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Lea diagrammea suivants illuatrent la mSthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ««C»OCOfV RKOUITION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^S^ 1653 East Main Street S%a y??if"'Ji "*•• "'""^ U609 USA ^B (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone ^^ (716) 288 - 5989 - Fo, DEPABTMEHT OF AuiUCirTUBE DAIRY AND COLD STORAGE BRANCH OTTAWA - - CAVAOA IMALL COLD STORAGES BT J. A. RUDDICK and J. 0. BOUCHASD iulletin No. 35-Dairy and Cold Storage Series 44820-1 OTTAWA GOVERNMENT PRINTING- BUREAU 1913 li LETTER OF TRAN8MITTAI - , „ ,, Ottawa, Juno 2«<, 1013 fin the Honourable, Tho Minister of Ajfrii-ulture. Siii.-I have the honour to submit the manusoript for a new l.ulletin on ' Small jCoia Stonifres,' with plaiu? and specifications, suitable for use on farms or in con- Inpotion with country stores, hotels, butcher shops. &o., in localities where a supply jcf ice i? available. There is a growing demand for information along this line. It ji^ not practicable to employ an architect for such small jobs and the average car- jieiiter lia.- not had tho necessary experience to enable him to make satisfactory jde-igns for cold storage buildings. These reasons are, in my judgment, ample justifi- Ication f(,r the publication of detailed instructions which can be followed by any lintelli.ffpiit workmen. The work of drawing tlio plans herewith presented was pcrf.irmed by Mr. J. G. [Eoiichanl of the Dairy Division. I iiavo tho honour to reconmicnd that this bulletin be |)rinted for general distri- iLiition as Bulletin No. 35 of the Dairy and Cold Storage scries. I have the honour to bo. sir, Your obedient servant, J. A. RUDDTCK, Daini and Cold Storage Cvmmissioner. I 44820-lJ SI •ri ^t ' SMALL COLD STORAGES nv J. A. Ruddick and J. 0. Bonohard. nmtoDucTioN. If the loMes which occur every year in Canada on farms i oountrv hot. ' and IrtorM, butcher shops, &c., owin? to the lack of proper cooling facilities for perishable Ifoods in hot weather, were compiled, the total would make an enor.non* sum. A Itremendous saving in dollars and cents could be effected with comparati.c.y small loutlay, to say nothing of the added comfort and the greater healthfnlness of these I food products, if all such places were provided with some adecpiute monn* of utilizing ■ the cooling power of ice. There are few localities in Canada when- a su plv of ice I cannot be obtained in the winter months. The cost, even by contract, nco.l not pxcee«l 1(1 per ton except in rare cases, and it can often be done for less. Farmers or other« j who can do the work themselves are able to store the ice without any cash outlay. In hm of the ease with which a summer's supply of ice may be obtained the wonder is Itbat any one is content to do without it. The Storage of Ice. The mere preservation of a few bWks of ice is a simple matter. Any unoccu- jpied corner of an outbuilding or shed cm 1 e utilized. A rough fniine work of boards Enclosing the necessary space is nil that is ri.<uire<J. About 40 cubic feet .hould be allowed for every ton of ice to b( cored. Tb».ri? shr- M be no tloor in this kind of an loe house. Jf the soil is light n' > porous «•, -pec-; •' invisi"n need be made for drain- »?e. If it is impervious clay a will be k-Ttcr to cr dm in the area to be used for I loe storage. The earth should be covered t.> a dcpt" of six inches with broken stone, tome prn 1 or cinders. Bcforo layinu' in tii.' i. . ^pr-ad about one foot of sawdust or planing mill shavings over the floor. A space i 'east . w t -ot should be left Mtween the ice and the walls to be till d with - Inning mill shavings, the I latter preferred. Cover the ice with one foot of naterial. Improved Ice Houses and &ii gerators. Tiie plans shown and descril>ed in this bulletin a Mve to erect special ice houses or who may desire tu Immanent facilities than the ordinary ice supply nff.rd Phm Xo. 1* is intended primarily for the use of pat creameries, and is really a combined covered milk stand -. I Ian No. 2 is an ordinary ico house with milk room u Plan No. 3 is the same as No. 2, without the milk r- nans 2 and 3 are arranged on the same principle as an oi «ith an extra large space for ice. The ice box is tilled from ntcn'1'^ for tho^-e who may vide more convenient and <u j^e f. tories and '18 rv uy liouse. ?ei'j» ' r. "<=.; -relators in i«e ngerator ■ t*- --'^~ - ^-IVUffd. •Reproduced from B "etin No. 26 r?! ILl .^l. „. vTi ?**■ . »''°'^» '" '«'• chamber with rcfriircrator and tntc-r.M.m ,..„..„,„, , ««Hml,„K to wh„t wo d.«<.riU. «. the automatu. .,r eireulati.m .,>t..m. Thi. ,.l ' -l« .K "" ? ""■■"""'-"* iu-ulation i„ the walli^ fl.K.r and ocilinR of the ico d .a.nU. ' take the place of the UMial coverii.ff or packinjc material In plans 1. 2 and .!. tl.o , . ation or eoveriuR of «awdu*t. •havingH or other material mu*t be n.„..w..| . time the u-e house u tilled. In ,m whore couvenienee of operation and general efficic.iey are ffiv.,, ,i,.| eonaiderrtion aa awnn^t initial c.«t, wo atronply rec.mmend Plan No. 4. Tl... U and one mon, courM, of lumber in the wall*, an in.ula.ed '.eilinK mu.t Ik- ,,r,, L other pir.."'' *" ' ' * "'"*■' "' **"•* '"'^'"'"» '""^«""' ^^''^J" '« »-'l i-'SI and lilvfr'T'l""'.' •"''"•'^•«"»"«^« «^ »»>'' two .y.tem. are obvious. l'l„n. l •nd 3 provnte, for the eheap...t eonMtnietion. but the annual renewal of the in.,.!, i';i or eoyerinff materia and the laK.ur of filling the ice boxe. from time to i! «u ..matic in its operation, requiring no attention thn.„Khout the seaao.f ' hod the refriKentor, for e,K,l,n« purponen, n. nhown by the arrows in tl..- J' at A A. An op,.,„nff ut the bottom of the pr;-tition between the iee ol...„ I i ine section at A A shows the refrigerator with n lower ceiling tlum the i.o .l,. • ber The object of this i« simply to reduce the air .spa<-e whi.h has o ho . i ti ceiling of the nfrit-erator need not be more than sevrVLt hU \ ^ of that height would be useless for storage p pose ^ *^"'' '''"'■" '" "" SPECIFICATION. Plan No. i. The foundation may be of oon.T**' . -•■iiie or woolin *ill«'. Erect on top ni foun- tion :i-inch x 4-inch Htuds ton fet loi •' ■ hree foot ciiitre*. Cover the outniile idbpboards or nhiplap siding. Insiile »' M\uh iiround the ii-e chninlxT. t-n'f* oiii> (ir** of rouKh lumber or i-inoh T. & <«. shoathirx. For oonvi-nioncj? in hmitllinK the eiiiiK, a floor should \to laid over thut part of the building roiorvod for the milk lit the usual heivht from the (jround. The oonstrm-tion of tho liuihlinK i* so Illy chown in the illustration that no further dosi-ription i« nt-ciiv.'iiry. When putting in the ice, it should be surrounded with ot leait one foot of saw- (If iilaning "^ ■ shavings. The -pace over the ice should In* well venti- d, Tliit help ;< ...ry off tlio beat which will neeiinuilnte un-lir tlir lonf nn<l to I the 'iiwdust ' ip of the ice in a dry eoudition . PUn No. 9. The foundation may be made of eoncrete, jitonc or wooden siiU re*tiiiK on the wnd. Krect 2-inch x 4-ineh stud^*, 12 feet high, at 24-inch centn^, with 1-inch x ich porner posts. Erect 2-ineh x ft-iiidi ntiids at 24-inch centrcr^ for partition (twecn i<e chamber and refriscrator and ice chamber and milk room and also bo- iiiilk room and refrigerator. Erect further row of ^tuddinK on the inside of iwall uround the ice box and refrigerator jo as to leave a gpace ot one foot bi-tweon : inside and outride sheathing. Cover the outside of building with ;-ln'h T. & O. ■sthiiip and finish with clapboards or shiplap siding. The shcuthing nuiy be dis- L-ed with around the ice house, Imt it is important next to the rcfriy:t'rutor and iiilk roi'iii. On the inside of the stuil- iiMund the ice hou»e erect one course of J-inch i (i. -Inathing. t)ver that part "liicli adjoins the ice box lay 2 jily ,,i ibmip proof »[« and finish wiih another course of J-inch T. & Cf. sheathing us >howii in plan. Finish the inside of milk room with one course of i-inch T. vS: O. matched lumber. tlif -ide next the ice '<ox and refrigerator, lay two-ply of dump proof paper luiil a i-ccond course of J-inch T. A: G. matched lumber. Finish the inside of Itlie rofri^rcrator and ice Ihjx space with two courses of J-in<h T. & G. sheathing with h ply of (lamp proof paper between. Erect a partition between the ice box and Irclrigerator as siiown in plan of 2-incli x 1-inch studs covered on both sides with two loours^es of ;-inch T. & G. sheathing with damp proof pai r between. Fit all corners Jin rcfrifrerator with quarter round mouldings. Between ; rigerator and milk room lerrtt a levelled edge frame door cover with tw(» courses of ;-iuch T. & G. matchec' m- Iberwitli two-ply of damp roof pajx^r between, leaving a space in the centre of 6 inches Jtohe filhd with shavings. Cover the iHvcllcd edge of the df<or with felt to nuike an lair-tiirlit joint. Over the area of the refrigerator and ice box, lay C indies of dry mi\ „T cinders. On top of this leaving a space of 2 inches, lay a false tloor of 1-inch Jliimlier, ,,ii top of which lay 2-inch x S-ineh joists at 2-foot centres. Cover the joists pith one course of J-inch T. & G. Ir ber, and one cour.-e of l-inch flooring with 2-ply I of damp proof paper between. Co\^-r the bottom of the ice box with galvanized iron and coiiiieet to the drain with a trap to carry off the drip from the melting ice. Fix a rack of 2-inch x 4-inch scantling at I inch centres in the bottom of the ice box, Kith a clear space of 6 inches underneath. Leave C-inch openings at the top and Mtoni of the partition between the ice box and refrigerator for circulation of air. At seven feet clear from the floor lajr 2-inch x S-inch joints to form ceiling. Cover the under side of the joists with two courses of matched lumber with damp proof I! i If »' m pi J L. HI . CLCV.ATION. MILK PLATFORM WITH ICEHOUSE SECTION. ft AN. Plan Ao. I 1 ^ -' '"- * t j i i 1 ,1.^ V \ I ' I 10 paper between. Make a hatch over the ice box similar to the doer betwe..n th refrigerator and the milk room. Fill the spaces in the floors and ceilings between tlie joists and also in the walls between the studs with planing mill shaving*. Th.. floor m the milk room may be constructed of wood or concrete as desired. If con structed of concrete, the floors should be made in connection with the foundation anl the work should extend at least 6 inches above the floor. This will form a l.ase to protect the wooden walls from dampness. Place an ordinary door in the milk room and a wmdow opposite the door into the refrigerator. On the outside of the ice hou«« erect a door in sections extending from top to bottom. On the inside of the door frame, fit loose boards to he put in place as the ice chamber is filled with ice. In botli gable ends of the building make a louvre opening for ventilation, as shown in plan. Flan No. 3. The specification for plan Xo. 3 are practically the same as for plan No. -^ The ice chamber is smaller and no provision is made for a milk room. The ante-room to the refrigerator is only large enough to swing the door in. The door between tie ante-room and the refrigerator and the hatch over the ice box are intends to h constructed in the same manner as the door and hatch in plan Xo. 2. It is inipurtan- that the window in the ante-room should be opposite the door of the refrigerator 'I give light in the refrigerator when it is required. It is safer to have the windc' htted with a double sash, and it need not be more than IS inches square 1 Plan No. 4. ,^,^ .^°""'[«''°"«--TI>e foundation., should be of stone or concrete, fourteen inete thick and two or three feet deep, ac-ording to the nature of the site. Jioor in Ice Chamher.-The .^rea of the floor in the ice chamber should be ^ade^ with a slope of three inches to one corner. Lay rows of field tile three feet' arat leading to the low corner and connect same to the drain outside the buildiuir. The connecting >«.^ould be trapped to prevent passage of air. Cover the tilo wit,, eigh: inches of coal cinders. If cinders are not procurable, clean gravel may be u.eci. On top of cinders or grave , lay loose boards. This forms the permanent floor of the i^e cliamber and provides drainage for tlie melting ice. folloSrwtf-"'""''''" ""' '''"'■'■''"'-'''^^'^ fl-^-^ -«y be made in one of tl:e . , ^- ^/y ^"Y '"^^es nf concrete over area of floors. On top of tins Inv three inches of cork board and finish with one-inch of cement. (See detail dra;i,S dimn nr^nf t ^Z ^"^"''^ a«d groo^^d floor on 2-inch x 4-inch joist., (over with Fm LCl ^ • T^'.f^:^^'-^ P''i^-*> 2-inch X 6-inch joists at 24-inch centres. tonl, e^t 1 ''""" TV'''\ "'«'""^ """ shavings an.l cover witli li-inch flooring tongucd and grooved. (See detail drawing.) .nn«Slfr'^^-i,?"!r*^"r''^ ^^"""^ ^""^ ^* "^"^^ ^^^^ ^est and being of permanent construction will be the cheapest in the end. 4 ;., J"?'/ ^f ^^'«'''^f. Hefricnrator and Ante-room.-Erect two rows of 2-ineh s" oiT^iJe S'tr T7 'Vn^i"' '"J'T' ' 'P-''*^" °* 1- •"'^^^^ between the inside an,l 3-inch tongucd and grooved lu.nber (spruce preferred), two ply of felt buildinsr paper. and finish with siding or clapboards uniform with the creamery building. Cover the n t} ^ I 'SI f "■ ■ [ •- 3=31 a Hi 18 Lide of the studs with two coiirses of Z-inch tongued and grooved spruce chenthing. h two-ply of damp-proof paper between. Ceilings.— Erect 2-inch x R-jnch joists at 24-inch centres. Cov. .• under oide oi ksts with two courses of J-inch tongued and grooved spruce fiheathing. with two-ply I damp-proof paper between. Finish ceiling of ice chamber with an additional course I J-inch tongued and grooved spruce over one-inch furri ig strips, same as specified walls of ice chamber, raHJii'on*.— Partition between ice chamber and ante-room, and between ice mber and refrigerator, to be constructed in the same manner as the outside walls. Lriition between refrigerator and ante-room to be constructed with 2-ineh x 6-inch lidding covered on both sides with two courses of i-ineh tongued and grooved spruce leathing with two-ply of felt paper between. Doors.— The door into ante-room and the door between ante-room and re- |igerator to be fittefl with bevelled frames, as shown in plan. Make the doors irelled to fit frames, with two courses of J-inch spruce sheathing both inside and L*ide with a 4-inch space filled with shavings, these doors to have an opening 6 feet h feet 6 inches clear. The door from the ante-room into the ice chamber to be of same construction I other doors, with an opening 4 feet x 2 feet inches clear. The bevcVicd faces of I doors to be covered with felt to make as nearly as possible an air-tight joint. Window.— Make a window 2 feet x 2 feet in ante-room ojjposite the door in the Ifrigerator so as to allow some light to enter the refrigerator when the door is open. The window to be fitted with double sash well battened. Openings for air circulation.— Make two openings, each 18 inches x 6 inches in |ie partition between ice chamber and refrigerator. Place one opening at the ceiling f refrigerator and the other near the floor. Fit each opening with a sliding cover. 1 two similar openings 12 inches x 6 inches in partition between ante-room and ! chamber. Inside finish. — The whole interior of the ice chamber, ante-room and refrigerator fcouW be given a coat of boiled linseed oil. The ante-room and refrigerator should I finished in hard oil varnish or whitewash. Put no ventilator in the ice chamber, ante-room or refrigerator. General Notes. Filling the Ice ^^aamher in Plans 1, 2 and 3. — Before filling the ice chamber, lay kbout ten inches of planing mill shavings or sawdust over the permanent floor and mer with loose boards. This layer of insulating material can be renewed every year p when it shows signs i>f decay or mustiuess. Leave a space of at least one foot «tween the ice and the walls to be filled with sawdust or planing mill shavings. Filling the Ice Chamber in Plan No. 4- — ^When proper provision has been made drainage, cover the floor with a layer of sawdust or planing mill shavings as in "lans 1, 2 and 3. Pack the ice closely against the walls and put no covering material I^Ter it. Insulation. — Refrigerating engineers have during the last few years practically piscardetl the empty space — the so-called dead air space — once extensively used for 14 hTlhl'V"'^'?- Theoreti-illy. « dead air space is a poor conductor of l,e., butthe ord.na,7 a.r space is not a dead air space. As one side of the space l-c „! warmer than the other. tl« air immediately in contact with it become. 11.},°! account of Uie increase in temperature, and at once ascend,, while colder air frrl the other side takes its place Thus we have « circulation of air within the Z\ and heat is carried from one side to the other by convection ' .n«,?''"'^''f ' '^'^ «''»7'"«!y difficult to get the work done properly when einpH spaces are depended on for insulation. The slightest crack or opening, even a aM hole, tends to destroy the efficiency of this form of construction In ie insulation of wooden walls, tlie best practice at the pre^.nt time provi.ij for an outer and inner shell, as nearly as practicable impervious to air and .h.mnne. with a space between to be filled with some non-conducting material. The width ' the spa<» will depend on the filling to 1« used and the temperature to be n.aintainii' in the storage room. ™ ' For a cold storage constructed of wood, there is no better material for Wii^M spaces than plan, g mill shavings. W.ere available at all, they are cheap; tl-ov - elastic and do not settle readily; but most important of all, thev can be i^>u^ in a very dry condition, which is essential, and, further, they do not absorb nK,i.t„. readily after Inung placed in position. They may bo some difficulty in ol,t;,i„iD, J sufficient supply of shavings in places remote from manufacturing centres l.nt mm of the large sa.h and door factories now pack shavings in bales, weighinjr nl.oiit ": pounds each, for convenience in shipping. The weight of shavings require.l to Hll! given space will depend somewhat on the kind of wood from which they are made ar,l also to some.extent on how tightly they are packed, but a fair average i« fr,',,, »J to nine pounds per cubic foot of space. They should be packed sufficientlv to t.rev,- subsequent settling. ' ' " Sawdust vs. Shailng..-Rociiu^e it costs little or nothing and is rendilv nvail.lV in most country districts there has been a tendency to use sawdust for tiliin- s,*^ m the walls of small cold storage buildings. It is, however, far from bein,^ a 'ati^ factory material for this purpose. In the first place, as sawdust is cut fr "r«: timber. It if always more or less damp and is, therefore, not a goo.l iu^ukuu ^ material. The dampness not only conducts heat, but it encourages the ^T.nvtii of mould and rot, first m the sawdust itself, and then in the walls of the buihiin'- Jl= a result of the mould the air in the storage room be..mes mustyand thus injurio;. to the quality of the foods stored therein. The settling of the sawdust, eau...! bv tfe growth of mould and consequent heating, leaves open spaces, which further wcate the insulation. In the experiments already referred to. we found bv actual t.-t that shavings are very much superior to sawdust for irsulating purposes, apart fn-m the objection to the sawdust on account of the mustiness which nearlv alwavs appear^ in rooms where it is used as a filling in the walls. If it is found impo.<sible t,. prnrure shavings, sawdust is probably the next best material if it is well dried before b«.i.i? used. Insulation must he dry.-One of the problems in cold storage construction is to provide against moi.ture being absorbed by the materials composing the insulation. Moisture or dampness may come from the outside air or from the goods in storage. It must be understood that dampness, as referred to in this connection, does not imply the presence of water in the ordinary sense, but simply the presence of moisture m we find it. say. m green luniber as compared with dry or well seasoned lumber. . ^ a wooden wall filled with shavings, it is the shavings which must be protected from dampness. This can be done by using damp-proof building paper between the two courses of sheathing, or boarding, both on the outside and the inside of the walls. Jinck or cement concrete absorb moisture readily, and unless they are given some special water-proofing treatment, the insulating quality of such a wall is rather low. The outside surfaces of brick walls may be painted with some eifect, but wh^re 15 thavin^s are to h \\*ed inside of briok or conorote, the inner surface may be coated with pitch, param. x, or some of the pntente<l coatingrs on the market. Coating walla with either pitch or paraffin in eoM r.r ewn cool weather without special apparatus is a rather difficult operation, on aw.nuit of the tendency of both substances to harden very quickly. In using pitch, rare must be taken not to get tar, or any mixture of tar, which would Iw ruinous on account of its odor. Pitch is odorless when it hardens. If the inside surfaces of brick or concrete walls cannot be properly waterproofed, the next best plan is to put one-inch furring stripe on the wall, then one course of matched lumber, which will form the inside surface of the space to be filled. It will be nil the better if the sheathing is covered with damp-proof paper Spruce Lumhn- to he r'»..rf._Only siirnce hinil.er .-hould l>e use<l for the inside finish of refrijteiarois, ice boxes, or for the w phnniber in Xo. 4. Plan for a Larger Cold Storage.— Any pers.n who desires to erect a larger and in sonic resiK>ets a more complete cold storage should apply for a copy of Bulletin Xo. 36. " hich gives particulars of a plan dcpiuned o-pecially for creamery purposes. Blue Printi Supplied frfp.— Blue prints on a scale of J inch to one foot for any of the plans in this bulletin will Ik; -uppHed freo on application to the Dairy and (old Storage Commissioner. Size of Ice Chamher. — It is impossible to lay down any general rule for the size of the ice chamber.*, ns so much depends on what the iee or the refrigerator is used for. In Plans 1, 2 and 3, one ton of ice will occupy about 40 cubic feet of space including covering material. In Plan 4, where no covering material is used it requires a somewhat less space for a ton of ice, dciiending on how closely it is packed. Quantity of Ice Required for Season's Supphi.—\ cubic foot of ice weighs 57} pwinds. One ton of solid ice mea.«urcs, approximately. 05 cubic feet. A consumpt'in of two cubic feet 115 pounds) per day for four month* would amount to nearly seven tons. Allowing for the waste when such a comparatively small body of ice is stored. a building 10 feet square and 10 feet high will afford ample space for that quantity of ice if it is carefully packed. Fift, junds per day for four montk* would amount to three tons. Allowing for waste, a solid block of ice six feet square and six feet high should be sufficient if properly stored. For the purpose of estimating the weight of ice roughly by the number of blocks, the following table will be found convenient : — 12 blocks 18x36 inches «i inches thick =: 1 ton 10 « 18 X 30 11 10 =r 1 8 " 18x36 j. 12 z= 1 4 18x36 f; 14 •• 1 6 " 18x36 a 16 •• 1 5 " 18x36 it 20 — 1 I