IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. i.O I! I.I 1.25 2,5 ■- IIIIM III 1-8 U 11.6 6" - VI . Photographic Sciences Corporation m ^ V :\ \ % v c> ■<> "ircs it to be understood that his object has been merely to introduce the great questions of which it treats, to the attention of those who may not previously have con- sidered theiu. In attempting to compress even the elements of the subject within the limits of a lecture, it has proved necessary to omit many important topics, and merely to mention others which might profitably have been treated in detail, and illustrated by document- ary and other evidence- The lecture is published by request of the largo and respectable audience before which it was delivered. HISTOEY k^\) PROSPECTS OF rROTESTiVNT EriJ CATION m LOWER. CANADA. li ih n;itur;!l lli.U- a iccturrr •lim.ill scK'. I ii i<>j;n wiili win. Ii hi own thou^^hts liavc been mucli (k(, upicd, ;nu\ wlii'h iiiiiy ;it ili'' •~;'iii'' time be suppoaMl likely tu interest Iti.s autlieiuc. I'm- ll;is riii-uti l jmmI-- um apokv'.y for invitin'r yo;ir ;iU»'iiti.»n \>> a -subicet wln' h ;-e.:ius lo iiic ol' ^p^:eial inipurtaiuc in ilir pn-' rii .risi:-, au'l 'ii wlii' b all ul" us arc ill t-onio (Icirrec iuteve.ited. In 'Iniiiy. ;-", I .^hall fir.>t briefly ;-Iseteli tiie l.'adiij'r ieature- in tlie liist.ny oi' [Jriti.Ii ( dueatinn til Jjowrr CaiKiib'i, and tlien rcfei' to ibc measures wliirb ii> prr.-eni pobitiuii horiii:- t'i ibinaii'l. I \vi:-li ii lo be- (li>tinAlly uii'lfi-.-tood iliat ill Ireatiiiv oi' tl\i:< i^ubjctt 1 do iiot:^pe;i!v in any oflkial t.apaeily, or as tlic rcpre.ientHtive of any body of men . Init ;^iiiiply a.- the expo- nent of iiiy own views in r^Jatinn to a eaiiM' on whieh T lia\e ;>pcnl nine oi'tbe Ije-l year;-; orniy lile, .-ir.d wbieb I have learned t(» r";:ard ;i:-; ol' tlie utmost iiti[iorl;uu!' to ihr welfare, not ol' Lower (';inada 5)!. rely. but<»f I'lltisb Aineiir;!. Th(5 liisloricid iacts whicU I slijill --t lie liavi'. Ix'cn doriwd in pari troin ducunients ;nid publir-ation-^ ol \hi) Itoyal rn-!ituli"n ;!nd in p:irl iVoni tin- Ibport- of tlir l^rpart inenf of lldueiit'"!!, 'fhr iiist innvcuiLiii t-n Iiriiaii" of pul'lii: oducititm in liMWcr Canada, allri' ilic rMni|iie,-l, appears to liaAc. I'een niado by Lord JDori lK';-irr, dov.Tn.T of (^ncfet, in I TS7. lie appointed a eoniinit- tce oi' rouncil i>' loll.'ei, inlurnial i^n on ibr .^ubjoet of ('duration, and to report on ' ib^ b;si )iitidc o^' rcini'dyin;.^ the defe-ots, an estimate ci' tb.e expen>('. and by wbal moans it may lie dcfrayrd." 'f bo com mittee seem to Irivc onuri'd iisto tlio >ulijei:t with eanic-tni's- and i:eal. I'^roni fiio an-wors li» lion> whieh tliey prepared, it appears that tiic provision li^r liie education of the Freneh population consiotcd o\' tlie Sondnarii'S of ("inelu'c and 3lontreal. certain eonvents, and some, Canaiiian ma.>(ers wlio laimiit I'cadini;' and writinij:; and tbe IJoman t'allnilic IJishoj) o[" Qnobei:. in answer to a, (pustion on the -uliji'et, .-'laii'd ill it mi tiio avei'ai:(^ liioi'c wcr»' in 'mcIi paii.-ii ^J.^) III' ijii person,-., principally women, w!io eonld read and wi'ile. Of [•ai li'-'i i'Mue.iti'ai we iind a( (liis time <';i!v the u'a'nti"n of schools 4 ^' ^ 1S^ ^ :il Qnchfi'. 'rincc IImci^; •mil ■M*iiitr(':il. :i|i|i:irrii(ly inl rccciviii;; ;ii)\' ])roviii(i;il :iiil. The l!n||i;iii ( ';itll(ilic -"cliiiiiK ;it llil^ |it'rio(l scrlil to li;iVt' i»(>','U SUji- portid liv their futlitwiiii'iit- .■iinl 1)V l'»'<'>. 'I'll'' J{<'iu;iii CJiitliolie l'I?li(i]i (if (^iii'licc. ill ;i liiiii;' :iii(l cjaliorate aiiswiT t(i tlic tii((tiii'ic's (-(' tin- coniiiiitlrc. olijccl- to iKiiidciioiiiiiiatidiial ('(liicMdim, claims liir liiiii- KL'ir and iMiadjiitiir a " (listiiiiinisht'd >ta1 ion '" in any colic '_:iat(' iiisti- liiti.' wliicli nTiLilit 111' p>ta]>li-lu'(l. and st'ciii'^ to think thr only nica sure vr(|iii red to lie thr restitution to the llonian Catholic Church ol" t!i(! Jesuits' estates I'ov educationa' ^scs. Tt is stated in the article oil I'Mucatimi ill liOWtT Canada, in Lovell's Alnianacdx i'oi' l.'^(I^. that the eoa aiewrr to the (|ii( stioiis jiroposodt The coiiiiiiittee. ]l0^veVl'^•. had a|>]»aveiitly been studyiiii:' t lie eilnca- tioiial laws already in existence in the Xe\v ]']u^laiul States : and uccordliiLily, in im :d>le vejioit, vtH'oiiiiiicnd a scho;)l systeui and a university. They say : — '• It. is exjKulieiit without delay to cveet I'avisli or Mlhiue Free Sehools in every district of the Provhu-o, under the reLiulation o!' the Maiiist riles ol' tlie district in the Quarter Sessions ol'the peace." '•It is also expedient that ea<-h District liave a i''ree Sdiool in the eentral or County Town ol' the District. " '•'It is ex]»edient to erect a 'Jolletiiate Institute Ibi- culrivatiiisi,' the liheral arts and seienoes usually taudit in the Eurc)i)ean Universities, Tlieoloi:y e\ee])ted,ou account of the inixtuve ol' tin; two coniinunion.s, whose; joint uiil is desivahle in so Car as they auree, and who imjzht to be left to find a separate provision fv^r ilie eandidates for the uiiuiHtry (yf their respeeti\e churches."' L (juote this because; it shows thtit, from the very lir.st, the Hnulish colonists desired to erect a public schoe.i] and university .system, as dis- tinguished from the purely sectariau ami eeclesiasticul methods advo- cated by th(> religious leaders of the French inhabitants. It Is alsoap parent that the committee of Council had cuiu3eived the idea of a public i\u<)vj,wrated unseetaria". body, to manage a homogeneous system inclu- ding the three graders of Collegiate, High School and Comnutu School Education, and to hold for this purpose grants of public land and private benefactions. They siiow also a strong de-ire to uieet the views of the ivomaii Catholic clergy, by avoiding "M interference IV II I; J !iviv i»oi'll ,';;u|i- t'S«d' tllf fov hi III !:it(' insti nlv iiH';i MlUl'ch nf lu! firtlclc i'liiiii'iil : lie ('(lnc;i ites : :iml Hi ;iinl ;i aji'C Vivv ii1;itiiin i>!' e pe;ict\ )ol ill till' atiiig tilt' ivorsitic-!, iiuuninnSj oiiulit, to • uiiuiislry e Eniilisli 2m, as dis- loils advo- I> also a]) )f a pul)lie teiu inch!- lOU K";flKH)l latul and lueet the terfcrence with their acinuiaricti 01 .'choolb', ur the rcliu;iou« cdutation of t!i>ir people, and by permittiiiv; tliciii to eduoat« their own p''Oplr iu ;"'paiaif scliool:'. Had this wirto Hcheiut; boon carried into ellecL iuiu'edialely .ml /^(/I'cf-t^C'fyfc^ with vi;j,or. the whole I'uture hi-toryol' L(j\vrr Ciiuada iiii-ht \\\\\^ U^J^/w C^t ■ been very dillereut, nut only educationally buL jHilitirally , ami a ; real ^^^^^^j_ impulse Would have been uiveii to (he indu>tiiai pr(i":n'>,s nl th' people. Unhappily it was ullowr I lu Viiiiain inujierative. and Catnida // > ac(|uired repre;enl.-tive instit utions b'-tbiv it iiad a svsleni ••Cedu. ;! ^'^^ ^^M I'-mu Won. riie m \i edut;itii'ii,ii iiiuveuienl iii Lowei- t'aaad,! \\a al- > I5nu>li in its (ifii:!!!. Ii t;uii-i-.(('d of a petition signed [irlHcii'ally hy th<- British iiilialatauls lit' (,)iiel'rc and it-; vicinity, iirc-fiitcil I'l l!i(|ii'>! l*ai'IiaiH<'iiL nl' CuKida in IT'.'-'. It- prin'.i[ial Mlijcrt \\ :> i(Mil»!;iiii ;i ;:ranl of I he Jesuits' estates '"or ediie;iii(-!i;d j>iir[>n-M'>. The AsseiiiMv viiteil an adilivss tu li;i\-e been ebtaiiied until ISl'i. when llie l.ieufen;iiit( Invenuir cdiniiiunit lii d lo the .\,^,-.eridily iii- .M;;je ty's iii-irueiiiMis in the foliowin.:- tei-uis;-- '•\\ ith '.red; s;ilis!';!cli(in I have tu iiit'onn you that Ilis Maje.-ty.lio/u Jji,^ iraernal reL:;ird IWr the weil';ire ;iud prii:-pei'ity di' his snliiecis in tiii- ( 'iiiiiiiy, has been uraciuii-iy pleased (n 'j^wv direeliiais ii>r the es- lablishiiiu' lit' a enaijuieal iiuinbei- el' Ki-ee Seliiiiil< t".)i' 1 he iii^irucUuii "I' their children in the Iji'si ruuiiiienfs di" usel'ni iearniii'j' and iiilhi I'ai'.'.lisJ! ti.ii-iie. iiiid aNiia^ ix-tasien may r(-ijuire. i'or I'lUUKlalioe,.- nl'a laoic enlarued ami eiiiiipi-eiie;isi\(' nature; and Jfis .Majesty h;.'.- been I'lnilur ple;i,-ed in .-;;;,rily h's Ibtyjl inlentiuii that a suitable )a-Mpor tioii ni' the lanii- ni' iiie ('I'dwn shuiild beset iijiart and the revenues theveol' apniied. m -an-h pu:'|iiise<."' L'lie residt \\;i- the passiiiL ni' the aet estaiilishiii:^' '" The Jloyal in >titutioii li)!' the .\d\ aiiiiaiieat ni lieaiMiinir ;' the tirst L'feat step in the advaiieeiiuail ni' Ivliua'in'i in i^nwer ( 'aaada, 'nid mie. whieli Umtmb it !ias been iripjiled bv a l•nl^^iilll^u^; and iiei'si^tent o|, position, has prndtlced lmk.I le-^ults. as II led io the t'niiiidaiinii ^A' lite .Mctiill riiivei>iiy ;nid e!" tin' ili-'li Hrhnd!- ni' ( iii-her ;!iid 3!e,utreal. as well as dl' --evef.-d ntl'ei' iii;]i(»r*:nit .-eboni-:. Thr !Iuy;.t hiMitiifinii wa- nm urLianiy.e.i initil 1S1>. Tin' grants of l.ind ).rniiLised {<■■ it \,('ie not L:i\eii : ;'aid .-uppni'teil only Ity slender le.,.i>.ial've grants, :ind re-arded vilh i'';dnii-.v bv the l''i'cnidi ecclesi- C^lUiU^. /I 6 jislif.il |i,ii I \ , ;iimI (inly coMlv Mi|i))ortLMl liy liic Mii'^lisli pr>)ml;itinii. iN rniif'tiiiii ;it lcii';tli lii'c:iiiii' )i'-l I'ictrd to tlir iii;iii;i'.:viiii'iii oj' lliu fiiiliUllirii! dl' J;iliic,-. .Mc( Jill. Ill I S2 ! Ilh' li(''..i:-l;itu!'e Iii":;iii .•! x'l'ies uj' cillicliii.iits li_v wliirli Sfllnlils \V( I'i' t's|;iMisli('(!, il'riS|»(.'ct Ivi' nl" lilt' liiiyal I ll>til lltinii, .ill'l witlnml any a(Ici|ii:iti' |ii'(i\I>i(>ii (dr llii'ir sy^tciiialic ovcr.siu^Iit. 'riic act III' l^'_'l ;iHllMiri/.('il l'';iliri(jUi' SiIhmiIs in tin' llninan ('aljmlic jriri>Iic>. I;i !>:.".) and rulluwiii'j vcars, \ariimsa.'ts urrc jiasM'd. aiitjiori/.in.;' till' a]ii)itintiii('iil III' si'IhkiI Iriistci's, a|>]iiiiiilin'.j, nicinln'rs (if )iai'liaini'iil and hIIhts to Kc visihirs. and ;4iviiii;' uraiits lui' .--(diodl ImiMiiii'S and tlic siniiinrt ol' h atdicr.--. i 'iidcr those ads sums c- liniafcd a( L'lM.O'lO aiinuallv, ni- nrarl'v niic-iirili nl' \]\r rt'vcnnt; dl' llic cniinl IT. were dislrihiitrd t^i Scdinols, Aviilioiit socniriiii;' any jhm'- iiianiiit sy-ti'in, and a})]»a!-(Mitly with little (Mliicational l)tMii>lit. TlicM' cduratiunal t'Xpoini'.'iils cnliainaicd in 1 SIJ I and IS,')!"., in t\vi» acts dl' the As-^einlily. Avhlrilisli ( IdVLi'iiineiil. The olhcu- was a :-cdiuol hiw", pr;icticu]ly making' cacii comity member n sujieriiitendeiit of cdnciition in Ids own <'OMiity. This wa*^* tlirdwn out by the Leiiislative Coniieil. The;-e nioasiires indicate Ihe mutual distmstaiid a]itaQ'dnI>;n ol the ditVevcut 'H'ftidiis of the |a'op1e. ])rcjiavatdry In the in'-nriM'ction dl' 1S37. mIiIcIi fdV th' lime sn;-.jic!i(h'd ail ihoiifdil mi t]ie -aibicct .il edui'alldii. I trusl I shall iiot raise the .'hades of any buried animo'u'tios by quotiiiL'' tlie hi-t appeal tliat T can find at this period on behair ol' llie British pojiulatioii, from an tuldress oi' the old Jjonislativo Council in 183o, After recitini;' sonic of the facts already stated thoy s:ay : — " That no furtliLa- steps had been taken to accomplish II i^; Majesty's benevolent intentions; that the seniiuaries of edueatu)n founded ori;.:lnally under tlK.-jjovernment of France, enjoyed extensive and valuable endowments, and tliul lart'C appropriations of waste lands for similar endownicnts had been sanctioned iu Upper Canada, Now Bruns^wick and Nova Scotia, but that no provision had been made in |iiil;itiiiii. S wliitli oil. ,'llln,*ive stc lands da, New made in J llif I'lov iiict! dl' lidWt'i' Canada .--iuic it Ij.t^anic an a|'i»ni(laL;f ul lie IJiiti^li Crown, f'ov tlic pcrniani'nt mdowincnt citlicr of I'rcpar.it.iiA Sinninai'it's or (if a University <»r Culli'in', to wliicli your Alaji'sfy'^ snitjccts n>in;4 the l-lii'ilisli toii'.;ii" could I'csort Inr th,' v lucation ol' llii'iiisi'lvi's and tlicir cliiMirn in iln- IiIvIkt 'iranclic- of Icariiin.:. 'riici'c !•< soMii'tliiiii iMtiu'tic ill l!ii> l;ist apiioil of a liody wlio-c power was so soon to lie cxt in/iiislu'd. iiiid wliicli, wliatrvcr its faults, had a riulit to maintain that Miiuiishnifii should not. iii(a\'ly I'l'i'.iusc tlit'ir lot happened to lie cast ill Lower Caiiad.i. he i'.\»dudeil frniii that i'o_v:il hoiiiity whieh deseeiidi'd on other I'oloiiies. liord (IK'iU'l,:: in his iii>truetions to tin- Coiiiini.-sioiiers of 18;»(5, iirjivntly directed their attention to this sultje('t.;ind the Coiiiinissioners tlu'inseives re])ort(!d in fa\or of a liberal and conipreluai'-ive sy-teni ; hut ill the issue, while the deinaiiils of the S emin ary of .Montreal, which Jiord Aberdeen had S() stroii'/ly ii-pudiated in his despatch of d.inuary. IS.'b'i, were m'aiite il. llie I'rotestaiits did not olitiiii an acre of the crown lands. I'nder the union of the Caiiad.is, a u'W ;'e]iool liw. the ■.•erm ol that still e.xistiiiL;'. was ]):is-;ed. Ai lir.-t ihere \va- hope, in tjiisas in f^' ^afil^viil.^ other respects, that the union of the Caiiad.is would pro\-e a real ('['//<' <^(/ (jC/i(/ju\ fusiiMi into one nationality ; but iheold disiiife;^ratin;^ forces aua in pre fr^, ^Ae/u & vailed ; and as early as 184.") tlit; educational union was linally dissolv- i^attt^ ed by aet of parliament, and the I'ducatioaai interests of the Ib'itisli jiojtulation of TiOwer Canada, were left at the (li>p(isal ol' the Frencli majority, with only sucli eiiecks as jniuh! result from the in. iluenee ot the Cpper Canadian im'inln'rs of tlu; Jjeizislature. Still a f^reat impulse h:ul been ^iven ; and since IS II ;i school system has been develeped, wbieli, if not perfect, is still hi'zhly ereili Table, wlien we take into cotisideration its youth ami the ditlietdties of diversity of race and creed v.'itii wliicli it Inis had to struii^le. The appointiiKMit of a Supei'intendent of Education and thepraise- wortby efforts of the present Superintendent and his predecessor, the formaticm of u Council of Public Instruction, the labours of the Inspectors of Schools, the introduction of assessment for tlu; support of education, the establishment of Provincial Normal Schools, the publication of Journals of Education, and a multitude of jiiinor improvements, have given a new character to the elementary instnio- I ' /{Xrf J/ /^^ t!"ii, wliilr til'.: ';ii»wtlMtl" ilii- iiisiitutiims (if Mijicrioi' iMluc;itiiiii Iimh 111. It lin'ii iMjiiil. Ill i'('-;ir I to till' lli'iti.'^li ;m(l I'ruti'.staiit oilucitinii. it iii.iy. witli- M'lt iiiiy iii\ iilioiis foiii|»ari.'y steaiiy and per- leveriiii: I'lloit, amid dillieulties and sacriliees unknown to the hiulily (iidowed institutions of the majority here, and to luir nmre lortunute (oiiiitrynien in Tpper Canada, v.e havi' siistaliKMl tlu! cause oj" liritisli and I'rotestant educalion in Lower Canada, and have tlius done much ti preserve and extend British influence in this country, its well as to aid our countrymen oC French origin in their educational progress. We now stand on the brink ol' a new revolution, and should he prepared carefully to review the history of tlie l>;ist, and to profit liy its lessons, bearint^ in mind our weakness as a minority, and the extreme rapidity with which the most important clianjjrcs arc carried into oftect in this country. Under the new constitution jiroposcd for IJritish America, it ap« p(uirs that ('ducation is to be left to tlic local legislatures ; but that the riglits of the minorities are to remain as at the time of the consum- mation of^tho federal union. Wc are further unofficially prom- i led some measures of legislation, at leaHt to give us equal privi- leges with the lloman Catholic minority of T'pper Canada. To any one acquainted with the liistory ami present state of edu- cation in Lower (janada, many questions at once suggest themselves in connection with the prol)able working of such a system ; and these are not easily answered, in as much as we cannot yet have a solution of the main question, whet]!ir our British American f atldii lit;iiiil i Aliu'i'icii , \ a urowtli CI. Our 1 ii> (iiir .*'ln|i|lirill lunv lliiiii hicli tlicy ll.ll IMCll prodcci's ^ uiiIhmI ;i!- niid ]M'r- ho liiulily rortiiiiad il'lJi-ilisli one iiiucli ■;. well as to i.j O^T(!SS. sliould be I' I ^ 4 i profit by minority, c'lianL^os ica, it aj> t that the ! consuiu- lly prom- iial privi- e of edu- SUJi'gOSt ! system ; unot yet \merican fiMlcralioii is to be an cfTiciont p;ovornmont, nally uniiin? the provinee.i which jtrtilbss to beloni: to it, or whfther, like some dther ledcral iMiimis. It is to be a mere bubble! burstin:^' with the tiri^t Im Mih ufpopular discnnteut, or a shadow itidieatin.; V»y its posilitiu the pressure ul' the nwst powerful local influences. These ipiestion'^ at pre- sent lill thr Diindu of all thinking' men in Canada witli anxiety; but tlieyarriini (|iii',-.ti(Mis uhicli we can investigate here ; and Inrour pn-sent purpose we m:iy lake it to;' -rantvid that the ledi-ral union will be aeeoiiiplipeii to Ii i\e at tin- iiiiie oT llh' union will be continued to us. The (juestions thus left — (juestions on which tiie ncn interesti'il in the ]iolitical affairs of the ctnnitry, shouM be irlad to have the opinion cil' those rn-aged in education — are: — 1st, What should those privilei;es nU i4J ulidwx/' f'C ? and, Und, l>y what Li nar aiitet.'s sliouMjlux b e secu red ? 6 Xty{r(^t (^ fl'(^'\ In enteriuLr on the investigation of these points, there are sonu' L;eneral consideration-; to which our attention should rn'>t br directed ( Inc oi' these is the [larallel supposed to e.\i>t betweiii the rights and interests of llie Protestant minority in Jiower Canada, and the lloman Catholic minoriiy in Cpper (Canada. ()n this stdiject I think there is a ^rcat ami prevalent misconception. It is sup[iose(l that what is jrood and snlliclent (or one ol' these minorities must necessarily bo ^ood and suflicient I'or th<' other. In reality the agr(.!enient betw<(cn the circuuistaiu-es ol' flu; two is limited to these points : 1st, That both are minorities almost cipially important as to numbers ; ami lind, That both are entitled to havi' their rij:hts of conscience respected. l?ut as to the way in which these rights are to be secured in the two cases, no parity can exist. The minority in Jjower Canada contend for public and non-denominational schools, the minority in Upper Canada for separate schools. The majority in Lower Canada >upport a closely denominational and ecclesiastical systein, the majority in Tipper (^anada su})port a pub- lic and non-sectarian system. The minority in JiOwer Canada exist in the presence of a system supported by a powerful and bii^hly or- iJ ^/ / } I fflnized state church, and strengthened by differences of race, cus- |^/^j;/V^^^ '| tonis, and ianiiuau;e. as well as of religion ; the minority of Tlppt-r Ca ^ fi/J/^ ^ Hilda are in presence (»i* a system which professes to alve them the benelits of secular instruciitm. without inti^rferiuL,' ni any way with \ 1(1 tlioi" n'li,i;if>n di- l:in,<;un;^o. Tin; minority in Lower ('auacla. are \\i'altliy, :mkI liable to have their taxes largely applied t(i seliool historical and political tont^, it is rather an American and Irish, than an En;_'lish book, while, as mi!;ht ]\-a\v been cxpeclcd, In rcli'jlnn it is nar- rowly Ibmian (';ithiilic. ■'■■ In il^ litcraiy extracts it scle('ts, even I'roni l*rot(>stant authors, ))assa_u;es in lavdiivd!' tlic llomisli (Church. [t avoids the history and lilorlous trailitiniH (ifiiur mother bind, ^nxi in- • dndes fulsonn! eul'>uies of thr Ann an cimstitution ;inil it< heroes. and rt!f(;rences to the p(;rsccutinns supposed to have ])iH'n sufiei*- ed by th(' (Catholic Irish. Any s[iirit(^d buy takinu' bis inrorniatiim from such readimr.must cimn! from schonl with a striiUi^- tinu(!or--;nr.:!o phobia." Xi»w without sayin;^' a word aiiainst th(M'(insci"iitiiius cun vietioiis of our lioniaii (^•^tholic brethren in tlie feacbinu' ])r(iies-i()n, or e\en as to the incixpedioney of trainiiiu' boys to tlislike the nation and ji'overnment under which tlu'v liv.\ \;o may at least be permitted to say that we bavi' a decided av-rsion to this sort df train- imi' lor our children, independently alto^i.tlier of religious consifb ra lions. It is but fair to add that 1 have be(Mi informed that an expur u'ated c'lition of (be book to which T have refevred is in pro.;i'e-s. It'- defects liowever. are negative as much as oositive; ami I ba\(> rrW'v red to it, merely as an instance of tli'j_mfluenc^s unfivo)'able t(j_tjje he;'.lth y develo p ment of the British characteiL/ which (^xist in th(i Schools of the Lower Canada majority, and v\'hich ('(institute a part of the reasons which prevent us fi^tm nuitinu' with tlicm. In the second place wo are tau'.ih( by the bisl(jry of Protestant edu- cation in Lower Canada, not to rely too implicitly on every soi-l of uuarantee that may bo oftere.;is of the; liiitish Empire and its constitution, mii^ht well soem a sntficicnt guarantee Ibi- tlie rights and interests of En;j,lishnicn in ar.y colony; but experience has not proved it to be so in Lower Canada. The influence of the British Enijiiro did not prove sutliclent to secure the grants of land promised to the Koyal Institution, or the permanent Educational union of Upper and Lower f'anada, or a system of educati(.)n here equally favorable to the interests of th.e l-'mpiri; Avilh the Irish 'lational system. Fnlcss under the new federation the power of tin; rnipcrial Government shall be morcstronyly and directly exercised in our affairs than hitherto, we can expect nothing from it, except such stimulus as may be afforded by the persona! influence of the able and educated men who may represent Tier Majesty as Governors. The inilucncc * Third Book d' Reailiiit; Lesion-, coitii)ik'd I'V ihc liroilior^ >j! the Clni-iian schools. -^Sadlkr ^ Co., yt'.r i'orii, und Mmtreal. 1859. to (ulky ^rut- 12 thus exerted in Jlivour of eclueation by our late Governor Ge rovernor beiicral, Sir EdmuiKl IL'ud, was very beneficial ; but it is questionable whether the head of a conlederacy includin'-; local governments, will be able to act s^o directly in educational aticdrs. AL^aiu we are told tiuit there will be a j:re;it Protestant uud Enir- lisli niajoriry in tlie Federal le^islatui'c, and that tlie general govern- ment, will, by its veto, secure our rights. In looking ut our past his- tory, we cannot find that Up})or Canada has in time past exercised this kindl}' intluenee on our behalf under the old uniori, though it was most directly its interest to do so , nor can we suppose that a re- presentative government will ever be able to offend, on account of . - a matter so trivial as edueation has always appeared to party politi- ( '/f'^^f{//l(^^Jj[^x./ ciiitis, tlie majority ol' one of tlie most powerful jirovinees. But ' ItO/^ZixMjlf^^^ A/<-c/^ ],, addition to all this, if we state the popidation of British America . At/ iU^fi-^i-'^ 1,1 i-()und numbers at three millions and a half, one million and a half ^^.^'^C^i«^u^ .,1V [Ionian Oatliolies, all, if we may credit the good evidence ' ^ <^^/t lly we are told that a sdiool law will be passed before the 1-^^ ^I'li'-*" ^^^' ^'^^ t/Vmadas is dissolved, li.ving our position beyond the possibility of its being disiurhed. It may well be asked — can this be done? Legislation is u continually opera.ting and accumulating force, that soon trimsformsitsclf into tliat'-jogie of facts," which sweeps away all stationary guarantees. These are usually but stones thrown into the bed of a rapid stream ; they may make a littlo connnotion and splutter, but the stream juoves on. In edueation, every new insti- tution established nr re(juired, evory slij^iit change of the school law. howi'ver ajiiKirentiy innocuous, must have -reat and wid*- spread ottccts i'"ever well disposed, to respc'ct our interests, witliout the exercise of a selfdcninl which we c;in h.irdly e.xjiecl. In these eireumstances thi\y must not blann; us if we ciirefully iui|uirc as to our ])ositlon and prosi)ects,and endeavour to surround ourselves with as many safeguards as possible, just as they in lik(> ninnner desin^ to secure their peculiar views tmd institutions in entcriii'..': the projiose I federation. Nor must it be supposed that in this matter v.e are sel- fish, and careless of the interests of otliers. The^5ritish minority of Lower Canada owe It as a sacred duty to their ancestors and to their posterity, to the principles which they prol'ess, and even t(.» the popu- lation amidst which they are placed, to preserve their education;iJ in- stitutions intact ; and it must l)e evident to every thou-htful mind that should the l»ritish interest in Lower Canada be reduced to in- ('' H^ mtj jrdCf significance, and tliis province beconu; wholly uallic i/.'d and ronia_nI/ejL "^^ ^^iAjuL i^jx/.JA\ the federation will be a failure, and the people of Lower Canada 'CiUi^J will be among the most serious sufferers amidst the throes of its dis- solution. Let us then, in view of these considerations, in(|uire as to the provisions necessary for Protestant education in Lower Canada. under the new circumstances into which it Is about to enter, and more especially, to those deraandtMl by the Association recently form cd in this city for the protection of Protestant education.-'' 1. Tt is proposed that we shouhl demand a separate Protestant Superintendent and Council of Public Instruction, the latter to repre- sent, as fairly as may be, the leading Protestant denomination^. The ground for this demand is not any dissatisfaction with the adminis- tration of educational affairs by the present Supei'Intendent. On the contrary, T Ijclicve it will be admitted that under his manage, ment, education has made substantial advancies.and tln> defecls of the existing system have bec.'u greatly moilitiod, cr Iiave brcn' at least smoothed over in such a manner as to rob them ofmanyobnoxictus • •'Siigi;i'stn)iis :iii(l cnusKicrHlic'iis iiresciiK'il 111 tlic fru.-iuls of l'riiti.":liiiii JUlucittinii, iu Lower Caiiiulu." — Uontreat, Dec. iStil. 14- fc.'iturej'. Hut tliir' cuxuinrttarice makes us all tuc more unoa^sy. Tlic power \\<>s^ wielded \vitli t;ict and (irmncsy, and under thcgovernniciil i)i' United Canada, may produce the most opposite effeet^;, under an oiBcer of dillerent, cliaracter, and without the eheeliS and eaeoura;;e menls afloi'ded by the exi^tim; union. I conies-^ that under the present eon.stitution, 1 shouUl dtnibt as to a division oi' the Department of Edueation. It wouhl eau-se additional expen.se. it mi;^ht p roduce contentions between the departiuent^ . The Superintendent of the minority might be a man ^V^ fcy/XAui^ of little inHuenee. and inferior in all re,fpccts to the man who could be ij ^VL<*~'AXx.iu ;.;ecured lor the lar^^er ofllee. Without underrating the-c evils, I still i^ mZyC[iort of Jlo!ii;i n C atholic scho ols, anil tliat the taxes leviel on eommereial eoi'jinrations Ml t I ^jlJ \ mca^y. Tlic igovcnimciil ts, under an rl eaeourji-c louKl (],)uh( i^ouM cau.ie [ctvvceii tlic ^Iit bo a man ho could be evils, I sdll utid to dc unlettered siriy way to ts develop otually the i' of much ft will also 'f the fcy ni- :a. With ited body, illteR'St;^, :;ireetually 'here, and )rivilcges. ound the ».lt ]t:ilc ere (|ue.s- Britirih 1 law is .iis|)u.s:ii ii.nim^ is ('Uiils oC 1 <»f' tlic liiiLliiii, u ■M 15 .•'hould be divided in ootnc e«juitable niannor, so as not t'* intorfc.n' with the interest;:! oi' Protestant shareholders. This nii^ld be deter )nined by unanimous conscntof such corporations, (»r otherwise tlic tax might be divided aceordin;:; to population, or better still, aceordin-; In the stock held by shai-el iolders of the respective c reeds. 3, There is .i miaiif'est inju'y returns but by ret^ular and systematic inspection ; and these will not secure tlie end in view, unless the employment of trained teuchers, and the reiiu- lar registration of the school attendance, be insisted on. Tn relation to some of these points, our present school law is still very imperfect, and its working;' necessarily uives good ground to ob- ject against the distribution of the grants. Taking it Inr granted, however, that parliamentary aids to ednca- tion will be given, and that measures will be taken to ensure their just distribution, we should, I think, demand that the distinctive principles of our two systems of education, should be acknowledged by a preliminary division of such grants between the Protestant and Roman Catholic schools, and that fair scope should thus be given for a trial of their respective merits and defects. 5. On behalf of that portion of our population which is non-catho- lic but not Protestant, I Avould say, that it might be lel't at liberty to avail itself of the provisions cither of the Protestant or Catholic school system at its option ; and it would be necessary, in order to avoid difficulty, that its rights in the matter should be recognized. There is another class of persons also, not numerous, but having 2/di'<-dirfM'^(Mj^c**4^t[\M\\ rights of conscience, whose wants should be provided i(jUiAviiu'i,ii Nonn.il School, ;ni( 1 (ho Acadcniios ;inJ JIIl'U scI)M)Is. I'dr ilu-o ;i '-ix''!.:! ; ■ .visir shnuM he 1)1. I'll', in such .i iii;innor as tw prevent 1 hi. ir Ml Mri'Tlor- enct; ^7i th IL aias ;.o til iowor ]'\ a8oritz;larJ!y coutcmplati-'d by the i>riti'?h wlilch they r»ive arc diiluscd thi>>:iv^houL the coiinLry, :n the pi-u\i>ioii df [las- tori, oi toacli' li', and oL' proies-iouul men. ThMU-h llw, u-ul tiituatcd xn tac the lai' 15 J t! TO i; ntio,.^ oi' populaliun. yet withinit ih^.iii tlie inha bi- .s.ii.ilh. 11. ■I .'111 senou,; popu m':c.in\eni!\iO<' .1 Tl till I, A ii'taoti' >chi di-t I'a.-L- miulit su Qor h:i)' \:illii', IS ni it li> be e.--tiiii;tled by the .ulioii ihut ni;r. Miironml lln'iii.hnf. by thv piijiiN aelually receiving; 1 which they uive. their bi^ntMn,-. ai !ho .'l laraetci' o H' <'illinti>li jiopulation ui l/iwer t,anaiia C ih ;'cen sLarvn havr mirhf have oea:: a.nd ohoul.l if ]'u--il'I an d l.n; irivale bene ^faet iun me erthem T a' eii.ini.-i suou d !f.\V Ul e ue ule il ill .- omc permanent w IN' .It Ir- ued to be hoped thai the m::jurity It.-elf v. ill ■-- •• th^^ ^•,i-donl ;;.-j uell a.s the j;u--tiee of tli^ me;isuve, !i;;d tli.it- the people of I'pper Caiivi.ia ^vill make il a point of conscience to (brain this guarantee ibr tlic I'lvtei^tant ]wipu1iUion H' Loiver Canada before tlie Una' ^epara- tW'U takes jilaee. f! i- fuith.T !o be obv'ned, ihalas a.h'eauy .-Uit.d. the Covernniont ;,<••, n.uly owe.'^ to tliese hildier in.it itution-3 -.rrant '■!' ]\uA which, lont" a-o promised, Lave not been reeelved. Th.J.so old ri-ht: ,?houh.l now be rc.a;:r'cricd, and avc should not rest-contRr.l annl wc eau ubtaia rrantr C''i-:-''::-^p'>nillllI,^-' tho.-e 'fiven in Upp.r C\:i:id:i, or to tho30 cu- ^i oz^ i i 18 joyed by tho Seminary of Montreal and that of Quebec with its ex- tension in the Laval University. We have also a right to insist tliat j-omc consideration should bo given to the probable increase of value of tuch lands, had they been granted in 1801. In an able article in the Journal of Education for Lower Canada, it is argued, that under the present system the Protestants receive- more than their share of the superior education fund. But admit- ting the correctness of the figurco given, and admitting also that the Superintendent iias acted in the matter with nil fairness, there would remain tor consideration, in addition to the facts stated in that article, the following questions, all more or less important to a correct un- derstanding of the position of the Protcsiants. (1.) The clali'i of the Protestant higher institutions to grants of land, commensurate with those enjoyed by the great Roman Catholic- Seminaries and their University. (2.) How far the aids to such institutions should be ba.sed ot.' population or number of pupils. (3.) What institutions should be regarded as provincial and what as local. (4.) What classes of institutions have a right to share in the superior education fund. (5.) The grants given in former years for buildin^^s ; and the progressive diminution of some of the grants in recent years. (6.) The conditions attached to the aids given, in some cases. (7.) The relative proportion of the aids given and the contributions cf the supporters of the Schools. (8,) The condition and management of the lands known as ilv *' Jesuits* estates," and of the ! iperior education fund. Some of these pomts we have already noticed, and it would occupy too much of our time to enter into others, which would require state- ments of figures and minute details. It is sufficient to say that they have led some of those who have given attention to the subje'^it, t > very different conclusions from those of the article referred to, with regard to the effects of the present system, while they by no meana remove the fears of a change for the worse under the new constitu- tion. f 19 7. There ia one subject affectiai* the interests of tlio higher Ediicatior, which, not unnaturally, seems to have been overlooked by our politi- ciana. I refer to the legal value attaciieil to University deirrees, asi qualifying for the learned professions. Tliis, on the terms of tlr; published Kgiv^einent, will be left to the local j.'ovornnu'nt<>. 8ucr n coura i would lead to great evils . It would tend to the erection of ditlc* ■ cut standards m diflFerent Provinces, and to give to the degrees of ou- Universities a ni(3rely local value. Thj degrees of all tlio evistiiii-, Universities should bo degrees for all British America. The standariJ, of professional education in the different provinces siiould as far a ; possible be assiiuilated.,and raised sufficiently high to prevent the inter- ference of uneducated practitioners ; and, if possible, to secure foi* our degrees that recognitit. i in Groat Britnin which the separate provinces have as yet been unable to obtain . In order to these ends the general government should assume the supervision of this matter, or should at least retain the power to revise all local legisla- tion in regard to it. Perhaps the best method to secure the desired result, Apould bo the appointment of an Kducational Council similar to the M'idical Council in Great Britain, and to charge this body with the oversight of all matters relating to professional education and the value of degrees therein. I have now stated what T conci'lve to be the most important points which demand the attenlion of J'rotestant educationists in Lower Ca- nada, in prospect of ourncv constitution. Others may oL^eur to other thinkers, and some of those whir'i [ have mentioned may not seem cfjually important to all. The details of the mo le in whieli these guarantees may be best secure 1 belong to the politieiui. My present object will have been attained if I have succeeded in stiumlating thought on these momentous ([uestions, and in contributing somewhat t,o a solution which, while not injurious to our countrymen who dif- fer from us on education il (piestions, will secure and perpetuate the existence of English and J*rotcstant education in Lower Canada. • I would say finally, that in my ju lament, no p>iple was ever un der greater necessity to make education, both hiiiin'r and elementary,a prominent object of attention, than that of nritis'i Amerieo, in en- tering on the new constitution proposed to us. On this, under God, will depend our progress and prosperity, and the consideration we ehall enjoy. While in our federation there will be discordant iuter- f i L'O w'.Ht?, races and cvcctls, and great local sciaratlon of its component parts, tliore will be none of those PtronL: feelings of pftj.ular onfliu.-iasm wliich tend so much to tlio f-trenutji and unity of nations. V\ ^ have 110 Georj:o Washhiuton or "Willian '"11, no stlrri:i^ meiiiorios of irrcnt deeds done or sunbrinus endure .Ht-urc our national oxijit- . Dco, and th e truly nation al fceHnL: wlpeli exists anion i u-, cenfri"? at ■ ) .^ inmiwuf i|),ivr ;it f'"'"^"!! ill'''' l^tli-, lll.Ui at OUaW:l. lii]Milar inditVcrenee oil the one liand, and iiure dcclauiation on jIic other, will not sujiply the want .^f those powers which slir tho jieu'ts ev'Mi of rude nations. We nnist endeavour to fill their jJaee l»y l)ic formation of an cnllditcned public opinion, and l :,!,^'l riulit. i