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•••"ocorr moiuTioN tbt cnait

(ANSI and ISr TEST CHAUT No 21

/APPLIED „M/GE In

rm '653 fast Uo.n StfMt

— Wocn«it«r, Nc« York t4()09

(ne) *a2 - 0300 - Phone
(716) 28a ^ 5989 -Fa,

EXHIBmOH CniCUIAR No. 2.

DOMINION OF CANADA.

DEPARTMENT OF AflRIOrLTFRE.

EZFEBIMENTAL FABKS.

J. H. GRISDALE, B.Agr.,

Olrtcter.

F. C. ELFORD,
Dominion Poultry Hutbandman.

POUX.TKT DlVIUOir.

ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION.

BY
F. f. Kl.KORF).

ABTmCIAL INCUBATION.

Jil MN(i AN I.SCl DATUII.

If more thnn KK) chicks arc wunt»Hl an incubator as a rule will be found ninro
satisfactory ami protitalilc tliaii *ittiiiK hens; hotter not buy an iiunibiitor hi»wcvur, if
you arc not prcparcil to give it proper care and attention and when you buy do not
pet tile ehciipe-it ineuiiator you can pet, simply beeaiise it is elieap. The best is none
too pood, and cheap machines are usually dear nt any price. The first cost is iiiithiiip
compared with the c.\pi>i;isc of kecpinp a poor niacliini> supplied with epps. Buy also
from u reliable tirm and as near home as possible.

How TO Tkm, a (i<H)i) Maciiink.

Nothing but rcsidts arc an absolute puarantee timt a uiachiiu' is pond, but -till
tliere arc certain marks that indicate the probable value of a maidiine for hatchi .p.
The tiist of these isi the pcneral apiH'arance. It .should be well nuide, pood worknnni-
ship and pood material cnterinp into its i-onstriiction. The doors should haiip true
aiwi tit without frietion, the plass larpe enoiiph and neatly puttied or batteiu^d, the
paint or stain applied evenly and the machine should present the api)earance of a
liiii-hed piece of furniture, (iood insulation also is absolutely necessary. See that
the Walls are double and likely to maiiitain a comparatively even temperature.

There are Ijesides the above many other points of more or less importance. The
lamp shoidd have a larpe enuuph bowl to last at least thirty hours, comvenient to till,
easy to take out and reidace, pood workable burner and chimney, the mica openinp so
placed that the whcdc of the flame is readily seen when the observer is standinp, the
heater well insulated and nuule so that it can bo cleaned. A reliable thernu iieter and
thermostat, epp tra.vs that slide in and out without catching and the height of the
machinv should be convenient for working,

TiiK Size to Brv,

As a rule not more than three hatches can be taken otT in one season and usually
two hatches are better, therefore get an incubator large enough to hatcli in two set-
tings all the chicks desired. With an ordinary sized flock, a 12,") egg capacity will be
fotmd more convenient than ruiv double the size. If more acconnnodation is wanted
another incubator can be purchased.

Co-operative TTatciiixo.

A new system of hatching has lately been introduced into Canada, that of custom
or co-operative hatching; usually mammoth incubators are used for this purpose and
61037—1

those who would rather pay a *mall fn- than hatch their own eiwii brinjt them to thesp
niiK-hitu-* uiul <iill for the .'liick* when inciil.iit.-.l. Thi» cimtoii; i* twiiig triiil out in
Homo »»Htion« and ujipuri'iitly i.< proving wtiofuotory.

WllEHE TO PlJWE TIIK I.NCI R\ToH.
A well ventilated eellar with a fairly even teinp^.ratiiie make* a nuitable h-eation
for the ineubator. If thin iit not avuiluble, u ronm in whieh u moilerately ev.n tc-ni-
p.Taturi! can In- niaintaini><l without artiHeial heat will answer. Fresh air i* rnv-es-
^ary but in ailniittinjf it drauBlit* should bi- avoidad.

Opehatiso the Ixri batok.
The operation of the mnehine will be cnnsidere.! under the following hea.ls heat
Moi.ture. eoolinK. turnin* and t.^ting; but it n.u»t be homo in mind that as « rule
the general direet.onx given by the iiiauufaeturera should be follow.^ pretty elo^ely

Plats 1.— Suitable Egs« for Hatching.
All egg. put under hena or In the lncul)ator .hould be of a normal ihape and appearanc-.

at least until they have proven unsatisfactory for local conditions and nnv Roncral
clmn^es should be adopted only when they have proven an advantage bv severaUest '
though these tests may be in a amall way only. One of the reasons why first hatches
often are s,, successful is because rules for operation are closely a,lher.Hl to. but bv the
.me he . ■ tor has run off two or thrc-e hatches he be(?ins to think he knows niorc
than the ma .ufaoturers and makes rules of his own which are sometimes followed by
disastrous results. Therefore whatever shall be said under these various heads is to
be taken m a general way and not to replace direct instructions intended for anv par-
ticular make of incubator, or to help out in case these instructions do not prove in
your individual case, the best. f^ove, m

nnd fbnl!:Ti^'?"f "l^ ^^° ^^"^"^ °J thermometers in general use. those that hanir up
and those that stand or rest on the ejTKS. Usually 102J dcRrees is recommended f,.r
the standing thermometers and 103 for the hanging thermometers.

In «tartiiiir the mnpliiiic run it for »evpriil du.v* without tliu ,'gg* mo »« i,, iii«uri>

U'xxi ri-Kulttlioii uriil wIumi the iv«r. an- put in te>'i Iht- l.-iiii«riitiirc- up ax mh.ii „- |

til'lv. If hutchf» iiri' slow in ooiiiiuT off, taUv the tciniMTnluri' in Miirc<<>,lini{ hntrhi-
aiul vice vpr»a. It ix n troci plnii to havj. an extra th<rni.iiii..|i.r on hiiiKJ in m^. ,,f uti
utoi.li'iit and theriuoin.-tfr-. Khoiiid b.> tfstwl pB<h xpritiK ln-forc tlie iiuMd)atioM «ii-on.

.VoM^frc— f'limatic conditions in most pnrt« of Ciinndu iirc such n« to make if
udvi,al>lc to -luppl.v m(.i-.turc. A relative humidity .pf frr)m ,'.0 to tlO in>i<le ihi- .-air
-uimlMT Kivc^ moHt sati-fnctory n^-uiti. Moi.tur« elieck- the undue ev,i|K.rntioh of
the iWH and as a ruW the m.ir.' ventihition that i- tfiv.n the m<ire moisture will 1m.
required. WhiTe there is no hyirrometer to register the hiiiiiidity a fair in.iieafinti nt'
the proper amount can Ik- nucertaitie.! hy wateliintr the air cell. At tlie tir^t te^f on
the "th.daj-, the air space oujiht to h.' ahout J tho sizo of tiie et'tr and on the If.th (hiy
cl)out J.

Moi-turc can be applied ill n p.in k-neath the ecir tray, or in 'onie nudd's of
machines a wet sponifo can he placed ahovo the hot air pipes with satistnctiun.

Pl-itb 3— Unsulta-jlo Eggg for Hatching.

Ekrs that are long, round, or with wrinkles .iml rUlfteg an .hown In thig plate should bo

digcanlvd when BtlectUnf for incuballon.

As a rule if at hatching time the chick.s are dried up and tlie air space large, too
iiuch ventilation has beeii' allowed or not enough moisture given or both, and if on
Ml! other hand tho chicks are as if drowned and a very little air space is seen, there
'i:is been too little ventilation or too much moisture or both.

Cooling and turning.— Vrom the .second day to the seventeenth, the efcgs should
be turned twice a day and cooled once, in very warm weather thev may he cooled
twiee. No stated fime can he given for cooling, so much depend.s upon the tempera-
ture of the room and tlie ventilation and moisture given. In turning it is not neees-
siir.v to turn each individual egg over but rather to shutfle the eggs and in doing so
werk these at the outside to the centre and vice versa.

rM<in«7.— T'sually two tests are sufficient, one for fertility and one for dead germs.
• ho test for fertility should take place on the "th or Stli day of incubation. At this

ia^Li^-- .^v'"

timi- «» thi* egg* «r«' hoU More ■ light tho infi-rtilc emrn will apprar unifonnly brifht
wbilf thf fertile ofriio will kHow n dark upot with a clouiljr portion aroiiml it. At tb«
M'<-ond t«t whioh i* for tho purpow of dottviiiig the ilt'ud Reniix, an <vir with a li»e
Bt-rm will have the appcurnncp mueh the nanie a* that on the Tth day only the germ
will appear Inrjrpr and darker, probably one-half of the ing will aprKmr ilark ami the
nir ipaee will be liirjfer. Tho deiid (rerm may not ap|N'ar iiiiieh Innrer than when
Men at the Hwt tent whieh wmild iiiilieate thnt it hiid not grown a* the othem hiid, it
aUo may hv utuck to the uliell and look like a retl itrrak or, a« it in railed, a blood ring.
All of thew »houlil U' di•l•n^l«l a* they will not develop into chirk*.

Prnctire only will imike one perfect in fe«titnr and it i« n go-nl plan to eraek an
egg oera-ioniilly to nee whiit in inside and if you are not Hiire whether the germ i«
alive or nut iitnl ilo not wiint to hn-iik the epg. iiinrk it io that you will know what it
looked like, when you *ny whether it hatches or not.

(ioon HuKKIitV. StiK'K.

The ineuhator is often blumcil for poor rui>ults for which it i» not renponnible.
Tlic t'llK* from brj-eding stock that are lacking in vitality will never give HHtisfa<-tor>
results in the inrubator and what few chicks iire fortunate enough to get out of the
nhi'll are almost sure to die in the briHid. r. The first essontiul then of a gooil hutch
is to have heulthy vigorous bre«tliug birds. To this enil sec that tho egga ur<> well
fertilized, guthcrc-d pro:uptly and set us fresh as possible.

Tmstis Worth Hkmimiierim!.

(innd healthy breeding stock is niore than hiilf a -itcccssfiil hatch. The fresher
the cfir the lietter ihr ehmn'e of a (food liiilcli. I 'o not lit broody liiiis sit nii ibo en(fs
bifore Ixiug nathereil nor allow the c^rgs to become chilled. If eggs have to be kept
several days before incubation it is bettor to keep them in a r'uvered box or pail, not
in an open basket ns it allows too much evaporation. Kivp tin in in a fairly even ti'in-
pcrature of from .IO to ((0 degrees Fahr. Select only norn-.al cgns. discarding the long,
tlie round, the rot:gh or thin shell, the double yoked and all others that have any
marked peculiarity. Be careful of rough hnmlling at the tirst of tho hatch, treat-
ment that will do no harm towards tho end of the hatch might kill every germ tho
tir-t day or two.

It is bettor not to interfere with the eggs nftisr the l^th day but keep the tenipcr-
Hture up and as a rii'e b»'tter results will be obtained if the chicks are not allowed to
drop into the nursery drawer. The difTcrence in the temperature between the egg
tray and the nur>i'ry drawer is too much for the young chicks and especially if they
are not i>erfectly dry or if they fall through the trap a few at a time. If the chicks
are crowding in the egg tray ooen the door ami i>ut those that are dry and smart below
iiito the nurserv drawer. A number going into the nursery ,nt the same time will not
prove so dangerous and if the work is done ipiickly in a fairly warm room the open-
ing of the door should not be detrimental tn the rest of the hatch.

liens should be mate<l from to 10 days before using the i-ggs "or incubating and
the influence of the male will last about the same length of time nfter he is removed.
There is no benefit derived from resting eggs after travelling, bt'tter put them into
the incubator as soon n» possible.

In conclusion do not blame the incubator for poor results when the breeding
stock is iinhenlthv or the eirgs hndly handled. Oivc the incubator a fair chance and
under most conditions it will produce good healthy chicks.

Publiihad by ordar of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Miniitor of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.