IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 // 
 
 ^/>^^ 
 
 € 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 t^itll 125 
 I U& |2.0 
 
 ■ 22 
 
 11:25 i 1.4 
 
 m 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 /, 
 
 
 Hiotographjc 
 ..Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 ^ 
 
 d 
 
 iV 
 
 < 
 
 v> 
 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STREET 
 
 WSBS7?JI,N.Y. MS80 
 
 ri6)S72-4S03 
 
 
 '<* 
 
CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 o 
 
 CIHIVI/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions hlstoriques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 Couverture endommagie 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurte et/ou pelliculte 
 
 Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes giographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Reli6 avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La re Mure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge intirieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais. lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6t6 filmies. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppl^mentaires; 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 4tA possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mithode normale de fiimage 
 sont indiqute ci-dessous. 
 
 T 
 tc 
 
 I I Coloured pages/ 
 
 D 
 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagtes 
 
 Pages restored and/oi 
 
 Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicul^es 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxe« 
 Pages d^colortes, tachet^es ou piqu^es 
 
 I I Pages damaged/ 
 
 I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 
 r~T\ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 
 □Pages detached/ 
 Pages d6tach6es 
 
 0Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 |~~| Quality of print varies/ 
 
 Qualit6 inigale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary material/ 
 Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Mition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc.. ont 6t6 filmies A nouveau de faqon A 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 T 
 
 P' 
 01 
 fil 
 
 O 
 bi 
 t^ 
 si 
 01 
 fii 
 si 
 01 
 
 Tl 
 
 Tl 
 w 
 
 M 
 dii 
 
 er 
 ba 
 ri| 
 
 re< 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmA au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 14X 18X 22X 
 
 26X 
 
 aox 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 v/ 
 2DX 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
Th« copy filmad h«r« hat bmmn r«produc«d thank* 
 to tha ganarotity of: 
 
 Library DivUion 
 
 Provincial Archives of British Columbia 
 
 Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha bast quality 
 posaibia conaidaring tha condition and lagibiiity 
 of tha original copy and in kaaping with tha 
 filming contract apacificationa. 
 
 Original copias in printad papar covart ara filmad 
 baginning with tha front covar and anding on 
 tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impras- 
 sion. or tha back covar whan appropriata. All 
 othar original copiaa ara filmad baginning on tha 
 first paga with a printad or illustratad impras- 
 sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad 
 or illustratad imprassion. 
 
 Tha last racordad frame on aach microficha 
 shall contain tha symbol ^^- (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 L'examplaira filmA fut raproduit grica k la 
 ginAroait* da: 
 
 Library Division 
 
 Provincial Archives of British Columbia 
 
 Las imagas suivantas ont At* raproduitas avac la 
 plus grand soin. compta tenu da la condition at 
 de la nattat* da I'exemplaire filmA. et en 
 conformity avac las conditions du contrat de 
 filmaga. 
 
 Las examplairas originaux dont la couvarture an 
 papier est imprimAe sont filmAs mn commandant 
 par la premier plat at en terminant soit par la 
 darnlAre paga qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par la second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous las autres axemplaires 
 originaux sont filmAs en commenpant par la 
 premiAre paga qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la derniAre paga qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 darniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: lo symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre 
 fiimAs A des taux de reduction diff«rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre 
 reproduit en un seul clichA. il est film« A partir 
 de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, 
 et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre 
 d'imagas nAcesssire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrant la mAthode. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
ry n ^ 
 
 J 
 
 970^/ 
 
 iimt'i 
 
 1039 
 
 ■^: 
 
 ■if:: (- . 
 
 ^t-S,.* 
 
 U.- W.i\ 
 
 »i% 
 
 n^ 
 
 f'iA' 
 
 
 p;^ 
 
9 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 -* 
 
 f^.« 
 
 * J 
 

 Till: AMKjriTY OF THF. RliD KACl: IN AMIiRK \. 
 
 Hy Thomas Wilson, 
 Curator, Deiinrtiiicnl of I'rthintorir .Inlhropnlot/y. I . s. \atiini<il Mu^inim. 
 
 '* 4 
 
 I 
 
 The only disuussioii in this jjaper is as to the iiiitiqiiity of thr linliaii 
 or red race, and this applies only to the ab(nij;ines I'onnd here hy 
 Colunibns at the time of his discovery. No question is involved of 
 another or earlier race, by whatever name called, whether mound- 
 builder or paleolithic. 
 
 The ancestry of the American race has been variously attributed to 
 Semite, IMucuician, and .Mongolian races, and, possibly, to a mixture of 
 some or all, with many additions. The best of these theories have been 
 based only on alleged similarities in characteristics of the ludiansaud 
 their alleged ancestors. 
 
 The argument can be placed on a broader basis; evidence can be 
 adduced bearing on more extended propositions and can be apjdied to 
 a larger group of these jieoples. 
 
 The preliminary proposition is that the American race of Indians 
 is practically the same throughout the entire hemisphere. With all 
 their diversity of anatomy and physiology (which diversity, by the way, 
 is not greater among Indians than it is among various members of the 
 white or black races), they are of the same type, and form but a single 
 race. Doctor Brinton gave this as his opinion in his address before the 
 Section of Anthropology of the Aineri(,*an Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science at its New York meeting. It is the basis of his book 
 on **The American Ka»;e." Darwin remarks the close family resem- 
 blance between distant tribes in America. Doctor Ooleman asserts the 
 essential physical identity of the American In<lian. Starting, then, 
 with this iissumption of the identity of race, it is to be argued that it 
 began in America in one of two ways — either by evolution from the 
 lower animals or by migration as man from other countries. 
 
 In whichever of these ways the red man appeared in America, we 
 are entitled to supi>ose, and may fairly argue, that in the ])eginnnig the 
 race was here represented by but few individuals. There may have 
 been but a single pair, or thf re may have been a hundred pairs, of 
 individuals. Either number will suit the argument. Accepting, then, 
 as a fact, the beginning of the red mau in America with a small 
 NATMUS95 «C 1041 
 
 I8?2ri0 
 
1042 
 
 REPOKT OP NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1805. 
 
 number of individuals, it follows that tlu'y occupied a restricted 
 locality. TIuh particular locality may liav<^ been on the cast coast or 
 on the west coast, may have been north or south. The N(>rth Ameri- 
 can Indian has been ou this hemisphere such a length of time that, 
 branching out from this little colony in a .sin;<:le locality by ordinary 
 procreation, he has so incieased in luimbers th<at at the time of the dis 
 covery by Columbus, it is estimated that there were from five to eleven 
 millions. 
 
 From the sinj-le locality which the small colony originally inhabited, 
 it had also<'xtendcd itself territorially, and had ]u>puhited pretty e(|nally 
 the hemisphere from the Aictic (Jircle on the north to Terra del Fuego 
 on the stmth, and irom the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific 
 0(!ean on the west. 
 
 The first ])oint is, that this increase in number, and this extension in 
 territory, retpiired a long perio<l of time, and are i>roofs of the antiijuity 
 of the race. 
 
 The (;onfusion of tongues an<l increase in the number of languages 
 among the Tn<lians is another evidence of their antiquity. When the 
 firstcolony of Indians ai>peare«l, whether by i'volution or migration, they 
 could have spoken practically but one language. Suppose, in case of 
 migration, thatthey spoke many languages prior to f heir coining together 
 on these, to them, foreign shores,at'ter their arrival they w<mld inevital)ly 
 speak but one language. They would invent a common language ii 
 none existed. This would not be diflicult for a colony small in numbers. 
 With this for a starting point, we nniy see what they have done. They 
 spread themselves up and down the valleys, across the rivers, and over 
 the mountains. While at first they may have retained their communi- 
 cation with the ])arent cohuiy and kept uj) their original language, it 
 continued only while those relations were maintained. When the ofi- 
 spring got so far <Iistant that they did not visit the parent cohmy and 
 had.no relation with its niembers, they invented their own languages, 
 diflFerent from those of their ancestors, and this continued until they 
 became a parent colony, sending forth younger colonies, which, in their 
 turn, cut off their relations and invented new languages. So they went 
 from east to west, north to south. This continued for such a great 
 length of time that, not only had they come at the time of Mio discov- 
 ery to occupy the entire hemisphere, but had also established (according 
 to the investigations of the Bureau of Ethnology) not less than two 
 hundred separate languages, fifty two of which belonged to North 
 America alone, with dialects and variations innumerable. If we accept 
 these facts (and it appears .as though we must), the corollary of the 
 immensity of the time is inevitable. 
 
 The different cultures among the jiborigines or Indians of the West- 
 ern Hemisphere in different localities or portions of the country point 
 to the same general conclusion. Over all Canada and the United 
 States, except the extreme southwest, the culture, or rather the sav- 
 
 4 
 
'1 
 
 i. 
 
 T 
 
 TITK ANTK/UriY OV TMK RED RACE IN AMERICA. 1043 
 
 apery, of tlic nomsulir Indians ])revailod, wliicli was indicated by tlieir 
 principal occupations — war, )iiintin<:, and tisliin^. 
 
 Yet there are broad lines of d<Mnarcation in their (!nltnr«'. the priiici 
 pal and best delined of which was thct bnildin;;' of mounds aiul earth- 
 works. These monnnients, of such preat nia{;nitndi> and extent in 
 i-ertain localities in the interior of the l'nit«'d States, did not extend 
 over half its territory. The mounds and earthworks were contined 
 between the twenty liftii ami the fifty tirst northern ]).arallels of lati 
 tude, and between the sixty ninth and one hundred and first meridi- 
 ans of longitude. The moun<l buihlin^* area bad its <;]eatest length 
 from Cape Sable, Florida, to Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, and its ;:>reat 
 est breadth from Point Pemaquid, Maine, to llismarck. North Dakota. 
 No moun<ls or <'arthworks are found outside this area. 
 
 The culture of the ab(ui««ines occupying; Mexi«'o and ('entral America, 
 with the |)ueblo refjfions of Arizona aM<l New Mexico, was of a totally 
 ditVerent charat'ter from that in the other rejjions of North America. 
 They were sedentary, agricultural, religious, and highly ceremonial; 
 they built immense monuments of the most enduring (!hara«'ter, the 
 outside of the stone walls of some of which were decorated in a high 
 order of art, resend)ling more the great Certosa of I'avia than any 
 other monument in Ihirope. The Teocalli, or mounds <»f cerem«uiy or 
 sa<rilice, were immense. The manufacture and nsi* of stone images 
 and idols were extensive and surprising to the last degree. Their 
 working of Jade and the extensive use thereof surpasses that of any 
 other locality in prehistoric tinu^s. Their pottery ex«'ites our wonder 
 and admiration: some specimens for theii- beauty, their elegance of 
 form, and their fineness of de(!oiation ; other specimens, of idols or 
 images, are astonishing on account of the precisi<u» of theii* manufac- 
 ture and of the difliculty of its accomplishment by hand. 
 
 The culture of (-entral America, Nicaragua, Yucatan, Costa Itica, 
 was as diflerent from that of Mexi(;o as the Mexi<;an was from that of 
 the red Indian of the north. The gold ornaments of Chiriipii and 
 Quimbaya are evidence, not simjjly of a ditfen'ut material, but of a 
 diHer».'nt art in working that material. The pottery of Mexico, Nica- 
 ragua, and Costa liica displays such marked difterences of kind, form, 
 color, dec(U'ation, size, and mode of manufacture as to show as nuich 
 ditt'erence between the cultures of these countries with a separation 
 between them as clearly marked ami isolation eaih from the other as 
 between any three countries in modern tijnes. The pottery milk pans 
 made in western Ohio and usetl there by our mothers were not more 
 ditterent from the porcelain of Sevres or Meissen or the ware of Delft 
 than was the aboriginal i)ottery of America in ditferent localities. 
 
 The culture of Colombia and I'erii in South America tells the same 
 story of separation and long-continued isolation, an<l it finds its con- 
 tinuation among the aborigines of the Orinoco, Amazon, La Plata, and 
 so on south to Patagonia. The isolation of the I*atagonians has been 
 
1044 
 
 RKPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSKITM, 18»5. 
 
 cotitiniUMl tor such a leii^^h of time iiH tliut, they have not unly main- 
 tsiiiKMl :i state of brutal savagery ]>eculiar to thtMuselves, luit they have 
 nuule a distiiirt ]ihyHi('al or HiMiiotoloj^ical change, amounting not niinply 
 to a (liflerent tribe, but abnost to a different rare, in that they are the 
 talh'st jteople in the heniispliere, and, possibly, in the world. 
 
 Vat with all these dillerences, physical, technological, and sociological, 
 the aborigines of the hemisphere have retained their origiinil character- 
 istics so as to stamp tiiem all of one race — blood relations — all belonging 
 to the same stock and derived from the same ancestry. With all these 
 differences, the principal implements and objei^ts employed by the 
 various tribes or |)eo])1es in all or any (»f the countries in the hemi- 
 sphere, whetiier in North or South America, were practically the same, 
 tims continuing the evidence of their relationship and early commu- 
 nication. The hainmerstones, polished stone hatchets, the scrapers, 
 s|)indle wiiorls, and the great mass of aboriginal implements of stone 
 made by chipping or tlaking, <'omprising arrow and spear heads, knives, 
 daggers, and [KHiiards, are all so much alike as to show their rela- 
 tionship and, conse(|uently, the relationshi]) of the tribes or peoples 
 who made them. This being accepted, these immense differences are 
 ac«'ountcd for only by the se|)aration and isolation of certain of the 
 tribes of the red men, and this is evidence of their great antiquity and 
 long continued occupation of the <;ountry. 
 
 Again, the fixedness (»f type and the iiersistence of animal character- 
 istics among the red liulians are further evidence. It is an accepted 
 anthropological and etlinoh)gical fact that the older a race is the more 
 deeply seated and i>ermanently fixed become the traits of character in 
 its people. This irarries with it the correlative proposition that the 
 more pernnuient the characteristics of a race, the better the evidence 
 of its anti(iuity. Applying this rule to the American Indians, we find 
 that, with all the diversity claimed, their characteristics are jiersistent, 
 even more than those of the white, the yellow, or the black races, and 
 that this includes the i)hysical as well as the mental, moral, and socio- 
 logical traits. That the wild Indian is harder to tame than any other 
 human animal can only be accounted for on one of two theories — either 
 he has greater natural and original individuality, independence, and 
 self-reliance, a higher desire for liberty, and a determination to over- 
 (tonie all obstacles in the way of maintaining that liberty, or else it is 
 the result of persistence through many generations in the condition of 
 savagery. Possibly it maybe a combination of the two, and the latter 
 has produced the former. But in any event the fact remains that the 
 American Indian has greater fixity of type and of characteristics than 
 have other races, and this indicates, if it does not i)rove, the long- 
 continued and persistent exercise of the conditions which produced 
 these characteristics and, cousecjuently, his high anticpiity. 
 
THE ANTIQT'ITY OF THE RED RACE IN AMERICA. 1045 
 
 The discovery of America found the natives in that stajje of culture 
 known in Kurope as tlie neolitliir period, or lutlished stone a^e. Ilis 
 cuttin^r implements were of stone and not of metal, and by whatever 
 method he shaped or nnide them, the finishing was by grinding- or \to)- 
 ishin^. The similarities of tlio Indian\s culture with that ot other 
 countries show that, if he migrated from any of these countries l)ring- 
 in^ this culture with him, he did so at a perio<l when tlu'.v were in the 
 neolithic stage. This stage, and the one subscM|Ucnt to it, was, in 
 tlit^ Kastern hemisphere, entirely in prehistoric times, and came to an 
 end at an early period. It behnigcd to the tirst and second, possibly 
 the third, (Mties of Troy, on the ]>lain of llissarlik, and came to an end 
 before the beginning of culture in (ireece. When Homer wrote, it had 
 passed, not only behind the beginnings of Kome, but behind her predc- 
 <;ess(>rs in Italy, the Etruscans. The introduction of bron/e into France 
 and I'^nglaud, probably :.',()()(> years li. C, sounde<l the death knell of 
 the neolithic period and was the beginning of its end in those countries. 
 In Asia the histori(;al evidence shows even an earlier cessation of the 
 ncolithi<^ period. The period of the Chiiu^se civili/.ation carries us back 
 much farther, and shows the people of that country to have passed 
 beyond the neolithic or polished stone age much earlier Now the o(!cu- 
 piers of American soil were emigrants i'row. sonu', or, possibly, all of 
 the countries mentioned, but, whichever it nniy have been, the emigra- 
 tion must have taken place during the neolithic age, and not aft(>r its 
 close. Western Europe was the latest country in whi(;h the neolithic 
 l>eriod came to a close and was sucireeiled by the age of bronze. So 
 the commencement of t\ie age of bron/e in Europe atfords a supposi- 
 titious mark in the history of our country as the latest date at which 
 the neolithic migration to America could have taken place. How nuich 
 earlier it might have been, is a matter of speculation. 
 
 These arguments, based upon facts which ap])ear indisi)utable, go to 
 show that the migration by which the American race came to occupy 
 the Westi'rn Hemisphere could not have been less than two thousand 
 years prior to the Christian era, but that, if they came from other 
 countries, they might have come a long time before.