'o recei^^ed as apprentices in preference to all iitiiors. No contract of apprenticeship is made, the house reserving the right to dismiss till' apprentice if he does not do his work, as the latter has the right to leave when- ivtr he wishes. 174 Tho apprentices are paid as soon as they enter as apprentices and each year, in the month of April, their ])ay is increased accoixiing to the progress made. The house insists that the apprentioos should l)o treated with kindness; it is proiiibitod to employ thom as message boys , the apprentices are required to bo polite to all tho workmen and those latter should ccmsider tliom as their own children. The heads of the workshops should exercise ail their care in teaching the trade to tho apprentices contidod to them ; they should encourage tlieni in changing their work and by teaching thom what thoy are ignorant of. At the end of each year a competition is held among the apprentices and ihe}' are classed according to their years of appi-enticeship. A jury, composotl of a director and three employeesof throe heads of workshops and four workmen, draws out the programme that each class of apprentices should follow. Prizes varying from 85.00 to $40.00 are awarded by thejury to the apprentices that have best fulfilled the programme imposed. Those prizes cimsist of books on the retiring fund forold age, with enjoyment of the interest accrued at the ago of fifty years. According to these competitions and the advice of the chiefs of the workshops, the managers judge the progress of each apprentice and they base then annual in- crease on the results of the.se competitions. Tho apprentices are only declared workmen after having fulfilled, in a satis- factory mannei- all the parts of the programme of competition. NETHERLANDS YEAST AND SPIRIT MANUFACTOKY. DELFT. — HOLLAND. Apprenticeship for the sons of workmen. Private school and course of design for the apprentices. (Institution founded in 1882.) Each apprentice leaving the primary school with an honorable certificate, is \)n[ under the special caro of a workman of the factory, carpenter, mason, blacksmith, cooper, malster &c. Tho private school (2 hours a day) is placed under tho direction of a teacher, the course of design under that of the architect of the house. The parents receive a subsidy from $0.20 to $2.00 a week according to the age of tlio apprentice, of this subsidy the apprentice receives 10 per cent, in pocket money. After an examination at 18 years, the apprentioos receive a diploma ; a place is sought for them where they can perfect themselves while waiting for a vacancy in the factory. This institution, whicli has changed hands several times, suffer, from the want ni dovotednoss and teaching talent of tho master workmen. — The superintendence of tiic apprentices is insufticiont. The young people consider the subsidy given to their parent> as a salary, which — being indispensable for the family and being gonorallv greatei- than the salaries of young workmen of the same ago — keeps thom at tliV factory instead of encouraging them to seek elsewhere the impi'ovement of tlioii' education, notwithstanding all this, many excellent workmen are developed from our system of apprenticeship. TECHNICAL SCHOOL GUTENBERG. PARIS. EXTRACT FRO.M A NOTICE ON THE GUTENBURO " SCHOOL," PUBLLSHED BY THE BOAIU) OF PRINTERS OF PARIS. For some years past a current of irresistible force has driven the boards of masters and workmen to the creation of schools called technical, destined, as tlieir name indicates, to give to tho young men who wish to devote themselves to trjid-js, an education commensurate with tho increasing exigencies of the demand. Tl our ni! Iiave C( years t encfe hi It we sutf; ating ii Is that we formerl Isi instinct to the V continu! It V one vign as an ad [t \\ of Print one or ni Tho foundere for the 11 The, 1st. whoso j)a 2nd. printers \ Iliere are Chil,; The ( Jirimary i ■lie trade ,ii:rapiiic o The u for two Co certain pi I iicsday fl •'oseph, w t'stablislim "•■•ty. Til, prizes in ]< T1-:CIINIC "The w| 'lie directio institutions 1st, E„ l^'i'ik, to be 2nd. (; Primar ence and ac( Technic elements of 175 This awakening of tho national power, born of the crisis which weighs on all our markets, is certainly a good omen, but we cannot help regretting that it should have come so late, for it is useless to disguise tho fact that, it will require yet many years to recover back the grounds which sti-ikes, routine and our original inditler- enco have lost to us. It would bo unjust, doubtless, to attribute to these causes all the ills from which wo sutler, but it is not to be contested that they have to this date had a pieponder- ating influence in our commeix'ial and industrial decadoiuo. Is it not to these strikes, decided uj)on with so little reflection and consideration, that we muft attribute the departure to foreign lands of a large number of those who formerly worked in our factories? Is it not the routine, to empiricism, that we owe our inferiority in technical instiuction, manual as well as mechanical ? And is it not also to inditl'crcncc, carried to tho verge of the abandonment of our most cherished interests, that is due tho continuation of a state of things declared, by all that are interested, to be disastrous? It was, therefore, necessary that we should take action, that we should make (ine vigorous effort, and it was with this view that technical schools were established, as an advantage to the different syndicates least open to dispute. It was with this object that, in the commencement of the year 1883, the Chamber of Printers settled the constitution of a joint stock society, authorized to establish one or more technical schools destined to raise tho level of typographical knowledge. The school was established and carried on by a capital from the subscriptions of founders ami tho annual subscriptions of honorary and working members. It is not tor the public use. There are atlmitted gratuitously after examination : 1st. Children of the age of thirteen years belonging to the printing houses whose jiatrons are members of the association of the (hitenberg schools. 2nd. Children of thirteen years past, who are presented by societaries not printers who are ailherents to the society. These are admitted, on payment (when there are places to lie disposed of). Children aged thirteen years past when the parents ask for their admission. The course of instruction is three j'cars. It is divided in two parts : one for ])rimary instruction, the other for technical instruction, tho theory and practice of the trade of compositor and printei', and generally for all that concerns the typo- trraphic or graphic arts, and of all matters and things employed for these ai'ts. Tho apprentices sent to the school by their patrons only follow the school course for two consecutive days a week. Tiio days are fixed without any change; thus, a certain printer who sends several apprentices to the school, reserves Monday and Tuesday for Peter, Wednestlay and Thurs bo always under the same professor. :^*,^f^.^t 177 The school is provided with Wi>i'k hy tho inastor tailors, active inomlicrs, who pay to the sdiool toi- tlio inaUini^ of each article accoi'iliiig to the taritl" of thoir cstalilishinont. From tiiis source the school receives aiiout 8.'{,00(l ti)r inakiiii;, a a year. All the aril' les of clolhiiig are t(^ order, and delivered by the master tailors to I heir customers. Tlie children receive each week, accordinii; to their ^ood conduct, and work, as an acknowlcdiiincnt of flatisfaction, 80.2(1 the tust >c'ir. $0.40 for (he second year, and 8n.(;o for the third; each receives, moreover, each Satwrdtiy a i;ratnity of from ijO.Oa to 80.15 as encouragement, i^ach year, bank books on the saviiii^s baidvs are awarded to the pupils who have succeeded best at the annual examination. Kvery youth on tinishinn' bis apprenticeship receives n diploma of ability. 'Phe [)Upils work toi;('tiH'r at all works without pr('ntiiH'ship the school kee})s the fions of satisfaction awarded each week and only gives ihem to the owner at the expiration of the appronticeshi]t. Tlu* school tries to I'cluin as paid monitors, tho children who have llnishod their apprenticeship. Those who will not remain i^o to work. Ti'lCHNICAL SCHOOL OF IIATTIORS. Nature of the school. — It was establislied in ISS'J as a |)rivate school, by .Afr. P. Coumes, solo founder, who continues it with the help of the ])ublic assi>tance of Paris. It has always been a})proved of iiy the Syndical (Miamber ot the llatliM's of Paris. The ulilily of the scliool was acknowledged by subsidies gr.antcd for the last three years by the Minister of Commerce and Industry, and tor the last two years by tho Miinster of Public Instruction and tho Pine Arts. This establiNhment was founded to I'cceive orphans or abandoned children ; a lew ]iaying pupils are also admillcd. The object of this technical school of hatters is to make at tho same time good workmen and good loremen. Its host pupils compete for the (bourses de voyage) allowance tor travel instituted l)y the Minister of (Jommerce. Jlistorccal. — Founded in ISSl b^'Mr. L. Couiues, ofTrumilly, (Oise), and alla(died to an orjiban asylum the pu])ils of which were his scholars, this sidiool of battels was, in May, ISSo, transferred to Villenoy, near Mcaux. I'^rom its foundation, this establishment has been, and is now, tlu^ only one in Franco which, with a thorough apprenticeship, pre[)ares worUmen as hat makers ami specially for the making of silk hats. Fiiutncud i-ondition and iudijet. — The budget of the Villenoy eslablishmont 'livided its accounts into two parts : the budget of the .school properly so called, and thai of tho factory. But this last is also a liudget for instruction. Tho pupils, particularly in the Ipcginning, caimot be instructed without spoiling a (piantily of m.ilerial, the lactory of hats, theri'fore, on whi<'h they are taught must necessarily suller an aniuial loss so long as its staff is composed of appientices. All the aj)pi'enticeH aro boai'ileil and lodged in tho school. Tho daily expense t'lr food, cost of lodging, instruction ami superinlendiuice is cliargivl to the pupil at a liclitious rale varying tV(jm .^O.IJO to !S0.."!4 a da}', accoi-ding to the time expired and the division in which he is classed, but ihis expense in reality is about 51) cents per day. Since its opening (May, 188H) the number of pupils who have passed through this school is 50. The average number is 10 or 17 a year. 20—12 178 Conditions of Admmion and Funds. — Tlioy vary according to where the pupils come IVom. TLomo who como from the Board of Public AsHintunce arc admitted according to the terms of the contract passed with that Board, which represontH an average sub-idy of 80.G8 a day I'or each pupil; those who are placed in the school by families or oy societies of patrons bring with them a trousseau (bedding), a dowry of apprenticeship of 840 divided between them the two first years, and they share in the cost of instruction and medical care at ihe cost of 813 a year during all the time of their apprenticship. Notwithstanding those very easy conditions, the school of hat-making has never ibeen able to obtain the creations of pensions, either ilopartmental or syndical, but they are working for them. Kvery candidate should be thirteen or fourteen years of age at least, possess an aptitude for the trade and produce a certificate of pi-inuiry capacity or equivalent instruction. All the pupils are boarders and equally subject to the rules. Detailed Course of Study. — The detailed programme of th^ school comprises: Ist. One part, superior ])rimary instruction., civil and moral education, military exercises, gymnastic exercises and swimming ; moreover, for the pupils of the higher divisions, who jutv of the age of sixteen years at least, courses of design, of English and of commercial accounts. 2nd. Another part, technical instruction, theoi-etical and practical; the theoretic course in existence since 18SG, under the su])erintendenco of the Minister of Com- merce, is taught provisionally by the head of the workshop. Table of the Employment of Time. — The division of time given to practical work and to instruction in general, is made in proportion to the age of the pupils and the exigencies of the trade. Practical Work, — The apprentice, counting from his second year, is initiated successively into the divers w )rks of the workshop; to facilitate at the same time the technical instruction and the work of the workshops, the greater number of apprentices are engaged, during eighteen months or two years, in one of the sections of the trade, either at the frame, or mounting, oi- at turning. The beginning of the trade of hatter being somewhat diificult, each now appren- tice is placed under the direction of a skilieil workman or of a moidtor during six months or a year. It is rare that an intelligent pupil cannot work usefully before the end of the lirst year, but it is always after the waste of cei-tain material. The organization of the workshops with its divisions of labor, is such, that the apprentice could easily devote himself to a special work and perfect himself in one of the four sections cited above; moreover, he must know them all in order to obtain his certificate of completion of appi'enticeship. Whilst fulfilling orders for customers the apprentices ai-e engaged in special kinds of work, with a view to their profes- sional advantage, both as regards the business itself and their general instruction. liemuneration. — The work of the pupils is converted by themselves into mer- chandise destineil for wholesale customers; the whole manufacture is sold either at Paris or in the provinces in the best retail houses; it amounts on an average to $8,000 a year. The rules of the school provide for a share being allowed to the pupils on the profits of the work of the woi'kshops ; the develoiiment of this establisii- ment has notj-et been sufficient to enable it to make this division. Nevertheless, thanks to the remunerative wages, calculated on the tarift'of the price per piece, and thanks also to days of extra pay, all the apprentices attaining their fourth year of stuily, are possessors of a considerable sum. Duration of apprenticeship. — The regulation school term is four years for apprenticeship, with one or tw<> years for perfecting themselves. We here give the proportion of time of residence of the pupils from the abandoned class (except two), who have passed through the school during the last six j^ears: 3G per cent, from one to six months; 12 per cent, from six months to a year; 1(5 per cent, from a year to a year and a-half, and so on decreasing, except 5 per cent, of six years and six years and a-half. iipprecin will bo c the Hon luonthlv The eqiiivalc ]»art of Jiocket I At i(!^ moni the wor On l^i'iguage ♦■onipotit- Minister of §3C0 With 1 1 ley nve Courses to The oxaminatii ,"".Be\va iind Work - , The t "leir dipli trade. 20- 179 It is with rof?rot that we hiivo to Htuto that more than two-thirds of the pupils, for cuuHCs indopondent of tlio soiiool diroction, were unublo lo roinain from two to oightoon inontlis. To rotaiii tho ])upils the tiino rcMiuiri'd, the school rules provide ibr oxtni pay proportionate to the duration of tho servico, and tho professional knowle)iiio i;oo(l forciiicn. Art. 2. The length of ntudy is tlin-c years. ^ Art. ii. Tlui 1st uml 2n(l years Iho pupils havo tlirco hours of intcUoiiliial work and Hvo hours of nianiiii' work. In tho third 3'car thuy havo orio hour of luiinual labor at most. Art. 4. Tho ti'chiiical instruction c()in])risos the following subjects: 1st, Lock- smiths; 2n(l, Ailjusting; iJnl, Korging; -Ith, Turninii; mc ' 5tii, Pounding and Moulding; (Itli, Mrazicrs' work; 7th, Turning; Sih, Cabiin ' •> . .:ig; !Hh, Turningin wood; 10th. (Jarving; 11th, ^rodclling. ♦ Art. i;i To enter the Hchool (ul competitions) ii. ,mIs must be more Mian 12 and less than 15 years. Art. IK. Tho rewards at the end of the year consist in prizes, medals, tools and diplon\as. The prizes ])ayable oidy at the end of the third year aro money prizes and vary from $2 to !?1(^ for the first year ; from $(J to 812 for tlie second year ; and from 812 to 824 for the third year. Diplomas aro given to tbe pupils of the third year who have shown sufiieiont theoretic knowledge before a special commission of e.Kamination, and who are acknowleilged to be able to execute ])roperly the manual woik which their calling demands. NAVAL SCnoOI, FOR ENOtNEERINO APPRENTICES. Art. 1. A school for engineering a|)prentic(^s is annexed to the school for apprenticeship at ]Iavre,^vith the viewotgiving a certain number of 3-oung peo|)le, a theoretical and practical knowledge, of a nature to enable them to fulfil the duties of engineer on commercial steamshi]»s for the coasting trade, or for long voyages, or to be admitted to the position of engineering pupils in the State Navy. Art. 2. The school which is entirely free, only receives day .scholar's. Art. ii. A certain number of scliolarslii|)S of .Slot) are created in favor of ihose ]iupils whose jiosition necessitates this help. These scholarships are divided by half, and by ((uarter. Requisitions should be made to the Mayor of Havre. L'arents whose children receive a scholarship or a part of a scholarship should bind them- selves in writing, to leave their children to the end of their studies, or to reimburse the town the amount granted as help. Art. (i. Tbe costs of organization and support are jtaid by the city of lEavre, the department, the State anil the Chamber of Commerce. Pupils between 15 and 17 years of age are admitted after having undergone an examination. SUPERIOR PRIMARY SCHOOL AND APPRENTICESHIP FOR YOUNG (ilRLS. Art. 1. The superior school of a[)pi\'nticeship has for its object the prejiaration of young girls for tho practice of a calling or a trade, and to prepare them for the position of mothers of families. Art. 2. The instruction comprises general intellectual instruction, aii(i technical instruction. The general intellectual instruction comprises: — 1st. A preparatory course. 2nd. A superior course of primary study. The technical instruction includes the following specialties: — 1st. Commercial course. 2nd. industrial design. ;Jrd. Drapery and embroidery. 4th. I-'ashions. 5th. Cutting and making. Gth. Ironing. 7th. Practical domestic economy. The I'aris and Jiiid bodio. The yiMirs. Tlii' pupils of tlio worUsliopH Imvo throo liourw of Hliidy a day and tivo li(»\irs of niannal lahoi-. Till' lii'st year is dm-otod to tlic study ot' scwiiiix, proporl}' Ho-i-nllod. Tlii' ]iupils clioosc tlii'ir specialty tlic m'CoikI yciu-. Tlio pupils ai'o admitted without pay. Jiowanls are given to llio most deserving jjupils. f'lTV OF XI.MKS. Art. 1. Tliis in>titution of coiMpclition for apiircnlices, founded hy the council of .skilled men of .\imi>s, tlu' Hth -May, ISSl, has, for its ohjeet, the lievolopment of technical instruction. Art. li. The child or individual, girl or boy, who receives instruction from a master, worknum or jiatron, man or woman in any traile whatever, may he an apprentice, on certain conditions; either hy paying a fee or at least hy not demaml- ing wages. Art. 5. The President of the council of skilled men appoints tor ejudi appi'cn- tice an ailviser specially ciiaiged to wattdi ovi^r him during- the cour>t' ot'his iippren- ticeship and to answer for his skill, his conduct and his progress. Art. (!. An examination takes ])laee ever} year to ascertain the progress of the !ip|irentices and to know what to expect from their work, their intelligence anil their skill. .\rt. It. The examination should not end with the mere classilic-ation of the ii])]irentices in tlu^ same industry, hut notes should lie taken to aNcertaiu the know- ledge of each apprentice in comparison with the length of his ap])renticeshijt. Art. 14. Within the eight days after the giving in of the reports (of the exam- iners) the council ot' skilled men united in general assenddy, shall detcM-mine the (piantity, the i|nalily and tlH> vaitu- of the rewards to be given to ap])rentices as well as to the workmen who, charged with their technical education, had useil all their enci'gy to form good apj)rentices and had succeeded. Their decisi(m is submitted for the approval of the munici])tilit3'. CFTY OF PAKIS. MiJNK'ii'.M- .sniiooi, niDEllOT.* The Diderot School situated in the Villette (juarter, was founded by the city of Paris and opened in 1S73, at an C])o litiiKiiivKi' . . .MatiieniivticH ChenuHtry Natural pliilcinidiy . . . Technology. ^[|'(;llaIlics. History . . . (.Jeography Din wing Law lut Yc«r, Section A and H. 2nliilo- Hophy, gfiicrul pruiicrtit's of iKxlifs. Materials, from wlience de- rived, tlifir(|iialitieH, their use, hand tools. Klenients of general history up to the modern times. Geograjihy of Ania, Africa, America and Oecanica (connuerce ami industry) Supplement I if grammar, ex- ercises in editing. (irammar (syntax) transla- tions and exercises, con- versation. Supplement of arithmetic, geometry (mensuration and surveying). Chemicals in maiuifactur-^ ing, metallurgy. Natural phih)sophy in mamifacturing applica- tion. 3rd Year. Re|Mirts of the visits to the worksiiopH or manufac- tories. Klenients "f algebra and of trigonomi'try, elements of giKinii'try in space (mi'a- sure of volumes) usual curves. •Supplement of natural phil- I osophy, and of chemistry. Klenientary (larts of ma-'DeHcripticni of machines, chines, process of fabri-i ttsils, steam engines, small cation. { engines. Elementary mechanics (ajv plieation). Modern history (scientific and manufacturing dis- coveries). Cicograpliy of Kurojie {com- uieree any sayinaj that a grout part of the rocreatioM time is employed iii i,'ymiiasti<'s ant tickets are given in the school. The pupils ai-e day scholars. Tiieygo to school at eight o'clock in tho morning and l(!av(! at six in the evening. The studies last for three years. During the first year th(^ pupils go through all the workshops of the school; at tho end of tho first year they are divided according to their ability, known to tho Committee of the School, into the workshops where they servo their apprenticeship. X. o 187 t^ "C j^ "L^ # = * >. r S -5-^ ^ t 2 1 ■S '•' It > i. .ix '£1*5 X <*- 5 '^ Z.'T- •^ i- ^ *-» 7. -' i *x G h * rt-r b a vSU •- . 'f e -,:■ «,v ■f^ 2 i3 r,.s S'' --.i^ ■^l M 188 Modellinif. 4th. llistorvof Stii. Frenoli. 0th. llistorv TECIINICAL MUNICIPAL SCHOOL OF FURNITURE, PARIS. Thc! ()l>)oct of the school is to form skilled anil I'lliicatod workmen capahle of maintaining, for taste and superiority, French industry. The list of studies includes tocimical and primary instruction. The technical instruction comprises tlie prin('i])ai trades of furniture making. 1st. Cabinet making. 2nd. Upholstei'ing, .'Jrd. Carving in wood. 4th. Cliair making. 5th. Turning in wooil, plaster and metal, &e. The list of j)rimary sulijects comprise: — 1st. Dr'awing ])lan.s. 2nd. Drawing at sight. ;)i(l art. 5th. Technology, fith. (reometry. 7th. Arithmetic, {■nd Creograi)hy. The pupils are day scholars; the school gives breakfast and luncheon free, the instruction is given without cliarge. The time of apprenticeshij) is four years, Tlie first year the appi'euticea pass their time equally among eacli of tlio work- shops. The second 3'ear they are distributed according to their examiiuitions and aptitude, among the dill'erent worlcslio]is, wiiere they will finish their apprentice>hip. A certilicate of technical study shall lie given to ea(di apprentice who complel> > his fourth year of ai)]irenticeship and who gives satisfactory proof of his knowledge at the linal examination. Pi'izes, on leaving, are awarded to the most skilful. Pupils aie chosen by means of comj)etition. The I'ompetition com|)rise> two proofs: — 1st. A design for an ornament from a I'elief. 2nd. A composition in French 011 some simple subject. Only candidates between I'i and 17 years of age are allowed to compete. CITY OF ROUEN. TECHNICAL MUNICIPAL SCHOOL AND HOUSE-KEEI>rN(l FOR YOUNO GlELS. The technical and liouse-keeping school for young girls whicli was instituted by the City of Rouen, in the building be([ueathed for that purjiose by Madame de Saint Ililaire, has for its object the instruction of young girls in every branch of sewing, cutting and making clothing, and linen garments, ironing and house-keeping. The a])])renti('eship extends over three yeai's. Six hours a da}' are given to \vo:'kman's »vork. The organisation of tl;e school allows the pupil apprentices to comjilete iheii: primary education on necessary subjects and to get some ideas of the laws of health and domestic economy. They also receive lessons in drawing to assist them in the art of cutting out Clotliing and linen goods, and some knowledge of hice making and embroider}-. In order to teach the ])ui)ils house-kee])ing ami cooking ten pupil apprentices are chosen in time to prepare and cook the mid- wages .-diould be I'cgulat d by the mayor on the adaice of the Council of Superintendence. T (he CO T 4lh. I- Scul))t Tl In pupil. TH Th teach tl later, ei ence. "" 1st. ]U'imar\ 2n(i 1st. modern 2nd. ti'ibuted ery. Th Mon "■eek. (1,1 ''i'essmak The Only '^'clinical ( Orhjin. "•;ide, of w f'"' many ■ TJie Ci '■ii-^iness be( "ic nuinero ""^■'•0 idle, a '1 was I die City Ha '"I'tunes wit AH ans P''"diiced iKi '^'dure Of (Ju "■''I' for vvhii figui'ed surfa I^W of a fe' iii-truoted by 't becai'n ''"n, and for 1 t'le builtiiivr ,. 189 CITY OF ST. ETIEXNE* The technical school of St. HticMi\e was estalilisluMl hy the City, who paiil ail the cost, and sup]iorts it. It is in reality a school of ai)])reMticuship. The ti-ades tauy'ht are: Ist. Adjusting. 2nd. Giinsniithinn-. Hrd. Forging, nil. Founder's. 5th. .loinei-'s. (Ith. Weaving. 7th. Dyeing. Sih. Modelling and Sculpture. The school and its outlit cost .Sllo.OOO. It can hold 200 ])upils. In 18SS they had 200 pupils, and the expenses caino to $14,000, being 850 per jiupil. The instruction is free and several pupils rcceivo scholurshii s. TECHNICAL SCHOOL I'OH ; 1885, 31 ; 188(5, 38 ; 1887, 43; 1888, 52; 1880, 50. Organization. — The course compr se three years, the theoretic portion is studied in the evening of each day. For practice every day the pupi's had the choice of twenty looms under the guidance of a special foreman tor wea^'ing. Competition. — Competitions took ^ilace every three months; the work of the pupils was corrected by the professor and examined b}' t.ie commission of directinn. A certain number of points was given to each pu])il, and the addition of these at the end of the j'ear, assisted in the preparation of tho table of prizes. Distribution oi Prizes. — The prizes consisted of medals accompanied by diplomas. Staff. — A professor, a foreman weaver, a laborer as guardian. E.rpen.ses. — The amount of expenses varies from 81,700 to S 1,800 covered by the municipal budget, which for the last three yeai's receives from the Minister of Com- merce an annual subsidy of 8-tOO. Results. — The services rendered by the school is shown by the always increasing number ot pupils, and by the number of foremen employed by the factoiy. General Considerations. — If we examine the quality of the pupils that follow these courses, we see only the masters and the sons of masters, the very young jieo ple aie rare. On the other hand the weaving workmen form the largest number and display diligence, truly remarkable. Many of them after their day's work leave their villages in the evening, to be present at the courses of instruction. Being of the ages from 22 to 25, they generally possess a good primary eilucation. On their departure from the school, if a place offers, they are sure to get the preference. Jf there is not, they return to their trade, liut they have not long to wait. In conclusion nearly all the plain weavers earning irregularly 815 a month, find employment jyaying regularly according to merit, §25 30 and even $00. Thus it is, that while our work benefits the trade, it also contributes to improve the lot of the workman who endeavors to instruct and elevate himself. Particular results. — From the industrial point of view, the school, by its method of teaching the making and unmaking of the tissues, prepares good sa?nplei's, capable of inventing new stuffs that make the name of a city. The great variety of stuffs displayed, at our exposition, superabundantly show the object we are following. C'ui- work Old}' applies to weaving, but, it is ])erhaps the most productive. One subject well understood seems preferable to a multitude of sciences, particularly when we have to deal with the working class. If a workman is to become a foreman- weaver, teach him weaving, if he wishes to be a dyer, teach him dyeing and nothing else. Apprenticeship has clisappeared before technical instruction. Apprenticesliip tends to learning a special branch of a trade. At the beginning we stated that our work was patriotic, to-tlay we can add that it is essentially democratic. SOCIETY OF THE ORPHANAGE OF JEWELLERS. WATCHMAKERS, GOLD- SMITHS, AND INDUSTRIES CONNECTED WITH THEM. Paris. The object of the Society is to come to the aid of the children of its titular members, when deprived of their natural protectors. They come to their help, they put them to nurse, they support them during their tirst years, they bind them as ap])rentices, they exercise over them a care- ful watch, and an assured pi'otection until the end of their engagement. T( Is 2n of Adn- 3i-( minimi Ev On The The cln'idren, SOCIET^ Artie «nd child liiide and laws on aj Art. 1st. I the Condi t 2nd. assisted, a( "■ies, as w( publication di'iiation. The St tones, in s( apprentices, faro and att "iiose condi It awar 1st, 2nd 3r(| The diff, FOUNDED FOR Ratrona" t'lis without^ 191 To bo titular niembors it is necosHary : 1st. To follow one of tlio foUowinjL? trades: 2nd. To bo presented by two members of the Society and accoptedby the Council of Administration. Srd. To pay a fee of admission of §0.20 and a monthly a.ssossmont of which t!»e minimum is §0.10, Every member changing his trade may continue to form part of the Society. On the 1st June, 188!), the society numln'red : Lady patronesses 114 Honorary members 304 Titular members 587 1,005 The receipts in 1888 were $4,100 and the expenses 82,'.)00. The institution raised, instructed and watched over 55 orphans, workingmen's children. jthoil filers, Ity of Iviim". One kvlion Iman- lun;j; bship It iiur l)Li)- SOCIETY FOR TIIH PROTECTION OP ArPRENTICES AND CHILDREN IN THE MANUFACTORIES, PARIS. Statutes of the Society. Article 1. — The object of the society is to impiove the condition of ajiprenticcs and children employed in the manufactories, and whilst respecting the liiierty of trade and the authority of parents, to use every means to carry out tlie spirit of the laws on apprenticeship and the labor of children in the maiuifactories. Art. Vii. The revenues are apj)lied : 1st. In the publication of a paper destined to make known all facts relative to the condition of the labor of children employed in trades in Frarce or elsewhere, 2nd. To help, encourage, and point out, b}' rewartls, all those who have directly assisted, advised or insti'uctod those children employed in the large and small indus- tries, as well as all those who have co-operated tor the same, and by an invention or publication, or by giving a prize to bo competed for by apprentices or by special donation. 10th feast of the working cuildken. List of prizes to be awarded in 1890 — Term 1888-1890, The Society for the Protection of Apprentices and Children Employed in Manufac- tories, in solemn council, reward those persons who, by their solicitude for the apprentices, have aided this work, or foremen or forewomen who have given their care and attention to the children under their charge, and tinally, the apprentices whose conduct and morality are irreproachable. It awards : 1st. Special mention of thanks. 2nd. Medals of silver-gilt, silver and bronze. 3rd. Prizes in money and books on the saving's bank. The different prize winners are grouped In the following manner: I. Charitable Institutions. liring eare- V'OUNDED FOR THE OBJECT OP INSTRUCTING AND ASSISTING THE APPRENTICES GIRLS AND BOYS, AND OP TEACHING TrSM MORALITY, Patronage, Orphan Asylums, Technical Schools, Board of Apprentices, &c,, and this without distinction of religion, , 102 II. Manufacturing Institutions. MANUFACTUIIKHH WHO ARK DISTINdllSIIKD Foil TIIEIU CAUK (tl'TIIK IMIYSICAI, AND MORAL WKLl,-l{KIN(i (tr TIIKIR AIM'UKNTICKS AND VOUNCi WdRK.MKN. Is^ (^'las>i — Inclu(le>i iiuimit'iictiiroi'H and buHinoss men who have founiloil in thcii- estahlishmonlH, inntitutions to farilitato apprenticini^, toonsuro Ihoir health and oihi- cation, 1,'onorul, npecial and profosaional, and alno Iho morality and fnliirc of 3'oun.!^ vvorknitMi. 2nd Class — Inchidinpli('ation, l>y which accidonts from circnlar saws may lie picvcntod. I'liizK N(">. 5. — A silver mcddl tor a stinly on circidar naws, and on tho cstablish- nicnls in Paris in which tlu^y are used. Tiie essay to ho divided into two parts: 1st., tho technical: Jnd., tho statlstica!.. Prize No. 6. — A silver medal to any ostahlishmcnt who, huvint^ u.sod circular saws, has, durinu; tho year, substituted others less dan^'erous. Piuzi; Nn. 7. — .1 silver-fjilt nu'i/al and ntcntion for any invention or iniprovomont intended to ])revenl acciilontK in any factory whatsoever, in which children are em- ployed. J'uiZK No. S. — .1 silver-gilt medal with or without a proniium in money, to any director of an t^stid)lisliment, foreman, workman or oilier per'^m hy whose means any special improvement i'>v the |)revention of accidents, is maile. PurzK. No. !). — A .silver incAlal (o all masters who have protected and received into their workshops mutilated children recommended hy tho accident committee of the establishment. PiiizK No. 10. — A silver medal and special mention for any important improve- ment in agricultural im])lemenls liy whi<'h tiiey hocome less daniferous. Prize No. 11. — A silver medal witli special mi'ntion t'ov any essay on tho nature and frequency of acciilents caused by agi'icultural implements. 4. PRIZE FOR FE.MAI.E TEACHERS, IIY ClIAUITY. A medal of honor ■will be awarded any tciicher (female) — laywoman or belonjjjing to a congregation — who is recognized as havnig especially devoted liersolf ti) tho jirimaiy teaching of apprentices in a icorkshop course. 5. Prizi of the Library Com.mittee. Silver or bronze medals, with or without gifts in money, will be awarded : 1st. To works of education or ])rimary and professional instruction for appren- tices and children employed in factories ; 2nd. To authors of literary fv.'>J scientific woi-lcs written with a view to instruct and elevate the morality of children in workshops. Besi los the influence the society exei'cises in virtue of its grants, of tho prizes it awards, of its spread throughout all the industries of France, improving tho physical and moral condition of apjirentices and children employetl in factories, it has established a number of committees, tho list of which wo believe it would bo useful to place before our readers, giving at the same time a short slcetch of thoir s[)ecial functions and nature, 1. LEOAii committee. French and foreign legislation, legal assistance, apprenticeshi]'' contracts, civil status, guardians, su'^.rogated guardians. Tho Legal Committee offers its services gratuitously to interested pai-tios with a view to conciliation and mediatory intervention between a|)prontices and masters. Deeds of a])prenticeship, and accidents in the factory fro(iuently beget difficulties of this kind. It gives a special care to protecting the interests of abandoned children, procur- ing theii' civil status and choosing guardians, and superintends the forming of family councils for orphan apprentices. 2. committee for societies of paternal assistance or industrial PATRONAaE.S. Tho protection society has already given rise to paternal assistance societies, for children in many Parisian industries ; it is desirous that no industry, in which 20—13 104 fhilflron arc omployod, should boa strntiijor to tho movomont ho happily bo^iin and whiili lias iilii'inly lioriin siicli exci'lU'iit I'riiil. Colorcil piipiT I'actorii's, fcjitlicrs and llowoiH, oiiMnft-niakini,', piibliMJiini;- and |iriiitinj,^ Jcnvcllory, atul jMi'luni; liavo all ffivcn an oxainplo sure to bo followod. ('arntiil protection of apprnntices, supor- inlcndeiico of tlieii- education, the founding of scliools and special courses of stmly, cstablisliiii<,^ of coin|)clitiv(! cxaminiitions willi important pi'i/cs are among the n)eans made us(! of liy liu^sc societies, capable of eompiising the most diverse organ- izations; they unite masttu-s in the same industry, in one same (diarilable and moral Work wliicdi, if everywhere practised, would suilice to oll'cct an important improvo- mont in tho condition of children of tho working class. '{. COMMITTKE OK LIHRAKIES, PUHMCATIONS, AND TEACniNQ. Eatahlishment <>J libraries for apprentices ; exchanKje of reports between the libraries of the ivork. Whilst devoting its attention and caro to the physical condition of ohildron, tho protection society sho\ild, at the same time, watch with tho greatest care, oyer their moral deveiojitnciit. It Ikih been proved that very (recpiently a praisewo rlhy desire for serious reading exists ;imong apprentices who have no means of gratifying the tasto from total want or insulliciency of books. The committee of libraries au'l pub- lications notes tho want, and draws j)ublic attention to books written in tho interest of tho working classes, rewards the author, and by tho helj) of suliscri])tionH, gifts, &c., collects or ]iureliases inslructivi' works, which it distributes everywhere there ai'O !i])iirentices. It has also established many libraries anof good works. Thoi'e arc in l"'rance numbers of charitable institutions that jicriod- icall}' publish i-cports, iVc. Tbcso publications often contain excellent ideas of a remark- ably i)ractical nature and which it is very impoitant, should be generally known in ordei" to ensure their ajjplication. The committee of exchange of pam])hlets, I'cjtorts, &c., strives to centralize tiiese ])ublication8, to disli'ibut(( them afterwards among the institutions. By this, each one ])rolits by the work of all, and useful ideas are spread and applied everywdiere. This work has done much to advance institutions estab- lished everywhere in France in favor of children of tho working class. 4. COMMITTEE OF ACCIDENTS IN THE FACTORY. The committee examines all means and newly invented apparatus noted, in France ana in foreign ]iarts, as likely to prevent or lessen acci%/*" >'> ^ ■*"# J^' ' o 7 ^S Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '#:v^. % A> '^ '% 1? , Irses ; lPii.y- 11 IS Ifrom Long Imci', lanct;, ami liirty 'S. to PHILOMATJIIC SOCIKTY OF BORDEAUX. GRATUITOUS COURSES OP Al'PRENTrCES AND OP ADULTS. Its origin. — The Philomathic Society of Bordeaux was founded on the 5th August, 18U8. It succeeded a So('iety of the .Museum of Public Instruction founded in ISdl, and which had been in like nuinner preceiled by the Museum (treatud in 1773, by Monsieur Dujjrd tie Saint-Maur, intendant of (iuiniie, witii the assistance of the majority of the people of La (iironde. Without subvenlion of any kind the Philomathic Society had at that time, for solo resource, the assessments of its members fixed at six francs a year. Its aim. — It was, from the outset, divided into sections, devoted to literature, to the sciences, to music and to archa'ology. It was a real academy, leniaining strange to none of the great events of its time. It used to organize, to the advantage of the ]ioor, iialls and musica' entertainments ; it institutei.1 at Hordeaux long before the creation of the present faculties, higher courses in literature and in science; it founded prizes to reward the authors of scientitic discoveries, and of meritorious musical compositions; it busied itself with all the groat (]uestions of agriculture, of commei'ce, and of industry, which interested the Department, and on tbc ^uiiiecl of of which it was consulted by the Administration, iV'c., etc. It was this institution, moreover, whicdi established in the Department tlie first silk-worm nur.series, a])pointed gratuitous courses for the ])ublic in the winding of cocoons of silk, founded classes of adults and of apprentices, which have had in our day so great a development, and, in short, organized general exhibitions, of which the last, in 1882, was destined to be the occasion of so brilliant a success. Since the foundation, subsequent to its own, of various special societies, viz : The riiilharmonic Society, the Society of Agriculture, the Society of the Friends of the Arts, the I'hilomathic Society has concentrated its efforts on the development of instriu'tion for the people, either by means of its lectures and discussions, or by means of the exhibitions. The society counts at the present time over 700 members, paying annually an assessment of ^8.00. It is recognised as an establishment of public utility by Imperial decree of 27th July, 1850. ItsBudijet. — The Philomathic Society has a budget of about $10,000. 200 Independently of the assessmont ot'itw meml)er.s, it has, to moot its oxpenHOs, tlie allowiincefi wliich it receives annually from the Mini.stor of Cornnierco, from the Department of the Girondo, i'rom the Town of Bordeaux and from the Chamber of Commcrco of Bordeaux. These allowances roach toj^fothor the ligure of S.'{,60(). The Philomatliic Society has also the disposal of the revenues from several legacies which have been made to it at different pericnls of time, either by some of its mem- bers, or by generous benefactors who were strangers to the society. Its Classes. — Founded in 18;}9, the public and gi-atituous lectures of the Philo- mathic Society, at lirst instituted in favor of adult men, were extended successively to aj)prentices (186;5), and to adult women (1860). Confined in the beginning to to lessons in reading, writing, graUi nar and reckoning, then to some idea of history, geogra])iiy and accounts, they soon attained a greater development. To-day, the subjects taught are the following : 1. Primary Instruction. — Eeading, writing, grammar and arithmetic. 2. Commei'cial Instruction. — Accounts, commercial law, geography, and three languages, English, German and Spanish. ;{. Piofessional Instruction. — Algebra, geometry, physics, chemistry, drawing of machinery, architectural drawing, decorative drawinjr, designs of coach-building, stone carving, wood cutting, joinery and carpentiy, tlrawing and studies applied to the decorative arts. Finally, the Philomathic Society has quite recently instituted (1884) a course of breaming with special application to marine engines, and (1885) a course in the management and running of steam engines. The public and gratuitous lectures of the Philomathic Society, the development of which,hasbeen especially directed, for several yeai's, towards technical and profes- sional training, are at present (1888-9) attended by more than 2,700 pupils, namely : 13-4 apprentices, 1,774 adult men and 830 adult women. These scholars have like- wise the advantage of a special library, the books of which are freely placed at their disposal. The professors who, at the outset, gave their co-operation gratuitously to the Society, have, since 1842, received a slight indemnity. They are at present 34 in number, of whom 4 are for the schools of apprentices, 23 for the courses of adult men, and 7 for the cla-ises of adult women. The Director of tlie classes is a member of the Philomathic Society, whoso part in the work is entirely gratuitous. The present Director has been fulfilling the duties altogether voluntarily', since 1870. With the exception of the women's classes, which take place on Sunday and Thursday, in the afternoon, the courses are hold in the evening at the professional school, which the City of Bordeaux has also placed at the disposal of the Philomathic Society for the courses of the higher school of commerce and industry. Although tha last institution, which was founded in 1874, by the City of Bor- deaux, the Chamber of Commerce, the General Council and the Philomathic Society has a special budget and a Council of Superintendence and of Improvement, composed of delegates from the four above-mentioned bodies, it is nevertheless, under the direc- tion of the Philomathic Society and managed by its Council. Independently of its courses the Philomathic Society publishes an official report of its labors, and for several years has organized every winter, public and free lec- tures for which it engages the men most esteemed in arts, litei-ature, science and in- dustry, and to which it invites all the public of Bordeaux. These meetings, which are frequently illustrated by means of the electric light,have met with the greatest success. THE EHONE SOCIETY OP PEOFESSIONAL TEAINING. This Society was founded in 1864, at Lyons, with the object of establishing courses for adults and especially technical courses for workingmen, apprentices and clerks. 201 iult irti't lies In 1888 tho Society organized at Lyons, 291 courHes, to wit : 181 courses tor men and 110 coiirnos for ladies, and mixed courses. These eourses were frequented by 5,847 ini])ils, tliey took place from 8 to 10 o'clock in the eveninuf, and 49 ditt'erent subjects were taught there. The Society's classes are not entirely free, every pupil is obliged to pny an entrance fee of (iU cents. Once admitted the scholar has no more to pay during tho year. At tho end of (lie year prizes are awarded to the most deserving pupils. The expenses for the school year 1887-88 amounted to §17,873. "EMULATION DIEPPOISE." Course in Industrial, Artistic and Professional Drawing. STATUTES. Composition of the Society. Art. 1. A society has been estahlished at Dieppe with the object of popularizing the study of professional and artistic drawing, and of causing its principles to bo ap- plied to the handiwork of apprentices, in various occupations. This Society takes the title of "Societd Industrielle dite Emulation Dieppoise." ^~ Art. 2. It is composed of honorary members, who by their services, gifts or sub- scriptions contribute to the prosperity of the Association without participating in its advantages. 2. Of associate members participating in the advantages of the society and pay- ing assessment. COURSES. Art. 7. The classes meet over}- evening from the first Monday in October to the 1 ast Saturday in Juno, from 8 to 10 o'clock. Tho scholars are admitted at eleven years of age, to the course in drawing, and at thirteen years of age, to the course of manual work, where they can remain to eighteen years of age as apprentices. ASSESSMENTS. Art. 8. Tho assessment of honorary members is fixed at $2.40. Tho participant members (i.e., pupils) pay an assessment of 20 cents a month dur- ing tho course. These associate members are, moreover, obliged to dep'^sit an assessment of 20 cents as admission fee. The Society at present possesses a complete organization, and is thoroughly organized, and oquipjied, for teaching both theory and practice to apprentices in wood and metal working and thus renders etlective service. The courses work for nine months, from the 1st October to 30th Juno. Tho courses in drawing take place every day, from 8 to 10 o'clock in the evening, Sunday excepted. The technical courses comprising joinery, carpentry, and cabinet work as to wood; the trades of the blacksmith and millwright as to metals, are open every Tuesday, Thui'sday and Saturday, from 8 to 10 o'clock in the evening. Tho room for drawing contains 48 pupils; the shop for wood working, 19 benches; the shop for the working of metals, an engine of 2 horse-power, 2 furnaces with ventilator, 3 lathes, a boring-machine, a millstone moved by steam, and 20 stalls of weighers. The teaching staff is composed: — 1st. Of a director entrusted with the organization of the courses, the admission and classification of the pupils, the communications with parents or third parties, the account8,with the elementary instruction in framework drawing, for apprentices in metal-working, and with tho general supervision. 202 2n(l. Of 11 ]»i'ofess()i- of druwiiig ontni-ited witli llio conisos in jirofcHsional draw- ing, intoiuloi^- ance of emulation among the workingmen, who attach a very tc''eat value to the rewards, medals, diplomas. &.v., which are awarded to them. 4th. Libraries tor the people, a lecture hall, woikingmen's exhibitions, kv. fxli. Finally, the creation by an anon\'mous -society of workmen's dwellings, of a ward, of which I lie residences are irreproachable as regards lusdth, and with the streets broad, clean and well ventilated. All the contiibutions have been employed to the profit of the inhabitants. One ])ortion has served to build a church, and to ameliorate the condition of tho city, the other in constructing a school to teach young girls housekeeping. The Society enables the workmen to purchase, by annual })aymcnls, the houses which tliev inhabit. mic; BHLGIITM. Industrial Schools and their Technical Courses. — There are in Belgiimi 37 indus- trial stdiools, fre()uentcd by 11,S22 scholars, bavin':- a budget of §113,251!. C'f this I'udget the state contributes §43, Ut)0 ; the ])rovinces, vU8,00tl, and the communes, who iiavo the direction of the schools, supply the remainder. The courses include a general department, common to all the schools, compris- ing arithmetic, algebra, geometry, chemistry, mechanics, tho tirst principles of physics, of chemistry, of hygiene, industrial economy, drawing; then a special department, which ditl'ers according to localities. Of the latter may be given some examples: At Antwerp they teach imitative ]iainting on marble and on woomc. 'I'lic t«>a<-liiiii^ f^ivoii in all llicsc schools is very rit'.'irly the siimc, ;md as to tlioir h'( liiiica! cliamcU'r, coiiipiiscs the t'ollowiiiif : Tlio luakiii;^ up ami cuitiiij; out of ji^ar- iiu'iits, washing ami hleachiii^, artilicial (lowers, commerce and accounts, design in lace, ]»aiiitiiii^ on porcelain or Can and on ars of age. *Thev have to learn to reail, to wr-ite, .iiid to calculate. They are taught .-dl iho informal ion \vhi(di a gooil house- keeper ought to possess : 1. iM.anagement of kitchen, li. Washing and ironing. ;i. Sewing by hand, and by machine. \. Knitting. 5. Medical allendance, dressingn and hygiene. Patraixiijcs. — The patrcjtiage societies created s]iceially and solely with the view of placing children in apprcnliceshij) do not e.xist in Melgium. On the other hand, ihero exists in ]{elgium a considerable ([uantity of Catholic patronages who assem- ble the young apprentices on Sunday and Thursiriitif() LKCTIKES FOR TKCIIMCAL rEACIIINU l.\ ENOLAND. In England the child leaves school when he is ver}' jtning, whilst in e schools are under the general dii'cclion of a local committee, which is bound to render an account of the expenses. The gi'ants of the state are disiriLiuted by a system peculiar to England, and which is known under the name of system of payment on result. The evening courses in science, art and technology are under the direction of two ile])artments. the one is a lu'anch (){' the education olHce, and is known under the denomination of l)ej)artment of Science and Art ; the other, which encourages the teaching of the technology of ditl'erent handicrafts, depends by no means on the Government. This Association is known under the name of " City and CTuil tliis clo|mrtmont litis roci'ived from I'arliamoiit a huiu of 81,!I5H,U00. Tho bnuiflicH of Icacliini,' calli'd on to nlinro in stati' LfrantH aro at thu pivHont time twenty-four in niiinliiu', from six, wliirli tl)(>v wore in IH.'dt, Tho miijorily of tccliiiical institutions \ liicli now oxist in all tlio larjjo townH of Mnfjhinil, wore horetoforc " Mt'ilianicH Institutes," in which wore lioltl, at intorvnls, jiopuiar loctiircs on lilcraturi' ami scionco. Littio by littlo, howi-vcr, niiilir tho influence of South Konsini,'ton, systematic ( nurses of tcachinLC of (litfcrcnt lifanclics of sciciifV comniencod, and as it was iicr- was Tier- ed. Tho coived that those courses became indespensable, their number was increasei aildition of courses of technology to tlnwo of tho toachinfj of tho sciences, and the f^reat rotection of the stale, and in Avhich sciences or art arc tauj.;ht, and the number of scholars tor the schools of science IS f»4,8:t8, and that for tho schools of art, (ilt.SMT. 2t)8 laboratories for the study of chemistry are attached to the schools of science. They can hold 14,r»S7 pupils. Apart from these schools of science and art, under the control of the slato, tho City and (iuilds ofL'indon Instilule, has oslabli^be(l othei-s of them intended specially liir worUingnien desirous of studying <*'dy the (pu^stions which aro name of I'insbury Technical ( 'ollcge, there are evening lectures attended by very near TOO scholai's. The Institute lias likewise founded a school of docorutivo arts, in which aro taught ))ainting TECHNtPAL TEACniNO IN ROUMANIA. Elcmetitan/ tcrhnical schools. — Those scliools iiih> iiitomiod to form appronticos iiiid wockiiu'ii. 'I'luiy liavo beon (^I'eatoil ami aio dii'oi'toil liy tlu> coinmiiiics ami liy tlio provinces. Tim state subsidies tlieni tor a sum wliirh does not go beyond the thinl ])iiit oftiie budget of eacOi Hidiool. Ivicli srhool is provided with one or sevora! workshops tor Mp|irontieesliip. Tht! leaehiii!:; is crratuitous and eosts aliout '^'M) i. year a pupil. The tlrsl seliolars who iiave ii;one I'orlli from these schools are sent with exhiiii- tions provided by the coin'nunes and the provineoH, to the schools ol'art and handi- craft ot the cnunlry. Sr/iool of Arts (iiid Trades. — There exists two of these schools in Jloiimunia, receiving '.he exhibitioners froin 2i> elementary technical schools. They are intended to brin^ u|) workmen wull taiif;'ht and skilful ; day scholars, however, are receiveil there. The duration of studios is for 4 years; the teaehini^ is theoretical and practical. The ](ractical insliMiclinn is i^iven in o ditforent workshops, to wit : — the forii'e tile lathes and tlie adjustiiiii;, tiie foundry. Ilie modelling, the carpentiy^ with tiie joinery and the engraving on wood. Tiie sciiooi executes work for the piibiie. Tiie revenues realised by tlie.se works vary from >?l,li(>(» to 81, KK) a year. The budget of tiiese sciuxds, amounts to about $200 a jiupil. Ivicli school receives 150 lioarders and 100 day scholars. Eiglit oxhibitions of $240 a year have been created for tlie sending abroad, each year, of four scdiolars in order to ])erfect tliemselves in their s]iecial line. TECHNICAL A.NO PROFESSIONAL TEACIIINO IN RUSSIA. The tedinieai teaching in IJussia comprises 4 special iiigiier technical scliools; middle technical schools relatiiiii' to trades; "lO lower tccimical or ap|)rt'ntic( - sliip scliools; nearlj' 1,200 workshops of apprenticeships in handicrafl anne.xeil to schools for general elementary and primary leaching of towns and villages, and Bome courses or (Masses in the evening, and (tii Sunday for workmen and apjirenliccs. Indciiciulc^ntlv of these institutions more or less siUisidized bv the slate, there exists numerous schools ot ajipronticeship created by tlie community or |)rivale institutions. Furtiier, Russia wanting in meclianics, ti"'>men and overseer excavators for its railways, there were created .'50 sjiccial teelr.iicni schools with tiie view of trainim,^ tiiese (dasses of woi'kiuen. whicli tlu'y were oliligcd to go and look for abroad. The companies are compelleil to grant to these schools a grant of S12, 1,100 rods ofecmi- monage. Tiiei-e exists ."{O of the-e scliools. The. commercial mariiw. ackiiuj in mates, in pilots, in steersmen and eompete»t 7uechintics, thci/ creatnl a ciiiif>idfnil>/c niimher of schools of i)nri(jation. — It is tiic com- munes cr private individuals who take tlio initiative in tlie.se cstablislunenls. Tlio State grants them a subsidy. 'The association for the improremcnt (f national industri/ in Russia : — I'^ounded in 1881 byiu'ivato enterprise, under tiie patronage of tiie ^tate, witii the aim: 1st. To iuidertai : The evolution of urban industry in lui'al industry, and aflorwards, p rticulai'ly in Germany, t .u' evolution of common production, cheajtly, in artistic production. These two ])henomena have boon in fJermany t!ie object of creating very important iiistitutions. It is upon one of these institutions that I dosii'o to make you a communication, which, 1 hitpe. will interest you. In (Jerman)', as in France, the econoniical situation is, at the present time, rather critical. The workmen are undei'going a dei)reciation of salaries, and at the s.;me lime an increase in the cost of living. The masters have onerous burdens much more consi;lerable than in the ])ast. The intensive production which, since 1870, has taken in (iermany <'onsiderablo extension is attacking the world at large, it has created a trt-mendous stock of pro- iliicts. Thereby, some stoppage or a reduction of the hours of labour in the works and manufactures. In the presence of this situation, the patrons have been asked if something could iiiil be done to allay its dis.-istrous conse(iuences. They have aiTived at this solution, huUistry uiust become rural. It slruld become rural for the masters iit tirst, inasiuuch iis the expenses of installation of works are much less considerable in the country, and afterwards to avoid the duties upon importation of the concessions, which, in the tdwiis, burden the raw materials, tiring, iVc It ought t.) become rural for the workingmen, because tl;o_y v/ill have their livelihood from it in a bettor market. At present the workingman, particularly in (iermany, is obliged to undergo considerable leductions in work, whicli come some- times to a standstill tor half of the week. Well; being in the country, ho will be ulile to employ in tarniing, this useless lime in the town, and to thus support his table 20—14 210 frugally, it in true, but economically for certain. Tlioy then thought that there was in that a part of the solution of the crisis. Consequently this evolution lakes at the present time an official character. Last year there was org-mized at Crefold a very interesting exhibition, an exhibition of motors intended for small workshops. The Government has ondowod it with a grant of 825,800. Further, tiie town, which is very rich, has organized a universal exhibition of power looms in order to reunite nearly all tj'pes which operate in the whole world. A Ilussian loom has been noticed there, of very good action, simple in its con- struction and costing little. It has been otiicially approved of, I believe, and it is very probable that from this time to some years this loom will be employed in all the workshops of the German countries. You see that the (tovcrnmentand the authorities are occupied much with this question. The masters continue to produce cheaply and intensely, but now that they have inundateii the world with their products, and that they tind ever3'whore competitors, they are obliged to look for another means ot keeping the head of the market, they aspire to artistic superiority. They will not succeed, prolmbly to equal us on this ground, but they will follow us, in it very near. I derive profit by this eircumstanco to say to the representatives of all the large towns, who are here, that it is not nece-isary to make dangerous self-delusions at this proposal. We live too much on this prejudice, without doubt very agreeable to our natiimal self love, but very prejudicial to our interests, that we are absolutely invin- cible with regard to taste, that the stranger, notably Germany is proof against artistic ideas. We shall lie greatly deceived from this fact, in a short time. The Government of Germany and the municipalities themselves have foreseen that industry was going to be in quite a new situation in consequence of the emigration of workingmen into the country. In Westphalia and in the Province of the Kliine, in some large contr('>, in the whole of the country, are found already workmen's shops. One can say that ruial evolution goes forth from to-day in this country as in Switzerland in a nc;irly general manner; consequently all are occupying themselves actively in the applica- tion of the means which shall render it fruitful. To this end, the manufiicturers of the district called Eh^nane, the most important district in Germany, from an industrial point of view, decided in 1881 to constitute a vast association for the develojnncnt of artistic and professional instruc- tion. An industrial exhibition organized the preceding year at Dusseldorf, having' given a clear grant of $r)2,()30, it was resolved to lay the first foundation of the Association, the seat of which was fixed at Dusseldorf. They put themselves immediately to work to realize this project, long studied in congress, in which representatives assisted from all the great centres of industry and commerce of the province Rhenane, from Westphalia, from the municipality ol' IlohenzoUern, from the district of Wiesbaden, from the municipalities of Schaiiiii- bourg-Li])pe-Lippe-J)ctmoldt, Birkenfeld and Waldcck. Look at the results at which they have arrived at the present time. The central society of art and iiulustry of Dusseldorf comprises 720 members and 30 associaticiis united together, representing a total ol (1,955 members distributed in the towns of Aix-la-Cliapelle, Oberstein, Witten, Barmen, Besford, Emmerick, Guteidiof, Mulheim, Elberfeld. Dormundt, Saint-Johann, Bielfeld, Duisbourg, Siegen, Coblence, Liidor>- child, Euhrarst, Wiendenbruck, Lennop, Creuznack, Adar, Stolberg, Lunen, Bonn, Newvied, Ilamni, Tr»ives-Wimlaken, Essen sur la Ruhr, Cologne, Lemgo, Altena, Crefeld r.nd in the country. AVhat power of action and of expansion can give to a society a sum total of su|>- porters iis considerable and a solidity as close of manufacturing interests and nf artistic propaganda? I have fjund bills of the Association right away in the umsI remote mountains of Westphalia. By the side of im])ortant societies, as that of ]»iii'- mundt,which counts 1,200 members, there figure on the registers of the Association those of small villages, in a simple group of ten or twenty persons. The Society possesses at this hour as an annual fund, in regular turn, a sum of $14,835. ricl)^ a syi of til the I thi ■,--jJ--^ — --■■— 211' Uudioil (dustry lUty of pentnil Iwns ot ]lheim, |.ador>- Boun, |\.ltenu, ■of sui>- mv\ "f l)f 1 >or- iiation This vast ubsocialion has in object to adorn, in consequence of evolution, what I was describinf^ just now. But tlie woricinjr people being in the country will not be able to fro to the museum to school. Will you reproach me? In Germany, it was said, wo will brint? the museum and the school to the workman. The association has, therefore, founded a museum. In Germany this word museum has not the same signification as with us. When we create a museum, the progi'ammo consists in this : to raise up a beautiful building, to adorn it magnificently, to set up beautiful windows, to put there some very artistic objects under key, and especially to regulate the hours for entrance, in a manner that people can visit the museum easily and for a long time. In (jermany it seems that they proceed in quite another waj-. Museums at first are erected for the public and not for the conservators ; afterwards tlicy thiidc tiiat a museum intended for the teaching of the public does not full}' answer its object, if it is exclusively a place for exhibition ; they much rather make a general empoi-ium for a multitude of small local museums and of district exhibitions for a time, a little ever\-where. Thus the director of the museum of the Association of Dusseldorf has adopted such a system of working the institution, that we can say that his museum is in a hundred different ])laces at a time, and that he has always abroad nine-tenths of his riches. Besides his particij)ation in special exhibitions in the difi'eivnt centres under a syndicate, the museum goes to the houseof the associate himself. All the members of the Association have the right to have sent home the objects of the museum aijd the books of the library, models, drawings, engravings or photographs. You make this reflection without doubt. For the passage of these objects, to have them carried from Dusseldorf 40 or 50 miles, in the mountains of Westphalia, the supporters must pay a vei-y consideral)le assessment. Not at all : the assessment which allows a museum being arranged personally, at home, which has half a million objects of art, a library valued at §20,000, is five shillings, or SI. 20 a year. See what arc the bonetitsof the As.M)ciation ; in 1885 the museum has .sent to its members 4,204 objects of art, the library 19,878 works or drawings. What magnificent results ! This is not all that 1 have to tell you of this Society at Dusseldorf, of its oganiza- tion and of its means of operation. The saying is, it is great to ])ut at the disposal of workpeople the p :inci])les of stu(l\-ing, but it is still better to teach tliem how to make use of them. And conse(iucntly from this beautiful idea, the foundei's of the museum have organized meetings, for the use of tiie members of the Society. The system of working for these meetings is the same as for the mu.seum. They do not ask, as in Fiance, that the audience should come before the chairman; it is tlie chairman who goes away to find the persons who want to hear him. Tlius these meetings take place specially on fair days and local festivities,' because tlicy are thus assured of a greater number of hiarcrs. The chairmen ate chosen from among the most esteemed directors. They are going to evangelize in the wa3's of the arts the peasants and the work- ing people of the countiy districts. In 1885, 57 meetings have been held in the whole circumference of the society's operation. They are not contented with these results, which are, nevertlieless, very satisfactory'. They have still conceived a work of artistic propagamla which I would wish to see imitated in France: it would be easy : all the associations after the manner of the Society Philomathic of Bordeaux would be able to realize the same idea. There is a question of oi-ganizing an office for inquiries and professional !i!id artistic consultations, at the seat of the Society at Dusseldorf All the members of the society have the rigiit of sending from their workshops, or from their manu- factories, to this office every sketch, model, plan of drawing, whatever it may be, which is afterwards sent back corrected, comjileted, improved. I have myself proved how these drawings were corrected. This work, however fruitless, was done with extraordinary conscientiousness, 20— 14J 212 The Director told me tliat nome workmen send back two or throe times, the «ame drawing, l)ei;gini:;j for fresh corrections and that tiie enquiry otfioe executed them always, witii the best grace in the world. Last year, after the annual account rendered of the labors of the society, there has not been exchanged less than GOO corrected plans between the office and its supporters. But this statistic is not exact, because the majority of consultations were verbally and on the spot. This organization with us would render very great service. We have all seen, in the country, small manufacturers. Joiners, wheelwrights, who, having received only a very elementary education, tind themselves very embariassed when thoy are asked to execute an object a little outside what they have been aceuttomed to, and who are obliged, whatever the prejudice they may have, to refuse the order. This disagreeable condition of thii\gs does not present itself longer at the present time in the country of the Ehine, thanks to this original institution. In face ' the results obtained, this Association has thought that if it was adapted to give extension to existing industries, it would be able to arrive at creating some in the districts whitdi are deprived of them. " He who is able the least, is able the more " with will and energy. When I visited this museuni I remarked in it a quantity of irregular objects. There were there, rakes, ploughs, waggons, wicker-chairs, usual objects of the last class. I said to the director : " But you do all these handicrafts here? " He said to me in reply: "These are the new industries of the Eifel ; " and he gave the following explanations : — In the district which is comprised between Cologne, Crefeld, and the Belgian frontier, there is a province which boars the name of Eitel ; it has been picturesquely called the Gennan Sahara ; there is a little town there well know) mi France by the (Jrand Duchess, the town of Geiolstein. The country which surrounds it was inhabited almost exclusively by peddlars ; these pcddlars had so bad a I'cputation that they could not get married. It was maintained "that they had travelled too much," as they say in a celebrated opera. Struck with this condition of affairs, the government busied itself in modifying it. It wished to civilize these poor people. They have spent much mono}', but without result. The Society of Dusseldorf, one tine day, is angry at the jest, and decides to bring about, with its moderate resources, that which the Government has not been able to etlect. It sent to Gerolstein two remarkable professors of arts, who put themselves in correspondence with the inhabitants of the countr\'. The mission commenced by Neroth ; there were there only some makers of mouse-traps, to the number of 80. The professors improved their rough tools ; the anvil and the nippers were unknown there ! A workshop for tinning was organised, as well as a workshoji tor the manufactuie of various works in iron wire. The experiment was crowned with success; at the present day the inhabitants of Neroth export their products to Cologne, to Dusseldorf, in the towns of tiie Ehine, and even in Belgium. Some wheelwrights of Wallenborn, struck with the progress of the manufactur- ers of mouse-traps of Neroth, asked the society to send to them professors and tools, which was done immediately. At Heimbach, the peasants had a specialty of chairs for children, for which they only used green beech stolen in the night in the forests, and which they worked with the knife for want of tools. The society obtained from the municipal council Jldorf, lerato 39 in Irs of Iwero |p toi- tants Ihine, 213 of Aix-la-Chupello a sum of $516 and 838 from tho porfoo.t, and opened at Ileimbaoh some workshops for joinery. The products of this rural industry have to-day an important sale. At (lerolstein, to _c;ive woi-k to women, they have imported the manufacture of filiffree-work, of embroideiy with threads of gold, silver and copper. Two young girls, the most intelligent in tho town, were brought to Du.sseldorf and a])preiiticed in a workshop for embroideries ; to-day they arc directing at (rerolstein woikshops where forty women are employed and are making very interesting embroideries, specimens of which I haveadmii'cd at the museum of Du8.scldorf. L'Eifel has thus become a manufacturing country and people ai"e convinced that in a few years its population will not be inferior, as far as intelligence and welfare, to tho other popu- lations of Germany. 5,1; Ictur- |lool(», Mlj sectio:n^ v. MUTUAL BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. pa' ten the hon of t of CI app than inga wher appri to all in case o tTl J If. anmini. 'ivail the •>gal liin MUTUAL BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. FRANCE. REPOHT ON MUTUAL UENEVOLENT SOCIETIES, MARCH 26, 1852. Ar'.. 2. These societies are composed of active and honorary members, who pay tixed dues, or make contributions to the funds of the As80ciation,without partici- pating in the profits. Art. 6. These mutual benevolent societies have for their object the giving of temporary assistance to members who are sick, wounded or intirm, and of meeting their funeral expenses. They can promise retiring pensions if there should be a sufficient number of honorary members. Art. 7. The by-laws of these societies will be submitted for the apjn-obation of the Minister of the Interior. These by-laws will also regulate the assossnients of each society, in accoi-dance with the tables of sickness or mortality compiled or approved by the Government.* Art. 13. When the told funds in the treasury of a society which numbers more than 100 members, exceed the sum of $600, the amount will be deposited in a sav- ings Bank. If the society has less than a hundred members, this transfer should be made when the total funds in the treasury exceed $200. By a decree dated 28th November, 1853, a bonus of $2,000,' tO has been given to approved mutual li^nevolent societies, the interest of which is annually distributed to all societies which have created a REST FUND in accordance with the decree of 2nd April, 1856. Art. 1 A sum of $40,000 f deducted from the indisposable interest of the endow- ment to the mutual benevolent societies, is devoted to this formation ofaiies^ Fund for the benefit of approved Mutual Benevolent Societies, which will engage to devote to this Mest Fund a portion of their reserve capital. Art. 4. The Rest Fund furnished by the societies may be banked to the credit of pension fund, either as current capital or as reserve fund. The portion of the same capital given by the state remains inalienable. The capital from pension fund, rendered available by the decease of pensioners, will be returned to the rest fund of the society. Art. 8. No pension will be less than $6 and must not exceed, in any case, ten per cent, of the annual assessment fixed by the by-laws of the society to which the incumbent belonged. J * These tables were never made. The Government only required that the rate of quarterly indemnity in case of sickness dnes not exceed the amount of the monthly subscription. t This sum was raised to Slte.OOO in 18S7. + If, for instance, this subscription is 25 cents yter month, the pension allowed cannot exceed 1830.00 jwr annum. This limit only applies to the reserve funds, the sixjieties having the right, of which they freely avail theniselves, to apply the prtweeds of the jiension itself to their reserve funds. In societies where the legal limit is $30.00, pensions sometimes reach double this amount. 218 W) a> M P3 u "■^ C 3 2 I 8 ;^ be 3 Mi 2. .=■.5-3 E t- ^ 5i 5 7~ .i; i « ^ oi Sf 2 IB a S > t«>^ s '^'Si^ »i ^^Z -»« t^ ^H 4M t^ 1^ "f e > > > s 33" » g^ 3Sfe M § g fsg m o o x 1 f 8^ «» SI I >; a i^i is 6 = = S Kb k = ij I -§1 5 x-e S <8 (T H* *<2 •5 -S f u|>|irciv(>(l Mocictii'H (Ill (III |MiMiM-HHiiig u IViiMiiiii Fund Porci'iitiiffc (Id do Niiinlii'i' (if iiii'iiiU'rH lo'liiiii^iii); tn HiK-ii-tii'H |MiHHi'MNin)f n I'i'IihIiiii Kurirl l'rii|Hirliiiii i(l Hooii-ticH TotuI iif l'i'n«iiiii KuikIm r(,!M(!) 3,3;w fMl p.r. Wl4,iV*l $12,H1»H,321».HI PeiiHioii Kuiiil, uvi'i'atfi' ciu'li Hocicty 9l,M7.20 (|i> (Id iiicnilwr NuiuImt of pi'iiHiimiTH TotrtI iiinount ri'ciiivi'd liy iX'iiHioiiiTH Av( rum' "f ix'iiHii'iiH (Iruvvii friiiii thi> I'l-iiHioii Fund do lo Ifi'MiTvi' Fund AvwftK" niiiiilmr of nnniiiti' n drawn liv KM) nii'inUTH (ii'MKi'iil aviTiiKi' iif iinimitii'M jfranti'd liy iviiprovod dociotiHH iMMIi $3,WiS.I'>ll »22.H43 21,tl;-il |iaiii,n2i fll4.tl2 92ii.firi 3.a3 l>.r. #41.27 GENERAL RECAPITULATION Of tho amount of Property und Finances of Miituivl Honovolent Societies nppi-ovcd anil autiiorizod in lS8(i. Hituatioii at 31gt Decomlier, 1880. 8o<'lETIKS. Approved, Authorized. NuuiIht of Hocii'tU'H <;■ 5,!(0i) 1(11, 04(n or>i,:mi [it(i'.i,222 135,274 808,1 7ti J 21,5t)!tJ B .3,58(1,031* 3,244,1(18 33."),8(>3 9,4.3.'),!»00 12,Si)8,32!l 21,051 2,2(14 N\iniber of homiriiry nicnilHTH 23,0021 2.')7,2«3-j y 323,133 38,(12(1 f2!Jit,231 J 3,342j $ 1,541,5,')« fMi-n Nunibcr of ini'nilHTH iiarticipating. a Wonu-n litKIl'iptH of Hocii'ticH KxiK'tmi'M of Hocii'ties . . 1,340,3.52 KxccMs of r('C't'i|itM oviT diHlmrs(>mentH 1!»5,2()4 Aniovint of Kt'HiTvn Fund 5,1)22,220 Antount of PcnHion FiuuIh Ninnbt'i* of iH'nsioiu'rs AnvarM of lifn interest income Grand total of all Hureties ^31(1,521 8222,:W4,230 t'tlK l.C lioh and In these receipts are included the amount of 9183,013 coming from suhHidies, bequeotn and legacies. ' 221 (JRAND COUNCrLOK MUTIJAL HKNKVOLKXT SOf'IKTIKS oF BOUCHKS- l)U-lill()NK AT MAliSKll.LKS. ITS (IIUUIN, ITS OIUKCTH. Tlio (rnind Council of I ho miitiml lu-iiovolont HociotioH of lioiichos-du-IMiono, is ill) iissfrnldy coinpoMi'd i(i(«H, who vohitUiiiily pL'iroriii thoir tliitics, and wlio, hays Iho Mii|)(U'ior coinniissioii in IHoK, " havo nt'Vi-r i-ciiHi'd, sinco Ihoir organization, to hilxir for tho dovolopniont of thti triio principlfK <>{' innliial aMsociation, for tho rci'orrn of aluist'H, for Iht' ahatfincnt of contontionH Imtweon Hocit'ties and nu'inliors, and havo Hiiccft'dfd in niaintaiiun^ ordor, iiarniony and poai'O in thi' niidst of all the nociolios whirh ai-o I'staMisht'd under the law." It I'l'soinhh's tlui noidcfy of oxports, and liUo it, i» invcsttxl with powi'r to con- c'iliato and ailjuHt, in all rontonlionH arininf^ unioni; its incnihor-. It holds at Mar- stdllos n position anido;;ons to that whitdi was frivi>n to Fianco in j^cncral, l)y tho di'crooof li(!lh March, isr>2, \>y a llif.di ('onwnission for tho cstahlishnicnl and in^^pcction of niiitual honovolont societies. The grand council iw occupied with tho details and daily oecnrrencos in tho intiM'ioi- life of societies, and exercises its legitimate influ- ence overywheie as it may produce good results. Its administrative powers aro those of a voriiablo dopartmontal commission, extending its inllueneo through all tho department. Hosides itis adminiHtrntivo action, it forms uspocial jurisp|)age. Art. 2. Kach adherent will pay to the insurance fund two cents monthly (men and women). The ])aynu'nfs can be made to the care of the society to which the adherent or adherents belong, at the insurance ofKce. Art. 4. Members of societies connected with tho insurance fund, will name two delegates to represent them. Art. 5. All adherent members will only have the right to assistance from flic ance fund after six monthly jiaj'ments. Vrt. 0. No sick pei'son will have a right to assistance from the in.sui'ance fund uui. ss his illness is subsequent to his enrolment in the society, and unless his assess- ments are paid to date of the lommencement ot'his illness. Art 7. Kvery member adhering to the insui'ance soeiofy will pa^- his first assess- ment at the time of his enrolment, which will take effect on the first of tho following month. Art. 8. Each delegate, on payment of his monthly assessment, will band a list signed by the jiresident, with this mcmoi'andum: "certitiad correct," staling the numbers and names of members adhering to the insurance company. It will give notice, quarterly, of any subsequent changes. Art. 0. All evasion or intVaclion of this rule will entail tbeei'asureof names of its adhering memboi's, and tho funds paid in, will remain the property of the insurance' company. 228 Art. 10 Kiicli sick momlior having u right to iissistnnpo fmm tho insiiranco fund, will rec'oivo an imUMunity oj' 20 cents a day (ov 81.40 i'lich wooU) dining tlio whole ])eri()d of his illncws, or incapacity the rosult of it, which toriu is limited to live years. Art. 11. This indemnity vill Iw ]i!iid monthly, to tho.so entitled to receive it, by one of the delogalos of the society. Those indemnities are regulated by each receipt. Art. 12. Any member belonging to several societies can only receive fi'om the insurance fund, one bulk sum, pnoiscly as if he were only member of one society. tlu' Inn Ivm tho Igivo It'll' lllUi MUTUAL ]}ENEVOLKNT SOCIKTi' ESTABLISHED BY THE SCHOOL TEACHEIIS OF THE DIvPAIiT.MENT OF THE LOWER PYHENi-:ES. ]£xtrocts from the By-Laws. Art. 1. This sociot}' has for its object: 1st. To contribute ti> the expenses which the birtli of infant.s, sickness, or death m.iy bring u])()ii the member, in re-imbiirsing to him the greatest ^^ossible portion of expenses for doctors' fees, medicine, accmtclieincnt and funeral exjienscs. The particulars system adopted by this society, in order to assist its members, is dotincd in the following b\--lu\vs: Art. ;n. The fjiinily participating, represented b}' its head, has the right each year to a iieciiiiiary indemnity ])riiportioMcd to the expense it has umlergone during the preceding year, tliroiigli sickness ov death. Those arc only considered members of the family who are actually under the charge of the head. Art. ."{2. For calculating tho indemnity mi the one ])art, the gross ainoimt is tjiken of all assessments ])aid by those participating to .'Ust December (less SO. 10 from each assessment reserved for general expenses, \c.). It is this sum which will bo divided y»/'o rata for necessary expcii.se-*. On the other part, the gross amount is taken of expenses for medical attendance, medicine, acooiic/nincnt, or funeral exiienses incurred during the year liy ciich head of a family. (These expenses should be certified by receipts or vouchers.) Art. ;{'). On the 1st of February the board examines the report sent in by each secrotar^'^; it can reject or reduce all ex])eiiscs not suilicieiitly Jiistilicd ; it can also 0(iually a])ply to certain items the maximum fixed by the by-laws. The gross amount awarded each secretary is dinunished by ten jier cent., in oriler that he ma}' not ever be fully reimbursed the total of his expenses, of which a portion remains charged to iho member. This redmtion made, ifthecapit.il available is suflicientto defray all tiio expenses, each societ}- is reimbursed fully, if they are not, lie is paid proportionately with the sum of his account. vVrt. ;}'.). An allowance of $12 is given to the widow or orjihaiis of a deceased member. Art. 40. Extra assistance may bo given to members in urgent or exceptionul cases. A retiring pension is given to an aged member, and assistance is otVered, in lieu, of pension in cases of iiremjitiire iiitiniiity. Article 4.'5 rei]iiirv-s that members under ."if) years of age, and of l.'» years connec- tion with the society, will receive a jiension varying from §11.00 to §;J2.00 per annum, according to the resources of tho society. The society a 18 12 32 24 172 80 4 19 20 28 33 26 187 20 1 4 80 ■. 20 "1 24 172 80 2(» ST} o 48 (MJ 20 144 00 25 3(5 37 ■8 9.60 durinjf 8 11 76 80 105 60 6 7.20 during 16 12 115 20 8(i 40 24 23 38 14 i:« 40 8 57 60 •)•) 3!) 17 163 L'O , 4 2H 80 Ol 40 20 4 1!)2 00 4S 00 vrs. 192 (W 144 (JO 20 41 i,«! 9 60 during 15 19 42 43 -.S12. 00 during S 12 !I6 00 144 m 10 5 9(i 00 48 (H) IS 17 44 - 10 192 00 192 (JO It! ■l") and over. .S14.40 during i) tt 72 CH) .•?12.00 during 10 120 00 15 At 21 years and one day, the assessment of 21 years will be applied, etc. The landing will bo stopped whenever the sum of $192, entrance fee, not included, has been depo.sited. Art. 33. — The Society allows to its members — after six months' membership, and proportioned to their- assessment — an indemnity for sickness duly proved as having occasioned incapacity for work, during a period of over 20 days. This indemnity, beginning from the first day of sickness, is paid at the follow- ing rate: — From the 1st to the 30th day. inclusive 20c. each day. From the 31st to 90th do' do 30c. do If, after 90 consecutive days' illness, the member is placed on half-pay by the Administration, this indemnity will be from the 91st to the 180th day, inclusive, at 50 cents per day. After 180 consecutive days, if the member is deprived of his salary, the indem- nity will be from the ISlst day to the 270th day, inclusive, at 80 cents per day. Every member placed on the pension list by the Administi'ation, without being admitted to the same benefit by the Society, or any member having loft the Adminis- tration and proving illness which has incapacitated him from work for over 20 days, will have the right to the following indemnities : — 20 cents per day during the first 30 days; 30 cents per day beginning from the 30th day until the 180th. The Society contributes $40 to the funeral expenses of a member, and gives $60 to the widow, to the orphans and the parents of the deceased. Eveiy member of 60 years of age, and having belonged to the Society for at least 15 years, has the right to a pension from the rezt fund, to be fixed by the Council in proportion to the resources of the Association. Members in arrears for three months in the payment of their assessments, are subject to the erasure of their names from the lists. 20—15 ii 226 Special lieserve Fund. Founded in order to pay an indemnity for sickness of 20 cents per day, when the duration of Htatutory indemnity is cei-minated. Tiio aissesement at this bank is 5 cents per month, and the duration of this new alk)wance is — one year until the special funds amount to $2,000; two years when it amo\ints to between S2,000 and 84,000, and thus, in following proportions, as it increases yearly the dui-ation of the intlemnity at each augmentation of $2,000, imles.s the duration exceeds a maximum of five years. The wives and chililren of members, are admitted as participants in this special fund. MUNICIPAL MUTUAL BENEVOLENT SOCIETY OF THE 9tii, AREONDISSEMENT OF PAKIS. Art. 2. The Society comprises all the territory of the 9th arrondissement, and has its tribunal at the townhall. Ai't. 3. It has for object : 1st, to succour participating members in event of sick- ness, accident or infirmity : 2nd, to pensi(m them for life in their old age; 3rd, to give them respectable tunerals at their decease : and 4th, the patronage of the Society to their children when admitted into their cii'cle. Active members are admitted from sixteen to fifty years. Healthy children fi'om two to sixteen years of ago can be admitted, if their parents are members of the Society, or, if they are orphans, on condition that their guardians become mem- bers also. Art. 18. The member who wishes to remove his domicile should state his inten- tion of so doing before removing, indicating his now residence, and his intention of remaining in the Society, or of changing to another (municipal society). The assessments vary from 10 to 60 cents per month, and the entrance fee is from GO cents to S3. 00, according to age of the new member. The nature or kind of assistance afforded, otters nothing particularly necessary of mention. Art. 45. Pupils and apprentices, of both sexos, who are members of the Society, are visited in their schools and workshops by members of the Committee named for that purpose. Art. 4G. Every year, in December, prizes are awarded by the Administrating Council to the best pupils. Art. 4'7. Apprentices distinguished for good conduct, zeal, and application, i-eceive from the Society, at the General Assembly, on the report of the Visiting Committee, testimonials of their approval. Art. 50. The Society takes care of children admitted to its circle who, being under eighteen yeai-s of age, lose father and mother, or those among them who are living at the date of their admission, and contribute in whole, or partly, to expenses of their education, suitably to the position of their families. CHRISTIAN INSTITUTIONS OF ROUEN. MUTUAL BENEVOLENT SOCIETY, POUNDED IN 1849. This Society has for its object : — 1. To give to all its members who are sick or indisposed, fi-ee medical attend- ance and medicine, unthout limitation of time. 2. To give, for a period of a year or more, a pecuniary indemnity to sick per- sons, and assistance for tlieir young children. 3. To grant sick-bed relief to incurables, or those incapable of work, until they fulfil the conditions required to give them a claim to the pension. 4. To give old men, over 65 yeai-s of ago, and 20 years membership in said Society, participation in the advantages of the pension. stud_y 1 1 the re 1 age; , tliirty T ness f( of ago throe i each c, week (I per we( annum. Af( inedicji ThJ "lembe PIIILA] The 1st. 2nd. 3i'd. oxceed in 4th. . 5th. . 6th. J Activ Ist. J nf S4.80 f'r This c e'lances of 2nd. J hov : — 15 to 20 21 22 23 24, 25. 2({. 227 5. To give women the same privilege. 6. To assist unemploj-ed members to find work. 7. To receive for deposit in Savings Bank the savings of individual members. 8. To instruct and encourage those members by lectures, "ind, it' possible, by the study of selected reading, and by concerts of vocal music. 9. To reward the most meritorious efforts or works of these members. 10. To ensure to all, suitable burial, to the expense of which provision is made. 11. To ])rovide, if possible, by special means, an additional fund, exclusively for the relief of sick persons. 12. The entrance fee is fixed at 20 cents, fi-om twelve to twenty-one years of age; at 40 cents, from twenty-one to thirty-five years of age; and at (50 cents over thirty-five years of age. The assessments are for men: — $2.50 per annum, giving u right in case of sick- ness to 80 cents per week, and 10 c(^nts per week for each child under fourteen years of age ; or S3 per annum, giving the right in case of sickness to ^1 per week during three months, and SO cents per week during nine months, and 10 cents per week for each child; or $3.72 per annum, giving the I'ight in case of sickness to §1.40 per week during three months, and 80 cents per week during nine months, and 20 cents per week foi- each child. For wo?non the assessments are from S2.04 to $2.40 per annum. After one j-ear the sick person receives an assistance of 10 cents per week, medical care and attendance — the Society paying his assessment. The statutes regulate the position of widows and orphans, and the pensions of members. PIIILAXTIIROPIC SOCIETY OF TKE CLERKS AT^D EMPLOYEES OF THK CITY OF MAESEILLKS. ( Founded in 1848.) The Society grants to active members in case of sickness: — 1st. Medical care and attendance. 2nd. Remedies and medicine delivered by the druggists of the Society. Si'd. An indemnity specially fixed at 40 cents per day, if the sickness does not exceed in duration six "or eight months, accox'ding to the case. 4th. A monthly invalid fund. 5th. A retiring pension, at the age of 60. 6th. Funeral expenses. Active members have to pay : 1st. An entrance fee of $2.40, from the age of 25 to 30; of $3.60 from 31 to 35 ; of $4.80 from 36 to 39 years of age. This entrance fee is transferred to the i-elief fund, for it represents the value of chances of sickness, apportioned to the most advanced ages. 2nd. An annual assessment, varying as follows, with the age of the new mem- Ijor : — 15 to 20 years $4.80 .02 .16 .28 .40 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 2(). 28. 29. 52 76 88 12 36 30 years $6.00 6.84 7.20 7.44 7.80 8.16 8.64 0.12 9.60 39 10.08 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. In 1888 the retiring pension gi'anted by the Society was $52.45 per annum, the pensioners numbering 180. 20—15* 228 MUTUAL BENEVOLENT SOCIETY OF THE COOPERS AND BOTTLERS OF RELMS. This Society, originated and founded by the coopers and bottlers of Reim**, has a just chiim to servo as an excellent example of the advantages ottered by a mutually co-operative society. '• This plan implies more than the ordinary relations of mutual societies — in fact, complete mutual responsibility on the part of the employers and workmen of the same trade, this responsibility being acknowledged by a formal agreement." The constitution of this Society otters nothing particularly worthy of remark, except the following clause : "Each member particii^ating (men and women) pays to the insurance fund of the Mutual BenevolontSocioty of Iteims a supplementary use of 2 cents per month. The fund thus formed is paid over to sick members who have already drawn, during six months, the daily indemnity of their society, 20 cents per day, until recovery. THE ANTWERP FRIENDLY SOCIETY.* Founded in 1868, this Society has for its object: 1. To extend the benefits of mutual societies, in case of sickness or infirmity, to laborers, agents, brokers, commissioners, commercial travellei-s, bank and corporation clerks. 2. To establish thoroughly a special fund for the assistance of tenants, their widows, or orphans, in indigent circumstances. The annual assessment is §•!; entrance fee, $2 from 18 to 25 years of age, and 84 from 35 to 40. There is granted to every sick member the sum of §20 per month during six months, and $10 per month afterwards. There is granted an allowance of $20 per month to the member out of employ- ment in consequence of the unexpected failure of his employer, or as the result of fire. ' Keport presented to tho 5th Section, Social Economy Exhibition, 188'J. SECTION VI. RETIRING FUND AND ANNUITIES. beai KETIRINO FUND A^>^D A:N'NrUITIES. PEANCE. DEPOSIT AND INVESTMENT FUND. NATIONAL EETIRING FUND FOR OLD AGE. FIRST I'AET. The object of the Institution and its nature. The National Retiring Fund for old age, which was established in 1850 and re-organized by the law of 20th July, 1886, and by the decree of 28th December, 1886, acts under warranty of the State, and under the direction of a higher Cotnmiwriion formed under the Minister of Commerce. The object of the fund is to establish a retiring fund, at fifty years of age or more, as the depositor may choose, the maxi- mum amounts of the annuity not to exceed 8240. The intention of the legislator is to proviilo for the old age of the workingmen in rural districts and in cities, by means of an assessment on his daily wages. With this object in view, the smallest savings are received in the Fund, where they bear interest and so increase, and the death rate being taken into account. All the amounts received from depositors, with the exception of the sums required to meet the daily payments, which are entered in the current account of the Public Treasury, ai'O successively invested in French rents, or other investments guaranteed by the State ; consequently, the Fund has always in its possession deeds representing the number and amount of its transactions. The compound interest allowed depositors is exactly the same as that drawn by the Fund itself from the deposits made. No amount whatever is retained or deducted for expenses of administration. These expenses are borne by the Deposit Fund, which has charge of the National Retiring Fund. By means of this institution, any man living on his wages is afforded the possi- bility of providing, with absolute security and with every possible advantage, an independence for his old age. lie is, by this means, assured against the danger of becoming a burden to his children ; and, moreover, if it be his wish, he may, by reserving the capital for them, add to this provident forethought for his own interests, the gratification of knowing that at his death they will inherit a certain amount in money. Besides, if the depositor should, previous to the period settled upon for payment of the pension, by some serious accident or premature infirmity, duly certified, l^ecome totally incapacitated for work, he is immediately, and before he is 50 years of, age allowed a pension proportioned to his age and the amount he has deposited. This pension may be increased by a subsidy fi-om the State, to the extent allowed by the credit entered for such purpose iu each year's budget. The higher Commission consists of sixteen members, among whom must neces- sarily be two senators, two deputies, two State councillors, two presidents of mutual aid societies and one engaged in industrial pursuits. It decides all matters of improve- ment and, in general, gives its opinion on all questions concerning the Fund. Since its foundation to 31st December, 1885, the Retiring Fund has received from 694,911 depositors: 6,498,251 payments for alienated capital, amounting to $55,855,174 3,809,829 payments for reserved capital, amounting to 62,642,127 Altogether : 10,308,079 payments, amounting to $118,497,380 232 It Imp ostablishod, for the bonofit of 278,782 iinmiitants, umuiitios to tho amount of $7,384,380. It has ]»ai(l for arroars due on these annuities the Hum of 048,024,210.* It has paid to tho hoirs and aswi/^nH of depositors who have made thoir deposits n8 reserved capital, tho sum of ?13, 382,327. In 1888 tho assets of tho Fund corresponding to its obligations, in Stale annuities and in specie, amounted to 8143,857,345. MANNER OK MAKING DEPOSITS. All that is required at tho first is a certificate of tb'i depositor's birth on unstamped paper. Tho depositor receives a receipt, to bo afterwards changed for a bank book, given by tho Deposit and Investment Fund. This book contains all necessary information concerning future payments wliich are rocoivod by all account- ants given later (p. 2!)4), on production of the book. Tho deposits may come from the recipient of tho annuity, or from a third party. The first may bo made oithor directly by the owner himself, or by an interme- diary. Any person may become tho intormodiary, may rocoivo tho assessments and deposit them to tho depositor's account, on pi'oducing a memorandum containing the mvmes of the depositors and the amounts paid in to the account of each. Tho Mayor may make deposits for tho mombors of his district (co7nmune),ii teacher for the pupils of liis school, tiio head of an industry in tho name of his workmen, mutual aid soci- eties for their members, etc. Special provident societies, established exprossh' for the purpose of becoming intermediary between their members and the Retiring Fund, are, by their nature, able to do good service, and gi'eatly assist in developing the system by securing the co-operation of woll-y ensuring tho regular payment of amounts assessed, and by stimulating the ardor of those in arrears. Finally, the private Savings Fund and tho National Postal Savings Fund are officially designeil to occupy such a position in regard to their depositors. As regards payments made as a donation, either by the donator himself, or by verbal mandate, they may be made, by a father for his children, or by districts (com- munes) by departments, by agricultural committees, by individuals, as prizes or rewards, to scholars or others, by a manufacturer for his workmen, etc. This method of benefaction is to be particularly commended ; a moans is thus provided a donator which ho cannot destroy, and there is also assured tho recipient, espcciallj' if he bo a child or an apprentice, an annuity equal, and sometimes greater than the amount disbursed. It is also a means of spreading a knowledge of the insti- tution, and to suggest ideas of saving and economy tor the future to families. BULLETINS-RETRAITES — CERTIFICATES OF DEPOSIT. In order to oncourage even the smallest savings, the National Eetiring Fuml has, since 1st April, 1887, established certificates of deposit (Bulletins-rctraUes), similar to those given by tho Postal Savings Bank, and jjormitting, by means of ordinary postage stamps, the minimum deposit ot $0.20 (or of $0.40 if there be two depositors) presci-ibed by law. It is sufficient to stick the stamps to a certificate, which is accepted as money by the Eetiring Fund, provided the stamps have not been altered, nor soiled, nor torn. These certificates are very useful to teachers whose puj)ils wish to share in the advantages offered by tho National Retiring Fund, which are peculiarly largo when payments are made lor young children. CONDITIONS OF PAYMENT. Payments may bo made at will. The depositor enters into no engagement, ami may discontinue his payments, and beg.r them again it pleasure; he may increase or reduce the amount of his annual depouit without in any way interfering with the 233 Ihus > liter liiisti- iFiiiiil lilar I nary Itorw) j'ohuUh nlroiuly obtiiinod. Any piiyna'nt in, in fact, Huhjoot to snocial liquidation effected aceoi-ding to tiio taiitl" in iwo at llio tirno tlio dopoHit is niauo. The ponMioi' dorivoil in ri't;aiil to tlio payment, is entered in the depositor's book, and is llieneeforvard irrevocable. It can no binder lie diininisbeil, except by antici- pated liquidation, nor can it bo increased, except by an adjournment of enjoyment or by abandoninf^ tlie capital. At the time settled for its enjoyment, it will be entered in the lodger of tho National lletiring Fund. J'ayments may bo made in the name of anyone 3 years of age. It is not re(|Mire(l that payments made as a lionation should be accepted by the iidieritor, nor authorized by the father, it the inhciitoi- be a minor. Payments made by moans of the savings of minors, under 1(J years of age must be authorized by the father or tutor. Married women, whatever may bo the conditions of their marriage contract, are allowed to make payments without their husbands' authoiization. But jwiyments made in the name of married depositors, not separated as to property, are obliged to bo shared by halt, unless they are macle by donation. In the event of one of the married j)arties being abs(>nt more than a year, the justice of j)eace may authorize the payments to be n)ade for the exclusive |)rolit of the depositor. Payments are received of any amount from ^0.20 (or if by a married couple, 80,40). Tlu' maximum amo)int is 82(10 per annum (8400 for married couple). Capital may be eitlier alienated or reserved; in the latter case they are i)aid without intei-est to the heirs and assigns of the (lc])osit(ir at the time of his deccjiHe. Jiesorved capital may be abandoned later, with a view to securing a now pension at the ago determined by tho depositor when signing the abandonment. ANNUITIES. Those annuities are guai-anteed by the State, and are entoretl in tho ledger of the National JJetiring Fund, the duplicate being dei)osited with the ^Minister of Finance. The annuity becomes j)ayal)le at any age from 50 to (i.') years — that is. 50, 51, 52 yoarB, etc., as tho depositor may choose. Atter t)5 it is jiayable immoclialely — that is, it begins from tho tirst day of the quarter term (three months) following tho pay- ment. The annuities are inalionable and unseizable to the sum of S72. They may bo declared inalienable and unseizable in their entirety, by tho donutor of the caj)ilal. At the period settled by depositor for receiving the annuity a deed is given him, comprising tho whole amount of deposits entered into tho book for this annuity. Tho arrears are payable quarterly to the tinancial receiver, or to the tax gatherors, TARIFFS. Tho tarift's are determined every year b}- decroeof the President of tho llepublic, on proposition of the Minister of Finance, suggested by tho higher Commission of the Fund. Account being taken for each payment, they are calculated as regards : 1st. Compound interest on capital; 2nd. Tho chances of death by reason of tho de]iosi- tor's age at the time of payment, and the age at which tiio annuity is to begin ; 8rd. Surrender of capital, if tho capital is alienated, oi- of payment at death, if the deposi- tor has 80 desired when making ])ayment. Tho otHcial tariffs are established from (juartor term to quarter term, from 3 years of age to(J5 years, for payments, and from year to yeai', from 50 to (55 years of age, for the enjoyment. Those tariffs can bo jirocurod by the public on payment of 80.02, tho approximate cost of printing. A special mandate gives information as to tho revenue produced either by one sole paymontof 820 at the difieront ages of payment, and of receiving the annuity, or by annual payments of 82.00, begun at a certain age and continued to time of onjoy- nient of annuity. This man(hite, in like manner to tho present, is both posted and distributed gratuitously, under the form of a notice, in the different Mayors' offices, the offices of the Treasury accountants, the post offices and public schools. 284 PopoHitH iiro rof!oive 20 30 31 8(1 10 ;v> :)(i 31 18 44 28 88 40 years. 47 " . 48 " . 40 " . 50 " . 24 8 79 8 36 7 02 7 61 17 57 10 73 15 03 15 k; It i3 i:< 72 ' ' '15 1. HI 11 77 11 10 27 62 2(i 21 24 05 23 75 22 00 06 yean. « 0. .511 08 50 34 .53 72 51 21 48 80 40 40 44 28 42 40 10 i:i 21 60 20 44 10 42 18 43 17 48 :« 18 30 32 34 M 32 80 31 14 20 .53 57 20 80 (Vt M 06 86 01 62 1!) 81 75 40 81 78 03 47 62 74 44 45 33 70 00 43 22 07 00 41 21 04 54 30 20 37 47 .35 74 .34 10 32 54 31 m 20 02 (il .54 68 00 m 11 82 10 78 40 61 years 10 57 10 .50 27 08 52 " 10 01 15 07 21! 48 5.3 " 40 14 82 25 03 54 " 8 03 13 !l!l 23 04 ^-) " 8 43 13 20 22 30 5(! years 12 44 21 02 57 " 11 71 10 78 .58 " 11 01 18 51) .50 " 10 ;« 17 40 00 " 00 10 3(5 (il years 16 32 02 " 03 " .4 31 13 34 04 " 12 41 05 " 11 51 44 27 42 24 40 20 38 44 30 GO 74 80 71 .30 (i8 08 04 04 01 05 Over (i5 years of n^e the annuity is the MiiiiU! a.'< at 06. SECOND TABLE No 1.— TARIFF 4 p. c. Annuity acquired immediately on the payment of SIOO. ALIENATED CAPITAL, 58 years 511 " (iO " .... 01 " . .. 8 c. 13 40 00 10 00 02 years (W " (i4 " 05 '• 50 years .51 " .52 " ... . ,53 " 8 c. 7 51 7 (W 7 85 8 03 54 years .55 " m " 57 " .S c. 8 22 8 43 8 (!4 8 88 !? C. 10 ;« 10 70 11 (HI 11 .51 Note. — The enjoyment of an ainmity dates from the 1st day of the quarter following the ([uarter corres- lH)nding to that of birtii. After 05 years of age the enjoyment dates from the Ist day of the quarter following the deiKwit. 236 TABLE No. 2.— TARIFF 4 p. c. Annuity procured by payment of 8100. RESERVED CAPIT.VL. Enjoyment ok Avnuity at 00 years S c. 23 .50 22 14 20 85 1!) 01 18 43 17 31 K! 24 15 22 14 25 13 32 12 44 11 01 1(1 82 10 0() it a") do years .? c. 3',» 71 37 41 35 22 .SS 13 31 14 2!) 24 27 43 25 71 24 07 22 51 21 03 111 (il 18 27 17 00 15 7!> 8 (i7 1 8 02 i 7 42 () 84 30 14 (i4 13 .50 12 53 11 50 10 (54 II 08 73 04 0!» 78 00 10 02 .58 .5i» 23 50 04 .52 it!) 50 07 47 .SO 44 05 42 12 5 7i) 5 31 4 85 4 43 4 03 78 8 'J7 8 20 7 48 81 17 6 58 5 03 4 .52 4 04 ' 05 ve.ars of .ipff the atimiity w tlie same as nt 05. SECOND TABLE No. 2.— TARIFF 4 p. c. Annuities acquired immediately on payment of $100. RESEKVEO CAPITAL. 8 c. $ c. »c. 8 c. 50 years 4 02 54 years 4 02 1)8 j-ears 4 03 (>2 years 4 03 .51 " 4 02 ,55 " 4 02 5!t " 4 03 (i3 " 4 03 .52 " 4 02 60 " 4 02 00 " 4 03 (i4 " 4 04 53 " 4 02 67 " 4 02 01 " . ... 4 03 06 " 4 04 21 ^•( 22 ' 23 ( 24 ( 25 * 2(i 27 4 28 f 2it ( 30 (1 31 32 Ve ■Xi (( 34 K 35 (t 237 TABLE No. 3.— TARIFF 4 p. c. Annuity procured by an Annual Deposit of 810. ALIENATED CAPITAL. AoK AT THK FlHSl'- I'.VY.MKN T. Enjoyment ok tiii: Anni ity at 50 yearn. ^ years 4 " . t> years •■ .4 4 s '• . ;• " . 10 " . 11 years 12'-' . 13 " 14 " . 15 " . It! years 17 " . 18 " . lit '■ . 20 " . 21 years 22 ' " 23 " '. 24 " . 25 " . 2Ct years 27 " . 2« " . 20 ' ' 30 " '. 31 years .32 " :« " '. 34 " . 35 " , 13(! 40 12!) 50 123 00 IKi MO no 05 105 20 00 82 04 00 80 50 84 8 80 21 75 81 71 50 07 57 03 71 (iO 03 50 52 53 17 40 07 •Mi 01 !4 »M! 41 23 38 .58 .30 (Ki .33 05 31 30 20 17 27 07 ;)o years. 105 i)8 00 30 03 00 .S8 08 Ki 70 78 05 74 41 70 00 (i5 07 02 04 25 OS 23 18 21 30 10 (kS 17 08 207 32 107 20 187 .55 178 .33 100 51 1(11 07 152 08 145 23 137 80 1.30 (i8 123 80 117 32 111 07 (M) years. 05 years. .? c. S 0. 3.30 25 .504 00 314 40 .537 80 200 20 512 35 284 84 487 05 271 03 4(!4 01 25/ 81 442 20 245 14 420 80 2;« rKNT. 1 31! years. I 37 " .. I .38 " .. I 30 " .. 40 " .. years. 4:. 43 44 45 4(i years. 47 " .. 48 " ., 40 " .. 50 " .. 204 11 278 07 204 51 250 t!0 237 51 224 03 212 04 201 50 I'.MI (iO 180 20 170 28 100 82 151 80 143 10 fi 04 .51 years. 52 '" .. .53 " .. 54 " .. 55 " .. 5f! yt^ars. 57 " .. 58 " .. 50 " .. 00 " .. Enjoyment ok tmk Anni: ity at til years. 02 " .. ti3 " .. Of! 50ycars. 8 c. Ki 40 14 00 13 4(! 12 10 10 70 55 years. 'tlO yi-ars. 4 18 3 25 2 37 1 54 75 8 c. 2!) 10 21! 87 24 74 22 71 20 77 10 05 57 8 27 7 03 5 85 4 74 3 70 13 00 27 .30 12 30 24 02 22 (id 20 51 18 47 Ki r.83 X 20 60 65 do do 100 158.44x20 100 26r.ro X 20 100 81o'.62 31.08 53.54 100 132.21x20 100 223.37x20 = 811.3C 26,44 44.67 SOyearsofageanannuifvof r,n ., . '^'-"«t-l Capital ,. ,^ 40..)5 X 5 gi perpetual p,,,,^ Examples drawn from Tnhio. a- vo at : ^ ^^ ^^-^^ per day or $7.30 pe,- ye,, h. ^ yeai, begun at the ae-e nf ia' «ge of 16 jears, will 50 .years Of age an annuity Of r- n^ ^"«n»'^d Capital. „ '"i"tyof 6,.57xr.30 ^„, ^*'«''-v«i Caj.ital. 1^-11 xr.30 ^^5 do "^~" '''•^' 294.11 xr.30 ^~= 207.10 118.16 X 7.30 202.17x7.30 10 - 147.58 mi ^" ■= J 47 58 «ott ^d n lir,f '^'^ ''"^''^'or, Orel i'd L:;??^'"' ««'«^^- ^hafYs 8^5 "f ;,^-^^'oivean 240 LA FRANCE PRE VOYANTE— (PROVIDENT FRANCE). A civil, philanthropic and national retiring pension society, founded in Paris, Ist Januai-y, 188s At the end of a year, his expulsion will be proposed by the office at the general assembly. He may be readmitted, but the time preceding his being expelled will not be calculated for his pent^ion. VI. — RKiHTS. Art. 10. All members having belonged to the Society for twenty years, have the right to share in the whole amount of interest belonging to the Society, during the preceding year. This division is made every thiee nonths, according to the inventory for the 31st of December, of the following j-ear. Art. 20. Pensions begin on the tirst of .January. Pensioners are not exempt from i)aj-ment ot their monthly subscription. Art. 21. Should a pensioner die, his pension for that year will be paid to his heirs or persons named l>y the deceased member. Art. 22. The Society recognizes no alienation of the pension, it being paid to the heir on receipt of a discharge. Pensioners who reside in the provinces should every January send a certificate of life. Art. 23. The parents of a deceased member, have no recourse against the Societj'. The amounts paid by him belong to the Society. Art. 24. If after five years membership, a memlter is atHicted by a chronic sick- ness, which prevents him tVom working and from paying his subscription, he may demand his support from the Society's funds. After twenty years' membership he is pensioned. Art. 25. A member sutfering from sickness may demand a suspension of his subscription. The time thus lost does not count for the pension, unless the member pays all ari'ears. It is understood that a fine may be imposed. The same rule follows for a member called to serve his country. The officers decides all K'quests for suspension. • General Rules. Art. 26. The Society can only be dissolved on a unanimous vote of the whole number of members belonging to the society. In the event of dissolution the funds will be paid by order of the general assembh' convoked for that purpose, the funds of Society whose object approaches most that of our own Society. Art. 27. No change can be made in the object, and in the fundamental articles of these present statutes, nor to articles 10 and li>. Art. 28. All political and religious discussions are interdicted. Art. 29. The undersigned subscribers to the articles above set forth, declare their submisfiion to the decisions ari'ived at by the general assembly, either in the interpretation of the said statutes or in cases not provided for. On the 1st of August, 1889, this Association founded in 1880, had established in France 517 sections, comprising 94,448 members, and was possessed of a capital of $598,(385. COMMERCIAL PEOYIDENT SOCIETY. RETIIUNa FUND. For Employees of both Sexes employed in Commercial Business under the yeneral name of Dry Goods and industries belonging to it. [Founded in Paris in 1880.] Object. — The object of the Society is to assure its participating members, a retiring pension proportioned to their subscription, and the amount of the business funds of the Society, in accordance with the method of liquidation established by means of retrulating tables whose use is ruled by articles 42,43 and 44 of the statutes, {See pages 256, 258, 259, 260.) 20— 16 J 244 >f i. Composition. — The Society Ih composed of lionorary membcrH, participiiting momberH, and pensioned members. Admittance. — All employees of both sexes may beloii^f to the Society as partici- pating members, in whatever branch of commerce they may bo employed, included under the general name of . 1 ^ x> _i « J*;=3'=S23;gs2Sy=552g s 1 '3 CO 1 It ■%.' ^' jv » 3 I; t3 r- H *-' .^ '-5 il !"-« S i f 1^ " r;?f^tS^'2SJf'3SSU'i'.?'3£^ §f 1 rH 1 E •S ■^ ^ «j S -3 ."-' " ?i 5 -5 1 iA = z S S 5 ?! ? •T '!• 4> i ,£ liliilliisf ?iiilu5!^ X 1^ ^ rH ^- CO 3 1 1-H CO :S? 3 o g5l!?S?f??1^5? ®K :r: n ' i c ^ g s ss i ■♦-» 1—* -- ^-^' ^- :o' 1 .52? X T ' g*. 1 .£ -5 « ? Sir;f?.i^^ ' = K?1?3 ? U « i >& L-f -^ 1-1 ri •)> i^ I- 1- -Z -r 1 - 1 - :-: i i.-i ?. V 2z u 1- i-H „ „ ^--.o' I- s u " ?i3SiS3?22JSS3.-ri3gZJl;:«2ig 5 ' rH X Y, '*? M --c \: Ti 1- X -r ?i — . -M c; 1-H i- •m x — *^ "S * i? A 3 5 ?![: S ?i ?; i' S 3 ^1 'x y ?, S Vl ^ 4-> s X CO (-■ rH i>i cf r: r r^: ?{ r-' r 1 n *::' x jc -f -r -^'■ !t r 5 ;,-. O s Tl 5 pi, -M ^ - ,__• ■■7; -, 'J -w u* u x^^-zS?iJ?31^ :S.-i5$;-'s 2? 3 z. c 2 t ^ dli^Sis^ii^ggiiEsi! 5 1 u Z •^ rH M «■ M ? r »' i.'f l-T -.S l-T C' t^ ;; S ^.f O' 5)" 1 CC z S^ u 1-4 tHi-l)HlA 1 ; -r \^ 1 ; - -T ':i o — ^^ X 1* ^11-. -*• 1* ** c r^ f — r: u o o t- CI ir: 1 . 1,-. ri -r ti Z -r c -t 1 - -r j5 i ■i2 u SO i f Ti 1 - r. ;c N 1 - — -^ X -^ 1-. X ^: M -^ t; Ti X 1 - « X -H ■- — i? -r 1 - r. -^ •-: i-r — 1 i xi-~^c:_^=i-5rni- - — — i^-r:^ X 'P z - ^ o' ;3' —'■.-' cT (m" i-T m' -' n' -' T r -f •-■ r:' c ■^ .E f-t p- _ ' rH ri rH r- 1— . ^^ r -rj _-) ? i^ « »2?;-x?,g :3?3i^5.i?5235?.5 7^ X S := o i* ^ ?) « C. X — 1* * ^ -f 1* 1 '. C. -^ -f u fS 1 '-i M T '■• — ^ 1 - - ^ - X '-i -»• -«' C =i^'* o Ti i X X — ~. -- '•^ X -^ S 1— r: i s ^ OS rH n -f i.-f L-' x' i" r:" -4;' ^" T r -f K t' -!■' ^' x' 1 u' 1- 5 5 y. 5 1 1 cj r^sr-issszs :?i?s;-e?-?i'3 s 1 *n c3 r- • c 1 '5 'x 1:^ ?i J? li .? 5-! !■;? 5! 1 ?. 2 r. 5 tG c -^ X ^ -^ i^ r: Ti i^ -j: c. 5 x r. ?: 1* w i 1 1 O 38 1- 1 V X i5 ^ rH ecu* -^'cTccccp rTp'i-'iCirf c'l-tr^t- ^ r^ ?i ?) ?l ri Tl Tl ^J rH *1 X I- 1" 1 ^ ^ r-* 1— < -t i^ 7Z 1^ ^^ ;« 5 1 .1 '. *S ^ -^3::= y y. 1-1 ^ C ^ o ? ^ ?* Cl-i Is B o ? ? r • S c i ■f. .^ -4^ s x > 3 3 -2 «SJ ^ J: *-fj "i ;: 13 O < i = o 1 -s 1 '5j < c e; i5^ o li _X •- H •/ , "^ H E. ^. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i .! 1 1 H g »-' 7-1 ?5 s 'H '^ ^y s s 9. « p. p. 3S 1 C 246 mi BA8IH OF THE RETIRING FUND. EXTRACT FROM THE STATUTES. Art. 42. parts. Tho rotirint? pension of each participiitinj;^ moinltor confiists of two Fixed Jtent and Variable Rents. Tho fixi'il Kent represents tho intoi(>st nnd tho fiindini; of tlie cjijjitul, formed by the monthly suhscrintioiiH of the mcmliorM, by tlie inloroKt and by the dentli risk, in accor(hince with tallies A, \\, C, annoxeii to (ho nrosont stulntos. The capital necessary lo tho formation of tho tixod rent, coming to ea(di active or retired moniher, is calculateil from tabios A, B, C, to the 3l8t December of each year, and forms tiio ordinary capital; tho excess, constitutes the capital oxtra- oi'dinary. Tiie variable Kent is to tiio amount of fixed rent on table A what tho capital extraordinary is to ordinary cajjital. The fixed Rent is proportioned to the number of siiaros of each member. The variable Kent is equally divided among all tho members, whatever may bo the number of their shares. Art. 43. A member having a right to i-etiro may, if he choose, postpone from year to year the liquidation of tho pension part, in order to increase the amount according to table B. Tho variable part of tl o ])eiision may not bo postponed. Art. 44. Tho retiring pension may bo liquidated befoi-o tho ago determined by the statutes, but after two years at least of membership in the Society, for the bonetit of those participating members, who may have mot with serious accidents, or incurable intirmities, incapacitating the mcmboi's for woi'k, and which have occurred since their admittance to the Society. For any member retiring under those circumstances, the fixed Rent granted is liquidated, in proportions to the payments made according to tables A and C; tho variable Rent is jiaid entire as though he hadattained the statutory ago of a pension. ;s? 247 METIIMO OK LKiUIUATtdN h'nit I'ENSKlN. Tahi.k a * EHtaliliHln'il for tho applicntioii of Articles 42 and 43 of tlio StiitiitoH. Auk ok tmk Mkmiikr at rriK timk ok his Admiitanck. ( 21 YfBi-H, Vivliii' fi'diii yi-ivr to year of tlic |ir 37 ;« 3!l 40 41 42 43 44 Amount of fixed rent at the age of 45 YearH, * We have deemed it unnec(!H»ary to publish in full Tabl the ]iro|)ortioii<'(l value of the fixed rent for each year, fn'iii " Over 35 years of age, members l)eiug l)y statute (•nnsi( * Over 3;) years of age, members oenig l)y statute eniisKlered as admitted at that age, the rents are the Name as for 35 years aud are determined according to years of membersiiip 20 Yearn. 25 Years. •M) Years. 35Yrs.»» ',m 8 8 8 HI! 1 25ii 1 1 72i| 2 22J 2 75 M\ 1 20\ 1 HC. 2 'Mi 3 -Mi 4 Hi 4 !«; 5 H7s 3 31 J 3 'M)i 4 54 J 5 23 5 il5^ fj 72 ■■■■_ 928' 1 i'li! ••J !'7)l 7 .5.5A S 43'^ ,S4!. 7 Mo; 4 10? !l 3!l 5 31, i 10 40? 02 c. t;i ,♦ 1 (i7 11 ■ix\ 10 21;? M mt, 3 4(1, > 1 12 (Mi^ 11 51 ;^ '•» 51;? 5 3!ii 1 13 !t2.5 12 !M)i 11 12;? 7 4(ii! ! 15 2!tJ 14 40* 12 «7J ii 708 j Ki 7«^ l)i 02J 14 75 i 12 12il IH .-C);^ 17 7«^ K! 7H,{ 14 73 J 20 07 111 (i7:^ IH !W!, 17 5(i 21 !»4S 21 74 21 37iS 20 Ki* 24 00 1 24 00 24 00 24 00 e A published by the Association wliicii gives .'0 to 25 years of age, (•red as admitted at that age, tiie amount of 213 TAItLE B. TliiH (alilc, wliich in ari:in;^o(l from tlio first, year for rotlrin^. 45 yours, lo Ci't yoiiin incliiHivo, lixoH froni your t<» your, calculating tmm tlio coHsation of paymont of tlio ironthly HuhHCi-iption, tho iiicioaHO acqtiirod \>y tho jioslponoinciit of tlio jKiriotl lor I he oiijoyrnoiil of the //,((•(/ rent. LdWCHt Affll of tl... liOVVI'Ht NuilltxT cif Yi'iirM iif X\iinl)<'r of Yfiirtt of Vint- |K>11 t of Ki' t. IiR'i'iaxi' |M'r 8 of till' Aiiiuiiiit of Cluiiimnt. Mi'iiibfiNliip. Ac(|uiri'(l Kent. Fixed Kent. « CtH. 9 cts. Yt'iirM -45 ycaiH. 10 yi'iiiN. 21 01) 40 years. 11 yciiiH. 1 year. (Ml!f_' 25 00 47 - 12 - 2 years. 1 17:> 27 54 48 — 13 - 3 - LMlTi 29 58 46 — 14 -- 4 — 'MM 31 80 60 — 15 - 1 6 - 4258 34 22 51 yean). 10 vi'arH. yeai-s. r)3!ll .30 94 5U - 17 - (i( !:.'"> .'{9 '.Nl 53 - 18 - 8 — (» 7'.'h:< 43 10 64 — 19 — 9 — (1 UM 40 78 56 — 20 — 10 - 1 11 ill .50 «(i 5fl years. 21 years. 11 vt'nv 1 3041 55 30 57 - 22 - 12 - 1 5100 (10 40 58 - 23 — 13 - 1 75;« 00 OH 69 — 24 - 14 2 Ol,S3 72 M (JO - 26 — 15 — 3 320H 79 70 (51 years. 2(i ycarH. 10 years. 2 o:.!ii 87 82 (i2 - 27 - 17 -- 3 (MtiO 97 12 (a - 28 — 18 -- 3 4900 107 92 04 — 211 — 19 — 4 0100 12tl 24 05 — and over. 30 - 20 — and over. 4 0007 134 50 249 TAHI.E 0. Tliirt ital for a Caiiital of «l.(N). for Kent of *1.(H). (") W 1 » e. « 0. 21 yi-aw. 1) i>.">L'H IS o:«M 22 - (rai IH KVM 23 - oi-)3;< 18 7017 24 - 05;«i 18 or)«7 25 — 054U 18 5186 W yearn. 0543 18 4102 •27 - 0547 18 2815 28 - 0551 18 1488 21) - 055« 17 0M.-)0 30 — 0501 17 82M 31 yeaw. orrfio 17 mi78 82 - ():.7i 17 5131 33 — ii,-)77 17 ;«io 34 - o:ih;< 17 l.'')27 38 - l).'i(W 88 — (m;ii! 10 ;«oo 39 — (Hil'O l(i 1200 40 — 0020 15 8083 41 yenrH. (h;:w 15 (i740 42 — (Nits 15 4321 43 — OC.'iS 1.-) i!)7r. 44 — 1) INiOO 14 0»77 45 — IMIHI 14 (^43 48 9 0171 H 08H1 .3542 0192 0!I23 0622 7.340 4207 1237 5 8.309 5 5432 5 2087 5 (K)25 4 7101 4 .■)(K(5 4 2020 i o:«71 3 8212 3 0179 3 4270 3 2510 3 OiH)2 2 0438 2 8121 2 0911 2 6780 2 4079 2 3557 2 2351 2 1084 1 '.MI5H 8113 (i.300 1 las 1050 (HNH) The variable rent is to the amount of fixed rent inscribed on the table (824) what the capital extraordinary ie to ordinary capital. Thus, according to the situation on December 21st, 1888 : 24 X 32,0.53 The variable rent was=:- 43.26. S(239,973 Whence comes the following rule for establishing the variable rent of any calculation : Multiply the amount of fixed rent on tablo A by the capital extraordinary and divide the product by the ordinary capitiil. 250 (5 4 Extract from the Statutes. Art. 15. — Any member who is throe months in arrears, forfeits all his rights, and liis subscriptions revert to the Society. He may be exempted, by the Council of Administrfition, from the application of this article on his producing justifying reasons I'or the delay in his payments, which will prove it to have been caused by circum- stances beyond his control. In such a case the member can recover his rights to the benefits of the Society, on payment of the subscriptions in arrears, on each of which he will be charged $0.02 interest per month and per share, and that dating from the first month. The delay grantc(l must not exceed one year. Art. 20. — The council of administration can expel a member. Isi. For bad conduct. 2nd. For injuiy, wilfully done to the interest of the Society. BROTHEELY ASSOCIATION OF THE EMPLOYEES ON RAILWAYS. FRENCH FREE RETIRING AND AID FUND, FOUNDED IN 1880. The object of this Association is : — Ist. To ensure to its members a revertible retiring pension to the surviving hus;>ar.d or wife, in case of the decease of one or other, and to the orphans or v.'idowed mother of deceased member. 2nd. To provide eventual aid to be assessed on special funds. The Society gives no assistance for want of work. It iy necessiiry, in order to become a certified member, to bo at least eighteen y ars of age — i.nd forty-five years at the most; to be regularly emjilo^'ed by some railway company, in the capacity eithei' of employee or workman. The entrance fee is 80.60. Members pay a monthly subscription to the retiring fund, varying in amount from $0.20 to $2.00 at will ; and to the aid fund a sub.scription equal to 10 per cent, of the retiring fund subscription, until the minimum amount of $0.10 per month is attained. Extract from the statutes. Art. 2. — There is opened for each member an account to order, which shall serve as a basis for the settlement of pensions or repayments, and for the division of the business capital in case of dissolution. There are carried to the credit of this account . — 1st. All the paj'ments maile by the members. 2nd. All dividends given to order of each member at the division made every year at the end of the term. The division is made in the following manner : — 1st. Per member ; deduction made of the general expenses; of legacies given ; subscriptions of honorary members, and the revenues of any valuables owned by the association. 2ud. Pro rata the amount of individual accounts for the revenue of the goo^s and valuables of the Association, and for sums acquired by the death, resignation, dismissal or exclusion of members, deduction being made of subscription of re- Jiumitted members. Art. 12. The dividend is composed of: 1st. The subscriptions of honorary members, of gifts destined for this special purpose. 2nd. Of interest on capital paid for retiring fund. 3rd. The proceeds from resignations, dismissals, exclusion and death. 4th. Proceeds of fines. Art 13. The retiring fund consists of: 251 Ist. A penHion, based on the rights of the member, and a premium of a sinking fund, proportioned to the age at which tlie member is to retire, taking as a basis for the probable duration of life, an average between the Duvillard and the Deparcieux tables, antl reserving one-fifth of the -apital for the claimants to the reversion. 2nd. Tlie annual dividends. Art. 14. Any founder member, or certified member, has a right to retire after he is 50 years of age, and if he has, at the least, paid five years subscription, if he post- pones his right to retire, he is free to continue or discontinue his payments. In the latter case, his amount is increased by the yearly dividend, and when his pension is settled his retiring pension is calculated from the account thus accrued. Art. 15. The retiring pension may bo settled before 50 years of age, but after five years' membership in the Association for the benefit of members afflicted by wounds or infirmities incaj)acitating from work. The member retiring under such circum- stances may have carried to his accounts, by giving them up to the Association, all the amounts he may havo received because of utter incapacity to work, and in that case his retiring pension will be calculated by taking into account the amounts so accrued to it. Art. 16. In the event of the death of a member, receiving a retiring pension, or having a right to it, the surviving wife, not divorced nor separated as to body from her late husband, or in default, the orphans to the age of eighteen, have a right to a pen- sion equal in value to htilf the pension, that would have been paid the member. If the latter be a bachelor or childless widower, his widowed mother, if dojiendent on him foi- her support, luis a right to the same advantages. Art. 17. In the event of a member's death after five yoar's payments to the Asso- ciation, the jjcrsons mentioned in the preceding article, may choose between being paid half the amount of subsci-iptions paid to the retiring fund by the deceased mem- ber, and a jiension i)roportioned to half the amount of his account. Art. 18. After settlement for retiring pension, the amount due the member is no longer subject to increase from the dividends. Art. 22. The rights of membership are lost : Ist. By resignation. 2nd. liy dismissal by order of the Council of Administration for default of pay. ment of twelve consecutive months' subscription ; 3rd. By being expelled for grave causes by the general assembly of delegates, on proposition of a commission of fifteen members taken in turn by order of entrance in the matriculation-book of the section to which the member belongs. Art. 23. Neither re8i";nation, dismissal nor exclusion give a I'ight to the repay- ment of any sum. Art 2. Of the rules of the interior. Founder members and certified members who Gave left the service of railway companies, may remain members by continuing their monthly payments. The aid fund has no peculiarity to be noted. On the 30th of September, 1888, the net funds of the Association were $1,000,000. The subscriptions for 1888 were $1^*0,000 and the interest on the capital in tlie fund was 827,000. The Association at that date numbered 53,230 actual members, and 305 honorary members. 252 V J ; < 1-3 C Pi C4 Z O « &< -^ Ed H ^, 'r' 'k?; < o 1— I r/j ^ ^ ca W H Oh O M U H sss S5S :S3 S?i s? ej S ■»■ ^ "tt '^ '!^ 'C 'S "^ O "7 '^ »^ '*'« '^ « ^ "^ ^ O 'O ^ 'C ^ 'C '-t w » ^ '-T '.'^ ~ IC ^ 'C 'C J^ ^ — C '."^ 'ft » 'C 'ft — 'O ^5'?S<3S12!8i3S-5S2'55'5-5^SSS3B5S.75SS'5T^3'.S$?.S;S?,§g?,S2S5 :-2i:i?!^iS5'55:2li:^y.l?^'4ig?J5'^?.S OlfOlOXC'll-TI ZJ?:3 ri-Mrii:*''^'-Z'i*l!2^"':t-"' '^'^'*' — '-5 • ' r- J o I ?T -*■ ^^ r I r- c 5: c; 00 1 - 1-- '^ :o ut » c -»■ -r -r rc rc f » fi c I yi i-i I— ' I-" i-i 00 '.- r* ^ 00 ■^lOiO^ ^ '-t 'O'C C: 'C^ 2 ^ w 2 '■'5 Q ^ "^ — 'ft C '* 'O'-i W-i~cf.^: ;55;3.^§i2^5'^ ^ '^ 1- O^ C5 i-i « t5 175 S ?5 S ri S ;=H I , w 51 c: 5i i^ iT? 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S s S g n g Jx ?-H 9& le !2 55 £ i^ S <- i i !n S 1 1 1 5 i 1- 'A i 3; 55 *ri !S TK S S g s s. £ s .3 g 5 •TC g i g g 3 ■v t. P3 e "^ i [2 I- Lr iS 1— ' i 1* 1- I" X I— » f 55 i i rH CC i o « (U •*-» tfi Cr< •s s 10 8 lis Si g ^ x Ci X s t~ g f^ s S s g _C ^ ^ bo a > i i 1 i IS 55 1^' ft 1^ lU «9 1-H s S i« S s i~ s i g S 8 g g rH ?, I-H S 03 o ^■i i 1* i t ^ 1— t 'i ^1 rH i fl fi 5: fi fi e shar nuaiy X IS s ^1 1-5 S g s s X X r-t s g -I- rH rH s o K i?^ s jr2 ^ ^ t 55 55 S *i Vi !i-i ft %\ Fi B •r-l Eh or fii 1st J "i S M s g ? ir S m ^ !0 3 as T— 1 i ^ t- ■^ "f e«J ci ^ « s i-i e^ c^ 1^1 ft rH rH rH i 10 '■i n i 1 55 i-l g -r i-H rH f^ >. J^ o If g g ' M ^ 2 S 134 35 124 Si t— 1 'c? g X g IS I- g g in g if? i? g iS -r ^ ?? : 1? ? 71 t-l 1 1 ^■ !2 g g L2 *s g s s 3 IS i—t 12 8 -J g \f, 1 ?] - — : S 3 g I- IS I- o l- 3 '$ i g ^ g 5S. 1? 5i Ji g ?i : 1 2 IS g o 8 g g g g ?5 l2 g IS g 1-H * - 3 S i 'A S 18 s IS g g g 51 : : 5¥ ': ?^ 1? s ^ g ^ is g ? •r 2S 25 1 IS if 5 8 5 »* s ,-1 1* 2.36 To calciilato the retiring ponsion of membors according to their ago at the time of their admittance to the Society, the ago at which thoy intend to retire, and the numljer ot siiarcH they have paid annually, it in only necessary to multiply the cor- responding figure of the scale by the number of Bhares paid, and then divide the product by 5. Ago of member at lime Dt'iiclniittance. 14 years 20 years 40 years Alto on rutirinK. 65 years 50 years 55 years EXAMI'LES. Amiiiiiit of ]>onsion tor 1 share. 1,440.95 5 i2i).(;o 5 (14 = S288.19 = S 25.92 Amount of pension for .'J sliiiros. 1440,05 X 3 S8G4.07 120.00 X 3 5 64x3 = $ 11.1G — 8 12.80 = 6 38.40 GENERAL EETIRING FUND. SOCIETY FOR MUTUAL SAVINGS, PARIS.* The General Retiring Fund was established in order to afford its members, by means of collective savings, a special resource for certain stated perioils. By moans of small sums paid monthly to the business fund, civil and military emiiloyees, and even members of the clergy, are afforded an opportunity of increas- ing their retiring pension. Jt puts commercial and industrial employees in the way of securing a pension, and affords a means by which fathers may dower their children. Each member sub- scribes a certain sum, the amount of which is determined by himself, as is also the time at which he desires to have his account to be settled, in order to enjoy the fruits of his economy'. The business fund is made up of subscriptions which may, at the subscriber's pleasure, be made annually, quarterly or monthly. The amounts are payable at the residence of the subscriber, and a receipt given which bears the signatui'o of the director of the society, and is detachable from the register. After the first year, the subscriber may cease or suspend his payments when- ever ho may choose, without thereby losing his rights in the Society. His contract, on the contrary, presei-ves its entire value, and he continues to share in the benefits of the Society, in proportion to the sums he has paid. An amount of 5 per cent, is assessed on the first payments made by each sub- scriber, for the purpose of meeting the expenses of management. All amounts paid afterwards by the subscribers are immediately invested in State rents. The I'onts bought are nominative. They are entei-ed in the name of the Society, which cannot sell them, but only transfer them, wiien the account is settled, to the members to whom they belong, anil the lattei' alone can dispose of them, Eveiy member has alwaj's the light to demand from headquarters a statement of the use made of the sums paid. This manner of doing business oflers complete security since, even supposing the agent to be dishonest, there can be no danger of the title to a nominative rent being stolen. Arrears of rent belonging to the Society are immediately invested in the pur- chase of nominative obligations of the Credit Foncier do France, or of the City of Paris, the revenues ot wliich are again used in the purchase of other mortgages, by which means, interest is capitalized from day to day. *Notice of the Society. 257 These obligations i sums to the business fund, sub- bd in [ioty, the lent bsing" rent |pur- of r in the drawing of valuable lots, may bring important wnich are to be immediately invested in State rents, to bo divided among the members in proportion to their rights in the Society. At the date fixed by the member for entering into the enjoyment of the fruits of his savings, his account is settled, and the rents that have been purchased with the funds he has paid in, and it may be, with his share in the proceeils of the lota awarded to the Society in the numerous drawings of the Credit Foncier'sol)ligationH and those of the City of Paris, plus his proportioned share in the obligations pur- chased by the Society with capitalized interest. Example: M. X , «iged 25, subscribes $480 to the General Kotiring Fund, the payments to be made monthly in sums of $2. At tho beginning of each month, he will bo presented by the Society with a receipt for 02, which amount, joined to the amount paid by the other mem- bers, is invested in State rents. The interest of these rents is capitalized every three months, and is used to purchase obligations, as has been stated. At 45 years of age Mens. X will have completed the amount of his subscrip- tions ; his account will h'j settled and he will find to his credit: — 1st. The $480 paid, less 824 for his contributi(m to the cost of management, leaving 6450. 2nd. The compound interest produced by this amount during its investment, and, it may be, his proportionate share in the lots which may havo been drawn by the Society in the many drawings of the Credit Fonder de France and City of Paris obligations. We will admit that the whole amounts to $800. And it is to bo noted that the figures ma}' be considerably larger if the Society be in the least lucky at the draw- ings, but in order to avoid being accused of exaggeration, we prefer to calculate on $800 only. Mons. X can dispose of this capital which has been unnoticeably created, and make use of it to settle a child in business, to stock a shop, ko.., &c., or lie may buy an annuity with it, which will be paid him every three months. The amount of this annuity will be greater the later he begins to draw it. Thus according to the last taritfs published by the deposit and investment fund, it will amount to $80.88 per annum if he begins to receive it at 50 years of ago, to $121.52 if it is received at 55 years of age, to $11)2.24 at 60 years, and to $322.40 at 65 years of age. Wo may add that in the event of the subscriber dying before the period fixed upfm for the settlement of his account, his account will bo immediately settled and the whole amount paid to his heirs or assigns. This liquidation may be etfected even during his lifetime if, from an}^ accident ()r the results of a serious illness, he be incapacitated for work in his profession. To sum up, the amounts paid by the members are invested in nominative State rents, thus guaranteeing perfect security against loss whatever msiy occur; they are paid back with the addition of profits at the time fixed upon by the subscriber hini- sulf, or sooner, in cases of sickness or infirmity. All reverts to the family in case of disease before the period named for settlement. Consequently no loss is possible. The Society is gratuitously nuxnaged by a Council named by the general assembly of the members. The Council, .at the close of the year, gives to the members convoked fortius purpose, in CTcneral Assembly, an account of their management. The transactions are under the control of two commissioners, also named by the Assembly of members, who each year at the Assemlily give a report on the state of the Society, on the balance-sheet and the accounts presented by the management. Every half year the Council of Administration or Management gives a detailed statement of the condition of the Society; likewise on the 31st of December of each year it establishes an inventory and a detailed statement of receipts and expenses. These documents ai e shown to any member who requests to see them, at the Society's offices.* * On October 31flt, 1888, liie amount of subscriptions was $419,928.00. 20—17 258 aOCI lOTY FOR OLD AGE, CALLED THE SOCIETY OF THE WJIEELWRKiHTS AND BLACKSMITHS OF THE CITY OF PARIS. (FOUNDED IN 1824.) This Sc ioty, " La Vicillesse," onnures for Huch of its membcrH aa are GO years of ago, and who have paid their HubHcription during tifteon yearw, an annual ponsion, the ainount of which was tixod, in 1871, at 50 per cent, of the amount of subscrip- tions paid. A mombor joining the Society when ho is 30 years of ago, and paying a sub- scription of 80.02 per day, wlion lie is (JO receives an annual pension of S108. All porsons, without distinction of sex or of trade, are admitted into the Society'; children are also admitted, thoir |)areritB becoming pecuniarily resijonsible for thorn until they have attained thoir majority. The cost '^*' admittance is $1.00 to 40 years, of age, and $2.00 after 40 years. The suliscription is fixed at $0.G0 per quarter. Each memlicr has a right to more than one subscription, four heinjy the maximum. When a member has been six quarters in arrears with bis subscription, be is warned that his dismissal will be proposed at tho next general assembly, if he does not pay all or part before the meeting is hold. The resignation, dismissal or exclusion (for grave causes or for injury wilfullj'^ done the Society) of a member, gives no claim to reimbursement. On .lamiary 1st, 1S89, the membership of this Association was 2.317, and in 1888 had paid 190 pensions, amounting to $10,605. Its capital was $140,000 on April Isi. 1880. LE GRAIN DE BL^ (THE GRAIN OF WHEAT.) Retiring Fund established in Paris in 1883. Object. — Tho objcci of the Society, is to establish a fund for annuities or retiring pensions. Art. 3. Tho Society is divided into two classes : Honorary members and parti- cipating members. Art. 4. To become a participating member it is necessary to be at least 21 years of age, and to be pi-esented bj- two members. Any woman of 18 years of ago may bo admitted on being presented by her hus- band, or her tutor, if he be a member of the Society. Children from three years of age will bo admitted (as wards of the Society until they are 21 years of age, without distinction of sex, having the same rights and the same obligations). They must be presented by their father, tutor or tutrix, it not being obligatory that the latter should belong to the Society. The subscripti(jn to be paid during membership is fixed at $120 for men aiul children of both sexes, and at $80 or $120 for women, according to the agreement made when they weie admitted. The payments are to bo made in accordance with the tables annexed to the present statutes. (See pages 272 and 273). Members must pay $1 enti'ance fee. Art. 6. Any delay in the payment of the subscription entails a fine of $0.05 per month ; the fine is $0.02 for wards. A participating member refusing to pay tho fines imposed ceases to belong to the society, unless the General Assembly decides otherwise. Besides tho amount of their subscription all members are bound to pay annually a sum of $0.20 to cover the general expenses of tho Society; wards pay $0.10 to 21 years of age. Art. 8. Dismissal of members will be proposed by the Council of Administratidii to the General Assembly, which will decide against members who have ceased to pay their subscription during a period of one year. Dismissal for causes above mentioned may be annulled if the member pays all overdue subscriptions in full, together with tho tines incurred. Art. 9. The dismissal, resignation or exclusion of r member destroys all claim to reimbursement T 259 Art, 23. In order to have a right to the retiring' fund it is necessary to have boloiigod to the Society during Hftoon years at least, and to bo 50 years old. 'IMio amount of (he penHion is set tied every year hy the General As.seinltly on proposition of the Council ; it is of equal amount for memberH of both sexes who have paid 6120 ; it is § of the amount for women who have paid ^80. Example: If a man has 8(50, the woman (wh(» has ])aid ^^^O) will receive an annual pension of giO. A female participating member whose deceasoil iiusband had duiinghis lifotimo belonged to the Society during a period of ten years, and wiioso subscriptions were fully paid, will bo given an increase of I of her jiensiim when it is settled. PEOPORTIONKD SURSCRIPTIOXS, 8120. ('HIIJ)l!i:.N. Ages. Months to 3 years. 504 4 — 5 — 552 540 528 51G <) — 10 Amounts. Partial total. j (10 1 108 8(( 72 168 120 iiio.H. at .^O.O") 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.20 (W !H) 12 108 166 120 i 48 I «■! I 24 108 ;150 120 m 72 3(i 108 156 120 504 492 72 108 im 120 480 48 48 84 180 120 20— ITJ 8 CtH. .s.oo 10.80 5.40 18.00 58.80 24.00 (ien- pral total. 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.05 0.20 o.or. 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.20 3.00 9.(10 1.80 27.00 54.(i0 24.00 2.40 8.40 3.00 27.00 54.60 24,00 0.05 1.80 0.10 7.20 0.15 5.40 0.25 27.00 0.35 54.00 0.20 24.00 24 0.05 1.20 48 0.10 6.00 00 0.15 7.20 108 0.25 27.00 150 0.35 54.()() 120 0.20 24.00 12 0.05 0.60 48 0.10 4.80 60 0.15 9.00 108 0.25 27.00 156 0.35 54.60 120 0.20 24.00 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.20 3.(i0 10.80 27.00 54.60 24.00 4.80 7.20 21.00 63.00 24.00 ! 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 Ages. 11 JTH. 12 13 MontliH to pay. Anioiints. 408 36 48 I 72 192 120 4.56 I 24 J48 ; 60 204 120 444 3(} 24 36 228 120 14 15 — 120 10 17 — 18 432 48 36 228 120 420 24 I 42 234 120 408 I 96 ;i92 120 72 396 204 120 384 19 — 20 — I 24 372 228 120 360 240 120 at 80.10 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.25 O.3.") 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.3i"j 0.20 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.20 0.15 0.25 0.36 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.20 Partial total. 8 cts. 3.m 7.20 18.00 07.20 24.00 (Jt'ii- • •ral total . 2.40 7.20 15.(M) 71.40 24.00 3.00 3.(i0 9.00 79.80 24.00 7.20 9.(NI 79.80 24.00 3.(!0 10.50 81.90 24.00 19.20 76.80 24.0(J 0.20 0.40 0.20 48 0.20 216 0.40 120 0.20 14.40 81.00 24.00 9.60 86.40 24.00 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.20 4.80 91.20 24.00 96.00 24. (X) 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 260 PROPORTIONAL ASSKHSMEXTS, »120. Mkn anu Womkn. PROPORTIONAL ASSEISMKNTS, «t80. Womkn. Ages. Months to be paid. Suiim. Partial total. Gen- eral, total. Ages. 21 years. MonthB to be paid. StiniH. Partial total. (len- cral total. 21 yearn. 848 2ft2immtlmiU«0.40 90 0.20 $ ct». 100.80 19.20 • 120 348 52 niuntliM at «I0.40 293 0.20 8 CtH. 20.80 59.20 t 80 22 - O.W. 204 0.40 AM) -jj „^,y 105.(M) 14.40 120 22 - OQ,. i 04 0.40 *^' j272 0.20 25.00 .54.40 80 23 - 324 270 0.40 48 0.20 110.40 9.00 120 23 — 324 70 0.40 248 0.20 .SO. 40 49.00 80 24 — 1 312 28(; 0.40 115.20 24 0.20 4.80 120 24 - 312 88 0.40 224 0.20 35.20 44.80 ■ 80 25 — 300 300 0.40 120 28- ^. UK) 0.10 ^"' 200 0.20 40. (M) 40.00 80 2(5 - 288 24 0.00 ! 14.40 1(!4 0.40 1 105. (W 120 20 — 000 |112 0.40 "'*' 170 0.20 44.80 35.20 80 27 - 270 48 0.00 228 0.40 28.80 91.20 120 27 — 27fi i^24 0.40 ^'" 152 0.20 49. (M) 30.40 80 ou ^p, 72 (».(H> 1 43.20 120 28 — „,., 130 0.40 ■ .54,40 -'••* !l28 0.20 1 25.00 80 ^ 1 ^^ jl5(i 0.40 j 02.40 ^^ 29- 252 148 0.40 104 0.20 .59.20 20.80 80 30 — 31 — 32 — 240 120 0.00 1 72.(H) j ,30 ' ^*^ 120 0.40 48.1M) ! ^■^ ! i 30 — 240 1(» 0.40 80 0.20 04.00 10.00 80 o.,8 !141 0.00 —'' 1 84 0.40 80.40 33.00 100.80 19.20 1 120 31 - 228 172 0.40 5(i 0.20 08.80 11.20 80 oiR KW 0.00 ^^" 1 48 0.40 120 i 1 32 — 210 184 0.40 32 0.20 73.00 ().40 80 33 — 204 192 0.00 ' 115.20 12 0.40 , 4.80 120 33 — 204 190 0.40 8 0.20 78.40 1.00 80 34 — 192 24 0.80 19.20 108 0.00 110.80 120 1 i 34 - 192 10 0.00 170 0.40 9.00 70.40 80 35 — 180 00 0.80 48.00 120 O.CK) 72.00 120 ! 1 36 — 180 40 0.00 140 0.40 24.00 .50. (X) 80 NoTK. — PersonH over 35 years of a(?e may bt'come mcinberu of the Society, but thoy have no right to a pension until after they have been 15 years in the .Society. On the Ist of January, 1889, Le Grain de BU numbered 3,10-4 members, of which 12 were honorary. The Society had in hand at that date $101,022.58. 261 MUTUAL PHOVIDENT RKTIRINPr SOCIpyTY. POUNDED AT RIIEIM8 IN 1849. This Provident Society is due to one individual only ; it is the work, the creation, of a workman name Lesage, and though its working is simple, easily applied and easily understood by all, it is nevertheless very remarkable. " Its working is comprised in a single article : ' Hvery workman who puts in a cant a day becomes a member. If ho has put in a cent a day from the age of twenty years until sixty he has the right to a I'otiring pension of 80.20 a day or 473.00 a year. A workman who is over twenty years of age may become a member by putting in the sum which he should have |»aid, had he paid day by day, with the interest capitalisd, from the ago of twenty years to the time of his entry." In this combination everything is clear and intelligible to the weakest minds.* Members have the choice of three ways foi' the payment of their assessment: Ist. Pay to the collector each week 80.08; 2nd, or pay an annual sum of ^4. 16 ; 3rd, or lastly, to deposit with the Society a sum of $100, of which the interest repre- sents the annual assessment. The members who adopt the last mode are exonerate!t 11 Sit l(i .V) 21 07 2i> 07 31 3!t 37 03 43 0,-) i 40 41 M 22 03 30 71 01 7'J 21 ; 1 34 30 37 ;w 30 4(1 41 i 42 . 43 44 IS 47 21 " ti 22 " (( '>? " (( (( 24 " 25 " 2(i " 27 " 2S " (t 2U " t( .30 " (t 31 " n ti 32 " 33 " ti .Vniixiiit t(p !)(■ paid iincntraiii'i'. Agi'. Ct8. 87 as 07 11 KM) S7 117 2(i 14S 4H irxj 27 152 82 KM) 20 180 40 105 m 211 «8 20i» .51 248 01 2(!7 77 48 yoars 40 " 5() " 51 " 52 " 5,3 " 54 " jV) " 50 " 57 " 5« " .50 " 00 " -A mount to lie paiil (lUfutrancH. $ cttt. 289 .31 312 80 3;W 1.-) .305 02 304 8;-) 428 15 403 82 .502 48 .544 42 .501 0,8 (Ml !)0 008 00 701 58 For the payment of the debt due for dirterence of ago, the council may grant the following delays : 5 years for members from 21 to 25 years of agei 10 do do 25 to 30 do 15 do do 30 to 40 do And until the age of 60 years for those over Ui years of age. The debt is thus paid by annuities and bears interest at 5 per cent. The members may double their deposits so as to obtain a pon.sion of $14G. L. Reybaud, L do 23 do ?4 do 25 do 26 do 27 do 28 do 84.80 At 29 5.28i 30 5.(J0i 31 5.044 32 0.32 33 0.72i 34 7.14i 36 years 88.17^ do 8.754 do 9.40i do 10.12 do 10.914 do ll.Sli do 12.83 do 13.984 The members of the retiring fund pay, moreover, a sum of 80.02 a month to the mutual fund for the assistance of sick members. This Association numbered 853 on tho 31st December, 1888. Its assets were at the same date 8145,618, and had paid in 1888 t^o 283 pensioners or half pensioners a sum of 86,865. the e iit ners SECTION VII. LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE, LIFE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE. In this section will bo found united, stutemont of accountn, deHcriptions, etc, of the principal insurance companies for lifo, accidents, tiro, life insurance of cattle, insurance against hail, the breaking of glass anil comiucrcial risks. All those systems being made known, it is useless to explain them. Tlie taritf and conditions of the insurance cr mpanios against accidents may bo of some interest. Unfortunately, French and Swiss premiums, including the logs^'. responsibility of the master, can in no way serve as an e.\amj)le of premiums demanded on this Continent (Kurope.) AVe must tirst note that the insurance companies against accidents only insure the workmi'n coUoctivcl^'. the premiums being paid by the inaslors. Individual insurance cannot bo contracted, except by the masters working by hand with the workmen. The ])remiums are fixed according to the risk, per day of ton hours' of work, and on so much jior cent, of wages.* FRANC K. LAW AND DECREE CONCERNIN' THE INSURANCE FUND IN CASE OF DEATH OR ACCIDENT. v^Law of the 1 Ith July, 18G8.) Creating two Funds of Insurance, one in case of death and the other in case of accidents resulting from farmiiKj or industrial works. Art. 1. It is creaied under warranty of the State: 1st, an insurance fumi, hav- ing for its object the payment, on the death of each meml)er, to his heirs or assigns, a sum to be determined on the basis fixed in Article 2 following : 2. There is another insurance fund for acciilents, the ,)bject of which is to provide annuities to insured ])ei'sons who, in the execution of their duties, either on farm or in factory are wounded to such an extent as to incapacitate them from work, and to give assistance to widows and minor cliildren of persons assured, who have died in consequence of accidents incurred in the discharge of their work. FIRST TITLE. Of the Insurance Fund in case of Death. Art. 2. The particij)ation in the insurance is acquired by the payment of a single piemium or by monthly premiums. The sum to he paid at the deatli of the insured is fixed according to the tariff, taking into account: 1st. Compound interest at 4 per cent, a yeai- on paj-monts made. 2nd. Of the death risks by reason of the age of the d(>positoi's, calculat(!il accord- Mig to the tiible of M. do Deparcieux. ;{rd. The premiums established according to the tariffs Itelow mentioned shall bo increased to (i per cent. Alt. ;{. Every insurance made within two years of the death of the insured, remains witliout effect. In such case the payment^ made are returned to the heirs, with simple interott at 4 per cent. * Till' Iiitfrniitidii.'il f'oiipffKs for liilior lU'ciilfiits liavint; rciirixliiccd hdiik of the rc|il)liga- tiuns to MoiiH. K. (Jriiner, jfcneriil Hccretiiry for tlic Con(frt<«H, for tlinHf roiMirtH-J. H. 266 Tt is tho same when t'lo doiith of tho assurod, no matter when ho may have inhiiiod, icsults iVom exceptional causes that will be net ibrth in tiie policy of insur- ance. Art. 4. The sums insured on one person cannot exceed $600. They are inalienable and unseizable to tho extent of one-half. This inalionublo and unsei/.ablo part not to be reduced, however, to less than $120. Art. 5. No one can insure under sixteen years of age nor over sixty. Art. 6. In default of payment of the annual premium within the year after it becomes due, tho contract is rescinded by tho mere fact. In such case, tho payments made, deduction being had for tlie risks incurred, are put into one sole payment, which, at his death, entails the liquidation of the capital to the protit of the insured person. The deduction is calculated on the basis of the taritf. Art. 7. Tho approved societies of municipal help, in conformitj' with the decree of the 2(ith March, 1852, are allowed to insure collectively, a list bi.ing made of the names and ages of all the members who compose them, and each member is assured a fixed sum, to be paid after death, and which in no case exceeds $200. These insurances are made for one year oidy, and according to the special tariffs taken from the general rules set forth in article 2.='^ TITLE II. % Of the Accident Insurance Fund, Art. 8. Insuran.js, in case of accidents, take place yearly. The insured pays, as he wishes, and for each year $1.50, $1.00 or $0.(JOc. Art. 1). The resources of the fund in case of accidents comprise: 1st. The amount of assessments paid by tho assured as stated above. 2nd. A subsiily from the State set forth in the annual builget, and for the first year is fixed at $200,000. 3rd. The gifts and legacies left to the fund. Art. 10. For the settlement of .annuities to be granted, the accidents must bo separated into two classes. 1st. Accidents which have been the cause of absolute incapacity for work. 2nd. Accidents which have brought on permanent incapacity to work at his trade. The ])ension8 granted for the accidents of the second class are only ono-half of the amount allowed to accidents by the first. Art. 11. The annuity for insured persons, according to the distinction in the preceding article is by the accident insurance oompanj-, followed by the capital necessary to constitute the said pension according to the tariff's of the retiring fund. For the pension in cases of accidents of the first class this capital is composed : 1st. Ofa sum equal to 320 times tho amount of the assesstnents paid by the assured. 2nd. Ofa sum equal to the preceding, and which is taken from the sources indicated in Paragrajdis 2 and 3 of Article 0. The amount of pension corres|)Oiiding to the assessments of $1, and cannot bo less than $40 for the first and $30 for the secontl. The second part of the capital above mentioned is increased soas to attain these minimums, when they are required. Art. 12. Tho assistance granted in case of death by reason of an accident to the widow of tiio insured, or if he is a bachelor or widower without children, to his father or mother, they being sixty years of age, is equal to two years' pension, to vhich they will have a right according to tho preceding article. The child or minor children, receive assistance equal to that allowed to tho widow. The assistance is paid in two annuities. Art. 13. The constituted annuities by virtue of Article 9 above mentioned are unseizable and inalienable. 41 * They can ijicrensp witli iiulividiial insnraces. 267 Art. 14. No one can insure under tho age of twelve at least. Art. 15. Public offices, industriiil establishments, railway companies, authorised societies of mutual help, may insure their workmen or members collective!}' by giving a list of their names as set forth in Article V. The municipal authorities may in the same manner insure tho companies or sub-divisions of tiremeii against the risks consequent to their employment, as regards this s]iecial employment, or to the individual trades of the workmen composing the tire brigade. Each person insured can only obtain one annuity. If, in collective insurances, several subscriptions are made for- the same person, they will be united, without tlie assessment thus formed for the liquidation of the pension, shall exceed the sum of S1.60 or $1.00 fixed by the present law. Articles 16, 17, IS and V.) of the law, as well as the decree of the 10th August, 18G8, only concerns the working of the fund and its government. IS' LIFE INSUEANCE. T.\RiPF of Premiums for Insurance of $100 payable at death. Age of the Insured. K'p to 17 years. 20 t(' 21 " 2r. to 2() »i to ai 3.') to 3(5 40 to 41 4."> to 4(i ,')0 to 51 i).") to SO One Sole Premium. AXNIAI. PaYMKNTS T(1 iiK Paiii. 5 years. .? cts. 27,558 20,(175 32,180 .35,221 3i»,.387 44,412 4!),523 ,54,81(1 .? cts. ,5,(!3G ,5,!I86 (!,448 (i,ilit4 7,t>52 S,,5(M) !l,l>70 10.819 12,016 10 years. S ct«. .3,1.52 3,352 3,015 3,024 4,288 4,800 ,5,48(1 0,2(14 6,066 15 years. S cts. 2,340 2,407 2,(105 2,024 3,100 3,(112 4,](i;< 4,757 5,410 20 vears. .? cts. 1,05(5 2,084 2,240 2,442 2,(1S3 3,o.')3 3, .551 4,1(J6 4,776 Whole Life. •S cts. 1,323 1,4.32 1 ,585 1,777 2,02<,l 2,411 2,040 3,575 4,.3()(1 PaocEEDs of an Annual Premium of $10.00. Age of the Insured. 10 to 17 years, 20 to 21 " 25 to 20 " 30 to 31 " 35 to 30 " 10 to 41 " 45 to 40 " 50 to 51 " 55 to 50 " Sum Insihki) on Payment ok SIO Paid Diiu.sc 1 year. i? cts. 38 51 30 20 3:^ 70 31 08 28 30 25 30 22 .52 20 10 18 24 5 years. 10 years. S cts. 8 cts. 177 107 155 112 130 110 103 02 83 42 On Oit 07 08 83 41 43 317 208 24 20 15 years. * cts. 270 03 254 2;« 207 182 101 84 21 05 20 18 143 50 420 4(KI 371 341 312 270 240 210 184 31 45 05 07 02 80 23 23 53 20 years. 9 cts. .511 15 170 SI 444 .50 4(( 1,485 1,401) I.SII, 8! 13, 281 147 534 4113, 2,81!), 0(K) 370 125 2.50 550 ")75 545 (J40 Year cucling ,30tli .Tune NunilxT of [jolicieH. 1878 187!) 1880 1881 1882* 1883 1884 Totals, 1, 9 -'I *) I 13, 5. !)!)1 057 274 7!)0 25!) 718 1)88 44,8!)8 Sum assured. 403,0(M) 411, (MH) fi2t),270 751,755 t)7!t,840 ;«7,285 107,210 .5, Jl, 48,737 415 *HandlxK)k of Xew Zealand, liy .Tames Heetor, M.l)., C.M.c;., F.H.S., ISSC. * In 1882 the end of the financial year was changed from the 30th .June to the 31st December. 1 t SECTIOIS^ VIII. SAVING- S. 20—18 276 CO o % M > < be o u a i-.*-3 ^•^a CO t| « S 3 ^' I 3 H S I S -il p4 -*i~* S ?1 ;-^ ^ s ^ 4 S;i S 2 S3 12 S 3 5 S S S '4 ~ S i5 S "' «» "8 I? 8 g S l~T~g~r rH I- 5 S5 -JS I- >-c fl I- * ?l -r t- « ;- s 5 -^ ^ " 01 H .: » eJ o W o o a '^ O 1 -^ 6 20—18^ ^ l! "i-i; 3 O a 9 riS!3Sg^te^;!;!3S3 2 Q >■ B s 'E 3 C I J ■S-s s« s^ •^ Q Q §«| . +* *♦- _C 3 SB J J « <» «> i-i S •* « "-I si s s ■» fj i» in 'I s in i- 'i m lA O) S fc s a - s' f. »f5 S B i S § ?. I ?i 3 S S 4-1 .-H •»• rH I g S S5 O 1-1 1> s s ?] « i s ^ in O- -4- i, rl -J< 5-1 s-i rt in X >-( « © in i 'S 2? CO ?1 CJ i~ « C5 m ■ ;5 fe § S- C5 V5 o 8* ST . 6 s f g - ^ 1 ■^3 S p^ a s § M 3 1 g B g > o .A B 3 I 270 PROVIDKNT SAVINGS BANK DBS BOUCHES-DU-RHONE * WOKKINQ OIIII.DKEN's SAVtNOS. It wnH witli Iho view of recoivin^ tho Hinall Hiiviri|jH of luborioiiH and oconoinical porHonH that tlio Siivin^H Himlc doH HouclioH-dii-Hlioiio wuh I'oiindod in 1H20; it wum, novortlioioHH, considercKl that it vv«h bonollcial to inciilcati' in cliildrcn haliitH of order and forotliou^lit ; without doiidin^ l)elwoon onthiiMiaHtM and hiCepticH it oHtaliliMlicd in 1875, tlio HchoiarH fund for the childron of both hoxch who attended tho HchooJH. Without Hec'kin/jf tho eauHCH of Iho oppOHition, shown in thiw Department anity, to tho devclo))mont of ho intereHtin;^ a part of thirt niHtitution ; without examining whether it in overlooked in eonHe(|Ueneo of the inditl'eronee of inanterH, it must ho acknowledged that it never obtained much Kueeesn, and that each year up to the end of 1887 a marked decline waw evident. Then, when other baidtH, in their annual reportu, <'hronicled tho increatse of wcholars' depoHits, the IJank dos Houches- du-IUione could only deplore tho Huiall proportion of dopoHits it received and endeavor to discover the means of remcdyiuLj this state of things. With this view it adopted, on littth Fobruary, ISi^ii, various moasures, the principle of which was to excite the emulation of masters, on whom depended its huccchs, by awardinjf each year silver medals with an indemnity of 8-0 to the lirst five masters and mistiosHOH of Marseilles on tho list, takini; into consideration the number of deposits and tho number of scholars frequent ini^ the school. . From tho first year success followed — a modest but, nevertheless, a real success was attained, and on the 21st February, 188!>, tho Couniil of Directors were able to award to three masters and two mistresses the rewards they had merited. From that date the movement hah increased ; new bank books have been taken by the children; tho older ones continued to make freiiuent deposits; schools which wore held lon^ distances from tho Savings Bank commenced to join; others remained faithful; the bank, in its turn, found itself I'cwardod for the sacrifice it had made, and which its wealth allowed it to nudce, in incidcatin^ in childron habits of economy, saving and foresight, which, without sowing in them the seeds of egotism, without stifling those generous promptings so natural to youth, taught them to make provision for the morrow. INTERVENTION ON THE QUESTION OF WORKINO.MEN's HOMES. When Henjamin Dciessert, in 1818, pointed out to the incredulous tho example of England which, twenty years before, had organized tho first of those savings banks that already spread widely with success, his contidenco was met with smiles and sneers. But already, foreseeing the future, and tilled with the thought of one day conferring new benefits on tho working class, by means of the wealth which the management of their economies in the savings banks, in large centres, must neces- sarily reali/.o, ho said : "It is to be desired that we build or annex houses where workmen or poor families may find healthy and comfortable homos." This wish did not remain fruitless. It was in England that he heard the first echo, now almost 40 years ago; it was in France, sad to relate, that ho had to wait longest for encouragement. When, from private indi-.ytry and s])ocial philanthropy, this question of tho building of healthy and convenient houses awakened the general impulses of the Savings Banks Councils, it was in a city no longer French, but which remains and will ever remain so, in heart and soul. It was in Strasbourg, in 1880, that ho first put it into practice. These men his ideas confirmed, that the reserve created by tho savings of the people, should as far as possible, be employed to improve the condition of the people, without, however, altering the security of the investment, that the true remedy for the greater number of ills is the union of the family and to unite tho family the home must be habitable. Our sister of Strasbourg, from tho first, placed a first sum of 875,000 from its reserve on immoveable property for work- men. Tho success was complete-r" none of the difficulties we feared were met with," says the report of the 17th October, 1888. •Extract of the notice on the Provident Bank des Bouches-du-Rhone. I In 1880 the Lyons Kiiiid imitaldl llio oxiimplo of llio Slrasltonr^ fund in /i;ivin|,f aitl, liy a loan of^.'IO.OOO, lo tlu» t'( rmation of a Hocicty for o^ rof^aiiJM tho disintorcwtod oliject for which it waw institiitod, and connoiincntly to ascertain tho most protitabh* iiso tiiat could ho mudo of it to tho houi^lit of honost, industrious and thrifty workmen, its true clients. Tho ("ouneil of Directors of tho Saviuf^s IJank iiiontti of May, 18.14, and at tlii' Mutiml Sclmol df ]'iiiimr.v Instruction of tfie City of At: ns tliat till' tiiHt Scliotais" .Suviii^fH Bank Wiis (H^^anizi'd and worked liy Mi'. KiaiK^ois l)ulac, (iircftoi' of tt\c scIkmiI, will) t\ lu'civcd thf idi'a aixi (lut it in force a slioi t til • after t1ie openinj,' 'f tiie Having'* liauk of tlic ^;anle city, on tiie L'Ttli May, 1><;{4. *' \Vc fnive ciiosen tliis re|M)it from othert*, not only l)ecauHe it is tiie nuwt coni|ilete, \n\t. moreover, l«r^i,Ufe tlif town of Mans is tlie liirtlililaee of tlie .Scliolarw" ISav iiijfs Hank, and tiiat it ftourislietl in tliat city forty-two years before its introduction into Knglaiid, th" first country tliat adopted the system after ance. '.^V*' ...^!"- 279 The same movemont is p^oing on in Germany and in the other countries of the north, in Ru.ssia and Poland, in Spain and in Portugal. Tiio Sovereign of Brazil took back with him the idea of such ap institution, on his recent voyage to Europe, and in tlip United States Mr. Townsend, of New York, vice-president of the most important of all the Savings Banks of America, stated i-econtly at the Congress of Provident Institutions, how he had introduced the question in America. Belgium seems to have surpassed all other nations enumerated above, in the developments made outside of France, by the institution of the Scholars' Savings Bank. The table shows that in 1881 and since its publication, that greater progress lias certainly been made. The scholars' fund will cortainly make new conquests and spread over new countries. There do not yet exist ver}' complete or sufficiently certain and authentic statis- tics of Scholars' Savings Banks. The annual reports of the Minister of Commerce a:id Industry do not give them the ])rominonce they are destined to occupy. These documents do r )t speak of them regularly. We lind, however, in the last published — that on the operations of 188(J — podtive and interesting information. In 188(1, 472,012 accounts in new books woi'O opened, of which 45,183 men opened for the first deposits from scholars, nearly 10 per cent, of the total of new books opened in the year.* Jt is a rcsidt not to be despised. It is even extremely good, but still in.-ufficient, I am not afraid to say, for we must not forget that the young ciist(uners of the Scholars' Baidc become and remain in after life, customers of the real savings bank And it it equally in.jjortant to remember this: that the instruction in saving, given at the school, spr.'uds in the families, it is not uncommon that the child taken to the little savings bank by bis teat servict's tlnit has been rendered and will be rendered in always increasing proportion by the development ol' the institution of the Scholars' Savings Baidc. Y.-ai's KUANCE— IS74 1S77 1SS(». iss;{ 1S8(!. l'>i:i.iiU'si— 1SS7. |;m;i.am>- lH8(i. Ill NcAin— ISS:-). ISSC. rit'». llCSf iKHikn. i43,'J72 .«< .■|!Mi,S7(>.46 S(M,S4.J l,'JS(»,7ri4.<;o 3!».'>,8ti7 l,SV.','.Mi'..lili 4itl,l()0 2,ll8(),8:>;i.(H» 41, .'{111 «78,1(;7.(X) •s.i.i'.n 7t!,L':<7.00 r)4,s.jo i;i4,7.i!t.iM) Progress accomplished from 1H75 to 1888. The diagrams given show the annual progress from 1875 to the commencement of 1889; but it is not without advantage to give a synoptic table indicating the suc- cessive increase in the number of scholars' banks, and th' number and importance of their operation. (1) 111 187.'{, Franz D»i 707 1,325 1,517 2,(i!)3 8,!K)2 7,755 !M88 8,120 10,743 14 31 22 17 21 14 20 31 43 07 47 50 44 50 S 111.20 782.30 803.00 051.80 1,1?.40 .S0.!H)2ct». 1.404 2.118 1.182 1.4.S4 1.300 1.114 1.134 0.820 0.0.52 0.712 0.742 0.830 0.70(J 1875 187(> 1877 1870 1877 1878 1878 187'.> 1880 1870 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1881 1882 1883 1884 IHHr, 1880 1885 188() 1887 1888 1888 1888 Totals 53,219 «43, 102.00 SYSTE.M ADOPTED BY THE S-WINGS BANK OP MANS (1). This system has the double advantage . Ofoxompting tlie director or directress of the .schools from keeping any account or any legister wbatover. And of establishing at the same time a control which guards the interests of the depositors as well as that of the central bank, by placing the teachers beyond any contestation. This system consists in the employment: Ist. Of saving.s-stamps gummed, of the ti-ue value of 5, 10, 50 centimes and 1 franc; (SO.Ol, 80.02, $0.10, $0.20.) 2nd. Of account books to receive those stamps delivered by the teacher to I 1k' scholar, who deposits, as a substitute and receipt for his deposit. The whole is furnished gratuitously by the savings banlc. . WORKING OF THE SYSTEM. I. The master or mistreus of the school receives from the savings' bank for (ieposit, icithout cost, advance or security, a supply of savings stamps of ilitiereiU value and a number of cash books sufHcient for the wants of the school. There is also provided gratuitously a drawer or box with two compartments, in one of which aio placed the stamps, and in the other the money paid by the scholars in exchange for the stamps, * There are in the Department of .Sarthe, of wliieh Afans is the cliief town, 30S lioys' schools. L'lil girls' sc1km)1s,,!I1 mixed .schools, 20 uiatcrnal schools, alH)ut710 ptdilic .sch(K)ls, frequented by 48,078 children The 214 Bchools having soholam banks" r^'ia'csenting ; 35 % of the total i)(>pulatioii of sciiolars of tiie department ; 40 /I of lioys" schools ; 25 % of girls' scIkkiIs ; 10 Z of mixed schiH>ls ; 25 Z of maternal sciiools. (1) Tliis is only a reproduction of a notice dintributed by the Savings Bank of Mans. T 281 II. Every scholar who would deposit in the Scholars' Savings' Bank receives, gratuitously, from the schooliniistor, a cash book, in which they stick the stamps given to them as an equivalent and as a receipt for thoir deposits. This book is composed of twelve leaves, numbered, and containing on the right and lelt pages twenty spaces to stick the stamps.* Each of these double leaves can receive stamps repiesenting from $0.20 deposited in twenty deposits of $0.01 up to $4.00 deposited in one single pa^'ment. III. At the time of each deposit the schoolmaster gives the pupil stamps for a value equal to the deposit. He sees that the scholar sticks the stamp in his book so that the stamps stuck on each page will represent one of more complete francs. IV. As soon as a pupil deposits a franc ($0.20) in one or more deposits, or a sum in entire francs, the schoolmaster detaches from the book the leaf containing the stamps representing tlie amount deposited, and ho revises the stock and enters on it the date of the operation and the value of the stamps taken out, and this entry is a receipt to the scholar. V. The schoolmaster, within the shortest delay possible, sends the detached leaves and the sums represented liy the stam])s which he has on hand, either to the nearest succursah', or to the Central Bank, according to his cimvenience, where the stamps are obliterated. Recto. ' Verm. Folio : Sc1kk)1 of Nanu! .and suriiam(> of Si'liol.ar. ^" No. of Savings' Bank Book. Fol. .= m It **.■ O V o c u 3 & {^ VI. Each sending is accompanied with a summary statement of the deposits made by the scholar, which thus become, if the}' are not already, I'oal depositors in the lai'ge Savings Bank. The printed forms of these statements are furnished gratuitously. Eor the fii'st deposits the statement contains the complete and exact description of the depositor and of his domicile. For late /-flvc com- munes only, outside of Paris. I confine myself to giving the elements of the comparison, not wishing my- self to draw the conclusion which must redound to the advantage of the Savings Bank of Mans, SAVIX(;S BANK OF ClIALOXS-SUR-MAENJi scholars' bank. The mode of rewarding granted by this Savings Bank dittcrs from that adopted by the Savings Bank of Mans. The schools of the department having a scholars' Bank, arc divided into seven sections, and four prizes ot §8.00, §U.O0, 84.00 and §2.00 (employed in the purchase of books) are awarded to the four teachers of t' e section, whose .scholars have made the greater number of opei-ations. As to the pupils we distribute 180 bank books divided as foUows: — 3 bank books to each school of 100 scholars and o\er. 2 do do I'rum 50 to UIO scl.olars. 1 do do of less than 50 scholars. THE ANT (LA FOURMI). SOCIETV SHARING THE SAVINGS, FOUNDED AT PARIS, 13V9, We will only mention this society established on a basi.s as solid as practical, and which has, within ten ^-ears bee., able to open 27,234 savings accounts and amass by monthly assessments of §0.60, savings amounting together to the sum of $1,600,000. Societies sharing the savings, type of The Ant, are established throughout the whole ot France, in Belgium and in all the large cities of Eurojjo. 285 The object of The Ant (La Fourini) is to gather together a quantity of small sums which would remain unproiiuctive, by reason of those being so small, and to employ them in the purchase of French obligations on lots, (obligations fran^aises i, lots) in which the subscribers in common run the chances. La Fourmi is open to all; it admits women and children. The deposit is §0.(i() a month. The money thus saved is represented in parts and series. We call part this monthly assessment of $0.(J0 that a member binils himself to deposit in the fund of the Association during ten years. The series are the catagories of the sharers, whose obligations commence from ditferont dates, for a period often years. They are, so to sj)eak so many little ants in the Ant itsel.. The series bear interest completely distinct one from another. The administration and the general expenses alone are common. At the expiration of a series, that is ten years after the date of its creation, the amount is realized and the amount divided among all the sharers of that series in projwrtion to the parts subscribed by each of them. The capital thus paid out com- prises: 1st. The assessments paid for ten yeai's past ; 2nd. The interest received by the Ant (La Fourmi) and capitalized ; 3rd. The amounts of the lots and the pre- miums on the obligations bought ; 1th. The various profits resulting from the rule of the Society itself. Such is in short, the working of the system, of which the result is signiticant and displays its excellence without further commentary. The absence of obligations on lots on this Ccmtinent renders the application of this system impossible in Canada, but we consider it our dut}^ to explain this co-opera- tion which permits, the smallest savings, to take part in advantages otfored to capi- talists by Government issues, or that of large financial companies. RULES OF THE SCHOLARS' BANKS IN BRUSSELS. 1. Saving is completely free ; no constraint can be employed to enforce it. The teacher, however, uses all means of persuasion possible, to urge the children to save. Ho takes all occasions to inculcate in children, piinciples of order and economy, which arc justly eonsidered as the principal elements of morality of the working class. Ho attem|)ts to prove that even the poorest scholar can gather together a small sum to meet the wants of hard times, by saving now and then a few cents. It is rare indeed that the children resist this moral advice and nearly all the pupil are depositors, 2. The teacher receives the savings of his pupils every day, moriung and even- ing immediately after class. He never puts otl to to-morrow the pupil who wishes to deposit a sum, however small it may bo. even a cent, so as not to exj)Ose the pupil to spend the money whicii he wished to deposit, in confectionery and other follies. 3. The teacher takes advantage of his relations with the parents of the children under his care, to explain to them the operations of the savings bank and the advan- tages that would accrue to them as well as to their children; he tries to make them understand that the sums deposited in the savings bank are always at their disposal. SAVINGS BULLETIN. Bulletin d'eparone. In order to make the daily practice of savings easy to all, there was established in France in 1882, the {bulletin d'cpargne) Savings Bulletin. There is a form which the public can obtain gratuitously in all the post offices, by which the savings, how- ever small are represented as they are realized by postage stamps. When the value of the postage stamps affixed to a bulletin, reaches the sum of 80.20 the bulletin is received in the National Savings Bank as a deposit in cash. 286 In Bolgium this system was establishod and put in force in 1881. The royal mandate of the IGth May, 1881, tliat created it, authorized the postmasters to furnish on credit, to the hoatls of the primary schools, a first instalment of these postage stamps to be sold to the pupils. By a circular of the 17th January, 1882, the Minis- ter of Public Works, in view of facilitating the duty imposed on country school- masters, orders the country letters carriers to go, at least once a week, to each school to otter postage stamps and bulletins for saving, and to collect the deposits. Deposits of 80.20 made in the postal savings banks by means of savings bulletins. Belgium. France, Years. — — Number. Numlxr. 1881 26,107 1882 279,757 1883 242,9(53 70,249 1884 215,484 112,593 1885 168,389 98,528 1886 136,862 98,800 1887 174,484 86,615 1888 174,831 Total $283,775.60 693,357 TOURNAI SAVINGS AND AID BANK, FOUNDED AT TOURNAI (BELGIUM) IN 1825. The bank is managed by the City. The depositors must be born and live in Tournai. The minimum deposit is $0.10. No depositor can have to his credit a sum ove; $400 in capital ; the members of the same family living under the same roof cannot deposit more than $800. A prior notice of five days is required to draw out any sum less than, or equal to $20. A withdrawal of any sum, above that amount, requires three months notice. Depositors belonging to the poorer class who have made deposits in their name, for a year at least, and who find themselves on account of accident or serious illness, unable lo work, may have a weekly allowance for three mouths at most. These allowances are paid from the interest of the capital belonging to the aid fund or charged to unforeseen expenses in the budget ; they are fixed according to the deposit in the following proportions : For a deposit of $2.00 $0.10 a day. do 4.00 0.15 do do 6.00 0.20 do do 8.00 0.25 do do 10.00 and over 0.30 do Tho roynl to furnish HO postage tho Minis- try Bchool- ach Hchool lletins. SECTIOIN^ IX. ELGTUM) lembers of pr equal to notice, eir name, 118 illness, These fund or 10 deposit Co-operafe Associations for Provisions. CO-OPi;i{ATlVE ASSOCIATIONS FOR rUOVISIONS. THK (X)-OPK]{ATIVK SOCIETY FOR IMMOVABLES FOIi THE WOHKING- MEN OF I'AIUS. inSTnlllcAIi. In 1S(\1, at tlio exhibition on the Champ do Mars, a niimhor of \vorlvin /. 0%. '/ J /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14SS0 (716) 872-4503 «,. iV « ^^ o \ -«>/*, EV 6^ ^-G^ %^ T i?., ^ 290 * 00 00 00 a o I Pm u c2 to C o o 6 O "m a o O •1-1 O o o Q O O ii (3 * a a B a— o S — »^ » * 1, -a -3 'J- 43 ' ^1 !« >~ > .2 * I S H i 3 £ *< a 2g| .2^-0 CC.3 a o s § > 2 « a •sjsq -tuetu Xq 9np kihuooo y Oip HI) P"l\tl llDpiAOJJ •«8SI 'Jaqwwoaa %%\Q uo pun j SAjesajj S V X I" 2 •aiiop smutsug^ «& ^S3 o So 3". O T) M CI ^ I- ^ »5 • o O5 00 1- r-t r-f H y-l t- X is T i-i ! S^ lb •s^ijoad ^a^ •fiasuodxD luaausf) <» 10 . -saiwg •3j«Hg JO ^unoiuy •HBauisnq piBcl I'B^id'BQ 05 8 8 1CS5 M 1-1 0'3'-'^«iS »o cq i-i rH e<5 iH ^ 'f W CO §5 § :88S : s ••88S : 5SO t^ gi-l 90 IM' rH i-T f>C C Q >-< X p O O i-H X _« o 5^o_ffi ■8881 <•! SJaquiaj^ }0 jaqmnjij ?: si § I •saaqmajY aapuno j :S •ui papunoj •IN W ■ '-b • XX t S3*'; oE X X X c I a 3 !•' S c3 Is. 0) o >o '♦J u • HI R §1 a § ■5.2 I o 3 3 O 3 O w c o "S •? 3'2-2 IB! J. fc_5 C c3X^ Sq 52) ^ O S8 S 8 aoSSSSS C5 b UI li-l I- .H rH CC r-t 1-H C^ tH 3 :3 8S 0^ m IS ri -^ ;s i-H (M X 1-c t- ci ■* id M •* 5 i.i o a 2 3 s S be ' 3 s ■2l ea-J ■5 2;.- ,-C -B tira a a o 3 ■? »-CJ= A >> = 22 792 1,141 65 856 j3 ';3 :3Se8 910 37 1,489 i.T 35 O OO ff-1 c -l" 3" 2r5g55 S S 22 t-C! > >- ■£ ^ tr s f o :i C-. r-J'r-Te'f X";£ t-i c 'i i h a; u « ■-S ^ c 292 Among all these cooperative societies, The Hive (La Euche) is the most remarkable. The bharoholders have paid only 85.00 per share ; comiilete liberation w - ettected by moans of the successive division of profits. The liivision of profits is now made as follows : 10 per cent, to the tspcjiai reserve fund ; the statutory amount of I'eservo fund has been passed. 54 per cent, reimbursed to purchasers in proportion to their purchase. 3(5 per cent, for the foundation of a provident fund, the interests of which are divided every year : to members over 60 years of age, and who have been members of the Society more than 10 years ; to members who, after having been 10 years in the Society, have become blind; to children of deceased members, who had belonged 10 years to the Society, up to 14 years of age. The results in 1888 were very remarkable. Purchasers were reimbursed in the sum of 82,l!t4, or 4"8!) per cent, on their purchase ; 81,434 were invested in the retir- ing fund ; 843 were ap])lied to the renewal of material, anil 81,2(!S divided among retiring members. The report, of the departmental committee of the Rhone, attributes the success of this association to the fact that since its foundation, its council of administration has always been the same. PROVISION SOCIETY OF THE WORKMEN IN FORGES AND STEEL- WORKS OF TRITII-SAINT-LEGER (NORTH). General characteristics. Origin and Formation. — The Provision Society of the workmen in the forges and steelworks of TrithSaint-Leger was founded on the 13(h of May, 1884, by the staff of workmen in the factories of the forges and stcol-woi-ks of the north and east. Object and Form of the Societi/. — The object of the society is the purchase and production, under the best conditions of price and quality, and the taking on con- signment of articles, provisions, materials and objects for consumption, to be sold again to its shareholders, to the other employees and workmen directly emploj-ed by the anonymous society of forges and steel-wiU'ks of the north and east, to their families considered as co-operatives from the time they begin to make use of the business store, in order to allow of their sharing in the pi'ofits resulting from its transactions. This jirofit-sharing can in no way be extended to the public who are allowed to purchase provisions in the said store. (Art. 2 of the statutes.) The societ3' so far, has purchased only the following articles: Groceries, wines, bi'andy, gin, butter, eggs, cheese, potatoes, pork, bacon, dry goods, linens and manufactured goods, caps, glassware and crockery, wooden shoos and bridles, clogs, flour; for it has obtained, from difterent manufacturers and dealers, consignments, tor all the counters in their store, of all the goods in wool and cotton necessary for its sales, caps, boots and shoes, household articles, ironware and stoves, &c. It manufactures bread. It makes up shirts, blouses, jackets, trowsers, dtc. It manufactures nearly all the knitted goods required by its customers. Capital. — The Society was formed with a capital of 82,000, divided into 200 shares of 810 each. The capital at the present time is 84,000, divided into 400 shares. The shares are limitetl to two in number for each shareholder. The manner of liberating the shares is left to the taker, they may be paid in one payment, or by sums of 80.40 or 81 every fortnight on account, or by assessments on the profits ac(!ruing to the co-operators, at the end of the half year, from the purchases made. jVumber and Position of the Members. — The 400 shares forming the capital are in the hands of twenty-four employees, thirty foremen and overseers and of 2'~!0 workmen. Right of admittance is given by the council of administration. None 293 tho most ration w:.h sevvo fund e. f which aro >n members 10 yeai-8 in ad belonged ursed in the in tho retir- ided among the success ministration EL-WORKS n the forges 1884, by the rth and east. )urchase and cing on oon- n, to be sold [tly employed oast, to thoir Uo \iso of tlio ing from its il.iic who aro bacon, dry Lvoodon shoes Factnrers and [s in wool ami lironware and lers. [dod into 200 [dod into 40t) Tho manner lymont, or l>y [on the proli's Ihases mado. he capital are IB and of 2HI ration. None can be admitted if he has not belonged for three months, at least, to the staff omployod in the factories of tho Society v^f forges and steelworks. Direction of the Society. — The atlairs of tho Society are managed i)y a council composed of six members elected for three years. Tho president of tho council is tiie agent of tho Society. Three commissioners elected for one year are charged with the control and superintendence. Tho managers and the commissioners are re-eligible at tho expiration of thoir term. The services of the managers aro remunerated by a ticket of attendance good for SO. 50, and by a grant of 5 per cent, in tho division of net pi'ofits. Tho council meets every Sunday at tho head(iuartors of tho Society. They have made over one- half the amount, granted thorn by tho statutes, to the societies that aro connected with the provision society. The commissioners meet as often as tho interests of the Society require, and particulary at tho time of the inventory. Each of tho com- missioneis is allowed 64 per six months. Situation of the Society. — The stores and the donentlencies belonging to them occupy property belonging to the Society of tho Forges and Steelworkers of the North and East. The building is erected on 11,000 square feet, roprosenting gs, (10(1. 00 ; it is leased at ^I'.lO.OO per year, for thii'ty consecutive years. Ft consists of one large building, in which aro the stores, a salesroom and the dwelling of the directress ; a bakery, the stables and sheds for 4 horses and 5 vehicles. Bakery. — The bakery occupies a room 2,200 square feet in size. It contains all the latest improvements. It uses a steam engine of 4-horso power, a boiler, a cylin- drical rotatory kneador, two ovens. This machinery cost S2,00(l.OO. and by its means the bakery can produce 5,000 to ti,500 lbs. of bread in twenty-four hours. Working Staff. — The clerks in the stoi-es are young gii'ls, daughters of share- holders, oniployeos, foremen and workmen in tho factory. The general expenses are by this means much leduced, and the stoi'os attended with great care and security, in tho bakery alone men are employetl, who aro taken from families not connected with tho factories. This start' is paid by monthly amounts proportioned to the person's ability and use, and by 5 jior cent, on the not profits, given as a gratuity or reward. The amounts thus ])aid out from 1st duly, 1884, to ;Jlst December, 1887, amounted to 88,400.00. The Society's Transactions — Purchases. — The stock in the stores consists of goods which are purchased only when they cannot bo procuivd on consignment. Tho goods bought at the opening of tho store cost 82,430.00 ; goods consigned wore valued at $3,114.00. The goods bought have always been paid by the receipts from sales made between time of delivery and the expiration of lime on the bills of sale, without touching tho capital of tho Society. Goods on consignment liave always been paid, without touching tho capital, at tho end of every month, ai'cordiiig as sales are mado. Sales. — The Society pays a license, and can sell to any one. It has three dirtercnt methods of sale: 1st, for cash ; 2nd, at a fortnight's credit, with I'ight to detain amount duo at factory; 3x'd, at a month's credit, to be paid at the store. Whatever may be the manner in which they are eft'octed. tho sales are immediately ontoied in two books, one of which is returned to the Iniyoi- and the other remains in the store for the control and keeping of the books. Credit sales are tolerated only within the limit of tho wages the jiurchaser receives at tho factory, and which may be detained at the hiuik. All gocnls, according to their quality, are sold at the same prices as in tho stores at Valenciennes,* which have the reputation of selling cheaply. The total amount of sales from 1st Julv, 1884, to 31st December, 1887, amounted to gr.Mi, 107.00. The number of customers to 31st December, 1887, was 044. its average halt-yearly sales per customer were $51.80. The store is open everyday from seven o'clock in tho morning to seven at night oil week days, and from eight o'clock to noon on Sundays and holidays. * A town of alK)iit 2",IM)() iiiliabitautu, situated alnjut 3.Ji milts from Trith-Saiiit-LeffiT. 294 The sales vary from 8200 to $800 pe. day. The average sales are $300 per day. Material Results from Sales. — The results from 1st July, 1884, to Slst December, 1887, given as an average : Rough profits 14"58 per cent, on amount of sales. General expenses 3*06 do Net profits 11-53 do The net profits divided among the co-operators represent 8 per cent, of their purcliasos or $13,780 . 5.5. The division is given in goods every half year. Customers from outside do not share in the profits. The immediate conseiiuences of the formation ot the Society and the opening of its stores have, therefoi'e, been to ])romote order and economy. Being now freed from dependence on retail dealei-s. who charged them the highest prices bv their manner oi proceeding, the customers have, by means of the limited credit allowed in the store, been enabled to meet all demands, even in the worst of the crisis which now weighs upon labor, and moreover to effect considerable savings. Condition of the Society on 3l^t December, 1887. Capital paid $3,150.90 Business reserve 1,313.75 Divers 2,750.75 Aid fund 1.750.70 $8,it(!ti.l0 DISTINCTIVE FEATIRE8. The Provision Societ}' of Workmen in the Forges and Steel works of Frith-Saint- Leger is notable for: Stocking its stores bj' goods on consignment ; By the situation of the store, which permits the sale of $800 worth of goods per day; By amount of sales elVected, which now exceed $100,000 per year, realized with- out drawing on the minimum capital of $-4,000 ; By the organization of service in its salesroom, by means of young girls who never studied commerce, and wlio are taken from among the fiimilios of the share- hoklers and co-operators, who are benefited by the $2,000 paid yearly to the statl' in wages and gratuities ; By the good results atlbrded in every way by the stafi' thus organi/.eil ; By the extremely low rate of its general expenses which barely reach 3 per cent, on the total amount of sales ; By proei;es company date buck to 1852. There are stores established tor the workmen, the company desiring to draw no profit from thorn. They afford the workmen uU the advantages of a co-operative pnvvfision society, without exposing to any risk or outlay. Nevertheless, these stores were subjected to the usual assault, and one among them, that of Bess^ges, a town abundantly- furnished with dealers, has been suppressed since ISV*^, on dennmd of the workmen under evil influence. The only one remaining is that of Moliiire, which Btill exists on account of the insufiicient means of procuring jjrovisions in the locality. The following notice was published in January of 1889: Notice to the workmen of the MolUres division. The Coal Company of BessOiges reminds the workmen of the Moliires division that the provision store styled : " Workingmon's Store." is for the exclusive benefit of the workmen employed by the Company, the customers of the store. Entire liberty is given the workmen to purchase at the store or elsewhere. They may buy for cash or on credit. The public can buy for cash alone. The customers, workmen or employees, belonging to the company purchasing for cash or on credit, are provided by the store with an account book in which their purchases are entered day by day. ThcCoinpany retains no amount for the store, nordoes H retain any amount for other dealers. Customei's buying on credit pay during month (before the 25th) their account for the preceding month. If this amount is not paid without delay, or if they do not prove satisfactoi'ily that it is impossible, for the moment only, for them to do 80, they are refused credit until the debt is paid. The jirotits, which are considered free by the company, are divided yearly among the piirchaseis in ])roportion to the amounts entered in their books, exactly the same as is done in co-operative societies. The Comjiany has decided, after January, 1880, to add to the management of the store, a committee of superintendence, composed of twelve workmen — customers — whose duties it will be to conti'ol the service in the store, to superintend the accounts, examine the excuses offered bj' creditors, and to decide whether they are to be given further ci'cdit or not, and, finally, to take every means to ensure the returns, and to limit the losses. The committee of superintendence will be appointed by election, and renewed every year after distribution of the profits from the inventory of the preceding year. All customers holding a book on the store have a right to vote. Only such as have no overdue accounts in the store, can be elected or remain members of the committee. The committee will meet every month to decide upon matters submitted by the direction of the store. The decisions will bo given by secret ballot. A ticket of attendance, good for §1.00 per session, will be given, by the store, to each member of the committee. Conso([uently, elections of the committee of superintendence for the workmen's store will take place on 3rd February, 1S8S). The book of the store will serve as the list of electors. The vote will be by ballot, that is to say, each bulletin will bear 12 names. The members of the committee will be elected by the first vote, by majority of votes, whatever may be the number of voters and of votes given. 297 credit of stiiblish- {o (Iniw )|)orative sso btoros 8, a town ml of the ro, whicli B locality. 's divisioa ,vo benefit iiere. purchasing irhich their amount for cir account if they do them to do The head of the Moiit^res store is charged with the duty of making out the electoral lists, and of settling the situation of the polls with the electors in the usual way. There were 731 customers inscribed for the elections of the 3rd of February, 1889. Whethor through inditlerence or bad will, there were but KJO voters. Twelve councillors were named by 80 to 83 votes. The relative majority had to siiffico. It is to be hoped that in the future, when the workmen thoroughly understand tiic duties of the oommittee of superintendence, tbcy will show more regard for tiieir own interests. However that may bo, the following is a statement of the business results in 188S : — Total number of sales 850.343 70 Net profits during tiio year 5,154 87 Sales sharing in the division of profits 5(i.'.>51 97 Profits divided 4,556 16 About 8 per cent, on sales 578 92 Lo.sses during the year: — About 0'975 per cent, on sales. Number of profit-sharing customers 782 Number- of customers paying regularly for their goods 648 Nuniber of customers in arrears (1) 134 Values of arrears 3,000 00 (1) Of 134 customers in arrears, 75 paid regularly for their purchiines in 1888. (led yearly ks, exactly mcnt of the ;ustomcrs — lie accounts, to be given [irns, and to liiil renewed e preceding or remain libmitted by |lhe store, to workmen's names, majority of 298 &4 • ft f jt M 5 S , X ») M le w i-< ifii S«^:2 H i-^ i«) 1 cC i-^ is'^iii j^„„ _., S ;5 i 1 , i~ 1^ i"* ij 5 r- -i i-H U ^ 2 i ft ~ 2 M 5 iv 1?: * r-cr * IS "-I •S' 5c i; r- -r -r M 3 .,■- « ^ « X rf W „ M M M r< X -T 1 - -r Tl . =-. :< X = X 5 =«^ r Lr '^ i^ S I- fi X -p ri r; 1— t ^ 1— I ri i-H C: IS "T r- H I^r-i 'T M IN S3 CO O H cc I— ( w I— I o K H O O H cc Six'icticH giving a r( ma 11(15 1144 1181 IKl'.l ii8;< 12»l 1145 11(!5 12li4 1288 \2'M\ 1432 Mi'iiilH'rH. Cnpitiil 48,184 !tl."i02 lo,s,r>s8 l-.itri"'.* I48,,"),s(; 17«,'.I!I3 171,8!I7 2»I8,7;W 22<),0.V.> 47! (,284 rx»7,857 528, .^sj 5C.(),7(I3 573,<»84 !H(4,(m;3 (;42.783 (;.")4,i);<.s ll.>:«,747 83."..L1K» !M,\(U!I .'m,2iio S10,731 573. .'kSL' (Wl.lSl! 81!l.3(;7 l,(l4('>.31ll 1,475, l!lll 2,027, 77(i •_',02 ;<,!Hi:<,('>08 4,7lH>,!>!H( ,5,;«»4.01!1 ."i, I.S-,!l."i!l .5,730,218 5,747,8 n f>,2.32,0!>3 (•..!I37,284 7,L',S!l,35lt 7,."i(KI,S:J.") 8,L'0.".,073 8,7!'!'.7.">3 !(,207,.5O(i 10,012,018 lioatiH. Siili' I'n.titn. 1,512.117 .54,4.52 2,34!i,(».V) l(i(HI,(HKI I!"7,128 8,2O2,-»0(> 5.v.,.|;ci 2I5,.V.3 0,4,37.471 (170,721 344,rH)!l ll,:t.S,S,.V.KI .'<07,748 4!»7,7.">o 1.5,(>02,453 l.ll!l.(fJ3 r>.stl,ii72 Hi,3."..8,l.'7,S I.'J'JO.OIO 844.020 10,o.ss,o77 1,12.\LM17 I(r.t,702 l!l,lHlll,o;i!l 1.7I1,2:W 1,(:73.lM;5 L'l, 37 1,013 l,!>OO,101 872,(i.S0 21,12.s,:U(; 1,817,013 l,4!i.\243 L'(l,305,0OL' 1.!I4!I,514 i,;mi,2iki U'3,L'l.s,3M l,.57!t,873 l,48,3,.-),s;t 24,!I20.()05 I,!t7!l.."i7(i 1,403 H.51I 20..'>73..")51 2, l(Hl,!l".8 l,.-.38,.-.4l L'8 OK. ',310 2,3-J4,031 l,717.o">o 2!t,20.">,227 2,0.">8,0|(i l,8-_'7,10!l 2!l..>>8'_',07!) i.',,s8;t.7oi l,!t!t!l,t;."i8 31.1i.-.3.7.57 l,!M;(.,;ii:{ 2,134,.S'.MI 34.180,715 3,1!I3,178 Total 42C.,748.7!tO ;{.5,4!N»,4(14 The reports sent to the congress of co-operative societies in 1888 for the first time of its occurrence, contained the nunilior of societies .sclliii;; on credit. These statistics astonished the co-operators, and y'ave rise to resolutions tending to su])pro8s all credit, REPORT BY SECTION OP SOCIETIES SELLINO ON CREDIT. XuiiiImt Sections, of .Sociitii's giving 11 Hfi>ort. Midland 1!>0 Northein 120 North- Western 510 Scottish 300 Southei-n 1(!7 Western 52 The most important question discussed by the members of the 20th Aimiial Congress of t'o-operative Associations, held at JKnvesbury in 18.^H, was that concern- ing the relations to be established between wholesale c()-o])erative societies, and co- operative societies tor production. Opinio'i was very much divided. Some speakers were in favor of the theory of " leave-it-alone," that is to sa^-, to establish no relations between the two branches of co-operation, but business ones based on the principle of supply ami demand. Others decided in favor of union, that is, the creation and maintenance of pro- ductive co-operative societies, by and with tlio assistance of tht; capital of provision co-operative societies. Another question grafted itself on the tirst : that of the division of profits. *No reiwrt liaving been given for 18C9, the«i' figurt'.s arc niiproximato. TcnciUivgo (if Sociitii's. Selling,' Stlliiig for ('ti.-*!,. (Ill Credit. 5:J"8 4(1-22 4(;(»4 ry.v'Mi 2!I02 TO'98 •3;{;5;5 (Io-ot 5(i-8S 4312 403!) 59-61 800 A nunibor of co-op«rat()rH did not wiwh to give tho workmen any sliaro in tho ])rofltK r('iili/.(>d on tlio ^ouiIh tlioy liad tnaiiuractiireil; t|i<>y ilonianded that workmen sliould liavi' no siiart' in tlic diviHJon, except hy l(i«i<»n^in;,'to tlio inaMM<)t('o-o|ierators. To show what tlic rosultM oI'hiicIi a llit-ofy, put into |iiac'tit'o, would l>o lor the work- man, it [h Hiitliciont to (luole tho lollowini^ pasna/^o from tiio Hpoi'tdi addreHned to tho Con^iosM hy Mr. (J. Y. Iloiyoako/f " Thort* Hhould ho an ('(jiiitahlc (livisisoliilion : — 1st. That the (^'(/ngress ivconunenils that an alliance formed on an c(iuitablo basis for the division ot profits and loss, between labor and cai)ital, and the consumer, be made with societies of production, whether Ibey bo established by wholesale or retail societies (co-operative) or by labor organizations. 2nd. That the Congress invites the w'lolesale co-o|)erativo societies of England !ind Scotiaml, and retail societies n\anufacturing for themselves, to adopt the funda- mental princi|)le enunciated above in the direction of their works, and to assist the Central Office by their advice and suggestions in order to perfect the system. CO-OrHRATlVE SOCIETIES FOR PROVISIONS, Ist JANUARY, 1888. FRANCE. Eight hundred societies containing from 350,000 to 400,000 members. ITALY. Eighty-two societies, having 34,948 members. Of this number sixty-seven had together $175,710 subscribed capital and 8415,605 paid. Fifty-flve of these societies had realized during the year $25,905 profits. UNITED STATES. Report From the Society of Sociology in America. State of Maine 18 New Hampshire 6 Vermont 1 Ma.ssachusetts 35 Rhode Island 2 Connecticut 5 New Y^ork (! Now .lei'sey 12 Pennsylvania 5 Illinois Ohio 18 Michigan 1 Iowa 2 Missouri 1 Minnesota 7 Wisconsin 8 Texas 155 Utah 2 iOO *Tlin 20tli Annual Co-opeiativn Congress. I'agc !I0. • •\o do Pages 4 to 11. 801 SWISS CO-OPERATIVK Sinli:TY, (JKXKVA. TluH society soils to the public; its Hharoiioldors, liowovor, aloiu> share in tlio profits. Tlio capital is varialilo. It is i'oriiu'd of ordinary sliaics ami of prclcrciitial shares. Tho ordinary shares arc unlimited as to number, they an? liJ-.tK) each, no member can (»\vii more than one. The mcmliers are allowed one year, in which to pay their share, and their contnbutioti to the reserve t'lind. The preferential shares are nominative and $\.iM per share. They are 'J, 000 in number. They are privilc^^ed, above the ordinary share, in tlu' division of the annual net ])rolits, as far as a dividend not oxceedinj; live per cent, of tiieir value, and in the reimbursemcMt of capital in case of liiiuidaiinn. They can only be subscribed for, and owned by members, but without limit as to number. I"'ive per cent, is first assessed on the net profits to serve us interest. Then !•() per cent, (tf the amount remaining, is divided among the purchase. h members, in proportinn to the amount of their purchases, and 10 per cent, to the employees as a share in the profits. The following are tlio transactions of the society in IStJO, the date of its founda- tion, and m 1880 (March :51) :— lS(i!t. 1SS!I, Number of members VM 2.185 Amount of sales $8,;}r)(; 8ir);},020 Not profits realized 7;{2 22,202 Eescrve fund I'M 4,81(1 Dividend on member's purchasers 5.^ p.c. 1.'] p.c. PIIILANTIIROPIC CO-OPEIJATIVK SOCIKTY OF SAIXT-llKMY-SUJl-AVRE. (Eure and Loire.) FOUNDED IN 1872. The business fixed at StJOO, may be increased. It is formed by subscriptions, the lowest amount allowed being 84, and the highest 8100. Tho sales are only made to members who have paid the minimum subscription. Members may pay their subscription by instalments, which cannot be less than 80.60. Capital bears interest at 5 per cent. ; after tho interest is paid, the balance of profits is divided among the members in proportion to the value of the [)rovisions Iwiught by them, during the year. The society began operations in 1872 with IM) members and 81,088.20 as capital. In 1888 its balance-sheet showed the following: — Members 1,700 Sales 8i;{2,4(i51 o,,. -n- Capital $42 0(12 Interest^ 2. .01 ^^''-'J.i' '';; • ^''"'''' Total assets 08,482 Reserve 2^14 ^f' ^-- \'" '•^'' ''^''' Profits divided among consumers 12,502 J "' m"^'"'!^'**- In 1888 the general expenses amounted to 88.215, of which 85,2(10 were for the salaries of the staff. The manager's salary is fixed, and he is given an interest in the profits. •I SECTION X. CO-OPERATIVE CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS. CO-OPEIIATIVE CKEDIT ASSOCIATIONS. MUTUAL AND POPULAR CREDIT SOCIETY. ANONYiMOUS SOCIETY WITH VARIABLE CAPITAL (PARIS.) Savings Deposits with Decennial Premium. Art. 1. Tlie Mutual and Popular Ciedlt Society receives deposits which share ill decennial premium. Art. 2. The amount of deposit cannot be less than $2 and is reijnhursablo only at the time the premium is given. Art. 3. A special receipt is given foi- each deposit, on which is stated the time of its reimbursement. Art. 4. Tiie deposits receive interest at 4 per cent, which dates from the 1st or the lOth of each month after the deposit is made. Art. 5. The interest on the deposits is paid to the depositors during the lirst two weeks in July. Any interest not claimed during the fortnight, if it amounts to S2 or a multiple of $2, is capitalized ;ind bears interest. Art. G. Any depositor wishing to withdraw all. or part of hisdeposit during the decennial period, should make his demand in writing, to the director of the Mutual and Popular Credit. Art. 7. The withdrawal is authorized for three months only, and twice only during the year. The amount reimbursed is given as a free loan. The depositor signs a note to order of the Mutual and Popular Credit. If, when the bill becomes due, it is not paid, the depositor loses all right to the premium. The council is at liberty to make him pay the bill and to refuse to accept any further deposit from him during the decennial jieriod. Art. 8. Nine months before the distribution of the decennial premium no fur- ther deposits, sharing in that premium, will be received, but a new jieriod of ten years will bo begun to receive deposits sharing in the premium for that time. Art. !). Any deposit not claimed during the month following the distribution of the premium, will bo entered at the oftico among the deposits for the new porioints. * Kxplivnatory note to the Jury. 20-20i 808 5th. Credit bciiuj so dantjeroue in its nature, does it not become immeasurably so when it is desired to make it /lopiilar f It would 1)0 MO, woro it the intention of tho Society tol end to workmen for their (inily ox])eni-os, or to shittlesn and iiioiipalilc poiworis. Jiut popular banks are not benevolent institutions disguisini^ ciiaiity under tiio name of a loan. They are real banks that make loans to labor, to make it more productive. Before makinjj a loan eaio is always taken to see that it will really produce the j^ood results o.xjiected, and to sec how far it is prudent to help in brini^int!; them about. In these institution^, the solvency of the borrower is the more carefully e.\amine(l that tho lender being himself in an humble position and possessed of much means, has few guai'antces to offer. Kor instance, the following is a rule among popular banks : x^oadvanceis made a member unless he has ])aid up one share within one or more months. The reascm is to discover whether tho borrower is of thrifty habits. For if he has not learned to save his own money, it is to he feared he will not know how to save that of other people. Another rule is : To only lend u member on bis own signature double the amount he has paid in di'posit. And, moreover, ho must be worthy of the favor. Larger amounts are only lent to members who has some one to become security for him, who deposit deeds, or who have paoor bearing known signatures discounted. (ith. Is not this security of jiopulnr credit utojiian? Innumerable instances given during the last thirty years by all the countries of Kurope that its mutual c''ai'acter gives to ])opular credit a security which is not possessed by other credit institutions. We will cite but one example. The popular Rank of Milan founded in 18(57 by Lu/.zatti and his friends, with a cajiital of 8140, began operations with 8l)',400 subscribed by MOO meml)ers, It has now If). 001) shareliolders, $1,400,000 business capital, §100,000 reserve fund and $10,000,000 deposit. It has di.seounted bills to the amount of $20,000,000 and more during every year and lor the last five years has taken but 4^ without commission. It has destroyed usury which was killing the small commercial business of J\Ii Ian. Only one note on 400 went to protest anil its losses scaiceiy reached 17 cents on $1,000 loaned. 7th. Does the Mutual and Popular Credit limit its transactions to advances and discount ? It receives con^ ^ns, bills of sales or ert'ects confided to it by its shai-eholders. It accepts de2)osit8 to meet cheoks, and gives a special rate of interest to deposits of small savings. It affords an opportunity to effect savings by means of discount on cash pay- ments granted by dealers who are shareholders and who consent to it. As it gradually spreads ;.nd eidarges it will : Do all kinds of banking business not forbidden by its statutes. It will oi'ganize a free service for information and investment. It will serve as a meeting place for its shareholders who may wish to form pro- fessional associations or co-operative associations for provisions, for sale and pro- duction. Finally the funds in the workingman's bank spoken of in its statutes will bo used to the benefit of workingmcn in all transactions or circumstances that may ensure their real advantage. 8th. What are the ohligations of shareholders? Their first obligation is to pay in full at least one share of $10, before they can take advantage of tlie services of the Society. The second is to furnish any information in their power and for that purpose to join the grouj) of the locality. 9th. What do you mean by the i/roup of the locality f I mean the neighboiing shareholders who meet together at one another's houses, at their convenience, to guard the interests of the Society. lOtb. J£oie can the tjroups be useful to one another ? By trying to induce all the honest people in their vicinity to join the Society. To drive away all persons likely to do injury to the Society. 809 By assifltinfi; in the choice of'delogaloH of the discount Council taken from among the oldest HharclioldurH of the quartur, wlioso duty it is to give information to the nianai^ors on tlio value of HignaluroH unknown to tliom. By drawing togellier as numy persons as jjossible in the locality in ;iympathy with the Society, in order to hold private conferences in the locality concerning the Society itself and its transactions. By securing the right to represent alisent shareholdeis at the annual Gcnoral Asscnilily, and afterwards giving them information concerning the business done, 11 ill. Do the .s/iart'ti bear interest .' As neither founders, nor managers, nor commissioners, nor general secretary receive the least remuniMation, the general expenses are very low. As often as they iiappen to ho less than the profits, a dividenary to form such capital? Evidently not. We then tind ourselves confronted by the problem: FORM YOURSELF YOUR INITIAL CAPITAL AND WHEN WILL COME TO YuU." THAT IS ESTABLISHED CREDIT We then come to the vital part of the matter, its application. All philosophers agree in declaring man to be a sociable being. Economists rely upon these philoso- • Founded in 1884. 810 phical axioms to demonHtnito oortnin commercial facts, and. oxamininpf the results piodiicoil by this Hociahility, they come to the conclusion that what hcst rosjionds to this iiuinan want is the desire men have of forrninif associations anionic thomsolvos. Then, let individuals form associations ami»ng themselves, but iiow is it to be done? Is it by binding tonothoi- those possessed of capital with workers ? That cannot ho done, for in the end, as in the boi^inniufj, the workers would own nolhinii;; they would on!}- have accom|)li.->hed one thini,': they would have worked with capital not their own. They would certainly' have found work which would have assured them a sort of liberty, but they would still have remained dependent on material capital. Now, such is certainly not the object aimed at in association. 1 favor anotht-r iilea. That is, I hold it as a principle that workmen should form an a-isociation with the determination of recpiiring nothingfroman^'one except ihem- selves, and to attain this it is an absolute neces«ity that they should all consider them- selves equal. In this way can bo applied the formula: '•FORM YOURSELF VoUB OWN CAl'IT.VL .\NI> WHEN THAT IS ESTABLISHED CREDIT WILL COME TO YOU." Consequently' any group or association of woikmon must bo constituted on prin- ciples of mutual service, of absolute equality among the mombei's, not only as to their rights, but as to their duties to one anotluM-. CHAPTER II. ITS APPLICATION. \st Section — Persons in Appointments. 1st Phasi.s. Formation of Mutual C.-edit Syndicates exclusively among persons in appoint- ments in manufactuiing and commercial centres. Each syndicate will have its own government and its own distinct direction. These syndicates will take as a model the Arrnir des (^omptdbles, a syndicate already formed in I'aris. Its tran.sactions will consist of loans, advances and discount to associates under certain delermined forms and conditions. The ca])ital, which must be es>entially variable, from the changes to which the f'unils of the syndicate must be subjecte I, will be formed by a subscription of equal amount for all the members. These shares will be paid by means of monthly or other subscriptions. The capital will be reimbursable to heirs and to members under conditions to be settled among themselves. To etfect this, there can bo no question of division of profits, as they must be employed as guarantee of the reimbursement of caiiital. 2nd Piiasis. Formation among Syndicates of a Syndical Union. This union will be obliged to form a cooperative bank, with variable capital. The cajiilal of the Hank will be formed by payments made by the groups, con- stituting subscriptions of shares, in proportion to the number of persons. Once established, the Bank will transact all the business of the united syndicates; these latter will, in regard to the Bank, assume the position of business agents, and of guarantees for the solvency of borrowing members. The bank will not necessarily limit its trani^actions to members of the syndicates \ being commercially constituted, it will have a right to do commercial business. It maj*, in consequence, do banking business for the groups formed by Section No. 2, salaried persons. 311 SUPI'LEMENTAIIV NOTE. From tlio time fliat tho HynditateH of jwcsoriH in iippnintmeiitH, have paid tlioir capital to tlio Bank they will ho i;iven interest on tlie amount deposited, and will mako use of them in a manner to henotit tlic profession they represent — that is, bj' the establishmont of library ^, courses of instruction, &c. 2nd SEcxroN — Persons RECEiviNa Waoes. Preliminary Obscrcations. I suppose five groups containing twenty monibors each. The members of each group are of tho same trade, but the different groups may represent difi'eront trades, 1 suppose that eatdi group re(iuiros 8400 for the purchase of materials and tools necessary to starting a productive association. If each group weie reduced to rely on themselves alone, and each member agreed to pay a suliscription of SO. 20 per month until the sum of $20, for instance, was reached, it would take 100 months to make up tlie $400. Join theii- forces, on the contrary, and each group will, in fi%'e years, have $400 at its disposal, although having paid but 8200. So that by the jjrincipio of associating the fund.s of the groups we lend 5-f 400; S2,000 in five years, with §1,200 paid monthly. The calculations are easily made^'ear by year. I must o.vplain that I take into account the interest on capital paid or borrowed. First Yeau. Paid in subscrii)tioiis — .'j.x20xA2.40 8 240 FoiHTii Vkak. 9 120 Amount of capital paiil dining present year. Keinilnn'senient of balance of loan to first group. . . . 240 ■nt to be j 200 The capital paid is not siifficic Reimbursement of loan to second group. . . Amount of disiwsable capital Loaned to a third grouj) DisiH)sable balance 200 Idaued. 700 400 ■■ - 240 240 Skcond Ykak. 3G0 Capital |)aid during pri-nent year. ... Fifth Ykaii. Balance of di>iM)sable ca]>ital. Amount of iai)ital disiwHable. . . Loaned to a first group 480 400 ."illO • Capital paid (hiring present year 240 Balance in bank 80 Kennbursenient in full of .second group. . . . do of half of third group Amoinit of disixisable caiiit.al Loans made to fourth and fifth groups Balance to be carried 200 200 Thiki) Ykau. ar . med 1 irst 80 240 200 1,000 800 Balance of disposable capital 200 Capital ])aie given a quarter share in tho dividend, and therefore the dividends will be regidated accocding to the proportion of each j)aymen(, and divided intofour parts, inaeeordanee with Article l.'i, toliowing. Art. i;{. Any Hubscriplion or jjayment of sh-ires made during tho j'ear will share in tho annual ol" known solveney, or pledges or other sutlieient warranty, Ih re(juiro. lioans may lie clt'eeted according to particular circuniMtances. or as n simple civil ohligalion, or hy means ot'drat'ts. Loans may be made on deposit of titjo deeds of puhlic rents, or other public values, ami on obligatioiiH of commercial associationH of industry under tiie i-uIoh oi the Statutes. (B) Discount. Alt, 20. Members of this bank may otler for discount theii' ellocts of change, according to tho rule-i established by Articles 17 and IH. Art. 21. TIk! smallest louns ami discount will i)o given the prot'eroMce, Ai"t. 22. Mendiers wlio iiavo Ik'cii refused credit may, if Ihoy wisli, appeal to llic ('ouncil of Arbitiation, who, togothor with the JUrcctor, will answer all (daimH. Art. 2^. lioans siiould not be given for more than four ( I) months. Ncvt^-- theless, the Administrative Council mav, on riMpiest of the member, and for loam* made on civil obligations, ) Twenty (20) per cent, to ttie reserve fund. Article 20. (o) Ten (10) percent, reserved for the employees of the Bank, whenever the Administrative Council may deem proper. The portion not distributed in this w^ay will be added to the reserve fund. Art. 28, The reserve fund is formed as follows: — (a) By means of entrance fees ; 816 (b) By annual 'issossmcnt on the profits, as stated in the preceding article. When the leserve fund has attained the proportions of ono-quarlcr of the umoiint of business capital, tho sliaro in the protits assigned it will be divided atnoiing the shares (capital), and in the event of a future decrease in the reserve fund it will bo again increased, as determined by Article 27 (letter b). Art. TITLE V. Leaving the Society by being Expelled, or by Sale of Shares. 29. Any member who, from any cause not accepted as valid by the Admin- istrative Council, shall have been in arrears with his suliseription for three consecu- tive months, will lose his right to membershi|) together with all claims for reiidiursc- ment on the sums already paid by him; and the Administrative Council will, more- over, have the right to expel any member from the Society who has forced the Bank to take legal proceedings against him, either for debt or tor' his guarantee, or if be has been guilty of dishonorable conduct. However, in such cases, the Society is obliged to i-einburse the member to the amount of his shares as given by the succeed- ing balance-sheet. A member who has been expelled by the Administrative Council has the right to appeal to the Committee of Arbitration. Art. 30. Any member who has contracted neither debts nor obligations as guar- antee in regard to the Bank, is at liberty to a.ienate or sell to a member, or any otbei- person not a member of the Society, provi led such action be approved by the Administi-ativo Council. Discount Committee. Art. 52. The discount committee consists of the Administrative Council and of twenty-six (2(i) mombevs elected every three months b}' the Cleneral Assembly ; who. three b}' three every week, according to the order of their election, together with two administrative Councillors, form the discount Committee. No draft can be dis- counted b}' the popular bank, and no advance can bo granted w''hout the approval of the discount Committee, who decitle by absolute majoi-it}' of vote. If a meniber ot the discount Committee be unable to serve, he is I'cplaced by the member tbllowing in the order of election. The Director and the other members are under obligation to give any information in their po.yer required by the discount Committee. Committee of Auditors. ■ Art. 53. The auditoi-s are three in number; they are elected by majority of votes of the General Assembly in private ballot ; tlieir election is for one j'oar, and thej' are re-eligible ; howevor, the first electicm is valid for the space of two years. They see that the Statutes and business regulations are strictly enforced, visiting the Jiank in turn every week to learn the state of atfairs ; they have a right to demand any infor- mal they may require tVom the Director and employees of the Bank, such as exam- iniii >! registers and deeds, and they may, moreover, at any lime, ii.s])ect the book the management, verify the state of the funds, revise the table of transactions, the balance-sheet and all the bank accounts. Art. 5-t. The auditors note down in a book for tlie purpose, the advice they believe it their duty to give on the management which they are obliged to superin- tend, and on which they must give a detailed reoort in writing at the ordinary annual Assembly atwhich theirauthority ceases. They may, however, in urgontcases, draw attention to any irregularity in the working of the liank they may have dis- covered. This they may also do at the quarterly and extraordinary meetings. Committee of Arbitration. Art. 55. In the event of any dispute arising between members, and the manage- ment, in regard to matters concerning the Popular Bank, tlie parties must refer it to 317 .1 special committee of three arbiirivtors, chosen every year from the body of the assembly by majority of votes, and always re-eligible. Nevertheless, if one of the parties is not satistied with the decision of the arbitrators the final decision will be given by thi'ee othei' arbitrators chosen ity the assembly of members, whose judge- ment will bo without appeal. At the first election the arbitrators remain in charge for two years, besides which they possess the ordinary powers of arbitratois, RUS.SIAN CO-OPEllATIVH liANKS. * The statutes of the Ivussian cooperative baidcs ditVer very little, and they all more or less resemble the first bank estaldished in liussia, that of JJagostwenskoe. The principal features of these Statutes may bo resumed as follows : — 1. Hanks whose object is to receive ihe saving ■ of the peasantry and to lend money to members. 2. The ver^' great majority of Banks do business among the rural population. •S. Membership is not limited. 4. New niembeis are admitted by the General Assembly. .'). Members can leave at will by giving ilue notice. (i. A member may bo expelled from ihe Association if ho fails to pay his annual sul)scription or any amount loaned. T. The share paid to the Eank by members, is equal for every one a.id does not generally exceed 100 roubles (§75.00.) 8, Payments made l>y members on their shares, generally amount to 3 roubles (S2.25) per annum, payable monthly, or in one sole payment. •J. Membei's leaving the Association or expelled, are paid their share only one year afterwards. 10. Shares are not ti'ansferable. 11. The reserve capital is formed by a share assessed on the profits (not loss than 10 per cent.); it is invested in State .securities, and bears interest so long as it does not exceed one-thini the aniount paid by members. 12. In the event of the Bank going into liquidation, the reserve capital is destined to help popular institutions for instruction. 13. The Bank receives deposits from its members, as well as from poisons not members. 14. The sum total of all the loans and engagements entered into by the Association, should not exceed ten times the amount paid by members, and the reserve fund together. 15. The engagements entered into by the Association are guaranteed, first : (r/) By the annual profits ; (6) By the amount ])aid by members ; ((') By the reserve fund ; ((/) By the individual property' of each member, they being bound together. 16. The Bank makes loans onl}- to its members ; the maximum of the amount loaned is once and a-half the amount the boirower has in the Jiank. 17. The loans are made at nine months, with the supplementary months allowed. 18. Members are security for one another for loans. 1!>. Each member has a rigiit lo become guarantee for half his payments. The fact of his becoming guarantee does not take away from bis right to borrow. 20. The profits of the year are divided among the membei-s in propoi'tion to the amounts paid by them, the amount for the reserve fund and tor remuneration of tlie management having been previously deducted. 21. The business of the Bank is managed by a Hoard of direction, consisting of thi'ee members, who are gonerally'elected for three years, and are under the control of a council of revision, composed of six memboi's, al.so named for three years. The council meets once a month ; and also by the General Assembly, that meets once a yeai-. * There are about 1,600 co-oi)erative banks in Ru8Hia. 818 THE POPULAR BANKS OF BELGIUM* Tlio P()])uliir l^mks, or associations of Mutual Credit havo lioon in existonoo in Bolgiinn lor over 2") voarH. Theie aio now 22 Popular Hanks actually in existence in IJolifiuin ; tlio oldest amonff tlnMu is that of Lidice, founded in ISOi; the one most lately established is that of Ai'iiientcau whicli was instituted in lS8i>. Since 188!) the Popular Holffiuni Hanks have formed themselves into a federa- tion; delegates from the banks meet every 3'ear in coni^fcss to oxamini> and discuss questions of iicnerai interest. The condition of Popular Pelgian Banks in 1S81) n\ay bo resumed as follows: — Number of members 10,000 Capital paid 8 KMI,0(M» Deposit for current accounts (itK/,OtlO Reserve fund CO.OOO Aayment of their share of capital. They are thus allowed to pay the amount in one sole payment, or in several, and notably by ir.onthlv instalments of SO. 40, or even bv weekly payments ofUO.lO. Peli:;ian Popular Banks, which are all establislu-d on the sufj;ii;csti()ns miven by Schulze-IVlit/.sh, are baseil on the princij)Ie of ab.solute solidarity. But iicl 80 In one do do ;{8 In eight do do JO f To prove that popular Banks are really democratic institutions, established mainly tor that class of citizens who, without the fruitful piincij)le of mutual belj), would experience very great dillicully in tiiiding crwiit, it will siitHce to the mention the ditVerent trades to which its members belong. Thus, the 2,701) members ot tiie Popular Bank of Li<5go, on the Ist of January, 1887, included l;{2 distinct tratles, among which we note: — 2!t5 merchants, 240 employees, 214 gunsmiths, !»8 tailors, 74 shoemakers, 72 professors, teachers male and female, ti;{ domestic and other servants, 54 carpenters, 40 seamstresses, 4(> housekeepers, 4."{ agriculturists, 'A\) painters, ,'{S mechanics, l\8 moulders, ;{.'! cabinetmakers, 20 adjustnrs, 20 butchers ami jiork butchers. 20 en- gravers. 28 contractors and masons, 28 railway guardians, 28 bakers, 28 lock- smiths, 28 letter carriers, 27 turners, 25 cotfee-house keepers, 24 printers, 2.'! labour- ers, 20 sculptors, etc. As regai'ds the trnnsiictions of the B:ink, the reporter of the Boljgian section thus gives a resumt^ : — •KxtiiW't fitmi Afdiis. Mii'liiv's rciHift, f.i Cmlit Mulml. + Tlmt is to Sivy, tlu' siiiiplc iviiuiiint (if tlu' sliurc. To show lio.v littli' sliiircliolili'is luiiliTstaiiii tlii' 1iiil)ilitv tlii'V iniiy liiivc iissuiin''l liy (U'lvptinjf tlio |iriluM|ili' of uiiliiiiiti'd soll(lality,it willsiitl'u" to state that tlit' I'opMlar I'.auk of I. iiv'.'i''" I it'<'iitln'ir Statutes ni (iciicral .Asscmldy, and cliaii^'cil tliiiiMiiiliiiiitiMl lialiiiity to a lial'ility liiiiited of *ySiKl imt sliaii', a', wliich more tliaii one Inindied sliai-eliolders withdrew from the Hiiiik. statiiiK tliat tliey would not risk siKjli u liability. And yet, up to that time they had iH'en liable to the full extent of their (KwacBsionH. 819 "Our Miituiil Crodit Associntionw. do j^ononilly ivll kinds of hanking; Imsinoss with tlioir mcinlters — disroiint, coimmMTial vjiliu's, advanoos of funds for jfuarantoe, loans on security, hy pot liocary guaiantoos, or on deposit of doods, oponini; crodit, discount, otc. ''A workinifnian. an artisan is tired witii tlie noble atnliition of mounting step liy step tiie social scale; he wishes to start in husiness on his own account ; ho iK alilo at ilia trade and a steady man. Jlo, nniy witii all contidence, ajiply to a I'opulur liank. They will open a small credit account for him, which will frequently he a valui;l)lo lielj) to him, certainly in the heginning. "lias a workingman's iiousehold to incur any special expense for provisions, at the beginning of winter. Ww instanct>, or to make any exceptior\al outlay for ostal)- lishing a son or daughter, an advance can bo obtained from the Popular IJank, which will allow tiicm to niake their j)urciiases for cash and under advantjiges as to jirico. "The most ardent desire of a vvorkingman, a foioman t)r an en»])loyee, is fre- quently t0(>wn a small liomo ot his own. In this cast* a I'opulur IJank ean I'o of tiio greatest use to iiim. Let him but go to the Bank and say: 'I have saved a tow francs; 1 want to buy or to build a small house; advance mo the throe or four tliou- saud fiancs I need; you will enter the amounlof my money, and every month, or every three months, when 1 come to pay the interest, I will l)iing you my luither savings to reduce my indei)tedness.' "Could such a re(iuest be unt'avorably received? I'opulur Hanks assist every day lionost, thrifty and industrious labon-rs to become owners of their houses. "Tliose few examples will sutlicc, we hooe, to show tjie beneficial influence exer>.'i80tt by our mutual credit associations, as regards improvement in the position of our working classes." h 0—21 WORKLNGMEX'S HOUSES.* THE EOUKN SOCIETY OF CHEAP HOUSES. The Rouon Society for cheap liouses is of recent foi-ination (.Tui\e, 1S87); it is not speculative. Tiie HiiarelioWer.s cannot in any case expect more tiian 3 per cent, on their capital ; it is purely u pliilanthr()j)ic work which has not received fi-om the city or Departnien*; of State either subsidy or warranty of interest. The capital shares, fixed ])rovisionalIy at 821,700 has increased (Ist January, ISSO) to §L'(;,0()() divided into 2(50 shares of SlOO. Its object is essentially philanliiropic ; it seeks to render properly accessible to workers; with that intention it acquired at Rouen, on the loft bank of the Seine, a piece of land of 55,000 s, the Society made agreements on these terms for 44 houses with workmen of ditl'eront trades; 43 of these lessees were marrieil ; 1 was a bachelor; 14 had no children ; 16 had 1 ; 8 had 2 ; 3 had 3 ; 2 had 4 ; 1 had 5. In all, the number of this group wore 141 souls. We will now see what the person taking one of these houses must jjay in order to become [)roprietor or to enjoy it as lessee; let us first see what these houses are: 5 are built on a lot of 957 square feet. 28 do 1,160 do 11 do 1,650 do The main body of the first 3()4 do do second 3()3 do do last 365 do The dependencies of each of thirty-three first cover a surface 88 square feet. Those of the last eleven 110 square feet. The gardens occupy a surface of about ; 605 feet — 715 feet or 1,155 of surface. * Set- also section XIV. ^^'t• iiavn rfpriicluccd from Hainiik'H of worknu'irH houses, a ffw chosen from among those liest adaiitert t" till- custom and climate of the coimtry. The documents were vnifortunately burnt at the fire which tlfstroveil a i>art of the workshops of George Bishop. 20— 2 1^ 324 Kach house, little or threat, hns: A ocllar under grounu ; A kitchen and a room, with cliininiyH and fireplace on fjround-flat ; A room with fireplace, and one or two rooms witiiout, on Ihu tirrit flat; A laundry with furnace and lioilor; "i A water-floNot on a pit ot'S cubic metrew deep; >■ At the enil of the garden. A woodMhed, j The material employed in the conBtruction of these houses are: stone, brick and rough stones ; the thickness of the wails, of the ])artiti()n walls, the floors, the plaster- ing, carpenters' work, the roofing, etc, are all of similar quality as those used in building at iiouen and give every guarantee a solidity and durability. •The height of the ceiling is 8 feet on the ground floor ; 7 feet 8 inches on the tirst flat. The soil is excellent and easily worked ; air and light circulate freely around these houses bounded by the street, which is 32 feet wide, and by the garden. The fountains erected by the city near these houses give them an abundant supply of ]iure water ; the rain and dirty water are carried to the drains by means of varnished earthenware pipes, at the head of which is placed a siphon ; scavenging is done every day at the expense of the municipality. So that, on the score of health, nothing more can bo desired. The cost of these houses is as follows : — .SiiiiiU, Avera^'o, liiirfff. Land 8 !)6 $U(J 8105 Main body -100 475 490 Dependancies 70 70 75 Walls and fences 40 40 55 Drainage 15 15 15 Cost of building 29 35 38 They are thus sold at 8u5U S751 §838 tV piiyil'le cash and the balance with interest and costs in 16 years as follows : 854.00 for the small ones. 02.00 for the average ones. (39.00 for the large ones. The annuities are payable bv twelfths of: 84.50, 85.20 or 85.40. The final contract of sale may be obtained after the fifth j'ear of enjoyment from the time he has paid, over and above tlio 10th so-called guarantee payment, a sum equivalent to the payment of five years. To facilitate this end the Society receives on current accounts, with interest at 4 per cent., the savings of the purchases in sums of 810.00 and over. But if the occupant, for reasons of which ho is the sole judge, does not wish in buy the property, and asks a I'osiliation of the lease, allows him to return the pm- ])erty on condition of his fulfilling his enjoyments with it, and restoring the premisc> in ii'ood condition : Ist of his payment in warranty. 2nd of a sum on each annuity paid, fixed at. 818.20 for the small dwelling. 21.00 for the average dwelling. 23.40 for the large dwelling. ,In such case he will not have paid more for annual rent than : 835. SO for the small dwelling. 41.40 for the average dwelling. 40.20 for the lai'ge dwelling. The Rouen Society for cheap houses, does a useful work, as we may see in the two casc?s. 32c lb interest at In the first, it pormitft the workinif-man wlio lifts tlie laiidnlilo ambition ofposhoss- iim a lioinc, to do so surely ami I'conoinically ; siir('i3', lici-iuise lie lias i>iily to pay his relit for sixtoi'ii years, to Ijccome proprictnr ; ccoiioinically, because tlio rent ba^ not lieeniipproeiably higlior tiian wliat would lie paid for a siniilardvvellinn' toaii ordinary proprietor. In the second case it allows liiin, who caniiol.or will imt cecupy tbe bouse, except us tenant, lo constitute lor liiiuself witiiout, too inucli, a capital a little more than one third of tbe annual sums ho has ]iiiid. The biiildiiii;s ot'tlie Society arc but tinisbed. and nevertheless already wo can per- ceive other advantayeH than those (Uijoyed by the occupants. It will oblige the pro- prietors of working-men's houses to take j;;ieator care of the sanitary condition of these houses, and pi-rbaps to consent toadecreaso in rent, for thort^are many that have for maiiy yenrs derived a larifo revenue from these small dwellinj^s. This explains the ease with wliicdi the Society collects its tenant-proprietors and foreshadows its great success. As a further ^-uarantee of these results, the Society deals with the working jDeople, a laborious and honest class, who pay regularly their anniiitics of twelfths. 30 in tho two REAL ESTATE SOCIETY OF ORLKAXS.* HAVING FOR ITS OBJECT TlIK J)KVKr,ol'Mi;NT OF A SPIRIT OK SAVING BY IIEI-PtNO IN TIIK ACyllSITIoN or I'Hiil'KRTV. In ISTO two workingmen, intelligent initiators, without any capital and without any other support than the coiiperation of a few di .interested men. conceivi^d the idea of establishing a building society, which they called the Real J-'.state Society of Orleans, with the double object of increasing the number ot small dwellings, so as to surmount the ditlieiilties arising from the increase in rents, and above all of provid- ing lor the woi-kingman, the father of a family, a healthy dwelling, ofwhicdi be may become proprietor within a short delay, which he can shorten by anticipating pay- ments, according to the payments he has to make and to his haliits of punctuality and oi'der. The principal oi)ject of tbe society, then, is to give the workingman tin* ojipoi'- tunity of becoming ])roprietor of his liouse. And this purj)osc it has expi'cssed in the sub-title of the institution. There is printed at the head of its statutes: " Ti> deve- lop the sjiirit of saving and to help in the acquisition of ])i'opcrty." The Anonymous Heal Estate Society of Orleans, with varialde capital, has con- stituted a nominal capital of 340, (MM), and a working ca])ital of 81."). '580, divided into 7Cit shares of §20, subscribed in most cases by the jxjorer class. This capital, originally $40,000, was realized by degrees according to neo!ir8, nocoHsitaton an avora^o annual jiaymont of 2,000 X 7.10) 8142.00. The rontinir value of that liouso in SKiO, that is *H0 a ntory. ilavin/^ ffivon the actual ])rico of tho raw material and of tho work, wo holiovo wo havK roat'hcd tho oxtnuno limits of low piiccH in our huildin^w. Tlio])ric((H which W(i yivo aH rcniuiuTatioii for tho nuintor workman working with his stall would ho iiiili^nantly rofusi'd by contractors of a hij^hor ordor and would ho insuHiciont for tluun. Wo have also ondcavorcd to avoid Ihoso contractors who, in onlor to socuro money too often, allow thomsolvc^s to waste time on trilling details. Moreover, the economic results whit'h we had the ^ood fortune to ohtain are due, in a threat measure, to the low ligure of the general costs which never attained 1 per cent, of tho works oxecutod. The functions of tho managers of tho Heal Hstate Society are given gratuitously, and, nevertheless, four or Hve momhers of the (Council of Administrationdevoto daily !uiil regularly several hours of their leisure time to the direction of the Society and tlio ovei'sceing of tho works.* On the other hand, tho costs of its first establishment was coverod from tho first series of building, by a profit realized on three corner lots. In conclusion, tho society was not a biiidon on tho City of Orleans; it was not o.\'em])tod from tho payment of tho road and city taxes, and it was able besides to give to the City the ground for its streets, and to eontribnte half of theoxpense of making tho road. It apj)earH superfluous for us to enter then into longer or more minute details. We believe that wo have made it our serious duty todemonstrate to tho workman that property can be acquired by him if he bo industrious and saving. Our relative suc- ces.sos have surpassed our exjjoctations. * The above notice was prepared on the 1st April, 188(>. Tho Society has remained exactly the same in evorytning relating to its working and its organization. Tho number of buildings is actually 228, and according to all appearance, is not likely to decrease. Workingmon's dwellings woi'o extremely scarce in Orleans in 1870 ; to-d.iy, by the sole fact of the number of buildings of tho Society, and of various buildings, almost equal in number, built in the now quarter of the City, workingmen's dwellings abotind, and tho rents have materially diminished. Tho capital ^of the Society was only raised to $85,180; the actual reserve is, as foi'nierly, equal to the tenth of the business capital. The interest given to tho share- holders had to Hu tier a reduction; for two years past tho shareholders have been obliged to support the cost of tho tax. For ;.he first time this year, tlitit it is to say, for the inventory 1888 closing the Slst December last, tho interest allowed on the shares will only be 4,112 per cent, taxed to their charge. We have reason to hope that a large reduction will not become necessary for the future. In fact, tho general commercial industrial crisis, etc., etc., has weighed and weighs very heavily on the proprietors and tenant-proprietors of the Society; they liavo more difficulty, by reason of tho diminution in the hours of labor and a decrease in wages, to pay their own rent, and moreover, many among them are unable to recover the rent duo by their tenants embarrassed by the same causes, that is to say, want of work. On the other hand, misfortune, which seems to have fallen in a way really extraordinary, on a great number of householders, customers of the Society; death for the last ten years has not taken less than twenty of tho heads of families, leaving widows and orphans in misery and want.f In the greater number of these cases tho Society has been able to assist these families, but they are compelled to come to their aid in the execution of their engagements, and as to the payment of the capital employed in the construction of the building. * The general expenses in 1888 only amounted to §560. I This unfortunate jxasition of the family should be prevented by Life Insurance. — J. H. 828 SorioUH (lillicullioH hiivo iiriHon from the fact (»f tlioHO nnliappv circmnstancoH — iiiiliiHtriul criHis, want offiindH, oxpoiino <>t aNNiKtini; t'iiinilioH, otr. Tin' adiniiiiHfralfU'K woro (»l)li/^(Ml lo oxovciH(» tlioir wits to moot lli(MlitllciiltioMortliiH iitnv iiml iinroroHocii coiidilioii ()(' tliiiif^s. Tlici'cf'orn llioy Hiifj^ostcil ili(< i'ollowiiit; mniliticatidiiH : — IhI. To c'oaHo maliiii^ oliliiratory tlio paymoiit ot'llio liypothocary loans j^ivoii in Miibstitiition for the capital ol'tlu* Socu'ty. liiiil. To rt'iluio, aH far as iiccossary, to toiiaiit-pro|)iiotors woi^licd down with tho payiiu'iit to llie sinking,' fund ot 5(1 pt>r conl. ol'tho valuo of tht' propoity, it hoint; adniitlfd, that, with thi- worst poHsii)hi t'ortiino tho jirojx'rty ('aniiot in 2.') yoais docroasu in valuta to tho amount of half its vahio, and consociiliit<)f, wlio sHjniliiti'M, ms ti ooiidifion, tin* n';,'nliir monthly |i:iyiiu-Mt ol' H ciM-tain miimi, and uIho sli|iiilHt«>N that it' you tail in any of your payiudiitH the nalo in null and tliu inHtalinoiils already iiiado aro t'orloiU!d ; lliis IH iiHiiry; it is even dishonest; our hiws whicli, ahis, are l kind ot rohiiery, hnt wu niiiwt iindurslaiid liow lo invoUo llioso hiws anil poss»«Ms the necessary I'linds lo obtain justice. I ilo not a^ree either, with tlie stiictness ot' Iho Stalules of the J'reroi/diiccn de lAi'diir, that;^ive.H to the Society the sums paid hv those ineinborM who aro urinhio to continiH" their rei^nlar instalments, or who die heti>re tlie}' have icaclii'il the atjje at which they initriil henelit hy llie sale. I would wish lluit they would reliirn all or at least a part of these instalmenis. The Slatiiles of the Society |»revciit all these dillicidlies and all this injustice, ho that nolhinrr renniins to the Society wliieh we uphold, nor eonseciuontly to itw mcinhers, hut, the advantaffes to he derived at from any well organized and W(«ll reu'u lated association, 1' or oxamp e; a worUinicniiin — nicmiier who is ovorwiielinei I witl I niisfnrtiine, aia wlioso delay in his monthly p.iyinenis would he excusable, could, at any lime, if ho saw no way to surmount thi' dillicnlties into which succossive alllictions had plumbed him, leave the Society, On his written deniiind in a special rei^ister, a commission is iiamctl hy the Council of Administration, and visits the immovahle, maUes a repoil eslimatin/X i'l^ ilecrease in valiio or deteriorution il'any exist, and presents an account for approval at the next (ieneral Assemhiy, in sindi a way as not lo injure the new mcmlier who is calleil to succeed the retiring oni'; deduction l>ctiiL' made also — or otherwise he would have been rent Wci' — not of rent, bi tin; interest bori'owed and all'ectin;^' the property foi' the time that the retirin: ■ I'mber occupied the liouso whieli he left, the balance of the capital paid is relii following example.) to him (SCO Kxa.mi'I.e: Debit. Capital borrowed, due by the shareholder, bein^ the value of 4 (>l>liiiations §400.00 Interest, ;{ months, 4 p. e 4.00 Uepairs (more or less) 10.00 Cleaninn' scrui)l>inn', paintiiii; paperiii<;-, renewing 20.00 Wear and tear, if any 10.00 ToTAi «440.00 Credit. " TIh! immovable n'ivtMi to each siiarelioMer,coiii|)j'ising Ihe value of the share ' .§500.00 Monthly paymont.s, ;i months, at Sl'/each IT). 00 liilerest pro-rata (1) t).75 Plii^ value of the property the iiouso having increased in value (if such l^e tl"' ca.so) 20.00 ToTA r, %v)'^'^ . 75 To 1)0 reimbursed, $!)5.T5 Similar proceedings will be ado])ted for those members who .aliuse the benevolence of the Society, displaying an uiuvillingncss to j)ertorm tlie duties stipiilaleil by the Statutes of the Society; in such case the General Assembly on tlie suggestion of the Council of administration, prononiu'es the revocation or exclusion of the unworthy member, and orders that bis account be settled has as boon selforth in the preceiling jiaragraph. Ami the aid fund itself, or reserve fund, which is increased by the various ways and means which there working Society possesses, inablos the Society to allow a small sum, as a consolation, to those members wh(»areconsidcre will speak in another ])hice, those members who are embarrassed can obtain a loan from the reserve or aid fund in order to enal)le them to fultil tlieir engagements. These loans are jiaid by weekly payments of so much on account — for example, a tenth of their wages. The Solidarity, as we may see by the statutes, procures for a group of wnrking- men as solvent a position as any capitalist may possess. It may easily be understooii that all the workingmen cannot, at the same lin\e, be unable to pay, we may reckon on the reguhir montlily ])ayment of a certain sum ;.ccording to the extent of th. caintal loaned, and beiui;' used for the building of each groupofwoi'kingmen's bouses and it being granted that evciy workman may be considered industrious when he has saveil a hundred francs, and has the wish to pay his r U, he is certain, !)y means of this Associaticm, to nieet others like him, who are certain to cany out our project to a good ending and to give general satisfaction. Jle who can )loyed except, in the conslruction of \voi'l{' the Society in one or more payments, $'20 at least on suliscr'ibing, and 820 on account, month by month ; for the shares the full value should be ])aid, belbre the entry into enjoymoiit of the house, and for the ob' alions, on the final reception of the wor'ks. Those dates of paynuMit shall be determined by the (ienoral A.ssemlily. Art. 10. Ill default of payment, and after ral Assembly, may decide. Art. 11. The shares can only lie transferreil in exceptional cases ; in the ease of the decease of the owner, when llie widow, the eldest son (i»eing of age), or the tutor to the minor children, have made within the delay of tho year which foUows tho death, the declaration by letter that she cannot continue tho obligations entered into by her lale husband ; when one of the shareholders, not having done his iluty, has put himself in the ])osition of being expelled by the (General Assembly or who, on account of hib ])ositioii having become precai'ious, sends in his resignation. In a word, when for any reason whatever, one of the houses belonging to the Society he -omes vacant, and tho (foneral Assembly has voted its occupation to any workman making appli- cation for it. and fultilling Ihe conditions of admission adopted by the Socii'ly. Tho register shall note this change, which will be sigi\oil by the new mend)er. This trans- fer meludes all the lights and privileges appertaining to the share transferred. Ai't. 12. Tho obligations may he transferreil at will, and. according to the cases above indicated, is the same for shareholders; these transfers may be madi> by simple dcclar.'ition mad(> before the justice of tho peace of the canton, whooxaminos the title with the tr.'insforrer and transferee at the place reserved for that purpose, the whole with previous consent of the Society. The rights and obligations appertaining to each share follows the share, no matter in who.so hands it may pass. Art. 14. The widows and orphans may, .as has been said in Article 11, remain owners of the shares of their rtf//c»/>', if they see their way to fullil the oblig.ations wir these latter assumed. In the contrary case their accoun'. will bo made in the folldvving i..:'nnor: to tho credit all tho sums i)aid, deduction made of tho interest at I per cent, of the cai)ifal (.SloO) for each share, ami capitalised according to tho instalments which were paid on tho cai)ilal ; on tho debit side tho vU'crea- > in value oi the house occupied by tho shareholder, and tho coit of approjiriation and of rono- * Ncvfitlii'li'ss wlicii till' priic (if til.' iiiiuiin ilili' cxcct'ds tlic?-")!!!) fciM'si'cii, till' lialiinci', wliicli jjciirrally « licit juiid until after tlic entry int.i enjiynieiit of the [ilaee, slial! lie taken i'limi the re.serve fund, ivnd the price ainiiunts to??tJOO each nH'UiU'i- will 1m' iliowed five ililigatiiins inwtead nf four. Il, ■*^i' 332 vation of tho Haiti hi)ii8o, the wholo acconlini^ to tho account kept in the indiviiliiul account book, Ueei)iii,i^ llu- account liy (lol)it and credit, and in such a way that tho successor siiali not bo dotVauded wlicn takini; the immovables abandoned. The procedure is tho same with regard to those who, for one reason or another, cease to bo members of the Association ; a commission of thice members at leuNt, to which t!io transforrer or his assign may aibl an oxpiTt, who has a doiiliorative voice with the said meinliors of the aforesaid cuniniission, wiiether lie bo or bo not tiiUen into tho Socioty. .shall agree as to the estimate of tho doorcase in value, and the cost of renewing and repairing tho immovai)lo abandoned or transferred. This commission .■>hoiild always hoop an acoount of tho increase or the decrease of the immovable, no matter what may bo the cause. The amount in excess shall be given to the transferrer on his simpio discharge, if ho has the power to give it. This discharge should in every case be subject to enre- gistratioii. On the suggestion of this commission, the (ienoral Assomlily may, in any state of tho case, allow a sum as cnnsolation to tlio transferrers or assigns, who, by reason of successivo misfortune, may bo considorod worthy of tids mark of interest. This award shall be taken from the reserve fund, and snail serve above all, in whole or in i^art, to equalise tho ilobit of the transferror shouly liim to the mnnaijjer c.iarliciilar rule will indicate clearly the necessary formalities to be observed, in order that each member may profit by tiie reserve fund or loan fund; these special loans are paid back to thy said loan fund by means of weekly payments, efjuivalent to about- 10 per eent. of the borrowiiii; member's waives. On lu|uidatioii the reserve fund is divided in the following manner: 2U per cent, to the manager and 80 per cent, to the shareholders. LASOLIDARITE DEMOCRATKiUE DES LOCATAIRES- L'NIOX OF TENANTS. -THE DEMOCRATIC SAINT-I'lEHRE-LES-CALAIS. STATUTES. TITLE 1.ST. Art. 2. The object of the Society is to secure alike to proprietors, and to lessees of leasing houses, tlie regulai' payment ()f their rents. This object is attained by the establishment of a loan or reserve fund destined to secure ilefliciencics by coming to the assistance of tenants unable to pay their rent, by lending them the money necessary for that purpose. Art. 5. The business capital is fixed at livided in shares of $20.00 each ; they may be increa.-ed acconling to Jie needs of the Society and the number of members, by the decisions by the ordinary or extraoidinary general assemblies convoked for that jMU'post . Art. (J. There is only >ne kind of share which is nominative; the rate of interest is li.xed at a maximum of t ])er cent, per annum. Each shareholder should own one share for each -S1,000 or part of Ci,000of the value of the immovable he occupies. Art. l."{. The duties of tlie manager consist in keeping the accounts of the Society, collecting the I'cnts, informing the members ot' the solvency and conduct of their co-tenants,^=sueing all tenants in arrears, and, finally, securing vacant houses for members that require them. They are also allowed to pa.ss sueh leases as may bo con.sidercd necessary-, and on the conditions set forth in the forms prepared by the (renei'al Assemblies, and without power to alter them, uidess duly authorised so to do; the conditions of these leases will be discussed and decir the payment of his rent or monthly instalment when he is — for some excusable and woll-established reason — unable to fulfil his obligation ; a request should be made by him and addressed to the manager eight days in advance, so that the Council of Administration may take cognizance of it; the pai'ticular regulation will clearl}' indicate the formalities necessary to enable a member to benefit from the reserve fund as a loan fund ; these special loans shall be paid back to the said funil by means of weekly instalments, equal to about 10 per cent, of the salary of the member borrowing. When the reserve fund shall attain the half of the business capital, the special assessment allotted for its creation may cease ; but it may at any time become exigible, if the reserve fund should sink below thut pro])ortion. On liquidation, the reserve fund shall be divided in the following manner : 30 per cent, to the manager, and 80 per cent, to the shareholders. ANONYMOUS SOCIETY OF RHEIMS. FOK THE IMPROVEMENT OF WORKINGMEN S HOUSES. This Society was founded in 1882 by 157 shareholders belonging to all known branches of human industry, whose sole object w.is to improve small dwellings, both for morals and hygiene, and to do this by cooperation. Acting at their own risk and peril, their disinterestedness was proved by their Statutes, which restrict the divi- dends to -1 per cent., whatever may be the prosperity of the Society. ' The business capital is $100,000, of which $75,000 are paid. The Society is under the management of nine commissioners, whose services are given gratuitously. The type of house chosen is pavillion in shape, detached and divided in four, each angle containing two separate stories, which gives eight dwellings in each pavillion. Each dwelling comprises an entry, two rooms, a kitchen and a water-closet. The tenants of the first flooi- have a collar, and those of the second have a garret. The rents of these dwellings include taxes ; the price for the first stoi-y is §2 per month, and for the second story $2.20 poi' month. The Society has built 14 houses, containing 104 dwellings. In 1888 the shai-eholders weie given a dividend of 2.34 percent, on the paid up cepital. MESSRS. FANIEN, SENIOR AND JUNIOR. BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURERS, AT SILLERS, PAS DE CALAIS. Messrs. Fanien, father and son, have built, in Sillers, 160 houses for workingmen's dwellings. The houses built by Messrs. Fanien leave nothing to be desired as regards health. They aie built on the high road, and are generally surrounded by gardens, cultivated ground or lawns, so that there is a free circulation of air. The custom is to wash out the ground fioors every week, and to whitewash the interior once a year. Water 885 ro made year, on nager or \t due. 10 extent eased by given by lintration incur by 10 money -for Home L request !e, so that •egulalifm letit from ,ck to the nt. of the he half of ease ; but below thut anner : 30 all known lings, both n risk and it the divi- torvices are |n four, each li pavillion. oKot. The lu-ret. The ])cr month. the paid up Irkingmen's irds health. cultivated lis to wash lar. Water is abundant in the locality, which is the first in which the firsvi known artesian wells were sunk. Water flows nuturall}' Irom the fountains in the lower part of the town ; in the upper parts of the town it is only necessary to bore 26 or 33 feet to come upon a spring of water, and Mons. Fanien has placed a well in front of each group of workingmen's houses. There is a drain in the yard belonging to each house, which crosses the ground floor and empties into a larger drain under the sidewalk, into which flows the rain water and all the water that has been used in the house. By dividing his houses into 3 rooms in the first storey and 2 rooms on the ground floor, Mr. Fanien allows his tenants the opportunit}- of separating the sexes, which, unfortunately, is done in no other workingmen's houses in the district. The cost of building these houses varies considerably. Tlioy often cost §500, and sometimes $400, according to the times and the cost of material. Some 20 were built in 1886, which cost 8393, not counting the price of the land. In 1887 some 2U others were built on the same plan and in the same street, which cost $357, without the land. It must bo observed that, apart from the mason's work which is done by a contractor, everything is prepared in Mons. Fanien's workshops, he being his own builder and architect. Calculating for the land around them, the houses cost about $440; they rent at 80.50 per week ($26.00 per year). Mons. Fanien himself pays the taxes and makes the repairs, which are often considerable. In conclusion, those houses at the prices stated above, give on an average a rough profit of 5 p.c. or 4 p.c. net. An attempt was made to build 12 houses of larger size with garden attached, costing about $500, in which it was proposed to lodge several families, or workmen intending to open a shop at home; but the attempt did not succeed, and it was never possible to rent the nouses at more than $0.60 per week, or abimt $31.20 per year. Since then the houses have all been built on the plan of those varying from $357 to $303. Mons. Fanien has endeavored to induce his workmen to become proprietors of the houses rented by them, by inserting in the lease a promise of sale under very favorable conditions. The selling price is fixed at $360, that is to say over and aborethe cost, payable in ten years by means ofa weekly instalment of §0.55 retained on the tenant's wages; the rent retained being $0.40 more. In the event of the contract being broken Mons. Fanien reimburses the workman in the full amount of the payments made. MULHAN'S SOCIETY OF WOEKINGMEN'S CITIES. FOUNDED AT MULHANS IN 1853.* Extract From the Statutes. The object of the Society is : Art. 1 a. — The construction in Mulhans and itn vicinity of workingmen's houses. Each house is to be built for one family without communication with any other, and besides the building, includes a yard and garden. b. The locality of the said houses at moderate rents which must not exceed 8 p.c. on the cost price, an amount necessary lo cover interest and general cost. c. The sale of the house by successive payments, to workingmen, at simple cost price. Art. 13. — The object of the sharehoklers being to provide for the well-being of the working class by means of healthy dwellings, and to assist workmen in the purchase ofa home by selling the houses and their dependencies at cost price, each share in the Society can give a right to oidy : 1st. Interest at 4 per cent, per annum. 2nd. To repayment of the capital. The shareholders deny themselves all right to any profit whatsoever. m 336 CONDITIONS FOR ADMISSION TO THE PROVISIONAL PURCHASE OP A HOUSE. A first pi(yment of $60, and A first payment of 670, For the purchaso of a house costing nnder 8C00, monthly payments of $5.00. P'oi- tlio purchase of a house costing from $G00 to 8720. and monthly payments of Sil 00. For a liouse of $S00 and ovoi-, the payments are $80 for the first instalment and monthly payments of §7.00. The deed of sale is definitive only when a third of the price has been paid. The buyer is debited with the price of the house arid credited with his payments, all bearinn' reciprocal interest at 5 ])er cent. In the event of the deed being cancelled for default in monthlj- payments, the purchaser is bound to leave the house on a a simple notification, and to return it in good condition under penalty of damages-interests. His account will be stated as follows : Eent calculated at $3.20 per month for a house costing S-180. " •' " 83.00 " " " $520 to $.51)0. " " " 84.00 " " " 8(500 to 8040. 11 u 11 It l< 1. 11 II II " 84.00 " 84.40 " '• " $660 to 8720. " $4.80 " " " $760 to $840. Andr deducting tlie rent from the payments made, the balance is to he paid to the tenant on receipt of the keys, the bool< and receipts given by the Society. The property must be preserved in the same state as when it was sold; the orna- mental and fruit trees, and the fences are kept in order by the proprietor, who must ;dso keep his garden in good cultivation and not build on it. The proprietor can neither sell, nor sublet during ten years, without authoriza- tion from the Society. The entire payment, capital and interest in full, should be paid within a maxi- mum delay of fourteen years. From 1854 to 1888 the Society built 1,124 houses at a cost of $607,055, which were sold for the same amount; on the 31st of December, 1888, there remained a balance of 889,000 due. Amounts paid by l)orrowers since 1854, including capital and interest, came to $016,804. Under the conditions of payment as stated above, a house valued at $600 will be paid for in 13 years and 5 months, the purchaser having jjaid a total sum of 8865.20. If he had rented the same house at $3.60 per month ho would have paid about $570.60. The house has, therefore, really only cost him a monthly savings of $1.77 more than his rent. The ground occupied by each house is 440 feet in superficies and the garden 1,320 feet, in all 1,7(50 feet supei-ficies, giving per group of 4 houses 1,760 feet of buildings surrounded by 5,280 feet of gardens.-''^ With its bonus the Society has erected a hall or asylum capable of containing 25 children, and has since added two other rooms to it. It has opened a bakery that delivers bread at from 1 to 2 cents per loaf of 5-^ lbs. cheaper than the other city bakeries. It has established hot baths wliere baths with towels can be had at the price of 80.075. Finally, it has constructed a large pond or basin, 1,232 feet in super- ficies; it is filled with hot water thrown from a large industrial establishment which is worked by an engine of 500 horse-power. A bath costs 1 cent, and more than 1,000 are given every month. Women may wash their clothes here free of charge. *Mulli!ins Alsace, ^raimfacturiiig city of 70,000 soiils. The Wdrkin^niicn's cities of Mvilliaiis Imvc K('rvc \vork this is. * .-V (?ives an exact repri'sentation of the sitiiation of the houses in tue workingmen's city of Mutilans. One groui) of 4 houses in 1888 cost ■*i4,(HX), of which !?400 was the cost of the land. 387 IE. • $fiO, and Bntof$70, Imetit and paid. Tho ,'nicnts, all monts, tho cturn it in ! Htated aa ;r)(]0. >G40. 5720. $8-10. ^ be paid to icty. d ; the orna- •, who must t authoriza- hin a maxi- ,055, which remained a [ling capital lat SlJOO will ;otal bumof paid about ' Sl.77 more |.-ardcn 1,320 ifliuildingB 'containing lliakery that |e other city ie had at tho i>ct in supcr- Jmcnt which le than 1,000 largo. Mvillians have Kniil.' Miillcf, IlidSf w)l'' work Ity of Mullianw. BELGIUM. THE DE NAEYER COMPANY AT WTLLEBROECK. In 188<) Messrs. de Naeyer & Co., addressed the following circular to their workmen : — To the workmen of the de Naeyer and Co. Society at WiUebroek. When a few months ago, on tho time of the sad occurrences at Chailoroi and at Lit'ge which caused such grief to all who arc interested in the wofkingman,and who try by every possible means to improve his condition, I had occasion to address you by means of u circular distributed among you, I said to you : "One of my most constant subjects of thought and cai'e has been to instil in tho workman a spirit of thi'ift and economy. Wlien the day comes that the workingman shall well under- stand wiiat well-oi'ganized savings mean, that day shall seo a marked improvement in his well-being, for, lot it not be overlooked it is not largo wages that gives happiness to the household, it is first oi" all order, good-will and economy." I added," tluit to encourage thrift, our Society would still continue to sell, for cash, flou; and other articles considerably below cost, but that the profits realized on its credit sales (you are aware that the discount on cash sales is about 25 ]»er cent.) would be divitled among them, and that moreover, to put it within everyone's power to pi'ofit by the advantages attached to cash purchases, advances in money will be made to households which circumstances beyond their control, have straitened pecuniaiily." Wo have, since then, continually endeavored to stimulate still further a love of thrift, and to improve the workiiigman's condition without exacting any special effort or sacrifice on his part, but only good will and perseverence. Wo believe we have discovered a nappy means by which to reach the end we have always had in view and so much desired to attain. It is to assist the workman to become the propi'ietor of a house and garden, whilst only paying a usual rate of rent during a few years. The following is the pro( ess by which we expect to obtain this result : An anonymous society will be established with a capital of, for instance, ?2,000,- 000. This capital will bo more a security than a circulating capital, and therefore we will be satisfied with a call of 10 per cent. only. This Society will buy or build workingmen's houses of, from $200 to $400 value. In exceptional cases the houses may be higher in value. When tho paid capital of $200,000 has all been expended the Society will have recourse to the Savings Bank, who will loan it the money required at the low rates asked when all possible security is given. This Society must sustain no loses, therefore it will only build or buy houses on the express condition that the persons asking for these houses for their workmen, servants &.c, shall give a guarantee in exact value to the houses to be bought or built. Intending purchasers may submit plans of houses, and the Society may adopt them if they answer all demands of hygiene and economy. As the houses will be guaranteed by the intending purchasers the privilege may at times granted to the guarantees to erect them, provided it be agreed to, by the Societ}' and the workmen. It is, of course, understood that the Society remains proprietor of house and land until they are entirely paid for. No sale of liquor will be allowed in these houses within fifteen years from the date of their occupation nor in any case before the house is entirely paid for. The tenant will pay 7 per cent, at least on the amount expended (which is generally less than the usual rent). From this 7 per cent, or more will be deducted the interestdue the Savings Bank, and the remainder will bo used as a sinking fund. 20—22 338 By this moans tho tenant may become owner of the house within eighteen years or therealjout, and when tho whole amount has been entirely paid, then the final deed of sale will be passed. The amounts paid monthly will be regularly deposited in the savings bank, except the part due the Society for capital paid out. This position in regard to the Savings Bank, will \)C maintained so long as the latter remains the Society's creditor. Then come the exceptional or extraordinary cases, such as : Ist, Decease of tho occupant; 2nd. Misunderstanding between tho guarantee and the occupant; 3rd. The occupant voluntarily leaving the house, or failing to pay. 1st. Decease of the occupant : His rights may be transferred to tho family, the guarantee agreeing. If not, tlie family must furnish another guarantee. If this be found impossible of accom- plishment, the Society may replace the deceased, or cause him to be replaced by the guarantee, credit being given tho family for the sums paid the Society (interest and sinking fund), >vith deduction of 5 pei- cent, for rent. It is, of course, understood that if the Society replaces the deceasetl tenant, the tiist guarantee is discharged. 2nd. Misunderstanding between the occupant and tho guarantee : Tho tenant must furnish another guarantee agreed to by tho Society, othei'wise the latter has a right to assume tho tenant's position or to make tho guarantee assume it, imd the same privilege as in case of decease, that is, account will betaken of tho amounts paid to the Society (interest and sinking fund), deduction of 5 per cent, being made for rent. 3rd. The workman voluntarily leaving the house, or failing to pay : By so doing the tenant loses all his rights, excejjt what may have been paid over 6 per cent. In such case the Society must discharge the guarantee, unless it prefers to transler the house to the guarantee under the same conilitions as those stijiulated in case of decease or misunderstanding. In any of these events the person occupying the house must leave it voluntarily, otherwise ho will bo forced to tlo so by legal means, and the costs entailed by this eviction be deducted from the amount coming to him. Men ol standing in tinancial and industrial circles, having been informed by us, have I'ecognized the importance and all the usefulness of this Society, now in 2>rocess of formation, and are all willing to give their gratuitous services as managers, which, in itself, is a moral and material guarantee. But an institution so important as this cannot be expected to work in a day, besides tho Government must intervene.* There are, moreover, formalities to be fulfilled, statutes to be drawn u]) and submitted to tho approval of competoni authority, consequently its final oi'ganization is postponed ; therefore, in order to hasten the realization of our jirqject, wo have spoken to the directors of the Savings Bank and Iletiring Fund, and have informed them that we are ready, as an experi- mental and practical trial, ourselves to build from fifty to one hundred houses to be put at the disposal of our woikmen under the exact conditions mentioned in our project, so that they will benefit of precisely the same advantages and pay only tho same rate of interest that we ourselves pay to the Savings Bank, and the balance, a^ before stated, go to the redeeming fund. In this way, by the ordinary rate of rent regularly paid, they may at the end of a few years become proprietoi-s of their homes. For instance, a house costing $320 rented for $22.40 per year, allowing for 3 per cent, interest to the Savings Bank, will become the property of the workman in about 18 years, as shown by the following figures : — A house costing $320, and paying T per cent. = $22.40 per year. *The intervention liere referred to is exemption from the tax imjKwed in the beginning and of that on deeds of mortgage. — J. H. 889 sen years tho tinal gs bank, ny; a« tbe Interest at 3 per cent, to bo detlucted. r. If not, ' of iiccom- ced by tbe iterest and understood hai'ged. , otherwise a guarantee riU betaken on of 5 per re been paid t prefers to stipulated in voluntarily, ailed by this |)rmed by us, /;• in 2^rocess igers, which, l)rk in a day, Liilities to be If competent I in ordci- to I the Savings I as an expert- J houses to be Itioned in our Ipay only the le balani'e, as [• rate of rent [tors of their Bowing for 3 I workman iu gar. Ig and of that on I'eriodH. Annual AniotuitH AnioiintH for Sinking Fund. 1 Aniountlh Amounts PaynientH. to hfivr Interest. Redeenmd. Rwnaining Duo. » ct«. SctM. » CtH. « ctH. 8 ctH. Ist year. 22.40 !),(i00 12,800 12,800 307. 2(K) 2nd " 22.40 !t,21ti i:<,l84 25,084 2i»4,01(i ■Mi\ " 22.40 «,H20 1.S,580 :<■>,,")< 14 280,43(1 4th " 22.40 H,412 i;t,!lS8 53,5.52 2(1(1,448 r.tli " 22.40 7.1I02 14,4(»8 (17,!M1(» 2.52,040 (;tii " 22.40 7,'m 14.840 82,8(M> 237,200 7th " 22.40 7,0!Mi ir.,304 !I8,(»84 22I,!il(l Hth " 22.40 O.CM l.*>,(i2(l 11,3,830 2(H 1,170 ittll " 22.40 ('.,1S4 1(1.21(1 1,'?0,04(> 18! (,054 inth " 22.4(» .5,(>th " 22.40 3,03(1 111, 3(14 238,0)S8 81.1I12 Kith " 22.40 2,4,>1 l!t,!l4(l 2.58,034 (ll,'.Hl(i 17th " 22.40 1,8.58 20.542 278„57(1 41,424 mu " 22.40 1,242 21,158 2110,7.34 20,2(1(1 I'.lth " 22.47 0,(10(1 2(J,2(10 320,000 The directors of the Savings Bank have very favorably received our proposal and shown thomsfjvos to be altogether in sympathy with our project, and tho negotiations already opened between us prove that they have given us their hearty co-operation. We \/ould here ofter them our sincere thanks. They understand that tiif purport of the matter is to use savings funds to encourage and propagate a spirit of thrift and order, whilst making tho saving useful and very piotitable to the work- iuirman, and our giatitication is very great at being able to ask you for no more than 3 per cent, interest for this first transaction. Th.orefore we would now announce to you that we are ffoing to begin work, and that those among you who wish to secure a home under the o.xceptiouallj' advanta- geous conditions mentioned above, and heretofore unknown, should address thorn- solves to the commission composed of twelve persons, employees, foremen and work- i.ien in our factories. This commission will take a note of the demand and make it known. This commiss'on will discuss with the workmen the kind of house they would like, its cost, and the size of garden attached, and, in a word, all the details and importance of the building. As soon as the house is finished and its cost established, the workman will bo given a book containing the printed conditions of the agreement; in this will be entered ever}^ month tho amounts paid and the amount still remaining duo, so that the workman can make himself acquainted with his position month by month. Besides the improvement in his condition given by the acquisition of a home, we could draw the workman's attention to the other advantages consequent on becoming a proprietor, political and others. "We prefer to reserve all mention of them and to keep to the subject of his increased moral and material well-being. Since this circular was published, 100 houses have been built and sold under the conditions stated above. LlilGE SOCIETY FOR WORKINGMEN'S HOUSES. It was founded in 1867 with a capital of $300,500, entirely paid. The last divi- dend paid was 2h per cent. From tho time of its foundation to 1888, the society built 431 htjuses, 216 of which were sold at a total amount of $287,989, of which $165,764 are yet owing. 20-22J , 840 Tho principal object of the Society is to soil its houMon to workmen by mcanH of monthly puymoiitM. The payments are ho calculated that the house shall bo paid in 15 or 18 years. The Society accepts of anticipated payments; in case of delay in subsequent monthly payments, the anticipated payments are applied to discharge those in arrears. Should the workman who has made anticipated payments, be straitened in circum- stances during a crisis, or in time of sickness, the Society, after tho inaiinor of a real savinj^H hank, allows him to withdraw a certain proportiim of the amounts thus paid by him in advance. This combination offers the following advantages to tenants : 1. More ia])id payment of the cost of his house and a consequent decrease in the amount of interest to be paid. 2. Secure investment of the money. 3. Tho assurance that in case of a crisis, tho amounts he has paid will bo of ansistanco to him, vvithout his being obliged to have recourse to boriowing or to buy- ing on credit tho necessaries of life. The current accounts with tenants boar mutual interest at 5 per cent. The Society reserves the I'ight to caned ail contracts in case of known miscon- duct, continued quarrels with neighbors and criminal condemnation. In case of tho deed being cancelled, the rent is calculated at (J^ per cent, on tho price of tho house. If fron^ death or from other foreseen circumstances, independent of the buyer's will, the latter cannot continue the deed, the Society may permit of it being cancelled on terms to bo agreed upon. This article of the Statutes is followed by tho following paragraph : Observations. — It is important for purchasers that thoy should thoioughl}' under- stand this article, which is altogether in their favor, and by which thoSocioty becomes for them a real Savings Bank. Several cases may occur such as the following : 1. A workman may die after a few years, having fulfilled all his obligations, and leaving a wife and children unablo to fulfil the contract. 2. Or tho wife may die and leave young children to their father's care, who is thus prevented from continuing the contract. 3. Or else the husl)and or wife may become helpless through sickness or the result of an accident, and tho contract becomes too heavy a charge. 4. Or again, the children may be loft oiphans. In those several cii'cumstances tho Society will allow the deed to be cancelled, It will calculate as though the purchaser had been a mere tenant, and will return to him, his wife, or his children, all the amounts paid over and above his rent and what few repairs, if any, that may have to be tlono. The rate calculated for rent will never exceed 6i per cent, on the price of the house, and it may be even less according to the circumstances of the family. 841 moftnft of bo pai'l i" ubsequent in luTOiirs. ill e-ircum- jr of u roul a thurt \)aiel to teniintH : decroane in ill will bo of ,r oi- to buy- iit. own mincon- n civBO of tbo of the houHO. rf the buyiH-'rt Table of Sinking Fund on tlio cost ol' lioii«us varying in prico from iJTOO to 81,!'00, with mutual intoront at 3 p.c. •cUed inunitinii flil'.' of omits to >unitioii till' III' |iiiiil n( ; tlif Im' paid of till' III- iiiiiil of J lou.-i'. I'vtry I'liyiiicnts. HoilHf. every I'uyiiifiits. llolLtf. ..V.TV 1 'uyiiU'iitH. intnith . j 9 IllOlltll. 8 iiiontli. 8 8 8 1 8 70() 5 17 VTM. 'A IIKIH. . •)oo (i 21 yr«. fiiuoH.. 1,440 12 13 yi-M. 3 iiios 700 i:< ■ " 2 " 080 22 '• 4 " ; 1,4(iO 12 14 •* 1 " 720 i") 18 " 1,(MH) 7 17 " 10 " I,4.S0 12 14 .. ., .. 720 l.S " 1,020 7 18 '• 4 " 1,."K10 12 II '• 740 5 18 " KtinoH.. 1,040 7 10 •' 1,520 12 U " 11 " 740 14 " ;i " l,(KiO 7 10 " 7 inoM. . 1,540 12 15 " 1 " 700 r. 10 " 8 " , 1,080 7 20 " 2 " l.iiOO IS 13 " 10 " 700 (i 14 " 10 " 1,1IM» 8 17 " l,r>8o i:i 14 " 7H0 ;-• 20 " 7 " 1,120 8 17 " Hni'w.. 1 I.OIM) i:i 14 " 3 IIKIM. 7S0 15 " T) " 1,140 8 17 " " 1,020 13 14 " 5 •' 800 r, 21 " " ' j l,l(iO 8 18 " 7 " ' 1.040 i;i 14 II <) II soo to " 1 " 1 1,180 8 18 " " l.lil'iO 13 15 " 820 ") 22 " " 1,2(HI 8 10 " :>, " 1,(1,H0 13 15 " 3 UIOH. 820 10 " 7 " 1,220 i) 10 " 5 " 1.7IMI 14 13 " 11 " 840 r. ._,;, .. 7 .. 1,240 to 14 " 5 " 1,720 14 11 it •> tl 840 (i 17 " 3 " 1.200 10 14 " 8 " 1,740 14 II w ;, .. 800 T) 24 " 7 " 1,280 10 l.-i " 1 " 1,700 14 II 1 800 17 " 11 '• l,:«io 10 l.-i " r, " I.T'^io 14 11 " 10 " 880 2ri " !» " 1 i,;<2o 10 15 " !l " 1,S(K) 14 15 It *> II 880 18 " 7 " 1,340 11 14 " 2 " l.'SL'O 14 15 It K 11 !IOO 20 "11 " 1 l.liOO 11 M " 4 " 1,810 14 15 " 11) " !M)0 10 " ;< " l,:iso 11 U " 7 " 1, SI lit 15 M II 4 11 !t20 20 " 1,400 11 14 " 11 " 1.S80 15 M " 7 " 040 (i 20 " Ohio-*.. ! 4,420 11 15 '• M " 1 1,!I0«I 15 M ■• 10 " TOURXAT SOCIETY FOR TIEE CONSTUUCTIOX OK CHEAP HOUSES. Plate A i;-ivcs tlio ])hMis and elevation of lioiisos built by tlio Soeioiy. Tlicy are of tbo kind cbosoii by tbo .Muiliouso Society and adopted by many otbtT .Socioties for the construction of workinirnion's houses. Moiis. Thomas Fumiere. architect of the city of Tournai, thus describes these houses for which ho has him- be preferi'ed is that by y;roups of fours, in the centi'o of a, garden which is divided into equal parts, u'ivino; one to eatdi ))ropriotor. By this arnmgomont tho air is allowed to circulate freely ai-oun I tiio huildiuif, and tho surroinidino; veo;etation absurbs any miasma in- lieient to inhabited localilie-^ ; it has also the ailvantao-e in ease of ii conllanration ot' prevontino- the spread ot the tire ; tiually, the rooms are liealthier and hriij,liter on account of openings beini:; p:acticable on two sides of the house. Tho garden onclo.-es two sides of the house, tho front and half tho gable end, as fur as the dividing fence of the next garden. Thus each ihvelling and its garden are isolated. Tho surface covered by the building i.s 385 sciuaro feet and by the garden l,li02 — in all 1,777 s(inai'e feet. Tho garden is not only a great advantage and an ornament, itut a great pleasure as well. Tlu^ proprietor draws from it part of tho vegetables ro- ((iiired for the table, wiii(d\ may be valued at Si! or SS per year. But if a high value is put upon it, it is mostly on account of tho pleasure it allords t!ie workingman and his wife and children. Tho children espocijilly, if they be young - an play in it with- out being exposed to the danger ot our crowded streets. Jlocoiving light and air on two sides, the interior di^sion and ventilation are excellent. On the ground floor there is a kitchen, a living room, and a small room B 342 tliiit cun 1)0 used iiH a sloepinj^-roitri ; i>ii the iioxl floor tlu-rc mo three bofl-clmmliors. The floor of the lower storey, or jfroiind Hoor, is .'{4 iiichoH from the ^^roiiiid. Thoro in u porch lioforo the dooi-, and stone stiiirs of four steps. The door opi-ns into the kiti'luMi, wliifli is li^iitcd liy n glazed window ove/ the door, and bv a small window 20 iiudies wide by ."{4 ldi;'li, opt-nin^^ lic-^idn the door. The Uiti'lien is paved with well- buked biicdis het in mortar, at the end of the kitehen are the stairs. The lirst step of the cellar is of eiit stone to prevent moisture. The space between the stairways is divide"! and cupboards are formeil the bacd-i of the steps and (dosed in by llic door Hhuttiii;.'- the cellar, liy this means, and at small expense, a very ustdnl coni rivanee is pi'ovidtMJ, one veiy neccsnary in small kitcdiens. The cellar t'Xtends below all thehousi 'i is thereby dryer and moi'o healthy. From the kilcdien u door opens into the li ooni, wiiicli is lii,diled and ventilated by two windows ; tiiis may also be use 1 , , the sleepini^ room of the father und mother. On the first floor are two bed-chambers for thechiMren. The landing is linjhted by a i^lasH door in one of the rooms. The enclosure of the 11!1 HO H- ;iiiiins to lie piiiil ill i'l!,'lit yearn licsidis iulcii st lit I lurciiit.tt) bo iwUU'd tdllic sinking fund lUifollowH :— 325 ()0 2 23H 2 170 2 102 2 0;!4 1 iKif'i 1 WIS 1 H.SO 1 7(12 47!) !»(> 3 2!)S 2nd ' " " 3 O'.is ard " " 3 O'.IS 4tli " " ntii " " 2 '.HIS 2 !I!IS (itll " " 2 70S 7tli " " 2 7". IS .Stli " " 2 5". IS The houses nro buHt over cellars, are two storeys high with gtirret, and consist of five rooms. The garden and houses cover 3,500 feet superficies. M'd . Thorc ii\t(i tli«> ,'ith woU firnt Ktfp stairway'* till' iloo'' utrivjiiifo i lu'iiitiiy. •iilliei' mill is li<:l\t»'« i/.cd ill tin' lioin^' used 1,,' U!mi)ti'tl HiK'h rooin-* Vil)0,i»ivl,to iiiMiiiry !Hid OUS08 111 T, AT tlio Ihcility of histalnu'm ho pi'oiiorty lies. TvpkNo. 2. The rej?nliitionH concerning; ihe dwoIlin^H contnin tho followinfj rlansps — An. ;{. WDrkim-n purcliiiscrH are tVcc to dispuKt' of tlu^ii- liiLor, and tlu- Society, on its part, intwoivcH tlm rii,'lit lo diwiy itsolf their assistance. In tin- I'vonl of their ceasing to woiU foi- thc^ Society, for any cause or motive wiiatsoever. t hoi r payment H must still coiitiniious in the juiht, with ihe only ditl'eronco that iiiHtead of j)ayiii,tr interest at 4 p«'r cent, they will, ti-om tho date of leaving the Society'w em))loy, pay interest at (i per cent, por annum. Art. 4. When a workman has ])roved that he owns a ])icce of land, healthily situated and lar;,'e enou;:;h, and free from all charges, ho may spoak to tho Society, who will liiiild him a house wuitod to his roquiroments, tho cost of which will not exceed $24(1 to 8520. 1'his amount will ho paid to the Society in theHiimo way m used for tho iiaymont of houses hclonuing to tho Society. Art. 7. In case of death, the amounts paid out will ho paid to the widow if Hiich i.s her wi«li, and tho house will ho taken hy tho Society. Tho society has built a groat number of houses, which it routs at prices varying JVom $1.2(> to $2,20 tier month. BEXKVOLKNT BUREAU AND WORKING MEN'S HOUSES IN BELCJIUM. WORKINOMEN's H0U8ES AT NIVELIiES. Practical manner of helping the Working Class to secure Capital and Property. In 1S59 the Benevolent Bureau of Nivelles ado])tod a project prosonted hy Dr. LeBon, tho object of which was to enable tUo poorest and most impecunious workman to become the proprietor of a home. To carry out this scheme tho managemont erected a block of twelve houses, * huilt in brick and atl'ordiiig all possible conditions of comfort and hygiene. The cost of each house was $."{24.i50, not including the price of tho gardt-n. In building those houses, the Bonevoleiit Bureau of Nivelles obliged itself to assess an interest of 4 per cent, only, on tho capital invested, and to renounce any jirotit. I'hc annual rent was settled at 812.97, to which was added insurance and cost of repairs, which raised the rent to $15.00 per year, or $1.25 por month. Tho h(Mises were lot at this rate, but tho tenants were obliged to |)ay, besides, a miMithly sum of $0.80. Tho management deposits this sum in the Savings Hank in tiio tenant's luime, and it always belongs, capital and interest, to tho tenant. But, if it, is left in tho Savings Bank, it enables him to become the owner of his house in about twenty years. The houses built in 1881 are all rented, and in 1884 tho title deeds of twelve houses wore formally made over to their occupants. MANAGE.MENT OF THE HE.NEVOLENT BUREAU OK WAVRE. From 18G9 to 1882 the managemont built 50 houses. Tho houses are all on tho same plan; a collar, tAvo rooms on tho ground floor, two rooms above, and a garret. A stable and privy. They form a block. Each house covers 39G feet suporlicios. The management rents small gardens to the tenants. They generally cultivate early potatoes in them, which brings them an annual benefit of from $8 to $10. The houses are rented on terms which enable the tenants to pay for thorn in twenty yearly payments. The management draws only 4 por cent, interest on its lapital. The following is the plan of operations of the Benevolent Bui-oau of Wavre : — ct, and consist * This lilcick r('(ieml)l('s identically tim blocks of workinjfincn's ticmscs in Canada. Kaili house contains two rooms in cac;!) of tlic two storeys, and a cellar and garret. A (,'arden 1,320 feet in size, which unfortunately i.s found very rarely in our cities, is attached to each of these houses. R 344 YearH. NmnbiT of House built. Cost of each House. Rent at 4 !>. e. Sinking Fund. Total ivinnml Payment. 1869 12 (i 12 20 ■S 320 3(10 370 400 12 80 14 40 14 80 l(i 00 * 11 (10 13 {)-> 13 20 8 (10 24 40 1871 .881 27 4.") 28 00 1882 24 00* The l?onevoleiit Bureaux of ^loiis, Gand, Antworp, Iluy, .Tadoiffno, Moilanwolz, anil Wotliorii, liavo also built workiiiifnu'ii's houses; Homo sell them on yoarly instalmeiits, Homo they are content to let. The iiu'reasiuif importance of this kind of administi-ation of art'aiis is «ho\vn by the lollowing : — * '^ajiital Surface huilt eii;,ajf<'eful institutions. The club has established gratnitious courses ofti-ado instruction, stonecutting, calculation by meters and elementary geometry — these courses are followed by about ;j(lO pupils. There is al>o a provident tund. which procni'cs medical assistance, and the necessary meilicines for sick members; it also grants the sick member an allowance of 80.40 per da}-. UNION OF WORKINGMIONS CLUBS IN ENGLAND. The Union of Workingmen's Clubs was established in 18(52. with the double object of encouraging the formation of such clubs ;uid to watch over their interests. It has now twenty-four years experience in the organization of clubs and has in its possession a fund of information concerning these nialteis whicli it willingly puts at the disposal, not only of its memlters, but of that of all persons who may take an interest in these matters. At the present date, the Union iiicludes 'AW associated clubs, and its revenues (S'.KflJO in 1SS8) are, for the most part, di'awn from the monthly subscri])tions paid by th(> clubs (the;unount paid by ea(di member is 1 cent per month), and in part l)y the profits deriveil from the sale of articles required by members of the clul), such as account books, printed forms, registers and so forth. It pidjiishes a weekly paper, containing u'lioris on the niaiuigement oi' the different clubs, and information on matters that may be useful to them. The management of the L'nion is entrusted to a Hoard consisting of delegates Irom all the associated clubs, who meet once oveiy month in the hall of one or other of the clubs in Ijondon, and to a small committee of sixteen members elected by the Pmard for a lu-riod of six mnnths : this committee is re-eligble every three months, ly half its numlier, and it holds meetings every week.* Although many of the clubs take an active part in politics, the Union ilsi^lf prohibits very strictly all political discussions in its meetings, as ■ has excluded all political questions from its conslilution. The liead(|uai'ters of the Union are in London. Hero there is a library, contain- ing about (1,000 volumes, of which about one-third are books of reference and works on the flilferent trades, to be consulted by workmen. The other two-thirds arodiviiled into parcels of thirty volumes each in a special case, and form the circulating library, which is lent to members of the Union, is constantly moving trom one club to another and is much a]>preciated in rural districts, where a largo library is almost a thing tinknown. There is one peculiar privilege, among many others, that the Union procures t'cr all the individual members of its associated clubs, which we must not forgot to mention. The Ilnglisb laws on the sale of liiiuors forbid the clubs to sell li(|Uor to any but their own members ; but by a special iuUhorization the whole number R 348 J of associated clubs is supposed to form but one, and tiie Union is allowed to njlve cards of mcmbiTsliip to its nieinboi's, which ijivos them a light to procure liquors from all the associated clubs. As a consequence, any workman, member of an associaton club, and provided with Olio of these cards, is in effect a member of all the associated clubs in the coun- try. The Union gives every new member, togetjier with his card of niembeiship, a list of all these clubs. It is impossible to state the actual nuiuber of these clubs in iMiglaiul, but it must be very li.rge. We will confine ourselves to such as are members of the Union. These latter have a membership ol from 50 to 1,500 members each, or an average of 200 members for each club. Of lOOclidjs, 71 are of a purely social cluiracter, and 2!> take a more or less active part in politics, either as Conservatives or Liberals. The latter are found principally in lai'ge cities, London in particular. The amounts for member's subscription vary considerably. Recent statistics yshow that among KjI clubs, 3G have settled the subscription to be paid to be SO. 10 poi month, 11 have tixcil the amount at SO. 11. -li> have fixed it at S0.12, :^)0 at SO.IC. 7 have made their member's .subscripiion SO. 20 per month, and 1!) have settled their amounts at SO. 24 per month. These subscriptions, however, are not alone sufficient to meet the expenses of the club, which is principally maintained by the sale of piovisions, the greater ])art of which consist of liquors; we must, howevei-, remai'k that 21 clubs in a hundred sell only non-intoxicating liquors. We must also mention the rather large revenue derived from billiards, each game costing the player from (J to 8 cents. As rcgaid their constitution, the clubs may be divided into two quite clearly distinguished types : — 1. The small village clubs, established iiy the clergynum and a eom- xlieal, hikI litics, for il [• made nn 1 and special eetini;;*, the uals, wliicii tield of the Hvse clubs a mutual ai 1 ler clulis. Iiy atifyini,' hi- lany eonfer- ccture-rooni .•nibers may 349 THE POPULAE SOIEEES OF VERVIERS. BELGIUM. This institution called the Popular Soiries of Verviers, was founded in 1866, by seven young men of about 20 yearo of age, to whom is duo the honor of having insti- tuted the Tombola de livres, the Excursions Ouvrieres (Workingmen's Excursions) and the Chassc aux petits vagabonds (Hunt for Hr:::\ll outcasts). Tombola de Livres (Drawing for Books). The drawing takes place at the instructive meetings, prepared by the institu- tion. Every person on entering the hall, draws at least ono ticket from a globe (tombola). The ticket costs 1 or 2 cents. At each meeting a number of books are distributed in accordance with the numbei- of tickets sold. Sometimes as many as 8,000 tickets are sold at one meeting, which allows a distribution of books to tho value of 880 Families of workingmen have by this means been able to establish, small libraries, who previous to this institution, had never seen a book in their houses. Workingmen's Excursions. The institution has organized instructive excursions, it takes 109, 200. 300 and sometimes 600 workingmen and women on trips to Paris, London, Geneva, Venice, and Rome, etc. These are not pleasure excursions, nor trips taken by high living persons, they are instructive excursions of which all the cost and expenses are regu- lated with the strictest economy. The travellers, men, women, young men and women, even children, all the excursionists, are under the guidance of educated per- sons, who have made a special study of the particular locality to be visited, its histo- rical sites, monuments, museums, art gallerio;;, smd who deliver real lectures on the very site of the events, in the halls containing the objects, before the very woi'ks of art themselves. :'al, 152 aic intoxcat- )t, 237 hoM 16 members SECTION^ XIII. SOCIAL HYOIEISni:. PHILANTHROPIC Y/ORKS. SOCIAL HYGIENE. I'HILANTHROPIC WORKS. I'lIILANTHliOPIC SOCIKTY. Founded at Paris in 1780. The Philanthropic! Society constitulos one of the mo.st considerable or^anizat ions which private enterprise lias founded in our times. The expen.ses have heen 8 157,000 in 1887. This Society was created at I'arin: 27 economical furnaces; 27 dispensaries for adults; 4 dispensaries for children ; il night refuges for women and children ; 1 maternity; 1 hospital for aged and infirm women. The Society administers further legacies matle to assist the workmen in aid of the following foundations : PREMIUMS OF ENCOURAGEMENT OIVEN TO HONEST WORIvINOMEN. vSome generous donors, MM. Wolf, F. Nast, (ioffin and Mathieu-Latitte, have bequeathed to the Philanthropic Society I'ovenuos the proceeds of which are to be employed each year in the purchase of books, or in grants to be given to the work- men who can become masters. A request is made by the workmen to the Philan- thropic Society, who after enquiry grants or refuses the premium. In 1889, the Society has distributed in bounties $1,323. ECONOMICAL DWELLINGS. The housing of the poor in Paris is the most important of social questions. With want of space, moi-ality is injured. Without air and without light, health is threat- ened. The dearness of rents contributes to the embarrassment. The unhealthiness and confusion inseparable from a too narrow dwelling disgust the workingman and keep him away from his fireside. It has rightly been said that the infectious home was the provider of the ale- house. In an opposite sense, a healthy and attractive dwelling reconstitutes the family quite naturally. Thanks to a recent gift (foundation Armand and Michel Heine) the Society lias had built a house containing 35 lodgings, in the street .leanne-d'Arc, 45 (thirteenth district). The 2)rico of the rents varies between $33.80 and $54.f)0, corresponding to a weekly rent of 65 cents to $1.05. The quarter is ])aid in advance. The clear revenue will produce 4 per cent., which will be accumulated and will beof service to Ijuild new dwellings. A second house, improved upon, intended to compose 45 lodg- ings is going to be built on the boulevard de Grenello, No. 65. BANK OF THE SCHOOLS OF THE SEVENTHENTH DISTEICT OF PARIS. {Founded in 1873.) Art. 1. The Bank of the schools has for its aim : 1. To make easy and to encourage the frequenting of the municipal and free >('hooIs, and in ox'der to take awjiy every motive or pretext for stopping away, to provide suitable garments and shoes for the needy children who should require them. 2. To grant, when there is occasion, encouragement of various kinds, either to the pupils of the schools, or to the male and female teachers to stimulate applica- tion, good conduct and sedulity of the leaders, zeal and devotion of the assistants. 20—23 854 3. In slinrt to look aflor tho moral iind miitorial wcli-boiiig of the Kchool popula- tion of the district, to contril)Uto, besides, to tliodovolopnioiit of gonoral inntruction — in Hubsidizing libnvrioH, in romunorating special professors, in founding, if there is occasion, courses and niootings. Art. 11. Tlic lovonues of tho Banic of the schools are composed : 1. Of the payments of tho founders 820, and of the members of tho Society $1.20 a year. 2. Of the grants which will be able to be obtained by authority. 3. Of gifts and legacies made to tho so-called IJank, of tho jtrocotMls from guests, balls, moetings, conceits, theatrical representations and all the receipts which would be able to bo Iirought about. Art. 115. The Bank is able to rocoivo gifts in kind : such as books, pens, paper, clothes and articles of diet, intended for needy pupils. Art 15. Tho Hank of the schools hands over assistance in kind and in money. Art. 1(]. Tho reliefs granted consist, as far as the children are concerned — In clothes, boots and school supplies. In volumes conferred as prizes and in savings liank, books to tho scholars who have distinguished themselves, during the whole year, by their conduct and by thoir work. Tn furnishing of outfits, in e.xhibitions for tho candidates who have come up by competition to the higher schools. Art. 17. The allowances, .is far as concerns the teachers, are corapo.sod of gra- tuities and of rewards of various kinds, allowed to those who shall have shown the most zeal in the exercise of their duties. Art. 18. It will bo possible .~j institute a competition among the different schools of the district and prizes will be distributed to the winners. Art. 19. The school bank will place, in s^iocial establishments, a certain number of children, bo they orphans, forsaken, or belonging to poor families. Among the expenses increased in 1888, we will point out: — Savings bank books and rewards distributed to the pupils. $685.00 Sending into the country, for a period of 20 to 25 days of 100 children picked out among the most feeble and poor. 1,158.00 Clothes and boots 3,655.00 Dispensary 458.00 Guardianship of the children after clas.j-hours 312.00 Rewards to teachers 400.00 LOAN-BANK OF PARIS. From ItOO to 1880 the Loan-book has refunded gratuitously to borrowers, pledged objects, representing a total sura of loans of $733,233. The objects restored consisteu of bedding, tools and working instruments. Those refunds have been made the day after a crises and stoppage, and have been reimbursed to tho management by the state, tlie municipalities, or over and above the donations made with this object by charitable citizens. PIIILANTROPIC SOCIETY OF THE GRATUITOUS LOAN. FOUNDED IN PARIS, 1882. Art. 1. The Society, whose sphere of action is limited to the Department of the Seine, has in view the gradual extinction of pauperism, by tho moral raising up again of unsolicited misfortunes, for the means of work and in aid of the gratuitous loan. Art. 2. Its principal object is prudent search for distress, which lies hid, the raising up again of broken resolutions, respect for liberty, and the protection of human dignity. R65 popula- action — there is ty $1.20 n guests, c-h would IS, paper, money, od— )livrH who 1 l)y their mo up by (od of gru- jhown the int schools in number sorrowers, U restored jeen made Jrement by this objecl rDBD IN lent of the jaieing up rratuitous hid, the tection of Art. '}. The giiiluitous loan will he mndo, either in money or in kind, and will bo ropayal)le according to the roMOurccs of borrowers. NevorthelosH jjorsons will bo forcgd to repayment, whoso condition of subsequent solvency will have been rogularl}- pioved. It is Hufflcient to indicate some of tho loans made by the Society, to dotennine its UHefulnosB and the spirit of charity which animates its mcmliers : J,)ier 42. — We Hnd ourselves before a descendant of oi\o of the most illustrious and ancient families of France. The father, mother, and two children comprise the family; its straitened situation, proceeded from a recent coti- tinemeiit, then fiom the sickness of the wife, afterwards from privations. The htis- banil, clerk in an otflco, can searc(dy get suiliciont for the needs ot his small family; debts have boon contracted with the baker, the grocer, &C. ; some useful artich*s, ami, 80 to speak indispensaliie, have been obliged to be deposited at the Loan Hank as security for a very small loan. The Society, the rei-ommemlation being gooil, has allowed it two loans in succession, amounting together to %fi(), I'opayable at the rato of Z'l and $\ a month, having boon of service: firstly, in indemnifying the most oxac^ting tradesmen, in order to avoid for them a drawback on their salaries; secondly, in paying the expenses of the continemont anil of baby linen; thirdly, in giving ono on account on a term of rent on toleration. This family fulfils punctually its promises and is disposed to raise itself up again. Loan entered under number WZ. — Wo have to occupy ourselves with a family of a merchant's clerk ; his father, mother and two children. The wife to procure for the household what it may want, resolves to work for a store ; only, this family is in furnished lodgings, andwoi-kis given outsidr only to families owning their own movables. She applies to tho Society, who, after taking tokens, allows to it, with assign- mont on the salary of the husband, a loan of $40 to purchase decent furniture. This sum, I'cpayable at the rate of 84 a month is on the eve of being completel}' cleared oil'. It is tho rent which weighs so heavily on little households; ah, well! the wife is going to get it, thanks to our assistance. Now see them sholterod from want. Loan entered under number 180. — Here is a very interesting family of work- people, ono widow, three children. The widow does housekeeping ; ono of tiio daughters, working as a dressmaker has left her mother's roof; tho son is deprived of his left leg, in consequence of an accident which befell him in his employment as railway clerk. Courageous, in spite of this infirmity, he applies to our Society which grants him a loan of 820 to assist him in setting up as a barber in ono of tlie suburbs of the Department of the Seine. His small establishment is prospering. To add to his misfortune ho is oiiliged to give up his triulo in consequence of the swell- ing of the amputated leg. lie enters tho hospital; but the doctor, after his euro has been effected, forbids him to exerci.se his little industry. He comes out of it without means, and applies again to us. Tho Society places him as jwrter in a school, only he must live for one month while waiting to take possession of the situation in question. We lend him again 820 and there ho is at the ])resent time, installed together with his mother. Their future is assured. Tie has already paid back his first loan ; tho payment of the second can be looked upon as certain. 857 ur service of it tlio ruto of )( it, wliicli, m I wiaii to riH ill a papiT jpioiilici'il 1)1' of tho lonn- in all: linon, tliis (li»iirtt(^r. to Miirt iiitor- [\ of tho said I oporato tlio of tho chlost usual way. (uulant of OHO thor, and two 1 a ri'c'ont coii- (iiH. Tho huH- Hmall family; I iirtidoH. ami, Loan Hank us iin^ ijood, Ikih bio at tho rain y'lnvr tlio most Ihoir nalarii's; on ; thirdly, in raise itself up itli a tinuily fo to procure V, this family iinir tlioir own with assiijn- irniture. Tins toly cleared otV. l" tho wife is a want, mily of work- ^ ■ ono of the son is deprived employment m to our Society in one of the n'ospering. To CO of the swi'U- tcr his cure has Society places waitint;; to take there he is at assured. Ih' be looked upon /jonns entered under nuvi her "i'.Mi. — Tho subject is, of a workman's family, very worthy of interest, oomposcMl of tlio father, the mother and two chiMron. The ohh'st j^irl has obtained from tho l'hilanlhro|)iiic Society a sumof8<''> under color of a f^ift to reward her lor her dilij^cnco at work and for her f;oo(l conduct. This sum has been t rained ; it is by S2.00 a month that it has hoon sot free. Tho Society has placeil the son when out of apprenticeship. JIupc has replaced dosjiiiir, and roliel is here complete. Loan entered under the No, 270. — It is the completing of the loan entered umler the No. (JO of our acccumt rendered in 1S84. This wus a situation almost despaired of. There were three ehililren, still young in years. Kvervthing was compiomiseil : the husband was out of work, all at tho loari bank, recognizances in the hands of the broker; under the blow of expulsion, without shelter in a word. See what was the situation. Tlie three successive loans, amounting to 8r)2.()0, which have been of service to releaNO them, are at tho present time re]»aid. Work is resumed, rent is up to time, nothing with the broker, the articles deposited at tho loan I)ank8 — nearly everything in their po.ssossion. Here again relief is as comj)lete as possible. L'Min entered imder the No. 2H6. — Three children, father and mother, comprise this artist's family. The father exercises the artist's profession in the evening, and that of owner of a place in the market during the day (ono meets many families uniting thus). The Society has granted him an advance ofS4(), having served — tiret, to redeem his recognizances from tho hands of the broker; secondly, to I'otleem from the loan bank, an instrument indispensable to his calling of an artist (viz., a violin) ; thirdly, to purchase a little furniture to get this interesting family out of their furnished lodgings. Repayment is made by monthly instalments of 84.00, and is guaranteed hy an assignment on the commissions of tho husband as stall owner in the market. This loan is on the eve of being settled, and his family sees hope springing up again at the domestic hearth. These examples are drawn from accounts rendered as made to tho (reneral Assemblies of the Society, from 1886 and 1881), and prove, as its founder used to say of it, that tho Philanthropic Society of the Gratuitous Loan has I'oi- its aim to bring efficacious coijperation to ]iersons of probity >nd having the lovo for work, when thoy are overtaken by adversity or at being beset with the difficulties of living. It is the brink of misery which it looks at, it is the irreparable failures which it wishes to avoid. To prevent misfoi-tunc, to stop, in a word, the poor man, and straitened in circum- stances, from becoming necessitous, then a beggar, thief, criminal — victim at last of despair. 858 State and Situation of the Loans to the 31 December 1888. YEARS. NuiiiIht. Amount. Terms iin)<.\pired ! Sums re[)ai(l. Arrears. 1883 7 151 373 506 629 708 1 1 ■'$ $ 1884 2,i;W.4.") 1.2!l3.(i() 3,7C.2..'.2 (■.,431.14 !),4(l!l.!.(i l(»,r>8;-).!)(i 121.13 188.') 4,(i83.44 1 .H,ir.7.7;-i 1 io,2()r).r)8 '■ 2(H>.S.'> 188(i... l!i:«.73 1887 47 associaL's and its atlairs. Beii\g a society varying in persons and in capital, it has no limit \7hich retards its development. At the moment in which we are drawing up this notice, in .Tune, 1888, it is .)n the jjoint of discounting a thousand etfects a month, of a value of 830,000. The clciir profit of the discounts will reach at least §5,000 in the present trade, whilst the gen- eral expenses remain about S3, 000. The losses, during the biisiness of 188T, on more than SliOO.OOO discounted, have scarcely tormed the sum of 8345.15. They continue to diminish while the afi'alrs increase. They can be looked iiimn as signifying nothing. The ca])ital of the ]\Iutua! Trust being gratuitous, its operations bringing in neither dividend nor interest, the wh)le surplus of its profits will be devoted to the work of which we are going to si)eak. GRATUITOUS PLACING OUT iW MONEY FOR MEN AND FOR WOMEN. Whatever may be the ability of a master, he will succeed with difficulty in iii-^ atlairs if he is not assi' ' 4 by faithful, intelligent ami devoied cbrks. In like man- ner he will be incapable of establishing good discijdine among ungodly and corrupt persons. The Mutual Trust, by its work of gratuitous investment, seeks to procure for its patrons a choice staff, favorable to the prosperity and to the reputation of their houf^e. It renders the same service to all willing patrons who are desirous of joinini; in this work. They ])resent to supporters, for the places oftei'ed, onlj' persons vhoso moral courage and professional talent may bo well and rightly established by important references. 359 Every day but holiday", with tlie exception of Wednesday, the registry office ia open trom 2 to 4 o'clock, to receive offers and requests for places. Lady patrons visit the work-houses, which enjoy a good i-eputation, in order to make them acquainted with work and to obtain their sujjport. The isc: ""cLiS of the office are absolutely free. But tiie work, which is in the care of the Mutual Trust, receives gifts and subscriptions to cover its expenses. They find situations only in the w^orkshops, stores and offices, and not in fami- lies. Servants, professors, lady leachers, huly's companions, should ivpply to other works. ENCOURAGEMENT TO SAVING AMONG THE PEOPLE. See page 555. — Encouragements to the deposits of small savings TIIK W0RKMEN'.S banks. A part of the profits of the Mutual Trust is devoted to workmen's banks. These banks are not intended to assist the needy by alms. Their aim is to encour- age working people to forethought, and to assure them a future which may place them under shelter from want. A first bank was founded two years ago to constitute an inheritance for the clerks of the Mutual and Poi)ular Trust. It has already received an endowment of 8400. Another bank is to servo to i-educe in a marked degree the price of life assur- ances. To have a right to the allowances of this bank, a workingman shall be bound to woi'k with a patron of the So'„ioty, to be brought forward by him, and to enter into an agreement with the Mu ..d Trust for the regular payment of the assurance premium. SERVICE OF THE GRATUITOUS LOAN. looked iiiiiin The J[utual Trust takes upon itself to nv.xkc gratuitous loans on account of rich men who are not willing to assist directly their dcpciulauts. In this case, bor- rowers are not received as sharcholdi^s. This work is already commenced. Such loans are extremely dangerous. If everso little goes wrong in thechoice of borrowers, the money thus lent is never returned. The banks of the peojile ; i Italy lev d f( y previously upon ilieir pronts, some suniK ot money uiientieil tor tiic credit loan, which is absolutely gratuitous. But these loans are granted (Jiily to some working- men brought forward by the office of a society of mutual help. The request for bor- rowing has to specify, witli proofs in support, that the money will be devoted to industry by the purchase of tods, or of raw materials. Married men, who are willing to lend gratuitously, without losing their money, will do well to leave to the Mutual Trust full libertN' to t'oUow t'.ie rules adopted in Italy. There is, in the Gospel, a command to frecl}^ lend, similar to that to give alms. For a rich man to be subject to this law, he must regulate idle capital and have the certainly of being repaid. Now, this assurance is lull and complete only when the loan is Made by the intervening of a charitable society, which undertakes to repay the capital which has been entrusted to it. The Mutual Trust docs not take this oliligation for two kinds of gratuitous loims, of which we are going to speak. In this case, if there are losses, they are undergone b}' the lenders to whom it has stood as agent. It is quite ditferent with the stocks put into the Mutual Trust as shares, or deposited at current account. They are used to discount good commercial paper, under conditions which render losses almost impossible. If there is any loss it is covered by (he reserve funds of the Society. These stocks come back safely to their owners. They are repaitl at sight for deposits at curi-ent account. The stocks, according to the Statutes, are repayable six months after the resignation or the death of the titulary. 860 Now as these stocks, according as we have spoken of it higher up, do not bring in anything to thoir owner, the discounts made on their value constitutu ugi-atuitous loan on the side of the rich man who possesses tliem. Clients who come to discount their paper do not do so gratuitously. But the discount can, by this moans, be done exceptionally cheap. Besides, the profits attained are devoted to charitable works of the Society. This is why the charitable rich man, who deposits funds in the Mutual Trust, effects in perfect security a gratuitous loan and cooperates in all the advantage of our various institutions. Thus is practised but little general charity, in asking at the hands of the Mutual Trust services which are asked every day at other banks. And this charity is able to receive forthwith a leward of great worth. In fact, when entered in our Association, the rich man will not fail to choose among the associates truly honest tradesmen and conti'actors, who will serve him to the best of his interests. He will thus accomplish important thriftiness. That will be of better worth than to receive dividends for the little money which he will have placed in the institution. Finally, the Mutual Trust is able to render a last service to the charitable wealthy, always glad to give their aid to work. Scandalous luwsuitH show with what case people abuse their good word. The Mutual Trust has an information service. It will give without cost, everj' informa- tion to be desired, u])on works which deserve to be assisted, and, by means of a pro- vision, it will cany on the bank to the profit of its works, in paying to them the sums which shall be intended for them. AUXILIARY INSTITUTIONS. Other works are in preparation. Some organised by ward or by parish will place more within reach of the associates or supporters the recommendations and the services of wliicli they have need. Of this number are the groups of neighbor- ing shareholders, and the association otChristian mothers of the workshop. This last work, founded recently in an important parish of Paris, has in view to place children, on their leaving school, in workhouses, where they can continue to be good Christians. TOWN OF LILLE. SOCIAL WORKS PLACED UNDER THE PATRoNA(iE, OR DIRECTION 0¥ THE MUNICIPALITV. Invalids from Work. This work was founded at the instigation of some citizens, who have generously endowed it, and have kept it together by important gifts. In 1888 it possessed a capital giving it a revenue of 83,325.85, and had received $4,373 from gifts. It granted help for life, to working people of every age, and of the two sexes, who in conse(iuence of wounds received in the exercise of their profession, and as a direct consequence of their profession ; or who, in exposing themselves to aid other laborers in danger, have lost the use of a limb or of an organ, or contracted equiva- lent infirmities. It grants temporary assistance : Ist. To widowers and to widows of work-people having one or several children, less than 15 years old, who shall have succumbed to the direct consequences of their wounds. 2nd. To childi'en under age, orphans of fathers and mothers of these same work- people. The maximum of the annuity, is fixed at S73, for injuries having carried away the total loss of sight or of the two limbs. 861 )t bring atuitous But the 3 profits tl Truf^t. ntage of c Mutual :iarity is ,0 choose i'c liim to riKvt will will have charitable ord. The • informa- i of a pro- 1 the sums mrish will aliens and nei'j;hbor- lop.' This ;\v to ])lace to be good JICIPALITY. generously lid received Itwo sexes, jn, and as a aid other \.ed equiva- lil childien, Ljuencea of Isamo work- Irried away Tlie maximum of temporary aids is $G0 a year. The Council determines and grunts pensions after inquiry. Jn 1888 there were 76 pensioners, receiving about S30.80 each a year. And 29 persons receiving temporary assistance, amounting to $21.80 for each. Gratuitous loan. This work was founded in 1(10", by Bartholomew Masurcl, citizen and country- man of the town of Lille, who in Ids lifetime gave all his property, valued at one iiiindred and lifty thousand pounds parisis (8'>0,000), for the foundation of a loan liaidc where : The clerks will make loans only to countrymen and inhabitants of the town, under tax and jurisdiction, of Lille, as far as they could surve}' it, and this U> poor persons in want, who for want of being able to well gain their living, would lie compelled to boi'row, refusing to lend to rich and wealthy ])ersons, as also to ])eoj)le whom they shall know as being of bad quality, wasteful and squandering their jiropei'ty. The foundation foundered during the French Revolution, but I'ose up again, and was I'e-established in 1851. Tlie complete i-eorganization dates only from 1800, and the regulation put in force at this date contains the following clause : — Art. 5. Conformably to the act of foundation, all respectable and needy pei'sons, settled at Lille, or in the suburbs, will be allowed to draw out, by means of the simple repayment of the capital, the securities upon which there shall have been lent sums ot 86.00 and under, provided that she lias deposited in])erson her pledges at the office of the endowment, and that she come also t(j withdraw them hei'self. The maximum of the gratuitous loan has risen little by little, and in 1888 it was 840.00. In 1888 there had been made 16,000 loans, of a mean value of 81.71, represent- ing together a sum of 827.;>32. Subscribers for Education. Work Pie Wicar, having in aim to furnish to young people, natives of Lille, who are destined for the study of the tine arts, the means to he able to sojourn at Rome for four years. The annuity is 8480 00 a year. From 1861 to 1887 twelve artists have obtained this exhibition for residence. Endowment Colbrant, having in object to grant allowances and exhibitions to young persons, residing at Lille, having some inclination for architecture, i)ainting or music, whose means would be insufficient to pursue their studies, or who should luive no means at all. The raising to Glory of Industry and Good Conduct. A series of grants has permitted the foundation of very numerous prizes, vary- ing from 83.00 to 8100 for: Distribution of rewards to the poor of Lille for acts of devotion and of good conduct. Safe keeping of children and cleanliness of lodgings. I^ncouragcment to order and economy among the young apprentices. TOWN OF AMIENS. r.OAN op LINEN. In 1857 Monsieur L. J. A. Cozette bequeathed to the town of Amiens a sum of $52,000 to contribute to the suppression of mendicity, by means of assistance to, and the moralization of the needy. Thanks to this sum, increased by generous gifts made by other citizens, an establishment was founded comprising: Firstly. A workshop of young girls entrusted with the manufacturing of sheets and shirts, which are loaned every Saturday, to the needy of the two sexes. 362 ''I 'A Secondly. A wash-house. Thirdly. A laundry, the whole under the direction of six sisters of charity. The institution has in object to lend linen to the needy. The members of the families assisted have two shirts, in ordei- to always liavo one of them tidy on their backs when they brin<^ back that which they have worn during the week. The sheets are changed only every month. In 1888 they had assisted 1,745 families and lent 20,178 pairs of large sheets, 1,4S5 ])airs of small sheets, 15,775 men's shirts, 39,091 women's shirts, 10',558 shirts for girls, and 7,5fi0 shirts for boys. Finally, to remedy the deplorable promiscuous intercourse, due to the negligence or the distress of the parents, the Cozette House lends beds to poor families who have children of different sex. TOWN OF ANGEES. SCHOOL STOVES. In 1871 the municipal administration of Angers underiook the erection of new primary schools. It remained to draw children to them and lo keep them thoi-e. They used to leave class in the severity of the wintei to go, and take, at their homes, the repast of ihe middle of the day ; thoy locr also the overlooking of the master, and stood too readily on the public way, exposed to all the dangers of the street; then, the majority belonged to needy families, and the parents kept back by employment away from tiie home coi'.ld scarcely prepare a hot meal tor the little scholar, who, too often, found at homo only a morsel of dry bread. To render easy the admittance to school for all pooi' children and to encourage thcjn to follow the classes assiduously, some persons had the idea of providing them, in the winter, even at school, with the mid-day moal. The}' found there, without going out, healthy and stiengthening nourishment, given gratuitously or procured at a very small price, according to the condition of the parents. They have easily grouped, for attempting this moral and philanthrophic expeii- enco, all those who devote themselves truly to the chiklren of the people, and believe that it is not sufficient to lavish on them declarations of sympathy, but that it is especially necessary to prove by actions the interest which we bear towards them. It is thus that the work of the stoves for schools was set on foot: without other bond between founders and supporters but charitable thinking, and active and per- sistent good-will ; they have at tlrst constituted, and caused to operate, a business society, changed merely later on into a civil society. From IS'71 to 1875, with a hundred subscribers, they disti'ibuted, by means of two chief stoves, serving tive schools, from 20,000 to 2erance. To attiiin this end it exacts from its members, .•md supporters, complete abstinence from every intoxicating ilrink, with tiie exception of its religous use, or when medi- cally ordered. It does not, however, mean to condemn thereby the strictly moderate use of fermented drinks for those who do not take a part in the Society, but it teaches the absolute necessity of total abstinence for the cure of drunkards. Art. 2. Besides this chief aim, it seeks still to combat the abuses of drink : 1st. In making known tiie evils which result from it; 2nd. In diffusing the principles of true sobriety ; 3rd. In seconding, by the means, where its principles ullow it, the efforts of persons or associations which fight against intemperance (1.) Art. 3. It has no political or ecclesiastical character. The position taken by the Society springs from these articles, either with respect to wine or from a religous point of view. The Society does not seek to obtain the abstinence of all, because it does not tight against the use, but solely the abuse of wine. (2) It does not consider, in fact, natural wine as injurious to the health, when ])eople know how to make a strictly moderate use of it. It thinks, on the other hand, that 864 m if the wine is agi'eeablo and of convenient use in certain cases, as stimulatinfif, it is not necessary lor the prenervation of health of healthy per.sons (its use in cases of sick- ness is reserved for the estimation of the doctors). It stimulates, but does not sti-engthen. Works, even the most difficult, are done as easily, not to say more easily, when it is a question of prolonged efforts, in abstaining from wine as in making use of it. The declarations of hundreds of persons, and the example of thousands of abstain- ers of all countries and ti-ades, support this way of looking at it. To make amends, the Society recommends abstinence : 1st. To drunkards who wish to get fi-ee from their passion (total abstinence being easier foi' them to observe than moderation, become almost impossible for them.) 2nd. To those who ai-e liable to become so, either in consequence cf heredity, or on account of special temptations which can result to them from the centre in which they live (profession, surroundings, tempcament, &c.) 3rd. To devoted persons who are di^jiosed to give up the use of intoxicating drinks, to show to drunkards that one can do without them, and to encourage them by their example to abstain themselves. The result is, that the Society, while not condemning the use of wine among those who know how to make use of it with moderation, seeks in no wise to cause vine^^ards to bo pulled I'.p. It believes, on the contrary, that their destruction would be at present very gridvous, because it would only tend to increase the injurious con- sum))tion of artificial .vine and liquors. Vine-dressei's and owners of vineyards can then, without inconsistency, take part in the Society. The members do not make any scruple of having wine on theii- table for their guests or for the members of their family wlio are not abstainers, unless there should be with the.m some one who has been a drunkard, whom they fear to lead into temptation. SECTio:iSr xiv EMPLOYERS' INSTITUTIONS. "ml 1) on be I hi. pn mo lish Will has poll reli wild aUv; case man emp: ther untie nian thel EMPLOYERS' INSTITUTIONS. 0.20 ])laced to hih credit 0.40 do do O.GO do do 0.80 do do 1.00 do do F. ABEAND, MANAGER AT COURTIVRON. An Institution established since 1883, at the Spinning Mill of Courtivron. A combination a.sHuring to workingmen an investment of poi-fcct security for their savings, liy a subsidy from tlie manager, under condition.s which represent a l;iN' of interest amounting to 27 per cent. ])er annum. Desiring to improve the condition, material and moral, of his staff, and to inculcate habits of economy, which, joined with industry, form tJio basis of all gorxl conduct, Mr. F(5lix Abrand has ottered to his emplo} ees, in addition to the advantages which procure for tliem a relief fund in case of sickness or accident, the ])Ossibility of putting aside, without inconveniencing themselves, a little capital giving them a high rate of interest, and augmenting rapiilly in consequence. The method is as follows : — For each fraction of 16 cents which is left monthly at the post ofiice by his employees until the sum reaches 80 cents, Mr. Abrand adds a sum equal (o the fourth of their deposits, for these two sums united, phvced in the names of the depositors to their credit, at the Post Office Savings Bank of Courtivron. Otherwise stated: — The employee leaving $0.16, will have do do 0.32 do do do 0.48 do do do 0.64 do do do 0.80 do These advantages are offered tho work-people of the Courtivron spinning mills on conditions, as follows : — Art, 1. No one can draw the whole or part of the sums marked in his book before five succeeding years, if he wishes to profit by the advantages proposed to him. Art. 2. Tho gratuity of 25 per cent, on each deposit can only become the definite pro])erfcy of the depositor, after each period of five years. If, befox'e the expiration of five years, the depositor : 1. Withdraws the whole, or portion of his deposit ; 2. If three consecutive months pass without his having placed at least 16 cents; 3. If he leaves tho e8tal> lishment; 4. Or further, if he is dismissed for bad conduct, idleness, negligence, bad work, or any other grave fault, he will receive capital and interest on tho sums ho has deposited from his salarj', but the surplus of 25 per cent, included in the com- pound sums inscribed on his book will be restored by him, to be deposited in the relief fund for sickness, and accident to tho work-people of the mill. Each depositor is requested to bear in mind that in every case, at all times and whatever happens, the amount left by him to be placed to his account remains and always will be his property. Tho deposits of the manager are only subject to I'estitution in one of the four cases hereinbefore mentioned. In case of restitution the capital only, added by the raaiKiger, will be transferred to the relief fund. Tho interest will fully accrue to the employee. Art. 4. After a period of five years, when the employee continues to leave and the manager to add, there will be recommenced, to follow on, a new period of five years, under the same conditions — that is, the gratuity of the managei- in favor of the work- man from the 5th to the 10th year will be withdrawn from him, if ho be found in ^iie of the four conditions mentioned in Article 3 ; and similarly, from the 10th to tlie 15th, and from the 15th to t'ae 20th year, a period at which it will be permitted 368 tho tloposilor to (liHpoHo of hiH book iiH ho |)U'aMos. It is well iimlorstood that iiftor «ach piM-iod of tivo yoarH, thiit is, atior 5, 10, 15 and 20 yoarn, all the huius on tho bookof tlu> (lopositor booonu) dotlMitoly liin |)roporty. Alt. r». At any timo, (loniinoiiciii;^ from tho lOtli yoar, tlio dopoHitor can with- draw till! inloroMt annually acciiiod in thci Pout OHico Savin^H Haidt. Mat lio nnist Icavo tho cajtital a('<|iiirod until the 10th Hiiccecdinf^ your has cxpirod. Art. (i. On tho Monday of oat'h month whicii proccdoH payment, all tho work- men who posHOHs HRvinj^s' baidi hoolcs under tho conditions of this institution, should leave thorn at tho olficu with a Ho|)arato nolo indicalin^ tho sum which they place on deposit. Their dcpoHits and those of the manager are made at the I'oHt OlHce Savings Hank, under care of tho office, and tho books are uftorwardH returned to the owners. Art. 7. A statcmont of the workmen's deposits and those of the manager in their favor are kept at the office. Art. 8. At any time, and on any requisition lo that etl'ect, tho o^vner of each book must present it at tho olllce, for examination, if necessary. Art.!*. The workman who is conscripted can withdraw, on ids departure, tho whole ot his deposits, those of his manager and the accrued interests. In case of death of depositor, all tho sums credited on his book become the property of his heirs. Art. 10. Whoever once avails himself of the above-mentioned advantages, under- takes, by the fact of so doing, a formal engagement to accept tho stipulated condi- tions, and to conl'orm strictly to them, especially to everything mentioned in Article 3. SOME KKIURKS WIIIOII Sl'EAK FOR THEMSELVES. When an employee leaves only HO cents monthly, during 12 consecutive months, he will have deposited to his credit $12 at the Post Office Savings Bank. Calculation will show that at the end of the year these $12, deposited by $1 eaci: month, will have pioduced 1!) cents interest at the rate of 3 per cent. His capital has thus become $12.1'J for §!).(iO deducted from his monthly pay. Increase, $2.51). If this increase is regai'dod as interest, his money has thus boon deposited at tho rate of 27 per cent, yearly interest. EARBAS, TASSART & BALAS. HOUSE FURNISHINQS, CONTRACTORS, &C. PARIS. Participation in Profits, Sarings, (tv. — (See p. 33). Insurance againat Accidents. — Tho establishment insures at its own expense its employees against accidents, in the company founded by tho managing committee of tho contractors for house-furnishings and plumbing. F. BENOIST k L. BERTHIOT. OPTICIANS. PARIS. Mutual Benevolent Society. — The employees of tho establishment, situated at Sezanne, must belong to the Mutual Benevolent Society and Pension Fund Associa- tion of the house. The fund is distributed: , 1st. By tho following monthly shares: Men, 20 cents; women, 15 cents; children, 10 cents. 369 tliat after ran on tho can with- it lio must tlio work- ion, Hhould oy placo on I'oHt OlHco i-noil to tho lor of each 2n(l. By n monthly deposit, made by tho mana^fiTS, of a Hum equal to ail sums (loponitcd l»y tho <'mpIoy(H'M. The l>anl< itH|uii't's that its moniiMM's wiiould holonij to iIh« local Mutual lUuicvolcnt Socio! y ; and it oidy i^ranls assisatnco for niodical fco8 and allondancc to childron under 10 ycai'H ot a^'o, or to workinon who, hy tlioir ago or condition of health, cannot ho rccoivod into tiic Mutual iJcncvolcnt Siiro'l, , the worlv- I WDrUmoii , ami gives miry of thi" Aial, bonovo- ly a donation 'Piiis Baiilv )n Marclic;" |m>l'oi'alilo or in thogeno- |\ the house, II IS ; and to Jl^. coasoil to ItaLlishment. los and exit^ luties. has beconio 3s in account Lt per cent. open free ti> instrumenU CRorKKRYWAUE KSTAHLtSIIMKNT OK CIIOI8V-I,K-llf)I. Number of W()rk])ooplo, !•">(». — n>on, 502; women, 2(Jii ; childicn. 188. Kdi.tation. — Till' house! has inaiiilaini-d it, and (h^t'iays its ('\|iomsi's. An infant asyiuni, where are received the empioyoes' iliildion from two months III three yearH old. An asyhiin for boyH of from U to fl years of age, and of girls from 3 to 13 yearn of age. An asyhim for iioys working at crofkeiy making. A lioarding school lor a|)prenllces. accommodating '»() hoys, oi-phans of parents having worked in the crockery mamifactory. A course of gymnastios, military t'xercisos and singing is given to the children S»'lioi-AKs' Savinos Mank. — Xot receiving more than §20 from each depositor. Interest (! ])er cent., caj)ilalizod monthly. Family Councii.. — (!omposod of the principal employees of the crockei ; manu- hictory, and of representatives of till! two Mutual Heiievolmit Societies, trustees of the house, deliberating on bonuses, pensions, assistance to orphans, \('. Savinos Ha.nic. — Not i-eceiving more than $400 to each account. Interost, 5 per cent, AocFDENTs. — Workmen are insured against accidents by the house. 1'knsions. — A bank having received a donatinn of ?<12,000 from M. Uoulanger, and which is maintained by the .Mutual Benevolent Societies, and voluntary support which the factory makes through the "Coiiseil do Famille," gr'unts to old nusn and their widows, pensions, varying from SUO to $12t> per annum, according to length of service. ClIAIX PKINTING} HOUSE. Paris. Participation in Profits. — (Pago 30). Al'I'KENTICESaiP and INSTITUTIONS FOUNDED FOR APPRENTICES. — (Page G9), Mutual I^enevolent Society. — Membership is compulsory to those omj)loyed by the establishment. The funds of this Society are formed by the retention of 1(J cents from all employees, paid fortnightly, and by 35 cents from those paid monthly. The amount rolained from women is oiUy 11 cents, and from ehiklron 1) cents. The amount of indemnity per day in case of sickness is 50 cents for men, 30 cents for women, and 25 cents for children. There is granted to women, after one year of membership, the sum of $10 tor accouchrnent. This is paid during six months. Metlical attem lance is fi'ee. In case of the decease of a member, all the members pay 5 cents, and, from the amount so contributeti, a sum of $20 is remitted to the heirs for funeral expenses. Bank; of Voluntary Pensi(»n, in which employees and workmen deposit the proceeds of their profits, or of theii- personal savings. Number of depositors to 3l8t Becember, 1888, 175, of whom 139 were formerly apprentices of the establishment. A. CHAPPEE. founder and BUILDER OF MANS. A pension of $72 per annum is given to all workmen, aged 60, who have worked for .'50 years in this establishment, 20-24i 372 A ponsion of $30 por annum is /[^ranted lO all workmen, ai^ed (10, who have woikefrom the commencement, the work- men should have licon members of the Mutual Benevolent Society, unless there lo justitiuble reason for the contrary. I" addition to these pensions, there is a Mutual Benevolent Society, and a Medical Depot for the workmen in connection with the eslaolishnient. When a workman becomes the vicim ot an accident, durini^ his service in the establishment, and his wound disable-' nim for life, a pension is formed for himself and family in accordance with theii requirements. This ])ension diminishes in proportionate percentage, and amount, when each of his chikhen attain the age of 18. If this pension is paid to the widow, it ceases when she contracts another marriage. This pension is based on the requirements of the family, and conditions established by general consent between M. Chappde and the family. A.RMAND, COLIN & CO. EDITORS, PAKI8. Premiums. — The establishment encourages young employees to follow the evening courses. Employees who puss an examination successfully, and obtain a prize, receive a premium. Gratuities, Assistaivce. — A physician is attached to the establishment, and his visits are free to employees, their wives and children. Salaries are continued to einploj'ees during illness. Besides annual gratuities, a bonus, generally $20.00, is granted to deserving men in the event of a marriage, or a birth, or a death. Pensions. — Emploj-ees are obliged to have 5 per cent, deducted from their salai'ies, which is deposited to their credit and in the name of each employee, on a private book at ti>e National Bank, for pensions ibi- old age The house adds, for em])loyees having less than 8 years' ss, except in cases sjiecialiy excepted and indicated in the preceding regulations. The ' idi'iiinity pro- vi(le after having .s(m'vo(I for two conHocutivo yearn; ami of $10 after four yeai'H ; and aflerwanls, in proportion, an increiis(' of S2 for cacli yoiir of service. iMirolk'd nienil)orH of the Society, who are dismis.sod from the company for any other (•all8e^s than those ahove mentioned, or who loavo of their own accord, will not be entitled to any indemnity. Any work man who, for any reawon wliatever, in no lonf^er of any Hervice to the Com])iiny, ceawiK (intirely to have any meml)orshi|) iii^lhe AHsociation. Art. IH. liacih momlier is Huhject every month to have, from the amount of his pay, .1 deduction forming a periodical asHOssment for the relief fund. 'I'Imh deduction cannot exceed 2 per (u'nt. of tlu* salary. 'A is lixcd, until lurlher orders, at \\ per cent, of the salaries, the managing Comnutti'c of th(' (JoMi|)any reserving, however, tlu^ power to modify tluH proportion in casi) of want, and to tlu! limit of the nia.ximuin li.xeil above. The (.'ompany depositH monthly in the relief fund a sum etiual to the amount of the monthly asHCHsmtMit. Tiie funils of the Society furthoi' increase: Ist. JJy lines inflicted by the M(;ard on the member who, being convalescent, has resumed work without the permission of the medical attendant; on tbosc who, appointeil visitors, do not fulfil their dutic^s. 2nd. And fines inflicted for faults of worU. Art. HI. Honorary members pay an assessment of which tiie ini;;inium is placed at 30 cents per montli. Art. 20, In the event of tlie death of a titular}- member of |)osed ; Ist. Of assessments made on workmen ; 2nd. Of the grant made i)y the Com[iany of a sum eiiual to the assessments ; ;5rd Of payments trom lionoraiy tmiiiliers; 4th. Of tines im])osed by the management; 5tb. Of the general amount arising from tines imposed on meml)ers ; Cth. Of the interest produced by any .'imount ili^posite per cent, of the wages on salaiies, and a sum e(iinil to the first 12th ofall inert ase. 4th. By voluntary beipiest, which can be made to the Pension Fund, and byfiiie^ imposed on the employees. r)lh. By the profits from investments of the Pension I'^iiiid Art. 3. The amount of the reserve fund indicated in paragraph 2 of the pre- ceding article (which properly belong to employees who submit to their rules) will 375 B of work irifi from I tor two )rtion, an y for any , will not ico to tiio unt of his manaiiiiiK iroporlion amount <>{' i>scont, lias ii()H(' who, n is phu'tiil r^ a doituta- noral. nientu ; (Company, ■ iniilt>yoos -liirt', anil ■voltMit aini aini'd )iai'- as they air lis is niadt' shod ill til" -5 per cent. md liy tim- bo credited, (|uartcrly, to thoir personal account, at the Pension Fund for old a^e, instituted hy law, ISih June, 1H50, in order to provide for them, a retirintj pension at the ai^e of oO years. The time of entering upon the enjoyment ot henelits (Vom the fund, can hi^dtered to a |)reee linj^ date, in eont'ormily with reifulalions of the old ai^e Pension Kund. Accordinj^ to Name regulation payments can bo made, at choice o''the employee, cilhcr to licserve Fund — that is, payable to those entitled to them, on decease of tho iMCumhcnt to the fund, or to {{(-serve ('apital. Nevertheless, the deductions from tlie Pension Fund will alwa^'s be eomiiuteion list, in alvancc;, every employee aged over .")(), and having at least 20 jears of Horvicij. The Managing (Committee will have sole authority ol judging tho reasons for- thus placing on the list in adv.ance. _ l-'in;illy, whatever be their age or duration of servi y, employc^es whose wounds or pretnature intirmities reiulei- them ineapahleol' continiUMl work, will receive a reti- ring pension, on the sole condition tha' they fultil, as to the old age fund, the re(piirerl conditions to this (dfect, as per 2nil paragraph of Arlitde (i (rt) of the law of ISth June, l^.'tO, and by the I'cgulalioiis concernini; the ap|)!iealion ol this paragrajiii. Art. (i The .Managing tJonunillee have the right of |)laeing on ibe pension list, employees who have reached the age and duration of service tixed by the tirsi [lara- gra|)b of the preceding article. Art. 7. No agent can enjoy, at the same time, a pension resulting from the present regulalion and eniolunHUit as an em])lo3'ee of tin; Company. Art. ss each year oxi'eeding twenty-live years of service. (■M. Kxtnict freiii .Vrticlr ti ..f tin- l.iw <<( ISIh .Iuik'. IS.")0. of the prc- rules) will In the cvriif, liowcviT, •• givi'ii iilso licforc ."lO years nf avfe, and in prDinirtiitn tn pay- iiMiiiN im;i(1c' lit'fdii' llial ilat''. 876 Art. 11. Tlio whole nmnurit of anticiputod pension, us doscri bed in the second pjira<^raph of Article .'>, will bo fixed as follows : — At'tor liavinLC leachod the a Company will remain definitely fixed, except in the ca^e indic.Ued in the follou-iiig ])aragraph : — if at the time of liquidation of the ])ension of a man ied employee, his wife has not reached ;"30 years ot age, and cannot thus claim her pension from the old age fund, the Pension Fund of the Company will allow, unlil this pension can be received, the wifcole pension, less the deduction only of the husband's pension at the old age fund calculated on ca])ital transferred. The double deduction will only be made sub- sequently to this ])ei iod. Art. 15. In computing retiring pensions, the ^'cars of service will be counted commencing from the classing of the employee, except under conditions provided for by Article 2."). Art. Ki.Tlie totalamount ofpensionsdetennined by Articles l(t, 11 and 12, is partly transferable — that is, for SoO at least — to the name of the widow of the employee. The amount due to the widow by the lletiring Pension Fund of the Company will be obtained, by deducting from the amount, the income calculated on reserved capital accruing to the old age i'uud tVom assessment made on ids account, and arising from assessmer.N on the husband. The .r' in thus debited on the Retiring Pension Fund of the Company, will be tixed delinitel . , except in the case indicatt'il in following paragraph : If at tlu' (bH-ease of the em])loyee. the widow lias not reached .'iO years of age, and thus cannot claim her pension iVom (dd age fund, this amount will be paid, until the peritxl of her l)eing able to claim it, on account of the .>s granted on demand of the husband. If. in addition to the widow, there are one or more orphan children less than 18 years of age, f^om a previous marriage of the employee, there is levied, from tlic total amount due the widow, ami not tra-.isferable in her favour, one-fourth to the credit of the ori)han other fii-st marriage, if there be but one less then IS years of age or the half, if there are several, and the same if there shoiU77 The interdiction oniicciimulation, does notapply to the pension which the widow liiiH a right to as an einployoo ot tlio (!()m]iaiiy. Alt. 18. The <^ross anioimt of pensions (l<'terniined l)y Articles 10, 11 and 12 is tiiinsferable to the namesot" ciiildren of thcompli.yeo, aged un'.er 18, if,at his decease, I lie wile is either dead or un([iialitied to receive the pension, or deprived of hov rights. The portion assignaiile to the ciiildren will be diviions on retired list are payable (|uarte;ly. The endowment of the Companj-, towards the ca]iital of the retiring fund, men- tioned in Article 2, is granted for maintenance of the incumbents, III conserjuence. the pensions jiaid l>y means of this endowment are declared, b}' the granting Compaiiv, inalienable and unseizuble. This declaration is reproduced nil all writings and contracts I'elativo to these pensions. The fluctuation of these ])ensions occurring in 1887 was as follows : — ■ Pensions of Old Employees Xiimber of pensions By the Retiring Pension Fund of the C'ompany 2,058 (Total 8244,404 t;o I AveraiTC... 118 80 ,, ,, r, ■ ,^ 1 p ,, /ix (Total.. 12:5,205 50 Ijv the Pension rund for old age (1) < Avm-"' 04 SO r,, , , (Total." :J77,T00 00 -^"^"' {Average... 183 00 Pensions <>f Widoirs, ^*innber of pensions l,0Jt8 By Pension Fund of the Company 1) n .,,,... , t Total tiy rension rund tor old age j Vv'raiisi'il ill this, for iMurrif(l i'iii|iliivi's, iirr tlif |ifiisiiiiis in tin' iiaiiu's of tlii'ir wives. mm 378 _f Amount .. J Avorago .. 105 82,«71 80 25 40 3,261 30(],55l 00 94 00 15!t,715 SO 50 00 40(i,2fiT 00 143 00 Children's Pensions. Niunl)or of ponsions Total by Pension Fiin.l of (ho Company J Amount ... Total and Average. Number of pensions By (lie Tousion Fund of the Coni])any ij .1 T, .,,,/., , ( Amount ... Iw (lie Pension ImuhI for old ai'c < . ,o\ "^ -^ ( Avei'aii'e (2) mi, ( Anu)iint ... Tolal < . ( Averau;e ... The total capital of Pension Fund on the Slat December, 1S88, was 80,216,033 00 SAVINdS' HANk. The Western Rtiilroad Companies have established, with the cooperation of their em])loyees, a savings bank, with a taitl'of 117 articles. The shares, the profits, etc., are sold at cost price. In 1888 the sales amounted to §2t;7,!»l() (he li'ross profits at 20,(il'.l the u;eMeral expenses at 21.2S4 Leaviui^ lor the year a loss of $ 0(),") This loss is unusual. It was caused by a depro-ision of the tariffs, which, for 18S7, had left a profit of 83,0>»7, a fii;-U!c which proved foo hiifh. The deficit was covered by irscrve funds, amountintj to 834,510. The number of employees who made use of the savinn's banU in 1888 was 0,507, and the amount of uionthly sales was 88,050. At Pai'is tl.ei'c j^roved to be, in fSSS, a diminution of 1,320 customers, and a reduction of 84,102 in the sales. An enquiry made on this subject i)roved that this diminution was due to the active competition of merchants who, in certain (luartcrs, bad lowered (heir prices to the level of the Savings Hank tariff. RAILROAD COMPANIKS OF PARIS AT LYONS AND ON TllH MFDITERRANFAN. REiiULATloNS OK THE HKTIRIN I I'KNSION KU.ND. Primarily, the members of this fund consist of: — 1st. Tiie members of the commissioned staff on all branches of the service. 2nd. The classified agents at stations, on the ti'ains and i''ack. of the folk win;;- ca(egoi'ies : — i. Stations: Signal-men; foremen anil engineers; sub-factors, porters, baggage- men, farriers and saddlers of the outside service; lamp-cleaners, gas-men, gear-men, concierges. 2. Trains : Waggon-men. 3. Tiack: SuperintenJent of track-la.ycrs ; brigadier track-layers; laboring track-layers, and other laborers enrolled in ''services of the truck." Fvery emploj'ce in (hese (hree classes is inscribed on the list ot' (he departnu'iit in which fie has completed one yeai-'s service. (2) For t'uipluyees luid tliuir widuwK oiil.y, tlic cliildnm not huviug a iHjiisiou fruni tliu old fund. 879 105 >2,(i7l SO 25 40 3,2fil 00.551 00 94 00 5'.t,715 80 50 00 6(1,267 60 143 00 !16,033 00 oration of llio protits. 10 (15 which, for (Irtioit wiis 1888 was (I thtit this ,11 (juarters, hii<: I'viee. folkwini;- , l)ai,^maj;v- iroar-men laboring lopartnieiit Ifuiul. Art. 2. The Kndowmont Fund of the I{otiriM<; PouHJon is formed by: ImI; a monthly aHuosHnicnt f)f 4 per cent, on the siilarios of eiiipioyceH. 2n(l. A monthly subnidy at 6 per cent, on the waiaries paid by tiie Company, 3rd. The protitfs from the investment of funds arising from tiioso assessments and subsidies. Art. 3. To have a claim on the pension, every employee must fulfil the double condition of beinji; 55 years of ago and of having passed 25 ye»irs in tlie service con- Iributing to the fund. Art, 4. The Company reserves the right to place on the ]X)nsion list, in advance, (■very employee above 55 years of age; and, whatever bo his age, evoiy emplo3'oo naving 15 years of service contributing to the fund, in case of wounds received, or sickness, or intirmity contracted in the service. Art. 5. The retiring pension, regular or anticipated, is calculated at the propor- tion of T^(y or 2 per cent, of the average salary, for every year of scrviee contributing to the fund This average salary is computed in accordance with the average of salaries sub- iiiitlt'd to the assessments which the employee has paid during his last six years of service (or during the entire terms of his services, if the latter i)r()portion is more advantageous for him). The ])i'nsion in no case can exceed 82,400. Art. 6. The hull' of an emidoyee's retiring pension is tr-ansforablo tt) his widow, provided that his marriage had been contracted tivo years betbre the cessation of his soi'viee. On decease of the wife, her retiring pension is not ti-iinsferabie to the husband. When an (Huplovee, who h;is fifteen years' service counting towards the retiring pension, dies during the i)erlorniance of his service, whatever may have been his uge, his widow hiis a claim on half of the pension which might have accrued to his protit if the marriage had been contracted two ycai's l)efore his death. The widow has no right to a pension in case tiiere has been a separatinn df corjis, or divorce, at the dennind of hei' iiusband. Art. 7. On the decease of a married employee, retired, or having fifteen years of service counting towiu'ds a pension, if his wife is deceaseil or not entitlod to receive the pension, his legitimate children, aged at least IS years of age. will rcei'ive an animal assistance e(|ual to half of the ])ension which their fatluH' had oiitaineil, or would have been entitled to receive. It is diviiled among thein in equal jiortions, ami the part due to each is granted on their attaiidng the ago of 18 years. If the agent leaves, at his decease, a widow to whom reverts half of the pension, the same arrangement applies to tlie ciiildren when this widow dies. In the case where an employee dies leaving legitimate (diildreii, issue of a former marriage, theio will be detained in theirfavor from the pension assigned to the widow a t'ourth, if there is one orphan ; half, if there are several. The portion of pension thus assigned to the children returns to the widow when each one attains the age ot IS, or dies. If the widow herself has legiiiiiiate ciiildren, issue ot the marriage with the employee, the assistance granted to the children of first marriage will be divided in equal portions to each one of the children of both marriages, and the widow will have free disposal of the portion thus destinetl for her own children. Art. S. Xo widow, at least, unless she has herself been an employee of the Com- paii}-, can obtain two retiring pensions. in a case where, by successive marriages with employees, a widow is in a posi- tion required to ciaim several pensions, she can only receive the highest, to the ex- clusion of the others. Art. 0. When an employee is transferred from a department where he has not been subject to assessment, to one in which ho is, his time of service (jnly counts from the period when the change takes place. When an employee is transferred from a department where he is subject to assessment to one in which he is not, he continues to be taxed, and preserves the right to a pension. 880 Art. 10. Tlio pension fund n'tuinH in canh, without intorost, tlio (lonositH of all oniployccH who couso to rcniiiin on tlio Iliit of momhorH, and do not fiiltii the condi- tioriH necesHHiy to have a rij^ht to the reji^ular jionHJon, rcsoi'viiii^ the usual right in cases where they are indebted to the company for any cause whatever. On the death of an employee, the payments are made to his heirs, except in cases provided for, in the tiiird paragraj)!! of Artichi (i. l";xce])tions can, In like manner, he made to this princi](le, in the cases mentioned in Article 7, the children not being entitled to receive at the same time the temjiorary assistance mentioned, and the emoluments arising from assessments made on their ])arents. In this case, it will be at the discretion of their gmirdian to select wliich of the two allowances may seem to be most advantageous. Art. i;]. The ])ayment of the pensions, is placed under the rosponsibilitj'- of tlie Company. Consequently, in the case where, from any cause whatever, the retiring fund is unalile, fiom its regular I'csources, to meet the demands for the j)ayment of pen- sions, the Company will be hold bound to guarantee this ]»ayment by a supplemen- tary grant. Ai't. 14. Tho Company reserves the right to profit by the results of exporionco in revising the asseshinents for I'cserve fund, and to modify, in whole or in detail, the regulations of the retiring pension fund, as established by the ])resent regulations. No modifications, however, which lefer to previous regulations, nor those to be adopted in future, can, in any case, have a retroactive effect in regard to acquired rights. Medical Care and Attendance. No one will be admitted to the staff of tho Company until he has been examined by the physicians of the Company, who will deliver him a certificate describing his slate of health, and his degree of physical aptitude for the employment which he intends to follow. Women employees, of whatever class, are not subjected to an examination on joining the Companj', except for sight a:.d hearing. Art. 8. Every day, at an appointed hour, the physicians give consultations to sick persons, either at tho stations or at their homos. Art. 11. The patient, whose removal to hospital is considered necessary by the physician, must consent to go, unless he prefers being attended aL home at his own expense. Art. 15. The following h.ave no claim for medical attendance: — 1st. Employees whose salaries exceed $(JUO. 2nd. Employees and workmen who do not need attendance, and who select a residence more than IJ miles from the office to which they are attached. * Art. 20. Boxes of medicine, also surgical instruments, apparatus, &c., are kept in the stations and workshops. Boxes of bandages are placed in the cars of passen- ger trains. Art. ;>;). During interruptions to duty caused by sickness, certified to by the physician of the Company, employees receive as indemnity half of their pay or tixod salary. Art. 43. Their full pay can bo continued to sick employees in tho f'ollowini; cases : — Ist. Sickness or injuries caused by the service. 2nd. Injuries in the workshops, contracted without imprudence on the part of the injured. Valued employees, of good character and ability, can be also authorized to d'-aw their full pay in case of sickness, but permission to this eftect can only be given by the manager of the Company. * The Cdnniany l' holiday, paid, every 3'e'ir. This holiday can be extended by the management. Writ of Attachment. Every agent whose salary is subjected to an opposition or writ of attachment, or who haw consento*! to an assignment, or transfer of amount deducted by tlie Com- pany, in view of a retiring pension, as well as on sums which might ultimatol}' bo due by the Company, is considered as having resigned if, before tlie expiration of two months, the lull liquidation of this writ has not beiui notified to the Company. The delay ex])ired, the general treasurer retains the whole amount of salary seized, until the atVaiis of the employee have been settled. This rule can be modified in favor of employees who find tliem.-;elves tem])or- iirily einbari'assed in consequence of sickness or family expenses legitimately incurred, and who also guarantee to repay their indebtedness within a few months. In this case, the assessment made hy the Company is a tiftieth to the total amount of salary. 4^ 5. — Travelling Expenses.* 22. Employees who aro obliged to be from home on account of the service, have aright to regular indemnity according to thoir functions, either in detail oi' by a lump sum. 23. Travelling indemnity, payable on account rendered, cannot be greater than oxpeni' Articles 25, 2() and 27, the travelling exjtenses, etc., are regulated by the total number of hours passed out of their residence, deduct-on being made for all absence except four hours. On dividing by 24 the total number of hours to deduct, the total number days of absence is found, which is allowed by the half-day. Each of these days have a fixed indemnity, as follows : — 82.00 for chiefs and assistant chiefs. 81.60 for employees having at least 8000 salary. 81.20 for employees having from 8.*560 to 8. 2ti. Tho travelling oxpunscM of mcihanicM and lironuni arc fixed as followH: — For ab.soncoH of 15 to IS hoiirn, $().'M for inochanic-i and 8<>.2r» for tirenien ; For altscnccH of IH to 24 hoiiis, SO.fill for mcchaiiicrt and 8(l.r>(( for fircinon. For ovor 24 lioiii's, the indciiinitii's allowed i'm each half day's ahscnco arc roH])cctivcly — li(( ci'iits for inechanies and 2') ct'nlH for liivnicn. Tlu'Ho inileinnities, ht and fuel. 3. Tlu' ^niiiliii^' otaiiMiiiiics lo HiitlororH from accidi-nt in the sorvioe. 4. A cornplclt' iiniili( id siTvicrn. 5. Tlio distrildition of ln-althy livt>r- injjfj on all points of its network, ii()nri.-«liin<; piovisioiiH ami garments, (dijuctH of nod- ding, cloths, iVc, as well as a cellar t^stalilisheil at V'ilrv. 7. A refectoiy, erected in the precinct of tho worksljops at F'uris. 8, A bakery, sot up also in tho neii^hhorhood of the workshops at I'uris. iK Kv(>ning classes for workingnien and apprentices of the workshojis. 1(1. A school foi' tho daiifihtors of the working class and clerks, ami a working place where they can learn a profession, and later on, work as oiicratives. 11. finally, a subsidy t"''oni the ('onipany to the Society of Mutual Aid and I'm- vidence, founded and numagcil hy the woikinginen and clerks, with the principal aim of assuring pensions at a fixed age or in desperate conditions. 1. PcnaiuH for retirement. — The rides of the Society concoi'ning retiring pensions, established in fuvor of personu employed, contain tl.e arrangements iccapitulated hereafter. ((I.) The Ccmipany makes each year, on tho profits of its working, a defalcation u Inch varies with the ilividends distributed to the shareholders, and which it* divided among the commissioned clerks in the i)roportion of On the amount of tins defalcation, tiio Society appropriates 10 per cent, of tho ;idvantages produced, to the estabiishing of retiring pensions by means of depositH made in the name of eaidi clerk, at the National Bank for I'ctirements, instituted and manaired by the State. When there is an excess, the surplus is deposited at tho Savings Bunk in the name of tlie person employed, or is remitted to him in money. For some 3'cars, the share not having jiroduced a sum C([Ual to onc-lenth of tiie profits, the Society has nuide up the deposit at the niilional buidi for retirements by means of a special grant. Tho sum deposited for the year 1886 has risen in quantity to $585,729, namely : — Amount of the share $4.'i2,10t» Supplementary grant 15.'{,(i2;{ Even sum 8585,728 Tho deposits at the National Nank for retirctnents arc made, ut the choice of the person employed, at reserved capital or at transferreii capital. In the case where the pension established at the Baid< for superannuations, reaches the maximum fixed by hiw, the portion of the grant relating to tlie composi- tion of the su|)|)eraiinuation, as well as the arrears of idoar i-ent, are deposited in the name of the clerk at the Savings Bank oi Paris, on condition thereby of transmitting, in rent upon the State, the sum which ixceeds ;.he legal maximum. When a clerk leaves tho sei-vice of the Con>pany, at some date and for some motive whatever it may be, the books of the Hunk for superannuations, and of the saving bank are rostoreil to him. If he dies while in employment, the remittance is made to his heirs. (b.) The commissioned agents are discharged, on the proposal of tho director of the Companj', and hy decisitm of the Council of Management. In each case of discharge, they calculate, conformably to tiio tariffs of the Bank for old ago, the amount of tlie rent produced by the j)ayments operated on by the Company at tho Bank of superannuations for old age, and at the Savings Bank, for the account of the agent discharged and for that of his wife. For eveiy agent married for more than five yeais, at the time of his dischaige, the calculation is made in consideration of the capital invested as reserved, or as given up, at the choice of tho agent, according as he desires to assure tho reversion EM ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M^ ^ ii^O {./ ■\^ MJ> s ?. fe w., A, 1.0 I.I "Siiiia IIIM iiiin o 12.2 z m ^ Itf III 2.0 III 1.8 1.25 !.4 1.6 „, 6" — ► ^ <^ n /a .^3 ^c-^ c>1 -# . ^^y ^<1>- °^i o 7 ^' Photographic Sciences Corporation \ S V ^ \ \ ^9) V 4i- ^ % V '^i ^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET W5BSTER,N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^# w. 384 for half of his pension on the head of his widow and children under a)f procuring on the spot for workmen, all articles of which they had need ; to entrust to the management, the superintending of the expenses, and to pre- vent households from running into debt. Sales are sternly limited to the staft'. The sale is made at ready money by means of tokens or checks of money struck in the name of the Company, and the value of which varies from 4 the centin to §1. Tiiey are handed over under color of advances t(j the workmen on the 1st, 10th and 20th of each month, but while keeping account of the wages already gained. To obtain fi-esh advances, iho woikmcL have to clear off the expense of two-thirds at the least of the preceding atlvance, on presenting the memoi'andum book which is restored to them and on which are entered: 1. the amount of the advances; 2. the total of each sale. The measure has in object to prevent workmen from changing their tokens for money. The profits of the management represent 10 • 75 per cent, of the sum of business ; they are distributed one-half at the bank for retirements, one-half divided among jiurcliasers in pro|)ortion to the amount of their ])Ui'chases. The system of purchases by means of tokens, has not given use to exaggerations in expenditure ; on the contrary, the housewives render nuich better account of their expenses than when the deliveries were made on a credit note-book. It has in consequence developed habits of frugality, and contributed to the wel- tine of households. The number of debtor accounts has diminished; it represents scarcely 80.25 on §100 of salary. The workmen have nevei' formulated complaints, the more as they are absolutely iiiilependent of not furnishing themselves at the stores of the Cotnpany. Several liunilies purchase only articles of least importance. Some abstain entirely. I'odyinys. — The start' of the Company is lodged round the works and manufac- tories. The chief workmen and families, numbering three workpeople, do not pay rent. Hiu due required from other workpeople is about 80.50 a room and a month. The workman ceasing to laboi' at the works, has to give up his apartment at th'j oiid of his fortnight. If he is dismissed, the delay is for eight days only. Various. — The Companj-, considering the distance of the schools of the commu- iiily, has created schools in its establishments ; these schools are directed by Sisters • if Christian Learning and are attended by 34(J pupils. Parents have the choice bot> ween the schools of the works and those of the commune, but they are held to vindi- cate the regular sending to class of their children. The Company has also erected a Workingplace or class of apprenticeship, where tliey can practically be taught making-uj) and sewing. The apprenticeship is for 892 throe yoiirH ; the fii-st yonr, the iipprontioo in not piiid ; the second, ho receives $0.16 a day ; tlio tliird, the wliolo of tlio wu/^oh /gained. The piotits are put down for, her in a little liook from the Savings Bank, repny- abio on hor coming of a^e. or on her inarriaj^e. The oxjiohhoh incurred by the operation of tiiose patroiunod inHtitutionwaro about ^1!),570 a year, or Jll.llJ aworiv- man. COMPANY OF OCEAN MAILS. Bank of Providence. — Pounded in 1888, obligatory for clerks entered on the ser- vice of tlio Company after thiw date. The Bank is nupportod by : 1. An allowance of 1 por cent, upon the dividend annually distributed. 2. A Htoppai^o off) per cent, on wages ami j^ratuities. 3. The interents of the funds of the Bank. 4. Donations and graiuities made at the Bank. 5. LO.SS0S in consequence of resignation or erasure. In order to form the initial stock of the Bank, the (Company has deposited under color of a gratuity a sum of 320,000. Each benefactor has his individual book, on which they carry his share proceed- ing from the division of resources below. The clerk who I'csigns, or is struck out, before having completed aix years of service, has a right to none of the sums borne on his book; tliey are returned to stock, The clerk whoso resignation or erasure happens when ho has six years of service, and less than twelve, only receives the principal of his stoppages ; the surplus in the book is leturnod to stock. The clerk having twelve years of service but less than eighteen when his erasure or his resignation intervenes, receives the amount of his stoppages with the interest of the said stoppages ; the surplus returning to stock. After eighteen years of service, the clerk who resigns or is struck off duty, ha.s right to the amount of sums borne on his book ; it is thus for every clerk of 50 years, whatever may be the number of his years of service. The property of tho clerk dismissed before eighteen years of service is returned to the stock ; if the abolishment is brought about after eighteen years of service tho clerk receives the half of tho principal of his stoppages ; the remainder is returned to stock. The clerks disbanded on account of sickness, or abrogation of employment receive their account in full. In case of death the sums borne on the book of the deceased are paid to his direct heirs. Batili of Relief for the Workshops of the Ciota. — Founded to grant medical care and drugs to the members of the staff, and to their families, as well as pecuniary aid. It is supported : 1. By weekly assessments paid by workmen, laboi-ers, &c., and in proportion to their wages this assessment varies from $0.02 t(j $0.18 a week. 2. From a stoppage of 3 per cent, on the profits of woiks executed on contract. 3. l-'rom a stojipage of 1 per cent, on the attendance to clerks affiliated to tho Society. 4. From an assessment of $1,200 made by the Company. 5. From gratuities equal to a half-day's pay ($1,300 to $1,400) granted on the occasion of each launching of a ship. The Society is managed by seventeen members, of which thirteen are elected ; of their number, one is a clerk and nine of them workmen. Retirements. — The Company has not a bank of retirement, but to encourage woik- men to Jissure ease for themselves in their old days, it deposits a premium on account of each of its workmen, who has a book of retirement; in 1888-89 this pre- mium has been 25 per cent., that is to say, that for each $1.00 deposited by a work- man , the Company has added $0.25. 808 Lodgings. — Tho Company hiiH built housoH, which it letH to its workmen ; the rovenno roughly, iH about 3 per cent. GENERAL TBANSATLANTIC COMPANY. HANKS OK REMEF. Ago, nccidonfs, HifknoH.s. tho porilH of voynging. ai'o wo many cfiusoH of abrupt trouble in tho (ioinoNtlc life of cloikM, and of their I'aniilioH. Teinporar}' and contin- uous aidH are ])ro.Hcriliod and ought to lio granted. Thu (lencral rransathintic ('om- pany haw acceptod thoHo obligations, and |)ut in practice this philanthropic work, in oeing sensible of creating special resources outside of its profits. It has constituted two so|)arato banks, Nos, 1 and 2, directly supporting themselves, and each having its accounts apart. The bank of I'olief, No. 1, concerns the statl" navigating and working under management in harbors, which make up its capital, while rolimiuishing I per cent, of their sahui<>s. This capital, is besides incrcasetl by tho lialf of tho rccoipts gathered upon board of packet-boats, oither by collections, or by concerts established in favor of tho central society of salvage. The condition of bank No. 1 is flourishing, and it is in a way of mooting tho con- tingency of an unlucky service of ships. The capital is $t(l, ()()(». This Rank distri- butes about 812,00(1 of relief H yoai- to a nunibor of persons ro|)rosenting 20 per cent, of tho whole staff. Tho needs being always very largo, they have boon obliged to establish very strict rules for the disti-ibution of relief — so much for burial, so much for widows, so much for children, etc. ; there only remains variable the indemnities granted for men incapaciatod from work, tomjioraril^' or for a definite period. Tho bank for aids No. 2, has been founded in the same spirit as bank No. 1, to come to the assistance of the whole staff as well voyaging as sedentary. No regula- tion is established for tho granting of relief. It is the Council of Management of the Company which gives its decision upon each case or request. The funds of the bank No. 2, are increased by the proceeds from visits on board the packet boats in the harbors, by the profits from the sale of tobacco and cigars to passengers, and finally by some fines. In 1887 the capital was §11,000, and there has been distributed during the year §8,000 in relief to 135 persons. Non-Pecuniary Institutions in Favor of Clerks. SMALL STEWARDSHIP. Independently of the premiums, the clerks of the Company still find, owing to the cares of the management, some particular advantages. 1. In the transfer which is made to them, at retail from tho purchase at whole- sale prices of articles of diet of usual consumption, in adding thereto wiuo, fuel, gar- ments and linen. Open credit for the clerks can amount to three-fifths of their salary, and is held back on payment only to the end of the following month. 2. In the installation at the seat of the Society, for the staff of the offices, of a restaurant or a bi-eakfast is prepared for them for tho price of 80,20. The loss under- gone by the Company by reason of the moderate price is $0.05 a meal. MEDICAL SERVICE. A service has been organized with the aim of furnishing gratuitously medical attention to all the clerks of the management, and at the same time to fix the length of leave which the sickly condition, of some among them, demands. This service comprises consultations in the study of the physician, or medical visits at home, in serious cases. Reductions on the price of drugs, are obtained with a special chemist. In 1887 the consultations in the study of the physician have been 142, and the visits at home 57. 894 COMPANY OP TIIK BOCKS, AND WAUKIIOUSKS OF MAHSKIT.LES. RUI-K Koll TIIK E8TABMSII.MENT OK IlKTIRINO PENSIONS FOR AOENT8 OK THE COMI'ANT. Art 1. Tlu^rolmvo boon iiiNlitutod lotiriiif; ponHioiiH, in tho coiulitions fixed below, lor tlio ailvanta^o ofii^^entH of tho Comnaiiy. Art. 2. To uHsuro tho Horvieoof retiring pensions, there has boon crouted aHpociul reserve fund, wliich Hhall lie conHtitiiliid : 1. Hy an ol)lii^atory Htoppajfo of 4 per cent, operated monthly on tho profitn of agents compiised in tlio lists of tho tixod sljitf. 2. lly a stoppage, likewiHo compulsory, of 4 por cent, upon tho monthly wages of auxiliary ag(3nts admitted to tho eventual benetit of rotiri'ment. 3. By a grant furnislu'd monthly by the Company, equal to 4 por cent, of tho profits and wages submitted to Ht()p|)ago. 4. And by tho proceeds from tho investment of funds, accruing as much from stoppages, as from the subnidy furnished by the Company. In case of insutliciency of reserve funds here below, it will be provided for the service of retiring pensions, by annual supplementary grants furnished by the Com- pany. Art. 3. To have right to tho retiring pension, every agent is bound to fulfil tho double condition of having attaincjd (10 years of ago and accomplishod with (ho Com- pany 30 years of service, during which ho will have been submitted to sto|)pago. Tho daily, and auxiliary, agents having accomplished a year of service will undergo from tho ollice tho retaining of 4 per cent., to commence from 1st January or 1st July following. Art. 4. Tho retiring pension, is based on the mean of the pro'it submitted to stoppage which the agent will have enjoyed, either during his six last years of ser- vice, or during the whole length of his services, if the latter discount is more advan- tageous to him. Art. 5. The agent who fulfils tho conditions of age and service fixed at Article 3 has a right to a retiring pension equal to half, or fg of his moan profit, established on the basis indicated at Article 4. Tho pension is increased by a sixtieth of this mean profit, for each year exceed- ing thirty year's of service. Art. (!. The retiring pension is inalienable and unseizable. It will bo paid every three months in the offices of tho ('ompany, at Paris and at Marseilles, on the dis- charge of the pensioner by moans of proof of his idontit}', or on the production of a certificate of life. Art. 1. Every clerk having reached tho limits of age and of sei-vice, specified at Article 3, can ask to bo put on retirement and to have his pension settled. From its side, tho Company can place on retirement every agent having attained tho regulation limits of ago and of service. Art. 8. The Company reserves to itself, besides, the right of placing on retire- ment from ofiice, and bj- anticipation, every clerk more than 50 years old and having at least ir> yeais of sei-vice. Tho pension allowed in this case is a fourth, or l^ of the mean profit, established after the basis set down at Article 4. This fourth is increased by a sixtieth of the moan profit, by each year passed in the service of tho Company, in addition to the first fifteen years. Art. 9. The stoppages of tho agents, the grants from the Company, and the retiring pension are calculated after the fixed moan profits, without regard to acces- sory or eventual grants, of whatever nature they may be. Art. 10. The Company repays stoppages in capital, without interest, to all agents whom it discharges, and who do not fulfil the necessary conditions to obtain a retiring pension, nnder the reserves of common law in the case in which agents would find themselves their debtors for any cause. 11. The Company refunds in like manner the stoppages, without interest, to Widows, and by detiiulL, to children of agents who have died on active service. 896 OMVANr. id lielow, a Hpocial irotits of wagOH of nt. of tho iich from 0(1 for tho tho Com- iiimi tho tlio ('om- |)])a,iic. ii-vict! will it January )mitteaid. §14,645 6,111 (i,8.').") 1,571 7,715 7,4.5(i 822 ';44,175 Mean per day Percentage I)er 1 of Nominal nominal' Members Menilierl Assisted. Pro|(ortiiin of Relief liy 100 ijersons. S!0.28 0.34 J 0.23i 18 20 17 10 13 18 4 p. c. 2.!tO p. 3.21 2.74 1.52 2.20 2.81 0.01 10.00 I), c. Total extract in tons, 881,218 tons. Number of worktren occupied at the bottom 2,8(51 do do in the light 2,24(1 TotPl 5,107 Sura expended in relief of every kind par ton extracted, S0.05J. "Workmen killed in the works, 2. In 1888, the business of the Bank for rolief, has been as follovs : Eeceipts, $04,000; on which the company had paid $28,900 and the workmen $29,5u0 ; $247 more in fines. The expenses have been $G3,500. Bank of Retirement • — The Bank jf relief, grants no retiring pension to its mem- bers. The Company of the Mines of Bianzy makes retiring allowances to its work- men, which it pays from its personal revenues, and in addition of the subsidy which it grants to the Society of relief. 897 tho necessary ;ii\if of throe uul attendinuj lintenance of iiid amlatten- iHCs incurred le institution mted to meni- ! payiiimt of judLfnient, or be allogetlier 18 responsibli' ies of mourn- in the Society service of the ['or the brealc- nevertheless. 0.20 to 80.25. ^l'"*^') ProiHirtiim ""'^' ofHeli,.fl>.v ^d! 100 iiei.-^tins. p. c. 2.00 p. c. 3.21 2.74 1..52 2.20 2. HI 0.01 10.00 l>. c. 1 2,8(51 2,24(5 5,107 '9 : Eeceipti^, 529,500; 8247 Kn to its mom- h its work- )8idy which To have riffht to the pension, it is necessary to have 30 years of consecutive service, and tone 55 years ot age (except the condition prevented by intinnities). These pensions are as follows : — Age. Time of service. Head of ser- vice (inincH.) Workmen of v^-^^n- thfiin.iKTtv. ioremen. ^U^ ^f yard. 1 Wdvknieii from kIioim, office boys. LalK)rer8. Widows, wiv<':iinid (laujrlitiTH liiiviiifr\vorkc 102 00 171 (K) IHO 00 « CtB. 105 00 112 IM) 110 IK) 120 (H) 133 00 140 00 $ Ct>8. 00 00 Oil INI 102 (H) lOS IN) 114 (K) 120 INI $ CtH. Ill) (Nl 114 IH) lis IN) 72 (HI 70 s. — The company has with the same aim, founded workshops, where the young workwomen are instructed at a handicraft, and learn to make u|) and repair I'iiinily garments, 21!> young girls frequent these workshops and gain from 8>).i50 to 810 a month. Arrangement of the Inheritance. — In order to encourage its workmen to practise economy, the Company sells them plots of ground at cost price, and makes them an ndvanco of 8200 to a,ssist them to build. It jiays and reimburses the whole in ten aiiiuiities without interest. Loans of money are made on the same conditions to Workmen already possessing plots. These liberal terms have brought their rewanls; at the end of 1878 there were 1,079 workmen, heads of families, proprietors, or 29 per cent, of the working heads til'l'amilies taken up by the Company. J^^oiirishitig Provisions at a reduced Price. — The Company delivers at reduced price to its \vorkm^'n, bread, bran, bacon, pies, oil for eating, flour, etc., etc. In time ot iribis and rise in the '•tocks the Company has undergone losses amounting to 813,- 000 a year. This tiervice saves to the workmen nearly 840,000 a year. Fitel. — Families receive gratuitously coal, which is necessary for them. Savings. — The Company receives deposits of money made by its workmen, and serves to them an interest of 5 per cent. Ha rn^ony.— The Company subsidises a biuid formed of 70 to 80 of its workmen ; ill 1888 the expenses underfills head have been 81,7 1 5, independently of its patronized iii>titutions, The Company of tie Mines of Anzin subsidises several independent associations created by its workmen and clerks. These are : 898 The Sportinj Union of Montceau-lcs-Mines. The Prudence. — A society with variable capital, having in aim to assist the work- men of the Mines of Blanzy in facilitating small savings, in allowing loans on mode- rate conditions, in burdening themselves with different mattei's, such as, keeping of property, correspondence, hiwsuits, assurances, etc., etc. The Society of Mutual Aid to Old Soldiers. Associations of Young People. — The notice of the Com])any says on the subject of these associations : " Ever since the troubles of 1882, which have caused so much disturbance, and which have been exaggerated so tar, they have remarked that young people had phiyed the principal part. Itisespecially among them that wore recruited the secret societies adorned by the members with the title of syndical chambers, ami better known under the name of the black band." From that, they concluded that the best means of turning aside young people from these mischievous societies, was to group them, and to form different associa- tions where they tind honest employment, or their energy and industiy^, may be use- fully engaged. " La Physiophile," conducted by an engineer, is a society for study, kc, &c. The Company has built at its own expense a chui-ch and three Eoman Catholic chapels; it contributes to expenses for religious purposes, the enteitainment of presbyteries, &.c. A society of St. Vincent de Paul, a circulating library, evening classes for adults orphans, workingmen, etc., all are equally subsidized by the Comjiany. The pecuniary advantages offered by the Mining Company of Blanzy to its workmen, in addition to their salaries, and in a variety of ways, amounted during the business of 1887-88 to a total sum of S--'23,7!>!). For a populations of 5,182 persons, this increases the average individual salar}' to $4:5.18 per annum, and raises the price per ton 24* cents. This sum of 8223,78!) represents 50 percent, of the dividends divided among shareholders. Ii is veritable participation in the profits. Nothwithstanding this, the average of salaries has always followed an ascending market, while the price of coal has gradually diminished. MIXING COMPANY OF ANZIN. LoDQiNOS AT Reduckd Pbices. — After having abandoned the construction of workmen's villages, on account of inconveniences in point of salubrity and morality, the company has had constructed 2,(528 separate dwellings, having a garden of 2,400 feet. They are let at 70 cunts, 61.00 and §1.20 per month, being at least !> per cent, less expense than the first establishment. The expenses of keeping in lepair and of taxes are borne by the Company. With the object of encouraging economy, the Company sells to its workmen, these houses at cost ])rice. They are paid by monthly instalments, about equal to the rent, and M'ithout interest. They have already sold '.•:{ houses. They make advances on the same conditions to their workmen who wish to build. The latter has thus constructed 741 houses. Th.^ Company has a boys' school, and has given schools to the parishes ; they support several asjdums and industrial schools. Technical Courses. A special preparatory school, managed by the engineers of the Company, produces the best workmen ; it receives the best scholars of the primary scliool. Churches. — The company has four churches consecrated to the Eoman Catholic religion ; it pays the salary of two curates of these chui'ches. Pensions and Grants. — Hefore 18S7 the Company granted retiring pensions to their workmen without making any assessment on their salaries. From January Ist, 1887, it has deposited in the National Bank, pension funds for old ago, to credit 399 it the work- s on modo- keeping of lO subject of ■d so miu'li that youiiK TO recruited umbers, and King people cent associa- miiy be use- cS:c., &.C.. nan Catholic ■tainment of les for adults 31anzy to its mted durinij; tions of 5,182 m, and raises vided amonu; anding this. the prico of of the employees who made an equal payment, a sum representing 1^ per cent, of the salary of the workmen. These payments ceased when the latter reached 50 3-ears of age. The Company further giants to those of its workmen who remain in its service up to 50 years of age a supplement to their pension of (Id cents per annum of ser- vice, counting from the period whence they have fulfilled the double conditions of having at least 35 years of age and 10 years of uninterrupted service. For married men and living with their wives the supplement is $1.20. A workman having entered the service of the Company at 13 years of age would enjoy by this system, at 50 years of age. an annual pension of 872, and that of his wife would be $2(j. It lie only draws at 55 years of age, !iis pension would be $100, and that of his wife $30. In case of infirmities or serious wounds, the pension of the workman is paid to him, and he receives a further grant, which may amount to $35 ])er annum. The widows of workmen killed when at work, have a claim, besides tlie pension paid them from the Pension Fund, to an annual grant of $3en8e8 of hospital service cost in 1888, $13,600, of which $440 was pro- vided by liaea. 400 Relief Fund. — Thorc is allowed to the woundod employee : iHt. 80.20 per day for himself; 2nd. $0.05 for each of his children aged over 12 years. These two grants cannot exceed §rds of the salary. His wife and the children under 16, woundod in the service, receive $0.1(» per day. There is granted : 1st. To the widow of a workman killed by accident in the mine, a pension : For herself, of $0.15 for each day of tlie month, and of $0'20 if she is more than 50 years of ago. For each of the children, of at lea(;t 12 years of age, 80.05 per day. 2nd. To orphans of father and mother, a pension oi' $0.10 per day each, up to 16 years of age. Accidents generally give rise to the exercise of generosity by the tribunals, when they concern minor children. The result is a pension or indemnity instead (or in excess of) the payments of the relief fund or the legal expenses. In 1S88 tlie exj)en.ses of the Relief Fund amounteil to $24.(>00. Pension Fund. — The C( cents per day for married men, and 5 cents per day for each child under fourteen, up to a raaxumim of 35 cents per day whatever be the number of children. In excoptioiuil cases, the fund also grants relief to families of the most needy workmen, to widows and orphans: and optional pensions to widows and orphans. These privileges ai'O only granted by tho sick fund dui'ing one bundreil days. The Company assumes the cost of medical attenilance. The workman loses all his i-ights upon leaving the service of tho Company. Fund for the Wounded. — Maintained by a monthly assessment transferred by the C'ompany, and equal to 2 per cent, of the salaries of workmen and beneficiary employees. The fund pays all expenses resulting from charges for attendance upon tho wounded. It provides for indemnity during sickness, pensions to widows and or|)hans, and pensions to workmen wounded, or who have become incapacitated for work. The funds of tills Bank, maintained entirely by the capital of the Company, ai'c reserved expressly for those of tho wounded, or their heirs, who accept literallj-and strictly the conditions for indemnity fixed by the Company. Consequently, woundcil employees or their heirs, who wish to remain indopendontfoi- the purpose of entering an action against the Company, to obtain from the courts compensation for any injury resulting from accidents during work, will not participate pecuniarly in this special reserve of 2 ])er cent. The acceptance of the first payment following an accident, of pecuniary indemnity for stoppage of work, or of pensionsfixed by the regulations, entails the renunciation of the right to enter any subsequent action against the Company. The Wounded Fund defrays all expenses incurred by suits entered against the Comyjany on account of accddents. The outlay of the Fund must not exceed its resources, and in case of a deficiency, a proportionate reduction is made to all indemnities and jjonsions until the equili- brium is restored. Pension Fund. — In freeing from the regulations of this fund all that which relates to the liquidation of a previous Pension Fund, we find that the Company 20—26 402 onguges to deposit annually a sum equal to 2 per cent, of his salary, to his creflit, on the pass-book of every employee who engages to deposit in the JVational Pension Fund, a sum equal to 3 per cent of his salary. On the 1st of January, 1889, a fourth only of the deposits of the now stiitf was transferred to the Pension Fund, all the remainder was left subject to their discretion. and indep<^ndont of the offer of 2 per cent, of salary made by the Company. Reward Fund. — Every year, grants are made to workmen distinguished for length oi service, punctuality, civility and good conduct. Those rewards are made in about the propcjrtion of one-tenth of the salary. The account of the donations of the Coal Mining Company of Boss^ges in 1888 reached the sum of ?01t,UOO, equal to 828.50 for each workman. PARISIAN GAS COMPANY. (Parls.) Provident Fund. — All employees and workmen of the Company are obliged to be members of this institution. The Fund is maintained by an assessment of 1 per cent, on salaries, and b}' a grant from the Company, equal in amount to this. Indemnity' in cases of wounds or illness, is equal to half of the pay or salary of the members. It is paid for two months. In case of death, funeral expenses are paid b}' the Fund, and relief is afforded to his heirs of an amount equal to two months' salary or pay of the deceased member. Every workman who leaves the service of the Company, loses all claim to the advantages of the Funil. He cannot claim assessments made. The Provident Fund is administered by a commission named by the man- sigement. Pension Fund. — This Fund is sustained by an annual grant of 817,100 made by the Comi)any, by an annual dividend of S500, coming from the legacy of a former managing dii'ector, and by the interest of sums in Bank, donations, legacies, etc. To obtain a retiring pension, the employee must be at least 55 years of age, and have spent 25 years in the service. The jiension is Itased on the average of the fixed salary which the incumbent has received during the preceding six years. It is regulated for each year of service at a fiftieth of the average salary, with increase for each year of service above 1 per cent, of said salarj'. In no case can pension exceed two-lhirds of the salary. The pension of the widow of an einph^yee, is a third of that which her husband had received, or could have received. Annual assistance is granted to the minor orphans of a deceased employee on the death of their mother. SUEZ CANAL COMPANY. Pensions and Grants. — Of the 2 per cent, of the not profits assigned to the staff (see page 50), one portion is distributed to the regular staff, the other is applied towards providing pensions for auxiliaries. Finallj', pensions and annual grants are given pilots, seamen and workmen. Pensions are proportioned to the salary earned by the pensioner during hi^ cjervice, to the duration of this service and to the emoluments he received. For example, when a ])ensioner has four persons under his care, the pension is 50 per cent, higher than for a single man. Sickness. — The company has a complete medical service, an hospital and a villa for convalescents. At the period of marriage, the employees in Egypt receive a grant equal to one or two month's salary, according to circumstances. The Company continues the salary of their employees on regular holidays, or during period of illness. 408 credit, on il Pension staff -was discretion, uished for are made iro9 in 1888 obliged to be Lent of 1 per this. or salary ot ef is afforded the deceased il claim to the by the nian- 100 made by y of a former icies, etc. 5 of age, and incumbent has (^f service at ce above 1 per salary. Tl^^j husband had minor orphans 3d to the stafj )ther is applied workmen, ner during bi'* received. lo'' ision is 50 per Lital and a vlUu Int equal to one liar holidays, or THE UNION. FIBB INSURANCE COMPANY. Paris. Provident Fund. — Participation in pi-otits existed in this Company since its formation, under the form of bounties. In 1887 it adopted a new rofjulalion relative to employees who had joined the service since 188G, this ro,!j;ulation Ii([uidated,at the same time in an equitable manner the pension of employees who had joined before 188(5. This regulation required : — 1st. That employees should insure for the sum of $1,000, payable at the ago of 5.") years. The premium is payable, half by tiio employee and half by the Company, The portion of the premium paid by the employee is deducted from the amount of Ids participation in tlie benefits; if this amount is inferior to the half premium, the complement will i)e added by the Comj)any. 2nd. An individual book is opened for each one of the employees. To this book is brought a debit for : — 1. A monthly assesment of 5 per cent, on the regular salary, also an assessment of the twelfth of this annual salary from the first nomination, and of the twelfth of all subsequent increase. 2. The total amount of the products from participation in profits, and deduction of tlio half-premium above mentioned. The proportional part due by the employee for losses accruing to the pi'otiL of the Provident Fund. Discharged or delinquent employees are deprived of their rights ; they only have a claim to sums retained from their salary. The employee leaving the service on account of ill-health, has a right to the liquidation of his account. When an employee has arrived at the age required for the pension, the amount of his account is employed in purchasing reliable securities, of which the dividends are paitl him, but the bonds for which are retained by the Company to be handed to his widow, to his heirs or descendants. If the deceased has not left any heirs, the sum inscribed on his book reverts to the Provident Fund. The distribution of the portion of profits credited to the employee is made as follows : 200 per cent, of salary of an office superintendent : 150 per cent, of salary of an otHce assistant-superintendent. The usual salary of employees or inspectors. The total amount paid in favor of emplo^'ees by the Union Company in the way of profits or of half-premiums of insurance, amounts to §748,172 in 1837 to 1888. MONTROSE ESTATE.* M. MATIIIEU DOLFUS, PROPRIETOR. This estate pi'oducos annuall}* 100 to 200 casks of wine. The workmen are paid by the day or by the job, according to the nature of the work ; the price by the day amounts on an average — for men, at from 50 to GO cents pel' day, for women, at from 15 to 20 cents. A household of working people make on an avei'age $240 per annum ; to this salary should be added the enjoyment of a little cottage residence, with its garden. tnel, wine, medical care and medicine. Women, during confinement, receive a sum of •S2i). Children of an ago to attend school, are brought there and carried home in vehicles. The school teaching is free, and books, etc, furnished by the estate. To these advantages are to be added : a premium of 40 cents per cask divided, after the vintage, among the vintagers. "Kt-iwrt of the Departmental Committee of the Gironde. 20— 26J 404 2. A participation of 4 per cent, in the benetitn granted to work-]ioople on the estate, aftor deducting an interest of 6 per cent, for iho Hiiur('lioI(ler8. Tlii>' participii- tion in proHts ia intended to assist in maintaining a provident fund, in order to euHiiro to employees a retiring pension for their old age. In 1880 and 1881 the participation gave 10 poi- cent, of the amount of sahiry; in 1883, 8-50 per cent. L. COURTHHOUX. Is, - m -■ WOOLLEN MILL OP A. GAULIER — SEDAN. Woi'kmen's Capital — Formula; — Application — Eesults. 170 workpeople (men, women, young people) constituting a fund for old ago, of which 50 percent, is for subscription to workmen's capit.'il, the whole in aid ot deposits made by the tradesmen. The indopendence of the workman is othorwiso thoroughly secured; he can always go to work and supply himself where it is most convenient. The workman's capital, recommended by the cities of Sedan, Mezi^res and Charloville — fortune for many, comfort for all, and facility to every one to invent improvements and do business. With $1.10 monthly payment on bonds for lots,* of which $1 pays the expense of putting into circulation 600.10, forming, with all the capitalized interest, a fuiu) ot §20.12 for income at the National ]5ank for old age, the employee obtains: — 1st. $G00, dis])osable in fractions of $100 at 22J years — 30 years — '61^ years — 45 years — 52A years — (]0 years. 2nd. §(iO of lite annuity, beginning at GO years of age (if his payments have com- menced at 15 years of age). 3rd. Six chances for drawing every two months. For a monthly payment made : From 15 to 22|- years of age, every two months he has one chance of drawing; at 22J years, for $99 deposited ho will possess $121-20, that is, one obligation of $11)0 on refunding $3, and a book of $21.20, guaranteeing a life pension at (JO years of age in funded capital. From 22i to 30 years of age, he has two chances of drawing every two months; at 30 years, for $198 deposited, he possesses $242'40, that is, two obligations of $10U, refunding $G, and two books of $21.20, guaranteeing $23.85 of life pension. From 30 to 37i years of age, he has thi'ee chances of drawing every two months; at 37J years of age, for $297 paid in, he possesses $3G3, that is, thi-ec obligations of $100, refunding $9, and three books of $21.20, guaranteeing $30.75 of life pension. From 37^ to 45 years of age, he has four chances for drawing every two months; at 45 years of age, for $39G deposited, he would possess $480, or four bonds of 6100 each, "bearing §12, and four books of $21.20, assuring $35.54 of yearly pension. From 45 to 52i- years, every two months, ho has five chances ot drawing, at 52^ years, for $495 paid in, he would possess $GOG, or five bonds of $100, bearing 815 and tive books of $21.30, assuring $39.17 of yearly pension. From 52^- to GO years of age, every two months, he has six chances of drawing; at GO years of age, for $594 paid in, he possesses $727.20, or six bonds of $100, bearing $18, and six books of $21.20, assuiing $40.82 of yearly pension. The interests accruing from the six bonds being for $18, at 60 years of age, he might continue his course with six chances for drawing every two months, six bonds worth $G00, and a yearly revenue of $58.82. On delivery ot each book of life interest, the incumbent decides if he wishes it placed at transferred or reserved capital. Tlie bonds are not seizable so long as tlio *We liavo inontionod these ohfirjntions a IiiIk in tliin roiKirt, althouKh thoy do not exist in Canada ; ««• lia\c referred to thcni, not wishing to cliange anything' in the report, hut we wish to remark that the Ints designated do not at all enter into the calculations tor workmen's capital ; there are opportunities fur jH-culation indeijendent of thia very remarkal)le system. 405 joplo oil tho \n< pai'tieii)ii- der to ensure lit of aaliiry ; I for old iii^'o, ■hole in aid ot 1 w othoi'wi>(i licro it is ino:>l Mozi^ros ani.1 • one to invent ys the expent^e nterost, a fmu' btains : — s — ;57^ yoaris— nejits hace com- je of dravvinsr; iu;ation of $1'"* |(j'0 years of ago •y two montlis ; kitions of $1')'*, lision. ■y two months; |o obligationh of life pension. [■V two months; bonds of 81t)() pension, llrawing, at 'I'i^ |0, bearing 81") I'CS of drawing; >fS 100, bearing 3ars of age, he bnths, six bonds I if he wishes it so long as tho _ast in Caimdii ; «<• leniark that th' l"ts oiiportuiiitifs M subscribei' retains them, but if he wishes to specnhite with them, they become payable to bearer, without prejudice, to the dividends for old age, which, in every case, remain personal. By marriage a double amount may be acquired, or 81,200 disposable, S120 of interest, and twelve diances of drawing every two months. To those advantages many others can be added, according to the tram" or occu- pation to which he belongs: — 1st. The managers prefer employing the holders of those titles. 2nil. To workmen having served three consecutive months, they will consent to grant gratuitous insurance in case of accident or sickness. iJrd. To this institution will be made donations and legacies, according to loca- tion or region, to divide among the schemes ot' the several industries. The munici- ]i;ilities can distribute these among their siiareliolders administeiing them, which can i)u easily done, as the\' are obliged to guarantee each title to tho holders of these honds, to which Frenchmen alone have a right. Under this tbrm, so simple, is thus presented a ])lan fostering education and social improvement-. The State can oidy exercise a simple surveillance of this organization, which it can easily do, in all its useful and various proportions, either at the Cridit Fonder, or from the Eailroad committees, or from societies on the basis of mercantile agencies, and this without occasioning either inconvenience or expense, all the details of execution having been approved by eminent tinanciers. OLD AGE FUNn FllEE TO WORKMEN. By payment in the shape of bons on the fund, an advance can be obtained fi-om contractors of five, ton or fifteen dollars. This will be chai-ged to tho workman, by being placed to his debit, on his pension book. This economy, having been com- menced at 25 years of age, would thus produce on the purchases a monthly saving of at least 81.00. Deposited at interest, it would produce for them 8121^.24 of life pension : at reserve fund, it would give 870. Ofi of life pension from 60 years of age, and 8420 for the heirs. If the institution subscribed to the capital of the workman, and protited by the funds for old age transferred by the.so purchases: at current capital, at (50 years of age, there would be a life pension of 8240. SO, and 81,200 for the heirs; at reserved capital, from GO years of age, there would be a life pension of 8170.85, and 81,874.40 for the beii-8. RUXiES op THE WOHKSHOPS. Workman's Capital. To all work-people in the factory, men, women, or young people of 15 years of age and over, duly authorized, giving 81.10 per month, and not drawing the interest during the period of deposit, M. Courtehoux otlei's: — 1st. A mortgaged ticket (1885) of the Credit Fonder {title deposited in the Bank of France), that they may have a chance of profiting by drawing. 2nd. After 90 deposits (or 7i years) the title itself will be returned to the sub scribor, that he may dispose of it as he pleases ; he will be free to draw the proceeds or the capital. At the same time, he will be given a book of the National Bank for old ago, crediting a payment of 820.00, made the same day, in his name, (after capital trans- ferred or reserved), which will form for him an unseizablo life pension commencing at GO years of age. By payments made, Of which 81 monthly, or 800 is to pay the obli gation and 10 cents monthly, or 80.00 for the life pen sion with capitalized interest ho obtains a transferable title 8100.00 and a book of the old age fund ■... 820.00 Thus for 899 he would then have 8120.00 ^i^ 406 In niHo of (loath during tho period of dopoHitin^, thcaniou nts paid in, will bo returned to tho family, wifliout interest. In case of a nienilior having; been drawn in the lottery, it will t)o paid, with interest, to tho subHcribor, who can thuH after- wards purchase, ibr himself, a book of tho old a^'o fund. There would thus also be the ditloieiice between the price issued of SOO and that deposited. If tlu^payments woi-e not made leyularly, tho procedure would be in aecordance with the rules established by the Crfdit Fancier, but with tho loss of current interest, an I tho monthly 10 cents already given to obtain the book of tho old ago fund. To Encourage Economy. 1. There will be a preferenco for employment made in favor of Hubscribors so long Hi they do not give cause for comnhunt. 2. They will ])i'otit gratuitously by the accident insurance in case of accident, and as far as jiossible, in case of serious illness. From this principally, they will, at onco and annually, have an interest in the 20 cents representations of individual claim on the medical and pharmaceutical services of Ciaulier or other places whicli guarantee, at this price, medical care, and a reduction of r»0 per cent, on medicine^^, Further, when they sustain serious sickness exceeding tive days, without its resulting from an affray or bad conduct, tho men receive 25 cents for each day dui- ing which they are laid up, and the women 15 cents (during one month). As for the latter, continoment, &c., gives no claim for indemnity. If abuses arise, or false representations have been made, the authors are imme- diately and forever (icj)rivcd of these advantages, and they cannot recommence pio- titing by them in future until after three months steady employment at the factory. On leaving it, this stage has to be recommenced each time. For the correct application of this regulation, the inspection of accounts ami deposits, M. Courtehoux required the association with him of four delegates, wiio will constantly represent the subscribeis. Along with him, and with votes counting two in tho deliberations, they will manage the relief fund which will be formed from grants and tho tines levied for discipline. A special object ^\ill bo to assist, by monthly payments of $1,10, the most indigent, but only during the duration of military service. The independence of the workman is entirely secured. Ho can always go to work with whom or wheresoever it suits him best. If, by monthly payments of $1, this system has been generalized, and if it has been followed up from tho age of 15, there is tho certainty of possessing in ovoiy case $600 at (iO years of age, and $(J0 of lite pension. This for a man and his wife will give 81,200 at CO years of age, and 8120 of life pension. Wishing to form pensions for all his workmen, M. Courtehoux places at their disposal bons on the fund of 20 cents, 40 cents and $1 to regulate their purchases with tho contractors. Since this method of payment has been adopted, the has been granted to tlie Workman's Commission of the factor}', not only the lowest prices in accordance with quality, but a discount of 5, 10 or 15 jier cent., of which the value will bo credited to the workman on his book at tho National Bank for old ago on receipt of the ho)i$. A life pension of $120.00 to $240.00, from 60 years of age, can thus be acquired by a young household without cost. It can also bo reserved for children by aged persons. Those advantages are open to all, There is entire liberty to profit by them or not, and to whatever extent is most convenient. Advances in the shape of bans are ahvays limited in amount to the minimum value of days' work not paid. In case of removal, the Eelief Fund grants loans proportioned to its resources. to 5 II 407 M. IIUTOLYTE DVCllKK— Paris. )f Hubscribors so ntioiis, thoy will can always go to to its resources. I'ROVinENT AND SAVINGS HANK. Art. 1. Tlio Provitlent niul Savings Hank, foiuidcd by M. Duchor, for tho bonofit of eniployoos and woriv-pooplo of botli sexos in hie CHtablisbmcnt. is regulated in con- formity with the following rules. Art. 2. The Provident and Savings Bank is maintained bv means : — let. Of an annual sum paid to said Bank by M. Ducher, in the shape of a donation. 2nd. Of grants made to tho Bard^. ;Jrd. Of voluntary payments, regularly made by participating members, of two per cent, of their salaries or appointments. Art. 15. There are admitted to participation in the profits of this Bank all tho em)»loyeos and work-people, male and female, having served one full year in tho Ducher establishment, on the first of January in each year, and who work there exclu- sively. Employees and work-people (of both sexes), however, who wish to participate immediately in the protits, can do so by paying to tho Bank a fixed sum ol SKt.dC. Tho participant who once omits to pay the required 2 per cent, will be deprived of all participating rights, and tho amount of his account will be transferred as capi- tal to the Ducher Provident and Savings Hank. Employees who have an interest either in tho pi'ofits, oi- ip tho outside atlairs of the establishment, are excepted from tho participation. Art. 4. In case of sickness, interrupting work, the attendance of a physician, named by M. Ducher, and medicine, are guaranteed gratuitously, to each participant during a i)oriod of not more than two months. The continuation of assistance is fixed by the medical certificate. Tho partici- pant can always, however, demand a consultation to bo held between tho jdiysieian of the Bank and another named by himseU. The ])articipant receives, besides, during sickness, a money indemnity fixed as follows : — For tho first month 40 cents per day for himself. do do 20 do forhiswifo. do do 20 do for each child. During the second month 30 cents per day for himself. do do 15 do for bis wife. do do 10 do for each child. During confinement, there is no relief due to the participant, either medical or pharmaceutic ; there is only paid, in case of sickness following confinement, and for, at most, one month, on application of the husband, a daily and personal assistance of 60 cents, no allowance being made to *,he family. Provident Fund. Art. 10. There is opened, in tho name of each subscriber, a separate account for the distribution of amounts paid in accordance with article 3, after placing in reserve the sum granted by M. Ducher, as before mentioned, which is used in tho indem- nities paid and contingent relief during tho year. Each subscriber receives a book in which are credited tho payments made by him to the bank. The accounts of tho bank are audited each year, on 31st December. The capital disposable is distributed at provisional title, and only to order, among the individual accounts of subscribers, who will have no right to exercise, except as under conditions provided for, by articles 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 here following : — Art. 12. On the death of a subscriber, whatever has been his age and length of service in the establishment, the amount at his credit on tho preceding inventory will be remitted to his widow, to his legitimate or adopted children, their young children, or the heirs. 408 IfthoHointorcstod, above limitodlyonumorutod, do not makn known thoir cluim to Mr. Dnclior. witliin tho hpnco of ono year from the (li'ci'ii,'i'K ai\d woikmon in llie shops, aj)plying the rej^ulations ani workmen, beside medical care, receive their salaries in full. Sick omjjioyees veceivo assistance in money and suitable relief. M. M. KESTNER & CO. At Bellevue near Giromagny (Haut-Riiin.) Participation in Profits. — (See page 54.) The nurabe" of workmen in the factory varies from between 60 to 80. Jfutual Benevolent Sociefi/. — The employees and workmen of the establishment, also their wives and children, are members of the relief fund. The assessments paid fortnightly are as follows : — Assessments paid by : the workman. the magager. For the workman * $0.12 $0.08 From his wife 0.02 0.04 do each child I Under 16 years old 0.02 0.02 ' Fines levied from workmen for infraction of the rules of the establishment are transferred to the relief fund. Sick employees receive gratuitous medical caro and medicine, and an indemnity of 30 cents daily. * Meinberg of the Society who are at the gome time connected with another society do not have to pay any personal assessment. 411 ment, receive 5 Id an indemnity t do not have to l>ny On the death of a married employee the society pays 812.00 ; on that of tlio wife 88.00, and $;{.00 on the death of a child. Among the cases of sickness not giving claim to assistance of any kind, may be mentioncfl the following: Small-pox, unless the patient can prove that he has heon vaccinated. In case of any serious or prolonged illness, the committee can grant special I'elief. Since 1851, date of the foundation of the relief fund, its operations have been as follows : — Receipts. — Amounts paid by M. M, Kestner k Co S (1,853.16 do do workmen 3,482.99 Sundry receipts (J58.55 10.9!>4 70 Expenses— To\a\ 10,701.03 Balance S 293.67 Loans to Workmen. — If the foremen, or workmen, wish to employ their savings in acquiring immovable property, or in building a house, they can bo authorized to dispose of capital the product of their premiums as participating members. Loans without interest can in this case be made to thorn, on the following conditions: — 1st. That the foreman or woi-kman applying for an advance is commended for industry and general good conduct. 2nd. That Kestner & Co. i-ecognize in advance the advantage and utility of the acquisition of the property, or projected building. 3rd. That the piirchusei's, have themselves added a sum at least equal to the advance ap^died foi-. 4th. Th:it the advance will never exceed the sum of §200. 5th. That it will be guaranteed by mortgage secui-ity, and made i-opayable by five instalments in tive consecutive years. The firemen and workmen have no right to above mentioned loans, or to any ordinary advances, until they have passed tAVO j'cars in the service. Pensions. — Foremen and workmen have a claim to the following life pensions : — 1st. To 8108 per annum, when having reached 70 j-oars of age, and passed 33 years of service, tliey wish to retire, 2nd. To 872 per annum, when having reached 70 years of ago, and passed 30 years in the service, they wish to retire ; or when wounds or incuranle sickness have been received or contracted, resulting from their employment, render it imiiossiblo for them to continue work, 3rd. To 848 per annum., when duly-proved incurable infirmities, not the result of their employment, makes it impossible for them to work, provided, always, they have spent ten years in the service. The widows of foremen and workmen who, at their decease, had attained ten years service, have a right to the following pensions : — 1st. To 836, when they have themselves reached 70 years of age at the death of their husbands. 2nd. To 824, when they had reached the age of 60 on the death of their hus- bands. 3rd. To 812, when they had reached the age of 45 on the death of their husbands. There is a special claim for 820 to widows who, at the death of their husbands, are at least 45 years of age, and those whoso husbands had at their decease less than ten years of service. As for the pensions of deceased foremen and workmen who, before decease, had been admitted to full enjoyment of pension, in accordance with the age and years of service of the deceased husband, the above pensions will bo granted to the widows. The total amount of pensions paid since 18M amounted in 1888 to 87,917. However, the years of the pension will not be added to the years of service, 412 Male pensioners who go to work in another establishment, and widows who con- tract a second marriage, or whose conduct is not good, will lose their right to the pension. CO-OPERATIVE PAPER MILL OF DANGOULSME. LAROOHE-JOUBERT & CO. The Co-operative Paper Milling Company of Angouleme is, for the operatives, in time of scarcity of ])rovisions, an institution of benevolence and assistance. Thus, when the pi'ice of bread exceeds 2 cents per pound, every workman in the factory and workshops who, during the month, has earned from $2 to $12, receives at the end of the month, besides his fixed salary, four bons, established on an avei-age, and whose amount reduces the price of bread to the same rate which he pays for his other provisions. The Co-operativo Paper Mill Co. not only interests itself in the welfare of the employees, but also in that of their young families. For a long time past, it obliges the children of workmen to attend the primary schools in the districts where its mills are situated, and it has always paid in full the salaries of the school teachers. Further, in the month of December, 1880, under the supervision of Mnies. Laroche- Joubert, there was founded, under the patronage of the Co-operative Paper Milling Co., in a locality adjoining the workshops of the Angouleme establishment, by means of a personal and voluntary subscription from members of the Society, an infant asylum, where ai"e admitted, during the working hours of their parents in the work- shops, all their children, from the age of 15 days until the age when they can be admitted into the asylum of the city of Angoulgme, where they are taken and brought back again by a woman attached to the infant asyaim. The infant asylum receives and takes care of children every day it is open; it furnishes them with soup twice a day, and milk if necessary; it keeps warm for them the necessary food, &c., and gives them clothing (pocks, bonnets, shirts and skirts, &c.) when those in use are not in srood order or cond ; ion. These children, from the month of December, 1880, to Slst December, 1881, were kept to the number of 4,587 days' time at the infant asylum. The expense for this first year, which was that of installation, had been $1,207. The existence of this infant asylum, is assured for the whole duration of the Society. The Co-operative Paper Mill, keeps open at its own expense, in the vicinity of Angoulgme, primary schools for young boys, and gir.-, who work in the workshops, and this long before the time at which the law obliges them to do so. The average monthly attendance of children attending those schools daily, kept at the expense of the establishment, is from 80 to 90 girls, and from 35 to 40 boys, besides those from the city of Angouleme. A. LEFRANC. VARNISHES, PRINTING INKS, AC, PARIS. Provident and Pension Fund. — This fund was founded by a donation of $1,000 from M. Lefranc. and is sustained b}' a monthly payment fixed by M. Lefranc, and transferred by him from his net profits. A deduction of 5 per cent, is made in the first place on all the allowances deposited in the Provident Fund, with the object of forming a special fund to supply any assistance which M. Lefranc may consider necessa'-y to grant to employees (male or female) in special cases. This deduction ceases when the special relief fund reaches the sum of $40C; but when it descends below this figure it must be augmented in the manner above mentioned. All employees (male and female) are admitted to participation in the profits after one year's service, counting from the Ist January preceding. 418 'ho con- t to the tivea, in , Thus, 1 factory Bs at the ago, and s for his i-e of the t obliges ^•hore its teachers. Lai'oche- - Milling by means an infant the work- ey can be [iken and s open ; it warm for jhirts and ,881, were |en 81,20*7. .on of the •icinity of lorkshops, jaily, kept 40 boys, 1 of $1,000 franc, and [llowances Ito supply Employees Icial relief must be Ihe profits A separate account is opened for each individual participant, and each receives a book on which is written the amount credited to his account. The sums assigned U) the Provident Funil, are distributed among the individual accounts, at a proportionate rate with the years of service, and of the respective salary of each participant. The amounts earned by participants, are considered as salary, whether they work by the month, the day or by the piece. Participation is only granted at a maximum salary of $G00 and a maximum term of service of 20 years. The employees (male and female) do not have a right to the liquidation of their accounts until they reach 45 years of age, and have passed at least 20 years in the service; or at the age of 60, and after a minimum of 10 years service. The liquidation of accounts in the event of death, or a departure for unforeseen causes, or a forfeiture, are provided for in the regulations, umler the conditions usual in Manauers' Pension Banks. WORKSHOPS OF M. ALBERT LUNG. COTTON MILLS. Moussey anr' la Petite Raon ( Vosges). Lodgings. — M. A. Lung has constructed detached houses, each containing 3 rooms, a kitchen, cellar and garret, and surrounded by a garden of about 6,000 feet superficies. These houses cost about $500 ; they are let at $2 per month, or sold at the price of $400 payable by instalments of $5 monthly, with interest at 5 per cent, per annum. Besides these houses, M. Lung has erected buildings containing 20 lodgings, let at from $1.20 to $1.40 per month. Savings. — The establishment receives the savings of their workmen, and grants them interest at 5 per cent, per annum. Advances loithout Interest to Workmen. — M. Lung advances to his workmen, without interest, the sums necessary for the first acquisition of immovable property, or in the case of stoppage from sickness, or in order to stop the practice of purchas- ing on credit from the contractors. These advances are repaid by means of monthly reserves. Schools. — M. Lung maintains, at his own expense, schools in his establishment fur children and adults. FIRM OF ALFRED MAME & SONS. TOURS. Participation in Profits. — (Page 160). Schools. — Subsidies to schools of the city. Workman's Toicn. — The workman's town, built by the Mame establishment, con- sists of 62 cottages, each having its little gartlen, and disclosed in (|uadi'ilateral shape around a large square planted with trees, serving as a promenaile available to all the tenants. The price of rent varies from $31.20 to $47.40 per animin, accord- ing to quality of lodging; in the city similar lodgings are let at from $100 to $120. Mutual Benevolent Society. — The establishment has founded in connection with its workshops two Mutual Benevolent Societies, which it has endowed. Retiring Fund. — The reriring fund is supplied by amounts paid by the masters for the following puiposes : — Years. $2 per 3'ear for each workman whose length of service is at least 5 6 do do do 10 10 do do do 16 414 m^- iff- The payments are so calculated that a workman entering the service of the establishment at 18 years of age can, retire at (JO years on a retiring pension of 8120 alienated capital or $60 reserved fund. The Mame Donation. — The institution fun ishes gratuitously medical attendance and medicines to the wives and children of workmen as well as to the workwomen of the establishment. Aid is given to help pay funeral expenses. Different Aids.— Granted under the tbrn\ of gifts of materials, and provisions. Free Pensions. — The widows of workmen, are granted pensions through the liberalitj' of the house. The amounts paid out by Messrs. A. Mame & Sons towards improvement in their staffs well-lieing amounted : In 1887 to §15,872 for 8168,600 salary. In 1888 to 815,707 for 8170,720 salary. MANUFACTUREES OF TOBACCO. France. The manufacture of leaf tobacco into smoking tobacco, snuff, chewing tobacco, and into cigars and cigarettes, is not free in Fi-ance ; the State has the monopoly of it, and tobacco factories form a part of the State service. The documents concerning the manufacture of tobacco in France, sent to the exhibition of social economy, consisted of statistics and tables which the Economiste Frani;ais sums up as follows : — " There is a rather large population employed in the manufacture of tobacco, stores, &c. The entire staff, managers, foremen and workmen in 1875 amounted to 22,974." The requirements of the service having at that time necessitated a momentaiy stoppage in recruiting, the number at the time was less: Men. Wumen. Total. Foremen 758 111 869 Workmen 1,802 18,200 20,002 Altogether 2,560 18,311 20,871 We see that the feminine element constitutes nearly nine-tenths of the whole, and persons who like to sing la donna e mobile may imagine thatworkshop-^, so com- posed, would involve incessant changes. Tliere is nothing of the kind. The steadi- ness or want of stability of the working stiitf, in the larger industeries, is one of the points that came under the attention of the jury of the exhibition of social economy. It does, indeed, offer a very clear indication, and the curve of stability which Mons. Cheysson has given the formula, may serve to class industries from a social point of view, as the facial angle, for instance, serves to class races from an intellectual j)oint of view. Now, the curv^e for the non-commissioned staff, in State manufactures, is one of the least depressed there is. The average for length of service comes to twelve years, foremen and workmen both; and on 4,000 workmen they count 115, or more than one in ten who have served more than thirtj- years in the administra- tion. This faithfulness is mainly due to the means taken, in the present and in the past, to assist the workmen in their need. We can give but a mere indication of these protective measures ; the document exhibited at the Champ de Mars, and at the Esplanade des Invalides, contain a full description of them. The basis of the system is the obligatory and gratuitous afflliation of foremen and workmen, to the National Eetiring Fund for old ago. Since 1861, when the fund was fir.^t erected, the custom of the Stiite manufactures was assured ; at that time each agent was charged 4 per cent, retained on his salary and. entered in his book. Since 188? it is the administration itself that provides, at its own expense, the regulation 4 per cent., 415 rvice of the ion of $120 attendance ■kwoinen of visions. hi'Oiigh the •ovement in ing tobacco, monopoly of sent to the 9 Economiste e of tobacco, amounted to I momentary 1871 |f the whole, lop-i. so com- The steadi- [8 one of the al economy, which Mons. k'ial point of llectual point lufactures, is Ice comes to count 115, administra- . and in the Indicution of Mars, and at Ibasis of the Imen, to the I erected, the Ivas charged m? it is the 1 4 per cent, and there are no amounts retained. The payments made since 1861 amounted to $2,600,000, of which $2,280,000 is alienated capital, and $280,000 is reserved capital. The average amount in the bank books amounted to $20.20 in 1871, and to $92 in 1889. As for the workmen who, at the time the Fund was instituted, wore too aged to become members, with any profit to themselves, they were given books in the Savings Bank, payable only at the age for retiiing. Even yet, the agent whose pension has just been settled, and who can continue wri-k, must ))uy into the Savings Bank his arrears of pension. These ditt'erent operations are calculated by hundreds of thousands of francs. Mutual aid societies have been founded in certain cities and are very prosperous. Certain manufactures have organized libraries and baths for their workmen; it is an intelligent solicitude that thus includes both body and mind. The Administration has, as in duty bound, shown its interest in the fate of women in child-bed and of now born infants. In default of precise statistics in regard to births, wo have been furnished with information concerning the operation of creches installed in manufactures, or .subsi- dized by them, during the period fi-om 1878 to 1888. The first mentioned gave i'ov that interval, returns of 727 admissions and 132,000 days' presence. The parents pay only one-third of the expense — $4,500 on $12,-100. In the subsidized creches 1,119 children were received, and there were 188,000 days' presence. MENIER. CHOCOLATE MANUi'ACTURE. Noisel Factory (Seine and Marne). Workmjmen's Houses. Dtcellings. — The staff compiises about 1,500 w^orkmen, including 600 women ; a great many families aie thus al' employed in the factory. This staff formerly occupied a groat part of the surrounding country, some living at quite a distance from the factory. It was to do away with the inconvenience thus caused, that Mons. Menier in 1874 founded the working city which his sons have sirce extended. These houses furnish 200 dwellings ; they are one story and a-half high, and sur- rounded each by its own garden. They are solidly built, of good materials, in brick, with iron flooring and roofed in tiles. Each dwelling has two flats, a cellar and a garret, and its own garden, covering 4,000 feet superficies. A wash-house, woodshed and water-closet are attached to the house. Each house contains two dwellings, and in order to insure complete indepen- dence for both families, the gai'dens and the closets are semi-detached, the houses being separated from top to bottom longitudinally by u partition wall which separates each dwelling entirely from the other. Moreover, in order that the circulation of air may be as free as possible between, the houses are situated on either side of the street, each opposite the garden of the house over the way, so that a house on the right hand side is opposite the garden t)f a hause on the left hand side, and ince versa. The cost of each house is about ?52,000, or $1,000 for each dwelling. The cost of each dwelling is $30 per year, payable at the rate of $2.50 per month, which the factory collects from the workmen, making them pay neither taxes nor repairs. The ownership of these houses cannot be ceded by the establishment, who by this means wish to avoid, as a consequence of any change by sale or inheritance, thoii- being used for other than the end for which they were intended, by admitting to the city, strangers who might do injury to the inhabitants. 416 Premiums. — However, as workmen are granted premiums for length of service, proportioned to the timo that they have been in the employ of the establighment, intendod* to compensate for the rent they pay for tiieir dwellings, they are by this fact exonerated, after a time, trom all payment of rent. There are largo baths and washing tanks, well provided with hot water, and with running water, amply sufficient for the washing of clothes, and for the bathing requirements of the population. Economies. — A general store, established by the firm in large and spacious buildings, are stocked with all the pi-ovisions, liquors, dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes, firewood, &c. — in a word, with all the necessaries of life, which are offered to the workmen at a very low cost. Tlie establishment can afford to sell at a low rate, as it buys the goods on the best and most profitable conditions, baking its own bread and furnishing meat from cattle raised on its own estates. The importance of this store is shown by the following sales: — Bread per day, 2,600 lbs.; meat, 550 lbs. The yearly total of sales amounts to about 880,000. Canteens. — For a certain number of workmen and women, who live in the neigh- boring villages, large refectories have been built, separate for men, women and families; they are provided with stoves and ovens, where they can keep the food they bring with them warm. Eestaurants and canteens provide board and lodgings for unmarried persons, at a low charge, established by a tariff imposed by the firm on the keepers of such places. Schools. — The establishment has founded a group of schools for the children of Noisiel; they are well managed, provided with all necessary classes, including : a class for boys, classes for girls, and a mixed class of children from four to eight years, where they are provitled gratuitously with books and the necessary materials, as well as a good, strong, practical education, in which some pupils have distin- guished themselves. An asylum with a day nurserj- is attached to this group. The number of chil- dren attending is 25(1. Silliness, Accidents. — In the event of sickness or accident aid is promptly given by a physician attached to the establishment, and a drug shop, well stocked with all necessary drugs, which are delivered free m the staff. "Whenever a case of sickness occurs an indemnity of $0.40 per day for men, and of 80.20 for women, is granted for the time thej' arc prevented from working. The Messrs. ^lenier provide aid for women in child-bed, and for infirm old men. The inhabitants of Noisiel attend the lecture-room very regularly, and likewise the library, which contains 1,200 selected volumes; they attend the concerts given on Sunday's and holydays by the factory band. Finally, the Savings Bank founded by the firm, receives deposits of the work- men's savings for which they allow interest at (3 per cent, per annum. The total amount of these savings for the whole establishment amounted, in 1888, to nearly 8400,000. THE MOUTIER ESTABLISHMENT. Apprenticeship. — (Page 73.) Frofit-sharing. — (Page G3.) Accident Fund. — Is supplied by the firm, no amount being retained from the workmen's wages. The indemnities are as follows: the first eight, the whole wages ; afterwards, half that amount. The indemnity cannot exceed 81.00 per day. In the event of serious accident, or death, the workmen, or their heirs, can have their account in the Insurance Fund in case of accident, guaranteed by the State, liqui- dated. The insurance is at the expense of the firm ; it represents an annual premium of 81.fiO (page 282). The workmen have also a right to the benefits of the Mutual Insurance, founded by the Syndicate Board of contractors in locks and building in iron. Mutual Aid Society. — It is obligatory for the staff that share in it ; free for others. The fund is supplied by : 417 f service, liahment, 5 by this mter, and e bathing spacious boots and offered to at a low ig its own ortance of meat, 550 the neigh- omen and jp the food id lodgings Y the firm children of icluding: a av to eight ,' materials, liave distin- iher of chil- nptly given ed witli all or men, and ing. m old men. ud likewise icerts given the work- The total S. to nearly 1st. An entrance foe settled at 81.(") up to 39 years. 2.00 from 40 to 45 years. 4.00 from 4(i to 55 yeiii-s. 2nd. By subscriptions of 80.02 on every ten hours work. Foi- the workmen sharing in it, the sulisoription is paid half by the workmen and halt by the establish- ment. The establishment pays onl}' ,-\, of the subscription of outside hel]). The daily indemnity is $0.40 for the first three months, and 80.20 ibi- the three following. A memlier belonging to another mutual aid society may renounce medical cure, and, in exchange, lie insux'cd on his life for the amount of 840 if he is under 29 years of age, and tor 820 if he is more. Reserve Fund. — This object has a moral and practical object; a sniall amount of the earnings from lucky years is put aside, and helps to tide over the unlucky years; the workman finds in it confidence for the jiresent. and strength tor the future. The fund is supplied by an amount of 10 per cent, letaincd on the profits previous to division, and from any surplus from the other funds of the Kstablishment. In the event of a bad inventor3-, it can assist and contribute a small share, not to exceed 8 f 00 per head. In case of deficit, it may advance money to the Mutual Aid Society; it may also make slight advances to the workman, charging no interest, to be repaid in instal- ments on the succeeding ]iay days. Retiring Fund. — The retiring fund belonging to the Maison Moutier is in reality only an intermediary between the depositor, and the Xational Retiring Fund foi' old age. Besides voluntaiy savings, it is su])plied by the shares coming from the division of profits, and by the statutory' surplus from the reserve fund. The division is made every year, and entered in the books belonging to each of the members. \ding in iron. for others. THE LAFARGE FACTOEY. LIME-KILNS. Viviers — Ardeche. Bicellingfi. — This establishment has built workingmen's cities, the houses of which are much sought after, both on account of their cheapness and their comfort- ableness. They are therefore of necessit}', only rented to fathers of families of three t'liildren, and even then there is a choice. There is a circle, where a lecture rotmi, and an excercise room, stand in the centre of the village. A tavern capable of holding 200 persons, is built by the tactory for the benefit ot the unmarried men ; they are lodged and boariled for the sum of 87.00 per month. Hospital.-~-The Society has founded a hospital for its wounded and sick. Retiring. — There is no i-etiring fund, but the Society gives a pension to old work- men. On the 1st of January, 1889, there wei'e 19 persons receiving pension, the total Slim of which was $1,709 per year. Church. — In the midst of its buildings, tlie firm has built a church, and maintains a clergyman for service in it. Schools. — Two primary schools, one for girls and one tor boys, are built and sup- jHU'ted by the Society. Every month the masters distribute prizes of small sums of money, which are entered in the Savings Bank of the prize winning scholars. When the young girls leave school, they are admitted to a workroom, where they aie taught to do housework. Youths' Circle. — The object of this institution is to procure for willing young jK'ople, not only amusement, but supplementary instruction, after leaving the primary schools, which prepares them for holding foremen's situations. 20—27 I' ^ 418 All those iiiHtitiitioiiH aro tbundiHl and inaiiitainod Ity tlio tnaHtors, by dodnctinpf, accordin<^ to statute, the amount ot" $0.01 per ton of manufactured material eveiy year before the division of profits. Sarin(/s Hank. — It receives savings from the woi-kmon, for which it pays thorn 4i ])0r cent, interest per annum. Aid Fund. — Is HUpplied, Ist, by U per cent, retained on the waircs; 2nd, by an amount equal to I the sums retained, paid by Mosul's, de Lafurge. The Fund p- ya imlemnities during times of enforced idleness; also aids in the same way as other institutions of the Uind. Accidents. — The workmen are insured against accidentsby a collective i^remium, which is paid, ^ by the Aid Fund and § by the firm. Economies. — The disposable funds of the Aid Fund have been used to establish a bakery and a grocery. The pi'ofits aro divided as follows: 10 ])er cent, to the com- missioners, 40 per cent, to the agents, 15 per cent, to tlie Aid Fund, 5 per cent, to the schools, 30 per cent, to a retiring fund now being formed. LES FILS DE PEUGEOT FEERES. lu-*-- MANUPACTURERS OF IRON WORK AND "VELOCIPEDES. Yalentigny (Doubs). Mutual Aid Society. — Fountled by the House, and supported by the following subscriptions: — ^O.;?0 for men 20 years and over 80.15 fbi- women of all ages, and boys under 20. And by a subsidy from the bouse ».,(pial to one-third of the subsciiption. The amount of daily indemnities in goods, are equal to the subscriptions, and are paid to the sick for the s]>ac.e of one year. RetiriiKj. — The firm has established, with its own money, a retiring fund which is sup])lied by an annual amount deducteil from the profits. AnjMvorknian 5t) ^-ears of ago wiio has been 30 years in the firm's employment, is given a pension of §72, half of it I'evertiblo to the widows and orphans. Accidents. — All the staff of the firm is insured against accidents, icithout any retention on their wages. Workiiupncn's Ilouses. — Cottages and .blocks of houses aro built bj' the firm to lodge their workmen. Ever}- advantage has been offered the workmen to help them to buy those houses, but unavailingly ; the workmen prefer to buy land and build houses according to their own taste. In the latter case the firm advances the money necessary. Sai'ings. — The firm receives the savings of the workmen on current account, for which it pays interest at 4 per cent. Co-operatire Societies for Provisions. — Two co-operative societies have been estab- lished by the house; they sell both to the workmen of the factory and to the public ; 75 per cent, of the profits are divided among the consumers; 15 per cent, to the reserve fund and the shaieholders. To become a shareholder, it is necessary to bo employed by Messrs. Peugeot. The ca])ital is $16,000; the shareholders, who numbered 75 in 1807, now number 250 ; the shares are $10. In 1888 the sales amounted lo $77,080 ; the general expenses to $3,900, and the net profits to $6,000. The reserve fund is $8,600. The Society is managed by its shareholders, that is to say, bj- the employees and workmen of the establishment. The Society established a bakerj^. The bread is sold at 5 per cent, above cost price. In 1888 the price was $2.84^ per 100 lbs. of bread. Schools. — The house has built, and supports at its cost, four schools and two asylums. Hospital. — Founded by M. E. Peugeot. 410 dodncting, eriiil every pays thorn 2nd. by an Juind \r yH ay as other ?e premium, [) establish a to the eom- r cent, to tlu' he following; liption. The nd are paid to If fund which iiiiin 50 years nsion of $"2, icithout any |)y the tirni tn 'to lielp thcui luul and buiM It account, tor re been estiili- [o the publii-' ; cent, to tho ■essary to bo |holdei-8, Nvho ,000, and the lie employees It. above cost )o1b and two A. FIAT. Paris— Sois&ons. Profit-sharing. — (Paire 72.) Society (if 21ut>ial Aid. — Kecoipts: assessments on active niombors. Tho sums paid in by tlio oinploj-er, or the honorary memhors, ^o to tho rctirinj^ fund. Provident Fund. — Eeceipts: assessments of §0.10 on each active member. This fund gives lo the sick, a daily alh)\vance, vvhicli, contrary to that of tho aid fund, goes on increasing in ])roportion as this one decreases : — Mutual. Provident. Total. 1 May §0.40. $0.00. $0.40. 2 " 80.40. $0.00. $0.4(5. 3 " $0.40. $0.08. $0.48. 4 " $0.20. $0.10. $0.:}0. 5 " $0.20. $0.12. $0.M2. (J " $0.20. $0.14. $o.;m. 7 " $0.10. $0.1(i. $0.2(1. 8 " $0.10. $0.18. $0.28. " $0.10. $0.20. $0.30. The Society may grant $4 to $.> help to llie families of tho sick. The doctor's care and the medicine are gratuitous. It pays an annual pension of $40 to members who have been 20 years in the Society, and who ai'e GO years of age. Mons. Piat raises tho pension to $72. Assurance in case of Death. — By a collective life insurance, pail)ers whose subscription is 80.10, and an indomnity ot 80.10 for those paying 80.07. The continuance of this indemnity varies from one to four months, according to the age of the member. After four months it is reduced one-half, and entirely supjiressed after four months more. The W(mndcd are caicd for in the same way as the sick. In case of permanent infirmity they receive a sum varying from 800 to 8180 according to the seriousness of the case. In case of death a sum of 8240.00 is paid to the heirs. The retiring pension is granted to an}' workman ovei- (15 years of age. who has worked 25 consecutive yeai's for the House. It is as many times 81.20 as he has worked consecutive years in the House. " The fact of belonging to, or entering the service of, any one of the four establish- ments, argues complete submission to the regulations of the funds, as well as to the jtresent general regulations; and a coni])lete renunciation of all suits at law against -Messrs. Saint-FrOres \'ov any cause against which the three funds are intended to secure them." Dwellings. — Messrs. Saint-Fri^res have built 45;{ cottages, costing 8222,000, which they rent to their workmen ; the rent gives a revenue of scarcely lA per cent. Schools are established in the different factories of the firm. L interest at SAUTTFIl, LKMONIKR & CO. l>ROFIT-SHARIX(} (I'AUE 1()5) — I'AHIS. Savings Group. — The savings groups are two in mimber at the present time, and are formed and administered by the working staff by authorization of the House. They are formed on the type of those of the Society " la Fourmi." Their object is the constitution of a collective capital, intended to be divided among the members at the end of a few years. This capital is principally formed by obligations, drawn by lot and shares in the chances of increase afforded the draw- ing. The House in no way interferes in the administration of these savings groups, neither in their constitution nor in any other manner. w 422 It, howovor, lends them its n'^slstnnco In tho pnrchnso, orRaloofthovnIiios which it allowK thoin to (U'j)()Mit in ilh hunk troo ordiiirgi). The tirsl^niup wiih fortiied in 1879. Its nioinhorsliii) diirini; tlio lirht, fiiw yoiiiH, did not oxco.jd 20; lust your tlioio woro 3H niomljoiH. Many of tlic tirst inomimrs hnvo rotirc'd and liavo l)eon roplaced byoihoPH. Thiunontldy Hulmeription lias varied noticoaljly ; it lian licon roduo»'(l to JO.CO and it has heon a.-* idi^li us 8-.'-<> pt'i- niontii. The oui>ilal coiiwtilnti^d l)y thin tirnt group amountK to ahoiit 84,200. Tho HOt'ond Havings groiiji was ocoalod in ISHO. its nioniljorH nunibored at lirst 18, and has sincn boon sliglilly roducod. in IHS'i tho at'oiniuilati'd CHpital, JH,2-10, was ilividoil among tlio !> nu'inhoiH wlio stili hid(Migod to it. Tlio group was thon reconstructed; at tiio present time, 1HH!», it now numliers 2G memhers with 81,240 capital. Tiio suiiscriplion lias hoen raised from 8*'<'0 to 61.60 per month. The third group was formed in 18Ml,anil at lirst numherod 22 memhers. This numher was reduced to 11. it owned a ca[)ital of 81,522.20. Tho nu)nthly suli- serii)tion varied from 80.(iO to 81.00. As we see from the preceding tigures, the savings groups have so far been butu sort of SavingH JJanU, tho small number of their membeis and the moderate amount of capital accumulated preventing them from 3'ot calculating on the probability ol drawing values by lot. They have, however, had a very lionoHcial intluenco on the working sljiU", who have thus, little by little, contracted tho useful habit ot ])utting aside a part of their wages. Aid Fund. — Tho aid fund in case of sickness and ot enforced idleness, was formed in 1880, b}' the working stall', supported by the House. It is supplied by subscrip- tions paid every f(.M-tnight; tho rate is pioportioned to tho needs. The House every year contributes a variable amount. The Fund is managed entirely by the working stall". I'^ach member has a right to daily relief in cas(> of sickness. The subscription rate has varied from 80.06 to 80 10 ; the number of members has gradually risen to 220. The House, and honorary members contribute about 40 per cent, of the total receipts. During the tirst years, tho expenses eiiualled tho receipts, and at the end of tho 3 oar the funds in the bank were ?tr7. Since then e.vporioMce has taught tho work- men, who at rirst were very averse to tho idea, that it is necessary to have a certain capital in bank, and they have directed their etforts to this purpose. MESSES. SCIINi-:iD]<]R & COMPANY AT THK CUKUSOT. RETIUI.N*} I'UND. Since 1877 ^lessrs. Schneider & Company have, every three months, and as a voluntary gift, paid to the National lietiring Finid, tho sums necessary to assure to their staff in tho future a letiring pi'usion proportioned to the time they have worked for tho tirm, and to tho sums they have earned. extoi .'0 boon 3 years in the service, "A-ery employee and workman in the factories of the Creusot, and in their ior (lependencies, who are 25 years of age, and have has a right to this favor, Tho amounts to bo paid are now, for tho husband, 3 per cent, of tho sum entered in tho pay-book, and 2 ]»er cent for tho wife* The payments are made with a view to constitute an annuity, with alienated capital ; at the request of tho interested party, howeve"', the capital may bo reserved, A personal book has been established by tho lietiring Fund, Any pei'son leaving' Messrs. Schneider & Co. takes his book with him, and the rights he has acquired remain to him. These annuities are inalienable and unseizable. * Tilt' 2 iHT c-ciit. iMiid for the woikiiiiin'.s uifi' is iiitctKlcd to constitute a iM-nsion for her, outside tliiit derivtHl from lu'r Imslmnd. In all, .Mi'ssrs. .Schmidcr it Co. pay to the Retiring Fund in the iiiiine of tln'ir workmen a siun e(iual to ."> per eent. of their \va(?e.s. lor has a riglit 428 Sih'htis (till/ Asi/lnms siipiiorted hi/ tfv Es(li,'ii|>ilM (Ml" Uii)i. AHyliitiiii. 33 M l,7«l I'.t 18;J7. W(i(jcs. — The avonigo wages iti 1889 aro 78 por cont. higltor than tlioso paid in Tlioy aro, novortholoss, 4 por cont. lower than those of IS'6, Worhiiujmens Houses. Slims advaneoil to the statt' tor the purchase of land, and materials lor building iiousos: — Numljor otsums advanced from 1837 to l^^^^l 2,',\'M Total of such sums advanced ;B6r)S,r);{l do do rejiaid (!i:{,(»lt;t Remaining due on Ist January, lss!t 45,441 Stability of the Staff. The total number of workmen and employees is 12,;i;js, Of this number 1,4!U have servcil fiom .'{() to (!lt years continuously in tho house, and 10, |S7 h.-ivc been from 1 to ."{() 3'ears in its employ. Among the latter, MSO have workcil o years, iuO have worked 15 years, 275,20 years, 250, 21) years, and IdO, :)(» years. There are scarcely 2,4U(I workmen who have worked loss than 5 years in the estfiblishment. Sai-imjs. Amount of deposits in tho fund belonging to tho staff. Position of iitlairs on 1st January, 1S8!>: — Number of depositors :},()49 Amount of deposits 81,S39,!I2!) SKYDOUX, SKIBKK k CO. .Sl'INNlNO AND WEAVING. Le Cateau. SariH(/s Bank. — In 18(i(! Messrs. Seydoux, Seibei- Jk. Co. founded a Savings Bank toi' their workmen and employees. Tiio rale of interest is sellled at .") per cent, for deposits of S1,UU(I and less, and at 4 per cent, for dei)()sits exceeding 81,000. Retir'ng without anij Amount beitu/ retained from the Waaes. — The establishment grants a retiring pension to its employees, workmen and woikvvomen when the\'are too old to work. The total amount paid for pensions in 1888 came to So,9(J(). Aid Fund. — This fund is supplied : — 1st. By tines imposed on workmen, about §5(Jli By donations to tho Hocietj', as follows : — 2nd. An amount equal to tho amount of tines 560 3rd. By a subsidy 900 Total 82.020 424 All tho workmet), without oxcoption, have a right to drugs, modicinos, and funeral expensses gratuitouHly. Moi-oovor, tlio sick and wounded are paid an indem- nity in money. Workwomeji in child-bed are given a certain sum as aid, equal in amount to 10 days' v jrk. Spec); 1 assidtarco is given to the widows, and the families of workmen, more particularly atllicted with revernoH or sicknoHS. In 1888 this assistance amounted to l$4,()00. Batlis. — There are six bathing halls for the use of the staff. A bath costs 80.02. It is free when ordered by (ho physician of tho ostablishmont. Kitchens. — The House maintains an economical kitchen for the small sum of $10.((C ; the workman is provided with a piece of meat, some soup and some vogeta- blos. The kitchen staff consists of a nun and two servants. Tho selling price leaves an annual deficit of $500. Creihe.— In 1870 the house build a crOsche that cost ^7,f)00. Children are recoive'a subscription of $0.08 per fortnight ptiid by the fathers of families and by widows whose children work in tiio factox'ios. In return 425 for these subscriptions medical attendance and medicines are supplied to the families. There is nothini^ peculiar in the ojienition of this Society; v;e must, liowever, note : Art. ;{. In order to prevent the Aid Fund from lieinu: crushed by too heavy charges, the Management will, as far as possible, avoid hiring workmen of a weakly or diseased constitution. In the event of any admittance will be subject to the advice of the nhysician. Finall\' the Mutual Aid Society will make use of its funds to build working- men's houses, loiuling money on tirst mortgages to such of its members as have bought land. Jictiring Fund. — Is supplied by the sum of 80.01 per fortnight from each work- man, and a subsidy from the house equal to 5 per cent per annum. Sprcial Institutions. — Hot baths free at the factory or at home. Drawing classes for the workmen, classes for manual work for the pui)ils of the primary schools. Library, gymnastic society, artillery, band. ANONYMOUS SOCIETY OF TllK WORKSHOPS OF NEUILLY. Z ckbmit/is. Worlmhop Aid Fund. — 7s supplied by: — 1. iiy a subscription from the house equal to '1\ per cent, of the wages. "1. v)ne per cent, on the wages charged to the workmen. ."{. By )luntary gifts and by interest at 5 per cent, paid by the Society on the capital of the ditterent funds. A workman who leaves the factory for any cause whatever ceases to belong to the Society. Any workman with leave of absence may continue to belong to the Society by continuing his ])aynu'nts, iind has then, incase of illness, a right toonl}' half the i)ecu- iiiary indemnity; the time he is alisent is counted as retiring, provided, however, he leturns to the workshoji when the House re(iuires his services. In case of sickness, the members have a right during two months to a jiecuniary indemnity equalin amount to one-half (heir daily wages, including holidays, and an indemnity of SO.lO ])erdav i'or medical expenses. In case of accident, the woumled peison is alloweil for three months a daily indemnity equal to his usual wages, but all expenses are to bo paid by him. In case of ])ermanont disablement from all work, the member is allowed an annuity ecjiial to one-third the whole amount of his usual wages for one year of ;UK> (lays' work. In case of death an amount ecpial to two years' wages is ])aid the heirs. Article 14. On payme::t of indemnities for accidents, a full and entire discharge is given to the Anonymous Society of I he workshops ot Neuilly by the member and Ins heirs, from all recourse or clain\sof any kind whatsoever in regard to the accident. Any member f!0 years of age who has worked 10 years for the house has a right to a retiring pension, the Just amount to l>e determined according to the state of the fund, the amount, however, never to exceeil one-third the sum earned by one year of ;!0(l days' work. It a retired member dies and leaves a widow and young children, a ])en8ion for tl. ' space of two years of half the amount paid the deceased husband or father. I-^OKGE AND STEEL WOIIKS SOCIETY OF THE NORTH AND EAST. Dwellings. — The Company has built houses for its workmen. The houses aie i-oliited, and contj'in four dwellings, cmposcd of three rooms, a kitchen, garret and cellar; a garden .■^ of an acre in extent belongs to each dwelling. The rent of these liou.se8 is $2.50 each per month, and lepresents interest at 3 per cent, on the capital invested. Unmarried workmen are lod.<;oil at a hotel built by the Society. VS? 426 Sehools. — The Company has opened ii school for the children of its workmen. Adult cliiHses {vro taught by one of the Society's employees. Aid Fund. — Is supplied by 2 per cent, retained in tho wages. There is always a yearly deficit of 82,200, which is made up by the Company. Tho Company has established a special Aitl Fund, to assist its workmen in par- ticular circumstance-). This fund is supplied by an assessment on the profits. Accidents. — On account ot tiie difficulties and delays usual inordinaiy insurance companies, the Company has, at its own expense, establisiiod an insurance fund and insures its own workmen. Savings. — Tiie Comjjany receives the savings of its woi'kmen and pays deposi- tors 5 per cent, interest per annum. AXOXYMOUS SOCIETY OF THE COAL MIXES OF MOXTKA:iIBETT. The pension, aid funds, &c., as-e similar to tiie aid fund and pensions granted by Mining Company of La Eoche-ia-Moliere and Firminy, excepting that tiie widow a workman wiio dies from the resuUs of an accident, receives only §0.12 instead th of of 80.15 The Company has founded hospitals, iiaths, ^c, at ii cost of 8<>0,000. A.^l/hans. Schools. — The Company has founded several asylums and two schools. About 250 children are received m the asylums, and the girls' school is attended by 220. The Company pays a subsidy for the band " L' Harmonic des Mineurs de La Ricamanc and a Mutual .\id Society. The Company's total expenses for its institutions amounted to 841,620 in 1888, or about 810 per workman employed. SOLVAY & CO. SODA, ClIEMICAT, PRODUCTS. Varangev ille-Dombaslc (Metirthe et Moselle.) Medical Services, and Medicines. — Are gratuitously allowed the workmen and their families idthout any deduction from the wages. The firm also grants a pecuniary indemnity for its sick- workmen, which varies between one-fourtli and the whole of bis usual wages, according to the workman's position and the expense of his family. Workmen wounded at work are granted the whole of their usual wages. Baths. — A bathing ball, containing two rooms and apparatus for douche baths, is at tho free use of workmen and their families. Accidents. — The Company insures its workmen against accidents, without aiOj deduction from tiieir wages. lielief granted to Workmen in Want. — A relief fuml to assist workmen who can- not meet the expenses of their families has been founded by the Company, and is supplied : — Ist. By f'aes imposed on tho woi'kmen. 2nd. Bii a. grant from the firm of Solvay ((• Co. equal to the amount produced byfi7ies. 3rd. By extra subsidies and ])ersonal gifts. wiiu lias u<'t!n in lis employ more man len iim years an annual ai for every year so emplo^'od, or 82.00 for ten years' service. 82.20 after eleven, etc. The regulation concoining the Ketiring Fund was put in force on 1st May, 1^8'.', lind in order .to encourage its older workmen, who were not obliged to consent to the 427 workmen. is always len in pur- Uls. insurance e fund unci iiys ileposi- MBKTT. granted by t the widow [).12 instead two schools. attendo grantoil the :\\Q baths, is \ without atvj Ion who can- jpany, and is int produced .Mit. of theii" !t death tiie funds entered in the deceased's name are paid to his heirs. If the employee voluntarily leaves the firm's employment, or if he is disfuissed or expelled, his money in the fund is at the disjjosal of the managers, wiio will decide whether his account is to lie settled, or whether he will be re-adinitte'l to the fund. Savings Fund. — The Society receives on dejK)sit the .savings of such of its staff as earn at least 8000 per annum ; it paysde))ositors interest at 5 per cent, on deposits not exceeding 81,000, an do do 2<) " .1.. 4 10 do do at .lo •1 1.5 do do 15 do (> lit do do lo do 4 5 do do 15 do o 10 do do 10 do )> 5 do do 10 do 4 .") do do 5 do *» 428 WADDINGTON SONS CO. COTTON SPINNERS AND WEAVERS, St. Bemysur-Avre (Ewe and Loire). Formor spinning mills, 1792; I'lsle, 1824; MocJieu, 1834; LaPaqueterie, 1853. Staff: Employees 30 rMen 586 Woikiiien '. Women 470 (.Children 148 1,234 Annual Wages: Eniplovees $ 14,384 /Men (from $0.50 to S1.25) .... 1 Workmen- Women (from .W.40 to i?0.75).. [ l!H),a tCliililren (from $0.25 to $0.45) J 1,391 Total 81204,77.' INSTITUTIONS : Supported by the Firm, 'Creche — Founded in 1H72 -- Cliildren inscribed in 1888 59 l)ay« of uttendance 6,024 Annual exj)ent!e $859 Maternal Scliool— Founded in 1874 — Children inscribed in 1888 92 Day.s of attendance 17,775 Shared by the Staff. Mutual Aid Society Founded in 1827. 1888 ( Subscription of the staff .S3,273"| re- i Fines, &c 457 [ 84,090 ceipts. tSubscriptionsby the firm. 3()0j Exiienses $4,043 Annual expense. «875 Schools — Free and obligatory — Founded in 1879 -Books, itc, provided gratuitously since the hiw of 1883. A lH)ok im the Savings Hank is given to the 1st pupil of tlie 10 commercial scliools. Reserves — Payment of wages (hiring time of service. Retiring i)ension- Founded in 1878 — Xuiiil)fr retiri'd Average pension Sums ex]K'nded to the end of 1888. . Accident insurance. Library -Founded in 1885 — Nunilx^r of volumes Nunil)er of subscribers Number of volumes loaned . . Annual subsidy by tiie firiii . 692 227 4,2()5 S12(» 74 845 822,910 Workme?i'« Dvi'ellinjfs — Number of dwellings 193 \M having gardens. Capital in real estate ., ... .^3,627 Animal rent from $9 to i?!!* Providmt Fund — Number of dept)sitor» 22<> Total of (le|K)sits 874,8(13 Rate of interest 6 p. c. Muiual Aid Society. — All the workmen arc obliged to belong to this Society. The fund is supplied : — Ist. By a .subsciiption of 80.13 for men, and $0.11 for women, and $0.04 for children, payable fortnightly 2nd. By tines. 3rd. By an annual subsidy of 83f!0 by the house. The members have a right to medical aid and attendance. Indemnities in money for (sickness are classed as fol- lows : — Class A. — Sickness by which the sutferer is confined to bod : Men, 80.30 per day, dating from Ihe first day. Women, 80.25 do do do Chiklien, 80.12 do do do On suggestion of the physician, a nurse will be allowed; she will be paid 80.25 per day by the Society. Class B. — Sickness which does not confine ihe sutforer to bed : Men, 80.20 per day, dating from the fourth day. Women, 80. Ki do do do Children, 80.08 do do do Class C. — (Simple indisposition) is allowed no indemnity. 429 Class D. — (DrunkenuoBH, secret BickiiC88). Sickness of these kinds have not only- no right to iin inilomnity, but in certain cases, if they are due to noi,'Iigence or bad 6onduct, the member is bound to pay his own pliysician and medical charges. Class E. — Chronic maladies, included in Class A. Sickness of this class gives no right to iiidemnity if the member has ali'eady received during three months ?0.3()per day, or for less than six months. If in cases of sif>kno.--f< of classes A and B, the sick person is the support of the family, which is composed of aged and intirni parents, or of infant children, and if the total earnings of the family do not amount to 80.15 per day and per member, a surplus aid amounting to $0.05 will be allowed for each person unalile to work. These indemnities must not, however, exceed the priceof the sick member's oi'diiiary daily wages. Women in child-bed will be paid 84.00 and two horn for 3 lbs. moat each, and 82.40 for the midwife. In the event of the woman prefening a doctor, the sum of 86.40 will be allowed her, and she will then have to pay the doctor herself. If the results of the lying-in,entail inability for work of more than 20day8dura- tion, the sick woman will have a light to an indemnity in money beyond that time. AVomen must not return to work until at least 20 days after their confinement. During the 10 days following the conlinement they must remain conotanlly in bed; and during the next 10 days any fatiguing work likely to injure their health is strictly forbidden. In the event of death 87 is allowed for an adult, 83 for a child under 15. Aid ceases at the expiration of 3 months. In case of accident the wounded person is granted an indemnity in cash equal to his salary, to continue during the whole time of his confinement. D. WALTER SEITZ. COTTON SPINNING AND WEAVING. {Granger, Vosgcs.) Maternal School. — Established and maintained by the house. It receives gratu- itously the chlldi'en of workmen to the ago of six years. Every year articles of clothing made in the workshops are given as a reward to the children. The materials are also given by the firm. Relief to the Sick. — Mons. Walter Seitz assumes the whole expense resulting from sickness among his 500 workmen and their families. Accidents. — All the workmen are insured against accident at the expense of the house. Dwellings. — Isolated houses for the workmen wore built by Mr. Walter Soit/, ; the rent is from 81*3 to 824 per year. Tlie workmen's goods are insui'od against tiro at the master's expense. Savings. — The house receives the workmen's savings and allows them interest at ") per cent, per annum. CASSELL & CO. [LONDON] (LIMITED.) Profit-Sharing.— (Page 80). Provident Society. — Is supplied by an annual assessment of 5 per cent, on the profits, deduction having been made for the reserve fund and of 3 per cent, for capital. This amount of 5 per cent, comes to about 84,500, of which about 8750 are used for charitable purposes. Of the balance, 10 per cent, is employed to succor unfore- seen misfortune, and what remains of the 83,1575 is put to the reserve fund. Employees receiving a salary of over 82,000 do not share in the Provident B'und, and those earn- ing from 81.500 to 82,000 receive only half the benefits accruing from it. The other employees are divided into 3 classes : — 1st. Superintendents and Directors, who are given three times the share granted to the 3rd class. 430 ir ' 2n(l. ClicUors. 2n(i foromen, share twice aa much as the 3rd class. Each class is siib-divideureau named by the Society. Mining workmen are nlliliated to the provident fund of (Jharleroi. The workmen are sut)ject to no leten- tion on this account, but the Society pays the fund Ih per cent, of the wage-j paid. y, where 353 also grants ry primary Is attend the Itiring Fund [.ion of 2 per employees pre the civil the benefits ly of 40 per 11 care and [y, payment months of who have lis of work- of time he COMPANY OF MINES AND ZINC FOUNDRIES OF LA VIEILLK- MONTACiNE. (Angleur — Belgium.) Saciiiys Fund. — 'J'he Company has established savings funds, receiving deposits of 80.20; they pay interest at 5 per cent, per annum; the maximum of deposits allowed is fixed at" 82.000. WurkoHjmcn'.'i Houses. — In order to encourage the workmen in habits of tlirift, and to become householders, the Company has : 1st. Bought lands, which it parcels out and sells to the workmen at reduced prices; it also loans money to the purchasoi's at long dates, to enable them to build houses. 2nd To workmen who have chosen and bought their own land, it sells building material at cost price. 3rd. It builds houses and sells them at cost price to the workmen — one part being ])ayable in cash at the time of sale and the balance in small yearly instalments. By this means, of (J, 500 workmen, 1,000 aie householders. Tins remai'kable proportion still leaves 5,000 workmen tenants. To lodge them the Company has built regular colonies. In general, the houses are built in groups of three or four, holding each one family — rarely two. A fanuly occupying a dwelling composed of four rooms, shed and garden or piece of gnnind, l>ays from 81(j to 820 per year, less than one-tenth of the wages. The leases are monthly, with a right to cancel the lease by giving one month's notice. The tenant cannot sell intoxicating liquor nor make his house an inn. Aid and Provident Fund. The Company has established two funds : — 1st. An Aid Fund, which insures tlie workman against loss of time from accident or sickness. 432 • 4"' II M .:..-;*' 2nd. A Provident Fund, insuring the worltman against the rosiiltH of infinnitios and okl age. Aid Fund, The objoi't of Iho Aid Fund is : — ht. To pi'ocuio gratuitously niodical aid and attendance in case of siclcnoss or wounils to the workman and hlH family. 2nd. To grant an indemnity for cnfoiced idlene.Ms to workmen, wick or wounded, This indemnity varies from ono-tliird to one-half of the wages. 3rd. To contribute a uniform sum to defray the expense^ of the lying-in of work- men's wives. 4th. To contribute to the funeral expenses of workmen or members of their family. otli. To grant temporary aid to widows, children, and the ascendants of deceased workmen. This fund is supplied by an assessment on the wages, varying according to the special charges of each establishment from 1 per cent, to 5 per cent, of the wages. Provident Fund. Any workman having worked fifteen consecutive years, or who is acknowledged by the physician as being incapable of continuing his work, has a right to an annuity. These pensions are fixed at one-fifth the amount of the workman's highest salary, this fifth varying from $0.10 to $tl.20 per day, plus 1 cent per day for each year of service after fifteen years. Workmen who have leceived serious injury in the Company's service have a right to a pension whatever the length of service may have been. This fund is exclusively supplied by the Company's gifts. The expenses of the two tiinds, from 1850 to 1888, inclusively, wore together, $2,051,000, or about 5 per cent of the vvages. The expenses of the Provident Fund represent 1'06 per cent, of the wages. Life Insurance Fund. The Company wished to insure a certain security on their work, to its engineers, accountants and clerks, and give them the feeling of confidence that if they arc struck \^y death unexpectedly, their widows and orphans will not bo left destitute. The manner of proceeding was to constitute, by means of mutual as-sociation, a capital for each one, which thrift alone could not secure him. The following is the geneial economy of this institution: — Any commissioner employee pays an annual sum equal to 3 per cent, of liis fixed salary, and the Company adds 1 per cent, of its own money. The capital insured to each one is pi'oportioned to a total payment of 4 per cent, on one part and on the othei' to the age of the associated member at the time of his insurance. To determine the premium of the insured capital, the tariff of a large life insur- ance company has been adopted. Every five years a balance sheet of the Fund's transactions is given, and if it shows a profit, 50 per cent, of the profits is divided among the members, in jiropor- tion to the amount of their policy, and 50 per cent retained for the Provident Fumi. A special clauseof the Statutes, allows any employee on the retired list, to main- tain his insurance by continuing his payments, or to cancel it. In the latter case his account is liquidated under much more favorablf. conditions than could be pro- cured in any other company of life insurance, and the emyloyee has, in the amount thus leimbursed by the fund, a supplement to the annuity granted by the Company. Amusements. — The Company expends a sum of $20,000 to maintain a band, an archery society, &c. Schools, Churches. — The Company has devoted $65,000 to establishing or sub- sidizing schools, and a sum of $56,000 to building a church, and organizing Divine Service therein. ^m,m 488 intirmiUos ■lickness ov r woundcil, •in of work- srs of their of deceased rding to the 16 wages. knovvlodgod )iiniiniiuily. host snlary,_ CiK'h year of ijiiry in the service may ere together, )videnl Fund its engineers, ,t, if tTiey aro left dest'itutf . ion, a capital cent, of las lent of 4 pel' It the time <>t' •ge life insur- [•en, and if it JB, in propor- Ivident Fuiul. llist, tc main- 10 hitter case 3onld be \n-o- the ami Compi )unt inv. In a band, an Ihing or snb- V.in« Divine Wni. Marken, NETHERLAND MANUFACTURE OF YEAST AND SPIRITS. DELFT (HOLLAND). Profit-sharing. — (See page 85.) Premiums. — Premiums are granted to the staff; they are proportioned to tho quantity and quality of products manufactured. From 1874 to 1C88 those premiums have on an average exceeded the wages by 10 per cent. They are not paid in cash in full to the workmen ; tho part paid in money, is regulated by the articles of the Premium Savings' Fund. Schools, Classes. — The House has founded : An asylum for children from 2 to (i years of age. A school for manual work for the children of workmen. Premiums of encouragement, for tho children of its workmen attending the communal schools. Classes of foreign languages for employees. Sewing class for tho daughters ot its workmen. A lecture room for lectures, games and conferences. A library of 2,000 volumes for adults and children. Bicellings, Co-operative Society. — The director of the factory, Mr. has founded, with the assistance of his staff, an anonymous society by shares called "Collective property"; tho object of the Society is to procure good houses for, the employees and workmen of the factory, and to establish to their benefit, co-operative stores, hotels for unmarried men, baths, lavatories, schools, circles of amusement, «&c. The Society gives rather good resultb. Savings Banks. — In many parts of the factOiy, boxes with closed and doubly- locked covers are nailed solidly to tho wall. Numbered rows of openings in the covers correspond to tin cases underneath, forming so many numbered and separate money boxes. A number is allotted to each workman that requests it. One of the keys is in the keeping of tho director, or of his repiesentative, the other is in the cai-e of a workman chosen by his comrades. These two persons open the boxes once a week. The amount found in each case, is entered on the Savings Bank book. The first deposits up to a certain amount are paid premiums at 5 per cent. Rate of interest 5 per cent. The advantages of the boxes with cases is that they pievent loss of time, and the formalities of eni-egistration. There are never any serious complaints. Obligatory Savings Fund Premiums. — Wages premiums are paid entirely in money to married workmen having 4 childen under 15 years of age. For other workmen. the premium is paid as follows : — 90 per cent, to married workmen having 3 children under 15 years old 80 " - . .- . 70 60 50 25 10 The part not paid is entered in the name of the claimant in the savings premium book. The capital is paid in full to the claimant : 1st. At 60 years of age; 2nd. When he is dismissed ; 3rd. In case of death, to his heirs. In the event of tho claimant marrying, he receives 25 times the amount of his wages. In case of the lying-in of his wife, double his salary. Rate of interest 4 per cent. Toilet and Bath Booms. — This building is intended for change of garment before and alter work, and contains lavatories hot and cold double baths. Each workman has a locked cupboard to contain his cu/ihing, valuables, &c. The factory provides each workman 3 blouses and 3 pairs of linen trousers. 20—28 do 2 do 15 do do 1 do 15 do do do without children bachelors over 23 years old. do do from 18 to 23 years. do do under 18 years. 484 Sickness. — In cn^ce of. sickness, the factory pays, without deduction of wayes, half the amount of the workman's wages during 12 weeks, and a quarter during six weeks moi'u. To employees and foremen, etc., the whole of the salarj' during six weeks, and a quarter during the other six weeks. Accidents. — The workmen are insured against accident by the establishment; the premium is (ii per thousand of the total amount of wages. In the event of temporary disablement for work, the result of an accident during work, the house pays the entire salary. Retiring. — To each member of the staff, at the end of each year, is granted for that yoai-'s work, a retiring pension, beginning the 1st of January of the year follow- ing that on which ho will have attained his (iOth year and over. The house assures this pension in conHidoration of a picmium (to a life insurance company), so that when this sum shall have been paid yearly from the 21st to the (JOth year the total amount for retiring resulting from these 40 annuities will be equal to the amount of fixed wages the recipient wi'l have received during the last year. He who leaves voluntarily, or is dismissed from the employ of the house, pre- serves the light already acquired to a life pension, except in cases of misconduct, dishonesty, injury done the establishment, etc., or the management resei'ves the right to cancel his right to a pension. The insurance pi-omiums paid for this kind of pensions, amount to 7 per cent, of the wages. This institution was founded in 1880, in connection with the system of profit- sharing which had just been adopted by the shareholders at a time when business was at its brightest. Part of the pi-ofits allotted to the staff, was intended to ensure them a retiring fund. For the years from 187!) to 1881 a portion of the profits were suflicient to meet the expense of insurance on the basis adopted. Prom 1882 to 1884 the profits were not sufficient to cover the piemiums ; several employees and work- men were completing the premiums to their credit at the premium Savings Bank, whilst for the others the payments — and the pension insured — were reduced in jiro- portion to the disposable funds. In 1885 and 1886 all profits failing, there was a complete stoppage to insurance. Then the management defended before the share- holders, the theory that the cost of insurance for old age should be considered as j^art of the expenses of labor, and be included in the general expenses, independently of profits; a theory which was unanimously adopted by the General Assembly of shareholders, still leaving untouched the system of profit-sharing. In accordance with this reso- lution, the general expenses in 1887 are charged with fl, 12,300, in 1888 fl. ISj.'iOO, for insurance for retiring pensions. On the 1st of January, 1889, thirteen workmen were given enjoyment of pensions, amounting in all to fl. 508. Theso pensions being insufficient to support them, they were pi-ovisionally permitted to remain in the Company's employ at light work. The age foj- retiring was then fixed for them at the age of (55. Mutual Aid Society in case of Death. — The resouicesof the establishment do not alone suffice for the family, when the workman'dies in the prime of life, after having been a few years in the Company's employ. On the occasion of the sudden death of a workman, leaving a widow and several young children, the staff voted 146 against 24 for the foundation of this institution, with retroactive effect for the families of workmen previously deceased. The Mutual Aid is not insurance ; it is benevolence, and, until decided otherwise, will assist widows to the extent of its power, and in proportion to her needs and her own resources. The Society is managed by an executive committee of three members, elected by the staff, under the presidency of the chief of the section of Personal Interests. The maximum subsidy is fixed at 4 florins per week for the widow, and 1 florin for each child. Maximum for a family, 8 floi'ins. The expenses are met one-third by the House, two-thirds by an assessment pro rata the wages, proposed by the executive committee, and approved by the Noyau, 435 Fire Insurance collective policy. — The Houso C()ntiaf;ts lor a colloctivo policy with a wcll-oHtablinhed iiiHurnnco company. TIum Company icf'ors to a certain ro^jistor for tlio articles and amo\int insuroil, tip to a cortnin maximum. In tliJH roi^ister is entered each declaration, signed by the participant, and counterHignod by Uie chief of the Hection, who, at the end of each terra, HendH the rcgiHter to the Company to be ratificfl. The ])remiiim for insurance i« l^J- per thousand, and should be paid by the par- ticipant in four weekly terms. Council of Prud'hoinmcs. — The ditforonces which may arise between one or more members of the staff, either during work or immodiatelv before or after, tx^a sub- mitted to the decision of the Council of Pru(V homines. The council is composed of four arbitrators and as many stipplementary men, half of the number named by the management, the other half oloctud bj' majority of votes of the staff. They must bo twenty-four years of age, and have lived in the commune of Delft for at least three yeai-s. They choose their own president and vice-president, who must not bo either master nor workman. In case of disagreements each party has a right to appeal to the Council. They speak to the president, who hears both sides, and trios to effect a friendly understanding. If he succeeds he draws a formal declaration in duplicate, which both pai'tios sign, and a copy is given each. If it is impossible to settle the matter amicably, the matter is carried before the Council ir. i'ull assembly, who, in |)ublic sossicm, hoars both parties and their witnesses. The Council then retires to deliberate, and decides by majority of votes. The Judgment is of the nature and form of a judgment on disputes, but the Council has a right at the same time to give its advice on the manner in which the guilty party is morally bound to repair his fault. Arbitration between masters and workmen not being recognized by the law of the Netherlands, the sentence of the Council of Pru(V homines can have no legal force; its execution is left to the feelings of equity of the parties. Tho prods-verbal of the Council's decision, is publislied in the Messager de la Fabrique. ALFEED DOLGE, FELT MANUFACTURER, DCLGEVILLE, N. Y., U. S. The System of Distribution of Earnings at the Dolgeville F'actories.^ In a letter to the Chicago Morning News, published January 19, 1889, Mr. Dolge says : " There is no doubt in m^^ mind that manufacturers will eventually make all their employees partners in the business, so to say, as there is undoubtedly some- thing wi'ong at present in the relation of capital to labor. In many instances capi- talists enrich themselves immeasurably at tho expense of labor. It would certainly be welcomed by the majority of tho American people if a ])lan could be devised, just for both sides, whereby labor will got its rightful proportions of tho earnings of a business. '^ My experiments are not a system of profit-sharing in the generally accepted meaning of the exp)ression. They aro only a part of it, or i-athor a step toward it, originated by tiie conviction that tho employee is entitled to something more than tho wages proper out of the earnings of the establishment he works foi'. While I decidedly advocate a more just distribution of earnings, I have as yet not found a plan of .so-called profit- sharing that I consider thoroughly practical ; but I h < o no doubt that with the aid i»t such work as you have entered upon, satisfactory results will be achieved in the near future. " What I have contributed toward education I consider also a part of the profit- sharing, as with intelligent, educated workmen only we will be able to make any headway in the practical solution of social problems. And I am of the opinion that * Extract from " La juste ripartit ion dts iiains," a work distributed by Mr. Dolge 's representative to th(j members of the " Conijres de la Participatiun aux Unejiccs." 20— 28J PT" 486 ■,(■; I- ■ i'^ U-.---- tho niitionni CTOVornmont Hhoiild tnko nn iictivo part in promotinj; odiicntion and enforce compulttory nttondunco of school, ostabliHli toachorn' eoiniiiarioH and ponsion toachiTH." Wo 8oe lioro that Mr. Dolt^e taUoH two nositionH ve:y docidodly. IIo ohjecl to " profit-Hliarini;," and lio noliovos tliat one of tlio ^roatost factors in hnrmonixinir labor ami capital vvill bo " tho education of tho \voil sUillod or unskill('n, has so far depended upon the aibitrary decision of the proprietor, with due consideration of tiie results ai-hieved in the different do])artmeiits. Tho introduction of a positive system based upon tho experience of tho past years, is now under consideration. It is tho intention to ])erl'eet tho same in such a way that a change of management or ownership of the business cannot affect it. PENSION. Tho pension plan grow outof the mutual aid society started among the employees a few yeai's ago. January 1, 1882, he proposed to enlarge the benefilsof tho society by a plan devised, controlled and supported by himself. During tho seven yours since the establishment of tho pension law, only one case occurred under its provisions. Mr. Foster, employed in the lumbering depart- ment, was hurt while repairing the watetwheel, May, 1883. lie was not totally disabled, but capable to earn some money besides his pension. The following is a copy in full of the pension law ; — New York, January 1, 1882. From a desire to improve the material condition and prospects of its employees, to establish them as a compact, contented and well regulated communit}', and to fasten the mutual ties of esteem as well as of interest, that liolds us together, and without which no lasting success is possible, the tirm of Alfred Dolge has th's day made the following pension law : — Every regular employee of the firm of Alb'red Doloe shall, after a continuous service often years, be entitled to a pension under the following conditions: — Pension will bo due in case of partial or total inability to woi-k, caused by accident, sickness or old ago, as long as such inability may last, and it is to consist in the following quota of the wages earned during the last year, viz.: — Fifty per cent, after ten years' service. Sixty per cent, after thirteen years' service. 487 ntion and d ponhion ifactorn in It oarninjift" bo manual Tlio intol- mai^or, the or nil). juHtdiHtri- t the exact of Halarii'H iito Hywtoni I a Hatirttac-- ;n entirely 088 for the it for thoir (ion lund, a ['or the erec- aiy (loeinion ho (littbreiit poricnco of t the same koss cannot |e employees the society |\v, only one l'in<^ depart- not totally 1882. I employees, lity, and to Igether, and Vfi th's day continuous caused by to consist Seventy per cent, nftei sixteen yoai-s' Borvico. Ki^hty j)er cent, after nineteen 3'ear«' service. Ninety per cent, after twenty-two years' h< rvico. One hundre«l per cent, after twonty-tive years' service. In case of accident while on hysical infirmities. For those Mr. Dolge has placed in the Savings Bank the sum of 8533.65, representing tho premiums that he would have had to pay 1)11 policies if tho candidates had been accepted. Mr. Dolge discriminates in favorof his high-priced hidp where he deems it just — as, for instance, the director of his felt factory — who carries 810,000 in life insmance. The apparently small number entitled to life insurance policies, is due to the fact that the factories were started by Mr. Dolge in 1875 with twenty-seven employees. Only seven of these remain with him. The business has made its greatest progress within the last six years. In 1878 only forty-two persons were employed, and thirty- eight remain in his employ. Of the 140 employed in 1883 but 1 12 were in Mr. Dolgo's service January 1, 1888. The number eligible for insurance is incieasing each year, however. It jumped from thirty-six, in 1887, to forty-seven last year, and will reach sixty this year. To be entitled to a place on the list of regular workmen the employee must have been at steady work one year. OTHER PROVISIONS. Remunerations, pensions, and tho life insurance are considered an equalization between the wages of the workingmen and the increased profits resulting from their work. Not belonging properly under the head of profit-sharing, but closely connected with tho same as institutions for the benefit of the workingmen, are the Mutual Aid Association, the School Society, the Club House and the Public Parks. 488 THE MUTUAL A^.D ASSOCIATION. Eight 3-eai'8 ago Mi-. Dolge started the Mutual Aid Society with a gift of $400, to which he added other donations at several times, lie sought to make his employees ir.dependeiit, and interest them in the management of an att'air of their own. Each meml)er of the Society earning $»! a week, or more, pays 50 cents a month in dues ; those earning loss than $0 a week pays 25 cents a month. In case of sickness the member of the first chws receives $5 a week from the relief fund, and of the second class, $2.50. Sickness, the rt.-tult of irregular habits or mode of 'iving, secures no benefits; nor if the disease is simulated, or if it existed at the time tiie member was admitted to the Society. Members not entitled to relief regularly, b't needy, because of old age or excusable sickness, may be given $1 a week or more, if the committee appoi.ited to investigate the cse decides that the case is wortiiy, and the Society's finances will warrant the drain. If a member dies his heirs receive $50. The amount paid for I'olief fi'om the founding of the Association to December 1, IS'^S, was $4,708.52. The number of members is 155. THE SCHOOL SOCIETY. A few years ago tiie employees organized a Turner's Society. Out of the evening school for physical exercise grew the School Society. The employees of the Dolgo factories organized the Society for the purpose of giving tlieir children increased advantages for obtaining an education. During 188() and 1887 the membei'S of tlie Societj' spent considora!-ly more than the legular tax levy in the support of the public schools. The men paid ten cents each and ui)ward and Mr. Dolge contributed $300 a year. In 1886 Mr. Dolgo donated $7,000 for a new school house. The taxes for tho same purpose amounted to $6,000 and Mr. Dolge paid $2,000 of this sum, making $r,000 out of the $17,000 which the new l)uilding cost, come out of his pockets. On November 20, 1888, the School Society decided to found the Dolgeville Academj'. Mr. Dolge agreeil to contribute $4,000 yearly towards tho work of the Society. Free evening schools, under its organization, have sessions five times a week. Mr. Dolgo and his employees have merged their sciiool with tho public schools. They control the school system of the district ; double the school taxes by their personal contribu- tions; build school-houses and academies, and provide for a higher grade of instruc- tion than the common school system includes. For this academy Mr. Dolge is erecting a now building at his own expense. Since 1883 Mr. Dolge paid teachers for an evening school, Vrfhich was free to all. THE CLUB HOUSE AND TIIE PUBLIC PARKS. Mr. Dolge built the large club-house, at the cost of $10,000, containing gym- nasium, stage, bowling alley, library, billiard rooms, etc., tor the purpose of giving his workingmen a meeting place where they could meet socially. Beer only sold — no liquor — no gambling allowed. The parks cover an area of about 140 acres, are well taken care of, provided with good paths, seats, benches and tables at convenient places, and tho natural beauty of the parks, with their waterfalls, cascades, island, to whicV a suspension bridge leads, are much frequented by the workmen and their familie- . OTHER BENEVOLENCES. Mr. Dolge also helps his men to buy their homes. lie builds houses for his em- ploj'ees on plans prepared by them, aii(l allows them to pay the cost in monthly instalments of $10 each. Tho habit of saving inculcated by this plan is not Iik smallest benefit. Sixty of Mr. Dolge's employees own their own homes and ten others have bought lots to build on. The village lias no savings banks, and Mr. Dolge allows his workmen to leave their wages with him if they desire. He takes their wages as a sort of call loan, and pays 6 per cent, interest on them. Onlj' such money as is earned as wages and is not drawn when due, comes under this arrangement. Mr. Dolge does notencouraiio 439 the Society's December 1, this savings bank business, as heprefers that the men bo independent in every respect. Neither does he advise his employees to purchase real estate in the vilhvgc, because its prosperity depends on the success of his manufacturing enterprises, and such advice would run counter to his i(iea of the desirability of absolute independence of emplo} ecs. Mr. Doige puts the linal touches on his manifold schemes with a reunion and bunquo'. to his employees at the beginning of each year. H. O. HOUGinOX & CO. mVERSIDE TRESS. Cambridge, Mass. In 1872 this firm established a savings bank for its employees, who now number 533. It is open to all as long as they belong to the house, and deposits can be made at any time up to $1,000. Interest at 6 per cent, per annum. Whenever, on the 1st of January, the deposits amount to $100, and that this amount remains on deposit during the following year, the proprietors of the Riverside Press bind them- selves to pay the depositor a share in the annual profits of the house, the amount never to exceed 4 per cent, (besides interest). The interest not withdrawn is added to the deposit. During the last seventeen years the 8 per cent, additional has been paid fourteen times; one year there was no division, another the division was ;{ per cent., and finally' one division amounted to only 2'88 per cent. The total amount of deposits has constantly increased, and there are now 168 depositors. M' SECTIOI!^ XVI. INIEMilN OF mm iUIiRIlS II limERS OF ECfliI IN THE mS^ITED KIISTGDOIVI. IISTTETl VEIS^TIO N" OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES IN MAHERS OF ECONOMY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.* The divisions of the subject-matter according to the enumeration of the objecte as given in the official circular, arc, it will bo readily observed, not mutually exclu- sive. Many of the examples might fall e((ually well under more than one of the classifications; e. (/., hygiene puhlique officielle appears to be only a branch of wurres, institutions et itablissements iVEtat ayant pour objet Vdvfiilioration physique des indi- vidus. Under these circumstances it is scarcely possible for a writer t(; preserve a scientific arrangement in his materials and it has been difficult to avoid repetition in all cases. Nor is the list exhaustive. No doubt further researches miglit l>ring to light many other instances similar to those which will be named. The difficulty of generali.:ation is another difficulty. Public authorities have ceased to act where once they acted, as in the case of the Contagious Diseases Acts, and act where once they did not, as in the case of improved dwellings for the poor. Many cases of interven- tion and non-intervention depend less on consistent principle than on the sentiment of Parliament, or the expression of popular feeling at a particular time. Some of the Acts of Parliament mentioned in the following pages extend to the whole kingdom, others only to England, but very often Scotland and Ireland are governed by similar provisions. Much of the legislation atfords instances of that piolitique experiment ale so ably treated by M. L^on Bonnat in his recent contribution to La Bibliotheque des Sciences contemporaines. (Ileinwald, dditeur.) Physical Improvement of Persons. — In addition to the Public Health Act (which will be dealt with below) may be mentioned the lollowing instances of intervention : Adulteration of bread, seeds, food, drugs, coffee, tea, tobacco, hops, and other com- modities is made an otfence by several Acts of Parliament, the principal being 38 and 8!) Vict., c. (J3 (1875). For the due carrying out of the Public Health Act and of these Acts, public analysts are appointed by the local health authorities of counties and towns. It is pai-t of their duty to test specimens of any material which is suspected of being adulterated. The sale of certain poiaons is prohibited unless under certain resti ictions, — arsenic by 14 and 15 Vict., c. 13 (1851), other poisons by 31 and 32 Vict., c. 121 (18(J8). Under the Factory and Alkali Acts a system of government inspection has been established, the object being to insure that cei-tain trades are exercised with a due regard to the physical safety of those engaged in them. As early as 42 Geo. Ill, 0. 73 (1802), an Act was passed '' for the preservation of the health and morals of apprentices and others employed in cotton and other mills." In 1878 the provisions of all the Acts dealing with factories and workshops were consolidated in the Factory and Workshop Act, 1878. Among other restrictions it is provided by the Act that no young person is to be employed in the manufacture of white lead, that no girl under sixteen is to be employed in brick and tile or salt works, that machinei'v is to he fenced, and that workshops are not to be over-crowded and are to be properly ventilated and washed. * Keix)rt of Mr. James Williams, BarriHter-at-Law in London, in answer to questions prepared by the Committee of Section XVI. iV'. ■ m 444 By the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, and succeeding Shipping Acts (of which fi largo number has been passed by Parliament in the last thirty year.i), provision is made for the carrying on board merchant ships, of medicines, lemon and lime juice, etc., and for every foreign-going ship having 100 persons or upwards on board, curry- ing a qualified medical man. A certain minimum of sleeping accommodution must be pi'ovided for every sailor. Kvery vessel must carry a sufBeiency of boats, life- buoys, and other life-saving appliances. The Passengers Act, 1855 (18 and 19 Vict., <5. 110), enforces a due regard to the safety and health of passengers by numerous provisions as to the supply of food and water, sanitary accommodation, separation of the sexes, light, ventilation, etc. In order to protect the public from the danger resulting from the practice by unqualified persons of certain professions and trades affecting the physical condition of the public, it has been enacted that those who practise them must be duly quali- fied and registered. This was enacted as to apotlecaries in 1815, chemists and druggists in 1852, medical men in 1858, dentists in 1878. By theContagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1878, the Privy Council was empowered to make general orders for the registration by local authorities of all pereons carrying on the trades of cow-keep- ers, dairymen and purveyors of milk. This power was transferred to the Local Government Board in 188(5. The health of .soldiers and sailors in garrison towns was the object of the Contagious Diseases Acts, 18(5(5 to 1869, under which a sysiem of inspection of fevimes publiques was established. A strong and excited agitation was mists and 18 Diseases 1 orders for i cow-keop- the Local i-son towns h a sj'siem itation was jpeal of the foi-mly con- c feeling it i (Animals) }d to secure , sheep, and s belonging f recreation in ordering es or other Baths and used as a tory schooJB are regulated by numerous Acts. Instruction in art is now provided by the Science and Art T)epartmont of the Committee of Council of liklucation (a committee of the Privy Council), as well as by the Royal Academy and other bodies not under the control of the Government. To the higher grade colleges in Wales, a grant is made annually by the Government, and Bills have been introduced into the House of Commons (hitherto without success), for the support by the Gov- ernnient of schools for intermediate education in Wales. By several Acts of Parliament (the tiist of which dates from 1854), the majority I )f ratepayers of a town have the power of imposing a rate not exceeding one penny in the pound for the support of free libraries. The gift of land by will for charitable purpo^e-i, is subject to very strict regulations by the Mortmain Acts, which practi- cally make invalid death-bed gifts for such purposes. The policy of the Acts dates from the thirteenth centur}', and was intended to prohibit the acquisition of land by monastic corporations by means of jiriests and friars working upon the consciences of dying landowners. The policy is still continued, but an exception is made in fiivor of gifts of land to a limited amount for public ])arks, schools and museums, .".r.d for educational, literary and scientific purposes. Such institutions may also obtain the certificate of a proper authority, and so be enabled to claim exemption from the payment of poor rate and other kinds of local and Imperial taxation. Moral Improvement of Persons. — There is little to be said under this head. The supi)ression of any public exhibition of an immoral tendency, or of immoral conduct of any person in public, falls within the ordinary powers of the police. Into private morality n(. i aH'ecting the public, law does not as a rule inquire. Two cases of special interest demand a short notice. By an Act passed in 1870 (42 and 43 Vict., c. 19), local authorities are empowered to gi-ant licenses for retreats for habitual drunkards anil such persons Tnay, at their own request, maile before justices of the peace in open court, enter such retreats for a term not exceeding a year. The licensing of stage plays by the Lord Chamberlain is one of the last relics existing in the United King- dom of the censorship of the press. The Lord Chamberlain or his deputy reads every new play before its ap])earance, and forbids it to appear if it contains anything contrary to morality. He may also suj)press a play in course of being acted for the same reason. (See Encyclopcedia Britannica : Press Laws, Theatre.) Intervention of Public Authority in Exchange Contract. — The principal instances of this are the Acts making it necessary for certain contracts to be in wi'iting. Of these Acts the Statute of Fiaucis passed in 1(377 (29 Car. II, c. 3), is the most impor- tant. Other Acts require that certain contracts, e. g., bills of exchange, bills of sale luul contracts under the Public Health Act, 1875, should be in a particular form. The State also enforces its rights over contract by the stamp laws and the Weights and Measures Act, 1878. The principal Stani]) Act is that of 1870, under which certain contracts arc bound to beai- a proper stamp, in some cases embossed, in others adhesive, denoting that the sum declai'cd by the stamp has been paid as a tax to the State. The Weights and Measures Act forbids the sale or contracts for the sale of commodities, except in accordance with the Imperial standards of weights and measures. The Act has ])ractically destroyed various old customary modes of contract and sale according to local custom. The State does not as a rule deal with the legal capacity of conti-acting parties. They may, with few exceptions, enter into any conti'act at their pleasure, antl it will be enforced by the courts if it do not contravene the ordinary principles relating to the validity of contracts, even if contrary to the policy of an Act of Parliament, un- less the Act specially avoid contracts made for the purpose of excluding its provis- ions. Nor does Parliamen*. usually interfere to alter relations already established by contract. Among the few exceptions, most of which relate to land, are the fol- lowing. The Land Law (Ireland) Acts of 1870 and 1881 practically substituted for the existing contract between landlord and tenant in Ireland a parliamentaiy con- tract by which the tenant obtained a more extensive right than that given by the original contract, i.e., the right to sell his tenanc\'. The Act of 1881 also forbade eeitain tenants to contract themselves out of the Act. Very similar provisions are eoniained in the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1886, A crofter (i.e., a small 44b tenant from yeai lo year at a i-cnl of lens than £[]0 in oertai/i purts of Scotland), cannot wiiico tho Act bo i-omoved from his liolding, oxccpt tor tlio broach of certain conditioiiH imposed by stututo. In this case the crofter obtains a secui-ity of tenure which was not in tiic contemplation of landhnd or tenant at the time of making tho contract. Tiie llaren and llabbitH Act, 1880, forbidn tlie landlord and tenant to contract themselves out of tho Act, under which the tenant is entitled under certain restrictions to destroy hares ana rabbits on his farm. By the Agricultural Holdings (England) Act, 188H, any agreement whereby the tenant foregoes his right to com- pensation for improvements made l)y him is void. The Copyhold Acts allow compulsorj- enfranchisement {i.e., reduction into freeholds) of copyholds either by tho loril of the manor or the tenant, whatever the original contiacl inaj' have been. One of the few instances of legislative interference with contract other than agricul- tural contract, is a remarkable section in tho Copyright Act of 1842 (5 and (J Vic, c. 45), enacting that the Jus. Sailors cannot under any circumstances agree to give up their claim to salvage earned. Workmen by the Truck Acts, 1831 and 1887, may not bo paid their wages except in money, and the ])aymont must not be made in public- houses. Due provision must by other Acts bo made for the proper lodging of fruit and vegetable pickers as a part of the employer's agreement witli them. By the Shop Hours Eegulation Act, 188(5 (a temporary Act, continued for a year by the Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1888), no one under the age of eighteen may be employed in a shop for more than sevcTity-fjur houi-s in a week. The State also interferes with certain trades by enforcing the licensing of those who conduct them and in other ways. Among common trades which are usually licensed by local authorities under powers given by Parliament, are tliose of pui)li- cans, pedlars, hawkers, boatmen, cab-drivers, porters, milk dealers, and keepers of common lodging houses. Other trades are subject to special and more direct legisla- tion, e. (J., manufacturers of gold and silver lace, thread, or fringe are restricted in the use of materials and the purity of the metal used, goldsmiths muyt not alter plate once stamped or sell wi.tch-cases without a license, fishermen may not catch certain fish, such as salmon, trout, crabs, lobsters and oysters, during the close season. Authors are deprived of the full profits of their work by the legal necessity of pre- senting copies of their books to the British Museum and other public libraries. Printers are liable to some restrictions. The printer of a newspaper, book, or election notice must put his name and address thereon. The name and address of the manager of a theatre must be printed on every play-bill issuetl in the theati-e. (For further information, see Encyclopadia Britannica: Press Law.) The cultivation of crops of certain kinds, such as hemp and tobacco, is either altogether forbidden or very much restricted. The importation of explosives, of foreign cattle, and of some other matters, is forbidden by law. Regulation by the State or the Municipalities and the Duration aiid Mode of Work. — p]nough has been said as to this in what has just preceded. Regulation of the Minimum Wages of Workmen. — This is of rare occurrence, and perhaps only in a few occupations which immediately affect the convenience of the public. Thus, by the Metropolitan Hackney Carriage Acts no cab faro in London is to be loss than one shilling. Tariff of Rates for certain Goods, Bread Tax, Meat Tax. — Fixing of the price of commodities was very common under old sumptuary laws, by means of the assise of bread and beer, especially. An Act passed in 12(J6 (and not repealed until 1758) introduced the assise of bread, beer and ale, under which the Corporations of London and other important towns were empowered to fix the price of such articles. The reign of p]dward III was prolific in statutes passed with a similar object. By one of the provisions of the Statute of Laborers already mentioned victuals were to be sold at reasonable prices, so that the vendors might have moderate and 7iot excessive gains. Mayors and bailiffs of towns were to have authority to encjuiro into the reasonableness of the charges. Other Acts dealt with the price of herrings (i;557) and of fowls and geese (1H63). This policy, though now quite obsolete, existed down to a comparatively recent period. For instance, b}' 2 and 3 lildw. VI, c. 15 (ir)-18), it was made a criminal ottenco for victuallers to conspire to sell victuals at unreasonable prices. This Act was revived for a time in 1670, and was not finally re])ealed till 1825. Grist Mills, Bakeries, Butcher Shops, Dairies, Restaurants, Druggists, Municipal Bazars. — Such institutions, except as private speculations, are unknown. Public Baths. — Public baths and washhouses are provided by local authorities in accordance with several Acts of Parliament, the earliest being 9 and 10 Vict., c. 74 (1S4G). Local authorities are not bound to adopt the acts, it is at their option to 448 ill -;■ '■" f'.'k do 80. When built, tho bathH aro subject to certain regulations, e. g., that there shall be a covered swimming bath, u wash-house, and a di-ying-place, and that throe classes of baths shall be provided, tho maximum charge for tho lowest class beinj; one penny for a cold, and two pence for a hot, bath. Several other Acts provide for the cstiiblinhment of public oi)on air bathing places, and for tho use of a bath, when closed for bathing, as a gymnasium. Municipal Stores for Workmen. — These are unknown. Public Works considered in connection with Public Assistance. — Such works have been undertaken at certain ])oriods of exce|»tional distress among tho poor. Thus ;» and 10 Vict., c. 107 (1846), authorized the construction of public works (chiefly roads in Ireland) as a mean of alleviating the distress caused by the Irish famine in 184(). In more recent years municipal corporations have frequently made use of unemployed laborers during the winter months in road and other work, the general rate of payment for unskilled lahor being four pence an hour. Municipal Undertakings for the Conveyance of Passengers, for Lighting Cities hij Gas and Electricty, — Where a municipal corporation intends to obtain powers from Parliament to construct or oppose the construction by others of any public woi'k on which the funds of the town aro to he spent, it must first, under the Municipal Cor- porations Borough Funds Act, 1872, obtain the assent of a majority of tlio citizens. This is one of tho instances, like the Free Libraries Act, in which a majority may enforce its views against tho minority. With railways municipal corporations cannot, as a ru.o, deal. But they have power to allow the laying of traniways under the Tianiways Act, 1870, and to fix faros and make by-laws subject to tho approval of the Board of Tiado. In one case recently a local authoritv at Liverpool (the Mersey Dock ■ and Harbor Board) obtained powers from Parliii- ment to lay an overhead railway like that at New York, but it has not yet boon carried into execution. The (ias Works Clauses Act, 1847, and the Electric Light- ing Acts of 1882 and 1888 have given to municipal corporations large powers of contracting with private companies for the supply of gas and electric ligh ^^with a power of purchase if they think tit), tho latter only after license from the Board of Tiado. A gas company may not pay its shareholders more than 10 per cent, dividend per annum. Any further profit must go towards tho reduction of the price of gas. The Construction and Working of Railways and Canals by the State. — In the United Kingdom railways and canals, are the property of private companies, aiul none is worked directly by the State, except a short canal on tho south coast called Military Canal. Tlie construction of railways and canals, must, however, bo saiu- tioned by the State. The mode of giving the sanction is by passing a private Act of Parliament after a judicial hearing of the promoters and opposers of tho scheme before select committees of the House of Lords and Commons. Canal Acts aro now not of frequent occurrence, the most important in recent years is that authoriziiiL;- the construction of a ship canal to Manchester, on which many thousand laborers are now at work. By 34 and 35 Vict., c. 86 (1871), the Government may take possession of any railway in case of an emergency, such as invasion by an enemy. By the Military Tramways Act, 1887, a Secretary of State is empowered to obtain from the Board of Trade provisional orders for the making of tramways for military purposes. Intelligence Officers, Labor Exchanges. — There is no general system of such offices, but in some cases municipal corporations and other local authorities have estab- lished registers ot unemployed laborers and bureaux of labor. The nearest approach to any recognition by the State of such a system is the establishment under the Merchant Shipping Acts of mercantile marine offices for the purpose of superintending contracts raade between masters of vessels and the seamen hired by them. National and Municipal Credit Banks for Workingmen. — The banks established by the State are savings banks under the control of the post office. There are also savings banks established by private persons, generally under management of trustees. Trustee savings banks are regulated by Acts passed in 1863 and 1887. Such banks 449 ; thoro shall that three chiKS beinj,' provide for bath, when Inch workw iimong the in of publie lused by the, frotiuontly ,d and other 11 n hour. tin(j Cities bij powcrH from blic work on unicipal Cor- ^rity of the in which a ^8 municipal ;ho laying of r-law8 Hubjcct authority at from Parlia- not yet been lectric Light- ro poworn of ligli ^with a the Board of 10 per cent, n of the price Uate. — In the >mpanieH, ami h coast called [ever, bo sane- private Act of [f the scheme Acts are now it authoriziiij;' iand laborofs jnt may take [by an enemy. red to obtain s for military item of such les have estab- iThe nearest Establishment tie purpose of aeu hired by Is established Ihere are also It of trustees. Such banks must bo duly certified, and returns of depositH munt be made weekly to the National Debt CoinniiKsionerH. Upwards of .C40,(M)(l,(i()0 u your is to bo returned. Tlio post otHce savingH banks are regulated by numerous Acts, beginning with one of 1H22. Jieeently facilities have been given for the invoMtmont of small sums by the post otHce ill (rovernmont annnitieM and in consols. There appears to bo no banks under 1 lie control of municipal authorilies. Manking may be carried on by industrial societies, subject to certain limitations. Advances or Suhstdien tu Co-operative Societies or to Corporations for Production. — Friendly, industrial and provident societies, tlioiigh under supervisions of the ottieors of the State, receive no subvention either from the State or the muni(ipalitio.s, except the indirect advantage that they are relieved from payment of income ta.x. ticsponsihility of Matters in case of Accidents. — At common law a master is not liable for injuries resulting to a servant in his employment from the negligence of a fellow-servant, or by reason of the employineiit being a dangerous one, unless the danger was a hidden and secret one, or arose from the use by the master of (hmger- ous instruments, such as insecure .scalfolding in a building or ilofective ropes in a mine. The Employers Liability Act, 1H80, made a change in the law by making the master lialile when the injury was caused by the negligence of a fellow-servant jilaced in a position of authority. It also enabled the injured servant to sue in the county court, thereby relieving him from the more e.vpensivo and dilatory procedure of the High Court of Justice. Many of the great railway companies have systems of insurance under which compensation is given to a servant injured by the negli- gence of a fellow-servant, in some cases this insurance is compulsory; it is a part of the contract of hiring that the servant shall pa}' a weekly sum as premium. There is a largo number of accident insurance companies in the United Kingdom, but the only recognition by the State of such insurance is that in some cases such companies are established by charter from the Crown, The existing poo- l.o' takes the place ot insurance among the poor, for a poor man disabled by accident can always claim provision from the poor-rate. Building of Workingmen s Houses. — In recent years there has been much legis- lation for the purpose of giving local authorities power to improve the dwellings of the poor. The late Earl of Shaftesbury, in 1851, and Viscount Cross, when Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1874 to 1880, were honorably distinjfiiished by their exertions to this end. The same policy has been followed later, and the result of all has been a series of A.cts, callecl the Laboring Classes Lodging Houses Acts, 1851 to 1885, the Artisan ^ and Laborers' Dwellings Acts, 1868 to 1882, and the Artisans and Laborers' Dwellings Improvement Acts, 1875 to 1882. The Acts are facultative, not compulsory, but where adopted by a local authority, they give that authority power of compulsory purchase of insanitary premises and of charging the I'ates in certain classes with the expenses of substituting improved dwellings. Under the Acts a large number of new buildings has been constructed in some of the great towns, notably London and Birmingham. In some cases the working of the Acts appears not to have been entirely beneficial, the accommodation given by the new buildings not being equal to that of the premises desti'oyed, so that many of the poor have been driven to already overcrowded districts. The Homestead Laiv. — There is no " homestead " law in England, but a Bill con- taining provisions similar to those in tlie United States was once unsuccessfully introduced into the House of Commons by Mr. E. Robertson, jM.P. for Dundee. Something similar to the homestead law, but giving less extensive rights, is the exception under certain Acts of Parliament of the necessaries of life from execution, distress, or bankruptcy. The earliest example of this beneficium competentiiv (to use the language of Eoman law), occurs as early as Magna Charta (1210), where it was enacted that the tenant should only be distrained for the services due to his lord Sidro contencmento suo, i.e., that he should not be deprived of his whole means of livelihood. The same principle occurs in more modern Acts, by which the wearing apparel, bedding and tools and implements of liade of a debtor, up to the value of S25, are protected from distress by the landlord, or by order of a court of summary juris- 20—29 450 diction, and from oxccution iHHUod by the High Court or an inferior court. In bank- ruptcv the limit of exception iH fixed at 8100. Public Jlealth Regulations. — The question of])ul(lic hoaltii (called alHo"Statf' Medicine," occupied the attention of the Lej^i«laturo at a very early period. At com- mon law any nuinanco canning danger to health could bo dealt with only by an action or indictment for nuiHance at common law. The dinadvai.Uvgos of this pro- cedure wore twofold ; on the one hand, the courtH had no preventive Jurisdiction (unlewB to a very limited extent by injunction in chancery), and could only act where the danger had already arinen; on the other hand, the ])rocedure was expenHive and dilatory. The procedure by action, indictment or injunction is ^till oj)cn to any oiu- injured, but large ])reventive and nummary powers have at various times been given by Act of Parliament. The earliest Act dealing with the matter appears to be the Statute of the City of London (13 Edw. J, st. 5), passed in 1285. The earliest general Act as to oflensive deposits in rivers was 12 Rich. II, cap. 13 (l.iSS). In addition to these wore numerous Acts creating and defining the jurisdiction of com- missioners of sewers, the earliest ])asscd in 1427. There were also numerous local Acts dealing with jtarticular districts. The first general Act was the Public Health Act, 1848. In 187i) the existing law was finally digested (subject to a fow Inter amendments), in the Public Health Act of that year, 38 and 39 Vic, cap. 55. The general tendency of legislation has been to ])lace local sanitary regulations in the hands of local authorities, subject to a general superintendence by a department of the central Goveinmcnt, up to 1871 the Privy Council, since that date the Local Government Board. The whole country is under the jurisdiction of urban and rural sanitary authorities, the former being municipalities or local boards of health, the latter boards of guardians of the poor. Sanitary authorities appoint a medical officer of health and an inspector of nuisances. The Public Health Act contains a long list of nuisances which may be abated by summaiy pro- ceedings by the sanitary authority. The list includes most of those injurious to health, such as unsound meat, oflensivo trades, infectious diseases, smoky chimneys, etc. A sanitary authority has also ])Ower to jirovido hospitals, mortuaries, and cemc- tarios. In addition lo the Public Health Act, many other Acts (some of which have been .ilroady mentioiied under the head of amilioration j)hysique), deal with atudu- gous matters, among others the Police Acts, the Towns Clau.se8 Act, 1847, and Acts affecting vaccination, the removal of nuisances, the regulation of bakehouses and slaughterhouses, the ventilation of mines, and the non-pollution of rivers. The sani- tary government of London is regulated by special i^.cts, such as the Metroi)olit:in IJuilding Acts. The parochical vestries are generally the sanitary authorities in the metropolis, except in the city of London, where the old Commissioners of Sowers still have jurisdiction. In many of the large ports there is a special authority, called the port sanitaiy authority, which regulates matters peculiarly atlecting vessels using tho port, such as quarantine. The Scotch Public Health Act dates from 1867, the Irish from 1878. In Scotland there is no distinction of urban and rui'al sanitarj- authoiities. (I^or further information, see Encyclopicdia Britannica : Public Health.) Municipal Laboratories. — These are unkiiown in tho United Kingdom. Liquor Laws. — A strong distinction is drawn between intoxicating and non-intoxicating liquors. Venders of non-intoxicating liquors ai'e in general free to soil when and wheie they please, the main exception being that a vendor of such liquors who wishes to open his shop for sale before a certain hour in the morning must have an excise refreshment-house license. Vendors of intoxicating liquors, being regarded as a privileged class, are subject to a double jurisdiction, fiscal and legal. They must pay to the excise a certain sum, varying with the value of the Premises occupied, and they must in most cases bo licensed by justices of the peace. 'he sale of intoxicating liquors not to be consumed on the premises, chiefly by grocers, is not subject to^the justice's license, but the license is granted simply by the excise authorities, the commissioners of Inland Revenue, as is also the license for tho refreshment i-oom of a theatre, when once the theatre has been duly licensed by the justices. Within narrow limits the justices have power to determine the hours of closing in the evening. On Sunday licensed premises in England are open only 451 In bai»k- ,lrto " State At com- only by lui t' this pro- lurirtili^'tiou r net vvhoro jonrtive antl to any ono boon given XA to bo tho Mr. eiirliost (1.188). Ill tion of coin- noioUH loc'iil iblic UoiiUli a fow liilor ftp. 55. The lUioiirt in the oinirtniont of to the Ijoeal jan ami rmiil » of health, itios api»oint 'viblic Health imniary pio- 3 injuriouH to ,ky chimneys, ,i's, ami comc- t' which luivf .. with aiiiilo- 847, and Acts vkohoiisow and x^. The f-ani- Metropolitiin lorities in the CM of Sewors thovity, called vessels using Vom 1867, the rural sanitary ublic Health.) ,om. xicatiuii; and General free to ^ndor of sucli ,. the morning .■ating liquors, [tion, tiscal and |ie value of the , of the peace. jses, chietly by jted simply by the license for jly licensed by [line the hours are open only tor two hours at miil-(biy, and may not opon in tho evening before six o'clock. In Scotland iinscribod. Hach dwelling should contain, inside, a water- closet provided with water, and having a ventilator opening outside. 4. For families of more than throe persons, three rooms are indispensable in order to allow of the separation of the sexes. 5. Any massing together or attem])t to deprive tlie teiumt and his family of entire independence of their neighbors should be strictly prohibited. CHEAP WORKINCiMKN'S HOUSES. FROM AN ECONOMICAL AND FINANCIAL I'OINT OP VIEW. Extract from Mr. A. Baff'alovich's Report. A primary importance is, with rea.son, attached to the possibility of transform- ing the workman or lesser employee into a landeii proprietor. It is the best means of awakening in him a love of order and economy, to inculcate in him the desirable feeling of responsibility. Considerations of this kind do not come within the rango of our duty; the}- will appear in their proper order in Mr. Picot's report. Among enterprises whose object is the building of cheap houses, we distinguisii several classes : 1st. Those that build small houses, with a right on the tenant's part to become the iiroprietoi- by means of yearly payments. The building may be built either by a company of workmen and small capitalists, or b\' anon^'mous societies, or by intlivi- dual capitalists. 2na. Those that erect large buildings for a number of tenants. Hrd. Those that improve old houses. L Building Societifs. — Those persons wlio attach much importance to personal effort, to self-help, and to the co-operation of several individual efforts, will under- stand why we place building societies in the first rank. (1) (1) According ti) tlif cU'tinition of the law of 1874, building m>cietii'.s are established to luiito stock ^r funds, in order to advance money to their membfrs, by mortgage or landed proi>erty. Some also advaiici- money on the shares of their nienibere, but these are exceptions, 457 lid be con- The name of building society marks the original form of these associations, but tarcli Kltli, April 1st, April Kitli. (3) According to statistics for 40 years, up to 188(i, furnished by Mr. Gatliff, 2i),r)43 families, or 140,80!> persons, have Ix^en benefited by the im|iroved London houses. (4) Mons. Picot, in 18H8, delivered a most eliKjuent address at the inauguration : " It is a social work, :m(l ])roves to the irresolute the i)ossiV)ility of action. When the Philanthropic Society draws 4 jn-r cent. interest on its capital, it .•efutes the chimerical reasoning of socialists, who e.\|)«ct the State to do every- thing, and wish the Conauons, with its municipal rates, the Government with the budget of Franceinhould build houses for the proktaircs," 460 In Rouon (Decombor, 1885), 8100,000 wore collected, and six distinct buildings erected, contftining 95 dwellings. At Lyons, in June, 1887, tlio tenants of the tirst group of houses built by Messrs. Aynard, Mangini and (lillet, entered into occupation of them. Messrs. Aynard, Mangini and Giliet expended $410,000 of their own money, besides a loan of 830,000 from the Savings Bank, taken from its reserve fund. Capital is assured 1 per cent. The promoters of the Lyonneso work having obtained a solid basis for operations, and positive results, founded an Anonymous Society, with a capital of 8200,000; $40,000 were advanced l)y themselves ; SOO.OOO required from the sul)scribers ; $100,0(10 loaned by the savings bank from its reserve; 82,500 of land were bought, on which to build 20 houses. In Marseilles, thanks to Mons. Rostand's efforts, the Savings Bank of that city was authoiized to enter into a similar enterprise. It is simply an act of justice to let the savings of the jiooror class react in this way: The Strasbourg Savings Bank in 1882, took the initiative by devoting $78,400 of its reserve fund to building workingmen's houses. In Italy the savings bank's funds, and those of the Mutual Aid Society, are employed to build -^ruall dwell- ings. In Brooklyn there is the Improved Dwelling Association founded by Mr. White, which pays 6 joer cent, dividend. In New York the Impi'oved Dwelling Association divides 6 per cent., and a later enterprise : Tenement House Building Company, which pays only 4 per cent. 1 V. — Miss Octavia Ilill has the merit of having inaugurated a peculiar system of which we cannot speak with too much respect. It is to im])rovc dwellings. Houses in a bad state of sanitation are bought and put into good order, which is done care- fully and cconomicallj' so as to give capital a reasonable interest (no charity, no socialism). Instead of being given as a charity, they are paid for by work ; it is the direct influence of contact between tenants and proprietors or agents, animated by a serious spirit of philanthropy. In 1885 Miss Octavia Hill and her followers owned 67 properties, valued at $1,558,835 and lodging 11,582 persons. Miss Octavia Hill set the example not only in London, but also in the United States, notaltly in New York and Boston, in Germany at Darmstadt and at Leipzig. At Berlin an anonymous society was established, including Mr. Gneist among the members of its council, to purchase houses, to repair and lot or sell them, in order to encourage orderly habits. The capital is $247,000, of which $86,000 ai-e invested. Wo may bo allowed to (juote the local saving explained by Mons. Coste in his excellent work: Les questions sociales contemjwraires, 188(5 (page 4:^0). It relates to the progressive acquisition of hypothecary obligations conferi-ing a i-ight to a lease and promise of sale of the property occupied by the tenant, with a progressive reduction of the rental. Would it not be possible for insurance companies to advance moneyto workmen to enable them to become proprietors? Workmen who wish to, become the owners of their own homes might easily take out a life insurance policy sufficiently large to allow a recjonablo margin for an advance : there can be no sui-er investment than to lend them money and take a mortgage on the property they occupy. This is how it could be managed: the workman should save and deposit in a savings bank tho sums saved until they reach a sum sufficient to guarantee the loan he intends to effect. He then withdraws his money from tho bank, and at the same time he takes out a life insurance policy for which ho jiays, and effects a loan from the same com- pany. By this moans, if he died tho next day, his indebtedness would be cancelled by means of his policy. (1) This short review justifies our premises. (1)1 am onalilfd to give tlie following note hv favor of Mons. Cheyason : Let us take for exaniplej the iiead of a family, aged 35 years, and a small house, costing (>,()(X) frani> (81,200). The Society rents it, with a promise of sale, to be redeemed in 20 years at 4 jier cent, interest. Simple rental 240 francs. Uedeeming of rent 201 " Annual pajnnents 441 " 461 huildings )y Messrs. . Ayrmrd, i loan of ^iipitivl is leu a HoHd ty, with a aireil from vo; 82,r)00 9 to Mons. lor into a Till- Soficty filters iutu an ajficfiiiciit witli iiii AsKuraiRi' foiiipaiiy fur a imlicy liv wliiili, if the work- iiiaii (lii'M, within tin< -H> ycai-M, tlic IiiMiiniiico Company, iiiNti'ad of the lu'irM, pays tlic lialancn r('iiiaiiiiii({ due. Tint annual insurance prt'iiiiiiin for Huch {Hilicy iH 88 fmncH 20 centinu'H. I'aHt rent ... 441 " Total. fiat 20 T?y this ineanH, if the hiail of tl house is nia(h' over, freed of all iiidi to 1 '."i per eelit. of tile prici •ad of the fiiiuilv liad used it to pay hi iiiiii, if ht^ lives, to ' Is it better for laiiee to die, he leaves no eiiiharrassiiients lii'hiii iireiuiiiiii is ecpial f the house, ff. instead of devdtiii^f the aliionnt to sicnre Iiis purchase, tht> litediiess, he iiiijfht have heeii free in 1.") years instead of U(l. in lo, instead of Ul) years ; or is it better for him to have ni> family 111(1 fr. ilreiul of seeing death interfere with the freeing of lii.s pro|K'rty ? net ill this ig $78,400 ho saving!^ mall dweill- Mr. White, , and a later cent. liar system igs. Houses done care- charity, no ii-k ; it is the imated by a tvorb owned the United at Leipzig. among the , in order to invested. 'oste in his It relates to to a lease progressive to workmen the owners litly large to lient than t*) us is how it k l)ank the |e intends to |me he takes same oom- jo cancelled Ing t),000 francs lent, interest. wr u si er m [NTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON PROFIT SHARING, IIHLI) AT PARIS FROM TIIH IGrn TO TIIK IHth OF. JULY, 1889. Fi<*' • ij" -stions were submitted fordiscushion at this Congress. Each of those qiiOH Jon the subject of a report; from the importance of the Hubject we have tii>- (t proper to reproduce these reportw in full. After four days' deliberaiion, the Congress voted the foUowing resolutions, whicli ditfer very slightly fi-oni the suggested resolutions presented by the reporters. RESOLUTIONS. The International Congress is of opinion: I. — That an agicement freely agreed to, by the workman, or employee, and by which he is entitled to a share in the profits, is in accordance with equity, and with the essential principles of connnon law. II. — That in establishing proHt-sharing, it is essential that by some moans, if necessary from the general expenses, an appropriation should bo made to supply subsidies for cases of sickness or accident. 111. — That in an establishment employing a largo number of workmen, and in which different articles are manufactured which might be considered as forming distinct and separate enterprises, it may be an advantage to interest the workman not only in the general profits, but in the profits of the branch of work ho is engaged in. IV. — That, as a general rule, profit-sharing is a moans of remuneration much to Lie preferred to any other system of supplementary payment; but that if the system of premiums or overvvages has not, as regards capital and labor, the moral influence uf protit-sharing, it may become a first step towards that system. V. — That the control of accounts by an expert accountant, named every year by the general assembly of participants for the following year, gives equal security to the sharers as to the head of the establishment. VI. — That profit-sharing can be adopted only when a complete system of accounts has been regularly kept. VII. — That the organization of labor with profit-sharing should constitute an element of professional and economic education for the entire staff, who, by this means, will be prepared to succeed the master either in the form of a simple limited partnership, or as a cooperative productive association, VIII. — That if the participant bo admitted to share in the capital, he thereby becomes a real partner, shai'ing in the losses as well as in the proHts, which is still bettor adapted to prepare him for that real cooperation in which all shareholders are workmen and employees as well. IX. — That, when practicable, and as far as possible, in order to strengthen the ,1,'uaran tees offered to participants in stipulated profit-sharing, certain rules in regard to inventories should be introduced. X. — That it may be useful and just that, in the division of profits, categories should be established in accordance, either with the position held by the principal employees, heads of the business departments and foremen, or with length of service. XI. — That all systems of profit-sharing, either in cash or otherwise, are legiti- mate, as resulting from a free agreement; but that it would be wise, especially in the ■I. 'tii 404 be^iimiri^, lliat ii« ltiiji;o a part as nosniblp of tho surplus remnnemtion allotted to the Htailus tlicir hIiuio nfllio protitH, Kiioiild lio dovototl to a Havin^H fuiid, XII. — Tliat capitalization on intlividiial hooks, forming uii inhoritanco traiiw- miHsalilc to tlio family, is pitd'erahlo to an annuity. XIII. — Tiial fgrfoituio ho no lon^or t-ntoiod in a^rooinentH relating to proflt- Hliaring. Tiio (JongroNs, howovor, acUnowhulgos that in rogard to a proviijont or retiring fund, foit'oiture may. in tiio statl's own interest, ho applied, on condition that tlui amount romain in tho g(^neral fund, anil that, in order to prevent any need of aihilration, rules as regards forfeiture he entered in tho agreement. XI. V, — That tho ewtuljlishmont of a public bank of doposit for collective savings would bo calculated to inspire confidence, and a fooling of Hocurity to interested ])artios, and is desirable as regards l)olh master and workmen. X\'. — In ostahlishnients where the division of profits would realize but a small sum for each workman, and when tho statf is stahlo, collective protit-sharing possoHs- ing the advantage of mutual services, aid and in.truction, or for sums advanced to help to secure nouses for the workmen, is, in principle, preferable to individual protits. XVI. — That without absolutely advising that preference bo given toinvoHtments in a sleeping partnershij) in the industry or commercial business in which tho work- men are engaged; the latter is tho best and most practicable means of realizing in tho same way as did Leclairoand (rodin, future co-operative associations of pi-oduction. XVII. — That if tho amount of piotit-sharing is to bo devoted to life insurance, mixed insurance is to bo preferred to any other. XVIII. — That all established retiring and life pensions should bo in accordance with rates founded on tables of death rates. XIX. — That tho amount allotted for |)i'otit-sharing may bo usefully employed as a stimulus to individual thrift, or to make advances to workmen to help in the pur- chase of a house by moans of annual jjayments. XX. — That profit-sharing by increasing the stability of workmen, fathers of families, facilitates appronticoshi]) and a i)ropor renewal of the staff. XXI. — That, in principle, there is no obstacle to protit-sharing being introduced into agricultural work, where a sufficient number of paid workmen are emj)loyed, and where a good system of accounts is kept. XX 11. — That, as regards sea-tishory, it is advisable to retain the system of sbarinif the catch, which m.iintains a moral and professional level in fishermen's families; that, moreover, that wherever monthly payment of voyages has been established it would bo advisable to combine with tho ti.\ed wages a share in the catch. XXIII. — That protit-shai'ing cannot be imposed by the State; that it must bo the result, according to the circumstances, of tho master's own free Avill, or of his free acceptance of a suggestion from the workmen, and should be governed by tlie same obligations as govern any other agreement. REPORTS. FIRST QUESTION. 7s the free agreement expressed or xinderstcod. by which the workman or employee receives above his usual salary or ordinary wages, a share in the profits, without partici- pating in the losses, whether individually, in money or otherioise, jointly and collectively, under the form of accessory advantages, or in other ways, conformable to natural law and to equity 1 Reporter: Mons. Gonse. (Councillor in the Court of Appeals.) "Why should such an agreement not bo in accoi'dance with equity? Is it not just that the woikman, whose Zealand assiduity, whoso labor and carefulness has 466 ;ted to tl>o iioo traiiH- ; to prortt- jvulont. or condition t any need ivo Hiiviiif^s i iiitorostcd i\it a Kmall nj; posHCSs- .dvancod to individual invoHtmonth h thework- rcalizinu; in production. iuMuranco, accordance employed as p in the pui- n, fathers of g introduced e employed, imofsharini; I's families; stablished it it must lio Jill, or of his irned by tlu- or employee ^lout partU'i- collectivehi, natural laio I ? Is it not [efulnesB has procured the ]>rofitb, should Hiiare in tliem ? Apart fVom mnneyod capital, is tlioro not a living ciipitiii, and is it not as valiiahl(> as iheothor? Docs it not take a direct part in tlie production ? Tiio assiHtance given liy the workman is free; the more active is his shaio in the work, and the more intelligent, the greater are the proHtH of the concern, ai\d tin* greater tiie gain for capital. Why, then, in tiie name of all that is ciiiiitalile,should the workman i)e refused a proportionate share in the profits? Does lie run no risk? Tlie accidents lie risks, the dangers liiat threaten Itim, thoso ai'O the risks the workman runs, and thtsy are not lesa serious than thoso encountered Ijy the capitalist. These views may be called Utopian; anddoabtless adivision of the profits of any certain kind of work, among the workmen whoso whoU^ labor has contributed to it, would .satisfy the ilemands of ecpiity; but matters must bo viewed under a less ideal aspect, and the relations essential to the economy of life, must be taken into account. The workman binds liimself to supply his labor for a eertain wage, in order to assure himself the neci'ssaries of life ; by so doing lu' alienates in advance his share in the profits, and so to say insures iiimsolf against tiie risks he ilares not meet. This special kind of contract, from a legal pointof view, is wholly incomi)atable with any idea of jiartnerahii). Without examining into the fpiestif)n whether liiro is unessential element of the larger industi'ies, we can at once assert that it cannot, at the [)resent time, bo dis- ])ensod with. The soveiit}' of this condition may, however, be ameliorated by the kindness and benevolence c'' the capitalist, and all tiiat has been done in thai way is Worthy of every encouragement. But there must be no ndstake, nor must we lie leil awa^- by delusions. The distribution of a share in the profits, voluntarily made by a master among his workmen, is another matter ; it is a sort of gratuity, frefjuently a most considoruto act, l)ut it would be altogether different were the share in the pi'ofils made obliga- tory by natural contract possessing legal effect. Such a course W(juld be a mis-con- ception of the essential principles of all legislation, and for two reasons: — 1st. because any share in the profits pre-supposes a partnership, and there can be no partnership without a share in ft»e losses as well. 2nd. An acknowledged right to a share in the profits, entails as a necessity, tlie right to control the affairs from whi(di the share proceeds. Such a coiulition of things Avould render the direction of a commercial or industrial enterprise impossible. Such is the objection to this state of affairs, and to us its force does not seem weakened by condensation. Is the division of profits a society in which the strongest members gel the lion's share? Let us be undci'stood at once: the workman, in certain cases, is considered as having a share in the property, and is therefore a real partner, sharing aLso in the losses, whether the losses be deducted from the reserve fund or n(»t, does not signify; the value of the share in the property is reduced and may become nothing. This participation in the profits is therefore in no wise different from an ordinary partner- ship; nor is it to an agreement ot this kind we take exception to that is not the ques- tion, it is expedient to study. Any other participation is simply a share in the profits, and presupposes no part- nership, no ownei'ship ; it is merely a nuiimer of remuneration. It is often said that Capital, JOnte. prise and Labor ccwjperate in production ; that to the first belongs interest, to the second profit, and to the third wages. It must not however be supposed that the rules regulating these three elements ofprfxluction are inflexible ; actual practice has frequently a way of deranging somewhat the aiistract propositions of social economy. Capital often orders affairs, and is not con- tent with interest alone ; it exacts a share of the profits as a compensation for the risks it incurs, a share which is frequently the largest. The director of the enterprise neither assumes all the risks nor receives all the profit. Capital may even assume tiio responsibilities of the direction, in consideration of a certain amount in profits. In that case the director is remunerated by a certain share in the profits, and Capital assumes the position and risks of a director. It is not surprising then, that the man- ager of a factory is paid by a proportion of the profits and not a fixed salary. It is 20—30 466 clearly nn inconiive to succeed. If capital assumed the responsibilit;) '^f the enter- prise it would still have to forego one portion of the profits in order to secure the other puit. Legislation has foreseen and sanctioned agreements of this kind— limited liability companies, joint stock companies. There is in them a partnership of capital and labor whicii admits of lemuneration, the hitter by a sRare in the profits, and which can entail no loss for capital, since it has assumed no responsibility. Why should a ditfero'.ii argument be used when the matter refers to workmen. Ho provides capital aho; his time, his strength, his experience and his intelligence arc Lis capital. May it not be possible to stimulate his assiduity and his ardor by a variable amount of remr.neration ? One portion of his earnings should be unalter- able, lepresenting his time and his ordinary labor, the material, so to speak; those are his wages which provide for his daily needs. But it can readily be understood that if the workman is more assiduous, if his work is more carefully done, if he is more attentive and particular, the amount and valueof the production is sensibly increased. How can such an increase be secured if it be not made to the workman's interest to procure it. Then if be be the cause of an increase in the returns he is entitleil to a further remuneration, which should be in proportion to the increase in the profits. This extra remuneiation may l)0 either devoted to ditferent funds, or it may be all or part given in cash to the workman. In either case its nature is the same. As I'egai'ds the share the workman takes in j)r(Kluction, his situation is essentially the same as that of the manager or director of the factory; for whilst the manager directs and apportions the woi'k to the different bands of workmen, tiie co-operation of each workman engaged on the work, is equally necessary, his individual ett'orts are as essential as those of the directoi' who unites these eti'orts to a common end. For whrt lawful cause should the promise of a proportioned share be less valid and obligatory in one case than in the other ? There is certainly no partner- ship in such an agreement, which is merely an agreed form of remuneration. It may be agreed that a woi'k shall be paid lor, according to its selling value or the value of the production — that is work by the piece ; or by the amount of profit it will bring— that is participation. These agreements arc essentially the same, anil we readily concede that neither the participating workman nor the manager who is paid by a share in the profits, are in any legal sen^e partners in the concern. But the agreement which assunvs them their rights is none the less regular and in acconl- anco with the law. But it may be objected, what is the value of an unratified con- tract. The capitalists, the manufacturer who agrees to divide a part of the piofits, is not I'eally bound if the apportionmentof the share depeiuls upon himself alone; such an agreement is subject to potestive conditions which deprive it of all legal value. Is that correct? It must fiist be observed that in certain enterprises the rate is fixed by the partners ; in others the ])articipants are given the right to verify the division. But let us grant that to prevent possible iuterferer.ee the master, b}' the agreement, refuses all right to management, the vaTKlity of he contract is ftill the same. Bad faith ill the matter is not to be sU|)posed possible. Will anyone dare to assert that the workman who accejjts the annual amount given him, who believes in the honesty and sincerity of his master, must of necessity be deceived by him? Assuredly not. The limits of this report do not allow us to refer to authenticated faci pioduci"! at the enquiry, but they would testify that, on the contrary, the agreemeni has always uaeii legally carried (mt. The manufacturer who, in order to secuie on easy terms devoted assistants, would resort to participation as a method of doing so, could not fail tc fall a victim to his own duplicity. Let us go still I'urther. Is it a fact that the promise of a share in the profits is nothing more than an obligation subVct to a potestative condition? Not at all. By a protestative condition it is snppo>cd thai one of the contracting parties i« at liberty (o release himself from the obligation. This 'i not the case when participation is promised ; a master cannot refuse a share in the profits when due, without denying tl. j existenceof suv h profits, a toui'so wliicli, instead of being a release from an obligation, is merely a frailuleut way of escaping it. But, it may be answered, that does not matter as the result is the same. Not if the validity of the contract is to bo considered, which is precisely the point uniler examination. What we have to consider is how the proof is to be given. L^sually 467 a creditor has some document in which his rights aro stated, and by which he can verify whether they have been respected. A workman, however, has no such safe- fjuard, no source of verification, but has to rely entirely on the debtoi-'s promise. Dzea it nevor occur that a debtor's word is taken as pi-oof, and lules this sort of contract? Verbal contracts are of frequent occurence, and are not the least import- ant kind. The value of commercial and financial obligations, founded only on the MOi'd and good faith of the par'ics has never been doubted. The law has provided that for the carrying out as well as for the passing of such a conti-act the aftii-mation before a court ot justice, of one of the contracting parties, must be accepted by the othei" contracting party. The obligation still exists, even when the proofed the execution of the agrecmi it is somewhat restricted. Moreover, we must add, that despite the clause that debars the participants from proof by the books, an inventory after death, a ]iroducing ff the books before a court of Justice, or any course of that nature will suffice to reveal the extciit of profit of which the master may have deprived the sharer, w*""" has a legal . ight to resort to such means to ensure his duo. Therefore, it must be recog- nized that difficulty of proof cannot invalif'ate the obligation itself. ft can, at most, bo asserted that as concerns the working of prc^fitrsharing there muh?t be mutual trust between the pai'ties; otherwise such contracts could not exist. At ti;e same time, altho •';h the agreement itself is obligator}', ])rotit-sharing can be n(itliii)g more than a benevolent measure. It may lie because protit-t^haring ■ such a r<^cent measure, but to our knowledge there has been no legislation on this matter, a. hough a 'project coneei'ning it, is just now, before the French Chamber. Such a measure umy seem to settle any uncertainty, but the principle will remain the same. The law of obligaaons, so Avell foundcl by the Homans, still rules, and almost >> ith- out change in the judicial world. It recogru/.os the right to enter into such agi-oe- monts, and, as a consequence, the bonds that uniti' the m,.sler and the workman in profit-sharing; it contiims the m.aster's obligation and gives the woi'kman the legal right to demand the execution of the agreement as in any other contract. Such is the theory. But you are assembled hero to study facts, and facts are what will reveal the p.actical results to be expected from protit-shai'ing. ConfiDntod by wonders which we extol, let us still bo allowed to express *lie hope that protit-sliar- iiig, while it draws master and man together, creates a community of interest, and establishes a mutual contidenee, may pion.oto a common interest in the productive forces and contribute to the well-being and peace of all those who labor for I he I ontinued impi'ovement of our industries. This is progress; it is guaranteed to us bj' the past and we look foi'ward to it with conlidenco. SUGGESTED RESOLUTION. The International Congress is of opiniiMi that an agreement, freeh' signed by the workmen, and by whicli ho is entitled to a shaic of the profits, is in accordance with enuily and with the essential principles of actual la\*'. sub'ect to a Inirse vviiicU, SECOND (QUESTION. Where it is the desire of the master of an industry, to secure to workmen in addition to their wayes, advantayes intended to increase th.eir weUbeing in the present and to tjioe them a security for t lie future, icithout, however, charri<. itinnilkis till- realizes how e has shown )f w^orUnuv.i. it would lie by the work mcorn. If a 1 one K])e('ial n individual ue, waste of me a useiul xempt from by a unilv dial oufiht to [si anionn' a his poi'sonal Ig partieijia- l^t's cnciuiiy icontraetors I'rin and tlio rdLaroelu'- [ily, that wo diich shares i is debited -in a wold, Ire pa] tor is rtmontH for taeh receive on a scale |ce, in taUcu book-keep- Ition beioro 188:5) states Iry. Mons. LarocluvJouhorl, havinj^ given his syHtorn many years trial, sees every reason to con- gratulate himself on its a(loj)tion. These are tlie only instances we can refer to in whi(di participation is divided according to workshops. Why is not the system more generally adopted ? Wo believe the reason to be I lie difficulty experienced in oi-gan- izing a scheme of book-keeping in accordance with tlio system. Let us see whether tlu! difficulty be not more in appearance than in reality. Let us take, as an instance, an establishment etnjtloying a large number of worlcmen, as the (jucslion does not apply to a shop where tho staff is small and a sense i)f solidarity is mure likely to exist. The capital is three million of francs. The number of workmen to become sharers in tho profits is 238, of which 2() arc employees and 2H! workmen, ast }oar, at all events, shall be to give each participant, no matter to which branch of the factory he may belong, an amount o(|ual and proportioned to his salary. Thus the results are very different in lln^ ditl'eient iiands of j)articipanis. Thus work'hop A, in which are 82 woi'kmon, has produced a net profit of <)0,000 francs, whilst workshop B, with 55 workmen, has given 187,500 francs. In order to balance tho shares the master must therefore find a different basis of division for each shop. Tiie calculation may be made as follows: — The 15 per cent, the master has decided to deduct from his profits to bo divided among those interested wo will call genertil amount of assessment, •.md special amounts oi' workshop assessment, th(i amount to bo deducted from the net ])rotits ofeach br.inch, :,Mve tho participants an e(iual share in the 10 per cent, of the wages. This amount, which at the beginning is determined once for all, and after the first inventory is considered as normal, will remain the same for all succeeding years. Thus, fior the workman in workshop A, the amliop getting an amount to be divided in accordance with the prori's to he realized and the nuudjor of men in the shop. As regards tho employees who aie engaged in no ])articular branch of work, but who assist in tho geneial business of Uie ostablish- iiH'iit, their amount of profits would bo calculated on tho sum lofal of net jirofits. The amounts to be shared among all tho difl'eront bamls of workmen will bo the 15 per ce..t. the master decided to divide. B''' 470 Specimen of division of profits and profit-shariniij by workshops ;- ' 1 WOUKSHOPS. ^ I I ■g, si's as 2 =* c s ■" • S u g 5 iS « 2 b O O ^^ ^1 I' I 8 I S [ 8 Workshop A.. KiO.OOO 100,000 ] 30,000 24,000 12,000} 82 B, . 150,000 150,000 I 60,000 i 22,500 37,500 j 55 C. 30,(KM) ' 30,000 8,000! 4^,-)(X» 3,500 | 18 D.. 00,000 00,000, 1J,0(I0 ; !),00(J 5,000 I 35 E.. 10,000 ! 10,000' 0,000 I 2,400 I 3,000 F.. 180,000 ! 180, 0(X) ; 30,000 27,0 Thot^o results, which were eqiuil for all in the beginning, will be modified as years go by ; they will be higher for some and lower for others, according to the state of business, and the zeal and assiduity of the participants. The important point is that we all start alike from the beginning and from an equal footing, and it depends on themselves to thereafter gain bigher ground, or, at least, maintain their rank. The system of profit-sharing by workshops, outers a wide field for discussion between the partisans of participation and those who uphold bonuses and gi'atuities. The admittance of the workmen to share in the profits, ci-eates a unity of interests between intelligence, capital and labor; the bonus system is, on the contrary, a system of individualism, which isolates those three elements, one from the othei'. But participation including so large a number of persons, may, in certain cases, be open to the objection of not really stiniulating the ardor of the workmen. Allotting by workshops answers to these objections. It otters the advantages of a mixed system, free both fi'om egotism and illusion. SUGQESTED RESOLUTION. The International Congress is of opinion : 1st. That in establishing profit-sharing, it is essential that by some means, if necessary from the general exjienses, an appropriation should bo made to supply subsidies for cases of sickness or accident. 2nd. Thai in establishments employing a larger number of workmen, and in which dittercnt aiticles aro manufactured, which might be considered as forming distinct and ■eparate enterprises, it may bo an advantage to interest the workmsm. not only in cho general profits, but in the profits of the branch of work he is engaged in. 471 |). c(inS70.cH)0 THIRD QUESTION. May not participation too nairowly restricted to the supplementary profit, which in each icorkshop may result in exceptional economies of time, material or fire, be apt to become confounded with bonuses, and orer-salaries paid from the (jcneral expenses ? Has not this latter system the disadvantage in certain cases of leading to the over- driving of the workman ? REPORTER : MONS. ABEL DAVAUD. (Member of tlie Syndicate of Accountants and of the Committees of admission to the Exhibition ot Social Economy). Wo can scarcely understand the possibility of participation by workshops in lar^-e establislmionts with their risks and industrial lequircnients. Our opinion in principle, and under reserve, as to the examination of the resolution ])i'()p()sed by the reporter of the second question, is that the protits resti'icted to those ])roduced by the workshops, office or other branch are contingent in their nature, protitablo or not, according to the participant's occupation according as he is occupied at a work which is productive or otherwise, ami above all, if the work is paid for from the amount ot general expenses, which is always averse to disl»ursement. How can accountants, walking clerks, have a part in the participation, they whb are not producers of goods to be sold at a profit? Thus understood, workmen work- ing liy the piec can idone he the real participants. Participation must theiefore not be inuuguiated by means of an}- system which shall tend to encourage indivudal interests instead of tiuit larger union of men and things which is the very essence of participation. In a general way, every system of industry of oui day requires two princii)al and essentinal agencies, without which no production is possible — that is to say, Cajtital ami Labor; and the same in the division of profits, satisfaction must be given these two indispensable factors. 1st. Labor produces, represented by the wages received, which are equivalent to a capital invested in the enterprise, and in that right receives a dividend in j)ro- portion to its importance. 2nd. Capital for what it is, receiving its share for the support it alfords labor i»ecomes by right first sharer. We now pass to the second part of our particular pro- gramme, regretting that the limits allowed us in discussing this question prevent us from dovoloping our scheme tor a practical system of participation. In the convention ot the learned societies which took ])lace a few years ago, the subject of participation came under discussion and met with opposition under the ]iretext that associating workmeii in the master's profits led to the interference of the workmen in the business of the establishment, to avoid which a manner of work- ing was projiosed, and much lauded, which was to give profit to both parties whilst avoiding any impi'udent compromise. The means proposed was Labor premiums and extra Salaries. This is what this system of work, which is otfered as an etfectivc means of par- ticipation, leaving all free, consists in : A master has a large order to till for a cer- tain date and ofi'ers exce|)tional conditions to his workmen, saying: " I pay }'ou 10 francs the jtiece ; I will give you 12 trancs for the same (puuitity, on condition that you do 150 pieces in the time you generally tAke to do 100. " The proposal is a tempting one to energetic men earning small wages. Th"" sct to work. Some few among them succeed in accomi)lishing the task, but it is woll it does not last long. The strain comes, the strongest alone resist it, and even there it is thanks to the stimulant ])rocured at the wine-sellers ; the othei's, the weaker ones, are soon foundered, and the druggist receives the sui'plus of the wages earned in the struggle to accomplish a woi'k beyond their physical strength. It is another matter when the extra salary is given, not for overwork, but as an encouragement to save the raw material, fire and use of tools, it is in this sense it becomes a real benefit to both workmen and master. Railway mechanics and engi- neers in factories are generally given an interest in saving grease and firewood. I'll ! 472 But how can this system of work be called participation pa)' excellence ? What solidarity is there in this mode ? In what manner are the men and their master associates ? Moreover, this custom of paying extra wages for extra work, which was cited at the convention of the learned societies as bein^;^ in general usage in another country, is really only in use in a certain number of forges and manufactories. Nevertheless, in Paris, as elsewhere, the system of extra wages is applied in an acci- dental way. Night work, overtime given when iho inventory is taken, or work done at irregular times, has been customary, ami always will be done; but it has iievei' occurred to either workmen or masters to call the over-wages thus earned, participa- tion in the profits. 8U0OESTEI) RESOLUTIONS. The International Congress is of opinion : That in a general way profit-sharing is a moans of remuneration much to be pre- ferred to any other system of awarding supplementary earnings. That the system of bonuses, except for workshops, where thcj' are given for saving in raw material or fire, may lead to the over-driving of the workman, and that, in any case, considered in its relation to Capital and Labor, it can never jw^sesses the moral influence of participation. FOURTH QUESTION. When sti/ndated participation, whether united or not to the business profits proper, leads to the fixing of a determined amount, docs it not even, tvhen the master's authority is beyond dispute, offer the icorkinan the guarantee of a controlling influence on the accounts by means of an expert accountant. Thus organized, does not stipulated participation offer the advantage of obliging the business-man himself to keep a regular system of accounts .- Is it not adapted to facilitate the transferrance of the establishment into the hands of the staff, by preparing it for transformation into a co operatic e association of produc- tion "? Is not this transformation still better prepared for irhen theicorkman, having become shareholders, share in the losses, if there be any, as well as in the profits. REPORTER : MONS, OOFFINON (El).). (Former Contractor for Public Works, one of the founders, and Vice-President of the Society for Profit-sharing, Member of the Committees for admission of the group of social Economy). Gentlemen, — This is one of the most important questions before the Congress; the restricted limits of this report would be altogether insulHcient were the subject to be treated with the breadth it requires. During the extra parliamentary enquiry intr labor societies of 1883, bj'- the Minister of the Interior, a great number of witnesses wore heard, a number of whom criticised the system of participation. Among other observations of a like nature was one lelating to the exclusive right reserved to themselves by the heads of a house, whether industrial or commei'cial, or b}' the director of an establishment, to take stock whenever they see fit, without allowing the participants or the working partners in cooperative establishments to intervene in a matter so important as regards the shai-es to be divided. All these depositions taken at that enquiry are consigned to the first and second volume which deserves to be consulted. The last sitting of the first session of the Commission of Enquiry took place on June lUth, 1883, and it was only on January IGth, 1885, that it met again to complete its labors. In his speech on January 19th, 18S5, Mons. Waldeck-Eousseau, Minister oftho Interior, drew special attention to the results, us shown by the enquiry, of participa- 478 ? What •niiister ich was another ivctorios. an acci- irk clone as iievoi- arlicipa- to be pre- given for ."and that, sesses the Its proper. i authority ice on the M'ujing the the hands of produc- ing become )8ident Congress ; subject 3, by the of whom CO natuie cads of a "iraent, to working )rtant as |nd second )n of the Janiiai-y Iter of the Participa- tion in the profits by a large number of establishments of various industries, in par- ticular, in the house of Loclair, where this system was first practically established and wheie it has been persevered in. The supplementary leport of the enquiry, foims a third volume, printed by the firm of Chaix k Co., and is to bo found in their lil)rary, 20 Borg^ro street. Any one desiring to become acquainted with the subject should read tins volume. ^lons. diaries Robert, at the session on the 21st .January, treated exhaustively the subject ot sti])ulated participation from a legal jtoint of view. Ills deposition contains no less than 32 pages, large in-folio, giving in conclusion a proposition in law, which must do awa}' with any doubt on the subject of participation and co-ope- rative associations for production as regards interference or control ovorthe accounts. Fiom this dejiDsititJn, wcsro taken all the aj)p:aist'nients produced at the enquiry, and in certain ditlcrent publications, and according tn wliich participation would be a simple aci of generosity, and not a contract curtailing rights and obligations. It refers to legal judgments, in which tlio matter has been ditlcrenily interpreted, and declares that if the master of an establishment was, in the first instance, moved by sentiment of genei'osily in forming the contract, the contract none the less creates positive rights for the ])urtic'ipants who, not being responsible for loises, cannot bo compared to shareholders in an anonymous or in a limited ])ai'tnership. And the witne s eoncludes with these words to the Commission of lOnquiry : "I believe, gentlemen, that 1 may, wilhmit eAaggeration, assert that on the solu- tion of this quest on, depends wholly the future ]»;irtieipation in profit-* of workmen ;in(i employees. In order that participation may bo established and spread, it is a necessity that the master of an establishmeni, or the director of a com|)any, he not exposed, asa consequence of the particii>:iti<)n granted by iiim. to the ])ossibility of a demand from the employees or workmen to inlerfere in llu' accounts. The I'ight to examine the accounts by an expert-accountant, as is done in the establishment of Fox, Head tS: Co., at Middlesborough (Kngland). and by Messrs. Barbas, Tassart & Balas, contractors for Public Works at Paris, and by the firm of Thuillier Bros., appears to give unlimited satisfaction to the participants or co-operatives, and also a sense of security to the ])roprietor or director of an estab- lishment as regards a possible demand for interference, and as a consequence an attack on the master's authority. Is not this control of accounts to be preferred to the chance of other trouble-, of the dangers we have noted?" In answer to this first (piestion of liie programme, let us say at once that any industry, Uxige or small, in which is not kept a legular system of accounts, greatly lessens its chances of success, book-keeping being the fundamental liasis on which all turns. None of the financial pai't of any business, the general expense, the amount of returns, its stock-taking at the end of the commereial term, can be kept going regulai'ly without a good system of accounts. Without such a system the liusinoss is given over to chance, to the unforeseen. It is a ship on a long voyage without a compass. In a system of well-kept books general expenses are charged only as a remnant of the accounts. The first allows the chief to understand his situation from day to day; the second gives only an approximate idea, which is always deceptive. Any firm intending to establish participation among its start' must, first begin ly organizing a complete and regular system of accounts, if it has not one already; otherwise, participation must not be thought of — it is impracticai)le. It has b"en shown b}- the firm of Barbas, Tassait i^ Halas, whose accounts have lieen inspc^eted by an expert-accountant since 1884 — about five inventories — that this inspection offers no inconveniences, and, moreover, was not asked for by the staff; (m the contrary, when first proposed to the start' it was refused, they declaring that their confidence in their master was in no wise diminished. It was found necessary, in order to make them accept the innovation, to prove to them that the sifetj' of the establishment required it, which was true. There is, therefoi-e, safety only in a regular system of accounts, and in having it controlled by an expert-accountant. 474 '11 ■it Tho answer to the second question is very simple : " Thus orfjanizod, does not stinulatod participation attord tiio advantage of obliging tho business man himself to keep a regular system of accounts ? Is it not adapted to facilitate tho f ranstorcnco of tho establishment into the hands of the statf, by propaiing it for transformation into a co-operative association of production ?" We have already said that participation should not be thought of, and still less CO-oporation, unless a regular system of accounts bo kept. Had the regular organization of work no other merit than this it would still have done good service to our industries. As regards tho passing of a business into tho hands of another, the difficulties are already too well known to our heads of industries, and these difficulties continue, and will still continue to increase. Facility of transport, and of means of communication, has greatly increasetl competition in our imlustries, a competition that is both national and internatioiud, and that shows no signs of abating, but rather the contrary. Cajiitalists are not scarce in France, but onr manufacturers, to whom credit is more or less a matter of necessity, experience at the outstart, some difficulty in tinding lenders. Then, if the desired loan is effected, and the borrowers chance to have no particular security to offer, their account for general expenses is largely increased by reason of the amount of inteiest they are obliged to pay. This entails a })roportioiiato rise in the price of the goods they have to orter for sale, and gives them but a poor chance of succe>s in their struggle with competition. But this is not the greatest difficulty they have to contend with; that lies in the impossibility of securing perma- nent intellectual and manual help at regular normal wages, such as would enable tho establishment to maintain a regular rate of production, and realizing moi'o or loss profit. This is the i)roblem to be solved, ono which most iiitimidatos the sons of manufacturers destined to succeed in thoii' father's business, and they luiturally prefer any other career than that indicated to them. And so \Ve see fewer and fewer cases of sons succeeding their fathers, the more especially if the latter have acquired wealth. Where, outside the stalfemployed in his house, can a manufacturer who is of an age to retire from business seek a successor ? Profit-sharing atfords stability, ami ha'> ing once conferred this great benefacticm on his workmen, a careful master should see that they are taught their business technicall}-, and above all given an ojiportunity to ac(iuire that knowledge of management so requisite in a large business. His life will thus be passed amid capable fellow-laborers, whom he is preparinif to succeed him, and one of the greatest sources of enjoyment to an elderl}' person is to witness the prosperity of the business he has founded, and to have secured the hap- jiiness of those who have worlced there. The Messrs. Locdaii- are notable examples of this kind of success in their undertakings. Messrs. Laroche-Joubert and Crodin in their manufactories, and Mr. Boucicault in commerce, when he organized profit-shar- ing in the Bon March<5. These three examples are a sufficient answer to the second question. The third question is put in this way: "Is not this transformation still bettor prepared for when the workmen, having become shareholders, share in the losses, if there be any, as well as in the pi'ofits?" In the four establishments above mentioned, the participants are perforce pro- ])rietors of part of the ca))ital. They thus share proportionately in the losses, which is always the best way to arouse their interetit in the work. In our answei-s to the Commission of Enquiry ,ve have already stated that wo consider profit-sharing as a necessary practical education in business economy, paving the way to co-ojierative pi'oduction with every chance of success. The four firms above mentioned are cases in point, particularly the Maison Leclaire. In concluding. we regret to have not one single example to offer of the transference of an agricul- tural business by means of profit-sharing, as we have been enabled to do in enterprise, manufacture and commerce. In the prout-shai'ing pavillion on the Esplanade des Invalides (Exhibition of Social Economy) contains but one agricultural establishment, that of Mr. Bignon, at 476 , does not ,n himself lUHforonco f'uriniition 1 Btill loss vould still (UtficultioH ■I continue, incroascd ernational, m credit is y in timliiig to hiivo no icreased by oportionate but a poor the greatest rina; porma- l enable the more or less 1 the sons of •y natui'ally er and fewer ive acquired who is of an al>ility, and aster should opportunity H. s prepai'inij; ■ |icrson is to rod the hap- le examples nd Godin in 11 pi'ofit-shar- Imen, having le pi'otitd? lerforce pi'O- losses, which II ted that we |omy, paving four linns concluding. an agricul- lii enterprise, Ixhibit'on of [•. Bigiion, at Theneuilic, in the Allior, remarkable alike for its organization and its continued success. We may therefore hope that his example will seive as a model, a study, for other agriculturists, and that at tlu! next exhibition this industry, the mother of all others, will also have advanced with the march of progress. Whence arises such povervy of organization of labor and |irotit-sharing in agri- culture? One of the committee of the societv of protit-nharing, Mr. Cazeneuve, an agricultural proprietor, reporter on the question, has every means of answering. A pamphk"!t can be procured from the g lardian of tht^ pavillioii of the Society which treats of ])rotit-.shariiig in fai'niing. One of its leading articles relates to the subject of this re])ort. The reason is. that few agriculturists have any system of accounts, and those that have, have a very inconipleie and defective one. We can only repeat that under these circumstances profit-sharing is utterly impossible. Agricultm-al bookkeeping shoidd therefore form one siilijcct of our deliberations. An ap])eal has been made to noted men, and a nundicr of models of a system of agricultural book- ki'oping have been sent to the pavillicm of proiit-shiiring. Tlie system of Mons. Vie.ille is in particular worthy of the attention of all agriculturists. SUOGKSTEIt UESOI.UTION. The International Congress is of opinion that : 1st. That t'le control of accounts by an ex]tert accountant named by the partici- pants every year in capacity. 470 In largo industries participants can have no causo for apjirohonsion ; those indus- tries arc rogularly conHtitiitod and tlioir rules slipuiato tlio amount of salary to lie paid niiinayors, diroctors and onginoers, as also tlio yearly amount of siiilting fund. Till) ailvaiilatjcs f^rantcd tlio participating staff aro also s])ocitiod in foitain articles. and tlio conditions clearly given. The regular system of l)ook-keoping is also war- ranty for the fultilniont of the contract, which cannot bo infringed without entailing Horious responsibilitioH. In a private enterprise, whore the chief himHolf as'^umos all management, the matter bears a different aspect. In fact, if the chief wish to make a truly equitable division he is forced to proceed as though there e.visted a deed of agieomont between himself and his workmen. Ho is obliged to consider his own omolunients, thestock, material, cash and capital. This capital would give interest at a rate calculated at fVom 5 to C) per cent. No serious difficulty would bo experienced in settling the amortissemenf, which will vary between 5 and 10 jier cent., according to the impor- tance of the business. Then comes the amount to be assessed before any division is mado for expenses of management. How are those expenses to be calculated ? That the chief's emolumor.ts are to l)e atl'ectcd by the fluctuations of good and bad years is not to be thought of for a moment ; it. therefore becomes necessary to seek some invariable basis on which to found them. The share to be given the owner of the capital seems to be clearly inilicated ; it is generally based on the ini- fiortanco of the business dono; on account of business risks, wo have already cali-u- atod bis interest at a fairly remunerative rate, and therefore it seems but just thai the chief should receive as salary a sum of only 3 to ,'> per cent, on the capital he has invested, which amount, being about what he would require for his daily needs, may bo compared to the workmen's wages. Add to which, that a master willing to reduce his monthly assessments tinds in the incieasod amount of profits to be divided at the end of the year, a full remunei'a- tion for his services as director. It may be objected that as certain industries require but a small amount of capital, the results of the proposed s^'stom would be that the chief's renumeration would no longer be proporiionate to the services rendered by his administrative mind and his experience. Therefore in the scheme of profit-sharing which I myself have chosen, 1 have not omitted to calculate in the owner's share the valuation of the capital, which I have found to be a simple means of calculating the intellectual value of him whoso personal influence is a ilirect factor in the success of the enterprise. It has often been stated that profit-sharing is a necessary and preliminary stage to productive co-operation, and tho correctness of the assertion is proved when a system of accounts is being prepared in an establishment by which to introduce profit-sharing ; the scheme of book-keeping is necessarily that em])lo3'ed in a real association. Finally, it is essential that from tho very starting of a business each factor should be recognised and particularized, for is not the most perfect contract that in which all difficulties have been foreseen, and nothing remains but to overcome them without discussion. We are led by these considerations to tho following conclusions : SUGGESTED RESOLUTION. That the International Congress is of opinion that, when practicable, and as far as possible, in order to strengthen the guarantees offered to participants in stipuiatetl profit-sharing, certain rules in regard to inventions should be introduced. SIXTH QUESTION. Should the division of profits be made at so much in the franc, of amount of salary or wages without distinction f Or, on the contrary, should the division be made in accordance with the position held or icith length of service f 477 so inrtus- ll'y to 1)0 inu; iiiiul. 1 ivrtielos, uIko war- ontiiiling Tient, tho oquitablo t butweon theHtook, Milatetl at Ltling the ho impor- Uvision is :ecl? 'j^ood aiul cosHary to ifjvon tho 1)11 tlio im- ady calf 11- t just that ital lio hart loodH, may its finds in remunora- lamount oi' umeration ativemind lyselt' have ion of the tual vahie erprirto. iiarystage 1 when a introduce in a real ladi factor let that ill lome them Inclusions : lind as far ■itipulated Reporter : Mr. Tut.eu. (Former I'lipii of the Polytechnic School, T3'po Founder and Member of tho Com- mittees of Admission to tho Groni) of Social Kcononiy.) Tiio memhors of a co-onoriitivo association mav bo divided into two chixses: The first includes employees and workmen whose duties and work are alwuy« tho samo, and are paid for by allowanccH or wu^es mo invariable as to bo called tixed. The other is eom])osed of the foremen or ehiofs of tho service, whose responsi- bility is of moro or le.'-s iniportance. It may be said that in both classes tho sorvices are gauged by tho amount received as salary or allowance, and in that case it appears just and right that tho division siioiild lie made at so niueli in the franc of the wages and allowancfs, witli- oiit distinction. And this division would be e'luitable were it not that besides tho services remunerated by regular wages or allowances, there uro others of a ditl'ejont char- actor. Let us examine the first class, and soo what is the intliionce of good workineii and employees on tho goneial profits, npui't from any idea of participation. It is an indisputable fac that a good workman or employee who wastes no time at his work reduces to a certain extent the general e.\})enses and increases the amount of profits. Conse(|iiontly. a workman assiduous at his wt)rk, by that mere fact increases tho jirofits of the business. It seems just, therefore, that a certain amount of the profits should be awarded to diligence backed by length of service. Diligent workmen co-opei-ating together in a common effort to faeilita'e tho division of labor among the men in the workshoi), and work is thus accomplished without over-haste or loss of time. This guarantees superior workmanship, from which follow higher prices an«^ Si, n^ 6^ rv <> % r^"^^ ^ 478 SEVENTH (QUESTION. 7s it to be preferred that the amount of profits to be divided, either whole or in part, should, by some means, be created a saving for the future benefit of the participants, to the payment beini] made in specie ? U. If the answer be in the affirmative, must life rents be abolished in order to arranqe for the creation of a patrimony for the participant's family, as has been done by M. DeCourcy, by means of capitalization at compound interest of the individual books, or by means of insurance'? ill. h there sufficient cause to demand of the Legislature the establishment of a public b((nk in ivhich may be placed the collective sttcinys arising from participation, cooperation, subsidies from masters, and syndical taxes and other sources f Eeporter: Mr. Albert Trombert. (Sub-chief of the publishinu; office of the Chaix Printing Establishment, Secretary of the Society for the Study of Profit-sharing.) The first argument to be brought forward in favor of a scheme of saving, •destined to assure the workmen's future, is tlio need there is to lessen the workjnan's anxiety for that future. As profit-sharing is not supplementary salary, it would seem wise to devote the surplus amount thus given to j)roviding for the future. We readily admit that the shai'cs of divided profits paid in cash are, in general, usefully employed in providing real, and sometimes urgent, requirements; but, are not those needs likely to bo still more urgent when the day comes that the workman's strength will leave him and he is unable to earn wages? It has been answered in objection that the workman must be left to provide for his own future; that having once awakened his zeal and diligence by the promise of a share in the profits, he must receive that thare in cash, and not bo made to wait ii more or less extended length of time; that any olhor proceeding subjects him to a sort of guardianship derogatory to his dignity. This objection appears lo us to be purely theoretic when a man has but restricted means — very frequently scarcely sufficient for the daily necessaries of life. A vast amount of moral courage is roquiretl to devote to the Savings Bank that money on which tiiero are so many pi-essing and instant demands. In such circumstances one has to raise one's mind above such secondary con.-'iderations, and see but the end to he attained —security for the old age of the workman or employee worn out by hibor. Let the owner of a book in the (roneral Insurance Company, or a pensioner in the DeBerny foundry be asked whether his pride is at all wounded when in his old age he entoi's into the possession of that provident fund that saves, or helps to save him from want. Therefore, wlien a workman's share of the pi'ofits is paid him in cash, an opportunity is lost — by means of a lemuneration which does not affect his wagos — of providing by a saving fund for the future. On thj other hand, an eloinoiit is introduced into his present budget, variable in its nature, and of which he will keenly feel the privation when a bad jear occurs, and there are no profits to bo divided. As profits are subject to the fluctuations of business, the I'csults of profit-sharing cannot be foreseen with any certainty, i\or are thoy without danger noted beforehand for necessaiy I'oquirements. An accumulation of them, on tlie contrary, ensures that sacred provision for old ago which is the dream of every good workman, and to attain which, it will readily bo undei-stood, he is willing to deny himself some present enjoyment. We must also take into account the inlluenco cash payments, if extensively practised, would have on the rate of wages. In reference to this, Mr. do Courcy says: " If possession of a share in the profits were given immediately and continued from year to year, profit-sharing would become a more supplementary salary, and as a consequence would re act on the rate of wages with a tendency to lower them. mmmmmiimm 479 or in part, cipants, to n order to 5 been done individual htnent of a rticipation, lent, 3 of savins;, workman's y, it would the future. in general, ments; but, los that tho It has been for his o'wn u'omise of a le to wait a jects him to I pears lo us frequently It of moral Ivhich there one has to |o oMtl to be ui by labor. oner in the |i in his old r helps til I in cash, an (t his wages an element of whii'li I ere are no Visiness, the lliey without J of them, on lim of every |s willing to Ihe intluencu Id continued salary, and Lower them. Capital being spurred on by trade competition wouKl be led to diminish tho fixed remuneration of handiwork. Were it to resist the intluenec labor itself, attraeteil l>y profit-sharing, would offer for itself for rebatemont (1)." Mr. de Courcy's far-i'each- ing consideration has a vei-y serious bearing, for profit-shai'ing would lose all value were it to cause a reduction in wages. From whatever point of view we look at the subject, the most profitable pro- ceeding for tho workman seems to be to devote his profits to a provident reserve fund. On the other hand, the master finds in this system a wai'rant for the stability of his staff, and a provision for his workmen worn cut in his employment or by old age. IT. In our opinion, the formation of a patrimony is much to be preferi ed to a life- rent; it is of a higher I'ank of usefulness and of morality. In fact, how many workmen and employees are altlicted with infirmities incapacitating them from work, and how many die before they have reached the age to retire. And how few are they who, having attained the enjoyment of a pension, have the possession of it for any time worth mentioning! A pension or a right to a pension ends with life; the interest borne by the patrimony is never ending. If the person entitled to it becomes prematurely unfit foi- work, ho has the immediate enjoyment of his share in the provident fund ; suppose he dies befoi'e old age comes on, ho has the comfort of leaving some help from his savings to those he leaves Oehintl him. When profit- sharing was first starteil in the General Insurance Comjian}' tho employees were left their choice of shares for capital or a life rent; and more than five-sixths of the number choose the capital. Mr. de Courcy says : " We see all employees who are heads of families chose the capital in preference to the life-rent." And the v>'ork- men are as ready as the employees to make this choice. Mr. Piat affirms it in regard to his foundry, Mr. Chaix in regard to his printers, and Mr. Gollinon in regard to his roofers. Mr. de Courey says again : "Promise a young man that by I'emaining twenty- five or thirty years in tho service of the same company he will in his old age be granted a retiring pension, and ho will feel very little gratitude for buch a distantly prospective good, which will rather discourage him. Show him his book, in which is entered his fii'st savings, which it depeiuls entirely on himself to discontinue or to increase, and j'ou arouse in him the feelings of a capitalist and of a conservative. The attachment of a small em])loyee for his bank book may in a way be compared to the peasant's love for the few feet of ground he claims as his own " (2). The prospect of leaving a legacy to his family may have a most beneficial influence on tho workman. It is calculated to silence the i)romplings of env}', to put him on his guard against specious theories, and to bind his wishes to things that are serious and siable. liut besides these moral considerations there is an argument in tiivor of patrimony that interests the master himself; it is the danger that may ai'ise f'l'om an opposite sy^tem. And indeed any ])r()niise for retiring pre-supposes a warranty, wliich may be niathtnatically figured out into coiisidei'alile liguros and lay heavy charges on the future. Imlividual accounts have the advan- tage, on the contrary, of giving an exact accountof the real amount of the provident fund belonging to the staff. The establishments which have in a greater or lesser degree disposed ol' tho profits to be shared in the manner approveil of by Mr. ile Courcy, may be divided into three classes. In the first, the share of tho profits is capitalized on imlividual books, to bo eventually paid the workman either at the end of the stipulated pei-iod, or age, or at the end of a certain n (pf iv rrovidciit Fund fur Einiiloyt'cs iiiiil Woikimii, p. 2,Si(. 2. The Institution of I'rovidi'ut Funds for Walivrii'd Men, Emiiloyi'fs and Workmen, \>. 2-4.S 480 course of action have been dolined in a report presou od in 1884 by Mr. Chaix to Congress of the French Ansociatiation for the Advancement of Science. "If t lie master." said Mr. Ciiaix," had only to deal with employees, wi>o understand more clearly the advantages of accumulated savings, and who are naturally more stable, he might retain the entire amount to be divided ; but workmen who do not, in general, take thought to the future, would not believe in the protit-shaiing if they did not every year touch at least a ])ortion of the promts. They would feel persuaded that in l!) in tlie Chaix printing esta- blishment; of $22,100 among the stat^' of Mr. (xounouilhou, Printer, in Bordeaux; of $10, 1!>7 among the staff of Lefranc & Co.'s ink factory at Paris; of $-10,;tO-t in the Pernod Distillery at Pontarlier, etc. It may be easily imagined the benefits these large allocations have spread among the staff, to what affection and fidelity they have given birth, and to how many families they have given comfort. III. On December 16th, 1884, Mr. i\o Courcey and the Hoard of Management of the Society for the Study of I'rotit-sharing maile ademandfor the establishing of a public- bank tor deposits. In a letter then addressed to the Minister of the Interior they gave in full, the arguments in favor of such an institution. (1.) They would have the profits di^tinct from the business assets of the estaiilishnuMits to protect tlicm from the risks uttendanton every industry. The idea has been taken up ; the extra parlianientjiry Commission of Labor Associations has examined and taken it into consideration, whilst at the present time a law is before the Parliament for the estab- lishment of a " tieneral Industrial Agricultural and Commercial Provident Fund." (2.) Private provident funds would still exist and numage their own business ; but they would be secure against all risks. The State akme, fx'om this point of view, seems to offer the required warranty, especially in regarti to the large sums now f():med by the accumulated savings. The Deposit Fund would give workmen a feel- ing of security' and I'eliance in provident institutions, and masters themselves welcome it as a relief from an irksome re.-[)onsibility. SUOGESTED RESOLUTION. The International Congress is of opinion that: 1st. It is advisable to devote as large a portion as possible of the profits awarded the staff. 2nd. That capitalization on individual books, forming an inheritance transmiss- able to the family, is preferable to an annuity. 3rd. Thattheestaolishmentof a ])ublic bank of deposit for collective savings would be calculated to inspire confidence and a feeling of security to interested parties, and is desirable as regards both master aiul workmen. EIGHTH QUESTION. Is not collective profit-sharing, ivhich is intended, by means of a common undivided fund, to provide an aid in the general interest, preferable in certain industrial centres to any gift made separately to the individual i {\.) Seo Bnlli'tin of profit-sharingr Vol. VI, i). 250. (2.) See Volume III of the K.xtriv Parlianiontary enquiry into Labor Associations, -»i*B«wtf,SffiJSU3!i5y the State, and to the simul- taneous institution of mutual aid societies, a large number of which are not content merely to assist their numbers when ill or in want, but assure them besides retii'ing pensions at a certain age. Is a life-rent the best inve.stment for a workman or employee's savings? Is it not readily seen that the premature decease of the pensioner deprives his family of an income frequently of the utmost importance to them ? At the utmost a reveision of a portion of the life-rent to the widow is but an insufficient mitigation of her misery ; and if there be no widow, are there not frequently children or parents, or 20— 31i 4H other (lepomiontR on the ponwionor ? And what in a lifc-ront in reality, when it is mudo up of yearly payments, the jjroceeds of a voluntary economy or of amounts retained from tiio salary or allowances ? It is institutinj^ a capital employed entirely for annuities, if the capital be alienated, or it is utilized for its revenue alone, if the C}i])ilal is reserved. This latter is the use to which it is put in retiring funds for old age, and it is a partial safeguard of the families' interests. But when a life-rent represents a real capital, why is not the owner left the free use of it ? Is ho not the best judge of how to employ it when the time comes for him to enter into the employment of the fruits of his own economy ? There an; two good reasons why tlie State may not, at the present time, adopt this method : F'irst, the State has made, and still makes, an enormous sacrifice in grant- ing life-rents, which are out of proportion to the amounts retained on the salaries, and it must bo assumed that the material ])ros])erity of its old employees, is guaranteed against any ill-use being made of the capital. Then, again, as the State has not pre- served the amounts retained in any s]tecial fund, it lacks the means necessary to pay cajdtal sums instead of rents. But what cannot be done by the State, or for similar reasons, by mutual aid societies, may bo easily accomplished by private firms, or anonymous societies that practice profit-sharing. And, in fact, the i)rotits to be divided, looked at in any way we please, are the result of individual woi'k, are personal property. Antl, except in rare cases, where the amount is em]tloyed exclusively to establish a retiring fund, the share to be divided is paid directly to the stall" in variable proportions, or given them entire in cash, or capitalized on individual books; the amount entered in the book is not generally paid to the ownei's before the iige for retiring, or it is paid to the family in case of decease, and sometimes with certain restrictions as to the use to be made of it. But the result of ain' of these ways of disposing of the amount is the forma- tion of a disposable capital in lieu of a life-rent; it is liberty given the workman to use the fruits of his life's labor to what he believes to be the best advantage. It is, from a social point of view, creating a capital, a power, in opposition to a precarious income contingent on other soui'ces — a weakness. Is this assorting that life-rents should be completely abolished ? Not at all ; there should bo a just balance between the minimum lent needed to provide the necessaries of life ami a patrimon}'^ foi- the famil3-(l); and individuals and mutual aitl societies may easily make use of interest pertaining to the capital reserved for a retiring fund for old age. Houses in which profit-sharing is practised, have, b}' creating a capital, raised the question to a higher level. It no longer relates merely to the more or loss judicious use the interesteil ]tarty may make of his accumulated savings for the gootl of his family, but the family must be guaranteed against loss occasioned by the death of its head, mateiial loss, which is much more deplorable when death strikes him in the full activity of his life than when it comes at the end of his career. Mi'. Charles Ilobort has clearly shown that the real life of a man i-epresents an actual capital, as was established by ancient barbaric codes. (2) In former times the price of blood was valued at variable rates, now it is the wrong done the family. The only I'omody is life insui'ance, for the I'opayment of capital by means of life- rents with reserved capital no more than pays back a sacrifice made, without in any way compensating for loss bj- death ; but the development of this idea among work- men and its being understood by them has always met with great difficulty. In 18b'6 Messrs Dollfus-Mieg & Co, to encourage their workmen, took out life insurance policies to the amount of $2()0 francs each, payable at death, for thirty of their men, themselves assuming the payment of half the premium. Twelve years later not one new policy had been signed (3). Since 18(58 the State has established at very low rates, a life insurance fund ; the maximum insurance was $G00. Medical examination was not exacted, but but the amount of insurance was not payable unless the policy had lasted two years. (1) Sec Lti Rente viaqirc ct la piitriiiwhie, by Prosjjer de Lafitte. Review of Provident Institutii'iij (Miirdi, 1S81).) (2) Conference of Uie Protestant Labor Society (18th January, 1880.) (3) Decennial enquiry on tlie private Initiative Institutions of Alsace. 485 len it IB amounts I entirely le, if the lIs tor old life-rent not the into the me, adopt einu;rant- hiiie!*, and juuranteed lis not pre- ary to pay foi" similar e tirms, or se, are the ises, where hare to bo n entire in 3()ok is not , the family to lie mado \ the forma- /orUman to tai:;e. It in, 1 precarious it life-rents ce between lony for the I3 of interest Ipital, raised re or less ['or the si;<>od j)y the dcatii likes him in Mr. Charles il capital, as [ice of blood leans of Ufe- jhout in any Inong work- It V. lo'k out lite \r thirty of |welvo years tance fund ; cacted, but 11 two years. Lit Institution* In spite of such e.xeeptional advantages, in 1887 onl\' 1,;{91 policies had been taken out, to the amount of 8r)-U,3.'{ri. There is anotiier class of insurance ludoni^ing to this fund ; it is in favor of mutual aid societies, which can insure all tlieir members for $20t) each without rcgaixl to a^e or health, hy a coih>ctive policy renewable yearly. At the end ot' ISSl!, "It members oi\ly on a total of ove: (i.dOO then belonging to such societies, had taken advantage of tiio inducements otVcred, which was extremely fortunate for the State which experienced great losses through these insurances. In England, which \h par excellence the country of insurances, the Government has even, by means of liie Post Otticc Savings l?aidose ot the amount according as the deceased policy holder has, or has not, left direct lieirs or persons dependent on him ; if the amount is not thus claimed it is jiaid to the aid fund. The other insurance company referred to, is the Union, which had long ago established the principle that a portion of the profits should be used in insurance liy giving its employees in both its branches, Fire and Lite, policies at half premium 111 (litferent forms, besides the shares in the profits given them directly, and a right Id the retiring fund which might be granted them. Since 1887 protit-sharing has lieon regulated by issuing individual books in which is entered the amount of protit- sluire, and the sum retfined on sala.y, in the other way by payment of policies (1. ) See StatutPH of Mulhtnise Workinginen's Insurance Conii)any, .ilso nuxlels of insurance policies in \ 111. IV' of Bill/dill lie hi pnrticijiatiim, )>. !I3. (2.) These resuliH were given us l)y the Insurance Company called the Baloise. See enquiry of ISHT) hy Mnn.s. Charle.s Kolx'rt, Vol. N'll, Jiiillitin ilc la participation, p. 76. Of 103 jiolicies issued, 40 proceed from till' I'fastatt establishment of Mr. Lalance. 486 in inixod iiiNuranco, piiyiililo at 55 ycai-H of atj:o, half the amount of promium only luunt; i)ay:il)l(» l>y thti holdtM- of tlio |)olicy, tho other liulf hein^ puyiililo liy the niaa- iigcmi-nl. Tlio amount of tlui policy in ^1,(100 in the ho^innin^, and may bo raiHod to $1,5(M) by HUccesHivo amountH of $100 each, whenever the employee is iiromoted or his Halnry raised. The hif(h rate of mixed insurance may also ho an obHtacIo to its adoption ; nevor- tliclesH when the revenue is variahlo such as that proceedinj^ fn;m jiiotit-sharinir, miy;lil not the sacritice made, he a little largei- in view of the imj)ortant and imme- diate advantages this form of insurance guarantees both for the present and for the future? The average ix^a is ."iO, the yearly premium is Sd for an insurance of ^lidO, payalde at (Jt) years ot age, which is about ^0.50 to $(l.(iO per month. There W')uld also bo means ot combining, under various forms siiital)le to the ilitlerent estahlisli- ments in which they are used, mixed insurance with other provident funds, ca])itali- zation of amount of insurance oi- life rents. As regards assuraiices in case of decease, life insurance companies alone can. at the present time, on account of tho large business done by them, act as intermedia- ries, individuals or industrial companies and otter them absolute guarantees for investing their reserve. It is otherwise as regards life-rents, any provident society may, in this matter, constitute itself theoretically an insurance company; and it is not even a tiction; any mutual aid society is a society for insurance against illness, accidents, and want of work, <\:c. ; the sole ditlorenco proceeds from prices attached to certain lisUs which are naturally inferior to those of an assurance comj)any, hut as regards the examinatior. and the engagement entered into, the method is precisely the same. Whether these societies for mutual aid operate alone, or in groups accord- ing to their number, they must be possessed of a capital representing at the end of each year, the amounts of the life-rents to be paid their actual pensioners, or to those of their members who will eventually become such, that is the rrscrvc ; otherwise their ])romises and the engagen)ents entered into aro absolutel}' delusive. Those societies alone which pay over to the old age fund or imlividual books, the share allotted each member, aro exempt from this care, but it is passed over to the old age fund, and in su"h case tho pensions entered correspond to a taritt' arranged in accoid- ance with tables of death rates. How can societies which |)romise life-rents ot a detei-mined value be alone relieved from these essential conditions of warranty ? Many among them have met with bitter experience on which there is the loss need for us to dwell, as a special commission has Just been named by the Minister of tho Interior to examine the balance sheets and enquire into the resources of mutual aid societies. SUGGESTED RESOLUTION, Ist. Mixed insurance is pieferahle to any other kind. 2nd. Eetiring pensions and life-rents should always be in accordance with taritl's and established according to tables of death rate. ELEVENTH QUESTION. Could not the amount of profits to be divided, be, to a certain extent, tiscfullij emploi/ed to encourage individual savinyn hy the grant of an exceptional rate of interest, or bi; advancing money to the workman to assist him in the purchase of a house ? Eeporter: Mons. Aug. Lalance. (Formerly Manufacturer of Pfastatt, Alsace.) When the average protits of an enterprise do not allow a suflScient individual share to the statf, or when tho statt' is numerous, individual shares are sometinu'H replaced by a collective subsidy. 487 Wo propose to seek tlio l)c«t nioariH of ntilizin^ tho iimonrit of this colliictivo sliJiro, tlmt is, tlic inoiiiiH that will jjivt* llio ^rciilost and most usofiil result. It is ovitlciit that of Movoral (lilloront uhoh that can ho made of it, |H'fforoiice nhoultl bo i^ivcn to that which, at oqtial outlay, will produoo tlio lar^OHt ivsiiltH. Kx|i<'ri('rici' proves tliat ordinary Saviiif^s HankH are not inueh putronizod by workini^nion cmiiloycd in nianufactoritis. There are three roaBons tor this: Ist. The hiich minimum of deposits; 2nd. The low rate of interest; 3r(l. The time lost for (le|)OHit8 and withdrawing. This last point above all, is a serious eonsidorution in eities where the distances are loiii^, and whore the workman often loses half a day's work ^oinj^ to the Savings IJank. ■ A lemedy has boon sought for this inconvenience by establishing a Savings Hank spvtial to the establishment in every factory. There is no minimum ; the smallest sum i.s' received. The rate of interest is G per cent on all sums under 8t'0, and 4 per cent, on sums of from 800 to $200. \t has not appeared necessary to receive sums higher than 8200 from the same depositors, as he can (Misily tind investments for such. In some estalilishmenlsa higher late of interest still isallowed on first deposits; oven 12 per cent, or 1 per cent, per month on deposits of less than $20. But the greatest inducement to workmen to patronize the saving fund of the factory, is that doi)osits are received on pay-day, at the very time the wages are paid, and consequently (here is no loss ot time to complain of. That is a main point, and one that produeetl groat results. Thus in an establishment in Alsace, employing 1,100 workmen, not ono had opened an account at the .Municipal Savings Haidv. In 1881 a special Bank was organizeil on the basis indicated by the ru" ?s given below. Dui'ing these eight years the deposits amounted to $28,8.'il 20 Interest 2,2(i(; 00 $;u,()!t7 so Withdrawn 21,40(; 40 In December 31st, 1888, there remained 8_!l,'i!)l_40 belonging to 131 depositors. But this amount was not the whole amount of the saving accomplished by means of the Bank, and the ease with which ileposits could bo made. Of the amounts withdrawn, one-half only was used for food and rent. Tho other half was used to purchase property, fields and houses. Tho Bank thei-o, in eight years, really produced a capital of S20,000 which, without it, would never have been saved. And what did tho establishment sacrifice to produce this result ? Wo see that it paid $2,2(!(!.(!0 in interest, at on average rate of 5 per cent. Admitting that the factory cannot secure a higher rate of interest than 3 per cent, on tho capital it invests, there was, therefore, a balance of $900 borne by the establishment. Thus 80.20 granted by tho establishment accomplished a saving of $4.40. There is consequently a useful result of considerable value. It is certain that all wage-earners can economise, and save a part of their regular wages to form a small capital for themselves. Expei'ionce goes far to show that habits of thrift are easily encouraged by these small savings, that in matters of this kind to begin is all the difficulty. We must, however, observe that tho Savings Bank referred to above are only to bo recommended in establishments able to give full security for tho funds entrusted to them. 488 Anotlior wiiy of omployinj^ colloctivo pnititH to iidvantu^o, is liy liolpini,' workinyini'ii in tlio ])iircliiiHo of a house. In tlio lalioriii^ towns so far estiildishoil moiiov >;onerally brinj^s 4 per cent, per annum and sonietinics f) percent. It is ovident that a society estahlishod for the pui'iJOHO of buildiiijr houses and seliini^ tliein on tinio can hardly fi;ive more. Hut I'stahiisiiments which ever}' year dispose of the amount of protits to ho shared may easily oiler to huiid houses for their workmen, (diarj^ing them hut 1 or 'J per cent, for advances maile them. They may **ven refuse toe,har;,'e any interest. Supposing,' that a liouso of the valiie of "^^IXIO was it question, it would take 'Jl years to pay for it at the rate ot 8(1 a month, if interest were at the rate ot 5 per cent.; 1(1 years it interest at 2 |)er cent., and 15 years only if no interest charged. In tho^e districts where huildini^ materials are not too expensivi> the ac(iuisition of a house is the manner ot saviufj; most pleasini^ to tlie worUnum, probahly heeauso from the very tirst his are the enjoyal)lo feelinifs of a proprietor. It is also noticed that there is a tendeiuy to free the proport}' hy BUpplementary puynu'ntB besides the obligatory. As an example 1 will cite a group often houses in Aleaco built bj' the owners of a factory for their workmen. The obligatory redeeming rent was to be ^2,800 in six years; in reality it wa.s $5,400, that is the purchasers paul S2.000 more than they were obliged to pay in that time. These 8r),4(K> saved in six years by ten purchasers cost very little to the firm who advanced the money at 3 per cent, interest. Th'S is indisputably the invest- ment that produces the greatest possible useful I'esult at the least possible expense ; it is the most powi'rful encouragement to thrift. But it is ajjparent that it can be applied to a small number of workmen only. The Savings Jiank is of a more general usefulness. These two moans may, therefore, work simultaneously, and are probably the best use to which collective profit-sharing may be put, because it is the one that best encoura";08 individual thrift. APPENDIX, REGJLATIONS CONCERNING THE SAVINGS BANK. Art. 1. In order to enable workmen to invest, at interest, that portion of their pay of which they have no immediate need, ALessrs. Scha>tl'er, Lalance k Co., will, on the 1st of .iune, 1881, institute a special savings bank for their establishment. Art. 2. Any foreman or workman has a right to deposit any sum at their dispo- sal on the Saturday on which payment is made. The deposit will be made in each workshop, a cashier specially appointed for the purpose will give a receipt. Art. i>. Any sum over SO. 10 will be received. It is, however, expressly stipulated that the deposits belong to the depositor^', and that the dejjositors ai'e not to make use of borrowed names. Art. 4. Interest at 6 per cent, per annum will be given on amounts so deposited, as long as the amounts do not exceed SCO; when the sums deposited exceed $60, the rate of interest will be 4 per cent. only. Art. 5. No depositor is allowed to have an account of more than $200 in the hank. Art. 6. Any one wishing to withdraw all, or a portion of their deposit, should, on the Satui'day pay-da}', notify the cashier, who will give them an order by means of which they will be paid the amount at the office, eight days after receipt ot the order. Art. 7, Any foreman or workman leaving the establishment, must withdraw his deposit. If he fails to do so, he loses all right to interest from the date of his depart- ure. He is at liberty to have his amount paid over to any bank he shall designate in writing. mmmmmmmm 489 cent, pof d for tho DtitH to l»o hut 1 •)!• '^ iilorost. 1(1 liiko'il to Ot 5 IKT iciHiisitioii ily liocaiise iloinenttu-y J owners of ility it WiiH lo l)ay in to the firm tho invest- e expense ; \cn only. •obttbly tho no tiiat bot^l ion of their Co., will, khnient. Ithoir dispo- Ido in eaoli |)t. [deposit oir^, deposited, Ixceed 8*30, |in 8200 in should, on means of the oi-dor. Ithdraw liis lis dopait- .^signate in Art. 8. In the event of tho depositor's death, tlio full amount of his deposit with interest up to date, will ho paid over to his heirs or ussitrns on ])roof of their claim. Chateau ilo Pfastatt, May L'Olh, 1S8I. Signed : Scii.kkkeh, Lalance tS: Co. fllKlOESTEU RESOU rtoN. The international Congress is of opinion that tho amount of proHts to he shared, may ho very usofiiUy omployod to oncourairo individual saving, or to ad- vance money to the workman to assist him in tho purciiasu of a hou.se. TWIOLFTH QUESTION. /s not profit-tiharing n means of facilitatiiuj professional instrin'fion by reason of the stafiilitij of workmen who iire hcinfs of famiUes ^ And rcii/irordllij arc, not the good u-orkincnformcd by the jirop:ssion(il teaching yiren in the estiihlishment likely to lead to the founding and maintaining of j)rojit-sharing in an industrial estatdishvunt I Rei'okter: Mr. Beuoin. (Director of tho competitive examination of apprentices in the former Maison Loclairo.) Is not profit-sharing a means of facilitating ])rofossional instruction hy roason of the stability of workmen who arc fathers of families? Such are the teims in whieh is cxpressoil the twelfth question given by rule of the Congress, to whi(di 1 have the honor to reply. Before treating directly of tho matter of the ([Ucslion, it appears to mo to be necessary first, to discover why workmen are not steady to one place. The instability of workmen is often coniplained of, and. no doubt, it has long been an incontestable fact. Nevertheless, from a certain point of view, there is nothing extraordinary in the fact, and this is why ; What has been done of any importance on one part or the other to repair this evil, to avoid this continual change of workmen, to suppress wandering from work- shop to workshop so injurious to one and all? It must be admitted that, in general, neither master nor workman have yet niasi()nal instruction was again started in our establishment. We may. therotbre, now foresee the time when the management of the Maison Leclaire, of the Maison Reuouly and Marquot in fact, will be entirely in the hands of its former apprentices. To conclude, this is the result of what precedes : Stability certain and absolute ; Professional instruction encoui-aged, even desired by all, the result of stability; The tormingof excellent workmen, and, as a consequence, the improvement of all by the effects of such instruction ; The assured renewal ot a picked start', which as a consequence, tends to per- petuate the common work ; The permanent establishment and active propagation of all and by all of profit- sharing, as the most powerful active factor of social improvement. Such is a synopsis of the principal reasons, as has been proved by experience, should in favor of extension of professional instruction, and of iho system of prortt- t>liaring. SUGGESTED RESOLUTION. The Congress is of opinion that profit-sharing, by inci-easing the stability of workmen who are fathers of families, facilitates apprenticing and a proper renewal of the staff. THIRTEENTH QUESTION. How far, and in what way, may the principle of sharing the net profits be applied to 'igriculture ? Reporter : Mons. Albert Cazeneuve. (Agricultural Proprietor, Member of the Committee of Management of the Society of Piofit-Sharing). It is apparent that in agriculture, as in industry and commerce, the principle of profit-sharing among the start can only be practised where paid labor, plays a more or less important part. m 492 In the smaller culturoH indeed, whether the proceeds are sold as grown, or whether the land is farmed, the owner oi- farmer cultivates the land himself with the assistance of his family, only in exceptional cases employinif paid help. The head of the enterprise and his family therefore assume the double character of master and workmen, and excellent conditions they are for the work to he well and quickly done. There arc no means either of apj)lying protit-sharin<^ to farming, since the farmer does all the woik with the assistance of his family, without calling in any hired help, and is not remunerated by any fixed rate, but by part of the rough proceeds of the work, which he shares with the proprietor in a proportion determined by the farm- ing contract. The farmer is not a hired workman, he is a simple profit-sharer, an asso- ciated workman. The principle of profit-sharing thus can in no way be applied to agiiculture as represented by farming, nor to market-gardening, or where the proceeds are directly disposed of, nor to tenant-farming, where, on account of the narrow limits the work is almost entirely done by the head of the entreprise and his family. It can only be applied on large properties or occasionally on farms which, holding a middle pliic(! between the hirger and smaller cultures, inclining more to the latter, hire workmen regularly. When we examine the constitution of rural enterprises, great and small, from the point of view of labor, we find in many of the complex combinations of means of remuneration which are, in reality, only incomplete forms of profit-sharing restritited to one or more persons, and bearing on such and such a branch of production, instead of being applied to all the working staff, and including the results in general of the cultivation of the land. These special ways of remunei'ation luive generally the weight of tradition to support them in the districts in which they are practised, which proves that certain useful effects must i-esult from them, since they have been per- petuated in spite of a few drawbacks. The working of this kind of incomplete profit-sharing, demonstrates that the con- stitution of agricultural enterprise readily adapts itself to general profit-sharing, and that to establish it all that would be required, in most cases, would be to gradually develop those institutions now existing in a rudimentary state. Moreover, in agriculture, as in commerce and in industry, the system can only be applied after the peculiar conditions of the enterprise in which it is to be intro- duced, and the moral, intellectual and material condition of the workmen have been well studied. The master must also seriously study and examine his own position, for as he is the pivoton which everything turns, he it is who must thoroughly and jr- stand the system and make it understood; in order to insure its regular and profit- able working he must be fully convinced of the usefulness of the work he is about to attempt, and must most carefully prepare the regulations determining the conditions on which profit-shai-ing is to be established. If he would avoid mistakes he must proceed piogressively, including at first only the director and a few of the best workmen. Later on the number may bo extended as the good etfeets of the system prove its advisability. Besides having prudently settled the amount to be divided in accordance with the amount of the net profits, he avoids all danger of maUinir any serious mistake injurious to his interests, having no division to make until after all the costs of working have been paid and capital the interest specified in the regulations. The exact amount of net profits to be divided, is not more difficult to determine in rural matters than in others, providei books are indisjtensably necessary to gain a clear view of the situation, and it is only after the situation of affairs has been clearly shown that a business man is in a ])osi- tion to know whether he can establish profit-sharing, and how to organize the sys- tem. Before })rofit-sharing is dreamed of as generally a])plie(l to .'Agriculture, the elements of book-keeping must be disseminated among agriculturists. The influence of good book-keeping varies necessarily according to the import- ance and nature of the culture. All useful facts without exception should be noted, 498 ^rown, or [' with the be head of !i\ster iiml ckly done, ho I'urmor lirod hel|), ;ods of tho the fariu- ar, an asso- icnlture as re directly s the work mn only be iddle place workmen small, from of means of g re-»trk;tcd tion, instead neral of the Bnerally the tised, which ire been per- hat the con- ^harinff, and ,o gradually »m can only to be intro- p have been Ivn jiosition, ichly undji- and protit- is about to conditions :e8 he must »f the best the system be divided of makiiui; until after sified in the determine Ite and suit- If many !U> ]r well-kept lid it is only lis in a i><>si- Ize the sys- (•ulture, the [he import- U be noted, but, at the same time, attention should be ^iven not to overcrawd the books with details which may be interesting to know but which are not absolutely necessary. The system of accounts should, at first, be made as sim])le as possible, developments being added as they are required, after the system already established is well under- stood, and that practice has brought to light tho deficiencies to bo supplied. An inventory carefully taken every year, a bank book, an account book, debtor and credit, should suffice in most cases, a r^sumd of these accounts is ca{)able of giving with sufficient preciseness the results obtained, to enal)le the farmer to judge of tho conditions under which profit-sharing may be established. It should always bo established with prudence and methodically, and in any case be proceeded by a rigorous system of good book-keeping. The general considerations just given indicate briefly how far and in what manner profit-sharing may be introduced into agriculture. To begin with, the staff of hired help must be sufficiently large, and the book- keeping such as to allow the master to cleai-ly understand his real position. These two essential conditions being fulfilled, tho agriculturist who desires to initiate his workmen must study both the special state of his enterprise, and tho peculiarities of his workmen's characters; ho must also study himself, and when he has gathered information on all these points, he will be in a position to know whether he can introduce profit-sharing in his work, and discern tie clauses it would be jiroper to insert in the legulations which are to govern its establishment. It would be better, as the number of shares ami the amount to bo assessed, that tho logulations should not at first include the full extent of the advantages it is his intention to grant eventually, so that if, later on, he should be induced to modify tho agreement it may bo by extending and not by i-estricting its benefits. It would bo impossible to give in detail the conditions of this profit-sharing regulation, for tho conditions, as regards manner of assessment, division and disti-ibution are, by nature; likely to vary according to the business, and the prefatorv study the master has u'iven the matter has been with the express intention of providing him with useful suggestions on the subject. Wo may say that up to the present, no properlj' so < died apjjlication of the system of profit-sharing has been met with in agricultural enterprises, for neither the clauses in a farmer's agreement, nor the complex combinations of remuneration mentioned above, can be considered as such. But this fact does not prove that it is impossible to introduce profit-sharing in agriculture, the explanations before given t-'iow tho contrary to bo the case ; it simj)ly proves tliat the relations between capital ami labor being less extended in agricultural matters, because of being more com- plete and immediate between master and workmen there has been loss neetl felt of modifying the system of wages pure and simple. Nevertheless the system of pi'olit-sharing which should be introduced wherever it may be usefully done, seems ot a nature to pi'oduce tho same fruitful results in agriculture as in commerce and industry, and at this time of an agricultural crisis, retnai'kablo alike for its extent, its duration and intensity, it appears to be in certain cases a means, if rot of remedying, ai least of improving, to a greater or less extent, the conditions of agriculture. To conclude, in order that profit-sharing nuiy, in agi-icultural matters, bo rationally ane which explain why the laborer is yet in the position in which stated salary is un- known. Kirst of all, the product of the industries is uncertain ; the catch is not always large; farming is met with in districts where the crops raised are uncertain, In the second ])lare, the results are almost immediate; the fish taken are sold imme- diately, or at least its sale is sure ; the farmer is lodged ; he cultivates varioits kinds of crops, some of which may be used to supply his personal wants, a period of only four or five months being all the time he has to wait: they are potatoes, maize, fruit, chestnuts ; antl finally there are the cattle, whose milk may be immediately con- sumed. 495 the runvl ^fit-sharing 1 workmen ed as forms \.gricultural istant id nature, it •ee agencies, ith different a was scarce, pronounced, 8tence — it is, vision of the een produced - it. AVas it little, under n the differ- ining, under ndcrtaker of lesponsibility id help ])en- lys remuner- jterprise, and diare in the Let it not ^lisi)utably ii jombinations of certainty ■ed instances, la-tiwhing in- (obably tlio>o ]alary is ua- jatch in n*>t \e uncertiun. le sold imnu'- larioils kimis k'iod of only Imaizo, fruit, Idiately con- In Franco, in the fishing industry, except in cod-fishing, thic sort of partnership is maintained. In general the men have no stated wages, but a share in the sale of fish. This custom is also practised in most foreign ports. Without doubt this manner of remuneration is very profitable to the crew, when the catch is good, l)ut for a labor so hanl, painful and dangerous, is seems as though the gain should not be so uncertain. The on (erpri.se itself should be the firs to feel it, and have reason to fear a lack of experienced fisliermen. This is precisely what occurred in the IJreineand Hamburg Companies, founded in ISGtJ, and this was the principal cause of their want of success. At Breino, the crew at first were given half the catch; but this share not having sufficiently aroused their interest, the com- pany was under the necessity of giving the men a certain stated salary. The crew of each boat were thencefoi'ward paid a monthly sum of fiO thalers in gold (247 francs, 50 centimes — $45.90) to be divided among them in proportion to the work done by each. This system by which the fishermen were assured the certainty of a portion of their renumeration, was very profitable to the Company, whoso fishing smacks, in spite of the small number of day's work, brought in a large number of cases offish. This combination of a stated salary, and a share in the proceeds of the work is certainly a progressive measure, which we ho]5e to see generally ailopted. scaoESTEn resolution. The Congress is of opinion that it is advisable in sea-fishery to combine a stated I'emuneration with a certain share in the proceeds of the voyage. FIFTEENTH (QUESTION. Should profit-sharing be ordered by the Govcrnvient ? Should it not, according to circumstances, j)roceed from the master, or froui the loish of the workmen freely accepted by him, ivith the same rights as any other agreement relating to labor f Eeporter: Mr. Gautiher. (President of the Syndical Chamber of Roofing and Plumbing, Member of the Committees of Admission to the Group of Social Economy.) The conditions of labor have followed the political changes of our country. Faced by the Revolution of 1789, from all restraint the workman has, since the rejjeal of the laws on strikes, and coalitions, become absciutely free. Jiut, and herein is the weak part of his liberty, living independently, without tie between himself and his master, without any link with production, supplying his needs from day to day, he is often helpless and without resources when confronted by sickness, lack of work, and the other accidents of life. Profit-sharing, remedies in part, this relaxation, wliich is the consequence of tiie absolute liberty both of master and workman, and ostiiblishes a bond of interest between them. Profit-sharing is interesting, because, t'loma social point of view, it will lead to the development of a spirit of thrift in the workman, by giving him, over and above his wages, an amount of which he can dispose for the well-being of his family, assure himself of a retiring pension as a jirovision for his old ago. Profit-sharing marks one step to\Vi;:'ds the change which is to give the workman a more and more important place in production : it is a lu'ogress destined to etfect immense improvement in his position — economically Considered — leading him to direct partnership or to cooperation. Tljat profit-sharing is not generally adopted, that it is yet an exception in the customs of industrial firms is duo to causes which are sure to disappear in time. In lart, profit-sharing cr.nnot bo adopted without previous preparation. It rcc^uires ^erious study and an organization suited to each industry. Jt exacts — and this is the most delicate point — it exacts a very regular system of book-keeping, giving the par- ties interested a clear view of the state of attairs. 496 Now, it may be very inconvenient for a business to have its tranpactions pub- licly exponed, if not for very proHperous HrniH. at least for those very numerous enterprises wiiich do businesH with borrowed tundn, and whowe credit might Hutfer if the real state of their att'airs became publicly known. This reason, which may appear to bo a secondary consideration, is in truth the real, though concealed, cause of the refusal ot many firms to adopt profit-sharing. Nor is it to be desired that protit-siiaring, which is in the first stage of its exist- ence, should be generally adopted and applied under circumstances likely to com- promise it. The most important point is gained ; the principle of it is now before the public, the way is marked out and the example given. It may even bo considered fortunate for the system that, up to the present time, only houses of important stand- ing have adopted it, houses possessed of the necessary organization and resources to insure success. In view of the important benefits and immense advantages profit-sharing may secure to the country, b}' assuring a certain amount of well-being to a part of the social body, rt'e may question wiicther it would be well, whether it would he advisa- ble to thrust it on our industries by means of a special law — to even have it imposed by order of the State. Viewing profit-sharing as an obligation, the subject requires serious study and attentive thought, because of the infiuence the obligation may have on the progress of profit-sharing, the object of which must be well understood. Profit-sharing is an encouragement and a reward; it should ai'ouseand stimulate emidation among workers. Stimulating progress it must also cooperate to raise the level of production. In my private opinion, profit-sharing should not be established in a general way, as a sort of supplementary gain added to the regular wages, but be rather instituted as a particular salary, reserved for able workmen of good cha racter and conduct, and thus preserve it as a reward. Forcibly given to all work- men iniiiscriiniiuitely, by law, would destroy its essential principle, its moral cha- racter, and woulil lead to injustice, by admitting men to a share in the profits who have done nothing to add to the sum of the profits, and also the incapable men who may, by their ill-done work, have compromised the business. If these consideral ions be well weighed, it will be recognized that to bear fruit, profit-sharing must be per- fectly free, in order to provide a means of recompensing effectually, specially, the sustained ettorts of the good workmen, and to stimulate others by the hope of a similar reward. The principle of obligatory proft-sharing was laid before the public powers. It was laid before the Chamber of I\'puties in 1882, in a proposed law emanating from a number of deputies. Article 1st contains the whole principle, and is thus stated : — "Any concession made by the State, either to an individual or to a company, in regard to the exercise of any productive industry, should involve the sharing of the profits of such industry by all persons employed, and under the conditions stated in a statement of charges." This article, by its generality, includes not only all large concessions for mines, canals, i-ailways, c*cc., but all works, great and small, that are directly given, or arc subject to tender. It cannot be denied that the proposed law is suggested by an intei'cst in the laboring class, but it over-reaches its object, by creating a special means of remuner ation. to the exclusive profit of the workmen and employees of contractors for public works. In this instance the obligation attacks the liberty of the contract, which should alone govern the conditions of the work between master and men, both in regard to public works and to pi'ivate entei'prises. There are principles which should be definitely accepted by our modern Society, fundamental tenets one must respect if we would progi'ess, and avoid all retrogres- sion prejudicial to the interests we wish to guard. The liberty of labor is one of these principles ; it is one of the conquests of the Eevolution ; it can no longer be put in question, and any innovation which does not take this liberty into consideration is, by that fact alone, doomed to barrenness, because it would be in opposition to the general principles of our public right, with our manners, our aspirations and our national traditions. 497 ions pub- mmei'OUB t suffer if ly appear ise of the ■ its exist- y to com- before the sonHidered ant stand- i^ources to ring may art of the be adviha- it imposed t requires may have tood. I Htimulate .0 raise the ostablinhed wages, but ' good cha all work- moral cba- )rofits who .> men who siderations lUst bo pcr- jciaily, the af a similar lie powers, onianuting ind is thus bmpany, in sharing of Ions stated for mines, }en, or are I'cst in the l" remuner Tfor publi<' let, which ]m, both in In Society, 1 ret rog res- is one of Igerbeput ]^ideratii>n lion to the Is and our Force of example and its resulls, can alone ensure the progressive development of profit-sharing. Its force* 1 adoption, introtiueed at hap-hazard, in establishments unprepared for it, would rather comprise its ehaneos of success by tiie bidder* trouble it might bring to light. In order that profit-sharing may become one of our customs, and bo developed, it must give the workmen, it is supposed to favor, very sure returns. Tiie application of profit-sharing to public works is, perhaps, the most dil^eult to organize, on account of the necessary changing of the stuff; it is almost impossible in large lumber industries where tiie hii-ing of workmen is made by large bands of men, where the work has to be quickly done. When a principle is established, ail its consequences must bo accepted, for they will occur in spite of us. If the State impose division of profits on its contractors, &c., it must superin- tend the division; now, the Govei-nment cannot sup(>rvise the inventories which state the profits without interfering in the management of the enter])rise, which would, in certain casew, make it responsible and lead to its will overriding that of tho master, which is not to be allowed. If the Government oblige masters to adopt profit-sharing in their establishment, it must determine the amount in its statement of accounts ; but this statement of profits to be divided might lead to its being included in the charges of the tender, under the same title as the other charges the contrjvctor has to pay, which would be the most complete denial of profit-sharing, since it would eventually be paiil by the State whose abatement of tiie amount in the tender would diminish according to tho greater or less amount of pi'ofits imposed. Admitting that the Government can, without too much trouble, superintend the division in the larger concessions under its immediate control, such superintendence could scarcely be exercised in smaller enterprises granted to private individuals, the details of which are generally very numerous. Control of the profits could not be atfocted without seeking information in the books, a most odious and vexatious pro- ceeding which would give tho secrets of the establishment to the first comer, com- promising very frequently the honor of the mastei", and his fortune and professional or trade secrets as well. Obligatory profit-sharing, by including all those who have taken anj' part what- ever in the work, makes it necessary to keep a special set of accounts, liesides the general book-keeping of any house undertaking public work, in order to keep count of the successive changes in the objects in its workshops destined to be used in the lumber-yards of the Government, to keep the accounts of those having a right to a share in the profits, which would be very difficult, and often utterly impossible. Important works cannot be carried entirely through with the same set of work- men ; there are periods of great activity demanding a great number of hands, and there are also slack times necessitating inevitable dismissals. ; special kinds of work succeed each other. How can the accounts to be regulated of workmen who are hired with the condition of being given a share in tho profits over and above their wages, and who may never be seen again ? Supposing that means were discovered to solve the question of interior organiza- tion, to avoid divulging secrets of management, profit-sharing in the matter of public works would have very little to recommend it. In fact, public works are always granted to the lowest tender, that is to the per- son who will do the work for the lowest amount of remuneration. Under such con- ditions the transaction being restricted to its luirrowest limits otters very little chance of gain. Very frequently these works being sought after by industry, eager for produc- tion, are subject to great abatement and result in loss for the contractor. On account of their nature the works given to contractors cannot be managed like large concessions having but one kind of production in view, which is always tlie same, and whose profits may be annually regulated by the balance sheet of an inventory. A contract for public work may last two, three, four and five years, and it is only at the close of the transaction, after regulation of the bills, after settlement 20—32 498 of all accounts, at tlio expiration of the Heoiirity that the profitH or the loss may be determined. When men have worked several years in the shanties of the State or of any pulilic administration, in the iielief that a share in the profits is ontoredjin the statement of accounts, and they are told at the expiration of the transaction that there are no profits, thej' are not likely to accept so peremptory a declaration, how- ever exact it may he, nor will (hey listen to reason. Confronted with such a neica- tive result, claims will pour in and disorder fatal to the public peace will ensue. To order profit-sharing when there are none to share, is to order riot and violent re])risals. Obligatoiy pi'ofit-sharing, because of the difficulty of applying it to public works, undei'taken apart from the affairs of an establishment, would lead the Gov- ernment to allow only those to tender, who, in their establishments, practice profit- sharing in the annual profits. Admitting that the State could meet with establish- ments ])ractising profit-sharing, in all the industries its I'equirements exact, the system would still cause gi-eat trouble to our industrial cust<)ms, and be calculated to compromise our public finances ; for limiting the competition, by excluding establishments not practising profit-sharing, would result in a small number of ten- ders and expose the ( iovernment to the risk of paying a higher amount. Besides the material dUiiculties of its application, another consideration arises, which doubly forces the rejection of obligatory profit-sharing, and that is that there is never any real progress made but such as is naturally ert:ected by time and by the co-operation of good-will and conviction. Constraint and obligation are incompat- ible with the independence of our national character. A nation that has done so much to gain its liberty cannot be driven back under the yoke, more or less con- cealed, of the State. Reforms that demand submission to offensive rules, excite us to insubordination, create in us dissimulation, and are always fruitless; we take credit, with our character, in escaping obligations imposed on us. Profit-sharing, with the attendant shuffling of public functionaries, would become odious to even those best disposed towards it, to those even who have, of their own free will, granted it to their workmen, and who, the same as others, would be subjected to inquisitorial visits of more or less intelligent agents. Finally : profit-sharing is an institution of the future, destined to give the long sought for solution of the problem of social peace, by the direct agreement of master and workmen ; but it must remain free if it is to bear fi'uit ; it must pi'oceed from the master or by agreement freely accepted by master and men, and must not, in any way be confounded with the daily wages. If it were otherwise, if profit-sharing were to lose its characteristic of liberty, we would see its proportion discussed, thrown as food to satisfy the appetite of the chibs, the same as wages, which would com- promise both the principle and its benefits. In order that this new form of partnershij), which the workmen recognizes only by the profits, the master being left to bear the misfortunes and losses, may take root in our customs, and must be given all liberty that it may meet all requirements and surmount all the trials of its application. Profit-sharing will one day rise triumphant over all prejudice, all difficulty of organization, free and independent ; destined to reform mankind, it must become the application of that maxim of every true worker: "to each one according to his merit." SUGGESTED RESOLUTION. The International Congress is of opinion : That pi'ofit-sharing cannot be imposed by the State ; That it must be the result, according to the circumstances, of the master's own free will, or of his free acceptance of a suggestion from the workmen, and should be governed by the same obligations as govern any other agreement. i8 may 'j" State or rcd'iin the ction thiit lion, how- c\i a neuia- nsuo. To t roprirtals. to publie. d the tioy- ;tioo protit- 1 establish- exact, the calculator excluding ber of ten- ition arises, >, that there and by the B incompat- bas done so or less con- es, excite us 8b; we take •ofit-sharinii;, ious to even rn free will, subjected to rive the long jnt of master seed from the it not, in any sharing were ssed, thrown ■would com- ew form "f Piaster being and must be e trials of its rejudice, all kind, it must nc according INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS Inaster'B own Ind should be JiESPECTING ACCIDENTS INHERENT TO LABOII, IIH:LD in PARIS FROM THE Otu TO THE 14tu SEPTEMBER, 188!t. This congress was one of the most important, if not the most important, of all those held in Paris in 188!). It numbered 780 memliers, coming from all points of 1lie world, including 29 otticial foreign delegates, representing 12 different countries, 3() honorary members, any special It^gislation ; "2. The j)rofessional risk is ahnost unanimously accepted, provided it bo clearly deflnod as to its juridical bearing, and limited as to its pecuniary consequences ; "|{. Tho majoritN' would seem opposed to tlu' principle of tho obi igator^' insur- ance and the State insurance." A large number of the members of the Congress, desirous to continue the useful work already commenced, ])roposed the creation of an internaticmal permanent com- mittee of tho (Jcmgress respecting acH'idents iidierent to labor. The object of this committee would be : 1. To act as a medium between the persons interested in the question of acci- dents ; 2. To collect all technical, legislative and statistical informations touching this subject, and to publish the same in a seriesof sheets or ciiculars, the number of which would depend oji the funds in hanil ; 3. To find tho bases and iho form of international statistics of accidents; 4. To prepare tho meeting and programme of the next Congress. In order to attain this end, in a satisfactory manner, the committee would com- l^rise, beside the French nucleus, members from divers counties. E.Ktract from a letter of Mr. Numa Droz, federal councillor, head of the Depart- ment of P'oroign Afl'aiis and Commerce. •7* 0j% »J> r|I 5jC *l% *^ 'f* 'fs rfZ In spite of tho difference of opinions to bo mot in the eleven reports now before me, it seems to mo that out of tho wholu arise general conclusions that may serve as a useful basis for, deliberations of tho Congress. I know very well that the intentions of the organisers is not to come to a vote on precise resolutions, because when such resolutions are not tho result of common consent, but of occasional majorities, they liavo not a great value and may sometimes mislead public ojnnion. ] make bold, however, to think that it is not impossible and may be useful to n on railway accidents. It was recognized that a traveller who delivers himself up *o the management oi this kind of transport is most frequently bey(md any means of l.oing warned of the coming danger, and, should he see it, of preventing or avoid- ing it. It is veiy fiequently of uttor impossiiiility to prove the management to be in fault in the event ot an acciroof — that is to say, the management is presumed 'o be in fault until it has proved the contrary. Tiie benefit of this new principle was soon claimed ir. favor of the workman. He also is frequently at the mei'cy of the enterprise in whieh he is employed. The business involves dangers which he cannot see, or, if he does, which he cannot guard against. Unskilled in technical matters as ho is, how is ho to tind proof of iUults committed by those he is bound to obey? Switzerland was the first, by its law of the 23rd of March, 1877, Article 5 (I), to introduce interverting of proof in favor of the workman. This interversion has had as a conse([uence that a fortuitous event does not exonerate the employer, for as long as he does not ]irove the victim or a third party to be in fault, or that it was caused by irresistible force the responsibility of the accident rests with him. It does not alter the case that the (1.) Tlu' articlcH a,n' of tlii> following tenor : Art. 231IH. "HuildfiH iiiid contractors working cither on tlicir own accomit or for others ; masters of industrial, coniniercial or agricnltiiral estalilislniients ; companies and individual contractors for causeways, railways and other ii\il)lic works, also contractors for tramways "'■ any other system of transixirt, will he responsihle not only for damaj^es or injury caused to otiiers" pro]" rty, hut also for accidents which, hy their fault or that of then' ajj'<'nts, may have occurred to any person ; wiiether the damages pp 'ceeiied from facts in contradiction to then' regulations general or particular concerning the works, industii : or enterprises in (|Uestion, or whether they result from the non-execution of tiie said rules. " S 1st.- This same resjionsihility will rest on those who, in the construction of works, or in the opera- tion of the enterprises, professions or trades indicated in the al)o\c article, will cause to others' property or to persons any damage or injury whatsoever, when it has lieen proved that voluntarily they have not ohserved, or cause to i)e ol)served, the connuon rides generally used to obviate such misfortune. "S 2. — If the damage or injury results from the fault or negli^rence of the victim the inden.nit.y will lie less ; if, on tlie contrary, it can lie imputed to a third party, the indemnity will liedivided in proiMirtion to the fault or negligence of the authors, as stipulated in Article 'J.S72, iiS 1 and 'J. " .\rt. iWl'l. if the damage is caused hy several |iersons tiiey are severally resjionsible, saving tiie I'l course the one who pays has against the otliers. " !^ 1. -The several shares to In- paiil hy the authors of the damage are proixn-tioned to their respon- ^illility. "S 2. — In tiie case of a wronged or injured person claiming d.amage>: interests, the shares to lie jiaid I y its authors are deterniined in the judgment wliich establish"s the responsibility.' 1. The article suggests : "A federal * law will enact the necessary provisionH regarding the resixinsibility iiroceeding from the wiirking of factories. " Meanwhile the following princijiles will lie a|i))lied hy the judge called \\\*n\ to rule in the case "(». The owner of a factory is resiMinsible for the damages caused if a ]iron- sible. The Swiss law of the 2r)th June, 1881, on the evil responsibilities of manufac- turers, has weakened! this principle by limiting the amount of the indemnity to bo given ; but it has altered nothing, neither as to the interverting of proof, nor as to the exclusion of a fortuitous event as an exoneration, nor as to the responsibility for accidents caused by another workman. In Belgium. — Monsieur Charles Sainctelette, former Minister of Public Works, in 188(i proposed a law designed to compel interverting of proof, but which, in other respects, does not go so far as the Swiss law. Mons. Pirmez, Deputy and Minis- ter of State, proposed, in 1888, to modify Articles 1382 to Article IHSO of the Civil Code, in accordance with the following principles : the plaintilt'will have first to prove the obligation, then the dot'ondant has infringed that obligation; the defendant, on the contraiy, will have to prove that he is not in fault. In France a whole series of projected laws have been presented to the Chamber of Deputies to improve the workingman's situation as regards his claims in law in case of accident : projects by Martin Nodaud of the 2t»thMay, 1880, the 4th of Novem- ber, 1881, and the 20th January, 1882; Penlevey's project of the I4th January, 1882; Felix Fauri's project of 11th February, 1882 ; Marel's project of 7th March, 1882; Penlevey's of the 2{>th November, 1883 ; that of Man and his companions, 2nd February 1880 ; the Rouvier project of the 24tb March, 1885 ; and that of Lockroy of the 2nd February, 1880; the project of the Parliamentary Commission of 29th Novem- ber, 1887. Tills hist project was made law by the Chamber of DepuHes after lengthy debate, on 10th Juij'. 1888, and again in the month of February, 1889. The Senate is in the act of discussing it as we write these lines. The fundamental idea of the French law under discussion is the same as that of the Swiss law ; the master is responisible for the accident until he can furnish proof to the contrary i>y some one of the exonerating reasons foreseen. In the Swiss law these are three in number: the fault of the victim, the fault of a third party not connected with the factory, and irresistible force. In the Fi'cnch law but one is recognized : tlie fault of the victim. Both legislations have therefore admitted fully protessional risk, which alone invohes I'esponsibility. Great Britain has not gone nearly so far in its law of 7th December, 1888. (1) According to this law, the master is responsible for any accident that may occur owing to any defect in the manner of working, or in the matei'ial, also for any accident occasioned through the fault of his representative, or even of his workmen acting in accordance with regulations made by him, or whilst executing orders given by those to whom he had delegated his authority. lie is responsible, moreover, for damages caused by negligence of his workmen ; but he is not held j'csponsible for any accident caused by a fortuitous event, or by irresistable force — that is to say, if he has been unable to discover or repair the defects proceeding from the manner of working, or from the tools, or if it is the victim's own fault, if the wounded work- man knew of the danger, and did not warn his master, or if he ex])0sed himself to the danger contrary to his master's orders ; finally, if the regulations, the cause of the accident, have been approved bj^ competent authority. The English legislator looks at the matter in this way : If it be necessary by imputing responsibility to give a stimulus to the master's interest in preventing accidents, it is also necessai-y, by admitting exonerating circumstances, to arouse tlie workmen's attention to the danger he incurs. In a word, the English law, although to a certain extent the proof rests with the master, it is not based on the princijilo ofprofessional risk, the essential character of which is to do away with the responsi- bility of the fortuitous event. Practically, the notion of professional risk has many drawbacks ; it puts the master in a position which makes him liable for often ruinous damages, or he has to pay high rates of insurance. It assuredly tends, in a certain measure, to lessen tlie workman's care and forethought, and it leads to long and expensive lawsuits, or, wlion it is desii-ed to avoid these, to arrangements from which one or other of the partioi> (1) This law is not yet in force ; the Government had to withdraw it. 607 resy)on- lanufac- Ly to 1)0 iH to the ility for J Works, ^hich, in id ^[ini^- the Civil : to prove iiilant, on Chamber n law in )fNovcni- ^ry, 1HB2; rch, 1881i-, I February :roy of the th Novem- er lengthy rho Senate 3 as that of ish proof to Swiss liiw party not V b>it one is nitteel fully 1888. (1) may occur [so for any [is workmen liders given loroover, fi>i' )onsible for lis to say, if manner ot inded work- himsclf to^ ;he cause of scessary ^'V preventing „ arouse the |w, although jie princii'lo Ihe responsi- I; it puts the lor he has to To lessen the Its, or, whoa [■ the parties is pretty sure to suifer. Such, at least, has been the experience in Switzerland, where they have been obliged by the law of 26th April, 1887, to provide warranties for woi-kmen in order that they may the more easilj' find access to the courts. They should also, if it had been possible, have provided them for the masters against lawyers or politicians, who very often urge and excite the workmen to go to law, instead of accepting the equitable intlemnity offered them. It was the prospect of all these drawbacks, and the considerations arising from a disquieting social state, which urged (Germany, as early as 1881, to seek in another direction for the solution of this problem. It was discovered in the orgunization of an obligatory insurance against accidents, regulated and superintended by the State. The first project of law was withdrawn because of the conviction that an insurance against sickness must previously be organized. This latter was finally established by law on loth June, 1S83. The lawfor insurance against accidents, dates from (Jth July, 1884. it is entirely based on tlio principle of professional risk, and provides for indemnity for the victims of accidents, whatever the cause may be, except in Ihe case of a person who has caused the accident with deliberate intention. Austria has followed this example, but it first enacted the law for accident insvir- ance (28th December, 1887) and afterwards that of insurance forsickness (30th March, 1888). The fundamental principles of the law on accidents are the same as in the (rermanlaw. If the workman is the cause of the accident, he has no right to indem- nity. Switzerland. — Preparations have been made with a view to introducing obligatory insurance against accidents ; but if it must be preceded or accompanied by an insurance against sickness, Ihe ((uestion will present great constitutional difticulties. In Spain, Italy, Russia and Sicitzerland projects of law on insurance arc also l)eing studied. Th ^ conviction of your reporter on this first part of the question relating to aceidents of labor is that the social legislation whii'li is in process of being developed in the principal industrial cities of Europe responds to both a notion of just law an.d a social necessity. In view ol'the difficulty there is in determining exactly which of these two considerations should rank first in the elaboration of the measures to oo taken, youi- reporter is of opiniim that preference should be given to a system of legislation in which the three following tiictoi's can be best taken into account : the employer, because of the interest he should naturally have in preventing, as far as lies in his power the cause of accidents ; society, represented by the State because of that sodality which obliges it to care for the victims of accidents, who are as worthy of interest as the victims of war. We will now examine how these three factors work together in different coun- tries. 1. .Vrtii'Ic 3 of the fcilcral law of 2.")tli .rune. 1S81, on the civil rcsiK)Hsil>ility of iiiannfacturcrs : " 111 till' iiiilustiics whiili the I'Vdcral Council, in the fxtrutioii of Article ;">, let tin- />, of tlir lawon IiiImu- ill fai'torics, (li'sipiiiiti's us I'lipcniliTinj; serious sickiirss, the nianufactinvr is licsiilfs ri'spousilili' for the injury iloiie to an eiii|iloyee or to a workman liy any one of these innlaflies, when it has been eimchisively [iroved that it has lieeii solely caused hy the work in the factory." By decree of the lUtli Decenilier, 1SH7, the Federal Council desi),'nates as certainly and exclusively tiitrenderinjr determined and daiifferons maladies, those factories in which the following substances are iiii|iloyed or ill which they are |irodiiced : 1. Lvuti, its combinations (litharge, white lead, minium, sugar of lead, &c.) and alloys (printing metal, 2. Mrrcurii and its conibinatifma (corrosive sublimate, nitrate of silver, &c.) 3. Arnrnir and its combinations (arsenic acid, arsenious acid, &c.) 4. P/)o,i/i/(ori(.-i (yellow variety.) 5. (ifi« (ini'/r(Y(?/(((^^) sul]iliiiroiis .acid, hy])oy.otims acid, azotous acid and vajMirs of azotic acid, liydro- 1 liloric acid, chloride, bromide, ioide. fluoric acid, and (i. I'oisonous gas, sulphydric, sulphur of carlxm, oxide of carbon, carbonic acid. 7. Cyanogen and its combinations. H. Benzine, it. Aniline. 10. Nitro-glycerine. 11. Virus from sniall-i>ox, carbuncle and glanders. This decree was [mt into force on the 1st of January, 1888. It can be revised or completed at any time. y:w 508 II. The idea of what the accident is, is not the same in all countries. What is gen- erally understood by accident is a corporal injury, proceeding from some sudden and violent exterior cause. Ssvitzerland, in its legislation, has assimilated to accident the sickness contracted in the exercise officially declared to bo unhealthy. This assimilation exists to a certain e!:tent in the laws of Austria and 'rormany, b}' the fact that the insurances against sickness pays the sick person an indemnity, whether the sickness be the result of an accident or of another cause. An accident, properly 80-cal led, is only treated as such if the sickness resulting from it lasted more than thirteen weeks in Germany, and more than twenty weeks in Austria, without, how- ever, death should intervene in the meantime. In Germany a law of insurance for the aged and disabled completes the existing institutions, so that the idea of an accident no longer bears the importance that it docs in other countries. One indisputable advantage of applying common law is that it makes no distinc- tion between the tra 8iuidei> acciilent ,y. This -, by the whether properly ore than out, how- ranco i'or lea of an 110 distinc- aecidonts. e accMont tion based LMnployees to those in istiee liiive nis: aj;'ainst ivini^ been a examina- insurance c minerals -tinallv, all , kc.) " AH d are con- ire postal and army ■rtaken on g ; 3rd, t.) nd also at packers, id stowers. employees yees. The ■pplying to estry for a 100,000).- igiicuUuii . v\v relating ,f the siiniO lin buildini,' Is it folli^ws insurance Ibere are at red against seamen; c, to employees of the State, the provinces and districts (^comvumes). The Minister of the Interior can include under the obligations of this law any class of workers ho may deem advisable. The law applies exclusively to those employed in industrial pursuits; in principle it does not apply to workmen employed in agri- culture or wood culture, nor to workmen on railways. But the lieiehsrath has voted two resolutions requesting the Government to examine the measures to bo taken in order to include under its obligations the workmen to whom it does not now aijply. France. — The first article of the law passed on 10th July, 1888, by the Chamber of Deputie.s, recognizes as having a right to indcmnitication for accidents occurring during work, " workmen and employees engaged in factories, manufactories, .•shanties, transport enterprises, mines, coal pits and quarries, and besides in any operation in wliich machinery worked by steam is used." Great Britain. — The law of 18th May, 188H, declares that by workman is under- stood a person who engages in mamuil labor for wages ; it excludes from benefit of indemnity, which it foresees, all servants and employees properly so-called, but it considers as woikmen the employees on railways and tramways, also seamen (excluded by the Act of 1880). Switrerland. — The law of 1st July, 1875, on the responsibility of railway enter- prizes, establishes a right to indemnity for accidents occurringduring the construction (if a road, if the accidents occur through any fault in the enterprise. Thus the proof tails to the victim. (Jn the other ha, id, when the accidents occur during the working of the railway, the employees in the enterprise rank with the travellers, and the proof of irresistible force or the fault of the victim falls on the administ ration. By the law of 23rd March 18T7, on work in factories, and that of 25th June 1S81 on the civil resj)onsibility of manufacturers, the principle of the indemnity was ostablis'ied in favor of the factory workman, the only one to whom the regulations on work, foreseen by the federal constitution, applies. By factory is understood any industrial establishment employing more than twenty-five workmen, but no mechan- ical motoi', or more than five workmen if there be a motor. The executive federal authority charged to interpret the idea given by the word factory has includeil several exceptions. Thus, in mills, in breweries, it is not necessary that there should be five workmen for the establishment to be classed in the list of factories. Although the Federal constitution (Art. 84) (1) l.as, as wo have just said, limited the regulation regarding work to those establishments alone that are known under the name of factory, yet the Swiss Legislature has faced the fact that it is needful to extend civil responsibility to manufacturers in other industries. This extension was granted by the law of 2(ith April, 1887 : 1st. All industries employing or prixlucing explosive materials; 2nd. For the following indu.stries, enterprises, when the master employes, on an average, more than five workmen : Building and works pertaining to it, carriage by land or water, or floating, not inchiding steam navigation, which is regulated by the laws ruling railways, mounting and repairing telephone and tele- graph lines, mounting and unmounting of machines, and any like work of a technical nature, railway work, tunnelling, building bridges, roads, ami hydraulic works, digging wells and galleries, canals, operations of quarries and mines ; 3rd. For works and services in connection with the operations of the factory, even when they are not executed within the closed places of the factory; for work relating to :in(l in connection with the working of railways and steamboats, or factories not included under the designation of " working " {exploitation) . As we perceive, agricultural laborers do not benefit by the law. It is the case here as in other countries: legislators were in fear that the law would fail to pass wore these included also. insurance [working ia fhis law 1- (1) Tliis article i» as follows : — " The Confederation lian a right to d«cr«t) uniform laws on the labor of children in factories, on the cliirationof adults work, also as to the protection to be given workmen against the exercise of dangerous and unhealthy industries. We must, however, except the disjiosition.s t.-vken in different countries on the sulijectof mines and quarries, and steam apparatus; but m this reixirt we stieak of prescriptions of a k'l'iierul nature." wr 510 III. Ono impoi'tant point which will essontiiilly occupy the technical section of this Conffi'csHand will also bo a special object of attention to the section for economy and lej^islation is that reu;ardini;' the preventive nioasures to be taken to avoid accidents. In those countries that are ruled hy conunon law there are few, if any, lei^islativo prescriptions in this matter; as we have before stati-d, the interest and care of the master is relied upon to take whatever precautions suit them, eitlier to lessen their civil responsibility or to protect, from simply humanitarian reasons, the lives and health of their workmen. Ilun^'ary is the only country j-uleil by common law in which we find any dis])osition of law bearing; on this point : " The maslor is ohliii;ed to take all possible means to protect the life and health of his workmen" (hiw of 17th May, 1872). But we have been unable to learn whether the execution of this disposition is subject to superintendence, nor what penalty is proviiled in case of its enfringement. We must also mention Belgium, when^ a royal decree of the 27lh December, 18S(5, prcscribles rules as to the government of dangerous industrial esta- blishments or such as are uidiealthy or inconvenient, and a law of the 5th May, 1888, relates to the inspection of the same establishments and also to the inspection of steam engines and boilers. In countries provided with special legislation wo find the following pi'cscrip- tions: Germany (Law of Ist July, 1883, titles II. and VII.) — The preventive is sub- ject to the approval of competent authority, vvhich designates the precautions to be taken to guarantee the lives and health of the workmen. The superintendence is entrusted to inspectors appointed by the State Government. Besides, the coi-pora- tions charged with the obligatoiy insurance give instructions subject to the approval of a superior Imperial official, and have the right to superintend the execution of them through their agents. Austria (Law of 8th March, 1885; law of 17th June, 1883, concerning inspectors of factories, etc.) — All proprietors or chiefs of industrial establishments ai"e bound to establish and maintain, with due regai'd to location, machinery and tools, tlie means necessary to protect the lives and health of the workmen. The inspection is entrusted to inspectors appointed by the Minister of Commerce together with the Minister of the Interior. The insurance companies have the right to charge those inspectors to verify the fixctthat necessary measures of hygiene and of security Lave been taken. Great Britain (Law of 27th May, 1878.) — This law contains a great number of protective clauses regarding the lives and health of workmen; inspectors and doctors are charged with the superintendence. Sioitzerland (Law of 23rd March, 1877.) — The workshops, the machinery ami engines must be so placed and cared for as to guard as much as possible against all danger to the lives of the woi'kmen. Hygienic regulations developed by ordinances are also contained in the law. The superintendence is entrusted to the local authori- ties, experts of the district (canton) and fedei'al inspectors. Among those countries which are about to ],aB8 from the rule of common law to that of special legislation we must again mention Spain, which has elaborated the project of a law, 7th June, 1887, relating to the protection to be given the invalids of labor (crippled by labor), and prescribing the necessary measures to be taken for health and security, as also for superintendence. France, in the project of law of 13th November, 1886, on the work of children, minor girls and of women, adopted by the Chamber of Deputies 19th June, 1888, and the 3rd of February, 1889, provides for su])erintendcnco in factories, manufactories, &c., exercised by special inspectors, who will, doubtless, also have authority to see to placing of safeguards. Norioay and Siveden who, in projects of law dating 1887 and 1888, propose to take detailed pro- tective measures and to institute a superintendence in the matter. The declarations and statistics of accidents may, up to certain point, be considered as among the preventive measures, for their object should be to permit, not only the immediate proof of the damage done, and the calculations necessary to insurance, 611 1 of this imy and ■fidcntrt. ^islativo •0 of th(i on their ivcs iiml .11 hiw in <, ohiim'il ' (law of )n of this I case of ■ the 27th rial ost;i- lay, 1888, jection of pi-escrip- ve is sub- ions to be jndence is 3 corpora- 5 approval locution of inspectors ire bound tools, the inspection r with the argo these urity have Liuinbcr of [nd doctors inery and lagainst all )rdi nances lal authori- \on law to lorated the lie invalids taken for of law of adopted J>, provides Inspectors, \orwaij and \ai\eL\ pro- ponsidereil only the Insurance, but the verification of the causes of tlie accidents and consequently an atteni])t to discover the moans of preventing them. In tliis respect, the insurance companies already exercise a strict watchfulness and a tlirect influonco in their own interest, which is almost identical with that of the masters, since the rale for premiums is in conformity with the nature of the danger and the frequency of occurrence of acci- (lentH in an establishment, lint a large number of countries havedeemed it necessaiy to legislate on this matter. Thus, in Gennamj, as is qnite natural, sickness and acci- dents aro immediately made known to the insurance comjianies, and a statistic is drawn up accordingly. It is the same in Austria. In (S'7;rt/n."a('Coi'ding to project of law of 7th Juno, 1S87, information of accidents has to be given to the local autliorities within a certain time to be determined. In Frani'n, in accordance with the pi-oject of law of 13tli November, 1886, discussed in the Chamber of Deputies in June, 188tb February, ISSJJ) the authorities must be informed of tbe accident within twenty-four hours, under jien- alty of a fine from 100 to 250 liros ($20 to $50). Norivai/ has a project of law of 21st December, 1887, ruling that in the case of an accident entailing incapacity for work forat least eight rm rubrics concerning the cause and the dirt'erent circumstances of the accident, and of the I'osults that have followed. The establishment of a formula is a work with which the Congress might uscfidly (.)ccupy itself. lY. In those countries that are governed by common law. reparative vieamrcs, as regards the victims of accidents which are limited bylaw to cases in which the mas- ter or his representative is in fault, are not so as regards the material i-eparalion of the injury, that is to say, the indemnity to be paid. In countries with a special legislation this is no longer the case. As soon as professional risk is admitted, it bocarae a matter of necessity not to expose employei-s or insurance companies to ruin by an accumulation of risks which, for the moment at least, are deemed too large. Perhaps as these preventive measures are developed and perfected we may bi' able to reduce the risk to such an extent as to enable us, in this respect, to approach more closely to the principles of c-r.imon law. However, we will now ]iass in review tho provisions now in force, or proposed to be passed in those coun- trit's that are governed by common law. Germany. — As wo have seen, only those cases incapacitating for work during thirteen weeks, aro allowod to claim insurance. According to the law of the 15th 612 June, 1883, estublishinj; insurance in case of sickness, the communal funds are bound to provide for the members; Ist. Mcilical care, etc ; 2nd. In case of incapacity for work, half the ordinary local waj^os. The other funds should provide: Ist. Medical care, etc. ; 2nd, Half the work- man's real wages, the indemnity, however, not to exceed 8j.72; iird. An aid similar to that allowed women in continement, and that for a period of three weeks; 4th. In case of decease an indemnity equal to twenty times the average daily wages foi- work. According to the law of 6th July, 1884, insurance against accidents obilges the company to provide; Ist. In case of corporal injury: a, to pay the cost of the sickness; b, the payment of a pension which dates from the fourteenth week after the accident; this pension, it the incupacity for woik is entire and permanent, amounts to two-thirds of the wages; if it is partial, of a fraction proportioned to the incapacity. 2nd. In case of death: a, the payment of the funeral expenses; 6, a pension not to exceed 60 per cent, of the annual earnings, to be divided as follows: 20 per cent, to the widow until her death or re-marriage; 15 percent, to each child until it attains the ago of titteen complete years; to a child orphaned both of father and mother, 20 per cent, until it attains the age of fifteen complete years; to the parents and grand-parents of the deceased person whose only support he had been, 20 per cent. The total amount of pensions to bo paid should not exceed 60 per cent., ami parents should be given the pension in preference to grand-parents. Austria. — The law of 30th March, 1888, establishing insurance against sickness, provides that workmen h:hould be treated and caied for gi'atuitously during a period of at least twenty-tivo waeks at least. Moreover, if the incapacity for work lasts over three days, they are to be paid an indemnity equal to 60 per cent, of the average wages. Women have a right to aid during, at least, the four weeks following their confinement. In case of death, the heirs will be given, to cover the funeral expenses, a sum equal to the average wages for twenty days' work. The law of 2Sth December, 1887, on insurance against accidents, provides that in the case of wounds, the pension will begin to be paid only fi'om the fifth week after the accident. In case of entire incapacity for work, the pension will ecjual 60 per cent, of the salary. In the event of partial or temporary incapacity its natuio and duration will have to be calculated in ordei- to determine the amount of the pen- sion. In the case of death, the insurance will pay : Ist. The funeral expenses ; 2nd, a pension as follows : a, to the widow 20 pei' cent, of the amount of the victim's wages ; b, to the widower if he is unable to work, 20 per cent.; c, to each legitimate child until the age of fifteen yeai's, 15 per cent. ; d, to each natural^, child to the same age, 10 per cent.; e, to the parents of the deceased, 20 percent.; /, to his grand-parents, if he is their only support, 20 per cent. But the whole amount of these pensions must not exceed 50 per cent. If the widow marries again she will receive a last amount equal to three times the pension to which she had a right. In calculating this pen- sion the annual salary of the victim is taken into account. Belghim. — According to the conclusion of the Labor Commission of 1887, the in- demnity should consist of a pension equal to a part of the salary, without settK'd terms. Spain (project of law of 7th June, 1887). — In the event of incapacity for work the master has to pay, besides the physician's and dr'uggist's charges, the workman's usual wages. If the incapacity for work is entire and defined, he must pay, besides the physician's expenses, damages-interests equal to the salary for one thousand day's work at the most, and of six hundred days at the least. If the incapacity for work is only relative, the indemnity varies between six hundred and three hundred days. In case of ilecea^e the master must give the widow the amount of the doctor's charges, and the cost of funeral, together with an indemnity which must amount to a sum equal to the salaiy for six hundred to one thousand days' work. If the deceased leaves only parents over sixty years they will receive half the amount that would have been paid the widow ; independently, of course, of the expense for doctor, etc. If the accident has occurred through the fault of both master and 513 ro bound iiicity for he work- . An aid ;e weeks ; ily wages bilges the >st of the nth week ermanent, ned to the nses ; b, a 8 follows : each child I of fat hei- rs; to the I had been, I per cent., t sickness, ig a period work lasts he average wing their il expenses, pvides that fifth week 11 eijual tJO f its natui'O of the pen- jnses ; 2nd, m's wages ; mate child same age, -parents, if Uions must List amount L this pen- |887, the in- )ut settk'd for work Iworkraan's lay, besiiU's thousand Ivpacity f"i' je hundred (he doctor's 1 amount to If the Inount thiit Ixpense for liastcr aii<-l workman, tiio court will reduce the indemnity in proportion to the re.>ponsiltility of each. If tin! accident gives rise to criminal prosecution, the imlemnity to be paid by the muster may be increased. France. — The law voted by the Chamber of Deputies in July, 1888, and February, 188!>, contains the following pi'ovisions : Art. 2. '' When an accident lias occasioned an entire and permanent incapacity for work, the victim has a right to a life pension, the amount ofwiiich will vary ac- cording to circumstances. The pension can never be less than one-third the average annual salary, nor more than two-thinls the am\ual salary. It can, in no ease, bo less than $S() per year for men, nor $50 for women. Considered as complete incapacity for work are total loss of sight, of reason, of the use of the two limbs, or any other incurable infirmity destroying the worUmaii's power." Art. 3. " If the accident occasions only a permanent partial incapacity for work, the pension to be paid the victim will be reduced in proportion t(» the renuiining capacity for work." "Art. 4. If the accident is followed by death the indemnity will include : " 1st. Twenty times the average daily wages of the victim to pay funeral expenses ; " 2nd. A pensioti to bo paid the heirs of the victim, to date from the day of the victim's death, as follows : "A. For the widow of the deceased or for the powerless husband until death, or until the one or the other contracts a second marriage, a pension equal to 20 per cent, of the average wages of the victim, "5. For children orphaned of both father and mother, until the age of fourteen complete years, a pension calculated on the average annual salary of the victim in the following proportions : 15 per cent, of the wages if there is only one child ; 25 jier cent, if there are two children; of 35 per cent, if there are three children; and 40 per cent, if there are four or more children. If the children are orphaned by the loss of both father and mother, the pension may l)e raised to 20 per cent, of the vic- tim's average annual salary for each of them. The total amount of pension granted the childi'en cannot in any case exceed 40 per cent, of the annual average salary of the victim, if he leaves a widow, nor more than 50 per cent, of the salary if he leaves children only. Each of these pensions .should, as each expires, be reduced propor- tionately. "C If the victim was unmarried, or a widower or widow without children, a pension is to be paid the father and mother if over sixty years of age, or to the widowed mother whatever her ago may be, of whom the victim was the sole support, or in default of these, to the grandparents over sixty years of age, the pension for each to bo in proportion to 10 per cent, of the average annual wages of the victim." Art. 5. " In the event of the widow marrying again she will receive one sum ei[ual to three times the amount of the annual pension that had been paid her in accordance with the preceding Article, and this pension will cease the day of her second marriage." " The widow has no right to indemnity unless the marriage was contracted before the accident." Art. rt. " Natural children, acknowledged before tho accident, have a right to a pension determined by Article 4, even when there are legitimate children." Art. 7. "In all cases of accidents having occasioned wounds or death, tho head of the enterprise will pay, besides the indemnities determined in tho preceding Articles, the physician's and druggist's charges. He will, moreover, pay during tho whole of the sickness which is the result of an accident, an indemnity equal to half the daily wages of the victim, the indemnity not to be less than 80.20 per day, nor obligatory more than SO. 50 per day. The medical and pharmaceutical expenses, however, are not to exceed the sum of $20 ; the temporary indemnity will be obligatory only for accidents entailing more than three days' incapacity for work. The latter indemnity will be paid only for a period not exceeding three months, dating from tho day of the accident. After that time the victim will have tho indemnity pro- vided for by Articles 2 and 3. However, if the consequences of the accident have 20—33 fil4 not in tliiit timo jM-oduood tlioir full crt'cct on tlio victim, the court will resorvo judi;- mont for 11 time durinii; which the tomporury indomnity will continiio to lio paid. VVhon the roHiillM of tho iipcident prove to have produced ii total oi- partial pornianent incapacity for work, this indemuit}- will coane fioni the date determined liy tho judge that tho life pension ;j;rantoil by ArticloH 2 and IJ will begin to be paid." Great Britain. — (Bill of 18th May, 1888.) The amount of tho indemnity cannot oxceed a Hum I'opresenting three yoar^' salary of a workman in the business, working in the same district, tho amount not to exceed £250 sterling. Itahj. — According to a project deposited 19th I'Y'bruary, 1883, and voted by tho Chamber of Doputios 15th Juno, 1885, and now poniling before tho Senate, tho indom- nity comprises : A. — In Case of Death, 1st. Expenses for physician, drugs and funeral ; 2nd. A sum of money as indomnity for damage occasioned by inca])ucity for work during the time of the sickness ; 3rd. Another amount on account of tho death of the support of the family. B. — In the Event of Temporary Incapacity for Worh. 1st. The outlay and expenses of tx'oatmont ; 2nd. An amount as indomnity for the impossibility of working. Tho court will judge of the importance of the damage done. When tho victim is insured and tho master has contributed to the payment of tho premiums, the indem- nity paid by the insurance society should be deducted from tho amount to be paid by tho master; but only so far as the master has paid one-third, at least, of the premium, and that the insurance is for all accidents. Russia. — A project of law drawn up in 1883, but which so far has had no conse- quence, encloses the following provisions : The amount was to be settled in each case in accordance with the workman's wages. In case of death tho indemnity was to comprise: tho expenses for doctor and the funeral. She was to receive until such time as she married again, a pension equal to 50 per cent, of her late husband's wages. Tho children were to be paid, until they were 15 years of age, the KJj per cent, of the same wages if their mother was living ; if not, 25 per cent. Finally, the parents of the deceased would have had a right to the 16§ per cent. But all these pensions together were never to exceed 75 per cent, of the victim's wages. In the event of an accident producing a temporary incapacity for work, the master would have paid the wounded man's expenses tor treatment and the whole amount of his wages. In the event of entire incapacity for work the master would have had to pay a pension equal to tho wages of the victim. If the incapacity for work was permii- nent or durable but partial, the pension would vary from 25 to 75 per cent. The workman would have been given bis choice to receive either one single payment, representing six times his annual wages (the amount, however, not to oxceed 6,000 roubles), or to be paid an annual pension. Sweden. — A project of law of 1888, provides that the indomnity would bo ruled in accordance with the following principles: 1st. The workman, in case of complete incapacity for work, shall, during the duration of such incapacity, receive GO percent, of his annual wages; 2nd. In case of partial incapacity he will be allowed a portion of his wages proportioned to the capacity remaining for work; it must not, however, exceed 50 per cent. This indemnity will be paid during the entire continuation of the sickness 3rd. In event of death ensuing within the year, there will bo paid: 515 A. For fimonil oxponscH, 50 ])or cent, of the annual wa^oH ; B. To the widow, to the day on which bho again contructH niarriugo, 20 j)er cont. of tho wime wages ; C. To tho husband if he wuh really dependent on his wife's wages, equally 20 1)er cont. In any case the jiension will cease if the hushand is able to provide lor lis wants, or if ho marries again ; ^ 1>. To each of the children to the ago of fifteen, 10 per cont. E. If the deceased has loft neither spouse nor children, 10 per cont. to tho parents who relied on him for support. Tho whole amount of the pensions together must not exceed 50 per cont. of tho annual wag(?s. If tho children have a claim for a pension on theii" father or mother's acccunt, tho amount of tho ditl'erent pensions is reduced to the two-thirds. The widow, in case she remarries, will he given once for nil, an amount equal to three times tho annual pension. Switzerland. (Law of 25th Juno, 1881.) Art. 6. — "The indemnity to hogranted as reparation for damage tlono comprises : "a. In the event ot immediate death, or of death ensuing after treatment, the entire expenses of the attempt at cure. " The injury sutfered by tho tlecea.sed during his illness on account of total or partial incapacity for work. " The funeral expenses. " The injury sutlered by the members of the family whoso support the deceased was at the time of his death. "Those having a right to indemnity are: the husband, the children and grand- children, parents and grand-})arents, the brothers and sistei's. " u. Jn the event of wounds or sickness : " Expenses of all kintls and tho care given during tho sickness. " The injury sutlered by tho victim, wounded or ill, on account of total or partial incapacity for work, temporary or permanent. "Tho judge will determine tho amount of the indemnity, taking into considera- tion the whole circumstances of the case, but even in the most serious case he cannot allow an amount superior in capital to six times the amount of annual wages of tho employee or workman, nor must it exceed the sum of six thousand fiancs. " The judge is not bound to hold to this maximum amount in a case where the corporal injuiy or the death of tho victim was caused by any fault of the manufac- turer and is susceptible of furnishing grounds for a penal action. " Expenses of treatment, care and the funeral aro not included in this maximum. " The Judge may, with the consent of all parties interested, substitute for the payment of a capital sum, the allocation of an equivalent annual rent. " From the time tho tinal Judgment is given, the manufacturer is free from all obligation as regards future claims." V. "We now touch upon a very difficult and much discussed point, that of the measures to be taken to guarantee the j)ayment of indemnities. Two principal tendencies aro in contest in this as in other economic matters : on one side are the partisans of individual I'esponsibility, on the other are those who claim the intervention of tho State in a greater or less measure. I acknowledge that in the beginning I was very incredulous as to tho efficacy of the measures adopted by Germany, and of \vhich it has given tho example in organizing obligatory insurance against sickness and accidents. It had seemed to me that organizations born of an individual and collective etfort, and placed within reach of laws regulating in an exact and satisfactory manner the civil responsibility of masters, would give better results. But I am quite willing to admit that the objections which I was, in 1885 (1) occupied in embodying in a special work have, (1.) Lcs victimca du travail. Universal Library, May and June, ISi'o. 616 for tlio moNt piift, boon rofutod by factH. Withr.nt icfrriin^ to AiHtiiii, whoso logis- liifiiin '\H too locent, tlio oxporimt'iitH inmlo in (ii'i'maiiy Mceni to liavo i^ivcn irciuTal ffay of this year, crcatiiiff insurance in case of invalidism ami the intirmitics dtu' to a^e, to bo oventiiiilly followed by insurance affain^t stoppa;^o of work (/'/K^wi^ye), inclemency of the weather, ttc. in 'nany countries tho current of opinion Hows tho same as in ttcrmany and in Austria; it is an element which must inevitably be (akon into account. Kurnpe seems to bo on tho ;ioint ol a vast evolution towards an economic system eiitirelj' ditlerent from that which hiis been hold in hnnor dui inu; th(> greater part of this century. Thoro is nothiiiiL,' now untler tho sun, but there is nothini,' lasting eithor. Our posterity will oxporienco it in thoir turn. (countries may be dividcil in two classes; those whidi have no iililiij;at<>ry in- surance ; those where it is proclaimed by law, luori' or less (diiiicc bt'iiit,' allowed as to the insurer. In llu' tlrst class naturally enter those countries luleil by conimdu law ; besides (ireat Mritain and Switzerland. In many countries if the indemnity is not amicably settled cither by the master or by the iusuraiu-e company, recourse has to ln' had to the courts t<> determine the amount. Several ditliculties arisi'lVom this : the victims ov their heirs are ot'ten oblini'd, t'roni the impossibility ot' ma kiui,' the necessary advances for costs for a law suit, to be content with an iiisullicient indenniity ; that is why, particularly in Switzerland, the (Jovernment has been obliii;e(l to provide lenal assistance forsuch cases ; thi' masters, on the other part, art' exposed to I ho danii'cr that labor associations, advised and helped by I a wye is and politicians, should pi'css these expensive lawsuits even when a fair amount has l)oen oHered in indeinnitication ; tinally, the system of an iiulemnit^' paid under tho form of a pen- sion is nearly impracticable, and Great Hritain and Switzerland have conseriuently been obli.n'cd to rule that the payment be made in a capital sum which in many cases does not admit of account beinu; taken of the changes for the better oi" worse whi( h may occur in the victim's condition. In the second catoi^ory. 6?(T/«art//standstirsl. Insuianco is founded on tho consti- tution of professional corj)o:ations (Dcrufxi/cnossensrhdftcn). Corporations may be freely formed subject to approval of the Humlesi'ath, an approval which may be with- held if the luimber of participants and theirworkmen is too small, if tlu' corporation oxcludescnterprises whi(di nught oasily become associated elsowhere; (inaily, if a min- ority of the parties interested I'ofuse to enter into the association, and prefer to establish a special one, i,nvinii-, liesidrs, the necessary uiuarantees. As reii'ards all enterprises not voluntarily associated the Bundesralh isobliii'cd to associate them, in spite of opposition to form them intocorporationsafter having heard the interested parties. Each cor])ora- tion settles its own tariff by classitication of dangers and submits it to (iovermnental aj)proval. This tariff shoidd be revised at Hr.st every two years, then later every live years. The premiums are paid by the lu'ad of the enterprise in pro|roiliou to tho wages of tho workmen ; thoy must cover tlie indemnities, tho cost of administration, premiums for safety and preventive measures against accidents, tiiuUly form a resorvo fund. Tho law, which contains 111 articles, enters into the most minute details on the constitution of corporations and their committees, on the de'icrmination of the amount, and the payment of tho indemnities, on the formation of courts of arbitra- tion, on penal provisions, etc. A higher superintendence is exercised by tlie imperial office of assurances. It would be too lengthy a matter to enter into the details of its organization and powers. We may atld that as far as regards the administration of the corpora- tion and the arbitration committees, the workmen are represented in equal number to the masters. The premiums are jiroduced by a division among all those intoi'csted, of tho damages to be paid lor. They are levied on tho members of the corporations in proportion to tho number and wages of the workmen insured, engaged by each mcmbor, and to tho classes of risks established by tho General Assembly of the cor- ,„-w»i« MIMHi 517 ponition. A roKon'o fund for cnch corpnrntinn miiHf bo I'stiihlisliod iicninlin^ to iho t'olldwiiii; rules: i'ov ll.o liiHt yi'iir, IKH) jut ct'iit. ot tin- nnnnintM of iiiili'iimity in asNi>ss»'(l ; tlio NCt'oiid yi'ar, "_'0(l por coiil. ; (ho third yiar, l.')t> i)or i'oi\t, ; I lio fourth year, lOO por cout. ; tlio fifth yi-ar, HO per cent. ; the sixtii year, (iO jter eeiit. ; tVoin tho hovontli to tho olevoiith year tho as^oHsment will deeroano 10 per cent, each year. The iiituroNt on thu reserve fund is aeil to eover part of tho expenses of the corporation. Tliis syHtem of division called I'mlaijererfahren has het'n prelcrretl to that of tho technical reserve or Beckunijsi'erfahirn, according; to wiiieh would have heen osta- blislied. on a basis of calculateil prid)aliilities, a capital pcrinitlini^ tlii> annual pro- niiums li'vit'd to be still better ci|ualize(l. It has bi'cn a reproach to this last sysloin, that it has laid, upon unreliable calculations, too heavy a Lunlen upon industry, if it be desired to yive a sullicicnt inarj^jin anainst the unforeset>n. or, in the cop.trary case, to not afford sntHcient soi'urily. The upholdi-rs of tho Vcr/iuniisrcrfahrt'n ixUvj^c. on file other hand, that after a few years the accun\ulated ei\iiai^enu'nts of the cor|i ira- tiiMi will be out of jji'oj)ortion to ib«! amount of premiums that can be reasonably levied. K.\perience will show on \vbi<[»siilo lies tho truth. In the meantime practical ])roofs are beinu," yathei'ed by whit b in; 'fr system may be established if tho first is rccoirru/ed as detective. Mons. Constant Hodenheimer, wh rofound knowled^-c on these matters consti- tutes him an authority, lias establisheu m u most interesting;' work (I), acomparison based on a practical o.xamplo and which tends to show that the system adopted in (lermany is nundi more economical for those assured than that of insurance compa- nie-i au.'inst civil responsibility. " It will be said," he writes. " that the expense is still suHieiently larme. Mat then what security for the manutaclurer and what n'st of mind! l''ormoi'ly lie paid more without yet beini; safe from lawsuits and trouble. Now, at least, as far as accidents are coiu'erned, his rosponsibiiity is no Ioniser at stake; he pays the contribution settled by the division, he conforms fotho regulations for the prevention of accidents, and he is cputo safe, no matter what occurs, and lie has tho assuraiu-e that tho workmen who may be crippled in bis factory will be paid a sufUciont indemnity." In (Tormany, accidents that cause neither death nor a cessation of work for more that thirteen weeks, are considered as sickness, ami we must saj' a few words of the insurance orijanized in that country against this latter kiml of risk. Tlio law of KJthJuno, 18S3, prescribes that all pei-sons belon,ij;ini^ to industries it designates should form part of a communal fund for sickness, unless they already bclont^ to a similar institution, local fund, factory fund, cor])oration fund. etc. The inileminty consists in payint^ the costs of tho sickness from the third day, of an amount equal to half the day's wa^es the sick person was accustomed to be ])aid, provided that this amount does not exceed §1.00 per day. Kach workman should pay into the fund H percent, of his earninfjjs. The commune administers the fund with the ])artici- pation of those iiitorested, and advances the funds necessary, reserving the rit^lit to recuperate itself for a rise in tho premium. Small communes which do not include !Xt least fifty persons in the oblii^aiion of being insured, or who, having borne 2 por cent, of tho rate of tho contribution, cannot meet the insurance for sickness with<»ut further advances, can, at tboir request, be annexed to one or more neighboring communes for the administration of tho fund. Factory funds are obligatory on masters employing more than fifty workmen; thoy are directed at their expense and administered by a council corapo.sed of one-third of tho master's delegates, and two-thirds of insured workmen. In their practice these diflorent organizations meet with numberless difficulties, the principal of which seem to be double insurance, and the deceit practised by lazy and dishonest workmen, especially in cities where insured know each other very little. This work being oidy a general review of the state of the question of accidents of labor, we are obliged to leave to other works and to special reports to bo pre- (1.) Workmen's Insurances. Polistiches Jahrbuch der Schweiz. Eidgeuossenschaft. Berne, 1889. i' I l!;-:. 613 sentcd to tho Congress a jnri-eat nnmbor of moro or loss interesting nnd important points. Wo will restrict ourselves to u few luoro statistical calculations borrowed again from Mons, Constant Bodenheimer. In 188(i, tho total number of aid funds in Cxormany was 19,238 and 4,570,087 insured members. The expense of all t]\c 'ands amounted to §13,981,42(5. The total number of i.?cident insnraiice corporations, in 1887, amounted to 64, covering 274,51)0 industries and 3,551,819 workmen insured. There occurred 113,504 accidents, 17.142 were supported by the coi'porations ; tho others were assisted and at the charge of tho sick funds ; 81,387,355 were paid in pensions. The Imperial office paid out 1,234 aids concerning indemnities, 2,700 comjilaints concerning tho obliga- tion of insurance, and 2,033 complaints concerning taritt' risks. The 43!> arbitration courts had to settle 5,941 litigations. In Artsi^'ia, a territori.il system has been adopted instead of ihe corporative system for accident insurance. There should be a fund in every country, and tho headquarters should lie in the capital of the countrN'. The direction is entrusted to a committee composed of one-third part masters, one-third part workmen, and or.e- third part persons named by the Minister of tho Interior. The ditl'orent industries are classed according to the danger they oll'cr. There should be a reserve fund the amount of which will be determined by the Minister ^ ihe Interior. Tho subscrip- tion are proporiioned to the wages; any wages over 8495 is calculated at that amount only. Tho rate of subscription is determined by the Minister of the Interior : the workman pays 10 per cent,, tho master pays the remainder. A committee of arbitration is appointeil to e. h fund : the Minister of the Interior appoints the pre- sident and the vice-president ; two assessors are also chosen by him, two by the masters, and two by the workmen. The insurance against sicknc-is establish district obligatory funds for persons not insuunl elsewhere, and obligator}' industrial funds for any manufacturer employ- ing at least UKMvorkmen. workme.i builders' funds; funds instituted by corporations, miners' funds, and free aid funds are realized by it. The subscription to obligatory funds may reach as high as 3 per cent, of the wages. Austrian laws being recently established (28th December, 1887, 30th March, 1888) we luive as yet no data of the experiments made. In Siritzfrland, the basis of obligatory accident insurance is being sludieil. Since last year, as we have said, statistics of accidents are being collected for this purpose, and a constitutional revision necessary to give the Confederation the power to legislate on these matters is being propai'ed. Two of the countries not yet pcssessed of special laws on the master's responsi- bility for professional risk have, however, insurance funds established by the State; these countries are France and Italy. A few words on each of these institutions. France. — A law, passed 11th July, 1868, established two insurance funds, one in case of death, the other for accidents resulting from industrial or agricultuial labor. These funds are under State warranty. Any insurance begun less than two years before the death of the insured person, is without effect, but the payments made are returned to the heirs with simple interest at 4 per cent. The case is the same when the insured person's death is from exceptional causes. No one pei'son can insure for more than 8600. The amounts are in enable and unsei/.able to half the total sum. No one under sixteen years of age or more than sixty can be insured. In default of payment of the annual premium, the contract is thereby cancelled ; liquidation will bo made only after the death of the insured person Insurances against accident are yearly: the premiums amount to 81. '50, 81.00, and 80.60, In settling life pensions in case of accidents, they are distinguished as follows : Ist. Accidents that have occasioned an entire incapacity for work ; 2nd. Those that have brought on a permanent incapacity for woi-k at the trade (for accidents of this class only half the pension is allowed.) wmm 519 The nmonnt allowed for life pension is thirt5'-two times the amount paid for ono year's 8iil)Hcription. The aid ^ivon to widows, to sexagenarian parents and to the victim's children is equal in amount to two years of the pension to whicii they would have a rii^lit. Public administrations, industrial ostablishmentf:, etc., may insure their work- men collectively. No one under twelve years of age can be insured. J}y the law voted in tlie Chamber of Deputies of France, the insurance is obligo- tory. with liberty of clioice granted the insured person. The system supposes, almost perforces a Stale institution like the Fi-ench fund, charged, in some sort with regu- lating the rate of premiums, which the free competition of insurance com]mnic8 could scarcely succeed in doing. Mut it is to be feareil that the iState fund would get only the poor risks, or would do no business, as has been the case with the French fund. Italy. — The national irsuraiu'e fund against accidents happening to workmen during work, was established by the law of 8th July, 1883, and has been in opeitvtion since August, 1884. This instit 'on is due to the Savings Banks of Rome, Milan, Bologna, Florence and Cagliari, to the "Opera pia du San Paolo" in Turin, to the " j\[()ntci dei Paschi " at Sienna, and to the J5anUs of Naples and Sicily, which, l>y Mnecpial shares, have established a guarantee fund of 8300,000. These nine establishments lirst came to an agreement with the Government in date of 18th February, 1883. This agreement, submitted to Parliament, was favorably received and suggested the law of 8th July, 1883, already cited, by the terms ot' whicli the insurance may be either individual or collective between masters or workmen. — Any workman may be insured from the age oi' ten yeai-s. The societies charged with the administration are also entrusted with settling the scale of indemnities. The Government allows the Postal Savings Banks to give their gratuitous assistance. It i-eleases the insurance fund Irom all obligation of stamps and enregistration for any deed they may have to pass. Finally, it reserves to itself the right to control the taritl's and regulations of the administration, which must be approved by royal decree. Moreover, the Swedish Parliament is now engaged on a project of law of 1888 establishing a State insurance tund. According to this law the object of the fund is to establish insui'ance against accidents of labor and those of old age, to be organized accoitling to special laws; it will also administer the tunds of theSick Fund recognized by the State. It will be guaranteed by the State, and at the expense of the Stale. A special council will be charged with superintendence of the establishment's operations: this council will be composeil of the members constituting the juris- diction of appeal established by Article 22 of the law on insurances, and of eighteen members chosen for three years as follows : eight by the King, and ten by the Eiksdag. The fund will have delegates in the communes by whom it will exercise its powers and receive moneys due it. These delegates will be elected for two years by the representatives of the commissions. They will be considered as public func- tionaries. The commuiu^s will be responsible for the management of their delegates. Every year the council and the direction of the fund will each send a report addressed to the king. VI. As we have already stated in a previous work (1) the principle of responsibility seems to us to bo adopted, at least in a general way, to international understanding and agreement. There is an inequality, which is deeply felt by masters and workmen, in the fact that in some countries industry is weighed down by too heavy charges, (1) InttTiiatioiml lefpslatiini of labor. Universal Library. LauHanno, Febniary, 1889. 520 :4\ whilst in others the victims of labor are given no protection whatever. The voice of humanity more than that of interest, is hoard in the universal demand for an equitable solution of this stirring question. No doubt an international agreement could prescribe nothing very precise as to the choice of a system, but an agreement could be come to as to certain rules which, I am convinced, would be accepted by the public conscience. In my opinion, it would not be a very difficult matter, with a little goodwill, to come to an understanding on certain principles relating to measures to be taken to protect the life and health of workmen (such as the superintendence of safeguards, the ol)ligation to take necessary precautions, the interdiction of >ertain kinds of work for eei'tain classes of persons, etc.) In the same way, an understanding could be come to ask the establishment of accident statistics, according to certain unifoi-m rules. VII. The proofs gathered during the course of this general report, and the consider- ations drawn tVom them, lead us to the following conclusions; 1, Legislation on accidents of labor introducing the principle of professional risk, and the indemnity resulting from this risk, are founded on a just conception of law and I'espond to a social necessity. 2, The laws already in existence on this matter are of too recent date to otfor definitive results, in any countrj'. Tliero will, theroforo, be reasons, as experiments are made, to modify this law in accordance with experience so as to make it as equitable and as suitable as possible to social requirements. 3, To this end it would be well to establish a ])ermancnt international bond which shall bring together all experiments made in the different countries, and serve to determine the best rules to be followed. A request to this purpose might be formulated in the hands of the International conference for the regulation of labor in which the Swiss federal council h.is taken the initiative, independently of any measures the Congress of Paris may see fit to take in the matter. Beune, 15th July, 1889. MMP 621 STATISTICS OF ACCIDENTS. I.— STATISTICS OF ACCIDENTS OF LABOR. Railways, mines, quarries, stea.m apparatus. II.— ELEMENTARY NOTES ON THE COST OF INSURANCE against accidents, classification op EI8K8, By Octave Keller, Chief Mining Engineer, Member of the Superior Connoil of Statistics, Vice-President of the Society of Statistics, Parit^. STATISTICS OF ACCIDENT,?. I. — accidents op which railway workmen are the victims. France. — Statistics of the accideiitM of which railway employees are annually tlio victims arc included in a few tii^-ures taken from a publication issued by the Ministcrof Public Works, entitled : Statistical Documents concerning French Eailirays. Leaving aside accidents that have happened to travellers, wo find that duiing the year 188.5 — the last on which such (locumonts appearee seen by the following tal>le, which is taken entire from the same documents: — F lAILWAY Thr( their f ne^li> KMPLOYEES. Years. In till' IHrfoiinancf of tlit'ir dutifs. JUjfll anlt or fence. To id. KilU' 4 302 288 2(>0 207 200 171 llKt 183 (105 705 810 805 l.-)87 3508 .3310 ;«40 3081) 1850,4 208 203 312 305 2()!l 224 215 180 224 105 (557 1883 18,82 7 .37.049 30.304 102 88 86 83 40 53 55 .52 4.2t)2 4.285 4.405 4.308 17.534 i7,5r)« 18S4 17.7.34 1885 • • • 17,!tl7 .\verage per 1,000 work peopl B and per year. 2,431 1,387 117 — The duration of temporary incapacity for work exceeds four weeks per wounded persons ; the average is thirty-two to thirty-three days. Tiiese figures are very high ; nevertheless the source from which they are derived seems an unquestionable guarantee of their reliability. There are certain calculations according to which the proportion of killed among the workmen on English railways is carried still higher. In a communica- ;:'f 524 ■,-> w IP ■■ tioii to tho JoiuMiul of tho Institute of Actuiirios and Assuranco Magazine, January, 1882, Mr. Whittall quotes statisties of accidents relative to the period of 1870, 1871, 1872, according to wiiich there is an avorugo of 014 killed on a total of 129,688 workmen, or 4 •71^ per thousand. In the discussion that followed, Mr. Noison asserted that tho proportion was 3"3 or 3'4 per thousand according to facts given by insurance companies " embracing 200,000 years' risks." It is less, according to this actuary, on passenger lines than on freight lines. As for the wounded tho proportion is about 1 in 12 workmen, which gives about 83 per 1,000, the stall' comprising all the work people insured in the companies. No comparative study of accidents of travel on the railways in l,8ti 0,5<» 0,0(5 7,30 OTHEK .MIXRH. Killed. Wounded. 0,72 3,47 0,14 0.2ft 0,1.^) 0,29 1,01 0,6H 0,72 0,15 0,«ti 1,59 «,7!> We may ciiHimlly mtMition that the Htatistics of mining induntries for the hi^t few years contain a complete list of accidents from tire-damp, with a reference to their cause. Accidents occurring outside have been assigned a siiecial place in this ])iih- lication. The total number of mines, up to 1887, give as compared to accidents below the surface, a proportion of eight times less for deaths, and three and a half times lo8.s for the wounded. As we have shown in the beginning, the statistics given relate for the most part, if not altogether, to workmen who have been seriously wounded, or \pho haveseomed to be so at the time the accident occurred. The detinition of this class of accidents has not been given in the regulations ; in fact they princij)ally consist of broken limbs. With a view to obtain a knowledge of the total number of wounded, either seriously or otherwise, the administration of mines, incited thereto by projects of law then before the Parliament, to alleviate the situation of the victims of accidents of labor, proceeded in 1888 to a special enquiry of great importance in the principal coal mines through the intermediary of engineei's in chax'ge of the local service of mines in the departments. We were entrusted with the organization of this enquiry and had the satisfaction of seeing the miners lend the engineers all the assistance in their power. The aid funds, which are in operation in most o/ the mines, and tlio remarkable organization of which we made public in our work in 1884 (Annales des mines, 5e livre) give a very complete and a I'etrospective census on the number of victims. It was consequently decided that, in order to afford as broad a basis a^ po.s- sible for statistics of accidents, the work should comprise the three years 1885, 188l! and 1887. Information was received from the 80 most important coal companies, and had reference to a staff comprising : — 90,G33 workingmen or employees in 1885 92,5(J8 do do in 188G 93,273 do do in 1887 Altogether: 270,474 persons. The corresponding victims for the three years are divided into: 1st, 474 killed. 2nd. 38,168 wounded who were incapacitated for work for more than four days. 3rd. 10,640 workmen very lightly wounded, having not lost more than four day's work. Besides the latter cases which are least interesting and the number of which cannot be obtained with absolute certainty, because the aid fund does not always allow any pecuniary indemnity for wounds of this class, the victims have all been indicated by lists filled in by the companies, by their names and surnames, with a mention of their occupation, wages, age and the date of the accident, its nature, and the number of days of incapacity for work that have followed it. 527 0,72 0,HC, )r tlio last ICO to their II thiB pul)- 8 below tho f times lc8s 3 most piu't, [lavosfomed 1)1 accidents t of broken mdoil, cither f projects of J of accidents the principal Sal service ot this enquiry assistance in linos, and tho j(Annales ties |ie number of 1 basis as po-v L 1885, 1880 Lies, and hud Ian four days. ]ve than four Jaev of whicli Is not always Ihave all heon Tames, with ij Is nature, ana For workmen killed, tlio civil status was given, the ago of the widow, the number of orphans under fifteen years of ago, and tho age of each; if there wore no widow and cliild, tho ago of tho widowed mother, and in default of a widowe«l mother, tho number and ago of ascomUinls more than sixty years of age. As regards the wounded, tho companies were roconiniendod to make distinction between ])ermanent, ])artial and tem])()rary incapacity for work. As for (ho latter class, when the incapacity for work exceeded a duration of four days, tlio number of days' incapacity for work was monti(jned. Wo will find in tho Statistics for Mining Industries and Steam Apparatus for the Year 1887, in three tables, tho gonoral results of the ont(uiry concerning victims of accidents that happened in coal mines in tho years 1885, 1880 and 1887, in each department. Wo givo herewith tho totals furnisheil by extracts from statistics for tho throe united years, adding to them a few supplumontary details: — Amount of the average yearly numbers of workmen and employees in the 80 companies leforred to in tho information given , 27(!,474 Amount of corresponding wages 8r)f),3l»l,y58 Classiticatioii of Victims. NunilH'i 474 SIX Killed Crippled, affected by a permanent ] Total inv,-\pacity for work j" Partial ") Having lost more than Seriously wounded.. ^ monthswork 3 do from 3to (J month's work Wounded, having lost 21 days to six months 8,0(52 Wounded slightly, having lost from 5 to 20 dys, work. 27,844 Wounded very sliglily, having lost four days at most 10,640 I'r()ln)rtioii \H'r 1,(MMI NVorkinen uikI Kiiiployets. 1.7 51) 204} 207 (J3G 0.9 Ml 2,3 J U.a 31,3 100,7 38,5 Total number of victims, killed or wounded 48,808 170,5 I'roixii'tion o™ Avurage. Family of Workmen Killed. Number, r j- (V,„ j i Widows 295 0,62 35 years. Orphans, of at least 14 years of ago 630 1,33 6 years and 3 months. Ascendants 54 0,11 Over 00 years. SALARIES. Average daily wages of workman killed §0'7S Average daily wages of wounded, not including those who have lost more than four days work 0'76 The number of days' work lost from incapacity for work caused by wounds was 779,892 daj's, exclusive of days lost by invalids and wounded who lost no more than four days. Thus the average number of days lost for every wounded was about 21 days. For the number of 297 wounded who lost more than six months' work, the number of days they were incapaciated for work amounted to a total of 87,030, an average of 293 days per wounded. If fi'om this total we deduct tho 779,892 days previously mentioned, we obtain, for the wounded who have lost from five days to six months, an incapacity for work averaging 18-0 days. Note was taken of the age of persons pei-manently incapacitated for worlc, with !i view to the payment of annuities. Tho average age came to forty-six years for cases of entire incapacity, and to thirty-nine years for partial incapacity. As wo are aware, women are not employed in the interior of mines in France, it being legally interdi '^sd. They are allowed to work at tho surface, and form about three per cent, 'f the total number of work people employed in coal mines. 528 1;! I- ll'' . '. According to a Hpociivl calculation of victims belonging to the female box. the latter form about 1'5 per cent, of the total number of wounded. ThuH in 1H87 the liHts of names furiUMhed by the ongini'orM ini'luded not one woman among the killed, nor among the pcrmanonlly injured, and only one among the numos of porHons atloitod by a iiartial incapacity for work, linally 181 among liJ,f»r)5 wounded whoso tempo- rary incapiicily for work exceeded tour days. However, in 188(i, there were 2 women (married) killed, and 3 in 1885. In 2{>,!M1 eases the nature of tiio wouiul, that is, the part of the body injured, was indicated exactly. The division was as follows : — Nimib«r rn.iK.rtioii ISuinD«r. j^r I.IMX) w.miulwl. Fractures 1,056 35,3 Dislocations, s])rains, wrenches I,2(i6 42,3 Wounds G,fl57 232,0 Contusions 20,G32 089,8 The Statistics of mining industries for IS81 (Expose p. 09) contains a detailed list of the parts of the body injured, with an indication of the injury. It is shown among other wounds particularly mentioned, one-fourth of the fractures (203) con- sisted simply of broken tingers. Finally, four-tift lis of tlio persons wounded, were but slightly injured and lost no more than 1 to 20 days' work. The proportion of those whoso permanent or tem- poi'ary incapacity fur work lasted more than 10 days was from 3,5 per 100 (35,0 per 1,000); it coincides nearly exactly with those of fractures. And, as having led to death or serious wounds (occasioning more than 3 months' incapacity for work), cases per 1,000 workmen. In 2 of t hese cases the wounded persons were rendered unable to work f(»r more than six months, and even permanently. The mining committee, on the other side, instituted a private enquiry on tlio condition of the working of the mine, and have published the results in a circular dated 17th June, 1887. The tigures relating to accidents are as follows : — NhiiiImt of workmen to wlmiii Avcrago. tliiH iivM'iigi? rufiTs. Killed 1,93 jier 1,000 45,352 Wounded 133,90 — 43,501 Duration of each workman's sickness from wounds 24,87 days 37,679 Duration of sickness for each workman employed 4,07 — 3T,S79 Workmen killed per 1,000 work- men wounded 14,94 — 40,509 These statistics give much fewer details than those given by the administration of mines; the number of workmen included is much more limited, and does not apply to the same period of time. Although presenting certain variations, tiio averages which do not always possess exactly the same signification still approiicli each other in a satisfactory manner. No doubt can exist as to the large number of victims of labor in coal mines. Germany — In other countries the annual number of workmen killed in mines is a little hirger than in France. In Prussia, accoixiing to the official reports given in the Zeitschrift fur das Berg- hutten und Salinen- Wesen im preussichen Staate, in 1887 there were 603 killed, to wit : Workmen. Killed. Killed per 1,000. Coalmines 191,379 513 2,68 Lignite mines 23,266 58 2,49 Metalliferous mines 63,660 70 1,10 Other mineral minings 10,089 22 2,18 ■/J i 629 The f^onoral avoni^o, for tho totiil numl)oi- of minos, in which 288,394 vvorkmeiv wern employed fiiiiu' to 2,H0 per 1,000. For the decennial period tVom 1877 to 1886 it is Htill hij^her, 2,53. In eoal milieu the proportion of victims from tiro-damp waH 0,Mi per 1,00() for 1887. It amounted to 0,82 tor Westphalia alone, where more than iiino-tonths of the accidentH of tliis nature occur. The Bmail proportion relative to victims in metalliferous mines is duo, in great part, to the fact that tiie statl' for tho interior is increased \>y more than hal*', \>y tho addition of that belon^ir.^ to tlie dependencies on the surtace, in ])articular tho work- shops for sortin/.;, wasliin^ anil jireparing tho miuorala for luaion, in which the con- ditions of labor are not very dangerous. The statistics given hy the Prussian engineers takes into account only such wounded pei-sons as iiave lost one month's work through incapacity for labor, and thoy rank them into two classes, viz. : — 1st. Those who, through temporary incajia- city, have lost from one to six months' tiork ; 2iid. Those pormanontly incapacitated from working at their trade. Tlioso have boon calculated according to the nature of tho work : Ti'in|H)iary liicapiicity. Coal minos '^ 714 Lignite mines 2G0 Metalliferous mines 5G6 Other mines 109 Altogether 4.()49 T<>tivl PtTiiinni'iit iicaiiacity. NuiuIht. l»r 1,(100 351 4.065 21,24 19 279 11,!I9 40 606 9,52 3 112 11,10 413 5.0(:2 17,55 Tho proportion of invalids (workmen permanently incapacitated for work) amounts, on an average, to 1,43 por 1,000 workmen employed. In coal minos it amounts to 1,83 per 1,000. It is to bo remarked that during tho last four years, although tho number of deaths has decreased or romiiinod stationary, tho number of wouniled has not ceased to increase. In fact the total amounts given annually are as follows for all sorts of mines taken together : — Total Toniiiornry IVriiiancnt , ' s Year, Iiicapacity. Inca|i;K'ity. NuiiiIht. iHjr 1,000. 1883 2.680' 188 2,874 10,04 1884 2.570 206 2,776 9,51 1885 , 2.954 223 3.177 10,85 1886 4,237 402 4.719 16,39 This phenomenal diflTeronce is shown, not only in tho mining industry, but in nearly all branches of labor, and is recognized as Doing due to tho operation of tho law of accident insurance of 6tli July, 1884, Statistics of accidents, classed according to their nature, give two tables of detailed statements, one relating to deaths and tho other to wounded persons. The latter table contains no less than one hundred columns. "We give a r^Num^ of the tigurcs relative to accidents in coal mines which att'ord the most interest from the order in which they are given, and by limiting them to two decimals : — Pro|K)rti<)n Proportion Nature of ac Jents. of killed of woundwl p. 1,000. p. ],0(J0. By blasting ,.♦. 0,12 0,80 By falling in 1,06 8,49 On planes and inclined pits 0,30 1,25 In pits 0,23 0,59 20—34 680 .'it: ". .■■3t"> M ' ■%>■ [ I'roiHirtion I'rn|Hirticm Natun* of aocidcntN. nfkillt'd uf wniiinlcd |.. 1,(XK). p. 1,00<). In tlio working MlmiitioH 0,08 ;{,68 By Hiv-(liiMi|t 0,K! 0,;}5 l\y foul air 0,04 — By nmcliinory 0,04 0,51 liy flooding..." 0,or> — Oa tlio surface 0,2;{ 3,00 Va- iUUBea 0,07 2,57 2,08 21,24 AcciilentH from flro-damp are subjoct to a special analyHin and arc examined from all jioints. In 1HH7 there were over 71) oxplowions, 01 of which were inoffon- Hivo ; the 18 olhorH cauwed the death of 88 porsons, of which number 52 wore the victiniHof one ninglo catastropho. In 1887, 1,717 mines were worked in the German Empire ; in those mfijMf) persons were em|)loyed. This number of workmen and employees were insured against accident as members of the Mining Syndicate, according to the last report from the Imperial Insurance Oftice, presented to the Keichstag 5th J)ecembor, 18.'^8. We extract from this document, which is of the greatest importance as regards the application of the law of (Uh .luly, 1884, the following figures concerning the number of '' wounded persons to whom indemnities have been paid during the course of the financial year: " CoiiHeqtienccs of accidents. Number of caHos. Per 1,000 inBured. T)eP' 498 2,45 Int ty for work during more f Totalo... 5.5 1,(j7 months | particllo. 5)51 2,74 Temporary incapacity for work from more than 13 weeks to (J months 407 1,45 Altogether !.... 2.872 8,30 Besides the above mentioned victims to whom pensions or indemnities wore paid, there were 1,349 similar cases from accidents received in former yeais. Such are the statistics of serious accidents. The report furinshos an accessory- account of the total of accidents of which information was given to the local police in 1887, in virtue of article 51 of the law, that is which caused " an incapacity for work for more than throe days, or death." The total number amounts to 24,G30 or 71,15 victims per 1,000 insured. The number of wounded persons (.ubjected to from 4 days to 3 months' enforced idleness would be about 21,758, or (;2,8l) per 1,000. But the report is careful to draw attention to the fact that the lattei" information only gives an ajiproximate amount, and that in a general way the total number o\' accidents given for the ditferont industries is less than the reality. Claimants to indemnity, left by death, are as follows : — Pro|x)rtion yter Number. di-ath. Widows 535 0,03 Orphans sixteen years of age 1,407 1,65 Ascendants 42 0,05 What is most calculated to attract attention, in these iriining statistics, is the extremely large number of wounded persons, wounded so seriously as to incapacitate them from work for more than six months, and which are ipso facto provisionally classed as invalids, and to whom an annuity of life pension is allowed. The propor- 681 iiinined iiioffon- sro tho roport er, 18X8. rogartla linf? tho •iiig Uio uBuri'il. fion iH 4,41 por l.Ono inHurcMl, whilHt in Fronoli coal minoH, iicoonlinjy to HtftlcmoiitH ^ivon l>y 'lie conii^itiics (anil llio result would prt)l»al>ly bo ditVcronl woi-o iho coiiitn to verify tlio f'aclM) tlio uvoni^o proportion ot' workinon injured ho rh to bo porma- nonliy incapacitoil for woiU, does not excei'd (),!•. Hcsides, in O'ennany the ineapaeity was judged to bo fo^a/inmore tlianono-tliinl the nunihor of cases, wliilut in Franco in was declared total in only one-flflh the niiinher. The ditl'eronco Htatod is duo in ft f?roat measure to the manner of establishing the statistics. The claHsificatioii is not identical, notably for invalids. In this res- poet we must notice the great ditl'eronce existing between the statistics of accidents that have happened in mines drawn up bj' Prussian engineers and similar Htatisties 4,G*{0 or |l to IVom ,000. _)rmatiou Cuwii'tT of |i \*-"^ |c8, is the lipacitiilc ligioiiully K propov- AvciiVKt' yearly No. of worknum in pits and on tilt' HUrfivce, VKAUI.Y AVKHAliK OK WOHKMKN KO-LKI). Pro|H>rtion of deutliH caused hy tire duniii |H'r 1(H) worknibn killed. Periods. By fir.( dani|i. I?y other accidentH. Total. Total |ier 1,(MK) worknittit. 1H51 tolSCO isiil to 1870 24(),0.'?2 31,;,240 482,837 514,.022 244-1 220-7 2(!8,(i lOlt-1 7.57-7 8,S5 !t 8(10 3 858-8 l,0<)l-8 1,(m;2« l,134-!t 1,027 !t 4.(»7 3 33 2 35 1-im 24 3 21-3 1871 to 1880 23-() l«81tol887 10 3 In the interval between tho two last mentioned periods the proportion of deaths from tire-tlamp foil from 2;5,() to 1(!,3 per 100. As regards metalliferous mines, the same publication gives, year after year, information as to tho working statf and tho numoer of deaths since 1874. During the period from 1874 to 1883 inclusive, the average number of workmen killed was 54,143, which gives a proportion of 1,(545 per 1,000. Total accidents occurring in mines are mothodicallj- classified by districts, and do- tails cimcerning tho accidents given. This -will be shown by the following division of workmen killed in 1887 in the whole number of coal mines in Great Britain and Ireland : 20— 34J , if w't" ' i'.*'' iv.r 632 ACCinKNTS IN THK INTERIOR OF MINES. DeATH ExplosiunH of firi^-daiiip 140 (of walls 10(! I f)f r(K)f 3(54 I X Iiiwiiuling of roix' (cable) 8 I IJruakajje of cable or chain 1 I By inechaiiictil contrivaiiceH going up or flown 1(5 -JFall of workmen J '■•<>■" the top (5 J I down part of tlie shaft 21 1 u 11 t ,1 : „t I from the toi) 3 pall of objects j from pa. t of the shaft « I Different 23 Hy blasting 22 Asphyxiated by gas (5 IniiiK^ation 3 I P'all into w; ter " ; On inclined pLines (JS i By waggons 73 I Bv machines 10 t. Others 3 Falling in Accidents in shafts Different accidents nnder ground 149 !• 470 84 213 Total Ult> ACCIDENTS ON THE HUHKACE. By machines E.\plosion of the steam engines Divers 5| 09 J General total. !I!I5 It is a much more difficult, mutter to ascertain the exfict number of wounded than it is to calculate the number of deaths. This second portion of English statis- tics is incomplete. By direct research in the reports of inspectors of mines, for the year 1887, we have ascertained that there were 2,251 wounded, and 552 killed of a total of 2()9,'J71) workmen, which gives a proportion of 2,04 killed and 8,33 wounded per 1,000. The variation between the diiTerent reports is too great to inspire any confidence in tho value of the results given. Inofficial statistics the wounds inflicted are atone time serious, at another light. It is certain that a very largo number of accidents not followed by death, are not included. In support of this assertion we will cite figures borrowed from the particular statistics of permanent Societies of Miners in 1885, the Eeport of the Council of the Central Association for dealing with distress caused by mining accidents, 4th May, 1886. Number of members. KILLED. WOUNDED. Societies. Number. p. 1,000 memVwrs. Numbers. p. 1,0 2,08 1,15 2,08 1,43 14*924 952 7-054 2-415 1-251 477 7-805 172 iNorth Staffordshirt* Ljaiicashliv and Cheshire 18!l 185 West Riding" of Yorkshire 157 North Wales. Midland Counties Monmouthshire and South Wah's lis 274 208 Midland District (accidental death only) Totals 209. 30C 446 34-878 2,13 PIU We have now before us the statistics of the Permanent Mining Societies relating to the last six years : the proportions of killed and wounded are simila to tlioso given in the above table. The number of wounded per 1,000 miners is very large; it agrees perfectly with that given by tho special enquiry into accidents occurring in 533 1 I are at one French coal mines, therefore the proportion ijiven by the statistics of the German Empire, for the total number of victims known, includini; wounde I'stiililishnuMit ol' thoso HtiitiHtics prosciit lu-ciiliar (litUciiltics. Ii is difUciili to know tln> av<>rat;(' aiimial niinilK«r of workiiuMi ciniiloycd in (|uanit's ; many of tlu'sc works, ospccially those in o|n'ii air. aio notably temporary. Hcsidcs, it is witl> iTioat (litliciilty (bat tlio oxa-t niiiiibiM" oan bo asoorlaiiiod ot" workiuon liavinH- roooivod wounds wbicdi (io not ondant;-or tlioir lives. Novortboloss, in Franco, tlianks to tlio inininii; onifinoor's suporintondonoo, and in (ii'iinany to (ho appliontion of (bo insin-anoo law, tho iiitbrniadon oollootod is not, without valno. .Aeooi'dini; to the statistics of the niiruni; inioyed in 1SS7. in subterranean (juarry work, wjis, in Kraiue Jind Alt;eria, li(l,l(i."{; and informadon was received of l(t worknion killed and (il woi'iidod, or re«- pectivoly 2 killed and ,'{ wounded jior l.OOO. In ojion air (piarrios, of a numbiM- of !t;{,r)r)'2 workmen, 101 wore killed and 112 wouiukul, or 1,1 killed and l.'i wounded per 1,000. Tho number of wounded jxivon is ovidondy loss (ban the real number, and the lumibor of killed is aloni> to bi> I'olied upon. Tbe following; is the averau;o ]ir()porti(m of deaths jior 1,000 workmen em|)lovod both in open air and nndor^ronnd in ditlorent minim; operations durinjjf tho ten years botwoen 187>S and 1887 inclusively: Mines of iiitl.iniui.'iliirv iimtcrials l,ri('> i>. 1,()00 In the Gorman Kmpiro, according; to tho last report to the Reichstag concernini,' the insurance law of (!tli .Inly, 1884, the associated quarrymon comprised 187,!'29 insured persons in 1887. The number of individual accidents having claim to an indemnity was 781, tliul is 4,1(5 per 1,000. viz.— J), imi Doiwi 17!l »,!•■> ItK'UiNU'itv fur work from ',i to Ii uioiitiis ".la "| , ' t .1 .• .1 I iMirtiivi as;i ] ti02 ;v-i do for nion' tlinii li luontlis ) I f ^i 104 The general total of victims known, iiududing persons wounded whoso incapa- city for work u.sted less than ;{ mon(hs (or more jirocisoly 115 weeks), amounted lo 3,1*1)0, or about 10,82 per 1000. By these last given stadstics wo are not enabled to establish any ditforenco between unlorground quarries, and open air quarries, sodissim.ilar notwithstandini;', as regards tho risks generally incurreil in their oi)oration. ACCIDENTS FllOM STEAM APPARATUS. In France, an annual detailed statement is given of tho explosions of steam appa- ratus, addres.sod to the Minister of Public AVorks by a central commission for steam engines. The information given is entirely to bo relied on, as according to the law now in force, any explosion gives rise to an enquiry and a detailed statement by the authority in charge of tho local government and the mining engineers, or, if tho matter concerns engines on boats, it is seen to by tho commission of suporintondeiue, of which commission the engineers form a part. iiltli^rnuu'iiii •tl'oi" notably [fc i8 (lifflcult 's ; many ol' l^i'sidi's, it is men Imvinir oiit'o, UM(I in )('to(l in not )or of woriv- ind Alii;oi-ia, idcd, or I'l's- led and 112 lof, and t!io 3 proportion I inditl'oroiit 1,(MK) ;t'onc'ernuii,f sed 187,!)29 as 781, that 1>. 101)0. O,!),") :!,'.'i ose inoapa- inountod to ' n('o tlhstandiiiii', jteuni apjia- n for stt'ani he law now lent by the s, or, if tho intondenco, ^•nnstanccs of tile !u"!;u^' ••''»'•«' ^'-nn and y railway com- panies, and in general by all tiie larger industries, ami indi'innitics, in cases of pei'uuinent (jr temporary incapacity, in the form of pensions to widows and to orphans of deceased members, are distributed in a greater or less degree of muniticence. Those allocations nearly always comprise aid and medicines not only for cases of wounds but in cases of sickness also. Sometimes the expense is borne by the master, anil sometimes by the workmen, sometimes by both together. Statistics of this kind in France and in foreign parts would furnish materials for several volumes. It is a subject we cannot even touch upon just now. We cannot bind ourselves to the discovery of what are the expenses to bo foreseen to assist insurance against accidents under certain determined conditiims, that is to say, in taking as an object the allocation to victims o;- to their heirs of indemnities, the highest that can be given, or the largest pensions that have been allotted by the laws of the country, m which, from this point of view, the condition of the working class has been improved. The German Empire.whei'ea law of insurance against accidents is in force since 1st October, 1885, tunushes much useful information on this subject, and abundant data to go upon ; we will make use of the ofticial information published in that country, from which we will take numer'ous extracts as it is on the law already quoted, that, with little exception, is founded the project of (air ooncernimj the responsibility of accidents of tchich uorkmen at labor are the victims, which the Chamber of Deputies has adopted on second deliberation on 10th July, 1888. It is indispensable here, for the proper comprehension of this study, that in their essential points, the basis of indemnities foreseen in this project and left to the charge of the head of the enterprise, are as follows : In case of death : 1st. An indemnity twenty times the victim's daily wages for funeral expenses ; 2nd. A pensien to the widow equal to 20 p. c. ot the average anniuil wages of the victim ; 3rd. Pensions to orphans, having lost both father and mother, to the age of fourteen complete 3'ear8, the total amount of which varies from 15 to 40 per cent, of the annual wages of the victim, according to their number, if there is a widow, and fi'om 15 to 50 p. c. of the same wages, if there ai'e only children. 4tb. A pension of 10 per cent, of the same wages allotted to the widow mother of the victim or to each of his two ascendants over sixty years of age, if the victiiu was unmarried or a widower or widow without children. In case of permanent and entire incapacity for work : An annuity varying from one-third to two-thirds of the average yearly wages of the wounded person according to circumstances left to the judgment of the court, under reserve of a minimum of S80 annually for jnen, and $50 annually for women. In case of permanent 'partial inca'pacity for work : An annuilj' similar to the preceding but "reduced in jn'oportion to the remain- ing capacity for work." In all cases of accidents : Ist. Doctor's and druggist's charges restricted to $20 per wounded; |fe-.x 689 H in uso [)tod by 5?TS. !• misfor- jimliiVi;- a vid soeie- way coni- casos (if 3 orphans for cases 10 by tho^ atistics of ,1 vohimes. rselves to ;e afi;ainst an olijoct at can bo country, m improved, uc since 1st ndant data |t country, [)ted, tiiat, Mbility of If Deputies luit in their the charge [expenses ; wages of Iho age of lei- cent, of lidow, and Ivv mothor Iho victim Hy wages Ithc court, Iwomen. le remain- 2th. Daily indctnnity equal to half the avoniiro daily wages .)f the victim between the limits td'fnmi 20 cts. to 50 cts. This tom|)orary indemnity will lie paid only for accidents that have caused more than three days' incapacity tor work. In Goiinany widows' pensions are calculated the same as in the French project. The expense is a little heavier for orphans wiio are pensioned until the ago of fifteen complete years, and foi' whom the total amouot of pensions may lie (i4,0(»8.HO 24.27 in hospital, i Govornniont cmployoos 147 3,(152.00 24.84 Total \y,Vl\) 14ll,14;>.G0 1(J.00 The average expense of the troatmont of a wounded Ih very liigh. But wo must not forgot that thoso HtatiMtioH apply only to porsons grievounly wounded. If thoy included (ho wounded who recover before three months' time, a large number of whom having received only slight injuries are easily treated, and cost very little, the average coHt per sick would naturally bo much Iosh, and come nearer the tiguron given above. CAPITAL CORIIESPONUI.NG TO THE I'EN8I0N.S TO BE ALLOWEO I.\ CASE OF DEATH OK OF INJURY. After the retrospective oncjuiry instituted by tiie Adniinistriition of mines, on accidents ihat occurred in coal mines during the three years 1886, 1S87 and 1S88, the capital sums corresponding to the pensions to be allowed victims or their heirs, in conformity with the rules laid down in the pi'oject of law on the I'osponsibility of accidents, were calculated with exactitude for each ca.se referred to the enijuiry, taking into account, in any case of disablement, the wages paid the victim, and hie or her age; the age of the widow, the number of orphans and their 025, or very nearly 3. The equivalent above given may therefore be considered as generally applicable in all branches of industry. It atl'ords a convenient means of detei'mining at first glance tho scale of risks, according to the statistics of accidents which occur every year in different industries. COST OF APPLYING INSURANCfc LAWS IN GEBMANT. The cost of enquiry and administration correspond ^to tho manner of organiza- tion prescribed by tho law of insurance. There were, in 1887, G2 professional syndicates divided into 3G6 sections, whose members sharing in the insurance amounted to 3,801,500. There were also 259,977 employees of the Empire or the States insured ; so that tho total number of persons insured in virtue of tho law of July G, 1884, was 4,121,537. Tho application of the law gave employment to a nnmcrous staff, to wit : Members of councils of administration of syndicates 731 — — of sections 2.331 Electors delegated to assemblies of syndicates 2.350 Representatives of syndicates ( Vcrtrauensma-nner) G . 750 Accredited technical inspectors of synilicates 79 Workmen's representatives 2.407 State employees' it^presentativcs 440 Number of courts of arbitration 452 Number of syndical enterprises 319.453 Public administrations support almost the entire expense of management con- corning tho insurance of their employees, without any special allocation being made. But as regards the syndicates, the expenses are all kept count of and entered in the books, ami published in tho official reports. In detail they are as follows for the year 1887 : 542 mi m m if Cost of onquiry and (lotormining indomnitios $ 3t),5fil.00 Cost ofcourts of Ill-bit rat ion 5 1,44(5. 80 Proventivo moaMiiros a/^aiiiHt accidontn 90,397.20 Cent of tiiHt o«tal)lishmont 5(i,4lH.(>0 Gonoral co.st of adiniiiiHtration 724,291.40 Total 902,115.00 Under the hoadin^j; " I'roventive measures aj^ainst accidents" are included the costs for inspection wliich represent the greater ])art of the expense. Then come the publication of provisions whoso object is the prevention of accidents ; these provi- sions are duo to tiio i"itiativo taint8. It acts in a rational way when it ascribes no linutsto thoBubwciiptioni* neccKsaiy to meet the expenKC. According to Arti( le 10 " llu- means of mooting indemiutios, to be fiirinsiied by the wyndieates, and the costs of ailininistnition, an- eieated l>y means of 3'early snlt- scription« or rates divided among tlu' members in proportion to the wagesand naiar- ies paid to inMired for their work, and according to legal taritfs of links." The syndicates are, moreover, lionnd to make supplementary payments during the tirst eleven years, settled in accordance to a deteiinined scale, in oriler to con- stitute a reserve fund. In a statement drawn up by Messis. Hehm and Jiiidiker, tho annual < barges r'or insurance are calculated on the basis of an average amiual salary ol 750 marks (8185,50). According to this calculation tho annual expenses, not including cost of management, will go on inereasing duiing a jteriod of 75 years, in a very rapid man- ner during tho tirst 40 years. The ])ayment to bo made by masters for each ot their workmen, deductions made of the cost oi management is ealculatef tho nroinium in of nuvh iiiiportunco that wo ur« hound to do our boHl to olu('ir of Known fiiHcH. quantity. Capital for l't>nNioiiH. Deaths 2,056 Disability for morofHntire 2,827 than () months \ Partial . . 8,126 1,051 3,106,756 X $0.55 3,190 9,018,130 X 0.55 1,71G 13,944,216 X 0.55 Altogetiior 2(!,0(;9,102 x $0.55 Or $14,338,006. Temporary disability from 3 to ) ^ . i) months. j "' Or $ 34,006.60 ,061 30 61,830 X $0.55 For other expenses wo give tho exact figures of tho official report ; and thus form tho table given below : TABLE OF EXPENSES FOR INSUUANCE OF PROFESSIONAL SYNDICATES. 1st. Legal indemnities. Capital for pensions (including funeral expenses). $14,338,006.00 Indemnities for enforced idleness (3 to 6 months) Medical treatment at home ^ $72,393.80') Treatment in hospital 64,068.80 Aid to families of wounded persons.... 30,708.20 Capital paid to foreigners 13,905.40 _ 2ud. Expense of applying the laio 34,006.60 181,076.20 962,115.00 Total $15,515,203.80 (1.) The similar ti'tal as givt^n in the statisticH of accidents in French coalmines for 188G to 18S.S is Init little different : 2,06. However, the proportion of orphans and heirs to a [lension is leas (1,33 instead of 1,43) because the limit of age lulopted is 15 years instead of 16 as in Uermany. 646 o do our MiniHtor y of 18H8 ,nco ivH ill n t'orco in )H0 valuii- rNinCATES por year, imoi'ouH in lit to about [liuiiw, 0,06 irai'm thoHo figiiroB rouult tlio ibllowiiig annual uxpuuHes : Legal inciemnitioH S.l.Tf! ExponHO of applying thu law 0.25 Total $ 4.01 por insured. Expense in regard to wagoH 25.94 jut $1,000 Ah tlio exponHo of adiiiiiiiHtration would inevitably increiiHO if the Hyndicates wore »)bligi'd to coiioct iinmodiatel}' and i)roHorvo and manage tho large capital sums cor- responding to the pensions, and which would go on accumulating, we must calculate tho actual cost of applying the law. Hut on the other hand it is to bo observed that pensions ceased to be paid to wounded persons when cured. It is jirobablo that this cessation of pension does, in tho end, roduoo the sum of legal indemnities. The |)roporti()n cannot become known with any exactness before a certain num- ber of years, and on this point wo are reiluced to hypothesis. Will tho reduction of corresponding expenses DO greater than the increase occasioned by the constantly augmenting number of wounded persons whoso recovery is not complete at tho end of six months? Will not the number of accidents decrease in pr()])ortion? Finally, will the expense of insurance decrease to a little below the sum of $25.04 as shown above, or will it attain larger proportions still ? The future alone can toll. Wo may here renuirk that the honorable reporter for tho Parliamentary Uom- inission who in 1887, was charged with examining the project of law, and its propo- sitions, concerning the responsibility of accidents of which workmen are tho victims while at their labor, adopted a very diU'eront valuation the errors of which are very manifest at the present time. Ho based his calculated amounts on an average charge of $11.20 per $1,000 wages, as the result of tho tiorman statistics (Appendix I of Mons. Deputy Diich(5's report), when this average according to tho tiguros given in 1887, appear to us to approach $2(J. CALCULATION OF TIIK I'BE.MIUM POR INSURANCE OP THE SYNDICATE FOB MINES IN UEllJIANY, ACCOUDINU TO STATISTICS FOR 1887. Let us make a calculation after tho same method for the important mining syndicate. It is not, as may be imagined, a useless work. The knowledge of tho following figures will enable us to see clearly tho working of tho mining aid f'umls of Prussia, of which the financial results for 1887 will bo given as follows : — Number of assured WugOB (fixed in view of assossmontb). Average annual wages do ''ally do .346.146 $64,156,793 185.34 0.65 (T|ie daily wages are calculated by counting 285 days of work a year.) Number (if Cases. 849 565 Deaths Disability for more"] Total than 6 months. ' Partif tial 951 (liven ciuiintity. 1.051 3.190 1.716 Ciipitiil for I'euMion.'*. 892.299 X 0.65 1.834.250 X 0.65 1.631.916 X 0.65 J Altogether 4.358.465 x 0.65=$2,833,002.20 Temporary disability from 3 to 6 months 497 30 Expenses of medical treatment and other aid (real expenses). 14.910 X 0.65= 9.601.40 44,191.40 h,33 ins teiul of Total of legal indemnities $2,886,885.00 20—35 546 E«*i^ Takinff tho above cnlculatod pensions as a basi*-, logothor 'vith actual accessions, wo obtain for each insured person the following figures : Legal indonmitios $8.34) Sis'"! PLxponso of applying the law (real expenses). 0.17 j '"' Or, per $1,000 salary 845.95 This is the ai)proximato oxpcMise to which we are led with regard to th'i reserve already mentioned, plus 4^ per cent. MINING EXPENSES OK I'llUSSI.V. In order to complete this subject, we will give in detail the receipts and expenses of the mining funds of Prussia for 1887, to the operation of which the insurance law presents no obstacle. "\Vo will then know the amount per workman of the expenses occasioned by accidents during thy said year, in the one, among all tho industries, in which aid has been assured to victims during tho longest period of time, and in which catastroj)lios are the most frequent. There were 77 societies (Knappschaftsvei'eine) in that country, including 1,846 mines, factories and salt-])it8. Tho members, some of whom have entire, some restricted rights, numbered IJ2i),209 in the beginning of the year, and 3o({,021 at tho end of tho year. NIMBKU OK PKR80NS ASSISTKD. In the bo)^iniiiii(f At the cixl of the v«'«i'. tif tilt' voar. Invalids 27.983 30.'l()2 Widows 30.124 31.103 Orphans 52.202 54.127 Totals 110.309 115.452 Atlding to those the numl)or of persons assisted by tho sections of jirofossional syndicates in virtuo of the insurance law against accidents wc counted 32,837 invalids, 32,804 widows and (52,347 orphans. Heceifts. Payment of members 02,5(50,757 v!o chiefs oi entei'])rises 2,28(5,784 Interest on capital, fines, etc 363,2(58 Total 5,210,809 JUxjienses. Alvi to Invalids 81,049.417") — widows 845.585 [•82,957,172 — orphans 4(52,1703 Expense for sickness 1,274,219 Exceptional aid, oxpen.se for interment, etc 77,131t Schoo 1 i ng ex ponses 8.'i,558 Cost of management 1 ;;8,339 Ditleront expenses ILj 1.811 Total 4,(581,338 Umler the heading of invalids are included, at least so we believe, all tin' wounded receiving indemnities, who, howeve., are not under trer.Imont. There were counted 135,712 sick persons to whom wore paid .-^ick-wages (Krun- kenlohn). The average duration of a sickness was 1(5.1 days (as against 1(5. H tho preceding year.) 547 ^ reserve Amoni^ tl»o different expenses iiro included $84,812 for purchase o{ immo- vablos, which constitute u real payment into the reserve fund. li'wo leave those expenses aside, as woU ;is the ox|)eiiset for schooling;, there remains an average expense of S13.5I> jier memhor, to wit: Aid to tlie wounded, widows and orphans §!).040ot8. Kx])onses ot sickness ;>.8n4 " Exceptional aid, funeral expenses 0.235 " Expenses of management 0.422 " Total 813.51)2 cts. According to which the total amount of expense incurred for memhers in case of accident oi sickness compared with the average wages of miners, which, as we have seen, is $1S5.34 for all tierniany (taking it tor granted that the average is sulH- ciently applicable to Prussia) amount to 7.33 per cent, without counting the ditferent expenses, and those tor schooling. During the i)receding year, the aid (ttnferstiltzungen) for invalids, for widows and for orphans amountoii to scarcely S8.(i4 i't?v member, instead of 80.04. There has therefore been a considerable increase in the expenses from one year to the other, and there is nothing to show that the maximum has been reached. ANNUAL INCREASE IN THE NUMUER OF ACCIDENTS KNOWN, AND COVERED HV INSURANCE IN GERMANY. A jrdingly as the insurance law is applied accident statistics are being completed ; and, an important circumstance, to be partly attributed to tiinulation which appears to us to be the natural eonsequenee of the law, or rather of the natural feelings of humanity which incline both doctors or arbitrators to refrain trom lessening the amounts claimed for indemnity, isthe fact that the proportion of sei'ious accidents is lieyond all that had been foreseen. The case is the same as regards fatal accidents which shows that the workman has grown more imprudent. Hut as regards tiiis matter we believe that the syndicates moved by their tinaiicial interest, will insist on the general use of preventative moans of precaution, suggested by experience. The <()iitinual increase o* serious accidents cannot last \ery long. In any case the fact must boadipitted thatit is impossible toactually fix the limit of the expense that must follow from obligatory insurance, when we find that in 1888 lor a small increase in the number of insured i)ersons (4,242,100 instead of 4,121,537 in 1887) for the professional syndicates and public adnvuist rations together, the total number of accidents claiming indemnity, increased at the rate of 20 ])er cent. (20,(>()f> instea.i of 17,102). The details of the statistics for 1888 are not yet known ; and that is the reason we have been obliged to base our calculations princip;dly on the results of the year 1887. However, the total amounts published by the Imperial Insurance OHlce for last year allow us to establish, comparisons between the three years 1S8(;, 1SS7 and 1888, which are likely to prove instructive. NUMBER OF VICTIMS I'ER 1,000 WORKMEN AND I'ER YEAR. l{('Mult (if tlic Acciilmt. IHH« 1HM7 IHMM Death 0,73 0,7!) 0,84 Disablement for more than (j f Entire 0,48 0,77 0,05 months [Partial 1,00 2,05 2,40 Temporaiy disablement from 3 to (! months. 0,5(5 0,53 0,01 Total number of accidents giving a claim '\ to an indemnity, in virtue of the in- >■ 2,83 4,14 4,84 surance law ) Total number of accidents known. 20— 35i 28,02 32.01 548 Classification of Bisks — Principal Methods of Classification. Insurance companies establish tariffs in which the ditlerent elements of HtatisticH of accidents are taken into account as far as they may be gathered from the different branches of industry. Sometimes these tariffs aie given in detail ; the cost of insurance varies accord- ing to the kind of the work, according to the nature of the manufactory. Sometimes the industries aie divided by groups of a certain limited number, in each of which the risk of accident is supposed to be the same and the cost of insurance identical for all the establishments grouped. This last method has been adopted in Italy by the National Accident Insurance Fund for accidents of labor. For individual insurance the establishments are ranked into 14 classes of risks. Their names are given in a work entitled : " Arti per V instituzione della cassa nazio- nale d'assicurazione per gli operai contra gl'infortuni sul lavoro, vol. II. The classifica- tion was established on those of the following insurance companies: General Insu- rance of Venice, the Fondiaria, the Paternelle, the Urbaine and the Seine, the Zurichoise, and the Winterthur In Germany, at the time of the short enquiry which preceded the vote of the insurance law in 1884 the authors of the preparatory studies divided the different industries into ten classes of risks, according to statistical facts gathered at the time. It is this work, of which experience has since shown the inevitable errors and oversights, that, in France, led to the nomination of the Commission of the Chamber ofDeputies to determine the amount of premium to be paid in case of recourse being made to insurance under State warianty. By reducing the risks to five classes it succeeded in simi^lifying the problem, without, however, assisting in its solution. Finally we have another combination which is the least favorable of all; it is that which preceded the establishment of the National Insurance Fund in case of accident, organized by law, 11th July, 1868. Tiie dift'orent industries are taken as a whole and as presenting one identical risk, and are subject to the payment of the same pi-omium whatever may l)e the danger surrounding the work. It is not with- out reason that Mons. Duch^ pointed, out this sole premium as one of the causes of the Funds' failure to win public favor, which was never with the fund. For several years the number of insured has been, with difficulty, maintained at 1,200. In 1887 the fund received : 610 subscriptioiiM of 81.<>0. 361 — l.(W. 255 — ()0. Of the 1235 subscriptions more than half (688) were paid by firemen. Millers, printers, locksmiths, a few municipal guards formed the greater 2)art of the remainder. During the year, three accidents were liquidated, one of which entailed entire disablement from work, and two a permanent disablement from professional work. The I'eports of the higher commission concerning the operations of which we speak, make no mention of the trailes exercised by the victims. There is no reason to devote our attention further to this fund, which, moreover, it is announced, is under process of complete transformation. CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL SYNDICATES OF GERMANY ACCORDING TO THEIR EXPENSES FOR 1887, FOR ACCIDENT INSURANCE. The Imperial Insurance Office of Berlin is of necessity, as a consequence of the law now in force, the headquarters for information as to the degree of risk inherent to each kind of industry. However, no communication has been made to the Press iu respect to this important subject, at least not to our knowledge. But the details published in regaixi to the financial results of the application of the insurance laff of 1884 during the year 1887, supplies the want. 549 lents of from the 3 accord- imetimes vhich the jal for all :n8urance of risks. issa nazlo- cUiw!;*ifica- eral Ineu- Seine, the 3to of the e different t the time, jrrors and e Chamber lurse being e problem, of all ; it is in case of I taken as a lent of the IS not with- je causes of For several In 1887 bi. Millers, 1 remainder, liilcd entiio lional work. ]i we speak, j)n to devote Ider process IDINO TO £nce of the 1 inherent to lie Tress in Ithe details lurance In^'^ ClaHsification of syndicates. TalMvc'co Silk Clothing industry Printing Ceramics Industry of metals (2 syndicates) . Working in paiwr Textiles (0 syndicates) Musical instruments Ironmongery (fiinuieehnnich) .... (rlass Shipping, warehousing Flax. Leather industry . Tiles. Carting FfK)ds Machines, manufacture of small iron wares . (ias and water apparatus Ironw( .5,41 6,13 6,90 7,00 7,55 8,08 8,33 8,.58 8,61 8,68 8,90 9,69 10,15 10,43 12,03 12,07 12,88 13,73 15,15 22, ;« 8,0(i If, for each professional syndicate, we divide the amount of expense.-* by the sum of the animal wages of those insured, we obtain quotients who.se value is in direct relation to th*e expense and the indemnities for wliich each syndicate has to provide during the course of the year. We have made use of these quotients to draw up the accompanying table which indicates the number of persons insured in the different branches of industries, the amount of wages corresponding for 1887, the expenses in- curred for insurance during the same year and the lelation of those expenses per 1000 to the wages. The last number which represents the expense in France per 61,000 of wages is, in a. way, the given quality of risks. We must remember that according to the observations and calculations already made, we must triple and even quadruple this given quantity to obtain approximately the value of the premium which will be exigible when the operation of insurance is become normal. To obtain more generality, we have united similar .syndicates which differ but little from each other, except in the part of the empire in which they are situated. Consequently the 62 professional syndicates form actually 3-4 industi'ial distinct groups, in which the risks of serious accidents are on the increase. The relation of expenses to wages, which appears in the last column represents an average for each large industry considered in the whole numi)cr of its factories, its workshops, and establi.shments. But each branch taken individually gives use to very different risks. Thus the wood industry includes workshops for wheel making, carpentering, coopering, for the manufacture of wooden shoes, carriages, woi'kshops for turning in which accidents are very infrequent, especially where no mechanica 650 motor is used, whilst in works on square timber, as in all others where the work- men have large and heavy masses to handle, serious accidents ai*e rathar frequent. As we are aware the German law loaves the regulating of these risk tariffs to these syndicates, by statutoiy means, for each kind of establisiiment, according as the nature of the work to be done and the material conditions in which it is done offer more or less risk of serious accidents. SCALE OF RISKS ACCORDINO TO THE NATURE OF THE INDUSTRY. In the preceding table wo see that the given quantity of risks varies from 1.34 for the tobacco industry, the least dangerous (which in Germany is not a State monopoly) to 22.35 for brewing and malting whci-o most accidents occur, or as from 1 to 161. Leaving this latter industry aside, where jjarticular danger seems the result of a defective organization, or of work done on too large a scale, without suffi- cient superintendence (for in other countries, the results are much less unfavorable as regards the lives of the woi'kmen employed in the manufacture of malt and beer,) the scale of rlslis ascends from 1 to 11.3. Mines are at the top. If there was any need to point out the roiiVity of the prof cssional /vsft, the com- parison of the figures (the entire length of the scale) would amply suffice. As for determining the exact 'aluo of the lisk, it presents great difficulty in so much as it exacts, as a starting point, very precise statistics, established on very numerous observations. Insurance companies arc unable to sujiply the deficiency shown in their own statistics — or those they have been able to procure and which they keep as secret as possible — except in praising the premiums to sup|)ly the existing deficiency. They even refuse, through prudence, to insure certain risks. SCALE OF RISKS ACCORDING Td THE NATURE OK THE ESTABLISHMENT, ACCORDING TO INSURANCE TARIFFS OF '' LA PRfiSERVATRICE." The companies or insurance associations against accidents number 12 in France, they pay from ^1,000,000 to 81,200,000 in indemnities every year. In order to better understand what, in general, is the scale of risks in industries, we will conclude by giving the classification to which we are lead by the study of the insurance tariffs of one of these companies " La Pr&ervatrice '' which was founded in 1861. In this company, heads of establishments are allowed, if they choose, to insuro against all risks run by the workman at his work or only against a portion of those risks, for instance, against the most sirious accidents: death and poimanent disable- ment for work. In this latter combination, the only one to which we will here refer, insurance is limited to the following payments: 1st, In case of death, a capital of 8200 for the widow and orphans; 2n(l. in case of permanent disablement from work, a pension of $60, 840 and 820 accord- ing to the degree of such disablement. Besides, incase of contestation or action at law, the master's civil responsibility is covered to the extent of 81,400 for each accident. This latter amount may be carried to 82,000 by means of a supplementary tax of 10 per cent. The staff of an establishment should not, on principle, bo insured by fraction;-;; the contract should include the total number of wage earners. This rule may, how- ever, be deviated from wliei'e the work of an establishment is divided into branches, quite distinct the one from the other, and offers no risk of accident, except in one or more special branches. For this purpose the company authorizes printing establishments, for instance, to exclude compositors, proof-readers, foremen, folders, &c., and to insure the stall' in other branches of the business; in delf-works, china-works and potteries, to exclude workmen, moulders, painters, itc, employed in shaping the pieces, and to insuie the statt' employed in extracting and in carrying the material, and in firinij; the pieces; and moreover to exclude women and children under fifteen years of age. The subscription is generally paid in day's work; it is sometimes settled at the rate of 820 of wages. ~" This is especially the case in spinningand weaving industries. 651 1 le work- frequont. s to these he nature i: more or from 1.34 3t a State )r as from ■leems the hout sutfi- iifavorable and beer,) (, the com- e. As for much as it numerous their own p as secret deficiency. 30BDINfl TO 1 in France, industries, le study of as founded 0, to insure on of these snt disal)le- will hero Ihans; 2nd. ;20 accord- ponsibiliiy fit may be 1 fi'actions ; I may, how- branches, in one or Ir instance, the staff Itteries, to :;es, and to Id in firinir lars of age. It led at the industries. "We show in the accompanyintj table, the subscription to bo paid in each industry per worlcnum for 300 days work. In the spinnini^ and weaving and other similar establishments where the staff comprises many women and children, the rate is $0.40 per $100 of the wages; the subscription per member and for 300 days may oe subject to great variation. It cannot exceed (JO cents for a yearly salary of $150, which seem to be about the average wages. These establishments are consequently among the lowest ta^ed. For coal mines in which the insurance tariff is limited to the most serious accidents, the rate is $2.70 ; it must bo noted that accidents occasioned by lire- damp and by flooding ai'e formally excluded from the warranty. Siiliscriiitioii y.i'V 300 (lays w(irk. Variable. 60 76 81 000 096 1 05 1 14 1 20 133 1 38 1 60 1 56 1 59 1 66 1 80 1 96 2 10 2 22 2 25 2 34 240 2 66 2 70 2 79 2 82 2 85 3 00 S 60 3 72 3 90 4 60 640 900 INSURANCE LIMITED TO SKRIOITS ACCIDENTS. NAME AND CLASSIFICATION OF RI.SKS. Spinuintf and wcaviiij; of cotton, thread, woollens, flax, silk; ])r<'|>arati<)n and bleaching of g(MKls; iirinting st\itt's, colored cloth, dyes; nianufactrne of wadding. Man\ifactnres of oils and grease ; wiredrawing ; tinsniith's work without zinc pliDiiliinij. Manufactures of crockery, cliina and iHittery withmit iiinchinirii. Coopers, turners; wheelwrights, cnriiage making i(.'((/i»((( iiuchdnicitl mtCH : makers of v.'oiMlen shoes ifilhuiit tmttirt: fiiiinr ; Wiieelwrights with mechanical saws ; makers t)f W(K)den shoes witli motive (lower : M;inu- factures of wax and otlier candles; soap factories ; tanneries, white leather workers and curriers ; glass and crystal workers. Brewers and mailers; mechanical nail making, cutlery, ironware, ginismitlis ; galvaniza- tion, silver and gold plating; art liron/.ing. Bricks and tWfa n-ithiiut nKtcliiiicrii ; foundries and locksmithing {xiiiull (irticlrit) ; manu- facture of IxKits and shoes by ni;ichinery. Manufactures of foods; manufactures of (wrfuniery ; boat and slii|) building, enterprise for sweeping ; hou.se jiaintiiig. Caryttrnti'ving irithiiut iiKchiiniriil Ktiirs: cabinet-making; india rubljer and gutta |)i rcha works; rope walks ; l)lacksniithing ; phunl)ing, tinsii'ithing and zinc working ; jirint- ing and lithograi>iiing (/«»;•? iV(/ inminnicc.) Refiners of metals ; small forging ; carpentering iritli i/icrli(iaicii! siiirs; inlaying; ceiling l>lasterers; saltworks; waggon making. Manufactures of mortars and cements. Worksliops for sharpening; heating and lighting apparatus; gold and silver beating; bricks and tiles irilh tiihaltuni and bitumen. Mills (stationary). Steelworks, forges and blastfurnaces ; dodcs and warehouses without umchincrii ; jiaving (without (/uorriiin/i). Manufacture of dye woikIs ; large-locksmithing ; lime and cetiH'nt (extraction and imtnu- fact an) ; manufacture of aerated waters; foundries (lariK jiiecex). Building of marine docks ; canals for gas ; b\iilding roads and ways ; sugar refineries. Building canals without tuimels, bridges. Yards for Hi-e-wood, coal and cok»'. Chalk factories ; mushroom lieds ; distilleries. P]xterior plastering, and cleaning of fronts. Open-air ([uarries ; buihling (masonry, timber, roofs, i^c) ; huuber yar' "»' well pensions provided I /^'''t^^heir heiAr^^^ '•"»«"nt of i„Hn •. msmmmmm ^^Hge,s beaf no ' '''''" '''^^''- «^ceptionaI, are o,.. . "'i'''"««te accidents v..,.,; i\ P'®"i"'m 564 These figures sliow what aii importuiit tiling it is as regards tlio nation, as regards all humanity, that practical solution to tho problem should be discovered, that efficacious moans should bo universidly adopted, in the first place, to prevent accidents or at least to limit tho number ; secondly to succour tho unfortunate victims ot labor. OEGANIZA.TION OF INSURANCE. By Emile Cheysson, Chief engineer for brif obligatory insurance and points out the persons tt) whom it is to be applied. Other laws extend the classification, and scarcely any are excluded insurance but domestic servants, artisans and messengers, — and there is even question , inohuleM eni))loyees in the civil ailniiiiistnvtion of the Empire, those of tlie army and navy . Tile law of May otli 188(1, apiilies to |)erHonK enffaped in ajjrricultnre and forestry. The law of .Inly 11th 1887, is for seamen and workimn in huildintf yards, (shanties.) (2) Tlie sick fund i)ays tiie indemnity diirint; the Hrst thirteen weeks ; l.iit after the fifth week the master is lM)und to suiiply the ditference U'tween the r.ates of jj the wages allowed the viutiin and the rate of half the wages allowed the siek, almnt ,\ the wages. (li). The cori«)rations extending over tiie whole Kni]>ire, aie those of mines, quarries, glass works, ehina. works, hrick works, ehemieal iirofhicts, paper making, sugar factories, malt works, railways, printing, etc. (4) Tlie corporations extending over the whole Kminre, are those of mines, ((uarries, glass work, cliina- works, brickworks, chemical products, pai)er making, sugar factories, malt works, railways, printing, etc. 556 thom acoonUn^ to tluM'r rinks nnd hold inquirioH iiftoraccidiMitH luivo oocurrod, fhoy employ " tnen of trust " (Vertrauensmanner) who mo the rciil workini; pivotH of tho inHtitiition. Indomnitios to be allowed to victims or their families are, as wo have already stated, accordiiii^ to tariffs made by law in proportion to tliewa^es and according to thotrravity rosiiltin;^ from the aocitienl. Tho direction of (he corporations or of the sections, settles the amount of indemnity to he i^ranted in accordance with those tnrill's, tho intorestod parties havini; a ri^ht to recourse of a court of arbitration. The yearly premiums, as in mutual insurance companies where tlie insured are their own insurers, are not tixed in amount in (Icrman corporations, hut depend upon the indemiuties to bo paii' Ixmiul wlit'ii I wan not born ?) The system has the further disadvantage of disguising tho real consequences of the institution, by inserting it, as wo may say, like a wedge, the pressure of wliicli comes tho more painful, tho further it is driven in. It makes over to future gene- rations at a vei-y high charge, tho immedi.'to and momentary savings leali/.od in tho present (1). It is the proceeciing, not of tho father of a family, but of a prodigal for whom tho future tloes not exist, being yet distant, and who would willingly say with the fabulist: from this to forty years hence, Lt' roi, I'iiuf oil nioi nous inouivons. (Tile Kin^f, tlic UHM or J will die.) If, by one of those fluctuations of fashion or of public taste, of which history pre- sents more than one instance, an intlustry languishes and dies out, how will the cor- responding corporation honor the burdensome legacy loft by its predecessors ? The law must have foreseen this possibility, and, according to the case, the charges of the failing corporation fall either on the Empire or on the Confederate State (Art. 3^). Thus, as a last analysis, the State is ottei'cd as guarantee for the corpoi-ations and is substituted for them in the obligations they are unable to moot. It is the State which, at bottom, is the great motor of the grand mechanism of mutual syndicates ; it is tho State that moves tho wheels antl who together with the Imperial Insurance Office (Mcichsversicherung) from above presides over their opera- tion. This ottice, tho headquarters of which are in Berlin, and the members of which for the ordinary service, are named by the lOmperor, is the kej'stono of the arch and keeps the hand and eye of the trovornment over all the workshops in the Empire. Making all coi'poi'ations revolve under its superintendence, it is a veritable " instru- ment of domination," a sign of power, and as such is a subject of reproach with the (1) The resiiective clmrges of the two Hysteins have In'en calculated as follows : System of division. 1st 10 17 20 30 40 fX) 00 70 80 90 year See Assurances ouvriires, by Mons. Bodenheimer, p. 99. 4\ ()(> 100 10.') 135 150 1,55 102 1(>(> 1(W 170; Reserve systtui. Constant rate. lOU 557 HocialiHts who, after voting tho law, now cull it the barrack sucialiMm, socialisme de caserne. Such «n organization could not exist without n lurgo official staff. Bosidoa tho 43 porsoiiH ill tho Impeiial Otflco, thoroaro I'M momhers bolonging to tho conimittoon of the cor, .orations ; '2,Xil to tho section conunittecN ; tl,7')<( men of trust ; 2,i;i50oleo- tors delegates to tho synUicatOM' assemblies ; 2,407 ropiosontativos of the workmen ; 3,252 members of courts of arbiti'ations ; in all 17,457 persons to regulate 17,102 accidonla. The general expenses are on a par with the bureaucracy, and are, like it and for the same reason, at once a necessity and an evil of State socialism. Obligatory insurance against accidents could not be an exception to tho system. In ISS'i the amounts paid in indemnities and aids amounted to 1,711,'■'■■:' 568 foriniillj' rojort tho princi])l(>. It onjoiiiM on nil nationH tlio duty, not of itnitafinji; tliirt t'oiiili'iiiitioii wliicli limy lio ropiitiimnt to (lioir imtioiial t'ocliiij;, to (iicir iiistory, to tlioir chaiiictor or to thoir poi'uliar coriHlitution, Imt tho government would spread over all. As for the settlement of piomiums, that is done by tho system of technical reserves (Declainsoerfahren). luich year the corporation " must furnish the necessary amount to constitute a capital corresponding to aids and pensions, in conformity with the technical rules of insui'ance " (article 16) ; it is also obliged to form a reserve fund to meet the accidental fluctuations in the charges from year to year. It is also to bo romarkeil, that the law takes no note of accidents whoso dura- tion is loss than four weeks (instead of thirteen as in Germany), and that tlie work- man boars the tenth part of the cost of premium (article 17) (1). Finally, tho Austrian system is a copy of the (rorman .system, except that it is not oentralizod, and that tho calculation of premiums is nioro correct. This is another experiment it would bo well to watch and to note its results. III. — ORdANIZATION OF INSURANCE IN ITALY. * Crossing tho Alps into Italy we meet with quite another system, which appears to ns to be pei'fectly adapted to counti'ies inhabited by the Latin race, although different from those already mentioned. Confronted with the accident problem, the Italian Government had, in 18S;{, thought to solve it both by defining the master's responsibility by means by inter- version of proof, and by organizing insurance. The first project of law, deposited 19th February, 1883, by ^lons. Borti, Ministoi' of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, was voted by the Chamber of Deputies, 1.5th .June, 188.5, but has since then been hold in check by the Senate, whoso authority has greatly modified the economy of the ])r<)jected law. The second law passed more successfully through the trial of Parliamentary debate, and became law on 8th July, 1883, establishing a National Lal)or Insuiancc Fund against professional accidonts (ca^a nazionaledi assicurazioneper to «12(>.(MI(l, 11 guarantee fund of 3.'{0(»,()(IO. This fund exercises only a moral intiuem-e ; its affairs are administered by I lie .Savings Hank of Milan and directed by ii supt^ior coui\cil in whicdi each of the insti- tutions that co-oporated in its f(»ui\ilation, are lepresented. It otfersits clients either individual ii\surance, simiilocollcctive insurance or combined collective insuiimce (2) ; the taritls for premiums luivo been determined in an eclectic manner subject to revision every live years, when the experience of the |)rincipal foreign companies are brought to bear upon them. Hoing oppressed neither by protKs, since Havings Banks ignore the shareholders and the tlist.iluitionof dividend.s, noi'by thoexpenses of management, of whicdi the founder societies have taken the excdusive charge, the firemiums aro as low as possible, amounting on an average to one cent per day ))er lead, that is, to about one-tifth or one-tenth of what it costs a workman for his daily morning glass. Moreover, their ellects is felt by iirivnte companies which have had to modify their prices as to local dealers when subjected to the competition of co-operative provisi(»n assoeiations. Professions are classed in 14 classes of risks, the premiums of which vary as much as from I to 13 (3). In ihe four last classes (11 to 14) where the riches are greatest, the civil responsibility of the master cannot be covered beyond nine-tenths. One-tonth of the indemnities pertaining to this responsibility remains, therefore, to the master's charge, in onlor that his vigilance may not aiiato (4). The woikman is paid the daily aid, to which insurance gives him a right in case of temporary disablement, only after the 31st day of disable- ment. The State leserves to itself the right of approval of the taritls and regulations for the Fund's administration. In return for the control thus exorcised, it allows the Fund entire exemption from stamp taxation and enregistration fees, as well as the gratuitous services of the postal Savings fund for jiassing insurance contracts, the collection of premiums, and the jiayment of indemnities. Although the Slate seems content to assume the simple pai't of a benevolent guardian, the more devoted adherents of t ho National Fund, such as i\Ions. Ugo Pisa would still further loosen its Itonds, to give it " that entirely self-government requisite to free and prompt action." They complain, and bring bicts in support, that it is subjected to the bureaucratic im])edimont>' of governmental authorization for any change in its tariffs or regulations, whereas this interference should bo limited to cases of refti'in res- tricted to the insu.-ed " (5). The State is reproached by them of failing to give an example of pi-ovident foresight by insuring its own workmen, by compelling con- ti'actors of public works to insure ; finally to press the voting of the law on the res- ponsil)ility of masters which, ])roperly, should have preceded the establishing of the Fund and which woultl have given a gi'cat stimulus to its operations. Instituting a fund is not eveiything ; a way must be learned to reach those to be interested in it. We shall soon have in Franco, an example of a State Fund, ignored and consequently 'seless. In Italy whore it has long been the custom to band together for works of mutual assistance and brotherhood, this tendency to baud together has been applied to increase the spread of insurance against accidents. Such is the object of the numerous patronages (Patronats) established in many cities, and especially in Milan. (1) The catastrophe of the Cagliari Bank is known to us all ; but it has in no way shaken the stability or the vitality of the Insurance fund. (2) Conibinevan fduiuk'ft nt Turin, 30tli ^faroli, 188(1 ; it iiifhiilcn 77 diciiiIkts iumI lia» eontriljuted to the rapid Kjinwl of iuHurancd in that city, wiiere tlu- iiunilxT of iktwius iusiufU hiw, in ISS", incrojised from 1,41'J to 14,773. (?) Number for tho 16th May, 188!). 561 began 1 cities a irtor- Bossary uet not I obtain ler tbo slegfttjs in.iiiual '8 of the rmation imittoea 1 centres 10 whole that tlie )00. anc'., 10,452 by I support ho Milan task, ami of forma- of which !7) ; * to ho whole, r of those rht when ir.ul work sill wo roc [iVorc'od it lies. It is 1 stroke of Uion into Inch more d by the omage to |e to the ident to tl \e brov foe the funil )V law ou rhich arc will ho jiTOwinti; Ihiting to laviiro wiiK 14,77 1(1 1 "Tlio trial of liberty of in'^iirancc a,i;:iinst accideiil-i now being atteniptc 1 in Italy, seems to ns t>) be decisive. Wo are no longer allowed to believe tliat, admitting the demociutic charactor of our period ! Wo can lieroafter retnse to includo insurance among tiio e.Kpenses of production. Tho ])roducer is in tiiis dilemma, either self- interest joined to a sentiment of protection will s])ontaneoiisly move both master and workmen to insure, or in default of this iminilso of heart and head, we must exj)ect tho direct or indirect intervention of the law. "I hope, moreover," continues the author, " [ hope mj' coimtry will escape tho Cyclopean organi/iUiion of ol)ligat()ry insurance t)y wliicii (rermany strives to solve social problems, applying to them metlioils of blind militai iisciplino of which it makes use to organize and set in motion its formidable permanent iinnies." IV. — ORGANIZATION OF INSUKANCE IN ENULAND, IN HKLOIUM AND IN SWITZEllLAND. Official organization of insurance against accidoi implies logically a special legislation on tho civil responsibility of masters, and especially the adoption of tho principle of professional risk. Where common law is in force, there is felt less need of those vast systems that crush 'ho workingman, although maintained by him. Tho master is not threatened ; the power of the State stands further away. Recourse is. theio'bre, had to private companies, without each prefers <■> become his own insurer, with or without a private fund. Such is the situation ol lOnglaml and Belgium. In Switzerland, althougii professional risk has been adinilted in the laws created since 1875 (1), obligatory insurance has not yet beenarrivetl at, hut its basis is bei g carefully studied, and to judge from the \vo"rks of tho n: ( noted writers in tho country, tho public miinl inclines to tho (Jerman solution ol' tho question (2). To jiiepare its resolutions tho Federal Council, in its message of 5th Doconibor, 1S87, orders statisticB of accidents to be taken, which are to keep step with tiie census of tiie population, and ot the workmen employed in factories, "in order to learn tho exact pi'oportion of accidents to the number of workmen." Without this double veri- fication accident statistics are inc(.mploto, and legislation lacks foundation. Tiie Swiss tiovernmont is, therefore, much to be praised for giving those ditlbi'ent statistics as a preface to its projected le (islation. V. — ORGANIZATION OF INSUEANCE IN FRANCE. In Franco the responsibility of accidents is still governed by common law and by Article 1382 of the Civil Code, which obliges the workman to furnish the proof. Within the limits of tho article, and except when called i.pon to answer iWr accidents t)efore tho courts of law, each one is free to settle his responsibility as Jio likes, without I'ostriction by any preventive aid organization. The only exceptions to this general rule are workmen engaged in public works and in mines. In virtue of the decree of 16th December, 18-18, moditiod by the bill o clauses and general conditionr of i'Jlh November, 1866, workmen woimdod in shanties of public works, ailcr having been given instant medical attendance, have a right to .^ratuitcnis treatment at tho hospital or at home, and to receive, during the obligatory interruption of labor, half their usual amount of wages. To secure medical attend- ance and aid the administratioi\ allows an amount ot 1 ])er cent, on tho sums duo the contractor (,'{). Any balance left is payable to the latter; if there is a deficit tho State supplies tho balance. As regiirds miners, the edict of ITinry IV, 11th May, 1604, decrees that for each mine there sluvll be retnined a sum of one-thirtieth (33 percent.) " on the (1) The Federal law on the reRixHiHiliility of rait/ay enterprises, Ist July, 1875. The Kwieriil law mi tlie civil r«'Hi><)nHil)ilitif« of niainifacturiTs, 2r)th .luiic, IHS7. Kxtcnsion law, 2'i tli Aiiril, 1S78. .VfY' tilt' i>iiini)lili't imlilishcd by the Kcdi'nil I >i'i>artiii«'i\t of (\)mni< rce and Ajfrieulturi' on theHe diiTefllt liiws, and on the law of '2',Wi\ Manli, \HH7, conccrniiitj; lalMir in facturifx. (2) Si( MonH. Hod"iili('iiiit'r'H n'niaikal)lti work on laUir inHuranti' (Aiii>iiriinm (tuvrii'rfii). (H) The decree of 1848 Hays "2 \ht vMxt. of the wages ; " l...t to Hiniplify the doi^unientH it has been adnuttee maintenance of a Burf^eon and the purchase of tnedicines." But Louis XV, by his edict of September, 17'{9, suppressed the hiw for the thirtieth part, leaving to the jt^rantors to " provide themselves for the necessary expenses, and totlie gran(I master of the mines, or to his lieutenant, to see thattiio spiritual and temporal needs of the workmen and others employed in the said mine are attended to,"* At the present time the owners of mines are not bound by the provisions of Articles 15 and 1(J of the decree of 3rd January, 18K5, by which they were obliged lo maintain on the premises all the necessaiy appliances for aid, and even a surgeon, if ordered by the Minister, on the ])roposition of the prefects and the report of the general directoi- of the mines. Wo will see later on that mine-owners have exceeded this obligatory minimum. Masters now who wish to provide against the ordinary risks of accidents may have recourse to one of the four following combinations: the State Fund, private compiinies, syndical funds, or private aid funds. The insurance fund against accidents was created by the law of 11th July, 1868, under the management of the Deposit and Consigning Fund. Annual insurance an(l premiums are alike for all professi'i i». This is an intolerable infraction of the rule which ])roportions the premium t.: iho risk. It is evident that this sameness of tariff must drive away all good risks from the fund and draw to it all the bad ones. Ab the result of ditlerent causes this fund has miscarried and pi'esents the mis- erable total Of' 1,200 persons insured, half of whom are firemen insured by office. It liquidated three accidents in 18H8. These fii^ures make the four years' results of the Italian fund stand out more prominently by contract, in spito of the unfavorable circumstances that help to keep it back. As ragards private companies of insurances against accident, according to Mr. Keller, they are 12 in number and ])ay annually fiom 5 lo ii millions in indemnities. Mons. Bdziat d'Audibert, on the other hand, compares the liberty they enjoy in France with the effectual su])erinfendence to which thoy are subjected in England and by the State in Switzerland, and regrets fhat the constitution of their reserves is not largo enough to guarantee the ])ayment of pensions to claimants. Although doing good service these companies have still to extend their custom and to consolidate their financial guarantees. Certain professional s^'udicates of masters have established mutual accident insu- rance among their members. As being in the first rank wo must mention the Syndical Chambers (Chambres Syndicales) for building which, in Paris, form what is called the Lultico Street group. In the greater number among them, especially in those for plumbing and roofing, (he cost of insurance is entirely supported by the masters. According to Mr. Gauthier, the president of this Chamber and one of the most zea- lous jiromoters of the institutior, it includes nearly half the whole building staff in the department of the Seine, thai is, 75,000 workmen, on a total of 150,000. Since 1883, the fund regulated 908 accidents, for which it paid $22,903.00 to the victims. It has, besides, a beneficial influence in preventing accidents by its superintcndenco of the tools used. This initiatory proceeding caunol bo too highly lauded, nor its general spread too earnestly desired (3). It is above all in instituting aid funds that the spirit of "patronage," with its 8up])leness and ingenuity is displayed. These institutions are a sort of mutual aid ,socicties,with the distinction that they treat not only sickness but wctnnds, that they include only the worktnen of one estal)lishTnentand that many among them ai'eexciii sively maintained by subsidies from the master. In such a case the honorary mem- bers pay everything instead of cimtributing only a portion. In other cases the funds are the proceeds of a certain possible surplus in co-operative provision societies, from * See Troatiaei on Jjpg\H]a,t\on oiMinmf Trnite (k legislation dea Mines), by Louih Vguillun, vol. ii, pngt' .'t.')l. (H) !Suf Eludes Syndic lO. Sine |io victims. ntondenoo id, nor its with il- luitual aid that tli.-y iirooxclii- rary mem itliefund^ \ties, from lllon, vol. li. profit ^harinfj, from certain industrial gratuities, or a donation or legacy Tho aid fund is oft(m supplomontod by a dispoiisiiry, a hospital. Soniclinios theyaio isolated cases, special to one establishment ; others, again, thoy are confederated by basins, and whilst maintaining their own individuality as regards light accidents, by their grouping thoy constitute, as in Melgiuni and at Saint Etiennc departmental funds (ri''gionales) which assume the (diarges for serious accidents with the prolonged aid, and tho retiring pensions. To (le.-. In a lomarkable report published by tho Annales des Mines in 1884, Mr. Kellor fives an account of the enquiry, and siiows us the generous sacrifices conNonted to ydoal Mining Companies in the interest of their staff. On a total of 100 of their workmen 98 share in the aid fund, llart^. then we have a whole population who, free from constraint, have found ample means to solve tho problem of accidents. Nor has tho railway fund, which includes twice tho number of members in tho mining fund, any need of outside help; the care of the companies for their staff has organized aid and provident funds to assist them. Iletiring pensions for the victims of accidents are settled prematurely, and, in case of death, pensions are paid to tho victim's family. Tho Orleans company, by a regulation of 3rd March, 1888, decided that victims would bo j)aid a pension of at least 880, whatever might bo their ago, or length of service, with a gradual increase in accordance with these two facts. In the event of tly law, to enforce its application in the courts, to assist, encourage and control from its height the provi- dent movement; as for what remains, the customs of the people, ])ulilic opii\ion, tho freedom of action of those interested, whether they be masters or workmen, are to be reliv'd upon. Legal coercion could only be excused, if it were true — as is very loudly asserted — that workmen aro condemned by the egotism and obduracy of capital to pitiless work, that nothing is done for them, and that therefore the State must of necessity interfere to force masters to fulfil tlioir neglected duties. Such is tho basis of Slate socialism. For our part wo are not averse to the dilemma to which .Mr, Luzzatti drives masters: "Act, or the Law will act for you ; " we would allow them to be confronted in the distance by the spectre of tho German system as a throat, if they (1) 111 tile (Jfnimii HyKt,<'n) — and in tlic Fiviicli projt'ct— if a workman dieH from th« efectH of an accidoiit once liis |H'iiMioii in scttlfil, liiH widow liiw no right to the rcverMhility of tlii' iKMision. (2) AinoiiK tlicsi' docunn'iits, which we cani.ot rcfiinc oursclvcH thf pU'asiirc of naniinpf, ari' : The Ai>l mill I'rttviilinl t'iniil iiftlii CihiI Mitirn iif H'nniyni, by Mr. Marsault ; the Nutici im Ihi Liilmr limtihitiitnii of lihin-.ii : i\\v Luihnr Inntittitiii.tn of Vitillv Miintaiinc ; thn Notice on tlm ('i>id Mitim of Muriiiiiimt and Jlnncoitp, (H) (yoninmnicationH to t\w Cor.gThSH of Social Economy, I3th .lunt', 188!t, on Hocial Kconoiiiy at the Univi-rHal Kxhiljitionof IKS'.t. (4) 'i'licre in a inovcnicnt on f(M)t at tho jiroHmn, uiin»< to hayt> thcHu adinirablo dociiinwitH preservwl in a ii'i-niani'iit nnmi-niii and also collectfd in an iliustrRtwl imblication annuAod to the reixjrtH of the inrv, 20— 30'J ik-f il 664 still remained inactive, but we would piotost against the abuse of State intervention, wherever patronages are diHplaying their hcnelicial eftoi-tH. "We ai-e not of those who hold by the irreverent aphorism : " When the State does good, it does it badly ; " but we, at least, believe that individuals can do it better, because they profit by the pliability and the richness of the solutions born of liberty, whereas the State is forced to make use of the brutal and levelling uniformity of obligation. What more conclusive argument against this kind o'" intervention than the sight presented by provident institutions opening out spontaneously at the breath of liberty ? Could the State have ever given rise to those varied, ingenious and complex systems, so well adapted to each particular case, in a word to the thous- and combinations that have suggested themselves to individuals, or to associations impelled by their feelings, and their interest of course ? In place of this healthy and luxuriant vegetation, the State would have planted its posts, and official lines, all the same, all dull, monotonous and dry, not only without leaves, without flowers, but what is more, without fruit. In fact, obligation is barren ; together with spontaneity, it suppresses all the merit and social efficaciousness of the institution. When thiift, and forethought, and patronage become obligatory they cease to be virtues ; thny no longer draw the classes together ; they no longer give a stamp to character ; it is a tax levied, not a spontaneous effort ; formulas and mechanical orders given, it may bo, by means of gendarmes will have replaced free action, which is fruitful precisely because it is free. VI. — PROJECTED ORGANIZATION OP INSURANCE IN FRANCE. The project of law voted in PVance by the Chamber of Deputies, 10th July, 1888, and now pending before the Senate, gives rise to many questions withi» the bounds of this report. But, to keep to our subject this is the solution it gives for insurance organization. First of all, the insurance is optional, not obligatory. The law decrees the prin- ciple of professional risk, but it leaves each one free to shield himself with it as ho chooses. For my jiart, I think it worthy of high praise for having resisted the powerful attraction of the German law and although having borrowed some of its provisions fiom it, for having drawn back from obligatory insurance. The ])rincipal types, any of which may be chosen by those interested are preci- sely those we have before examined and which are at their disposal. They may become their own insurers if they have the power, like railway com- panies; or thoy may insure in an ordinary insurance company; or have recourse to the State within the limit of professional risk, that is to say, to the third of the annual salary ; finally, and this form is favored by the projected law, they may gi'oup themselves together to institute freely mutual insurance syndicates whoso operation is similar to that of the German and Austrian corporations, but with restrictions intended to prevent them from acquiring too much ])ower. and a disquieting amount of resources. Having neither the seat nor the stability of German coi-porations, these groups are but a feeble image of them and, notwithstanding their similarity of aspect cannot in practice play the same part. It is, moreover, to bo desired that in the formation of these syndi-iates, to which the State may be led to make considerable advances in case of disaster they should be provided by some guarantee and regulated as closely as can possibly be done by the generous terms of the law. It has certainly been the de'^ire of the law to encourage this form of insurance by giving to the Syndicates the Postal Savings Bank as a banker, but it is to ' j feared that the premiums for insurance indicated by the State will, by th< 'r excessive moderation, make all competition by their companies, whether mutual syndicates or privfifft companies, impossible. If, with its present impotence, the State does not do much good to workmen, at least it does no harm to neighboi-ing funds. But it will probably bo reorgani/ed on a more rational basis; then, with the rate for premiums, likely insufficient, such as is ssit Jed by the project f f law, no other system will be able to exist near it. 565 Thin is the usual result of the justapoHition of a State industry with free indus- try. The State can afford Iossoh, for it draws upon the Treasury to nialco up its industrial deficits, inalcinn we have taken the liberty to sul)mit, in our own name, to the Congiess, will possess the advantage of relaxing the strain to relieve this want, to lessens the pressure to the centre, and to vitalize the benumbed exti'emities. [f the Congress were to favorably i-eceive this measure, public opinion enlightened by it, would not delay in insistingon its adoption by Par- liament, and thus enabling us to avoid the dangers of either too excessive centraliza- tion or of a too broad scattering. So as to give an idea of the subjects treated in the various reports presented to the Congress respecting accidents inherent to labor, we collate fi'om the minutes of proceedings the follovving summaries of those reports. El'^POET ON THE GERMAN CiENERAL IvXIlIBITlON FOR TJIE PRR- VENTIOX OF ACCIDENTS. Held at Berlin, April to October, 1880. By Mr. Emile Mullkr. In the absence of Mr. Muller, reporter, Mr. Mamy recapitulates the causes which have occasioned the Berlin Exhibition, and the classiticution which was adopted there. The speaker, in a very clear manner, develops more particularly the points which have struck him, either on account of theii' iKtvclty <>r their importance ; such as connections and disconnections b}'' pulleys, ropes or by electricity ; brakes for steam moters, worked at equal distances ; the organic or inorganic dust collectors so iu- teresting for manufactui'es in cities, which cannot throw it outside; the various ap- pliances applied to dangerous machinery employeil in the wood industry, such for example, as the tops, the lowi i- part of the plam-r. and circular saws, lor which .some seventy precautionary means have been jiroposed, but of which two or three seem atall practicable. Paper making and printing present various ingenious devices, among which Mr. Mamy cites, especiallj", a protect ing arrangement for +he knives of trimming machines. As regards the textile industry, what account can replace the precious vork which, thanks to Mr. Engel-(iros, will soon be placed in the hands of every member of tlie CVmgress? * It is the selection of results of 22 years (jf study undertaken by tho * Collpction (if ijrovisions aiirl .anjiaratus destinf'fl to lircvcnt ii«'if)pnts hy iiiaehiiifry— 42 jilatt's, with I'xplaiiatdry note, in l-'rcncli, Knglish and (ifrinan. I*iil)lisliffl hy the Society for tiic prevention of acci- ck'iits in factories of MuUionse, Xlsace. Kor sale at \L .Stnckelheiger, ljook«eller, MuUionse. Price, .'*2.0O. A copy of this niagniticent volume has iH'en offered tu eacli nienil)er of the Congress liy Mr. Enffelliros, president of tiie Association. Every niainifacturer desiring tlie welfare oi his workmen ought consult this work and adopt the jneventive measures which it iireconizes. m 568 Mulhonso AHROciation, which Rooioty oncnpioa tho place of honor in tho Tiorlin Rxhi- hition. Ah to ininos, H|)()c,iiil roporiH iliHpouHo willi all (iuvolopiiionlH, iiovorlhoioHH Mr. iMiiiiiy liiiH iKili'ij II viiry |)r()ni)iiiic,n(l (ondoiicy in iiain/i; oloclric- 1iiim))H, wliioh hiJH hcon ii,(l l)v I lit' (icrrniin coinimuioH. Kurtliorinorc, nil ollicial illiiHtriiUMl riiportof tho Exiiibition at Borlin will appoar next winter. OFFKMAL IIULIOS AND INSI'KCTION OF MINKS, (iUAIlIUES, IIAILWAYS, AND STEAM APPARATUS. ItKPOIlT nv -M. OLRY. Mr. Olry (loalH only with HuhjootH whi(^h, to Ihh mind, i-cfpiiio a littlo more lif^ht. RoMpoctint; ininciH ho aHUn : Why, undor tlio iOn^iish ActHol'tho lOlli An^iist, 187li,and Kith Soptdirihor, 18S7, authorihinf^ tho nomination ol'minin^ dolo^atOH, th(( workmon in that induHlry have not tiHoil the option ;^iv the means of protection. lie shows that, in the mostrecont laws relating tojji'oteclion of labor that in thatof Canada (^1888) precautions against fire have boon taken, and ho pulH IIiIh question to Congress: Is it neccHHary to introduce such preHcrij)tion in a law reHj)ecting the protection of work '{ Mr. Louis (luyon, factory inH|)octor of tho Province of Quebec, shows that manufacturers had been refused to use machines, because their ilangerous parts wore not protecced according to tho exigencies of the law, lie savR also that steam engines cease to be under official inspection, so soon a.s they are aiflliate()I(T MV Mil. MA MY. In the iniilHt of diin^oi-H which can be Ibund in work, tho miiniifactiirorH havo not thoii/^h( tliat privatu iriitialion hhoiiM roiniiin iiia(Mi\H^ In 1H(>7, i*]M;,'«l-I)olfiis I'ounilt'd in MiilJHniHd nn awKoeiation for tho ])i'i'vontion of acu-ichiiitH, wliicii was f^ivcn and Hiill t^ivoM ^lout Korvico ; in 18H(), Mcmhih. do ( Joi-ni! and dt( Sa|)int'onrt founded a Hirnilar onu in Roiicn ; in 1H8.'{, Mr. hlniiii* MuiltM-, willi tlie aid of this Socioly for thd |)i'ot(M'tion of appnnilii'tiH, foiiiiiiiMl tiie Manulaclnrcrs' AHHofialion of Krani'o, wiiicli iadiat(!H over liio wlioio b^rrilory, whilst llio forinor aro in districlw ; finally, thatdfK to lio tho ht'l)) of Mr. I'oillon and thd aid oi' tho nuvniifactnrcrH' Hocinty an aHHocialion wan founded al AniitwiH. In Mttli^iiini an asHoc-iution of tho narno kind has just boon coMstituh'd ; thoro also o.xisl sotno in KIkmuhIi Prussia. Tho assooiatioiiH aro of ^^roat iiMpi>r!aiic(^, l)o(;aiiso the dangors in a workshop oxoapo (ho nolic.o of tho workmon who aro Ihoroand thoir (ddof Thun, sinco tho li2 yo.'irH tho Miilhouso Socioly cxistH, it is ostiniatod that Of* poi- cent, of tho ac^cidonts ooidd havo Imiom provontcil by its iiitcrvoiilioii, and that 51 jkm- cent, have \nH',i\ otl'oolivoly ; and if wo consiilcr .'ill tli<' existing asHociations, tho figure of 50 por cont. KiMjnis to havo bo(>n attained. Tho association of |{i)ii(\n, which is actually ton yearH old, and wliicli has under its I iilcljiiits i>5,()(»0 worlvineii, has rc(lii('od by lia'f tlu? iiiiinber of accidents to wbicdi Ihiil woi'Uing popiilalioii would have boen \ictim but for its int 'rvcntioii ; but tlieso slatislics aro always hard to obtain, booaiiNo mannlacturors arc not bound to rojiort accid(Mits, That is a (hiticiency which it is noct^ssary to fill. The protect ivo laws could not, oxclud(* sociotios for the provontion (d' accidents wbicli satisfy tho sonti- iiieiits of hiinianity, and, nioreover, present the great avaiitag(! of reli(>\'ing tlu! iiiutiuil aid funds or accidents socioties by decreasing the nuinhor of victiin.s to be assisted. To bo successful those asHOciations must bo in districts, on account of tho indus- trial ('liaracteristie of eacdi of thr>-.o distiicts. It is ini|)()rtaiit fjie tnoinbors iviiow one another and that the industry be tin* same. Tlio succcfs.s of tlui Association of .Miil- lioiisc ;> duo t,o that, fact. Those associations must not remain isolated ; on the con- trary, it would bo convenient that they bo united by an annual (unigress. It is neces- sary to establish special statistics of accidents so as to form a basis for a law reganl- ing accidents. STATISTICAL DEFINITION OF ACiMDFNTS, AND KNUMKUATION OF OCCUPATIONS. UKI'OKT nv .MR. KMII.E OIIEY.SSON. Mr. (!heysson rosunnis his report on tho Statistical Definition of Accidents ami Ennmoration of Occupations. lie shows how, on account of the misunderstanding in tho manner of computing accidents, statistical results vary in ratios of fmnj 1 to H on railways and of I to 24 on mines, dcpcuiiliiig on whetlici all accidcints or only the mock scn'oro arc reported. On the othei" hand tho working staff is but imperfectly known, the coofTicient of tho chances of accidents is then most often undetermined. To bo able to collect care- ful inform.atioiis, it is necossary to havo direct data, as is done in Germany, Italy, Belgium, Swit/ci land, .'^c. A good legislation against accidents cannot be had, if it has not for basis a reliable statistic r"spccting accidents and industries. These statistics then must be c cated, and, it is necessary to luvive at an internatiofial un ilivor^(!ii«M()H art! Hoon, on (ho conl.rarv, as Hoon an HoiiilionH aro arrivod at. Mr. l)oja(;o dividoH tlicni intr* juridical HoliitioriH and Hoctial HoltitionK. In tlio tirst mnion law is suilicient, 2 Will h(! entitled to cliarity those ti to the degree of impiitahility. He proposes, then, tho oHtahlishmont of an average, a maxitnum and a minimum. Ah to tho rights of the victim, it is not nocossaiy, in the calculation of the indemnity, to keep to one rt liixtwi two iliiyH. f)?! KXPRRIMKNTAL PTTYRTOLOGY OF 01^7)10 A TOTIY TNSTTRAXCK, AND OP l-'lilOK AND OlTloNAIi INSIIKANCK. liKIMllir HT Mil. LlIZZATTI. Mr. Luzzuiti cfxnmoru'OH by ilocliirin^ timl lio itrclorH I ho AlHiioiaii fyixi hh boin^ tlio ii\ ItrcniiHo it in tlmt <»(' lihcrf}'. Tlio iiluiil, in fact, would ho ii HyHtntn of t'n!r proviilfnt f'uii(lHii(h>|)(("l hy oach iniliiHtry, with a^'ood law nf ith|mim- Hihilily toni' Hinco that. KyHloni in na^cont, and that horoloforu Ihoi'o woro no HlatiMlics rt'latin;^ to acciilonlH ot work ? Lot us i:dd tliat obli^raloiy aHHiiraiKto iH (roinplot(Ml by tho obligatory inspoclion, whicli can iniponu tt;('hni(;al and byifit-nic aniclioratioriH. in tine, the want of contralizalion whitli wo inako lo Iho /t of State; tho coni|)aii>on bolwoon (Jcrnian and l"'r»!n(!li or Italian raiiway.n hIiowh well the dilVoronco. 'I'ht! rcporlor concdiidoh by a low y the theory of professional risk. Tht! starting point is fouml in theana- lysiH of tht contract of labor. So as to conserve and develop tho forces of woi'k of tho nation it is tuicossary : 1st. 'J'he the salary oi the workman include not only that which is neooHHary to tho daily reconstruction of tho force of labor, but, moreover, what (y'obdon has tirst called, asmrana; mlary ; iind. That the worknnm, thus earning enough to insuro himself, bo foroHooing enough to do so; unhappily, not being insured against forced idlenesH, a.^ in Knglaml, lie is disoouragod and rcinounci^fi to insure himself. Tho solution of this iliflioiilty is bristling with dilllculties, variable ac(;ording to IIm! countrioH. In liolgium it is impossible to apply tho Alsacian method, that is the j^'oruiralization of factoiy lands; the workman tbemselves put obstacles, because iiaving often boon persecuted, thoy havo beoonio suspicious. From that time, wo come fatally to obligatory insurance. Passing to the mode of payment of the premium, M. Vandorvelto shows that in theory, no matter whether the master or the workman pays for it, that promium •HoTiic iiii'iiilxTH (if the Coiigri'MK ri'iMurk lliiit tlnH.; iiiaiiiifji(;tiiii.« diil nnt, ri'|iri-Mi'rit tl Fiftiuh iiiiiiiiifttC'turiTH. ' iiiiijiprity of ~ ,^.. .v> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 !! I.I ^Z 11112 2.2 1.8 1.25 !.4 1.6 -* 6" — ► ''>^ .^. "^^ ■e). m. e^».

,** o 7 M 9 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 # N* X iV \ \ 6^ % V -^^ mr- ,^% tf c??- t<'^ A 572 falls, in a last analysis, on the consumer. But in practice, it is better that it be paid by the master, because the repercussion on the consumer operates more easily, and that on the other hand it suppresses all difficulty in case of forced idleness. MEASUEES TO BE TAKEN TO GUARANTEE THE PAYMENTS OF PENSIONS. Report by Mr. Beziat d'Audibert. Mr. Beziat d'Audibert remarks that the important question as to whether the indemnity must consist of capital or of j'ents, has not been put. lie has then supposed the problem solved in favor of rents. Can one in France obtain a go ; placod a lac'kwards. ■aw or dry ,phyxiated landle of a t apart by the fingers • with the mucuB and to restore id with hot |vith spirits Iv still wet (l, and the dthout too in produe- lowcr the :ing on his y up. The tvable. Fig. 1. It is needless to say that all the preceding proeautions wiiioh have been described sliouid have been lakcn, Ihat the nose Hnd tlie mouth should iiave lioen cleaned and that tlie tongue has been drawn out. In case of need, if is kept in this j)osition by passing a handkerchief un- der tlie chin in such a manner that it is pressed between tiie feetli. The operator then places himself at the bead, lie gi-asps the arnis of the asphyxiated clo>e to tiie eltiows, tiie forearm being lient on to the arm (Fig. 1) ; ami having pressed them r.'ilhei' tightly on the sides of the chest, lu) tiieii raises them (|uickly i>ut with- out violence over the head, making them describe the arc of a circle ( Kig. 2). lie then brings them i)ack to the first positi)n and recommences the man(eii- ver, imitating the beats of normal ros- l)iration. The operator ceases after a few movements in order to judge the ertect he has produced, and begins again if the res[)iration is not established of itself. During these mameuvres the assist- ants continue rubbing umler the cover- ing or over the dry clothing; they renew the application of liot flannels, of bottles of hot water, or of hot bricks placed along the body, to the feet or under the armpits. iVs soon as there are signs of life we give the sick persons a few sj)o(mful of cordial, hot wine, grog, &c. If there be nausea we aid Ihe vomiting bypass- ing over the uvula an oiled feather. Then we place the sick person in a warm bed, his head being slightly raised, and care should be taken to allow air to circulate well around him. It will not be long before he will fall aslee]), but his sleep should be watched in case new symptoms of asphyxia should manifest themselves. We liave seen persons asphyxiateil return to life after a very long period (several hours) ; therefore we must, so long as any hope remains, continue to practice the artificial respiration, changing the operator so as to prevent fatigue. Here are some of the signs by which we may know that all hope is gone: If, on applying the ear to the chest in the region of the heart, we hear no beating; if a glass ])laced at a short distance from the mouth be not tarnished ; if a hot coal, placed at the end of the toes, produces no sign of feeling or no blister. LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. The loss of consciousness is due to various causes. Besides those we have already described as being caused by asphyxia, wo will mention among the most oi'dinary cases : concussion of the brain, (see farther on) overcome by heat, apoplexy, epilepsy (or haut mal) syncope. We call syncope the state of a person who is ill either on account of emotion, weakness, loss of blood, etc.) 20—37* ^ ^^ / ^. ^ J L ^■^ /tm Fig. 2. 580 Immediate help. — Send away tlio curioiH ; looson the collar and belt ; givo us mucli ail" uh possihio. Tf tho I'aco is palo (nyncopo) lay tho nick porHon down flat, tlio head low, throw n few drops of ('old water on IiIh faee, make him iiihalo vinotrar, ammonia or ether, and ruh the )empl;'H and forehead with vine;fiir and water, oau do eoio^no etc. If tho face in hii^hly colored (conj^estion, a|)0|)lexy) place tho wick ])erHon on a bed the head hiyli and tho 1c,l(s hanirin<;, and place on the head ciotliH dipjx-d in cold or ice water. If there ho vomiting;, turn the head on one Hide to prevent the matter from heini^ l)ioath(!ii into the Inn^s. In caiso of epilepHy (which we di.itin,u;ui.sh hy convulsionH which accompany tho los8 of conHciouHnosH) all thecnro consistH in secnrinf^ tho nick person from tho violence of tho shock and the fall, pa* in the tonujue whicli miichtho cauijjht between his teoth and hitton. We must then wait patiently until the workings ceaso of thom- selvoH. BEUISES. CONTUSIONS. They aro the result of a violent shock ai,'ainst some body that will not yield (such as blows, falls &('.) and are chai'aclerised b}' \)ix'in and swelling of the part affected, tho skin remaining intact. A violent contusion without any of the vital organs being injured brings on syncope. (See what is to be done in such case.) Finally the contusion of some important internal organ such as tho brain, the lungs, may entail the most serious consequences and cause, accoi'ding to tho organ injured, the loss of consciousness, spitting of blood, A:c. Immediate help. — In cases of slight contusions apply wrung out cloths dipped in cold water or eau blanche. If tho accident is more serious, carry the woiindetl person into a well-ventilated room, put him on a bed or mattress and be careful to remove everything that can interfere with his breathing. And while awaiting the doctor, keep, on tho part injured, compresses of ico water, and renew these fiequeiitly. WOUNDS. Wounds are of ditferents kinds according to their causes, such as a piercing, a shock, an incision a tearing; their gravity depends on their extent, their depth and above the particular organs injured, such as blood vessels, Uuigs, heart etc. Immediate help. Take scrupulous caio not to touch the wound with dirty fin- gers, dirty cloths, sponges, and cover them with lint or cob webs, etc., all manceuvres that might introduce into the wound bad germs might be the cause of poisoning, and consequent blood poisoning and death. Clear the wound from anything that may soil it (such as sand, earth, &c.) by washing it thoroughly with pure water and hotter still with phonic water, and with tho aid, if required, of a clean piece of lineu such as a napkin, a handkerchief, &c. While waiting for the doctor you should never permit any one to remove any- thing that hius penetrated into the wound and which offers any resistance to a slight pull, we should not pull off either the pieces of skin adhering or the clots of blood which the water could not remove. Cover tho wound with a compi-ess cold water, or, bettor still, phonic water, and keep it in its place by a napkin or linen band. HEMORIUIAGE. Hemori'hage or loss of blood, which accompanies eveiy wound, maj' assume such proportions as to necessitate immediate remedy. Immediate help. — "When the blood is thick, of a dark red color and flows gently and not by starts, it is generally sufficient after having removed everything from the wounded part that could interfere with the circulation, such as clothes, garters, etc., to press on the wound with the aid of the fingers or by means of a piece of linen moderately light. 681 givo as vv, throw [)r othor, )tC. ion on 11 i>(l in coltl lio matter ccompauy I froni the it between io of tbom- n<»t yi*'l'l of the part )f the vital ,ucl\ case.) 1, tlic langs, gan injuvcil, lis (\\\)])Ci\ in nded person 111 *,() remove the doctor, jquently. Tills process is insiifflcieiit in the gn^ater nnmhor of cases wlicro a small artery is iiijiired. In siuh ease vonnillion red l)li)od llows from the wound hy starts cor- reBpondiiig with tlio beatings of the lioart, and (foath is imminent unless (lio l)cmor- Hiago is sto|)ped. Comjiression of the ])riiici|)al ariery of the liinli, while awaiting modieal aid is always the surest nuMiis of saving the life of ijio wounded. It is important to know the places where this operation can he more easily per- formed and cons(!(piei\tly with more chance of huccoss. We will now enumerate them. For u wound in the forearm or the hand seek the artery aliove the elbow in the inside of the arm beside the biceps muscle. (l'\g. -i.) pioroing, a ,• depth and tc. 1 dirty fin- manide of the princi])al muscle, which from behind the ear extends to nearly l!ie middle of the chest and press it from the front to the back of the vertebne of the neck. (Fig. 5.) The cessation of the hemorrhage will indicate that we have found what we sought. ..^ If we do not succeed in sloj)i)ing the hlood in this way we must try .•iiid produce with cotn))ression l)y means of elastic bands (such as suspenders, etc.) hound round the injured limb above the wound. Should it bo required, we should use a cloth folded like a cravat, the ends of which we fasten in a knot and under whichknot we pass a piece of wood (a cane, etc.) sufficiently long that b\' turning it we succeed to tighten the cloth and compress tightly the limb. (Figs. G and 7). Fig. 5. 582 Fig. G. FiiT. 7. WBKNCII (sprains). ImmeiUatc help. — Apply fresh water in the form of ii bath, running water, or coniproHsos fierpiently renewed. DISLOCATIONS. There i8 (li>lociition overytimo that the extremity of a bone comes out of its natural cavity to take a wrong ))ositioii. We are notified of the dislocation by the chaiacteristicniaKoi mation of the place wiien compared with the wymmetrical one, by the change in the length of the limb and by the inability of the injured person to perform certain movements. These dislocations are caused by falls, violent move- ments made in abnormal positions, sometimes by blows. Imiui'di.ate help. — It would be dangerous to attempt the work of replacement, which to be of any use would require accurate anatomical skill. We must then con- tent ourselves by tbe exercise of palliative measures that will soothe the patient and stop the swelling of the ])art, until such time as the doctor arrives. We must simply ajjply compresses of (can blanche) sugar of lead water and keep the sick person lying down in the least fatiguing position possible. FRACTUKES. The immediate symptoms of a fracture are the impossibility or dilflculty of moving the injured limb, the change more or less great from its natuial position, and the rubbing of the two ends of the Ijroken bones. We may notice also in the parts that are held together by a single bone, such as the arm, an unnatural bend, and the individual movements of the two parts which foi-m the bone. Immediate help. — We must avoid all protracted attempts to assume ourselves that (here is really a fracture and apply the remedy indicated as if we were positively certain. The hrst thing to be done is as simple as possible, and is intended to keep the limb immovable in its normal position. It is formed of small pieces of wood (splints) which are cut the necessary length and thickness, and pieces of thick card- Doanl. While these are being prepared the injured limb should be covered with a compress dipped in cold (eau blanche) sugar of lead water. Then the splints covered with wadding or a soft thick cloth, are put round the limb and then fixed with bands or several handkerchiefs. 588 Tho tij^iiros 8, !•, 10, 11 ami 12 roiulor it imiiocossary lor us to entor into I'lirtlior (lot ails water, or ( out of its ion by tho al ono, by person to llcnt movc- lacoment, then con- [atient and kvator and lifficiilty of sit ion, and the parts |d, and the ourselves I positively M to keep £s of wood [hick card- ed with a Iho splints I hen fixed Fig. 9. Fitr. H. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Fig. 12. When the fracture is rendered worse by wounds, we must commence by attend- ing to these as has been indicated ; and after having covered the wounds with com- presses, we apply the provisional remedy. The doctor should bo called within tho shortest delay. He alone is authorized to make a thorough examination of the injured limb, to unite the fracture and apply 684 the final application. To wait too lon^ cntailH niiicli trouble; t ho painful wwolling of lli(( iiuiKclos noxt tho friK'tum is an obstacle to tho puttinj( on of the bandage, which delays and intcrl't'res witii tho cuit. In cawe of a fracture of the arms, tho injured person siiould, if his Htriiifftii Ih sntileient, Heek his own (hvel!in>; or that of the doctor, that is if the distance to travel is not too great. See on tigure 11 tho ))osition of tho sling used to tmpport tho arm. f *' the fracture bo in the lower limbs the patient Hhould not in any case be allowed to wallc. To carry tho wounded we must use a stretcher or upon something made to resemfiie it. A ])lank, j; shutter or a door can be used ; it should bo covered wi*h a straw bed or i\v} grass, and care should bo taken, by some means or other, to keep the head raised. UURNS. Immediate help. — When a person's clothes arc on tire tiie first thing to do is to smother the (lames by whatever means may bo at hand ; you should at oncu cover them with a cloak, a blaidcet, a quilt, a carpet, itc, ar.d wrap it closely around him. Tho tire being extinguished wo .shouUl relieve him of his clothes, using scissors if necessary, BO as to prevent the rubbing which might ])ull !iw;iy tiiC tlesh, and cause intense Buttering, li pieces ot the ciotii remain stuck to the tlesh it is bettor to leave them than to try and remove them. Open iho blister by a prick from the extreme point of a j)in ; but take great care to p"otei! the skin that covers the sore and prevent diiect contact with the air. Apply on the burned parts a liniment which is obtained liy shaking in a corked bottle a mixtiu'O in equal parts ot oil and lime, or if this cannot bo obtained, use olive oil, butter or any other grease spread on cotton. When the burns are caused by cheniiral ci'itsfirs, wo should be careful not to use water in the tirst instance; it would only excite the corrosive action, causing intense sutforing; we must try, on tho contrary, to extract what remains of the caustic by touching it genti}' with waduing or lint, until tho drying up of tho sore, and then oidy should there be frequiMit washing with alkaline water (a solution of carbonate of soda, (>tc.) soap suds, lime water; if the buri\ is caused by acids, then wash with vinegar water, if by burns from potash or soila, ammonia or quick lime is vised , FOHEIGN BODIES INTRODUCED INTO NATURAL CAVtTIES. If a foreign body has penetrated the eye. the nose or the ears, and if it cannot be pulled out very ca^ily. we should await the arrival of the iloctor. When a foreign body liiis entered the throat which, leaving aside the incon- venience and discomfort, might eau'-e suffocation and even asphyxia, wo should try and remove it Avith the aid of the fingers. If this means is not •^uccessful, we must try ami drive it down bv making the patient swallow small balls of broad crumb, or pieces of cooked potatoes, as large as possible. If there bo suffocation, try and make the patient vomit, by making him drink warm witer or by tickling the palate. rOISONINQ. Imwedij^e help. — While waiting tor the doctor, for whom we must send quickly, try and remove the poison as (juickly as possible, by causing vomiting. For thai purpose, make him drink lai-ge quantities of lukewarm water, tickle tho throat with the finger or a feather. Give him, moreover, emollient ai.d softening drinks, such as rwWk (which should be given in the firsi place) and albumen water (which is made by beating tho whites of four eggs in a pint of water) gum water, etc. If it is known what poisons" have to be dealt with, the following substances i.iay bo given : — 585 ir made to Tn poiHoniiii!; with adds (sulphuiicucid, or vitrol, nitric, otc.) carbonate of sodii, poundoil dialk, in;i to deal with vef/ctable po/sons (sucli as opium, belladouu, otc.) administer strong black cotVoo and spiritB, and apply compresses of cold water to the head. CONTENTS op AN AID HoX. Bottle of ammonia (volatile alkali). do spirits of camphor. do e.xti'aet sugar of load. To ])repare {eau blanche) mix 2 tnblospoonftds of extract ot sugar of load in a pint ot" watoi'. Bottle of 100 grammes of higl-. wines and ])henie acid at 'M) per cent. To prepare phenie water (I'eau plicni(iu6e), mix 2 tablosj)()onl'uls of that solution in a ]>int of water, and sliake the mixtuie so as to dissolve all the phonic acid, which ■commences by separating in the form of oily drops. Bottle of vinegar. do oil of almonds. do lime water. An empty iiottle to pi-eparo the calcareous liniment. Bottle of eaa da iiielisse. do hydi'ato of magnesia. A few linen bands ; a few I'oils of lint for dressing. A few splinters of wood (splints) for fractures. Ranees i^iay GENERAL HULKS TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS BY MACHINERY. A. — TRANSMISSION OP MOTIVE-l'OWER. Art. \. — It is exptessly forbidden to come in direct contact with a motor in motion, to clean ii with a rag or cotton waste in the hand. Art. 2. — Cleaning or dusting shiifts and ]tulleys in motion must bo done whilst standing on the floor and with a pole long enough for that purjiose, and a brush or hook holding junk atlaehod. The use of a huKlor or other thing to rise above the ground is formally tor- bidden. Art. 3. — Wheels, bearings and bushes must be cleaned only when the machinery is at rest, and during regular stoppages. Art. 4. — It is also forbidden to clean a motor during accidoiUal stopjjages, and even during ri\gular stoppages, unless it is done in conibiTity with Article 5; all cleaning or otlior operation to (ho motor must 1)0 done after the day's work. Art. 5. — When anyone is busy with a motor during the hours of rest, or in the morning before starting, the foreman of the room wherein the work is going on and tho toi (lor of the motor must bo notitie('.. The tender is only to start on tho express order of that foreman, and after giving in all the workshops the specirtod signal. Art. (!. — The handling of bolting (mounting, taking down, lacing, cleaning or oiling) should be done only by the foremen, oveiseers acting as foremen, or by the workmen specially designated, such as tenders of motors, harness-makers, weavers, cardgriuders and their assistants. 586 All other woi'kmon should abstain from handlinage 404. -TWrmm 688 By the local or em])loyer'8 notes, you certainly liuvo greater advuntapje than the supply asHOciations, for you can operate on ail objects without exception, avoiding leakagcH and getting the best articles, having been bought by interested parties. This would sustain the retail dealers, which the towns and state are interested in maintaining. The working is this: it is sufflcient to point out to the workmen those of the trades people who have consented the highest rebates, anil if it is 5. 10 or 15 per cent., deliver coh)red bonds, signifying that on their being presented for payment a o not I'eject it, I pray, without asking the explanations I am ready to give. 1789 gave independence to the classes; let 1889 give to the best favored of these classes the resources necessary to the emancipation of the intelligence and capabilities. By developing the individual initiative, the syndicates will be formed without risks. Please accept, gentlemen of the jury, Uie assurance of my respectful consideration. L. COURTEIIOUX. Several times I have mentioned the easy system of loan on unseizabie titles of the workman's capital. This operation should be confined to the savings banks, "which would derive an extra revenue therefrom. 589 APPRENTICESHIP. Meetini; of tho Bronze manufacturers joined by the smelting, iron, zinc and silver industries, and all the plastic arts. Instruction, oncouraf^emont, benevolence. Sketch of the School of Designs and modelling of the meeting of Bronze manu- factu rers. The school was founded by the exertions of the present chairman of the Syndics, Mr. Gagneau, with the help of the Bureau, in 1884. It was opened in September, 1885. It has now (May, 1889) 80 pupils taught gratuitously. The end in view was the artistic instruction of the sons of workingmen and of patrons of the bronze industries, and to iin|)art to them the technical knowledge of styles, or knowledge aberiiiitoly necessary for the intelligent execution of their work. Courses of design and modelling are given daily by their able professor Mr. Eu,!,'ene Robert. They are divided into oral coui-ses and studies in drawing and modelling. The progress obtained are most satisfactory, and wo aie pleased_with the result of our ctforts. We can show to the authorities who have patronized us, that their sacrifices have homo good fruits. We form a group of workmen having all the indis])ensablo knowledge in an artistic point of view, and the national industry of bronze cannot but benctit by it. The expenses of this institution amount to about S2,40U. In 1887 the Minister of Commerce was kindly pleased to grant us a subsidy of $200, increased to S400 in 1888. In 1880 the Municipal Council thought fit to grant us a subsidy of $60, to be increased to $100 this year. The surplus expenses are covered by volunteer subscriptions of our chamber. BELGIAN LABOR COMMISSION. CONCLUSIONS ARRIVED AT IN REGARD TO ACCIDENTS OP LABOR. Ist. In matters relating to accidents of labor, reliable statistics should first be established of the number of woikmen in each trade ajid of the number of accidents occurring at work, in oi'der to be able to organize insurance on a scientific basis. 2nd. The master should be obliged to give information regarding each accident at labor that may occur in his establishment, the statement to be made according to a specified form. 3rd. The law should regulate obligatory reparation for accidents. The parties remaining free, after the accident, to agree upon the manner of compensation. 4th. The workman must be insured. He must be insured by the master. They may all be insured collectively. 5th. The law will attend successively to the case of paid workmen belonging to the different branches of manual labor. 6th. The workmen insured will be those receiving an annual salary of at least $500. foremen included. Tth. The insurance company will be formed of a syndicate of establishments engaged in the same or in a similar industry, the ojierations of the company to be under control of the State. 8th. The object of the insurance will be the professional risks. 9th. The insurance company assumes the workman's place in his rights against the master, to the amount of the sum paid. 10th. No accident caused by serious fault of the insured workman will be charged to the insurer. 11th. The workman's age and the amount of his wages during the last five years will the bases on which the indemnity will be determined. 590 12th. In cases of death, the law will dotormine who are the persons to be paid the indemnity, and also the amount of the indemnity to be paid each. 13th. To aHsibt the workman in c.stHl)lishing his cluimH, an article of the law will ol)ligo mastorrt to keen a regular pay list. 14th. The master will pay the premium to the company. The amount will be in proportion to the prof'oBsional risk and the reputation of the establishment and of the master. 15th. The premium must be large enough to constitute the capital for the pen- sions to be granted. Kith. The syndicate will bo managed by a commission composed of one part masters and one part workmen, with a president who shall belong to neither the one nor the other class. Apprenticeship. Ist. There is need that the public authority should encourage the establishment of professional schools, by annexing to academies and industrial schools, courses of study in the arts and sciences applicable to industry. The instruction given should be of a practical kind. Private enterprise which takes the direction of establishing professional schools, and schools for apprentice- ship, should be encouraged by the public powers, provided these schools answer to all conditions of publicity and inspection. 2nd. Cultivation of manual dexterity should be begun in the primary course. The application to industry of scientific theories is taught in the industrial schools. The application to industry of theories respecting the engravers and the plastic arts is taught in the decorative art schools. Courses of apprenticeship are made in workshops, and in schools founded by masters or by trade syndicates, and closely connected with the workshop. 3rd. The action of the State must be limited to establishing harmony and a gra- duation between the ditt'erent schools for professional instruction, to encouraging them by means of subsidies, whilst lespecting as far as possible the steps taken by the groups by which they were founded. 4th. The communes may lend assistance to the course of professional instruction by: a. The introduction of manual exercises in primary schools. b. By founding industrial schools and classes for drawing and modelling. c. Encouragement in the shape of subsidies, by a grant of the premises to the professional syndicates. 5th. The concurrence of the State and the communes should be limited to deter- mining : a. The minimum age for lulmission to the school of apprenticeship, b. The minimum amount of knowledge verified by an e.\amination for the ad- mission of apprentices ; This minimum may consist in a perfect knowledge of reading, writing and the four fundamental rules of arithmetic. 6th. The Government may encourage the establishment of superior courses of instruction for adults in which there will be given theoretical instruction suitable to the requirements of workmen in the lai-ger industries. Workingmen's houses. 1st. Scientific statistics concerning workingmen's houses should be established. The Laboi Commission expresses the desire, that in the enquiry cm working- men's houses, the Superior Board of Public Health should be called upon to produce a statement to be as closely approximate as possible of the number of families in which, during the hours of rest, there is separation of children from adults. 2nd. Communal administrations should be given the legal right: 591 t will be ent and the pen- ono part 3r the one blishmont courses of ise which pprentice- answer to course, industrial the plastic founded by and a gra- >cou raging s taken by liustiuction lises to the ud to deter- Ifor the ad- Ill g and the courses of Isuitable to stablished. working- Ito produce Tainilifcs in a. To publish lules prescribing indispensable conditions for morality and health, in the building of houses. b. To maintain, in the interest of public health, a ])ermantMitand vigilant super- indence over the construction of houses, especially of those destined for the occupa- tion of several families. 4th. Public administrations should employ a jwrtion of their capital in building suitable workingmen's houses and 1o lease tlicm at prices which all expouNCs paid, will pay a fair remunerative rate of interest on the capital employed. Taverns should be forbidden to be kept in them. In order to give the tenants an interest in main- taining their dwellings in a proper condition, it would be well to stipulate that the amount of net ])iotit exceeding a certain rate of interest on the ca|)ital, shall, each year, be divided among the tenants, to be deducted from the next year's rent. 6th. It would be well: a. To encourage those societies whose sole object is the building, renting and especially the sale of workingmen's houses to working men, by authorizing those societies to issue premium obligations. 6. To exempt from land tax during the space of fifttfen j'ears, all newly built houses whose cost, not including the price of the ground, does not exceed 6320. In the event of the sale of these houses, if the purchaser owns no other I'eal estate, and that it is stipulated that the property is to be paid for in annual instal- ments, the exemption from the land tax will be granted for tifteen years, dating from the day of sale. c. That the communal administration should exempt from road tax (puichase of lands intended for streets, walks, drains, water and gas pipes) all administi'alions, societies and individual persons who devote their capital to building workingmen's houses. d. To prevent provinces and communes from imposing the land tax on the houses. e. To increase neither the land tax, nor provincial nor communal taxes of exist- ing workingmen's houses after they have been put into repair and a state of im- l^roved sanitation, provided their value does not exceed $320, land not included. "LA FEATERNELLE" (BELGIAN) OF BRUSSELS. PROVIDENT AND MUTUAL AID SOCIETY OP MERCHANTS, MANUFACTURERS' EMl'OYEES, COM- MERCIAL AND manufacturers' TRAVELLERS — FOUNDED IN 1852. The operations of the Society are un 'er the direction of four distinct funds : 1st. The business fund is established for the payment of indemnities in case of sickness or infirmity ; 2nd. The special fund A (instituted in 1866) for the relief of widows and orphans and to members in want ; 3i'd. The retiring find B (established in 1875) to provide supplementary assist- ance to members who have reached their sixty-fifth year; 4th. The special fund C (established in 1885) to provide medical attendance and medicine. The members ])ay an annual subscription of $6.00, $0.(10 of which are to be applied to the retiring fund. They are bound to pay an entrance fee, which is established as follows : — From 25 to 35 years of age, $3.00 ; from 35 to 40 years, $6.00 ; from 40 to 45 years, $20.00; under 25 years of age they pay no entrance fee. Indemnities for sickness are as follows : — During the first six months, $20.00 per month ; after the first six months, and until the sickness is cured, $15 per month. Moreover, the Societ}^ provides g'atuitously medical attendance and medicines. It is affiliated to the Free Federation of the Mutual Aid Societies of Brussels, and to the Cooperative Society of Popular Druggists. The business capital is formed by the receipt of subscriptions and entrance fees, which should suffice to cover indemnities and the general expenses of the fund. In 592 tho event of the receipts exceeding the expenses of the fund, the surplus is divided among the special funds A. B. and C. to bo reciprocated by special funds A. and C. when there is a licHcit. The service of the funds is as follows : FUNDS. Business Fund. EXPENSES. Subscription from $5.40 per year and per member. Enti'ance fees of new members. Indemnities for sickness, j\ of the general expenses. Special Fund A (Widows). Interest on business capital. Interest on capital of Inind A. Fines and gifts. 10 percent, of possible surplus of business | A of general expenses, fund. I Possible deficit of tho business fund. Assistance to widows and orphans of mom hers. Aid foi" members in want. Subscriptions of $0.()0 pci- member. Interest on capital from Fund B. 45 per cent, of possible surplus of business fund. Special Fund £ {Retiring'). Pensions to members sixty-five years of age. yV ot the general expenses. Special Fund C {Medical Attendance and Medicine). Interest on capital of Fund C. Dividends of popular drug shops. 45 per cent, of possible surplus of business fund. Physicians' service. Medicines provided by popular druggists. Possible deficit of business fund. The primary object of this association is to promote the growth of mutual aid societies by establishing new funds as often as the means at its command will permitj it is thus that the Funds B and C were founded. 593 Extra ALCOHOLISM. act from the report presented by M. L. Siguin, director of the Mans Gos Company, in the Departmental Committee of the Sarthe, Exhibition of (Social Economy. " We cannot torminate this statintical report, wliich is unfortunately very in- complete, without callinjr your attention specially to alcoholi.sni, this redoubtable scourge which is spreadin;^ daily and makin 1.25 1.50 These figures show that the heavier the atomic weight of alcohol, the more considerable is its toxic power; but we know that the atomic weight of alcohol is in envirse ratio of its specific heat. Thus we can admit that theory and experience lead to the .same conclusions, and consider as well established the propositions advanced by Dr. Dubois in his said conferences. 1. Water being the neuter fluid possessing the highest specific heat, is also the most convenient for sustaining life. 2. All neutre liquids miscible with water can, by obstructing the o.smotic exchanges necessary to the life of the cells, delay momentarily or finally suspend the vital manifestations, witliout exercising a chemical action so-called. 3. These same liquids act with more or less energy and are more or less toxic, according as their specific heat is less high, that is to say, according as it differs tVom that of water. We have only to show here that alcohol destroys the cell, the individual, the societies. Its toxic properties vary according to its origin. We give below, from experiments of Messrs. Dujardin-Beaumetz and Aubig^, the increasing degree of nocuousness of alcohols : — 1. Bi-andy made of wine ; 2. do cider or perry ; 3. do residuum of grapes; 4. do grain and cereals ; 5. do beet-roots and molasses ; 6. do potatoes. 20—38 594 Alcoholic liquorH obluinod by ferinontiUion iiro Iomh injiirious than thoHo pro- duced by diHtillution. So funis the public hoalth is conceinod thoro is a choice to bo made. Ill the fiist class wo find wine, beer, cider, perry, &c. In the second brandies, bitters and li({Uors of all kinds. As to wino, notably, \vt' are to cxamiiu' if it is naluial, adulterated or contains water. In the latter case the product possesses the deleterious properties of drinks made with alcohol. We must acknowle(lring forth vice; suppress tlioso abominalilc taxes on food, by which the more mouths a workman has to food, the more taxes he has to pay; diminish the hours of i.ahou, incre.vse the waoes of the worker; ho will thus ho able to secure a comfortable home, far pref'orahlo to tho tavern ; induce him to economise; tho worker who begins to save is notfar from renouncing to false enjoy- ments; give to tho girls a ])ractical education, so that later on they make good wives. Ab in America, create tomporance societies, and for that purpose ask tho W(mion to load tho movement, for they suffer most from the aftoi-blow of alcoholism, without experiencing any of its (also onjoymonts. Do not confine yourselves to physical hygiene, preach also moral hygiene; seek ami touch tho grand natural laws; make them ros])octed, by showing the numberless miseries resulting from their inobscr- vanoo; for that purpose, multiply public lectures, open libraries and work-rooms, well lighted, well heated in winter, and not kept closed precisely at tho time when the workman could come. " As a foil to ennui and idleness, favor theatres, concerts and assemblies where 08ted up in the workshops of all manufactures, forbid the ;itroduction, tho sale and consumption of intoxicating liquors. Every workman found intoxicated in a workshoj) is to bo dismissed. The sale of spirituous liquors is forbidden in the houses belonging to the Society and rented to its workmen. Finally, in several works, at Borbeck and Valentin-Oocq, for examjtle, the Vieille- Montagne has bought all the taverns around the works, and has converted them into tenements. To keep awa}' temptation is already a great j)rogross ; and wherever taverns had to be maintaine*s finds in thf.?*o who dorivo A profit from it. Finally it is clear that if tlio Society can watch over the workman (luring his day's work, ho lon^ i\h he icmains in I ho Hhop, it cannot follow him neither in his liumu nor during hio leisure hours and of idleness. So, without no/^loctiiig the procautionary measures just referred to, the Society has chosen the preventive means, widch have the effect of repressing vice, by preventing its growth. Dii'eUings. The fust ami perhaps the best means to keep the workman from the tavern, is to give him a pleasant home. The workingman who owns the house ho lives in, and tends Ids own ganlen, or even the workingman who can rent a clean and neat dwelling seldom liecomtvs an hahitni of the tavern and a victim to alcohol. And if, moicover. that man hiul the luck to marry a good housewife, wo may safely leave him alone. A dirty tenement, ill-dressed children, a slovenly wife are the groat auxiliari(»H of diunkenness. It is for that reason that the VieiUe-Montagne, tlndin'jthat the true jdaco of the woman is not in the workshon, but at homo, does not encourage the labor in factories of girls and women. They forbid it in the interior of their mines, oven in the localities whore the law allows it, and they only permit it where health and morality are safe. AtDusenients. But it does not suffice to lodge (ho workingmen, we must also think of giving them recreations, which may occupy their leisure hours in an honest and healthy way. For that purpose the Vieille- Motitagne hm created and patronised in all thoir establishment, societies of amusement, orpheons, harmonies, bands, target shooting, etc.* 8e() |)age 425. whi) (lorivii I) woi-knmii im neither iJocioty hiiB provonting crnan from houHO ho Dili 11 clojin to alcohol, may Hutbly tlioifroat imliii'f that oncoiiruge loir mines, loro health muHt also i an honest patronised ads, target COJUIESPOMDENCK. .,t: .- .. h f ■ CORRESPONDENCE. The first visitors quickly possessed thomselvos of the copies of interesting and important documents oifered to the public by the expositors in the Social Economy section. At the latter end of June, when we arrived in Paris, it Aras entirely impossible to obtain in the Exhibition the collection of documents needed to prepare a nsoful report. In order to remedy this state of things, we had to beg from the expositors copies of documents we had perused at the Exhibition. It is thus that we managed to obtain three or four hundred volumes, pamphlets, notices, &c., mentioned in this report. On the other hand, and to make the report more complete, we have asked from the expositors some explanations on the application of the different systems adopted in their establishments, or on the results obtained. The numerous answers received were useful to us. Some contained information, or explanatory notes, which could not rind place in the published documents, and we have thought proper to annex thorn to these documents, though in a limited number. SECTION II. — PROFIT-SHARING. WooDiiousE Hill, Huduersfield, 12th August, 1889.* J. Helbronner, Esq., P.*\ris. Dear Sir, — I send you a copy of our printed rules and such other matter as we have beside us relating to our prori'-sharing, but the best thing for you to do, if you could find time, would be to make a personal visit to us, and examine on the spot the work. We have visits from eminent economists frequently. I shall bo in London at tho Coopoiativo Festival at. the Crystal Palace next Saturday, 17th August. Should you be in London at the time, I shall be glad to further explain what wo are doing. We have had difficulties, but I am hopeful the more serious are past. For instance, the large merchants took exception to our association with cooperation, and refused to do business with us unless we abaniloned this part; but, being a part of the scheme, I could not consent to do so, as we always looked to cooperative dis- tribution as an outlet for our productions, bit hoped to continue for a time our ordinary business connections, and this being found impracticable wo have directed our attention to develop business'relations with cooperative societies, and we find an increasing business from this true channel. There is an account of our work in (liiman's book, " Profit-Sharing." We contend that our system is the most perfect plan of interesting the worker in his work that has presented itself since the introduction of machinery. Pre- vious to that period, when '' hand work " was the principal employment, workers were more interested in their woi'k than our system ; but then it is idle to talk of going back to " hand work in our ordinary innustries," so we must make the best of our mechanical age, which wo. by oxporionce of three years, have proved is done under our system. Of course, it sacrifices the capitalist, and renders impossible the founding of vast fortunes. I abandoned the hope — if I ever had it — of such an ideal. I shall be pleased to answer any questions and give further particulars if you are not able to visit us. I remain, yours truly, GEO. THOMPSON. * See |>age 80. 600 405 Oxford Street, London, W., 6th August, 1889.* Dear Sir, — In rejily to your letter of the 3rd inst., you must uinlorsta'nd that this business is a company of a few gentlemen, working with me, whose sole object is to develop a business in the interest of labor — we, ourselves, having no pecuniary interest in the matter. But, then, unlike other employei's, we had not got a business to start with, it had to be made first, and it will yet be a few years before we reach the goal of "proiit-sharing" when all profits will go to the workers, as "manage- ment," when associated with profits, does not mean the Board of Directors or myself. We give our services, and for myself it means all my time, and it is chiefly my own personal influence that has made the business. You will observe from the enclosed that we are changing the name of the Com- pany, as the original title was alike awkward and misleading. This new prospectus will, T think, give all the information you require. At the same time I will also send you my own pamphlets 1 siiould wish it to be clear to 3'ou that no workingman has been permitted to take shares in the Company, so that no man can ever reproach us with having risked, or lost, the savings of his wages. Faithfully yours, MAEY H. HAET, Hon. Sec. SECTION IV — APPRENTICESHIP. NiMES, 12th August, 1889. Sir, — I have the honor to address to you herewith the documents which you have asked respecting the Institution of Competition for Apprenticeship, founded by the Comeil de Prud'hommes ol Nimes. Those documents art. : 1. Sketch of the origin of the institution. 2. Begulations. 3. Nature of the relations between the Conseil de Prud'hommes and the working- men's sj'ndicates, a few in number which exist at Nimes, touching the institution. (There are no masters' syndicates.) 4. Eeports on the annual distribution of diplomas. In these reports I mark in blue eveything that is likely to make known the object, purpose and making of the institution. The work is a patronage similar to the one existing in some Parisian syndicates, and has principally a technical tendency. Its singularity is that it is founded and directed by a Conseil de Prud'hommes, composed of masters and workers in equal number, etc., exercising equal judicial functions. This is the idea which presided at its foundation. The intelligent apprentice- ship is bafHed by the progress in mechanics. The object of the institution is to watch over the apprentice in the workshop), in order that he may become a good woi-kman. It is not a method of instruction, but an educational proceeding, a stimulus to work. The thought which dominates the Conseil de Prud'hommes of Nimes is that it would be advantageous to industry' to be organized in corporations without having arbitrary and tyrannical rules, but animated by liberal sentiments. The professional instruction of apprentices would be the object of the attention of masters and work- men of each corporation. The organization of syndicates recommences in Fi-ame the reconstitution of corporations ; but that organization is still in an embiyo state. A considerable lapse of time must ensue before it is comp!c*^e and in jjei-fect woi'king order. For a long time to come over the length and breadth of France *See page 80. 889* sta'nd that sole object pecuniary a business 3 wo reach " manage- or mj'self. ly my own f the Com- prospectus [ will also srmitted to ■ith having n. i^ec. t, 1889, which you , founded by he working- institution. )rts I mark making of syndicates, \rud'ho7nmes, lua) judicial apprentice- rorkshop, in I stimulus to is that it lout having )rofes8ional and work- in France |an embryo in perfect Ih of France GOl syndicates will be unable to deal with the professional instruction of apprentices in workshops. On the contraiy the Conseil de Prud'hommes who have in their legal powers the protection of the apprentice in a great number of industries, are admir- ably situated to look after and stimulate the apprentice, as long as a complete cor- porative regimen is not put in force. Even if there exists one, the action of the Conseil de Prud'hommes will be useful regaiding the vigilance kept over the appi-en- tices' interests in case they wore neglected. Being altogether at your disposal. I beg you to accept my respectful gi'cetings, Qi. BENOIT GERMAIN, President of the Conseil de Prud'hommes. Industrial School of Vosges. Epinal, 7th August, 1889. Sir, — You have honored me by asking information on the Vosges Industrial School. I hasten to sen 1 you a prospectus and a time-table. You will find in these two documents all the indications that you require. The Industrial School founded by one of my predecessors to take the place of the Mulhouse School, which war had removed, is not annexed but placed close to the College under one directoi-. The theoretical studies pursued are analogous to those of .special teaching (3rd, 4th, 5th and Gth j-ears). The theoretical studies are profound. You may have seen at the Exhibition the result of our technical instruction. In fine, the school furnishes naval engineers, draughtsmen for builders and architects, and chemists for manufactories ; but its main object is to permit manufacturers' sons to follow up, with knowledge, the paternal occupations. The Imlustrial School of Vosges is, I believe, the only one of its kind ; I do not think that there is a second establishment of the kind in the world, except, perhaps, the school at Saumur u particular creation of the Principal of the College. It was feared at firet that the two distinct classes of pupils living in the same establishment would present serious inconveniences. Experience has shown, on the contrary, that there was an advantage in uniting in a common discijjline young men pursuing different aims. Thus they learn to know and love one another, to the great profit of industry and the liberal arts. These, Sir, are a few of the facts which I thought would be well to add to the documents herewith enclosed. If you have need of anj' further opinions, on any particuuir point, I am altogether at your disposal. Be pleased to accept, Sir, the expression of my most distinguished sentiments, tl. MOREL, Director. SlR,- City of Troyes Professional School, Troves, 4th August, 1889. -I am in receipt of your honored letter of the 1st August, and I hasten to give you the information which you ask, respecting the City of Troyes Industrial School. That school was founded 12 years ago, under the patronage of the Municipal Council of the City of Troyes, and is divided into 4 branches, iiamely : Engineering, carpentry, woodworking and stereotomy; the courses take place every day from 8 to 10 at night, and every Sunday morning from 8 to noon. The pupils who follow these courses are eitiier apprentices or young men from 15 to 20 years of age, and attend these courses after working all day in a workshop. All pupils pursue theoretical and practical studies. ff 602 'M The pupilH of the mechanical course make a study of the works which are con- fided to thom. Sketching and drawing, wood models, moulding at the foundry, the lathe, adjusting and forging. The other courses have also to follow the same method. The sketches or draughts for each woi-k are always made previously. If any other information would be useful to you, I hold myself at your disposal. Be pleased to accept. Sir, my very sincere respects, H. SIRODO, Professor of Engineering at the Professional S''hool of the City of Troyes. Industrial School of Charleroi. Chaeleeoi, 13th August, 1889. Sir, — In answer to your circular of the 10th instant, I hasten to forward a sum- mary report of the state of the society of conferences of the Industrial School at Charleroi, (Belgium), which report appears at the Universal Exhibition at Paris. (Social Economy Exhibition, Section XII). That society was foumled on the -Ith JSTovember, 187(5, by persons devoted to popular instruction and especially by the administi-ative and teaching staff of the Industrial School. It proposes to develop and complete the knowledge which the pupils and workmen of the Industrial School had acquired during their course of study, to inspire and inculcate in them, and the rest of the working population the taste of literature, science and arts; to make them appreciate intellectual pleasures, and thus draw them away from frequenting saloons and the abuse of alcoholic liquors, which often have led to deplorable excesses. The society has given s-.nco its foundation about 12 conferences each yeai", dur- ing the bad season from the month of October to the month of April. Each meeting has a musical part, a conference and a free distribution of books. The confei-ences have always attracted a large audience ; the hall has nearly always been too small ; the average attendance may be reckoned at 500 persons belonging both to the working and well-to-do populations. The society excludes religious and political subjects, but it leaves to lecturers thegreatest latitude inthe choice of their subjects; historical, philosophical, scientific, economic and social questions have been treated. The official musical i«ocieties and the amateur societies have kindly lent their aid to the musical portion of the entertainment. The books chosen for the lottery have always been books written on subjects treated of in the lectures, the ideas of progress, of tolerance and of liberty. More than 8,000 choice volumes have thus been distributed among the public. In substance, this Society is very much appreciated by the laboring and well-to- do Classes ; it answers to all their needs and their ideas, and renders great service in the emancipation of the lower classes. O. CHARLES, President of the Conference Society of tue Industval School of Charleroi. Commission of Superintendence of the Work of Children Employed in Industries. Troyes, Ifith August, 1889. Sir, — I have simplified the work which you ask from me in your letter of this morning's date. Herewith enclosed you will find a very succinct table of the work of the Com- missioner of Superintendence of minor children. ch are con- lundry, the nc method. ir disposal. ional y of Troyes. t, 1889. rard a sum- I School at n at Paris. devoted to staff of the which the r course ot )ulation the I pleasures, of alcoholic 1 yeai', dur- iii of books, has nearly 5U0 persons o lecturers 1, scientific, ■ lent their I on subjects jrty. More land well-to- lit service in 1/ CharleroL lustnes. It, 1889. Iter of this If the Com- 603 I send yon also the minutes of the Society for the Protection of Working Youths since its foun'lation to 1888, inclusively. I should bo glad. Sir, if you would send me, at your leisure, the part of your report relating to those documents. Accept, Sir, the expression of my most distinguished sentiments. J. BEENOT. Table of the work of the Commission of Superintendence, and the results of visits in the City ot Tioyes and rural communes, from 1875 to 1889 : — YearK Workahops visited Children under surveillance. Contraventions 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 157 10i» 2()0 265 2.57 254 209 165 145 100 122 113 157 199 |te 706 1,071 1,280 1,147 1,120 751 780 1,28hilnn(hropie work, and is now studying the practical method of renting houses to workmen, so that in u relatively short lapse of time they may become proprietors. Tiie liouses built (>y the Benefit Society are after tho model I described in the woik sent to the Exhibition at Paris. Rents vary from S0.48 to 80.55 per week upon tho size of tho garden adjoining each house. I am at your disposition for all other information which may be useful, and I bog you to accept tho assurance of my distinguished sentiments. L. VAN DER BOS. SECTION XIV — HENKV0LENT INSTITUTIONS. Appert Frires, Glass Manufacturers — Consulting Engineers. Paris, 27th July, 1889. Sir, — In answer to your honored letter of the 27th Jidy, 1881), wo send you u copy of tho ditterent plans adopted by us to assist workmen in their work in our manufactories and to improve their comlition of the calling (glass blowing by the use of compressed air) as well as the sanitary conditions of certain workshojjs. In a word we have tried to help the workmen in case of sickness, and we believe that is tho point which will interest you most. The ilimculties ex])erienoed on account of being in a city are due to tho unstab- ility of workmen, and, although we believe that we are not hard to please, wo tind that about 50 per cent, of our stall" is renewed each year. Accept, Sir, our earnest salutations, APPERT FRERES. Benevolent Provisions to aid Worknun in Ei'ent of Sickness. 1st. — RULE FOR INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION. (Extract.) Art. XV. — Messrs. Appert bind themselves to pay all workmen, employed in their manufactories alHicted by organic sickness or a wound incapacitisting them from three days' work, ona-halfof his salary during the length of his sickness, not exceeding one month. They reserve the right of continuing tliat indemnity for a longer time, if they them it necessary. Art. XVI. — ^Tho sick workman, on his demand, will leceive free care, consulta- tions, or medical advice at home, by a physician designated by Messrs. Appert Frdres. Art. XVII. — It', in consequence of the nature of the injury or sickness, the physician orders him to be sent to hospital, for which purpose, also, Mr. Appert will lend their aid to obtain admittance, free care will cease in case the sick or injured workman would not comply to tho wishes of tho said physician. 2\D. — FREE INSURANCE OF ALL WORKMEN IN THE MANUFACTORY IN CASE OF SEVERE ACCIDENTS INCAPACITATING PR0.M WORK FOR MORE THAN 90 DAYS, OR LOSS OF A LIJIB OR DEATH. Maximum capital insured, $3,000. Preventive Measures for the Health of Workmen against the Action of deleterious Dust. 1st. — RULES FOR INTERNAL ADMINISTRATION. (ExtraCt.) Art. X. Every workman employed in the factory will make use of the means of sanitation and drainage available in the execution of his work, and which consist in,— 20—89 610 Ist. Tho UHO ofHpecial Seine water as a bovorago ; 2nd, friM|uontly vviiHliing face andlmnilH) Urd, by opcnini? windowH, doors, or vontilatorH so us to ronnw tlio utmoHplioro of tlio worUHhop a« ot'ton an p()SHil>lo; 4t,h, tlio uho of ^Iovom, niaskH and protoetivo wrapping; 51 li, ^prinUlin^ ])ulv«'rizi'd inattorH wlioro practicahlo; (Jth, tho UHO of Hinij)lo and niodical l)atlis put gratuitously at tho uho of ail worknion. If all thoHO procautiouH aro not taken in tho ovont of uccidontu, or sicknoss fol- lowing thorefrom, MessrB. Appert Frires will not bo hold roHponsiblo. 2nI). — VENTILATION IN ORUSIIINO AND BOLTINO FAOTOllIES. Tho UHO of a (lOMOHto and llorichor ventilator, distributing 5,000 eu bio metres of air, and ronowing tho atniosphoro of tho room to bo ventilated, ton timeM in an hour. San. — riioTECTiNd masks against the action of deletkriouh duhts. Jfi/gienic Rules for Glass Workers. USE OF MACIIINFRV FoR (1LA8S BLOWINO HY COMPKESSEI) AIR — THE Al'I'ERT FRJ:RES SYSTEM, Ist. tilass workers' bench foi* tho manufacturo of glasses, 2nd. Blowing apparatus for tbeCornuosMotras system of ball lighting. 3rd, Moulding apparatus for glasses, docnntors, lump ohimnoys, gas lamp shades, \e. 4th. Jilowing apparatus called Universal, for window panes, watch glasses, clock cylinders, &c. Hallway from Paris to Lyons and the Mediterranean. Paris, 26th July, 1889, Sir, — Tn answar to your letter of tho 23nil instant, I have the honor to send you herewith a copy of our (icneral Orders, Nos. 4, G, and 7, relating 1st, to tho Eotir- ing Fund instituted by the Company, and 2nd, to the care and medical help given to the staff. Independently of the object included in the documents herewith, the Company gives help to those of its agents who are needy by reason of sickness, family charges, &c., it helps tho eo-operative associations of its agents along tho line by paying luilf the freight charges, and has established lunch rooms where employees and workmen obtain ibeir meals at reduced rates. In addition, the Company places in orphans' homos, children of widowed em- ploj'oes and pay all expenses. It also maintains (but in exceptional cases) father- loss children. The number of beds maintained in eleven dill'crent orphanages amount to over 120. In preference to other candidates the Company admits on its staff, om])loyees' sons of the ago of 14. It also employs in tho Central Service Otlice, in stations either, as receivers or assistant receivers, tho daughters, wives, sisters, &o., of its agents. This last measure, adopted a few years ago to help employees with huge families, has led to good results. Be good to accept, Sir, the assui'anco of my very distinguished consideration, Tho Manager, R, PICARD, Workman's Capital.* Sedan, 24th July, 1889, Sir, — In answer to your letter of the 22nd instant, I have the honor of mailing to-day a copy of the pamphlet which accompanies my table of explanations. * See pages 404 and .587. ihinj? fiice onuw the imisUh anil ; tJtli, tho jknoBH fol- bic motves imoH in mi fST8. i!;iiH lamp lusBcs, clock •to send you 1 Iho Kctir- olp given to |u> Oompaiiy iiily chari,'es, piiyinjf half 11(1 workmen ,'itlowed om- |aso8) tathcr- irphanages f", employees' in stations Irs, &c., of its y with largo Mderation, [CARD. ly, 1889. [r of mailing lions. 611 Aftor peruHal, bo good onoiigh to Htmly tlio table that procodoH it, and ■•all my attention to I bo pointe which do not ap]>oar explicit enough. Every fact adiuittod or every means rocommoiidtMl l)oing of a simple and un- doubted mechanism, I shall then bo happy to give you the details that you desire. As a complement 1 will tell you that in my shop all the statV (emi>loyees, carriage-makei's and workmen) are interested in producing good work. Kiieh one has a minimum assured salarv, but it is not granted if ho has not earned as much as if on piece-work. It follows that the latter method of ])iiyinent is the om* in vogue. '1 he tines imjioHed on account of discipline ui'e deposited in favoi- ol the l''actory Aid Fund, and leads to no complaints, no recriminations. Be ploaHed to accept, Sir, my earnest courtesy, L. COUKTKIIOUX. Sedan, 5th August, 1880. Stii, — Your letter of the 26th July fouml mo sick in bed, and it is in tho same condition that 1 answer ; bo kind enough to excuse the delay and incoherence of this letter. You call my attention to the book of Slit » ; I pray you to read again my regulations, and you will see that that sum is formed in my fund by the S'.toxtra paid on the pricti of sale of tiie boml and the accrued intereston payments made on the ))rice ofsale. This book will thus be in the name of the workman, on the day oidy when he has redeiMUed his bond. In answer to youi- question about wages, 1 will say that the guarantee of a minimum for the day hafl u very great im|)ortance for the good understanding be- tween masters and ivorkmcn; when these latter work by the piece, the slightest irregularity in the materials given out or in the c.oiiditions of |>relinHnary operations ■would cause bdr'jaiiiintj. With me nothing like it occurs, I admit no observation. Wo have a remunerative tariff of an assured minimum of 50 cents tor a man and ot SO cents for a woman; as piece work often permits to gain double that, this ditforenco acts as an inducemont to work quickly, and pay by the day is excep- tional. As to tho deductions in case of defects, oveiything is regulated, and no ^*urprise is possible ; there are two checks, and the wori those details, for fear that you mii^ht consider my i)hin only as a guide to other raanufacturern ; it goes further, it iy a caution and an essay submitted to the State. The French considering the Canadiantj as brotiiors, I do not hesitate to direct your attention on this most practical operation. Please answer, as I wouUl like to know if you have well underetood me. Accept, 8ir, the assurance of my highest estejtn, L. COUETEIIOUX. ViLLENEUVETTE I'Ris Clermont L'lIfiRAui-T, 28th July, 18S9. Sir, — I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 22nd July instant, and I am Iiappy to he able to give 3'ou information on the organisation of Villeneuvettc. It was founded in 1G()(! by Colbert. The workmen are lodged on the grounds of the manufacture. FoUi- taniilios of woikmon have lived and grown there for over 14(( yl^'lr8. Out of 1(1(1 workers, more than 140 have been here for over 30 years. The work is rendered as steady as possilde, by keeping the workers busy out in t!\e country duiing slack times. This problem is not alwjiys easily to solve, for men used to factories take long to accustom themselves to work in the open air. Much kiuu'k and kindness on the jiart ot niasler and employees are needed to choose pro])ei'ly those who are best fitted for change of occupation. Tiie dwellings are gratuitous. TlitM'e are TO dwellings within Vil'oneuvette, and 20 on the farms or mills situate on the property. The workmen rather jiroter to reside at Villeneuvettc, though this manufacture, formiiig a commune, is enclosed by a wall with gates which are closed at DA p.m., only to open at 4A a.m. next morning. Workmen are supplied with medicines and medical attendance for eight francs a year. Two physicians of the adjoining town attend at the works. CJood understanding exi.sts between master and employees; but it is true that both live in the same circle. The master living with his employees cannot, nor does hedisplay great luxury, and the workmen seeing that the lieail of tlio establishment helps them as much as lies in iup. power, consider iiini as a friend. The social question, always on tho tapis, has been solve i at Villeneuvotto in a most satisfactory manner. Only one (piestion remains to be decided, that is to obtain a more steady employ- ment, for th(* manufacture is engaged in the making of cloths for the army, and orders from the State are subject to girat fluctuations. The maximum, which is of 40,000 metres by lot, decreases in certain years to 10,000 metres. That is tho case to-day. Another inconvenience is the system of fenders, to which army work ie sub- jected. It is awkward as it gives no security to tho workman; a reiiafe of a few centimes will cau.se a change. The moment tho Governments will recognize tho necessity of giving security to worki:.gmen, it is to be liopotl that the dangerous system of tenders will be done away with. It was only bj' dint of great sacrifices that Villeneuvette has succeedod in making head against such a system. The manufacturer tendering finds himself in the throe following alternatives: — 1. To los(« his industry. 2. To diminish the quality of his products, which all conscientious men should discountenance. 613 i{. To lose II inoro or less considerable sum by tiikinpj tbo work at a low prioc ; this is what took place at V'illenouvetto, in order that the population should not Hutl'er. Wo believe that the Social Exhibition of 188t» will indicate what is best lor the workin;; classoH. Now, a8 t'ornierly, what is asked by the workingman is not so much a liiLjh rate of ■vages, as security for the future. The best way to give seciiiity to the workingman is to live with him. . Then the manufacturer.s, if they are good Christians, are not tempted to seek over-production ; on the contrary, they will try to regulate labor. A manufacturer having the good of his employees at heart, must keo|» '"n a level with modern improvements, Imt he must not take advantage of these improvo- monts to dismiss his employees when they cannot at once handle new ma(diinery. 1 r»'gret that my occuj)atii)n pri'vents nio from giving you more information respecting the organization at \'illeneuvette, but 1 was pleased to receive your letter, it has been the means to communicate with the representative ufacounliy having such a bright future as Canada, it having remained attached to the Catholic Please accept, Sir. mv resjuH'tful com])liments, JULKS MAlorilK. SoT.VAV ET CiE., Works ok Varano£vh.i.f;, Dombasi.e. DoMBASt-E '.irR ^fElRTUK, 7tli August, 1S8!). Sir, — Tn answer to j'oiirs of till" oth August, we have the honor to inform you that Ihe tines imposed on our workmen, comprise fines for bn-ach of dHci|)linc and tines for bac, as it would hr against the interest of the .Society. In this way the workmen do not complain, foi' the good reason that the product of the tinod is ap])lied to relieve tlie needy. So the workmen fects mi the linisheil |)roducts for which the glass maker is not res|)onsiblo. Apart from that are the services rendered in thousands of cases : Loan.^ without interest, steps taken to reduce militaiy service, compatible with the law ; placing 614 •Iv one, recommending the other; visiting the sick; giving food and relief when out of work ; the keeping of widows till their children can enter at the glass works ; giving counsels in law-suits, etc. These services belong rather to charity and philanthropy than to social economy properly speaking; and I would be at a loss to answer questions laid in official circulars. In fact, each workman, in our works is or may become an object of special interest, and the master has always thought that this sollicitudo was more appro- 1)riate to our business than any system of deductions from the wages, or of payments )y the society to form a superannuation fund. The society is a corporation, and can, i^eriodically, change its membership ; the manager does not intend leaving to his successors undetermined social charges, and must restrict himself to do the most good, from day to day, according to the res- sources at hand, anil the present needs. On the other hand, the glass-makers are, generally, pretty nomadic ; some come from the north, centre and south ; at the end of their career they seek tore-enter their native place, or they retii'e to a large city. Their savings must be invested in moveable securities (rentes, pension funds foi- old age, mi.xed insurance, bonds of large compiinies) rather than on immovables in a small commune whose sole industry is the glass works. They are lodged gratuitouslj', and in the village nearly al' the vacant tenements or houses constructed b}' jirivate parties in the commune, are rented by us. The result is more independence, and on the whole, more comfoi't and more hope tor the family amon>;' our workmen than in similar establishments Avhei'e they are kept contined. The children, em])loyed to carry bottles, find after their hours of schooling at the glass works, gooil beds sinular to those in secondary educational institutions, and arc only roused wiien times comes to go to work. They thus avoid being displaced during the night, which would be a hardship, especially in winter, if tlioy had to travel to the woi'ks from the village, like their parents. Kvery day they receive gratuiluusly a ration of meat, and they get also a winter suit and a summer suit. From 12 to 10 tlu'v earn If. 50 and If. fJOc. per day. Once the}" attain to be giassmakers' boj's they join the family and earn If 50c. per day. At 18 they may become big boys and recei-ve 4t. 50c. to 7f. per day. Lastly, they become glass-bloweis or master glass-makers, and their wages vary from 9 to 13 francs per day. So that a young glass-maker, marrying at 11 or 23, an intoUigent woman, can and should in twenty or twenty-tivo years labor, obtain through the jDension fund for old age, or the large companies, a revenue equivalent to his annual resources. If he has boys, the ta^k is just as easy, since from the age of i2, the child is not only no burden to him, but becomes i-apidly from 15 to 22 a source of profit for his family. If he has gi'Is, they can make their apprenticeshi]> at the Asilo de Poissy, and at 18 they can be married to young giassmakers. In the case of ce.'^sation of work, the society grants an indemnity of one franc per day lo the sick; it contributes also for one-third or one-half according to the salary oi the sick, to ilie medical expenses. This rule has a ilouble result : the workman calls the physician only when neces- sary; and on the other hand, the physician attends to the call which he might other- wise hesitate to do it' the workman claimed his services as in duty bound at the sole expensv' of the society. Such ai-e. Sir, the principal features of our industrial organisation. You see that there is no place for us in an official competr ion on the subject you are interested in ; but I hope that you will notice with interest how diverse are the solutions of these matters, and that it is possible to attain the same end jthough following diflerent wa^'s. Please accept. Sir, the assurance of my high esteem, Pr. ue POILLY i)K FITZ-JAMES de BEISON, Le directeur, J. Damour. hen out of {8 ; giving ilanthropy to answer . of speciiil ore sippro- "payments rship ; the argcs, and the ics- eome come to i-e-enter invested in ', bonds of )lo industry riy al' the , are rented t and more ivhore they oling at the Dns, and are 'f tlisphiced 1 ley had to ley receive mnier suit, it tain to lie \.[ 18 they ?y liecome francs per )inan, can )ii fuiuHor ces. If he lot only no lis family, and at 18 one franc ing to the when neces- ight other- und at the subject you i-se are the ;ml jthough SON, BIBLIOGIIA.PHY. Tjist of works and documents exposed in the Social Economy Section, having been examined, cited and mentioned in this report. Adan, II.1".C. — Assurances sur la vie et assurances contre les accidents en Belgique. Amis de L'lNSTRircTioy (les). — Biblioth^ue populai-e du 18e arrondissement de Paris — Statuts, rtiglements, catalogues. Appert, L. (Paris). — De I'emploi de fair comprim^ pour le soufBage et le travail du verre. 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EcOLE DE FABRICATION DE TIS8U, d'aRT ET DE DESSIN INDUSTRIEL ET D^CORATIP DE LA Ville DE NiMES. — Un mot sur I'histoire de I'lndustrio depuis le commencement de ce si^cle. EcoLE d'horloqerie DE Paris. — E^gloment. EcoLE Du Travail, Paris. — Statuts — Comptes rendus. Ecole Gutenberg. — Notice sur I'dfole, comptes-rendus, etc. EcoLE Professionnelle de Ciiapellerie de Meaux, Villenoy. — (Notice siir). Ecole professionnelle d'apprentissage des dessinateurs-lithooraphes. — Pro- gramme. Ecole professionnelle des apprentis-tailleurs, Paris. — (Notice). EcoLE pratique d'agriculture ET DE LAiTERiE DE LA Manche. — Programme pour 1889-90. Ecole professionnelle et MENAoiRE municipals X Rouen. — Programme des cours et emploi du temps. ECOLES PR0FE8SI0NNELLES MUNICIPALES DE GARfONS ET DE FILLES, A St-EtIENNE. — Notices et programmes. Ecole sup^rieure de commerce de Paris. — Notice sur I'^cole. Ecole sup^rieure de commerce de Marseille. — Notice sur I'^colo. 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Description et Giaphiques. PoELMAN. — Les caisses de retraites en Belgique. lonnaires opulation Paris. — ours (le liv Kouillere oment des ance Com- Bolgique. hoi op^ra- Eapports 'gaiiisiitioii bi5ndtice«. r los ein- ■ipation ct Imoiit. lalit^ de la lENTliRES. Regle- lo retraile iilio. lios. 621 Prevoyance Commerciale, (liA). — Caisse do rotraito ponr les employes des deux sexGH du commorco don nouveautds. Comptos-reiiduis. StatutH. Pr£t oratuit de (Socifixi PUir.ANTHRoi'iQUE vv). — StatutH. ('omi)tes-rendiis. PRfiVdYANTs UE 1,'avenir. — Soci^td civilc de retraito. InHtructioiis. .Statuts. JournaK Profit Sharino. — N. O. Nelson. Saint-Louiw, Miss., E.-U. Raffai.ovich, Arthur. — Lo logemont de I'ouvrier et du pauvve. RiciiARK, Ch. — La socidtd muUielle de prdvoyance pour la retraito do Iloims. — Son but. — Son m<$canisme et son histoiro. RiooLAOE, J. E, Samuel. — Projet d 'organisation des dcoles pratiques d'enseignoment socondaire. — Les programmes de travail manuel. Rover de Dour. — Baron llypolito do. — La question des habitations ouvridres en Belgique. Soci^Tfi AORicoLE DE i/arrondissement DE Senlis. — Statuts et rapports. SoCI^Tfi ANONYME DE IIOUILLIiRES DE MoNTRAMIJERT ET DE LA BeRAUDI^RE. — Notico sur la. Soci^Tfi ANONYME DES MINES DE LA LoiRE. — Institutions patronales. SoCI^Tfi ANONYME ET COOPERATIVE DE LA LaITERIE DE LeSCHELLE. — ComptO-ronil^U. Soci^Tfi .VNONYME iMMOBiLifiRE DES PETIT8 LouEMENTS X i{ituEN. — Documents rolutifs A la socidtd. — Comptcs-remluH annuels. SOClfiTi ANONYME REMOISE, I'OUR L'AMElIORATION DES LOQEMENTS A. BON MARCIlfi. — Administration. — Opdi'ations. SoClfiTfi CIVILE DE CONSOMMATION DU 18eME ARRONDISSEMENT, PaRIS. — StATUTS, — Rapports. — Comptes-rendus. Soci:fiT6 COOPERATIVE d'alimentation et d'Epargne de la maison Sorder IIuil- lard et Cie, Suresne. — Notice sur la. SoCIEtE COOPERATIVE DES PIIAR.MACIE8 POPULAIRES DE VeRVIERS. — StatutS. SociEtE cooperative immoihliIire des ouvriers de Paris. — Statuts. SociEtE cooperative Suisse, (tenEve. — Statuts. — JJilan. SociEtE d'Assurance Mutuelle des Instituteurs des Bas.ses-PyrEnEes. — Statuts. SociEtE de Consommation des Ouvrieks des Forges et Acieries de Tritii, Saint- LEger. — (Notice si.r la). SociEtE D'ENSEI(iNEME^,T Professionnel du Rhone. — Notice sur I'organisation et le fonctionnement de la Socidt»5. SociEtE de la Vieille-Montaone, Angleur, Belgique. — Institutions ouvriires. SociEtE de la Vieillesse dite des charrons et forgerons de la Ville de Paris. — Statuts — Comptes-i'endus. SociEtE de patronage des prisonmers libErEs protestants. — Rapport. SociEtE de PrEvgyance et de Secouks Mutuels de la Bouciierie de Paris "ies Vrais Amis." — R^glement, etc. SociEtE de Protection de l'enfance ouvriEre X Troyes. — Statuts — Comptcs- rendus, 1881-1889. SociEtE de protection des Apprentis et des enpantsemployEs dans les manufac- tures. — Bulletins — Comptes-rendus. SociEtEs de Secours Mutuels. — Rapport sur les operations des socidtcSs de secours mutuels pendant Tann^e 188(5, en Prance. SociEtE de secours et Caisse de Retraite pour la vieillesse des deux sexes X Vauvert, Gand. — Statuts — Rapport, exercice, etc. SociEtE de Secours Mutuels de l'Imprimerie typographique, Paris. — Statuts — Extrait du r^glement — Caisse de retraite — Renseignements divers. SociEtE de Secours Mutuels de Port Brillet. — Mayenne — Statuts et Riiglcments. SociEtE de Secours Mutuels des Ateliers des chemins de fer de l'Etat X Epernay. — Statuts — Historique. SociEtE de Secours Mutuels, Saint-Fran9ois Xavior, Paris. — Statuts — Historique — Situation. SociETE DE Secours Mutuels de Petit-Bourg. — Statuts. 622 >i nr t SocifiTfe l>E SecOURS MuTUELS ET DK ReTUAITE NotRE-DamE DE B()N-SeooUR8 X Dieppe. — Statuts. Socifirfi 1)K8 POURI^EAUX 1)E8 ficOLES LAIQUES DE LA VILLE U'AnOERS. — llistoriqUO — Orgunisiition — Fotictionncment. Soci£tIi dks restaurants ficoNoMiQUEs. — Statutfl et r^clementw do la villo do Nancy. Soci^Tfi DE8 8AUVETEURS DU MIDI — Marsoillo. — Iiistorique. Socours mutuols. Situation. SocifeTfi DU TRAVAIL. — Bui'oau do placomont. Htatuts. Comptos-rondus. SocifiTfi FranivI.in — Bil)lii)tlu''quc8 populairoH. Snci^Ti i.MMOHiLiiRE u'Orl^ans — ayant jiour but do dtjvoiopper I't'spcit d't'pargno en facilitant I'accoHsion ii, la pronriutd. — Notice sur son f'onctionnomont. Soci^Tfe iNinisTRiEi.LE i/Amiens, (Notico 8U1' la). — StatutB. (EuvroH crd(5e8 par la Socit^te. HocitTt iNi)i:sTRiKr,i,E i)U NoRi) DE i,A Krance (la) — A I'oxpo^ition univerrtoUo. Society industriklle de Saint Quentin et ue l'AIsne (Notice sur la). — Ensoigne- inent prote»8ionnol ot tochniquo. SoCI^Tfi MIjNICII'ALE ])E SEC0UR8 MUTUELS UIJ 9e ARRONDIS8EMENT DE PaRIS. — Statuts. ( -oinpte rendu 1888. SoClfiTfe MUTUELLE DE PRfiVOYANCE POIR LA RETRAITE DE 1?EIMS. — Statuts. Keglo- montH. Compto-rondu. Soci^Tfi PiirLAiiELi'iUQUE, Saint-Germain-en-Laye. — SooidtiS do- secours mutuels. Statuts. Conipto-rendu. Agr»5gation des fommoa. Sociixfi I'UiLANTHRoPiyUE, I'aris. — Aunuairo do 1888-89. liapiiorts ct comptes- renfluH. SoOlfiTfi IMIILANTIIROPIQUK COOPERATIVE (PE CONSOMMATION) DE SaINT-Re.MY-SUR- AvRE. — Statuts ot rapports. SociliTfi protectrice de l'enfance. — Annuaire. Bulletin, ('oinpte-rendn, SoCIEtE PUILANTIIROPIQUE des COMMis ET EMPLOYt^lS DE LA VII,LE DE MARSEILLE.— Statuts. Notice. Eapports. SoClfiTfi PUILANTIIROPIQUE, LUNION DU COMMERCE, PARIS. — DoCUmonts. SocifiTfi piiiLoMATiQUE DE BORDEAUX (Notico sur hi). — Statuts ot i(^glements. Cours d'appiontis et d'adultes. SocifiTfi POUR l'enseignement pRot'EssioNNELLE DES FEMMEs, Paris. — Programme. Comptes-rendus. SocifixE PROTESTANTE DU TRAVAIL. — Progiamme. Situation, Sautter-Lemonier, Paris. — Institutions patronales. Salaires. Notice etgraphiques. Saint FrJires. — Filatures. — Paris. — Institutions patronales. Schneider .t Cie. — Au Creusot, — Graphiques des Institutions Ouvrii^res. Seydoux-Sikber Si Co. — Tissus do laino. Le Gateau. Institutions patronales. Solidarity mutuelle. — Society civile, philanthropique, de travail et de placement, Paris. Eapport par M. E. Bise. Solvay & Cie. — Produits chimiques. Dombaslo. Institutions patronales. SouPART, A. — Remuii<$i-ation du travail, on Belgiquo. Statistiques uEnEr^vles de LA France, Tome XV, 1885. — Publid par le ministtiiedu commerce de I'industrio ot des colonies, 1888. Steiniieil, Di^terlen & Co., RoTiiAu. — Notice sur quarante-tleux ans do participa- tion des ouvriers aux rdsultats d'uno manufactui-o de coton. Suisse. — Message du Conseil P'dddral k I'Assembldo fdddrale concernant ['extension do la responsabilit^ civile i d'autres industries ot le complement de la loi ledt^ralo du25juin 1881. Pi'davia au sujet de I'articlo additionnel proposd au projet de loi concernant rextension de la rosponsabilitt^ civile. Eapport de la Commission du Conseil National concernant I'extension ii d'autres industries et services, do la responsabilit^ civile des fabricants. Circulaire du d($partement federal du commerce k tous les ^tats conf^d^r^s concernant le systime •!», suivre par les industriels ou entrepreneurs responsables pour aimoncer les accidents. Message concernant les relev^s statistiques des accidents survenant en Suisse. EOOURS X itoriquo — ilo Niincy. miituols. d't'imrgno t. 66efi par la (THollo. -liiisoigiK'- 1, — Statuts. Ills, lleglo- H mutuols. t comptes- >Rkmy-suu- iRSEirXE.-' 11 ts. Coiirs ogramme. ;iaplii(iues. lies. placement, linistt^i'edu participa- I'extension " oi fed»5ralo 3oncernant Ixtonsion a |fabi'icant8. Irepreneurs , en Suisse. 628 StNDIOAT AORIOOLE DU DiPARTEMENT DV JuilA. — Stlltllts. Syndicat de L'fii'icEKiE EN DiJTAif, UK Keims et de i-a HftoioN. — Statuts. lit^gloments. EapportH. Talmasse, p. — .Touno ganlo do rinslniction i)ubli(iuo. Vorviors. Talmasse, p. — Rapport rC'digiS an point dovtiode la propagando di-SHOcit^tds onvritJros do jounoH tillos k Vorviors. Thompson, W. & Sons. — Hiidilor.sHold — (/ooporativo production in woollen and worsted cloths. — Eulos. Treves, A. et Fils. — Tissus et brodories, Paris. — L'usine ot los ouviiors. Union nELOE. — Socidt($ do socours mutuols et do bionfalsanco i\ Paris. Organisation, statiitti, oto. Union des ouvhiers d'I-'.i.oves. — Statuts. Union des Neui-". — BruxcUes. 8(H'i«3t(5 coojit^rativo dopargno. M<5moiro. Union di; uatiment do la villo do Paris. — Syndicat ))rofessionnol. Siiituts ot r^glo- ments. UsiNES FfiLix IIuBiN, llartlour. — Notice sur los institutions patronalos. Vandel et Cie, La Ferriire-sous-Jougne. — Socidtd do socours mutuels dos usines. iSocidte do consoinmutioM. (Trjiphiijuos. Statuts. Vanderveldk, 10. — Los institutions patronalos on Molgique. Veroez, C. 0. — Notice sur la crdation et lo ddvoloppemont dos classes d'approntis ot d'adultos do la socicjtd philomatii|uo ilo Mordeaux. Veilmont, II. — Los rotraitos des travaillours. Los socidtus do socours mutuols. Waudinoton Fii.s et Cie. — Notice sur les institutions do la labriquo. liC;glomonts do I'asllo et do la crcicho. Walteh-Seitz. — Industrie cotonni^ro. — Institutions patronalos. Wii.TiiAMS, J. — Inti'rvontion o(.'onoini<|uo dos jtouvoirs publics dans lo Koyaumc-Uni. WiUdiiT, Cahrom, D. — (irowlb and J*urj)oso8 of Huroaus of Statistics of Labor. Pi'otit-Sharing. 230e Soci:6Tfi do Socours il la Vieillesso pour los deux sexes, on favour dos agonts ot ouviiors do la C'ompagnii' dos choniins do for Paris — Lyon — Meditorrande. — Statuts. — Rapports. — Circulaircs n"" 26 ot 3t). TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTUoDrCTlON. ( lltiJAM/AI'liiN (IK LaUOU ix .\|i|ir<-iitiwMliii) ix Salurii'H xii \y Mai liine drivers' do dci do (> Af-sistants drivers' do do do (} MiiihiiHM wages per day paid to men inider 21 yoarH of age : workmen in felt hatH, in grist niillo, in lime kilns, and in siiinning of all sorts It Miiiiiiima of wages paid to men from 15 to 21 years of age, in marlile sjiwing, brickyards, jHircelain work, wax candles (» Miaiiiiiim of daily wages paid to boys in industries for marbles, lime-kilns, brickyards, saw-miils, tanneries, s|iinning and otlic' industries (i MiiiiiiiHiii daily wages paid to girls in industries for the nian\ifactnre of jiassenientrie, lionnet trim- mings, the manufacture of shawls, in marble works, lime-kilns, brickyards, porcelain work.s, mirrors, wood sawmills, tanneries, i>apei' and cardlniard factories, gas factories, wax candlu factories, grist-mills, spinning, weaving, dyeing, and materials for it W((;i>s, average, paid to navvies, masons, stonecutti'rs, rougli-cast plasterers, aR.siHtants, carriers, in Hordeaux, for a day of ten hovu's fi Wcr!,iiiij paviors, average wages 7 Ma.sons, car))enters, black.smiths, cabinetmakers and iirinters in Lyon.s J Stuikes in Fuance iiiOM 1H74 to 1881— Xumlier of strikes for eiwh year 7 Causes of strikes — Comitlaints of workmen S Demands for increase of wages ; reduction of wages ; refluction of hfmrs of labor ; demand for tho dismissal of a superior ; complaints concerning lalxjr association 8 20—40 626 Pagp NnnilMT of men cm strike • Dunitiiin of strike '. it NuiuImt iif (Iuvh' work lost 'ii HtrikcH 10 Division tl('(■or(liIl^r to tlie iiiil\istiy of tlic niiii'.lx'r of strikfs and of those on strike' 10 Kcsiilt of strikes during the jierioi] from IS"! to lHHf) 10 Attack on tiie liberty of liilior and ii.dustry 11 CoNruTioxs nii'osKi) ox Woukmkn in thk dikkkhknt iNiiuaTRiKs in Fiiance. Heating Ai'IAHATIS, S^c. — Fauiiliuli re tl< tlui^i. AVaj,'es of the ten l>est workmen. Average wa^es of moulders and adjusters, jfeneral average ( if the whole statf : workmen's paj 15 BciMilNi; — (Clint riictdm for xitpplim) Miiiunn Mnutiir, Saint-dermain en Lave. Besides the npper emjiloyees whose tivlaiies are paid monthly, work is done by the hour ; the pay is monthly, Imt the worknit n may lii' advanced sums on account : no .allowance is made for goinj; and coming from the shanties sit\iated within two miles ; for Wfirks more than two miles ii. Workmen paid hy the liour ; i- ,Kcialjihniir uml irriirn: Crounillia, luar (.'hiii'ti'i-fiu'-Tjiiiri . Factory contains '.(,20(1 spindles ; employs l.S.S per.sons, men, women and children ; twelve horn's" W'.'k jier day; monthly pay; wages per day; increase in wages since 1S."(0 ; a workman leaving his work without notice loses tiu'sum earned since last pay day ; steady workmen can .save; the necessaries (>f life have not increa.sed in a ratio with wages, hut a love of hix\u'y has crejit in, and want i increase 17 CoMBINCJ, Sl'lNNiNc AND W v.xwsti -Si iiiloux, Scilicr ((• Co. Lc Ciitcfiu, Bnusits, Maurois fn'llarics in till IVoiihirii Dfjyiirtinint ). Emjiloys 2,7fir) workmen, not including 800 hand weavers ; daily wages, lalxirers, day workmen ; v.-orkshop average; W(k)1 pickers; machine guides; heaters; cleansing W(ki1 from grease; caretakers; spinners; weavers; machinists; their day's work is ll'|' houis ; (iremiiuns for imnetnality : pri'miums for production : profit-sharing; thrift ; (le|iosits in the savings' liaidv ; fines ; tines are paid to the mutn.al aid fund ; masters ])ay yearly a sum ed three eonsecutiv(> years receives a premium of .S14.00 at the end of the year; the premium increa-ses every year to the ina\i- mum amount of 84().ll0 1(> Foiir.K 1 OK OlIAMI'AdNK— ^'ori/c Cotnpinit of Cliiitiijiiii/nr unit tin Cmial frmuS(iint-J)i:i(f to WfLtiiii. Employs l,7t>'t workmen, men, women, hoys and girls; kind of work at which women and girls are employed ; wages settle! hy various methods ; hy the day, according to jiroduction ; hy the joh and l)y the montli ; certain classes of workmen are paid premiums and over- wages . , 12 InON Goods— r/ic mms of Pcupcot Brothers, Munufacturcrs of Iron Wnre, Velocipedes, C!VIS., 15 iiry Hcr- ....... 24 20 22 l(i 11 22 liriiiuilli\ Snioir's, efUihlinhviini. Petit Bixinj. Workshoi) rules; monthly pay; advances on account; machins ; fines; accidents; military service ; delHisit fund ; rents ; old age "etiring list 23 PniNTKl) CoTTdXM — MiKurx. Jii imiliiri <(■ Sdiix. Mil riiiiiiiir CSiiiii infi'riiiin J, .den and women's wages jier day of ten hours ; gratuities attached to special positions increase the wages by 20c. to 40c., and the work women's from 10c. to 2(X' 11 PiNACn 1'kki TUMKHY. Piirix. Factory rules ; system of premiums granted over and above tlie wages, amounting to from 810 to •S40 per year ; the workman leaving the factory has. a right to dis|K>se of his capital 21 ShiI'-IU'II.DIXi;- Aiioiiiliniiiin Sociilii of tin iinnl* mnl iriirk.ilio/ix of Ln 1,'iriiiiili. Bi)riliiiii.r. XinMl)ei' of workmen I'mployi'd ; paid by the day ; hours of work ; wages of carpenters, caulkors an (Jeneral average for tlie whole kingdom, without classification, men aner of workmen employed ; average daily wages ; average wages per ton ; cost of the necessaries of life 27 CoAl. CoMi'ANiKs of Marieniont and Pascoup ; working [Mipulation ; institution for tlie benefit of their staff : board of explanation ; organization of laKir 28 CdMl'ANV OK L.v ViKlI.l.K, MoNTAONK, zinc mines and foundries at Angleur, Pelgium, founded in 1837. Organi/afion of labor; tixicl wages ; eventual wage or premium; average rate of \,ages sinci' the foundation ; regulation of wages 30 Diiriitiiiii of the years 27 Over 10 years 27 SECTION lI.-A-]»ROPIT SHARING. Barha.h, Tassaiit a.xh IVm.as. — Bnnfirn. Pliunlnn mid Miinufactitrcru nf Hnitinft Appririititii. Profit sharing i'st,iblislie(l in 1802, by means of a yearly jiayment, called a gratuity, of a |)ortion of the profits of the es' '-lishment ; In 1882 profit sharing of the most deserving workmen who have been three years in the tirm's iniplov, regularly estalilisheil ; Workmen's share amounts to ."i per cent, of the net profits of the establishment ; Half the .iiuount of sliares is paid the workman in cash every year, the other half is paid to the retiring and pro\ ideiit fund ; The proportion ciiin|iare(l to the wages is 10 ,'Y,i per cent. A workman working 30(» dav> in the year is paid •'^2.'! 7"> in cash, and a like amount is entered on his savings book for retiring; Results of the organization Xi BKSSKl.lt: UK it Sons. Mmiiifiirtiiri m of Vriiitnl < 'otloiiH, Maronne (Seine infi'rieure). Wi ■ \men share in the nroHts of the establishment as a gratuity ; no determined amount ; The workmen adnii;tt(l to protit-shariiig are those whose eoMiluct has been al>o\r reproach and who have been five years in tirm's employ ; Half tlu' amount is paid the workman at the end of the year ; the other half is paid to the provi- dent fmid, and lieais interest at I per cent. ; The division is made by a committee composed half of workmen and half of representatives of the tirm ; Profit-sharing has given a result of 7 l«'r cent, to 17 per cent, per annum in pn |iortion to the workmen's wages, from 1878 to 18,88 ; The sum in cash coining to each workman has varieil from •'*.'tl ."lO to .S75..')0 per year ; The greater nuiiilier of the workmer have paid half the amount given them in cash to the provi- ileiit fund 35 Bon Mahciif. Stouks, — Afnimm AriMiilc Bnueiemtlt (citiipirntivi- ). The widow Mde. A. Boucicault, in 1880, took (Mi of her upper eliniloyees and heads of dejiart- ments into partnershi|i ; IJths of the capital, w liicli is four inillton dollnrs, l«'long to the em- ployees ; 20— 40i 628 "fs W-ti' i ■ ' . ' ■'I IndlKiitidn to their Th(! legal form is a limited ) "rtnership for Mde. Boucicault, and a general iiartner»hi|) for the others ; A certain nimiberof the employees have an intere. ; either in the profits or in the general busi- neHrt of the houHe, or in the snlew in their department ; The sums carried to tlie credit ef the I'rovident fund iire divided in accordance with a scale based on tiit years of service 37 BL'TTNKH-Thiekuv, M. E. Printer, Lithrxjraithir. ParlK. Mons. Hiittner-Thierry allows his staff 1 |mt cent, on the sales in hisestal>lishm<'nt and agratuity in proiKirtion to his profits ; one-thinl is ]iaid in cash, and the other two-thirds are de|K)sited with tlie Union Insurance Company as a provident fund 39 Chaix l'i(iNTiX(i HorsK.— f((r/.v. Profit-sharing is estaltlished in the hoiisc on the folhiwini,' basis : 1.') per ct'Ut. of the net profits are dividearty ; when the shares nw more tiiaii -SL'O tlie men are paid ! in ca-sh and J are paid to the retiring fund ; if the amount is less than S'M it is paiti "iitirely to the fund. Workmen have a right to retire at .">() years of age 59 Company kou Liohtino nv (iAs thk Citik.s ok Mans, Ven'hojie and Vanne.s, CENTit<\L Electkic Company uf tli( citu of Mans. I'rofit-siiariiig consists of a sum \\ iiich the management allows every two years, and which repre- sents alKnit 10 per cent, increase on the yearly wages. Tlie employees .and workmen are moreover given an annual gratuity prupintioned to their services. Tlie most deservinijr workmen receive, moreover, after o years' service, a yearly .sum of .SIO. These amounts are dejiosited in the Savings Hank in the workman's name, ami are entered in his private bcnik 41 Company (I'nivku.sai.Wik the Sikz Canai,. I'rofit-sliariiitr of tlie staff in proiiortioii of 2 jier cent. The shares from tiiis 2 per cent, form a retiring fuiiartment, at so much in the dollar, One i>art for capital ; One part for intellect ; One part for labor. I'lus a iireiiiiuni for the workmen who jmMluce a maximum of goods and a niiniiiium of wa.ste. Each on. s share is paid in uioiiey eveiy year, but there is a savings liank belonging to the est.ablishment in wliieli deposits are received on advantageous terms ; Each depositor may convert liis dejxjsit into sloping partnerslii|) shares, and thus liecome a shareholder in the Company. Tn 1885 tlie shares thus belonging to employees amounted to the sum of .^2(5!t,0(K) 55 \n:i\¥MS\.--{T!/iii Fdiiii'lr)!, Piiri.-<.) Mons. delieriiy adopted profit-sharing in liis establishmi-iit in 1848, basing his system on the re- lative value of capital and labor by a pi ixirtioned division of profits and loss. The division is called the WoiiKsHoi' FiND, to which are paid : 2 tier cent, retained on salaries ; T'lie share of profits awarded labor ; Interest on sums loaned ; fi29 Page 37 39 39 1 to nig iiilg the le a re- ion 51) 41 45 44 55 Page The moneys of the fund are the i)roi)erty of the workers who have a life interest in them ; the share comiiig to each is settled every year. The division is made in projuirtion to tlie days of work. The fund siiares in the losses in tiie same i)ro|H)rtion as in the profits. Tiie fund loans money to the nienilM'rs to tlie amount of tiieir snares ; the loans hear interest at (i jM'r tent, and are payalile fortnightly 41) DOGKIN'. — (Litrr tiwl Tulli Miiiinfiictnrirx, Liioiif.) Profit-sharing is established in the different ilepartments of this house, the workmen sharing in the profits realized in their own dei)art«ient ; Mac4iinists, and those wliose work concerns tlie whole factory, sliare in the general jirofits ; the division is hased on the wages, and a graduated scale of years of service ; The division is made by the savings hank, the amount lieing made in specie or in the Iwxjks ; This condition, the object of which is to encourage thrift, has produced the In-st results. . . 52 FaMIUSTEBE 1>K (il'lSE.— ((7o-o/)(/v//ir(' iiufDciutioii of capital ami lahor, (iiHliii .{■ Ca. htnUniiajtjKira- tu!<, lir.) The system of profit-sharing was (•stii))lished by statute in 1.S80; it is divided into four classes : the partners, the members, the ]irotit-sharers, and those interested ; The partners must have .served 5 years, and own five shares, of .SSO.IHI each in capital shares ; The memlK'VS must have served 3 years, and own at least one share of .sjy.iM) in capital shares ; The piotit-sharers have worked I year for tiie association ; Those interested own parts in capital shares, eitiier by inheritance or by purchase ; Tlie percentage of the amount to be divided Ising established, the ji.artners receive two parts, the members iine and a-lialf parts, the la-ofit-sharers and those interested one part; The dividends are paid as savings. By nie.ans of Mons. (4odin's legacy, and the accumulated savings, tlie workmen owned in IHSS, !H) per cent, of the cajiital sliaies, the capital had doubled in 111 years, anil all tiie aged and iu- hriu workmen were |iensioned by the retiring fund 75 FlVF.a-LlI.I.K Ci»ll'.\NV. — For iiiirhaiiiral riiiistriicHaiiii and eiiltrprhri, Fin.i-Lilli (iN'oW/d. The Oonil>any has established Provident fuiuls for its 2..")IM) or .3.000 workmen ; The funds are supplied by an amount er cent, of the net profits to its workmen. The first mo/zkh of participants was formed of the oldest and most worthy of its employees ; at tlie present time the workmen are admitted to profit-sharing after three years' .service. The division is made in jiroportion to the wages : half the amount is paid to the ivtiring fund, and the other half paid in cash o8 MaME & Sons. — /'r(»hirx, Tnam f li'!^!-lS,s'fi. j Profit-sharing consists of a iiereentage on the sales in the biKikstore, and (Ui the profits of the shop ; one-thirl is pai.'?0 per year ; The residts of the organizati m from 1874 Jo 1888 01 MaS.soX, G. — (Boiili.-iilhr a ail I'uhlinhrr, I'ariK.) Mons. (!. Masson allow his employees to share in the profits to the extent of !*0.l')0 on each .'*1,00'/ of sales, to the amotmt of one million, and of §1.00 |ier ^1,000 for any amount exceeding one million ; 630 1 The diyision is made in proportion to the Halarien of each ; One-thinl of the amount in paid in cash , Tiie t'vo otlier thirds increased hy interest at 5 per ct nt. Ix'coine the property of the sharer at the expiration of twenty years' service. In 1M88 tlie sum of l¥l,410 was divided among 27 employees, giving each an average of 852.22 (52 MoNUL'lT.— Roofer & Phnnber fl.S MouTIKH — Fdumlcil in 181!). Contractors for buildinii mipplies ; upcciidtii in lockn (intl Mechanical con- trivdiiccx. The worlimen of the Maison Moutier share in the profits of the establishment in the proiwrtion of 2.5 |)er cent., under tlie following conditions : — Mvist have worked for the house for three years ; reserved Ic. ijer day on his wages as a saving. If the division does not exceed ff'iO it is paid in full to the retiring fund ; if there is a siirjJus, the employee may disjKjse of it at will. The amounts paid to the retiring fi -hI, either by the master or liy the workman are inalienable and unsellable ; they belong to the employees, but cannot be withdrawn before the age of 55 years 03 ', OZKT AND l)Kl..\l.r)NM)K. — Contractors for Manoiirii, Paris. The workment shave in 10 ]K'r cent, of the profits of the establishment, 'he sharers are naniecl by the master and a connnittee of foremen, from among the work- men who have worked more than two years for the establisinnent ; The division is made in projiortion to the wages; half is paid to the retiring fund, and the other half is jiaid in cash ; The results from 1885 t(j 188!) gave an average of S^Vt compared to the wages 05 Ois.sEL Spinning Mills 53 PkKNOI) & Fll.s. — Distillers, Pontarliir (Doiihs). Messrs. Pernod cfe Son udmit their staff to a share in their jirofits in a variable propirtion ; the amount divided remains in the house which is resixjnsible for it, but the shares are entered on l)ooks Iwlonging to the workmen. ^ The house insures its workmen against accident and sickness, at its own expense ; In 1888, on an anioimt of .S'Jt>5,0(Mj liusiness done, a sum of .*<11,()75 was ])ai»'r cent, of the wages ; In 1882, the share coming to each workman who had worked 300 in the year, was $80 Wsides his wages 07 SaITIEH, Lemonikh & Co.— Liiihthouses, <(r. Paris. Profit sharing is established in this house under the foriti of a supplementary allocation fixed by the master ; Each one's share varies in accf)rdance to his services and his intelligence. The results give an average of froir 8 to 10 ])er cent, in proiH)rtion to the wages ; In 188!( the sum divided among !HJ shares amounted to .*•!('), (J5 years 7!> Casssei.I. &. Co. (Limited). — Printfru, Piiljli.ihcr,i, Loiiilon. When the Comiiaiiy was established in 1W3, with a caiiital of i',500,000 sterling, £70, 0 per cent, of the wages. The dividends are i)aid in cash to heads of families, and half in cash and half to the Savings Bank for unmarried men 85 682 I i i UNITEIl 8TATEH. Page N. 0. Nelson Maxi-factcrixo Co., Brass Foumlcrs ami Manufacturer of Hcatiwj Apparatus, St. Louis, Missouri. Profit-Kliaitng in tliis estaliliHliinent i» in accordance with the GfxHn-Leclaire system. After jmyinp interest to ca|)ital at the rate of " [xt cent., lU per cent, is assessed for an aid fund for tiie wounded and sick ; 10 i)er cent, for a iirovident f\uid to cover eventual los.ses, and 2 \n^v cent, to found a library. The results of tlie system — dwluction made of alx)ve mentioned assessments — gives an average of alsout 10 I ler cent, on the wages 87 Peace Dai.k Manufactihino Cojifanv, Peace Dale, Bhoilc Island. This Company introduced profit-sharing among tlie workmen in 1S"8. Tiie management reserved the right to determine vlie amount of divWend, wlien there is one. During ten years tiie Company has i)aid only four dividends representing, in all, K! [ler cent, of the wages, or l^i5 per head per year 88 Syxoitioal Table. Of the establishments practisuig protit-sliaring, in different Countries, and the methoils adopted up to 188.5 : 89 Alsace, 97; Austria, 98; Belgium, 99; Denmark, 99; France, 95; Great Britain, 97 ; Ger- nuiny, 97 ; Holland, 99 ; Italy, 98 ; Norway, 9'.. ; Russia, 99 ; Sweden, 99 ; .Switzerland 98. 'Comi)lete table up to 1888, 100 94 Table of establishment in whicli the practice of profit-sharing was attempted and abandoned. . . . 9(! SECTION II.-fi--CO-0PERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS. FRANCE. AnMCHAIRS iti'"V.Ufi.—( Association of.) Founded in 1849, reconstituted three times on expiration of the contract ; Each meml)er binds himself to pay S20, in amounts retained on his wages ; A reserve fund is created by a dec^uction of the profits of eaili nieml)er to the anioimt of one year's wages (about S400) ; When the reserve fund is provided for, the profits and losses are divided pro rata the wages received. The assoc'iation can make use of tiie amoimts dei«)sited to the credit of the reserve ftmd to cover connnereial losses, but in sucii a case the reserve fund nnist be re])aid in as short a time as possible, until whicii time the amount is considered as an ordinary debt of tlie society 116 ^ iciATlON L'AxEi^lK of Furniture Makers. Phis Association is an anonymous society, with variable capital and membershi]). The first sul)- scription to capital was .'SI, 200 reju'esented by sixty sliares of 820.00, jiayable one-fourtii cash, and the balance in instalments of .i-'l 00 per month. Go per 633 The business capital may be increased, shareholders cannot own more than ten shares ; Page The profits are divided as follows : — One-third to copital jirn rata the amounts paid on shares. One-third to lalxjr pro ntlit the wages received during the year ; One-sixth to the reserve fund ; One-sixth to form a retiring fund 117 C/ARPENTEHS. — f Ciiiiprmthe AKmriiitioii of Workin;/ CarpDilrrs of Villitti.) This institution is under the form of an anonymous partnershi]) witli varial)le cajiital. The business fund was originally .S(i,0S0,(KHI ; The division of profits is given under tiie form of an increase in wages. Tlie meml)ers now receive 20 per cent, more than the regilar tariff 11!) CeMKNT-.M.vkKKS. — ((Jciunil Anxociiition iif Workiiiii Cniu'iit-mnkrrs. ) This institution is in the form of an anonymous jmrtnership, with variable capital ; No one can own more than ten shares ; No one but a working cement-maker is allowed to subscrilje ; The net profits are divided in the following manner : 5 |)er cent, to the re.serve fund ; 2.5 i)er cent, to the creatit)n of a reserve fund extraordinarj' ; 70 [ler cent. divid«'nd« to sh.areliolders. Members who have not paier head to the sh.arers ; 30 i>er cent, per head to length of service ; 35 per cent, jier head to intelligence (management and heads of the service). Each year a certain number of founder members' shares are iMiught at ))ar by the co-o]K'rat!ve nia,ss, according to the amount at its disiKisal. A drawing by lot gives the nunilHi's of the shares to be put to this forced sale !W Decorative Painters. — (A.i.ioeintion of Artistic Decoration. ) At the time the decorative woik in the City Hall of Paris was given out. If! decorative artists, painters, foniied themselves into a general partnershi]) for the execution of these works. The partnershiii to <'xiiiie when the works were accepted anil paid for ; The regulations state that : The work done by the partners will be done by the hour ; At the expiration of the partnership, the profits realizerofit of .*!2,8()0, liesides 5 jier cent, interest on capital ; one part was jiaid in dividends, the other was allotted to redeeming rent 101 FlLE-M.\KERH. — (Association as a ijeneral purtnirsliip of File-tmikers. ) Founded in 1848, under Government patronage with a subsidy of .^2,000. The businis,-! share of each niemlK'r is limited to .'*1,()00 obligatory and to a posssible S2,000 ; Each members leaves his share of profits and interest to the amount of •*!4(M) ; Ix'yond that amount he receives inttn'st on his capital. Profits and losses are divided among the memliers y)>'u rata the wages earned during the year. . . 136 Jewem.EHM. — ( Coi'iperatire Association of Jeinlhrs in RoUeil tlohl.) Tliis Association is an anoymous jiartnership with variable capital and membershii) ; there are KiO ineml«'rs, who have paid .?3,8()0 ; The shares are ijilO.OO, .*il.(M( Ining paid on subscribing and the lialance by 25 cents iwr week ; All workmen in this branch of the trade are admitted to the association on the same cojidition, and to share in the same l)enefits ; every six nionths an inventory is drawn up, and the net 684 \ht<^. ll;! mi '^ 4 iirofitH art) (UvuImI into five [larts : Int. Ad! ideiid to sharfli(pl(l«'r«, 2nd. Rfoerve fund, Srd. ^rovifiniit and aid fund, -Ith. Improved means of pnxluction, 6th. TicketH of attendance to nianii({frH LlTHrxJUArilKUs. — (Tixi/K/v/^/ir Aumti'iittinii iif H'orkin;! Litliiiiirn/ilnrs.) Cajiital fixed at •'*4(i,(M)0 ; 2(H)nifnilK'r« at !«I2'i 111 rill A.'. retire, he is paid interest at iart with any iHivtion of its capital or profits, except as interest, as has been stated ; it increases its membershii) or the vahie of the shares ScULlTOHS. — (Coil I II rut i VI Aumciiition of.) Animymous society, variable capital ; Present capital fixed at.S4,!HKt, rei)resented by 4iM) shares of .SIO each ; A memlx'r nuist suV)scribe 10 shares, payable 10 p. c. on subscribing and the balance by in.stal- ments of 40 cts. monthly ; Interest at 5 p. c. is allowed on paid up capital, the profits are then divided as follows : 75 p. c. as devidend to shareholders ; 20 p. c. to outside employees 2>»'o riitii work done ; 5 p. c. to the reserve fund Tinsmith. — (Asmcintiim of Workinei Tinsmiths, Afanufiictnrers of Street Lumps anil Gets Meters. The capital of this association is .S10,000, formed by means of 20 cts. per week retained on the w.ages of each memlier ; The profits are divided as follows : 25 p. c. to the reserve fund ; 25 p. c. to the retiring fund,and 'iO p. c. as dividends to the meml)ers ; In 1884 the i)rofits gave .S71.5'^ ix-r head T.MLOH.s. — ((Jeneriil Association of Workimi Tailors.) Anonymous society, with variaV)le and unreducible capital. Present capital .^20,000 divided in 1,000 shares oi 820 each, payable ^Vi on subscribing and the balance by payments of .$1 per month : Page 13U 138 124 108 122 120 125 122 131 ers Page 13(> 'lip.) ■■ital- 138 124 17,442 f till! 00 V)y i2,(RM), ipital. 108 122 120 125 the l,iuid I'd in 1 per 131 The caiiital is variahlt- and uini'diicilili', that i», it may Im' incri used luit not diniiiii'hi'd ; Page The lt'({al reHfi-vi' is 10 \>. c, tlie attcii(huuf tickets of managers and 5 \i. e. intetest on cafiital paid, ate eanied to the aeeoiuit of general exiH'Uses ; The profits are then divided etpially among hiV)or, capital and provident fvmd 131 TyPOCJIlAPHY. —( AuocMtion of»}Vurkinij TiljKxjraithcru, mul nthcru, fur printinijdiiil pMhhiixj tin 0(W- 'eiiil jDunitil. ) Anonynions society, variable capital ; The capital is nominal, as the State provides the worksiiops, t(K)I« and materials, the AsHociation fm-nishing lalKir only ; Till- (irofits are alMiiit ■'!'12,(I00 jier year and are divided m folloWH ; .") p. e. to the reserve ; ') ]i. e. to iiaid up capital ; 10 p. e. to the provident f\nid ; p. c. to the retiring fimd of the Parisian TyiKigraphical Society ; Thf lialanee is divi!120,000 135 Fkaxce. Synoptical table of co-operative AssociationH for production, of Paris 140 Beuulm. The cooi)erative movement in Belgium 14(5 (iUKAT BltlTAIX. Situation of co-operative productive societies in tJreat Britain, 31st December, 1887 143 Italy. The co-operative movement in Italy is jHipular and supjHirted by nieinl»rs of Pailiament, finan- ciers and the |irineipal news[)ai>«'rs. Results : 42 societies, !(,>((i5 meml>ers, paiil caiiital, 813!!,- 000, profits for the year 1887, .*!44,500 146 RvsstA. The origin of work done in common (generally known as artilcs) dates back to the most ancient times ; associations for fishing, hunting, opening new lands are organized by nrttlcs 146- UxiTEU States. The co-operative movement in the United States 147 SKCTIOX III-PROFKSSIONAL SYNDICATES. Law relating to tlie creation of professional syndicates in France 151 AgkU'I'I.TVHK. — {Atiricultxral Sinulicdti nftlu Drimrtiiunt nf tin Juni.) Founded with the object i.) Anonymous society in shares, variable capital. The Society makes purchases, for its inenilx'rs, of agricultural implements, manures, seeds, and, in general, all articles relating to agricul- ture ; is guarantee for members buying in regard to sellers. The capital is nominal, and 820,000, divided into 20O shares of .Sl'OO each 153 Accol'XTANTS. — iSiiiiilic(i! liiiiirtl iif Acciiitntiiiitu (if tin' Di/Htrtuunt uf tin Siini.) Founded with the object of protecting the interests of accountants, to state their rights and their duties, esjiiecially as regard the secret entrusted to them and their personal resiKHisibility. To clearly define the knowledge reipiired in an accountant's profession, and to pnjpagate the knowledge; to provide exjierts and arbitrators of indisputable ability when required by courts of justice, commerce and finance. The nienibershi]! is unlimited ; the subscription is S2.40 per year and GOc. entrance fee. 158 BuiI.niNG. — (Jiiiililiiii/ Uiiidti of the Citii of Pdn'.t dml of thr iJvjidrtmfnt of the Seine). P]stablished with the object of i>rotecting and su|)iH)rting the interests of builders in general. To come to an understanding with capitalists aii(l financial comjianies, on matters concerning tenders for, and the adjudication of jiublic works, and to protect the interests of the syndicate in the event of their lieing attacked ; To found a professional library, and classes for the technical instruction of pupils and appren- tices. The subscriiition is .S2.40 per year and the entrance fee (iOc 155 Glass WoKKERS.—(.S'//»(/(>((/ Union ofFrinch fr7((.s,s M'drker.i). Founded to opiK)se foreign competition, sujilxirt the interests of glass workers, to demand the jiart corresiHjnding to the value of the works, and to establiwh mutual aid in case of lack of work. Entrance fee 20c, monthly subscription 10c 156> ^ffl 636 01 It A.' V , LaIIOH KxcHANdK ')/ Lifi/f. PilKii The KxL'liiui({t' or Markt't for LalMir has an its olijcct to 4(iiuilizf a« iiuitli as iHi^Miljlf the (Ifiiiaiiil and HU|i|ilv of lalM)i-, to utford a coiivciiit'iit iiii')'tiii|s'-|>lact' wlicrc tlic niasti'i' can liirc tlic workiiH'ii III' iii'i, legal 1 staff is i« HUf- |f hand ITS fund riie a))- 1 couwe kvith a 4tli. TuniiiiK imtals. .^tli. Itni/.iii'n Mtli, Cal)iiU'tiiiakiiiK. '.'ill. \V(hw1 15!) 153 lji» l.-)8 Kid Ifll 170 589 }\y nieaiiH of thpRe rewardM the apj'rciitiwH nrt' enabl(-(l to Ix-long to iirovidcnt inMtitiitioiiM, to lio iiiHiirwl a>faiiiHt accidfiitH, to ln'iong to the ivtiriiig fund, itf., itc. Tlij) tinii of aiPiirciitiii'Hlii|i i« four ycarH City dk AmIKNM. {luihintriiil Saciitu h/ Ahihhk). Kounili-d for till' |iur|HM' of inovidin^ workiiirn a ttH'hnical and practical education, and to main- tain tilt' HU|H'riority of the stutf.i iiianufactMrrd in AniiciiH. Vor tliin puriHisc a school of appicntii't-Hliip lias lii'tn I'staliliHlit'd, in which ari'claMwx for weaving, chcniital printinj;, vclvi't oiittinir ; for foliliii^f, for applird nn'chanicH, for conuncrcialUKik- kccpiuK anriivides gratuitous instruction ond breakfast and luncheon its well. The term for apprenticeship is four years. The scliolar.s are chosen by comiMJtitiveexr.iiiination.. City of Pauls — f I'mfinxiiiiinl nrhiml for liimk iinliintrii n. ) Established for the puriMPse of forming able and educated workmen for the book in lustry. The duration of the study term is four years ; the course is free. During the first year the jnipils go through all the school workshops : they are then divided and placed according to the aptitude shown by each City of Va\11^—( Itiili mf Mnnicipul Si-hnnl.) This school is situated at La Villette ; its object is to jirovide workmen for the eight following trades : Forge work, metal turning, adjusting, locksmith, mechanical precision, miKlelling, wood turning, carpentry. The term of instruction is tla-ee years. Apprentices are taught not only a tnule, but general ideas on all the trades connected with it. . . City of V.ci\¥,S.— ( Mniiiciiinl I'mfinsionnl Svlmut fur Iloumkiijiiiiii fur uniinii (iirl.t.) Fotmded by the city of Rouen to prejiare yotmg girls for different kinds of sewing, cutting out and making garments, under linen, pressing anil the care of a household City of Skd.yn. — (Municijuil Schuul fur Wmi-inii.) Founded after the crisis of IKHl for the iiur|iose of forming workmen ca])able of manufacturing dressed giK)ds, but which has now Viecome a school for general weaving, ... City of Saint Etiknxe.— /'ro/'r.«s('y(ia/ adiool for hoi/n. At this iirofessional schiK)! of apprenticeship is tauglit adjusting, gimsmiths' work, forge work, finuidry, carpentering and nioilelling, weaving and dyeing, modelling and sculptme ; The object of the professional school for girls is to teach them all works .suited to their condition, work at which they will be engaged later in life, either a» housekeepers or as a means of earning their li velihixid E.MII.ATION DlKI'l'OIsK. — (A ciiiirxi' of ArtiMic ImliiMrinl llrmrinij, iiiul Proftnniuiiiil Work. ) Founded foi' the j)\u'iK)se of desseminating a knowledge of drawing and encouraging a taste for the tine arts m order to apjily them to different trades. The cotu'se includes a theoretic and practical class for mensuration, carjientry and cabinet- mrking ; forge work and work in metals ; tracing, turning and adjusting ; The .amount of subscriirtion for the scholars is merely nominal ; the school is maintained by the Chamber of Commerce, the municipality and private subscriiitions FaNMF..N & .Senior Hoy.— ('Boot uml iihnc Mnniifietunni, Sillitrs, Pas-di-C'iilfih.J This firm ha-s established a professional school for recruiting its staff. Poj's are receivefl at 13 years of age, going through all the defiartments of the factory and doing apprentice work ; Pagt» 170 202 180 180 181 188 18(> 181 188 18<> 189 201 i C38 at II vi'iiiH (if iiKf tlicy lui' sii|i|)' M|ii('ial rIaxMt'M uf work for yiiuiig girln. TIiIm MclllMll mIiOWM excellent II'MultM Kiitficifiitly |ircipai'«(l to iiittr llic pidfcHnioiiul 11 iiiaiitifactiirf mIum'm in (iifft-ri-iit kiiulNof work. I'aKi' 172 (ilTKMIKHcl. t I'rdfiniiiiiiiiil Sfliiiiil, I'lirh). l''o\ltiiliMl ill IHHJt liy till' lloaiil of I'liiitiiijf to rainc the level of tyiMigrnplliciU knowledge. The wiiik of the Mcli'Mil i» not (lone ill imlilic. The Cdiiise of iiHtructioii lantM three yearn. A certain niinilier of impiln are admitted grntititoUHly, othei'H on |iayineiit of a certain aniount. Apiirinticei* from the ditfereiit city jiriiitiiii; lioiiHeH arc m-nt by tlu|»rciitict' i.s declared n WDrkiiinn only wlii'ii lie liiin flllwl all the imrtH of tln> i>ix>Krniiiiiu' of tin- ciiiiiiftitiim 193 RlIONK {Siiciilii fur iirnfeimiiiinml initruetion), Fipiiiidfd for tlic iiniiKim' iif iri/.t'» art' a«iirili'd to tlic inoHt diwrvintr 200 Saint •^tKNTIN (^'"''"'''■''"' Snriilii nf Hnint (^iiinliii mill till Aifiii.) Founded for tlic iinr|>oMi' of dt'vt'lo|iiii({ tlic |iliyNi(al and intillrrtual ntiiliticH of worknit'ii, fore- int'u, aiirl to found a fri'i' coiirw of ti'dmual and profcMsional in»tnu'tion in onlir to providi' a nu'i'tin); iilatc where luudH of iiiiluittrici can meet and oKrett uihui new uietliiHU of iiianu- faeture 202 iinVATUi'SH.—AKiinriiitiijn fur prtieiirinii pldcrn for iipprtnticm unil jmtroiKiilf/or iirjihunii nfhoth nrxm, I'm if. Founded for the jmriKwe of |iri>c\irinKforor|iluiiiHof liuth Hexes : Int. ApiirenticeHhip toa trade. 2nil. An eihication suiticl to tlieir iiitellitfenee. Urd. I{elit?ious in.itriietion in the creed inofeHHed l>y their parentH 195 TaII.oks. J'rn/i Kfiiiiiiil Kvliniil 11/ ii/ijifi iilii'i kIi ill fur tiiiliim, J'lirif. FoiDided liy the Hoard of SyiKlicateH of the nierciiant taihirs of I'aris, for the |iuri«»te of fonuin^t lf(M«l workmen, to raiMc the level of hand work, and to form (fiKnl foremen ((•aileflAfiiiiii. L' Ahln' Ihiilimiiril iit Lwiim. Founded for the |iur|Mwe of withdrawing'' ehildren from evil eoniiianionsliiii and the deteriorating inHnence of tlie Htreetn, in order to form tliem into K'"'d citi/euH and wdikmen : In the JaiKer induHtrieM, with tlu'ir meohanical applianceH, there \n diftieulty in forming? apiircii- ticcH ; they are merely iiH^istants ; In Mons. L'AIiIk' MoiNard's workshoiw, aiiprenticeH are tauKht Iwitli the theory and practice of theii' trade, and when tliey lea\e thi' workHhops are finished workmiii ; The impils are tfiven, hm a ^ratnity, a remuneration for tlieir work, Itaned on their general ({ood coiidui't ; At the expiration of five yearn' apprenticeHhi|>, the workman ix the t)wnerof iii« toolH and a capi- tal of ><2IM) or S^M) !!)(; Yeast and Simhits. — Nillurlinnh Munufiirtirrii of Yifint mul Spiritt, iit Jhlft, Hullmul. Kiuli apprentice is under the patronajfe of a workman in the factory. 'I"he repetition class (two hours per day) is under the ital of .'>!n;<,2."i(i ; 44 workshops for apprenticing; l:i,ti.S7 young men are taught in these estahlishments. The classes are similar to those in all technical schools, with the exception of one special ]X)int, which differs according to the industry of the locality; designs for machinery in Brussels, mining in (iand, steam engineering at Liege, itc, itc. There are other similar institutions, such as the school at Tonrnaie. in wliich the braziers' trade is taught ; the sc1iih)I at (iand. metallurgy ; National School at I'lrussels, clockmaking ; sclii«il at Liege, tailoring; brewing at (iaud ; typograjihy at lirussels ; sclusil of .St. Luke; sculp- ture, (lecoration, ornamentation ; proftssional schools for joung girls at Brussels, Antwerji, Mons, Liege and \'ervois ; 411 schools for ho\isekeepiiig 20S Engi-anp. There are l,i)H4 night schools in Kngland, and 2US lalKjratories in whicli 17!),2(i2 pupils are given a technical and scientific education. The schiH)ls are under .State protection, and are managed by the Corixjration of I -ndon Institiite ; they are maintained by voluntary contributions, State snlwidies and subscriptions from the pupils. The classes are nrAN'Y. — {The I'tKumilH' Mum urn in (•innmui.) (iermany at the present time presents two plienoniena of economy : The iiroduction of (ierman inmistry is too great ; markets are glutted ; f)rders are few, and in the meanwhile the necessaries of life are increased in pricj' ; tlie workingmen find little employ- ment, and wages are lower ; In order to remedy this disaster the manufacturer leaves the city and establishes his f.actory in the ccnintry i)artii, where his expenses are fewer, taxation avoided, and because here, when the workmen are subjected to enforced idleness at the factory, they can employ the time — wliich in a city wcmld have been lost — in cultivating their small farms or gardens to sui)ply their tables with fruit and vegetables ; The double object of this is to establisli rural industry, and for routine .ind common production to sulwtitute artistic prcnluction 20!) Japan. — ( PrnfcimiomO InMructinn, School of Artii ami Trailex at TokiioJ. Founded m 18K1 for the puriKise of imiiarting a knowledge of arts and trades to those destined to teach arts and tr.ades or win- wish to Ix^come f'-remcn or heads of workshops. «40 h ^bmm Tht> HchiHil iKtssfsMes a fhcMiioiil lalxinitiiry, a (lyo h1ii)|>, ft china factory, ft glass factory, and ft manufactory for chemical prinhicts ; tlic mechanical section inchi'li's a dniwinn clans, a work- shoji for wiKul work, a foinidrv, a fiove, a tinishinK' sl\oi>, and a Ixiilc • hiioji, in onler that the |iu]iils !nay practice tiie arts t!iey intenil to pursue Nkw SoiTH Walks. The Workmen's CoUepe at Sydney was fimnded in IS'fi, and in 1SS.'tthe(iovcrnnient€'stal>lisiied a su.iih'paitinent for teclmical instr Ktion with a capital of Xl(in,(iO(). Then are H.tMHl pupils. 'I'lie cliu-'ses are taught by professors as to the tlieory, and the |)ractical application is taujfht l>y alile worknu'U. Tiiere are also travelling' professors who visit the different districts ftnd deliver IccturoH on sub- jects adapted to the locality J{01 MANMA. Tliere are ^2'^ elementary technical ..chools in Koiiniania for fonuiu),' apin'eiitices, anerior teclmical scIkmiIs. !t average aii'^ ;riuii' schiH)ls. oO inferior do l,'J(Kl workshops annexed to .schools. HO siM'cial schools for forming workmen for railway work. •Schools for navigation in all tlu' iH)rts of the Empire. 1.5 inferior agricultural schools. 3 sduKils for rural economy. 2 model farm. I. Night cla.sses, exhibitions and lectures for workinginen SKCTION V.-xMUTU.\L AID SdCIETIKS. " Aiiiiciilr" Postal and I'elegraiih Kriendl.v ScK'iety (France.) Its object is to atfoifl sick iiieinl>erM a i)ecuniary indemnity, funenil exi)onsP8ftnd K^lief to widows and orphans "' f.ii Friittnutli "of .Antwer)). Foimded for tlu purpose of providing mutual aid. in lase of sickness, to uiftnufacturers, i.er- chants. accountants, commission me<-i'hants, cominercial travellers, clerks, itc. To assisi teu.ints inider certain unforeseen i i'cmnstaiu is " La Kraternelle lielge " I\ules C(M)i'KH.s : Mi\tu,il .\iil Soiiitv of coopers and workmen in the wine cellars of Rheims. Ill consideration of a small siibscription, the me:^>lers are att'orded aid in case of sicklK ss and a daily indemnity over' and almve what tln.v may reieixe from their own societies ClIllISTIAN KmII.ATION of till Villi (>/ liunni. The object of this Society is to alford its members, sick or unwell, gi-ntuitous inedicixl atten- dance and medicines, a \iecuniary indemnity, and proper interment at the society's expeuse. DkC'UKKS oil Uili'-iiiil Fiiiiiln, Assistance gianted by the Fri'iuh tioverumeiit to Mutual .Vid, and Retiring Fund Societies. Hegulations im|Ki.sed by the management of tlie said Ketiring Funds DkcUKKs (III Miitiiiil .U'll Snciitii.i. Assistance ''anted by the French ( Jovi>riiment to a]iiirov(>d Mutual .\id Societies. I!ii,'i'lati(.i . i res,rictions imposed on these coniiia'iies as to the use of their funds, and as to the approval of tlieir .Statutes (tKXKltAL Hkassiuanck.- Soeiilji I if the immliirn oftli: Pruriilnil, iiitin'iiii nnil MiiUuil Aiil tyocittiis of till hi iiiiiiiiti lit iif till Sihir, I'liion and consolidation of the .Savings Societies of the Deiiartment of the Seine, Statutes and l{egulations of the said Heassuianee .Society iJlt.WH C'lU'Ncil. (it'^Ai Miitiitil Aiil Sociilti.1 of till iiioiilli of till Hit- nnom, nl .}fin:ii illm. The (irand Council is a sort of council composed of iiriiil'lioiiiiiu.i (men of trust), or a conciliation committee to hear and decide, without delay and without charge, all the ditticulties that may occur between the Mutual Aid .Sot ieties of this region Genkhal Rkcaimtii.ation of the condition of the mcniber»hii> and finances of Atutuai Aid Stx?ietic.s approved and authori/ed in l.SS(! ]\f AHsHil.I.K.s Pliiliiiitlirojtic .y.ifiiiii of till I'll rkn iinil iiiiiiloiiiin of llii Citii of Miir.ii il/in. Its mi'inbers are allowini, in the event of sickness, medical care, aiiii medicines, a weekly indem- nity, aid for disablement, a retiring fund, and funeral exiH'iises Ml'Tl'AI. TssiHANCK SdclKTV established auKiug tlii' Teacheri of the Department of the Lower Pyrenees. Its oliject is ; To help di'fray the expenses caused its ineinlierH by the birth of children, sicknesB and death, by contributing as largely as jxissible towards tb' jiayment of the phyHiciaii'a charges, the exiien.ses for mevliciiies and the cost of funerals Tago L'05 2()7 L'tW 20S 22S Mil 22S 22<> 217 221 220 227 223 641 PftgO 205 2()7 208 208 idnws 224 , i...>r- 228 •'^'•'1 and 11 228 ittcu- >i MSI'. 22G 'S. 217 as to 217 222 iticiii tliat 221 lictics 220 llcin- llU'SH iian's 223 Ninth Alim>Nlil>SKMKNr (I)iHtrict) MuniciiKil Mutitnl Aiil Sociitii of tin Uth (liftrict nf I'liria. , For till' |nii'iHisi> lit" I'lisuriiitJ axsistaiii-f to its hiiiiiImts in casf nf sickiif.-s, a pi'iision fur old age, lirii|n'r iiitfrniiiit in cast' nf dcatli, a'.id tlii' Smiity's luutirtiun fur tlirir ihildrcn 22l> i'.Mil.K riia|iilnlatin>r tlir jffni'nd avi ra^'i' i.i the oiK'ratitmn nf Miittml Aid iSiK.'ii'tit'i( rt|i|iriivcd uf and aiitlinri/.iil diniiiK the Vi'ar ISSt! 21S SKCTIOX VI. RETIHIMJ FUNDS AM) AN.M'ITIKS. A.'^SOCIATION f Frcti mil ) of tin h'nililniiii.i ili-rKV, \'c. ) I'itluT an iiii n asr of tl;i'ir retiring pension or a Ic^facy to tlu'ir i-iiildmi. 'I'lif funds art' »■ iiployi-d to piu'iliasc iililif,'ations in lots from tln' (V»i/(V /•'imi'd r, « liich ^jivc a rifflit to a drawing,' liy lot, tin' results of wliiili sometimes add larj;e amounts to the fmid , . . . 2"i(i "La KiiANTK I'KKVoYANlK." Civil, pliilantliropic and national retiriiiff siniety. Founded .laimary 1st, lS8ti, for tlie purinise of ensm-in^f all |K'rsons having' |iaid dm•in^r tifteen eonseeutive years, a montlily sum varviuff from 2lk'. to SI.(H), a retiriuj,' pension in aefor'120, and for women at .VHO or •'*12lt aecordinK' to their a^'reenient on enteriliK tin- .sooieiy. The annuities are payalile at fifty yeivrs, the amount to Ik- paid as pension is settled liy the ^'eneral assemhly 2.">8 " I.Ks PiiKvoYAN'i's UK i.'avkmh," ii ciril ntiriiiii noriit/i. Kounded with the olijei t of atforditit; mendiers who l.ave l)elon^'•ed to the soiiely for a period of twenty years, a pension, l:n%'e enou^rh in amount to ]iroeure them the in>eiv,saries of life. The entrance fee islllc. , the monthly siiliMription is 20c., and the price of the Ik ink is 10c. ■ Ml memtiers who have helonged twenty years to the society have a ri^flit to an eipial share in the interest on the society's funds dmiu).; the past year I'll Nati(»sai. KivnuiM: Kinu koii Oen \v.y. The National ijetirin^' Kimd for (Mil Affe was founded in IS.-i); is luider Stale w.irranty, and controlled liy the .Minister of I'Mnauce ; itsoliject is ,o provide annuities for depositors, the maximum of which is fixed at •'*2|0. The deiKisits are made at will, and the deiHisitors niav ciase them or liejfin ajjfain when tiiey choose, increase or diminish the amount of di'iM)sit ; licpiidation is etfecte7;<.t'0 per year. If the suliscrilier lie^'ins his paymiuts after twenty years of .lite, lie must pay the ani'>Mnl he would have paid hy instalments of one cent inrday, with capitalized niterest. r.y payment of one sum of .s<10().00 the ' .; mU'r is exempted from all other payments. The suli- seriptiou lieinp: paid liy ineatis of the interest on this sum. .. . 201 Ol.li AcK Sdcirrv ii'VAi irliiilii-n'iilil.i iiml l'liii-k:ii.iitli.i III' till t'itu nf I'uris. (Foiiiiilnl in IS'.'}). Memliers of this SiKMetv liaviiiK paid the same suliscrip'sm iluriuK a periml of I.") years, when th.'y attain the i^v of 00, art' utsnred an annuity, the amount of which, has lieen, since 1,S71| fixed at "lO per ,.'nt. of the ■ uliscriptions 'hey have paid 2.">H ItKriuiNii Kind I'lni Woiikmkx iniln-tlii iHitriiiniiii of tin Miiiiii'iiinl t'oinieil uf tin- Citii of Si i fun, ( Full mini in /.VJ''). Th.' monthly suliscrijition is 40e. The jiension is alloweil only after live years" suliseriptiou, capital is inereaseu hy interot at 4 per cent. The averajje for retiriiiK is eipial to 1 1 [mt cent of the amount entereil to the lU'count of the memlKr. TV ■ |>ension is paid at T)! ye«rs of ajfe 202 2;!(>rii Am .Sociktv kou oi.n Aii', fur imtli sli-is. For the lieiietit of ajfeuts and workmen of tin- Kaihviiy CoinimiiifH of Parisl^yon and the Meil- iterranean, fomided in 187.">. Its imrpose is t InstriK-tions on thf iiiiiiicdiiUe rcincdics to he a|)i>lit'(l in cast' of accidents 577 ( fcncral rules to i>ii>v«'Ut accidents liy niacliinerv 585 Law ami dkchke couceminii tlie cmitioiiof tvo in^nrdace fundx, one in cnxr of ikiith, and the other in ciine of iiccitteidn, reautti nil from (Kiricnlturid and induKtrinUidior. — {Friniee). These eoiniianies are under .State wari'Huty. Insurance in case of death is acr»im insured is arranged by tariff, there being taken into account ; 1st. compound iiiterest at 4 per cent, on amounts ])aid ; 'Jnd, t)>e death risk in accordance witii the age of the person insured, calculated by the Deparcieux table. Accident insurance is by the year, the insured ]H'rsim paying at will, (!0c., -SLIM) or !*!. 50 per year. The annuity paid to the insured consists of a sum 320 tinie.s the amount lie has i)aid, and of a second amount, being part of the proceeds of the State siibsidy 266 Mutual caAHANTEK association Ai;.\INst ACCIHENTh. — Foundscriptions of .^l.OO an amount of .'?1,000,(M)0. The object of " Ln Fourmi " is to centralize a large number of small sums liable to rem:iiii uni>ro- ductive, and to use the amount for Fri-nch obligations by lots, the subscribers all having an ecpial chance. The whole amount is realized ten j-ears after the date of its creation 284 PosTAi, Savings ]5anks. Results obtained from Postal Savings Banks in Austria, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, I'nited Kingdom, Switzerland, during the year 1887. Situation of the deinisitors' account on 31st I)ecenilu r, 1887 275 SAVIN(i^s Bank OK Chai.ons silt Maune. Tiie Scholars' Savings ijank for the scholars of the deitartuient is divided into seven sections, and four prizes of S2.(M.), .'<4.00, 8(>.'H) and 8.S.0O are distributetl among the teachers wiiose jmiiils have made the greatest numlx'r of de|Kisits. ISO l'>aiik books containing 81. (XI each are distrilnited among the pupils 284 Schoi.arm" Savin(;s Bank of Brus.vlK. Till' Savings are free, no constraint being used. The teacher may however endeavor to per- suade the pupils to save, may take advantage of every opiKirtunity to induce the children to jiut by their small amounts for an evil day 285 Scholars' Savings irithin the diKtrict of the Siirin;i« Blink of Mann. Was founded in 1834 for the puriHjse of affording a means by which the children can, with their teacher's assistance "'vest their small sa\ingH of less than one franc, which is accepted by the ordinary Saviiii, ks, without leaving the .schoolroom. The scholar, by this means, can save a few of tlii' cents allowed him by Ins jiarents for [H)cket money. The city of Mans has the honor of Ix'ing the first city in Europe to institute Scholars' Savings Banks, 42 years before they were introduced into l*]nglaiid 278 Savinos ANii Provident Banks des Boi i hks-du-Rhone (of the mouth of the river Rhone). Snrinijs of irorkinijinen'n children,. Founded for the puriKise of making children familiar with idea.s of order and economy, and to i-eceive on deiHisit the .sinaliest savings of industrious and thrifly im'i-sous; To make use of the savings of the peoiile to improve the fate of workingmeii and of poor families by providing clean, healthy, convenient and cheap houses for them. A system of iH-emiums of encouragement to school-masters to induce them to jierBuade their pupils to take Savings' Bank Ixxiks 276 643 the Pagt' 57(> 577 585 r in >ay- kon k in IH'V of a 206 ihcrK 575 lH)li- 18S8, is IK) '■r the » ■event ns the ntains i, a>- a it lia» nqn'o- lUiT an Italy, , and pupils 271 208 285 ■() per- Ven to 284 Ti.y 284 285 their ■ed by leans, Ivings \viwj» pid to Inilies their '>7S 270 ToiHNAlsiAN SaviN(; Hank, itwl Ai<(fiinil. (Foutulnl nt Timnini, liihiium, in 1S25). Page The Bank is arhninistered hy tiie City. Tlie lovest de]Hisit aecepted as lOe. The niaxinnini is 84(K) for one person, l)iit a whole family living under one roof can (h'iMisit ,««0(J.0() 280 SECTIOX IX-CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS FOR PROVISIONS. Be.sheok Coai. Company. [W(irkiii>n'!< Ston-.i of Mnliiri.i.) The i)rovision stores of the Hes.sege Coal Company atford the workmen all the advantages of a co-oiM lative Association witho\)t its risks ; full liberty to make their purchases tliere or elsewhere ; liherty to liuy oncri'dit or for cash ; no amount retaineil on account of thcstores ; liroHts divided .innually among tiie purcluusers in proportion to tln' amount of purchases enter"d in their lii«)ks. The ])rofirsharcis ninnber 2!l5 CONIHTION OK THK CdOl'KltATIVK SoCIKIIKS I'Olt I'ltOVlSIONS, OK THK CiTV OV LVONS, IN 1888.-- These societies include \'.i hakeries, 1,'i groceries, provisions', household articles and 4 for heating. The most remarkable of these societies is "La Ruciie " (The Hive), the shareholders of wiiich have jiaiil -S.") per share and the payment of which has been made, wholly tlirougli the means of th'' successive division of jirotits 2iH) CON'DITIOX OK THK Co-Ol KUATIVK SoclKTIK.S OK (iKKAT BkITAIN, in IfiSi.— Classification of the Societies in 1887. Condition of the Societies from 1801 to 1807. Reixjrt by section of Societies .selling on credit 2fl8 doopertitivi socitliin fur pfovinintiK an Janunrii Int ISSS. Unitki I States : Maine 18, NewHampshire (i, Vermont 1, Massachusetts 35, Rhtxle Island 2, Connecticut 5, New-York 0, New .Tersey 12, Pennsylvania 5, Illinois (!, Ohio 18, Michigan 1, Iowa ■-, Misso-i'i 1. Miuucsota 7, Texas 1,55, Wisconsin 8, I'tah 2, total 2!M). FkancK : 8()0 .Societies ;W(»,(MK) members. Italy : 82 Six;ieties.with a ji.aid capital of .*i415,005 .'{(Ml CoorEKATiVK Society koii VHoyistD'ss, (}/ the miwrK uf Aii-.in, foKU'lnl in ISiS.'i. 15uys for the lienetit of its membi;rs, groceries and iirovisioiis recpiired and sells them to the mem- bers. .SJKudd there lie any profit it is divided among the pui'chasint; members. .Since its foundation the society's sales have amounted to •'*7,77,'?,l'Mt, .■uid it \\.\~ divided profits to the amount of .'*!I17,11 1 among its members as dividends giving almut 11'8U per cent, on the sales. Tliere are 3,118 memlx'rs and 15 stores 2!r) PuOVISION.SiirlETYOKTHK WOHKMKN OK THE FolKiES ANI > StKEI.WOKKS OK KHITH-SAINT-LEciEli (North ). The object of this Society is the purchase and manufacture of all articles of clothing and provi- sions that may be rerpiired by its members, an7, a number of workmen, without tiie assistance of liuilder or architect, a s|»'cimeii of workingmen's houses. They were awarded a silver medal. The Emperor iiromised to .sulwir" e any institution with a capital of S20,0rofits are divided .is follows : -5 jht cent, is allowed as interest liefon" any division is made, '.Ml ]K'r cent, is divided among the purchasing meinl)ers, and 10 per cent, to the employees. The inottts realized in 1880 amounted to .S22,202. The memliers ninnlHT 2,485 301 SECTION X.-CREDIT COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS. Bklt.ian Poi'ilak Banks. Poimlar Hanks are mutual credit associations. There are 22 in Belgium ; since 18G!t they form a federation among them.selves ; their delegates meet in congress every year. 20— 4li 044 In the iH'jriiiiiiiig the |ii-iiicii)lt' of unliniitcd lialiility was admitted, '"it imwall tlic ii(i|i\ilarliaiikH, — fxc't'i>tiiig (iiK'-ai-f of limited lialiility ; (the averafte is ••*(')."). I In general iiopiilar banks do all sorts of banking Imsiness with their menilM^rs, discount on loinniertial values, money advauL'ed on sec\nity. loans \vitlisec\irity, iiy|»)tiiecary g\iarantee on deposit of deeils, credit opened, diseonnt, Ike. Popular banks have haliariiig in a. decennial preniium. The maxinuim anioimt of small savings allowed in a Ixnik is SM) on which interest at (i jier cent. is paiil. The Pojiular and Mutual Credit is a society of persons who, in order to have a right to render eacli other nmtual service, join legally together by subscribing one share of .§10 305 Ru.ISIAN CtKlPKKATIVK BaNK.S. Russian (Aiopmative Banks number alxiut 1,500, and there is a little difference in their statutes. The principal points are : To accejpt deposits of the savings of the )>easantry and to make loans to the members ; The amount contriliuted by the memU'rs in the same for all and cannot exceed ItX) roubles (.?7o.) The amounts paid in liy members is generally 3 roubles per anmnn ; The reserve fund is formed of a share (if not less than 10 |)er cent, on tlie ]irofits, |)rovided this not exceed one thiid the capital. The bank accepts deiHisits of money from its memliers as well as from other jiersons. The profits for the year, deduction made of expense of management, and the amount for the reserve fund, are di\ ided among the members in proiK)rtion to the amounts that have Ix^en paid in by each SECTION XL- W(/RKlX(iMEN'S HOUSES. AXONY.MOIS S<1(1KTV OK MaHCINKI.I.K AM) Coill.HT. This society builds workingnien's houses. Onetiftli is paid on pm'chase, and the balance is paid in yearly instalments, the amount of which does not exceed an ordinary rental. The houses are paid up in H years, and temiuts are then owners of the houses. In the event of the work- man s death, tiie smns paid on purchase are re-imbursed to tlie widow should she so desire, and the society takes back the house AxONV.MtU's .So<'iKTV OK HllKlMS. - Fur tin iiiiyiriiri mi ill of cliiiijj intrki iiiliiii ii'f luiiinin iit Hhiiins. Capital .^lOn.OtH), of which .ssr-^OlH* are paid, the dividends are limited to 4 per cent. The tyjH' of house adopted is the pavillion shape. Each iiouse is isolated and divided in foiu', each angle containing two storeys independent of eacii otiier. Each dwelling inciiuh's an entry, two moms, a kitchen and a water-closet. The tenants of the first fl(Mir h.ive a cellar, and those on the secon i ♦loor have a garret. The rent of these houses, including taxes, is .S2 |K'r month for the t! floor, anil •"'■.'.'.'(I for the second Bknkvoi.knt Blhkak and Wohkin(;>ikn"s Hoisks, Bki.cum. lUiild lilocks of III 'Uses, in each 0 cents per week, which gives a net rate of interest of 4 (kt cent. The workmen may ](iuchase their houses by signing a lease for ten years, at 'Jo cents |)er week. In the event of the contract Ixiing amnilled Mr. Fanieu pays luejk to the workman the sums he has |)aid on the purcha.se 342 334 343 337 334 ks .lo 111 nicy credit |)<)iml- initial for its ng the [Hisitod tc and Page 31S 300 313 er cent, render itatutes. les(Si75.) 3ed this members for the ivi' been 305 317 is naid 1 louses lie work- desire, ill four, tltides an a cellar, I taxes, is (dolus on is .*;vjo, JU.CO for 342 louse and layiiiR 1^> lliis rent. 334 343 337 L-e rented IkM' week. Ithe sums 334 645 LifeiiKor.s SdriKTY koh WokkiN(1MKs's Hoisks. Page Capital, .^3m),r)iK) ; lias built 431 houses, of which 210 were sold for a total amount of .*i2H7,'.)"!t, !?l('ir),7li4 still reiiiaiiiiiiK dr.e. Tlie payments are so calculated that tlie house is ]iaid in full in fifteen or eijfhteen years. If in conseciueiice of eirciiinstances U'Vond the purchasi-r's control, he is uiialde to continue liis payments, the society will cancel tlie contract. The rent of the house is calculated at (U \n-r cent, on the ])rice of the house 33!) Tj.\ SoMDAUITli: I)KMiovisional purchase of a house : For a liou.se under i^SliOO, a first payment of •■SIIO and monthly payments of >C) ; For a house of .'*(i()() to •'*720, a Hist payment of .'*70, ami monthly payments of $(> ; For a house of .SSlMl and over, a first jiayiiieiit of .SSO, and monthly payments of S~ : ' Tlie sale is considered final only when one-third of the jirice has bein paid, ami in case the con- tract is caiK'elleil the aecount is thus settled : tlii' payments are applied to the rent which is calculated at S4 per month for the first, .»!4. 40 for the second, and si.Ht) for the third, the rent being paid, the balance is reimbursed on ileliveiiug the keys 'SX> RoiKN'K.SK S<1('IKTV for clliil/i hiillKl'H : — The capital is fixed at .S2(>,0(H) in 2(10 .shares of .•<1(MI each : This is no speculation, the shareholders in no case being allowed more than .'{ per cent, on their money : the society endeavours to make it possible for workingmen to become owners of tliiMl' houses ; Six s|pecinien houses were built ill 1S,S7 ; thev met with such succe: thirty-eight (3.s) more in IHS.s ; The houses are let on a 1(! years' lease ; the price is as follows : 4 p. c. on the cost, as rent ; The amount necessary to redeem the proiH-rty in 1(> years ; 1 p. c. )ii capital not sunk, for general ex]H'nses ; Under these conditions the woikingm.iu can be very comfortably lodged, and become the owner of his house by the |iayment of •■ everything included, during Itl years. Which explains the success of this truly philanthropic enterprise 323 Reai, E^ST.lT^: SociKIV ok ()m,V..\Sy< fur tin jiur/ni.-ii nfili iilniiinil h K/n'rit i>f thrift liil fiici/itntiiiii tin itci/itisitiiHi ftf firofif rtii :- Variable capital.' At the iu-esent time it is !?S(I,()1M( divided into 4,0IH) shares of !!!20 each, j'lven with this capital the Society has built 21.") houses, of the collective value of .S44I»,(MM|. Tlie difference is covered by the sale of lands, the payment in warranty, the beginning of a sink- ing fund anticipateil paynieiits and above all by the use of hypothecary means. The Society d(Ms not 1 mild in aiKance. It builds from plans and by agreement; its principal tyjies of houses are the three follow iug : 1st. A two storey house 17 x 22, its price, laiul included, is .SsMMi or s\\\ per year during 2.") years, the value of the location of the |iroperty is SliO ; 2nd. A two-storey house 20 x 2t) with kitchen outside, value J^riiOOO. 2.'')aiinual iii-talimiits of ■'*S.^).2t) each. Location \aliie, .'i>H4 ; 3rd. A two-storev house 2<> x 28, price ?!2,0(>0, 25 yearly instalments of .•«!142. Location value of the property, .ijibiO ".. .' 32."i The ToinNAi Sonnrx fur tin liiii'ilhiii nf elnnji Iiiiii.-ose of iiromoting the moral and iiitelle its members, as well as to improve tiieir condition. It affords working •tual instruction of masons and stone- 64fi K If if:; m Page cuttern, (hirins their Htay in Parii*, a mci'ting piiicc wliiic tiu-y ciiii Hiid dicciit iiiiiUMfiiicnt. cliisscs of triwlc iiistniction, a inutiial aid fund, a diHix-iiwary, a workHliop, and othuv useful institutidiiK 347 POI'II.AH KvKMNdS OK VkiIVIKHS. It is til the itistitutidii (if tin- jMipuIar cvtiiiiiffs iif V'c'r\ iiT tliat arc diic tli<' drawings, The Tmuho- lim iif Jioiik.i, and Wdrkingincn'M fxtursiims. The tonilKilaK nf iMKiks, the tickets fur wliicli icist only one cent or two cents, allow workmc to create :i small library for themselves, and given liooks to families wliicli had never owned them before. Workingmen's excursions are instructive voyages in which all the ex|ienses are regulated with the strictest economy. Thee excursionists are nnder the guidance of educated (H-rsons who have made a s|K>cial study of the historical localities and who deliver real lecturi'S on the very site of the event, iM'fore the vt'ry iirodiictions of the artist of whom they may speak. . . 349 UNIOX flK WoliKINllMKN's f'l.nis IN 1''N(:|..\NM ). This Association was fo\mded in 1H(I2 to encourage the formation of clulw and to utect their interests. The Union has a f\md of useful information which is at the dis|Misal of the dubs and the public in goieral. .'MO clubs iue athliated, and finnish a reven\ie of s!it,4H0, provides registers, account books, jirinted forms, \c., which are sold to the clubs. It piiblishes a weekly journal in which all the questions of intei-est to the clubs aie treated. (18 circles are of a purely social character, l(i!l are [Militical ; 18S sell spirituous li(|uorn, Kiit do not ; 237 hold conferences 347 (SECTION XIII.— THE PUBLIC HEALTH, PHILANTHROPIC WOKKH AuoHoi.isM : 593 City (jk Ancehs.— .SVfeoo? Oreim. In IH"! the City of .Vngers created new iirimary scools. Diu'ing the winter months the school provides the mid-day meal, in order to attract and keep the children, and thus prevent the walk to and from the school during the inclement season, and by which means they also avoid the dangers of the street. In 1M8S the City of Angers furnished 4il,i30S meals paid for, and 47,237 free meal-. Each meal cost 2 cents. The .School Oven iSociety also provided clothing for jKior children 362 City ok Amiknm.— /,(w(/i fur IiiKlriictiiin to allow yoiuig artists foiu' years stu$'A to ."ilOO as a reward for good conduct, clean dwellings and thrift among apprentices MiTiAr. Am '!>m\v.T\ nf Linmn. Foimded for the ]iur|iose of serving as an intermediary between masters and workmen. Loans, without in>erest, the sums required liy workmen to purchase tools for their work. The Society c aiul and IK'd, 3(10 303 354 363 I aged Page Tlic S(K'it'tv adiiiinistcrs Ic^tiK-ifs fur tlii' aHsistancK of worknu'ii. IJy iiu'anH of a rfccnt donation (Tlif rtrin*' cndfiwnifnt) tlu' Sotifty lias Ix-en t-nabled to build onii home containin); 35 dwcl- lingH, th»' icnts art- ho calcidatfd an to pix)duc(3 4 \h^t cont. interest on capital 353 PROTKCTIVK ami MoH.M.lZINli ISHTrriTIONS OK IjAllolt. Founded for tlie [mriHise of coiupli'tinK a giKid coumiereial cdueatiou at the Christian .Sch>31,.")43.14 ; not yet due, .'!si,lS1.41(t ; in arrears, )*l,527.iMP. Tlie amiMuits repaid represent 94K7 Jier cent, of the sums loaned 354 Scuooi, Find ok tiik XVIT Disthict <>k Pauis. The object of this association is to emoiu'age and increase attendance at school, to provide pro|)er shoes and clothing for poor ihildreu in need of them ; To watch over the moral and material well-being of the school iKipulation of the arromlixitrment (district), to assist in improvuig general instruction by rewards to teachers and i)n)fessors. The fund places a certain muulH-rof children in si)ecial establishments, whether they l)e orphaned or forsaken children, or Ijelouging tt) indigent families 353 SECTION XIV.— EMPLOYERS' INSTITUTIONS. AdHANM), V.—Sphinhiii Millf, Cdurtivniii. An institution that has been in use since 1SS3 in the spinning mills of Courtivron, ensures the workmen an investuu-ut for their savings, and which, through the master's generosity, is one of the most advantageous ; the interest together with the master's represents an increase of 27 l>er cent, per aiunun. Whenever a workman de|Hisits 10 cents in the fund, Mr. Abriiud ailds 25 |>er cent, and the amoimt of 20 cents is entered in a book and so cm >ip to W) cents per mouth, maximum amoimt of in(livid\ial deiRisit tuider that condition Anzin (^fining Company of). P( n.iioiix iiiid Aiil. — An assessment of H J)er cent, on the salaries is paid over to the retiring fund, together with a like amomit i>aid by the company. The company, moreover, grants a su|iplementarv iH'nsiou of 00c. for mnnarried men, and .*il.20 for mai'ried men for eviTj- year in the company s employ. Chitifi hinlUiKis." The comjiany has built 2,028 house!*, which it rents to the workmen at 70c. to 81.20 per mcmth. Tichnlciil Cditrxi . — A preparatory scIukiI under the direction of the engineers, in which able workmen are formwl. C/m( /•(■/)(.<.- -The company owns four cluu'ches devoted to the Catholic religion. It pays for the services of two ch-rgynieii. Hudth lJ(pe gratuitously con.sidte<1 by the workmen, who also receive gratuitously ne.'dicines, wine, meat and broth. Brcdil. — When the price of bread excicds 3J, cents per lb., the ompany provides bread at that jirice. These institutions, in 1888, cost the coniiiany the stim of .S315,50<) 398 BahhaS, Tamsakt & Pai.as. — SunferK, PhitnlnrH, .Ir., Parin. I'roHt-sharing, provident fluid, &c. (see page 33). Acciiliiif I)ixiinii>ci.— T\H- house insures, at its own exiiense, its workmen against acciilents of lalHir in the instu'ance company founded by the Syndical Board of Contractors in Rooting and PlumI ling 308 Ben'oist & L. BKHTHi(>T.-(>/i^/r/lie<1 by an assessment of 2 iier cent, on the wages, the payment of fines, and the loads of coal refused and uiH)aid to workmen, by gifts, interest, itc. The Fund grants 20c. to unmarried, and 25c. to married men ami .")c. |M'r child under 14 years of age ; 308 m hi 648 Woiiiiiliil Fiiml, Mii|i|i|ic(l liy :i niDiitlily iillifWjince paid l>j' tlie Company and i-(\\\ix\ in iiiiKiunt tci '2h [HT ci'iit. of the woikiufli to 1m' iM^iU'fited ; Tlif fund for tlif wonnded lifarH thf tixiifHHe of law-miitH taken affainnt the Company on accoinit of uciidfntM ; The Rdirhiii Fiiiiil.' The Conijiimy liind« itself ter cent, of the wa(?es if thi' workman l)indH himself to pay to the Nutiniiitl Hitirinii Fiinil, a sinn e(inal to 3 per cent, of his wages ; (•nitiiitii /'(/ 11'/. -Kvery year gratuities are granted to ^ the staff, choHen from amoiiK' tlie most deserving ; In 1HH8 the (lonationH of the Company amounted to .*((J!),IKM), or alHUit S'JH.oO \*-y W( vkmau BKHSKl.lkviiK it .Son. Ciitici) innnufiicturirn, Mtiroiiimc, Loinr Seine. I'rotitsharing (See page X>). Sehool l)elonging to tlie establishment, librai-y, conferences saving fimd, accident insurance, workmen s aid fund, retiring fund for emii^oyees itc Bl.ANZV. - j1//"/H(/ Com till nil. Aid Fund. —Founded for the puri>ose of fulfilling the ol)ligations and res|Kmsil)ility im|>o«ed by the law in regard to the workmen ; To assist the Workmen in case of accidents and sickness contracted in the company's employ ; To i>rociire medical aid to the v.dtkn.en and their families ; To comi)letely guarantee tliemselves agaius ; all indenmitieg, civil reHiM>nsibilitieH that might he imiHised on them liy any actual or fu^iu'e law ; To priK'ure seliool furnishiiigs for the children. The fund is supplied liy an assessment of 1 per cent, on tlie wages of the em|>loyees ami hy 2i per cent, of tlie woikmen's wages ; a suoscrilition e(pial to the suhscriplions and assessments of the workmen furnished liv the Company ; tines, gifts and interest on cajiital. Jitdrini/ Fund.- licsides the suiisidy to the Aid Fund, the Company pays a retiring pension to its workmen who have lieeii 30 years in its employ and are 5.') years of age. The iM'Usions vary from ^.")i» to .SIHO |Hf aninuii. l)villiniix — Th Company rents houses to its workmen varying from '.)0 cents to .*<1.2n |ier month. Buriiin ill hiinfiiiKiiui-i , distriliutes provisions to |M)or families to the amount of .*<1,2i. Sriiiioh.- The firm maintains a school at its own expense. Criclir. — The firm has founded a creche for the children of its workmen. Aiii/tum. — The tirni has fotm. Besides these amounts the fund jiays .?50 for the funeral exiienses of employees dying after having l)een five years in the employment of the firm Page 401 3011 39.-) 370 370 371 401 42'.t 640 Page lit ti) •()Ul\t lit. i>f f(lUlll llKwt 401 ranco, Mt'd by ">■ ; lgl\t t)t' I l.y 2!! Sllll'lltS h'ioi) to i"ll«ii>ll'< iiumtli. any lias ig girlM, , l.uild n iK'll. wliicli vidiud nth till' iif iiuy 3t)'J 3'.).") 370 sii|)iili»'d iigc, the I'^t. clmvgf 3"0 .iVVlUg't , 800 tf) grants In 188.S (I for till' lit of till- 371 401 421) ClIAlx riilNTiNi; Ilm HK. -y'lirt'nticfxlii|i, anil iiiNtitiitiunM for the U-neflt of apiirenticeH. vV, Nriitiml Aiil SiKiicty. 1111(1 tor VII A. Chai'Pkk. Fi A rctiriiiK |m' Hriii 30 yi'iirs. intuiy I'fti III Hill r mill iiMioii of J!l7 nng linilili r, Ml' an. '2 [MT year graiitiil to miy workman at tlif age of (io « ho has Ni^rvti! tin Pagf 371 A retiring im-iihIoii of .S'tO |iiT yi'ar i.M grantt'd to any workinitn iigrd (>() ytarx who has liicii 20 yearn in the firm's emplDy. There is liesideH the retiring iH^iiHion, a mutual Aid Ser workman 42(» Colin & Comi'anv, I'uhlixliirK, I'lnin. I'rizis are granted to the pupils of the night scIhkiI. Aid. — A physician is einploved by the company to give ad\ ico free to the woikmen. tiriitnitii n. '\l\\i- wages of sick employees continue to lie paid. Rutiriiiij Fiiiiit. — An assessment of a per cent, is made on the wages, with an allowance from the firm. The retiring pensions viiry from •'j>120 to •':!i240. SiiviiiiiK.' 'llw Hnii receives de|K)sits to the amount of .*I100, for which it pays interest at C [sr cent. \H'T annum 372 Cool'KltATIVE PaI'KB WoilKs OK AN(!OUI.feMK. (L(i riH-hc-Jiiultirt ti- Cii.) The coo])erative Paper Works of .Vngouleine ^fuarantees to its workmen that the price of l)reai) for tlie ."^Olt paid ; By means of a system of discount allowed by nierchants a coutributioii of almut .'*1 per mouth is added to the workmen's capital ; If a workman's family subscribes to the workmen's cajiital and benefits by the interest on sales, he will at 00 years of age have a right to annuity of !*240, and U'sides, have .>n fund, to life inHurancc, tn a mutual aid mxii'ty, and to a ni'IkhiI aHMK'ia- tidu, a ImidiiiK wpciety, Air. PinHiniin. \ |»nHi(iii is duf in cftHi- of coiniilctf or partial disalilcnifnt from work for a« lonjf as tnt' disaMi'mrnt la»tN, 'I'iii' i«'n«ion« arc nvulatcd on the waurs of thf last yi'ar, as follows ; "i<» |p. c. aftiT 10 years of work. )!(» do i;{ ' do 7*1 do 1(i do 80 do li» do !I0 do 22 do 100 do LTi do The alK)Vf rides in no way detract from tlie right |ioHH«'KHi'd by tlu' liotiHt' tudiHiiiiHH ItH w»)rkini'n, iKir fidui till' ri^'lit of the latter to leave 435 DUC'HKH Hll'I'UI.VTK. hirU. Aiil Viiiiil. Sniiplied liy an assessmMit of 2 I'er cent, on the wai{es, ci an annual sum |iiiid hy .Molls. I)ueher as a ^'ift, and hv ^'ifts made to the fnnd. In case of si<'kness the fmid |>rox ides meilieal can and niediemi's, liesides |H'cnniary aid to thci amount of 40<'. per day for tlie first month, and .'tOe. per day for the se<'oud. Proriiliiil Fitiiil. An individuid InMik is ^rivenjto eaeh workman, in which his iMvynicnts to the fund aie entered. Kverv year after tlie affairs of tiie aid fund are lialiiiieed tlie diKlMWablw Ijftlanci- is paid to the ('rovideiit l''iiiid. The amounts of retiring; pensions are settled l>y Moiis. Diiiiier himself. In a period of 7 years he has divided the sum of .'!J2(),0(K) anions its UH'mliers 407 KsT.\'rK MoNTHOHE. The estatate produces 200 casks of wine, A workiiit,' family eains S'lM) per \ear besides tlieir dwellinff with (;arden, fuel and wine, medical attendance and me<|itines. Women in cliihl-U'd receive .';20. Children attendiiig school and conveyed to and from hcIkkjI in a vehicle, scIkm)! fees and fnrnishinKs aiv |)ai/ flanln mill Slmi.^, Lilli r.i iiml J'liri.i. ) ItirilliiniK, Messrs. ['"allien, father and son, have Imilt HiO lioiiscs ; The price of rental varies Iji^tweeii 818. 2(J, .*!20'80 and .':<2(i<)0 per year. The whole ^'ives a reviliue of 4 per cent. Biitlin Two liatliiiii,' lialls are jilaced gratuitously at the use of the staff, Schiiol.i. — Two sell! ■' , one for twirls and one for boys, have been established liy the firm. Mnluiil Aiil Siiciitn. In order to induce his workmen to join the Mutual Aid Society, Mons. Kiinien every year K'lves one of his workiiitfiiien's lioiises to the society which is drawn by lot on the 1 Itli day of .Inly, by the iiieiiibers of the society. 408 l''.\l'(it'K'l', ( >. — Willi iiifi mill .Sjihiiiin!/. Jii III iiih lit mill liitirin;/ /■'kik/. .Supplied by donations from the master. Profit-sharinjf. fines, profits of the "economat '" or household saving, successions, interest on the reserve fund. The ftmds are all] plied : 1st. To relieve unmerited misfortune, from labor accidents, death l>y which a widow and children are left without means. 2nd. Retiring [xMisions for workmen iw years of age who have been 2t> years in the eniiiUiy of the firm. The lienevolent funds are managed by a committee composed of the master and four menilwrs elected by the workmen ... 40!l FOKtiE.S AM) StEKI. WoiiKS (IK TllK NdliTlI .\Xli KasT- (.Snn'i III ii/ till ). Livilliiiiiti. This < 'ompaiiy has built houses for its workmen, each house contains 4 dwellings, ami a garden is attached to each dwelling. The rent is .*(2.r)0 \n-r month, representing 3 p. c. on the capital invested. Sdiiiiil. The Comimny has opened a school for the children of its worknieii. Aiil Fiiiiil. Hi-ceipt : 2 p. c. assessed on the wages. It shows every year a deficit of !?2,2 years in thi' comiianyV employ. Acciilt lit IiiKitrmici .- 'V\w workmen are insiu'ed coHectively by the company iit the rate of 80 An indemnity e(|ual to 4(t per cent, of the salaries is allowed for 40 days in cases of sickness. if(<(c//i,'/ /•'((/I'/.- The retiring fund grants an annuity to workmen wlio are ( who have Ix'cn more than (> y^ 'till lit IiiKitrmid . - The workni cents |ier .SKKI of the salaries. isiiviiiiiK. — The company receives, on current account, the savings of the workmen, for which it allows them per cent, interest. HouKiliolil Siiviniis. -Thfuf are organized to procure on the s|iot all the articles retjuired by the workmen. Workmen only are allowed to purchase. Sales are made by means of tickets. 661 Pivgo IIH s : tllc til.' th.' ilUal ■111 Mil \f tllH 435 407 titB. . 4(>3 vf.-< a liil\s. ly lilt 1 thf 1. I'y ,f tlie iiIk'Vs 408 40!1 llinK«. I !>. u. E(K) in M'auy |)f thf tines • and iif 80 licU it tlio 425 y>if7//iii(/ji, — Till) L'oiniMkiiy't* hoUHi-N ur<' ri'iitcd at tin- rivtf of "lO cmtM |i«r iimiitli for riuli inuirt- Paffo nicnt. Sriiiiiih. Till- nini|iiuiy liiiN (■Mtlllllif^llt■ll Krlii>ii|n (lircitiil liy wiHti'i't nf the C'lirlMtiun DtK-'trinii which ui'f fi-i'i|iiiiiti'il hy 'M>i |iu|>ils hirirn. The iuiM|iaiiy hiiM cHtiilih^hi'd ii wurkfiHiui or cIusk for u|>|ir)'iitic'>>H, for ni-wiiiK iind nmk- iuK ('iiithiiiK. The tirni of apjin iiticisliiii is <'l yriUM, Till' fxiM'iiMCM of the iinploytiH' iiixlitiitioiii ainoiint to .';<4.l!t» aftir tln' tliiril y Arriiti lit Ai'l h'liinl nri'ivi'M a iiionthly siiliMcriiitioii f ci'I'iIh from (ini'x ; lU iiliysiciaiis attind totlicMiok "ivi'li of till i'm|iloyi'i'M, an I t ic I in pay. Tl NtHof iiiti'i'iiiint all' pail granted localniirii who tifsl know how li Cinilii iiK at low rati'.i are t'stalillNhid at all tii^ ■iilldi'd. Till' woniidfd ri'ciiM' tlii' •inipaiiy. .V nu'irtrrly pniiiiiim in HniiKiliiiItt Sin ■I II I IK \ stnii- at which tlic iiii'IiiIm' .y purchase piovisions and jftoceni'M. The total amount for siipplemeiitary expenses at the sent time amounts to •'',l.'7- (tKXKH.M. Tl!.\NS.\TI..\NTIC ('oMI'.VNY. • ./III/ /'»»; ^rratuil'iiis iinilical attendaiice to all the employees. KediiC'tions are niaile hy druggists on the cost of medicines (!l..\ss WoilK.s OK li.\('('.\H.\r. 'I'lie following institutions, for the lieiiefit of the workmen, have U'eii founded liy tlie estiiti- lishment: Schiiiil.i. Primary schools, adult schools, professional hi-IukiIs, and a ilrawin(< hcIhkiI. li'iliiiiiiii.t .SVrc/ci. There in a cliaiiel attiU'hwl to tht? works, and a ciiratt' in attendance is paid liy the company I'hilliiiniiiiiiir Siiciitii. Is estalilished and maintained among the workmen and .ipprentices. Mnlifiil Si rviri . ~ A physician is estalilished at the works, and can Im' ('onsulted gratuitously. I'niriili lit FhiiiI - Pays une-iialf and onethird of the salary during sickness. /'//'( ('niii/iiniii,- A company of Hreiiii'ii of 7" workmen is iirganized in case of tire. ,lr('/(/(/ir<. Lilieral |iensioiis to the wounded are granted in case of accidents. Jdtiriiiii Fiiii'l. Hetiriug pensions of .><(iil per year at tlie minimum, are granted to workmen of "id years of age, who have worked L'O years for the company. ■Sin'/;i.'/.i.- It is estimated that tiie workmen of liaccarat save 111 per cent, of their wages l[c. |ier week, according to till' watres. Tiie amount of sick indeiimity is L'llc. per day, liesides the expense for medical care and niedicines. AKiihmi mill Siiuml. Mr. Huhin has given several of his iiouses to !»• used as a sdiool, and an asylum, whiili lie supoorts, luit which are managed hy tlie miiiiicipality. WorkniiiiiK ii'k Hhiiki <. Tliey are of two types : one costs .s!(>(«i, and is let at .S22 |K'r year, and tlie other at i<'M, rented !*L'.").l)d, representing IVCi.") per cent, on tlie capital JaXVIEII, FATIIKIi, iSllN it f'llMI'ANV ( Ullilji S/ii II II illll. MilllK.J I'rofitsharing. I'rofessional instruction in the factory, (tardens covering l,2fi.") feet of ground at the use of tlie workmen, .•yid'/ii;/.*.- Workmen depositing their saving in the factory are paid Ti per cent, interest. /'(««/ OrniK.- Can provide food for 2tH) ; provided hy the ('oni]ianv at an annual e\|M'nse of .'*3(!0. Ai'l, Acciili iitn. The tines, cost of liadiy done work, and a sulisidy liy tlie masters, suoply the aid and accident fund. Midical lare and mcdiciiies ars gratuitously provided hy the fund. The Company insures its workmen against lucidents Kk.stnkh it Company. — Uilltrm, nmr '•'iroiiiniinii ( Ujijiir liliim), Priitituhiirhiii (see page .*)4). Mutuiil Aiil Suciitii. Workmen's suhscription 12c.. inasterH* miWriiition 8c. The sick are provided with medical attendancti and iiietlicines free of charge, also an indemnity of .Sllc. (KT d.ay LiiiiiiK til till Wiirkiiti II. — Workmen who wish to Iniild themselves a house are allowed to Ixirrow •S2M'H ui'f iilliiwi'd til Nliiii'f ill th*- |irtititH ; I'iK'li mix iM )(ivt-ii a IxMik, in wliicli hd' Page ciitcri'd till tlif itiiiiiiiiitH to liJH en-flit, Tlif iiii'ii liiivi' It ritflit to hiivi- tlifir iHMikx lii|iiiilati'il only uftfi' liaviiit^ Immmi 'Jl yearH in tlii' iin|iloy ipf the tii'iii, uiiil at the mfr of ^o ; or at tlii' a^'' of lio, liaviiitf Ix'i'ii 10 yearn in tiii' firinV eiii|iloy " 412 LidiiTiNd AMI Hkatino nv Hah. -fj'fi J U VOmfKlh I'riiviiiint tiiiiil. ^ill|l|lI|e(l hy an a»MeMMiiient of 1 |H'r cent, on tliewaK''H, liinl liy a Hiilmiily from the ('oiii|iaiiy ei|iia. to tlie total aniolllit aMHeNMeil, In eaNe of woiiiiiIm anil niekneNxaiil to the aiiioiiiit of half the imiial wa^eH iH iiaiil iliirin^ two luonthH, ItitiriiKi h'ldiil. Hii|i|ilie(l l>y an aiiiiiial Miilwidy of !*17,I'K» liy the CoiiiiMiiiy, hy an aiiiMial rent of ?Hri(M), liy interest on the tmiiiH in the fund, liy i^ifts, hxiieies, ite. ]t i» iieeeHHary, in order to have a riKlit to a retiriiitf iK'nxion, to he "ifi yearn of a^e, and to have lieeii '2!i years in the Hervice of tlie ("onipany. I'lie |ieii.sioii ainoiintit to '2 \n'r cent, for eaeli year in the wrvice, of the average watfen diiriii); the hint »ix yeiirM 402 Ll'Nd (Afr. Alhirt Litw,i'ii Focturiit) (.'niton Spinnin;/ mul n'liivinii, MoiiHtrji tnul In J'rtitf Hiiiin (VlW^ffX. ) JJiri/liiifin. MoiiM. Liiii^f hiw limit holmes eostiinf STitH) which he rents for l?2 lier month, mul hcUh at #4(M», [layalile at i*."! |M'r month with iiiteiest at ."i |mt cent. .SiiriniiH. The tiriii receives the wdikiiien's savings, for which it pays the iiitert'Ht at 5 jht cent. jier anniiin. Siiiiin inlniiu'iil III Workmen. — Mr. liiinxadvaiiceH to his workmen, without intereHt, the sums necessary to pay the flrHt instalments un pro|it'rty, and in cases of iieuesHity, sickness, iMiforced idleness, itc. Schniiln. Mr. liiin^f maintains, at liis own exjieiise, schools for cliildreii and adults .... 413 ■" L'nNION "(Kire liisiiiaiice ( 'oiiipauy). I'rotit-sliariutf has lieeii practiceil in this Compauy sim e its foundation. J'riiriili III t'liiiil. 'riietompany exacts tliat all its employees sliould Im' insured for i?!,!!!)*), paya- liie at iVi years of ajje. Half the premium is paid liy the Comi»iny, and half by the employee, to Ih" deducted from his share in the profits 4(KS Lyons AMiTHK iMKnriKHHANKAN Railway. ./<(7/;'()i;/ /'((III/. The letiriii),' or annuity fund is siipplierl liy a siilisidy from the company, the proceeds from the investiiieiit of the nioneys, and a deduction of l per cent, from the employeeH' Malaries, A ri^;llt to retire is (fiven at the ai{e of iVi years, and after 2."i years' service. The retiriiiif pension is liased on the average wagesof the last six years, in pi-ojMirtioii to 'J percent. fil,iMKi, or .'i!.''i/n.~ Siitisidy to the city schools. IC'i/'A/di/y/ii /i'« C/<(/. —The workiiigmen's city, Iniilt liv Mr. Maine, is comiKised of (i2 cottages, witli gardens.' Kent, ■'^Hl.l.'O to .S47.40. ' Mul mil A ill mill Hit hi nil /'ii/ii/. The payments liy the master and the workmen are ho calculated that at 110 years of age the workmen receive a is'iisioii of s\'20 a year. The sums paid liy the firm of Maine it Sons to improve the fate of their workmen aiiioiint to •'i'iri,)S7o'|«'r year 41H AlAllclNKI.I.K it f'oi II.I.KT. /Ilii.il fiirniiris, iititiil liiiitiii'J, cmil. I'liiiillii, Jiili/i II in. (luardiaii Schools receive, gratuitously, .'{,"i3 children finm H to 7 years of age. Hchiioln. — On leaving the (iuardian Schools the girls enter a primary school lielonging to the Fac- tory, and remain there until they are 12 years old. Workiiiiiiiii ii'i IlmiKiK. — (See page 842. ) Aiil mill Uitiriiiij Fiiinl. Hiccipts : a deduction of H p.c. on the wages of tliewcirkmeu and 2 p.c. on the employees' salaries ; a siilisidy of 1 p.c. tines, gifts, c!tc. In case of sickness the iiiciiiIhts are cared for gratnitously and receive 40 [sr cent, of their wages for (i months. The retiring pensions are l)aseH'(7//H,(/,'<. — The company has built houses, which it rents to the woikmen. The net income from tiieiii is 3 per cent 3!>2 I'ngJ' iitliiy h 111*' II tlif II til)- flDllI til till' 1 n«nt ) llUVI' !• fttfll Itiiim id MI'lls r cent. ■ miin»* iforifil I, |iay.'i- pliiyii', roui the ler cent, are, lia« 41-.' 4x. if tlu-ir '..lunl <)t i(,i'.x and iiu's and |iaid to amovuit s to till- irs of till- income 413 430 31)2 6ft3 MkXIKII. Chofniiiti Miinllfiietnnr, Xninii! fSiiiii •(■ Miirm.) Ihi-illiiinii. Mr, Mfiiiir li^tn Imilt Imiiwii for IiIh 1,."i4K| workiiieii. They eontiiin two dwellinKM with i^iu'deii, Hher annum MiSIXil CdMI'ANV OK liiichilii-Mitlirrr mid Firtiiinil. HiiKiiitiih. The eompany han Imilt two hoHpitaln. Medical attendance and meilicinen are free. 7'iiiic Hiliif. Relief ill money in ^fraiited to workmen in iiiKenf cascH, on account of death, wouiidn. Hrst coinmiiiiion. Uiiitiini, l'"amilie.i lire tiiveii 111 liushelM of coal per mouth. Scliiiiih. iVit) children of workmen are went to the aMyliim of the Sinters of St. \'iucent de I'aiil, 2rdiiy, Usidesricentspei child. .Vccideiits are jfeiierally settled amicalily, and when then, are minors they are settled liy the courts Ritiriiiii Fit ml. The company, K''antM a iiension of i?(iO to workmen who have U'cn 30 years in its employ anil are .Vi years of a^e. Priiviiliiil Fiiiiil. \ sum of .'*l,20*l to St.CiOO in divided among its workmen who have U'cn 20 years in its employ. These institutions cost the company .^44,H23, e(|ual to ■Slli.li.') |»'r workman, or 70" js-r cent, of the wajres , MolTIKIl Ksr.Mll.iSllMKNT. Apprenticeship (Su |m^re 173). I'riiHt-sharinf; (.Sc pav,'e (i3). „l('(vi/> 11? /'kik/ supplied li.v the house without any deduction on the wages. Tndemnit.y for the tirst week : entire wa({es, afterwaixls half the wajfes. Th" firm insures its workmen in the .Vccideiit Insurance Company (fuaranteed liy the .State. (.SW paKe L'H2). Tin- wiirknieii have alsii a ri^'lit to the iH'iietitsof the Mutual Insurunce Company, founded hy tlie .Syndical Hoard. Miiliiiil Aiil Siiciitii, is supplied by subscriptionH from the staff ; grants a daily indemnity of 40c. Pngo 415 3!)!> to the sick. Kitiriiiii Fni\il.-'V\w Moutier Kstalilisliment is only an intermediary lietween tlie de|H)sitor and the N.'itioiial HetiriiiK' Kuml for old ajre. Besides voluntary savings, there is an olili^atory saving of Ic. |kt day imposed on the memlM'rs without taking into iwcoiint the part procetHlinjf from a division of inotit.s. 41(> Nkimkhi.anmis Vkast .\nii SiMiiiT V\rtom.— Delft, Holliiml. I'rotit-sharinK' («ee pa^'e .S.")). /•/•(■;(.<, -I'ri/.es, or premiums, are granted to the staff ; they are in accordance with the (luantity and ipiality of the |iroducts niMiuifactured. From 1874 to 1.S88 these premiums have in- creaseil the wages liy 10 per cent. />'(■/((«ipitri,tii, sup)ilii'd by subscriptions imposed on the workmen, and by a subsidy from the firm. An inde-inity of '.Vh\ per daj' is paid the sick. Riti'-iitil Fiiiiil, supplied from tlie profits of the establishment. At E.') years of age. and after 30 years service, a workman lias a rigii' to a pension .if 872, half of wliich amount is revertible to the widow and orphans. Accii/ciit.t. The whole statf is insuii d against accidents without there being any amount retained on *lie wages. Workhiiiin' ii'i Hoiisiii. Cottarges and blocks of houses have been built to lodge thi' workmen. When the workmen '.vi.sh to build a house tlie amount necessary is advanced. Siiriii!ii<. Tlie firm accepts (te|Kisits from the statf, on which it pays 4 jier cent, interest. Coo'unttiri Stii-idii for jtrririniditx, founded by the workmen am! oper' ted to their benefit, furnishes ;ill necessary provisions. SchiKtlt:. Four schools are maiutaiiu'd at the exjiense of the firm, also two hospitals halls. Ho «j I ltd 1.1. A hospital was fouiuled by Mr. Peugeot 41S A. PlAT. ( P((r(.i-.S'r)('.s.«))i,v). ''•■>tit-sliaring. (6'. < page (i(i). • (III Aid Siiciitii. Keceipt : Subscription from actual members. Amounts paid by the masters .md lioiiurary iiiembers are ^'olunlel', Harmony Land (>f the worksli(,;,r. of A. Fiat SO musicianH 41!» PlNET. (hui.t iiwl Slioi- Hfiniiifiirtiirir, I'uri.'i). Hitirin;/ piin-ioti.i. Mr. Pinet, in order to form a capital for a retiring pension, pays a .surplus of 5 p. e. on thi' wageK. Ilie Avovkmai'. ha:- a right to reti'\ at ."«) ji'ar» of age after 7 years emiilojnnent by the firm. The )ieiisions \arie.s fron. ■?('.!) t.i !?180. In 18H , in the inontli of August, Mr. Pinet paid the fund a sum calculated to re|)resent §1.00 i(- ti\p men and ('Oc. *■ he women for every year's work (hme for the firm 41il PleYEL, WoI-KF* ^omvasY'. Pinno Miiiii./iictiirirn, Piirin. ]V irkuhr^ School. Keet ives childii'ii from 5 to 12 years of age. ttiiViit'is. . :' nn encourageiiient to thrift among tlie apprentices, the house every year, places to ta." Account of each .a sum tniual tot hat he has hiiiisi If deiM.sited. A>d. The firr .'lakes a generous allowance to the Mutual Aiit Society. (}55 rage til of - ami led at iiiagi-i levH i)f until. ! iHt llf 382 fani to / aid l).v he Ai.l anil a 417 rly from after 30 vertilile tallied irkinen. llienefit, liuasters lii daily Iniiiloy. lual and iiisfUt. f to Vagv LwiHK. The firm loans snnis of money to its eni)ilovees who liajiiien to 1m> in straitened cirnnm- stances, wliicli are to be re|iiiid l)y vveekly sums retained on tlu' wajft's. In a iMiiiMl of "Jll years it lias lost the sum of Sl.'M only on these loans. Bctiritni. The firm rants a retiring; pension of -S'S, to any employee who has Iieeii 30 ycivrs in i.s employ and who is (10 years of age. £i'6n(/(/. contains 3(M) A'oliimes at the use of the staff. 'I'liese different institutions have cost the firm of ]>leyel tln' sum of ■^WO (>'.;0 during the last l.'() years 420 SAINT-FRfeltES. — t'littoii Sjiinninii Wkivi'iiii, PdriK-lioilcn Ail Fiinil. Acciiliiit In.iiiriinci mi'l Ri'tirhiii Fiiml for nhl mii . Receipts : 'JOe. |«'r month for men, llv. for womei, and ehililreii. One-third this amount is paiil liy the housi", liesidi's gifts, tines and interest on eapital. Of this 70 per cent goes to the Aid Fund ; lo pi.r cent, to the Aeeiiu iiV Fund, ard 20 |ier cent, to the Retiring Final. The siek are attended gratuitously and are paid an i'ldemnity of 20e. per day. The crippled iOL paid .sJliO to .SISO. In the event of (ieatli the sum of .'!<2J0 is (laid the heirs. A nglit to r«tire is gi anted any workman (!.") years of age and \\ lio has liccn 2.") years in the firm's emi)loy. The amount of the pension is as many times .*!1.20 as the workman has been consecutive years in the emiiloy of the tir'n. /Jhv//; »,'/.<. -Messrs. Saint- Kieres have liuilt 4.")3 cottages which tlley rent *•) their workmen. The rental gives a return of 1.^ per cent, on the capital invested. Tt'hoiih. — .ScluK)ls are establislied in the different factories of the firm. ... 421 Sai'ttkk, Lemonikk & Co., Purin. I'ritJit.Klidrinij. — (See ]iage 73.) Utiriiiijfi 'ln»i)i. — Savings grou|)S, three in number, are formed and administered by tlie working staff, after the manner of the soeietv called La Funrmi. The 1st. group was formed in 1H71>. The sabserii>tion has been changed from (iOc. to .'r>2.20. 'I'he capital fornii'd by this group is s,4,!'00. The 2nd group w.is formed in l.S.H(), numlifring 1.' n . mbei-s. In ISMo the accumulated caiiital, 81,240, was divided among the !• members remaining. The .3rd group, fornieil in ISHl, nunilH'red at firat 22 meuilx^rs. The sub»cription has been changed from (JOc. to i*!. Aiil FiiikI. — In the event of sicklies.' aii(! enforced idleness. The fund is supplied by subscrio- tions from the staff. The rate is proportioned to the need. The firm contributes a varialiie amount. The subscription varies from (ic. to 10c. The coiuiiljution by tli" firm generally amounts tt) alHiut 40 per cent, of the reciMjits 421 ScHNKlliKH & Co. — Cri ii.iot FiiiiHiln'i.'i. JUtiriiiii Fi'nil.— S'nici' 1S77 Messrs. Schneider & Co. have, fn)m tliiir own means, ami as a voluntary gift, paid to the A'c'/o/ki/ Retiring Fund the amounts necosary to insure their workmen a retiring annuity on portioned to their wages and their length of service. The payments amount to 3 per ceii*. for the husband, and 2 )"■. cent, for the wife -in all, eipial to ") IHT cent, of the wages. The total I'umberof workmen is 12,.33.S, Workiiiiiiiii ii'x Hiiii.ii. — Sums advanced to the staff for the purchase of landsand tobuild hou.ses, .S(i."j8,.'>;i4. Total amount repaid, .^til (,003. Halauee due on 1st .lanuary, l.'^'^O, .S45,441. SchiMi/.f. — The Company maintains 20classes forUiysioid 33classes for girls, and .S infant-«chool ; the teachers are o!) in nunib.r ; the pupils are 4.liOI> in numlwr. Siirhiiia.— At the same date 3,04!t depositors had dei^isited the .sum of 81,,S30,!)2!» 422 Seyhoix, Sikrkk & Cojir.\NV. ~.Sy)i'/oi/ii.(M(»(/ IFon/n//, Li OiIiuk. ,Siiriii;in Fniiil. - Founded by the house ; gives 5 per cent, interest. Mitiriiii) /'i(;i'/.--The house grants, irithnid iltilitt'timi friiiii thi intiiis, retiring pensions to its old employees whom age and intirmity prevent working. Mde. Widow Seydoux has made a donation of .'S40,0(M», and the iiimnie from this sum increases the ret'ring pensions. Aid f'HH'/. Receipts : l''iiies, gifts, subsidy from the house. Th" workne'ii receive n dic.al treatment free. 'I'he fund also ]iays the funeral exiieiises. The sick are given an indeiunit.y in mo.iey. JJ((th.i. -10 bath-rooms are at tlie nse of the workpeoiile ; every bath costs 2c. FoDil Oii'i!'. The house niaintains an economical oven. For (!c. the workman can indcnre a piece of meat, some ^oup and vegetable.^. CVeo/ic. — A creche has been established, where children from the age of 1.") days to cjue year are received. They are fed, dressed and < arcd for at a cost of 4 cents i>er clay. At the age of three years the children ate received into the rnchi: Schoiih. — file h'li.-e ha;; founded .a i>rimarv school for l)oys and girls. Aniniitiin. —Sh'i: Widov.- Seydoux, in 1873, founded a retiring aiinuity fund for workmen who h a v<^ been more than 40 years in the employ of the tirni— .S20 for men and i*!!! for woiiien. There are Xi pensiom rs. Himjiitdl, A hospital for old [n'ople, and a society called Mftirnnl Clntritii 423 SoLV.w ANM) CoMlwxv. Siiilii, Chi iiiiciil /'rmluctn, \'ii ni iiiii villi , /jotiiliii.ili (Mi iirtln awt MowUv). Medical atteiidanci' and medicines free to the workmen. Thesick receive one fourth their wages. Workmen wounded at wojk receive their entire wages. Biitlin. — .\ bath-i-ooni is put at the use of the workmen. Arciilitit*.- TUt' Company insures its workmen against accidents, without an.y deduction from their wages. Rtlicf tn W'lirh'itii in Wuiit. — An aid fuml to assist workmen In want is supplied by the fines, by an amount eipial to ( le fines jiaid by .Solvay & Comi>any ; by gifts from .lie staff. (J56 ilUowi'd to the stuff (sec jiafjc 45) out! Hiisions arc uradiiiitcd in accordaiictf villa for convalescent. allowed a Rdirinil. All tlie workmen are olilifjed to ]iay \\ per cent, of their wa«es to tho Nctintnil Itdiriiiii FiintI for iilil mii ; to this t In ■ Company adds a sinn ecpial to H percent, of the wages. The (V)mpaiiv, moreover, ])ay a s\un cciual to 2()c. for each year of service. HaviiKjf Fiinil. The ( Joiiipany reccivt's on deiKwits the savings of its workmen, and ji.ays interest at 5 iMTcent per ann\nu. Z)i(r/'//»;,',«. -The Company has Imilt 2S.'j cottai,'es, and gives the \ise of them rent free to its employees and foremen ; it rent,- houses to its workmen at SLMK) jkt month, giving a return of alxnit \\ per cent, on the capiti 1 invested SL'KZ t.'AN.M,. — f diniiiHiiiii of Oil Sill-. Miirithiii Cniiiiln. ) Aiil mill Ainiiiil/i f'liiiil. (H t\n' '2 ] i.'V ;ent. on the protiti )M)rtion is ajiplied to pensions a. id (.> annual aid. Tin with a scale of payment estalilislied hy tile company. SicA'.— The comjiany iias a complete medical service, a hospital, and I>atients. iJifirs. — On the occasion of the marriage of any of the Knro|K'en employees, tiiey ar( month and a half's extra salary The WuuKsiioi's oi' Nk.iim.v (iniiiii/iinoKH ri,mpi/("p.<.- Heceipts : Sulisidy liy the hoiise eer cent, on the wages ; voluntary (h.nations, interest, &<;. In case of sickness tlie memliers have a right to iialf their wages and 10 cents |K'r day for medi- cal expenses dui'ing tlie space of two months In case of an accident tin victim receivi's his entire wages for a |)eriod of three months ; if tho acei(l< nt is followed hy permanent incaiMicity, the victim has a right to a iiension equal in amount to half his salary. In the event of death, a sum eijual to two years' wages is |iaid to the hi irs. Any memlH'r fill yer.rs of age who has Wen ten years ni the tirm's employ receives a ]M'nsion e manufaeture and sale of tobacco employs L't^HTl p.'rsons. Since ISIll its staff has lieen obligi'd to KelonL' to the National Retiring Fund for old age, and I per cent, was thirefore retained from t'leir wages. Since 18S2 the State itself pays the 4 per cent. Tiie average amounts in the ImkiUs in ISS!) was §!IS. The administration has estalilislied inchi.i to assist women in chiktiied. In 1^WX, 727 were admitted and there were 1H2,(KMI days of attendance ; jiarents pay one-third th" expense, and the State pays the other two-thirds ViKILLE MoN'TAcNK. — {.^^illill!l iinil Zine Fnnmlrii Coiii/miiii) AniiUiir, Bilijinm. Siivinijx /Vik/. The Company acoeots deiMisits of savings from its workmen, and payso percent, interest \ip to tlu' maximum sum of .S2.(MM). ^Yllrkillllllll ii'k //oK.yi.s-. 'I'iu' Company einvauages its workmen to become pro]H'rty owners; it builds houses, which it sells to tiiem at cost jiriee, i>,ayable by instalments ; it also sells them tile land anil loans them money to build a house. Mor than l,(l(K»of its workmen own th"ir own houses, Aiil Fitiiil. ~\t» object is to provide medical care, medicines and an indemnity for enforced idle- ne>s for its sick or womided workmen. Tiie fund is sujiplied by an assessment on the wages. Proriili lit Fiiiiil. The object (if theii' fund is to provide pi nsious for their workmen who liave been IT) years in tl.e Company's employ, and wiio are aelnowledged by the (ihysician to be incapable of working. Tliese p'^nsions vary in amount from 10 ets. to 2t» cts. per day, besides I of a cent iht day for every year's service, coimting from the lath year. This fuiul is supplied by the Company. Lifr riiinse .SH.")!). Miitinnil Schinl. -i)ays of atti'udanee, 17,77o ; expens:' .'il2 volumes. Subsidy liy the tirm ."jsVJO. WorkMiii'f Ihrilliinin, — 1!),'J houses with gardens. Rent, from 811 to Slil per month. Proviiliiit Fiuiil.-'SxmXivv of dejiositurs, 22(i. Total anioimt of deiKisits, .'>!74,H(i3. Rate of interest, ."> per cer.t. Oliliiiiitor/i Miitiiiil Aiil Sneiitii. — Supplied by a subscriiitiiii of bSe. jit fortnight ; the tines and a subsidy by the tirm. The sick are car<-d for gratuitously, and 'eeeive an indemnity in lu'ovisioijs and»g(H)ds, clas8'fieiii('(! I .s!):j. were ii'iise, cent. ■s ; it tlii'in th"ir idle- ■iigcs. liiive bo day, fund 1 i>fr 402 425 414 431 Viirc.) Iv the |it<> of l» and lity in Tnd "f if lU 42S 657 Dv>cUinii». — Twilated dwcUiiiKH tiavo Ihm'ii Imilt ; the rents vary fnnii lictwccn 81(i and ii'24. Tin- pr()|ii'rty in innur(id agaiuHt fire. S fn'c iiffrcfiiicnt i^xpn'sscd or undcrstiMMl, by wliicli tlio workman or «'in|il()yt'f' rcct'ivcs iitxivc lii.s usinil siiliiry or ordinary wagi'H, a Hliarc in ttic protitH, witliout participating; in tli(< loswcs, whether indiviihially, in money or otherwise, jointly and collec- tively, under the form of accessory ulvantages, or in othe'' ways, confonuabli- to natural law and to e((uity ? 4(i4 Sk('()M> V '■>''ri<'-*»'- — Where it is thu desire of the niiinter of an indiistrv to secure tt) workmen, in addition to their wages, advantages intended to increase their well-being in the |)resent and to give thcMM a seeni'ity for the future, without, however, charging the price due them, by adojiting the system reconnnended by Air. Faigel DoUfus, of sul)tractiiig an annual aniomit from tlie general costs. Is it not iKjssible for him to make use of the principle of protit- siiaring among the woikmeu ? Should participation, regulated accortliiig to a determined (piaiitity, be calculated from the total amount of eonuneicial anil industrial profits of the concern ? Hlioidd it not, on thi' contrary, be regidated in an estalilishmint by means of a series of distinctive inventories, by 8i)ecial kinds of work, by groups or lian advis.able to establisii certain rules for the inventory, particularly as re- gards the wear anle by the chief, previous to any divi- sion of amounts for reserve and management ? 470 Sl.XTH QrESTIo.N. - .Should tlie division oi profits l)t' m de at so much in the franc, of amount of .sa- lary or wages without distinctiim? Or, on the contrary, should the division be made in ac- cordance with the position held or with length of service ? 47ecie ? 478 II. If the answer be in the affirmative, i '1- life rents be .abolished in order t.. arrange for the creation of a patriTuony for the participa. .'s family, as has been done by M. DeCourcy, by moans of capitalization at comiX)ui'd interest of the individual books, or by means of insur- ance? 471> III. Is there s\itficient eau.se to demand of the Legislatiu'e the establishment of a public bank in which may 1h' placed the collective .savings arising from participation, coiipcration, subsidies from masters, and syndical taxes and other sources? 480 ElUHTll IJUKsTiox. Is not collective profit-sharing, whieii is iiiteniled, by means of a connnon undi- vided fimd, to iiro\ide an aid in the general interest, preferabh' in certain industrial centres to any gift made separately to the individual ? 4H0 Ninth (.ilKsTioN. In r der tiia.. profit-sharing, institiited l)y a master, slumlil in certain cases prepai-e the wa; to an Association of I'roduitive Coiiperation, should choice In- mad '-in preference to i.ivestments retained in their entirety as a proviilent fimd- of an obligatory or fre(^ disiH>siti(in of the profits in siiares or interest bearing portions, destined later to transform the workmen into co-proprietors, or, it may be, into sole proi)rietorsof the factory? 481 Tenth QlKsTloN.- If the profits are to be devoted to life insurance, should not the preference Ix' given to mixed ins\uances ?| If the profits are intended to constitute a sjM-cial retiring fund iM-longing to the establishment, and connev'ted with a mutual aid society, or founded by one or more syndicjites, in order to organize the fmid shouM not tariffs or taxation and rates of i>ensions Ih? adopted, in confor- mity w itli tallies of death rates and mathematical rr.les often overlooked or unknown ? 48i5 Eleventh <^I'KST10N. — Could not not the amount of i>rofits to 1m' divided be, to a certain extent, usefully employed to encoiu'age individual savings by the grant of an exceptional rate of interest, or by advancing iiioney to the workman to assist him in the pm-chase of a house ?. 480 TwELtTH t^lK.sTlON. -Is not j>rofit-sharing a means of facilitating professional mstruction by reason of the stability of workmen who are heads of families ? .And reciprocally, are not the g(K)d workmen formed liy the professional teicching given in the establishment bkely to lead to the founding and maintaining of profit-sharing in an industrial establishment ? 489 Thirteenth <^ikstion. How far and in what way may tlii^ principle of sliariii'i; 'ho net profits be a))i)liecl to agriculture ? 491 659 404 407 471 472 475 470 478 47!l 480 480 481 1 48a fxteut, lilt;! (H 480 489 491 I UTEENTH Question. -Shoul.l profit-sharing be ordered bv th'I r<.v..,.«, I « ,V '• BELGIAN LABOR COMMISSION ConcluHions arrived at in regard to ac.cidents of lalK,r, apprenticeship and workingn.en's houses BIBLIOGRAPHY. "^'^^^Ki n:S;;iScfi;™hi:;"SS:';!**^ ".*'^^'"^ ^^™""^. ^'^, •--« ^« ~-d. -'-• tORRESPONDENCE. Coniniuiiications received from exhibitors on • Section II.— Profit-sharing .' Section IV. — Apprenticeship .. . Section V.— Mutual iH'iievolent societies.'. Section VI.— Retiring funds .and annuities... ■• Wection IX.— Consumers' c(X)|KTative associations. Wection A.— Credit c(MiinTative association ... • Secti(m XI. -Workingmen's dwellings Section XIV — .l<'rY,..1,„„.-'., ;„..i.:»..,.:.°_J -Employer's institutions. I'ago 4!M 495 59 015 rm 0()O (i03 (i04 0(h; (iOK 009