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II eat film* A partir da I'arigla stIpMeur gauche, de gauche A droite. et ^m haut enrbaa. ^n pranant le nombre ^ d'Imagaa n^caeaaira. Lea diagrammas suivajits illuatrant la m^thode. ■0. 1 2 3 . ^ ■ ... ,^ J 6 H 6 :tf' T';;^"..^*':^''^'* ^' r - ►'i'" •■' '' ^: i TtAito >''^' " '/mil I* -»-\i 4^ ■«?^ >^ * 'i 7M ■^iS^^ ',-fc ■r '.•■^ f»0 - , . ADVERTISEMENT. ^ •^t. F| 7it.\- /n organizing our Infant Church by th» ajppointnunt o/OJice'Weanrtf V / thought it might be tueful to son^eofmiy kK^rera who had left Scotland at an earhj^^riod of life, and to others who had been trained in the principles of Presbyterian Ooverhment in different quarters of thswdrldf to eiqflain As Comtitution of the Church of Scotland, with a particul^ referent to the design and duties of the Eldership. I soon found that my labour %tk8 not r- .4;/ t in vain; that there ivere many who hailed the infmnation communu itedj ^^*, > andjhat c. few copies of tlu Discourse for the use of the Congregation \ ng/U ^0 of peringnent advantage. These sug^tions of friends ibhosentf^ ttenl it respedi together wWs an anxious wUhtojemovt hiry ground ^insmii^ sentaHonl induixd me to commit tluse.pagfrto the press f vrith ihMjtsiMiiiU dedafct^ionf that I deprecate all controversy onthes»b§eGtf and ih^ noising 5tca« fta^SKet from my intentions than to detrdctfrem any CI nation ixlhatevsr. WhiUi % substance* <>ffA0 Discourss Is rfined^::^^^ .;itrrangement is ^slightly altered, and quotations introduced froamriiint, A/ ^< ^'y^^kfiirii;y}itstead> ofvuy own inditidual UluitraAofU, WithMholi '" -.'■-; .'^■■' >• ""■;.'.-■/.''>* vHo disamrse, a sketch is aU that could be attempte4, but wf I cii'cumstarwes favorably to such inquires, { might be vndmito tnt^r l^iore minute and enlarged discussion of the subject 11* ■ ~ •- ' oaint Johnf l^h Decemlberf 1817. &>^'':' i - ^- .— .j«*5.-'^ place cquall, trace I 4urpoio irequen Amid •olator^ 01 itiU State-H then, coi yOovtrrm former 1 office of forms ia was frai ;y nw ( nartrtf i(m\\ig;hi .:^:^- 'f'-A r ** A VIEW, &c. T. . •.. , • ■ • , " ni. J*-^ /h"'"'? °r Re'igiou" Effor, which occupiei «uch i prominent place,™ the reSord. of the ChrUtian Church, is*^ a .ubject of inouiw equally. ntere.tl^ and important. It i. interline, a. it l«,iTto trace thoM wmdjiU m which the hutnan mind i. prom to wander in iu wsarch after truthTto oofttemplale human n»t.,re in a nti^lM^ by detecting the ^ncfple. which operate con.ioUon ami i™»J.n«.?«S Stifir."?.?"/"'""."''™""" ^ "»''■>" one*, the ingmiiUty rf tttificjmd the force of prejudice, the d«poti.m of W giousCrairf thehorrom of mental ddudon, the extraWganco of pirrerdoSaS th» mind ef man a feehng of ita own imbecility; to guard ui animt tho i';,r1'?'w "f T'™ a»ociaUon. «k1 p«i,^oei,4d oSriS.TtStail«S «*i^ to Zk^Ctl^^^'^;^' ■'I'^r- "* opinion.'"* ^ " ^ > •• / • ' * f Mibyterita ■ *>>J -jr ■.. r- f J \ ■* «: .:L- '-«*^> ■^^^*^: ntK . V*"- / R^ »- W"" TreflhytorJan form, her CHnri^ art commanJcd " to f* pray for (ha af the PrMfti//rd which ominatcd nnienl of )eareru of ^ an well ishop and xprctulve m life. — fulBTB of ps, which the same Bh ail had it,'»» ^ thihp; is .ruitiecl to ers; two iahedthe >y ter wa» li. The innen of ve dSOm church f s q^ce."^ i extracts is led is thus P>ge 8^T fust. Leg. -* 37 T^*Tr' 'r r^* -^IF, •"^l i ( ff ) 'J JS^dfSrrAv The *;hurch *.a. at Hrst Rovomed bvihc common l^^^vtbLtllZ':' ^"^r 'T'' '*^"'^*^"''«' M"d-"t.n;i t^t th«y aro ?r./ ?f . ''"P">;!*'"** '" 'V/''- the Apo«tle« time."* Dr m taUr i in thesTtJ,?! « V '^*''^' ""'^•'"l^'^ Durie, a zealous Scotch hLwchl«t, ire rfi«^r Z; iV V " "^^^^^^^ muHt nil confirl/^r ''a '"''^1" the character of s{ modest divine, you no where exnre„e. any di^tinclnK^r aJicJ;.^^^^^^ SrSir ih:tti:roVrtr°p uX%^.Sa -.he':;* exDrr««^« W « n- u • L^^°/ Pr*»bylenan government'' as he liiniflcdf m& Se r rrnTh' '''r ''* ^'rY''' ofkxandHathooSg ani everaXmn/^'*^**^"** .***'' venerable Prelate declaring « I have dJmc and li'^^T"'**" *^*'*'' ^^'^^ »'«h«P and Presbyter differ only n Forbes, a zealous supoort^frF^^ Presbyters «tandeth valid.'^ Bishop .assertions, « Pre.E^ favf L^T-^^^^^^ m h.s Irenicum, makes the,; R8wcIla»V3^^^^^^ power of c^rfami,^, the^pi.eepa/Tegim:?;hy^^^^^^^^^^ en that account, nor lose their ecclesiastical rrX»t?^^ purpose IS the testimony of BishonBurnT?! It ^ ^^V^ "*"'• tresbyter to be one anV aT,'! o«rand sJ n^J«^^^ bearer in the church. The firathran^h ^Pl ? ^^"^^ ^°'' "** "e^^ce- to publish the GosDGl folo« T^'^^^'l^'^'P^^*''' "their J^ritv menu; and this Ts'^u' iL^!T^>*?^ r"**'? «»'> I*. ..-«. A I*' / ( « ) • (•!! Pmhyitrim «ccM ihot ofEnjIand) " nolwUIuiandinji; »Ii«y differ In *onrjn roMp#r»« from Oiut oC Kn;;lQn«l." " I am no far from b«»inK «o Mnchaniu[)lg at to bclievo that any of th^we ohurchov on account of thia aelecl (lor in I muit be allowed without invidioumeM to call it) nught to b«» cut off from lour communion; nw cim I, by *tny mtann, jnin u;Uh certain mail wri tow among m, indenylnj; tho validilv of their i-acrainMita and in calling In question their rlghw to tho name ol' Christian Churches. I could winh to hrinjc about, at anv price, a more clo»c union between all tho HHlormed ChurcheM." JoMph Binj^ham, a man r»f extenaivo erudition, and diitinsjuishwd by hia exertion^ in tlie caiwe of Kpiscopacy, doclarea that tho Church of Kngland " doea by no nueant out off from nor Communicm, thoae who b«lie\-o Uiahopa and Pfesbytora to be the Kftme order. Momo of our bout Eplaconttl divinea, and true aona of tlie Church of Knjjland, have eaid Ihe $ame, diatinguivhinfl; between order and jHriudiction, and made u«e of I hi» doctrine and diatinction to ordinailons of the Reformed Chi^fchea ^gaintt tho Romanii John Edwaida, a moat re»p€ctablf» divine of the Church of _ Imvinc addu(5e<| the attcatations ot;Clemcnt', Ip^natiua, Cyprian," lorn, Thcodoret, Jerome, and othet%^ivo» the following aa tho\ hia inquirUw. ** From all theae wo ifinv gather that ih« St^ripture JBiaAi^ waa tho chief of the Preabytew; but he was not of a dUtinct order from them. And ai f»t Sir Peter King, Lord Chancellor of England about the begin- nW of the eighteenth century, published a work of celebrity, entiUed " An enquiry into the Cotutitution, ifc'qfthe Primitive Chnrch thatjIourUhtd Kitf^iin the first 300 years after Christ— In tliis work hia Lordahip shewi « that a Presbyter, in the Primitive Church, meant a person in holy or- clly «up,H,rU. 'ihe .implS fact that in Vh/Xnof aJ.liT Hut high as these aulhoriiifi are in thcn.selveii, thev derive dHh-lr o( ih^ wko h.7d «™1 fr''"'",'" ' ^''"- '•■ "."•<'«>"«cti.. bod. through thcK ciUn v. 23 ordainiut flt™. jw i ■^'T"*"' > •"«' "• |»»iiins ™n«.r Ihere w.ro .uff. «Zf«2rAoi^x"lr7 ^^t""*" '» '"* ■CO.. .. longu, .„ n»i™^%hLt\jr^„M'.«*nii"; M'- ■*• wonhip n one BkcA hiit «,..-» il ^ ^-ouia not all me«t together for oraUi^rhten'Se^l*^^^^^^ awemblie. inu.t have had diSrln. I i. **^®'' *^*^' ««w seporaU Uoacons. Nay J^any of thiTr^E^^*"*' PnNiidenta, catechbtj^ Uble that moVe per^n. than orwe™ """r"'' '' »« P^o- tinot funcUon. Vet, however SLT/hlS?**? '^ l^'*''" •^^ di». ever numerous the pUc« Xrfl^L m^* of feplea and how. t^ Brethren there Ve?e ^w29S T^S^^"^ "^^^^ *»^ »" «ny city, nMr»A.^» ^u • w^re aiwayr%diiudered.a8 one Church tl- ^* petra ftom the inwjript bn» of the Aooiitlfiii Fn}-*!! «^nurch. Thia ap. in /AMe citita» To the offir«nf^/^ 5? ot Eyhism, but to /A« CiiS 1 by^ the Apostle, 1 Cor xuS uiSlfihl^r/' **""^* •■•''^'^*^« ««2' •«*n/.»wlScha;e sySonrmorwiS^^^ ^.^^ **""'," ^-ig^mnT •n Obvious dUtinctio„.U?niIZ^ btSfZ^'/ '^^^ T * ^im. v. It, ih^Eldtri who simply ruUd ^uZ^Pa "^ ^^? ^*»^ <«"Cht and worthy of double hK, ^peclaili t^v 1? T't" '"^^ ^•".be^unteS t"f«; i. e. in teachinr«S^dT^chL%L^^^^^^ «"<» doc ruled well and yet dil not Ct^or?^ dtlS^* JT" "^"^ "^^ this passage would ha^ »S. okl ?^ "S <"«^n«» U»e nusank^ -f iw>»£w7r por3 ?S^i,5SS "^^^ ^1 y jj»» '••ff^'y'.v.'jpjli'-gvpgij^j^KE^ '^r ■ , •'^'l!'^' •• ■ftrwf^. t r '■5 k-. 6 «/'/«r* or rn/#r» i/t ilu Chwrrh ;'bul tfio conwr/o dof not hoW, for"thi»M tr« ^ eWem o]^ ru/«r« who (lu rmt i»q ttliotir. , In conroniiily wUh thia ofdor o(* thinK'i inMltt) oomtnont of that l.«.urn'»J KpiM-opaUan I)r. Whilby, on ih« |»oiiHa-n rMerroil to. « Tho ElderN of iho J.iw»" wiyH h« " w«ro of t\vflrua« the nacred wrilinor^ and yet deny there i« any Hcriptural . warrant lor l'rMbyt«ry, uiay wilh at much reaton and truth, after reading the woikaofThucydidoi ai4p.qfy, a»i8cri that in thorn no mention in made of any factn relalivo to tho hi«torie» <»f Greece and Home. From the wriiingpi oPtho Falh«»rn who flouriiihod during tho centuriea lmme o«VAr will ' Hcriptiiral , t«r re«t think ii. ines whidi k^ell, being > who haa he Prwltf' or Jam«# [Knus, who i^reubytera [lOM iVM- % from the thegiaof lxuib| / IrulH, iocordihg to tho gw>d ptranura of lh« Fathir.'^ « Wo miffit th*ra4 Tore to adhore to thu««> I'ni^bytwr* who Itwp thrt Apo«iI«« d(Kiru»rt and tOKDth))r with lk4 jtrttbyjinial tuq:4^u{^m do jihew lurth Mund kgafrfh. Such PretibvliTii the chifh h nouriih«hi be told, that PreabyterianianHlaraa the form of church govern- ment m North Britain from the firat dawn «.f Chrbtian light in that coun- o^,, v. "'*' 'ijf^** Century when di.tesan BlnhopH were introduced by ralladiua.|| The Reformation commenowl in Ge nnnny in the y.rland and othrr countriea '«'• S Confcgional p. 8«r. | See f he wriiiaia of Majea. Joha de Fordao, Hsaof Bocthiaa sod Archbiihop Ulher, pafim," "^ f^ • *■■■' ^1 Vi'. i.. ' v*,i - -r /- ". a^"'"^''"'^!(ti ;N^'^ >fc* "!?' '""" »»''^(r ■■! r^ii- ht- f. i - li'" - In* :>: A. .»«'r««:»1' f ( 10 ) /" only to the doctrine, but to the form of government in the PopLih churcW atHl the 8ame spirit which abolinhed the former would have overturnei ihf /a//«r. But in the arrangements which took place in tho differerU Jtintfdoms and Htatcs of Kuropo in conaequence of the Refomation we may obHcrve soniethirit; similar to what happ^ed upon the first ealablish- tm*nt oi Christ ianify in the Romarj Empire. In both periodi, the fori^ of eccIesiasUcal polij-.y was modelled, in sortie measure upon t lat of the 01 y il Ro vernment. When the Christian Church was patronized and esla- blished b^ the stale, the jurisdiction of the various orders of ho e'cclo- uastics distinguiahod by the names of Tatriarchs, Archbishops an( 1 BibhupH, was made to correspond with the various divisions of the em{)ir4,and the ecclesiastic of chief eminence in each of these |)owe8««d authoHtymore or less oxt(^iive in jjroportion to that of the civil magiltrato who presided over the same district. When the Reformation took place, the Episcopal form of government with its various ranks and degrees of suboldinaiion,- l^w Countries wher6 the popular form of government alloWed moro full iicope to the innovatiifg genius of the Refi^ation, all preeminence of order in th? church was destroyed, and an equality established more suitable to the pjfirit of republican policy. As the model of ^iscopa) government was copiyd fromr that of tlie Christian church as established m the Roman empire, the situation of the primitive church, prior to ita,, cstabhHhment by civil authoritjiiieems to have suggeetgd the idea an4 furnihhed the model, of the hitter sytftem, which has since been denomi- . nated Presbyterian. The firat Christians oppressed by continual perw- cutiona, and obliged to hold their religious assemblies by stealth and In .; corftera, were contented with a foriiiof gcvemmcht extremely simple. The inriueqce of religion concurred witli the sense of danger, in extin- guishing among theip the spirit of ambition, and in preserving a parity of rank, tlie effect of their sufferirfes and the cause of many of their virtues. Calvin, whose decisions were received among many .protestams of thai age with incredible submission,* wits the patron and restorer of this scheme of ecclesiastical policy. T|ie church of Geneva, formed under his eye and by his infection, was deemed ^the most perfect model of this ^ovemmeht, and Knox, who,xluring his residence in tliat city, had studied and admired it, warKhly recommended it to the imitation ofhiscouiw. trymen."f ^ - ^ ■f John' Knox,ihe descendant of an ancient and respectable family, was born in the^ immediate neighbourhood ^fHaddingtop) East Lothian, in ;.- : .:•-: - -^ .'■:■.■■ -■■■ v." ■ • • *^^ • t ^'*^^'^'** Cranmer and Grin^, together witli their •ffo^ttt,. cotttrpoaded with Calvin oo many pointt relating toVburch governmeot and addrefled him io tlw %"^^ «'. pr^fband. veneration. Thefe early Reformers of the EngliOi Cbaich idl|«»ae4 Us ulcnta, Jcarning, and worth, and were better qaalified to judge of hia jAsfaaer, tbaa thofe , who aow load hiia with reproach, whilB they boaff of their fupcribr iUominstioa. + Hiaory of Scodaod, vol. 1 1. p. 4o~4«. ■I, ' '• -^ -( i V *A_ ^^^.i^Jk'sJ ( u ; th« year 1505. Hia chancter has been grovsly miaroproieiitpd, and until , a late diatinguished Biographer* appeared in his cauHe, hin name was: associated with turbulent ambition, brutal ferocity, wild fanaticism and hostility to every thing in the shape of literature and «cience-\ By bring- ing forth from obscurity and rescuing from oblivion many important and authentic documents regarding the rise and progress of (he KetWmation, the author to whom I retjer has been the means of doing justice to a cause in which the dearest iiterest^ qf men are involved. It would be a libtl on the good sense of the British nation to maintain that Knox was a weak and empty declaimer, for.iuch was his influence that he was called to England in December 1561/ where he was emptied in revising the Articles of Religion, previous jKo their ratification by Parliament^ and pro- cured an important change ui the communion-office, completely excluaing-* the notion of the corporeal) presence of' Christ in the sacrameht^ and guarding against the superstitious adojration ef the elements. In a dispu- tatton with Latimer, after the accession of Queen Mary, the Prolocutor, Dr. Weston, eomnlained of Knox, in language sufficiently intemperate to prove how acutely he felt the wound which his 'favorite system had re- ceived.t When in England in 1«53, Knox was made Chaplain to Edward VI. and was ofTered the vacant living of All-Hallows in the city of Lon- don, which ha declined. " Even the pppapect of devation to tlie episcopal bench did not fire his anibition, for t|^ing with the concurrence of Ud© PilvV Council, oflfered himabishuprick, which he rejected, declaring the ^isdopai oflSee to be destituie of divine authority in its^f, and its exerciae ,^vr4fhe. English church to be inconsistant with the eccliesiastical canons. In attestation of this fact, the Biographera of Knox quote various respectable authorities.^ The Reformer died at Edinburgh in the sixty- i'?"'^?"" ^ **** "if®* "®'' "** "*"^** ^^^ **"* ^J y®*" *" *»y fatigues of body and anxieties of mind. He was known and esteemed by the most i^!?"^ individuals among the reformed in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Principal Smeton, who cannot be suspected of partialitK !rJlI!?. ,?"^*' *"" against the attacks of his calumniator Hamilton. .«Thi8 illustrious, I say iUustiimu servant of God, John Knox, I wUl cl ftom your feigned accusationMid slanders ratlier by the testimony venerable assembly, than }>y my own denial. This pious duty, thb — ^a well spent life, all of them most cheerfully discharge to their exc^l- lent instructor in Christ .Tesas. This testimony of gratitude, they all owe to hitn, who they know ceased not to-descrve well of all till be ceased to breathe. Released from a body exhausted in Christian warfat^^ and translated to a* blessed rest, ivhere he has obtained the sweet reward of his laboursj he now triumphs with Christ But beware, sycophant, "of ,"J?""»ng him when dead : for he has left behind him as many defenders w hi* reputation, as there are persons who were draivn, by his faithful weachmg, from the gulph of ignorance to the knowledge of the Gospel.% His character-was revered by the contemporary divines of the Church of MnA?r':.!fT"^' //°5'P''3»6. *M'Cri«LifeofKnw,vol.i.p.ioi.3ded, and 2>cott I Lives of the Refi. p. 143. ^Snietoai Refp. ad Hsmilt. Dial. p. y4-ii|. 7 / ' ^JSL>i£Mi^^^ rLSf^^a^S^^ •af-- ^W^^fgf^fWW^. y .'*( t. ~ ' . "Vffi \ V (12 ) of EnRlontl. Bishop Iklo dfedicaled hi« work on tlie;Scotlijih Writere to John Kifiox and Alexnndor AIchji, nnd though he )md been the opponent of tho flefbimer at Fiankfoi*, ho addresites him in th« most endearing and flatierinjf terma. « Te vero, KnoX<>, (Yater amantiMimo, &c." Adding . this general tesllnuvny to lu« virtucH — " Nemo ert enim qui tuam /idem, conHtantiam, patient iam, tot erumniH tanta per8ecutione,exilioquediulurno ^ Surypc« Life of Griodal, p. 19, to. ^ ^ ^•. s.'*- ■, k- ( 13 ) . Judgniftnt. And^QioJhforTvn of Switzerland thoueh» inferior in ilm i. Thich ^™.X. S^KTr ' «''X1»™<='' "'"«'' •""J" into U.» h.art^ .™L A .1, -f 'fgP""l»"''e. »" *« to form a hideous compound H. mJ^^? ' tanaticistn, and inlolemnce. In a letter to Dr. iCberisnn Hume betrays his own secret. " Tell Geodall » J^vlh^ ulu^l^ft * vt; i«ouf'^^ t': *"^^ «"^ th7refl>re« i^ than Air hT,!: * J . u.H? *^»^» •>«tter acquainted with their historv ottL'L"tirae"r^^^ ani »>• >enturom S uttered in iL^-m^^^ one sentence of a itinigM Jorb^the dSate of a S ''• -f? ' ^"S? ^''^ ^°*^^« ^»»«^«^ low decrfepit humoui of thaSr *^''''"*,T"i'^) y«'^<8^i«i«ng with cTery reformer*?" kSom l^Zl7?\u''''^V^ ^rl^Snoxhim^lf, t£ Ihesense oftK^i^a„^f^ ^ ness, or the presuSSlr^.S ^r*" ^^''^^ ^ ^'^•^^^o*' ^^e fearful eWmay harSheTpe^it^^^^ "^^rr*''^ What^. was go(xl, and its trLL'^^kfit k 1*1^' the cause ofihe reformer*^' oppoJerTiS haJ^trfi /il' ^ celebrnt^a when the names of iST freedom m fiSm «?^ " >**® ^*^- theirs was the cause of ihe rays of genSs the InfhS^ ? ^'^""^ ^ ^^'hose magic toucVkindled the fi^edom^S poS' 2 ol^U^^^ andtheflarne of eloquence; variety, and boundlJ^sS extent To £ Z^'^l^ ^valuable, rich ia we are under suon^n ohS^n a *^t^ "^'^^ '*^™ *^<>«« *<> whom dudl be proudTrecoSl aif^^T/ 1"'*^?^ S^"«"«"« *»«^«» postenU. m loBt to every ger^^^^ f^i^^^ t '^'' ' Impossible f-you 'i •» V" . I, *i. r';' i!;, m. ' ■ :• ( 14 ) * ' / cIpTo of gratitude — Tli« Reformcrphavo betn much calumniated for the rava^'og which were corumittod on the sacred edifices, Pr. M'Cri** proves that the accouhln are much exagjforatod— that itho demolitioR of tho monastories with their dependencies ji all of whii>h they can bo .lM8, \ Presl>yteriani8m, as the National F!a(rm of Religion, was established in North Britain^, by , a formal statute frcan the Crown, June 6, 1592. In this Act were defined the powers ar$i privileges of the ecclesiasticat courts. All former ratifications had been vague and indeterminate. Ghunch •■* • 435 — 44**l ^ Lenvuii dc teb. geO. ScotOfun. * Life of Knox, vol. i, p lib. 10, p. 537, edit. 1675. .r !*' # ' ' ••, 'irS^V^ - i / / ratified at ih« Revolution In l^ft«„j^« n'*"** I ^'^ '"c'' *' >^w of Union betwe3^^^^^ -fir-<» - the ArUcIei The current t^TDondar i 11 L hn i1 '^P'^fVPa /orm of Church polity, the order of bLCs aVln imn i'"'^ ^^^'^v^r^r powerfully aUinit seen in the supirsSus a,S Lm^^^ remembrance of what they had that kpi.h emL«d:Xh?^i^^^^^^ 5^^^" ^f^ their eyes, a system of worahip and (hHcinUnA in -Zi ^*^#'» ajid engraft upon all the mummerv Ld fol t Eh .i! i? T'"^' .t*»emb;{ng their own. Indeed, UirStTtm m.l n^' ^* ^^^^^r^ F ^"^^ exploded.* J worship and cfurXoveZ^^^^^^ Reformers renpocting tho«e ofKnoxandTheSreri n^T""^^^^ point with in a letter, dated i^^bruaTs 15^^^^^^^^ Gfeneva. Hooper, bishop ofCanterbu;;X7istp?o1^RSr^^^^^^^^ ^^,^>'f- and Bath, were»incerelv b^nt «n u!J!,»^ It' ^-f **t' I>avid8, Linco n, Norwich, in Ker to cSr P k*"" . 1 firkhurst, Bishop of « O J would to S woiJd^ ? J !^'^.1» ^^i' *^vonUy exclaim., would in good SerDrooi^n^^' f^^ ** i *'*'*' T ^'^ English people Zurich asVHTtTbX^XnlJ'tT^^ number of other ecclesiaiticii «.WHh^ .k-^®®"^*'^^?'^ wiib^agreSI - New Testament Ce Ho m^^^^^^^^ « thatifSe in order, but only deacons or Ste™ ««S^^'*Sree8 or diitinetiona Of the i^meimindiere CrinmeS B^Cl'^^^^^ ,-* ^..»..uii ■iieecn,aunng the re gn of EdwaVfl vr «rJ, r"""!""/ "wusea in •ubstitutea i;^ ite placl CoqS, simile to ihLui ^^ 'i^^'P'^^^ndeni Oi4 Synods Vfterwards inlriS^cT L 1^ ^'i;f.T°^^ proposed by tnmmer, and Tthe mote^^l ^^"'^ ^'l"**'»' ^*~ tM period, were anxious for the nS-cSu^^^^^^^^^^^ ""'^ *^»e» «f .luring the interval betwc^Jn^ Th^^ Zl^trtir^^^ ofmodSiiraSSlerKy^rr^^^^^^ of the passioitejnust be depKd I hi^^ • t® T*^®'*« *»«* ravage. .^. Which di^ ^ra^ '-^-"n^^tferiS^xS , 'I '7 ■-M i -,' ( a ) \ m I f ' lny a nolemn Isagiu and covtnant to effect uat« Iho ejclli^pdfiofl of epincopacy. But let it not bo fori^utten that they atoned by blood i'ot thoir uncharitablqneaa and crimes. " It was a moving inight," says Bishop Burnet, " to nee/ ten of the prisoners hanged upon one gibbet at Kdin- l>urgh. Thirty-five more were sent to their countrioH and hanged up before their own doors ; their miniaters (episcopal) all the while usin^ them hardly, vnd declaring them damned for their rebeljion "* I «*hudder to relate the rehncment of cruelty to whicMhey were subjected. Th<3> measures of the cpJHCopalian party, it is iinnosbible to justify. " I had drunk in the principles of moderation bo early^' says the author last quotcdj " that though I was entirely Episco[»fil, yet I would not cnjjage with a body of men that seemed to havo the principles and tempers of Inquisitors In tnera, and to have no regard to religion in anvof their proceedings.'^ And it is well known that the foroceedings of his brethren were so repug- tiani to the principles and feelings of that excellent prelate, Leightor^, that he resigned hjs archbishopnck of Glasgow, appeared at Court/on{d told the King, " He would not havo a hand in such oppressive measures^ ivero he sure to plant the Christian reli^n in an infidel country by them ; much less when they tended only to^lter the form ef church-govcfrnmenjL" Burnet adds <' He thought he was in some sort accessary to the violenoea done by others, since ho ^"^ ono of thorn, and all was pretended to be done to establish them and their order."| I shall conclude this detail in the language of modern stanch Episcopalians. ** Our principles ara generally known ; friendly they are- to regular government and to legiti- mate establishments of every kind. We do not much admire the consti- tution and discipline of the established Church df ifk:otland ; but 4fl an establishment sanctioned by the laws avd guarded by the public faith^ we respect it; we have defended it, and would yet defend it, against the rash and ignorant zealots who would overturn it as readily if they couM, as they would our own. We hav& long remarked what we think ratfaec an inconsiderate error oq^^t^e p^rt of the Clergy of Scotland :— They have almost as little in common, and quite as little to do withthe Qif- ▼ananters as w^have. Were such pridciples and practices to bec^tfne dominant i^in, the Church of Scotland would meet with as little m^tcV as our own.^ " Were all the enormities charged against the Chukm and government and clergy of ^otland^ at the period referred to^ tM^ we should deeply regret that such men were ever vested with so ratich |K>wer ; but this conviction and regret woul 1 not affect our opinknMk mtjier as to the Episcopal constitution of the Church, or the Monarchia|l cpnstitution of the State. In like manner we aio of opinion that tfaisi I conduct of the Covenanters no farther affects the present Clergy and Church of Scotland than as they choose to approve and defend it, wh^ it appears to us to be utterly indefenaible. " The Church of Scotlanctanft the people of Scotland, in general, have much reason to be iindignaitt at those wno would make them answerable for the wildness, the extrmvir*] once, and the crimes of tho Covenanters, and who would plaoe >' ' " ■ ■ >^ ■ P»^>y| ^ Bttmet's HiS. ol hit own times, fial. p. S36, 137. t Vtid p. lij. t ^^*^ P* 'If* ] ))re8en perturi efteot, than t -Cilencc Scotlar 3d.- Acts o , ordersi l\tow— I tvas onl of Mini truth m distinct should I to dispc sures ao They w inf in I the plea twelve it John Er John Sp John Wi John W ofKilma the Chu compilcc was virt Alloxyed 1 order to i and to pr the Gem sioners v [tivelyand what was Presby tei take sucli ■V "' /. '^: ■■•Kli*»|f pertiirbatort of tlio peom of their co«nlrv Th« nrl„„. T-i. k V"'"}^ .«™t no n,ore U, /„i?h th« p^LipKa r«&«rth^c"„i''„'S;" Sin™ " P"""' B-vommenl ha, [o do wi.h th. ho r M„ mlZT"?' Buree a« miffht apDearevnp?Ln ? ' ? "? ^".*"^' to adopt buoh mea- he pleasure nnhi^^ T? "^^J^ ' ^'^ ^*»* juriHdiction, and removabfrat JohnKwkine R^Y^^'Vn*"P*L'"^"'H"^^«f««^«'^apPoin namely! John Winram S„h.pl"^^r«?^.^* **®r ^"** Superintendant of Lothian — John wxrk:l:pe^rn"^^^^^^^^ omS;^ compiled ty Andrew ffll^!^^ ^»»« '^''^'^'^ ^'''>* ^^Poty v.as'virtualfy abof8^ iuL^h °tSf"A ^^'l^V^ SuperintendanU^ AlloxyedtoretoinZStlelanAl^!!"'^'"'**"^'' '*'**" '" °fl^«» were o^erto«upplythawLT!?;Su;™^ I« and to promote the establishJnTn* «*•« u ^^* ""» "It to a great degree, the General A.8eX fromTml^^^^^ throughout the country; sionera ^vho weT??acT"omS^^^^ tivelyandwhoseofficeftwCSr^^^^^ <^<*"oo - what was wrong, todep«^S^^^ **^^"*^*^"«''**°''«P«rt PreBbyteries, to attend trtLmtSnii" »"^«f ^y? ^ P'ant KirksVnd take auch o4er st^s J^ a^^^^^^^^ f **•« ^^""'^^ »"<* *<» *^ng appointed at ene GeS aEi? ?ji*"' '^^ ^^e general good. ^laininoSlce tUl thrnex^fwSn theJ«&h*^K ""T ""^^"tood to re- nued as, to the wisdom nJiH;?? ^hey might either be removed^r conti- M when the P«!h^S« **»*' Court, appeared fit. Aftertheyear 1«M • l«UiOo. t The title of ^ JwuTeured Jw a "^ r °/'^""' ■°*' ^'wrteft Pcrfo- ^ no greater ^er thT^KSa^i'^J' ***• ''^*''' ^'"^^J"** CifW. b«ru,ey '^^V^ •/* •i^f •t.i-^.s ioki^^i'-iuyi&ii^iv /■ A. ( i« ) r f . -!' 1 \% ■ kh ) : / 6t Icnjifh when tlic country vvn« well planted with churches ondmlnitdrri/ th« n«»eo»ij»y of it was lew visible. Partan were the ordinary parish huni-^lers to whom waw coinmitt«'d the care of nouId. Their olHj?« waa to pr«'U( h, dis[)enKO oitlinanceH, exoroiuo dintipline, vini*, oxAmlne, ruhuko, aiitl t'xhort. iho l)t»ctorn or UaiJurt, au the word ■ignirtoH, wcru art crdt'r of men appointed Hpccially ior tho4)urpoBe vt' ox pounding the Scripture, ronfutirvj^ nror^, taking charge of the litoruturtund theologi- cal aUuWeu of cundidute*) for the miniMtry. All-'JouKh tlie two ofllreb were view«d as in th^'niHi'lvoH diHtinct, yet in few par iBliea worn they held by Bopiirato iinlividiinln. 'rhrtonl^ vestige which now cemainH of tjie ancient oidi'i- of Doctor iH to bo iound in the- IVofoBrtors of Theology in the (liflTur- ent I riivrrsiiioH. Ah the highcHt Degree in Divinity, Iaw, und Medicine, tJie lit 1^ is 8omi'(iinary parUh heir olli(?o was Qinino, r«;l)uko, iiiti«'H, w(>ru art ?i|uiundin$; the ti and thoologi- ■ vo (irtirob wcro ■<> ihiiy UcUl by ofHui ancient y in the (iiflbr- lind Medicine, 'kally constitii- :(^niu!{t««d with ™l constitution, ohial Hchoolft; art of reading. >i inorH, '^lioBo (ir zeal for tho ror{;ieij to the f piiiifh, to bo i(.', aa ohbtaclcii y througli the Dvenuob of the sh an order of people on each f'gular Pastor, v-To there was ary aubstitutej md conducted roinotod to the pound, to visit -ohibited from of the church. le seventeenth sd to Scotland bility to read, our standards At comment, BM i almost pecti> of the Gaelic or Precentors 3 many of tho to be wishe4 schools, com- , Eloyal charter) ly be crowned ThJ w I ( 10 ) ^r"^^^*'"* ^'*' ^*«*»"*»^^y proved) wa^ in prinuiivn limftB, synoni- inoui with ni«hop. Hut althouch the trrni i^^ thus unod b(»lh in (ireek Jind highah,it iH now J4en.'rully reatticted by us t(. r»oi), and it n of otllcoM iH in lutnm ca*CH al>Hulul«ly n«*('eHiiaryi cannot l»i» xm:iitu llm riinctionM uf cuch uiitl ncronlin^ •N tilt) dutlcM ol' (liHtiuct ofTict'S are imtro or Ivm nearly lohiied, lo may the union *>♦» nior« or Iohm oxpodiunt. Th« law ol" tiio church it oxprofiHly ill liivuiir ul' tho iliHtinction, hui f^encral umui;i) in in favour ol' tho unin<^ — ThiiH it ap|ioart that",thu iirii(itml comtitution of tho church to which \v<» nr<»lonH lo h<'l()n(j, wan ntiintJod on the K»'nulne fpirit of Apoflohc.^oxnmplu, in aofaroH that exuntpio HunctionM u variety «r ollicev itujitod to th«^ ciiHM of on nit'anl Vittuhliiihtnont, au*l^ diat now iVnin the prugroMut' know lud};n together with rircuniHtanccM ol' a joral' or temporary nature, t»»»nie of thfxe ofliroH heinj; unn<>ce«iury ar« either wholly diMconliniiod or united in bnoindividtinl portion. 4thisi*In lh6 year 1502 thoic Acta of Pnrliainont of which the Clergy had long corn|iluinod us oncroachinenls on their prern{;jativo5«, were res- cinded or explained, niid (ho jpiuibvterian govornment wau eittablished tu it now existfi,m iln Kirk JSeHHionii, %eiihyteriet), Provincial ftynods^and General AHHcmbtiuii, v^ithulltho difTeront hranchcu of their diBcipline and jurixdictiou. Ah legally chartered courts, they are incorporated with tho civil polityiijf the country.* The sch^eme of governincnt thus siinctioncd by the King and L'arlinnient, in uHually regarded an an ex^ct copy of tho church at Cienovtt. Thin Heemtt not to be the real utato of tho caso. Knox iiHiciated fur some time in th^ Church of Kn^rland, but before his exile on .the continent lie 8«om8 to have had a secret dioliko to its Liturgy. Hia dinlfko waH increased «luring hi» robidence on the cortflnent by inter- courHO with Calvin and tl;e foreign reformers. At Geneva he saw a church which upon flte v:fu.>tt' correnponded with his idea of tlie divinely authorized pattern ; hut he did nut in(li<nuine ionn u variety aiitl^ Umt nuw Bt oC a local ' xy ara either h the Clergy 'C9, worn ren- in cvtablitfhed I ftynoda, and ti Helpline and itcd with the lis sanctioned t copy of iho I of the case. »ut before hia its Liturgy, lent by inter- ma he saw a tlie divinely nor Hei\filely pie, Hslidayf led in (hat of known that he -.composed me;^a, in the Jminiatration noticed, but rk-Session or 1 respectable nking charge linintera of a prcsentatives PreHDyteries forms a pro- vincial ( 2» ) I vinclil Svnfld. While the ron«tltuUon of tha Scottish Church admiU of lu. MiiM.rlority nf on« Minisler (Prenbytor or Oiiihon as you may chus« (o call him) •bu\;e anothi-r, it rfi|uiros from all its individual m«in»»eni. rtnd from all iU Inferior judicntoi ie» strict ohfdicnco to ili.we who me plac^a In auihorltyovi-r them— Kvery court is b<»und to lay tht racoid olall !(« pr(.recding«.fiom time t.»Mm« bclbro the tiibuniil which in Its imniediutA su|)erior ; and anv part of its proceedings may bo brought, byapi»oal <.e coinpiaint, under (ho review of a higher jurisdiction :-Ses,/ons ai« amenable (o I»re.byi«.rlnH, IVesbvliirie« to Synods, and all to tlio ihnnat Au_^tmbhj, which iH the Supremo hcclesiastical Judic atory and most augUHl tribunal within the Scottish dominions. I have heard it remarked by my late mudi i.Hioemed inntructor Professor Dugald Stewart of the Univer- *\iy of hdmburgh, (himself an KIdor of thoChurth) Uiat the tJenernl' Assembly resembles the popular deliberative. a«seinbly of the ancients inoro than any C<.urt which now exists tn the world. 1 vhall avail myself thonccountcl its constitution which that eminent philu«opher has j5lven In his Lite of Ptlncipal Uobertnon, who for thirty years tookal/>ad in its^ehberatioiH. The account is chiefly t.h« produiHion of Dr. Hill, " 1 rincipal ot St. Mark's Clh-g,, in Iho Unfvorsity of Saint Andrews : J llie l^eneral Aweinbly of tlie Church of Scotland is composed of ro.ro- Bcntatives from Ihe presbyteries; from the Royal boroughs; from the (five) Universities ; and 1 rom the Scotch church at Campvere In Holland, irie preHfjytories send two hundred and ninety members, of whom two' nundred and one are ministers, aad elghty-nlne eld.rs ; the r<»yal borouffha j^end H.xty-seven members, all of whom are lay-men ; the universities sTnd five mcinibers, who may bo either lay-men, or niiniHterH holdinc an oflSco in the liniversUy ; and the church ol^ Campvere senda two members, one ministe^ and one lay-elder. The whole number is Oree hundred alS C^^'-Vj.'! ^ *" t'»'« hundred and two aroTmlnisters, and one hundred Sll ! ft?' ,'"k*^'* ^"^^«'y •'««" '"^"'tJ ^ representation in tha^ ]CS: T\^ i'"''V^''.^ T '""^ ^h° '^'"^ f "-'^^^'K* v.ill bo extendadio f. L«^" . K f^''"'^''' •" "f H'l'' North America. The General Assembly . ?tvTed thJIr r!J.''r««*^»;« King in thep'erson of a Nobleman, whS 1-^ S f I;^' J High Comini8«.onor, who opens and dissolves the Court S.J^ "" I ^- ^'"^"? **"' '•*'" "'^ ^°i<5« »n 't» doliberations. In thfa Supreme ecclesiastical judicatory is comprised the collected wisdom of the whole church ; matters both civil and sacred in which the intaresta iL^^ri^"'*"^ T '""'''^^1^ '''^"'"** ^^« »"'>i««^ «it»*er of judgment oc Farhament of (,reat Britain. The mixture of ecclesiitical and lay. rC/ \"f ''"'^ **:t ^^*'"'' ^^^'"••chcourts is attended with the happi Jt Jr^tr ^\?''^'fS^^. that esprit dt carp, which is apt to prevail in all Crrv of ^-^ ?[:'r'"""l'"*'"- . ''"/°"*- the principal WiUty and WmL/ ? '^""^ ''." "PP"'^l"nit7 of obtaining a seat in the General i^SouSwn' iT/? '"'''^"* "« u?J"^' ^»- ^^^ '^^'^^ attendance ; aS^ although in tha tactious and troubleaome timet which our ancestpn saw, y - //' ( 29 ; Efil AiMinbly, by mranii of thU mixttifi luicamo « iccn^ of tfcbaie, iim iccidflntil dvit {• euuiiU>rbatttm;««(t b/ |M»nn«npnt th«« pr«^#¥v^ jifUuw kiy-intiio)ipttch uf whitovvr PIpnt'gH Umtit'inTuI \HMoml!|^ ban lt««*n untibtc (o ovrrfftkA. \^fl|y tho \*:i u( luU'i which Kav«) a Inj^ut oHtabhuhmcnt to tho form of elmreh i(iivnri)in«itt luiw dohncatt'il, lh«i patron uCii vut^gnt iwrinh wlm entitU'tl tt» notrtinata to Iha prt>itbyl<»ry a p«rion fully qtialifiud fur th« oI)k'i>; and tim pr«i*bytcry w«r«» ro4|iiir'Mlf ufter nubjrcihig; tht* nroii«*ntoo to ct'itain ti iuU and ttxuiiiinationii, of which tlicy wuiu cunHtiiulvd tho Jud;;o«i'* to ordain and H«*tilo him ai« mini«t«*r of tho iKirivb, providod !^4 roiovAntobjnetionMhoul'l b<^ mtntt'd to hi** Ii1'n,dt>ctrino,iuid<'ovon*d^but It wan rotainod only for a f«)W yuarn ; tho K«*volulion bavins^ introduced 1 nowfyntcm, which vested the ridii of eloclion in thu h«^ritor«, oldart| ■nd hoadx of famillos in tho pari»i. Tho lUth of Qucon Anno At last restored tho riij;hlM of patrons ; but tho oxeruisn of these righlM wuh found to be so extroincly unpopular, thai ntinistortt were ^enorallv HOttt«d, till after tho year I7;l0, in the nianncr proHci ibod by the Act of Kinjf William. ])urin;; ihi-* lonyj iniiiod, ai)jMi>rnion to tho Ittw of pulronui;e took deep root in iho mindaof the potAlr; and the circumstances of tho times wero •uchuH to render it Inexpedient for tho rhuich courtn to contend with a' [ii|U>judiCo no invcterulo and univerHsl. When tho rrosbyterian eHtablisli- ' wont fell a sacrifico^ to the policy introduced at the Kostoration, tho mini»terH who refuMcd tci conform to prelacy were ejected fnmi their churches and underwent a severe persecution. To this part of Scottish history 1 alluded under.a I former head, and tltough the non^conformista and covenanter* cannjbt lie ju)-tiHed in ever>' part of their conduct ; yet li'' the fHmneicfi. which they displayed exhibits an energy of character and a ^- forco of principle whi h has never been Huri'flHHcd TKeir situation, whil« deprived of tha tounfennnce of law, and leftJ||^ii^dy to the guidance of private conncience, wnw jk-cesnarily Huch, a mSJJHMi*^ in^ope ndant ^ {)'rinciplei incori.»istenl, wiili^!-;ular t^ubonlinuJifiuHHlkciplineMpiS accordingly^ at the Revolution, when the Pre4BHliniP>vernmenrwaa i-«-CKiiibU^hed niulnmry of tho ejected ministerh rentored to their pulpits, » ,.tl\ey brou;;hi alon;j wi|th tin m into tho church a spirit scarcely compati- ■"■** ' 'with tho Connootibn in which it stood with the paratpount authority ^liil%. '.Vheir^ucces-stora, trained in the same senliinentH, eaw the g^^ revived in tiaiea which they rejarjyd with a ji-aloua '57 ■ ,"' „ eya I ■.rf . -S ^- >.ttL. . ( 23 ) : ' #5« ■ml \iowm\ it ■• an wpp»na«^ oj' «»pi^tM»[>«iry wtiUli li won llio duty w t»«*y a'KHi I ♦••*>jt€f ittrt i»— aBB©^^ ^'niiti tn# p^HWrn*, iiit*ittfurif> ro«l-t«tl with vli>|.Hir« th«i rtrxtmmnpl whit h wi»h nmiln nhout lli.» your 17*> to •xotil«o thiH ri^hJ, llw #uri h <»{irt*i ttlilwuijh tJioy coul.l no* tntirely ili»irt(;nr«l ilu- law, cutilrliM kf^ nmny lri«lnm'e» lo retuler it iitvl* frcnuftl, aiKlfcJUH iitini.t|»)?|.rinfi church gov«rnnioni, that a prfli«m"*« •'xerdno ofputronajr'*, ^* anitlhe latter, •trenuouu advocatou for th« cauM^ and rij;hf»of iho peoiTlo. At th« h.ad «.f tho forlnar wan the colobrated hiatorian Dr. llube^n, *rko maintained, that tho tWo capital articlaii which dintint'uiHh pr%^«hyt«ry from ovory other oc«;l.>»iaMti(ttl e«lul)lihhnn»nt, ai« th.« purity gf il« mini- storHand iho BubordinHiion of it« judicatorloi.* H Wh«rov«r thfre U a suhordumtion of courts" to e dwputod Hn(l disobeyed hy inferior courtu with impunity, the Prwibv- tcriaii constitution wt.uld bo entirely overturned; On Ihii 6uppo«ltion. tiiere h no occuMon tor the Church of Scotland, to meet in it» Uencral AHsombhe-nny hlore; ii;^ government i« at an end; and it in expom-.l ta the contempt and .com of the world a» a church without union. ord»r or discipline ; dcHtitute of btrcngth to support its own conititution. a«d ' alhiiK '"to ruinH by the abuse of liberty.'^ « Ah patronage-is the law of tlie land, tl>o conrtn of a national church e«tabli»hed and protected by law, and al the individual miniHters of that church ute bound, in as fitt as It doponds upon ex..rtion8 ariHing from the duties of their place, to friytt .rf r« J T"'^ «^PPOHition to Uie legal rights of patrons tends to diinini,!! oi^ert«inr?h''u'''' «•! /he subjocU of a free government ought to tWnUh . Ih ^ *" ^^'^ 5 «"^ ^\ » dangerous to accustom the peopte to iJSi I / ^^?"r'"'*'' *^° '■'*'°'' t^"''*^ "» operation, iK'cauSeHicco^.g ' 4J«»ne instance leads to greater hcentN>usne«H.» There is much truth in • U^erwri'r"r*''i*"« -nT*"^ ^"'^ ^^ **>• enlightened mind in Which tU^nTlT T'i'u ^^'"^ »^"^«ver„rtany eminent men were enlisted on dLav J htV M? f'^'"''"' ^"J* ^^^ eloquence which u-as somelimea' hlTnn^i. ^ ^'^ diustnous combatants on Uiese and similar questions, «^ a nl r ^""J^f^d •" «"y Court in Europe. I hesitate to pronounce on i^queauoa wiaeb h^^engageU so many eillighlened champi^ We 1. ft ^.,^. , !* -i ^^ ♦ llfW s 11- t ■' , I • . * "V, ' . (' r N r-ifi«iM4IA'-.t 'K'' / '!'&.,. » " i • I, r '^ ( a-i ) X ofZpZlVl^^^^ '""''^"^ '" opposition to the will S^wwith CheL fr, "^^^^^ Lordships that I profes. ancj * ^^;'^Y''^'\^}^^df^rgIurs; the other thought. that^akLth^^^ itnphe^ approbation of the Church and her corruptionc S t ferpfo^ Dvteriana, Imving their respective Associate Synods, and are to be found notonly in Scotland, but afso in England, Ireland, and the UnUed States ti^Tf' ^^?l'' ^»>he Presbyterian 'Minister^ in Nova-Sco L be^^S to these classes,! but as the grounds of distinction do not exSoS Bide o^ the Atlantic, they ar6 all united in one body Iwltan^Ji! • and Forms are those of the Church of Scotland ,?^but*thdr1v1^^^^^ «ducation IS somewhat different, their theological^iidks n^t hXn.^^n„ ducted at the University but «nW Teache^.^Stv„ bld^'^V^^^^ «/ onhrEl;^!^ and a Mr. Munro. who ^^^^ '"^ ^•'"^ " '•'^ P-'P^ of »«hc. (boa .:;...__,.,, 1.::^., J!b«s. ''Wv-'-im.im^ $.^:- I ODMlace with too obation* may bo t hid manner or ir various tastes; ani^ most uaeful sition to the will lid the acclama* ^worthlosa. A urcli itself; ha^ in his hands a ivil right to the ire their accept- e time, patruns the (liHpoea> of ef'erred is every astotal labourti. mstances of the ften committed quired milifeiry the established known by t^ lie church were lowinjj burgess e distinction of I profess anij ed within thiij le thereat and religion called the oath, and aking the oath and therefore ive strict Vres- re to be found United States ■Scotia belong exist onathis eir^^Standards ^eir system of lot being con> body. They Licenso icotlaod. oF all tandtoari ;d by the muai- r. Munro, who ed one of their >f another fooa ( 25 ; ticertsft ftnd Ordain Iheiroi^'n preachers and every ohu«^h has the richt of choosmg its own pastor. At home, they have spUt into various sub. divisions, but on the whole they are respectable for lilents, learning, and piety. jA species of Seceders from the Church of Scotland arose in 1752. called the A'tiA: oi Rduf, who diflTer from the e^tabluhment chiefly in retaining the right of electing their own religio/s instructors. I need not add, thai there are also Episcopalian Disw^nters, who are numerous m the North of Scotland. They are the ortly remains of the ancient tpiflcopal Church, which was, after various/fluctuations, abolished at th« KevoluUon. They have Seven Diocesesjokmely, Aberdeen, Ross, Glas- gow, Moray, Edinburgh, Dunkeld, and Brechin— they give the title of Bishop to those who preside over thew/dioceses, orie of whom is stiled Frirjate, but these appellations are nbt regognised in law— they have neither revenues nor tomporlil jurisdiction. The gradation of church governinent as established in Scotland, has been admired by many who view/it only as a human contrivadte, .war^ ranted hy expediency, not by Scripture. « He" says Lord Clarendon, » who will observe all that woi practised in the primitive timetf cannot be of the communion of any one church in the world." When we refer to scriptural example for the authority of modern practice, we must nol> lorget that to example could not go beyend the circumstances of the Wrticular case in which it occurred, although by fair inference and ana- P I}.™*y sanction many things which tbat case did Dot require or admit k n application of the church at Antioch to what has been called the Council of Jerusalem, is an example and authority for a reference from an inferior to a superior coui^. The example could^ ifi this point go no farther from the nature of the case. But its auth»rity goes fac beyond It. It] li quite sufficient to authorize an appeal or a complaint (as well as a reference) frtiij An fnferior court to a superior, and every ^ other jurisdiction of theruperior which the circumstances require. It authorizes not merely the subordinaUon of one inferior to one superior courts which is all that the example mentions, but such a gradation of court-jurisdiction as the circumstances of th6 Christian Church, indifTer- ent situations, render expedient This i^ but .one illustration. The idea my h^ illustrated by a multitude of similar cases, and shews 4he absur- dity of M«tr conduct, who, while they neglect or explain away a great ' part of the prtulke which is clearly found in the/Bible, affect to fix ^own the practice of modem times to the precise letter of the precedents tbev gioose to refer to, though ever so contrary to their true spirit and dsBtgi Every ioto of the Presbyterian scheme could not possibly be found in any ' ■cnpture-example, although the general system is explicitly authorized by the practice of the nririiitive church as far asvthe ^nses occurred, ci iimdar principles, the Episcopal form has been defended. « It cannot be proved" says Dr. Paley, « that any form of church government l^a»'* laid down m the Christian, as it had been in the Jewish scriptures, xviik the view of fudng aconatitution for succeeding ages ; and wnicb conyiUw •'. :; tttUoiv"^' ■4' % -t!:^ ■.!«.vv*^vi '-fiSii'l?i'-1if^i 1' . ' - ' - ' ■ ^ ' ' f, i km- ■ ' im tution, cnn^Pquenfly, thft disciplos of ChnaUanily; woulJ cvo^ wher^ ami at all t,i„e.H, by tl.o very law of their religion, be obliged to adopt.' 1 ho truth 8601118 to Imvo bt^cn, that mdx otficoa were at first erecti-d in ino Uirwiian church, an the good order, -the iiwtruclion, and the exigen- cies ol the Hociety at that time required, without any intention, at least nr .h?r^"^'\' '''rlnt'.'^"^ °^ rfffulating the a,>puint.nent, authuriir, or the distinction of Christian nu|ii«tor8 under future qircumaiance*."* And 3ay« tr.e Bishop t»f Lincolil « as it hath not plea^d our Ahniirhtv l-ather to pn bcnbuan^ parlicuia^form of civil government for the seeu- n.y of temporal comforts to his rational creaturesj ^o -neither has ho pivHcribed any particular form of Ecclesiastical polity as absolutely necea. ^ sary to the attainment of otei nnl huppiness."^ j « J. "\'i'TT'"\t'i"'%' *'^' "'« <-*hurch of Scotland are contained in wl-at 8 c« Ml the W e«trrl,stcr Confession of Faith, which, at the Revolution n 11,88 was received as the standard of the National faith, ordaining that no ivcrson l)e admitted or continued hereafter to be a minister or preacher within thi6 church, unless that he subscribe l<, th s Confessipn of J aith, dcda.ing the same to be the conf.jssion of Aw faithr' And by the • II V f\ m""! ' ''^ l*^^"" '"""^ '^ required " of all Professors, Principals, Kt j.^en s Masters and ethers bearing office" in any of the Universlti^pf ocoi janu. 1 riGbe Articles aae frenerally conHidered Calvinistic. Majh not djspute about ntunes, but it is well known that tlie same^ekSs vv<.re distinctly taught by seveml eminent Reformers, and a.no^tS. Vr,!;? V;;""^'/' ^"^l^ •^^r^''* ^^'''" appeared. Certain it in, iHartho in J, • V'/ ^^ S^'"'"*''' "' ^•''''^'•'"'^ '"'^^ ''»»^''« of the sister church, have an a)Jfi-Ca/ri/m//<; sense— that in this acceptation thev hre subscribed by a majm-ifyot her Clergy-and that some have gone' so far as to justifV their conduct in attaching their names to the Cfonfession of Faith and alterwaids disseminating the doctrines of Socinus. The truth seems to be as the Bishop of Lincoln well expresses it in reference to the Church ot England, " Our Church is not Lutheran, it is not Calvinistic, it is not Armmian, it is scriptural, it is built upon the apostles Tnd prophets, Jesus. -Christ himself being the chief corner stone."~At same Ume we must deplore with Dr. Ilaweis, the dufection of her members. « Too much, ' h^r.l'Tr f "'^ ^^T'"*^ ?''"'^'' " ''^y ^^' " ^^^y have declined from her ou n first pr.ncples and primitive simplicity. Her ministers exalted jn all science and plulosoplucal attainments above their Kedecegsors : more p. hshcd in style and manners; deeper in mathematics and met*. physics; but not more evangelical, niore zealous, more- laborious. No where have more admired aiithors won the public approbation ; no where have more dangerous and determined infidels appeared to corrupt the prmciples of the age ; and the questions which have of late been discusaed in the General Assembly, awfully demonstrate hpw great a body prepon- derates there against the advocates fur theancient doctrines and the faith om-e delivered to the saints."} > j L L B &M D leA^^I^'A »«'•'■ '• 3?8 . ^.'-'hu.ch Hift. by ihe Rev. T. HawS, L.L.B.&M.I>. Rcaof cf Ail i>aints, Aldwinckie, Northainpt«,nf. penod sdceot. i8 g> Vs. •M-^^Wfif / ■'■TrfT--.'.--3ra^?!Jwspi«waP»^;' ■ •"^m'WiSm Y m: ■ "^M! ■■ ■^Hf' r' r 27 ) mlJ eve^ wher^, I obliged to adopt, at first erecli'd in Hi and the oxi<;eii- intention, at least I liinent, authoiilj, j qircutijaiancf*."* iSed our Alini{;hty nent for the aecu- 1 •o neither hatt he* I abaulutely neceb* ontainod in what It the Revolution 1 faith, ordaining ' be a minittter or th 8 t/unft>8»i9nof j Lhr' And by the ssors, Principals, le Univertiitjiftpf ilvinistic. j. e same ikemnm* id aino^Sj|ifrs lin it in, tKartho ter church, have re subscribed by far a8 to juatify ion of Faith and ) truth eeems to e to the Church viniHtic, it it* not prophets, Jesus e time we must . " Too inuch, e declined from tinisters exalted ir {j/edeceasors; atics and metl* laborioira. Ko itlon ; no where to corrupt the : been discusaeil a body prepon- cs and the faith . ] f Bifliop Tool' Rev. T. Haweit, eriodsdceot. i8. 'JKJ I need scarcely mpntion^hat Bnplism and thr> Lord'» Supper are the nly Sacraments recognised in the Church of Scotland. In the directory .t ii recommended to celebrate Baptism pullkhji except in the case of the child's sickneHB, or distance from tlie place of uorHhip ; and Hponsors are admitted only in the ynavoidablo absence of the parents. In no inritance is the Communion celebrated more than tix ticnes in the course •f the year, and the people are prepared for the ordinance by a/a«/ on Bome day of the preceding week and by service on Saturday, whilst they meet again en Monday morning for public thanksgivin;^.— At fuiierala, prayers are ofTured up in the family before the deceased Ts removed, and the Clergyman is left at liberty to address the attendants at the grave if he finds it exptidient. — Instrumental music is ^ot admitted into the churcheM of Scotland, but of lute an organ has been introduced into the Scot's church of Calcutta. The version of the Psalms now adopted as the Naiiunal l^aUer, was mtroduced bv the joint authority of EnHish md Scottish Parliament8, and ratified by the General Assembly of the 0*hurch on the 23d November 1649. The translation was made by a my distinguished Hebrew scholar, Francis Rou», Esqr. M.P. one of Jromwell's counsellors «l»f state, and preferred, on account of his acquaint- nce with the Greek and Latin languages, to the Provostship of Eton ^hool. His translation ^indprwent various corrections by a Committee f the General Assembly, \In many instances, the versification is far •om being smooth or 'agreeab|e to the ear. The fact i.4, a liUral was lore qn object of attention thah an elegant translation, and we have the itisfaction to know, that we uttW praise in the very words of innpiration. Jur version is capable of the same defence with that of Sternhold and lopkuis, formerly used in the churches bbth of England and Scotland s compared with the one now authorized in the sister establishment! The book of Psalms" says that celebrated oriental scholar, the late Jiehop Horsley, « is a compendious system of Divinity for the use and difi(Mtion of the common people of the Christian Church. In deriving he edification from it which it is calculated to convey, they may receive nuch assistance from a work which the ignorance of modern refinement vould tokeout of thfeir hands, I speak, of the old singing Psalms, the netncal version of Sternhold and Hopkins. This is not what I believe l_is now generally supposed to be, nothing better than an awkward rersioti I a former English translation. It was an original translation of the Jebrew text, earlier by, rnany years than the prose translation of the iible, and of all that are in any degree paraphrastic, as all verse in sonu legree must be, it is the best and most exact we have to put into the jands of the common people; The authors of this version considered ne verse merely as a contrivance to assist the memory. They were little Jtudious of the harmony of their numbers or the elegance of their diction, but they were solicitous to give the full and precise sense of the sacred text, according to the best of their judgment, and their judgment, with tne exception of some fev- passages^, u as very good j and at the same time that Uiey adhere scrupulously to the Utter, they contrived to express it in ' such ;/V % S .V p«wH«^^iwr>'' ■ ^',d by the Supreme Court, on June 1, 1781. ^°"''"''» *"'*l ^ Sc,»tland in proverbial for the laxity of it8 marriage laws ; a declaraUoni ^Ir^T?"' /"^"''A^"""r' ^'"'"« ^"^^ '"^^^^^^^ to ^oistitute a mar"' mjre, g:««rf m /««, A ,vp/ar marriage, however, must be eolemnlzedl .Mccordtng to tlu^ rules of the Kirk, which require, that the name. ofW -tract.n^r partien (ot whatever rank, ^ct, or denomination) be Jade knlm l«r fi V^'^T*"" ""^ ^t^ Pf'-hes where they respectively reside, who. iC conSi.?"'''^''''" M ' ^^-''^"'"^ to announce their names while he congregation assembles, either on three successive Sundays or thrice oS one. She law enjoms the former, but the u^a^^is in favou?of the latter • £ann"2?;; '11^'^' ^ ^^ '-'^^l^'">' "^^^ '^'^P«"«« ^'^^ proclamaSn of ^^2im?^t7\ ]V" ""'^T '*^"' '!''' *««^^cannot hi followed he?e Jhi r. i?i r i' "^^^^T ."/'"'y *'"® r^"*^* of worship in connection with [nZ ^f^t'*" ^f 'o"S *o d'«^''ent parishes, thev can be published only in one But as no better security is provided, and the Act of ProvinciiQl LegiHlature fully authorises the celebration of marriage accoitHng/rthe' ««age of our own Church, I trust that it will not bedisSedU J^ persuaded as I am that you are disposed to shew the Sty of S attachment by yielding to the authority of the Church, in thUas iXall coritnXl r; J ""^ ^f^^r' *^«^^ facllityltruSble connections for life, and provided I have good reason ' tnivatelv to b» *«/,*>J thatno legal objection stands in the way of theproCSance I shall b^ as indulgent as t^e practice of the C&irch will jSv in w S as the ceremony of protlmmtion is concerned'. *'"J"»"'y»>n ■» w 6th.--What is the practimltendency of the ecclesiaitical constitution Turl'^" B^ tZTr h? ''"r }f ? ' Ay ^' "^y '""^ test^o^T."c^ ture, « Bjl their fruits ye shall know them.» To Drove *h«f tha V»rZ.%i« tenan polfy is not hostile to the cause of literalurnttM" t^L& ll^^Ji *t^ "T"' °^'*^?^^ distinguished individuals i>raThome «,S abroad, who have been trained in its princioles and fnm.-^^ imn^, !I? ^Tl: ^^» B^'^'nge*-' Zanchius, ^londeCSalmasius. Dallieus, Claude fi? 2;^?? u'*"!" Z^"""^ '^ ^ »««<»*«« 40 «»>e«^y- Within the boiom of the Scottish church and in our own age We appeared a succeTon of rilT'"' ^ ^r* ^ry department of Kture!!.inX^ a Uechman, a Macnight, an Erskine. a Smith, a wTshS and a F.ndlay;--in history a Henry, a Robertson? and acS-S philosophy, criticism, and belles lettres, a Reid, a cimpbeU, a Gerard" A«i of AffcmblJ abfidged. p. 184. Edin. i8n. and I Slew t The imnsuDii leir infoi imeni s^vV -«^ f'W*l+?!|BpfJ»=- SH#.l-'|iil;oeH by the The TranHlations liter, were prepared oh of Scotland, andi 1781. . lawa ; a declarationj to constitute a mar* nust be solemnized '. the names of oon on) be made kno .. . rely reside, who, it, ir names while the] undays or thriu on aivouroflhe latter; ith proclamation of t be followed here in connection with ince, and of course, 1 be published only s Act of Provincial! :e according to the lisregarded by youl 9 sincerity of your h, in thia as in all ility to honourable WH '"privately to b9 proposed alliance, ill justify, in a» far C «9 ) »^\ ■tical constitution proposed in8cri|»o » that the Presby. is quite'sufficient] hoth at home ami ins. Amoni^tlie nentloned Calvioi Ballseus, Claude, hin the bosom of i a succession of | re— in theology, h, a Wishart, ind a Cook^o— in ipbell; a Gerard, andi •"*!.» ^n!''7"?" "»themaUc8 and mechanfcil philosophy, a Stewart, a Ck a Homfarr* A "J'"*'' '"'" »-^^ * Lan an^^f t ^^ k-T^* '^""' the peculiar business of their profeSon mte ?,L °'! ^^'f** *"'^® "^'^ *>««" specified,! because tL criticS onfiri «? majntamed, what such an enumeration would onKd to nuH^Z' . ; '''I 5««*?h C'^'^O' have never excelled as theoh^a^» h. ' ■Ik. J«l»e adorned th« ChirdTf eST Ba?uS »^^i-"!'' "*"• •f!5*""'»'jfeofRobe,tron, p. „7. object .m«a;Urif;f.,iXt/^rT^ •'y ^I, Joh„ SincWr from .he - "■ -i&s- W^'V^'wWSeEySRi^S*- : t:.iafc:^«fe^ia:.vjJ»aaia^ ^JaPftivKiMMi'M KkJL- '^ Iftf-irn iiii^sSi in ' Ml ( 80 ) ^ / ('•)>)(>ct for which I have adduced the nahies of these omamenta of the 8c«)ttlBh Church ii gained, if the selection tends to prove that there is nothinir either in thte constitution or principles of that establiwhrnenl uihich frowns on the elegant pursuits of sciences and arts. — But i shall have gained a still more important object if I succeed in shewing, that to the establiHhinent of Presbytery is to bu traced the intelligence which distinguiahes the mass of the Scottish population, and the parish achoolt which are the boast of Scotland an J the »;nvy of her sister kingdoms. To this I made reference under a fonn<»r head, and I shall now state the fact more fully in the language of the Biographer to whom I have already been so often indebted. " The compilers of the First Book of Discipline paid particular attention to the state of education. They required that a srhoolshould be ei If they were he reformed id the execu- oeflect, per- look to th« erseded, mnd^ htheFkurliaT r to allot for t they diould 1 attached to Jo succeMora ual, or dasa -ents of their ■'■VI. fint •re, proj , in the lent. Under jor.*^ the ecclesias- tical fludied ai foon It ai foon M the e {killed in the at their family Row't M.S. 8, C 81 ) 1 ticnl establishincnt of Scotland. Wherever W in a pari-h church thera ^ » aI«o a pan,h ,cAo«/ The low of the coutury give. tCe Cle^ a piweJ ^ to ui«pect college- schoolH, and all aeminarie. of education fJecW r thi ZtZ^'^'c'^ •" T^"'"i"•* J"*^«« «**'^« qualirtcations of cand SIS. ior the ornce of parochial schoolmaster, and clerical residence beimr »U-,ctIy empmed l,o i« always on the spot to watch over theWheri^S he taught; whilst the church requires him to call in the asSJumco of h,s brethren ot the Presbytery to examine the Hch J at Uc^o^lyerv » vear, and t. report to tlje Synod and General Assembly as^he^rfideluJ ^ " **'«; d'«charge of this duty and as to the state in which eVerylS,S • Vv of i^yP 'a "'*"'^^«^"«^ only in the information by which !he J^^r^ v^.n t kn""* f!-\d'"l'ng"i-hed, but also in the prevalence ortho«e 7«i. Z .f '"""^'"^^r '^«^°«'«"PP°f^^ Whence IS It that there are so few criminal trials in Scotland compaJid with ?h« f«i^vf'yrT''^^^*.^'"P'^«^ ^^^^^^ number of capltSuSmenU ^ y»' M'-P'-oportlonate? that the poor of a parisTin E^ ar^!"!! ported at the enormous expence of .f 1500 per amium w£S?UiaIn?'^ oftheiHTc^o';;;.:^^^^^^^^^^ neglected, very few of them'can read, and thty cto J^ in a t^T ""^ triumph and of safety fhavTSSS^ bSut iJ S;. K^^"^ "7 *^"*'' "^^^^ ^^ you received your finUmdi;^.t IJPnrT- '" *\'?r.«' "^ """eh ■>>"., A mi™i. with JlT„?roJ^.are.V«K'°S."''.'1 "r?=".'^ '" yx" ^spf^^pr-j^j*/ ■'-f J/' ..kiiiv. -;>iV"i4v tiit'iiie'ifA" > i j n ^ V Af ^, • ■ . '4 ■ '*■"■ • W ( « ) Inc and th« triumpht of « dlitlnotlon that will iwVer fuli,^ height of their authority over aU its members. Without a religloq* e^* Uishment, heathenism would prevail ; and, therefore, the inhabttanUi^ thew Colonien are to be congratulated on having provision made lor tbt^ ■upport of such an dcdestastioal constitution as that of England ; but, i» CSolonial population !■ supplied from different parU of the mother coiiiP try, a branch of the Church e«tabU»hed in one or two of its diviiiowoouW not be Buppoaed to attain the>M object; and therefore, with a >»«f«>*V ever aaM>ciated with the British name, Government cowi^s forward to al* the exerUbns of hidividaals in maintaining a representation rdinate; theyhnv© all the same fight in ■[» «l^ degree, and the deciHioiW i»f one are, in point of authority, upon we acinar level wHh those of another.'** Even on »*» W|t^*W»^*\<^'S Pr»vinoial hierarchy were lb complete as that •Hhw ofHIJBMMror ScothMid,m member ef the latter churoh wotald no morejwodli* * MJ» aanter br c«>^ne Ihe Atlantic, than the Prtmate of aliani^ wojW g^^^i^W the Tweed; but in « tO itSlok t|w¥ iHuiiiph^d when Hkhejr died, banish from W»^n™^ -«i«i?i l^lll^of «irffe<5tiontowtraeflaierfonn««»nd bther i^cwTOP*! i^^Hg|0(l>W'wbiita JBiEiimi-4n page «, foe « f^lf^^** \.' ^.^: . 4kai 4 v'lt dNI^ •>* -^^^ 7'm%-^n'tm?^l^0r^^f^ies^v^:r^f- <' . ''' .■i • • 1 " , i - 1 ■ ^A > •A , • / ,/ /I - 9 :/ ^ \ I ''J f n / • nin*- '^ ^