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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM OTTAWA, - --CANADA TESrS AND SHEUBS TESTED IN MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES BT WILLIAM PAUNPERS, LL.D. [> Director Dominion Experiment Farm* BULLETIlSr IN^o. 47 JUNE, 1004 PcBLUiHIb BT DIEKmOM Of TM HOK. SiDSKT A. FlBUlR, MlNIBTIIk Of AoBICCLTl I To the Honourable The Minister of Agricultural Sir, — I have now the pleasure of submitting fpr your approval Bulletin No. 47 of the Experiniontal Farm series on ' Trees and Shrubs testpJ in Manitoba and the North-west Territories,' which has been prepared by myself. In this bulletin are given the rosulla of a very large number of trials of trees and shrubs which have been planted at the Experimental Farms at Brandon, Manitoba, and at In'lian Head in tho North-west Territories, during the past sixteen years, to ascertnin wliat ?pceic9 and varieties are hardy enough to endure winter in those pr.rts of the Dominion. In the gathering of this information I hav.^ been ably assisted by Mr. S. A. Bedford, superintendent of tho farm at Brandon and by Mr. Angu5 Mackay, superintendent of the farm at Indian Head, who have carefully planted and eared for the specimens and recorded the results of these tests from year to year. In my annual visits to these farms during tho whole of this period I have also taken careful notes on the growth and relative hardiness of the many species under trial, and a summary of all *,ho cxperiencp thus gained will be fouml in this lulletin. The object in view in compiling this information is to present in a convenient and condensed form all the faeta ascertained for the cfinvcnieiii-" and encouriigenicnt of those who desire to adorn their homes with these objects of beauty. The love of trees and shrubs is almost universal and n vhere is it more strongly felt than on the North-west plains where trees and shrubs aro scarce. Until within the past few years large sums of money have been spent annually by settlers in the purchase of trees and shrubs from the East, many of which being too tender to endure the climate have perished the first winter. The information gained from thf testa made at the experimental farms and published annually in tho reports has greatly lessened this injudicious expenditure. VSThile this bulletin has been written mainly for the information of residents in the colder sections of Western Canada, it is hoped that it will also be of value to those living in the East, since any of the species found hardy enoii!.'h to endure the climates in the North-west may bo planted with assurance of success in any of tho eastern parts of the Dominion. I have the honour to be Tour obedient servant. Ottawa, June 29, 1904. WM. SATJNDERS, Director Experimental Farms. 839— li TREES AND SHRUBS TESTED III MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. .t ♦». P years of experience have now been had in the testing of treea and shrub, •t the Expenmental Far,„s at Brandon.* Man., and at Indian Head in the North-west IZa J^T ^^'"''" ^u ^""^ ■ ^"«° '»""'''«' "* 'P"""* »"'! varieties have been il^ WK T*^ ** ^"' anticipated. Much interest is ; It in tree planting on the plains both for ornament and shelter, and improvement made by judicious planting of hardy species about a home is greatly appreciated. Much tim.^ and money havo been wasted m the past in efforts to grow tender sorts, which do not , ivo the severe winters. Th« recommendations made in this bulletin as to hardy treea and shrubs based on long experience, may be received with confiden- It i« hr.,«d th • tho information given wUl result in increased planting in c! ^es. towns „d nir ji,. tricts, thus adding to the pleasures and Attractions of h j life thr. ighout North-west country. Trees and shrubs which have been found hardy at the mental Farms at Brandon and India parts of the Dominion. ruat peri- Head may be safely planted in »laiu,t all ither ACER. Mapub. Tho maples form a very interesting and attractive group, consistin;,' u distinct species, both native and foreign, very few of which will endure the . of the Canadian North-west. The well-known sugar, r^d and Norway maples , succeed so well in the East, have been thoroughly tested both at Brandon and In, iiead by jlanting many hundreds of each sorts in successive seasons, both in sheltc and exposed situations, and after many years of experimenting scarcely a sint spe«:ineii remains. - j h Acer daaycarpum, Ehrh. White or Silver Maple. This is a native of eastern North America, is of very rapid growth and mak <» . shapely, rather open, tree. The leaves are silvery w>^te on the under side. The wood IS bntUo and the branches are very apt to break when laden with ice in winter This •pecics 18 found growing further north than most of the other large growing maples Many hundreds of these trees grown from eastern seed have been planted on the western Experimental Far-is during the past 1.5 years. Only a few have survived and most of these are injured more or less ev „• winter. Several specimens have' however, shown greater individual hardiness than others at Brandon, Man where they have now reached a height of 20 to 25 feet. When seed can be obtained from these treees, young specimens can probably be grown of a hardier type. There are several silver maples growing well at Winnipeg, and at Portage la Prairie there is n group of fine specimens which were planted many years ago near the site of the •Brundon li situated on ths malo 11m of the Canadian Pacific Hallway 133 «.!,. rih'„'i.°'i«f "'n''^^' "?'* }^i *; ""',"*^* "' ^'^^ '**'• 'nl'"" weal >» m Eastern Absi! 6 old passenger station of the Canadian Pacific Bailway. That* tieet ha?* been watched for tho pnst 12 yuars, and on no occasion haa any winter-killing of thn wood leen detected. Some seed was obtained one season from these trees, but it did not germinate. Seedlings produced from seed ripened in Manitoba would probably M hardy in the North-west The seed ripens early and falls from the trees about '? . middle of June. When gathered it should be allowed to dry for a few days, then sown about an inch deep in drills a foot apart. The seed gerruinntes the same season, and the young Bredlin^rs usually attain a height of several inches before winter comes. A. Negundo, I* Box Elder or Mnnituba Maple. This tree is found in many parts of Canada and tho United States. It is a native of Manitoba and of portions of tlie North-west Territories, and when grown from soed ripened in the North-west this tree is perfectly hardy and is one of tho most viilu' able and useful trees for that country. It is a rapid grower and succcl'.I-i well on all sorts of soil, provi(Iu> ;eudor: — ^S'^ulu* ylabra, Willd. Ohio Buckeye, United Statca. JE. hippocaatanum. L. Horse Chestnut. Europe. ja. pavia, L, Bed Buckeye. United States. AILANTU8. Tree of Hkaven. 'Atlantus glandulosa, Desf. Tree of Heaven, China. Tested both at Brandon and Indian Head, but has never survived the winter. AKEBIA. ^^kelia guinata, DC. China and Japan. This interesting climber hns been tried, but is too tender. ALNU8. ALDEn. Among the olders there are one or two hardy species, but most of them are too tender to succeed iu Ihe North-west climate. Alnus glutinosa. Common Alder, Europe and North Asia. Specimens of this tree have done fairly well Loth at Rrandon and Indian Head. Of those planted in 1889, 1890 and 1902 many have proved hardy and have grown well'. This Ux docs not attain a large size. The foliage is glossy an i rntlior liand:oino! Occasionally the wood will kill back a little in the winder, particularly in newly planted sf'^iraens, but usually the tree is quite Isardy A. virtdis. DC. Grern .Mdor. Northorn Iicsins. This, although a native shrub in the Xorth-wcst. has not succeeded very well in cultivation. It was first planted at Brandon in 1890, nnd has generally been hardy there. At Indian Head 'le wood has usually been more or less injured in winter, and sometimes it has been killed back as much as one-half. The species and varieties of Alder which have on trial been found tender are : — A. cordifolia. Ten. Heart-leaved Alder. South Europe. A. glutinoaa imperialis. Imperial Cut-leaved Alder. A. incana, M. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Northern Temperate Beg^ona. A. incana laciniata. Cut-leaved Hoary Alder. A. maritima, M. Seaside Aldor. North America. AMELANCniEE. June Berry. Amelanchier alnifolta, Nutt. western America, Alder-leaved June berry. Saskatoon berry, North- This is a native of Manitoba and the North-west Territories. It is a tall shrub, from 6 to 10 feet high, with a rather straggling habit. It produces a fruit much like that of the eastern shad busli, which is much prized both by the Indians and the settlers. The fruit is used in a fresh condition ; it is also dried for winter use. This shrub grows fairly well in cultivation. A. canadensis nana. A dwarf variety of the eastern Amelanchier or shad busl;. This shrub bears a good-sired edible fruit of fair quality, which hns Icn tested for several years at Brandon and Indian Head, and has been killed back more or less every winter. The ordinary taller variety, so common in the woods in Eastern Canada, has not been tested sufficiently to permit of an opinion as to its hardiness, but it will probably bo equally hardy with the dwarf form. 'A. vulgaris, M. The common service-berry of Europe has been tried for several years, but has not made satisfactory progress. It has been killed back more or less each winter. AMORPHA. False Indico. 'Amorpha fruiicosa, L. False Indigo. This is a small shrub which bears very dark, bluish purple flowers in June. It is a native of Manitoba, and if raised from seed ripened in Manitoba will, in all proba- bility, be hardy throughout the western country. This shrub, when grovra from seed ripened in England when planted at Indian Head, has proved tender. ARISTOLOCHIA. Birthwort. Arisiolochia sipho, L'Herit. Dutchman's Pipe. A native of the United States. This has been tested nt Brandon and Indian Head for the past four years and has killed back partly or wholly to the ground every winter. Where the roots prove hardy this rlimbinR vin« may h<> useful, sg it n!ake» a eoiksiderablo and rapid prowth each year. It has large and handsome foliage and curiously formed flowers much resem- bling a small tobacco pipe. . • . ^^r."^ K ■^ 'ARTEMISIA. Southernwood. Artemigia abrotanum, L. Old Man. Southerawood. Thifi has been tested since 1890 both at Brandon and Indian Head. The wood has been killed back more or less each winter, much ns it docs in the East, but it always produces a luxuriant growth during the summer. A. abrotanum toholskianum. Eussian Artemisia. This is a taller and stronger growing variety than the * Old Man ' with a leas pleasant odor. It has been tested for the past twelve years, the wood usually kills back in winter from one-third to one-half its length, otherwise it is quita hardy. It makes a strong and rapid growth in the spring. Cuttings of this shrub root readily in any moist soil and grow rapidly. At Indian Head a fairly good hedge has been gi'own in a single season from cuttings planted in the spring. BERBERI8. Barderbt. The BaTbcrries are a very upeful class of shrubs, many of which are hardy or nearly hardy in most of the settled parts of the Canadian North-west. These shrubs bear their small greenish or yellow flowers singly or in bunches, which later in the season are followed by red or purple berries, which hang on the bushes all winter. The fruit may be made into a pleasant acid jelly. Fruits of tliC/ ,'oinmon barberry, B. vulgaris, are frequently offered for sale for this purpose, especially in the markets of the towns and cities of Quebec. Berheris amurensis, Kupr. Amur Barberry, from Manchuria. This variety was first planted in the Canadian North-west in 1898, and thus far has not suffered any material injury from winter.' It resembles the common barberry, but seems to be somewhat hardier. B, ariatata, DC. Large Leaved Barberry, from Nepaul and the Himalayas. This species has been tested for the past eight years, and while in some seasons it is killed more or less at the tips during the winter, it may be regarded as practically hardy. It has large leaves and yellow flowers. B, Canadensis, Pursh. American Barberry. This promises well, but lias not been tested long enough to determine its hardi- ness. B. Sieboldi, Miq. Siebold's Barberry. China and Japan. Has been tested both at Brandon' and Indian Head for the past five years, and while the tips of the branches have usually been killed back two or three inches each winter, it makes a growth so strong during the summer that the injui-y is scarcely noticed. B. sinensis, Desf. Chinese Barberry. China and Japan. This variety has been under trial in the North-west since 1894. At first it Buffered from the killing of the tips in winter, but of late years it has been practi- cally hardy. B. Thunhergii, DC. Thunberg's Barberry. Japan. While this species may be regarded as generally hardy, it suffers a little some sea- sons, usually only at the tips, but occasionally the branches are killed from one-third 10 to one-half their length. When tL s occurs, if the dead wood ia out out, the rapid growth of the bush soon makes it shapely again^ This species has been under test at the western farms for eleven years. In this species the leaves are small, nearly round and without teeth on the margins. The flowers are borne singly under the stems, are of a greenish colour and are su acceded by scarlet berries. This shrub sel- dom exceeds three to four feet in height, and its neat box-like foliage, which assumes brilliant red tints in the autumn, followed by the bright scarlet berries which htns on the bush all winter, combine to maLe it attractive at all seasons of the year. B. vxdgaria, L. Common Barberry. Europ". This has been imder trial at the North-western farms for the post thirteen ypars. At first, and especially when planted in exposed situations, it was killed back cou- siderably, but in recent years such injuries have been slight, and it may now be regarded as fairly hardy. This species has fruited in the North-west for several years past, and fro-n the seed ripened taere, seedlings are now growing, which are likely to prove entirely hardy. B. vulgaris p'/rpurea. Purple-leaved Barberry. This handsome purple-leaved variety of the common barberry seems to be almost, if not quite, as hardy as the green-leaved form. It assumes its deepest shades of purple in the spring. It is almost hardy, especiaUy when partly sheltered. The following additional varieties are under trial, but most of ihem arc too tender to be of much value: — B. aquifolium, Pursh. Oregon Grape. Kills to tTOund. B, aquifolium Murrayana. Kills to ground. B. cretica, L. Cretan Barberry. Kills back considorably. 3. ilieifolia, Forst. Holly-leaved Barberry. Kills to near ground. B. Neuierti. Kills to near ground. B. virescens. Hook. Himalaya. Tender. BETULA. Birch. The birches are very graceful in th^ir manner of growth, and among them there are several which are hardy in the North-west. Betula alba, L. European White Birch. Northern Heni':p''»Te. This species has been under trial at the Brandon and Indian Head farms for the past 14 years, and its character for hardiness may now be consiilereu as fairly estab- lished. Some of the trees early planted are n-^"" of good size. In the earlier plant- ings, which were mostly made without shelter, specimens were sometimes injured by winter, but no injury has ''- n noticed for some years past. ^. alba laciniala pendula. Cut-leaved Birch. This beautiful cut-leaved form of the European Biroh is not so hardy as, the common variety. Only a small proportion of the trees planted have survived, but these are now growing and seem to bo hardy. This tree has a fine penduloiis habit, its long slender branches like delicate streamers reach almost to the ground. II B. horealia. Thia Birch ig a native of Manitoba, and ia fomid growing in a few localities along the Aasiniboiue river. The tree ia small anH the foiiai^ is smaller tlian some other varietiea r^' Birch; it grows well at Brando: lut is less thrifty at Indian Head. B. lenia. Sweet BircL North America. This tree has been tested in the North-west for about i a years, and while some of the young trees planted have -^ied, otners have survived, and are growing nicely, with more or less killing back from year to year. B. lutea, Hichx. Yellow Birch. North America. This variety has not riccecded quite so well as the Sweet Birch ; a larger propor- tion 'A the young treea planted have been killed, and the survivors, although making fair growth, have been more or less injuf-ed. This tree somewhat resembles thtt Sweet Birch both in habit of growth and character of foliage. B. papyrtfera, MarshT Paper or Canoe Birch. Canada, United States. Th'. Ce.&oe Birch is a native of Manitoba, and has succeeded well in cultivation both at Brandon and Indian Head. A large numb«>- of , ung trees have been collected on the bunks of the Souris river, Man., and distributed from the Brandon farm among the farmers of Manitoba for test, with go >d results. B. pumila, L. Low or Dwa^f Birch. North America. This species is found native both in Manitoba and the Territories, and whena the soil is fairly moist it succeeds well when transplanted. It makes a pretty low- growing tree or bush, with its small foliage and twigs dotted with white. It is q'lite hardy. Among other varieties of birch which . been tested and found more or loss tender are the folio -ving : — B, alha fcutighta. Pyramidal Birch. B. alba pendula Toungi. Young's Weeping Birch. B. alba pendvUa elegant. Elogant Wr^cping Birch. B. aXba purpurea. Purple Birch. B. davuriea, P-.il., from North 'Asia. B. nigra, L. j~ or Birch. United States. B. occulentalia, S(hA. Canyon Birch. British Columbia. B. populifolia. Marsh, American White Birch. 1 CARAOANA. Siberian Pea Tree. Of all the shrubs which have been brought from other countries to the Canadian North-west none have been so uniformly hardy under all circumstances as the species of Caragana, aV of which fts far as they have been tested have proved perfectly hardy. They are hand-ome shrubs, with beautiful foliage and pretty yellow r°a-shapnj flowers in the spring followed by small brownish pods which give an abundance of ■eed. Tho different species are readily grown from seed which should be sown in tlw IS autumn or early in tbe spring. If well cared for the young seedlings grow rapidly and produce strong plants the first season, which will be ready to plant in position th« year following. Caragana arboreacena. Lam. Siberian Pea Tree. Siberia. This is u large shrub o. smrll tree growing when mature from 12 to 16 feet in height. It has been thoroughly tested in many parts of the North-west during the past fifteen years and is reported everywhere as hardy, in exposed as well as in shsl- lered positions. It has been r.idely distributed from the experimental farms amonjj thousand of settJers and is proving very useful when planted either as single specimens or as hedges. Q. Chamlagu, Lam. From China and Japan. This is a smaller growing species ranging from three to four feet in height. Tl has been under trial for the past four years, and has shown no eridence cf winter killini?. C, frutescena, DC. Woody Caragana. Eussia to Japan. A very pretty shrub rarely exceeding three to four feet in height, handsome both in foliage and flower. The leaves are compound in all the Caraganas, in C. arboreacena they consist of four to six pairs of leaflets, whereas in this species there are only two pairs. This has been tested for the past twelve yea^d and has proved hardy. C frutcscens pendula. Pendulous Woody Caragana. This differs from the ordinary form of the Woody Caragana in its more graceful habit and weeping character. It is also quite hardy. C. fruteaeena mollis gldbrn. Another form of the Woody Caragana which has been found quite hardy at the North-western farms. C. grandiflora, DC. Large-flowered Caragana. Region of the Caspian Sea. This also is one of the lower growing species of Caragana, seldom exceeding a height of four or ^ve i'eet. It is distinguished from the other sorts by its unusually large, bright yellow flowers which give it a handsome appearance in the spring. This also has been under trial for about 12 years, and has never been injured by winter. C. pygmaea, DC. Dwarf Caragana. Caucasus to Himalaya. The Dwarf Caragana is a very low growing form, from IJ to 3 feet in height, with very small foliage and small flowers. It makes a very pretty bush and is attractive all through the season. It is quite hardy. CARPINUS. HoRXDEAU. Carpinus, earoliniana, Walt. (=C americana, Mich.). Blue Beech or American Hornbeam. North America. This has been several times tried at both Brandon and Indian Head, but the tnws have been invariably killed back, usually to the ground every winter, and in the course of three or four years have died. ^ 13 OARYA. IIicKoaT. Carya aXba, Nutt. Sliagbark Hickory. North America. This tree has been thoroughly tested at both the North-west farma, and has invarl- rbly died the first winter after planting. CASTANEA. Cuestsut. Castanea dentata, Borkh. American Chestnut. North America. C saliva, J'ill. European Chestnut. South Europe. Both of these virietiea of Chestnuts have been tried and found too tender, none of the young trees aving survived the winter. CATALPA. Ccuialpa cordifolia, Jaume. Western Catalpa. Wostern Kentucky and Tennessee. C. hylrida, (Teas') Teas' H."biid Catalps. C. Kaempferi, S. & Z. Japanese Catalpa. Japan. Many young trees of each of t?»ese species have been planted at the North-west farms, but in no instance have they survived the winter. CELASTRUS. Bittersweet. Celastrus articulatus, Thunb. Japanese Bittersweet. This climber has beea under trial during the past five years, and while most of the specimens planted have been killed back more or less during the winter, they havo beeji found quite hardy ncir the base, and have made good growth during the summer. It is quite probable that this species may, after a time, become acclimated and useful. C scandens, L. Climbing Bittersweet. Nortli America. This is a handsome climber which is found growing wild in some parts of Mani- toba, and is common in the neighbourhood of Birdshill, a '3W miles east of Winnipog It has been found quite hardy at Brandon, and although some specimens have killed back more or less at Indian Head, it may be regarded as practically hardy there also. It is of eturdy habit and bears small greenish flowers, which are succeeded by clusters of orange-coloured berries. CELTI3. Hackbekbt. Celtia oceidentalis, L. Hnckberry. North America. Although this tree is found growing wild in some parts of Minnesota, it has not been entirely hardy in the Canadian North west. At Brandon it has been tested for the past five years, and while some specimens have passed the winters uninjuied, others Lave been killed back, some at the tips only, others as much as one-half their •'oijrht. At Indian Head the specimens under test have been killed to near tho ground. Further trials are being made with specimens grown from seed collected in Minnesota. The foliage of this tree is very susceptible to frost. 14 CEPHALANTHUS. Burrow Bdsh. Cephalanfhua oeeidentali$. Button Bush. North America. This interesting shrub, so hardy throughout the eastern part of Ontario, is tender both at Brandon and Indian Head, and is usually killed to the ground each winter. CERJIDIPHTLLUM. Cereidiphynum Japontcvm, S. & Z. Katsura Tree. Japan. This is a valuable timber tree in Northern Japan, which has proved hardy in Ottawa. It is, however, tender in the North-west, and has never survived a winter. CLEMATIS. Vibcin's Boweb. In this grroup, which consists largely of climbing vines, there are several which are hardy and useful in uie Canadian North-west. ClcmalU ligustici,^olia, Nutt. Western Cai 'da and United States. This species is found growing wild in river valleys in Alberta, also tlirough the dry districts of central British Columbia. It is a strong growing climber, and ii well adapted for the adornment of porches and verandahs.' It is quite hardy at Bran- don and Indian Head, and has been grown successfully for some years as an orna- mental climber at Calgary. The flowers are small and white, and are produced in abundance, and in seed the vines are quite ornamental, being covered with masses of silky material made up of the feathery tails which spring from the base of the seeds. C. recta, L. Erect Clematis. This may be more correctly classed as a herbaceous . rrenial than a shrub. It may, however, be more convenient to treat of it here. This Clematis die? to the ground every year, and sends up strong shoots in spring, which grow to a height of about three feet, vben their tips become covered with masses of white sweet scented flowers. This h-s proved hardy both at Brandon and Indian Head, and if protected in winter by a mulch of manure or straw, would probably succeed in any part of the North-west. C. virginiana, L. Virgin'? Bower. Canada, United States. This native eastern spi s. which is highly ornamental when in bloom, has been tried with some success at the North-western farms. The wood is not entirely hardy, and is usually killed back more or less in winter, but it makes a viproroiis growth from near the ground and blossoms freely during the summer. The flowers are small, white and fragrant, and the masses of silky seed tails which cover the vine in the autumn gives it an attractive appearance nt that season also. C. vitalha, L. Traveller's Joy. Europe. The wood of this vine has also bean more or less killed by winter in the North- west, but ns it sendi up in spring strong shoots from near tlie base which rtuw very rapidly, the partial winter killing to which it is subject does not rnich les?en its Talue. In this species the flowers are white with a sweet almond scent, but the vino is about two weeks later in blooming than the Virgin's Bower. II 0. vilieella, L. Vine Bower. Europe. In this species the flowers are larger and drooping and rary in colonr from a pale purple to a dull blue, and occasionally are of a dull rose colour. The woo«l of thia Tine is also more or less injured by winter, but the base of the plant and the roots are hardy, the growth in summer is rapid and it sometimea blooma freely before the ■e'ason is far advanced. C. paniculate, Thunb. Japan. C. mnntana, Wall. Mountain Clematis. Himalaya. Both these species hare been tried, but they are too tender to endure the climate. COLUTEA. Colutea arhorescena, L. Bladder Senna. Mediterranean region. This shrub, which is rather tender at Ottawa, has been tried in the North-west, but has invariably died the following winter. CORNUS. Dogwood. Among the many variei;ies of Dogwood in cultivation there are several which succeed well in the North-west. ComiM alha sibiru:a, L.C. Siberian Dogwood. This is a rather handsome shrub, with good foliage and numerous clusters of small wb flowers during tho summer, succeeded by white or lead coloured berries. The bran i and twigs of this shrub, which in summer are greenish or dull reddish, assume a brilliant red colour during the winter which forms a striking 3ontrast with the pure white snow. This has been tested for the past seven years at both the western farms and found to be hardy. C. alha sibirica variegata. Variegated Siberian Dogwood. This is a form of the Siberian Dojrwood with very pretty variegated leaves, which nre blotched and striped with silver This shrub 1\rs not proved entirely linrily, the summer growth has been rather feeble and the wood has usually winter killed to the extent of one-half and sometimes it has been killed to the ground. C. Baileyi, C. & E. North America. In foliage and habit this variety resembles the Siberian Dogwood. It has not, how- ever, showii itself quite so hardy. The wood has usually been winter killed at t'la tips, but not io a sufficient extent to iterfore with its value as an ornamental object in the shrubbery border. C. alolonifera, Michx. Red Osier Dogwood. North America. This shrub is found native in Manitoba and the North-west Territories whc-fi it grows freely in ravines and coulees. Its foliage is good and its form attractive. The flowers are white and borne in flat clusters, succeeded by white berries. A very nice hedge may be made of this dirub by growing young plants in the garden from the seeds in the berries and planting them out when two jeara ulil in a single row a foot apart. They may also be transplanted from the woods. In thi? species the brunclies also became quite red 'a i! j v.luter,but they do not assume ,3 brilliant a colour aa those of the Siberian Dogwood. 1< The varieties of Corntu which have he« i tried at the Korth-wett famu and found tender are : — C. alha tibirica elegant{$$ima. C. alba $ibir%ca Spathii. Golden-leaved Dogwood. See Plate III., fig. 1. C. amomum. Mill. Known also aa C. $ericea, L. North America. * C. tanguinea, L. Bed-Branched Dogwood. Europe. The two first named Lave usually killed outright the first winter, while the two latter have gcnerolljr had their wood killed back one-half, and frequently to neat the ground. CORYLVS. Hazel Nut. The two species of wild hazel nut found in Eastern Canada grow plentifully in Manitoba and the Territories, and when young bushea are transplanted to the shrub- bery or errown from nuts they make very shapely specimens Corylus americana, Walt. Common Hazel Nut. North America. This is much the commonest species, and la found in abundance in many parts of the North-west. In this species the nut is not entirely covered by the husk, but shows through at the tip. C. ro8trata. Ait. Beaked Hazel Nut. Noith America. In this species the husk or covering of the -.at is much l)nger, and not only entirely covers the nut, but extends considerably beyond it, becoming beak-shaped at the tip. Both these species are quite hardy in most parts of the North-west. COTONEASTER. The Cotoneasters are handsome shrubs, of which quite a number are being tested. Three of these appear to be quite hardy, both at Brandon and Indian Head. Cotoneaster acutifolia, Turcz. Sharp-leaved Cotoneaster. Mongolia. This has been under trial at the North-west farms for six years, and only once during this period, in 1900, has it been at all injured by winter, and then it was only killed slightly at the tips. The bush is compact in form and the leaves glossy and pointed. It blooms freely in the spring, but the flowers are small; later in the rieason the bush is ornamented with black berries. C. integerrima. Medic. Common Cotoneaster. Mountains of Europe. This has been under trial for the past seven years, and has proved entirely hardy. In this species the leaves are more rounded and less glossy ; the bush is also more open in habit. The flowers are small, but the berries are red; they are produced in abund- ance and hang on the bushes all winter. C. tomentosa, Lindl. Alps. In this species the leaves are downy on the underside; they are pointed but not glossy. The bush ha? an upright habit of growth, and the berries are bright red. These shrubs are not only ornamental when grown singly, they also make very nice hedges. For this purpose the young bushes two years from seed should be planted a foot apart and trimmed once or twice a year to make the growth compact -^HH ' [fuiTi IT.J [IU'ii„ 47.1 1.— SriRAKA Van Hoitte. 3.- VlBLKNlM DBNTATIM. 5. — El.AKAIlNlS ari;kntka. [Plu)tos. liy C. K. SumidtTs. 2. LoNicKiu Tatakica ai.ha. 4. LONKKKA Al.llKllTI. 0.— Svhinua vi'li;akis 1)k. Maillot. ■wn^^^^m^fTTf ■PWIW^^FBWWf^W ■# - ,1 m'-'iv^T^ ^l^n . . »Il"r3!»¥-«!?- 17 They tre all euilj grown from leed, bat frequently th« Mtd doet not germinate untU tlie lecond leaion after Mwing. CRAT^OUS. Hawtiiorx. Thero are sereral ipcciea of thorn which have proved u«< t> additions to the collections of Bhruba at the North-west farms, as they are both u. .actire and hordy. ^ Cratmgu* chlcrosarca, Maxim. Manchuria. This thorn ;s also known under the name of C. sanguinea Schroedcri. It bears i pinkish white clusters of blossom in spriug, and is very hundsonio when in bloom. Its red iKsrricm 'n the autumn are also omainoutal. Thiti species has been under tri.ii for the past six or seven years, and olthough it has oa one or two occasions been slightly injured in winter at the tips, it may be regarded as practically hardy. C. eoccinea, L. Sc>*rlet Haw. Canada, Eastern States. This handsome species, so common in fields in the East, is also found native in Manitoba, and its wb clusters of bloom in the spring and later its bright scarlet fruit, are frequently k>:en in the coulcee and ravines where native shrubs find tshclter. It is found from Winnipeg to near the Bocky Mountains. At both the western farms this has been test made strong growth and been quite hardy. At Brandon the specimens are some- what smaller, but they have wintered equally well. C. tanguinea. Fall. Siberia. This species has also stood the North-west wirters well for the past five or six years. It has grown quite vigorously at Brandon, and some specimens have attained a height of four feet at Indian Head. There are several other species of thorn under trial, some of which will probably prove hardy. The common English hawthorn, also the double red and double whitu Torietiea have been tried but these are all too tender for that climate. CYTISUS. Broom. In this interesting family of low growing and free blooming shrubs there are several species quite useful for cultivation in the North-west. While their wood is not entirely hardy it is usually hardy towards the base and the roots pass the winter uninjured. In the spring rapid growth takes place from those parts of the brouehps which have escaped injury, the bush soon assumes a shapely form, and is covered with flowers later in the season. Cytisua capitatvs, Jacq. Europe. Quite a number of specimens of this species are now growinp; both at BrandoM and Indian Head. A seven years' trial has shown that they are usually killed at the tipa, and sometimes to the extent of one-hali. Occasionally they are killed to the pround, but they make new growth from the base and the bushes are covered with their yellow pea-shaped blooms before the season is over. 839—2 ESS? w»^j-'T T. ^ ^ ,^-*>yg E Mt T ' j i'if;">:^w"j *.^Am.i r» 18 C. purpureut. Scop. European Alps. In this species the flowers are purple and are borne in abundance. Althougrh this ia probably not quite so hardy as C. capitatus. it makes a very handsome bush when in flower, and although it may be killed to the ground in the spring, it usually flowers well later in the season. The following species have also been under trial for several years, and although they appear to be somewhat less hardy than those above named they may serve a use- ful purpose, especially in sheltered spots : — C. hirsuius, L. . C. nigricans longispicatus. C. sesailifolius, L. These all have yellow flowers. DEUTZIA. The Deutzias are very beautiful shrubs, especially when in bloom, but unfortu- nately none of them are hardy enough to endure the winter in the North-west. The following species have been thoroughly tested and they have all been winter killed. Most of the Deiitzias have been brought from Japan or China. Deuizia gracilis. S. & Z. Beulzia gracilis variegata, Deutzia Fortunei. Deuizia hyOrida Wellsii. DIERVILLA. Weioeua. The Weigelias also are mostly Japanese shrubs which have seldom proved en- tirely hardy at Ottawa. One of the hardiest varieties in the East is Di florida Sicholdii. but this on trial has boon -found too tender fnr the Xorth-west. There is a native species of Diervilla, which although much less beautiful than the Weigelias is well worthy of cultivation. Diervilla Lonicera, Mill, also known as D. trifida. This species is reported by Macoun to be a common native shrub from the island r.{ Anfionfiti in the oast to thn Red Drcr River in tlio North-wost. It is fnvind ' in dry, rocky fields, along fences in dry thickets, and also along the gravelly banks of rivers,' The specimens tried in the North-west have been nursery grown and imported from Europe. These have proved hardy in some instances, but in others they have been killed bark one-half and sometimes to the ground. They innke, however, a vlRorone growth from the roots and produce their yellow flowers in terminal clusters later in the season. If this shrub were grown from seed produced in the North-west, it would in all probability be entirely hardy in cultivation. EL/EAONVS. Olive. The shrubs or small trees belonging to this genus are very ornamental. The foli.ige and fruit is of n silvery white— the flowers are small and yellow, fragrant, and produced in great abundance. 19 aiaagnua angustifolia, L. Bussian Olive. Europe. The ordinary European form of thia tree comes from the Mediterranean region land tlie Orient. Obtained from these sources, this shrub is usually tender in the j,*North-west, but there is a hardy form, apparently of the same specieS, which has been 'HTOught from the northern parts of Eussia, and specimens obtained from that source are quite hardy in the Canadian North-wtst. • ilany of the specimens tested at Brandon and Indian Head were grown from peed ripened at the Experiment Station, Brookings, South Dakota. These have made satisfactory growth and are quite hardy. The Russian Olive can also be grown from *uttings, just as currants are grown, from short pieces of the wood of the previous year. _E. argentea, Pui'sh. Wolf Willow, Silver Berry. North America. This pretty shrub is found in great abundance in many parts of Manitoba and V\je North-west Territories. In its wild state it is usually of small growth, has a ttraggling habit and sends up suckers freely. It frequently grows in large patches, which when in bloom in the spring fill the air with their fragrance. In cultivation, Jt makes a bushy and handsome specimen, (see Plate II, tig. 5) which with its shining iilvery foliage is a striking object on a lawn. It has, however, the objectionable habic pi suckering. For this reason, it is not suitable for a cultivated border, but on a grassy lawn the underground roots can seldom force their shoots through the sod. This shrub is entirely hardy in cultivation. The following species have been tried and found too tender : — E. macrophylla, Thunb. China and Japan. E. multiflora, Thunb. China and Japan. This latter species is also known as Elmagnus edulis. EWNYMUS. Spin-dle Tree. Most of the species forming this group are shrubs which bear small greenish powers in the spring, succeeded later by scarlet berries. None of the species yet tested are entirely hardy in the Canadian North-west. Buonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning Bush. This species, which is a native in western Ontario, has been tried for the past seven or eight years both at Brandon and Indian Head. In every instance the wood has been killed back more or less in winter, sometimes one-half and occasionally to near the ground. Under such disadvantages this shrub does not make much progress. E. euTOpmue, L. Common Spindle Tree. Europe. The European Euonymus has also kon tried with similar results, the proportion of winter-killing usually ranging from one-half to three-fourths. A Russian form of the European species which was introduced many years ago by Prof. J. L. Budd, of Iowa, under the name of Russian Euonymus seems to be no hardier in the Canadian Korth-west than the ordinary form. E. nanus ohovatus. This is a species from the Northern Caucasus, which has been tried, but fnund no hardier than the two previously referred to. E. linearis is also imdor test, but has not been grown long enough to determine I its position as to hardiness. 330— 2i 20 f i EXOCHOBDA. Exochorda grandiflora, Lindl. China. This shrub, which makes such a handsome and free flowering specimen in the Niagara district in Ontario, has been tested at Brando"., but has never survived a winter. FAGU8. Beech Neither the American nor European beech has been found hardy enough to en- dure the winters in the North-west country. Both have been tried several times during the past twelve years, but in no instance have they survived a winter. FRAXINUS. Asii. Fraxinus americaniis, L. White Ash. Nortli America. The limits of distribution of this species in Canada is given by Maeoun as from Cape Breton, N.S., in the east, to Owen Sound, Ont., in the west. Several hundred spooimens of white ash trefs of different ages have been tried during the past fourteen years both at Brandon and Indian Head, and a very large proportion of them have gradually died from successive winter killing. The few survivors appear now to be almost hardy, occasionally specimens will be killed back more or less, while in other seasons they appear to pass the winter uninjured. F. pcnnsylvanica, Marsh. Red Ash. North America. This species is found native in Canada over a very large area, extending from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to the Red Deer River at the head of Lake Wlnnipegosis, Lat. 53. The red ash has been planted in considerable numbers at both the western farms, the young trees sent tliere having been grown in the east. A large proportion liave lived, and when once well established they appear to be quite hardy. If grown from seed ripened in the North-west they would no doubt be hardy from the beginning. If the branches of this tree are trimmed up so as to expose the bark of the trunk to the action of tl»c sun, it is liablo to sunscald, which sometimes seriously interferes with its growth. F. pennsylvanira lanceolata, Sargent. Green Ash. The green ash is also a very widely distributed species. It is common from Ontario to Fort Ellice in the North-west Territories, and is specially abundant in river valleys. It closely resembles the red ash, and both sorts are readily grown from seed. Large quantities of these trees have been grown at the western experimental farms from seed collected in the river valleys in the Territories. They have been grown to form wind breaks on the farms, and have been distributed in large numbers among farmers. All the trees from this source have been found quite hardy ; they are, however, slow growers. F. nigra. Marsh. Black Ash. Canada, United States. Tlie black ash is found native in Canada from Anticosti to Fort William on the western aide of Lake Superior, also on tlie Nepigon river and on the east side of Nopi- gon Lake. Young trees of this specie^ imve leen repeate ily sent from Ontario to the western experimental farms, but only a small proportion of them have survived. Some which have lived through several winters have gradually reached a fair degree of hardiness. Much better success has been had with young trees brought from Fort Wiliam on Lake Superior, such li.o with yellow flowers. L. aracilipes, Miq. Japan. A shruhby form of small size, with pink flowers and small leaves. Hardy. L gluuca Hill. A glaucous-loavod climbing honeysuckle found in the United States' and Canada, a climber with yellow flowers. This species is .-ntc ornamental and very hardy. L. hirsuta. Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle. A bushy shrub with orange yollow flowers found in Canada and the Unitpd States. Hardy. Loniccra Maacki, Herd. Maack's Bush Honeysuckle is a pretty species and a very hardy form. This is a n.-.tive of ilanchuria, is a very free bloomer and thn flowers are white. L. Morrowi, A. Gray. Japan. A shrubby species which boars white, or yellowish wliite flowers in great profusio i. Hardy. L. ollonoifolia, Hook. INorth America. A native species found in different parts of Manitoba. Hardy. L. Sihirica. Another hardy bush form ; a free bloomer and desirable. L. n,i>rcchtiana, Kegel. A bush honeysucklo from Manchuria, with white or yellowish^ white flowers. L. tatarica, L. Tartarian Honeysuckle- L. tatarica alha. (See Plate II, fig. 2.) L. tatarica elegans. L. tatarica grandiflora. L. tatarica splende- ' These are all large growing shrubby forms of honeysuckle, originally from Siberia, which are very ornamontal. They flower profusely in the early spring ar.d the flowers vary in size in the different forms, they also vary in colour from white, through shades of rose to red, and are very hardy. L. Xylosteum, L. Upright Fly Honeysuckle is a hardy European sort, with small creamy white flowers. Among the varieties of honeysuckle which have been tested and found tender in the North-west are L. periclymenum, the fraprnnt EnKi'-l\ Iloneysuokle, and L. Kcrnpervirens, the Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle, both -ery desirable climbers. Thesa Lave been tried s«>veral times at both the N-rth-wcst farms, but have not survived. L^GIUM. Mathimony Vise. Lycium Chinense, 7Jill. Chinese Matrimony Vine, China. This is a robust growji^g woody vine which sends up new shool from the base every year which grow to a heiglit of 6 or 8 feet, and bear along the greater part cf their leuKth purple flowers followed by brilliant red berries -.vhicli adorn the vines until winter. Although they are liable to kill to near the ground in wintor in tho North-west, they send up vigorous shoots in the spring which flower and fruit well during the summer. u L. europoBum. L. Matrimony Vine. Mediterranean region. The European Matrimony Vine resembles the Chinese much in !»« J»^»* °' droop from tiiis to the ground. MENISPERMUM. Moosseeb. Menispermum camdense. L. Canadian Moonseed. North America. The Canadian Moonseed is a woody climber which in the ^orth-west is usually killed S the ground in winter, but sends up shoots from the ^asem the spring wh^ch grow rapidly and attain a considerable height before the season closes. The roots are thick and woody, the flowers small, greenish yellow. Jlf. Dauricum, DC. Siberia and China. This is another member of the same family; it closely resembles the Canadian species, but is perhaps somewhat hardier. MOBVS. M'lLBERRY. The only necies of mulberry likely to succeed in the Canadian No'-th-west is the EuJan iulber.y Morus hylridum. This has been thoroughly tested both at Brandon and Indian Head, and has failed owing to lack of hardness. XEILLIA. Ni-NEBAnK. Nemiaopulifol{a.-B.&Ii. Ninebark. North America. ThU was formerly grouped with the Spir^as and known as Spima opuhfoha It is native in the western part of Ontario, and in the North-west is usual y It IS nauve "^ ^"" » shapely shrub which produces m the Slt'r^ f S-wllrw:rs,%u;'cJcdedry'purpli.^ seed pods. In four^n spring ciusicrsoi suffered from winter, that was in 1900 when S"w rl: Sdta^k tm one^Lrter to one-half its length. At Indian Hend k irW 4ted for the same period and has also been quite hardy except m 1900. when it was kiUed back about one-half. N opuUfolia aurea. Golden-leaved Ninebark. ' This is a golden-leaved variety, which is very handsome and ^^^''^tive, especially in tie sprng when its golden hue is brightest; later in the season the golden tint r^S more or kss becoming yellowish green. This seems to be quite as hardy as Se orSIry Un for^. Both sort, have been tried for many years and have never been injured by winter except in 1900. C^THYA. Hop noK.vBEAsr, Ironwood. 0,tryavirgimca.\rAU. Ironwood, Kcth America. The Ironwood is found in many parts of Eastern Canada and the Umt^ed States^, extending as far west as Minnesota. pans oi j:.iirn-iii vyuiiuv.- -..V* — „„ __^ Many specimens grown in the east have been [PlATl III.] [Kott. 47.) Il'lintos. by r. K. KaiiniliTs.] 1. CdI.HKX I.K.WKIl l)ni;«C)(ll). 2. WillTK !S|>11I ( K Hk1ii;K. lillAMUlN. :t. Si I'KlllMKMiKNTS llorSK ANIl liAltN, I'.KANllON. 4. SaI.IX IIIU 1V.KN.~IS llKIMiK, HltANllON. 5. Avt.MK, Dakota C'iittonwodd, Inihax Hkad. 0. Ankxik, Maxikiha Mai'I.k, Imhas IIkak. k! I 1 ; ^ 25 planted both at Brnndon and Indian Head, and they have uoiudly hem killed back more or less every wiuU-r, sometimes iit the tip^ only, m other times haU way or to near the base, and occasionally tliey have been injured so nuK.h as to cause their death. Some young trees grown from seed ripened in Minnesot:i have proved con- siderably hardier and have come through the pu^t thic,> or four winters almost uninjured. Young trees grown from eastern seed are too tender for thr North-west climate, but if grown from seed ripened in Minnesota it is probable that they will, as a rule, prove fairly hardy in sheltered situations. PEllli'LOCA. Periploca graeca, L. Tlic Greek Pcriploea. Soutli-eastern Europe. This is a deciduous twining woo>ly \ine found in many parts of Europe. It has been tested in the Xorth-west for tlie past five years, and although it i- killed to the ground each winter, it usually makes a fair growth of young shoots during the sum- mer. The foliage of this vine is handsome, the leaves being ovate in form and from three to four inches in length. PIIILADELPIIUS. Mock Orange. These shrubs arc also known under the name of Sweet Syringa, although the term Syringa properly belongs to the Lilac. There are many different sorts of Mock Orange or Philadelphus, all of which produce in spring white flowers in great abundance. Some of these have a strong perfume nsembliug that of the orange blossom, whilo ethers are almost odorless. When in bloom these shrubs are quite an ornament in the shrubbery border. In the North-west they are all too tender to be grown with success, unless the branches are bent down and well covered with soil; without such protection they very seldom produce any flowers. Some seasons the wood is killed to the extent of one^ third to one-half; at other times it is killed to the ground. The roote, however, are hardy, and strong shoots are sent up in the spring which make gOt)d growth during the summer. During the winter of 1901-fi two of the varieties under test, which are probably a little hardier than the other forms, passed through the winter at Brandon with less than the usual amount of injury and P. deulziar/lonis and P. grandiflorus each pro- duced for the first time a few flowers. By giving these shrubs the protection referred to by covering them with soil or by wrapping with straw or covering with a box, they may be so far preserved as to admit of .their flowering to some extent. Most of the varieties have been under test for from six to sixteen years. The following are the sorts which have been under trial : — Philadelphus cordif alius, Lange. Heart -leave 1 Philadelphus. P. corouarius, L. Mock Orange. Asia, P. coronarius foliis aurcis. Golden-leaved Mock Orange. P. coronarius tmna. Dwarf !Mock Orange. P. deutziteflorm Deutzia-flowered Philadelphus. P. gordonian ■: Lindl. British Columbia. Western United States. P. grandiflorus, Willd. Largo-flowered Philadelphus. Southern United States. P. hirsutus, Nutt. Oregon. P. hyhridus Lcmoinei. .Boulc d'Argeut. P. inodorus speciosus grandiflorus. P. Ki'tderii, ft. pZ. Double flowered Philadelphus. P. Salsutni, Siebold. Japan. PLAT AN vs. Plata nu$ occidentalU, L. American Plane Tree, Buttonwood. 'J lis beautiful tree, which succeeds so well in Eastern Ontario, will »»ot «j;"" the climate of th-. North-west. Some hundred- of specimen! have been panted ftt Ihe tirwcstcrn farms! under diflFeront conditions as to shelter, but none of them have ever survived the winter. POPULUS. Poplar. The poplars arc a most useful family of trees in the North-west, for the reason that so many o7 them are perfectly hardy, they also grow very rapully and soo,. mako des ral-lc she Jr. In Plate iv. fig. I. a ^roup of poplars is .hown |u the Arboretum a. I^d on Head. They arc al.o easily pr.,pagated from cutt.ngs. ihese '""y >;« " ade from he growth of the preceding year ron. 10 to 12 inches m kngth cut off to iea'a "udTeach end aL buried in the soil «o that the upper ^ud ,"f 5^'°- ^^.^^ the surface. Such cuttings generally produce young trees from thr.e to four feet high before the end of the season. Populus halsamifera. L. Bakam Poplar. Thi, is a very hardy native tree which attains a large size as far north as tha MeekenHe Riv rTnd eSures the climate well in all part, of the North-west. 1 ho ieaves are rather large, ovate and pointed, deep green on the upper surface and whn.sh Sw The buds of this tree are cover.,! with a sticky ^mu wlueh has a pleasant b^klmie fragrance. From its sturdy growth this tree does good serv.ce m the shelter belt planted with other sorts. P. halsamifera suaveolens. A variety o' the balsam poplar, said to be more fr^Kraut ti.a.. the common form. This tree has been tried both at Br.-dou and Indian Ile.vl. and found hardy. P. Isrolincnsis, Dippel. This is one of the best of t. . Russian Poplars. It was firet planted at the experi- mental farm arirandon in 1889 and at Indian Head, in 1890. and has shown con- Snued hardiness over since. It is a vigorous and upr.gV grower, with rather lar,o foliage and is proving a valuable tree for the North-west country. P. certincnuis, Hort. Like P. bcroUnensis this is a Russian Variety which i . very ha-V. It has beon under continuous trial for 14 or 1.5 years, and has never shown ay injury from winter. P. dcUoidea, Marsh. Cottonwood. North America. Tho Cottonwood i^ one of the most vigorous and rapid growers of all the poplars. and has probably been more largely planted on the praines than any other specif This s found native in the North-west, and is quite hardy in all the settled parts of Mani oba and the Territories. During recent years a yellow rusv or ^""gus h;is fceurred in many places on the under side of the leaves seriously injurri. the trees rnd sometimes causing their death. An avenue of these trees grown at Indum Head is shown in Plate III fig. 5. P. deUoidea aurea. Golden-leaved Poplar. This is a very attractive variety with golden tinted foliage. It has been tested for 10 or 12 years and has only been injured by winter ouce. which was in 1900 At that time Bcveral were killed back one half at Brandon and others were killed outright at Indian Ilead. ^■P IT P. laurifolia, Ledcr. Siberia. In thu .pccic the learn .comble tho« of th. Utit.! in form. J«l"« 7»^' °^'X* and pointed. It i. very hardy, baring .tood the winters at Brandon uninjured for the past sis or seven years. F. nigra, L. Black Poplar. Europe. The European black poplar has been t«ted both at Br«n,lon and Indian He:«d for the past five years, and ha. not during that time 8ho^^,. any '"J^'y /;;■". ^'"'^'^ Thi8 is also a rapid grower. The loaves arc of a light gnen colour, slightly notched at their edges, and the branched gLcnish white. P. ni(/ra Nolestii. A vigorous growing form of the black poplar, which hai also proved qui'e lu.rdy in the North-wost. P. petrou'il-yana, Sch. This variety has been under trial for 14 or 15 years at the western Experimental Farms, and has proved hardy throughout. P. tremuloiJcs, Michx. American Aspen. North America. So named from the tremulous motion given to the leaves by the slightest breeze. This is one of the most widely distributed of trees, being found from Labr.^.io. in the cast to the Great Mackenzie Basin in the far north-west; it is also found in Alaska. The leaves are rounded, heart-shaped, terminating in a short sharp poii.t. The tree grows from 20 to 50 foot high, and i. very hardy. Oood shelter ^'Ms have been formed at Indian Head by planting young trees of this species five feet apart eac. way. P. wohslii, Schroeder. This is another of the European varieties of garden orgin, which has proved use- ful in the North-west country. It is a rapid grower and makes a handsome tree. Among varieties of Poplar which have proved more or less tender in the North-west ore the following : — Populus alha, L. White or Silver Poplar. Europe. P. alha pyramidalis. Pyramidal Silver Poplar=P. holleana. P. grandidentata, Michx. North America. P. nigra pyramiJalis. Loinbardy Poplar. Europe. P. ntpro letulcefolia. Birch-leaved Poplar. Poll JTILLA. Potentilla frutkosa, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil. This is riithor an attractive shrub with pinnately cut leaves and yellow flowers. It is found in ihe northern pnrts hoth of Europe and America, and is native in Mani- toba and in the Territories. For the past eight or nine years it has been tried in culti- vation at both the Experimental Farms and found entirely hardy. PRVNV8. Plum, Ciierrt. In tl,e genu, Prunu. arc iududed the wild and cultivated form, of Plum .nd Cherry. rru„u.am.ncana. Marsh. Wild Yellow or Red Plum. ^'''^ ^"'"''^^^ .. ^^^^^^. ThU ..ci. is found native tl.rou.WU,e ^^^^1^^:^^ ^^^ also in southern Ontnr.o .n Canada ,,V'!,„"X The fruit is yellow or red. and abundance before the leaves are uUy «P«»J«;!- ^^J f,^""The flavour of the fruit varies nn.eh in different trees loth in f°™ "^J^^Jj^^g'^t. The tree ha. . i, u.,ually plea.: ut, but the skm is ^"f . "' ^ "f ^"nn; of this fruit, of which •preadlng habi- and be.rs l''^S^V"3;,/i'°/rhera i a^^ in d"'''"-"'* '" :t:[:r:i:i^=0lr^^«S^t- o?£e: wher^i^tter European sorU "^'^rofM^r::; Wiy in t^e C.nad.anJ^ra.w^ but^^ul^^^^^^^^^ p. nigra, Ait. Canada Plum. Canada, United States. , ^ , , • The Canada Plum is found wild throughout the greater part of Canada, also .n the Se^sTat"^ Vy be -i Viftn^r Ir^^^ri^S^ rthT^'uSn Ja'rfs found wild in Manitoba, and >« "^"'''^"i 'iw than Pamencana; the fruit aU, of that province. It blossoms about a r^^^^^.^J'^'j;^"'^^^'^- Xr! and in cultivation ripens earlier. The fruit varies much '"/•"f;'<;j°'^,.,",f country The tree is more Ko,th-w.st 10 mature thoi, tot eveTj -»» J^'"" '™' ;°™„„ „f*u>. bet .n,l s?st"ex»a i^rr."iS» r-cit.^ . .« part. ., t,„ west for trial. P.pennsyhanica,-L. Pin Cherry. North America. , ^ >t c r. This species is found through, ut the greater part of f-'''^%^;°'%^°;^S^ to th?Eor;Mountains. In the East it '---J^^^: ^b The fl'owei t S^^:sI^^'^Xl^i.S=^rw"orpf 'SiLs aLi for o^er louslhold purposes. This tree is quite hardy under cultivation. P. pumiU. Sand Cherry. North America. St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, and on ^« P'"^'" J flow Rowing shrub, with a pen- many parts of Manitoba it is quite common. It '! f J^"^ f "^ ^ ^he fruit which Lous habit, having white flowers and «™.-"»J-i'^| J^ty SoSmes th. is usually P-duced in abu^j.o. va^i^^^^^ ,,^ ^^„,^ ,,, pulp 1* very thm and there '« •'"'« ^- ^^^iples are found where the fruit is much the fruit is very astringent Occasionally !«™P'^^ "^. . „ j^ ^lay be grown larger, with a good P-P-^^Voln^ti'g™ " f^^^^^^^^^ in the East, while S;t'ZX:or^S-J^S£r,:^or^-^^t, often have their flower bud. kiUed in winter and bear no fruit TLom grown from loca ripened in the North-w«U produce bloMom buJa wfnch aro icldom injured. The land cherry u quite hardy m the North-west. P. demisia, \\'a\\\ Wistcni Wild Cherry. In blossom and in fruit this much resembles the wild black cherry of the east. I', serolim. but tlie western wild cherry n. «rn in Mnnitoba and the I crntorits sel- dom grows to a height of more than 10 or 12 feet. It is very common. '^^P'-^'^'jy ; ' the northern parU of Manitoba. The Cower, aro white and aro homo n •■«" • uiul the fruit is purpli..h black an.l a-trlnp.nt. Thi. tn. is very ""'=;"-"£;,;r'^^ ,;'';; when in bloom and succeeds well in cultivation. It hns proved quite hardj both at Brandon and Indian Head. P. grayatut, Maxim. Jupaii. , , i i .► This species has not l.e thb seed were sent to tiio westtrn Experimental Farms in 1893, and they have been grown there in increasing numbers ever since and have proved entirely hardy. Pyrus haccala is a handsome ornamental tree in the spring when covered with its white blossoms; also in tho autumn when thickly hung with red or yellow fruit. The fruit varies in size from about one-eighth to three-fourths of an inch in diameter; in colour, through different shades of red to yellow, and in quality, it is sometimes fairly edible and sometimes unpleasantly astringent. The fruit of all these different forms makes good jolly, and on this account is useful to the North-west settlors'. Those native forms are quite distinct from the new and improved types of cross- bred apples, which have been originated at the Experimental Farms by crossing P. haccala with different sorts of cultivated apples. These are hardy in the North-west and li'.rge enough to bo of value for general domestic purposes. There are quite a number of different forms of P. baccata in cultivation, but the differences in them are slight, and as they do not reproduce themselves truly from seed, tliey may be all classed together. The varieties referred to are : — P. iaccatji auruntiaca. P. baccala cerasiformia. P. haccala edulis. P. haccala flava. P. baccata macrocarpa, P. baccala microcarpa. P. baccata sanguinea. All these have been tried in the North-west and have proved entirely hardy P. prunifolia, Willd. This is also from Siberia. The flowers and fruit are both larger than P. haccala, the fruit varying from half an inch to an inch in diameter. The variations in colour and quality are similar to those in P. baccata. This species has been cultivated for more than a century, and is said to be the original of the garden crabs. In tliis species' the calyx, or eye, of the fruit is usually persistent, whereas in P. baccala the calyx is usually deciduous, and drops from the fruit before fully matured. - P. prunifolia has been tested thoroughly at Brandon and Indian Head, and seem* to be equally hardy with haccata. This species has also several horticultural forms, of which the following have been tried and found hardy, but the differences are so small that, like those of baccala, they may be classed together. P. prunifolia conocarpa. P. prunifolia intermedia. P. prunifolia oviformis. P. prunifolia xanthocarpa. P. americana, DC. American Mountain Ash. This species much resembles the European Mountain Ash, but the tree is of much smaller growth. The berries also are brighter in colour and the clusters are larger, while the individual berries are smaller ; the leaves also are larger and bright green, shining above. The leaflets are lanceolate and taper-pointed in the American Mountain Ash, while they are oblong and obtuse in the European species. The American Mount i Ash is a native of Canada, and is widely distributed, being found from Cape Bn ion, N.S., to Lake Winnipegosis, in Manitoba. It is also very common about tlie Lake of the \Voo>l (. Specimens obtained from the neigh- bourhood of Whitemoutli, Man., .and planted at Brandon and Indian Head have proved hardy, but specimens grown from eastern seed have been more or less tender. P. aucuparia, Gaertn. European Mountain Ash. This well-known tree forms an erect rounded head, and in favourable locatiorw attains a height of 25 to 30 feet. It has not been successfully grown in the North- west. Occasionally a tree in exceptional sheltor or at a low altitude will do fairly well and survive for a time, but it cannot be d;'pended on. At the western Experi- mental Farms this tree has been thoroughly tested and has usually been killed back more or less each winter, and sometimes killed to near the ground. The following additional varieties of Fyrua have been tested in the North-west rnd found too tender for the climate : — P. alnifolia, K. Koch. Japan. P. hctulwfoUa, Bunge. Birch-leaved Pyrus. "China and Japan. P. coronaria, L. American Crab Apple. Western Ontario. , P. Mauleij Mast. Maule's Japanese Quince. P. rotundifolia, Bochst. Europe. P. rivularis, Dougl. North America. P. sinensis, Lindl. Chinese Sand Pear. China. P. Sorhus, Gaertn. Service Tree. Europe. QUERCUS. Oak. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Mossy-cup Oak. The only Oak native in the North-west is the Mossy-cup Oak. This is a very slow-growing tree, whfch is widely distribute 1, being found from New Brunswick to Manitoba. In the east it attains a good size and makes fair growth. Along streams and in sheltered localities in the North-west, also on the shores of Lake Winnipeg, some large specimens are found, but in exposed situations further west and north it reaches but a small size, and is known asi ' scrub oak.' On the Experimental Farm at Bran- don some very good examples of this stunted growth are found, and from acorns produced there a large number of seedlings have been raised, which have been planted at Indian Head and distributed among settlers in Manitoba and the Territories. These have proved entirely hardy. Its very slow growth interferes with the more general planting of this tree. The only other Oak which has shown encouraging hardiness is an undetermined species grown from acorns received from Japan. Young trees of this variety have " icn under trial for several years, both at Brandon and Indian Head, and appear to stand the winter well. The other oaks which have been tested and found too tender for the climate are : Q. cents, L. Turkey Oak. South and East Europe. Q. coccinea, Muench. Scarlet Oak. North America. Q. peduncv.hta, Ehrh, Common Eiirnpofi i Oak, Europe. Q, pedunculata fastigiaia. Pyramidal ("ak. 82 BHAMNUS. BucKTUOBN. The Buckthorns are shrubs of which a large proportion have proved hardy in the North-west. Grown as single specimens on .he lawn, they are very shapely, and although the flowers are small and inconspicuous, when in fruit these shrubs are quitj attractive. They are also useful for hedge purposes and are easily grown from seed. Rhamnus alnifoUa, L'llerit. Alder-lcavcd Biicktliorn. Canada, United States. This' is a low-growing shrub from 2 to 4 feet high, which is a native of the North- west. It is quite hardy in cultivation. It has small, greenish inconspicuous flowers, and oval, acute serrate leaves from IJ to 4 inches long. The fruit is black. B. catliariica, L. Common Buckthorn. Europe. This shrub has been under trial for the past six years, both at Brandon and Indian Head, and has proved hardy. The flowersJ are small and green, the fruit black . lul about i inch in diameter. Leaves ovate in form, sharply toothed from 1 to 2 inches long and sub-opposite. This species is usually thorny. B. davarica. Pall. Siberia to China. This species of Buckthorn usually grows from 5 to 8 or 8 feet in height; ;= a largo spreading shrub with stout thorny branchesi. The flowers are greenish-yell- ,v and the berries black. The leaveg vary in form from obovate to narrow lanceolate, and are from 1 to 2i inches long. Hardy. B. Frangula, L. Alder Buckthorn. Europe. This is a strong growing shapely shrub, which when mature reaches a height of 5 to 8 feet. The flowers are small and whitish, the fruit dark purple, about i inch 11 diameter, and the leaves are obovate, entire and alternate. This also is hardy. B. infcctoria, L. South Europe. This is a low-growing shrub, about two feet high, which has been tested at the western farms since 1897. The first year it was .slightly injured by winter, but since then it has passed the winters uninjured. The flowers are greenish-yellow and the berries black; the leaves are ovate, lanceolate, and the shoots'are armed with s-pines, both terminal and lateral. B. crenata, S. & Z., a Japanese species, has also been tested, but this has been found too tender for the North-west climate. B. Purshiana, DC. British Columbia. Is also tender. BHVS. Sumach. In this family many of the species are killed to near the ground in winter, but senci up shoots from the base in the spring, which make good-sized specimens by the autumn, when the foliage assumes brilliant shades of red and scarlet, which make them very attractive. B. Canadensis, Marsh. (R. aromatica, Ait.) Fragrant Sumach. Eastern Canad.i. This is a spreading shrub from four to six feet high, with small yellow flowers in clusters and aromatic leaves. It has been under test at Brandon sinco 1897. Some leasons it has wintered well, in others it has killed back more or less, usually about one-quarter, and in the severe winter of 1900 it was killed to the ground. [Pl-ATK IV.] [Bii.:.. 47.] 1. \Um OK r(ii'i..Mi.s IN .Aiirii.urn M, lMir.\.N He.\I). 2.-liAl.M n!i liranchea and foliage of a dull purplish shade, more or less tinged with red. The flowers are small and of a deep red colour. This bush is effective in a group from its distinct purplish foliage. Hardy. R. ruhiginosa. Sweet Briar. Europe. This well known garden favourite has been tested both at Brandon and Indian Head, but it has not proved generally hardy. It has uaually been more or less injures during the winter, and sometimes killed to the ground. Many varieties of the liardi. st sorts of Hybrid Perpetual roses have been tried. Some of them have been partly hardy for a time, but in the majority of instances they have died the first winter, and in no case have thoy survived more than two or three seasons. RIBES. RASPnF.RRV, Bi.ackberpy, Dewberry. In addition to the native wild raspberry, there are a number of cultivated varie- tios whiph -•li-.-o.-id vvoll in tho TCnrtli-'.vest. All of the nmampnt.il and cultivated forms of the blackberry and dewberry which have been tested have been found more or less tender. 85 SALIX. WiLtow. Among the -willowa tlirre are quite a number of species which are hardy in the North-west, and some of these make handsome specimens. As a family, however, they do not present very much variety. All the willows may bo readily propagated from cuttings. 8alix alha, L. White Willow. Europe. This species has been tested both at Brandon and Indian Head and found quite hardy. The leaves are ashy grey and somewhat silky, from 2 to 4 inches long, narrow and pointed. This tree is a rapid grower and serves a gooorry. Western North Americn. This is a natiTc shrub very common in many parts of the Canadian Xortli-wcsl from the eastern margin of tlio prairici to tlie Uocky mountains. Hu' Uowcrs are pule rosc-colourid and inconspiouuus. The fruit is a white berry borne in chtsters. It lias been gn.wn both nt IJrandon and In.liiin Iliad ami found hardy. Ihis shru'J is compact in its ttro-th and has been used at the K.xperimental Farm at Indian Hea< to form a low (jrowing hedpe around the margins of tlie llowor hcd^ and its neat hatnt has mailc it quite effective. (Sec Plate V, tig. 2.) 8. orhicidatus, Jlocneh. Coral Berry. This is also found native in the NorUi-weat country, and is very plentiful in the neighbourhood of Ediiionton. Alberta. , • . In this species the flowers are ^mall and red.lish, and the fruit dark red in imper- fect clusters. It is very hiirdy. SYRIXGA. Lilac. The Lilacs are universal favourites, and arc beautiful both in tlower and foliage. The flowers are in larno showy paui.les ranj;in,.; from white through various shades of lilac purple and red. In .-ome varieties the flo-.vc r clusters arc pro.luecd so fre-^ly as to almost hide the foliage. Th.-re arc sc-veral different species of lilac in cultivation but the common lilac and its varieties are best known, and it is so hardy that it will succeed almost everywhere throughout the north and west. The f-agranec of tho flowers is sweet and ratiior lu^avy, if bunches <.f bloom are taken into the house ; but -n the freshness of t'.ie garden the odour is delightful. Many of t'lo varieties of lilac seed freely, and where seeding is permitted to excess the shrub is much weakened and the bunches of blo..ni b<.come few-tT and eraaller To ensure %:-rorous growth the withered blossoms should be cut off after their beauty ha? faded, when the shrub will grow vigorously an. as the shoots whieii come up from tho roots of those budded on the conimon lilac pro- duce inferior flowers and sometimes grow so strongly as to erowo a'.d partial y smother the branelu s grown from the bud, unless the undesirable shoots are promptly cut out- whevons if the shrub is on its own roots any shoots proeeeding from it give flowers of uuiformlv good character. Lilacs arc sometimes propagated by budding or grafting them on the privet, but this stock is objectionable on account of its tondernes? nnd lack of vigour. . , • i „„„ This useful "roup of orniimeiital shrubs contains several species and many splendid varieties which are quite hardy in the Canadian Xorth-west. They are all verv attractive when in bloom and the foliage is large an.l of deep rieh sha.les of green, which makes tlie bush an ornament through.nit the summer. The leaves are very free '^°'^F!]"rivon\-nh/ar!i!-. L. The Common Lilac. This was introduced to cultivation in 1597 and hence the lilac has been r: object of admiration among lovers of flowers for more than 300 vears. Tt is a iiatl.c „: Persia .nd ITunsnry, r.nd when plante.-l „, good soil grows to a height of 10 to 15 and sometimes 20 feet. The Common Lilac is too ■well known to need description. Among the earliest recorded varieties of thisspcciM iO is the single white form nnd a reddish «ort known as Syringa de Marley. The firgt of t!ie double sorts of the Common Lilac uhm intmdiico^l in 1870, and in rcojnt years a large numbi-r of vtry hand-omo doiibli' ami single forms have been produced. About thirty varieties have been tested at tl»e Experimental Farms at Brandon and Indian Head, nearly all of which have been found quite hardy. S. vulgaris Charles X. is one of the Itost of the single corts. It is a remarkably frit- bloomer; its largo clusters of rich reddish purple flowers are produced in si- abundance ns to make it n very striking object. The flowers are highly fragrant. Among otlicr sorts witli single flowers of great merit arc : — 8. V. Alha grand ifl'tra, which prodii. ■ s very large trusses of charming white flowers. S. V. Marie Legrai/e, a free bluouicr with large clusters of white flowers ; an excellent variety. S. V. Congo, a very distinct single lilac of a deep shade of pundish blue. Tho flower clusters are of medium size, but so ilark in colour as to bo very striking. Among the double forms of Syrimja vulyaris the following are very desirable :-- .'^. f Alphonse Landlie. A very haiid:'jmo form with beautiful bluish violet il.)W(r« in large clusters. 5'. V. Charles July. Flowers a darK wine red with a pale underside and set in largo, long clusters. One of the finest of the double sorts. *?. V. CunJorccl. In this variety the individual flowers arc very large, semi- do'-ible, pale blue, and proiUu ed in long pniiiciLS. S. V. Dr. Maillot. This is a handsome double form which produces large trusses of flowers of a delie:ite pinkisli purple. (See Plate II, fig. <>.) S. V. Emilic Lemoinc. Flowers very large and globular, of a beautiful rosy lilac colour, n fre>-^~y, of a deep green colour above and paler below. The flowers which appear from ten days to a fortnight later than the varieties of Synnga vulgaris, are of a bluish purple 1 rub producing a feathery growth of branches which arc c.ir- cred in June with small pale pink flowers. It succeeds fairly well at Ottawa, but has proven too tender for the Canadian North-west. TILIA. Linden. Tilia americana, L. Basswood or American Linden. North America. The basswood in eastern Canada is a widely distributed tree of handsome form and fine foliage. Young trees grown from seed ripened in the east have x.o. been hardy either at Brandon or Indian Head. There arc, however, some .latiyr bass- wood trees growing in Manitoba, in the Turtle ilountnin district, and the r..ghbour- hood of Caman, and in some other parts of the province, and trees grcvn from seed ripened in ™y part of Manitoba have proved quite hardy at Brandon and fairly hardy at Indian Head. Tilia vulgaris, Hayne. European Linden. The European Lin.len has also been tried at both tho Western Expenm«ntal Farms but it has usually been killed to the ground or killed outright the first winter S rra'l Tccimens. however, havo sx.rvived in sheltered locations and at Indian Head there ar; now three specimens eight or nine years planted which seem to be quito hardy. VLMV^. Elm. XJlmus americana. L. American Elm. , , , , , x i The Vmericau elm is one of the best and most durable of trees for ornamental x^.Z '..nrnoso. As a strcct tree or for avenura it is unsurpassed, its beauty of lS::tS^^Jt:.£^ou. disease place it in advance of most other trees for su^P P-- I" ^I«»i*-^''« ""'^ '^"-^ North-west Territories it is «« y^^--^" f reo from ^n^^t pest.s. The American elm delights in low. moist and rich soils, am .s from insec pest«. c ^^^.^^ ^^^^ .^^ ^^^^_^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^,^.^^ ^.„ , .^ lr£:uf ' Sicoi^bS: 'it 1« f-nd in the valley of the Red riv. .■ from ren.biua 4i to Lake Winnipeg. It ascends the Assinibolne to its source. It passes by the way of Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis to Ked Deer Bivor which flows into ^e last named lake where it ceases to grow in latitude 63°. On the Saskatchewan it ascends to near Cumberland House in latitude 54°.' , . , j .„.„♦;. Trees grown from seed produced in the east are more or less tender and unsatis- factory, while those grown from seed ripened in Manitoba or the Territories are quito hardy Young seedlings may usually be found in abundance growing under or near brm;ture elms in rivfr valleys in the North-west, and if dug up and transplanted into good soil will grow rapidly, and soon develop into vigorous and shapely trees. (See plate IV, fig. 4.) V. racemosa. D. Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm. North America. This tree is common in some parts of eastern Canada, but has not been found native in the North-west. A large number of young trees of this ^V^^eoieswcrejUnied Tn 1889 both at Brandon and Indian Head. Those planted at Brandon all died within a year or two, while « few of those planted at Indian Head in a small nu^ery where th^y had much shelter, survived, and several of them are still living. These have now attained a fair size and seem quite hardy. As soon as these trees bear seed it is probable that a hardy race of Kock Ebn can be produced. VIBURNUM. Ahrowwood. The Viburnums deserve a place among our most esteemed ornamental shrubs. They are decorative when adorned with their clusters of white flowers, also when in fruit The foliage is handsome and assumes warm tints of 'our in thf autumn. Several of the species are hardy in the Canadian North-w. • can all be raised from seed, but this is slow to germinate. It seldom grow r c second year, and instances are known where germination has been delayed ■ he fourth and even the fifth year after sowing. V^umum lentago, L. Sheepberry, Nannyberry. This species is found in many parts of eastern Canada, and also in the North-west in the valleys of the Red, Assiniboine and Saskatchewan rivers. It varies in height from 6 or 8 to 15 feet or more. The leaves are ovate, pointed, from 2 to 4 inches long and the flowers are in flat clusters, varying from 2 to 5 inches across. The frmt is oval and of a bluish black colour. This is a handsome shrub, which is quite hardy in most parts of the North-west. V. opulus, L. High-bush Cranberry. This species is found in the east as far as Anticosti Island; it is also a native of the North-west, and is very generally distributed throughout the nortlif-m parts of Canada. The Iligh-bush Cranberry attains a height of from 6 to 10 feet or more and makes a handsome ornamental shrub, which i« interesting when in flower and very decorative when adorned with its bright scarlet fruit. The berries grown on the eastern form of this shrub are very bitter, while those grown in the North-xv;cst are pleasantlv acid, without bitterness, and arc used by the settlers for the making of pies, preserves, &c. This difference in the fruit is so mnrke.l as to load one to Buspect' that they may belong to different species. V. Opulus sterile. Snow-ball or Guoldor Rose. This is a well-known form :,t Viburnum opulus. which hp.s been long in cuWya- tion in which the fertile flowers are nearly all changed to sterile, showy ones. A\ hen thi^'shrub i* in full blouni the flowers, %vhieh nre a ?nn,ry ^vhito, form numerous lare- globular heads, which are very attractive. On this sterile variety it is seldom that «ny fruit is formed, and it is propagated from suckers, layers or cuttings. 48 This variety is nearly hardy at Brandon and Indian Head ; occasionally the tips of the branches are injured by winter, and if the season is verj severe they may De killed from one foot to half way to the ground. Vilbumum Lantana, L. Wayfaring Tree. This is an upright and handsome shrub, with medium-sized, strongly veined, bright green leaves, producing flowers nearly white, in terminal flat clusters, which i.rc succeeded by bright red berries, which gradually change until they become nearly black. This is a native of Europe, which has been tested at Brandon and Indian Head for the past eight years. At Brandon it is seldom injuredby winter, "i"' R;^"^- rally blooms well • sometimes, however, the blossom buds are injured. At Indian Head many of the shoots are killed back, but some usually escape inji.fy, so that t lO bush flowers fairly well. Although not entirely hardy, it is so nearly hardy as to be well worth growing. r. dentatum, L. Arrow-wood. This is found native in different parts of Canada from New Brunswick to Ontario, also in the United St.ues as far west as Minnesota. It is a handsome «l'>-»b (SeeP.ato II ..g. 3) of upright and compact growth, with coarsely toothed leaves and flat clusters of' white flowers from two to three inches across. The fruit is m small clusters, nearly round and of a bluish black colour. Although not yet thoroughly tested, it i.s probable that this shrub will prove hardy in the North-west. Other varieties of Viburnum are being tested, and it is probable that additional hardy species will be found. VITIS. Grape. Vitis vulpina, L. V. rtparia, Michs. River Bank or Frost Grape. A vigorous tall growing climbing vine found on river banks and in low thickots which produces sweet scented clusters of flowers, and later small compact bunches Tf round purplish black grapes, covered with a blue bloom. The fnnt is acid and if picked before frost is austere and unpleasant, but after frost it becomes much sweeter and quite palatable. This species is common in Eastern Canada, and is foun.l also in the y;'\Hs of the Red Assi niboine and other rivers. es,K-cially in the southern parts of Manitoba riants S ed from seed are frequently sterile, producing stammate flowers only. In such case^ he flower clusters are unusually large and abundant. To secure fruiting vines yo.n^ ,lf nts shoul.l be raised from cuttings taken from vines known to bo fruit bearing. Hardy both at Brandon and Indian Head. CONIFERiE. ABIES. Fir, Spbuce. Ahics lalsnmca. Mill. Balsam Fir. , ^ , This evergreen has a wi.le native range, is very abundant in Ontario and Qucbej river in latitude 68 I The balsam fir has been tested at the experimental farms at Brandon and Indian Head for the past ten years. Young trees brought from the east have not bean entirely hardy, but when obtained from the neighbourhood of Rat Portage, they havo proven quite hardy. They arc, however, of slow growth. The varicgatoT " trbTS"^^^:"."^^"."" "(^^^^i northern Labrador to Lake ^^'^^^ are f rcquenti; confounded. They may. Spruce in appearance and the *7° ^/^f <='f jff ^^"^ ^i,;^ ^^ shorter in the Black however, be distinguished by ^^^ .l<>"f ^h of *^ «;"^-^^'" ^^ „, linger, and never Spruce, seldom an inch long. -'''^^, y;.,t'>°^VfoftrBlak Spruce a^e ^Iso usually under an inch in length. Ihe "<^^'»- '^"^ '^° ^j^^?;,/'^" „,, ;, l,M to form the groat shorter than tliose of the white variO ^^ j^^'^^^f^^^^^^^ ,;,„her found in many '' ^'t J^;;r Spn.ce also makes a ^^^ h^^t^r ^Z "^'^^^^^i^^ £^^^;^^n./:^r ^='V::;t;S ^ Wi:the XortH^we. Experi-uctal Farms, and have succeeded well. P Fnnrlnmniti. F.ngohn. Englon.ann's Spruce. . , •. T , T ci s grows in abundance in the f^ ,cky and Selkirk Mo.mta.ns, where ,t spcc.es f^o ^^^^^^ sometl.nes four feet in d.a.ueter. Cry^m^'rl^tTre brZ^t f'rom Glacier in 1895 and planted at Indian Head, wh; they have proven hardy. PiV^fl .-.Tf cZsa. Link. NorwaySpri.ee. _ ^ ^ ^j^ Kr.nTir;p.^=. =-r."B=. rna'Snosrs'.,;. ing the past fourteen years. A large proportion of the trees planted have died, but n few have manifested unusual individual hardiness and have survived. The sur- vivors have gradually become acclimatiied and now appear to be quite hardy. They have grown to be handsome specimens, and good examples of this species may now bo found at both of the North-west Experimental Farms. As some of these trees have begun to bear cones, seed will shortly be obtainable from them for sowing, and trees yrown from such seed will probably be quite hardy from the start. Picea pungena, Engclm. Rocky Mountain Blue Spruce. This is probably the most attractive evergreen of recent int/oduction. It is found at high elevations in Colorado where it is seen of various tints of colour frorn a plain green, through different shades of steely blue, some slightly blue while other.s are of a deep, bright, steely or greyish shade of a very striking character. This blue coloi;r in the best of specimens almost disappears in winter, but with the first warm days of spring the lower branches c* the tree begin to brighten, tad a deep bluish tint gradually creeps upward until it pervades the whole tree. By this time the buds begin to burst and the new growth pushes out of a much brighter shade, and this bright colour is maintained until the autumn when it changes gradually to a deep green. The tree has a compact pyramidal habit with the branches produced each year extending almost horizontally, showing more or less distinctly the separate layers of annual growth, giving the tree a storied appearance. The leaves are longer and much stiffer than in most of the other .species of spruce. The blue colour of the foliage is produced by a waxy secretion on the needle-like leaves, a sort- cf bloom which when rubbed is easily removed. The varying shades of colour in different trees results from the relative density and brightness of this bluish bloom. Nurserymen engaged in propagating this spruce usually select seed from the bluest specimens, when a considerable proportion of the seedlings usually show the blue colour more or less strongly. The seedlings, however, vary much in this respect. In Europe this tree is propagated by grafting twigs from some of the bluest trees on younor Norway or white spruce, when the young trees so grown are all uniformly blue. In Europe these grafted trees of Picea pttngens are usually sold under the name of P. Parryana glauca. The Rocky Mountain Blue Sprue? has been under test both at Brandon and Indian Head since 1896. and has pr en quite hardy, see Plate VI, fig. 1 from photo of sp'--»men at Indian Head. For sr,ve."al years the specimens planted made slow growth, and occasionally Awwi ' slight injury from winter, but since they have become well established t*"eir growth has been satisfactory, and for the past si.x yearj they liave shown no indication of injury from winter. PINVS. Pine. There are not many of the pines which furnish satisfactory material for plant- ing on the North-west plains. Since they have but few fibrous roots, they are diffi- cult to transplant, and efforts to grow pines are sometimes unsuccessful for this reason rather than from lack of hardiness. Pinus divaricuta. Bum.-Cours., =P. Banksiana, Lnmb. Labrador Pino, Ranksinn Pine, Jack Pine. This is a northern species with a very wide distribution. Maeoun says it extends from Halifax, Nova Scotia, north-westerly to the Athabasca river and northerly down the ifackenzie river to the Arctic circle. When grown without being crowded this is rather a pretty tree. The leaves are in clusters of two, are rather short, sel- dnin over an inch long, more or less cirved and of n liirlit pcri'en cnlmir. Tt is n:il .-Minditiong as to shelter. It is quite hardy at Ottawo. Plnus Slrohus, L. White Pine. This species has been several times tested at both the North-west farms, but has been found too tender to endure the climate. Most of the specimens planted hnvo died the first winter. The only young trees thus far obtainable have been grown from eastern seed. In Macoun's Catalogue this species is said to occur between Lnko Superior and Wiimipog River around Lonely Lake ; also near Lake Winnipeg. If young trees from these northern localities could be obtained they would in all pro- bability provB hardy. P. resinosa Soland. Red Pine. This beautiful pine is common in eastern Canada, and is known to extend west of the Lake of the Woods. It has been found difficult to procure young trees of this species from northern sources, hence tests were not begun with Red Pine until 1902. The results obtained thus far are promising as to hardiness, but not yet conclusive. The following have been tried and found too tender to endure the North-west climate : — Pinus Laricio nigricans. Austrian Pine. Pinus contoria murrayana. Lodge Pole Pine. Tsuja canadensis, L. Hemlock. Pseudotsuga Doughsii, Car. Douglas' Spruce. Thuja occidcntalis, L. Arbor-vit», White Cedar. This is a well-known and widely distributed tree in Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick, and extends northwards to the eastern extremity of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba. Many specimens have been planted in the city parks at Winnipeg, which have been brought in by settlers within a few miles of the city. This tree is of a conical form with a dense irond-like foliage of a bright green colour in the summer, but which assumes a dull green hue during the winter months. A large number of young trees of Arbor-vitae were planted on the Experimental Farms at Brandon end Indian Head in 1889, but most of these being without shelter, died during the winters of 1890 and 1891. Many additional specimens were planted in tiib«?t•ul'^, iifttr some shelter had been provided, and some of these h.ivc now etood the winters for five or six years, and appear to be quite hardy. The experience gained indicates that young Arwr-vitse trees brought from the east are not usually [I'LATK VI.] [Bcu- 47.] KocKY Mr. BuK Spbuck, Indivn Hkad. 3.— Elbopkan Lahch (Larix Europea). (I'hotoH. by C. E Sauudeni.] 2.— Riga Pink, Indian Heap. 4.— Black Spkcck (Pieea Nigra). liardy in the North-west in exposed situations, hut that they are fairly hardy when planted in sheltered spots. There is little doubt that young native trees from near Winnipeg woulu Do much hardier than thofc brought from the east. There are many very distinct varietal forms of the Arbor-vite. which have also been tcstr.l at the Brandon and Indian Head farms, and the following, when planted in sheltered situations, appear to be about equally hardy with the common Arbor-vitw. T. occidentalia elwangeriana. Klwanger's Arbor-vitje. A variety with dis- tinctly finer foliage and aemi-dwarf habit. T. occidenlalis Hoveyi. Hovey's Arbor-vitw. A compact form with the foliage in largo flat plates which open and close gracefully with the wind. T. occidentalis v nf a def!|t«r bl'ade jI gr -u. Tlw cout;> arc aUn ■ twi^t; the lungtli ol ihuf of the .ximrii an l^rch. !!• .curing .r^'Ui 1 t" U ilK'lu'H in Uiigth : the l.riil»'li« iiinr. nr kuw |)> 'I'lulouii. 'five ri'gulurity and btii tty of it- outliiK- iturinK very *taKi "t ii xrowtli iiLiku- thin frt-e u fuvmirite ubjtct for dwnrativi- piiriioMC!*. (S«v Plati- VI ig. U.) r ilor > fiaUlx it cm lilt U' » ui to ih" hardy in tin- North-west. Out of «'vi oil i iiulri-d juuiig n** pliiiitiil at the North-west famiii ut ditfen-iit tiiues dwriiig tin laat 1- vcurs, only H .' !•>" tVw -.in-MineiH liuve survive*!. Tlwitc, however, wviii I" hiui i . I'.lite lardy nn ..re gro^ iiig well. As -'hii ag s«'<'il ean W- obtained froi- tlve«*- ,;\-cliii iiied trwH it i^ proliabli that a hardier race may Vm' produei'd. Th4 ^ Is anottier v|Kiii.. of Inri'li Uihiwii a- '\ir Moiiiitniii I n h (htrir LiiiUt), whieb may probably provi bardy in eiiltiv atioti in thp Nortli west. Tbi< tri • nn