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Les diagrammes sulvants lllustrent la mithode. r errata d to It* le pelure, ?on ik n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ?,. ^ mmm>mimmmtm ■ADDRESS ON THE PRESENT CONDITION AND PROSPECTS ,% OP THE ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF NORTH AMERICA, WITH PARTICULAR REFBRBNCK TO THE SENECA NATION. BY m: b. pierce, A Chief Of UH> Senec. NaUon. and i'Monber of Dartmouth CoUcr.. ■, .'I « IV 1" ! , .1 ITEELE'S PRESa. 1838.' S ^1 ^iii^tu:- ftSM^f**^' - -:" -^'^jjtPr-,. " _ , l>R«,;,--.«*^>**«-^ ■"■ 9 r 11 Coll *:' ■'»-\ ADDRESS. The condition and circumstancea of tho race of people of whom I am by blood one, and in the well being of whom I am, by the ties of kindred and the common feelings of humanity, deeply interested, sufficiently apologise, and tell the reason for my seeking this occa- sion of appearing before this audience, in this city. Not only the eyes and attention of yoU, our neighbors — but also of the councils of this great nation are turned upon us. We are expected to do, or to refuse to do, what the councils of this natioa, and many private men are now asking of us— >-what many favour and advocate — yet also what many. discountenance and condemn. My relation to my kindred people being as you are aware it is, I have thought it not improper — rather that it was highly proper — that 1 should appear before you in my own person and character in be- half of my people and myself, to present some facts, and views, and reasons, which must necessarily have a material bearing upon our deciuions and doings at the present juncture of our affairs. Hitherto our cause has been advocated almost exclusively, though nbly and humanely by the friends of human right and human weal, belonging by nature to a difierent, and by circumstances andeducalion, Ao a superior race of men. The ability and humanity of its advo- cates however, does not do away the expediency, nor even the ne cecaUy of those of us who can, standing forth with our own pen and voices, in behalf of that «ame right and that same weal as connected with ourselves, which have been and now arc by a powerful and perhaps/ata? agency almost fatally jeopardized. Wat-; fS*"*^ It has been said and reiterated so frequently as to have obtained the familiarity of household words, that it ia the doomot the Indian to disappear— to vanish like the morning dew — before the advance of civilization ; and melancholy is it to us — those doomed ones — that the history of this country, in respect to us and its civilization, has furnished so much ground for the saying, and for giving credence to it. But whence and why are we thus doomed f Why must we be crushed by the«irm of civilization, or the requiem of our race be chanted by the waves of the Pacific which is destined to engulph us ? It has been so long and so often said as to have gained general credence, that our natural constitution is such as to render us inca- pable of apprehending and incompetent to practice upon those prin- ciples from which result the characteristic qualities of christian civilization, and so by a necessary consequence, under the sanction of acknowledged principles of moral law, we must yield ourselves sacrifices, doomed by the constitution which the Almighty has made for us, to that other race of human beings, whom the same Almighty has endowed with a more noble and more worthy constitution. These are the premises : these the arguments : these the conclu- sions ; and if they arc true and just and legitimate, in the language of the Poet, we must say " Ood of th« just — thou gavmt the bitt«r cap, We bow to tby behest, and drink it up." But are they true and just, and legitimate f Do we as a people, lack the capacity of apprehending and appreciating any of the prin- ciples which form the busts of Christian civilization f Do we lack the competency of practising upon those principles in any or all their varieties of application t A general reference to facts as they are recorded in the history of the former days of our existence, and as they now are transpiring before the eyes of the whole enlightened world give an answer which should ever stifle the question, and redeem us from the stigma. Before citing particular exemplifications of the truth of this, I will allude to one question which is triumphantly asked by those who# adopt the doctrine of the untameable nature of the Indian, viz : Why have not the Indians becomu civilized and christianized as a conse- quence of their intercourse with the whites — and of the exertions of the whites to bring about so desirable a result 1 Who that believes the susceptibilities and passions of human nature to be in the. main /J have obtained n of the Indian ire the advance mod ones — that livilization, has fiving credence 'hy must we be of our race be Itoengulphust render us inca- upon those prin- ies of christian ider the sanction it yield ourselves mighty has made e same Almighty sonstitution. these the conclu- , in the language o we as a people, ig any of the prin- on 1 Do we lack in any or all their ded in the history ow are transpiring e an answer which ,ro the stigma, truth of this, I will ked by those whoi Indian, vix : Why ianized as a conse- of the exertions of Who that believes B to be in the main uniform throughout the rational species, needs an answer to this question from me 1 Recur to the page, which records the dealings both in manner and substance, of the early white settlors and of their successors, down even to the present day, with the unlettered and unwary Red man, and then recur to the susceptibilities of your own bosom, and the question ia answered. Say ye, on whom the sun light of civilization and Christianity has constantly shone — into whose lap Fortune has poured her brimful horn, so that you are enjoying the higheal and best spiritual and temporal blessings of this world. Say, if some beings from fairy land, or some distant planet, should come to you in such a manner as to cause you to deem them children of greater light and superior WM(2ofn to yourselves, and you should open to them the hospitality of your dwellings and the/mM of your labor, and they should, by dint of their superior wisdom dazzle and amaze you, so as for what to them were toys and rattles they should gain freer admission and fuller welcome, till finally they should claim the right to your possessions and of hunting you, like wild beasts, from your long and hitherto undisputed domain, how ready would you be to be taught of them. — How cordially would you open your minds to the conviction that they meant not to deceive yoa further and still more fatally in their profiers of pretended kindness. IToto much of the kindiinesa of friendship for them, and of esteem for their manners and customs would you feel f Would not ** the milk of human kindness" in your breasts be turned to the gall of hatred towards them ? And have not we, the original and undisputed possessors of this country, been treated worse than you would be, should any supposed case be transformed to reality % But I will leave the consideration of ; ^k^ )youA for the present, by saying, what I believe every person who i •;ars me will assent to, that the manner in which the whites have habitually dealt with the Indiana, make them wonder that their hatred has not burned with ten- fold fury against them, rather than that they have not laid aside their own peculiar notions and habits, and adopted those of their civilized neighbors. Having said thus much as to the question, " Why have not the Indiana been civilized and christianized by the intercourse andefibrts of the whites V I .****-! tan*: e 1 would now call ynur attention to a brief exempli ficnf ion of the point 1 was remarking upon before alluding to the above*mentioncd question, viz : " That the Indian is capable of apprehending and appreciating, and is competent to practice on those principles which form the basis of Christian civilization." I do not know thut it has ever been questioned and especially by those who have had the best opportunities to learn by experience and obaervation, that the Indian possessess as perfect a physical consti- tution as the whites, or any other race of men — especially in the matter of hardy body, swift foot — sharp and true eye, accompanied by a hand that scarcely over drew the boW-string amiss or raised the tomahawk in vain. 1 believe also, that it is not denied that he is susceptible of hatred — and equally of friendship— that he even can love and pity, and feel gratitude — that he is prone to adoration of the Great Spirit — that he possesses an imagination, by which he pictures fields of the blessed in a purer and more glorious world than this ; that he possesses the faculty of memory and judgment, and such a combination of faculties as enabled him to invent and imitate ; that he is susceptible of ambi- tion, emulation, pride, vanity ; that he is sensitive to honor and dis- grace ; and necessarily has the elements of a moral sense or con- science. All these are granted as entering into his native spiritual constitution. For instances of those natural endowments, which by cultivation, give to the children of civilization their great names and far-reaching fame, call to mind Philip of Mount Hope, whoso consummate talants and skill made him the white man's terror, by his display of those talents and skill for the white man's destruction. Call to mind Tecumseh, by an undeserved association with whose name, one of the groat men of your nation has obtained more of greatness than he ever merited, either for his deeds or his character' Call to mind Red Jacket, formerly your neighbor, with some of you a friend and a familiar, of the same tribe with whom I have the hon- or to be a humble member : to have been & friend and/amiliar with whom none of you feel it a disgrace. Call to mind Osceola, the vic- tim of the white man's treachery and cruelty, whom neither his ene- my's cunning or arm could conquer on the battle field, and who at last was consumed '* in durance vile," by the corroding of his own spirit. ** In durance vile," I say, (blot the fact from the records of that damning baseness, of that violation oiall law, of all humanity, i fli I ■ II I mil InlillUHl mmi^ ficntion of the >ove-mentioned rohonding ami rinciplos which I especially by experience and physical consti- ipocially in the D, nccompnnied imiss or raised ptible of hatred nd pity, and feel Spirit — that he js of the blessed ie possesses the ation of faculties :eptible of ambi- 9 honor and dis- •al sense or con- native spiritual h by cultivation, and far-reaching isummato talants display of those ation with whoso obtained more of or his character- vith sonie of you m I have the hon- md familiar with I Osceola, the vjc- n neither his ene- field, and who at rodiug of his own >m the records of of all humanity, - which thill pugo of your nation's iiistory, which contains an account of it must ever he— blot out the fact, I soy, boforo you rise up to call an Indian treacherous or cruel.) Call to mimi these nnd a thousand others, whom 1 have not time to mention, nnd my point is gainod. Hero then the fundamental eiomonts of tho best estate of human nature are admitted as existing in the natural constitution of tho Indian. The question now comes, are these elements susceptible of cultivation and improvement, so as to ontitio their possessors, to the rank which civilization nnd Christianity bestow t For an instance of active pity of deep, rational active pity, and the attendant intellectual qualities, I ask you to call to mind tho atory -surpassinff-rnmance of Pocahontas ; she who threw herself be- tween a supposed inimical stranger, and the deadly club which had been raised, by the stern edict of her stern father— she bogged for the victim's life— she obtained his deliverance from the jaws of death by appealing to the affections which existed in the bosom of her Fa- ther, savage as he was, and which affections overcame the fell intent which had caused him to pronounce the white man's doom. From this time she received the instruction, imbibed tho principles and sentiments ; adopted the manners and customs of the whites ; in her bosom burned purely and ratidnally the flame of love, in accordance with the promptings of which, she offered herself at the Hymenial altar, to take the nuptial ties with a son of Christian England. Tho offspring of this marriage have been, with pride claimed as «on« and citizens of the noble and venerable State of Virginia. Ye who love prayer, hover in your imagination around the cot of Brown, and listen to the strong supplications as they arise from tho fervent heart of Catherine, and then tell me whether " the poor Indian whose .untutored mind sees God in clouds and hears him in the wind," is not capable by cultivation, of rationally comprehending the true Ood whose pavillion, though it be the clouds, still giveth grace even to the humble. But perhaps I am indulging too much in minuteness. Let me then refer to one more instance which covers the whole ground and sets the point under consideration beyond dispute. The ill-starred Chero- kees stand forth in colors of living light, reedeeming the Indian cha- racter from the foul aspersions that it is not susceptible of civilization and Christianization. In most of the arts which characterise civilized life, this nation in the aggregate, have made rapid and long advan- ces. The arts of peace in all their varieties, on which depend tho »,• comfurU and enjoymenUofthe onlighloncd, Imvo l)oon practiMdand the results enjoyed by them. The light of revelation has beamed in upon their souls, and caused them to oxchango the blind worship of the Groat Spirit, for the rational worship and service of the God of the Bible. Schools have been established. An alphabet of the lan- guage invented by one of their own men ; instruction sought and imparted ; nnd letters cultivated in their own as well as the English language. Hence many individuals have advanced even to thfl refinements of civilized life, both in respect to their physical and intellectual con- dition. A John Ross stands before American People in a character both of intellect and heart which many of the whito men in high places may envy, yet never be able to attain. A scholar, a patriot, un honest and honorable man ; btanding up before the " powers that be," in the eyes of heaven and men, now demanding, now supplica- ting of those powers a regard for the right of humanity, of justice, of law — is still a scholar, a patriot, an honest and honorable man ; though an Indian blood coursing in his veins, and an Indian color giving hue to his complexion, dooms him, and his children and kin to be hunted at the point of the bayonet by those powers, from their home and possessions and country, to 'the *< Terra incognita" beyond the Mississippi. . ■ I now leave this point on which perhaps! need not tohavespokeot thus briefly, from the fact that it is granted by ail of you as soon as announced, and proceed (o make a few remarks confined more exolu« siyely to my own kindred tribe, a part of whom live near this city. Taking it as clearly true that the Indians are susceptible of culti- vation and improvement, even to the degree of physical, intellectual and moral refinement, which confers the title of civilized and chris- tianized. I now proceed to consider whether their condition and feelings are such as to render feasible, the undertaking to bring thnm up to that degree — whether in fact they do not themselves detire to come up to it. When I say th«y I mean those who constitute the body and stamina of the people. As to this point, I take it upi n myself to say that such an undertaking is feasible, and doubly so from the fact that the object of the undertaking is earnestly desired by themselves. I know of no way to set this matter in a clearer light than by pre* senting you with some facts as to the spirit and the advance of im- provements amongst them. And this I crave the liberty of doing by a brief detail of items, prefacing the detail by the renmrk of a ucn practiaed and on has beamed in blind worship of 00 of the God of ihabet of the Ian- ilion sought and eil us the English tha refinements id intellectual con- ople in a character irhito men in high scholar, a patriot, 1 the *' powers that ing, now supplica- manity, of justice, d honorable man ; d an Indian color children and kin to powers, from their I incognita" beyond I not to have spoken, II of you as soon as lonfined more exolu' live near this city, susceptible of oulti- )hysical, intellectual civilized and ohris- tbeir condition and taking to bring thnm hemselves detire to 10 constitute the body ike it up! 1 myself to ubly so from the fact isired by themselves. er light than by pre- jthe advance of im- the liberty of doing by the remark of a highly rospcctabio individual formorly off Tolland, Erie Co., but for some oightocn years n resident of Illinois. After an absence of nlioiit fifkeon years, ho returned two or three yearn ogo, and spent th»5 summer in this region, and several days of tho timo on the Uosorva- tion. ile frequently roniarkcd that tho Indians during his absence, had improved far moro rapidly than their neighbours in tho country around them. In business there is much greater diligence and industry ; their teams in respect to oxen, horses, wagons, sleighs. Ace. are greater in number and better in quality, than formorly, and in these respects there is a constant improvement. The men labor more, compara* tively, and tho women less, except in their appropriate sphere, than formerly. With regard to buildings, they aro much moro conveniently plan- ned, and of the best materials, both dwelling housosand barns, and now ones constantly going up. Those who have not lands of their own under cultivation, aro much moro willing to hiro out their services toothers, cither by tho year or by shares ; this shows that the idea, "to work is thought to bo dishonorable" has boon done ^ away. There are amongst us, good mowers, and cradlers, and reapers. Blacksmiths, carpenters, shoe-makers and other mecha- nics, find work enough for their own brethren. There are several wagons in tho nation, which are worth moro than ono hundred dol- lars in cash ; tools of tho best quality and of various kinds ; manure and other things are sometimes applied, but five years ago, almost or quite universally wasted. With regard to mode of liviitg, tables, chairs, and bedsteads and cooking apparatus, have generally been purchased of the whites or manufactured in imitation of them, and they are used to o greater or loss extent in almost overy family. The habit of taking regular meals is gaining ground, and the provision luxurious. Tho care of the sick; they are more attentive and judicious, and rely less on notions ond quockery ; they employ skilful physicians, ond use the medicine with less prejudice, and a great deui more confidence. Other evidences of improvement we have in the increase of indus- try, and a consequent advance in dress, furniture and all the comforts and conveniences of civilized life. The fields of the Indians have never been kept in so good order, and managed with so much indus- try, as for the few years past ; at public meetings and other largo assemblies, the Indians appear comfortably and decently and some of them richly clad. The population is increasing gradually, except xi i I ^— ^- 4sih^«inc> ■|-r;t^-.;v„-.-,.-i*>--^'---- ■!m*-^S&i Iral inrormation pselvcs well in- Bwspapors have idelphia, New- copies of the llection of books ping at a rapid and anxieties. say any thing kking is feasibio entitle them to ncludcd in tho !» curried into ito object ? located, or by tioned •« terra is undisputed — interest ; and 3s are as fertile we shall get by rs and kin are lemories. Here its parts in the he associations !reon one's na- We are hero tual and moral ; W6 see their example. We I merchandise, n> wo shall be the way ofin- efting up and improvement, ^s and prints, Jver we may 3mont for ro- ho first phce said that the 11 offer for it is liberal ; in the next place' that \vc shall be better off to remove from the vicinity of tho whites and settle in tho neighborhood .-;/ our fellow red men, where the woods floclc with game, and the streams abound with fishes. These are the reasons offered and urged in favour of our removal. Lot us consider each of these reasons a little in detail. Tl)e fact that the whites want our land imposes no obligation on us to sell it, nor does it hold forth an inducement to do so, unless it leads them to offer a price equal its value to us. We neither know nor feel any debt of gratitude which Ve owe to them, in conscqueuce of theiv •* loving kindness or tender mercies" towards us, that should cause us to make a sacrifice of our property or our interest, to theirwonted avarice and which like the mother of the horse leach, cries give, give, and is never sated. And is the offer liberal % Of that who but ourselves are to bo the final judges ? If we do not deem one or two dollars an acre liberal for the land, which will, to the white man's pocket bring fifteen to fifty, I don't know that we can be held heinously criminal for our opinion. It is well known, that those who are anxious to purchase our Reservations, calculate safely on fifteen dollars the acre for the poorest, and by gradation up to fifty and more, for tho other quali- ties. By what mode of calculation or rules of judgement, is one ur two dollars a liberal offer to us, when many times that sum would be only fair to the avarice of the land speculator ? Since in us is vest- ed a perfect title to the land, I know not' why we may not, when we wish, dispose of it at such prices as we may see fit to agree upon. "But the land company havo the right of purchase," it is «aid— granted : but they havo not the right, nor we trust in God, the pow- er, to force us to accept of their offers. And when that company finds that a whistle or a rattle, or one dollar or two, per acre, will not induce us to part with our lands, is it not in the nature of things, ^lat they should offer better and more attractive terms ? If they could not make forty-nine dollars on an acre of land, I knew no rea- son why they would fail of trying to make forty-five, or thirty, or ten. So I see no obstacle to our selling when and at such reasona- ble prices as we may wish, in the fact that the land company have the right of purchase : nor do I see any thing extortionate in us, in an unwillingness to part with our soil, on the terms offered — nor even in tlie desire, if our lands are sold, of putting into our own pockets ni due portion of their value. But the point of chief importance is, shall we be better off? If our wM^^WBSs. ■wfii'i.^.e^ .---iu.xiin,**i»^ imji.B i mi.M i .w'. i i i'W" 12 • object was to return lo the manners and pursuits of life which cha- racterised our anceators^and we could be put in a safe, unmolested and durable possession of a wilderness of game, whose streams abound in fish, we might be better off; but though that were our object, I deny that we could possess such a territory this side of the shores of the Pacific, with safety, free of molestation and m perpetuity. '♦ Westward the Star of Empire takes it way," and whenever that empire is held by the white man, nothing is safe or unmolested or enduring against his avidity for gain. Population is with rapid strides going beyond the Mississippi, and *ven casting its eye with longing gaze for the woody peaks of the Rocky Mountains — nay even for the surf-beaten shore of the Western Ocean. And in process of time, will not our territory there, be as subject to the wants of the whites, as that which we now occupy is 1 Shall we not then be as strongly solicited, and by the same arguments, to remove still farther west t But there is one condition of a removal which must certain- ly render it hazardous in the extreme to us. The proximity of our then situation to that of other and move warlike tribes, will expose us to constant harrassing by them ; and not only this, but the cha- racter of those worse than Indians, those white borderers, who infest, yes infest, the western border of the white population, will annoy us more fatally than even the Indians themselves. Surrounded thus by the natives of the soil, and hunted by such a class of whites, who neither " fear God nor regard man," how shall we be better off there than where we now are ? Having said thus much aa to our condition after a removal, under the supposition that we wish to return to and continue in the habits of life which prevailed when the country was first taken possession of by the Europeans, I proceed now to say, that we do not wish so to do, and to repeat, that so far from it, we desire to renounce those habits of mind and body, and adopt in their stead, those habits and feelings — those modes of living, and acting and thinking, which re* suit from the cultivation and enlightening of the moral and intellectual faculties of man. And on this point, I need not insult your common sense by endeavoring to show that it is stupid folly to suppose that a removal from our present location to the western wilds would im- prove our condition : What ! leave a fertile and somewhat improved soil — a home in the midst of civil tion and Christianity, where the very breezes are redolent of impiuvement and exaltation — whereby enduction as it were, we must be pervaded by the spirit of enterprise life which cha- unmolested and streams abound •oour object, I of the shores of srpetuity. and whenever i or unmolested n is with rapid ng its eye with tains — nay even nd in process of ie wants of the not then be as love stili farther zh must certain- iroximity of our bes, will expose >is, but the cha- rers, who infest, ion, will annoy Surrounded thus i of whites, who e better off there . removal, under lue in the habits kken possession ) do not wish so renounce those those habits and king, which re* 1 and intellectual lit your common f to suppose that wilds would im- lewhat improved inity, where the ation — where by tirit of enterprise 19 — where books and preaching, and conversation, and business, and conduct, whose influence wo need, are all around us, so that wo have but to stretch forth our hands, and open our ears, and turn our eyes to experience in full, their improving and enlightening effects ; leave these ! and for what 1 and echo answers /or what ? but methinks I hear the echo followed by the anxious guileful whisper of some gov- ernment land company agent — for one or two dollars the aero and a western wilderness beyond the white man's reach) where an Eden lies in all its freshness of beauty for you to possess and enjoy. But ours, I reply, is sufficiently an Eden now, if but the emissaries of the arch fiend, not so much in the form of a serpent as of man, can be kept from its borders. But I will relieve your patience by closing my remarks ; it were perhaps needless, perhaps useless, for me to appear before you with these remarks feebly and hastily prepared as they were : but as I intimated on the outset, the crisis which has now arrived in the affairs of our people furnish the apology and reason for my so doing. And now I ask, what feature of our condition is there which should in- duce us to leave our present location and seek another in the western wilds t Does justice, does humanity, does religion in their relations to us demand it f Does the interest and well being of the whites require it 1 The plainest dictates of comuiun sense and common honesty, answer No ! I ask then in behalf of the New-Yoik I .dians and myself, that our white brethren will not urge us to do that which justice, humanity, religion not only do not require but condemn. I ask then to let us live on, where our fathers have lived — let us enjoy the advantages which our location affords us : that thus we, who have been converted heathen, may be made meet for that inheritance which the Father hath promised to give to his Son, our Saviour : so that the deserts and waste places may be made to blossom like the rose, and the inhabitants thereof utter forth the high praises of our God. sa teiMi fciii i i rti iii iih of^ i APPENDIX ^1 It has been vepeatedly said, "that if the Indians had been lell to the exercise of their own judgment, tliey would have consented to have sold their lands in this state ; but the interested white roan op- posed to their removal, have influenced them to reject the " liberal ofiers" of the government." This allegation is without foundation ; the Indians know their in- terest very well ; they ask no questions, whether it is best for them to sell out and remove ; they know that the moment they leave these premises, then will troubles commence, poverty, oppression, destruc- tioE, and perhaps war and bloodshed will fall upon them at the west- ern wilderness. The policy of the general government is well understood by them, and the country assigned them west, have been explored again and again, so that they do not lack knowledge in these respects. With all the light and information on the subject which is necessary to form a correct judgment upon it, they have a hundred times repeated, in open council and in the presence of the United States Commis- sioner, that they cannot and will not sell out their lands and remove beyond the Mississippi River. These are the honest judgments of the Indians, and this answer will the Commissioner receive from the honest chiefs. But while persuasions and lawful inducements have been held out to them and they fail to produce the desired edect, the " Ogden Company," through their agents, lose no time in buying over the chief to aid in procuring the treaty. Rewards have been made to promote it and to induce our nation to consent to it. In the state- ments, which follow, I shall confine myself principally to facts, that the public may be able to judge for themselves as to the correctness of the above remark. First, the contract of John Snow, a chief ; it was made a year ago and may be known by the date. This is one of the many contracts entered into by the parties ; we have them in our hands. ^■•aj^i**,' ,',4:w5.jj|^^ll*^-*«»^ ■^^■ 15 lad been letl to ve consented to 1 white man op- ect the " liberal 8 know their in- ia best for them they leave these ression, destruc- hem at the west- lerstood by thenif >lored again and respects. With i is necessary to 3d times repeated, d States Commis- lands and remove est judgments of r receive from the lave been held out feet, the " Ogden . buying over the ive been made to it In the state- jally to facts, that to the correctness 13 made a year ago le many contracts hands. Article (^ agrumeiU made and concluded this S9ve apecUied, witiiin the time aboremtiltioned, or aa aoon thereafter aa the^id baUnoe call be aaeertained ; and in oaae said yirty of the aeeond part, ahall be entitled, by and under the proTision of aaid treaty, to the aum of two thouaand dollart and upwarda, he anall reeeive the name •« ma be therein provided, and the aaid putty of the firat part ahall be diaohargeaftom pftyin§ any part of the a^|d two thouaand doUara. And the Baid';|ohn Snow ahall also be entitled, at a nominal rent, to a leaa* from the owoeraof the pie-emp^Te title*' w their trutteee, of and for the lot of land aetddly improved and ocdipied by niin^ called the Whipple farar, near tbj^ old oottnoU Moae, on the Bufialo raaeraition, ibr and during hu own natural lift, determinable when and aaaoon aa fa* ali*U ceaaeto live on and occupy the lame; aaid leaae to be enented by the leaaoia aa aoon after aaid treaty as said lands ahaJl have been aurveyed and ajlottad, saidJeaae having reftfenae toiaid survey. ' Thia (tgnement on the part of aaid partv of the firat part, being expreaaiy de- pendant upon a treaty, to lie made and ratified upon terms conditions and stipnla- tiona, to be nropoeed and offered by aaid party of the first part and his aasociates. H. B. POTTER, [L. S.J his JOHN X SNOW, Witness : mark. . hia ; . OMttOK X Jimsos, • mark. Tnieeopy: In addUion. to the above stipulation, Money and Brandy have been uied for the same purpose ; and finally intimidation and discourage* meat are not wanting ; for instance, they will tell us, *' £^re my friend, you have got to go, there is no'earthly doubt — tAip>licy of ' tbip government is fixed, and your best course is to get as much mo- ney as you can from the pre-eniption company, make you a coQtMict, &c.'f The object of the preaent OMiacit,-i8 to give an opportunity iii|f^^^(:bjfl!|s^^lo apsent tothe amendments of the last winter's treaty, or to refttSQ them» The resolution of the Senate, is in the following Wprdf*. t<^ wit : ' .B ni i ri^ i im imm H . .tmd** U Jhrther rewlftti. That thia treaty ahall have no foiM^flr efiMSt wmAevar, aa it relates to any of aaid. tribes, nations, or banda of New-ToHc JndiaiDb^raittll itbenndenrtMd that tli»:S«Mite-have asaented to «ny of the opntiaeta eonnected with it,mitil (h« saaie, with the awendmeiata herein DtopaMd,'!! BiAii4tted»)w»dffaUjNMW<{/«q|daiDed,:1^aeonuni*ai«r bands, separately asaemblad in eowiefl. and they haVs given their free and voluntary juaent thereto r and if oneftrllM^ of ulA tribes w bands, when oonsulted aaifitreaakl, riiall fte^yaa- aeat toasid tiialycaa amended, and to their contraet connected theaeintb, it shall be binding aad oWigatory, t^on those ao aaaentUkg, althongh other, o^ othera of aaid buds or tribes may not givethair oonaent, and thsHNf oeaae tobe Ttm1i^^hm^\;tmU$if»trikm;, That if any portieiBor past of said Indians do ilotemigfate, Oil JMeident abMl retain a proper pM^^iiiimi of said sum of fbnr hundred thouiaild ddUm, a<|d ahall deduct tisni the wosntity of land i3t- le^ad weat of th^lliaaiasippi, such number of acvfa aa •wiU leave to each stti" gruit' three hnwtd aad twenty acres only. 6"' '■~-'t- ^> iii.-.ov« •pccimd, ru th»ttaid bftluce otk lut, Bhall bo Mtitled, by two thouMud doIUrli and 1 provided, and tka aaid ai^ part of tba a^ two nominal rent, to a leaae teee, of and for tbe lot of ic Whipple farnr, near tto iiringhu own natural lin, ) on and ocoqpy the lAnw; ■aid treaty aa said land* g reftfenoe toiaid survey, t part, being expreealy de- rma conditions and ■tipola- rst part and hia aaaoolatea. '^ b; potter, [l. ».] hie >HN X SNOW, [L. a.] mark. and Brandy have been dation and discoilTage- rill tell us, '« ^re ray y doubt — tH^blicy of " is to get as much mo-, y, nwkeyou acoQtjr*ct, u> f ive an oppoftunily the last winter's treaty, Date, is in the following : m» treaty ahall have no Iribeii, natioiu, or bands of i»€«aatebave aaaentedto uae, with the amendmeata ^j^iiiMd, bt a eonunieafa^er ts, eepantely asaembUid Ha u^'juaent thwetorand if aa rifitreaaid, shall fteely as- At oaoaeeted theneMWh, it lentiAg, ^thou^ other, tt »nt, and t haii ily eease tobe liW or pwl of said Indiana r pMqpt^iHiUi of said sum of an the mimtity of land at- ■ aawiu leave to each eini- 6""' i