IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■- !■■ III!! £ Itt 2.0 1.8 U III 1.6 V] <^ ^;. 'c>l ■T^ ^ .>>' // Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 -^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1^ Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D D n n n Couverture endommag^e Covers restored and/or l&iminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pellicul^e □ Cover title missing/ Let tre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartes giographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bieue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Rel;i avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long da la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut oue certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires: Thai to th L'Institut a microfilme le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a ete possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages da couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages rbstaur^es et/ou pelliculdes x/ D Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d^color^es, tachet^es ou piquees The poss of til film! Orig begi the I sion othe first sion or ill rn Pages detached/ Pages d^tachees Showthi'ough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de ('impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel supplementaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible r~~| Showthi'ough/ f I Quality of print varies/ r~n Includes supplementary material/ |~n Only edition available/ The shall TINl whi( Map diffe antii bag! righi raqu mati Pages wholly o? partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., cnt dt6 fi!m6es d nouveau de facon a obtenir la meilleure image possible This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X ?6X 30X J 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library, Geological Survey of Canada L'exemplaire fllm6 fut reprodult grAce A la g6n4roslt6 de: Bibliothdque, Commission G6ologiq je du Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in Iteeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'exempiaire fiimd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont film6s en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fiimds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporto une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comport(9 une telle empreinte. The last recorded fram.e on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — <► (meaning "CON- TINUED '). or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un des symboles suivants apparattra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symboie V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmSs d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reprodult en un seul clich6. II est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 V [Pbom the American Jouenal op Science and Arts, Vol. VII, March, 1874.1 ON KECENT DEEP-SEA DREDGING OPERATIONS IN THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE. By J. F. WHITEAVES. During the summer of 1875, tlie Hon. the Minister of Marine and Fisheries of the Dominion o^' Canada very kindly placed one of the government -Jiooners at my disposal, for dredging pur- poses. These investigations, which were undertaken on behalf of the Natural History Society of Montreal, had, as their pri- mary object; an examination into the present condition of the Marine Fisheries of the Gulf, and were supplementary to similar explorations carried out by myself in the summers of 1871 and 1872. In the present paper, a short descriptive account will be attempted of some of the nio-st interesting zoological specimens collected in 1878. Nearly nine weeks were spent at sea (from July 18th to Se])tember 8tli) ; and during this time, although theVeather was often unfavorable, we nevertheless got about seventy successful hauls of the dredge. The cruises _ were essentially four in number, but on the whole the first yielded the greatest number of novelties. Cruise 1. — The first two weeks were devoted to an exanaina- tion of the deep water in the center of the mouth of the river, between Anticosti and the Gaspd Peninsula. The most inter- esting specimens were obtained in from 200 to 220 fathoms, mud ; and among them are the following : FORAMINIFERA.— J/arr/i'^u/iVias/^mosaM. Sars; a large Trilocu- Una allied to T. tricarinatu, perhaps 2\ cryptella D'Orb. ; curious arenaceous forms, new to me, some of which are simple and unbi-anched, others widely triradiate, while a third series is irregularly cruciform, and even five and six-rayed. They are all, most likely, forms of one species ; but whether they are the Asterorhiza limicola of Sandahl or not, I have at present no means of ascertaining. 2 J. F. Whiteaves — Recent Dredging operations Sponges.— One specimen of l^richostemma hemisphcericum M. bars; one of Cladorhiza abyssicola M. Sars; and about a dozen of the Hyalonema longissimum, of the same author, were taken in 220 fathoms. With these occurred another species, which is either a true Tethea, or belongs to a closely allied genus. In shape It IS inore or less pjriform, somewhat triangular in section, and with a flattened base. There are three orifices, correspond- ing to the three angles, of which two are basal. These are con- nected on two sides by a perforated canal or tube. The front basal orifice is partly closed by an outer fine open network and an inner and coarser one of siliceous spicules, the latter not very unlike those at the apex of Eupkctella; and this opening seenis to be the ooint of attachment to small stones, etc. The whole sponge is densely hispid with projecting spicules, which are sometimes of considerable length. These are mostly very attenuate ; some of them are simple, and these are either straight or flexuous ; others are simply ternate or biternute at one end ■ some again are anchorate at the extremity, with three or four slender- flukes. In its canal connecting the three external and larger openings, and in its beautiful open network of spicules it seems to differ generically from Tethea. In the shape of its spicules, but not in some other respects, it resembles the Dor- vilha agariciformis of Mr. W. S. Kent, and the Tethea mnricata of Bowerbank. As the Canadian sponge may possibly be the same as Dr. Bowerbank's imperfectly characterized species, I refrain for the present from giving it a name. It is only fair to add that before I had dredged this species in a living state, my friend Mr. G. T. Kennedy, M.A., had found specimens in the ±'ost-I liocene clays of Montreal, which are undoubtedly con- specific with it. ^Gm^OJ)EU^ATX. — Schizastet^fragiUs Dub. & Koren, and Iter iiscus crispatm, are common in the deep-sea mud, as are also Ophiacantha spinulosa M. & T., and an Amphiura Vfho&e specific relations are still obscure. The Ophiuridse collected r *?>^.^!^'^ ^"^'^^ ^^^® y^^ *° b^ studied. One living example of Ophioscolex glacialis M. and T. was dredged in 210 fathoms to the southwest by south of the Southwest Point of Anticosti! NOTE.-I am indebted to Prof. Verrill for the identification of several critical species, to whose names an asterisk (*) is prefixed; and the difficult Crustacea ZjZ. Tl SmZ ''' P™""**'^ ^^ * '^'^^'^ ^+^' ^^'' ''"^^y determine? ?orTe ACTINOZOA^— A few individuals of Pennatula aculeata Dan., van, and of Virgularia Ljungmanii Kcill., were taken in the deep-sea mud together with large tubes apparently belonging to Cerianthus horealis Verrill, though the animal of this iJtter species has not yet been taken in the Gulf. Cormdariella mo- desta Verrill was collected (in 1871) at depths of 220 fathoms, between the east end of Anticosti and the Bird Rocks. i • • • • • • • • • • i in the Gulf oj St Lawrence. 8 .i 1 PoLYZOA.— A beautifully perfect specimen of Flustra abyssi- cola of G. O. Sars, showing the singular avicularia, so character- istic of the species, was dredged in the center of the mouth of the river, at a depth of 220 fathoms. Two examples of llomera lichenovies (Linn.) and one of a peculiar variety of Bugula pbimosii ? were dredged in the same place. Escharella palmata (M. bat-s^ was also sparingly taken in deep water. MoLLUSCA.— The most abundant species collected at greater depths than 150 fiithoms are Peclen Groen/andicus Ch., and Area pectunculoides ; but Portlandia lucida, P. frigida, PhiUne quad- rata, Cylwhna umbilicata Mont., Denlalium attenuaium* ? Say, and Siphonodentalinm vUreum Sars also occurred, though more sparingly. Two living specimens of Cerilhwpsis costulata Moll, (the Bdtium arcticum of Morch) were dredged in the 220 fathom locality. Crustacea.— The deep-sea Crustacea are of unusual interest. Among them is a living specimen of Calocaris MacAndrece Bell, the first, I believe, that has been observed on the American side of the Atlantic. In the same region, four specimens of a crustacean were collected, which belong, in my judgment, to a new genus.t In its characters, this genus (for which I venture to propose the name Mimidopsis) approaches nearer to Munida than to Galathea. On some future occasion I hope to be able to give a detailed description, with figures, of this form ; for the * If the sheU described by the late Dr. Gould as Dentalium dentate be reallf the Dentalmmattenuatum of Say, the latter name is much prior to Stimpson's D. ocri- dentale Having received a number of Norwegian specimens of L. abysm-urn Sars, through the kindness of Mr. Jeffreys, and compared them with the St. Lawrence longitudinally ribbed species, I cannot see any differences which in my judgment are sufficient to separate them. At the same time, Dentalium striolatum St. seems to me a perfectly distinct and good species. ^Munidopsis curvirostra, uov. gen. et sp. External antennai about equal m lenirth to the carapace and its i-ostrum ; internal ones verv short, not reaching farther than about one-fourth the length of the beak. Eyes rudimentary, longitudinally oval, light yellowish in color ; cornea devoid of facets. (Carapace squarish, but Joneer than broad, with an outwardly directed .straight spine on each of the front angles Upper surface of the carapace granulate, hispid, transversely irregularly plicate" In the center there are two dorsal spine-, placed one above the other, but at some distance apart, these, as are two similar spines on the tail segments, are ajl exactly ma line with the rostrum, and t .e whole four point forward. Rostrum simple (without the spine on each side of the base so characteristic of Munida) conspicuomly curved upward, stout at the base and gradudlv tapering to a fine point. A single spine in the center of the first and second tail segments, the rest devoid of any Anterior pa'r of legs about as long as, but not longer than, from the apex of the rostrum to the end of the tnil, extending a little beyond the tips of the outer antenna. The following are iO measurements of an average and apparently adult female : length, from apex uf rostrum to tip of tail, 1 -38 inch • of carapace, including the rostrum, -69 inch; of exterior antennas, -75 inch- of ante- rior legs, -94 Inhabits the center of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, between Anticosti and the south shore, in from ISO to 220 fathoms, and probably burrows in the deep-sea mud. From Munida it may at once be distinguished by its curved arid simple rostrum. In the rudimentary character of its eyes it closely resembles (jolocarts, but not in many other respects. 1 ./. F. Whiteaves— Recent Dredging operatiom lirattlmocf' Or1h°f °?''! "^ '°'"?,°f ■'« ^^'i™' P^nt- will i^e duernpted. Ut the limited wniis Munida onlv iwr^ ^n fi .^pee|es arc known at present ^/,«,^fa' ;::' '^l T^t^.^ '^^«« ™t. orB:ir'" '■''" "■ '""'''"'""' "' »• »■ s-^. and re The followiuK additional species of Crustacea were ooll«.t„rl During this cruise we were driven into Gasp,5 Bay Ibrsheltrr bTut"foST4f '\ t T""", °"^'"''' ."I'' "''- detained tte ™Pd'c^^"LX..s^^^^ ^Eudnrella: Acanihozone, nov. sp fide S f ^m ll. /I /, • e..n./a.. Goes (several); WeZr^ t^t^^t^^^^^ aim an allied species ; as well as some interesting spono-es iOammams ornatus Edwards was abundant at low-wS in tton^S th'e XlV;^ '^^^^^^^^ '^ '^ "^ — - ^^^t-^or- CVu^se 2 -We left Gaspe Basin on August 2d intendine- fir.t Despair to a little below Grand Pabon. Op/Z,ZaZ,-S^'^( large size, was abundant here, and two soec Znfnf j? ', Xpo^;i 'sr r™^'-*' *"""-r"° ^^""s st: i^ifr«x/t;r^t?,2t:™r^^^^^^^^^ - 1-- s'a Ba^ t^rd- oS'£:ta-to"'d-i-i„ni: .r-'-p'r ^ \ f' in the Quif oj Si. Lawrence. the grounst due south of the one previously described, is also a stor.v patch, but te pieces of roek are usually sn.all, and there is an Lhnixture o gravel duncrof it 7\r^- ^^""'T '^ ^''^--'t-ixed by the^ilmn- ol the soltt "■•'"' ""^ ^7 the a,>parent absence on itofn.any ol the holtei ()rj^amsnis so alMindant on the Orphan Bank. The Hy( rozoa and Polyzoa of the two banks are very siniil-.r b t ;.r. the Bradelle fine specimens of muli.ora fo ./.S H^a were eol eeted. The most abun.lant shells on the J^raddle a e Asurtelactea Brod and Sow., A. dU,Mca, and A. Banh!^- Vmusjiuctuosa Gould ; Cardium GrcnkLucnm ; Crenel^ t a- C k^vojaa; Cglandula; Macoma calcurea ; Punopqaa. Its greatest rarities are 1 sin^de fv ng example each of TritonoJ.sus laU^kms MoHor and VoluZ^I Norveg^us Chemn. W,,ncl^oneUa psittacea. ot k ge i.e t c^^ Thrl "/"• ^'Vlt^l^'' 1"'"^'^^'' OlLglpl::Z. Brad lie wb'. f" ' T^ r ''^"'' ^^'"^''«P'^ ^I'e frequent on the ^ladelle, where als() a hue living specimea of OphiSconm ninra Mul er was obtained. The Crustacea of both banks are for the occuired. Ihese are Crangon vulgaris ; \l)iasU,lis, sp. ; ^Am- pebsca, two species ; ^^Haploops, sp. ; ^Bghlis UaiLardl^^m. chirus pmgu.s ; \Harpu,a, sp. ; \lWampldtho^, pulcheUalvu^^.: ^^d^ceros lynceus ; f Vertumnv^ serraU^; and ^ebalia hip^ ' Ihese two banks seem to be outliers, so to speak inhabited by a pure y arctic fauna, and surrounded almost enth^ by a more soutliern assemblage. The shores of the Magdalen 'oromf M '"f ^'Y'''''^ ''^"'^ ^^^P^ ^^'•^^ton Islan.ls, as vveTl as the wh e t S\T:1 "■'rl',^"'""'^ '"' ''' '''''''' asthesouthi-n'tnt;' totheBa^ des Chaleurs, are tenanted by a somewhat meager Acadian auna. Owing to the shallowness oi^ the watei ^oi these two banks, the temperature is probably higher by some four or five degrees than tlie average of that in the northern part ol the gult. In sailing from Point Miscou to the BmMe Bank we found the te.nperaturc of the bottom ^Miscou Point hearing northwest half north, 22 miles distant) V-as 12° Fa ' After examining the Bradelle Banks, we nmde for Pic?ou' Nova beotia, and arrive; there on the afternoon of August Tuh . ^''''?4~"^^?'''"" ^'^^""^ ^'" the 18th of Auoust we redted N^lr^-]^^"'^^ ^-S-W. ofl^ictou Island, then"to i\^]^^ KN.L.ot Cape George (N. S.), and from there to a little dis tance off Port Hood, C. B. We next stood over o the east wav iftrtb-"^'""'^^ Island dredging at intervl t Z way. After this we examined the Milne Bank, also various \ • I , 1. \ r . I. in the Gulf 0/ St. Lawrence. f parts of the bottom Iroiii tlunv to Cape near (Prinee Edward I.), and to tlie north of Pietou Island, and -ot hack to Pietoii on the i()th of Auirust. From Pietou to Port Ilood and ulon^- the west side ot Cape Breton, tlie sea bottom consists of red clayey mud, in which annelids are remarkably numerous and often of large size. At almost ev(Ty east of the dredoe, tai'gled masses of tubicolous aniielids (inhabitmo- tubes of from the yVtli t(j a quarter of an mch or more in diameter, and from one or one and a half inches to nearly eight inches in length came up in handfulls. These together with large naked species, are so abunihint as to fonu more than two-thirds of the whole number of specimens taken One specimen of f/Jias(>jlis quadrispinoms G. O. Sars, was dredged off Pietou Island. Hydrozoa and Pol yzoa are tolerably abundant, and sometimes very fine, in the red' mud ; these have not yet been examined, but among them are Serlvlaria urgentea of^ unusually large size, and a bushy species ol' Gemellaria. A,cyo7imm carneum Ag.-, is one of the characteristic; sr)ecies of the eastern part of this area, as is also an apparently unde- scribed species of Priaprdus, very distinct from P. caudatus. lumcates are not nnfirqueiit in the red mud : the commonest ot winch are Pelonam arenifera and Eucjyn, pilularis, while *irlaiidula fibrosa St., occurred more rarely. With these about sixteen species of shells were collected ; they are all characteristic Acadian species. The temr)erature of 'the mud seems to range from 40° to 42^^ ^ahr. Off' Port Hood, two large specimens of a Holothurian were taken, which exactly agree with the drawing and description of the Cncumaria pe.ntactes of O. F. MUller, as given by E. Forbes in his British otarnshes. Off' the east point of Prince Edward Island the bottom is sandy, and as the depth where we dredged does not exceed htteen or twenty fathoms, the summer temperature is hi^h being affected by surface conditions. Three small specimens ol J^hinocucuum typical M. Sars were collected here, as well as examples of "^Mohjida papdlosa V. .ud * J/, producta St. On the Milne Bank we dredged quantities of the common Echluarach- mus; an abundance of tine Hydroids and Polyzoa ; a few shells ; and some small algte. Between Cape Bear and Pietou Island the bottom is sandy with shells and a few small stones. Three kinds of sponges were collected here, many hydroids, echinoderms (all common forms), annelids, Crustacea, and tunicates. Among the latter are specimens of *Molgula littoralis V. Shells were particularly abundant, among them are Pecten tenmcostatus, Atodiola modiolus Crenella nigra, Astarte undata Gould. Cyprina Islandica, Callista convexa, Pandora trilineatah Crtpidda foryricata, Lunaiia tri- striata, Alamma immaculata, and several species of Bela. 8 »y. /•'. H7//^a'v.s — Recent iJi&hjhuj op«>rations 'riic liiiiiia of the region iioi'tli of Pictou, between tlic west coast of Cape nretoii ;iu memorable gale of tli(> 2-l:th of August. We subse- i[uently managed to dredge in Hillsborough Bay, r.lso, on the o|)positc shore, olV Pugwash Harbor, N. S., and olT Shediae, Buctonche and Kichibucto, in New Brunswick, and on the fHh of September I left the schooner and proceeded h(>me. On the Prince Edward Island side of Northumberland Straits proper, the bottom is usually a red (Ti-iassie) clayey mud, while on the New Brunswick side it i- g-uerally saudy. The fauna of the Straits is of a meag(>r /Vcadian type. A few sponges, hydnjids and crustaceans collected here have yet to be studied. T'he annelids are tine and frequent, but the eehiiioderms are all very common species. At depths of more than four fathoms, in Northumberland Straits, the following species were collected : Crustacea. Ilninanis Amoricaaas (fry.) Criiiigon vulgaris, •fllippolyto pusiola AV. tDiastylia lucifora. " sculpta ? G. O. Sars. Pontoporeia fomorata. Unoioia irrorata Saij. fAmphitlioe, sp. f Ptiloclunnis pinguis. f Molpliidippa, sp. fidotea phospliorea Ilargnr. TUNICATA. *Eugyra pilularis V. Pelonaia arenifora St. Mollusc A. PectoH tonuicostatim Miijh. Yoldia limatida Say. " sapotiila Gould. Nucula di'lphinocionta Mip'n. Astarto undata Gould. (,'yprina Islandica Linn. Cardium piniudatum Con. Callista convcxa Say. Petricola plioladiforiiiis Lum. Mactra lateralis Say. Pandora triliiieata ? Say. Turlionilla interrupta Totkn. Lunatia trlsoriata Say. Nassa trivittata Say. Buccinum undatum Linn. Sipho pygmanis Gld. Bela cancellata Migh. ■\ ii f i,