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Lorsque ie document est trop grsnd pour Stre reproduit en un soul cliche, 11 est filmS S partir da I'engie supiriokr geuche. de gsuchs S droits. St de heut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'imeges necesseire. Les diegrsmmes suivsnts illustrent le mSthode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOTY IKOUJTION TIST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) I.I 1^ |Z8 j|3j2 ■^ IH la u L£ 2.5 i.8 ^ APPLIED IN/MGE 1653 East Main Street Rochester. Neo York U609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288 -5989 -Fax inc ?»"*■>?■ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, CANADA Hon. W. J. KOCHB, Miaiattr; W. W. CORY. Deputy MinlMar TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS BRANCH— BULLETIN No. 38 B. DBVILLB, Surveyor Oeneral DESCRIPTION or BOUNDARY MONUMENTS ERECTED ON SURVEYS OF DOMINION LANDS 1871—1917 At Township, Section and Quarter-Section Comers By H. L. SEYMOUR, B.A. Sc., D.L.S. 7324 20587—1 OTTAWA Printed by J. de L. TACHE Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty 1917 f-::::- PORT ARTHUR, '- q:i\ FC US' e. / CONTE.^TS PAOB8 Towiuhip Comt^v (1871-1915) 1_ 7 Section Comeri (1871-1915) g_l^ Quarter-Section Comen (1871-1915) 15_22 Witnew Monument! (1871-1915) 23-26 Standard Monument! for all Comers (1915-1917) 27-29 NOTB:-In II c..« th« period, (e . 1871.1M0) i ,dc both ye.r. mentio..ed. 20587— IJ PREFACE The information contained in this pamphlet was prepared to accompany a paper on " Dominion Land Survey Monuments " read at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Association of Dominion Land Surveyors by the writer. Most of the cuts are reproduced from tracings prepared under the direction of Mr. E. H.Phillips, D.L.S., S.L.S., acting Chief Surveyor to the Land Titles Office at Regina, Saskatchewan, who in 1915 had a compilation made of all the various illustrations of monuments that have appeared in the various editions, up to the 1913 or eighth edition inclusive, of the Manual of Instructions for the Survey of Dominion Lands. To these have been added diagrams and information relating to the standard survey monuments first adopted in 1915. A list of monuments has been prepared for each class of comers and for witness monuments therefor, giving in the chronological order in which the monuments were first used a short description of each monument, the dates between which it was used, whether used in bush or prairie, and such details in regard to the marking of posts, use of bearing trees and such similar information as can be conveniently included. Illustrations on the right hand pages of this bulletin refer to monuments described on the left hand pages, the figure number being identical with the section number. The index on page vii is intended to indicate at a glance all the monuments used in any year for the different classes of comers in bush or prairie. The information as compiled was taken from the annual reports of the Surveyor General for the years 1882, 1886, 1891 and 1908 and from the different editions of the Manual of Survey published in the years 1871, 1881, 1883, 1890 (preliminary 4th edition), 1892, 1903, 1905, 191oi 1913 and from the provisional ninth edition issued in 1917.' There are some clauses of the various editions of the Manual relating to monuments that appear open to more than one interpretation. From old correspondence on file it would also appear that surveyors in the field were not always- cognizant of changes in instructions relating to posts, or were not always m a position to follow out their instructions. There can therefore be no guarantee that a surveyor has always closely followed his manual or the general instructions as outlined in the annual reports referred to. In some cases the surveyor's field notes show that he did not. Furthermore it has occasionally been found that monuments on the ground are not as shown in the notes. Having regard to the exceptions noted above, this pamphlet should aid surveyors in finding old monuments by giving them the knowled^ of what to expect, and should make possible the location of the exact comer when but traces of an old monument are found. H.L.S. vu IND'.X TO' MONUMENTS USED IN EACH YEAR (1871-1917) CORNER MONUMENTS WITNESS MONUMENTS Bush Prairik BUSB PRAIRn — Town- ship Sec- tion Quar- ter- Sec- tion Town- ship .Sec- tion Quar- ter- Sec- tion Town- ship Sec- tion Quar- ter- .Sec- tion Town- ship Sec- tion Quar- tor- Seo- tion pages 1-7 sec- tions pages 8-14 sec- tions pages 15-22 sec- tions pages 1-7 sec- tioa<9 pages 8-14 sec- tions pages 15-22 sec- tions pages 23-26 sec- tions pages 23-26 sec- tions pages 23-26 sec- tions pages 23-26 sec- tions pages 23-26 sec- tions pages 23-26 sec- tions 1871-1880. . . 1,2,3 1,2.3b 1.2.3b 3,4,5 3a,4 3a.4,5 1.2 1.2 S 1 1 s '$ § 1 1 'A 2 2 1881 6a,7a 2 2,3b 6b.7b 5,6 6,7 1.3.4b 1.4b 3,4a 4a 1 1882 6a.7a 2.3b 2,3b 6b.7b 7.8a 6.7 1,3.4b 1.4b 3,5a 5a 1883-1886. . . 8 2 2 6b, 7b 7.8a 6.7.8 1.3.5b 1,5b 3.5a 5a 1 1887-1889. . . 8 2 2 7b,9a 8a.9a 7.9.10 1.3.5b 1.5b 3,5a 5a i 1890-1902. . . 6c,7c 10, 11a 2 7c.9b 9b 11a 9.10. l!a 6 6 7a 7a 1903-1904. . . 6c.7d 10. lib lib, 12 7d.9b 9b. lib 9.10, 11a 8a 8a 7a 7a § 1905-1907.. 6c,7d 10, lib lib. 12,13 7d.9b 9b. lib 9,10, 11a 8\ 8a 7a 7a 1 1908-1909... 6c,7d 10, lib 15a, 13,16 7d,9b lib 14, 15a 8b 8b 7b 7b 1910-1912. . . 6c, 7d,10 lib, 10.12 15a, 13,16 7d,9b 9b. lib 14. 15a 8b 8b 7b 7b 1913-1915... 6c,7e, 10.11 8b.l0, lie, 12 13. 15b. 10.17 7e,9b 9b. lie 14. 15b 8b 8b 8c 7b 7b 7c STANDARD SURVEY MO> 1 UMENTS A lT al L CORNERS Bus • Prairix Bush Prairie pages 27-29 sections pages 27-29 sections pages 27-29 sections pages 27-29 sections 1915-1916... 2,3,4 1 7.8 « 1917 2.3,5 1 7.8 (5) 6 Township Corner I.Ionuments {1871-1915). 1. TREE (1871-1880) with one or more Bearinjr Trees —BUSH ^ In a timbered country should a tree be found at the exact comer, it was to be squared and marked for the comer. This figure did no^ appear in any Manual of Survey and if a tree was found at the exact comer it is possible that It was cut off and squared. The tree was to be marked on four sides. 2. WOODEN POST (1871-1880) with one or more Bearing Trees— BUSH The post was to be marked on four sides. 3. STONE (1871-1880) with Bearing Trees where possible— BUSH AND PRAIRIE " In a region where stone abounds the township comer will be a single stone planted and marked with a small pyramid of stones beside it." I Tree Fig. 1 i^ ^ Stone Fip. 3 Wooden Post Fig. 2 Township Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 4. WOODEN POST IN MOUND (1871-1880) —PRAIRIE In prairie country township comers, except as noted hereunder, were to be marked with post, mou- d, trench, and pits, the waole monument being an almost exact copy of the monuments erected at that time on the survey of the public lands of the United States. The post was to be marked on four sides. (V^t^ Section On Correction' Line Perspective At Ordinary Townstiip Comer Wooden Post in Mound Fig. 4 Township Corner Monuments (1871-1915). 5. IRON POST AND MOUND ()';71-1880) —PRAIRIE At the four comers of the four township blocks, iron posts 5 feet long and if inches square (see Fig. 8 page 6) were planted at the north comer or at the base of the mound as shown. The post was to be marked on four sides. I » *!fcA* On Base Line S5^^ On Correction Line Iron Post and Mound Fig. 5 20585—2 Township Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 6. IRON P03T MOUND AND PITS (a) (1881-1882) with one or more Bearing Trees —BUSH The post was to be marked on four sides. Where a mound could not be built a wooden post marked I. B. was to be planted 12" from the iron post on the side where the mound, if erected, would have stood. (b) (1881-1886)— PRAIRIE The post was to be marked on four sides. Where a mound could not be built a wooden post marked I. B. was to be planted 12" from the iron post on the side where the mound, if erected, would have stood. (c) (1890-1915)— From 1910 Bearing Trees per- mitted— BUSH The post was to be marked on one side. After 1886 mounds were to be discontinued on the Prairie; from 1890 they were to be used in the Bush. As a matter of fact, however, some mounds were erected on the Prairie from 1887 to 1889. . I V^ivM. At Ordinary Townthlp Comer ^^B*«V sri^i*?^fes— ^ On Correction Une ■'v/-r WitMrnk^;^"^'^'- 20585—2} Iron i Mound and Pits Fig. 6 Township Corner Monuments {1871-1915). I' 9 If I 7. IRON POST AND STONE MOUND (a) (1881-1882) with one or more Bearing Tr«H»s —BUSH "Whenever stones can be readily procured mounds may be built of stones properly piled so as to conform as nearly as possible in size and shape to the earth mounds." The post was to be marked on four sides. (b) (1881-1889)— PRAIRIE As (a) above. (c) (1890-1902)— BUSH and PRAIRIE " Whenever stones can be readily procured mounds must be built of stones properly piled so as lo conform as nearly as possible in size and shape to the earth mounds." The post was to be marked on one side. (d) (1903-1912)— From 1910 Bearing Trees per- mitted— BUSH and PRAIRIE " Whenever stones can be readily procured mounds may be built of stones properly piled so as to conform as nearly as possible in size and shape to the earth mounds." Hts to be dug where possible. The post was to be marked on one side. (e) (1913-1915)-Bearing Trees permitted— BUSH and PRAIRIE As (d) above except that pits were not required. I .iJy^iA.^. I At Ordinary Townihip Comer Ftripectlve iiS^tm^^fSfy^^ M.*^.< 2f»t»^%a,\ crrnm-t «w/ ar<*fc B iiS On Correction Line Iron Post and Stone Mound Fig 7 Township Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 1 8. IRON POST (1883-1889) with one or more Bearing Trees— BUSH The post was to be marked on four sides. A wooden post marked LB. was also to be planted 12 inches from the iron post on the side where the mound, if erected, would have stood. This diagram also illustrates iron posts used in con- nection with mounds and pits at township comers from 1871 to 1915. In 1903 and after, one face of the iron post was stamped by the makers with a crown, and no marking was to be made on that face. 9. IRON POST AND PITS (a) (1887-1889)— PRAIRIE The post was to be marked on four sides. (b) (1890-1915)— PRAIRIE The post was to be marked on one side. \ Iron Post Fig, 8 Perspective «> • " ', •• 2; At Ordinary Township Comer «;i ..J On Correction ' Line. Iron Post and Pits Fig. 9 Township Corner Monuments (1871-1915). 10. LONG WOODEN POST (1910-1915)— BUSH " When a township comer in bush country falls in a marsh or slougb not over 3 feet deep, necessitating the erection of a witness monument more than 5 chains distant from the true comer, such comer must also be indicated by a wooden post planted at the tme comer." The post was to be marked on one side. It was to be not less than 5 inches in diameter and long enough to be driven firmly and show the marking thereon above the water. 11. IRON POST IN STONE MOUND (1913-1915)— Bearing Trees permitted— BUSH "On rocky ground where the iron post cannot be driven in, the stone mound should be so built that the post stands in the centre of the mound." The post was to be marked on one side. J^vuifd,^ Long Wooden Post Fig. 10 Iron Post in Stone Mound Fig. U 8 Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 1. TREE (1871-1880) with one or more Bearing Trees— BUSH In a timbered country should a tree be found at the exact comer, it was to be squared and marked for the comer. This figure did not appear in any Manual of Survey and if a tree was found at the exact comer it is possible that it was cut off and squared. The tree was to be marked on four sides. 2. WOODEN POST (1871-1889) with one or more Bear- ing Trees— BUSH The post was to be marked on four sides. 3. STONE — "In a region where stone abounds" (a) (1871-1880)— PRAIRIE (b) (1871-1882) with one or more Bearing Trees— BUSH In 1881 the dimensions were changed to 3 inches by 8 inches, face measurement, and 12 inches high. The stone was to be planted 12 inches in the ground. •A 8 ^n ^1 Wooden Post Fg. 2 Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 4. WOODEN POST IN MOUND (1871-1880) —PRAIRIE In prairie countty comers were to be marked with post mound trench and pits, the whole monument being an almost exact copy of the monum( ts erected at that time on the survey of the public lands of the United States. The post was to be marked on four sides. "JC!r Sect I m -^: Perspective At Ordinary Section Comer 20587—3 Wooden Post in Mound Fig. 4 10 Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 5. WOODEN POST IN MOUND WITH PITS (1881 only)— PRAIRIE Note the omission of the quadrangular trench. The p)Ost was to be marked on four sides. 6. WOODEN POST IN STONE MOUND (1881 only) -PRAIRIE " Whenever stones can be readily procured mounds may be built of stones properly piled so as to conform as nearly as possible in size and shape to the earth mounds." The post was to be marked on four sides. ! t r 1 10 Section X^r^JfA At Ordinary Section Comer Wooden Post in Mound with Pits Fig. 5 Section Perspective 20586— 3J Wooden Post in Stone Mound Fig. 6 11 Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). ! r 7. IRON POST IN MOUND WITH PITS (2882-1886) —PRAIRIE " In 1882 iron posts were substituted for wooden posts at section comers in prairie. They were planted in the centre of the mounds, each post being driven one foot in the ground and projecting two inches above the mound. On the top a square tin plate, having the appropriate markings stamped on it, was slipped over the post and held on by a nail through the post. The letters N., S., E. and W. were stamped on the tin to indicate its proper position on the post. The same markings were stamped on the tins as were formerly on wooden posts except that they were in figures instead of Roman characters. The iron posts were marked with a cold chisel on the iron itself on the southwest face, with the number of the section, or with the letter " R " if on the north side of a correction line, to serve for the identification of the post should the tin disappear." Although it was decided to dispense with earth mounds on the prairie after 1886, in many cases the surveyor's field notes show that earth mounds were erected after that date on the prairie. - 11 At Ordinary Section Comer TXT^rf*' Section On Correction Line Iron Post in Mound with Pits Fig. 7 l> 12 Section Corner Monuments {1871.1915). 8. IRON POST IN STONE MOUND (a) (1882-1889)--PRAIRIE "Whenever stones can be readily procured, mounds may be built of stones properly piled so as to conform as nearly as possible in size and shape to the earth mounds." The square tin plate on the post was to be marked on the four comers. (b) (1913-1915)— Bearing Trees permitted-BUSH " On rocky ground where the iron post cannot be driven in, the stone mound should be so built that the post stands in the centre of the mound." The post was to be marked on one side. 9. IRON POST AND PITS (a) (1887-1889)— PRAIRIE The square tin plate on the post >vr , to be iiiarked on the four comers. (b) (1890-1915)— PRAIRIE The tin was discarded and the somewhat larger post 3 feet long, f inches in diameter, was to be marked on one side only. 12 Iron Post in Stone Mound Fig 8 (a) ^ <^ ""''j£^^*-^zi^i^ «>|^ At Ordinary Section Corner Perspective Iron Post in Stone Mound Fig. 8 (b) !«, >';s£tt»g^^^i^*:r. On Correction Line Iron Post and Pits Fig. 9 ASf i ■ 13 Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 10. IRON POST, MOUND AND PITS (1890-1915) — From 1910 Bearing Trees permitted— BUSH The post was to be marked on one side. I 13 Section At Ordinary Section Comer «^' I " y- yr»n.n^mt- On Correction Lin GTl y ircL^i , Q- ii ^t^> .. Perspective Iron Post, Mound and Pits Fig. 10 14 Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 11. IRON POST AND STONE MOUND (a) (1890-1902)— BUSH and PRAIRIE "Whenever stones can be readily procured mounds must be built of stones properly piled so as to conform as' nearly as possible in size and shape to the earth mounds." The post was to be marked on one side. (b) (1903-1912)— From 1910 Bearing Trees permitted —BUSH and PRAIRIE "Whenever stones can be readily procured mounds may be built of stones properly piled so as to conform as nearly as possible in size and shape to the earth mounds." Pits to he dug where possible. The post was to be marked on one side. (c) ( 1913-1915 )— Bearing Trees permitted —BUSH and PRAIRIE As (b) above, except that pits were not required. 12. LONG WOODEN POST— (1910-1915)— BUSH "When a section comer in bush country falls in a marsh or slough not over 3 feet deep, necessitating the erection of a witness monument more than 5 chains distant from the true comer, such comer must also be indicated by a wooden post planted at the true comer." The post was to be marked on one side. It was to be not less than 5 inches in diameter and long enough to be driven firmly and show the marking thereon above the water. I:^/S^SS^-'^Sf-f^^^ J^fvi^.fC X^i y m > ■ "» On Correction Line Perspective 14 ^*f.tf^^liit. At Ordinary Section Comer Iron Post and Stone Mound Fig. 11 : n Long Wooden Post Fig. 12 I 15 Quarter-Section Corner Monuments (1871-1915). 1. TREE (1871-1880) with one or more Bearing Trees —BUSH In a timbered country should a tree be found at the exact corner, it was to be squared and marked for the comer. This figure did not appear in any Manual of Survey and if a tree was found at the exact comer it is possible that it was cut off and squared. The tree was to be marked J. 2. WCX)DEN POST (1871-i. i)— Up to 1889 with one or more Bearing Trees — ^BUSH Since 1890 the post was to be driven 18 inches into the ground with 12 inches above ground. The post was to be marked J. 3. STONE — "In a region where stone abounds" (a) (1871-1880)— PRAIRIE The stone was to be marked j. (b) (1871-1882) with one or more Bearing Trees —BUSH In 1881 the dimensions were changed to 3 inches by 8 inches, face measurement, and 12 inches high. The stone was to be planted 12 inches in the ground. 15 iree Fig 1 Wooden Post Fig. 2 20587—4 16 Quarter-Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). ■' If 4. WCX)DEN POST IN MOUND ( 1871 - 1880 ) — PRAIRIE In prairie country quarter-section comers were to be marked with post, mound, trench, and pits, the whole monument being an almost exact copy of the monuments erected at that time on the survey of the public lands of the United States. The post was to be marked \. 5. MOUND (1871-1880)— PRAIRIE When inconvenient to get timber or stone, quarter- section comers were to be marked with mound, trench, and pits as shown in Fig. 4 but without post. SI i;; 16 (80) — '■ to be whole jments inds of iiarter- h, and & Ttion Perspect: On Correction Line ive At Ordinary Quarter-Section Comer 20587— 4J Wooden Post in Mound Fig, 4 ^7 Quarter-Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 6. WOODEN POST IN MOUND WITH PITS (1881-1886)— PRAIRIE The post was to be marked J. Although it was decided to dispense with e^rth mounds on the prairie after 1886, in many cases the survevor's field notes show that earth mounds were erected after that date on the prairie. 7. WOODEN POST IN STONE MOUND (1881-1889) —PRAIRIE "Whenever stones can be readily procured mounds may be built of stones properly piled so as to conform as nearly as possible in size and shape to the earth mounds." The post was to be marked J. Note.— When wood could not be found within 3 miles, a stone mound alone was used to mark the corner. 17 Section At Ordinary Quarter-Section Comer Wooden Post in Mound with Pits Fig. 6 Section Perspective Wooden Post in Stone Mound Fig. 7 18 Quarter-Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915), 8. MOUND AND PITS (1883-1886)-PRAIRIE When wood could not be found within 3 miles a quarter-section comer was to be marked with mound and pits as shown in Fig. 6, but without post. 9. WOODEN POST AND PITS (1887-1907)- — PRAIRIE Before 1890 the post needed to be driven 12 inches only mto the ground (see Fig. 2 page 15). Since 1890 the post was to be driven 18 inches into the ground with 12 inches above ground. 10. PITS (1887-1907)— PRAIRIE ATien wood could not be found within 3 miles a quaiier-section comer was to be marked with pits as shown in Fig. 9, but without post. I Q"" "♦• At Ordinary Quarter-Section Comer Perspective 18 a ^. I On Correction Line Wooden Post and Pits Fig. 9 i;; 19 Quarter-Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 11. WOODEN POST AND STONE MOUND (a) (1890-1907)— PRAIRIE The post was to be marked \. (b) (1903-1907)— BUSH The post was to be marked \. 12. WOODEN POST, MOUND AND PITS (1903-1907) —BUSH ^ The post was to be marked \. 19 Wooden Post and Stone Mound Fig. U '■■^'■••^^s^i'«!^:^i*^;-^-.^:.ii;.«^v^;:•■■■■■ Wooden Post, Mound and Pits Fig. 12 ;i I ! I 20 Quarter-Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 13. LONG WOODEN POST (1905-1915)— BUSH " A quarter-section comer in bush country, falling in a marsh or slough not over 3 feet deep, is marked by a long wooden post not less than 5 inches in diameter flattened on two sides and marked \ and driven 3 feet into the solid ground and showing 6 inches above the water." 14. IRON POST AND PITS (1908-1915)— PRAIRIE The post was to be marked \ on one side. \'U 20 KaMvuO. Long Wooden Post Fig. 13 vC -rii*' Iron Post and Pits Fig. 14 I III: i!' I ■ if I 21 Quarter-Section Corner Monuments {1871-1915). 15. IRON POST AND STONE MOUND (a) (1908-1912)— From 1910 Bearing Trees permitted —BUSH and PRAIRIE "Whenever stones can be readily procured mounds may be built of stones proptrly piled so as to conform as nearly as possible in size and shape to earth mounds." Pits to he dug where possible. The post was to be marked \ on one side. (b) (1913-1915)— Bearing Trees permitted —BUSH and PRAIRIE As (a) above, except that pits w^re not required. ■\i. #.Ag4l^»M AJWOn At Ordinary Quarter-Section Comer 21 •^'^^t^^^^^S^I^^ Perspective 'V^iifisfJffAn- Anjtiml M On Correction Line 20587—5 Iron Post and Stone Mound Fig. 15 22 Quarter-Section Corner Monuments (1871-1915). 16. IRON POST, MOUND AND PITS (1908-1915)— From 1910 Bearing Trr»s permitted— BUSH The post was to be marked } on one side. 17. IRON POST IN STONE MOUND (1913-1915)— Bearing Trees permitted— BUSH " On rocky ground where the iron post cannot be driven in, the stone mound should be so built that the post stands in the centre of the mound." The post was to be marked J on one side. 22 At Ordinary Quarter-Section Corner I A-H r r./^: h^ Jj/ejitnil S t' On Correction Line I -i.. J ■•~-^Wiea«Jl'" Perspectve Iron Post, Mound and Pits Fig. 16 Iron Post -ii Stone Mound Fig. 17 23 Witness Monuments {1871-1915), !'l: ■'-i m hi i I I 1 1. BEARING TREE (1871-1889)— BUSH Township and Section Comers If a bearing tree could be found within a reasonable distance it was considered a sufficient means of witnessing the comer. 2. MOUND (1871-1880)— BUSH and PRAIRIE Township and Section Comers " If a township or section comer, in a situation where a bearing tree is not to be found within a reasonable distance, shall fall in a ravine, bed of a stream, or in any other situation where the character of the locality may be unfavourable to the planting of a post or the erection of a mound, the surveyor will perpetuate such corner by erecting a bearing or Witness Mound (no mention of post) at the nearest suitable point and will give in his field book the bearing and distance of the site of the true comer from the mound." The witness mound was not required to be placed on a surveyed line. 3. WOODEN POST (1881-1889)-BUSH and PRAIRIE Township Comers only Where a township corner was marked by an iron post and a mound could not or was not to be built a wooden post (see Fig. 2 page 8) marked I. B. or I. P. was planted 12 inches from the iron post on the side where the mound if erected would have stood. i-( 23 Bearing Tree Fig. 1 Section Perspective Witness Mound, Trench and Pits Fig. 2 24 Witness Monuments {1871-1915). 4. WOODEN POST IN MOUND WITH TRENCH Township and Section Comers The witness mound which was to be erected only if no Bearing Trfe^ were available was not required to be placed on a surveyed line. On the post the distance and bearing to true comer was to be marked in red chalk. (a) (1881 only)— PRAIRIE (b) (1881-1882)— BUSH 5. IRON POST IN MOUND WITH TRENCH Township and Section Comers The witness mound which was to be erected only if no Bearing Tress were available, was not required to be placed on a surveyed line. Tl distance and bearing to true comer was to be stamped on uiC tin. (a) (1882-1889)— PRAIRIE (b) (1883-1889)— BUSH Pfenpective Section 24 Witness Wooden Post in Mound with Trench Fig. 4 Perspective Section Witness Iron Post in Mound with Trench Fig. 5 25 Witness Monuments {1871-1915). 6. IRON POST, MOUND AND TRENCH (1890-1902) — BUSH—Towiahip and Section Comers The iron post marked only on one side (no section number) was planted at the edge of the mound. Note. — From 189o all witness monuments were required to be placed on a surveyed line. 7. IRON POST AND TRENCH— PRAIRIE (a) (1890-1907) Township and Section Comers The pose was to be marked only on one side. (b) (1908-1915) Township and Section Comers The post was to be marked on two sides, the section number being added. (c) (1913-1915) Quarter-Section Comers " A witness monument need not be nlaced to mark the position of a quarter-section comer u jss it is necessary to do so in order that at least two of i e comers of each of the adjacent quarter-sections may be marked on the ground or unless in the judgment of the surveyor the circumstances are such as to call for it." The post was to be marked on two sides, \ on one side. In Manuals issued prior to 1892, no mention is made of witness monuments in connection with quarter-section corners. From 1892 to 1913 Manuals state that no witness monuments are required for quarter-section comers. 25 Section Witness Iron Post, Mound and Trench Fig. 6 ■JhenPfrt Section Witness Iron Post and Trench 20587—6 Fig. 7 26 Witness Monuments {1871-1915). 8. IROX POST. MOUND AND TRENCH— BUSH (a) (190 J 1907) TowiMhipand Section Comers The ^xv as marked only on one side. (b) (i 03 J ^15) Townahip and Section Comert The [K,M w ,s to be marked on two sides, the section number i •»'.. »»- ded (c) ( i 1 ) 3 - 1 s ' ^ Quarter-Section Comers As sec i ion V ( . page 25. Section u Witness Iron F ?t, Mound and Trench Fig. 8 20587— 6J Hi) m 27 Standard Monuments for aU Corners (1915-1917) . In 1915 a new model of iron post was adopted. The top of the post was to be flush with the ground. Monu- ments for all comers were made uniform in size. In bush country a change was made in the position in which mounds were built, allowing the post marking the comer to be placed in the desirable position of midway between the pits or in the case of witness monuments in the centre of the circle formed by the trench. As the supply of new model posts was not available at the beginning of the survey season, both old and new model posts were used in 1915. Surveyors in that year were instmcted to make it clear in their field notes what kind of posts were used. The Bronze cap of the post was to be marked with section, township and range. 1. IRON POST AND PITS (1915-1917)— PRAIRIE Since first used in 1915 some slight alterations in the construction of the post were made. In Fig. 1 there is shown the relation of pits to post at a comer on the south side of a correction line. The pits occupy a similar relation to the post at comers on the north side of a correction line and on other similar lines. 27 Bronze Cap Standard Survey Post— 1917 Model I S hmit PIT PIT 0P08T PIT u 1 PIT For South Side of Correction Line At Ordinary Comer Iron Post and Pits Fig. 1 28 Standard Monuments for all Corners {1915-1917). 2. IRON POST, MOUND AND PITS (1915-1917)— Bearing Trees permitted— BUSH According to the 1917 instructions when rock in place or a large boulder over 12 inches below the surface of the ground but not over 30 inches is encountered, the surface of the ground is raised by earth or stones flush with the top of the post The centre of the mound is in all cases 10 feet (nearly) from the post. In Fig. 2 there is shown the relation of mound and pits to post at a comer on the south side of a correction hne. At a comer on the north side of a correction line the mound is in the northwest quadrant. At corners on ines between different systems of survey and on similar Imes, the mound may lie in any of the quadrants, the general principle being to place the mound on the lands which it is intended to mark. 3. IRON POST, STONE MOUND AND PITS (19J 5-191 7)— Bearing Trees permitted— BUSH "A stone mound is built in preference to an earth mound when stones are available, but except with the short survey post (as hereinafter noted) pits must be also dug." (See Fig. 2.) 4. IRON POST IN STONE MOUND (1915-1916)— Bearing Trees permitted— BUSH "On rock, where pits cannot be dug or a hole made for the post, a stone mound of the regular dimensions is built around the post." 28 H PIT ■y^-<^Po , ._ i MOUND PtT • _ H For South Side of Correction Line Perspective At Ordinary Comer Iron Post, Mound and Pits Fig. 2 "■ "-'^mmmmm- Iron Post in Stone Mound Fig. 4 29 Standard Monuments for all Corners {1915-1917). Ui 5. SHORT IRON POST AND STONE MOUND (1917)— Bearing Trees permitted— BUSH The short survey post is used whenever rock in place or a large boulder is met with on the surface of the ground or not more than 12 inches below the surface. The face of the rock is laid bare by removing the covering earth. Pits are omitted and a stone mound is built at the place which it would occupy if the pits were built (see sec. 2, page 28). There is nothing in the instructions to prohibit the use of the short survey post and conical stone mound as a witness monume\it. 6. WITNESS IRON POST AND TRL;NCH (1915-1917) —PRAIRIE " If a comer falls in a lake, in the bed of a stream, on an inc^ccessible mountain or in any other locality unfavour- able to the erection of a monument, a witness monument is to be erected at the nearest suitable point (even number of chains preferred) on the surveyed line." 7. WITNESS IRON POST, TRENCH AND MOUND (1915-1917)— BUSH As (6) above, but mound added in bush country. "The centre of the mound Is on the line surveyed and at a distance of 10 feet from the post in the direction opposite to the comer witnessed." 8. WITNESS IRON POST, TRENCH AND STONE MOUND (1915-1917)— BUSH As (7) above, but when stones are available a stone mound is to be built in preference to an earth mound. 29 Short Iron Post and Stone Mound Fig. 5 ^ Witness Iron Post, Trench and Mound Fig. 7 Witness Iron Post and " ench Fig. 6 ^'.