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COLONISTS' HANDBOOKS.
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, A NAD A,
' :''^'""' , 'v';%::'' ' CONTAINING
STATISTICAL AND OTHER INFORMATION
; FROM GOVERNMENT SOURCES,
AND
USEFUL COUNSELS TO EMIGRANTS.
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PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE TRACT C0MMITTFK;.\,? , "•, .| ;
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LONDON :
SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.
NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, CHARING CROSS, 8.W. ;
43, QUEEN VICTOBIA STKEET, E.G. ; 48, PICCADILLY, W.J
AITD 133, NOBTH STREET, BBIGnTOlT.
1882.
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■ ,y^ ■ . . / -rr :~-ir'}'' TABLE OF CONTENTS.
> • •
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MAP OP CANADA. •
Paok.
Chapter 1. — A Few Word» to Emigrants. — 1, Tntroduotory ; 2, Reasons for
BmiKrating ; 3, Qualiticutions of an Emigrant ; 4, Choice of a New
Country ; 5, The Emigrant leaving Home and on the Voyage ; 0, Arrival ;
7, Health ; 8, Education ; 9, The Emigrant as a Member of, Society and of
the State ; 10, the Emigrant as a Churchman
CHAPTi;a II. — Some Account, of the Dominion of Canada — 1, Description ; 2,
Population; 3, Government; 4, Education; 5, Militia; 6, Trade; 7,
Climate; 8, Means of Communieation ; 9, Postal and Telegraph Arrange-
ments; 10, Emigration to Canada, — (a) Classes of Emigrants ; (b) Time to
Emigrate 10
Chapter III. — The Provincea of Canada. — A. Manitoba arA the North-West
Territories. — 1, G(*neral Description ; 2, Free Grants of Land ; 3, The New " , ♦
Dominion Lands Act ; 4, Guides ; 5, Capital Required ; 6, Cost of Breaking
up Land ; 7, Improved Farms ; 8, Demand for Labour and Wages paid ;
9, Prices ; 10, Fuel ; 11, Rciutes and Internal Communication ; 12, Canadian
Pacific Railway; 13, Climate; 14, ^oil ; 15, Average Crops; 16, Timber
for S'^ttlers ; 17, Homestead Exemption Law 15
B. Ontario. — 1, Free Grants of Land; 2, Price of Lands; 3, Soil; 4,
Climate ; 5, Muans of Comrau«ication ; 6, Education ; 7, Cities and Towns ;
8, Minerals ; 9, Manufactures and Exports 29
''p., Quebec. — 1, Free Grants of Land; 2, Homestead Law; 3, Roil; 4,
J ', . • , "'Means of Communication ; 5, Cities ; 6, Mines and Fisheries ; 7, Wages,
' 'Prices, Maiufactures 30
D.' '^Ao Brunswick. — 1, Free Grants of Land; 2, Soil and Production ; 3,
Manufactures 31
E, "Jvowa Scotia. — 1, Laud ; 2., Soil; 3, Fisheries ; 4, Minerals ; 5,
Railways 32
, ',']^. JPrince Edward Island. — Price of Land 32
'.''. Q.' British Columbia, — 1, General Description ; 2, Land 33
Ghapteb IV. — The Church and Education in Canada. — 1, Ecclesiastical In-
formation ; 2, The System of Education ; 3, Church of England Settlers'
Society 33
Chapter V. — Cost qf i'as»age to Canada., and General Ityformation. — 1, Rates
of Passage ; 2, Offices ©i the Dominion of Canada in Great Britain ; 3,
Agents of the Canadian Government in Canada ; 4, Agents in England for
the British Colonies generally '. 37
Chapter VI. — Simple Hints for Preserving Health. — 1, The Ventilation of
your House; 2, Cleanliness of your Rooms; 3, Cleanl ess and Dryness
about your House; 4, Hints on he Water you Use ; a. How to make a
Filter; G, What to Drink; 7, Food J 8, Closets 40
Appendix A. — Commendatory Letter.. M
Appendix B. — Prayers for the Use of Emigrants 44
.'\<i
■".■•l
A FEW WOEDS TO EMIGKANTS.
CHAPTER I.
1. It may be taken for granted that the reader of this
little book has, for some reason or other, made up his mind
to emigrate— to leave, either alone or with his wife and
children, his own country and his present way of living,
and to seek a new country and enter upon a new way of
living elsewhere. He will find in this book, in simple
form, a large amount of accurate information on Canada,
which is one of the countries offering itself to his choice.
This information is supplied by the kindness of the Cana-
dian Government, and may be thoroughly relied upon. ■
We propose to introduce this by a few friendly sugges-
tions to the emigrant on his Reasons for Emigrating ; the
Qualifications essential to his success ; his Choice of the
country best suited to him.
2. Reasons for Emigrating. — Every emigrant, of course,
proposes to " better " himself. He wishes to find better —
that is, more regular and constant — work ; or better wages,
or a better position — that is, a position in which he may. be
his own master, and have his own land or his own business ;
or a better climate — i.e., a climate more suited to his
health. He may have found the competition and the
struggle too severe in the old country, and have failed to find
anything to do, and he looks, perhaps, for an opening where
men are scarcer. Last of all, he may be one who, through
idleness, or folly, or vice, or crime, has lost his money, his
friends, his character, and has ruined all his chances of
success and happiness in this land, and who wishes to lead
a better life, and thinks he will have a better chance of a
fresh start in a new country. All these classes of persons
a2
^'l
"; ,1
Advice to Emigrants.
proposing to emigrate may be nearly sure of finding what
they want in one part or anoth(;r of the eartli's surface.
Many people, however, emigrate from England every year
who have no good reason for doing so with hope of success.
Some are actuated by mere restlessness and love of change ;
others have been deceived by highly-coloured reports, or
unwisely suppose that they are sure to succeed, because
some one else, whoso circumstances may be quite different,
has su<'ceeded. One of the objects of this book is to
enable its readers to judge beforehand whether there is any
good reason for hoping that they would succeed if they
were to emigrate. We desire to prevent disappointment
as well as to give sound advice. '■
3. Clualiflcations of an Emigrant. — Probably, those who
thus wish to leave their country are not men of large
capital. Capital, whether large or small, is, of course, a
very valuable qualification for an emigrant. But it may
be said generally that the classes of emigrants, with or
without capital, to whom the Colonies offer the best
promise of success, are Farmers, Agricultural Labourers,
and Mechanics. A Farmer witti a small amount of capital
— say £150 to .£500 — would naturally look to Canada as
his future home. And, though it is not intended to claim
for Canada alone advantages which other countries may
possess equally with it, his ready money would, probably,
find a quicker and better return in that great country
than in any other of our more distant possessions.
Besides Farmers and Agriculturists, it should be pointed
out that Domestic Servants of good character can almost
always find employment in the colonies. The want
of female labour is strongly felt in a new colony, and
such labour is accordingly valuable and well paid. It
may be o^^served as a fact, whatever may be the worth of
it, that a large proportion of girls of good character,
emigrants from England, marry soon after their arrival ;
though it would, of course, be rash to go «^ut with such a
view. There is a " Woman's Emigration Society," which
especially concerns itself with the interests of women
who desire to emigrate. The hon. secretary is Mrs.
Choice of a New Country.
Walter Browne, 38, Bel^ave-road, Lfnulon, 8.W.,
who will gladly give information on the suhject. Strony
amis and quick /laiuis are of theinselvt^a good capital
in most new countries, especially if they are accom-
panied by a shrewd head, which knows how to use them.
Jiut the moat important of all an; the moral qualifications.
The emigrant must have a cheerful iuduMry ready to turn
itself to anything, not al>ove any kind of honest work ; he
must have patience to wait for success, and rournye to
persevere in spite of difUculties and occasional failures ; lie
must hove temperance and sobriety to kt^ep his body and
mind fit for his work ; he must have fruyality, to lay by
for bad seasons, or sickne^«, or old ag(i ; and he must have
self-dependence^ as he will have to think and act for himself
far more in a new country than in an old.
4. Choice of a New Country. — But though persons with
such ((ualifications as those sj)oken of may be encouraged
to emigrate, it is rash and foolish to think that any country
out of England will give equal advantages to all classes
of emigrants, or to suppose that it does not much matter
where a person goes, whether to Canada, or the United
States, or Australia, or New Zealand, if only 1)3 emigrates.
Many have come back to this country bitterly disappointed,
and have said that emigration is a mistake ; whereas the
mistake has been their own, in not considering carefully
where they would find the circumstances best suited to
them. Emigration is a step generally taken once for all.
It can only be retraced with great loss and difficulty, and,
therefore, the greatest care should be used that it be not
a false step. An intending emigrant should not be satis-
fied with hearing that So-and-so went out to Australia and
made his fortune. He must consider his own wants,
and what his means and powers are ; and then find out
where he can employ those means and powers to the best
advantage. Now, there is a large number of new countries
open to a man, each of them, perhaps, having something to
recommend it. How can he find out which will suit him '?
If he lias sensible friends who have already gone out, who
know what he is and what he can do, they may be able to
C Advice to Emigrants.
advisti him. But, failinpf this, there are in London representa-
tives of noiuly all the English colonics and dependencies, and
the foreign countries, which hare openings for emigrants.
Most of these publish short papers giving th(! latest infor-
mation about the state of the countries which they repre-
sent, showing what inducements an? offered to emigrants
in the way of free grants of land or a fre(5 or assisted
passage, what tradesmen or mechanics are most likely to
find employment, what is the current rate of wages, what
food is to be had, and wliat is the price of it and of the
other necessaries of life. Besides this present book, others
will shortly bo issued from the same source with informa-
tion about other countries. Government or other official
advertisements are from time to time inserted in the
newspapers asking for mechanics or men skilled in cer-
tain trades who are especially wanted in one colony or
another, and pointing out the advantages offered in
the way of a free or assisted passage, and the wages
to be earned. Articles are occasionally printed in the
Times and other newspapers by persons who have visited
or resided in some of the countries open to emi-
grants, from which much may be learnt about the prospects
of trade, or agriculture^ or other industries in those
countries. If the person intending to emigrate has not the
opportunity of seeing these papers, and does not himself
know how to get the information which he needs, he
should not hesitate to go to the clergyman of his parish,
or any clergyman of whom he knows anything, and ask
his assistance in learning what he wants. A list will
be found at p. 39, of some of the principal colonies and
other countries suitable for emigration, with the names
and addresses of the agents, who could bo written to for
information. The Rev. J. Bridger, Emigrants' Chaplain,
St. Nicholas Church, Liverpool, will also answer as far as
possible inquiries addressed to him by intending emigrants,
or by clergy on their behalf.
5. The Emigrant leaving Home and on the Voyage. —
Let it be supposed that the emigrant has chosen his new
country, and secured his passage. From the information he
Arrival. ' • 7
has obtained ho will, accorclinf.; to his means, have provided
himself wit!i \\e most useful tools, utensils, and other
necessaries fo:* his new hom(», Ho should certainly not
forget to take a Jiible and Prayer Jiook, and two or three
other good books. He will have time to use th(!m on
the voyage out. Ho will find it very useful to pro-
vide himself with a letter of commendation from his
clergyman to bo presented to any clergyman who may be
nearest to the spot in which ho stittles. A form for such
a letter will be found at p. 44 of this book. A clergyman
would readily copy it out and fill up the blanks ; or he
might get a form from the Society which publishes this
book, the address of which is to be found on the title-page.
With such a letter, which he should take care to use at
once, he will always make sure of a friend ready to welcome
him on his arrival, and a friend who is likely to be well-
informed, and sure to be disinterested and trustworthy.
He may also have the advantage of a chaplain on the
ship. Let him by all means make a friend of him. He
will certainly have many idle hours on his hands during
the voyage, and will find himself in the midst of very
varied company, some of it not very good. ^If he has any
money, or money's worth, he will very likely be invited to
■ gamble it or drink it away on the ship or as soon as he
lands ; or he may be persuaded to join in some speculation
or scheme or adventure, honest or dishonest, in which he is
told that he is sure to make his fortune, but in which he
will have to begin by parting with what he has. He must
take care not to be caught in any of these traps. He will
have many opportunities of showing that he is made of
good stuff by obeying all rules and regulations made by the
ship's officers. Let him determine to show himself always
for the side of order, good humour, unselfishness, friendli-
ness. Above all, if he has the happiness of being a
religious man, let him not be ashamed of it, but so show it
that he may encourage others.
6. Arrival. — On his arrival and during his land journey
the emigrant is sure to be beset by a host of so-called agents.
It is to be hoped that he will have made up his mind
beforehand where to go and what to do, and that he will
8 . Advice to EmigranU.
not allow himself to be turned aside from his plan. He
should push forward to his destination, so as to waste no
time or money on the way. He will find it quite long and
costly enough. If he should be in any doubt, he should
look out for a clergyman who will be sure to advise him
well. If he should happen to be going ; o Manitoba or the
North-west he will find a society with many officers, whose
express object is to befriend in every possible way new
settlers like himself. He will find particulars of this
society, which is called the Church of England Settlors'
Society, on pp. 34-37. He will be sure of a friendly hand
from members of this society. It may be hoped that
similar societies will soon be formed all over the world.
7. Health. — The climate and the open air life he will lead
will be in favour of the emigrant's health. But he may be
far away from any doctor or medicine, and illness to him-
self or his family would be a far more serious calamity than
in the old country. A few hints will be found at page 40,
attention to which may save him from some dangers.
8. Education. — The emigrant with a family should not
be so cruel to his children as to allow them to grow up
without education. Happily in Canada, as is shown at
p. 34, there is an opportunity of giving this advantage in
life to all of them.
9. The Emigrant as a Member of Society and of the
State. — There may be some temptation to a man who has
come to win a living and a home for himself and his family
in a new land to think of that, and that .only, and to forget
that he is a part of a new society, and a new nation. He
should, of course, not waste his time or neglect his busi-
ness. But it is not good for man to live alone. Men are
made for mutual help, and to form societies. They can do
things when they are working together that none can do
alone. The new-comer ought, therefore, from the first, to
try to establish and maintain friendly intercourse with his
neighbours ; to take and give help ; to interest himself in
all that concerns and interests them ; to use his vote, if
he has one, or whatever power he has, for the good of the
State to which he belongs, and of his fellow-citizens ; to
The Emigrant as a Churchnum. 9
do all he can to support and maintain a good and orderly
Government ; to show himself a true patriot, by helping
to get righteous laws and worthy institutions, and to form
good customs for those that shall come after him.
10. The Emigrant as a Churchman. — In whatever other
sense he is a Churchman, there can be scarcely a doubt
that the reader has received baptism from the Church, and
thus been made a " member of Christ " and of His Church.
He has, perhaps, been married in church. He has grown
up within sight or sound of a parish church, and has had
the right to the services of his clergyman — one who really
belonged to him and in whom he had a right — whether he
chose to use them or not. He will not find an established
church in his new country. He will not find the old ivy-
grown village church, or the handsome town church, with
its bright decorations and beautiful singing, and its doors
open to all. But he will find the Church everywhere —
that great body, with its bishops and clergy, who have had
their commission handed down to them from Christ Him-
self, who minister the sacraments which He ordained
and all other means of grace. As a Churchman, the
emigrant should not think that the " Church " is only
a religion for England, and that he must look out for
another religion in Canada or other places. Let him be
staunch and faithful to his Church and its Lord. He will
find that he has his bishop and his Church clergyman
wherever he goes (see " Ecclesiastical Information," p. 33).
And il" the latter lives a long M'ay off, and there is no
church building and no regular service yet established
where he is, he should join with those living near him to
get one as soon as they can. Till they get their own
church and regular service, they should arrange to meet in
each others' houses Sunday by Sunday, and read through
the service together. He v/ill be a true friend to his
neighbours who has the courage to start this habit. Let
the Sunday be regularly and religiously observed. It has
been found by experience to be almost as great a temporal
blessing as it is a spiritual. Our advice would be : — Go
regularly to church, and especially to the Holy Communion.
Take the earliest opportunity of having your children
10 Advice to Emigrants.
* ■ . ,
baptised. Let your children go to Sunday School, if there
be one within reach ; if not, teach them the Catechism
and give them a Bible lesson at home. Have your
children confirmed as soon as they are old enough. Gather
your family together for family prayer every morning and
evening. Never omit your own daily private prayer (for
some prayers for your own use see pp. 44-48) and the
daily reading of the Bible, if it be but a few verses. Bring
up your children in the habit of prayer and Bible reading.
Support and help your bishop and clergy in all their efforts
for your own and your neighbours' good. Religion will
bring brightness and comfort to your own heart and home,
and a strong church will be a strong backbone to the
nation.
CHAPTER II.
SOME ACCOUNT OP THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
1. Description. — The territory comprised in the Do-
minion of Canada contains about 3,500,000 square miles,
extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and at
its southern point reac'iing the 44th parallel of latitude. It
possesses thousands of square miles of the finest forests on
the continent ; widely-spread coal-fields ; extensive and pro-
ductive fisheries ; its rivers and lakes are among the
largest and most remarkable in the world, and the millions
of acres of prairie lands in the newly opened-up North-
west territories are reported as being among the most
fertile on the continent of America.- Canada is divided
into seven provinces, as below : —
Square Miles.
1. Quebec containing 193,355
2. Ontario „ 107,780
3. Nova Scotia „ 21,731
4. New Brunswick „ 27,322
5. Prince Edward's Island „ 2,134
6. British Columbia „ 213,550
7. Manitoba ) „ about 120,000
And the North-West Territory j „ „ 2,640,000
Dominion of Canada. 11
2. Population. — The population at the census in 1871
was 3,602,596. Among its inhabitants there were then
219,451 natives of Ireland, 144,999 ot England and
Wales, 121,074 of Scotland, 64,477 natives of the United
States, and 24,162 natives of Germany. The census taken
in 1881 shows the population to have much increased. The
total population is now 4,352,080. Manitoba alone shows
an increase of 289 per cent, in the last ten years. *
3. Government.— The several provinces have local legis-
latures, and the seat of the Dominion or Federal Parlia-
ment is at Ottawa. The Government is conducted on the
same principle as that of Great Britain, viz., the responsi-
bility of the Ministers to Parliament. The Governor-
General of the Dominion is appointed by the Queen, and
the Lieutenant-Governors of the Provinces by the Governor-
General in Council. Each province is divided into counties
and townships, having their own local boards and councils
for regulating local taxation for roads, schools, and other
municipal purposes. Religious liberty prevails.
4. Education. — The educational system is under the
control of the various provinces. Free schools are provided,
and facilities are afforded to successful pupils for obtaining
the highest education. (See also page 34.)
5. Militia. — The militia consists of two forces, the active
and reserve, the strength of the former being fixed by law
at 40,000 (service in which is voluntary), and the latter at
600,000, all male British subjects between the ages of 18
and 60, not exempted or disqualified by law, being liable
to be called upon to serve in cases of emergency. The
active militia is clothed, armed with breech-loaders, and
eciuipped, ready to take the field at short notice. The
force is commanded by a General Officer of the English
army. Infantry schools are established at Toronto,
Kingston, Montreal, Quebec, Fredericton, and Halifax,
at which officers can obtain certificates. There is also a
military college for the education of cadets, with a four
years' course of study, at Kingston.
6. Trade. — The following figures show the imports and
12 Advice to Emiyrants.
exports for the fiscal year eii'ling June 30, 1880, and
also the value of the exports to, and imports from, tlie
United Kingdom during the same period.
s
Value of Imports 86,489,747
Value of Exports 87,911,458
Exports to the Unitfd Kingdom ... 45,814,126
Imports from t^*^ United Kingdom 34,461,224
An examination of these figures, compared with those of
the United States, shows that the imports of Canada
from Great Britain, in proportion to the populatior repre-
sent 38s. per head, as against 7s. per head in the United
States.
7. Climate. — In a country like the Dominion of Canada,
extending northward from the 44° of latitude, the climate is
naturally variable, but, speaking generally, the summers
are hotter than in England, and the winters colder. How- >
ever, if the climate of a country is to be measured by its
productions, then Canada, in the quality of her timber,
grains, fruits, plants, and animals, must be accorded a front -
rank. The extremes of cold, though of short duration,
and the winter covering of snow, have given Canada the
reputation of having an extremely severe climate, and
attention has not been sufficiently directed to the circum-
stance that by the warmth of the summer months the
range of production is extended, in grains, from oats
and barley to wheat, and maize ; in fruitvS, from apples to
peaches, grapes, melons, nectarines, and apricots ; in
vegetables, from turnips, carrots, and cabbages, to the
egg-plant and tomatoes. Snow and ice are no draw-
back to the Canadian winter. To Canada they mean
not only protection to her cultivated acres, almost as
valuable as a covering of manure, but the conversion of
whole areas, during several months in the year, to a surface
upon which every man may make his own road, equal to a
turnpike, in any direction, over swamp or field, lake or
river, and on which millions of tons are annually trans-
ported at the minimum cost, whereby employment is
Dominion of Canada. 13
afforded for man and horse when cultivation is arrested by
frost. Intensity of winter cold has little effect upon the
agriculture of a country except the beneficial one of puU
verising the soil where exposed. High spring and summer
temperatures, with abundance of rain, secure the certain
ripening of maize and the melon in Canada. The difference
between the mean annual temperature of the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of Canada for the same latitude is very great,
that for the latter being much higher : thus wheat is
raised with profit in lat. 60° K, long. 122° 31' W. In
Manitoba in lat. 49° 30' N., long. 97° 30' W., wheat is
sown in May and reaped the latter end of August, after an
interval of 120 days. The great prairie region of Canada
has a mean summer temperature of 65°, with abundance of
rain ; the winters cold and dry ; climate and soil similar to
that part of Russia where large cities are found. It is
free from pulmonary complaints and fevers of every type,
6,nd the country generally is healthy. The snow fall in
the west and south-west parts of the territories is com-
paratively light, and cattle may remain in the open air all
winter subsisting on the prairie grasses, which they obtain
by scraping away the snow where necessary.
8. Means of Communication. — There are nearly 7,000
miles of railway in work in the Dominion, extending from
the western portions of Ontario to Halifax, in Nova Scotia,
and St. John in New Brunswick, while its rivers and lakes
form a highway during the summer months from the
interior to the ocean. It may be mentioned that Canada
possesses the most perfect system of inland navigation in
the world. At the present time vessels of 600 tons go
from Chicago to Montreal by way of Lakes Michigan,
Huron, Erie, Ontario, and the River St. Lawrence, a
distance of 1,261 miles. The locks on the Wei land Canal
(connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario), and f^Jiose on the St.
Lawrence River, are, however, in course of enlargement to
270 feet long and 45 feet wide, with a depth of 14 feet,
and when this great work is completed, steamers of 1,500
tons burthen will be able to carry produce direct from
.Vestem Canada, and the Western States of America, to
14 Advice to Emigrants.
Montreal and Quebec, which will effect a further reduction
in the cost of transit of cereals and other T»foiucts. The
distance from Chicago to Montreal (where ocean-going
steamert, of 4,000 tons can be moored alongside the quays)
by the Canadian route, is 150 miles less than from Chicago
to New York, vid Buffalo and the Erie Canal, and there are
sixteen more locks and 89 1^ feet more lockage by the latter
route than by the former. It is, therefore, expected that,
upon the completion of the enlarged canals, within two
years, much of the grain from Western Canada, as well as
from the "Western States .of America, will find its way to
Europe vid Montreal, as, in addition to its other advan-
tages, the distance from Montreal to Liverpool is about
300 miles less than from New York.
9. Postal and Telegraph Arrangements. — Canada pos-
sesses excellent postal arrangements, a post-office being
found in almost every village, and every place of any im-
portance is connected with the electric telegraph.
10. Emigration to Canada. — (a.) Classes of Emigrants.
— The classes which may be recommended to emigrate to
Canada are as follows : —
1. Tenant farmers in the United Kingdom, who have
sufficient capital to enable them to settle on farms,
may be advised to go with safety, and with the
certainty of doing well. The same remark may
apply to any persons who, although not agricul-
turists, wo-uld be able to adapt themselves to
agricultural pursuits, and who have sufficient means
to enable them to take up farms.
2. Produce farmers, and persons <with capital seeking
investment.
3. Male and female farm labourers, female domestic
servants, and country mechanics (to whom assisted
passage* are granted).
The classes which should be warned against emigration
to Canada are females above the grade of servants, clerks,
shopmen, and persons having no particular trade or calling, -
and unaccustomed to manual labour. To these Canada
offers but little encouragement.
Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories. 15
(h.) Time to Emigrate. — The best time to arrive in
Canada is early in May, when the inland navigation is
open, and out-door operations are commencing. The
emigrant will then be able to take advantage of the spring
and summer work, and to get settled before the winter
sets in. The voyage from Liverpool to Quebec occupies,
on an average, about ten days by steamer, and the journey
to the North- West four days longer. *
CHAPTER III. ? :
^ THE PROVINCES OF CANADA. -'
It is now proposed to offer a few remarks on each of the
different provinces of which the Dominion of Canada is
composed.
(A.) MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST
TERRITORIES.
1. General Description. — The country now known as
Manitoba and the North- West Territories was granted by
charter to the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1670, during the
reign of Charles II., as a hunting and trading ground, and
was held by them and the North- West Company until 1870,
when their rights were transferred to the Dominion. These
facts form an intelligible reason why this part of the
country has only recently become known as an agricultural
region, for the disturbance of the lands by colonisation
would naturally have led to the interruption of the staple
trade in skins and furs, carried on by the Company which
controlled it for so many years.
Roughly speaking, the North- West Territories belonging
to C&,nada cover about 2,500,000 square miles, and contain
about 200,000,000 acres of fertile land wliich are now-
awaiting settlement. Manitoba, a province which has been
made out of the North- West Territories, is situated between
the parallels 49°— 52° 3 ' north latitude and 89° 2'— 101° 2'
16 A dvice to Emigrants.
west longitude, in the very heart of the continent of
America. It contains in round numbers 120,000 square
miles, or 76,000,000 acres of land.
A better idea yriW perhaps be gained of the extent of
this colony if we remember that the total area of Great
Britain and Ireland is 120,879 square miles. The single
province of Manitoba, therefore, is about the same size as
Great Britain and Ireland, and the North- West Territories
contain an area nearly twenty times as large. The following
statistics were prepared by Mr. Malcolm McLeod, son of
the late Chief Trader, John McLeod, of the Hudson's
Bay Company, and will give some idea of the extent of
this part of Canada, and the different areas into which
it is classified : —
Wheat Area. Sq. Miles.
1. General boundaries : from Lac Seul (say
long. 92° W., lat. 50° N.) to the foot of Rocky
Mountains in lat. 60°N. ; thence along base of
Rocky Mountains to the south bend of Mouse
river ; thence to the Lake of the Woods, lat. 49° '
N. ; thence along Rainy river, and thence to Lac
Seul. This area, embracing Manitoba, unbroken
by mountains or rocks to any material extent,
with streams and small lakes which but fertilise,
may be stated at 320,000
2. Beyond it, northwards, are also areas of rich
vegetable mould (humus), on warm Silurian and
Devonian bases, and with marly clays of the
utmost fertility .50,000
Vegetable, Grass, and Timber Area.
3. Hudson's Bay basin (portion Silurian, so
far as known and fairly predicable) east side
(east of meridian 80° W.) 100,000 square
miles. West side (W. of meridian 80° W.)
300,000 square miles 400,000
4. Winnipeg basin, east side, from English
river to Nelson river 80,000
5. Beaver river (middle and lower parts) 50,000
Manitoba and tliA N.-W. TerriUtriea. 17
6. Methy lake and river and Cleai* Water river, Sq. Miles,
and Athabaska river, from Clear Water river to
Athabaska lake, east side 30,000
7. West of Mackenzie river (Devonian with
coal measures) to wheat line as above stated,
and from Fort Chippewyan, Lake Athabaska, to
Fort Resolution on Great Slave lake, say, from
lat. 58° to 61°N 10,000
8. East side of Mackenzie river to Fort Good
Hope, or say lat. 68° N 100,000'
9. West of the Mackenzie river from lat. 61°
N., northwards, to America (late Russian) boun-
dary, along 141° W. and American Pacific shore
strip, viz., all north of lat. 60° N., except area
No. 5 aforesaid 160,000
10. Rocky Mountain eastern slope, beyond
wheat line 30,000
11. Outlying areas, amongst others the exten-
sive but undefined ones between the Hudson's
Bay Silurian, and northern rivers of the St.
Lawrence valley ; say from Lake Mistassini to
Lake Nepigon 100,000
1 2. Add also, the by some called " American
desert " of our latitudes ; say, between lats. 49°
and 50° N., where maize thrives and buffaloes
fatten — a favourite Indian hunting-ground 40,000
Total area 1,370,000
The barley area of the above may be stated at two-thirds.
13. The rest of our North-west and Rupert's
Land territory, including the immense " barren
grounds " of our Laurentian system, and the
Labrador Rocks of eastern Rupert's Land, and
the great wilds and islands of the Arctic, esti-
mated at another million square nliles 1,000,000
Total 2,370,000
2. Free Grants of LiSiiid. — Any male or female who is
the head of a family, or any person who has attained the
A 3
N
I
18 Adviee to Emiyranta.
age of 18 years, can obtain a free grant of a quarter section
of 1 60 acres ; and can also make an entry for pre-emption
rights to the adjoining (juarter section, at the Government
price raiiging from $2 per acre upwards.
3. The New Dominion Lands Act. — The following is a
general summary of the new Dominion Lands llegulations,
which hare been recently pronmlgated : —
It should be explained, in the first place, that the country
is surveyed into townships of six miles scjuare, containing,
of course, 36 square miles or sections of land. These are
numbered 1 to 36. Two of the sections in each township
are reserved for school purposes, and two for the Hudson's
Bay Company. (The latter corporation is offering its
lands for sale at prices ranging from $2.50 to $6 per acre,
according to location.) .....
For 24 miles on each side of the new Canadian Pacific
Railway, the odd-numbered sections are the lands that
have been given to the Railway Company as a subsidy
for the construction of the line through the country, and
such lands are being offered by them on favourable terms,
at $2.50 per acre, on certain conditions of settlement and
rebate. The even-numbered sections in the belt referred
to are held exclusively for free grants and free pre-emptions.
The only charge in connexion with the free grant is the
payment of a fee of $10, to cover the cost of survey and
the necessary documents. The title is given at the end of
three years if the settlement duties, consisting of the
cultivation of a small quantity of land, building a house,
proof of residence on the land for six months in each
year, have been complied with.
In this Railway belt pre-emptions are to be obtained
from the Government at the rate of $2.50 per acre, to be
paid for after three years' settlement.
Outside the said belt, the even-numbered sections are to
be held for free grants and for pre-emptions, and the odd-
numbered sections for " public lands." The latter are to
be sold at $2 per acre cash, while pre-emptions are sold
at $2 per acre, payable at the end of three years.
Settlers in Manitoba and the North-west, on land lying
Manitoba and the N.-\y. Territorv'g. 19
to tho North of the Caiiocliau Pacific Railway, can tak« up
320 acres of laud instead of the honutstead and pre-emption,
if they prefer it, at tho price per aero of ^1.25 cash;
patent to 1)(5 issued after three years* residence.
Facilities are also offered to Companies and to persons
of means wishing to assist emigrants, under which a mort-
gage can be obtained on the settler's Iiomestead, bearing
interest not exceeding 6 per cent, on any advances that
may be made for such purposes, the amount of the mortgage
not to exceed $500 (XI 00).
4. Guides. — Intending settlers should go at once to the
land office iu the district where they intc^nd to settle, and
guides will 1x5 sent with them, free of charge, to point out
vacant lands available for settlement.
5. Capital Required. — The following is tho amount of
capital considered necessary for a man with a family to
start farming on a free grant of prairie land. It has
})een compiled from various works that have been published
on Manitoba and the North- West Territory, and may be
accepted as reliable : —
%
Provisions for one year .. 200
One yoke of oxen 130
One cow 30
One wagon 80
Breaking plough and harrow 30
Chains, shovels, spades, hooks, ikc 20
Cooking stove and furniture 30
Seeds 20
Building contingencies, kc 60
$600 or £120.
It is of course based upon the assumption that all pay-
ments for goods are to be made on delivery, but as a
settler could obtain many of his requirements on credit
until such time as his first crops are harvested, it is fair to
assume that a much lower sum than that named above
would really suffice, especially as a set bier and his family
20 Advice to Emigranti.
who have not much capital would l>e able to command a
good price for their own labour during harvcHt time, and
thus Q^d to their capital until tlioy have a HulKcient (]uan-
tity of their own land under cultivation to k(;ep them fully
occupied. It Hiay be added that an energetic man landing
in Canada with only a pound or two in his pocket is able
to look at th(5 future clKierfuU}/. Many such men have
taken up the free grants, and then have hired themselves
out to labour, cultivating their own land during spare time,
and employing a man at harvest or when necessary. By
this means they are able to stock and cultivate their farms
in a few years, with the results of their own labour and
the profits of cheir harvests, and there are many men in
Canada now in positions of independence who counnenced
in the way above described. It will be understood that
the figures named above do not include the passage of the
settler and his family from England to Manitoba and
the North- West. The fare from Liverpool to Winnipeg
(steerage and third-class railways) is X9. 5s. per adult.
For the sea passage, children over twelve years are con-
sidered af adults, those from one to twelve years old are
charged at half fare, and infants under one year one
guinea. On the railways children between five and twelve
are charged at half fare, and those under five years free.
The intermediate or second-class passage to Winnipeg
ranges from £12. 18s. to £14. 3s., while the saloon rate
is from £22 to £28.
6. Cost of Breaking np Land. — The cost of breaking up
the prairie land is estimated at three dollars per acre, and
the ploughing, sowing, harvesting, and threshing, the second
year, four dollars per acre.
7. Improved Farms. — Improved farms can be purchased
from £1 per acre upwards.
8. Bemand for Labour and Wages Paid. — The following
extracts from a letter recently received from Winnipeg,
Manitoba, will be interesting on this point : —
"Winnipeg, Manitoba, Oct. 10th, 1881.
" I noticed- your letter in the Toronto Weekly Globe
Manitoba and the N.-W. I'erritorUs. " %\
inquiring if pcoplo coming out hero would be aWo to find
employment. 1 can answer you that. I think they would
be quit<< sure to find all they could do, if they were the
right class of people, either in Ontario or here, though the
demand for labour is greater here than there. A limited
number of good mechanics of all kinds would have no
difficulty in iinding employmt*nt in Ontario, though here
the great demand is for those connected with the building
trades, such as carpenters, masons, d'c. Tliis city and
towns throughout this province have been growing this
year at a rate that is astonishing everybody, but tho pro-
spects are that next year will witness a far greater growth,
and astonish even ourselves. More would have been done
this season, but the men could not be had to do it. Every
day in the papers, and at the employment agencies, and
in the shop windows, advertisements af<k for carpenters,
painters, masons, labourers, <tc., ttc, and they cannot be
had. Only the other day a gentleman said he paid a man
$2.50 (10s. 5d.) per cord for sawing and splitting wood,
and then could only keep him half a day, or a day at r^ost.
I have not the slightest doubt that if 2,000 or 3,000
labourers were to arrive here to-morrow they could all tind
employment inside of twenty-four hours on the various
railways, on farms, and on the city works, and at *vages of
$2.25 per day. You could see half a dozen notices of cor-
porations and different parties, in walking up the street,
advertising for 200 or 500 or 1,000 men wanted at the
above wages. For lack of carpenters and masons, buildings
that should have been done long ago are still unfinished,
and in some cases men are now working night and day at
them in order to get them done as soon as possible. I
know of one instance where a merchant has had some
$40,000 worth of goods lying in the freight sheds for the
past five or six weeks waiting for the completion of a store
that was to have been done at that time, but which will
take some little time yet before it is ready, though men,
are working at it night and day. Carpenters get $3 to
$3.50 (12s. 6d. to 14s. 7d.) per day. Bricklayers $5 to $7
(20s. lOd. to 29s. 2d.) per day, and their attendants $2.50
22 Advice to Emigrants.
(10s. 5d.). Farm hands get from $25 to $35 (£5. 4s. 2d.)
per month and board. Servant girls get from $12 to $25
(£2. 10s. to £b) per month and board, and cooks from $50
to $75 (£10 to £15) per month and board.
" The only classes it would be advisable to come out this
fall are good general servants. Girls, and any number of
them almost, can get good situaticnF ny time, and if they
are smart and intelligent, and of pi ing face and figure,
they are not likely to be here but a y short time before
they have a husband and a home v their own in this
land, where there are four or five men for each woman.
A few cooks could also get situations now. But in the
spring, so as to reach here any time in the latter part of
April and after, all through the season, you can send along
as many labourers, farm hands, and men to take up farms
as you please, with the full assurance that they need not
be idle five minutes after getting here, unless of their own
accord. A fairly liberal sprinkling of mechanics will be
wanted ; and just to give you an idea of the demand for
girls I may say that one of our city papers estimated that
if 1,000 were to come here they could all be provided with
situations. Many of the men come here without means,
work for a year or so till they have saved a little money,
and then take up farms, and when the land has only to be
turned over in order to raise crops of 30 to 35 bushels of
wheat, 40 of barley and peas, 50 to 60 of oats, 300 to
400 of potatoes, and 500 to 800 of roots, and from 2|^
to 4 tons per acre, and I don't know of anything to pay
them much better. I know of men who started here
three years ago with nothing, and putting in a little on
their farm the first spring and working out the remainder
of the year, who have now made enough to have paid
ofi" any debt they had contracted, and had their living,
and put up a comfortable little house, and, in addition
to having a farm they would not sell for less than four to
six thousand dollars, have some money in the bank, not to
mention their stock and implements they have become
possessed of in the meantime."
9. Prices. — The following are the present prices of horses,
Manitoba and the iT.-TF. Territories. 23
cattle, farming implements, and commodities generally : —
Horses, per pair, about .£60 ; oxen, per yoke, .£26 to £30 ;
cows, £6 to £7 each. Waggons, £16 to £18 each. Ox cart,
£3 to £4. Breaking plough and harrow, from £6 to £8.
Common ploughs, about £3. 12s. Reapers, £20 to £30.
Mowers, £14 to £25. Spades, 4s. 6d. ; shovels, 5s. ; hay
forks, 3s. ; manure forks, 4s. Beef, 5d. to 7d. per lb. ;
pork, 5d. per lb. Flour, 24s. per barrel. Butter, Is.
per lb.' Eggs, Is. per dozen. Bread, 4Jd. to 5d. per 41b.
loaf. Salt, 7d. to 8d. per lb. Potatoes, Is. 9d. to 2s. per
bushel. Tea, 2s. to 2s. 3d. per lb. Sugar, 4d. to 6d.
Coffee, lOd. to Is. 6d. Tobacco, 2s. to 2s. 3d. Coal oil,
Is. 9d. per gallon. Pails, three hoop. Is. 3d. each. Stout
suit of clothing for man, £2 to £3. Felt hats, from 4s.
Boots, 8s. to 12s. Grey blankets, 8s. to 12s. per pair.
10. Fuel. — There is not so much woodland in the prairie
district as in other parts of Canada, but there is enough
for the purposes of fuel and fencing, and timber for build-
ing purposes can be purchased in the larger towns and
settlements. Coal is also known to exist' in various parts
of the country. ^
11. Routes and Internal Communication. — It may be
mentioned that there are two routes by which an intending
settler can reach Manitoba from Quebec, or any other
Canadian port, namely, the " all rail route," vid Detroit,
Chicago, and St. Paul to Winnipeg, or by what is called
the Lake route, i.e., by railway to Sarnia or Collingwood
on Lake Huron, thence by steamer to Duluth on Lake
Superior, and by rail from Duluth to Winnipeg. The
• journey by the former route is quicker by about a day, but
the latter is more economical. By either of these routes
the settler will be met by the agents of American land and
railway companies, who will endeavour to persuade settle-
ment in the United States as 'preferable to Canada ; but
the settler is advised to proceed direct to his intended
destination, and decide upon his location after personal
inspection. In 1882 a line of railway will be completed
from Thunder Bay (Lake Superior) to Winnipeg and west-
24 Advice to Emigrants.
ward. It will pass entirely through Cana&lian Territory,
and its benefits both to new and old settlers will be very
great. It may be added that most of the rivers and lakes
in Manitoba and the North-West are navigable, and that
steamers now ply during the season on the river Saskat-
chewan between Winnipeg and Edmonton, a distance by
water of about 1,200 mile" with passengers and freight,
calling at Prince Albert, Carlton, Battleford, and other
places on the way. Steamers also run regularly between
Winnipeg, St. Vincent, and other places on the Red River.
There is also steam communication on the river Assiniboine
between Fort Ellice and Winnipeg.
12. Canadian Pacific Railway. — This line of railway,
which is to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, is now
in course of construction by the Canadian Pacific Railway
Company, and is expected to cost from 75 to 80 millions of
dollars. 360 miles of the line are now in operation. This
will be increased to 700 miles in 1882, extending from Lake
Superior through Manitoba and westward through the Ter-
ritories to near Fort Ellice, thus effecting a saving in the
distance from Manitoba and the North-West Territory to
the ports of shipment for Europe of about 400 miles, as
compared with the existing route from the Western States
of America, vid New York. This railway will pass through
extensive coalfields, ensuring an unlimited supply of fuel.
13. Climate. — Manitoba is situated in the middle of the
continent, nearly equidistant from the pole and the equator,
and the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The climate gives
conditions of decided heat in summer and decided cold in
winter. The snow goes away, and ploughing begins in
April, which is about the same time as in the older pro-
vinces of Canada and the Northern United States on
the Atlantic seaboard, and the North-western States of
Minnesota and Wisconsin. The crops are harvested in
August. The long sunny days of summer bring vegetation
of all sorts to rapid maturity. The days are warm and the
nights cool. Autumn begins about the 20th of September
and lasts till the end of November, when the regular frosts
set in. The winter proper comprises the months of Decem-
Manitoba and the N.-^V. Territories.
25
ber, January, February and March. Spring comes early in
April. The summer months are part of May, June, July,
August, and part of September. In winter the ther-
mometer sinks to 30 and sometimes 40 degrees below zero,
but this degree of cold in the dry atmosphere of the north-
west does not produce any unpleasant sensations. The
weather is not felt to be colder than in the province of
Quebec, nor so cold as milder winters in climates where the
frost, or even a less degree of cold than frost, is accom-
panied with damp or wind. The testimony is universal on
this point. Snow does not fall on the prairies to an average
greater depth than 18 inches, and buffaloes and horses graze
out of doors all winter. They scratch the snow oti' the
prairie, and grow fat upon the grass they find beneath it.
Horned cattle also graze out of doors part of the winter,
but in some states of the weather they require to be brought
in. Instances are, however, stated in which horned cattle
have grazed out all the winter. The following table repre-
sents the mean temperature of Winnipeg, Toronto, and
Battleford, for each month of the year ending July 1879 : —
Months.
Toronto.
Winnipeg.
Battleford.
August
66-38
58-18
45-84
36-06
25-78
22-80
22-74
28-93
40-72
51-74
61-85
67-49
67-34
52-18
35-84
30-66
11-97
6-10
12-32
14-14
39-10
53-13
63-20
68-19
67-79
September
47-10
October
34-52
November
28-56
December
6-48
January
0-45
February
10-25
March
April
16-80
46-70
May
53-35
June
60-45
July
63-95
V
It will be noticed that, from Toronto westward, the
temperature rises during the summer months, and, as the
26 Advice to U migrants.
average yield of wheat per acre in Manitoba and the 7 ^'^rth-
West is equally as large (if not larger both in volume and
in weight) as in the United States, it would seem that, in
conjunction with the fertility of the soil, this temperature
is very favourable to cereal crops. The fall of snow is also
less in the western portion of the Dominion ; in the first
half of the year 1876 it was 28| inches, and in the second
half 29| inches, but the snow is no drawback to the growth
of the cropsL which are sown in April and May, and har-
vested in August and September.
14. Soil. — The soil is a deep alluvial deposit of unsur-
passed richness. It is mostly prairie, and covered with grass.
It produces bountiful crops of cereals, grasses, roots, and
vegetables. So rich is the soil that wheat has been cropped
oflf the same place for forty years without manure, and
without showing signs of exhaustion. The following ex-
tracts from the reports of the English and Scotch farmers
selected by the farmers in their respective districts who
went out to Canada in 1879, to report upon the country,
are interesting and reliable on this subject : —
Mr. BiGGAR, The Grange, Dalbeattie. '
" As a field for wheat raising, I would much prefer
Manitoba to Dakota. The first cost of the land is less, the
soil is deeper and will stand more cropping, the sample of
wheat is better, and the produce 5 to 10 bushels per acre
more, all of which is profit."
Mr. George Cowan, Annan,
Speaking of Mr. Mackenzie's farm at Burnside, says : —
" I was certainly surprised at the wonderful fertility of the
soil, which is a rich black loam, averaging about 1 8 inches
of surface soil, on friable clay subsoil, 5 and 6 feet in depth,
beneath which is a thin layer of sand, lying on a stiff clay.
The land is quite dry, and is well watered by a fine stream
which flows through it."
* * ♦ ♦
"The land between Rapid City and the Assiniboine,
which lies to the southward, 25 miles distant is a nice loam
with clay subsoil on top of gravel. I was very highly
Manitoba and the N.-W. Territories, 27
impressed with the fertility of the soil, some of it being,
without exception, the richest I have ever seen, and I have
little doubt it will continue for many years to produce
excellent crops of grain without any manure, and with very
little expense in cultivation."
Mr. John Logan, Earlston, Berwick, says : —
"All the lanu round this district (Assiniboine) is very
good, being four feet deep of black loam, as we saw from a
sand pit."
Mr. John Snow, Midlothian.
"We saw that a black vegetable mould covered the
surface from 18 inches to two, three, or four feet deep."
Mr. John Maxwell, Carlisle.
" The soil throughout the country is a rich black loam,
6 inches to 6 feet deep, almost entirely free from stones,
and varying in quality in different districts, on a subsoil of
strong or friable clay or sand."
15. Average Crops. — The average wheat yield in Mani-
toba and the North- West would appear to range from 20 to
30 bushels per acre, and the weight from 60 lb. to 66 lb.
per bushel. Barley and oats yield good averages, as also
potatoes and other root crops.
The following figures, taken from the reports of the
delegates' of the English and Scotch tenant farmers, may
also be found interesting on this point : —
Mr. James Biggar, of the Grange, Dalbeattie, says : —
"We heard very different statements of the yield of
wheat, varying from 25 to 40 bushels. MeLeicn, a farmer
near Portage, had 1,230 bushels of Fife wheat off 40 acres.
Another man, a native of Ross-shire, who was ploughing
his own land, told us he had cropped it for 17 years in
succession, his last crop yielding 35 bushels per acre.
Mr. Ryan, M.R, a good authority, said the average of
wheat might safely be taken at 25 to 30 bushels, and of
oats 60 bushels Next day we drove over Messrs.
Riddles' farm ; their wheat has averaged fully 30' bushels
per acre."
28 Advice to Emigrants.
Mr. George Cowan, Glenluce, Wigtown, says : —
" Mr. Mackenzie's farm is at Burnside, about 9 miles
from Portage la Prairie He favoured me with his
average for the seasons of 1877 and 1878, and his estimate
for the present year. Wheat crop, 1877, 41 bushels;
1878, 36 bushels ; this year (1879) he expects it to be
close on 40 bushels ; average weight, 60 to 62 lb. ; but he
has grown it as high as 64 lb, per bushel. Oats last year
(1878) he had a yield of 88 bushels from two bushels of
seed sown on one acre; this year (1879) his estimate is
from 75 to 80 bushels per acre. Mr. M. also grows excel-
lent root crops, his swede turnips averaging 30 to 35 tons ;
and potatoes, without any care in cultivation, sometimes
even not being moulded up, yield between 300 and 400
bushels of 60 lb. Onions when cultivated are also very
prolific, yielding as much as 300 bushels per acre. Mangold
also grows very heavy crops, but I did not see any on the
ground."
♦ ♦ ♦ «
" We spent a short time on the farm of Mr. McBeth,
and walked over a field which, I was informed, had been
continuously under crop for 54 years I was told it
would average 28 or 30 bushels per acre.
All the other delegates confirm these figures.
16. Timber for Settlers. — Homestead settlers having no
timber on their own lands are permitted to purchase from
the Government wood-lots in area not exceeding 20 acres
each, at a uniform rate of $5 per acre, to be paid in cash.
This provision applies also to settlers on prairie sections
bought from the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in
cases where the only wood-lands available have been laid
out on even-numbered sections, provided the Railway
Company agree to reciprocate where the only timber in
the locality may be found on their lands.
17. Homestead Exemption Law. — In Manitoba a home-
stead exemption law was passed in 1872, which exempts
from seizure for debt 160 acres of land, house, stables,
bams, furniture, tools, farm implements in use, one cow,
two oxen, one horse, four sheep, two pigs, and thirty days'
provender for same.
Ontario. 29
(B.) ONTARIO.
1. Free Grants of Land. — Every head of a family can
obtain a free grant of 200 acres of land, and any person 18
years of age may obtain 1 00 acres in the free grant districts.
The conditions are : — 15 acres in each grant of 100 acres to
be cleared and under crop in five years ; a habitable house,
at least 16 feet by 20, built ; and residence on the land at
least six months in each year. The patent is issued at the
end of live years.
2. Price of Lands. — Uncleared lands can also be pur-
chased at prices varying from 2s. to 40s. per acre. Cleared
and improved farms with buildings can be bought at from
£4: to £10 per acre. The money can nearly always be
paid in instalments covering several years.
3. Soil. — The soil of the country varies in different loca-
lities, but a large proportion is of the very best description
for agricultural purposes.
4. Climate. — The climate is much the same as in some
other parts of the Dominion, but milder in the winter than
in Quebec. Cereals, grasses, and r.*ots produce large crops,
and fruits grow in great abundaiice ; hemp, tobacco, and
sugar beet are also profitable crops ; maize and tomatoes
ripen well, and peaches and grapes come to perfection in
the epen air.
5. Means of Communication. — The province possesses
excellent means of communication, both by railways and
by water through the lakes, and the River St. Lawrence,
with all parts of the Dominion and to the Atlantic ports.
6. Education. — The public schools are all free and
non-sectarian. All resident children between the ages of
5 and 21 are allowed to attend them.
7. Cities and Towns. — There are several large cities and
towns in this province, among others, Toronto, Ottawa,
Hamilton, London, Kingston, &c.
8. Minerals. — In mineral wealth it has great resources,
30 Advice to Emigrants.
producing iron, copper, lead, silver, marble, petroleum,
salt, kc. Its immense forests of piiio timber are well
known. i
9. Manufactures and Exports. — Its principal manufac-
tures are cloth, linen, clothing, leather, furniture, sawn
timber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, soap, cotton and
woollen goods, steam-engines and locomotives, wooden ware
of all descriptions, agricultural implements, he. Cattle,
sheep, and pigs, dairy and agricultural produce are ex-
ported largely from this Province, and the trade is
increasing rapidly. The rates of wages for farm labourers
are from 40s. to GOs. per month, with board and lodging ;
for common labourers from about 3s. to 4s. 2d. a day,
without board and lodging, and for female domestic
servants from 14s. to 24s. per montli, all found. Good
cooks get rather more. Provisions are much chefiper than
in England or in the United States. Beef, veal, and
mutton are from 3d. to 6d. per lb. ; pork, 4d. to 5d. ;
bacon 6d. to 8d. ; bread (best) 4|d. to 5d. per 4 lb. loaf ;
butter (fresh) Is. ; salt ditto, 7d. to 8d. per lb. ; potatoes,
Is. 9d. to 2s. per bushel ; tea, 2s. ; sugar (brown), 4d. to
4|d. per lb. ; milk, 3d. per quart ; beer, Is. 2d. to Is. 6d. per
gallon; and tobacco. Is. to 2s. per lb.
(C.) aUEBEC.
1. Free Grants of Land. — Upon eight of the great colo-
nization roads, every male colonist and emigrant being 18
years of age may obtain a free grant of 100 acres. The
conditions are that at the end of the fourth year a dwelling
must have been erected on the land, and 12 acres be under
cultivation. Letters Patent are then gr*anted. Crown lands
can also be purchased at 30 cents to 60 cents an acre.
2. Homestead Law. — The province has a homestead law
exempting from seizure, under certain conditions, the
property of emigrants.
3. Soil. — The soil is of very good quality, and its pro-
ductions are similar to those of other parts of Canada.
New Jlnmsimck. 31
4. ISIeans of Commnnication. — This is afforded by rail-
ways and by the lliver St. Lawrence. Tliis province contains
the two great ports of shipment, Montreal and C^ueboe,
both of which have extensive wharfage accommodation, and
ocean-going vessels of 4,000 tons can bo moored alongside
the quays.
5. Cities. — The principal cities are Quebec and Montreal,
and there are many large towns.
6. Mines and Fisheries. — Gold, lead, silver, iron, copper,
platinum, tkc, <kc., are found, — but mining in this province
is only yet in its infancy. Phosphate mining is becoming
an important industry ; its value as a fertilizer is recognised
in England and France, and largf; quantities are being
exported. The fisheries are abundant, and in 1876 the
yield was of the value of $2,097,677.
7. Wages, Prices, Manufactures. — The remarks made
in the case of the province of Ontario will apply to Quebec
also.
(D.) NEW BRUNSWICK.
1. Free Grants of Land. — A grant of 100 acres may
be obtained by any person upon the following conditions :
— On payment of $20 cash to aid in ' construction of
roads and hedges, or labour of the value of $10 per year
for three years. A house to be built within two years.
Ten acres to be cleared and cultivated in three years.
Proof of residence on the land.
2. Soil and Production. — The soil is fertile, and produces
all the fruits generally found in England. Wheat averages
about 20, barley 29, oats 34, buckwheat 33, rye 20, Indian .
corn 41, potatoes 226. turnips 456 bushels to the acre.
The potatoes and fruits command good prices in the English
market.
3. Manufactures. — Shipbuilding is one of the staple in-
dustries of the province, but its manufactories generally are
increasing rapidly. There are manufactories of woollen
and cotton goods, boots and shoes, leather, carriages,
wooden ware, paper, soap, hardware, &c., «kc.
32 Advice to Emigrants,
• (E.) NOVA SCOTIA.
1. Land. — Tho (juantity of land for disposal in this
province is limited. The price is $44 per hundred acres
(about X9), free grants, however, being given to bundjide
settlers.
2. Soil. — Tlie soil produces good crops of cereals and
roots, and large quantities of apples are grown for export.
3. Fisheries. — The value of the fisheries in Nova Scotia in
1876 was upwards of .£1,000,000 sterling, consisting of cod-
tish mackerel, haddock, herring, lobsters, &c. Nova Scotia
contains large tracts of woodlands, which produce timber
for shipbuilding, and lumber chiefly for export.
4. Minerals. — Gold, iron, coal, and gypsum are found in
large quantities.
5. Railways. — There are several railways in the pro-
vince, giving it communication witli other parts of Canada.
Halifax, which is the chief city of the province, is the
winter port of the Domkiion. It possesses a fine harbour,
and is connected by railways with all parts of the Continent.
(F.) PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
Price of Lands. — Most of the lands in this province are
taken up, but improved farms can be obtained from about
X4 per acre. This island produces excellent crc^s of
cereals, and is noted for the good quality of its oats.
Horses, cattle, and sheep are plentiful, and the country is
exceedingly well spoken of as regards the fertility of the
soil and its cheapness.
(G.) BRITISH COLUMBIA.
1. General Description. — This province, which inclvdes
Vancouver's Island, is the most western of the provinces
which constitute the Dominion of Canada, its boundaries
being the Rocky Mountains on the east, and the Pacific
TJia Church and Education in Canada. 8S
Oce«>n on tlic west. It possesses many fine harlKJurs, one
of which (Burrard Inlet) will probably form the terminus
of the Canadian Pacific Railway when completed; 125
miles of the line in this province are now under contract.
2. Land. — Heads of families, widows, or single men can
obtain free grants of land from 160 to 320 acres, according
to locality ; the fee is al)out $7. Surveyed lands can be
purchased at $1 per acre, payable over two years, and
improved farms cost from £1 to £8 per acre. British
Columbia has a large extent of valuable timber land, pro-
ductive fisheries, which are increasing in value yearly ; gold
and coal are also found in large quantities. The yield of
gold, from 1858 to 1876, was equal to about forty millions
of dollars.
CHAPTER IV.
THE CHURCH AND EDUCATION IN CANADA.
1. Ecclesiastical Information. — There is no Established
Church in Canada — all denominational Christians are upon
an equality, the Government only interfering in the matter
of secular education. For ecclesiastical purposes the conti-
nent has been divided out into the following 17 Dioceses,
viz. : — Fredericton, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Toronto, New-
foundland, Montreal, Huron, Ontario, Algoma, Niagara,
Rupertsland, Saskatchewan, Moosonee, Athabasca, Colum-
bia, Caledonia, and New Westminster.
Each diocese has its bishop and a large staff of clergy.
Whenever a church is wanted, the bishop or the nearest
clergyman should be written to, and they will no doubt
co-operate with the inhabitants of the place in the erection
of one.
At all events, the services of the clergy can always be
obtained for the baptism of your children, for marriages
and burials, and from time to time for the administration
of Holy Communion, and the Bishops hold frequent
Confirmations.
84 Advice to £ migrants.
2. The Syatem of Education. — In Ontario, tho sy^tom
of education Ih (vw and compulsory in tlio public orcom-
iiion BchoolH, and pupils Iiavo opportunities for acq:iiring
a good aulmtantittl course of instruction, and for passing
to the grauinuir or liij^^li schools and t!oll«''r(\s on easy ttu*ms.
In Qu(!l)('c and thci MaritiuK? Provinces education is con-
ducted on broad principles also.
In Manitoba and the Nortli-West territory, th) land is
surveyed into districts of six miles square, contxining in
all thirty-six sections of a mile square each ; two of these
sections in every district are reserved by the Government
to be sold to provide funds for tlm establishment of schools
as they may bo required, and education is also assisted .
from time to time by grants of public money, irrespective
of religious questions.
In every village springing up facilities will be found
for free education, aiul no persons need ft^ar any difficulty
in providing for the education of their families.
There is a university, modelled on that of London, in
Manito))a, open to those who wish to obtain a higher class
of education than is found in the ordinary free schools.
3. The Church of England Settlers' Society of the
Diocese of Rupert's Land for settlers in Manitoba and the
North-West.
This Society has just been formed, and its ** objects "
are commended to tlie attention of all persons proposing
to settle in this part of Canada.
Article II. of the Constitution declares those objects to
be as follow : —
To invite each settler in the North-West, being or desir-
ing to become a member of the Church of England, to place
himself, immediately on his arrival in this Province, in
communication with the officers of the Society, who will
give him : —
I. Advice and information on any subject connected with
his settlement in the country.
II. References to reliable persons in any quarter of the
North-West which he may desire to visit.
Council of Church of Enfflatul Setthr£ SocUty. 35
TIT. TjflttorR of introduction to the clor^nen of the
Chun'h Ktutionrd in any part of the North- VVt'st. /
IV. Facilities in ohtaiiiin^ th<< servLcos and ordinances
of the Churcli ; aa by furnishing him and his family with
seats in Church ; and l>y supplying th<un with introductions
to the chirgymon in charge.
V. Coiuitonanco, and in (»vory way treat him as a brothei-
Churchman, and exhibit to him and his family uU possible
kindiuis.s.
The residences or places of busine.ss of the officers are
given below, and these gentlemen, with the ladies of their
families, will at all times be happy to carry out these
objects on their parts. It is hopcid that every settler,
whatever may be his position in life, will encourage the
operations of the Society by a frank and free acceptance of
the friendly offices hereby tendered. Settlers are irlvited
to communicate with the olhcers personally, if possible, or
if this bo inconvenient, by letter.
THE FOLLOWINO ARE THE OFFICERS : —
Patron. — The Most Reverend Robert Machray, D.D.,
LL.D., Bishop of Rupert's Land and Metropolitan.
President. — George B. Spencer, collector of customs,
Winnipeg.
COUNCIL.
Winnipeg. — The Hon. the Chief Justice of Manitoba ,
the Hon. John Norquay, Premier of the Province ; the
Hon. D. M. Walker, Attorney-General ; the Hon. Mr.
Justice Miller ; R. H. Hunter, Manager, Imperial Bank ;
Amos Rowe, Proprietor Times; Alexander Logan ; Donald
Codd, Inspector Dominion Lands.
St. Andrew's. — Rev. R. Young, B.A., Capt. Kennedy,
J. P., T. Truth waite.
Pembina Crossing. — Charles Selwyn.
Spriirigjield. Oldfield, Wm. Corbett, Charles Eadie,
Warden of Springfield.
Sunnyaide. — Wm. Goodridge, Oak Bank.
Cook's Creek. — J as. Fullertou.
36 Advice to Emigrants.
Millhrook. — George Eadie.
riympton. Lewis.
Ckar springs. — John Lund.
St. Anne's, P.O. — Ambrose W. Stock.
Dynevor. — Ven. Archdeacon Cowley, B.D., W. Fruden,
A. H. Yaughan, Rev. G. Cook.
St. Paul. — Samuel James.
St. James. — P. Bruce.
ffeadingly. — Hon. W. Tait, J. Cameron.
High Bluff. — Rev. M. Jukes, J. A. K. Drummond,
M.P.P., A. Spence, J. P.
Portage la Prairie. — Rev. H. George, W. J. Pratt.
Millford. — G. S. Newcombe, Major Rogers, A. Mills.
Westbourne. — Rev. T. Cook, A. E. Smalley, J. P.
Emerson. — Rev. C. J. Brenton, M.A., J. E. Cooper,
Capt. Nash, County Registrar ; J. Carman.
Victoria and Headingly. — Rev. A. G. Pinkham. .
Victoria. — J. Vincent, J. P., W. Vincent, J. P.
Fair/ord. — Rev. F. Bruce.
Morris. — Rev. H. D. Cooper, M.A., S. J. CoUum,
H. Hall.
Rapid City. — Rev. J. P. Sargent, B.A., G. Lindsay,
Dr. Mcintosh, W. Thompson.
Odanah. — Henry Powell.
Alherton. — Rev. R. Phair.
Mapleton, — Rev. A. E. Cowley.
Nelsonville. — Rev. T. N. Wilson, George Leary.
Stodderville. — W. Winram, M.P.P.
Birile. — Lawrence Herchmox".
Sliell River. — Col. Boulton.
Oak River. — Rev. W. A. Burmaa.
Holland P.O. — Conway Dobbs.
Beaconsjield. — John Hall, J. Ashby.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Winnipeg. — Rev. CanonO'Meara,M.A., Rev. Canon Gris-
dale, B.D., Rev. S. P. Matheson, B.D., St. John's College ;
Rev. S. Pritchard ; Rev. O. Fortin, B. A., Holy Trinity ;
Rev. W. C. Pinkham, B.D., Superintendent of Education ;
Cost of Passage to Canada, &c. 37
Hon. C. Inkster, Sheriff of the Province ; W. G. Fonseca,
broker ; G. R Carruthers, broker ; J. H. Brock, broker ;
A. H. Whitcher, Dominion Land Agent ; W. R. Nursey
Provincial Auditor, Government Offices ; J. H. Rowan,
Engineer, C. P. R. ; S. Mulvey, Col. Inland Revenue ;
George P. Black, Canadian Pacific Railway ; Palmer
Clarke ; Capt. Howard.
St. James.— W. Golding, R. Tait, J. P., W. D. Lane, J. P.
Emerson. — F. T. Bradley, Dep. Col. Customs.
Stoney Mountain. — S. L. Bedson, Warden Provincial
Penitentiary.
SECRETARY-TREASURER.
Winnipeg. — William Leggo, Master in Equity.
CORRESPONDING SECRETARIES.
Winnipeg. — Loftus Fortier, Post Office.
Emerson. — Rev. L. O. Armstrong.
ASSISTANT SECRETARY.
Winnipeg. — George B. Philip, office of Messrs. Clarke &
Clarke, barristers.
CLERICAL AGENTS IN LIVERPOOL.
Rev. J. Bridger, St. Nicholas' Church.
Rev. R. O. Greep, St. Matthias'.
CHAPTER Y.
COST OF PASSAGE TO CANADA AND GENERAL
INFORMATION.
1. Rates of Passage. — The following are the rates of
passage from Liverpool, London, Glasgow, or Londonderry,
to Quebec or Halifax : —
Saloon, £12 to £18. Intermediate, £8. 8s. Steerage,
£6. 6s. Assisted steerage, £5 (for agriculturists and
domestic servants).
S8 Advice to Emigrants.
Fares from Liverpool to — ■
Saloon. Intermediate. Steerage.
"Winnipeg... £22 to £28. £12. 18s. to £14. 3s. £9. 5s. to £12. Is.
Toronto ...£14 to £19. 10s. £9. lOs. 6d. £7. 8s. 6d.
Montreal ...£12. 14s. 6d. to £8. 14s. £6. 12s.
£18. 14s. 6d.
Ottawa ...£13. 12s. Gd. to £9. 4s. 6d. £7. 2s. 6d.
£19. 10s.
Settlers can go by Winnipeg by the all-rail route, or by
way of the lakes ; the latter is the most economical, but
takes a day or two longer.
2. Offices of the Dominion of Canada in Great
Britain: —
London. — Sir Alexander T. Gait, G.C.M.G., etc., High
Commissioner for the Dominion, 9, Victoria Chambers,
London, S.W. Mr. Joseph Colmer, Secretary.
Agencies in Great Britain and Ireland.
Liverpool. — Mr. John Dyke, 15, Water-street.
Glasgow. — Mr. Thomas Grahame, 40, St. Enoch-square.
Belfast. — Mr. Charles Foy, 29, Victoria-place.
Dublin. — Mr. Thomas Connolly, Northumberland-house.
Bristol. — Mr. J. W. Down, Bath Bridge.
3. Agents of the Canadian Government in Canada : —
Ottawa. — Mr. W. J. Wills, St. Lawrence and Ottawa
Railway Station, Ottawa, Ontario.
Toronto. — Mr. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan Avenue,
Toronto, Ontario.
Montreal. — Mr. J. J. Daley, Montreal, Province of
Quebec.
Kingston. — Mr. R. Macpherson, William - street,
Kingston.
Hamilton. — Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway
Station, Hamilton.
London. — Mr. A. G. Smythe, London, Ontario.
Halifax. — Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
St. John. — Mr. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick.
Quebec. — Mr. L. Stafford, Point Levis, Quebec.
Agents in England for the British Colonies. 39
DuLUTH (Minnesota). — Mr. W. B. C. Grahame.
Winnipeg. — Mr. W. Hespeler, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
DuFFERiN. — Mr. J. E. T6tu, Dufferin, Manitoba.
These officers will afford the fullest advice and protection.
They should be immediately applied to on arrival. All
. complaints should be addressed to them. They will also
furnish information as to lands open for settlement in their
respective provinces and districts, farms for sale, demand
for employment, rates of wages, routes of travel, distances,
expenses of conveyance ; and will receive and forward
letters and remittances for settlers, &c., &c.
4. Agents in England for the British Colonies
generally. — As it is possible that this little book may
fall into the hands of intending emigrants who are going
elsewhere than to Canada, it may be well to give here the
J names and addresses of the agents in England for some
of the other British Colonies. Any of the gentlemen
named will be ready to supply information about their
respective colonies to those who may desire to emigrate.
Canada. — Sir Alexander Gait, G.C.M.G., High Com-
missioner, 9, Victoria-chambers, London, S.W.
New South Wales. — Saul Samuel, Esq., C.M.G., 5, West-
minster-chambers, London.
Queensland. — Thomas Archer, Esq., 1, Westminster-
chambers, London.
South Australia. — Sir Arthur Blyth, K.C.M.G., 8,
Victoria-chambers, Victoria-street, London.
Victoria. — J. Cashel Hoey, Esq., C.M.G., Secretary, 8,
Victoria-chambers, Victoria-street, London.
Tasmania. — The Emigrant and Colonists' Aid Corporation
(Limited), 25, Queen Anne's-gate, Westminster.
New Zealand.— Sir Francis Dillon Bell, K.C.M.G., 7,
Westminster-chambers, London.
Cape Colony, South Africa. — William C. Burnet, Esq.,
10, Blomfield-street, Finsbury-circus, London.
• Natal. — W. Peace, Esq., 21, Finsbury-circus, London.
40 Advice to Emigrants.
CHAPTER VI.
SIMPLE HINTS FOR PRESERVING HEALTH.
1. The Ventilation of your House. — Plenty of fresh air
is necessary for the proper action of the lungs and for the
blood. Ventilation means the art of supplying fresh air
without draughts. If you have only one room, always
open the window and air the room well beforo going to
bed, particularly if you have been smoking. During the
greater part of the year the window may be a little open
all night if you have the means to give yourself and wife
and children plenty of clothes, but do not let the air blow
upon you. If you feel the draught too much with the
window open at the top, nail a piece of weod, placed
slantingly, along the top of the window and reaching three
or four inches above it ] open the window about one or two
inches, and the air will strike against the slanting piece of
wood as it enters, and be directed towards the ceiling or
will not be felt. If you have any fireplace which you do
not use in the summer, never stop it up ; the chimney is a
good ventilator ; also, never close the regulator if you have
one in a grate.
2. Cleanliness of your Rooms. — The air of a room can
never be pure if the room is dirty. Uncarpeted rooms
should be carefully swept every day, but not washed too
often, as wood or bricks both absorb and retain water for
some time, and make the air damp and cold. Wash in
warm, dry weather, when the windows can be fully opened.
The greatest impurity is, however, often given by the
bed or furniture. Take great care that these are wiped
and kept clean ; all the bedclothes and mattress should be
fully exposed to the air for an hour every morning, and
the blankets should be shaken.
3. Cleanliness and Dryness about your House. — Do not
allow any heaps of refuse to remain near the house ; the
air cannot be pure if these are constantly adding effluvia
A Few Sir.qjle Ilintafor Preserving Health. 41
to it. The dust-bin is often badly placed in houses, and is
too seldom emptied. Potato -parings, pea-husks, and
remains of food, should either be burnt or put by
for the pig or chickens. All the dirty house-water
should be put on the garden, and not allowed to soak
under the house, as too often happens. This water •
contains organic substances which are fertilising, and the
remains of the soap used in the house is also very good for
vegetables. If a butt can be obtained and the dirty water
poured into it, the garden could be watered from time to
time. Take care that the rain from the roof does not soak
under the house, or cause dampness of the walls.
4. Hints on the Water yon Use. — If you have to fetch
water from a distance and to store it in your house, never
keep it in buckets or open pans. It is sure to get foul ;
, dust falls into it, and it will absorb substances from the
' air. Wood also gets soft, and may make the water impure.
Put it into glazed earthenware or stoneware jars with
covers — these jars are cheap and strong — every now and
then throw out all the water, and wipe the inside of the
jars with a clean cloth. If the water is from a surface
stream or shallow well, it is probably a soft water, and will
act on metals. In that case do not use metallic vessels
more than you can help. Use iron vessels for cooking, and
if they require mending, take care they are not mended
with lead solder, which the water can dissolve. Many cases
of lead poisoning have occurred from this solder being used.
With such a soft surface-water do not even use zinc pails,
but draw it in wooden buckets and store in stoneware jars.
5. How to Make a Filter. — The filtration of water is
not diflGicult, even if you cannot afford to buy a regular
filter. A simple filter can be made as follows. Get a
common earthenware garden flower-pot; cover the hole
with a bit of zinc gauze, or a bit of clean -washed
flannel, which should be changed from time to time ;
then get some rather small gravel, wash it very well,
and put it into the pot to the height of -3 in. ; then get
some white sand and wash it very clean, and put that
42 Advice to Emiy rants ,
on the gravel to the height of 3 in. ; then buy 2 lb. of
animal charcoal, wash that also by putting it into a jug
and pouring boiling water on it ; then, when the charcoal
has subsided, pour oflf the water, and put some more on for
three or four times. When the charcoal has been well
washed, put it on the sand and press it well down. Have
4 in. of charcoal, if possible. The filter is now ready, pour
water into the pot, and let it run through the hole into a
a large glass bottle. After a time the charcoal will get
clogged, or foul. Take off a little from the top and boil it
two or three times, and then spread it out and let it dry
before the fire. It will then be as good as ever. If you
have a rain-water tank, always filter the rain-water before
using it for drink or cooking, as rain-water often is col-
lected from dirty roofs or becomes impure in the tank.
6. What to Drink. — If you wish to keep good health to
old age, never touch spirits, and only drink one pint or one
pint and a half of strong beer, or two pints of weak beer,
with your dinner and supper. Better still if you can abstain
from beer altogether, and spend the money in more food or
better clothing. Nothing can be better, both for you and
your family, than skimmed milk at dinner and supper. It
is well always to boil it, and a little sugar makes it still
more agreeable. When you have any heavy work to do,
do not take either beer, cyder, or spirits. By far the best
drink is thin oatmeal and water with a little sugar. The
proportions are a \ lb. of oatmeal to two or three quarts of
water, according to the heat of the day and your work and
thirst ; it should be well boiled, and then an ounce ®r
\^ ounce of brown sugar added. If you find it thicker
than you like, add three quarts of water. Before you
drink it, shake up the oatmeal well through the liquid. In
summer, drink this cold ; in winter, hot. You will find it
not only quenches thirst, but will give you more strength
and endurance than any other drink. If you cannot boil
it, you can take a little oatmeal mixed with cold water and
sugar, but this is not so good ; always boil it if you can.
If at any time you have to make a very long day, as in
harvest, and cannot stop for meals, increase the oatmeal to
A Few Simple Hints /or Preserving Health. 43
Jib., or even fib., and the water to three quarts, if you
are likely to be very thirsty. If you cannot get oatmeal,
"wheat flour will do, but not quite so well. It is quite a
mistake to suppose spirits give strength ; they give a
spurt to a man, but that goes off", and if moro than a
certain quantity is taken they lessen the power of work.
7. Food. — Many kinds of vegetable food, oatmeal, maize,
peas, and beans contain almost as much flesh-forming food
as meat, and, when properly cooked, form a wholesome
and agreeable substitute for it. Extravagance might be
avoided and much more pleasure found in food if trouble
were taken to learn how to cook some of these simple
things.
8. Closets. — One of the best kinds ©f closet is an earth-
closet. As good an earth-closet for a cottage as any, is
simply a zinc bucket coming up close to the woor-. of the
seat, and with a handle to enable it to be lifted out. The
wooden top of the seat should be made with a hinge, so
that it can be lifted up and the bucket removed and
emptied from time to time. Very little earth is necessary
if no slops are thrown into the bucket, and the earth can
be thrown in with a shovel. It should be quite dry. In
the winter time it should be dried under the fire before
it is used. The material from an earth-closet may be put
into a hole in the garden, and afterwards dug in as manure.
All places of this kind, as well as water-closets, require
attention and give a little trouble ; but he must be the
most careless of mortals who, in a matter so important for
health, will not give half an hour's work every week to
preserve cleanliness, and really no more time is demanded
than this.
44 Advice to Emigrants.
• Appendix A.
COMMENDATORY LETTER.
Reverend and Dear Sir,
I DESIRE herewith to commend to your pastoral
care and brotherly good oftices, .
from the Parish of in the Diocese of
who is about to settle in
And I certify that
Dated this
It is suggested that any clergyman giving a letter com-
mendatory to a parishioner should copy out the letter in
his own hand, in preference to using a printed fori:a; and
his letter would probably be still more valued, and likely to
be more useful, if it could be written on the back of a
photograph of the parish church or the cathedral of the
diocese, or have such a photograph appended to it.
Appendix B.
PRAYERS FOR THE USE OF EMIGRANTS.
MORNING PRAYER.
In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost Amen.
Lord, help me to pray.
Most gracious and merciful God, I worship Thee with
the lowliest liumility of my soul and body. All thanks
and praise be to Thee for the safety, rest, and refreshment
of the past night, and for the renewed life of another day.
Blessed above all be Thy Holy Name for Thy promises of
forgiveness and salvation, of grace and goodness in Jesus
Christ. Fulfil these promises to me this day, I most
humbly beseech Thee.
Deal not with me according to my iniquities, but be
merciful unto me, and save me from the guilt and power of
Prayers for the Use of Emigrants, 45
sin. Give me true faith in the Lord Jesus, and peace and
joy in believing.
Let Thy Holy Spirit dwell within me, as the Spirit of
wisdom and understandin*;, the Spirit of counsel and ghostly
strength, the Spirit of knowledge and true godliness.
Bless me, O gracious God, in my calling, and enable me
to do my duty faithfully in whatever work Thou shalt be
pleased to employ me. Be nigh at hand to preserve me in
all dangers and temptations. Support and comfort me
under every anxiety, care, and sorrow. Provide for all my
necessities, whether of body or soul.
May I remember Thee all the day, and ever speak and
act as in Thy sight. Help me to be holy and righteous,
charitable and humble, cheerful and contented. Let my
condition be blessed and my behaviour useful to my
neighbours and pleasing to Thee.
. 'Bless all my dear friends and relations, especially
[ ]. Comfort and relieve the sick and sorrowful,
the needy, and him that hath no helper. Let Thy mercy
descend upon the whole Church, especially upon that part
of it to which I belong. Prosper the country in which I
dwell ; and let Thy mercy and goodness extend to all
nations. Hear me, O Lord, in these my prayers and
thanksgivings, and answer me according to Thy wisdom
and love, for the sake of Jesus Christ our Saviour. Amen.
Our Father, which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy
Name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth,
As it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread.
And forgive us our trespasses. As we forgive them that
trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation ;
But deliver us from evil : For thine is the kingdom, The
power, and the glory. For ever and ever. Amen.
The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God,
aud the fellowship of the Holy Ghost, be with us all ever-
more. Amen.
EVENING PRAYER.
Lord, help me to pray.
Almighty and most merciful God, in Thee we live and
move and have our being. Thou, in Thy love, openest Thy
hand and satisfiest the desires of all things living.
46 Advice to £ migrants.
ITS
Through Tliy uiuh^served goodness, I liavo beoii pre-
served ill })ody and soul through another day. Glory and
honour be to Theo for all the blessings of providence and
grace which Thou hast bestowed upon me from morning
until evening.
I am not worthy of the least of all Thy mercies ; for
my sins cry out against me. O that I may ho, truly and
deeply sensible of them, and may confess them huml)ly and
sorrowfully ! I have this day fallen short in my duty to
Thee and my neighbour. I have in many things oft'ended
against Thy holy law. All my negligences and ignorances ;
all my faults and sins are before Thee. Have mercy upon
me, O God, for against Thee have I sinned and done all
this evil in Thy sight.
Give me tenderness of conscience, and produce in me
unfeigned repentance. I would plead Thy promises of for-
giveness, I would put my whole trust in Thy mercy in
Christ Jesus. For His sake pardon my iniquity, for it is
great. May His precious blood, which cleanseth from all sin,
be effectual for the washing away of my iniquities. Through
His merits may I enjoy peace of conscience and peace with
thee, now that I am about to lie down and take my rest.
Thou hast brought me another day onward in my life,
and J am one day nearer to the end. Teach me to number
my days, that I may apply my heart unto wisdom. Keep
me ever mindful of the solemn account I must ere long
give before the judgment-seat of Christ. O that, whenever
the hour of my death comes, I may fall asleep in Jesus !
May my body be laid in its bed of darkness in hope of a
glorious resurrection, and may my soul pass to the regions
of light, and live with Thee in undying holiness and
happiness.
Lord, I am unworthy to ask any petitions for myself
or for others ; yet I would humbly beseech Thee to hear
me as for myself, so also for all whom I love ; for all who
have ever done me good ; yea, even for all mine enemies.
The wants of every creature are known to Thee ; supply
those wants, I heartily pray Thee, according to Thy power
and wisdom and goodness.
rrajjem for the Une qf EmigranU. 47
Pniscrve me whilo I sleep. Thou art about my bed ;
defend me, O God, from all dangers which may happen
to the V)ody, and from all evil which may assault and hurt
the soul. Spare me, if it bo 'J'hy pood pleasure, to another
day. May I awako up to praise Thee and to serve Thee
better than I have ever before done.
Of Thy goodness and mercy, be pleased/ O Lord, to
hearken to these my prayers for the sake of Jesus Christ,
my only mediator and Saviour. Amen.
Our Father, tkc.
The grace of our Lord, kc.
DUIIINQ A VOYAGE, FOR YOURSELF AND THOSE WHO
SAIL WITH YOU.
Almighty God, Who alone commandest the winds and
the waves, and they obey Thy voice, mercifully hear my
prayers, and deliver mo and all who are in this ship from
the dangers of the sea and from all sad accidents. We are
not able to save ourselves from the least misfortune to
which we are liable ; to Thy favour and protection I com-
mend myself and others, our souls and bodies, and all that
belongs to us.
Lord, pardon our sins, turn away the judgment which we
justly deserve, prosper us in our voyage, bring us to our haven
in peace, and grant that we may, at last, reach the and of
eternal rest, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
ON SAFE ARRIVAL AFTER A JOURNEY OR VOYAGE.
Accept, O Blessed Lord, my humble and hearty thanks
for Thy merciful preservation of me during the voyage (or
journey) which is now at a prosperous end. Thy fatherly
hand has been over me. Thy loving protection has been
round about me by day and by night.
O Lord, make me ever mindful of this, and of all other
Thy favour and goodness to me. Thine unworthy servant.
Help me, who have now once again been kept and upheld by
Thee, to show forth my thankfulness by leading a holy and
Christian life, and serving thee faithfully the remainder of
my days ; through Jesus Christ, my only Lord and
Saviour. Amen.
48 Advice to Emujrants.
ON FIRST SETTLING IN A NEW COUNTRY.
Almighty God, who fixost the bounds of our habitation
and blesscst the honieg of Thy people, be mercifully pleased
to let Thy loving presence be with me in my new dwelling-
placa Thou art the God who changest not; hero and
everywhere Thou art the same. Give me sure trust and
confidence in Thee. May I here enjoy Thy blessing which
is life, and Thy lovingkindness which is bettor than life.
Give me courage and cheerfulness, patience and hope.
In every time of loneliness, and discouragement, and
anxiety, may my trust be in Thee. Keep me from
murmuring and unbelief and forgetfulness of Thee. May
I set Thee, the Lord, always before my face. I'hough far
removed from the restraints that may have been about me
in my former home, yet may I be on my guard against
everything that would dishonour or displease Thee. May
I preserve a sense of God and religion in all places and
companies. May I never be ashamed of Thee or of Thy
service.
Prosper me in all my lawful undertakings ; grant me all
things that pertain to life and godliness ; give me health
of body and of soul. Help me to be contented and
thankful in all circumstances. Sanctify to me both the
successes and failures, the labours and the recreations,
which are here to bo my lot. May I not live fot myself
alone, but endeavour to do all the good I can, both bodily
and spiritual, to my neighbours. Above all things, grant
that i may seek first the Kingdom of God.
O Lord, bless and keep me. O Lord, lift up the light
of Thy countenance upon me, and give me peace now and
for evermore, through Jesus Christ my Saviour and Re-
deemer. Amen.
Our Father, Ac.
The grace of our Lord, <fcc.
THE END.
WTMiir xao soiTs, rBiirixBs, obsat qvBXir stbbbt, iiOirooir, w.o.