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To which is annexed, An ACCURATE DESCRIPTIVE TABLE OF THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES} Exhibiting, at One View, their rcfpcftivc BOUNDARIES, t)IMENSIONS, LONGITUDES, LATITUDES, DIVISIONS, or COUNTIES, CHIEF TOWNS, /CAPES, HARBOURS, BAYS, RIVERS, VARIOUS PRO- DUCTIONS, ANIMALS, &c. &c. INTERSPERSED WITH JParticulars relative to the difFerer. Soils and CumateSj Capital Cities, &c. &c. LONDON, Printed for J. BEW, in Patcr-Noaer-Row.^' 1775. \ V »*.\ k , \ \ \\ I I I ^ i Ml I w • PREFACE. J\S it is natural to fuppofe, that among the Public there are many ftrangers tp Britifh North-American Hiftory, who, from the prefent interefting jundture of affairs, wifli for information concerning the rife, eftabliH^ment, and growth, of our Colonies in that part of the world ; to fatisfy, therefore, the curiofity of fuch perfons in thefe particulars, at an eafy price, is ihe defign of the following pages, wherein fimple matters of fadt arc related with precifion, candour, and im- partiality. Obfervations and refledtions are not to be expedled* in fo concife a publicat'on ; the reader is left to makp lf\\s own, 'The St iv PREFACE. The hlftory of the province of Maf- fachufets-bay is, beyond comparifon, of more magnitude and importance than that of any of the other colonies ; and the reader will find that a large propor- tion of room has been allotted thereto, and fuch incidents feleded, as, it is pre- iumed, cannot fail of affording him com- petent, ideas of the extraordinary fcenes in which the people of that colony have, from their f rfl emigration, been conti- nually interefled and engaged. ' ■' The manner in which the annexed Descriptive Table is printcd,^refcnt9 a ftriking colledive and comparative view of the fevcral countries -, and, amongft other u fef ul purpofes, it may ferve for a very proper companion to a Map : It has coll much pains, and, the author hopes, will meet with a favourable reception. [■ •A An Accural i COLONIES, With their Boundaria, ire. New Britain, comprehending Labrador, New North and South Walec, &c. Bounded on the N. by frozen feas and parts tinknown. E. Atlantic Ocean. S. Canada. W. Vhxts unexplored. Difference of time from Lon- don, 5 h. 40 min. after, at Fort Albany in Hudfon's Bay. Canada. Bounded on the N. by New Britain, &c. E. New Scotland, New Eng- land, New York, P^unfyU vania, and Virginia. S. E. the river Ohio. W.tndS.W. Miffifippi river. Latitude, From 37* N. to the boun- dary of the Hudfon's-Biiy Company. Length, upwards of 1800 m. Breadth, uncertain. Difference of time from Lon don, 4 h. 39 nain. after, at QuebeCi No precifc divifions have yet been ■ * great portion of North-America ; b|f" Britain and Nc* South Wales, on *•" North Wales, and Prince William'i*^ ' known arftic pjtrts on the North ; 01 ^° land, belonging to Denmark, and pa|^' inclyfJng the two vaf> bays cal!^:d Hil^l' cent Straights, Jllands, S^c, On the'^'*^ ' the come:, y to called (confining of i< ** and fmall icttlemcnts for the purpofc'f ^ fur and pdrry trade with the Indians?'*^^ thofc on the rivers Churchill, Ndlbti^*! on New Severn and Rupert rivers arc.f ' HudfoB's-Bay country runs from a <* j Oc.-an in 5s' N. l..t. South- Wcfl tf>' *1 then South- Weft to lat. 49° N. and 1^ i Before the aft of 1774 for fettling t"iifi vernmcnts, viz. thofp of Quebec, Nf^wJ thefe arc now united in one. — The toFco, and Trois Rivieres. Hisj Quebec, which is a city and t!ie].Jp! fituatcd at the confluence of the rivefPl ci the N. fide of the former, about loy'^lnr of an Upper and Lower Town, tolci*Ut tains 12 or 15,000 inhabitants. In SP^rc the French by the Englifii, but not*'!: General Wolfe. — Montreal is built o?Tc I the river St. Laurence, about 60 Icaguf 'ndj into an Upper and Lower Town, welPHldl fercd much by fire. It was taken froii^ld*! Amherft. — Trois Rivieres lies at the^""!*!' called, running into St. Laurence : ''^k \\ nations of Indians, for the purpofc o/*'c.; fes erefted by the French along the !* ). 1 are Crown-Point Ticondcrago, and^'i— | civil war '.lie two former have been fe?*|re Nova Scotia, Bounded on the N. by part of Canada. £. Gulf of St. Laurence and Atlantic Ocean. S. Atlantic Ocean. W. New England. Latitude, Between 43 and 49° N. Longitude, Bet. 60 and 67° W. fr. Lond. Length, 350 miles. Breath, 250 miles. Difference of time from Lon- don, 4 h. 13 min. after, at Halifax. Capt- Breton IJland^ no miles long; 80 broad. I Tl\e chief town in Nova Scotia is /"!' ^ ti:at name, who was the principal pnf ^\ founded in the year 1749, by an en'" who left England in May, and by' S* . had ereftcd no lefs than 350 comfortf 1^' fituated on Chebufto-bay, very comn**r a ftrong garrifon is kept, to protcfl tf'^f about 16,000, from the ravages of tl' ^ ;J' formerly cahcd Port-Royal by the *|"r^ name from the Englilh in honour «f I*'] was taken by Colonel Nicholfon.— -'t*>-J'1 here worthy mention, which is St. Ji^'^^*^' the fame name. "'' , , liouifbourg, the only town of Cai ]J^ of the ifland, and has regular and bro'* ^ 1745 it was taken from the French b;f» under Lieu. Gen. Pcpperell, but given t"7 \ During the la'l war, in 1758, it was at '* and General Amherft, and flill remair^** who have demoliflied its fortifications ^ -,..-. ._.:.--. iJio An Accurate DefcrJptive TABLE oft COLONIES, IVith their Boundaries, &c. New Britain, comprehending Labrador, New North and South Walcf, &.C. Bounded on the N. by frozen feai and parts unknown. E. Atlantic Ocean. S. Canada. W. Parts unexplored. Difference of time from Lon- don, 5 h. 40 min. after, at Fort Albany in Hudfon's Bay. Div'Jions and Chief Towns. I No precifc divilions have yet been made in the country fornVing ihii great portion of North- America ; but it conlilU, indefinitely, .of New Britain and New South Wales, on the South; New i^enmar^k, New North Wales, and Prince William'i Land, on. the Weft ; and* of un- known ar^ic parti on the North ; on the Eaft lie New or Weft Green- land, belon;;irig to Denmark, iind part of the Atlantic Ocean : tl le whole inclof ng the two vaft bays calird iiudfon's and Baffin's, wiih t' he adja- cent Straights, Jllands. ike. On the lar:ds bordering on Hudfofn's-Bay, the compiiny fo called (conlilliiig of ibout 10 perfons) have fevr ral forts and fmail fcitlcmcnts for the purpofeof defending and carrying 'on their fur and peltry trade with the Indians, and their filhcry ; the c hief are thofc on the rivers Churchill, Nc'lbn, Albany, and Moofe. 't he forts on New Severn and Rupert rivers are dcftroyed. The boundar y of the Hudfon's- Bay country runs from a rertain promontory on the 1 Atlantic Oc;an in 5S" N. l.t. Soutli-Wcft to the lakes Miftaftin and ^Abitibis, then South-Weft to lat. 49° N. and ihcnce due Weft indefiniteliy. Principal Capes, Biiys, llarhturs, Rivers, Vc. Capes : Chudley, Churchill, Dobbs, Hope, and Elizabeth's. — Bays : Great Bay of Eflcimaux, Hudfon s (including James's, Button's, Piftol, Wager, Rupert's or Repulfe, the whole length about 530 leagues, breadth from 35 to 130 leagues), Bamn's-bay, Miftaken-bay (in the Iflc of Good Fortune).— Straights: Bclle-Iflc, Hudfon's (between Labrador .md the Ifleof Good Fortune), SirThomasKoe's Welcome, Davis's (between James's inand and Weft Greenland), Baffin's, and Cumberland.— Rivers : St. John's, Elkimaux, Moofe, Al'.>any, New Severn, St. ■ Thercfas or Hayes, NcK'on, and Churchill. Climate, Soil, Prod The fummer begini as fpring and autumn of the year is winter The foil is rocky, proc The animals are mo cupines, mountain-cat mmes, eagles, hawks, geefe, ducks, buftard beafts, &c of thefe co every where furrounds I fume the different colo world : nay, what ma cats carried to Hudfo changes, and their hai In the Teas are whales, ferabl: to a herring ; i Canada. Bounded on the N. by New Britain, Sec. E. New Scotland, New Eng- land, New York, Peunfyl- vania, and Virginia. S. E. the river Ohio. W.tddS.W. Miffifippi river. Latitnde, From 37* N. to the boun- dary of the Hudfon's-Bay Company. Length, upwards of i3oo m. Breadth, uncertain. Difference of time from Lon don, 4 h. 39 min. after, at Quebec. Before the »(t of 1774 for fettling 'his country, it was under i hree go- vernments, viz. thofv of Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivic'.-es; but thefe are now united in one. — The towns 01 note are Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivieres. ~, Quebec, which is a city and t!ie capital of the whole pro vinct^, is fituatcd at the confluence cf the rivets St. Laurence and St. Ch uries, on the N, fide of the former, about 107 leagues from the fea : It confifts of an Upper and Lower Town, tolciably well-built of ftone, and con. tains iz or 15,000 inhabitants. In September, 1759, it was ta ken from the French by the Englifli, but not without the lufs of the glorious General Wolfe.— Montreal is built on an ifland of the fame .name, in the river St. Laurence, about 60 leagues S. of Quebec; it is alf'9 divided into an Upper and Lower Town, well-built and populous, bujt hitj^p^ - fered much by fire. It was taken from the French in 1760, bi/Gjnera'i Amherft.— Trois Rivieres lies at the confluence of the three} rivers fo called, running into St. Laurence : it is much frequented l|.y feveral nations of Indians, for the purpofe O'' trading. — Amongft othf.,. fortref< Ces ere^ed by the French along the En ilifh fcttlements in tb ^f^ parts^ are Crown Point Ticonderago, and ii. John's. During tj^g prefent civil war the two former have been fcized by the Provincials. \ Lakes : — The five principal, which communicate, are, Lake Superior, 500 leagues in circuit, Ontario, Erie orOfwe- jgo, Huron, and Michigan, all navijjable by veflels of any fize, as are alfo their communications, except that between Srie and Ontario, where is a ftupendous cataract, called the Falls of Niagara. The water is about a mil? wide, crofTed ^ > r«ck in the form of a hulf-moon. Th^e perpendicular fall is 170 feet; and f<*/vaft a body of water rufhing down from Co great a height, on rocks below, with prodigious rcboundings, ftrikes the beholder with inexprelHble amazement ; the noife may be heard upwards of 15 (hlles. — The chief rivers are, the Outta- oais, St. John's, Seguinay, Defpruiries, and Trois Rivieres, all running into the ^reat river St. Laurence ; alfo the Ohio. The climate and fc vary according to its d fummers are ex 'emelj the winters very cold, fons are pleafant, the gether, produces as foil of fir ; white cedar an trees ; male and fema trees; beech-trees and cherry and plumb trees thorn : — Sun-plants, go —Tobacco, turkey coi The animals are, de pines, rattle-fnakes, fo: goats, wolves, beavers f;o(hawks; gray, red, a hipes, and variety of larks. &c. — In the lak poifes, lencornets, fea- giltheads, tunny, lam Nova Scotia. Bounded on the N. by part of Canada. E. Gulf of St. Laurence and Atlantic Ocean. S. Atlantic Ocean. W. New England. Latitude, Between 43 and 49" N. Longitude, Bet. 60 and 67° W. fr. Lond. Length, 350 iriles. Breath, 150 miles, DitTerence of timt fay), which veflcis in in winters, —The har- but for its 1 be one of good har- : of Louif- ircuit, with illand is in- The climate and foil of this country, which is very extenfive, vary according to its different latitudes; in general, however, the fummers arc ex -emely hot, particularly in the more Southern parts; the winters very cold, efpecially towards the North ; yet both fea- fons are pleafant, the air being commonly clear. The foil, alto- gether, produces as follow :— White and red pine trees ; four fpecies of fir; white cedar and oak; the free, mongrel, and baflarti afh- trees ; male and female maple; hard, fott, and fmooth walnut- trees ; beech-trees and white u cherry and plumb trees; thevim thorn :— Sun-plants, gourds, mel< —Tobacco, turkey corn, moft ' 7'he animals are, deer, beai pines, rattle-fnakes, foxes, ferrus d; white and red elm ; popUrs; ar and cotton trees; andthewhite- ^^ Mllaire, the hop plant, alaco: European orain, fruits, 5cc. , martins, buffaloes, pcrcu- , h s, otterj, wild-cats, ermines, goats, wolves, beavers, fquirrels, &c. — Eagles, falcons, tercols, gofhawks; gray, red, and black partridges with long tails; turkies, fnipes, and variety of. water fowl, &c. Canadian wood-peckers, larks, &c.— In the lakes and rivers are fca-wolves, (ca-cows, por- poifcs, Icncornets, fea-plaife, falmon, turtle, lobflers, Ilnrgcons, giltheads, tunny, lampreys, mackarei, foals, anchovies, &c. The winter is almofl infupportably long and cold, continuing full ffiven months ; the fummer altogether as hot ; and for a great part of the year a gloomy fog furrounds the country.— -The foil is thin and poor, excepting in fome few tra^s, which are very |ood. —■It produces four fpecies of fir-trees, two of which make good mads; white and red cedars; white and red oaks; the maple>tree, the fap of which is ufed by the inhabitants as a regale in their en- tertainments, and is reduced by the Indians into ^ kind of fugar by long boiling ; wild cherry, elder, fervice, and three forts of nut-trees ; aih, beech, elm, and cyprcfs, together with what is called the white-wood-tree; currants, flrawbcrrics, rafberries, and goofeberries ; hops; capitlaire, organum, valerian, aconitum, and many other phyHcal plants ; alfo the black or vine of mount Ida, and the atoca. The animals are, deer, otters, and beavers ; — Wild-fowl, and all forts of game; — The flettaii, gobcrgc, requiem, herrings, ftur- gcon, and ^Imon ; and along the coaft of Cape Sable, where are excellent harbours, is a fine range of banks for cod-fi(hing. The foil of Cape-Breton is but indifferent: however, here is plenty of timber of various forts, and numerous coal-pits. \' wmm COLONIES, IVith their Boundaries, &e. New Jcrfey. Bounded on the N. by New York. E. and S. E. Atlantic Ocean. W. and S. W. Delaware river and bay. Latitude, Between 39 and 41* M. Longitude, Between 74 and 76" W. from London. 160 m. long; 60 broad. Difference of time from Lon- don, 5 hours after, at Bur- lington. Pennfylvania, together with the Counties on Delaware. Bounded on the N. by part of New York. E. Delaware river, dividing it from New Jcrfey. S. Maryland. W. partly by Virginia and partly by Canada. Latitude, Between 38 and 43" N. Longitude, Bet. 74and8i'W.fr.Lond. 300 miles long; 340 broad. Difference of time from Lon- don, 5h. 1 min. after, at Philadelphia. Diviftons and Cbitf Towns. CouN 11 xs and To WNi Weft Diftrift. Burlington : — Bu RM N o to N| Clofejler:—G\occl\er. Salem: — Salem. Cumberland .—Hopewell. Ciipe May : Hunterdon .-—Trenton. Morris ;— Morris. ■ Siifex. Perth-Amboy is delliThtfuily fltuated on n neck of land, Incll betweed the rivers Raritan ami Amboy and a large open bay. Burlington ftands very pic.ir.inily on the Delaware. Brunfwic is remarkable for liic number of its beautiful women. Counties and Townj, Eaft Diflrirt. Midd' V ; — PtRT I - ANf BOY Ne Jirunfwic, Woodbridgc. Moiimoufh .•— .FrcehoM. Ejfex : — Elizabeth, Newark. Snmerfel : Bergen .--^Bergen. Counties and Towns] Cumberland :— Carlille, 500 hoi Bedford: On Dflaxuare. Nexucaflle .-^Newcaftle. Kent : — Dover. SiiJJ'ex I — Lewes. Counties and Towns. Philadelphia : — Ph i l a d e i • h i .^, Germaniown, Dublin, Franctort. Chefler ;— Chefler. Bucks : — Newtown, Brlflol. Berks : — Reading. Northampton .•— Eafton. Lancajier .--<-Lanca(ler, 500 houff s. 2ort.— York. The city of Phi^delphia (which cannot but ftrikc every one wonder, who reflets, that, 60 years ago, the fpot on which it f^l was a defcrt) was planned by the exalted geniu? of the famous WilT Penn. It is fttuated on a tonjjiie cf land, a few miles at)Ove the I fluence of the Delaware and ScKuilkill rivers, contains 3000 hoj and 18 or zo,ooo inhabitants, and if two miles long, and three ters broad. The (irects are laid out, with the (Iri^cfl regnlarii{ Earallel lines, interleaved by others at right angles, and are lundfoJ uilt, well lighted, and watched : a pavement of broad Hones runs a| each fide for foot-pallengtrs. Maryland. Bounded on the N. by Pennfylvania. £. Counties of Delaware and Atlantic Ocean. S. Virginia. W. Apalachian mountains. Latitude, Between 38 and 40° N. Longitude, Between 75 and 80° W. from London. X40 miles long ; 135 broad. DifTerenee of time from Lon- don, 5 h. 7 min. after, at Annapolis. Counties and Towns| Weft Divifion. St.Marfs: — St. Mary's. Charles .— Briftol. Prince Gfijr^^^ .-—Maftcrkout. Cnlvert .•— Abington. Arundel .—An n A p o l i s. Baltimore .— Baliimorc. Frederic. Annapolis, the capital, is a fmall, neat town, of about 150 hoJ but the ftreers arc irregular, and not paved. Till 1694 it was cl Severn. It is fituated on a peninfula formed by the river Severn two fmall crcekr,' and af ords a l>eautiful profpert of Chcifapeak- and of the Eaflem (hore beyond it ; fo that fields, woods, and « confpire to variegate the , fcene. This town was made a port of in 1664, and the chief f» at of jufHce in 1699. CouNTiKS and Towns. Eafl Divifion. IVorccfler: — Princcfs Anne, Somcrfet : — Snow-hill. Dorfet .— Dorfet, or Dorchcrter. Talbot ;— Oxford. ^ ^ , Cecil : '^ueen-Ann's : — Queen's-Town. f^ent .•— Chefter. Counties and Towns. AmhcrJI I '< Henrico: , • Dinwidkle ; , Efcx, or Rappahanock: ""pfork: I Prince Edward th;";. A'l/j^ George t Gloucejier : Princefs Ann : JVarw;ck : NORTH-AMERICA. [: Didiidt. ■ U RI.IN G TON. 1. I'liTiton. ■lis. of land, includc'l '(I'cii bjy. lutifiil women. Pr.mpal Oipo, B^'U, Hurlieun, H.rcn, vc. C*pc May. — DcUwue b«y. — ^'«>tll- Aiiilioy li.irlji>ur,— IJdnvait, Kartaii. ,irul I'alaic rivcu. Tlu' falls on iliis la(l 'lei'crvc p.irticiil.ir mcrui'm. Fiom * :on- li.lrr.iUle width, the channel beames (Mntniftcd to tha o( «hout ^o yirds, ,.11,1 the oiiricMt runs svith ^rtrtt r.'piJi'y 1,11 it i« eroded by u ilap thiirm or clot t : licr-.- it lulls in one cnPrc ihtet, 70 ffct piTp.'ndicultrlyi and one end of the Jclt biiii;^ clDl'el lip, the w liter rnlhes out at i!)c o;hci with incredible vehcnience, in ..M .;iutc angle, to its forratr diicdHon ;ind bit-adih. 'i'liirty y.irds above this is .iiioihcr fjll, ov.-r ruiky ledges, lach 2 or "j feir perpendicular. Cl-mitc, Soi/p ProJufHons, and df'erent Kindt of Anhvali, ire. riif climate i» tempenie; and the (oil, which ii a kind of red llaie, 1 > exceedingly licit, ihit, in a Ihort time after it hat been turned >ip, and expofrd to air and moifUirr, it i.s convcited 'nto a fpecicj of niarlc. The foil of the H( ly Land is faid to be of a IJinilar ii.iiure. The province produces vad ^ii.infities of grain, iicmp, f1,4X, hay, Inliui ('orii, &c, in this and ilic southern colonics iibundancc of wild vines, of iliree or four fpecies, ('ifTerent from the European; but no wine has yet been made fnun them woithy of notice. Colon I Tcitr Schuykr has, in his garden, a fine colkd^ion of citioriN, oraniJts, limes, lemons, lulfams of Ptni, aloes, pomc- orjn:)f<;, and uilur tmpical plants; and, in his park, (eveial 1' ng- lilh and Aniericni dcrr, with loim- elks or moolc fleer.— Here arc iillo valuable coppcr-muies, in parikulir thofe belonging to (Joh - ncl Joiin Scliiiylcr ; and rich veins ol ore. But the country abounds I with molkitocs. .;)',/ 'l"o \V N S. iailille, 500 huules. [•wcaiUe. likr fvrry ore with lu;i whicii it ll'nds |h'.' f imnus W'iiiinm lilts .it")ve t!iJ con- liiis 3000 hDiili's, I, .md thrte i^uar- itt !i i\'<;iil,ii'ty, in Ind jre h 'ndloiri'ly L iloncs nioi along (JijK- llinl"pen. — Itti.rA.ire l),iV nid h'.rhoiir'i. — Rivers : Delaware, .Sii(>,iic- liuun, and Schuilkill. The DeUwiir, whole I'lurce is far N<>rth in the ccun- tiy ' f the Indians c.iHed Iro-nioi';, is n.ivi-able 120 miles above I'hiladtlphia, ar d would be fo fai'.her, b'.it for a cta- i„a in it aI>ovc Ihiflol, which liin'eis vrlUl>i frcni proceeding; higher; at its nioiiiii it is upwards of three miles hr 'ad, and mere than one at Philadcipiii.! : the ,Schuilkill and Siifvjuehanna rivers rile silo in tlie country ot the Iroquois, and arc navigable f.ir up the country : add to this that the Kirgtll fleets may ridi in I'lfcty in the crciks and coves with wl ich Drlaware bay al;ounds; fo th.it this 1 ro vince is happily c!rcumftanct.-d to c rry on a forei'n as well as iul.ind trade. I l.i; cluiute of I'ennlylvan'.i, during winter, is in gencrjl nrhler than ili.it oi' the Noithcrn ci)|..i)ics, in proportion as it lies more to tli«' ■south: i.t-vtrthtKls, from IJecembrr to March, the cold is frc'iiieiitly fo intcnfc as to freeze over the Delaware, though a very liro.id river. On the other hanil, in the funinier (cafon, tlic months of Jiilv, Augnft, and September, would he almort intolerable, were it not for the frci|uem cool breezes which moderate the heat — The foil is exircnuly lhoii)» and fertile, producing fpontancdufly an infinite variety of trees, flowers, fruits, and plants, of dirfcrent lizcs ; and the nio.:ntaiii.s arc enriched with ore. 1 his province is cnltivalcd to greater ptrfcition than any other ; and in this llatc yi'.lds not only great plenty, but great variety of grain ; alfo flax- ieed, hemp, and various otlier articles. It mult be obllrved here, that in the .'Southern the timber is not fo proper for Ihip-biiilding as in the N'orthcrn colonies; for in a comparative degree as they lie nearer to the South, the wood be- comes Icfs and Icfs compai^, and fplits ealily ;— a quality, however, that, ihouph rendering it improper for Ihips, makes it fitter for ftavcs, — The land abounds wiih cat'.le, and the rivtrs witli (iiJ!. 'i'o W N s. hivificii. Mary's. I-Maflcrkout. ;iA-mae, Pocomac, Patuxtnt, Patap.'ico ("hcptonk, Sulijuelunnah, Severn, b iFu- fras, &c. Maryland, Pennfyivnnia, and Virginia, enjoy peculiar commercial adviiUiges leas, who will have it in his power, by thefe means, to ca.-ry dffolation into the hcO ilntled parts of tiic llveial c^untiics; ;is unhappily may he too loon experier :cd. ,'irt'''tr ; \i'Cji At:n , •(."T.C ; vn.vie f Capes of Virginia, called Henry and Charles, opening a padage into the bay of Cheafapeak, one of the larjert and finJl in the world, being 18 miles V. oad at i!S mouth, and 7 or 8 throughcit a ■■ r** -.-l«f n.l^^/^lv if, life 1 he Itaplc commodity of Maryhmd is tiie Oroiiooko l.rt oi to- bacco, wliich is much ftrongcr than the Virginian, and for this reafon preferred in the Kallcrn and Noriherii p.irts of Fiirope. T he climate both of Maryland and Virginia, on the whole, is e.xttcnicly fine. Autumn and fpring are delightful .Qfafons, and in winter tlie weather is fo mild as fcarccly to require a fire; vet now and then there are f)me extremely lliarp days; and it is not uncommon, after a warntday, to have luch fudden and fevcre cold as to freeze over a river a mile broad in one night. The fummer Iirings violent heats, and frequent and furious gufls, with terrible thunder and ligliming, whence, however, little mifchief happens to the buildings, owing to the tle('trie3l rods whieii are affixed to mod of ihem. The natural rrodudli'Jiis of the foil, which, for the mod part, is good, are 'recs and Howers of infinitely various forts, with great qiiantitifs of fruits and medicinal plants ; partl- Cidarly, tobacco and Indian corn ; pigeim-berry and rattle-fnake root, mncli edeemcd in ulcerous and picuritical difordcrs ; draw- berries, hiccory nuts, mulberries, chefiuits, myrtles, cedars, cy- predcs, fugar-trees, dirfcrent forts of fir-trees, feven or eij'Jit kinds of 0.1k, red-flo.vering maples, fjlDfras-trecs, dog-woods',' acacias, llarlet-dowerin^ chelnuts, red-buds, flowering popl.irs, imgnoiias, fringe trees, umbrellas, chamcedaphnes (reckoned the mod beau- tiful of all flowering Qirubs), pacoons, yellow jeflamines, may-ap- 'de atumufey lilies. (Sec. &c. &c. Fdf .q.rv.. #U/'!xn» mj u«.... . rt» ^ — '■: r ERICA. Climate, Soil, ProduBiMs, and dlferent Kinds of Animals, &c. , ;ks. jro- Pa- ,,1C0, lira- nia, iges :ks, ji • ■ efe, in iiki .1 not ■H B^i'\i' Hessj Ik: var, ;'._ ;ent by ■the ics; :cd. — and bay and oad >.,'* It a UD« The climate is temperate; and the foil, which is a kind of red (late, fb exceedingly rich, thft, in a Ihort time after it has been turned up, and expofed to air and moidurc, it is converted into a fpecics -of marie. The foil of the Holy Land is faid to be of a iim.ilar nature. The province produces va(l quantities of grain, hemp, flax, hay, Indian corn, &c. &c. There are alfo in this and the Southern colonics abundance of wild vines, of three or four fpecics, diiferent from the European ; but no wine has yet been made from them worthy of notice. Colonel Peter Schuyler has, in his garden, a fine coUeflion of citrons, oranges, limes, lemons, balfams of Peru, aloes, pome- granates, and other tropical plants; and, in h>s park, feveral Eng- lilh and American deer, with fome elks or moofe dcsr. — Here are alfo valuable copper-mines, in particular thofe belonging to Colo- nel John Schuyler ; and rich veins of ore. But the country abounds with molkitoes. The climate of PcnnCylvania, during winter, is in general milder than that of the Northern colonies, in proportion as it lies more to the South : neverthelefs, from December to March, the cold is frequently (o intenfc as to freeze over the Delaware, though a very broad ri<::r. On the other hand, in the fummer feafon, the months of July, Auguft, and September, would be alniod intolerable, were it not for the frequent cool breezes which moderate the heat.— The foil is extremely ftrong and fertile, producing fpontaneoufly an infinite variety of trees, flowers, fruits, and plants, of differenf flics ; and the mountains ?rc enriched with ore. This province is cultivated to greater perfeAion than any other ; and in this Hate yields not only great plenty, but great variety of grain ; alfo flax- feed, hemp, and various other articles. It muft be obfervcd here, that in the Southern the timber is not fo proper for Ihip-buildihg as in the Northern colonies ; for in a comparative degree as they lie hearer to the South, the wood be- comes lefs and lefs compaft, and fplits cafily ;— .a quality, however, that, though rendering it improper for Ihips, makes it fitter for ftavcs. — The land abounds with cattle, and the rivers with fi(h. The llaple commodity of Maryland is the Oronooko fort of to- bacco, which is much flronger than the Virginian, and for this reafon preferred in the Eaflern and Northern parts of Europe. The climate both of Maryland and Virginia, on the whole, is extremely fine. Autumn and fpring are delightful feafons, and in winter the weather is fo mild as fcarccly to require a fire ; yet now and then there are fome extremely (harp days; and it is not uncommon, after a wartl^day, to have fuch fudden and fevere cold as to freeze over a river a mile broad in one night. The fummer brings violent heats, and frequent and furious gufls, with terrible thunder and lightning, whence, however, little mifchicf happens to the buildings, owing to the eleftrical rods which arc affixed to mofl of ihcm. The natural productions of the foil, which, for the moft part, is good, arc trees and flowers of infinitely various forts, with great quantities of fruits and medicinal plants ; parti- cularly, tobacco and Indian corn f> pigeon-berry and rattle-fnake root, much eilecmed in ulcerous and pleuritical difordcrs ; (jraw- berrics, hiccorynuts, mulberries, chefnutS, myrtles, cedars, cy- preflcs, fugar-trces, different forts of fir-trees, fcven or eight kinds of oak, red-flowering maples, fafTafras-trces, dog-woods^ acacias, fcarlet-flowering chcfnuts, red-buds, flowering poplars, magnolias, fringe-trees, umbrellas, chamoedaphnes (reckoned the moft beau' tiful of all flowering (hrubs), pacoons, yellow jelTamines, may-!-;- ■^'tl -^ •/• V -:■ ^ J *.>.,•!. tINTRODUCTIO N. tin u^k-il^.D ftt?fli »^v/. f:fi'j,q t\*ris\'f^ k. :^j^U'? Of the D i s CO r E R y 4>f A M E R I C A li^:'^'V* > i^ijis- in general* ; •. P KEVIOUS to entering oft an hiflorical account of the firft fcttlennent and prcfcnc ftate of the Britifh Colonies in North-Ame- rica, it feems incumbent oft us to take a cur- fory view of the events which led to the dilcovcry of that part» involved as it was in the difcovery of America in general. Herein wefhallbe as bqcf as poITible, omitting what- ever does not appear necellary to perfpicuity. Till the latter end of the fifteenth centu- ry, the whole known terreftrial world confift- cd only of the three great portions, Europe, Afia, and Africa, together with their appen- dages of iflands and adjacen; Teas. The dif- covery of the fourth portion is now to be in- veftigated. .- - ■'■■-' \^^S^:^v.-- At "**.■ ■..'£>>. '^'S.*. •■\ t ' 14V, 15 AMERICA IN GENERAL. At this period, (viz. the latter end of the th century,) Chriftopher Columbus, a na- tive of Genoa, having conceived a notion of the pcfTibility of failing to the Indies (the traffic to which parts was then carried on either through the inland parts of Afia, or thro' Egypt and tLe Red Sea, and was chiefly cngroflfed by the Venetians) by a weftward courft, pfopofed the making fuch an attempt to his countrymen, as the means of opening a new avenue to commerce, wealth, and do- minion } but his fcheme, feeming to them to be founded in abfurdity, was confequently rejected. Columbus, confeious of the fup&. riority of his own knowledge in the matter, was not thus to be foiled; and, retiring from bis country in difgufl:, fucccffively repeated his propofal to the courts of France, Eng- land, and Portugal •, all which, however^ look- ed upon it as toa chimerical to be adopted. Notwithftanding thefe mortifying; difappoint- ments, which probably would have over- whelmed the genius of any other perfon, Co- lumbus was ilill firmly perfuaded of the Jjradieability of his plan, and refolved to pro- pofe it to the court of Spain : and here, after a delay of eight years, his defign was at length -' f '*■ >m>m AMERICA IN GENERAL. ^ • ' ■ . . ■ ■ ■> • fehgth countenanced by the intereft of Qoeen Ifabella, who raifed money on her jewels to carry it ihiio execution. Accordingly, in 1492, the adventurous Columbus fet fail with three Ihips. In croflihg the Atlantic, his crew, full of apprehenfions of danger in a vaft unkrioWii ocean, efpecially from the circum- iiance of the va^riatibn of the compafs, which Was now firft obferved, broke out into a mu- tiny i happily, however, it fubfided, when, at the end of thirty-three days, they difco- vefed lahdi which proved to be the Bahama tflands. Thefe Columbus at firft hoped to' be a part of the Indies he was in queft of (foi^, tho' he poflibly had an idea of the fphe- rical figure of the earth, he was certainly igno- rant: of its dimehfidns, and confcqueri'tly of the greaji" fpace (lill betfween him and the wifhed- for country): but foon finding his miftal^e, Ke fteered to the fouthwai"d, and fell in with Cuba ahd Hifpaniola ; whence he returned to Spain, but not without fomc f^mples of gofd to be' rhet with in the latter, ahd gaining a flight knowledge of other illands. ^ This profperous voyage procured Colum- bus, not only the moft honourable reception and higheft applaufe, but alfo a fpeedy equip- B 2 ment .It £' .\l. :i> . \ « > 4 • AMERICA IN GENERAL. ment of 1 7 fhips for a fecond, in which he cftablilhed a colony at Hifpaniola, and difco- vered Jamaica, Gnadaloupe, and many other iflands of the Wcfl-Indies. But Columbus foon found that a continua-. tion of fucccfs had excited a jealoufy among the grandees of Spain, which was very unfa- vourable to the profecution of his- -defigns : however, with much difficulty, he was enabled to undertake another expedition, wherein he flood, from the Canaries, for fome time, to- wards the fouth ; then changed his courfe. direcflly weft, fufFering grievous heats and heavy rains j but a brifli gale fpringing up carried him in fcventeen days to the Ifland of Trinidad on the coaft of Guiana : which paffing, he was foon aftoniftied at the vio- lent agitation of the water, occafioned by the tide of the fea clalhing with the rapid Current of the river Orinoco •, but failing forward, he firft came in fight of that continent, which was afterwards called, in general, America^ or fometimes, on account of its magnitude, em- phatically, The New World. , ' ■• From the firft fuccefles of Columbus, all Europe, which refounded with the fame of them, began to think that great man's pro- jed: m AMERICA IN GENERAL. 5 jcft was not totally a chimera ; and the ava- rice of Henry VII. of England, who, as we before intimated, declined to engage in fuch an undertaking when propofed by Columbus, now prompted him to be dabbling in adven- turous voyages alfo. Neverthelefs, according to his ufual fafe policy, he was refolved not to be too venturefome ; but granted a patent to John Cabot, a Venetian, and his fons*, empowering them, with five (hips bearing Englifli colours, to difcover and take poneflion of any countries, either in the eaft, weft, or north, which before that time were unknown to all Chriftians, refcrving to himfelf a fifth part of the clear emoluments that ihould arife. This happened in 1496 ; and, in confequence, the eaftern coaft in general of America, from latitude 34 deg. N. was foon after difcovercd, and, for a time, together with the ifland which ftill bears thj ap^^ella- tion, was called by the Englifli Newfound- land. From the difcoveries of the Cabots, therefore, Great Britain derives her claims in America, where, next to Spain, (he holds the moft confiderable pofleffions. ' * Lewis, Seballtan, and Sancho. B3 In ! % -^> .-' 'I 'i i AMEWCA IN GENERAL, .About 1498, Americus Vefpucius, a FIqt rcntine, in a voyage from Spain, explored the coafts of Paria, Caracas, &c. to theGulph of Mexico ; aiid (what is very extraordinary) had the addrcfs of appropriating his own name to half the globe, though the honour of the difcovery of if is undoubtedly due to Columbus. '^In 1500, Alvarez Cabral was driven on the coaft of Brazil in a ftortn, as he was proceed-? ing to the Eaft-Indies by the Cape of Good Hope, which voyage was firft compleatly iTiade in 1497. ^^ ^^^ "P ^ piUar, with the arms of the King of Portugal pn it. But Brazil was foon after more fully dif- covered by Americus Vefpucius above-men- tioned, who had quitted the fervice of Spain in difguft, npt thinking hinifelf fufficiently re? warded, and entered into that of Portugal. The eaftern fide of the continent being difcovered, the Spaniards afterwards made their way to the wcftern, amidft millions of Indians, by (laughter and devadation, which Fernando Cortez began in the conqueft of Mexico. Hence they fpread themfelyes oye^r |he cpunfri^s bprd^ring on the Sputh-Se^. AMERICA IN GENERAL., ^ ' To complffat our account of the difcovery of this New World as far as yet made (for jts norchernmoil parts are ilill unknown), it only remains to be mentioned, that, about 1520, its fouthern extremity was firft difcovered by Ma- gellan, when he failed throtigK the ftraight flill bearing his name into the South-Sea. America at large is fuppofed to contain 14,1 10,874 fquare miles, 60 to a degree; which are 3,342,051 more than A(ra j 4,456,067 more than Africa ; and 9,654,809 more than Europe. It is divided by geographers into North and South, the iftbtnua of Panama, or Darien, which is about 300 miles long, and 60 broad in its narroweft part, joining the two huge maffes, which feem to balance each other. The north portion is at prcfent entirely poffeffed by the Englilh and Spa- niards. The territories belonging to the for- mer conftitute the fubjed of the following pages ; thofe of the latter are called Louifiana, New Mexico, Mexico or New Spain*, and Cali- • Comprehended in New Spain, the Engllfli claim and have fettlements on part of t^e Bay of Honduras, and the Mofquito-fliore ; both which territories are ge- nerally t AMERICA IN GENERAL. California. In South America the Spaniards pofTcfs Terra Firma, Peru, Paraguay or La Plata, (where the Jcfuits have been long fince cflablifhed,) Chili, and Terra Magellanica (yet unfettlcd) j the Dutch and French, Guiana ; and the Porcup;i:«ere, Brazil : befides thefe, there is a large country called Amaze* nia, but as yet Europeans are very little ac» quaintcd with it, . .j .- ■• ^ ,,.^r,-'. nerally confidered as annexed to and dependent on Ja- maica. ,s -H i . ^ », „ _». Modern gcograph< iacIudcNew Spain and the north part of Terra Firrna und^r the denomination of the Weft* Indies ; alfo Florida, now poiTelTed by the Englith, Til'' > ,- . ■ ■ . <;■■.,: , : ■:>,■. U .L >i i ^ii).,. •■•":■ .V--' .,.■■■•: I f^ ni .!vM-T;". ■..•' -*'. ' ■ ' I ; " '• ,■'• : \?- •■ ■ •^: fi • • " ' ■ /. - ': , ■ '"-,: . ...-.v.; .,,- .;;.. ) . ^ : .; ,.'. : ..; ■ ^;th • V '■ ■ v; s£t^ v* -^ » ' t [) f ■i,. .^ ^'' '■ , . HISTORICAL i- • *?■" f • f-i- \ j»t ir -■ r -t yjt ..^•^ fl.t^'.^..*.' iA t ¥ t »lv HISTORICAL PARTICULARS I TO T H K «, ' iT^ini^U R E L A T 1 K 6 Rife, Progrefs, and Prefent State, ,r . ' ■ O F TH« •■ , ' ' . i ;'UC!*t 3irj BRITISH COLONIES in AMERICA. ".■-; f .» , •_,. • -r';-fi'- t 9 .■:-^'ii'.TH Of NEW-BRITAIN, eomprebending La- BRADOR, New North Wales, fcfr. T. .. ,...^.i HE caftcrn coaft of North- America, in general, as we have already obferved, was difcovered by the Cabots -, but for the firft knowledge the Englilh had of the interior extenfive regions comprized under the deno- mination of New-Britain*, they were indebted * See the feveral parts of this country in the column of Dhtfions in the Table annexed. to I 10 NEW-BRITAIN, &c. to the fcvcral adventurers in fcarch of a N.VV. paffage to China, &c. which projc6^ began to be much in agitation in the fixteenth century. Forbifher, Giibect, Davis, Hudfoq, Button, Baffin, Munlc, Fox, James, Middleton, and, ]aftly,Moor, have fucceilively embarked in the perilous undertaking, — but in vain ; amongfl: whooi, however, he that feeins to have made the greatefl; progrefs was Hudfon, in a voyage performed in the year i6io*. For that vi- gpirqus exertion to ferve his country, he de-< ferved a better fate than befel him ; of which the prefent fubjedl leads to a brief recital. This Ikilful and determined navigator Hrd entered the ilraights and bay which to this day bear his name, and explored a great' part of the coaft; but, though hitherto unfuccefsful in feeking the defired paiTage, he was not hopekfs, nor difmayed by the many diiHculties he had met with, and de- termined to perfevere in his endeavours the next year. With this view he wintered (it is faid) in the latitude of 52 deg. N. which is beyond comparifon more rigid in thoie parts * Mr. Hudfon had befor.e made three voyages to the N. on difcovery, in on? Qjf which h? penetrated into the toude of 8o| deg, . ' , than NE^y-BRITAlN, &c. u than with gs, owing to the wind blowing for thr•.♦ j i- ;;t.u . ; In 1670, certain perfons obtained a chatter for the exclufiv^ right of trading to the bay above mentioned. They are commonly called the Hudfon's-Bay Company, keep a garrifon of 186 men in fevcral forts round the bay, em- ploy four fhips and 130 failors, export an- nually Britilb commodities to the amount of |6,oool. and, by their fur and peltry trade, ^|id Sftiery, rctyrn to the value of 29,340!, yielding t ■ ^ijgji^ig^,^^^^,^^ \i ii :. 1 1 ' * NEW-BRITAIN, &c "'fitting the nJnbVfrlc,T ""l" Bay> but wc apprehend ?;„£'"'''" would .ccruc fro. fuch a'pL, Jl "■'': * no oubc the Co.„a„, wr^./S;;,;- r. t.,3„t.c,patedlytheacquif„io„ofS. ^- with the te„ito^i::at^L^':.E:;\-^ »re open to all Britilh traders Th other fcttlement in thefe en " "" 'o their barrenner Xer' ."""^ '•nd. confequently, they ar lin """"' ">y part of the Rrir I ^ ^''°""' than ^irLhainXn 5e TT" ''''^''"' Th^;„fc . *'*''"'' to feed on. a. ,. . i ne inhabitants of Lahrari«- • «k removed f..„, Ii^tT:2 '""'"' "'■ ftantly engaged in y^TlI" '' "' '""" to deftroy the awdTnH " ""'' '"'^*»» become u^nd " TT^' *'''" ""/ -Py the noiri \~;; '^^^ '^ ^'-nant Roger Cu^J^'tra chart ?l CANADA. If chart of ihcir coaft^ by order of Commodore Shuldham, in 17731 that they came indif- pucably from Greenland, are Grangers Koth to jealoufy and contenpon, and, as he fuppofcs, do not exceed in number 1623. This coaft, from the river St. John to Hudfon's Straights, was, by the King's proclamation at the con- clufion of the lad war, in 1763, in order to extend the Britilh filhery to thefc parts, put under the care and infpeftion of the Gover- nor of Newfoundland. • • . , . ,,..*^ ^yj y Of CANADA, or The PROVINCE of QUEBEC. < '4 ' THE French, who formerly poflcffcd this country, were originally intruders into it •, as, it (hould feem, they were alfo into Louifiana, theirother quondam North- American territory. They had no right to cither, but what was de- rived from treaties. Their pretended claim to Canada was founded on Vcrronazi's difcovery in 1524, which was certainly inva idated by that .of theCabots, made no lefs than twenty-fevcn years before. The country of Louifiana was early known to the Englifli, being firft difco- vered and explored by CqI. Wood, between the u I i % u C A li A ti A: thtyckfi 1654 and i6"64 r ^ dft^Ywktdi vU lited by Captlih Bott, in 1670'. Again, iri i6§8, two (hips, fitted biit by 0f. Cok; of New Jerfey, difcovcred one of the nributh's of fhe Miftifippi, a*hd Mlin'g about a" Ki/rf^ dred mrles up that riv'ei', took poFeflioW of the cbuntryi calling it Ca'folina. The next ydar, an:d not befor^, the F^r^hdi for the ferff timie fet fo6t on it, frohi whom \i reiceiivcd the name 6f Lobiriana, which it has borne ever fince-, and, in 17 12, the trade of it Was granted to M. Crofat. It may feem fomewhat extraordinary, that a people, who could in reality, whatever might be their preteniions, plead no better fight to 9i cobrttry than pb&ffiOn, fiioiild find meahs to get tK^mfelv^es eftalDMed th'ereirf by the coUntenaWce ahd authbrify bf treittiesr/ ihade with another p6Wer, wliith rtiigHrdiii'nV tlie fame country in riglie of oHgiiiaft' difco* very i but is it not nibre extraoi'dirt'ity, thit^ a people fo circumftanced' rtlould nbt'be coii- teht witli the allowed enjoyment of foxh pbf- felHon, but niuft even be dal-ihg'enobgli tOf* fofter notions of fupplantibg that otliei^ pbWei' in ftttlements to which its preWnfibhs weVe^ irtdifputabde ? Yet fo it was :-^thb F^r^ntli, having ■■>, ■fr /- \ # "^VM CANADA. 15 having once fettled thenlfelves on the banks of the rivers St. Laurence and MiiTifippr^ (the only entrances into their Aniierican terri- tories, and whofe mouths are upwards of 30O0 miles afunder) inftead of confining themfelves to a weftern extenfion, in which dir^ftioh they had the breadth of the whole continent be- fore them, and probably would never haVe been molefted but by the Indians, they bore towards the Eaftj ftretched thfemfelves along the back of the Britifli Colonies, and, by ne- ver miffing an opportunity of making en- croachments, as well in times of peace as of war, foon manifefted in America the fame perfidy, jealoufy, and ambirion, by which their nation had long been charadterized in Europe. . ,.»,'v. -^ 'i »*/.^a, - ..-.- The repetition of fuch aggrcflibn. >^ais the immediate caufe of the laft war, Iii 1750, they feized two-thirds of Nova Scotia, and, in 1752 and 1754, eredled forts at Shenigta, Bay-Verte, and at the mouth of St. John's river : in 1 752 and ly^Sy ^^^Y ^"ilt two forts on the lake Erie j and, in 1754, they took two Englilh forts in the Ohio country, drove the people out of the back fettlements, and, as it were, kept Virginia and the neighbour- ing i! t (!■; / '.' Thefe and many o^ I^ '''"" °^ "'«'". with fruitier, „e.ocLln^ ?; ""'"""^ °« of which a decWaln /'■ '" ~"'^q"ence ,756. '''"""" °^ ^^'Z tooJc place in '^"-r.thVrlT" '''"'' '""She of event of it ;_.„,,", °f Juft'ce «ras in the mart ^ ! *''*'' " 'S worthy of rf ««"^d to accomplift: for at ?h.^°'"'"'^'' '7% they „ere obliged ^f.^ f.^' '" "fi"t.=n of confirming the vi^" "'°'- tons, wiiom they |,opeS „\ J"""" ^"- 'he Atlantic, in Lir 'if *"' ''"''^" ^"'0 .„^. , • " ^""r then poflemo,, „f ^ nada, by an exprefs pofleffioi ceflion and, 'y i^ad there befides, to the •n of Ca- 769, in I terricory crown of Spain. .■^mss^.^^ CANADA. 17 Spain. — Such was the exit of thofe infidious people out of their North- American territo- ries, of which, but for their reftlefs jealoufy and'afpiring effrontery, they might ftill have kept peaceable pofleflion, and enriched them- felves with its produds. The French had various chimerical ideas refpeding the limits of Canada ; in general, however, their vanity made them very ex- tenfive, comprehending, on the eaft, part of Nova Scotia, New-England, and New- York, and thence the immenfe weftern regions • ftrctching to the Pacific Ocean itfelf : but, on . its becoming fubjed to the King of Great- • Britain, as above-mentioned, certain moderate boundaries were affigned to it (under the deno- ^ mination of the Government of Quebec) by a proclamation ifliied on the 7th of Oftober, 1763, for the general regulation of the newly-* acquired countrie*' •, according to which, its northernmoft point was thei head of the river St. John on the Labrador Coaft j its weftcrn- moft, the fouth end of the Lake Nipiflin j its fouthernmoft, the 45th parallel of north latitude, crofling the river St. Laurence and Lake Champlain ; and its eafternmoft. Cape Rofiers, in the Gulph of St. Laurence j thq C . land r /- — ■ ■ '-■■ • , ■ ■ . ■ *--'•£ J ■ . 1 HI -»r'" ",' t 1 i 1 . i8 CANADA. M' (■ '\^ land included being about eight hundred miles long, and two hundred broad. Never- thelefs, in 1774, an adl pafled for making more effedlual provifion for the government of this province, of which, on account of the ftrenuous oppofition made to it in Par- liament, and the popular declamation it has, and does ftill create, more or Icfs, throughout the nation, we fhall here infert a concife abf- trad of the fcveral claufes. , The a6l extends the province fouthward t6 the banks of the Ohio, weftward to the banks of the MifTifippi, and northward to the boundary of the Hudfon's-Bay Company. ' By the fir ft claufe, the proclamation of Oftobery, 1763, was rendered void May i, ^m- - • ■ ■• ^ : By the fecond, the Romifli clergy enjoy, the exercife of their religion, fubjedt to the King's fupremacy, as eftablilhed by the firft of Queen Elizabeth j and receive their ac- cuftomed dues and rights from pcrfons pro^ feffing the Romifh religion ; with a provifo added, that his Majefty fhall not be difabled. from making fuch provifion for the fupport; and maintenance of a J^rpteftant ihall think lit, 'rgy »y ^« CANADA. '9 hundred Never- making vernment count of in Par- it has, 'oughout icife abf- iward to le banks to the )any. ation of May I, y enjoy ^ to the the firft leir ac- ms pro^ provifo lifabled fupport y as hq By By the third claufe, all Canadian fubjefts, except religious orders and communities, hold all their properties, &c. a& if the proclama- tion had not been made ; and all controver- fies relative to property and civil rights ar& determined by the Canada laws before in be- ing, or fuch as may be enafted by the Go- vernor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Legiflative Council; with a provifo, that fuch perfons who have a right to alienate goods, lands, or credits, in their life-time, may bequeath them to whom they will at their death , but this does not extend to lands granted, or that may be granted, by his Majefty in common foccage. By the fourth claufe, the criminal law of England is inftituted, fubjeft to fuch amend- ments as may be made by the legiflative powers now to be mentioned. ^- j.. . ,,. / J3y the fifth claufe, a legiflative authority is appointed, confifting of perfons refident there, not lefs than feventeen, nor more than twenty-three, to be appointed by his Majefl:y, with the advice of his Privy Council, ;inder his or their fign manual, to make ordinances for the government of the province, with a pro- hibition from laying on taxes : and alfo every ordinance, &c. made, is to be tranfmitted to C 2 his I «D CANADA. his Majcfty, and, if difallowed by his Ma* jefty, every fuch ordinance, &c. is to ceafe, upon his Majefty's order in council being promulgated at Quebec : provided likewife, that no ordinance touching religion, or inflict- ing any greater punifhment than fine, or im-i. prifonmcnt for three months, (hall be valid, till it receives his Majefty's approbation -, and provided alfo, that no ordinance fliall be paffcd at meeting of council, except between Jan. i, and May i, unlefs upon fome urgent occa- fion, when every member of council refident at Quebec, or within fifty miles thereof, js to be peilbnally fummoned by the Governor or Lieutenant-Governor, or Commander in Chief in his ablence, to attend the fame. ' ' By the fixth and laft claufe, his Majefty and fucceffors may ered any courts, criminal, ci- vil, and ecclefiaftical, within the province of Quebec, by letters patent under the Great Scijl, whenever his Majefty Ihall judge neceffary. ..v.'-^ Of this z6t we (hall only obfervc in gene- ral, that the principles on which it is framed are truly monarchieal. Particular comments and reflexions we (hall leave to our readers themfelves, fome of whom, perhaps, will endeavour to obviate moft of the objeftions com- Canada. a lEommonly urged againft it, by remarking^ ^ that the generality of the people for whofc fegulation it is calculated, arc French, and confequently moft in love with that fyftem of government, though the reverfe of what the Englifli call free, to which they have always been accuftomed. As to the policy of ex- tending this province along the back of many of the old Britifh Colonies* with an in- tent, as is generally imagined, to awe them, in the prefent bloody contention concerning the right of taxation, into an acquiefcence with minifterial terms, the time is even now at hand, which will bed lhew> how well or ill advifedly the aft has been projeded in that rcfpeft. The conqueft and fubfequent ceflion of this country put the Englifb into the undifturbed poflcflion of its trade, which employs thirty- four (hips and 400 fcamen ; and the exports to Great-Britain, confifting of fkins, furs, gin* feng, fnake-root, capillaire, and wheat, amount to 105,5001. annually, which is nearly the va- lue of the Englilh articles fent to Canada ia return! The inhabitants of Canada, exclufive of the Indians, were not cftimated, at the com- mencement of the iaft war, at more than C 3 45.o<^c) ( 22 ) 45,000 } nor can they be fuppofed to be now much increafed, otherwife than by the ac- ceflion of luch Englifti fubjedts as have fettled amongft them fince the peace. Of NOVA-SCOTIA. ^ • '' , THOUGH this territory undoubtedly be- longed to the Englifn by right of difcovery, yet not being fettled by them, the French ufurped it till the year 1613, when they were driven out by Sir Samuel Argal. ^-^ 1622, the Scotch begun a fettlement here, under Sir "William Alexander, who had obtained a grant of the country for that purpofe from James L to whom he was Secretary ; and hence it ac- quired the name of Nova-Scotia, or New- Scotland. In 1630, Sir William, as if en- dued with the gift of fecond fight, fold his property herein to one Claude de la Tour, a French proteftant, whom he had permitted to fettle at St. John's, and who was to hold it of the crown of Scotland ; two years after which the country was impoliticly yielded up to the French (who called it L*Acadie) by the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, It was recovered in Oliver Cromwell's time, but a- gain given up by the treaty of Bredaj and thus • It ", 'V'^ ■ '1 I I it 01 oi tl NOVA-SCOTIA. 23 be now the ac- fcttlcd tJJy be- covery, French 'y were ' 1622, der Sir 1 grant imcs L ' it ac New- if en- Id his Tour, nitted lold it after 'd up ) by • c was at a- thus • It it afterwards reverted feveral times, from the one nation to the other, till it was finally con- firmed to the Englifli, in 17 13, by the treaty of Utrecht. The French fettlers transferred their allegiance, but were allowed the enjoy- ment of their religion and plantations, and called the Neutral French ; though they by no means anfwered that charader, cither in the war of 1744, or in the laft, in both which they gave their countrymen all the afliftance they could in their hoftile attempts in thofe parts. In 1 73 1, the crown purchafed of Aglate de la Tour, a defcendant of Claude de la Tour above-mentioned, the whole property of Nova- Scotia, for 2000 guineas. This fe- male had artfully recovered it from the dif- ferent hands it had fallen into during fo ma- ny revolutions, and wifely fold it as above* It is, therefore, in a peculiar manner, a roy- al province. On the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, the Englifh government, in confequence of the imagined importance of this country, be- gan tg make preparation for fettling it on a refpe6lable footing. The defign was indefa- tigably purfued by the Earl of Halifax ; and next 44 NOVA-SCOTIA, next year, 3750 families embarked as a colo- ny, with the Hon. Edward Cornwallis, Efq; at their head, who had been appointed Go- vernor and Commander in Chief j and by them was built the town of Halifax, fo called in honour of their chief patron. They were joined by other companies, both from the mother country and New- York. A vaft ex- pence, however, has attended this fcttlemcnt; within the firft feven years the Parliament granted at times for its fupport, no lefs a fum than 415,484!. t4s. ii-^d. Prior to the commencemcnce of the laft war, the French, whofe claims were gene- rally preceded by their taking pofleflion, fciz- ed two thirds of this country, and thought to have kept their footing by the fubfcquent c- reftion of forts j but, in I755> they weredif- lodged by Lieutenant Colonel (now General) Monckton. The Britifh exports to Novi- Scotia confift chiefly of fifhing-tackle, rigging for (hips, woollen and linen cloth, to the value of about 26,5001. annually j the imports in return are timber, and the produce of the fifliery, to the amount of about 38,0001. Hence it (hould feem, that this colony, which has continued to put ;'l m P b as a co]o<^ allis, Efq; in ted Go- and by To called rhey were from the \ vaft ex- ;ttlement; arliamenc efs a fum the laft re gene- ion, fciz- 'ought to rqucnt e- were dif- Gencral) ia confift r (hips, 3f about turn are S to the t fhould nued to put NOVA-SCOTIA. ^5 ::#, ^> put Government to a conftant expence*, has been maintained, not for the fake of the mer- cantile benefits to be derived from itfelf, which appear fo inconfiderable, but with a view of preventing the annoyances to which the other colonies would be expofed, were this in the pofTefllon of an enemy. Charles Laurence, Efq; was appointed the firft Lieutenant Governor, and Jonathan Bel- cher, Efq; Chief Juftice, in 1754; the latter of whom ftill holds his office. The prefent Governor is Francis Legge, Efq; and Lieute- nant Governor, Michael Francklin, Efq; Cape Breton. This iiland was formerly annexed by the French to the government of Nova-Scotia, but they did not give it up with that country to the Englifh at the treaty of Utrecht. In 1745, Admiral Warren, and the Americans under Lieut. Gen. Pepperell, reduced it, but only to be reftoredat the peace of Aix-la-Cha- pelle. During the laft war it was again taken, in 1758, by Admiral Bofcawen and General Amherft; and, according to the example of its old eftablifhment, was again put under the jurif. • The fum voted laft feflion (in April, 1775) for its fupport was 4346I. 103. 5d. t€ NEW-ENGLAND. I t jurifdiflion of Nova-Scotia, by his Britannic Majcfty's proclamation of 0(flobcr 7, 1763, for the better protcdtion of its filhery, which is confiderable. Of NEW-ENGLAND. THERE is no certain account, that this ex- tenfive territory was aftaully vifited by any Eu- ropean, till Bartholomew Gofnold, an Englifh- man, failed hither in the year 1602. He called three of the new-difcovered i (lands by the name of the Elizabeth lilands, and ano- ther of them by the name of Martha's Vine- yard \ and, having trafficked to great advan- tage with the natives, returned with favour- able accounts both of the people and count. y. In confcquence of this fuccefsful voyage, application was made by certain gentlemen and Merchants to James I. for a grant of lands in America, fimilar to that which Sir Walter Raleigh had obtained from Queen Elizabeth*, but which had been forfeited by his attain- der-, and, accordingly, in 1606, that King granted all the north continent from 34 to 45 ^^S- * See our account of Virg'mia. ). s Britannic 7» '763, ■ry, which D. at this cx- y any Eu- Englifli. 32. He lands by and ano- a's Vine- It advan- i favour- count. y. voyage, ntlemen of lands WaJtcr abcth*, attain- t King 1 34 to 15 dcg. NEW-ENGLAND. 27 45 dcg. dividing it into two portions •, one of which, extending from 34 to 41 dcg. was al- lotted to pcrfons called the London Company, being principally merchants of that city •, the other, reaching frOm 38 to 45 dcg. was con- figned to other pcrfons, chiefly of Devon- fhire, and called the Plymouth Company : their limits feaward and within land ftretched a hundred miles each way •, and they were un- der the reftri6lion of not fettling within that diftance one of another. It may here be pro- per to remark, that, as the name of Virgi- nia had been generally given to all Englifh North America, on Sir Walter Raleigh's firft attempt to fettle it, fo the firft of the above- mentioned portions newly granted was called South Virginia, and the other North . Virgi- nia ; and their refpedive companies were fometimes diftinguilhed by the fame deno- minations. Agreeable to this grant, the Plymouth Company, in 1607, meditated a fettlement at Sagadahok ; and about a hundred perfons were fent to make the attempt ; but the deaths of feveral gentlemen concerned in the under- taking, amongft whom was John Popham, Efq; its principal promoter, happening foon after, ic 'i^i ;.V. m m I ftg NEW-ENGLAND. it was dropped, and the colonizers returned to England. Thus foiled, the patentees exerted them- felves but feebly afterwards to fettle their new territories : neverthelcfs the Englifh fent Ihips to the coaft, fome for the purpofe of fiihing, others to trade with the natives ; and the French, having alfo found their way hi- ther, and made fome advances t6 wards ef- tablifhing themfelves, were rouied in 1613. In 16 14, Captains John Smith and Tho- mas Hunt, in two (hips, made the fame voy* age. The former took a furvey of the terri- tory of the Indians called MafTachufets, which on his return he prefented to the Prince of Wales (afterwards Charles I.), who gave the country the appellation of New-England, and changed the original name of Maflachufets river into that of Charles. Hunt had been diredled to carry the fifh to be difpofed of in Spain i but, in the execution of this order, his avarice led him to the commilTion of an adion which well nigh ruined the Englifh in- tereft among fame of the Indians : he feduced twenty-fcven of a tribe called Patuxes on board, and fold them in Spain as ilaves, ac the rate of twenty pounds a man. For this execrable ers ^m NEW-ENGLAND. 19 :turne6 thcm- e their fhfent 3ofe of , and vay bi- rds ef- 613. Tho- He voy* terri- which nee of ive the id, and :hufets i been of in order, of an i(h in- duced es on es, at )r this crable :hery broke by his execrable tread crs on coming home ; but that made no re- paration to the Patuxes in America, who were highly exafperated, and determined on re- venge. It does not appear that they had any opportunity of carrying this refolution into execution till the year 161 9, when Captain Dormer vifiting their coaft, and landing, was fo furioully fet upon by them, that he narrow- ly efcaped with his life, having received no lefs than fourteen wounds. Perhaps their animofuy againft the Englifh would have proved irrecon- cileable, J^ad not one of the Indians, named Squanto, whom Hunt had fold in Spain, luckily made his efcape into England, and been brought back by Captain Dormer to his native home, where he gave his country- men an account of the deteftation in which the Englifti held Hunt's villainy, and of his punifhment, extolling at the fame time the kind treatment which he himfelf had receiv- ed : — by which means he gradually pacified them, though too late to prevent their af- faulting Captain Dormer. About 1 20 years had now pafled fince the firfl difcovery of North-America, without ^ny other fe^tlement being formed there than (he i; ' I 30 NEW-ENGLAND. the one firft fet on foot by Sir Walter Ra- leigh at Virginia (now properly fo called), and even that, as it were, was ftruggling for life. This mifcarriage, indeed, is not much to be wondered at, confidering the prodigious ex- pence Hkely to be incurred*; for the land, beinjg in its natural wild, uncleared Hate, af- forded no immediate I i. 4 i. S6 NEW-ENGLAND. Naumkeak (afterwards by him named Salem) with planters, and furnifhed with inftruflidns to fuperintend the affairs of the colony j he ivas to be afllded alfo by a kind of council, confiding of fome of the other grantees, who went over at the fam*! time. But now the aflbciation difcovercd, tKat, though they had a good title to the lands by virtue of their purchafe of them from the Plymouth Company, they were, Aeverthclefs, deftitute of the powers of government, which could only be conveyed to them by a royal charter. They, therefore, applied to Charles I, who, accordingly, granted them a charter, dated March 24, 1628-9, according to which the corporation was to confift of a Governor, a Deputy-governor, and eighteen Affiftants, to be chofen annually out of the freemen. For the firft year, the King nominated Mat- thew Craddock, Governor, and Thomas GofF, Deputy-governor i alfo the eighteen Affiftants. The Governor was empowered to call an af- fembly at pleafure, and the Governor and Afliftants, not lefs than feven in number, might once a month meet to tranfaft bufinefs. Four great and general courts or aflemblies of the freemen were to be holden annually \ NEW-ENGLAND* 3-) at which the Governor, and at lead fix of the Afliftants^ with the reprefentatives of the townlhips, were to admit freemen, conftitute officers, and make laws, but not repugnant t$ the JiatUtes of England, Such were the fun- damentals of what is now called the old charter. ,: . : ., ,,, ;, The Company being thus encouraged by royal favour^ a fecond embarkation was foon after determined on* which was accompanied by four minifters. They arrived at Salem the 29th of June, where they found about 100 planters, and nine houfes. Their own addi- tion hiade the whole number of fettlers about 300, 100 of whom removed to Charleftown, where was one houfe built; the reft remain- ed at Salem* J : , • The Puritans, now turning their thoughts to fpiritual inftitutions, after a previous en- quiry concerning the regulations adopted by the Brownifts at New Plymouthj fixed on the 6th of Auguft for the choice and ordination of elders and deacons, when thirty perfons entered into a covenant In writing, and two of the above minifters were ele(ftcd, the one as teacher, the other as paftor, both of them, conjointly with three or four perfons of the D 3 graver \- '-■ J8 N£W-ENGLANI>. f ' '. graver fort, laying tbtfir hands oh 6nc woj- ther, with folcmn prayer. This is called the beginning Of the church. However, it did tiot give univcvfal fatisfaftion. Two gentle- men (Meff. Samuel and John Browrt) of Mr. tndlcot's council, no approving of this re- jedion of the church of England, withdrew, with fomc others C^f the people who Were of the fanie fentinfichts, in order to form a feparate fociety ; but this was foon crufhed by the Governor's fending his two counrcllors back to England. ' - ^ '^ ^* ' " In J\ily 1629, feVcf al perfonis of fonuriev difgufted at the pfOcift- — The above general embarkation (who, on landing in New-England, were obliged, for Want of provifions, to fee all their fervants, to the number of 1 80, at liberty, to fhift for themfelves, though tfhey had coft them from 16 to 20I. fterling each) fpread themfelves kloiig the coafts ot the Maflachufets-bay, and were the founders of mbft of the towns now upon it-, and among the reft (by dif red ion of the Governor) of the town o^ D 4 Bofton, ->.;. 40 NEW-ENGLAND. Bodon*, which has fihce become the capital of all New-England. As the winter ap- proached, DiHrefs dared them in the face. Before December they loft 200 of their num- ber, through the unhealthinefs of the un- cleared country, and the want of neccflary accommodation, and many more perifhed by ^ the feverity of the winter. The firft Court of Afliflants was held on the 23d of Auguft, 1631, at Charleftown, when four of them were appointed juftices of the peace, which office, it was ordered, (hould be alfo exercifcd by the Governor and Deputy for the time being. On the 19th of Odobcr, was held the firft General Court, at which every one who was free of the corporation attended perfonally. It was then determined, * 6aid to be fo named from refpeil to the celebrated Mr. Cotton, miniller of Bofton, in England, whom they expected to join them ; which he afterwards did, and was accordingly ordained teacher of the church of Bofton on the 1 7th of Oftobcr, 1633.— The peninfula on which this town is leated, was previouily occupied by one Mr. Blackftone, a clergyman, who had retired thither from England, becaufe he did not like the Lords Bijhops ; but he was now forced to make a fecond re- moval by the Lordt Brethren^ as he called the Puritansv whoie tyranny he found much more intolerable. that. 'S NEW-ENGLANH. 4t- that, in future, the freemen ftiould clcfl the AfTiflantsi and the AfTidants, from themfclves, the Governor and his Deputy ; and that the power of making laws, and appointing officers, fhould be vefted in the Court of Afliftants -, — which was inconfiftent with their char- ter. No lefs than 1 09 freemen were now ad- mitted, among whom were many who did not belong to any of their churches, which were now increafing apace. - :,;.:. . . , . But at the General Court of eleflion, in 1631, notwithftanding the former vote, the freemen themfclves refolved to chufe the Go-" vernor. Deputy, and Afliftants ; and order-- ed that none fhould thereafter be admitted to the freedom of the body politic, but fuch as were adually church-members. * In 1^31, 1632, and 1633, frefh emigrants embarked for New-England j fome with co'n;- mercial views, and many to avoid the rigour of the ecclefiaftical courts ; in the laft year particularly, fhips were failing thither all fum- mer, 12 or 14 in a month : mean while, diflen- fions were found to multiply with their num- bers i fo that, in order to prevent the fpread- ing of the *' confufion and diftraftion al- ready p'-own there," efpecially in regard to religion. cc 4^ NEW-ENGLAND- il religrdn, an order of the King in Goundl was iffued on the 21ft of Februarfy 1635, to put a flop to further emigrations diiring plcaflire *. . . .'-- • - • ^ !..;-..^.a i./";^.. > , At a General Gotirt for elc(5Hons ih 1634^ twenty-four of the principal inhabitants ap- peared as the reprelcntativts of the body of freemen ; a neceffary alteration on acco\Jnft of their great increafe, though not warranted by their charter j when, among other fimilar rc- gulationis, it was refolved, *• That none but *' the General Court had power to ilrttfke and " cftablifh laws, or to eleft and appoint offi- ** cers, to raife monies and taixes^ or to dif- ** pofe of lands " and that there fhould be fo'ui* General Courts annually. And this regula- tion redi lyi. ofti • Archbiftiop Laud is faid to have been the jdvifer of this proclamation, which may be prefumed to have proved fatal both to himfelf and his royal mailer, if ic, be true, as is pretended, that Oliver Cromwell, Sir Matthe^ Boynton, Mr. Hampden, a'hd otWr fttfurtch and dftive'cncoiur'agera of the colonizir^g Puritans', Wcte thereby prevented from joining them, after being ac- tually on ihip-board for that purpofe ; that ill humour thus recoiling upon the royalids at home, which Other- wife Would have vented itfelf abroad. Ncverthe^efs, the national difcord then prevailing foon rendered this p^ohibitloii 6f little effe^. • tloa NEW-ENGLAND. 43 tion of their legiflative body, excepting the reduction of their General Courts to two on- ly in one year, continued till the difToUuion of their charter.' - of of The colony of Brown ifls, whom we before mentioned as having feated themfelvcs at New Plymouth, loft fifty of their company the firft winter by fevers and fcorbutic difor- ders ; neverthclefs, they perfevered in their fcttlcmcnt with the utmoft fortitude, dividing themfelvcs into nineteen houftiolds or meffcs, and for the iirft two or three years having €very thing in common. They were at times joihf:d by new-comers, yet but llowly, their whole number, in y624, amounting to no more than 180 perfons, in 32 houlholds. In this year, being ftiU without any authoritative title to the country they pofleflcd, Mr. Brad- ford, their Governor, obtained a grant from the new Council of Plymouth, which, after- wards, he generouQy made over to the free- men in general for their encouragement ; and this affignment was confirmed by a new grant from the above-mentioned Council, in Ja- nuary, 1629-30. As t ! 44 KEW'-ENGLANC. i As they increafed in numbers, they formed their tburches after a manner now well knowrt by the term Independent^ vfhich the firft fettlers in Maflachufets-bay copied after. For a con* fiderable time, however, their ecclefiaftical tftablifhments were but in a tottering condi- tion, no minifters of their own fedl having joined them, and, through their want of con- fidence even in the Puritan clergyj the facer* dotal duties being performed by laymen, the chief of whom was Mr. William Brewftef, who had formerly been in an honourable employment under WilUatii Davifon, Efq; Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, but afterwards had aflbciated himfclf with Mr. Robinfon's congregation of Brownifts at Lcy- den, where he became an elder. He went over with the firft embarkation to America ; and Mr. Robinfon was to have follow^i with the remainder of the flock ; but he died, irt 1624, in Holland. - . r . In compliment to the Maflachufets-bay fettlers for taking the hint of their Indepen^ dent mode of church eftablifliment from them, the Plymotheans followed the exampk of the former in their juridical oeconomy» (though NEW-ENGLAND. 45 (though, having no charter from the King, they were utterly deftitute of any authority for fo doing, unlefs the agreement be thought fuch which was entered into by them at their firft landing at Cape Cod, as already men- tioned), and in criminal cafes manifefted the fame intolerance of fpiriti which (as will here- after more fully appear) charafterifed the Pu- ritans their neighbours, than whom, however, it muft iti juftice be obferved, they paid more regard to the common law of their mothcr- eountry in civil matters. The growth of^^he colony of New Ply* mouth was by no means fo rapid as that of the Maflachufets-bay colony ; neverthelefs, before the year 1643, they had fettled Dux- bury, Scituate, Taunton, Rehoboth, Sand- wich, Barnftaple, Yarmouth, and Eaftham. Amongft the many adventurers we have already mentioned to have tranfported them- felves to America within the years 1631, 1632, and 1633, were, the Rev. Mr. John Elliot, the apoftle of the Indians (into whofe lan- guage he trandated the Bible, and feveral pious works), and three leading Puritan di- vines, Mr. John Cotton, Mr. Thomas Hook* cr. ."..^. ^e^ NEW-pNGLANa cr, and Mr. Samuel Stone. So mi^h wlf-, 4o(i^ aOjci orthodoxy, one ilpould thinl;:, wouM hs^ye redored peace to theii^ religious aip^dj ciyil eftablilhnaen^s ; but tiie reyerfc; was t-JiCi C9,Di(^ye|)ce, ^nd the confvifion and «ttftraqn t^qi^ compj ned of in the King's pr^clanjia-, tioa b?C4«nc moi:c and more prevalenc. X^fii P^witan^, in gei?jers^, were remarkable for ftuaboxnnefs of opinion. •, fo that on ^y cQa-i trpyeffy ai;ifing, each pauy maintait^d hi^ owa^ with 4a enthufi^fiji fcarcely warraatable by infallibility itfclf-, and hfjnce ^rofe . pef Jecu-? tion, without me^ure; and without end. •, I|i the year 16-34, the Rev. Mr. Roger Wilr liara.s, niinifter of Salem, was acpufed of pro- pagating divers heterodox t^ets, which \% would be tediqus to fpecify •, fufliiqe it to fay, therefore^ that he was declared 4 fchifmatir and heretic, and banifhed fronrj the MafTa- chufets-bay colony. His devotees, whofc fentinpents were npt affeded by thofe of hh accufers and judges, determined to accon^-r pa?ay him i whereupon Mr. Williams leading them to the fouthw^rd, they fixed on 4 fpo? an^d t>>Jilt a town, calling it Providence, and thus became the founders of whsjt is called Pfovidencje Piantatiign. Cenlurable as K9 might P lu ; :** NEW-ENGLAND. 47 fl9 might be as ^ divine, Mr. William& is faid to have made a good cml governor ; to have been very inflirumental in procuring the chaN ter of Rhode-'Iiland, to which his plantation ufas thereby annexed }. and, by his upright condud during an abode of forty yeacs in thofe ^"Jts, to h^ve recovered his reputation even among his perfecutors»ri . rybhil ir, - The fettlers in the country bordering on MaiTachufcts-bay, beginning, by their prodi- gious increafe, to be Itraitened for wane of rpom, a party of about a hundred peribns, with the Rev. Mr. Hooker at their head, fet off, in 1635, on foot for the country of Con- necticut, of which they had received a very ^vourable account; and, after a very iabo* rious journey through wilderness for near a fortnight, arrived on the banks of ihe, Conr ne^icut river, -whepe they built a town to which they gave the name of Hertford ;" and other con^panies reforting thither sdfo^ laid the foundations of Windfor, WcathersfieU, and Springfieki. They had taken with them an av»thority from the colony of Mafiachufets- bay to ered a government in Conncdlicut; bqt conceiving that they were out of 'he li- mjls of ihc M^jjarhufets jurifdijflion, they refolved lid !^ Pill W ■. II 48 NEW-ENGLAND. rclblvcd thcmfelves into a diftincb body.poli- tic, yet much upon tWe plan of the Maflaf chufets, both as to civil and eccleriaftical af- fairs, the moft remarkable difference between them being their not mfilling on memberfhip of their churches asj^an abfolutely necefTa- ry qualification to admittance to freedom, or holding offices, amongft them. They chofc Edward Hopkins, Kfq-, their firft. Go- vernor. ' "'' '"■' ^y^rl ■'.-:'-';■"' ^ ■ ^'r:'?N"> fi^-T-.^ But a fettlement in Connedicut had alfo been planned by the mal-contents in Eng- land. The Narraganfct country is faid to have been granted by Charles I. to the Earl of Warwick in 1 630, and by him afterwards difpofed of to the Lords Say and Seal, Brooke* Rich, Sir Nathanii.'l Rich, and Charles Fienncs, John Pym, and John Hampden, Efqs; &;c, who are fuppofed to have made this purchafe with an intent of fecuring a place of retreat, in cafe they (hould fail in the accomplifhment of their dcfigns at home. Hence it happen- ed, that in the fame year that the firft fettler$ in Connedicut emigrated from Maffachufets- bay, Mr. Winthrop, jun. arrived there frcMU England on the fame defign, with a number of men, arms, ammunition, ftores, 200QJ. .-;;v.;^"-i in KEW-ENGLAND. 49 ih ttidney, and other requifites for eftablifh- ing a colony, of which, by a commifllon from the above-mentioned nobles and gentle- men, he was appointed Governor j and they accordingly began their fettlement by build- ing a fort at the mouth of Connedticut river, which they called Say-brook. Here now ap- t)carcd a fort of clafliing between his defign and that of the colonizers from Maflachui fcts-biy; however, for the fake of union, and the geheral prol^erity, Mr. Winthrop ahd his company fuffercd the others to pro- ceed without moleftation. By this time fettlements had fprung up in the diftrid of New-Hamplhire, and that for- merly called the Province of Main, by the vigorous efforts of Capt. John Maibn, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges ; but which in time were claimed by the MafTachufets colony*. * Several clafliing grants of lands b 'tween the rivers Mentmack and Sagadahpk had paded at diA'erent times under the feal of the Council of Flymouth to divers perfons, efpecially to Gorges and Ma- fon, who fpared neither pains nor money in their colonizing pur- fuits. But \ye need only particularly note, i. A grant obtained by Mafun, in 1629, of the lands between Merrimak and Pifcataqua ri- vers, or the lands which conftitute Ncw-Hampfhire, and which he had formerly endeavoured, and ftill continued to endeavour, to fettle, at a great expencc, but without adequate fuccefs ; infomuch that, in the year 1635, he fecms to have been weary of the uidertaking ) for, though at a refignation of the Council's patent to C'uarles I. in that year, this very grant was refervcd to Mafon, it does not appear that he afterwards exerted himfelf to compleat his fettlement. 2. A patent granted in 1639 to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, with powers of jurifJidion, of the lands between the rivers Pifcataqua and Kcn- ncbek, by the name of the Province of Main ; here he had long be- £ fore s , (Hi 50 NEW-ENGLAND. As the profccution of the Puritans incrcaf- cd in the mother-country, they fled to Ame- rica for Ihelter, and many added th^mfeives to the colony at MafTachufcts-hay in 1635, and among them Henry Vane, Efqj (after- wards Sir Henry,) who was received with great cordiality, and admitted to the freedom pf the community. This induced him to lay afide a defign he had formed of fettling a plantation in Connedicut, and to remain in Maflachufets-bay, of which he was the next year chofen Governor. And now arofe a re- ligious difpute, which threatened to involve the colony in a civil war. Mrs. Hutchinfon, a fanatic woman, who had formerly lived at fore beftoweuties to the General Court ; the inhabitants being, moreover, al- owed the peculiar privilege of becoming freemen on taking the ufual oath, without fubmitting to the condition of ehurch-membcrfhip, fo rigidly exacted from others. Alford, 1 h NfeW-ENGLANt)* 51 Alford^ near Bofton, in England, and had gone over to America about the year 1633, obfcrving that the men nnet frequently at Bofton (befidc and after a difputation of three weeks continuance, upwards of eighty religious dogmas, which were faid to be maintained by fome or other of the peo- ple, were condemned as erroneous. This determination made way for the interference of the fecular power, and accordingly Mrs. Hutchinfon was put on her trial, of which the following fentence was the refult : " Mrs. *' Hutchinfon, the wife of Mr. William •' Hutchinfon, being convented for traduce- " ing the minifters and their miniftry in the '* country, fhe declared voluntarily her revc- " lations, and that Ihe fhould be delivered, " and the court ruined with their pofterity, " and thereupon was baniihed •, and in the " mean while was committed to Mr. Jofeph " Weld (of Roxbury) until the court fhould " difpofe of her.'* Onr )ok. ing. lent- il at NEW-ENGLAND. 53 One o5 the mod avowed defenders of Mrs. Hutchinfon and her dodrines was the Rev. Mr. Wheelwright, who, being alfo fentenced to baniflimcnt, led his followers into New Hamplhire, where he founded the town and church of Exeter, removing afterwards to Hampton, and thence to Salifbury. And as the Boflonians, in particular, had difcovered an attachment to the fame religious princi- ples, fixty of the moft forward of them were obliged to furrender up their arms, and a law was pafled to punifli any perlbn by fine, im- prifonmenc, or banilhment, who ihould tra- duce any court, or any of their fentences. This occafioned the feceflion of immbers out of the colony, moft of whom, as alfo Mrs, Hutchinfon and her hufband, betook them- felves to the iiland of Aquetncck, which Mr. Hutchinfon, Mr. William Coddington, and others, jointly purchafed of the natives for Icfs than the value of 50I. fterling, and changed its name to Rhode-Ifland *. The re- E 3 fugees • By the art and influence of his wife, Mr. Hutchin- fqn became chief ruler there ; neverthelefs, after hii death, in 1642, Mrs. Hutchinlon, having taken fome of^ fence, removed to the Dutch colony beyond New-Ha- vep i and the next year, fhe and all her family, amount- ing; 54 NEW-ENGLAND. 11 I" fugecs here, as elfcwhcrc, rcfolved them- fclvcs by their own, for want of a bet- ter authority, into a body politic, allowing liberty of confcience to people of all pcrfua- fions; and, through this indulgence, the illand foon becoming ovcrftocked with people, forac of them purchafed, from the colony of New Plymouth, a tra6b of land on the oppofitc part of the continent, and there built the town of Warwick. . ■.'-'■ During the inteftine troubles above-men^ tioned, happened the firfl fray between the colonifts and the Indians ; a tribe of whom, called Pequods, inhabiting the Conneftiait country, had, as long ago as the year 1634, attacked and murdered Captains Stone and Norton, with all' their crew, on their failing in a fmall veffel up Conneflicut river, and lately had renewed their hoftilities from a jealoufy of the new fettlers in thofe parts j but the New-Englanders, being joined by the Narraganfet Indians, who were at high en- mity with the Pequods, in effe6t extirpated that patriotic tribe, with the lofs only of three men killed : many, however, were wounded^ ing to i6perfons, were murdered by Indians, excepting one daughter, whom they carried away captive. U t; It- NEW-ENGLAND. S5 In the year 1637, a^ivcd in New-England, Meff. Eaton and Hopkins, two London nrcr- chants, anJ the Rev. Mr. Davenport, former- ly miniftcr of a church in Colcman-ftrcct^ and many other perfons of good condition. The moft delegable fpots of Maflachiifets- bay being ai.eady occupied, and information having been given thofe udventurers of a large bay, commodious for trade, to the fouth-weft of Connedicut river, they pur- chafed of the natives all the land lying be- tween that and Hudfon's river, and with a number of followers removed thither, and built the town called Newhaven ; thus lay- ing the foundation of a flourilhing colony, which became known by the denomination of the colony of Newhaven. Tiiey alfo rriade fcttlements in Lohg-Ifland. — Having no char- ter, they, as the Connedicut fettlers had done before them, took the liberty of form- ing themfelveS into an aflbciation, to be re- gulated by laws of their own making, and fet Mr. Theophilus Eaton at their head as Gover- nor. — Mr. Hopkins, however, went to Con- neflicut. ■• ' The lofs of inhabitants by the emigrations which the late religious frenzy had occafion- E 4 . ^^ 1 '^T :H b^ii 'I if I' ii 1? 1 1 ,J; S6 NEW-ENGLAND. pd from Maflachufcts-bay, was compenfatcd, in 1638, by the arrival of 3000 fcttlcrs, chiefly Puritans, in 20 Ihips, from England, where the meafurc of trouble was then filling apace, -Tis fomewhat repiarkable, that a fpirit of religious intolerance, which drove them from the one country, (hould have made room for them in the other. In the fame year happened a violent earth- quake in New-England, long recognized as an asra to compute from, by the people. This year is memorable alfo for the death of the Rev. Mi'. John Harvard, minifter of Charleftown, who bequeathed near 800I. to- wards founding a college 5 and the colony having previoufly ^^dvanced 400I. towards the fame purpofe, a building was ere^ed, and, in honour of the greatefl: contributor tq it^ called Harvard College % ; * It was at fir ft merely an ^cacJernic^ firee-fchoql (o^p /cho/a illujlrisjy but in 1650 vras incorpqrated by the government of Maflachufets-bay, and the name of the town in which it was fituated, was changed from New- ton to Cambridge, The corporation confifts of ^ Prcfidcnt or Reftor, five Fellows, and a Treafufer; anc| cpnfers the degrees of Baihelor and Mafter of Arts. In 1698, another building '..as added, called Stoughlon Hall, from the name of its foundpr ^ and a chapel ha(| NEW. ENGLAND. 57 it cannot but ftrike the reader, that, as the oppreflion of the nonconformifts in Eng- land gave birth to whe firft fettlcmcnts in New. England, fo a perfeverance in that con«p du6b proved the chief, though undefigned, ■ » _. -t . f , . , ■ . ' ' • - ■ • ■ ' ^Ifo been ere^ed at the expence of Mrs. Holden.— 'At the head of a lift pf charitable benefadors to the coU lege (lands the family of Hollis. }Vlr. Thomaa Hollis, of Londop, who died in 173 if founded two piofeflbr* (hips, one of divinity, the other of mathematics and natural philofophy, and furnifiied an apparatus for making experiments. £{e alfo contributed largely to the library, which, by other donations, at length confifled of 5 or 6000 Tolumes, but which, together with the apparatus, and the whole of the college that contained the fame, were confumed by fire in Jannary 1764. Very generous prefents have fin^e been madQ towards a new library, particularly by Mr. Hollis, of Gray'«-inn. To a new college, built, in 1763, by thq General Court, at an expence of between 4 and 5000!, flprling, has been appropriated the name of HolUs-Ha}l, in grateful remembrapce of the benefa£lJons of this worthy family. The qext confiderable benefaftor feems tp have been Thomas Hancock, Efq; late of Bofton, deceafed, who gave loool. flerling towards founding a profeflbr(hip for the oriental languages ; and jt muft b« obfcf ved of Mr. Johp Hancock^ his executor, that being Informed of t^e teftator's intention to have given 500I, fnore towards the library, he honourably contributed \\<^\ fvift^ fpr tbp fame |>urpofe, means '-T^ 5» NEW-ENGLAND. f / •( *; means of. their aftoniftiing growth. A con- tinued acceflion of refbgees had, within the fpace of twenty years only, advaneed them, HI refpcft of papulation, to a ftate of inde- pcudencc : for by the year 1640*, upwards of 21,200 fouls had emigrated thitherf, and £iice that time a greater number of perfons fiave, removed from, than to, that country. . .indeed,, New-England fcems to have been fettled in a -very critical period. The colo- nics no fooner arrived at the degree of prof- prerry'jufl: rrientioned', ttian t!ie original great fiimulqs to refort to them ceafed, by the dif- cpnteiit in England ripening into an open nuptuffc betwedn! the King and Parliament. Nay, ^Hether from motives of revenge, or ffonl the hopes, in an alteration of ftate-af- fairs;, of (baring the good things from which -I i I. V* T^he country bordering on the Maflachufe'ts-bay was really over-peopled at that time 3 for many of the inha- bitants of Lynn, in EiTex county, Had then removed, for wan; ofroom, to Long Ifland, where they built the town of Southampton^ and, by advice of the Governor of the Maitachufets-bay colony, ere£led themfelves into a diftindt government^ Thle whole ifland; however, was afterwards annexed to the Province of New York. f The expence then incurred (that of fettling in- cluded) was fuppofcd to be not'lefsthan 192,000!. they NEW-ENGLAND. S9 they had been excluded, many of the prmci- pal people, both clergy and laity, returned to the mother-country, and joined their now afcendent party. Among them were, Ed* ward Winflow and Edward Hopkins, Efqrs; Mr. George (afterwards Sir George) Down- ing •, and the following Reverends, viz. Meff. William Hook, Samuel Mather,, Sa- muel Eaton, John Knowles^ Thomas AUfen^ John and Benjamin Woodbridge, Robert Peck, Blinman, — — Saxton, Giles Firmin, Henry Whitfield, Henry Butler, — ^ Farm worth, and the famous Hugh Pe- ters : — all or mod of whom obtained, under Cromwell's adminiftration, good employment* and benefices*. -> .;,?> •,-' The following Iketch will give the readec a clear idea, of the ftate of New-England in 1642. There were 50 towns and villages, 40 churches, upwards of 4p minifters houfes, a caftle, prifons, forts, cartways, caufeways, &c. all compleated at the people's own charge. The planters had commodious houfes, with gardens, orchards, corn-fields, * Several of thefe clergymen, together with upwards pf 2000 others, were deprived of their livings by the Bartholomew a^, in 16^2, meadow 6o NEW-ENGLAND. meadow and pafture ground, fenced in with hedges as in England ; the merchants were furnilhcd with warehoufes, wharfs, Ihips, boats, and feamen ; and tradefnnen with good fhops, &c. in (hort, there was every where an appearance" of bufinefs. The colonies of Maffachufets-bay, New- Plymouth, Connedlicut, and Newhaven, ■ having now a little leifure for refleftion, • took into confideration the dangers to which they were 'iable, as well from European as ^ Indian foes ; the Dutch being eftablifhed on Hudfon's river, the French getting footi ify in the north-eafl, and the Narraganfet In- dians beginning to betray fymptoms of jea- loufy and difaffeifbion. On a propofal of the ' firft- mentioned colony, therefore, in 1643, they readily entered into a firm and perpe- tual confederacy, ofFenfive and defenfive, af- ter the manner of the provinces of Holland, ftyiing themfclves therein the United Colonies of New-England. The Rhode-Iflanders were ' excluded. We pafs to the next (Iriking occurence in the hiftory of this country, which was the perfecution of the Quakers, who began to propagate their dodrines there in the year 1656, NEW-ENGLAND. 6i 1656. Many of them were fined, imprifon- cd, and whipped j v/hich proving inefFedual to reftrain them, a law was made for cutting ofF their ears, and perforating their tongues with hot irons j which feverities alfo being in- flifted in vain, another law was made fubjefl- ing them to banifhment, and, in cafe of re- turn, to death ; and impofing heavy fines on all p'-'fons who fhould bring them into the colony, or harbour them in it. Neverthelefs, the zeal of the Quakers led them to return almod as faft as they were banilhed •, and, in confequence, William Robinfon, of London, merchant, Marmaduke Stevenfon, of York- ftiire, hufbandman, and Mary Dyer, were actually hung in the year i S^g 5 as was alfo William Ledea, a foreigner, in 1660. And thefe perfecutions (which were carried on in the Maflachufets-bay and New-Plymouth co- lonics, but chiefly in the former) did not ceafe, till they were prohibited by an order received from Charles If. dated Sept. 9, 1661*. • The * The wild cnthufiafm which a£luated moft of thefts Quakers may be conceiveid from the following inftances. In a paper figned by Stevenfon a little before his execu- tion, he fays, *' That, when he was following his plough, «' in €2 NEW-ENGLAND. The Puritans of New-England, on Crom* weirs affuming the exercife of fovereiga power, had, as was naturally to be expefted, very readily acknowledged his authority j on the other hand, they as prudently fubmit- *• in the eaft part of Yorklhire, in Old EngUnd, he was •* in a fort of rapture, and heard a fecret voice in his *• coufcience, faying, / have ordained thee a prophet of '* the nations ; and in obedience to this voice he left his *• family and employment, and went firfl: to Barbadoes» *' in the year 1658, and from thence to Rhodc-llland, '^ where, as he was vifitiug the feed, the word of the ** Lord came to him, faying, Go to Bo/ion nvith thy hro' ** ther William Robin/on and for yielding obedience to ** this command of the Everliving God, and not obcy- '• ing the commands of men, he fuffered." — Robinfon left a paper of the like import ; and Ledea told the po- pulace at the gallows, ** That he fuffered for bearing *' his teflimony for the Lord againft the dp~"'«'er8 and •* the deceived.'' — Deborah Witfon (a fifler of exemplary life no doubt) went through the flreets of Salem, naked as fhe was born ; for which one of the feft made the fol- lowing apology : " If the Lord did flir up any of hi» *' daughters to be a figa of the nakednefs of others, he " believed it to be a great crofs to a modeil woman's ** fpirit, but the Lord muft be obeyejl." — One Fauborc', of Grindleton, was on the point of facrificin^ his fon, in imitation of the patriarch of old ; but the neighbours, hearing the lad cry, broke into tht: houfe, and prevent- .edit. ted NEW-ENGLAND. ^3 ted to that of Charles II. at the Rcftoration. In the addrefs of the Maffachufets-bay co- lony on this occafion, after cxpreffions of their loyalty, endeavours to juftify their eon- dudl towards the Quakers, and folicitations for the King's protedion of them in the con* tinuance both of their civil and religious li^- berties, is the following Angular paflage :— " We are not feditious, as to the interefts of " Caefar ; nor fchifmatical, as to matters of ** religion. We diftinggifh between churches *• and their impurities. We could not live " without the public worfhip of God ; nor be permitted the public worlhip, without fuch a yoke of fubfcription and conformi- ty, as we could not confent unto without fin. That we might, therefore, enjoy divine ** worfhip without human mixtures, without •' offence to God, man, and our own coa- " fciences, we, with leave, but not without *' tears, departed from our country, kindred, *' and fathers houfes. into this Patmos." — The good-natured monarch gracioully re- ceived this addrefs, and promifed the protec- tion requefted. In 1662, Mr. Winthrop carried over a charter for the colony of Conne6licut, to which IC cc cc cc m :*f who had embraced Chriftianity, and was employed by the En^rlifli as a miflionary .among the natives. Saufaman fell a facrifice to the refentment of the nat'ves on account of this difcovery ; for falling into the hands of a party of them as he was crofling a frozen pond, they murdered him, and cutting a hole plunged his body uiider the ice, leaving his hat and gun at top, that it might be thought he had fallen in accide. 'tally. This artifice, it is faid, in fonie meaiure fucceeded, the bo- dy, when found, being interred without fuf- picion of violence : h .r doubts arifing in the mind of the Governor, he ordered it to be taken up and examined, when the neck vvas found to be broken, the head fwolen, and feveral other parts fhockingly bruifed ; in confequence of which, in 1675, three fuf- pefled Indians (one of them, named Tobias, being, it feems, of Philip^s council) were feized, adjudged guilty*, and hanged. jJ^^ The credulous Dr. Mather fays, that the firft inti- mation of the identity of the murderers, proceeded from the circumfiance of the bleeding of the corps, on being touched by Tobias. - ' This PI C( fc NEW-ENGLAND. 7*; This execution, no doubt, much chagrine \ Philip, and hurried him to the immediau- commencement of hoftilities by plundering fome plantations near his palace at Mount Hope, and murdering eight or nine perfons at Swanfey. But a body of men from MalTa- chufets-bay immediately joining the Plymouth forces, agreeable to the ftipulation of the Confederacy, King Philip quitted Mount Hope, ani' retired to the Pocaflet Indians on the fea-coaft ; whereupon the Englifh march- ed into the country of the Narraganfets, whofe friendfliip they had reafon to fufpedt, and compelled them to fign a treaty, obliging themfelves to take an aftive part agaiiift Philip, and offering rewards for '^is app'-'- henlion. They then purfued thi? w juo^ in- to the Pocaflet country, and, on ^I'.uy 18, at- tacked, and would mod probably have taken him in a fwamp, ha not night oblige ^ them to defift. It was afterwards judged moiV|iru- dcnt to ftarve him into a fiirrender, by place- ing guards round the fwamp. In the mean time, the Indians in other parts of New-England had followed Philip's hoftile example. Oii the 14th of July, the Nipmucks killed four perfons at Mendon, in • the ii»' m H I •.V \'*>: 1^ NEW-ENGiLAN6; the Maflachufets colony t ncverthclefs, thai government, with a view of reclaiming themj difpatched Captain Hutchinfon, at the head of about 20 horfemen, to Brookfield, the in- habitants of which place had great hopes of a good iflue attending a treaty 't^hich the In- dians had promifed to hold at a certain place on the 2d of Auguft. A few of the princi- cipal people, therefore, accompanied Captain Hutchinfon to the fpot appointed j where finding none of the Indians, it was agreed to proceed to their chief town. But, when they had travelled about four or five miles, the in- fidioiis Indians fired* upon them from an am- bulh, killed eight on the fpot, and mortally wounded three more, among whom was the Captain himfelf. However, the furvivors ef- caped to Brookfield, where the inhabitants were obliged to run together into one large houfe, to avoid the fury of the Indians, whOj following the blow, poured into and burnt the town. To the houfe where the inhabit * In the war with the Pequods, a part only of tdat tribe had fire-arms ; but they were now come into gene- rat u^e among :he Indians, who had induitrioufly got great numbers into their poiTeffion, and rendered tbem<* Ceivee good markfmea. > tants, NEW-ENGLAND. 77 tants had taken refuge, the Indians attempt* ed to fet fire fcveral times, but in vain. At length, they filled a cart with hemp and com^ buftiblcs, which they were thrufting in flames towards it, when (moft fortunately) a heavy Ihower of rain ftill prevented their defign. The befiegcd now receiving a reinforcement under Major Willard, the Indians thought proper to retreat, deftroying all the horfes and cattle they could meet with, to a fwamp 10 or 12 miles off, where on Ajguft 5, they were joined by Philip, who had foond means to efcapc from his dangerous fituation at Po- caffet the latter end of July. His followers had all deferted him but 40 men, and a numi- ber of women and children. Hoftilities were commenced about the fame lime by the Indians upon Conncdicut river, near Had ley, Ha:field, and Dee*rfield ; alfo by thofe at Penicook and other places on Merri- mak river. Skirmiflies frequently happened, and generally to the difadvantage of the Eng» lilh. Captain Lothrop, with 80 men, being fent to guard a quantity of corn from Deer* field to Hadley, was attacked by 7 or 800 In- tiians : he fought them manfully, till only ff yen or eight of his fmall corps remained, Captain '■ft' , . 7« NEW-ENGLAND. Captain Mofeley advanced with his company from Deerfield, but too late to refcuc Lo- throp. He renewed and continued the en- gagement for four hours ; and, at length. Ma- jor Treat coming up to his afliflance with about 1 60 Monhegin Indians, the enemy were put to flight. Soon afterwards, a body of the Springfield Indians, who had for 40 years lived in the moft friendly correfpondence with the Eng- lifh, were prevailed upon, by Philip's Indians, to join them in an attempt upon Springfi<;ld town. The plot was difcovered time enough to favc the lives of the inhabitants, but not the town, upwards of 30 houfes, befides barns, &c. being burnt down before any forces could be got together. The fame In- dians, on the 9th of Odober, made a furious aflault upon Hatfield •, but the Mafihchufets and ConneAicut forces being happily at hand, they were repulfed : and finding themfelves not likely to fuccecd in any furthei attempts in thofe parts of the country, the generality of them retired amongft the Narraganfets. . Indeed, the country of the Indians laft mentioned, notwithftanding their late treaty ,with the Englilh, was now become the gene- ral \^ NEW-ENGLAND. 19 ral rendezvous of Philip's foldiers, and other Indian infurgents j whence it was much fear- ed that the Narraganfcts intended openly to join them in the fpring. Such an event would, in all probability, have proved fatal to the Englifti j it was, therefore, judged prudent to anticipate the rupture by attack- ing them, if poflible, before they were pre- pared. Accordingly, looo men were forth- with raifed*, and marched into the Narraganfet country. In the mean time, the Indians, re- ceiving intelligence of the defign againft them, fortified themfelves in a fwamp, with all the fkill they were matters of. On the 19th of pecember, about one o'clock, the Engliih reached the fpot, and, without drawing up in order of battle, fuddenly entered the fwamp, purfuing the advanced guard to the fortrefs, which was fituated on an eminence, palifadoed all round, and within a very thick hedge. It was only to be entered by a gap at one corner, where the breaftwork was lower than in other parts j but diredly oppofite this paf- fage was placed a blockhoufe. As it hap- * 527 by the Maffachufcts, the reft by Connefticut 9p4 Plymouth colonies* pened. So NEW-ENGLAND. pcncd, the Englifh fell upon this very place. The captains entered at the head of their companies, but not without the lofs of the two foremoft, Johnfon and Davrnporr, and many of their men, who were fliot dead on the fpot. The Indians were then attacked in their ftrong-holds •, they fought defperate- ly, and forced the afTaiiants out of the fort. A furious fight fucceeded for upwards of two hours, by which time, however, the Englifh had re-taken the fort, and fet fire to 5 or 600 wigwams, wherein many women and children were deftroyed. Night coming on, haftened the return of the Englifh to their quarters, which were at 15 or 16 miles diftance. They carried thsir dead and wounded men with them, but had the mortification to fee many of the latter expire in this long and cold march, who might o- therwife have been preferved. They reached their quarters about two o'clock next morn- ing. Of their killed and wounded the whole number was about 170; amongft the for- mer, befldes the two above-mentioned, were the Captains Gardner, Gallop, Siely, ancj Marfhal. The Indians, as fome of them con- feflcd, had yog warriors killed, and 300 more 4i?d ace. heir the and on ced ate- Itbrt. two l\\(h 600 Iren NEW-ENGLANd; gi died of their wounds : the number of fouls, loft by the fire could not be afcertained; They repofrcffed the fort the next day ; and the Englifli, having fpent fome weeks in re- frefliing themfelves, during which terms of accommodation were unfucccfsfully propofed on both fides, returned to Boflon in Fe- bruary. The enemy quitted the Narraganfct coun- try in January, which ftruck terror thro' all thd colonies, from an apprehenfion that a general jundlion was intended by the favages. On the loth of February feveral hundreds of them burnt Lancafter, killing and taking pri* foners 40 of the inhabitants; on the 2ifl", they burnt down half the town of Medfield, and killed 18 perfons j and on the 25th, fct fire to 7 or 8 houfcs at Weymouth, within 20 miles of Boflon. In March the Indians ravaged with fire and fword the towns of Northampton and Springfield on Connetfticuc river, Groton, Sudbury^ and Marlborough, in the Mafiachufets, and Warwick and Pro- vidence In Rhode - IQand colony, killing many of the inhabitants : they penetrated in- to the town of New Plymouth, where they tDurdered 1 1 perfons of one family j on the ■ G 26th m .%y^^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.25 lie m m U^ •U -o. I 2.2 lit IM I 2.0 1.8 U 11.6 II i" C^. ^ '*>. %' O ^ / /A Photographic Sciences Coiporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 ii NE^iENGLAMO; a 5th drew Captain JPearcc, of Scituatei at tlift Bead of 50 Englilh and 20 allied Indianjs» in-* to an ambufh, and killed every man of the former, and a great part of the latter, who, however, fold their lives very dear j and oh the :^8ch, burnt 40 houfes, belides barns, at Kehoboth. The war was now at a crifis which endan- gered the very being of the colonies in New- £nglandj Where Philip paffed the winter has iiever been certainly dilcoVercd,for he difguifed his perfon, to j>reveflt apprehenfion on account of the reward} but his affairs were never at fuch an height of profperity, nor thofe of theEhglifh in fuch a depth of adveriity, as at that time. iHappily, the month of April brought a turti of fortune. The Indians were worfted in two battles with the Conne^icut forces, and fuf'* fered confiderable lofs, though not a iingle man fell among the vldord. The Maffachu* fets^ indeed, loft Captain Wadfworth and 50 foldiers, as they were marching to the relief of Sudbury, which the Indians had attacked 3 but this appears to have been the lad blow the Englifh received. A want of provifions and ammunition, which the enemy had long ex- pcricnced, daDy increafing, their vigour began 'to kEW.EKGtAN& ^ tb i-elax } and the Mohawks frilling upon and killing $0 of them*, added to their difcou- fagement. The Englifh availed themfelvcd of this diftrefs, and from time to time routed them wherever they made a ftand : Captairi {afterwards Colonel) Church particularly dif- tinguifhed himfelf. But it Was on the life 6r death of Philip himfelf that war or peace depended. He^ therefore, was the chief objcft of the enqui- ties bf the Englifh. At length, information ^•as recciVcdj thatj after a twelvemonth's ab- fencei he was returned to Mount Hope, whi- ther being (juickly purfued, he fled from one fwamp td another^ tillj after' lofing the chiet t>f his friends (particularly his wife and forii Who weric made prifoners)j he was Ihot throtigh the heart* on the 12th of Auguft, i6'j6i by cine of his own foldiers, who, front fome offence received^ had deferted to the ■* Philipj it #as Htidj killed a party of the Mohawjcs, A powerful Indian nation, and then reported that the .^pglllh were the murderers, with a View of provoking .that body to engage in the war ; but one of the par* ty, who had been left for dead, recovering, and un* deceiving his countrymen, that vengeance fell upoa JPhilip's QTvn fCPple, which he villaiaoufly -intended fot 6 > EngliA; «+ NEW-ENGLAND. Englidi. His right hand having a remarkable fcar> well known to the Englifh, the fellov^^ cut that off, inllead of his head, and ac- quired a pretty penny from the exhibition of it to the curious. Tranquility was foon af- ter rs edablifhed in the fouthern parts, the reft of the Indians either quitting the coun- try, or fubmitting to the l£nglifli. But a war ftill continued, which had beefi commenced about the timeof thebreaking-ouc of Philip's difturbances, by the Indians in the N. E. parts, where they had committed nu- merous murders ai:d outrages. A peace, how- ever, was concluded nn the 13th oV Novent- ber, 1676 i notwithftanding which, they con- tinued their depredations in 1^77, till Major Andros having ftationed forces at Pemaquid, by authority of the Duke of York, the la- vages were for fomc time kept quiet* In the mean time, the Maflachufets were alarmed with the apprehcnfion of troubles qf another nature. Complaints and enquiries were making in England which ftruck at the powers of their government, and^ indeed, which, eventually occafioned the diffolution rf their charter. Bat what more immediate- ly threatened them was the lofs of the, terri- tories \i6 r |C- If- NEW-ENGLAND. 85 t^rics of New-Hampfhire and Main, to which iciaims were refpedlively preferred and main- tained by Mafon and Gorges. It would be an ungrateful tafk, had we room, to enter in- to the merits of tbem, on account of the confufion of grants made by the Council of Plymouth. Suffice it, therefore, to fay, that the Maflachufets fent over agents to defend their own title 5 but, upon a hearing before the Lords of a Committee of the Council, in 1677, were unfuccefsful*. Hereupon, the Maflachufets, loth to fufFer fo confideraWe z difmemberment, purchafed of Mr. Gorges his right to Main, for 1200I. fterling : but they entirely loft New-Hampfhire i for Mafon not pretending to have any right to the juril^ didion, but to the foil only, the Crown iflued a commifHon for governing that province, the I f i i \-,*^ •'. «t - * It was then determined, that the MalTachufets had a right to ** thrce^niles north'' of Merriraak river, yi/- Joiving its courfe throughout. — The province experienced another defalcation, by a determination of his late Ma- jefty in Council, in 1738, viz. that fo far as the river kept a weftern courfe, and no ferther, the province line ftiould run the fame courfe, keeping the diftance of three miles noith of the river, but after that to run due } :. G s n :\ ?5 NEW-ENGLANO. Qovernor, Council, and Magiftrates, btfng fifcerwards appointed by the King. But this was bqt the beginning of troubles: the colony of Maflachufets-bay had many cr ncmies i^ England, and none greater thai^ Edward Randolph, who had been difpatche^ to them with the complaints pf Mafon aa4 Gorges, and who, (it being a part of his er- rand likcwife to enquire into thp fta^e of th^ ,. colony,) apcording tQ the people's own phrafe, 'f went up and down fecking to dc- «* vour ^hem j" and, 6n his return to Eng- land, reprefented ^hen> as paying no obe- dience to the ads for regulating the trade of ^he plantations. The Quakers^ alfo, prefente^ fomplaints of oppr^flion. On account of the gathering ilorm, it wa| neceffary the agents (hould remaip in Eng- land, whilft the colony endeavoured to avert 'it, by a removal of the exceptions taken a- gainft them in England. An a6t was made to punifb high tr^afon with d<;at|i ; another, tq fompel all pprfon§ upwards of .16 years of tgc to take the oaths pf all^^iance 1 and the King's arms were p\jt up in the court-houfe. i^hat they complied with thp mpft reluftantly^ ^ H^crp the ads of trj^de. fhcy told their a- ./ rng :s: u •c NEW-ENGLAND. 8y gents, they " apprehended them to be an inva* ** fion of the rights, liberties, and properties, of •♦ the fubjefts of his Majcfty in the colony, fbey not being reprefented in parliament ; . . . how- ever, as hisMajefty had fignificd his pleafure, *^ that thoPj a6ls (hould be obferved in tho *' Maffachufets, they had made provifion, hy •* a law of the colony, that they ihould be ** ftriiftly attended to from time to time, al- •' though it greatly difcouraged trade, and ** was a great damage to his M^ijefty's plan% •* tation/* — Thefe precautions were followed by a faCl on the ziik of December, 1678, to implore the divine blefTing upon their eodea* yours for obtaining favour with the King^ and the continuance of charter privileges. The Popifh Plot g;ave 9. fliort refpitc to in* quidtorial proceedings dgainft the colony | and the agents obtained lea^e from the King to return home, where they arrived on the 3d of December. They carried with them a let- ter from his Majcfty, dated Jvily 24, 1679, containing fundry requidtions, one of which was, that agents (hould be fent over in fix months, fully inftruftcd to anfwer and tran- fad what was undetermined at that time. But In this particular the colony failed, alleging^ P 4 i^ 18 NEW-ENGLAND. in cxcufc, their inability to fupport the w« pence, from the great charges of the lata war. < ' In 1 678, Randolph arrived in New-England, in the capacity of infpeftor of the culloms, and became very troublcfomc as an infor-r mer, but loft moft of his anions with coft?. He was in England again in 1679 > — *" New*? England at the end of the fame year, watch-^ jng the colony narrowly j— ^in England th? next winter, — and in New-England again iij 1681*, with a commiffion froni the crowi^ appointing him colle(5lor, furveyor, and fearch* cr of the cuftoms in New-England, He de- fired the countenance and authority of the General Court ; but his application being . flighted, he gave public notice of his office by fetting up ,an advertifemtat in the town-^ houfe, .which, however, being taken down^ he impxited the fa<^ to the General Court. A letter being received from the King in 16B0, confuting their ncgled of fending over . ggents.and requiring a compliance within three months after receipt, the Court pifocecdcd to ' * According to a parade te made of his feifvicca to the Committee of ^Council, he vifued N?fV*£oglai;i4 eight fr-ver^l times ii niqe ye?rs, ' appoint NEW-ENGLAND. 89' CC fi «c appoint Meff. Stoughton and Nowcll to the fcrvice j but they ablblutely refufed to under- take it : and the choice of others was delay- ed. At length, their good friend Randolph brought another letter from the King, dated OAober 21, 1681, complaining, ** That the ** colledor had not been able to execute K\i *' office to any effeft ; . . . that he had been obliged to depofic money before he could bring an afbion againd offenders ; that ap« peals, in matters relating to the revenue, *' had been refufed j" &c. wherefore, it was required, " that fit perfons be fent over with- •' out delay, to anfwer thefe complaints, with " powers to fubmit to fuch regulations of go- ** vernment as his Majefty Ihould think fit, ..V •' and that appeals be allowed." The Court jinfwered, ** That Mr. Randolph was acknow- *' ledged coUedor ; . . , that they would re- «* quire no deppfit for the future ; but, as to •* admitting appeals, they hoped it would be •* further confidered." — There were other charges in the King's letter, but of lefs moment, and the Court pofitively denied them. , V ' ' * ' The immediate appoip*:ment of agents ;vas f^fojv^d upon by a Court called in February, *• i68i-2, '.'% ^ WEW-SNGLANa |68i-», when Mcff. Dudky and Eichards were chofcn: they failed May 31, and a faC^ VfAs ordered to be obfcrvcd through the * tF- hapds of others than by f • their own :*' i the agents were confe- quently in(iru£teu lO make no conceflions of ^ny priyilieges which the colony enjoyed by yirtue of their charter, ' ' ^ * ; v r- , «• This refolution was no iooner known in England than a ^o IVarranto was ordered to go againll the charter -, and Randolph was the appointed " mellenger of death." The bu- linefs of the agents^ therefore, being at an pqd, they left England, and arrived at Bof- ^on on the 23d of O^ober, 26^3} and a fe^ ^m a|'tcf arrived alfo Randol|)h, armed with i ^t NEW-ENGLAND. the above-mentioned writ, and 200 c6pies of the proceedings againft the charter of Lon- don, to be difpcrfcd through the colony, by advice of the Privy Council. However, thefc inftruments of terror were accompanied by a conciliatory declaration from the King, to the following purport : *' That, if the colo- ** ny, before profccution, would make full *' fubmifiiun and entire refignation to his ** pleafure,,his Majefty would regulate their ^ charter for his fervice and their good, and '* with no further alterations than ihould be ** ncceflary for the fupport of his govern- " ment there." — In defpair of any fuccelk from refiftance, the Governor and major part of the Affiftants, on the 15th of Novem^ ber, 1683, paffed a fubmiffive voce indeed, in which arc the following paiTages ; " That, " upon a fcrious confideration of his Ma- *' jefty's gracious intimations, ... in his lata " declaration .... we will not prefumc to ** contend with his Majefty in a courfe of ** law, but humbly lay ourfelves at his Ma- *' jefty's feet, in a fubmifllon to his plcafure *' fo declared," &c. &c. " The magiftrates *' have paffed this with reference to the con- ** fcnt of their brethren the Deputies thereto." .^!j The to NEW-ENGLAND. 95 y The Deputies, however, after a fortnight's ferioui cottfideration, were of a different opir nion, and, on the 30th of Nov-mbcr, with reference to the vote of their brethren the ma*' gifiratesy laconically declared as follows : ** The Deputies confent not, but adhere to •• their former bills." — A letter of attorney ,was therefore fcnt to Mr. Humphrys, em- powering him to appear and anfwer for the colony ; and fcveral addrefles were fucceflivc- Jy prefented \ but all in vain^ judgment being entered up againft their charter, in June, 1684, through default, but fubjed, never- thelefs, to this refervation, that, if the colony appeared the firft day of the enfuing Michael- mas term, and pleaded to ifTue, fo as to take notice of trial to be had that fame term, then the faid judgment to be fct afide, other wife the fame was to ftand recorded. Hence, in . September, a Scire Facias was received at Bofton by Mr. Dudley, and laid before a fpe^ cial Court: but another addrefs was all the anfwer attempted ; for the time appointed for their appearance at Weftminfter was , clapfcd before the writ was received ; and, indeed, further time having been applied for ^ • . ; ..... ift. 94 JJew-EngLAnO; Vain, the judgment before entered up aglirill their charter ftood recordedi Similar retjt:iifittoTis of fttbrniflion had betti fent alfo to the colonies of Connefticiit and llhode-IQ(iiK]^ and complred with to the full fatisfa^iot4 of Charles IL who, as we haye> feen abovei, i^asjeiilous enough of authority t Ticverthelelsj Uttdcr James IL On July i^i 1685, an order ivas made in Council for the Attorney-General to bring wiits of ^0 JVar- ranto againft both their charters. — An offer Vas kindly made td Conne^icUt of being ati-i ne^ed cither to the Colony of Mafiachufets- hvty ,, ' . . , < fhould NfeW-E*rGLAKb. c^7 Aduid take upon them rcfpcftivcly the part they had borne in the government under the charter, (of which, neverthelefs, they dif- claimed the i'e-aflumpticn,) until orders ihould bt received from England ; and foot! afteri they were authorized to *' continue, in •* the Kitig*s name, their care in the admi- '" hiftttttio'ri" of public affairs, unt?l his Majef- ty fhould give " diredions for the more or- " dcrly fettlement" thereof; • The colonies of Connedicut arid Rhode- iiland, coveted object, and fiihed up gold, filver, &c. &c. to the value of 30o,t5ool. whereof i6,0ool. feM to his own whilfl: a ftrong corp-s, raifed by Connefticut and New- York, were to march over land and at- tack Montreal, with a view of dividing the French forces, Defpairing, at length, of llicdours from England, the fleet failed on the 9th Of Au- guft ; but contrary winds retarded its appe^r^* ance before Quebec till the 5th of Oaober* H a Sir n ioo ^EW-ENGLANft. Sir WiUiim next morning fcnt Count Fronte* n4c, the Govcrnori a pompous fummons to furrendcr, but recei/ed an infohnt* rcfufaU An attempt was made to land on ths ^tb» but fruftrated by the wind. Gn ilie 8th, be- tween 12 and 1300 (all the efFcftive) men ^ere landed, but in diforder, the French and Indiaris firing upon thfem from the v*oods : the fliips were drawn up the next day Ufore the town, but (the largeft carrying only 44 gUn$) did not fo much damage to the enemy 4s they received. The troops on fhorc made very little J)ror';rers, receiving from a deferter an account of the ftrength of the French, ^which he ceprefented to be very great. To retreat was preferable to adling on the defen- ■■)'■' .*V f t- »-* I ^#-» f /'. ,- . - ♦ Count Frontenac was fa enraged at Sir lyUUam'i fummoas in the name of King William and Q^ieen Mary, that he was with difficulty reftrained from hang- latf the officer who carried it. The anfwer K- returned Was as follows :— " That Sir William Ph^ps and thoftf *' with him were heretics, and traitors to their Kipg^ " and had taken up with that ufurper the Prince of " Orange, apd had made a revolution, which, if it had «* not been made, New-England and the French had «» been all one; ani that no other anfwer was to be •* expected from him, but what ftiould be frojn the »' mouth of bis cannon." •,. five NEW-ENGLAND. loi five merely ^ which, is it is prctendrGLANIX to^ NevifrYa-k or MaiFachitfccs^bay. Mr. Wtiv wsK agent for the colonyv iinprudeivdy' muU tiplying exceptions to the propoiai of joiniog it to the latter (though with the vievK of obt tatning a foparate chactep)^ difguded the mti» ni(li;y> gndi occafioned it& incorporation with NewtYoik. This could not but prove, 19 the hiflidegneo, difllitis£ii;6l0ry. to the New Blyl- inotheafis, on fcveral, accounts, but efpccUHir fis the two territories nvere near 3oo;rntlefLaf funder; and Mr. Mather, knowitog: them tO haA^e a predilection in> favioitr of MaiTaQhufeLS^ bay, if a- feparatc charter could nac Jbo. ctb^ tainedv'Very difcretdy interfered,, and prot cured the colony 's^ bdng ilruck oat of th< Ntvu-Yjpck charter^^ andanferced: in that, of the MaHachqfets '^, the fubdance of whdoh we (hall now lay before the reader, a ,jnv/oj v. i ,t: The new charter, annexes xo the fbrnaer co?- }i&Ry^ of MaHachufets-bay^ the ancient colony 0f New^^lymouth, the Provinces, of. Mala * Time has evinced the wifdom of this alteration r H The cu{bo vernor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary, to be in the King's nomination. A General Court or Aflfembly to be convened the lalt Wednefday in May yearly, confiftiog of the Governor, Council, and Reprefentatives of the towns, not exceeding two for each town i the qualification for an elector 40s. freehold, or 50I. fterling perfonal eftate. The Gene^ ral AfTcmbly'^ to eleA 28 counfellors, vu^ 18 from * It became matter of doubt whether the Council (who were part of the General AlTerobly} were entitled to votes in their own re-eleAion. The point was po- litely agreed to be given up by the firfl Council { but the peribn deputed to fignify their conccflioo to the '■ .. Houfe NEW-ENGLAND. lo) 1 8 from the old colony of Maflachufcts-bay, four from that of Plymouth, three from the Province of Main, one from the territory of Sagadahok, and two at large ; whereof feven at lead to make a board. The 'Governor, with confcnt of the Council, to appoint the officers in the courts of juftice. All born in the province, or in the palTagc to and from i% to be deemed natural born fubjeds of England. Liberty of confcience to all Chriftians, ex- cept Papifts*. The General Aflcmbly to conftitute judicatories for all caufes criminal or civil, capital or not capital. Probate of '."; '. Houfe of Rsprefentativei, finding, on coming to that aflembly, that they were candidly putting that tery queftion to the vote, waited the refult, which proved to be, that the mennbers of one Council (hould have yoices in chu0ng the next : which privilege they hav« ^ver fince enjoyed. • There ii no expreft provifion for an ecclefiaftical conftitution. Some time after the new charter, a great part of the church and Inhabitants of Salem village pe- titioned the General Court to appoint an egck ^ftical council to fettle a controvcrfy with Mr. Parri«, the mi- pifter, but the Court refufed,— Synods were occafionally called under the old charter. Some fteps were taken for falling a fynod about thirty years after the new charter nrrived, but a royal inftruction prevented any farther pio^rcft, ■- > wills. to3 NEW-ENGLAND. l!ijy i' fJ wills, 4nd' gmrtt(ng of admihiftration, to be irt the Gowetnot a«d Cpuncil. In pcrfbnal actions, exceeding the value of 300!; fterling, appeal to be made, within 14 days afcet jwdgmeot, to tlie King in Council,* but cjtecu*- .-liom aot ftaid. The General A;fiembty to make jiawa, but not repugnant to thofe of England » (to appo'mt all civil officers, excepting- the of^ jBcerfs of the courts of juftice abovjc^mentioni- €d; and to ifnptfc. taxes^, to be difpofid of by tUe Ciovernor and (SoumiL " The Got^crnor to have k negative in all a6ts and eleftions;*. All ads tof -AlTcmbly to be fent, by tlie firft opportu- nity, to the King in Council, for approbation; if not difialiov^/'ed withirt three years after pre-» fentation, to continue in force until repealec} by the AffcmWy. The Governor to com- mand the miditia, Po ufi the law martial in time of adual war, to ere£i fortSy a(nd demo- jifh the fame at pleafure i but the law martial • The Speaker of* tli'e Houfc was at firft ekcted^ an4 took his place, without any notice to the Governor ; and, for many years after the prefent charter, there was only the formality of notice, until difputes, upon other pointy with the Governor, caufed him to infiil upon his right of negativing the Speaker, which the Houfe was ob* liged j after a long ftruggle, to fubmit to, , nQk ^m «>' '^m NEW-ENGLAND. 109 npf to he executed without cotifent of the Coun^ cil. When there is neither Governor nor Lieutenant-Governor, the iiMJoriiy of the Council to aft. The General 4fiV*i>hJy to have full power of granting lands throughout the province, with this reftriidlion, no grant of lands between Sagadahok and St. Lau> rence rivers to be valid without the royal ap- probation. All trees fit for mafts, of 24 inches dianieter and upwards, twelve ipches from the ground, growing on land not before granted to any private perfon.s> to be refer ved to the crown; penalty for cutting any fuch referved trees, lool. flerling per tree. Nq fuhyedfc of England to be debarred from fifh- ing on the fea-coafts, creeks, &c. The con*" verfion of the Indians to be attempted.— r This charter is dated Odober 7, 169 j. ; . Though the new charter exprefsly referved to the King the nomination of the Governor, his Majefty allowed the agents, or rather Mr. Mather, to make choice of the firil, who fix- ed on Sir William Phips: and on May 14, 1692, Sir William arrived at Bofton, where the charter, whatever were the fentiments of fome individuals, met with general appro- bation. .V . This M ff?v fS'i; lid NEW-ENGLANO; This feems to be the proper place fof ky- ing before the reader an account of the hor^ rid pcrfecutions^ for witchcraft, which have caft an indelible blot on the hiftory of this country, and cannot be paralleled in that of the whole world befides. Witchcraft firft gained credit in New-Eng- land about the year 1645 ; when feveral peri fons refiding at Springfield, upon Conncfticut river, were fuppofed to be poffeflcd by evil fpirits, and* among the reft, two of the minif- ter's children. Many pcrfons were charged with dealing with daemons, and great pains taken- to prove them guilty; but none were convided till 1650, when three wdmen fuf* fered deaths one at Charleftown, one at Dof* chefter, and another at Cambridge, declaring their innocence to the laft moment. In 1655, Mrs. Hibbins, a counfellor's widow, was hanged at Boflon. — In 1662, three wometl were executed at Hartford, in Connefticut« —From this time, though many were fuf* pedted of being witches, and ill treated, non, who was brougbt into the tountry from N«w-Spaki, and then lived «irith Mr. Pairrb, tned forne experiments, to which fhe pretended lo have been dcouSftomed Sn her ovirn coumty^ in «rd«r to find oult the witth. This ooti^ing to the civUdrens knovn' 9^do. So much notice taken of the childrefn, toge- ther with the compajfTion expreffed by thofe who vifited them, not 6n?y tended to cow^ firm them in their defign, but to draw othcm into the like. Accordingly, the number of the complainants foon increafed, among whom were v^ii or three women, and fotne giris old enough to be witneffes. Tbefe had their fits too, and, when in thcin, cried out^ ♦ » not uA'i^'< NfeW-ENfeLANt); tti trot only againft Tituba, but againfl Si- rah Oft)urn, a melancholy, diftraded old Woman, and Sarah Good, another old wo- man, who was bed-ridden ; infomuch that Tituba, at length, confefled herfelf a witch, and that the two old women were her confe- derates j whereupon they were all committed to prifon. Poor Tituba, upon fearch, was found to have fears upon her back, which were called the devil's marks ; but might as well have been fuppofed thofc of her SparfU msikttP- ^'■^"•■, .■/-->••■ 1 - ■•■ ; Soon after this, two women of good charad- tersj members of the church, were complain- td of as caufing the children to fall into fits, and tormenting the mother of one of them, and committed to prifon. Nay, fuch was the rage of this unaccountable infatuation, that an infant about fotr years old, was fent to prifon alfo for biting fome of the complai- nants. If sBe affli^ed, as they called them- felvcs, did btit utter the name of any perfoti during their pretended torments, that was fufficient accufation againft the faireft cha- rafter. ^ ' "' •■■' ' ^ ^^^''•-- ^---' • ■ '^ This peftilent phrenzy increafing, a com- mifllon of Oyer and Terminer for the trial of ■ • • I Derfons r %ilE i!4 NEW-ENGLANt). Si ^;«. perfons accufed of witchcraft was opetied atSi-' 1cm the firft week in June, 1692 ; when Bi- ihop Bridget was pfut drt her trial. She had been charged with witchcraft 20 years before, but cleared by her accufer's confeflion of having charged her falfcly : neVerthelefs, the neigh- bours imputing to her machinations all the iofles they met with in cattle and poultry, bverfetting of tKeir cartSj &c. and the afflift- cd and confefling witches teftifying what they had Heard from the fped:res, and feen of her fpedre, the poor old woman mufl: needs be a witch ftill I and being convift^ed, flie was exe- cuted on the ioth of June. — Having given an inftance of their righteous judgment and mercy, the Court adjourned to - >^ June 30J at which feffion the following wo- men were capitally convidled, Sarah Good, Re- bekah Nurfe* Sufannah Martin, Elizabeth How, and Sarah Wilder. — Of thefe none gave much trouble but Rebekah Nurfc, who, being a perfon of great piety, made fo good a defence, that the jury at firft found her Not Guilty i but the affli5led witnefles burfting into hideous outcries againft her, they then found her guilty, and fhe fuffered as well as the reft. , . , At Km f^EW-ENGLANd' 11$ ■ Ai the next adjournment, on the 5th of Aiiguft, fix perfons were condemned, one of whom was the Rev. Mr. Geofge Burroughs, miniftfcr of Falmouth, ^nd a man of greac probity; The evidence on which he was con- vidled, viras a^ abfurd and extravagant* as ^an be imagined^ and the condudl of hi3 it , • In his itjdjftmbt (which is t[ fp^dimen of the reft) it is al- leged, " That George Burroughg ... on the 9th day of May, ia the 4th year of the rcien of our fovereign Lord and Lady.Wil- liam and Mary, by the grace of God of England, &c. and divm other days and times as well before as after, certain de- tedable arts, called witchcrafts and forceries, wickedly and fe- lonibufly aied; pra^ifed, and exercifed, it and within the *' town of Salem, in the .county of Edex aforefaid, in, upon, ** ari3 againft one Mary Walcoc, of Salem village, in the county *' ol Euej^ fingle-twoman.; by which faid wicked afts, the faid ** Mary Walcot, the 9th day of May in the year abovcfaid, and '* divers othct days and times, as well before as after, was and *• is tortured, afflifted, pined, confumed, walled, and tormcnt- *' ed, againft thepeace of our fovereign Lord and Lady the King ** and Queen," &c. , .. The ^oiifeiOng witch« fwore; that Mf. Bu^fbughs was the prin- cipal a^or in their nocturnal revels, and was promifed to be made Mingof Satan's kingdorh, theti about to be ere£fed ;. that he gave them puppets, and thorns to ftick into them, for afflicting the peo- f k of Salem, &c. &c. One of the affliRed <^itnelTe$ de^ofed, that the prifoner prefled her to fet her hand to a book, and inflidled £rievou!> torments on her for refufing; others, that he founded a trumpet for the witches to rendezvous at a facrament, and tempt- ed thofe he tormented to partake with them, &c. Another con- vincing circumflance againft him was, that, though he was a little man, he had held out a gun of fcven feet barrel with one band, and had carried a barrel f uU of cyder from a canoe to the Ihore. The prifoner faid, that an Indian held out the gun alfo; on which it was immediately concluded, that the Indian mufthavtf been the Black Man, Again, his brother-in-law fwore, that go-« ing out after flrawberrie$,upon their retQrn,Mr. Burroughs went incoi thcbuihes on foot, and tho' the witnefs ifode a quick pace, yet the prifoner was at home as foon as he. Mr. Burroughs urged, thai another perfon, who accompanied him, walked as fafl as he did; but this wai determined to be the Black Man^ Alfo'. i 2 judges 11.6 NEW-ENGLAKD. 'i I jt!dges equally prepoderous. In their eq^iiahte difpenfation, witchcraft was that Grange ipe* cies of crime, the conftjfcd guilt of which was. always pardoned *, vvhilft the denial of it was punifhed with death : and Mr. Burroughs's. integrity preventing him from offering vio- lence to his innocence by the confeflion of a pretended wickednefs, the unjuft fentence pro- nounced upon him was carried into e^cu- tion. Before he was turned off the ladder^ he made a foiemn fpeech in vindication of his innocence j and performed his devotions, which he concluded with the Lord's prayer, with fuch compofure, yet fervency of fpirit, as drew tears from mod- of the fpedators. George Jacobs, fen. tried at the fame time, was condemned on the evidence of his grand- daughter, who, to fave her own life, had been forced to confefs herfelf a witch, and ap- pear againft him. At the feffions holden on Sept. 9, and 1 7, fixteen more perfons were condemned. Sa- muel Wardwcll, who was accufed even by his wife and daughter, to fave their own lives. * Pity it is that none of the many confeflbrs of witchcraft were put to the trial of fealing their ackno-wledged giilt with their blood; fuch a proceeding, probably, would foon bave dctefted the fraud. confeffed had NEW. ENGLAND. 117 confeffcd himfelf a wizzard ; but recanting his confcffion, he was hanged, Martha Cory was condemned on fpedlral evidence., it being fworn, that Mr. Parris^a daughtJer, and two other children, faw a ghoft, ia the likenefs of Mrs. Cory, come to- ivards them with a book to (Ign. Giles Cory, her hulband, was prefled to dieath', for refufing to plead and fubmit to ilich chimerical evidence. Mary Efty, fifter to Rebekah Nurfe, was another fuffcrer. — Sheprcfented a pathetic pe- l^tion to the magiftrates, not fo much with a view of faving her own life, as to induce them to examine the confefTing witches more P:nd:^ ]y, and to make them fenfible of the inno« cent blood they were Ihedding. We need not, we think, particularize more inftances to give the reader a lively idea of the madnefs of the time : but muft obferve, generally, that, as the fureft way to avoid accufation, was to become the accufer, tho number of the affiWed increafed every day, and the number of the accufed in propor- tion. There was no fafety even for the moft unbiemilhed reputation. More than one hun- dred fx9 NEW-ENGLANa fired women ^, moft of them of irreproacht able charaflers, and of the bed famihes in the towns of Salem, Beverly, Andover, Bii- Jcrica, ^q. were apprehended, examined, antl the greateft part of them committed to prir fon. Sgme weak women, indeed, were r^all); perfuaded that they were witches -, and that the devil, fome how or other, although they could nqt tell how or when, had takep pof- feffion of their evil hearths and therefore they thought they ought to confefs themfelves guilty.— Befides, thefe impious proceedings vere in jiQ fmall uegree fomented by Avarice^ which gluttoned on the cqnfifcated eflfeftsf. of the perfccuted. Moreover, (fo general wa^: the delufioa !) thq Governor himi?lf. Sir Wil? liam Phips, coun'-^nanccd the popular cry 4-, gainft the pretended offenders ; and, CO com- ipleat their deftrudion, the magidrates manl^ feftcd the groflcft inimical prepoflcflion a- * A principal part of the evidence againd fome ef the wonen ^s the return of a juty,' confiding of one m^n, ado^or, an4, eight women, appointed to examine their bodies for teats and other 4evil's marks. > It is faid, that the credulity of ibefe jurie* wt|. fttch, that even a flea-bite was miftaken for a devil's mark. ' f About it years ^fterwa'rds; upon the petitionirof the relations: Qf thofe who had been executed, and of others who had fled to lave their lives, and whofe goods had been feized, the Genera^ Court made grants in confideration of the lofles foftained ; but fiicfe bore iio proportion to the real damage;. NEW-ENGLAND. 119 gainft them in their behaviour to the wit- ncffcs i for, inftcad of crofs - examining an4 endeavouring to Ijft them to the bottom, • they made ufc of fuch leading qucftions as might truly be faid to put the words of coi^-^ virion into their mouths. The exemplary lives, foleran proteftations, carncft remonftrances, and patient fufFcrings, of the fuppofed delinquents, were of no cf- fe6l: againft this complication of advcrfc cir- cumftances ; and it is hard to fay when the barbarous perfecutions would have had an end, had not the accufers ovcr-a6ted their parts, by beginning to charge the crime upon the magiflrates themfelves, and perfons in high office. Thus Dudley Bradftrcet, Efq; a juilice of peace, relaxing in the profecutions^ was charged, and obliged to abfcond ; as wa^ alfo his brother John Bradftreet : nay, the Se- cretary of the colony of Connedicut, an4 (according to a creditable writer) Sir Williani Fhips's lady*, were likcwife among the ac- cufed. It was high time for things to take a new (urn i and, happily for the community, fome * She i( faid to have faved a poor accufed woman from trial; ^ihftu^i to be fure, ilie muft have been a confederate in witchcrart. ■ ■ of- !f F ti,' no NEW-ENGLAND, of the moft zealous adors in this tragedy be* * gan now to be of opinion that innoceni •' blood had been (bed ; which neceflfarily occar ' fioned m ^Iteration of conduft. Accord- ' ingly, at a Court holden at Salem in January, 1 6 > 2-3, when about 56 perfons were tric^ ' for witchcraft, no more than three were cob- vifted, and thofc the Governor afterwards pardoned •, and all that were not brought up- on trial he ordered to be difcharged, Buc none of the i^tSied we^re evef brought to trial for their impoftures. The number of perfons condemned in the laft year was between 30 and 40, 19 of whom were hanged, and one preffed to death. The prifoners difcharged amounted to about 150^ ^nd the accufed perfons paiTed over to 200. The con/c Jmg witnefles (among whom were three not above ten years of age) had incrcafed to 50, and the affli^ed to the fame nvimber*, : :- • • ■ ■,. .Sir • Thefe horrid tranfaftions, however, pafled not away without leaving the ftincs cf remorfe in the breads of many perfons con- fcrned, particularly of 12 jurymen, who pubiifbed a confclliotf that they << were Tadly deluded and miftaken, for which they were much difquieted and di(tre(Ted, and did therefore humbly beg for- givenefs of God, for Chrid's fak«, for their error ; and alfq prayed, that they might he confidered pandidly and aright by the iiying fuffcrers, as having been under the power of a ftrong and general delufion." One of the judge;, alfo, was convinced h» had 3^one wrong; and at a public fall, in a fuU meeting, acknowiedge<}. |ii$ error in the lace proceedings, and defircd to humblp h>tn^'^lf (9.f h*: *;?/iS'l I ,»<■;; NEW-ENGLAND, iti 6ir William Phips found tho colony in a (late of great perturbation, not only from the aBTair of the witches, but from the irruptions of the Indians. He was charged by his in- (Irudlions to build a (Irong fort at Pemaquid, which he did in the fummcr of 1692. This produced a peace in thofe parts in Auguft, 1693, Neverchelefs, it was broken the nexc year by the Penobicot and Norridgewock fa- vages, at the inlligation of the French, who fupplied them with arms and ammunition. Sir William was a man of a benevoknc, but, ac the fame time, of a paffionate difpo* fuion. An attachment to his friends embroil- ed him in a difpute with Mr. Brcnton, the Collcdoi* of tlie Cuiloms, which, together with another that happened between him and the Captain; of the Nonefuch frigate, being preferrcid. before the King, intcrcft was made to difpkcc Sir William from his governments but his Majefty was defirous of hearing his defence, and fent orders for him to repair to JLngland to make it. Sir William's intercft had for, fome time been upon the decline in for. the fame before God and the people. The Rev. Mr. Parris, too, publicly confeflcd his error ; ncvcrthclcfs, he had. incurred tht odium of the people of Salem to fuch a degree, that they iyQul4 not fuflfcr hiqi to continue their miniftcr. New- i^ ^1%^ NEW-ENGLAND. New-England : however, he obtained an ad* xircfs to the King from the Houfe of Repre^' fentatives, praying that the Governor might' not be removed. He left Bofton Nov. 19, 1694; and Mr. Stoughton took the chair. jSir William fo far juftified his condiift in London, as to be on the point of returning to his government, but was prevented by death on the 1 8th of Feb. x 69 4-5. The Earl jof Bellamonc was appointed Governor of Maffachufets in his room ; alfo of New-Yor^ ^nd New-Hamplhire. We have mentioned that Nova-Scotia was conquered by the Maffachufci:. in the year 1690. Their claim to that country w^s con- firmed to them by its being included in the pew charter. However, in 169 1, it was feized by Monf. Villebon, by commiffion from the Jprench King % and the MalTachufets, having mifcarried in fevcral attempts to recover it^ petitioned the Crown, in 1696, that their pro- vince might be freed from any further expcnce concerning it*. In 1696, alfo, the French demoli(hed the ftrong fort at Pcmaquid» f Thijs feems to liave been confidered as a renunciation of their (fight ; for, after the peace of Utrecht, Nova-Scotia w;(S fettled af f diftipA province b^ the Crown. •: The t ft NEW-ENGLAND. ^23 : The Indians continued to harrafs the northern parts of the country, in a greater or Icfs degree, till the year 1698*, when, having been deprived of the affi (lance of the French by the treaty of Ryfwick, conclude4 the preceding year, they again foijcited an4 entered into terms of pacification. Lord Bellamont arrived at Bodon, fron^ New-y«rk, May 26, 1699. He rcfidcd only 14 months in New-England; during which time he was chiefly employed in the fuppref- fion of thjc Buccaneers. He retprned to New- '.t '. * In f^mh, the Ipdians, ip an attack upon Hav(;rhill, burnt 9'houres, and killed and tqok prifoners near 40 of the inhabitants^ Among the latter were Hannan Qunftan, wh» had lain in but ^ week hafotc, her infant, and the nurfe ; the hufband, with feveii . ofher children, having efcaped. The infant's brains were pcefeatly daihed oiit againft a tree, but the women were forced to travel 1% . iniles the firft night, and to continue thejir rput day after day to- wards an Indian' town at 250 mifes diuance. When they had frudged 150 mile^, thp In^iaqs told them, that, on their arrivajl at the town, they muft undergo tde difcipline of ninniOK tbe'ganir 1ft. Duncan and her companion had been ^vcfi ps {prvants to ah Indian family, cbiififtine of two linen, tWee women, and feven children,' bcfides an ^ngliln boy w^o had |iye4 | pnfqper with them for eighteen ntonths. The dread of the gantlet excited all I^unftan's r^folution ; and Ihe ppffuaded the nurfe and thf £ngli(h . boy to aflift her in recovering their freedom by the (feftruAion of the Indians. Accordingly, in the morpingt befprc dav-light, ou|: Amazon called up her confederates to aAion. One after another the enemy were knocked on the h«ad with tl^ei); owin hatchets. yet with fuch caution that none awoke ; and thus thefe three pri- i^ners difpai.ehed the whole family, except a favourite boy, who was defignedly fpared, and an old woman whom they fuppofed |hey had killedj but who' jumped up, and made her efcape with tl)e boy. With ten of their fcalps, after a very fatiguing apd dangerous journey, they reached their own home; and, Tor their courageous behaviour, received a reward of 50I. from the Genen^l Court, bciidcs maoy valuable prcfcnts from individuals. Mii ^'^m :<■ I, 1 24i N.EW^ENGLAND. York in the fummer of 1700, and there cEfed oiT the 5th of March foHowing. Mr. Dpdley,: who was appointed Prcfidtnt in 1696, after thift vaoatron of the charter, fucceedcd him as; Gover'nor of the MSafTachufcts provinces In May, 1702, died alfo Lieut.-Govcrnor Stoughton J when, the Governor not being? arrived, the adminiftration^ for the firft time, devolved upon a majority of the Council^ ac- cording to one of the proviiions of the new charter. Mr. Dudley, on his arrival at Bodon, in 1702, was received with ceremonial refpeft 5 but foon engaged himfelf in difputes with the two Houfes, particularly the Houfe of Rcpre- fentatives. At the firft eledlion he negatived five of the Counfellors 5 and, in the year i 705, the Speaker of the Houfe of Reprefentatives* Thefe fteps gave very great offence, and the latter was not fubmitted to, the Houfe alleging that no fuch authority belonged to his office. Another great contention arofe from the Go^ vcrnor's being charged to recommend to the Afiembly's particular attention the eilablifhing honourable falaries for the Governor, Lieut*- Governor, and Judges of the Courts, for the time being.. This inflrudnon he urged ta , . . little NEW-ENGLAND. 125 little purppfe 5 for the Houfc refufcd to/v any, allowing him only 5CX0I. annually ( 300L }n the fpring, and 200I. in the fall}, and the Lievit.-Governor 200I. per annum.. >: ,;: i The Governor had alfo a-troublefomc war oa his ha;ids. In confcquence of the rupture be* tween England and France,in 1 702, theFrciidfi of Canada and Nova-Scotia, and confequently (he Indians, renewed their hoftilities on the northern frontiers of New-England, fui;|>rif" ipg and iackii^g De^rficld"* in 1703. :<:'J^(>.enw ♦ lift ill tgence had btwi rtceivtfj that an attack was meditated by the Indians on the town of 4^oeriel(i, and the mmincr, Mt„ Wiiliams, had a ftrong impreilioii on his mind that it would be ^eftroycdt The inhabitants Orangely flighted the warnihgs he gave them, and all the affiftan'ce provided againft the threatened danger was a guafd of so foldjeps. ' In, the night preceding th^ 29th of February, about 300 French and Indians approached the town, and, the watch which patrolled the flreets falling aflrep about two hours before break of day, fet upon it with great fury. Mr. WilliArn* was awakfd with the noife of a party of them en- tering his beJ-chamber. Though there was no hope of life froiix refiftance, he took a loaded piltpl from the teflejr of jiis bed, an(t fnapped it at the lirH: which drew near to him. It fortunateljf mined 6re; for the death of one of the favagej would only have infureJ his own. He was feized, and kept {lauding in his Ihirt, whild his houfe was plundered, and two of his children and a Negro woman murdered. Orders were then given for himrclj', wife, and five other children, to drefs, and prepare for a long march. Other hpufcs had met with the like fate from other par- tics of thefavages; 40 perfons were killed, and loo taken prifoner*. About an hour after fun-rife the enemy had finilhed their work ; and then left the pUce in flames. They hurried on with the utmoft expedition, for fear of a purfuit ; fo that Mrs. Williams, who was in a we^k condition from a recent lying-in, acquainted her hnfbaiid the feoond day, (he could keep their pace no longer. He folicited pc(mii^on to accompany and aHIft her ; but, being under different tnaf^orS} ii6 NEVJT-.feNGLANft courage fmall parties to fcour the woods, iiid hunt the enemy, the General Court offered i reward of 40I. for every Indian fcalp ; and iii 1704, Col. Church, with 550 men, did con* fiderable mifchief to the enemy in Nova-Sco- tia> and the neighbourhood of Penobfcoi river, &c. Sta In April, 1706,- the erieniiy fiiddenly fell lipori the Engliflii on Oyfter river -, and i t)ody of 270 men made fpoil on Diinftablei Chclriisfoifdi Sudbdryj Groton, Exeter, Dover, &Ci nay, five of them ventured to Reading, ho more than 16 or 17 miles off Bofton^ inrhcte they furpYifed a poor woman with eighl children, three of whom and the woman the/ killed^ and carried the reft away*; ^ -^ .< -. !f'y 1/ 3*1 * inaftefs, he was obfiged to I^ve her behind. Perhaps every teiK^e/ ttiidtr will thin': Mr. Williams's diftreHt could not be heightened :' •las! within a few days, be was informed his wife's mader had funR a hatchet ihto her braini. About xo more of the prifoners, wea- ried out, were Idtled alfo, before they reached Canadai.— ^Mr. Wif<- liams and moft of the furvivirig captives were in tirfie redeemed j iihd two of Mr. Williaiifis's {oni became worthy ihinKfers at Waf- ihith and Springfield ; however, one of his daughters remained, having married an Indian hufband ; which is not To muth to Ue %ondcred at, if it be conAdefed^ that the Indians fr^quentfy iifed their jtrifoners with great tsnd^rnefs, wh6n they had once fccurely carried them home. * Being ftt'aitened for proviHons in their return, th^dligh bad fuccefs In hunting, they were preparing to roaft a child of oni ■ Hannah Parfons ; but (happily) a ftrangc dog which they chanced to meet with ferved in its room, — Samuel Buttcrfield, a Grotoa( foldier, having in his own defence killed one of their Chiefs, tt Aiffixie arofe whether he Ihoiitd be burnt or whipped Ui deatM,- aoi NEW-ENGLANto. li^ In. 1708, the enemy fell, upon Hav^rill, fee fire to feveral of the houfes, kUled between 30 and 40 perfonsy afnong whom \;ere Mr* Holfe, minifter, and Mr. Wainwright, Captain of the town^ and took many prifoners. -.- In 1709, an expedition was meditated in England againft Canada : but the face of af* fairs in Europe was fp altered by the battle of Almanza, that the dcfign was dropped. The folicitation of Col. Nicholfon brougbc another expedition on the qarpet againfljhat country) but it terminated in a defcent on Np* va-Scotia. On Sept. 18, a fleet of 36 fail^ men of war, tranfports, &c. included, failed from Nantafket for Port-Royal, 'the land- forces confifted of a regiment of marines, and four regiments railed in New-England, under the command of Colonel Nicholfon. The armament arrived at Port- Royal on the 24th of September, and the forces were landed without oppofiiion. On the firft of Oftobcr, the batteries began to play : but the French Governor being fummoned to furrender the fame day, a ceffation of arms enfucd, in order and an appeal was made to the wife of the deceafed for determina- tion. She anfwered, If killing the prifoner would reftorc her hus- band to life, flie cared not by what means he fuffcred ; but, if it would not, flie wiflied to have him for her flave : which reqa«ft was complied with. to 12^ NEW-ENGLANO. tb cohficier of t^rttrs bf Capitulation/ which were flgrted by both patties the ntjct day. The garrifon were allowed to ittarth bat with the honours of war. *• ""^' tranfporfs. More dependence had beett" plac- ed upOri the Government of Maffachute- bay for the completiott of this armament^ than was confiftcnt with the difpattH requir- ed * ; however, with fbch diligence were the ')Cl- * ;.-':^" • ' -•■' ^•'" ' :'^^i pre- • The army was !o be fupplied witfi ten weeks proviiion at Bof- totit t'-t-a vMy 'e]|t»aordin«r)t «^^ hfizapiirjos cjrcjiinftance rikis| »^ it iqieht well have been q^ieftioned, whether a fufltcient quantity -'cesld^bs l9l<.e procured, a 6ulure in which vioitld hnve ruined the enterprizo. It luckily happened, however, that the General 'Court was fttting when the ««wi9 Avar brought J and, as prcvifibas had thereupon ftarted to a very extravagant rate, an order \ ifled, liking prices to the feveral kinds of provifions required. The •wiiers d«murred, and (hut up their (lores ; in confequence of "which, another order was ifliwd, <*tving authority to open doovs^ «nd fcnzeait the defired provifions that could be found. Tbew was another error in the plan of this undertaking, viz. a rf^iaiMte • qp obtaining alfo Acilful pilots at JBoflon, The country really af- forded Cll >n" art NEW-ENGLANi). . 129 j)rcparations carried on there, that the fleet Weighed on the 30th of July, in order to pro- ceed on the expedition. The land-forceSj two New-England regiments included, amounted to near 7000 men. On the i8th of Augufl:, they arrived at Gafpee, and failed again on the 20th. The two folio wjhg days proved foggy* and the. wind beginning to blow frefh at E. S. E. the (hips brought to, with their heads to the fouthward. This was afterwards pretended to have been done by advice both of the Englifti and French pilots on boards though the former pofitively denied the charge^ fo far as it refpefted themfelves. la a few hours after the fleet brought to, fome of the tranfports were befet with breakers, and at midnight eight or nine fhips bulged . upon rocks. Six or feven hundred rnen were taken up by the other fliips, but 1000 were drowned. The men of war efcaped j and next morning, the wind changing to W.S.W. the fleet bore away for Spanifli River ; bur, the wind (hifting again to E. eight days e- lapfed before all the fhips arrived there. It forded no bctti than (hip-maners who had been once or twice up St. Laurence river, and were averfe to quitting employments oil which the fiipport of their families depended ; nevcrthelefs, they likcwife were imprcffcd into the fcrvicc. K was If 130 NEW-ENGLAND. i* was now rcfolvcd, in a council of war, td make no further attempt ; and the fleet fet fail on its return home on the i6th of Sep* tember *.— In the mean time, Nicholfon ad- vanced with a body of American forces from Albany towards Montreal; but, hearing of the difafter which had befallen the fleet, he prudently marched back again. In the year lyti, there was To ruinous a fire at Boflron, that it was denominated the Great Fire till the year 1 760, wihen happened the lail and mod dreadful. In 17 1 3, the Indians finding themfelyed falary, which he was charged tq infift upon. The Houfe of Reprefcntativc^ parried the ftroke with equal addrefs ahd re- folutiun. They agreed that a greater or left fum ought not to be an objed of difput^tioi^ with them, comparatively with the mannet in which it was to be granted -.-r^they were yrilling to allow^ by renewed grants, an ho- nourable fupport to the Governor ; and, thd' they had denied more than 500!. ftcrling per annum tj Colonel Shute, they pafled grants to Mr. Burnet to the ampunt of 1700I. one of 300I. to defray the charges of his journey, and the other of 1400I. fqr his fupport. Mr, Burnet accepted the 300I. voted for his cx- pences; but thp 1400I. tendered for his fup- port, he refufed, becaufe it was not voted to him as a fixed falary. This difpute, in ■which extraordinary powers of reafoning were difplayed by the Governor, was wound up to fuch a pitch* that the Houfe of Reprcfenta- tives refolved to prefent an humble ad- drefs to the King on the fubjefl •, and Mcfll Wilks and Belcher were employed as their agents in England : h|ut the condud of the Goveri>qr NEW-ENGLAND. *35 Governor was approved in Council, and thac of the Houfe condemned. In the midft of this fharp contention the Governor was feized with a fever, of which he died on the 7th of September, 1 729. The minillry were willing to appoint as a fuccefTor to Mr. Burnet, the perfon who was moft likely to procure an eftablidiment of fixed falaries y and, however furprizing it may feem, Mr. Belcher, whom we have juft men- tioned as employed in England in oppofition to that meafure, arrived, in Augud, 1730, as Governor at Bofton. He was joyfully re- ceived; for the Colony, no lefs than the Crown, expelled to find their account in his appointment. In his firft fpeech, however, which was eagerly attended to, they found a reiteration of the fubjeft which had produc- ed fo much diffention, and an exprefs decla- ration, that *' nothing prevented the contro- « verfy being laid before the Parliament but his Majefty*s great lenity and goodncls." Ne- verthelefs, the Houfe ftill refufed to comply, and the conteft continued, though not with that animofity as during the preceding admi- niftration. At length, the matter was accom- modated jy the following expedient: the K 4 Houfe -i II i i ts^ NEW-ENGLANE). Houfe having prepared a bill, granting to the Governor 3400L currency, or about loool, (lerling, with a ftipulation for the grant of ths like fum the annually during tnc Governor'$ continuance, he advifed the Houfe to petir tion for leave for him to receive the fum. This was granted, with an injun(5lion on the Governor to perfevere in his utmoft endear vours to procure a full compliance with the in- llruLlion, He continued to receive particular grants by the like permiflion for two or three years; when a general order of leave being obtained to receive fuch fums as were grant- ed, this long controverfy fubfided. • In 1739 was carried into execution a fcheme for a land-bank*, which Governor Belcher had endeavoured to fupprefs in vain : * A Scarcity of money being univerfally complained of, 700 or 800 perfons, fome few of good, but the generality of fmall ef- tate, propoild to give credit to 150,000!. lawful money, to be if- fiicd in bills, each perf^n bfing to mortgage a real eftate in pro- portion to the fums be fubicribed and took out, or to give bot^d with two farcties; but no .;iic was to fubfcribc more than lool. on perfonal Iccority. Ten direftors and a treafurer were to be cho- ifen. Evt^ry fahfcriber or partner was to pay 3 per cent, intereft for the fum taken out, and 5 per cent for the principal ; and the produce and manufacture of the province might be paid inflead of bills. — Bt'i ihe operation of this meafure was confined, and of fhort duration. Men of large property and the principal mer- chants refufcd to receive the bills, whilft (hopkeepcis and fm^ll traders gave them credit : hence great confulion beginning to arifc, the former applied to failiament, and obtained an aft to fupprefs f he company. vain. r i ^ > NEW-ENGLAND, 137 but he continued, neverthelefs, to evince Ills averfion to it ; he negatived the Speaker ^nd I g new elefted Counfellors, ancj dlfplaced a number of officers folely on account of their being favourers of it. This condud created him many enemies, who ceafed not to black- en his cbaradter by mifreprefentations, till in return they }iad infidioufly effedted his remo- val, without affording him any opportunity of vindicating himfelf. Mr. Shirley was his fucceffor, and in gene- ral well approved of by the province ; and a falary of loool. fieri, per ann. was allowed him. A rupture with France being looked upon as un unavoidable event, after war was com- menced with Spain in 1740, Caflle-William was repaired, and ftrengthcned with a new battery of 24 pounders. In May, 1 744, Puvivier, with 900 men, from Louifbourg, furprized and made himfelf mailer of Canfo j and many Englilh velTels were afterwards taken and carried into Louifbourg. A pro- jeft was formed, therefore, of furprizing that place, in turn, early in the enfuing year, be- fore the cultomary fuccours fhould have ar- rived there from Europe ; and, after much deliberation, refolved upon by the Houfe of Reprc^ m I 1 1^8 NEW. ENGLAND. Rcprefentativcs by a majority of one only; Neverthclefs, as each entered into the debate with no other than truly patriotic vfews, the defign was no fooner adopted, than a hearty concurrence took place among all of them to promote it. A body of men, to be com- manded by Colonel Peppercll, was accord- ingly raifed, and other preparations carried on, with the utmoft difpatch*; and with the * All the colonies as far as PennfyTrania were invited to en- jgage in the undertaking; but all excufed themfelves, except the other three of New-England, which feverally agreed to raife the . following bodies of men ; viz, ConneAicut 500, New-Hamplhire and Rhode-IOand 300 each. The Maflachufets forces conHfted .of 3250 men. What they ftood mod in need of was a fleet, fuf- ^ciently Arong to keep the feas againft the enemy in thofe parts : fk (hips, the largefl only of »o guns, a privateer of 200 tons, three fnows, a, brig, and three floops, conftituted the whole of their naval force. But by a feries of lucky incidents they fur- mounted all di$culties. The winter was fo mild, as to admit of all preparations being carried on without impediment; and the Governor interefted himfelf indcfatigably in furthering them witit all the pov,er& of his office. Th<*. armament failed from Nantaf- Kct, Ma'ch 24, 174s, and reached Canfo, the place of renc t- vous, on the 4th of April, where the New-Hamp(hire corps had (Arrived four days before; but the Connedlicut forces did not join them till the 25th. Tlie Rhode-Ifland men were of no fervice, not arriving till the bufinefs was done.— Whilflt the prepara- tions for this expedition were carrying on, Mr. Shirley, fenflble p{ the little probability there was of fuccefs, without a refpeftable naval force, difpatched an exprefs to Commodore Warren, who was then on the Weft-India ftation, ao^uainting him with the propofed defcent on Louifbourg, and foliciting afliftance. The exprefs returned the day before the fleet failed from Nantafket, and brought a negative aiifwer from the Commodore, who did not chufe to be concerned in the affair, becaufe it originated in the province without orders from England. This difagreeable intelligence the Governor concealed from all but the General 9nd Brigadier Waldo (the next in command), for fear ef dif- Couraging the men ; and they failed in hopes, that, though they (lioqid not ^4 theipfclves ec^ual to the reduction of Louifbourg,, they r; HEW. ENGLAND. 139 jtfie afiiftance of a fleet under Commodore Warren, the ^lace was reduced, and furrciw ^cred on the J7th of June, In ihej (hoQld at kafl: regain Ganfo. Soon after the above-mentioned exprefs left the Weft-Indies, to return wiih the Commodore's an- swer to Goyerhor Shirley, the Hind floop brought orders, from Bngland, to Mr. Warren to fail to Bonon, in order to concerC meafures with Mr. Shirley for his Majefty't fervice. In his pafr fage he was inforqne,d, that the fleet had failed for Canfo; and having met with a A:hooner, he fent her to Bofton, with notice to Mr. Shirley that he was proceeding to Canfo, and with ordery for fuch (hips as might be in thofe feas to join him. Hence it v/as that the Elthatn man of war, of 40 guns, was fecured ; for {though (he was a^ually under fail with the maft fleet, when an ex- prefs arrived at Portfmouth, in New-Hanp(hire, with the Comr modore's orders, yet the Captain fent his convoy into port again, and repaired to Canfo, where he arrived on the a^d, as did alfo^ foon afterwards, the Commodore himfelf, to the unfpeakable joy of the army, in the Superb of 60 guns, with the I.auncefton and Mermaid, of 40 guns each. After a (hort confultation the (hip^ of force failed to cruize before Louifbourg; and the forces landed at Cbapeau>Rouge-bay the 30th qi April, with very little oppod- tion. The enemy difcovered the tranfpcrts early in the morning, which was the (irft intimation they received of the defign again (t ihem. Next morning 400 men marched, behind hills, round to the no>th-eaft harbour, fetting all the houfes ^nd Aorehoufes on fire, until they approached within a mile of the grand battery. The thick fmoke from the (lorehoufes, which contained various kinds of combuftible commodities, prevented the enemy from difcovering the number of men who were coming againft them ; l>ut fufpefltng them tp be the greateft party of the army, they abandoned the fort, cannon, and (hot, to the £ngli(h, depriving jthem of the powder only, which they threw into a well. This fuccefs fo much exceeded the expectations of the Engli(h, that yihen an advanced party of them (about %o in number) came up to the battery, and faw no appearance of the enemy, they were apbtehenfive of fome plot, and declined entering, (as it is faid) till a Cape-Cod Indian had fummoned up courage to go in alone^ and difcovered the real (late of the fort, time enough however, to exclude the Frenth, who were returning to re-po(refs it. The fieee commenced with a very laborious operation, the men being obliged to drag their cannon, mortars, (hot, &c. through a moral; for near two miles. From the grand battery a conftant (ire, with 4a pounders, was kept up for fome time on the town, and did iawh damage to the hqufes. The Englifli foldiers had no notion pf iiiaking regular approaches. " When they beard Mr. Baftide's prppofals fi >!'■ t4.o NEW-ENGLAND. In 1746, the French, full of revenge for the lafs of Louifbourg, fent a very powerful fleet into the North- American fcas, with a view of recovering that fortrefs, reducing Nova-Scotia, Boft'. ], 6pc. and laying wafte the Engliih colonies from thence to Georgia. propofals for z gsags and epaulements, they made merry with the ,terms, and went on, void of art, in their own natural way," tak- ing advantage of the night. By the aoth May, five fafcine batteries were opened; and foon after anotiier on the light-houfe coint. In the mean time, the mea of war were cruizing off the liarbour ; 9nd on the i8th of May the Mermaid fell in with a French m^n of war, of ^4 guns, with 560 men on board, and all )(inds of (tores for the gairifon. As the Mermaid was of infe- rior force^ tlie Captain thought it prudent, by a pretended flight, to feduce die Vigilant (which was the name of the French (hij-) amongft the other cruizers :— he fucceeded, and thus that fuccour fell into the hands of the £ngti{h, which, had it reached the place of its dcnination, (as, but for the men of war, it certainly muil have dotie) would, no doubt, have put an end to all their fiopes of reducing Louilbourg at that time. The Princefs Mary, of fio guns, and He^or of 40 guns, having unexpectedly arrived at Bolton, from England, were feiit to join the Commodore, agree- able to his orders, which they did on the 2zd; Co that now 9 dcr fign began to be in contemplation of forcing the harbour, and making an attack with the Ihips. On June io, arrived alfo the Cheder, of 50 guns, and, on the nth, the Canterbury and Sunr derland, of 60 guns each, from England, in confequence of dif- patches fept by Governor Shirley, giving an account of the ex-; pedition. The Commodore had now 11 Ihips of force; and it iq faid to have been determined to make a general attack, both by fca and land, on the i8th. The French feem to have been in expeiftation of it, and, from the execution done by the forces on (horc, unwilling to Hand it; for on the 15th they fent out a flag of truce to the General, requeuing a cefTation of hoflilities, that chey might the better confiJcr of propofals for capitulating, NexC morning they fent (erms on which they were willing to furrender, but they were fuch as both the General and Commodore cou^ not approve of ; and therefore thry offered others to the French in their room, Theie were accepted, and on the 17th the place was given up.— The expence incurred by the MafTachufets in this fervice, was afterwards repaid them by parliament, which vote4 the fum of i8o,oool. for that purpofe : neverthelefs, Lou!A>our^ was reAored to the French by the treaty of Aix-la>Chapellc. NEW-ENGLAND. Ht The country was much alarmed; but the French armament met with fuch a fuccefllon of ill-fortune and diitrefs, as rendered their, defign abortive. — On the other hand, the con- quefl of Canada was meditated in England,, and *-Ke extirpation of the French from all. North- America ; for which purpofe the colo- nies raifed men in the following proportions : New-Himpfhire 500*, Maffachufets 3500 •» R.hode-Ifland 300 ; Connefticut jooo; New-. York 1600 J New-jerfeys 500; Maryland 300 ; Virginia 100 i Pennfylvania 400 ; — in all 8200: they continued in pay till Sept. J 747 -, but, to their great furprige, no fleet nor afliftance arrived from England to make the attempt. The reafon, probably, was a profped of peace, which was re-eftablifhed in 174S. '. A war with the Indians, which was a na- tural confequence of a war with the French, broke out in 1 744 •, but the Englilh fufFered lefs now than formerly, and peace was re- newed with them in 1749^ . . This year is principally remarked by the aboliftiing bills of credit * in the province * For fevcral years after the firft emidlon of them, the govern- ment defrayed the public charges of the province by frefti bills of credit i and as ione as 'he fum was fmall, filvcr continued the mcafure, 9 & " ! ! n > '.'I; ui, neW-englanCT; of Maflachufets-bay, by an adl of AfleififrffJ This was cffc6ted, chiefly, by rticans of i8o,oool. fterling, which fum had 'been voted by parliament, as a reimburfement to the Maflachufets of their expences in the reduc- tion of Louifbotirg, and which wa* applied towards the redemption of the bills then out ftanding, amounting to 2,20o,oool. norijifial value. Thofe which remained unf^eemed,^ were drawn in by a tax. Hereupon, iilvcr of ftr.l. alloy, at 6s. 8d. the ounce, in payments in bullion, or milled dollars at 6s. ^ach, be* came the lawful money of the province* Ne- verthelefs, bills of credit were foon afterward* revived f. ^ • :::.- i:, ■ ~ meafire, and bills retained their value. When an augmentatipnf of exp-Jnces fucceeded the Canada expedition in 1711, the biil» likcwife encreafcd; but in a proportionate degree the'filver and gold forfook the country. Hence, in 17 14, bills, to the amount of 50,0001, and, in 1^16, ioo,oool. were ifliied, and lent, oa land fecurity, to the inhabitants, payable within a certain period, durtog ^rhjch they w«re to be conlidered as money. When no more filvcr and gold remained, and the bills were become the fole inftrUBient of commerce, pounds, Hiillings, and pence, existed in idea, only; fo that for near 40 years, the currency continued in much the fame Hate '* as if ioo,oool. had been (lamped ia pieces of leather, or paper of various denominations, and de- clared to be the money of the government, without any other /aa^ion than this, that, when there fliould be taxes to pay, the treafury would receive this fort of money, and that every credi- tor (hould be obliged to receive it from his debtor." Surely, fuch a medium could not bnt depreciate in value, atrd that enormoufly. In 1702, 6s. 8d. was equal to an ounce of filvcr ; bui, in 1749, when, the bills were aboj[i(hed, the ounce was eft i mated at $os. f In 1751, an adl of parliament paHed to reftcain and regulate ■£ut paperrmoney of the four New-England piovinces. Governor NEW-ENGLAND. 143 Governor Shirley returned to England ia the latter end of the year 1 749 ; and, in Jan. 1750, he, and William Mildmay, Efq; were appointed commilTaries to adjuil, with France, all differences relative to America, then fub- fifting between the two crowns ; but after an abode of two years at Paris, Mr. Shirley was thoroughly convinced, by the chicanery, de- lays, and evafions of the French Court, that no permanent accommodation was intended on their part. He therefore returned to Eng* land ; and thence to his government. After this period the hiftory of New- Eng- land becomes blended with that of the other colonies, as the depredations of the French, threatening their general extirpation, induced one common caufe of felf-defence amongft them. — So foon as the year 1754, that trea- cherous people had commenced hoftilities on the back of all the Englilh North- American fettlements, by ereding a line of forts, with- in 20 and 30 miles diftan^e of each other,, upon the lakes and rivers, from Canada to the Miflifippi, invading the fouthern colonies, cutting off all intercourfe with the Indians in thofe parts, and inftigating them to join in their encroachments : and as they had in like manner ,'■* 144 NEW-ENGLANfi. rtianner feized the grcateft part of the jarofj vince of Nova-Scotia, a body of 2000 mcrt were gencroufly raifcd by the'Maflachufers, ta afTift in diflodging them, which was accom- plifhed the next year, under Lieut. Col. (now General) Monckton. •• . • - - With a view of checking the career* of thtf French, whofe hoftile proceeding^ (though no war was declared) rendered it neceflary to take the field, the Britifh miniftry drderdd' Haiklet's and Dunbar's regiments of foot to embark for America, and General Brad- dock was appointed Generaliffimd. Orders were alfo given for raifing two American fe- gimeiits, to be commanded by Sir Willian? l^epperell and Mr. Shirley. -^ General Brad- dock marched towards Fort Du Quefne, and arrived within 10 miles of it on the 8th of July, 1755. The next day, about noon, ^s he was advancing in a manner Unpardonably carelefs, he fuddenly received a general fire up- on his front, and along his left flank, from an invifible enemy; fo artfully were they con- cealed behind trees and bulhes. In an inftanf, a pan nick and confufion feized the regulars^ who, being ftrangers to that mode of aflault, precipitately gave ground, and would, moft probably, ten Iter >W ffobably, have been cut off, had not the Pro- vincials advanced alone amongft the furround- ing woods, and covered them. The General, with a few officers, kept his ground, endea-^ Vouring by his examplei entreaties, and com- mands, 10 rally his men ; nor when he found all in vain, could he be prevailed upon to quit his dangerous fituation. At length, how- ever, he was conveyed away by Lieut.-Co- lonel (now General) Gagf j and anbth'^*- of- ficer, after having had no lefs than five horfes (hot under him, and received a mufket-ball through his right arm and lungs, of which wound he died within four days. The Eng-» lilh loft, in this action, 700 men, 10 pieces of cannon, ammunition, baggage, &c. Sir Pe- ter Halklet fell at the head of his regiment, on the firft fire. The French fay^ they loft no more than 400, of whom the greateft pare were Indians. In the mean time, 600O menj befides In-* dians, raifcd by the Government of Mafia-» thufcts-bay, Connc<5licur, New-Hampftiire* Rhode-IQand, and New- York, had rendez- voufed at Albany, and marched 'from thence on expeditions againft Niagara and Crown- Point. In the latter end of Auguft, General L Johnfon / 146 NEW-ENGLAND. n ir ^Hl Jdhnfoh encamped, with the troops deftincd • againft Crown- Point, at the fouth end of Lake George, where, on Sept. 8, he was attacked by the enemy, who had juO: before been / reinforced with a large body of frefh troops . from France, under the Baron Didkau. Gen* Johnfon had fecured his camp wiih a brcaft- work of trees ; and the adlion was hot and bioody, continuing from between ii and 12 o*clock, till 4 in the afternoon, when the ene^ rny were put to flight, with great flaughter, l^he Englifh had 130 killed, 94 wounded, and fix miffing. Among the former were the Colonels Williams and Titcomb, Major Afh« ley, and the Captains Ingerfal, Puter, Fer-r ral, Stoddert, M'Ginnes, and Stevens, toge- ther with old Hendrick, the great Mohawk fachem. Among the wounded were General J^ohnfon himfelf in the thigh. Major Ni- chols, and two Captains. - The enemy Iwd near ten thoufand men killed, amongft whom were the Major- General, (the fame "who defeated Gen. Braddock in 1755,) and the greater part of their chief officers. Baroa de Diefkau, who commanded the French re-, gulars, was dangeroully wounded, and alfo was one of about 30 prifoners, Notwith-? • .. Handing :d KEW-ENGLAND. i47. (landing this defeat, the enemy, through thd late reinforcement, were too llrong at Crown-, Point, and the feafon too far advanced, for the Englilli to proceed agair.ft them witli fucccfs** Through various delays, the corps which was. appointed for the rcduclion of Niagara, under General Shirley, did not arrive at Of- wcgo before the end of Augull, when they found themfelves fo badly furnilhed with pro- vifior.s, that it was unanimoully rcfolved, ia a council of war, to defer the attempt till the next year. Mr. Shirley^ therefore, leaving a llrong body, under Colonel Mercer, to gar- rifon OfwegOj and to complete f;me addi- tional works he had beguh there, marched on the 24th of Od. on his return to Albany, t In 1756 (the year war was declared), two more regiments were fent to America froni England, under the command of General Abercrombie, who was to be followed by l^ord Loudon as Commander in Chief : buc his Lordlhip's arrival ther^<; being procralli- (iiated beyond expedtation, the Englilh army wafted the fummcr in inacftivity, of which the * (jcncral Jofihfon was created a Biironet for this fcivice, ani •rewarded by PdrUatncnt wiih a prefcnt u( ^wcwil. - • L. 2 French I '!!) ¥\ :n •*«r"i m 148 NEW-ENGLAND. French failed n6t to avail thcmfelvcs. The cntcrprizing Marquis de Montcalm, with 1300 regulars, 1700 Canadians, and a confi- i- >le I of of nt NEW^ENGLAND. i^i ., The expedition to the Ohio countjy was committed to the care of Brigadier-generai Forbes, who happily furprized Fort Du Qucfne*, and reduced the Indians to the obedience of the EngHfh. The plan of operations for the year 1759 was as follows : General Wolfe, with a confide- rable body of forces, was to proceed up the river Si. Lawrence againft Quebec, there to be » ■''-':. i<^ •' ' •• •■- •• • . ■ . . .1 though they were put to flight, it was not without the lofs of the brave Lord Howe', who was the firft man killed, being (hot through the breaft with a mufket-ball. For want of proper guides, it was "the 7th of July in the evening before they drew nearTiconderoga. The enemy lay entrenched before the fort, in a camp fo fh-ongly fortified, and of fuch difficult accefs, that it was in vain theEnglifh Fcpeatedly attempted, on the Sth, to force it; fo that, with the lofs of 500 men killed, ahd near 1400 wounded. General Abercrombie thought proper to retire precipitately and repafs the lake. * He marched from Philadelphia on the 30th day of June, pro- ceeding towards Fort Du Quefne with all the caution which the misfortune attending Braddock's ralbnefs may be fuppofed to have irifplred. When he arrived at Ray's-Town, 90 miles E. of Fort Du Quefne, he detached Col. Fouquet, wiih 2000 men, to fecure the port of Lyal-Henning, and to reconnoitre Fort Du Quefne. Fouquet fecured the port, but fent 800 men only, under Major Grant, to reconnoitre the fort, though at the diftanccof 40 miles. As foon, therefore, as the enemy difcovered that fmalJ party near them, a body lar^e enough to furround them marched out, and fell upon them, TheEnglifh, wi'h bayonets fixed, clofed with the enemy, and ftood their ground for three hours; but, being uhfupported, were at length borne down by the frclh acccffion 6f Ilrength their antagonifts received from the gairifon, and made a difordcrly retreat, leaving their commander a prifoner. Brigadier Forbes haf}ened with all prudent difpatch to retrieve this difafter ; and, fuddenly appearing before Fort Du Qnefne, flruck the French with fuch a panic, that they difmantled fhe foit and fled, on Nov. 24. THc next day Forbes took poflcflion of it; and, having re- paired the works, gave it the name of Pittrhourg, in hon6ur of the Great Cdmmoner then at the head of affairs. The Brigadier died (oQn after at Philadelphia, much lamented. Ikii L4 joined "*'% >i li Hi 15 I ;f( -.Sf wm \m r,52 NEW-ENGLAND, joined by another corps which General Ant- her il was ordered to marc'i over land fr^m New-York, reducingTiconderoga and Crown- Point in his way ; whilft a body, under the command of Generals Prideaux and Johnfoni attacked Niagara and Montreal. A ftrong fleet, confifting of twenty-one fail of the line, and commanded by Admiral {Saunders, with 7000 land forces, regulars and Provincials, under Major - General James Wolfe, appeared before Quebec the latter end of June. As the French cxpcdcd this vifit, they had prepared themfelves accordingly by collecting their forces together, to the amount of 12,000 men, excluHve of Indians, and adding to the very great natural ftrength of the place and adjacent country, all thcartiftcial fecurity cf intrenchments and fortificationsj, •under the diredion of the e;?perienced Mont^ calm. It was General Wolfe's chief aim to draw the enemy out of their very advantageous en- campment, but every ftratagem meditated for that purpofc was baffled by infurmountablp difficulties arifing from the nature of the country : he was obliged, therefore, to take the bpld refolution of attacking them in their entrench^ Mm ii NEW^ENGLAND. »53 entrenchments. Accordingly an attempt was jefolved to be nude on July 3 1, on the enemy's left, near Montmorency river ; but mifcarried chiefly through fome of the boats grounding as they were proceeding wkh troops to the p^ace of attack, and thro' the mifcondudof 13 companies of grenadiers, who, inilead of form- ing themfelves into four diftinft bodies, and making the onfet fi^ftained by another corps, rafhiy ran on towards the intrenchments in the greateft diforder, and without their ap- pointed fupport. So mvich time was loft by the boats grounding, and the irregularity of the grenadiers, that, the day beginning to clofe, the General was obliged to defift from his attempt. After this mifcarriagc. General Wolfe left no manceuvres untried above the town to in- duce Montcalm to quit his ilrong camp i and ^t length fucceededin the following manner. Early in the morning of the jjth of Sep- tember, a part of the army, accompanied by ^he General himfelf, and Brigadiers Monkton and Murray, were embarked in flat- bottomed boats : they fell down the river with the tide, pndifcovered by the enemy, and landed with- in a league of Cape Diamond, an hour be- fore I'i: fotc break of day ; th^ ffiips, with HidmirsMt fldll, prcrfcrving a commumcation miH thefki. ' The troops had a very ftecp; high filore to 'afccnd, thickly covered with boughs and flltimps of trees, and guarded by Canad^sftfs and Indians, who fired upon them : rievfcpthtf- Icls, they fcrambled up by the help^ of the boughs, and, difperfing the enemy, l^cured the landing of the remainder of the troopd, which was committed to the care of Brigadier Townfhend. ' •' « • " ''**- - . •• Soon after the whole army v/as landed. General Wolfe had the fatisfadtion of per- ceiving that Montcalm had qiaitted his ftrong 'liofds, and was crofGng Charles river ^ith the apparent defign of giving him battle ; whcr*!- upon the General immediately formed his line, ^nd advanced to meet htm. Some bufiies in the cnemy^s front were lined with 1500 Irt- diams and Canadians, the beft markfinen 'n the French army : thefe kept up aw irregular, but galling fire on the Eng!ifh, who, notwith- ftandiiig, referved their own til! they were with- in 40 yards of the enemy's main body, which then forely felt its dreadful effedVs, and, not be- ing able to withftand the fhock of theEnglilh, who foon after ruflied on with- their bayonets, were A if- NE^W-ENGLAND; tsSi were Tutced to feek refuge by a precipitate retreat ta the town.; ..^0 .:.,•- '^ ' ■;-;:*'> Glorioua as this viclory was> it was dcarljr obtained, not on account of the number of men flain, which, were only 57, but becaufs which otherwifc would rcfult from them* The women are well-featured, with fair com- pletions, but have bad teeth. The lower Clafi; of people are equally formal, yet inqui- fitive, in regard to ftrangers, to a degree of impertinence fcarcely to be borne with*. - The eftablifhed religion is a refinement up- on that of the Independents, the profeflbrs of it ftyling themfelves Congregationalifts : how- ever, there are great numbers of people of other perfuafions, particularly of the church * The following account qf a remarkable cudom in vogue amongO fome of them is given by a writer of credit, who was in Maflachufets-bay in 1760 : — " A very extraordinary method of courtfhip i& fometimes pra^ifed amongft the lower people of thh province, and is called Tarrying. When a man is enamoured of a young woman, and wilhcs to marry her, he propofes the affair to her parents (without whofe confcnt no marriage in this colony can take place) : if they have no objcd!tion, they allow him to tartf- with her one night, in order to make his court to her. At their ufual time the old people retire to bed, leaving the young ones t» fettle matters as they can ; who, after having fate :>p as long as they think proper, get into bed together alfo, but without pulling off their under-garments, to prevent fcandal. If the parties agree^ it is all very well; the banns are publifhcd, and ihey are marrieii without delay ; if not, they part, and poflibly never fee each other again ; unlcfs, which is an accident that feldom happens, the for- faken fair-one prove pregnant, and then the man is obliged to marry her, under pain of excommunication," of :'i:'1 NfiW. ENGLAND. i6i of England, whofe moderate principles gairt ground daily: yet in Bolton there are 13 or 14 mceting-houfes, and only three churches. The Maflachufets imported* dry goods frooi Great-Britain, money from Holland, Haves from Africa, and iligars, coffee, and molalTes, from the Weft- Indies. With the money they paid their creditors in England ; the fugars they exported to Holland ; the rum to Africa ; the flaves, lumber, and provifions, to the Weft-Indies ; and the dry goods to the neigh- • The tfadc of the Colonics ii. general rs Lid under fuch rc- ftraint by Parliament as feems ncceflary for the aJvantagc of Great- Britain. They ure obliged by law to land Spanifli and Portugal wihes, &c, in England, fubjeft to duties for rc-ftiipping for Ame- rica. The exportation of hats, Or woollen goods, made in the Colonies, is prohibited, even from on« to the other ; and they are forbid alfo to ereft plating or Hitting niilU; or fteel furnaces, to fecure their application to the mother-country for the manufadlurcs which recite them.-«Thc enumerated goods, of the growth, pro- duce, or manufaflure, of the Britifh Colonics, viz. tobacco, rot- toh-wool, indigo, ginger, fufti<5 or other dying Woods, melafn.-s^ hemp, copper-ore, beavcr-lkins or other furs, pitch, tar, mrpen- tirit, marts, yards, bowfprits, fugar, rice, coffee, pimento, cocoa- tiuts, whale-fins, raw filic hides and Acins, pot-alhes, peurl-a/}ics, —are ndt to be laden on board any vellel, until the martcr, with one furety, give bond that the faid goods (hall be landed in lomc Erltilh colony, or in Great-Britain, except rice, which may be exported to the Southward of Cape Finifterre, and to foicigr» plantations in America, on payment of the duties, and obferving certain regubtions prefcribed by law ; alfo fugar, to the Southward of Cape Finidcrre, in like manner. Nor are the tion-eiiumcrntci goods, via. all other goods and commodities of the growth, pro- duce, or manufaftuie, of the Britifh Colonies, to be laden on board any veHcI, until bond is given by the mailer, and one fure- ty, that the faid goods (hall not be carried to any part of Europe Northward of Cape Finifterre, unlcls to Great-Britain nr Ireland, except lumber, which may be landed in the Madeiras, the Wertcrn Iflands, or any part of Europe Southward of Cape Finifterre, on gking bond at above, M bouring I i ■ iSi NEW-ENGLAND. bouring colonics. Add to this traffic, that th«y built annually a great number of veflcls, which they loaded with falt-fifh, whale-bone, fifli-oil, pitch, and tar; and, having difpofcd of the cargoes, fold the fhips likewifc. T hey have a few other manufadlures, of which fpi- rits, iron, and beaver- hats, are the chief. Throughout the colonics they attempt to make woollens ; but whilft their wool conti- nues as coarfe and as (hort as at prefent, they will never bring them to any tolerable degree of perfe(5lion. — Here was little paper-money*. The people of Connefticut, who amount to about 192,000-1-, are remarkably induftrious ; and, in proportion to their extent of country, export great quantities of lumber, fo far as that means barrel and hogftiead (laves and heading, hoops, clift-boards, and fhingles of cedar ; and the markets in fome of the other colonies are much indebted to this for their fupply of butter, beef, mutton, pork, wheat, and Indian corn. The flate of religion is • There is a mint at Bodon, which wat creO-ed in 165a, for coining (hillings, fix-penccs, and threc-pcnccs, to prcTcnt frand in money ; but this proceeding n-.aking one of the complaints of Charles II. againit the Colony, '( was difcontinued. f The elitimatcs given in this publication of the number of foui.^ in the fcveral provinces of New- England, New- York, New-Jcr- fey, Pennfylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Caroiinar, werf made in Congress, in September, 1774, much llH.i' NEW. ENGLAND. i6j Inuch the fame here as in the former pro- vince. ^1 Ncw-Hampfhire fiipplied the royal navy ivith mads, yards, fpars, and oars, and con- fcquently was of no mean aiTiftance to Great- Britain in maintaining her fovervignty of the fcft. The inhabitants are cflimatcd at 150,000, and are of divers religions, that of the Con- gregatipnalifts being citablilhed. The Society for the Propagation of the Gofpel have two miflionaries there. lyiafts, fpars, &fc. Ihipa (to the amount of 200 a year), catck, fifl)^ &c. are their chief exports. The paper cur- rency is extremely bad, at 2500 per cent, dif- count. * . No religion is eftabliflied among the inha- bitants of Rhode- IQand, but all are tolerated. The Society fend four miflionaries. The pri- vate people are faid to be cunning, felfifb, and much given to illicit trading ; the magi- ftrates, partial and corrupt •, which is owing to the democratical conftitution of the pro- vince, whereby they are totally dependent on the populace. The number of the inhabitants is about 59,678, and their commerce is much the fame as the MaiTachufets, except that they build few or no ihips, and export very little M 2 falt- IL ■; 2t*^ 164 N E W - Y O R K. falt-fi(h : but their horfes are much coveted by the other colonies. They have very few ma- ' nufadures •, fperma-ceti candk^s is one of the chief. Their paper currency is as bad as that of New-Hampibire. The value of Britifh j?.nd India commodi- ties annually imported into New-England wa» nearly 395,0001. and the exports to Britain- was eOimated at 370,5001. The trade of this country was greater formerly j but two capi- tal branches, viz. fhip- building and the fifliery, have been upon the decline for fome years. K if S' Of new- YORK. THE celebrated Hudfon (of whom we have before fpoken in our account of New-Britain) was the firft European who explored this part of North- America; which he did in the year 1608, difcovering and giving his own name to the great river that ftill bear,*: it. By his means the Dutch got footing here; and though their plantations were deftroyed by Sir Samuel Argol about the year 16 13, they, neverthe- Vcfs, not only kept pofleflion of the country, but alfo re-eftabli(hed their fettlemems, built « • >(-•- ^*»' *-'^fj : NEW.rORK. 1% SL city which they called New-Amfterdam, and became a flourifliing colony under a Go- vernor. King James I. complained of this ufurpation to the States, who difclaimed the proceeding, afcribing it folely to their Welt- India Company : whereupon James, calling the country New- Albion, fent Edward Lang- don thither as Governor, to whom the intru- ders thought proper to fubmit; but during the civil wars of Charles I. which afforded them too favourable an opportunity, they ro- fumed their own authority, and afterwards over-run the neighbouring territories, fmce called New-Jerley and Counties on Delaware, but then occupied by the Swedes, who were conftrained to fubmit to them in 1655. To thcfe territories the Dutch then gave the com- mon appellation of Nova Belgia, or the New Netherlands, and maintained their authority in them till the year 1664, when av/ar begin- ning to break out, thev were furrendered to a force fent againft them by Charles II. On this event, the capital city of New-Am(ler- dam exchanged its name for New- York, in honour of James, Duke of York, to whom Chaues had granted the New Netherlands: and thck countries were cpnfirni^4 to the ■h I ) 1 1 \\\ ^^^ 'l66 N E W - Y O R K. Englifh by the peace of Breda, in 1667, iti lieu of Surinam, which the Dutch had taken from them. In the war of 1672, the Dutch recovered the New Netherlands ; but, being reftored by the peace concluded at Weft minder in Feb. 1673-4, they were again granted to the Duke of York, who difpofed of New Jerfey, but retained the country of New- York to him-f felf, which confequently vefted in the Crown on his acceflion to the fovereignty, and fubfe-? quent abdication. It has fince continued ^ Toyal province, the King appointing the Go- vernor and Council, and the people chufing $i Houfe of Reprefentatives, which they dq every feven years, In them is vefted the en- tire legiilative power, each branch having a negative : their laws, however, muft have the King*s approbation, and not be repugnant tq |:hofe of Great-Britain. Many Negroes are imported into this pro- vince. The whole number of the peOj^'^ '*' fuppofed to be 250,000, great part of whon> are defcended from the Dutch who remained in it after its fubjeftion to the Englifti j but •here are alfo numbers of different origins, as fiiay be hiferred from the following account « • • - - • of NEW-YORK. 167 of the places of worfhip in the city of New- York : 3 for perfons of the church of England ; 3 for Dutch Prefbytcrians ; 2 for Engli(h Pref- byterians > i for Scotch Prefbytcrians ; 2 for German Calvinifts ; — the Lutherans, French refugees, Quakers, Baptifts, Moravians, Me- thodifts, and Jews, have i each fedl. In the whole province there are fix churches, the re- ligion of the church of England being efta- blilhed throughout. A fine college has lately been erefled, and is called King*s-college. Moft of the inhabitants of New- York are traders -, and if it be pofllble to give fo mixed a people any general charafteriftics, theirs are induftry and frugality : neverthelefs, the gen- teeler fort amufe themfelves with balls and fleighing expeditions in the winf^r, and form fifliing parties, and make excurfions into the country, in the fummer. On Eaft river, near New- York, are feveral houfes, pleafantly fitu- ated : here, once or twice a week, thirty or forty ladies and gentlemen have turtle-feafts, fifliing and amufing themfelves till the even- ing; when they return home in Italian chaifes*, a gentleman and a lady in each. About three * The carnage moft in falliion in this and other parts of Ame- merica, except Virginia, where coaches, tlrawn by fix horfes, ard chiefly ufed. M 4 roiles (] f •J ^^- -"^^ % M ■I Ml lili '^- fSS N E W - y O R K. niiles from New-York there is a bridge, ov£r which, as they pafs, it is a part of tlte. eti- quette for the gentleman to falute his chargee ; whence the bridge is called Kiffing-bridge. Long-Ifland teems wiih the villas and coun- itry-houfes of the wealthy. The exports of this colony, which are con- fiderable, confid-. chiefly of grain, flour, pork, fkins, furs, pig-iron, lumber, and ftaves* Thofe to Great-Britain only, before the pre- fent difturbances, were faid to amount annu- ally to 526,000!. and tht imports from the fame were not lefs than 5313000!. Their moft material manufadures are, a fmall quantity of cloth, fome linen, hats, Ihoes, and otlier wearing- apparel ; glafs, wampum*, refined fugars, and rum : they alfo build fome Ihips, The f^-rence of exchange between currency and t L. is from 70 to 80 per cpnt. * The money of the Indians. It is made of the clam-fheH, which is like u thick oyftcr-ftiell, ami purple and white withio. When clipped to a proper fize, it is drilled, and afterward:, ground fmooth, and poliihcd. As a very fmall part of the (hell is parplCj the wampum oi this colour is by much the moll valuable. Of « ( 1^9 ) * I: ^ Of NEW-JERSEY, THE firfl: European fettlers in this tra^ of North-America were Swedes, but on their formal furrender of it to the Dutch in 1655, the latter called it, together with New-York, the New Netherlands. We have already re- lated, in our account of New- York, that the territories fo named were reduced by Charles II. in 1664. On this event, the Duke of York, (afterwards James II.) to whom the fame had been previoufly granted, difpofcd of that por- tion we are now treating of, to Lord Berkeley of Stratton and Sir Geo. Cartarer, from v/hich lafl gentleman it received the name of New- Jerfey, his family eftate lying in i.e iQar. i of Jerfey. The New Netherlands -vc e nnfied to the Englilh by the treaty of L .cla in 1667, and Lord Berkeley afligned his fla^e in New- Jerfey over to othe , ; and thde n^^w i^roprie- tors had agreed upon a partition v^kh Sir George, when the Dutch, in 1673, recovered the country i however, it being refcored to the Englifh in Feb. 1673-4, frefh grafts pafled, lirft from the King to the Duke of York, and afterwards from him to the former proprie- : . tors^ ^'.nt. \ * m I I h^*' ^i: '•» It (f^ • •170 NEW-JERSEY. tors ; whereupon Ncw-Jerfey was divided into two portions, denomih^ted Eaft ahd Weft Jer-« fey, Sir George pofleffing the former. Both diftri<5ls in time devolved into many hands, and Various diflentions and difturbartces fprung up: neverthelefs, the proprietors, though iiOt without temporary interruptions, main- tained their authority till the year 1703; wh^n, it having been judged by them expe- dient to furrender th^ir right of governing to Queen Anne, the two proprietary became iinited in one royal government ; the Gover- noi* and Council being nominated by the Crowf y and the Reprefentatives by the peo- ple. Each branch has a negative. The Ge- neral Aflemblies are held at Perth- Amboy and Burlington alternately, at the latter of which places the Governor generally refides. There is no eftabliflied religion in this prb- v'mce ; but the Society have fix miflionaries liere j and, amidft the difFcj'ent perfuafions, the church of England gains profclytes daily. Here are 12 churches, 57 Englifli and Scotch I^refbyterian meeting-houfes, 22 Dutch, 39 Quakers, 22 Baptifts, 7 Lutheran, i Mora- vian, I Separatifts, and i R6gereens meeting- lioule. ' " • The ■m. PENNSYLVANIA, 171 The New-Jerfey-men are truly gentlemen- farmers, living upon their eftates; and are good-natured, hofpitable, and of a liberal turn of mind. There are fiippofed to be 130,000 fouls in this province, (Negroes in- cluded, of whom there is a greater or Icfs number in all the colonies). New-Jerfey, though efteemed the garden of North- America, has no foreign trade, the inhabitants felling its produiT:ions to the mer- chants of Philadelphia and New- York, of whom they take European articles in return. Their paper is at about 70 per cent, difcount, but ia very good repute. Ife Of PENNSYLVANIA. ADMIRAL Sir William Penn, in confide- ration of his national fervices, and (as fome fay) of a debt due to him from the Crown, obtained a promife of this country from Charles II. but lived not to fee it fulfilled. After fome time, his fon, William Penn, the famous Quaker, finding his fpiritual brethren harralfed in every part of England on ac- count of their religion, ftrenuouQy applied W ^1 I. I fi r- )%. liw 172 PENNSYLVANIA. to Court for the grant promifed to his father; which, with many folicitations, he obtained in 1 68 1, and purchafed the country of the Indians. The flip of land now called the Three Lower Counties on Delaware was not included in the above grant, but purchafed by Mr. Penn of James, Duke of York ; and the county of Bedford, lying Weftward of the mountains on the Ohio, was bought of the Indians known by the name of the Six Nations no longer ago than the year 1768, and fettled in 1771. On being granted, the country received the name of Pennfylvanria, in honour of ths pro- prietor, whofe excellent character and plan for forming his colony drew after him not only great numbers of Quakers, but alfo many other perfons of different religious pcr- fuafions, infomuch that upwards of 2000 ac- companied him on his firft going over ; and, whether for the fake of religion or comn er- cial advantages, people afterwards continued to flock to him, as well from other nations as England : for civil and religious liberty, in the mod liberal fenfe, was the great founda- tion of this wife man's inftitutions ; and Ckrif- tianSi without exception, were allowed to Ihare in PENNSYLVANIA. lyj in the government, — which is proprietary, and CQnfifts of a Governor, appointed, with .the King's approbation, by the proprietor,, and a Houfe of Reprefentatives chofen by the peo* pie. The Three Lower Counties, viz. New- caftle, Suffcx, and Kent, have a difcindt Af- fembly and government -, for,, though the fame Governor prefides over both, the members of the Houfe of Reprefentatives are different, and are eledc d folely by thefe three counties. Pennfylvania, including the Delaware Coun- ties, is fuppofed to contain 350,000 fouls, of various nations indeed, but with fewer Negroes among them than might be expeded. They are not fo hofpitable to ftrangers as the gene- rality of the other colonies j but they are fru- gal, induftrious, and the mod enterprizing of any. The women are gay, very handfome, and much more accomplilhed than the men. Dancing is here a favourite amufement in winter ; and, when fnow is upon the ground, another ufual diverfion is to make fleighing- parties, or to go upon it in fledges. In the fummer, parties of pleafure are alfo formed for recreation in the country, or upon the Schuilkill* • A fociety of i6 ladies and the fame number of gentlemen, of th« bcft fijnnlks in the province, meet once a fortnight upon the bank;. I ;■ STi- I -I 1 I* r; I 174 PENNSYLVANIA- No particular religion is cftablifhed in this province \ all feds that believe in Cod arc to- lerated : but a fifth part of the inhabitants are Quakers. Twelve clergyn?ien are maintained here by the Society for Propagating the Gof- pel: fome of them are itinerant miffionariesrf In the city of Philadelphia there are two churches, one Swedifh and one Romifli cha- • pel, three Quakers meeting-houfes, two Pref- . byterian, one Lutheran, one Durch Calvinift, . one Anabaptift, and one Moravian mceting- houfe. Before the prefent commotions, the people built annually 25 veflels, and exported pro- vifions of all kinds, lumber, hemp, flax, flax-? feed, iron, furs, and deer-fkins, to the annual amount of 705,5001. and the value of their imports from Britain was about 6ii,oooL The difference of exchange between bills and the currency in this province is about 75 per cent. The manufactures are numerous and good : better hats are made here than in Eur banks of the Schuilkill, where they have erected a very pleafanf room, to dine and drink tea in. A number of plcafdnt walks arc about it ; and fome wild and rugged rocks, the river, and neigh- bouring groves, confpire to form a fceneaj once romantic anci beautifully piOurefque. The Ldies drcfs in a neat and fimpie uni- form. Boats and fi(hing-tack!e are at hand; and the company delight themfelves cither with going upon the water, filhing, walk- ing, dancing, finging, 8cc, Sic, as is xno^ agreeable to them. rope ; MARYLAND. >75 rope ; fome Irifh fettlcrs make good linen ; and Germantown thread llockings are highly admired : confiderable alfo arc the manufac- tures of cordage, linfeed-oil, (larch, myrtle- vfzXj fpermaceti- candles, foap, earthen- ware, &c. &c. Of MARYLAND. RELIGION of one fort or other ap- pears to have been a main fpring of Eng- lifli colonizing in America : New-England, it has already been (hewn, owes its eftablilh- ment to the Brownifts and the Puritans, and Pcnnfylvania to the Quakers •, that of Mary- land originated from the Roman Catholics. Thefe people being generally difliked towards the clofe of the reign of Charles I. George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, obtained the pro- mifc of a grant of this country as an afyluni for them •, but he dying before the patent w^s fully made out, it was finiflied in the be- half of his fon, Cecilius, Lord Baltirpore, in 1632. Accordingly, the year following, about 200 Papifts (moft of them of reputable fami- lies) embarked to take poficffion of this new territory. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^o 1.0 I.I ^ 1^ |22 :!r 1^ 12.0 I lllllm ||l.25 1 1.4 1.6 t" ► V] 7 y^ wV^i '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 i/.. <^ ^ ;\ \ 6^ 1/6 M A R Y L A isf 6. territory, to which was given the name of Maryland, in honour of Henrietta - Marram King Charles's Queen. They purchafed the knds of the Indians ; and, it is faid, that, in the firfl: two years, Lord Baltimore expended 40,oool. in tranfporting people over thither, and furnifhing the colony with (lores and pro- vifions. Oliver Cromwell deprived Lord Bal- timore €3f his rights, and appointed a nev/ Governor in his room. At the Reftoration, Charles, Lord Baltimore, fon to Cd^cilius, Ob- tained a confirmation of the grant, and next year fent over his fon Charles as Governof, on whom both the title and eftate afterwards devolved, and by whofe Wuc i*egulatlons the colony flourifhed and increafed exceedingly. In the reign of James II. it was again in agi- tation to deprive the Baltimore family of their rights •, but the meafure v/as prevented by that Monarch's own troubles. It fo far took place, however, at the Revolution, as that they were diveftcd of the power of govern- ing, on account of their being Roman Catho- lics i bu: after the family profeffed the Pro- teftant religion, they were reftorcd to their' former authority. The late Lord Bakimcre, who died in 1771, bequeathed M A R Y L A iJr i5; lyf bequeathed his property in Maryland, in tail male, to Henry Harford, Efqi a minor. A Governor, and Council of 12 perfohs; under and nominated by^ the Proprietor (whofe power is next to regal), together with a Houfe of Reprefcntatives elefled by the people, conilitute the government of this province at prefent. The Proprietor chims a negative upon every billj exclufive of thb Governori The number of fouU in Maryland is efti- hiated at 320,000.^ The eftablifhed religion is that of the church of England, to the fup^ port of whofe clergy cveiy tkheable^ (that is^ every male whitej and all Negroes whatfoever* from 1 6 to 60) in their refpedive parilhes, muft contribute 30 lb. of tobacco, whereby fomc make morenhan 300I. ftcrling per annum 1 n.evertl»elefs$ there are as many Roman Catho* lies as Proteftants. Maryland is exprefsly exempted from taxa- tion by charter. The difference of exchange between paper-money and currency in this province is about f;o per cent. For particulars refpedling the trade of this country, we refer the reader to the following account of Virginia i wherein he will alfo be ,,. N enabled il m f^ ;/i fill 17^ VIRGINIA. enabled to judge of the people of Maryland' by what is faid of the Virginians, there be- ing little or no difference between them in point of charafler. , t ., « ' - . . .. ' ■ ■ \ / - * . , . ^ ■ Of V I R G I N I A. THE firft fettlemcnt which the Englilh made on the other fide of the vaft Atlantic was in this part of the American continent, but not without great toil and difficuity. Several attempts were made under the directions of Sir Walter Raleigh, in confequence of letters patent he obtained in 1584, authorifing him *' to poflefs, plant, and enjoy, for himfelf and " fuch perfons as he fhould nominate, them- " felves, and their fucceffors, all fuch lands; •* territories, &c. as they fliould difcover, not " in the poffeflion of any Chriftian nation.** The country was called Virginia, in compli- ment to the Virgin-Queen Elizabeth j a name which from thence Lecame common, for a time, to a large portion of North- America: but partly from the extreme difficulty of the un- dertaking, and partly from the inattention paid to Sir Walter's orders, his endeavours failed j as did lome attempts made, with his permif- fion, by other perfons, the adventurers pe- rifhing >» VIRGINIA; 17^ hfhing either through famine, difeafe, or the ferocicy of the Indians*. In anothcf enterprize, which was fee en foot by a •Society incorporated by James I. in i6o5, denominated the London Company, (as we have mentioned in our account of New- Eng- land), the people, having been reduced by the fame means to a fmall, feeble number, had, in defpair, actually fet fail on their re- turn to England in 1610, when^ meeting Lord Delaware, in the mouth of Chefapeak- bay« with a fquadron laden with provifiohs and all nccefTaries, they vere perfuaded to dif- cmbark againj and renew their endeavours 5 which being aflifted by the Earl's advice, prudence, and winning behaviour, the colony was at length fettled, and put on a refpe(5tabie footing. They built the firfl: town the Eng- iifh had in the New World, which they called James town. The colony increafed greatly^ and, during the fubfequent civil wars in the mother-country, afforded refuge to many of the royalifts j and, under the government of Sir William Berkeley, held out for the King, until reduced rather by ftratagem than force. As it was the laft to fubmit to the Oliveriaa , ; . . . N 2 yoke, • Ttie feveral attempts of S"ir Walter Raleigh were made at places now within the limits of NOrth-Carvlina, iSb- VIRGINIA. yoke, fo it was the firfl: to caft it ofF^ and Charles II was proclaimed King by Sir Wil- liam in Virginia, even before he was reftored in England. About the year 1676, a young lawyer, named Bacon, taking advantage of fome difcontents which prevailed in the colo- ny, excited the common people to a rebellion^ but by his timely natural death tranquility was foon re-eftablilhcd.. At firft, the right of jurifdidioii ovet this province was exereifed by a Governor and Council -only, appointed by the London Com- pany-, but in the year 1620 it was thought advifeaWe to add a third branch, to be com- pofed of Burgeffes, elefted by the people. In 1626, however, great diforders having ari- fen through mal-adminiftration, Charles I. dif- folved the Company, and too1c the country and government under his own immediate diredtion, by appointing the Governor and Council himfelf; and this conftitution has been fince preferved, each of the three branches having a negative on all laws propofed, and the King's approbation being ncceflkry to ren- der them permanent. The Governor is gene- rally a nobleman. The cftabliihed religion is that of the church of VI r:g I N I A. 181. t:^f EugUnd \ and the clergy^ who are under the control of a fuperintendcn.t fent by the fiilhop of London, have each a glebe of two or three acres of land, a houfe, and a falary fixed by law of i6»ooo wi, of tobacco, with an allowance of 1700 more for Shrinkage, Here are but few Diflenters. The people in Virginia ajc computed to be 650,000, a great part of whom arc Negroes aod other Haves. — We fhaU fpeak of them in the words of a Rev. Gentleman, obferving, with h'uT), that general charaders are always liable to maay exceptions. — *^ The climate ^nd external appearance of the country," fays * he, " confpire to make them indolent, eafy, and good naturedv extremely fond of lociety, ^ind much given to <:onvivial pleafures. la confequence of this, thty feldom Ihew any ipirit of emerprize, or expofe themfelves wil- lingly to fatigue. 'TJieir authority over their ilaves renders them vain and imperious, and intire Grangers to that elegance of fentiment which is fo peculiarly charaftenftic of refined and poliilacd nations*. Their ignorance of N 3 mankind, ♦ *' A gentleman Come years ago travelling npon the frontiers of Virginia, where there are few fettlements, was obliged to tak« fordingly they pointed to a bed in a corner of the room where, they wtre iitiing. The gentleman was ;> little embarrafled ; bur, being cxcelTively weary, he retired, half undreflcd himfelf, and got into bed. After fome time the old gentlewoman came to bed to him, after her the old gi;i)tlcmaE, and latt oi all the youn^ Ny." >vHe^ r^ VIRGINIA. X83 i»hen the company arc pretty well tired with country-dances, it is ufual to dance jigs ; a pra'^ice originally borrowed, I am informed, from the Negroes*. Excepting thcfe amufc- ments, and now and then a party of pleafure into the woods to partake of a barbacue, the ladies chiefly fpend their time in fewing and taking care of their families : they ieldom read, or endeavour to improve their minds j however, they arc in general good houfewives 1 and though they have not, 1 think, quite fo inuch tendernefs and fenfibility as the Englifh ladies, yet they make as good wives, and as good mothers, as any in the world/* . Virgii>ia and Maryland, prior to the civil war now moft unhappily prevailing, annually exported into Great-Britain, of tobacco alone, to the value of 768,0001. that is, at 81. each> to th? number of 96,000 hogfheads. About 13,500 of thefc fcrved for home confumption, yielding, by a duty of 26I. is. per hogfhead, 351,6751. to the revenue : the remaininp^ «« * Thefe dances are without any method or regularity : a gen- tleman and laciy ftand up, and dance about the room, one of them retiring, the other purfuing, then perhaps meeting, in an irregu- lar fantaftical manner. After fome time, another lady gets up, and then the firft lady muft fit down, (he being, as they term it, cut out : the fctond lady afts the fame part which the firft did^ till fomebody cuts her out. The gentlemen perform in the fame aMnaer," N 4 82,500 ^ i84 C A R d LI K A's. 82,500 our mcrcJbanta Exported to thedifRrrnf (?ountrics of Europe, and retur-ned their valuo' into the kingdom. The benefits of this finglo bi'anch of Commerce, therefor^* cannot buc ftrikc every one, efpecially if the additional national advantages be coofidered, viz. thai \t employed 330 fail of ihips, and was a con- ilant nurfery for near 4000 fcanien \ But thil was not all : thefe provinces traded 'iR other articles,— naval (lores, wheat, Indian corni and iron in pigs and- bars, &c. which being added to the tobacco, the whole amount of their exportation to Great-Britain rofe to 1,040,000!. annually, and in return they too^ of Britifh manqfaftures to the value of 865,0001,- i ,^ ■ V • j •■ i _< ' j M 'f%: ,7 ,'**KH-.: v.iJ';< . V K.^^ui ill :.i .iCO •!>oJ Of TH2 CAKOLINA's. •THESE countries, notwithftanding the Engiifh right to them derived from Cabot's diC? covcry, were formerly claimed by the Spa- niards as part of Florida, which name they would fain have extended to the whole conti- nent of America North of Mexico. The lands, however, lay neglcdcd till the year - • i5^2> ■>. C A R O L I N A'j, «t5 156a, when a party of French hugonots ac* tompced a f^ctlcmcnt, burk Charles-Fort at Port-Royal, and called the territory Carolina» in honour of their King (Charles IX). Thef« were mafTacred by fbme Spaniards in 1564^ and they, in turn, were dcftroyed by other Frenchjmen in 1567, whq, neverthelefs, drop? ped their deftgn of fettlLng there. At kngkh^ in 166:;, the Lords ClartiKlon, Albemarle^ Craven, Berkeley, and A(hlcy {afterwardi Shafteibury), Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, ano Sir John Colleton, obtained t grant of theio territories from Charles IL and, by their united efforts, a colony was founded, and regulated by laws which em* ployed the pen of the grear Mr. Locke, The firft town built was cal harles-towti, af* ter the King's name. The patentees were ilyled Lords Proprietors, and had a power of conferring fuch titles of honour as they thought proper, provided they were not the fame as were conferred, in England. Accord* ingly, they appointed one of their own num^ bcr to hold a pre-eminence over the Gover- nor, under the denomination of Palatine^ aad created a few Landgraves and Caciques, to ^^fwcr to the nobility of England. — But, not-* withftanding n I ?-*• !l 1 .'I its CAROLINA'S. withftanding the extraordinary care taken to form their lyftcm of government upon a per- fect plan, the exercifc of it was attended with the utmofl confufion and didraftion. Impo- litic and epprciTive adminidration in fome of the Governors, contention religious and civil amongft the people, added to their quarrels with the Indians, had, by the year 17289 brought the province to the brink of dcftruc- tion, and the then proprietors fold their inte* reds therein to the Crown for the confidera* tion of 22,5001. excepting John, Lord Car- taret (afterwards Earl of Granville), who re- tained his (hare. On this event, the country was divided into the two diftrifts of North and South Carolina, and put under two dif- tin6b royal governments, on the fame plan as the others under the King's immediate autho- rity; and harmony being edabliftied, both imongft the people, and with the Indians, f jGcefs and profperity have fince crowned their proceedings. — The eftabliihcd religion b that of the church of England, - The Carolinians live in much the fame eafy and luxurious manner as the Virginians. Tho planters are remarkably hofpitable towards grangers j and perfons who fall into diftrefk ^ through north-carolina; 187 rtrough bad fucccfs or misfortune fcarcc ever fail of being relieved by their liberality : fo thac beggary is alnnod unknown in thefc pares of the world. ' * There arc fuppofed to be 300,000 fouls in NORTH-CAROLINA, amongft whom arc great numbers of Negroes and other flaves.— The taxables in 1773 were computed to amount to 64,000 i the number of Negroes and Mulattoes about 10,000. Exchange with Great-Britain 175I. for lool. fterling. Legal intereft 6 per cent, per ann. Bills re- turned protcftcd fubjcfted the drawers, &c. to 15 per cent, re- exchange, and 10 per cent, interelt. — The commerce of this country ap- pears to have been neglc6ked very much, on a comparifon with that of South-Carolina. — Its exports to Great-Britain, before the prefent troubles, fell Ihort of ioo,oool. per ann. and its imports fcarce rofc to more than 20,oool» Some trade, however, was carried on with the "Weft Indies. • : ...- . ■ . In the year 1770, the number of white in- habitants in Charles-town, SOUTH-CARO- LINA, was ^30 i— the number of Negro ^nd other flaves, 6276 -, free Negroes, Mu- jattoes, &c. %\, Exclufivc of the above ill Charles- f % iB8 SOUTH-CAROLINA. Char ks^ town, the Negro and other fiavet amounted to< 75,4525 free Negroes-, &c. 1*5^ Great o,umbe«s have been fiacc wported; and. the whole number of Negroes,, MulaS-* toes, &lc. now m the province^ is: foppofed to be: 120,000. The total numbex of lb.ulsi 'i% cftitnated by the Congrefs at 225,000. r • The trade of Soiitli-CaroKna has; had a fur^ priftng increafe. lut the yeac 1734, the annus- al value of the exports was calcuiated at little more thao ioo,oopK fteiling: for feme years pad they h«ve amofiiHiteid to half- a mllUoa fterliiagf^ TLofe to Great-Britain only j(con»- fiftjng of native commodities, for which the reader is. referred to the Table fobjioined)^, previous to the prefcnt ruiiiwui? mtcrruptiooi, were reckoned at 395,000!. and the imports in return from bcnqe at 365,000!* The te^ . maindet goes chiefly to the W^ft-Indics. Ar gain, the number of veflek cleared out im Charle*-tO(wn, in 1734*. was 209, j m 17^65, 217-5 in 1772, 431; and in 177^, 507.-^ The exchange with Great-Britain was 700I. currency for looU fterKng ; — with Boftom, 541 1. 13s. 4d. fof 1 00!. lawful money ir-*with New-. York, 400I. for tool. New- York cur- rency j— with Philadelphia, 43 3I. 6s. 8d. for looL SOUTH-CAROLINA. 129 lool. Permfylvania currency ; — with Jamaica and Barbado , 500I. for .looU currency of ,eiK:h of th^ faid illands j — with Antigua, St. Chriftopher, Grenada, &c. 400I. for lool. currency of each of the faid iflands. — Bills of exchange on Great-Britain:, New- York, and Philadelphia, were ufually drawn at 30 days fight : they were feklom drawn on any of the other provinces, pr any of the Weft- India iflands* When returned protefted^ the draw^ ets, &:c. were fubje<5bed to 15 per cent, re- exchange, and 8 per cent, intereil. The funai neceffary for defraying the annual expences of government are raifed by a poll- tax on flaves and free Negroes, a tax on Und, value of town^lots and buildings, monies a^ intcreft or arifing from annuities, ftock in trade, and the profits of all faculties and pro- felTions, the clergy excepted, factorage and employment, and handicraft-trades-, — which is called the general tax. In the law paffed in 1768, to raife the fum of 105,7731. 9s. 6d. the proportions were as follow, being what are generally obferved, viz. ilaves and free Negroes the head, 12s. 6d. — lands the lOo acres, ns. j6d. — town-lots and buildings, 6s. 3d. on tver^/ tool, value 5— monies at inte- * reft, ffi fefo SOtrTH-CAROLn^yA reft-, 6s, 3d. the lool.— annuities, 2^s. ort every lool. — ftdck in trade, profits of facuk- ties and profeffions, &c. 6s. 3d. on every lool. The general ta* colleftcd in 1769 was 146,199!. is. 5d. and the laft collefted, viz. in 1771, was 102,1 III. 13s. I id. ■:> "i. .; The annual expences of government m 1767 amounted to 151,317!. 9s. 3d. and in 1768 to 104,4401. 19s. 3d. The ftipends of the eftablifiied clergy, parochial charges, Scc^ amounting to about i8,oool. per annum, are not included in the above fums, being charged to the general duty fund^ The falary of the Chief- Juftice, Afliftant- Judges, and Attorney- General, now make an addkion of 15,400!. #.per annum to the expeiices of government. In 1772, the produce of the feveral coun- try-duties was 97,804!. 14s. 6d. but this was a larger fum than they had produced for fome years preceding : the increafc arofe from the great number of Negroes imported in that year. The amount of the poor-tax raifed in Charles-town in 1769 was 7006I. the next year 80O0I. and in the two fucceeding years ^oool. each year. The poor-tax is raifed in the fame manner as the general tax,. '^ . _ Of >•■* .A, ( »9i ) : } Of GEORGIA. THIS tradl was originally included in the grant of Carolina to the Lords Proprietors, but was re-united to the Crown by a purchafe confirmed by ad of Parliament in 1728, as before related. In 1732, feveral public-fpi- rited noblemen and gentlemen, moved with the diftreffes of the poor, and meditating their relief, by employing fuch as were willing to labour in forming a new fcttlement in Ameri- ca, raifed a confiderable fubfcription, and ob- tained a charter from George II. for fettling a certain portion of land (then a part of South- Carolina, but unoccupied) in America. It was called Georgia, from the name of his Majefty; and io,oool. was added by Government to the fubfcription, for the promotion of the undertaking. The grantees were ftyled Truf- tees for eftablilhing the colony of Georgia. The firft embarkation confided of 116 per- fons, of various occupations, under the con- dud of General Oglethorpe; and, as more money was fubfcribed, others went over after- wards. By the year ij^i the colony had in- creafed to upwards of 1000 perfonsi when, from 192 GEORGIA. ^v )\ from fome hardfhips they fufFered undef it§ proprietary government, diffcntlons bf all forts prevailed, which threatened the ruin of the fettlement: the Truftces, therefore, furren- dered their charter to the Crown ; whereupon a patent pafTed the great feal to inveft the King and his fucceflbrs with all the proper- ties, powers, and privileges, before granted ta the body politic ; and under the new (royal) government ail grievances were redrel!ed« '' The prcfrrefs of the trade of Georgia, fince the above event, will appear from the follow- ing account of its exports during 33 years. ' Year. Veflils Stcrl.Valac Y«|f. Veflels Stcrl.Valutf ^ cltared. of Exports. - cleared. oFExpoft?. >75o 8 ;C.1004 1762 57 if. 27,021 1751 II 5810 1763 92 47*^5 « 1752 17 4^41 1764 115 55^02$ 1753 23 6403 n^B 1 4$ 13A^^ 1754 41 95^7 1766 154 81,22s 1755 5^ 15^744 1767 J 54 67,092 1756 42 16,766 1768 186 92,284 1757 44 15,649 1769 181 86,480 1758 21 8613 1770 186 99*383 1759 48 12,694 1771 185 106,387 1760 37 20,852 1772 417 121,677 1761 45 15,870 . r.. A >_•..; j:; Of the exports in 1 7 72, about 20,oool was from Sunbury, and th< t reft from Savannah. The *" Z' FLORIDA. 193 The number of white inhabitants is very uncertain. The number of Negro and other flavcs (who were not allowed to be kept under the proprietary government) is fuppofed to be 1 4,000 ; that of free Negroes, Mulattocs, &c. very inconfiderable. The fum granted in 1773, to defray the expences of government for the three preced- ing years, was 5171I. 15s. iod.4ri to raifc which, every 100 acres of land, and every 18th ilave, was taxed 2s. 6d. — ^goods imported, ys. 6d. per cent. — which are the principal arti- cles : other fmaller articles were taxed in pro- portion. ' Exchange with Great-Britain, 108I. curren- cy for lool. fterling. Bills returned protefted fubjeded the drawers, &c. to 1 5 per cent, re- exchange, and 8 per cent, interelt. Or FLORIDA. ' THE Spaniards were the firft Europeans who got footing in this country, and marked their entrance into it (as was their cuftonv IH America) with violence and flaughter, under the command of Ferdinand Soto, about the Q yeac i \ I'' m 'i!f 194 FLORIDA, year 15 14. According to tjieir ovyn Kiftorians, there was in his army a large greyhound, cal- led Brutusy whpfe allowanpe was equal to that pf an archer; for he did greater cjceeution among the Indiaps tl^an ten foldiers. At length, however, he was fhot by the infid^h and his death caufed a mourning throughout the army of the Chrijiians. Thp rerritory, thus over- run, continued in the poifeflion of the Ipoilers, without their making further fettlepients there- in than feemed fufticient to e^jcludc; Qth^r n^- tions, till the cqnclufion of the h.^ w^r, in 1763, when they were qtlig^d to cede it to the Englilh. By the King s proclamation o^ the 7 th of Prober, in the fume year, it was ^iyided into two qolpnies or governments, under th(i names of Eaft and Weft Florida ; and it is further fpecified, in the fame prQcla-f mation, that ** as foon as the ftatc and circum- ftances of the faid colonies will admit thereof," their refpediye Governors " (hall furamon and *' call General Aflemblies within the faid go- ?^ yerr^njipntsi, in f^cli manner and form as is ^* \^{qc. and diretS^eti in thofe colonies and pro- ^^viocjjs, in America which are under" the King'^ ** imrriediate government." EAST- 1 h \t r 5* I ^ ,'i?: ^^ EAST-FLORIDA. 195 EAST-FLORIDA being a peninfula in a great meafure furrounded by the lea, the air is confequently cooler, and the rains more frequent, than in the neighbouring parts of the continent. It contains 12 millions of acres, which is about the fame quantity as Ireland ; has many lakes and rivers abounding with fifh i and is worn, at its fouthern extremityj by the action of the waters, into a number of iflands, keys, banks, rocks, &c. As yet here are but a fmall number of planters -, but their commerce is in a very promifing ftate : in 1770, they received into their ports 50 floops, and fitted out 52; and in 1772, they had ex- ported 30,000 wt. of excellent indigo. Before the acquifition of this country, the Englifh had no fcttlement which produced in any con- nderable quantity the barilla or kali plant, whereof are made pearl alhes, that enter fo much into the manufadures of glafs, foap, &c. The Governor is afllfted by a Council of nine perfons, but no Aflembly has yet been called, WEST-FLORIDA is feparated from the former divifion by the river Apalachicola : it is a long trad of upwards of 80 leagues, incloling feveral French fcttlements ceded with the reft to Great-Britain at the laft peace, the ! I i ■•' ■\ ^196 WEST-FLORIDA. the people of which build a few fhips, and cultivate rice, cotton, and indigo: the cottbn has only the fauk of being too fliort •, the in* digo is more brilliant than that of St. Domin- go. The inhabitants, in general, amount to about 6000 i but they increafe rapidly, efpe- cially towards the MifTifllppi, where the plant* «rs are attra