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LITERARY EXTRACTS,

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\,^BIOGRAFHICAL SKETCHES.

■^■■■i

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

BYRON.

George Gordon, Lord Byron, son of Capt. John

Bjrion of the Guards, was born in London, January
22nd, 1788. » His mother Catherine Gordon, was a
Scottish heiress of anci6nt and illustrious extraction
and from her the poet inherited an almost morbish
susceptibility. His early education wag received at
Aberdeen, and subsequently at Harrow, and from this
school he went to Trinity College, Cambridge. At
school he was marked by his moody and passionate dis
position, while his college cp - ^. . characterized by
irregularities of conduct, di. f discipline, and

the friendship of sceptical cv '

WORKS.~1807-1812. K.. emry attempt

was made during his residence uo Jambridge A
severe criticism by the Minburgh i?mm of * this
collection of fugitive poems- JTbwr^ of Idleness-^
called forth the well-known personal satire, English
Bards and Scotch Reviewers, in which he involved not
only his critics, but many contemporary poets, as Scotfc.
Soutuey, Moore, Wordsworth, and others.

^ BlOGn4PHICAL SKETCHES,

Betaking himself to travel he visited Portugal,
Spain, Greece, Turkey, and the East, and ..Iiile he was
travelling in these countries he accumulated those
stores of character and description which he poured
forth with such royal splendor in his poems. On his
return, his first great production was the first two
cantos of Childe Harold, which he had written during
his tour, and which placed him at the head of social
and literary popularity.

1812—1816. In imitation of Scott's poems now so
Aishionable, the materials for which were drawn from
feudal and Scottish life, he produced in rapid succes-
Bion a series of Eastern Romances, T/^ Giaour, The
Bride of Ab7jdos, The Corsair, Lara, The Siege of
Corinth, depicting the manners, scenery and wild
passions of the East and Greece, and as literary works,
l)roducing an enthusiasm little short of madness.

1316—1824. Leaving England, after separating
from his wife, he spent the rest of his life in the South
of Europe, where he solaced his embittered spirit with
misanthropical attacks upon all that his countrymen
held sacred, and gradually plunged deeper and deeper
mto the slough of sensuality and vice. It was during
this sojourn in the South that he became acquainted
with Shelley, whose literary manner and philosophical
tenets are more or lesstraceableinhis writings. His poe-
tical productions during this period, are Childe Harold
(Cantos III. from which The Battle of Waterloo is
taken, and iv.,) The Pnmner ofChilhn, Manfred, The

CHAUCER, ^

lament of Tcuio, Mazeppa, Don Juan, an vany
tragodies, dxxch rb Marino Faliero, Sardafw»alu.<, &c.
In 1823, Byron determmed to devote his forbuu©
and hi« influence to aid the Greeks in their struggle
against the Turks. For some seven months he devot^cN
himself to their cause with h11 his energy, and is s«id
to have shown a wonderful aptitude for managing
the complicated intrigues and plans and selfishnesses
which l«y in his way. His health was already broken,
whe. he left Italy. In the spring of 1824 it gave
way altogether under his self-imposed fatigues. On
April the 19th, afte a twenty-four heir lethargy en-
suing upon -n attack of inflammation of the brain, he
said, "Now I shall go to sleep," and died a* Missolon-Ui
in Greece. • **

CHAUCER.

Chaucer.—Nothing is known of the paren*,age of
Geoffrey Chaucer, with whom English litera'ture
may be said to commence. He was born in London
in the year 1323, at the beginning of the chivalrous'
reign of Edward III., and, as is generally supfK>sed,
received his education at Cambridge, although the
sister University of Oxford also claims the honor. In
the year 1359 he accompanied Edward III. into
Franco and was taken prisoner at the siege of Betters.
He was at various times employed in diplomatic ser-
vice by his Sovereign, and one of these missions took
him tc Genoa in 1373, where he made the acquaint-

« BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

anoe of Petrarch and probably of BoooactaS:' He
IiUed at various times, several important posis con-
nected with the Customs and Public Works ; and when
/he party to which he belonged, lost its political inQu-
once, he was imprisoned for three years in the Tower
and deprived of the places and the privileges that had
been granted to him. The names of a few of his
earlier productions may be interesting, as, the Rom.
aunt o/the Rose, The Assembly of Fowls, The Cuckoo
and the Leaf, The House of Fame. It is, however, to
the w.t the pathos, the humanity, the chivalry of the
Caruerbury Taks, that oar minds recur, when our ear
m struck wi^h the venerable name of Chaucer. These
teles consist of sketches, drawn with a spirit, life and
humor inexpressible, of thirty-two pilgrims to the far-
famed shnne of Thomas i Becket at Canterbury, each
of whom (except the host of the Tabard Inn, in South-
wark) proposes to tell two stories on the way to the
shnne and two returning. This plan was not carried
out, and consequently we have but twentv-five tales-
enough, however, to' place Chaucer, till "the remotest
posterity, m the first rank among poets and character

fr?/I' ^ ! "^'■'^'' "^ ^"^^"^ P°«fy" di«d on
the 25th October, 1400, and was buried in Westmin-
ster Abbey, being the first of that long array of mighty
poets whoso bones repose with generations of kings
warnors, an4 statesmen, beneath the " long drawn
aisles of that venerable Abbey."

COfVZEK 7

.OOWLBY.

Abraham Cowley, who was a remarkable instance
of intellectual precocity, having published his iSrat
poemc when he was 14 years of age, was born in
1618. Educated at Oxford and Cambridge, and dis-
lodged from both Universities by the victorious arms
of Parliament, he attached himself to the suite of
Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., by whc n he was
employed for many years in Paris, as her confidential
secretary. On his return to England in 1 65 6, he pub-
lished his entire poems, consisting of Misceilames,
Anacreontics, Pindaric Odes, The Mistress, and The
Davidels, an epic poem begun at Cambridge, but not
carried beyond four Cantos. As its name implies, this
last is a Scriptural subject- the sufferings and the
glories of the King of Israel. He died in 1667.

DRYDBN.

John Dryden, of an ancient and wealthy county
family, was born in 1631. His school days were spent
at Westminster School ; his college d:ivs at Trinity
College, Cambridge. The whole of his life may be
characterized as a life of literary labor. His first real
poetical production (1659) was an elegy written on the
death of Cromwell, which was followed almost immedi-
ately by a poem commemorating the Restoration of
Charles II. After the Restoration, when a new field

in the a^***^'* '»*' **»ii ~-*- ^ _ •»

.-.„,._. ._.. „.^ 3«iigu, nEo liiiowu open to the

writers of the day, Dryden betook himself to writing

i I

111

lilJ

■I"

« BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

plays. Between 1662 and 1694 he prodnced twenty.

seven pky.., none of whi.h added much to his fan.;,

• tif. .' ^ ""'' ^'" «■■'*' ^"^ ^"«'« ^^^*4

intended to commemorate the great calamities of the

.TtJr w"""' \'"f' ' I-'-S-. the Fire of London,
and the War with the Dutch. In 1670 he was

appointed Poet Laureate. Eleven years later fiesi ^

appeared the first part of the most perfect and powerful

pohtjcal gatire ui oar language AUdom and Achitophel

in which he attacks the policy of Shaftesbury, and his'

intrigues with the Duke of Monmouth on tb^ subject

of the succession of the Duke of York. In 1682 he

attacked Shadwell, the chief poet of the Whigs, in the

literary satire, entitled MacFlecknoe. Two years

a Uerwards (1684) he put forth an eloquentTnd

vigorous vindication of Revelation against Atheism

and a defence of the Anglican Church in his poe.^

lielmoLa'.e,. As he once changed his political views

so in the course of the next three years he changed his

religious views and embraced the doctrines of the

Clmrch of Borne. In defence of tfts Church he pub-

hshed his mnd ar^ Panther, a controversial alloJorv

m w^uch, rep-esenting the Church of Home '^

!'h ; .' wu*''' ^^'"'■"'' "'^"S'""'' ■« the Panther,
Ue defended that tradition which had been treated so

Kghtly m the former work. At the Revolution ("1688)

which terminated in the accession of William III he

Ipst his position of Poot Laureate. h„t h« .».-ii L_'

i twenty^
liis fame^
anguage.
firabilw,
3S of the
liondon,
he was
'(1681)
>owerful
titophel,
and his
subject
682 he
. in the
years
it and
theism
i poem
views,
?ed his
of the
e pub-
Ggory,
ae as
ather,
ed so
1688)
I, he

tinned to write ; his attention being chiefly devoted
to the translation of certain Latin poets, as Juvenal
Persius (1693) and Virgil (1697). In this latter
year appeared Akxa7ider'8 Feast, or tlis Power of
Music, being an Ode in celebration of St. Cecilia's
Day, which, a^ a lyric poem of elevated and elaborate
character, is unequalled in the English language. His
last work of any importance was his Fabies (1698) a
collection of narrative and romantic poems, chiefly
modernised from Chaucer or versified from Boccaccio
in which his invention, fire and harmony appear in
the fulness of their splendor. He died the same year
and was buried, at the public expense, in Westminster
Abbey, in the grave of Chaucer.

HUME.

David Hume, born in Edinburgh in 1711, was
sprung from an ancient and noble Scottish family.
He may be reckoned the first in the great < historical
triad' that marked the 18th century; the other two
being Robertson and Gibbon. After receiving his
education at the University of Edinburgh, he jspenfc
the greater portion of his life abroad, chiefly in France.
His fir* work : A Treatise on Human Nature, pub*
lished in 1737, on his return to England, was not re-
ceived with much favor. In 1 742 appeared his Essays,
Moral and Philosophical. During this part of his life
he had to struggle against great difficulties and di»-
evMia^rcu^euts, for he filled tlje very pai^ful pqst of

■ I

\ii

1 1

; I

III

W BlOGRAPmCAt SKBTCHEi,.

. dale who was insane. After tbis ho became Secretary
S^^Swi 1751 appeared An Ir^iry o^^i^

whch^tl .T""," *° "•' ''""""y of Advocates
which placed at his disposal a large number of books

^«.W which at first was not so favorably re Jved

pubkc began to appreciate its excellence, and hL re
R^-tation was established. He was again empCi^
the public service, rising to the dignity of Unde

«pent many years m tianquil and lettered ea.,e and
died m his native city in 1776.

JOHNSON.

Samuel Johnson, the son of a bookseller was

yt^o'f li?; *" ''^'"''^''^' ^«"'»^- The 'eaTly
yea.s of lus life were spent in hopeless struggles with

want and indigence; but through thekindfll '

friend he was enabled to spend three years arPem

usher, and afterwards a school teacher, but in this

3 "" rr"""'"'- "^ *''^" d:terminodT

". i-"Fxx, -orarx-iCK, wiio became as noted on

yOUNSOJ^, IX

the stage, aa his friend and teacher did in the world of
literature. He settled in London in 1737, and sup-
ported himself for many years by writing-principally
tor the Gentleman's Magazine. In 1 744 he published
the Life of Savage, with whom he had often walked
the streets of London, in absolute starvation. Three
years later (1747), he began his gi-eat work, which
kept him busy until 1755 namely, his Dictionary of the
Engluh Language. While he was engaged in the
laborious work of compilation, he diverted his mind
by the publication of the Vanity of Human Wishes
and about the same time brought out his Irerte i
tragedy, the unfinishel M.S. of which he had
brought with him to London. He also founded and
carried on two periodical papers, the Idler and the
Rambler. The death of his mother in 1759 caused
him to write Masselas, Pnnce of Abyssinia, that he
might raise enough money to defray her funeral ex-
penses. An edition of Shakespeare, which does not add
much to his reputation as an author, A Journey to the
Western Isles of Scotland, and The Lives of the Poets
complete his literary works. He died December 1 3th,'
1784, full of years as of glory, and was buried in West'
minster Abbey, near the grave of his friend Garrick
As a writer, his style abounds in Latinisms, and in
this particular un-English style, he expresses what-
ever he wishes to express with the utmost vigor, and

with COnsnnntYiufo miaai-,. nnLi_ -i-^ _»_ •-. -^

--^---- ^ivw-vjr. ia*o piaii ui willing m jbng-
lish that was not idiomatic, was almost wholly laid

12 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

aside in his Lives ofM Poets, " His style cumbrou,,
antithe icaJ, and pompous, yefc in his hands possessing
generally great dignity and strength, and sometimes
even as in MasseJas, rising to remarkable beauty
and nobleness, was so influential upon the men of his
day that it causeji a complete revolution for a time in
^nglish style, and by no means for the better ; since in-
ferior men,though they could easily appropriate its pecu-
harities or defects, its long words, its balanced clauTes
Its labored antitheses, could not with equal ease emu'
late its excellences."

!ti

JUNIUS.

" The la^t half of the eighteenth century was a very
gloomy and agitated crisis. The dispute between
Great Britain and her American colonies, the lower-
ing and ominous looming of the great revolutionary
tempest of France, and many internal subjects of dis-
sension involving important constitutional questions
rendered the political atmosphere gloomy and thunder-
charged. From the 21st January, 1769, with occa-
sional interruptions down to 1772, there appeared in
the Public Advertiser one of the leading London jour-
nals, then published by Woodfall, a series of Letters for
the most part signed by Junius. They exhibited so
much wfight and dignity of style, and so minute an
acquaintance with the details of party tactics, and
breatlied such a lofty tone of constitutional principle,
powbin^ witjli sw^Ji ^ bitterness and evftn ffirooi'*- ^f

mbroup,
assessing
Qetimofl,
beauty
n of his
time in
iince in-
ts pecu-
clauses,
se emu-

a verjr
Jtween
lower-
ionary
af dis-
sstions
ander-
occa-
red in
I jour-
sr* for
bed so
te an
, and
ciple,

LTNGARD, 13

personal invective that their influence was unbounded.
The chief objects of the attack of Junius were the
Dukes of Grafton and Bedford. The whole annals of
political controversy show nothing so bitter and ter-
rible as the personalities and invectives of Junius,
which are rendered more formidable by the lofty
dignity of the language, and by the moderate and con-
stitutional principles he professes to maintain. These
letters will always be regarded as masterpieces in their
particular style. Many efforts have been made to
clear up the riddle of the real authorship of these let-
ters, but the enigma still remains one of the most mys-
terious in the history of letters. Burke, Hamilton.
Lyttleton, and Lord George Sackville, have been sue-
cessively fixed upon as the writer Among the nu-
merous claimants to the doubtful honor. Sir Philip
Francis appears to have the strongest suffrages ; the
opinion of Macaulay, whose knowledge of the history
of the time was unrivalled, is unconditionally in his
favor, though many strong arguments have been
brought forward in support of Lyttleton. The author-
ship of these letters is ever likely to remain a mystery,
like the Man in the Iron Mask, or the Executioner of
Ohades L However this may be, the letters them-
selves will ever be a monument of the finest but
f ercest political invective."

T%r 1f\Ui

LINQABD.

w '« \i»»i — ioDi), was bom at
Wuwbester, and entered the Eoman Cathdio Church

I'D

''I

1* BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

His priucipal work is a HuU>ry of England, from the
latest times to the Revolution of 1688 -a most com^
plete and accurate work so far as it goes. He ahM>
wrote (1809) ArUiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church.
Ihough his History is a valuable addition to our his-
torical literature, he has allowed his religious views to
color his conclusions as an historian, and slightly warp
his judgment. *

MACAULAY.

Thomas Babington Macaulay.-This distin-
guished essayist, historian and poet, was born in 1800
and after completing his education at Trinity College'
Cambridge, I began his literary career a« an essayist*
with an essay on Milton which appeared in the Edin^
hurgh Review in 1825. His essays embrace a van-
ety of subjects, but the larger number and the most
important relate to English History. From 1830 to
1847 he took an active part in politics, having been
at one time a member of the Council in Calcutta, a
post that obliged him to reside in India for six yeare
After this he was Secretaiy of War and Paymaster of
the Forces. After his defeat as M.P. for Edinburgh
m 1847 he devoted himself to literary pursuits, though
he subsequently held a seat in Parliament from 1852
to 1856. He was raised to the peerage in 1857 and
died in 1859. '

As an Historian his name will be handed down in
his History of Enghnditovi the accession of James 11.

POPE,

His death prevented his carrying out his original
plan of continuing the history to the times immedi-
ately preceding the French Revolution. As left by
him, the History extends nearly to the end of the reiim
of William III. ^

As a Poet, he will ever be remembered bv his bal-
lads of Nasehj and Ivry, and his lays of Ayidtni
Jiojne,

POPE,

Alexander Pope, who from his youth was an
invalid, and whose life was " a long disease " in con-
sequence of extreme weakness and helplessness, was
born in London, in 1688. Possibly this physical
weakness may account for his irritability of tem^r
and tendency to satire. Even at an early age he gave
eviden(^, like the poet Cowley, of poetical genius, for
as he himself says : —

" As yet a child, and all unknown to fame,
I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came."
At the ago of 16 he had commenced his Pastorals,
translated part of the Latin poet Staiius, and written
imitations of Waller and other English poets. In
1711 appeared his Essay on Criticism, considered to
be the finest piece of argumentative and reasoning
poetry in the English language, which was highly
commanded by Addison. Shortly afterwards he pub.
H3h3i his mD3k.heroic poem The Rape of the Lock, in
which he endeavorftd to "lan»Ti ^r^f^i^i^a. -•- »» l^ _

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

members of two families that had l,ecc.-ne estranged
by reason of the stealing of a lo^k of hair from the
beauty of the day, by her lover. In 1713 appeared
his Wiindsor Forest, in which he strove, though with
not so much success as in other poems, to make the
picturesque subservient to views of historical events.
Two years later (1715) Pope published his Temple of
Fame in imitation of Chaucer's House of Fame. At
intervals between 1715 and 1720 he published his
translation of Homer's Iliad, and between 1716 and
1718 his poetical works containing the finest poems,
such as the Flegy on an (Tnfortunate Lady and the
Epiath of ^loisa to Abelard, and in 1725 his Odyasei/
made its appearance. In the same year he pub-
lished his edition of Shakespeare and in 1727-1728,
in conjunction with Swift and Arbuthnot, three
volumea o{ Miscellanies, the principal feature of which
was the Satire on the abuses of learning and the
extravagances of philosophy entitled Mimoirs of Mar-
tinua Scriblerus, which, in turn, produced a portion
of his Dunciad in reply to the abuse heaped upon
the authors of these Miscellanies. Between the
years 1731 and 1735, besides various Epistles, he had
given to the world his great ethical poem Essay on
Man ; and between this last date and 1739, appeared
his Imitations of Horace, a production satirical, moral
and critical, in which he adapted the topics of the
Roman satirist to the persons and views of modern

timM. Tn 1719 a-nA ^'7A'X +l,£v i^ .^— -•_•__ r-^1 _ «

-m a. , CSS -.■s^^--.- i J ^if Vliw i .» V A%^LiiUiIiiil|c iJijXJtLo OX

aOBER TSOA--S//A^£SJ>£AR£,

the Dunciad were published, and the following yeav
(1744) I'opa breathed his last at Twickenham "un-
questionably the most illustrious writer of his atf,
hardly, if at all, inferior to Swift in the vigor, t\ie
perfection, and the originality of his genius 1"

BOBBRTSON.

William Robertson, a Scotch Presbyterian min-
ister, who rose to be the Principal.of the University of
Edinburgh— was born in 1721. He was the author
of three great historical works, the first of which,
his HUtory of Scotland during the reigns of Queen
Mary and James IV., appeared in 1759, and opened
up to the author the road to eminence and dis-
tinction. Ten years later (1769), he published his
History of the Reign of Charles F., and in 1777, his
History of America. In all of these Histories ther^ are
to be found a rich and melodious, though somewh»^t
artificial style, great though not always accurate re-
search, and a strong ix)wer of vivid and pathetic de-
scription.

SHAKESPEARE.

William Shakespeare, " The Prince of Poets,"
and Bard of all time, was born at Stratford, in Warwick,
shire, on the 23rd of April, 1564. Of his childhood and"
education very little is known— he possibly received no
better education than the Grammar School of Stratford
afforded. It is not imnrobable that at sn?r»A A-rltr r^^^i/^^

77X£VU

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES,

ho was employed at clerk to some county attorney, for
in all his works he shows an extraordinary knowledge of
the technical language of that profession, and frequently
draws his illustrations from its vocabulary. At the
age of twenty-two he betook himself to London, thei-e
to begin his career of glory. In 1689 he was per-
suaded to go up to London, and there, besides being a
member of one of the company of aotora, he became one
of the proprietors of the Blackfriars Theatre, as wfJI
as of the Globe. He remained connected with the
theatre until IPtl, and during this period he pro-
duced the 37 dramas which have rendered his
name immortal. Iv. 1612 he retired to New Place
Strritford, 4nd there ^>d on the anniversary of his
birth, at the age of 62.

No sat^'sfrtctory order of his various plays, as to
iitm, has been made ; they may be classified either as
to kind^iv source. According to the former there are
11 Tragedies, 2 Tragi-comedies, 14 Comedies, and 10
Historical Plays. Adopting the latter classification—
the two great sources being History and Fiction— there
are 18 taken from History, either authentic or legendary,
and 19 from the domain of Fiction. It may be inter*
esting to remember the names of a few of the leading
r'ay*-: Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Julius Caesar,
Kv ' ] hn, R\]ii.rd IL, Richard III., Henry VIII.,
i»iiUaummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Two
Gentlemen of Verona, Merchant of Venice, Measure
for Measure, All's Well that ilnds Well, Twelfth

SIIEIXMY.

Night. His non-Dramatio works consiiit of two narra-
Uve poems, Venus and Adonis and the JRape ofLucrece •
Sonnets ; and a few Lyrics. '

SHBLIjBT.

Percy Bysshe Shelley was be n at Field Place,
Sussex, of an ancient and opulent family, in 1792*
From earliest childhood ha exhibited an intense sensi-
bihty together with a strong inclination toward seep-
tica! speculation, which gradually ripened into athe-
isra. In his school days, both at Zion House and at
Eton, he was pained at the system of fagging that was
prevalent, and he carried with him to Oxford the
notion that cruelty and bigotry pervaded all the walks
of life. While he was at the University, he and a
fellow-student (Hogg), published a tract in which he
avowed atheistic principles : its title being T/w Xeces^
sity of Atheism. For this he was expelled from Col-
lege, and the feelings of his family were alienated
from mm This, togetlier with a marriage contracted
with a beautiful girl (Harriet Westbrook), resulted
m his being, in a measure, disinherited. He then re-
tired to the North of England and Wales, where he
gave himself up to metaphysical study and the com-
position of his first wild poems. It was in Cumber-
land that he made the acquaintance of Wordsworth
DeQuincey, and Southey. After the suicide of hk
wife, from whom he had been separated, he mar 'ed
Mary Wo%ncroft Godwin. Prior to this they had

BIOQRAi^HlCAL SKETCHES,

■

spent aome time in Southern Europe where they be-
otime acquainted with Byron, who was an ardent ad-
mirer of Shelley's genius. On their return to England
he settled at Great Marlow, where he wrote two of his
finest poems. His health, however, obliged him again
to seek the warmer climate of the South, and the re-
maining years of his life, from 1818 to 1822, ho spent
chiefly in Home. He was always fond of boating, and
it was on one of his excursions (July 8th) that the
vessel was caught in a sudden storm, or run down
i i the Gulf of Spezzia. Both he and his two compan-
ions were drowned. His body, which was subse-
quently Y^ashed up, was burned by Byron and Leigh
Hunt, and the ashes biiried in tlie Protestant ceme-
tery at Rome.

Works.— Omitting several wild romances of his
early youth, we have at the commencement of his
poetical career (1813) his Queen Mah, a wild phantas-
magoria of beautiful description and fervent declama-
tion, by means of which he fondly fancied that he
could produce a change in the opinions and practices
of society. Two years later (1815) appeared his
Alasior, or the Spirit of Solitude, his first decidedly
fine poem. 1 . 1817 appeared The Revolt of Islam, an
ideal picture of a struggle maintained by an awakened
people against the belief and institutions previously
held sacred, which, in the opinion of the poet, were the
cause of all their trouble. The same vear furnished
two poems, lioaaUnd and Helen, an elaborate pleading

SWIFT.

against the institution of marriage, and Julian amd
MaddalOf * an admirable masterpiece.' Two dramas,
Prometheus Unbound and the Cencif and a grotesque
poem Peter Bell the Third, mark the year 1819.
(Edipus Tyr annus y Tlie Witch of Atlas, and Epipsy-
chidion, are the fruit of 1820 ; "^hile the year 1821
gives us ' that most generous and noble elegy,' Adonais,
which furnishes us with Shelley's lament on the early
death of his friend the poet Keats, and a cynical
drama Hellas, suggested by the struggles that the
Greeks were making to throw off the Turkish yoke.
Besides these, we have more than a hundred miscel-
laneous poems, the two most characteristic and elegant
being the ode To a JSky-Lark and The Cloud, in which
" the illustrations drawn from animated nature are so
crowded in the delineation of inanimate things, that
the effect is rathe." fantastic and dazzling than beauti-
ful or distinct."

SWIFT.

Jonathan Swift. This prince of satirists usually
styled Dean Swift—compeer with the French satirists
Rabelais and Voltaire— was born in Dublin in 1667,
From school in Kilkenny he passed to Trinity College,
Dublin. In 1688 he entered the family of Sir William
Temple, as a humble dependant, and as the protdg^ of
a Whig master. His firat achievements in the warfare
of Dartv were t';nngeauAn*'t"- »««ri« ^^^ ^^.^ i.u^ Trru.'„ i-_^

ner. He took orders in the Ir* h Church shortly

ill!

^2 BtOCRAPiilCAL SKETCHES,

before tho death of Tetnpio, in 1699. In the oon-
troversy thafc was waged during Temple's life, re-
gardmg the i-espective meriU of the Ancient and
the Modern writers, in which his patron dcfonded
the ancients, Swift naturally sided with Temple
and in his BatiU of the Books, he fiei-cely attacked
«entley, the champion of the moderns, with all
the embittered vehemence of his satire, in Unguage
coarse, familiar, and ludicrous. In 1 704 he published
an allegory, entiUed The T^t of « Txih, in which his
satire was directed aguinst the religious belief of the
Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinistic churches,
m 1708 ^^ find him forsaking the Whig party, and
wilting as fluently and vigorously on tho Tory side,
as he had formerly written on the side of their op-
ronents. At this time he published a number of able
pamphlets, the beat one being an Apology for Christir
amty. In return for his services to Harley and Bol-
mgbroke, who were at the head of affairs, he hoped to
obtain an English bishopric, but was obliged to con-
tent himself with the Deanery of St. Patrick's Dublin
to which he was nominated in 1713. On the return
of the Whigs to power in 1714 by the accession of
tHe House of Hanover, Swift was obliged to wuhdraw
permanently to Ireland, where ho, from being an ob-
ject of detestation, an iv-ed at a pitch of popularity
that has never been surpassed, even in the stormy

poatical atmosphere of tlm^ cQn^ti'- t* ^^ xr..

time that he wrote the famous Drapier letters, seven

T HACK MR AY.

in number, to oppOBu the granting of a monopoly to
one Wood, for the coining of copper money in Ireland.
From 1724 to 1737 Swift wt»8 occupied in writing the
Travelt of OuUiveVy and numerous pamphlets. Those
travels are a vast and all-embracing satire which will
be read as long as the corruptions of human nature
render its innumerable ironic and snrcastio strokes
applicable and intelligible to human beings. It is not
only as a prose writer, however, that Swift may be
considered as a master of English, but his poetical
works also will give him a prominent place among the
writers of his age, having the merit of originality,
ease, and sincerity ; the best, of any length, being
A Rhapsody on Poetry ^ and Verses on my oivn Death.
While he was writing a bitter invective entitled 2%e
Legion Cluhy he wfc\8 seized by a fit, from which he
never recovered, and thus he passed from a deplorable
and furious mania to a state of idiocy : in his own
words he died • fii.t a-top,' and, as he himself pre-
dicted, * in a rage like a poisoned rat in a hole,' on
the 19th of October 1745, and was buried in his own
Cathedral of St. Patiiok, the place of sepulture being
marked by a characteristic epitaph, written by him-
self. His life may be briefly epitomized as that of a
(Genius great, brilliant, terrible, and unhappy.

THACKERAY.
\X7'<1142**« lv^nl.£«.^^«.>A 'ri «_-.. m» «

modern novelist was born in Calcutta, in 1811. After

I I

2* BIOdRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

passing. his school days at the Charterhouse, and
his college days at Cambridge, he spent a fe..years on
the Continent to perfect himself as an artist. On his
return to England to prosecute his studies, he was in
consequence of the loss of his fortune, obliged to turn
his attention to literary labors. Under an assumed
name he became a contributor to Fra^r's Magazim ■
several of the cont.ibntionsalso bearing witness to his
ability as aa artist. When Punch appeared in 1841
Thackeray became one of its most diligent supporters.'
From 1846 to 1849 various works came from his pen
including T-Ae HoffgaHy Diamond, and Vanilj, Mir
His fame ^ a novelist was now assured, and in rapid
succession appeared Pend^nis, The Newcomes, The
yirgmiam and some minor works. As a lecturer he
has left us the Lectures on TAe English Humcm>ts of
the Evghtemth Century and those on The Georoe,-
lectures that have been listened to on both sides of the

Sketch of the home and court-life of the\rst Han-
overians. They are full of thoughts sternly abhor-
rent of the falsity and rottenness which these
courta presented, while admiration for the goodness
and kindness of the Third George almost makes the
tecturer forget his weaknesses." He died suddcnlv
December 23rd, 1863.

TBBNOH.

»,. ,' "'' ■^"---'-•'-"ip;- ine Most Keverend
Richard Chenevix Trench, D.D., Archbishop of Dub-

■ (

TRENCH.

lin, was born Sept. 9, 1807, graduated at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge, in 1829, and was ordained to a coun-
try curacy. It was not, however, as a scholar or a
divine, but as a poet that Afr. Trench first became
known. After several clerical changes, he became
examining chaplain to Bishop Wilberforce, of Oxford.
In 1845-6 he was Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge, and
for a short time one of the select preachers. His
chief publications are Notes on the Parables ; Notes on
t/(s Miracles ; The Study of Words; English, Past and
Present ; Glossary of English Words; An Essay on the
Life and Genius ofCalderon ; Lessons in Proverbs, &c.
with many poems. About 1847 he became connected
with King's Collc^'e, London, as Theological Professor
and Examiner; in 1856 he was appointed Dean of
Westminster, and, on the death of Archbishop Whate-

ley,was consecrated Archbishop of Dublin, 1864.

From '' Men of the Time."

. II— POETICAL EXTRACTS.

ft !;
iiii: i

ill

THE CLOaD.
Book v. Pages 12?, 4, 5.

1. I bring. — This poem, one of the most beautiful of Shel-
ley's, in which the imagery i& partly fantastic and
partly imaginative, abounds in Personification, that
Figure of Rhetoric by which the actions or qualities of
animate objects are ascribed to those that are inani'
mate.

Showers. — From the Ger. schauer, a.s scar.

For the thirsting flowers. — Note the personal metaphor.

4. In their noonday dreams. — Express this idea in prose.

5. From my wings. — An example of Hyperbaton, a figure of

Syntax, by which words occupy a position different
from the usual syntactical order. The line furnishes an
example of an inverted sentence:

6. Buds, everyone. — The distributive adjective 'every ' (a.s

oifre 'ever* and<e/6- 'each ') has the eflfect of distributing
in sense the plural word huds ; hence the singular word
may stand in apposition with a plural. See Mason §
173, b.
7 When rocked to rest. — This refers to the buds bending
on the parent stalk.

8. She dances about the sun. — The gentle swaying motion ot

the plant is thus poetically described.

9. The flail. — The metaphor in this line may be expressed in

the form of a proportion, i.e., expanded, 'As the

I wield the hail to lash the groui. \

,'*

I.H:

POETICAL EXTRACTS-^

Under. --By supplying some appropriate participle as ,
' situated • or • lying ' this word may be treated as an
adverb ; or we may take it in connection with ' plains '
and call it an adjective, as "it narrows the range and
increases the meaning of the class name ' plain "—
Bain. *

12. In thunder.—U this phrase an adjunct to • I lauuh * or to
• I pass ? ' %

II.

2. Aghast.— Terrified. The word is from a Gothic root us-

gaisjan «to horrify,' the prefix 'wa* being replaced by
the A.S. a. The second element is connected the with
Ger. geist, a.s. gast, Eng. ghost.

3. Allthe nig^L^Thia, an adverbial adjunct : the noun night
being in the objective case. See Mason, § 372, (3).

^/(M^.— From A.S. blastan 'to blow.' 'Blasted,' in the

sense of * blighted,' is of the same origin.
SubHme.'--WhAt synonymes has this adjective ?
Bowera.—GER. bauer. a.s. bur 'a cottage.'
Paot.--^Why so called ? This is an example of Metaphor,

that Figure of Rhetoric by which a comparison is made

without the sign like or as. In this respect it differs

from a Simile. See extract from Julius Catsar.
Fettered.— Ihia word properly means 'chained by the

feet ' from A.n.fmtor or fetor, f6t ' a foot.'^-
Cftwern— From Latin cavus 'hollow.'
^ar^A.— This word is the a. s. earthe from erian 'to plough.

Compare Latin aro * I plough,' and English oar.
G^cnw.— Spirits. These tutelary deities were supposed

by the ancients to have charge over particular places,

and to rale a man through life.
13. Purple 5ea. —Explain the epithet purple. Compare this

With other epithela applied to the sea. • Thine aaun.

THE CLOUD.

brow. '—Byron. ' The amrt main. ' — ^Rule BritaknIa.
' Making the gretn one reH,' — Shakespeare. Cf. also,
Each jM<rp/e peak,' &c., ScotVi L. ot L., 1, 11.

15. Dream. — What mood?

16. What is the object of loves f

17. ?8. While. — These two words are etymologically the

same. They are the A.s. hwil 'time,' the first is a
noun in the objective cr^se standir<? in adverbial relation
to ' bask ;' the second is a relative adverb or a coordi'
noting conjunction. According to interpretation, of the
latter, what will be the diflference iii analysis ?
ffeaven'a.-^'Wonld this use of the possessive case be cor-
rect in prose ? For etymology of the word see selection,
' JRichard's Despair. '

III.

1. Sanguine. — Th k adjective is here used in its literal sense.

It means * blood-red. ' Cf. * Yoa sanguine cloud,' Gray's
Bard: So Milton calls the Hyacinth ' That sanguine
flower.* The usual nisaning of 'hopeful,' 'cheerful'
comes from the idea that a ftdl blooded person is livelj
and of an ardent temperament. Give another word
from the same root sanguis, 'blood,* and distinguish
between the two.

2. Meteor. — The Greek word (metedros) means 'raised on

high. ' The word is here used in an applied, or a parti-
cular sense, and means 'luminous,' 'fiery.'

3. Rack. — This word, meaning 'light vapory cloud,' is the

same as 'reok,* and comes from a.s. rec 'smoke.'

4. Dead. —Complement of ' shines. '

7. Eagle.— ¥r^vch, aigle; Latin, aqitila. The a. 8. name
of the bird is Ern.
Alit-^V. P. of 'alight.'
Ardors . — This word is derived from Latik ardeo, ' I bnro.

POETICAL EXTRACTS^

l!!i

10. Th« reference is to the ruddy glow of sunset, which

invites to rest. - '^

11. Crinson pall. -The Arabic word kermes, (the cochineal

inject), 18 the root of the word 'crimson,' which may
be traced under various forms, e. g., French, cramom ■
Spanish, carmesi; Italian, cremisi.
Pall is from the Lati^i Pallium, 'a cloak.' Cf. 'While
over all, hangs the rich purple eve.' Milman. Also
Milton's ' Sceptered palL ' U, Pens. 98. What is the
modern meaning of 'pall?' Express in plain prose the
meaning of the poet ?

mth wings fold^^.^U this an ' attributive ' or an
' adverbial ' phrase ?

IV.

2. i/ooTi.— His .7ord nieans literally the measurer.

a Olimmering. —A diminutive of gleam. It for ms the com-

plement of 'glides.'
O'er the floor.— Xn * adverbial adjunct ' to 'glides.'
i. Sirewn.—M8.y be construed either with 'floor* or with

' fleece ' in the compound word ' fleece-like.'

7. Woo/.-.Another form of this word is weft, from an old

P.P. of weave.

8. Peer.— A word ^! uncertain Etymology. Another form

18 'pore,' as in the line 'With sharpened sight pale
antiquaries pare, ' — Pope.
10. Swarm.-.The 'indirect object' of the adverb 'like,' to
which it forms an ' adverbial a Jjunct. ' So also in line
13 strips is an 'adverbial adjunct' to the adjective
•like.'

14 Eash.— This pronoun has the eflFect of distributing in
sense the plurals 'rivers,' 'lakes,' ' seas, ' with which
it stands in apposition. (See Mason ^ 173. b, also see
above, Stanza 1 . ) The construction is really elliDtical :

THE CLOUD.

*TiJl th6 calm rivers, Ac, are pavpd.' 'Till each ia
paved, &c.' For the constiuction with ' till,' treated aa
a prtponiion, tee Mason § 289, Note *

1..2. Note the change from the Obeek word *«one' to the

corresponding English 'girdle.'
3. ri^/canoe*.— From the mythical deity VnUan, the gcd of
fire. Compare words of similar oripn as, 'tantalize,'
• hector,' Ac. See History in Words, Book v., page 411.

6. Ca/)e. —Trace this word to the Latin Caput. Hence

'A«arf-land.'

7. ^i^rjieam.— What part of speech ? Give other examplea
of similar use of the adjective proof.

In this line either noun may he the granimatical enhje.w.
Cf. lines 9 and 12, the words ' bow ' and ' aich ' being
interchangeable ; also line 6 oi BUesivgs of Instruction,
Book v., p. 377.
^«.— Indicative present. See Mason § 260. Note •
10. /^ttmcant!.— From the French oura^ran, or the Spanish
hwixcan.
When the Powers, <*c.— -Wii»jQ the storma have ceaaed.
11-^12. Explain these lines.

VI.

2. Nursling. -^Totm a list of several aerivativea containing
the same sufElx.

S. Pores. — PassFges. From the Greek poros.

4. 7 change, <frc. — What does this mean ?

7. Pawfeon.— This word, which beautifully depcribes the
expanse of heaven, is derived through the Frknch
pavilion from the l.ATiif papilio, alutferfy. Cf. 'He

- _,_ ^ _ ^ _ -1-^ TT_> _ " " _ ' ' TI* _ • ■• _ „ :• •

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

Him were dark waters and thick clouds of the sky '^
Bible.

9. Cenotaph. -An empty tomb. The name derived from two
Greek words meaning ' empty ' and 'a tomb ', is given
to a monument erected to the memory of a person
whose body lies elsewhere.

10. Out of the caverns of rain I arise. -How do you explain this

11. Like.—lB this word an adjective or an adverb ?

12. C/n6M27rf. -Compare the word destroy from the L^tin

destruo. Another reading is ' upbuild. ' Which is the
preferable one, and why ? .

BATTLE OF WATERLOO.
Book v. Pages 276, 7, 8.

• Historical Note.— On theni-htprecedingthe Bat-
tle of Quatre Bras, which was fought on Friday, June
16th, 1815, the Duchess of Richmond gave a ball at her
Hotel, m Brussels. This ball was attended by Welling-
ton and his officers, as he-tliought that in this way less
alarm would be caused to the citizens, for he had heard
of the advance of the Prince of Orange On Quatre Bras
In consequence of this information, he had arrang-d
that the officers should leave the ball-room at ten
o'clock,, and, with their several detachments, take up
the line of march for Quatre Bras. This was done,
and Quatre Bras was reached early in the forenoon of

i/Ai6 ilKsjk.%1 uSkY,

By this tiL.eiy arrival, the Prino© of

BATTL£ QF WATERLOO.

•6

Orange was enabled to withstand the attack of Marshal
Ney. On the same day the Piussians, under BlUcher,
were defeated at Ligny by Napoleon, thus rendering
Wellington's hard- won victory valueless. In conse-
quence of this defeat, the plan agreed upon beforehand
by the allied generals was put into operation. BlUcher
retreated northwards to join Wellington at Mont St.
Jean, while on the following morning Wellinffton
began his retreat, and at five o'clock in the evening
took up his position on the field of Waterloo. The
battle, which was fought about two miles beyond
the village, near Mont St. Jean and Chateau-Houg-
omont, began between eleven and twelve o'clock on
Sunday, and lasted until six in the evening, with im-
mense loss on each side. Each of the three nations
claims its right to give name to this famous conflict,
the French calling it Mont St. Jean ; the Prussians,
.after La Belle Alliance, while the true victors on the
bloody field assert their rightful claim, and will hand
it down to all future ages, as the Battle of Waterloo.

,*\ChUds Harold, though he seems to celebrate the
victory of Waterloo, gives us here a most beautiful
description of the evening which preceded the battle
of Quatre Bras, the alarm which called out the troops,
and the hurry and confusion which preceded their
march. I am not sure that any verses in our language
surpass in vigor and in feeling, this most beautiful de-
scription.'' — SOOTT.

fOETICAl MXTRACTS,
I.

1. JZew/ry.— This word is from th« Ou) Fkench rwd, 'joy-

ous noise,' 'tumult.'

2. Belgium's Capital. —BrmBeU, where the ball was given,

near which the village of Waterloo was situated.

3. Her Beauty and her Chivalry.-— hy Mbtonomy for 'her

beautiful women and brave men.'

4. Beauty is from the French heauti, and this from heau

'fair.'

5. Chivalry. -~'£\i\B word is derived from the Low Latin

caballua, through the Fiiknch cheval, * a horse.'

6. finr/A<. —Complement of 'shone/ or by enallaye for

•brightly.' See Mason §269 for full explanation of ^
the way in which adverbs assumed the same form asad-
jectijires.

7 Aro8e.-^The rise and fall of the musical notes caused

pleasure to the dancers.
8. Soft eyes, d:c. — Loving glances were interchanged.

Notice the double aUiteratipn, indicative of Aa«<e and

fear. See next stanza.
a Like a rising knell. ^The booming of the cannon was Uke

the measured tolling of a bell. Fig. Simile.

II.

2. Stony streeL—ExAiAi^le ot alliteration, t.e., recurrent of

the same letter, a device frequently resorted to by
poets.

3. 0«.-~May be treated as a verb in the imperative, as in

• On, Stanley, on ;' Scott, or as an adverb, modifying
some such verb v * go.'

4. TowiAanrf PZeoswre. —Example of Persgnificaton. See

'The Cloud.'

6. To chass.—An 'adveibial infinitive' which may be re-
placed by the cl» use • that they may,' &o.

BATTLE OF WATERLOO.

Th* glowing hours. — Note the Met^* i»HOR, and compare

Milton's ' rosyboaom'd hours.'
Flying feet. — Nimble feet. Of. Shelley's *As their feet

twinkle.'

6. .Brea^5.— 'Contrast this use of the verb with the word

' breaks ' in ' the wave breaks against the shore. ' See
Mason § 183.

7. This line gives us an example of Hyperbaton, a Figure

of Syntax by which words are placed in an order not
strictly syntactical. %

8. Nearer. — This word is really a dovMe comparative ; * near

.being the comparative of the a\ s. neah 'nigh.' See

Mason §114, Note 3. .

, jDeadlier.^y Expand this word into a phrase, to bring

out the meaning. H8w does deadly differ from mortal f

* 9. An example of Epizeuxis, V Figure of. Rhetoric implying

the emphatic repetition of the same word or words.

. III.

1. Niche. — 1 ae same word as no^cA or nick, from the verb

nick, * to cut into. * ^

2. Brunswick' s fate I chieftain. — Charles, Duke of Brunswick,

was killed at Quatre Bras, and hence he is styled
•fated,' I.e., doomed.
Chieftain. — From French thef^ 'the head,' and suflSx
am from Latin termination-' anus.' Cf. capt-atn.

3. Festival. — By Metonomy, for *f casters.'

4. Death's prophetic ear — Had the Duke a presentiment that

he should be killed the next day ?

7. Which stretched, dec. — His father was wounded at the

battle of Auerstadt, 0> i. 13th, 1806, and died from the
wound, November 13th.

8. Venjuance. — From the Latin viniico, lit. , ' 1 lay claim to,'

t'Vtw.r

*V> 4-'Ua t?

y£££ •V'tA^AA VZS,^^ a: Z.'i

O'DHf/'ItT A./'Al yn^UM

^■^•is. t'C-ft;/cr .

M it

POETfCAL EXTRACTS.

Oo«/rf-The letter T is an intruder ; a false analogy to
Bliould,' 'would' suggested this spelling. See
Mason § 248. ^

^MeW.—The original meaning of this word is 'to kill,'
From A. s. cweVa-n. What is the object ?

^Totice the alliteration. The double form of superlative
18 to be noticed : one, the a.s. inflection ma retained
in the • m, ' the other, ostt. See Mason § 1 17.

Was. -The verb is attracted into the same number as the
nearest subject.

,2., Tremhlinga of distress.-^temhMng occasioned by their
anxiety.

Of distress is a descriptive genitive.
8. Ago.~T\ih is the perfect participle of the verb 'go'
which, as an adjective, limits the word 'hour' An-
other form of the participle is 'agone,' as found
1. i>am.. XXX, 13 :— 'Because three days agone I fell sick '
4. Praise, cfcc- Praise bestowed on their loveliness
8. More, c£'C.— Again.

Mvtiial eyes, <fcc.— See Stanza 1., 1. 7.

The whole of this stanza is highly onomatopoetic 2^nA is e^
pressive of hurry and confusion. The sound is an echo
to the sense.

2. Mustering.-Yvom the Italian mostrare, which is from
the Latin monstrare, 'to show.' Hence 'muster' is
' to gather for review,' and so * to gather ' simply.
... arfron*. -Literally 'bodies of troops drawn up in
uuares: It., squadrone ; Fr., escadron from Latin
quadra (quatuor), ' four. ' with ' s ' prefUed. An illus-
ttSktiou. oi prothe»is. .

BATTLE OF WATERLOO.

6. Tki alarming drum. — Usually called 'the alarum drum/
the drum that calls to arms.

VI.

1 . WHd and high. — Subjective complements.

Cam£ron*8 ^a^AeWngr.— A martial air of the clan Cameron.

2. Albyti'B hilh.—The hills of Scotland. The word from

Celtic alb or alp^ a height, means 'a country of
heights.' Cf, LochieVa Warning, * Who -4^6into death
and captivity led.' * When ^Z6m her claymore indig-
nantly draws. '

3. Noon of night. — Notice alliteration and poetic idea.

4. Pibroch. — A Highland air suited to the particular passion

which the musicica would create or assuage, but
. especially^ as its name implies, an air played on the bag-
pipe before the Highlanders when they go out to battle.
*' It is usually the Cruinneachtidh, or gatherittg of
the clan, being a long piece of music composed on
occasion of some victory or other fortunate circum-
stance in the history of the tribe, which, when played,
is a warning for the troops to turn out." — Logan.
9. Evan'Sf Donald's. — Sir Evan Cameron and his descendant
Donald, * the gentle Locbiel ' of the * forty -five,' cele-
brated in Campbell's ' ZocAieZ's Warning.' Sir Walter
Scott gives, in the 75th chapter of his History of Scot-
land, an interesting account of Lochiel in connection
with the rising of 1745, on behalf of Prince Charles.

VII.

1. Ardennes. — The wood of Soignies is supposed to be a
remnant of the forest of Ardennes, immortalized in
Shakespeare's * As Vou Like It.' Here the Germans,
according to Tacitus, made a successful defence against

*U-v T>

VU7 JAVUiSAlia.

Si!

=i*>

.€"'

fiii*,

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

Zr.l ""'r" '""■ ''"'P'-Bow heantifuUy do,, fh.

poet th„, describe the appearance of the fo,e,t tree.

after the ram which had been falling ince.«ntly for

twodiya. What Figure of EhBtorio?
8. Auy!u. -FroM j! ever' and wM. whU, u,igM 'creature.'
4. U„r^c«rn^nJ.-Vki. adjective is:.,.dj>roUi,ticatli,. i.^, Z
fore It 1. actually applicable.

r. Whence is the met. phor derived? How dOe. . metaphor
differ from a simile ? '"•pnor

9. 0/ tivCrtg valor.— What Figani

VIII.
2. Latt ew.—Sopply the ellipsis.

rA»„*..„,„,«<, Does the poet mean the natural oloud.,

or tliMe produced by the cannonading '
frMwhenrenL-^fote the continuative force of 'which'
and when these are rent.' See Mason § 413

mj""') m T''''' ^"^ '""''" °* ""> •>"»• What

J^igure of Rhetoric?

8. Jlcap-dand peH.-M„ny bodies buried in one grave
P^^-Penned, i.e.. cooped up, „r confined. ^

h^thtl'^TT ^^™"'' ''"° '"'"'''■at r«< „in
hath made the harvest grow,' and Halleck's 'And the
red held was won. *

Burial. ~a. s . byrigels .

Blent.—l&Un^QAy mingled.

f does the
trest trees
Bantly for

creature.*
(, i.$.f be*

aetaphor

olonds,

•which'

What

grave.

'd rain
nd the

MUSIC BY MOOSLtGHT. 41

t .
MUSIO B7 MOONLIGHT.

Merchant op Venice. Act V. Scene I.

Book v. Pages 460-1. "^

. SwMl. — By'enallage ' for sweetly (See Mason § 269); or it
may be treated as the complement of deeps. This line
furnishes a pretty instance of Metaphor.
. Music. — This word may, as frequently it does, mean
' musical instruments. '
Creep in, — Creep into. — This may be considered as an ex-
ample Cataohrbsis, a Figure of Rhetoric, by which a
word is wrested from its original application. So also,
pierce in line 14.
Become^ die. — 'Accord well with tae tones. * Music sounds
sweetest on a soft and stilly night. For etymology of
verb see extract from Merchant of Venice.
//ieaye«.— From a.s. hebban 'to heave up.' vSee Richard's

Despair.
Patines or patens. — From the Latin patina a plate. ' See
how thick the stars are.' The poet's trausition from
the metaphor of ' a floor inlaid with patines,' to the de-
scription of these same patines, as 'orbs in motion,'
singing, is rather abrupt. This may be regarded as a
mixed metaphor.
BiU. — Equivalent to tha^ not, introduces a relative clause.
ffis. — The neuter his is common in Old English as late as
the 17th Century. The word exhibits three stages of
development. 1. When it served for both Masculine
and Neuter. 2. A period of uncertainty when we find
his, her, it, and rarely its. 3. When (hjit received
the ordinary suffix s. The form * its ' is rarely used by

it Ocours Dufc uuue in

Q^V present version of the Bible. See Mason § 140,

PO&TTCAL EXTRACTS.

(7AerwWr„.~.The ordinary plural is theniUm. Tlifi sing,

form cheruhin occurs four fci.nes in Shakespeare.
^Minnflr. -Still singing in concert, or harmony with the
bnght-eyed cherubs. " The poet refers to the ancient
i'latonic doctrine of the music of the spheres, the rapid
motion of the stars having been supposed to produce
musical sounds in concer^ but too loud and constant
to be perceptible to mortal sense." Several of our poets
have beautiful allusions to this subject. Campbell
m the PUasure, of Hope speaks of the spheres when
hrst created, as hav^n^ then 'pealed their first notes
to sound the march of time.' Milton (P. L v 177)
refers to-' wandering fires, that move in mystic dance
not without song. ' See grand chorus in Dryden's ' Ode
for St. Cecilia's Day.' Book v. page 502. Cf. also
Job xxtxviii. 7. -When the Morning Stars Bang to-
gether." ^

10. Smh Aamony. -Besides the music of the spheres, which
no mortal ear ever caught a note of, there was supposed
. by "ome philosophers to be a similar harmony in the
human soul ; but while this harmony is shut in by this
muddy vesture of decay (our mortal body) we cannot
hear it. Examine the etymology of ' such '-««,« « so '
and he ' like.' Hence mch, means ' similar '
Muddy msture.-Qom^^v^ 'this flesh which walls about
our life,' Richard II., III. 2; and Shelley's, 'frame
of clay wrapp'd round its (the soul's) stru^rfin^
powers.' »«*'"S

Grossly.— From Lat. crassua 'thick.'
^/ana.-Identical with Luna the Goddess of the Moon
JJonu.—An ad/erbial object.
16. This Ime is wrongly printed. Jessica, on hearing the
musicians, exclaims, 'I am never weary when I hear
sweet music. ' Then Lorenzo tells her the reason

11.

12
13
15.

MUSIC BY MOONLTGfTT.

wf *■"

24.
26.

26.

17. .^^en^ite.— Literally 'on the stretch/

18. Wanton. — Etymologically thia word meaud ' not trained. '

19. Unhandhd. — Untrained.

20. Fetching.— Uokmg. Carefully arrange the qualifying

terras in this line.

21. Which w.— Which indicates. The antecedent to 'which*

is the general idea in th« preceding line.

22. Sound.— U this a noun or a verb in the Infinitive? If
the latter, how is it disposed of in Analysis ? What
Pig. in Etymology is illustrated by the addition of the d1

Shall. —As frequently in Shakespeare used for 'will.'

Afake a mutual stand.— The whole herd or race stands rt'il.
'Mutual' has here the force of 'common.' Distin-
guish between ' matual' and * common.'

The Poet. —Ovidi, who wrote B.G., 80.

ifeigrn.— Through the 0. Fk. feigner, from Latin 'fingo.'
Kow does • feign ' differ from * pretend V

27. Orpheus dreic trees.-Or^Yima was one of the early poets

and musicians of Greece, whose song was fabled to
have such mystic power that trees, rocks, &c., seemed
to listen to its melody. Cf. Dryden's,

Orpheus could lead the aavajje race ;
And treea uprooted left their place.
Sequacious of ^he lyre.

28. Nought— ^ny^ly 'is.' Derived from

* aught,' homdichit.
Stockish.—StUTpid.

2S. 5w^— That not. /Tis.— See above line 8.

30. iV(W is not.-\u. our older writers a double negative is fre-
quently found, having the effect of strengthening the
negation; in such cases the 'nor' has the force of—
and in further negation. In modern English a second
nagative neutralizes the first.

r=««w.«.-.-r-inis. Word IS from trahis<m (Fr.) which i»
from traditio (Lat.) ' a handing over.'

'ne* 'not' and

4» FCETICAL EXTRACTS.

StrcUayetM—S, Orkrk word meaning literally 'the act of
a general, ' • n piece of generalship,' • a trick.'

SpoiU ^llohhary, or acta of plunder. An example of
Mrtovymy.
2. £rehus.'-Thii lower world.

NarR.—Tho poet simply wishes to describe the g4rutral
effeot of rausio—iti tuning influence.

JULIUS C^.SAR.
Book v. Paoks 476-480.

Historical Notes.--Julius Cxsar was the first

of the twelve Roman Eiipeiors that bore the name
of Ca83ar. After entering public life, he filled
many of the inferior offices of the State, subao-
quently becoming Consul, B.C. 60, on the/ormation
of the FIRST TRIUMVIRATE, composed of Pompey,
CflBsar, and Crassus. On the expiration of his Con-
sulship, having received Gaul as his Province, he
marked his tenure of the office by the conquest of
that country and Britain. Tlie government of Gaul
for a second period of five years, was subsequently
conferred on him. But Pompey, jealous of his in-
creasing popularity, had a decree passed in the
Senate revoking his power. The time for action
having arrived, Caeaar marched upon I «!, creased
the Rubicon, and in sixty days subdued Italy.
Pampdy fled before him and Gdeiar followed hii» into

JULIUS CMSAR, 4|p

Greece. An en^'egitiK'nt took place, B.C. 48, on the
plairiHof Phari«alia,in Thcihsaly. On Lis return toBoine,
after tarrying in Kgyi)t, be >vr8 created perpetual
dictator. His succcrb created ( neniieH, and the chief
MinutuiH, with BrutUH, hin intiuiatf) fiitnd, conspiied
aguinst liim and Blew him in the Senate House on the
Ides of March ^15th), B.C. 44.

Brutus, Marcus Junius— During the BtruggJe

between Pouipey and Ceesar, Brutus espoused the
cause of Pouipey, because ho thouuht hiru the more
just and patriotic of the two. At the battle of Phar-
salia, Csesar spared his life and made him one of his
personal friends. After the murder of O'^sar, the
conspirators were obliged to flee from Rome. Brutus
withdrew to Greece, whither he was followed by
Antony and Octavius, aftei words known as Augustus
Csesar. A battle was fought at Philippi, B.C. 42, the
republican forces were defeated, and Brutus committed
suicide by falling on his swoid.

Cassius, Caius, like Brutus, threw in his lot with
Pompey and, like him, also owed his life to the cle-
mency of Ceesar, but afferwards joined the conspirators,
and became one of the murderers. At the battle of
Philippi, in consequence of the defeat of his wing
of the army, being fearful of falling into the enemy's
hands, he ordered one of his freed men to run him

thrmioh. And f.lllia ' Iia rkoriuViArl Vw fViaf aur/w/l TvVtinK

_ — • ^,,.,, ..j^._.va -,-j

wounded C»sar.'

vixt.? V rj '

PIfT

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

Antony, Mark (Antonius Mri-cub), held the offio«
of Tiibiuie oi' the People, at the time of Pompey's
quarrel with Crosar. It was he who advised Ceesar to
march from Gaul to Rome. At the battle of Pharsalia
he commanded tho left wing of the army, and on
CsBsar'a return to »^oine, he, according to a premedi-
ttitttd sohera^, ' tlirice presented him a K in. ?(ly crown.*
In his oration, pronounced over Cujsar's dead body,
he tried to ingratiate himself with the populace by
reminding them of CaBsar's liberal treatment. Be-
coming powerful, he began to tread in Crosar's foot-
steps, but was thwarted by Octavius. Violent quar-
rels ensued between them ; but, subsequently, a recon-
ciliation was elfrtcted, and, in conjunction with Lepi-
dus, they formed the second triumvirate, whose en-
trance into office was marked by a most terrible pro-
scription of all who had opt)osed them. After the de-
feat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, he went to
Egypt and lived there for a time in luxury and dissi-
pation with Cleopatra. On the death of his wife, he
married the sister of Octavius, and, returning once
more to Egy^it, became again ensnared by the charms
of Cleopatra. An unsuccessltti expedition into Par-
thia, and the repudiation of Octavia, involved him in
war with Octavius, terminating in the battle of Acti-
um, B.a, 30, after which he fled to Egypt, and,
bemg pursued by Ootavius, stabbed himself.

yULWS CMSAR, J

OiTiziy. — R'i/;.— This rerb ii from the o. i., toUHan «to

desire'
BRuri7.s.— 1/\— ladireot objsct of 'give.' AudUnu.— A
hearing.

Part the niimbtrs. Divide the muUitucV into two
companies.

Them. — An example of syntactic pleonaani. How does
this differ from rhetoric Pleonasm ?

(?o.— Either mbjuncHve rti' d in predicative relation to
'those,' or th« infinitive complementary to '1 ' sup-
plied. These being the 'Gram. Object,' and V the
•Objective Complement.' Mason, § f>72. d.

Public reasons, <fcc., i.e.— -Reasons for Cffisar's murder shall
be given in public.

Have re«jocc^. -Coneider my honor.

(7e7Mur«. —Judge me, Latin, censeo ' I judge. ' Cf. Bacon
' Take each man's cemure, but reserve thy judgment. '
The word is now used in an unfavorable sense.

Xm*.— "The root of Mess' is las ' infirm.' " (Morris). The
better.— 'For this use of the word the and its origin,
see Mason § 270. e.

0/ Couar's.— Supply 'friends.' See Mason §§ 69, 178
note.

Why Brutus, dkc. — A noun sentence, object of demand.

This is my ansiver. —For analysis, transpose ' My answer
is this.'

Had. you rather. — For this construction, see Mason,
§ 560. (Note), in which it is shown that had is a verb of in-
complete predication (subjunctive mood, past tense),
rather, an adjective, forming the 'objective comple-
m^nt,' and the dependent words the ' object." Would
sooner, is good Easjliih, but not hai soofte.\ "Had

rj.thtt, t)k':i\h%ib3ttir)a.ivd fc!ia siaocioiiof gjai English

'«»♦.

'\JRAl&..

48 POETICAL EXTRACTS,

Freemfyi.—Iiovr does this word differ frcm free men t !ti
which is the word men the more (emphatic ? Apply the
same reasoning to bondmen.

As Ccesar — ambition — Examples of Climax, a Figure in
Rhetoric, by means of which each successive word or
statement rises in importance above the preceding.
Mark the rhythm of this Speech. See note at the end*

The'^e is tears. — Abbott says : " When the subject is yet
future, and as it were unsettled, the third person singular
might be regarded as the normal inflection," or **the
. ' subjects may be regarded as one." — Okaik.

Rude. — Uncivilized or barbarous.

/ have done, dec. —I have acted towards him in the interest
of the State, as you shall towards me.

Question^ of his death. — A statement of the reasons why
he was put to death. (The answer to that question. , See
above ' Public reasons, &c.*

Capitol. — This temple and Citadel, situated on the Tar-
peian Rock, was sacred to Jupiter. It was a building
of rare magnificence, and in it all the tiiumphal pro-
cessions were conducted.

Extenuated, enforced. — These two words are opposed to
each other : the former means Itssened ; the latter, sU
forth strongly, dwelt upon.

Mark Antony, who, dec. — Notice the continuative force of
•who.'

With this I depart. — What does this mean ?

To need. — To think my depth necessary.

To grace. — Show respect to. Tending, dec. The speech is
meant to extol Csesar. Depart. Subjunctive used im-
peratively. See *go' above.

iiave I a^cmc— This may be considered as an example of
absolute conucruction, * save ' being regarded as con-
tracted for '«»ved' ».«., excepted. See also ' Richard II.*

JULIUS CjBSAR. 4g

^«i^4P0|te^A curtailed participle. See extnujt from
Kichard II.

Antony. -Z.n.^^., ^,,._Be attentive. Cf. Latin, FaveU
hnguis, 'be silent.'
^o Jury, to prai... Examples of ' adv3rbial infinitives '
The evil, <l:c.~We are apt to forget men's virtues, though
we remember their failings. Cf. Hen. VIII ii 12
Men's evil manners live in brass ; their virtues
We write in water.

" ^^moIdT''*"'^'''^ ^"^ you account for the subjunctive

An^cr'd.^Be has paid a heavy penalty for his ambition.

Brutus xs an honorable m«n.-An example of irony
IKONT is a mild form of sarcasm ; the intention is to
convey a meaning exactly opposite to that indicated by
the words. It lacks the 6««enie«a of sarcasm

In Cte/rarVwn^ror/. -Shakespeare uses prepositions differ-
ently from what we do. We should say «at.' Cf
Richard JI., 'with' for 'on.'
■ ^?**''^ ;-^«- *-«»»fon from Lat. redemptvmem, 'a buying

Whenthat-Aiier ' when ' supply 'it hashappened,' and
place the clause ' that, &c. ' in apposition with ' it. ' Or
the that m such cases may be considered as a summary,
or compendious expression of what follows, more dis-
tinctly marking out the clause to be comprehended under
the lohen.

Lupercal.-~A yearly festival (Lupercalia), observed at
Rome on 16th February, in honor of the god Pan. Ac-
cording to Plutarch, it was instituted in honor of the
she wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus. The name
is derived from a Latin word, meaning o m;o?/*; because
Pan,as the god of shepherds, protected the sheep from the
wolves. The fest? val was kept up until A. D. 469.

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

\' L

WTtiehht did thrice refuse. — In consequence of the indig-^
nation of the populace. " Old traditional feeling was
too strong at Rome for Caesar's daring temper to brave
it. The people wou submit to the despotic rule of
a Dictator, but would not have a King." — Liddell.

To disprove. — What kind of infinitive ? Give your reason.

Not without cause. — An example of Litotes, a Figure in
Rhetoric, by which a weak expression is used for the
sake of enforcing the thought.

What cause, <Ssc. — Express this same idea in modern Eng-
lish. The preposition * to * was originally used not with
the infinitive, but with the gerund, which ended in V, '
and generaUy indicated a purpose. Gradually as to super-
seded the proper infinitival inflection, it was used in
other ayd more indefinite senses.

Thou artfled.~Oi what voice is * art fled ?' How does it
diff'er from * thou hast fled ?'

Brutish beasts. Stixte beasts appear more like reasonable
beings in their affections.

1. CiTizv.Yi. —Methinks. — The subjectis the following noun sen-

tence, * There Ac' The verb is derived from thincan ' to
seem' which must be| distinguished from thenca,n, • to
think.' See extract from * Richard II.'
Me is a dative construction. The analysis is as follows :
Gram. Sub. 'It'; AdjuncL Subst. Clause 'there Ac.,'
in apposition; Predicate Verb, 'seems.' Extension *to
me.'

2. Citizen.— With weeping.- What kind of adjunct ? Place in

analysis ?
AiiTomY.— Yesterday.— A. 8. gesterndaeg. May be^treated as
an adv. or noun in objective case, in adverbial relation
to 'stood.'
None so poor. — Note omission of so. In some editions the
uorreisiiiv6 as is Oiuiiibdu. i-wr, ux wtiat sense.? never-
ence. — ^Respect.

yUUUS CMS A JR.

Who.—^ote the connective force of the relative.

Rather.— ThiB adverb of the comparative degree has for
its positive the old adjective ra<A«, meaning * early.'
Tennyson uses rathe. "The men of rathe and riper
years."

Parchment.—So called from the city of Pergamos. As a
material for writing on, it superseded papyrus in the
beginning of the 8th century. Make a list of the names
cf materials derived from the names of places ; as,
copper, diaper, calico, muslio, &c. Consult History
IN Words, Book v., Pages 411-417.

Commons.~The common people.

Testament.— From Lat. testor. * I witness.' Its English
equivalent is will.

Napkins.— Their handkerchiefs. From Fr. nappe 'a
cloth, 'and this from Lat. mappa of the same signifi-
cation.

Memory.— A memorial. Something by which they may

remember him.
Within. — Note use of preposition.

Shall I descend ?— From the rostrum, or platform from
which he was addressing the * Commons.'

That day.— The day on which *c. In some editions
of Shakespeare the sentence is independent. The
Nervii were the most warlike of the Belgic tribes ; their
country lay on both sides of the modem Scheldt. Their
subjugation was one of the most important events in
Caesar's Gallic campaign.

In thii place, <&c.— Was Antony justified in making such
minute and particular reference ?

As. — As if it was rushing.

To be resolved.— To have its doubts settled ; to be satis-
nea. ■

,^ Brutus, <fcc.— This is a 'substantive clause.'

■1 'I

62 POETICAL EXTRACTS,

Or wo.— It) ElizAbethan writers this form is met quite as
often as the ordinary • or not. *

^npe?.— From the Greek, mtana a 'messenger,' and is
used in this sense by Shakespeare an.^ Jonson. Here it
means Cassar's 'alter ego,' his 'other self,' or one as inti-
mately connected with him, as his Guardian angel. See
Acts xii. 15. ' It is his (Peter's; angel.' It may mean
simply 'his best beloved.'

Mo8t unkindtst.—A double or intensified superlative, for
sake of emphasis, as in the Bible 'most Highest,' 'most
straitest. '

iTm.— This word is very emphatic.

'ngratitude quite vangvuhed. —According to the generally
received account of the murder, Casar's surprise at
seeing his friend Brutus foremost among the conspira-
tors, forced from him the words ' Et tu Brute. ' ♦ Wilt
thou too, Brutub, stab Caesar?' Favqtmhed.- Over-
came. From Lat. vinco *I conquer,' through Fb.
vaincre.

Pompey's atahie.-The metre requirt^s the last word to he
a trisyllable. In some editions it is atatua. This
form of the word is frequently used by Bacon. Is there
anything peculiar in the mention of this particular
spot?

Itan blood.— for construction compare

Which like a Fountain with a hundred spouts,
Did run pure blood.

Treason.— Derived from Latin traditionem, through the
French trahison. Flourished.^Exulted, or triumphed
over us ; put forth, as it were, its flowers.

i>irt<. -Impression or influence. The word is used twice
by Shakespeare. The a.s. dynt means a 'blow' or
' stroke. ' Or it may be another form of dent ri.AT rf^^ns)
•an impression.' Mark the pathos of these lines, and

l> ^

JULIAS CMSAR. 53

the strong contrast between the w<mnded vature, «nd
the wounded body.

Gracious c^ropj. —Tears caused by generous emotions, and
falling like rain from Heaven.

Private grnsA. --Personal wrongs oir^rievances, an example
of Metonomy, ' eflfect ' for ' cause.' The plural form of
the abstract word * grief ' may be accounted for by
supposing there wore different causes of grief.

That love, <fcc.— Explain grammatical construction. Com-
pare in this same play ' Casca, you are the first that
rears your hand', and ' You know that you are Brutus
that speak this. '

No orator— Bain regards ' no ' as a negative adverb, made
to assume the form of an adjective for a particular con-
venience. Compare Abbott's "How to Parse," Par.

Neither wit, <fcc.— .N'otioe alliteration. Wit means 'judg-
ment' or 'understanding.'

Utterance, <ke. — Elocution, nor eloquend^.

Du7nb mouths.— An example of metaphor and oxymoron.
Metaphor is a Figure in Rhetoric, founded on the re-
semblance which one object is supposed to bear to
another. It differs from a Simile in being expressed
without any sign of comparison like or as.

Oxymoron is a Figure in Rhetoric, by which words or
phrases of contrary signification are united, thus pro-
ducing a seeming contradiction.

TAewi.— This word, like him above, is emphatic.

Would ruffle.— "YhQ omitted relative ' that' must be sup-
plied for subject.

Note.— «* Shakrspeare uses Prose and Poetry for distinc.
purposes. Prose is used in the dialogues between ser-
vants, ana in jest, and in light couiv^rtititiou. it is used

H POETICAL EXTRACTS,

for lettoM, aud ou other oooasioiw whoro it is de«irttble
to give a mattor-of-faot effect. Often, a iceue beginning
witii proao ri.es to vewe, an the fonliuga become more
pasiionate. One remarkable initanoo where prose ii
Ui«d iiiitead o£^ver»u is in the speech of Brutus, who
elsewhere always speaks in verso ; but in addressing the
people, he refuses to appeal to their feelings, and affects
a studiously cold and unimpassioned style ; his speech
serving as a useful foil to Antony's higlily impassioned
language. As soon, however, as ho begins to appeal to
l/u feelings of the audience, he approaches and dually
falls into metre."— Abbott aud Skeley.

TRIAL SCENE PROM THE " MERCHANT OP

VENICE."

Book v. Paoes 480-484. ,

FoRTU.— / fitrf.— Some editions read 'came 'in the Duke's
speech. Hence the past tense,
y^^ac^.—lmmeduitely below the Ducal Thmno.

DiTKE — Dil^eroice.—Are you acquainted M'ith the dispute that
is the subject of the present trial ?

PoKTiA.— :r/*orouf/;t/y.-«-Another form of the word is 'through-
ly ;' common iu Shakespeare's time. Cf. "Ho will
throughly purge His floor. " Matt. iii. 12.
0/ a strangt nature.— Where placed in analysis ? What
kind of a phrase? iStrange, from Latin extramu^i,
through the French itrangcr. Suit, through the Fk.
mvrt from acywor, • I follow, '

MMBCHANTOF VStTlcn.

/n 9MycK rut: — In inch due and strict form that the law

can find no Haw in the proubdure.
Danger.-— The phraio ' to be in one'i danger ' means to be

in one's power, and ao liabln to bo punished by him.

The phrase ' in dangfr ' is foumi in Matt. v. 22, hh

the translation of a Grwk adjective meaning • liable to. '
Afuut.—Uov/ does Portia's •muHt' differ from Shy lock's?

Quality of mercy.- IJy dropping the ' of/ the meaning

will be clearer: 'the quality— mt-roy.' The word

•mercy ' really stands in apposition with ' (luality,' or,

as Rushton explains it, in juxtapoMttinn-
Mercy.— Two etymologies aie suggested : Lat. miseriar-

dia, 'pity,' or merces, through n.f. amtrder, 'to fine.'
5<rain«(i. — 'Forced,' or called into exercise by force.
It droppeth, tfcc— Compare Eoclesiasticus xxxv. 20:

" Mercy is seasonable in time of affliction, as clouds of

rain in the time of drought."
From heaven. —Thin phrase may be either 'attributive'

or 'adverbial.'
Twice blenaed. — lmi)MtH a two-fold blessing. Shakespeare

frequently uses a past part, in active sense. In the

adverb twice wo have a relit; of an old genitive case

ending, as also in * needs,' at the end of this speech,

• must needs give sentence. '
i/t^/i^<t<!«^— Noblest in those who have the most power to

hurt.
Becomes. —a. b. becwcman. • To suit or fit. ' ( i ek. bequemen.

" The prefix 6e is a • disguiped form' of ge " Ciiaik. In

what relation does ' monarch ' stand ?
Shows.-~U the emblem of.
Attribute.— Token of aM'e and majesty.
Doth sit. — One idea is conveyed by the two words, hence

the verb is singular.

-T?-

&«».^^k^%^ (

!:■

POETICAL EXTJiACTS.

LH^t^kn adjective in the superlative degree forming
the complement of 'show.' and followed ^M^!t
object, 'power,' supplied. «inairect

.W^ Tempers, or moderates. What is the Etymologv
of this word seaBomi For similar ii«nfima«/
play of Ed. HI : «entiment compare

And Kings approach the nearest unto God.
By giving life and safety unto men.

Some suppose that in these lines Shakespeare intended
to compliment Elizabeth. 'nwnaed

"^if'Vray <fcc.-Sir W. Blackstone considers this out

mentilT r '^t'''""' *^ * ''^' Tl^« --e sent
raent is found in Ecclesiasticus xxviii

P«rr. P ^ ? '"'''"'^ frequently curtailed the
Wcely to be confounded with the infinitive, they used
misto'ot' "' " " '''''' "^^^^^^"' 'You'hTve
W^ c6c.-~For if ou insist upon strict justice.
.Vee^.^bee above. It is an 'adverbial genitive '
Mason, § 267. Kcmwve.

^nYLocK^ My aeecis^ &,. g^p^j^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ,
l.et me bear the consequences nf what I do
0/ my 6ond.^The penalty and forfeit-' an equal pound
^^ of your fair flesh '-mentioned in tile bond
^ "''"^-f^^^^'^^^-P-y the money and thus clear off the

.'UssANio-^c,.,,^ On Antonio's behalf, /'.r/.i^, Fb. /or.
/•a.^ Latin /oHs ' abroad ' and facere ' to do '-' to
misdo.' Hence ' the penalty for misdoing. '
/^mu..ap^e«r._Everyone must see that malice gets the
better of honesty, for a strictly honorable man --^i^
»oi aemaad more than his just due .

MERCHANT OF VENICA.

Wrtti. — The word is U8«d metaphorioally. 'For once
make the law yield to your authority.*
Shtlock.— ^ DanUl.—A. reference to the History oj Swanna,
ver. 45, " The Lord raised up the holy spirit of a young
youth, whose name was Daniel."
'^Aee.— If we regard the rhetoric use of the pronoun, this
•apparent liberty' will be explained, for in Shake-
speare's time, this pronoun implied superiority, as well
as contempt.

Jtever^.nd.—Wh&i is the force of the epithet ? Compare
' Most potent, grave, and rev^renrf seigniors. ' Othello.

Doctor.—" In that age delicate points of law were not de-
termined by the ordinary judges of the provinces, but
by doctors of the law who were called from Bologna,
Padua, and other places celebrated for their legal
colleges."

An oath, an oath.— An example of Epizeuxis. See for
definition extract— Battle of Waterloo.

I'ORTIA.— Forfeit.— A 'curtailed,' or shortened participle.

i^HYhOCK,— There is no power, d-c. —Nothing that any one may
say can change my resolve. Stay.—deat in fixed re-
solve.

Portia.— With full relation.— The law in spirit, not merely in
the letter of it, clearly recognizes that this penalty must
be paid.

.Shylock.— .Vore elder.— lHote * double comparative,' as fre-
quently in Shakespeare; ' more larger,' (A. and C. iii. 6)
•more better' (Temp. 1. 2), 'more braver,' (id.)
• ore rawer,' (Hamlet, v. 2.) So also we find 'double
suoerlatives,' as ' most unkindest ' in last selection.
Tery —Exact, or precise. i?a7a«ce.— The only instance in
Sh I kespeare of this form used as a plural. How may
the construction be accounted for? To weigh.— An
adv. inf. Give etymology of • balance. '

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

Portia. —i5ttrgf<eon. A ooutractioD of chirugtw.^ lit. 'one who
works with his handii.'

On your chatgt. - -At your expense.

Stop. — Stanch, or stay the flow of blood.

H^hat qfthatf—FiW up the ellipsis.

A^omina<«d.— Named, or mentioned
Asvos 10.— Armed. — With moral strength. Farti you we/l.
'Fare' is from the a. a. faran 'to go,' and may be
treated as of the imperative or the subjunctive mood.

Fortune.— Ex&m]^le of Personification.

Still. —Ever. Use. - -Custom.

To view. — Tliat he may see. The sense of the paesage re-
quires only a comma after 'wealth.'

0/ such misery. — A descriptive genitive. How does this
form^diflfer from a partitive genitive.

Commend. — To her remembrance.

Speak me fair. — Speak well of me, as regards the spirit in
which I die. What is the usual meaning of the ex-
pression ?

A love. —A friend. Compare J. Caesar, iii. 2. ' Romans,
countrymen, and lovers.* *Thy love.^ ii. 3, See also
Psalm xxxviii. ii., 'My lovers, and my friends.*

Repent not. — Imperative sentences are frequently condi-
tional ; as here, * If you,' &c. See Mason, § 4*1.

Presently. — Instantly. The word has the same meaniug
in the authorized version of the Bible. See Matt. xxvi.
53. Cf . Macbeth I, 2, 64. ' Go, pronounce his 2^resent
death.'

Heart. — Is this intended for a pun !
Portia.— Jbi. A strange use of the word in connection with
a liquid. The letter' yod (Gr. iota), is the smallest
letter in the Hebrew alphabet ; it is used for any very
amsll quantity. Cf. Henry VIII., ii. 3. * If this salute
my blood Skjot.*

oue wliu

f(M Wf/i.

may be
ve mood.

esage re-
does this

spirit in
the ex-

Runiana,

See also
>

y coiidi-
tl.

mcauiug
itt. xxvi.

is 2>Tesent

ion with
smallest
any very
lis salute

MERCHANT OF VBmC£, ' M

Tht cutting. —Notice omi^'.ion of the preposition ' of ' after
the verbal noun.

Conjiucate. — A curtailed perfect participle.

Act. — The statute or decree.

Thee. — Used reflexively.

ThanjUHt a pound.— ii^iwX • a just,' i.e., an exact pound.

Substance, dr. -Two interpretations may be given, 'In
the amount of u twentieth, or even the fraction of u
twentieth. '-HuNTEit. The C. P. edition favji-s the
present punctuation, and interprets 'division, Ac ' as a
grain. This forms a kind of climax : 1°, if it he lighter
or heavier, according to ordinary tests ; 2", if it weigh
more or loss by a grain ; 3°, if it be uneven by even
the weight of a hair.
Ghatiaxo. —i/aye thee, on the hip. -Borrowed from the lan-
guage of wrestlers, and implies ' To have the advan-
tage of.'
PohTiA.— 7^ is enacted, <fcc.— The subject of this complex sen-
tence is the complex noun sentence ' The party against
the which, &c.'

It he proved.— l^hQ subject is the noun sentence, • That by
direct, &c.'

Party,— \]%Qi\ in a legal sense. The which. See Mason, § 162.
—This archaism is frequently found in Shakespeare, as
in the Authorized Version ; * which ' being considered
as adjectival and indefinite. •' This form is never used
in modern literature, exceot in imitations for special
purposes." — Bain.

Contrive. — From Fr. controuver, means 'to plot.'

Goods.— In the objective case, after ' of ' supplied.

Voice. — Judgment.

Predicament.— SituAtion, condition, or plight The term
is properly one of Logic, but like many others, as 'cate-
gory,' 'dilemma,' has been transferred to the language
of common life.

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

Formerly rehearsed.—A legal term equivalent to •above
recited.*

DvKH.^ Pardon, dsc.-^l remit the sentono© of death, aad thui
grant thee thy life.
For half, dkc.—AM for half.

KING- RICHARD III.

Glabei^ce's Dbeam.
Book v. Pages 485-6.

Kistorfcal Notes.— Richard III.— On thedeath

of Edward IV., in 1483, his brother Richard Duke of
Glo'ster, caused himself to be proclaimed Protector, and
one month later accepted the Crown at the hands of
the Parliament. After having his brother's marriage
declared invalid, and its issue illegitimate, he caused
his two nephews Edward V. and the Duke of York, to
be flung into the Tower, where, as is generally alleged,
they were, at his order, murdered. This new deed
of blood linked both the Lancastrians and the York-
ists in a wide conspiracy against the royal murderer.
As no lawful issue of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancas-
ter, remained, attention was turned to the Beauforts,
of the House of Somerset, sprang from the union of
John of Gaunt «ith his mistress, Catharine Swyn-
ford. This branch had been legitimated, but the
right of Buocession had been reserved, Aa Henry

RICHAXD III.

«l

of Eichmond was the only ecion of the family to
whom the Lancastrians could look, he was induced
by Morton, the exiled Bishop of Ely, to emerge
from his exile in France, whither he had betaken
himself from the hostility of the Yorkists. Hav-
ing; united both parties in his favor, by a promise
of marriage with Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of
Edward IV., he laaded at Milford Haven, and ad-
vanced through Wales. He met and defeated Richard
on Bosworth Field, in Leicestershire (1486), and wt.
crowned on the battle field. The dead body of the
King was conveyed to Leicester, and buried in the
church of the Gray Friars.

Clarence, George, Duke of, was the second « on

of Richard Duke of York, and thus brother of Edwird
IV., and Glo'ster, who afterwards became Richard III.
In the sketch of Warwick we shall see that gradu-
ally an estrangement sprang up between Edward and
the " King maker,'* as he is styled, in consequence of
Edward's marriage. In the conflict that ensued,
Clarence, for private reasons, allied himself with War-
wick, but deserted him when vacillation seemed most
convenient to his selfish ai-ibition. In the struggle
that followed immediately after the alliance with Mar-
garet, Clarence, now Warwick's son-in-law, joined him
against the King, though he had formed the resolution,
on the first favorable opportunity, to return to alle-
giance to his brother. As the two advanced, the ?ling

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

fled, but when he returned the next year (1471), mul-
titudes flocked to his banners, to support the House
of York. " False, fleeting, perjured Clarence" now
threw oflf the mask, and abandoned the Red Rose for
the White, and joined his brother against his " re-
nowned father-in-law. " In the engagement at Barnet
Hill, Warwick was slain. After the death of Warwick,
the Duke of Glo'ster sought the hand of his daughter
Anne, the widow of Prince Edwara, who was slain
at Tewkesbury. Clarence, who was married to the
elder sister, wishing to possess the whole inherit-
ance, oppoped the marriage, which, however, took
place at the Kipg's command. Glo'ster became a
favorite with the King, while Clarence, notwith-
standing his recent services, was treated ./ith dis-
trust and slights. It happened that Clarence once un-
guardedly denounced as illegal the execution of one
Thomas Burdet^,. When this reached the King's ears,
he had Clarence brought to trial, and persuaded the
peers to convict him of treason. The Duke was
privately executed in the Tower ; or, as the story
goes, was allowed to drown himself in a butt of Malm-
sey, his favorite wine. Brakenbury was at the time
Lieutenant of the Tower.

Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, popularly
named the " King-maker," was born about 1 420, lihortly
before the accession n? ^fxn\-\r VT ^»f fko, tt^.,„^ ^e

Lancaster. As Lord Neville, he manifested distin-

RICHARD HI,

guished bravery and brilliant personal qualities.
After being created Earl of Warwick, he became the
most prominent figure in the Civil War of the Roses.
The Duke of York, who, in consequence of the child-
lessness of Henry VI., had an eye to the Throne,
gained Warwick to his side by marrying Lady Cecille
Neville. On the barons declaring the incapacity of
Henry, the Duke of York was made Protector, and
tht War of the Roses began with the battle at St.
Albans (1455), which was won by Warwick.

In 1460, Warwick defeated Queen Margaret at
Northampton, and obtained possession of the person
of the King. In 1461, Richard of York was slain in
the engagement at Wakefield Green, and after a
second engagement at St. Albans, favorable to the
Lancastrians, Warwick marched boldly upon London
and had Edward, son of the Duke of York, proclaimed
King. After this came the engagement at Towton
and at Henham, in which Henry was taken prisoner,
and by Warwick's command led on horseback through
Che'-.pside to the Tower.

Having set Edward lY. on the throne, and being at
the height of his power, Warwick seemed inclined to
show that he could pull down as well as set up kings ;
being chagrined that the King should have married
Elizabeth Wjdeville, or Woodville, a Lancastrian,
while he was negotiating for hi . marriage with the
sister-in-law of th« T''»'«"'»^ T?'i"iy t .rtnio yt aa.^^i —

ing been sent into honorable banishment by embassies

POETICAL EXTRACTS,

to France, Burgundy, and Brittany, he gave his
daughter in marriage to George, Duke of Clarence, the
King's brother, without having asked Edward's con-
sent. This annoyed Edward, for, failing male issue, his
brother was next heir to the throne. We soon find
Warwick in revolt against Edward and (1470) entering
into a treaty with Queen Margaret — a common enmity
to Edward supplying a bond of union — by which it
was agreed that her son Edward, Prince of Wales,
should marry his daughter Anne Neville, and that, in
failure of issue, the crown should devolve on Clarence,
an arrangement quite unnecessary. Henry VI. then
resumed th^ sovereipjnty and Edward escaped to Hol-
land, but subsequently returning gave battle to the
King's forces under Warwick at Barnet, April 14,
1471. Warwick was slain, and the terrible struggle
between the rival houses closed with the battle of
Tewkesbury, at which both the Queen and the Prince
were taken pri "^ners. After replying to a question
put to him by Edward, the Prince was struck in the
face by the King with his gauntlet, and then was bar-
barously despatched by some attendant lords, of whom
the Duke of Glo'ster is said to have been one.

Bbakenbury. — Why. — Derived from the instrumental case
of hwcet : so also the adverb hov}.
To-day. — If treated as a noun, in what case does it stand ?
What is the relation ?
Clarence. — Miserable. — "What is the corresponding Saxon

■arnfA f

RICHARD III. U^

Chriattafi-faUhful wiaw.— Explain the epithet. What is the
opposite epithet?

To buy, die. — An adverbial infinitive.

Another such a night. — The word a is pleonaetically uaed.

Me-thought. — In this word we have a relic of the old
dative case : * thought' is the past tense of thincan, * to
seem.' Methought 'it seemed to me.' The real subject
of the sentence is the noun sentence following.

ff^as embarked. — Is this the past-perfect of the active
voice, or the past tense of passive voice ?

From my cabin.— An adverbial adjunct to ' to walk,'

Cited up. — Called to our remembrance and talked abont.

During, <fcc.— Such constructions may be regarded as abso-
lute, * during ' bemg treated as an imperfect participle.
See Mason, § 282.

That had befallen vs. — jh.2. attributive clause to 'times.'
What is the position of ^ us ' in analysis 7

Qiddy. — Causing giddiness.

That thought, <kc. —Is this use of the relative pronoun cor.
rect ? How may it be defended ?

Thought. — A.s. thencan * to think.'

ifam.— This word is the same as the adjective, meaning
' chief. ' It means the chief or principal sea, as opposed
to gulfs, bays, &c. Compare 9nain-land, wain-mast.

What pain.— To which part of the sentence do these
words belong ?

/«e»<i7na6/e. —Passing all price. Unvalued. — Invaluable.
Milton, in his epitaph on Shakespeare, speaks of • the
leaves of thy unvalued book.' '« The passive participle
is often used to signify, noL, that which was and m,
but that which was, and therefore can be hereafter. In
other words ed is used for able.'* — Abbott.
In the bottom. — "Note us^ o preposition.

ff^tre crept. — The differer.oe between the nAfit^va vf\iiis. snA

POETICAL EXTRACTS,

what seems the passive voice is thus given by Abbott i
** The is expresses the present state ; the Aas, the ac-
tivity necessary to cause the present state."

To yield the ghost. — As we say *to give up the ghost.*
This intinitive phrase is a species of cognate object, and
stands in adverbial relation to 'strive.' MasoU| § 469-(3),
§ 372.(4).)

Still, — Constantly, See Merchant of Venice^ Trial Scene,
" Itis still her use."

Env%(m8 flood. — What is the force of the epithet ? Trace
the word to the Latin invidia.

Empty. — As compared with the sea. Some editions read,
empty vast. What would be the meaning ? Compare
Milton, P.L. 11, 432. 'ThQ void profound.'

Wanderinii air. — Air in which the spirit could wander.
Wandering is a gerund, governed by * for ' to be sup-
plied. Compare Spenser's Faerie Queene. " This is
the wandering Wood."
Brakenbubt. — Sore. — a.s. sar 'sorrowful,' Agony. Literally

* a wrestling.'

CiiABrBNCK.— •7'^ melancholy flood. — The river Acheron. Ac-
cording to the ordinary etymology , the word means

* river of sadness.*

Orimferrym/in. — Charon, whose duty it was to conduct

the souis of the dead over the rivers Acheron and Styx.

A. 8. faran * to go. ' Trace other words to the same root

word.
Which. — " When that was applied to the antecedent, the

relative form preferred by Shakspeare was which." —

Abbott.
What scourge, <fcc. — The direct object of * afford* is * what

scourge for perjury,' for perjury being an attributive

phrase ; the indirect object is ' false Clarence.'

JJU. vtbCiii Ch/y. ikiligUUiii.

ITTl- ^ J. il _ i! T> l- i . «

VT Xiwii iigUfU Ui Aii6liOnC I

Abbott:
9, the ac-

e ghost.'
ject, and
i469-(3),

3,1 Scene,

? Trace

>nB read, .
Compare

wander.

be sup-

'This is

[literally

)n. Ac-
I means

conduct
id Styx.
tme root

ent, the
hich."—

s 'what
ributive

niCHARD III.

«r

Shadow.— A diminutive of shade. The young Prince*
Edward, Sol of Henry VI., and Margaret.

/'/ee/mgr.— Changing sides, fickle. See Historical Note.

Furies. — In heathen mythology the Furies were supposed'
to be ministers of the vengeance of the gods, always
employed in punishing the guilty on earth, as well as in
the infernal regions. They were generally represented
with a grim and frightful aspect, serpents wreathing
round their heads, They held a burning torch in one
hand, in the other a whip of scorpions.

TormenU—ThiB word is the Latin tormentum literally
*an implement for twisting,^

JFwwrouU— Surrounded. The word is from the Greek
through the French. *^ea«07i.— French, saison, from
Latin satio.

CoMZrf.— Etymologically the letter 'T has no right to be
in this word. Can you expkin ?

But that. — For this construction, see Mason, § 516-ol7.

Such — dream. — A capital example of an inverted sen-
tence.

i/arve^.— Through the French merveille, from Latin
mirabilis * wonderful.'

4/VaMf.— According to Abp. Trench, this is the participle
of affray. French grayer *to frighten.'

To hear you, <fcc,--For construction of this infinitive
phrase, see Mason, § 192. It might be regarded as the
object of * am afraid,' which, taken as a whole, is equi*
valent to *I fear.'

i2cg'wi<es. —A shortened form of this word is 'quit.' How
may they both be connected with * quiet' ?

God, <fcc.— It is doubtful if these four lines are genuine.
Clarence's wife died before he was apprehended, and
she is jQot elsewhere referred to in the play.

Appease. — Comparu derivation of atone 'to set at one.*

Fain.^A.a, faegen * glad.\ What part of speech ?

«•

POETICAL EXTRACTS,

RIOHARD»S DESPAIR.

Act hi., Scene 2.

Book v. Pages 484-5.

Historical Note.— Richard II., the second son
of Edward the Black Prince, came to the throne in
1377, on the death of his grandfather, Edward III. As
he was a minor, the government was vested in a Coun-
cil of twelve, from which his three uncles, tne Dukos
of Lancaster, York, and Gloucester, wer > excluded,
though it was really under the control nf the Duke of
Lancaster^ In the fourth year of his reign (1381),
the rebellion of Wat Tyler broke out in conse^uencJ
of the levying of a * poll-tax' on every male and female
of the age of fifteen and upwards. The early years
were also marked by the spread of the ' Ref ,rmation'
begun by Wyckliffe in the formar reign. During the
absence of Lancaster, who went abroad to prosecute
his claims, in right of his wife, to the throne of Cas-
tile, his brother Gloucester put himself at the head of
affairs, but he in turn was obliged to retire. Soon
the reins of government fell from Richard's hands,
and were seized by the Duke of York and Bolingbroke'
son of the Duke of Lancaster. Once more the king
regained his power, and, after triumphing over his foes,
began io quarrel with his friends. A misunderstanding
having occurred in 1398, between Bolingbroke and
fche Duke of Norfolk, the kin^ banished ^Iia." wi.

RICHARD'S DESPAIR.

f"\

Bond son
hrone in
III. As

L a Coun-
e Dukea
xcluded,
Duke ol
(1381),
equence
i female
7 years
mation'
ring the
'osecute

of Cas-
hoad of
. Soon

hands,
gbroke,
he king
bis foes,
tending
ke and

Bolingbroke for ten years, and Noifolk for life.
Bolingbroke, however, returned in 1399, and during
Richa-d's absence in Ireland, placed himself at the head
of a formidable army ; the result being that Richard
resigned his crown, and Parliament, ratifying the act,
conferred it on Bolingbroke, who ascended the throne
as Henry IV. Richard was confined in Pomfret
Castle and, as is generally believed, was there murdered.

1. 6:p«a*.— The aubjunctive mood is here used with the
force of the imperative. See Mason § 194. Or the
construction may be changed thus :— * Let no man
speak of comfort.'
Ta^*.— The three infinitive phrases that follow are
'objective complements' of 'let.' For the construc-
tion of such complements under this form consult
Mason, pars. 395, and 397 foot note. The infinitive is
treated as being in attributive relation to its subject,
which stands in the objective case.
3. fFUh rainy eyes.—U&y be treated as an attrHmtive ad-
junct to 'us,' or an adverbial adjunct to 'write.'
The later construction, probably, will suit better the
metaphorical language of the king.
Write sorrow.— Give expression to our grief. What Fig.
occurs in this line ?
4". Executora.So called because they 'follow' or 'carry
out • (ex and sequor) the will of the party when he is
dead. Compare the kindred meaning of * executioner.*
5. And yet, <fcc.— The ellipsis may be thus filled up 'And
yet there is no occasion for doing so. '
Bequeath. — FromA.s. cwethan, which gives us 'quoth' and

n* T A...

POETICAL EXTRACTS,

6. iS'atye.-fThe construction of this line may be explained in
two ways : Ist. Supply the participle ' bequeathed '
after 'bodies.' 2nd. Supply the gerund 'bequeath-
ing' after the preposition 'save.' This so-called
preposition is the French Sauf, from the Latin Salvo,
and such constructions may be viewed as absolute. The
same idea may be expressed by expanding ' save ' into
an adverbial clause of condition: "If we except the
bequeathing of our bodies * to the ground.' " See ex-
tract from Julius Cvesar.
7. Bolingbroke's. —Ab the possessive case indicates attribu-
tive relation, it may form the Complement of the
Predicate. (Mason § 39). The word • property ' or
its equivalent might be supplied.
9. Model. — The two lines are simply a periphrasis for the
grave ; 'the image being suggested by the raised earth
over graves, which appears to mark the length and
breadth of the body beneath. The word 'model,'
from the Latin modulus, through the French modelle,
is a diminutive of the Latin rnodus, " a sense which
went constantly with the word but is now only an
accident "—Trench.
As paste, <fcc.— Treat 'paste' and 'cover, &c.' as pred.
nominatives. "A metaphor not of the most sublime
kind, taken from a ^ie. "—Johnson.
Heaven's. —Why may the use of the Saxon possessive
here be considered perfectly legitimate ? Note etymology
of the word, from the a.s. part, heafen of the verb
hehban, 'to raise.'

14. Some have been deposed. — As Edward II.

15. thine slain in war.— As Kenneth IV. of Scotland, while

fighting against Malcolm II.

16. Some haunted.—lH ote the omission of both the antecedent

' those • and the lelative « whom. '

10.

17
1£

20,

21.
22.
23,

24,

25.

RICHARD'S DESPAIR.

lained in
eathed '
equeath-
lo-called
IN Salvo^
te. The
re' into
sept the
See ex-

attribu-

of the

jrty ' or

\ for the
d earth
;th aud
model,'
^nodelle,
B which
mly an

i pred.
iublime

Bessive
naology
le verb

while
cedent

Some poisoned hy their wives. — Can you give an inatanoe

from Shakespeare ?
Some sleeping killed. As Duncan.

17. For. — This conjunction has here a co-ordiruiting and not

a subordinating force.

18. Mounds. — Encircles. Compare Shakespeare's use of the

word as a noun : * The round and top of sovereignty,'
* The golden round. ' — Macbeth. This image was pro-
bably suggested to Shakespeare by the seventli print in
the Imagines Mortis, in which a king is represented sit-
ting on his throne, sword in hand with courtiers round
him, while from his crown rises a grinning skeleton .

19. Antic. — From the LatiK antiquus ; anything that is old,

being considered odd, grotesque.
Temples. — Trace connection between this word and
tempus, 'time.'

20. Scoffing. — Note the peculiar use of this verb vhth a

transitive force. What place do these participial
phrases occupy in analysis ?

21. A breath. — A brief time.

22. Monarchize. — To play the monarch.

23. Self. — Is here an adjective. Conceit (French, coTicept ;

Latin, con and capio). Shakespeare does not use the
word by itself in its modern sense, but rather as mean*
ing *idea' or 'fancy.'

24. About. — An adverb.

25. Humored thus. — Two interpretations may be given to

this passage. It may mean, ' After the king has been
thus humored, i.e., indulged in his caprice,' or
* death, having thus amused his humor, comes. ' The
former is, perhaps, the preferable interpretation. May
not the participle, as an adjective, be viewed as limiting
the 'him' implied in 'his,' which is equivaleiii; to
'of him'?

iff-

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

26. iwiprygfnaWtf-.Prom in negative and pr?»w6?« from pr«n<fr»,

'to t^ke,' Latin, prehendere. ' That cannot be taken.'

27. ^n<;?.-.An example of AposioPEsrs, a sudden breaking off

m a discourse, the rest of the sentiment having to be
mentally supplied by the listener.

28. Farewell, King.-^ An example of Aposteophb. that

Figure of tthotoric by which the speaker suddenly
changes his discourse, and addresses some person pre-
sent or absent.

29. SoUmn.--.i:hi% word has sometimes a different meaning

from that usually attached to it. Here it boars its
ordinary meaning, as in Gray's 'AH the air a aol^nn
stillness holds ;' not so, however, in Macbeth, iii. M4,
•To-night we hold i^ solemn supper/ where the word
means I'formal' or 'official.' The word is denved
from the Oscan word aollvs, *all,' and Latin, annu$,
'a year.*

31. i/w«ooA. -Elizabethan writers frequently used the cur-
tailed form of past participles, which is obtained by
dropping the inflection en. Where the form thus cur-
tailed was in danger of being confounded with the
infinitive, they used the past tense, as we find Shake-
speare doing here. Cf. Julius Coesar, i., 2-63.
' Then, Brutus, I have much mistook your passion.'
While. - See Shelley's Cloud. Although the word
stands in adverbial relation to the verb, it retains its
characteristics as a noun, and is limited by the ad-
jectives, *air and 'this.'
With.—^otQ peculiar use of 'with' for 'on,' Many
irregularities, according to our present English, are
found in the Elizabethan writers, one of the most com-
mon being 'the use of many words, pariiicularly
prepositions and infinitives in a sense different fronj thQ
modem,*

31.

32.

HENRY VIIL

8S. TfuiU grUf. — Feel mentally. Compare use of the word in
authorized version of the Scripture, as Matt. xvi. 28 ;
Heb. ii. 9.

38. Subjected thus. — ^This is equivalent to the king's say-
ing . — "Seeing that I am mortal like yourselves," or
"that in every respect I resemble yourselves ;" or, notic*
ing the antithesis to the word ' king ' following, it
may mean 'made a subject.'

cur-

KINa HENRY VIII. ^ '
WoLSiT AND Cromwell. Act III., Scenb 2.
Book v. Pages 487*8.

Historical Notes.— Wolsey, Thomas, Cardi-
nal, the son of a wealthy townsman of Ipswich (Suf-
folk), was born in 1 471 . After receiving a liberal edu-
eation as a boy, he was sent to Magdalen College, Ox-
ford. Having taken orders, he became Rector of Ly-
mington, in Somersetshire, and through certain Court
influence was appointed Chaplain to Henry VII. In this
position he so ingr: . *^^iated himself with the King, that he
was employed on a delicate mission to Maximilian, Em-
peror of Germany. His success gained him another cleri-
cal promotion, and the extraordinary ability that he man-
ifested soon raised him from the post of favorite with
Henry VIII., who was now on the throne, (1609), to
that of Ministei', becoming virtually the ruler of Eng-
land; for, as the result of bis policy, sq different froBs^ that

POETICAL EXTRACTS,

of his predecessors, all authority was concentrated in
the hands of a single Minister. The whole direction of
home and foreign affairs rested with Wolsev «>'
As Chancellor (1515), he stood at the head r \
justice, while his elevation to the office of Lef i
dered him supreme in the Church. For hi.^ se.
to the Crown he had been munificently re waiJ'f'
most valuable Ecclesiastical preferments had been
showered upon him ; and in the same year that he
was created Lord Chancellor, he became Bishop of
Lincoln and Archbishop of York. Besides his official
emoluments, which were enormous, he was in receipt
of pensions froip France and Spain. By his elevation
to the rank of Cardinal, his ambition was for the time
sated, though he aspired to the occupation of tha Pa-
pal Chair. He did not bear his honors meekly ; in
his way of life he affected a sumptuous magnificence
and a state just short of royal, whilst in bearing, he
was arrogant and imperious. After his fail two of his
palaces, Hampton Court and Whitehall, served for
royal palaces. His School at Ipswich was eclipsed by
the glory of ohe College founded at Oxford and known as
Christ Church, but originally styled Cardinal. At this
time the straggle was going on between Francis! and
Charles V., each of whom was anxious to have Henry
on his side. The policy of Wolsey's predecessors had
been to cling to the Spanish Alliance, but Wolsey threw
the whole of his power on the opposite side. The
Spanish cause was popular among the nobility, and the

HENRY Vni.

v.,

Queen, Katharine of Arragon, naturally upheld the
Spanish partisans. Hence it was that Wolsey at first
favored Henry's idea of a divorce, hoping to supply
her place with a Princess of French origin. When,
however, he found that the King's affections were set on
Anna Boleyn, a lady of the Court, he became less zeal-
ous in Henry's cause. The dilatory and half-hearted
way in which he carried on negotiations with the Pope,
so displeased the King, that, in his anger, which had
been fanned into a flame by Wolsey's enemies, he ban-
ished the Chancellor from the Court. He wm allowed
to retire to Esher and, subsequently, on surrendering
his possessions to the Crown, he was ordered to his
Archbishopric, which he had been allowed to retain.
On his way thither he was arrested on a charge of
treason, and while being conveyed to the Tower by
the Lieutenant, he died at Leicester Abbey, where he
was obliged to stop in consequence of an attack of
illness. It was on his death-bed there that he said to
the Lieutenant, " Master Knygton, had I but served
my God as diligently as I have served my King, He
would not have given me over in my gray hairs. But
this is my due reward for my pains and study, not re-
garding my service to God, but only my duty to my
Prince."

Cromwell, Thomas. —The ten years that followed
Wolsey's fall brought into prominence this eminent
statesman and ecclesiastical reformer. When he en-
tered the service of Henry he was past the middle of

POETICAL EXTRACTS.

life. Hig youth was one of roving adventure ; )»« even
served as a common soldier in the wars of Italy, with
the language and manners oi which country he be-
came thoroughly conversput. On his return to Eng-
land, in 1517, by combining several occupations, he
amassed a great deal of wealth. On the second out-
break of the war with Francis I. (1523), he was an influ-
ential member of Parliament. His abilities commended
him to Wolsey, who (1528) employed him as his solici-
tor and agent in suppressing the monasteries and divert-
ing their resources to his scholastic institutions of
Ipswich and Oxford, thus rousing against him a storm
of indignation equal to that stirred up against himself-
After Wolsey's fall, Cromwell's self-reliance and sense
of power burst forth in their full strength. Of all the
ex-Cardinal's dependants he alone clung to his former
master in the dark hours of his adversity. He made
every effort to save his friend, and it was through him
that he -^.oaped impeachment, and was allowed
to retire to York. Honors flowed in rapidly upon
him, partly on account of his abilities and partly
on account of his advising the king to assert his
own supremacy and thus cut the " Gordian knot "
—the divorce from Katharine. In 1534 he became
Chief Secretary of State and Master of the Rolls ;
the following year saw him in his capacity of
Visitor-General, suppressing the monasteries most
vigorously and increasing his own resources. He
yf^ subsequently keeper of the Privy Seal a^4

HENRY Vin.

lord Chamberlain of England. Hs took a leading
part in establishing the doctrines of the Reformation ;
though this was done more, possibly, from political
motives than from religious convictions. Be this as it
may, he left the print of his individual greatness
stampb.^ indelibly, while the metal was at white heat,
into the constitution of the country. In all matters
affecting the State, whether complicated and moment-
ous, or simple and trivial, he took an active personal
interest. By the sterr. manner in which he disposed
of all opposed to him, he alienated many and some-
what lessened his popularity with the king. In order
to retrieve ground and to strengthen the Reformation,
he brought about a marriage between Henry and
Anne of Cleves. Henry's disappointment with his
new queen ended in his disliking Cromwell, and
listening to all the complaints that flowed in against
hira. A charge of treason and heresy was made, a
bill of attainder was drawn up and passed by both
houses, and on the 28th of July, 1540, Cromwell was
beheaded on Tower Hill.

WoLSEY.~^armc«.-If an interrogation mark be placed after
this word, how will it affect the meaning of the line ?
The root of this word is a.s. jar an • to go.' Cf. "Wel-
fare.

State.— T\it earthly dignity.

^Aw.— Eefers to what follows. For analysis arrange thus .

The state of man is this.
r«ider.— -From the Latin 'ieiier,' through the F»iufOH

POETICAL EXTRACTS,

temire. Epenthesis and Metathesis are both em-
ployed.
Blossoms.— ThiB word is a verb. It is the same word as
'bloom,' though less poetic. ''Bloom is a finer and
more delicate efflorence even than blossom, thus the
bloom, but not the blossom, of the cheek."— Trench.
Blushing A<mor5. —Explain the epithet * blushing.'
Full surely.—' Surely ' is a modifier of the gerund ' ripen-
ing,' and is modified by the adverb 'full.' 'Surely'
is a hybrid word made up * the n.F.seur. Fr, .^Hr
from Latin securzts * without care, ' and the a.s. suffix
ly i.e., Uc:
Ripening.— A gerund in the objective, governed by the pre-
position a. If we drop this preposition we get the
Progressiva, or Continuous Form of the verb ; or the verb
may be parsed as of the Present Imperfect tense.
Z>o.— This verb is used to prevent the repetition of the
verb 'fall.' It is from the A.s. t^on, and is quite dis-
tinct from * do ' in such a sentence as ' That will do, '
which is from a.s. dugan 'to thrive or fare.' From
which we also get the adjective 'doughty.' Cf. GtBR,
taugen.

Like little &o^«.— Express the same idea in the form of a
clause.

This many summers.— ' M&ny ' may be considered as a
noun, and ' summers ' in the objective case after the
preposition * of,' supplied. Compare * I have r^ dozen
apples,' in which there is a ' blending of two construc-
tions. " Abbctt. Or * many summei d, ' jt « / be t ^-eated
as an aggregate, preceded by the g'ngular wo-.t 'this.'
Compare 'This twenty years have I heen wi«h thee.'
Gen. xxxi. 38. 'This nineteen yec-s. M. for M.l. 3.

In a sea of glory.— How is this applicaV^ ^ the case of
Wolsey? Cf. Hamlet's 'Sea o£ tr able.'

HENRY VIII.

^ar.— This adverb modifies the adverbial phrase, ' beyond
my depth.'

fl'tgfA-Woww.— Inflated, puflfed up.

Fom-p, glory.— Being vocatives, these words must be ro.
jected from the analysis. The primary meaning of
'pomp' is a 'procession,' {GiRmK pempein 'to send.')
Such an occasion being faTorable for display, we
have, hence, the secondary meaning.

Fe.— This form of pronoun, which is now a nominative,
represents the a.s. ge, and b ing interchangeable with
you, the representative of eow, was frequently used as
an objective. The Authori/ed Version of the Bible care,
fully observes the distinction. Comj- mc ;—

O flowers, which i bred up ,vith tender hand

From the first opening bud, and gave ye names,

Who now shall rear ye f Milton. (See Mason i 138-4.)

^Tew;.— An adverb, modifying 'opened.'

Their ruin. — The ruin caused by princes.

There is. —See notes on extract from Julius C.*;sae,
where the proper reading is 'there's. '

Thai, ifcc— The ellipsis, as filled up, will read thus:-^
•Than wars have many,' &c. or 'women have many,'
&c. For part of speech, see Mason, § 264. Note.*

Lucifer. ~Th.A title, which means 'Light-bearer,' was
the name of Sa*an before his fall. Compare.— Isaiah
xiv. 12. ' How art thou fallen from Heaven, Lucifer
son of the Mo^ Lag,' ?nd, Milton,

Of Pa;, iemonium City and p iid seat
O' ^'ueifer ; so by allusioT.caded,
i :nat bright star to Satan paragoned.

Never wJiA)p*i afirotro.— Compare this with what he says in
lines 3 a,vA 1

Avmzed.— Like one iD.ei maze, or labyrinth. Exaiine
the aynonymes, amazed, surprised, perplexed, aston-

10 POETICAL EXTRACTS.

^w.— Abbott rejects Home TooWs derivation of this
word from an^ imperative >f unim^ to grant,' and gives
several examples in which the word is spelt and, a form
found in early English, as well as in Elizabethan au-
thors. Wedgwood regards the word as a fragment of

even.

Does.— From A.8. dugan. See above.

Truly.— -The adjective and the noun form of this word are
to be traced to the SansckIT drhu, * to be established,'
druhwaf 'certain.' Ger. traiieii 'to trust.' a.s. treowe,
treawth 'fides.' Eng. true, truth. ' Truth,' therefore, is

• what is permanent, stable, and to be relied on.'
Happy. — Fortunate.

Pilars.— Example of Metaphor. Is there any reference
to the ir^ignia of Cardinals ? In Act ii, Sc. 4, among
the attendants are mentioned ' two gentlemen, bearing
two great silver pillars' The 'pillars 'are also men-
tioned in the account of the Cardinal's passage through
London on his way to France.

Would sink.— An attributive clause. Supply subject

• that.'

Too much Aonor.— See Historical Note.

To play the woman. —How ? An example of cognate object,
ia 'a metaphorical shape.' Mason § 372-4, foot note

JMl, cold wiarftZe.— Example of Metonomy. MarhUt
meaning ' the tomb.' Metonomy, as the word implies,
means ' a change in name.' It is that figure in Rhetoric
by which the cause is put for the eflfect or the effect for
the cause ; the container for the contained ; the ma-
terial (as here) for that which is made of the material,
&c. Cf. " The dull, cold ear of death.'' Gray's Elegy.

WoUey, die. — A complex noun sentence.

To rise in.— Replace this infinitive v^irf-e by an attrihu*
tive datiAt*

Hamlet, g^

^mMiion—Trace the present meaning of this word to its
derivation.

The. image, <tc.-Does this attributive adjunct add to the

meaning of the passage ?
Honesty. —In what case is this word ?
Carry gentle ^eace. -There may be an allusion here to
the rod of silver with the dove,' or * bird of peace '

carried at royal processions. *

To M7ence. -Express this ' adverbial' infinitive ' by an
adverbial clause.

Martyr. ~-Y7ha.t is the primary meaning of this word '

Pnthee.—A contraction of *I pray thee.'

/ served myKing-^U. , with which I served my King. See

Historical Note as to time when Wolsey uttered these

words.

iV^a^crf.— Exposed, or without protection.

HAMLET'S SOLILOQUY.
Book v. Pages 488, 490.

1. ^^^.—Thid pronoun h&B ^ retrospective force, having re-
ference to the infinitives 'to be' or 'not to be '
mether.-Thh word, derived from hwa 'who ''and the
comparative suffix ther, means literally 'which of the
two.' Mason. § 165. Hamiet is debating whether he
will die by his own hand, or live and sufter the miseries
of life.

rw.-The demonstrative 'it' has a prospectwe force, and
prepares the way for the real subject, each of the fol
lowing infinitive phrases. See Mason § 387 404

C^^ray.01^. -> Derived from Lath., i*;<m 'beyond,,
through Fe. (mtri^ meang vwlewt.

POETWAL EXTRACTS.

4. To to^i arms^ isc —Here we have a wiwrf a-nd confused
metaphor, the mean'- c being * to take arms Kgainst a
host of troubles rtrhich break in upon us like a sea.'

6. Sea of trouble. Cf. * Sea of glory,' Kenry VIII., iii. 2.

Through the whole section there is a great confusion
of neataphors.

6, No more— This is assertive, not interrogative, * Death is

nothing more than a sleep. '

7. Dcwt^^^y.— What two meanings may attach to this word ?
10. Rub. — The difficulty. A term of bowls, meaning any im.

pediment causing a bowl to turn out of the direct course.
Of King John iii. 4, 128 ; Troilus and Cressida, iii. 2
62 ; also Bacon's Essay Of Wisdom, for a Man's self.

* Which sot a bias upon their bowl. '

12. Cot/.— The metaphor is taken from a ' coil ' of rope. The

word iAiplies • tumult,' • confusion,' ' trouble.' It may
be viewed, too, as including the eflfect of that which
oppressively encircles, like the coil of a serpent around
its prey.

13. Must give ii:c. — Must make us stop and think.
Respect. — Consideration.

14. Calamity. Trench connects this word with cado, * I fall.'

The ordinary etymology derives it from calamus, * a
stalk,' hence 'a blight that attacks the grain.'
Of so long life. — This phrase is the objective complement of

* makes ' and means ' so long lived. *
16. Contumely. — Rudeness, insolence.

\H. Office. — Abstract for concrete — those in office ; so also
wwnY,— the deserving ones. Examples of Metonomy.

19. TaJces. — Receives at the hands of, or submits to.

20. Quietus.— A law term, suggested by 'the law's delay,'

meaning ' a settlement. '

21. Bodkin. — A dagger. From Welsh bidogyn, a poniard.
Bare. — May mean either * unsheathed ' or * simple.'
Fardels. — * Bundles ' or * burdens.'

HAMLET.

22.

24.

23.

29.

30.

31.

OrurU.—* Seems to be the same word aa flrroaw.'— Richard-
son. In Julius Coesar, iv., 1, we have 'To groan and
sweat under the business.'

Beume.— From Fr. borne, originally 'a raised bank,' and
so * a boundary or limit.'

Conscience. — Is this true ?

Native A2*€. —Natural color. As we Horaetimes use the
word flush.

Tfiought.~The word is used in the same sense as in the
verse, Matt, vi., 32. 'Take, therefore, no thought for
the morrow '; it means care or anxiety.

Enterprises.— From the Latin inter 'between' and pre-
hendere, ' to seize or grasp ' through the French enter-
pris 'an undertaking.'

This regard. Of the future.

Their currents. ~Aa any obstacle turns a stream out of
its course, so this thought of * what may come ' turns
aside enterprises of great importance— and thus the
resolutions are not carried into effect.

Lose the name qf action. The last few lines may be thus
paraphrased.— The first flush of resolution is changed
into the paleness of fear and hesitation by the suges-
tions of conscience and our design to accomplish what
seems of solid value and great importance is utterly
discouraged, and what should have resulted in action
ends in disappointment and failure.

Ul.~PROSE EXTRACTS,

ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH NATION.

Book v. Pages 140-141.

Fought under William. — The battle of Hastings was
fought 1066.

Each other. — This use of the pronoun may be supported
by considering the gran dsons&B forniing two parties ; if
we regard the individuals^ the other form, (me another,
is preferable.

Great Charter. — Magna Charta was signed by the king
at Runnymede, 1215.

Physical barriers. — Natural barriers, such as mountains,
large bodies of water, &c.

Mutual animosity, <kc. — Hatre(^ such as one nation would
feel towards another.

Morally separated. — What does this mean ?

Further. — Why viovld. farther be a preferable word.

Enmity. — Give the corresponding English term.

Ont homogeneous mass. — The discordant elements, Saxon
and Norman, had become so blended that the one could
not be distinguished from the other. This process of
amalgamation, covered, according to Macaulay, about
100 years, for John became king, A.D. 1199, and the
death of his grandson Edw d I. , took place in 1307.

The time of Richard I. — Richard began to reign in 1189.

Imprecation. — Give the Saxon equivalent.

The sources of the noblest rivers, ike. — Give, in your own
words, the substance of this sentence.

Sterile and obscure. — Barren and dark.

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PJ^OSE EXTRACTS.

T»«n.— Notice how Macaulay begins each sentence with
an emphatic <A«n. This frequent recurrence of the
same word at the beginning of successive sentences is
an example of the Rhetoric Figure Anaphora.

/5/a«rffir«. -This word i. not, as is generaUy supposed, of
Classic origin„ The word island, formerly spelled
^and, is of Saxon origin, m * water ' and land.

In politics, cfcc— They were isolated, or cut oflF from the
rest of the continent ; their politics, feelings, and man-
ners were, so to speak, their own.

Its ic?6n/%. -Notwithstanding the various changes, the
constitution remains in every essential the same as it
was when the foundation was laid.

Arch^type.~i:he original pattern or model. Green says :
'•ihe Pariiaments which Sdward I. gathered at the
close of his reign are absolutely identical with those
which still sit at St. Stephens."

New world. -Why is this continent so called ? Give date
of discovery.

Imperial jurisprudence.-The science and knowledge of
law, as exemplified in the Institutes of Justinian the
Great, Emperor of the East, about A.D. 527 who
commissioned ten learned civilians to form a new code
from his own laws, and those of his predecessors.

Ctn^ue Ports -The Jive porL^, viz: Dover, Hastings, Rom-
ney, Hythe and Sandwich, which had been enfran-
chised in the time of Edward the Confessor, were
erected into a separate jurisdiction after the battle of
Hastings. They were so called by way of eminence on
account of their superior importance, as having been
thought to merit particular regard for their preserva-

^lTT.!^Tr- '^^'^ '''' S^^^^'^^'l ^y » keeper
with the title of Lord Warden of tU Cin^e Ports, the

wat of whose adnainistration was in Dover Caatle.

MARY QUEEN OF SOOTS.

They were obliged to fumish, for the purpose of the
Crown, such shipping &8 was required, as there was no
perwAinent navy previous to the reign of Henry VII.
In the time of Edward I., they were bound to provide
no fewer than 57 ships, fully manned and equipped at
their own cost. Three other ports have been added to
the original five : Winchelsea, Rye and Seaford.

Ancient Colleges.— Xn Merton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's,
New, St. Mary's Hall, at Oxford; and Clare, Pembroke,
Gonville and Caius, Trinity Hall and Corpus Christi.
All these Colleges were founded not later than the 14th
Century.

National seats of learning.— Oxiord and Cambridge.

Languxges of the south. — Generically called the Romance
languages, as Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, &c.

Dawn of tJiat noble literature. — During this period flour
rished Lanfranc, Anselm, John of Stilisbuiy, Johannes
Dun Scotua, Roger Eacon, William of Malmesbury,
GeoflFrey of Monmouth, Joseph of Exeter, and many
others of equal note. These but prepared the way for
Chaucei, Gower, &c.

EXECUTION OF MARY QUEEN OF

SCOTS.

Book v. Pages 192-3-4.

Consult Collier's ' British History,' Tudor Period,
Chap. vi. and part of Chap. v. ; also G/een's * Short
History, <fec.,' Chap. vii. Sees. iv. vi.

1. The two JEa: Is.— Kent and Shrewsbury, who were em-
powered to carry into effect the warrant for Mary's
execution.

90 PROSE EXTRACTS.

Fotheriiigay.—ln Northamptonshire.

iJiat soul, <fec.— An example of direct quotation.

The request, «fcc.— Possibly that her corpse might be
buried, as she asked, ' in holy ground, especially near
the late queen, my mother.'

Babington.—A young gentleman of wealth and family
who had been beguiled into a conspiracy against Eliza-
beth's life. The fourteen conspirators were sentenced
to undergo the dreadful penalty decreed by law to
traitors.

Sacred person.~^}xQ.t is the force of the epithet sacred ?
Almoner.— An officer to whom the distribution of alms

or charity wps entrusted.
Thisfavor.~Oi receiving the Blessed Sacrament.
Were hat^d in tears.— An example of Hyperbole, a

Figure in Rhetoric by which expressions are used that

convey to the bearer more than is really intended to be

represented.

With decency. —In a becoming manner. The word is de-
rived from the Latin decet, 'it is becoming.'. Cf.
Milton's // Penseroso 1. 36. * Over thy decent shoulders
thrown. '

Testament —Uer will, as 'witnessing how she wished to
have her property disposed of. The same word occurs
in the extract from Julius Coesar.

King oj France.—Uenry III.

Duke of 6^we.— Mary's kinsman who favored the mas-
sacre of St. Bartholomew. By order of Henry [II. he
was stabbed to death.

Wonted rtme. —Usual time for retiring. The word is
formed from the perfect participle wwit, of the old verb
vione, * to inhabit,' and hence 'to do habitually,' a.s.
wunian to 'dwell, persist, continue. '—Ger. wohmn,
gewohfU.

MABY QUEEN OF SCOTS-

Chamber.— Yoxmadi by bpenthesis (insertion of a letter)
and METATHESIS (interchange of contiguous letters),
from Latin camera. French cha-mbre.

Pauleys. — Sir Amyas Faulet was one of the keepers of
Mary * selected by Leicester for the ungracious office
of embittering the brief and evil remnant of her days.*

Agnvs Dei. — An ornament representing the 'Lamb of
God.'

Pomander cJiain. — Fr. pomme d'ambrCt ' apple of amber/

9, perfumed chain.
Crucifix. — A cross with the figure of our Saviour attached
to it.

He melted into tears. — Another example of Hyperbole.

Constant in my religion, Jsc. — An example of Climax;.
For definition, see extract from Julivs Caesar.

Kingdom, honor, right. — Another example of Climax.

Beale, — Sir Robert Beale, who hi been sent to the
Castle to announce to Mary the sentence of the com-
missioners, as confirmed by Parliament.

-<4«ir«. —Head-dress — This word, from French atoura
• dress,' is not used now in this restricted sense. Cf.
Milton's Ode on Time, * * ♦ « Attired with stars,
we shall forever sit,' i.e., crowned with stars. See
also Lev. xvi. 4.

Her son.— James VI. of Scotland and L of England.

Discovered. — Exposed to view. Cf. Ps. xxix. 19. From
Latin dis and coope,rire through the French dicouvrir.

Other sentiments, due. — Examine the grammatical accu-
racy cf this last line.

Note, — 'Sir Walter Scott, when writing of this particular
trial says, " The evidence which was brought to convict the
Queen of Scotland, was such as would not now affect the life
of the meanest crimiaal. "

^ P^OSE SXTHACTS,

CHARACTER OF ELIZABETH.

B<K)K V. Paokr 1P8-P. 2()0.

The following roferonces may he found iiBefui :—
Green's < Short History of the Ktiglish Poople/ Ohap.
vii. Sec. iii., and Collier's * nHtinh History,' Tunou
Period, Chap. v.

^/xxvrf, .^.--Who havo hoen morr fihiv^c^i by enpmiei or
JUuUr^ by fricndn.

-<4fiy.— Now generally followed by 'one'

Unpth of (uiminmmtum, -4fi yeftrp, tho longest reign in
Knglish History, except that of Hpnry HI., who
reigned 56 years, and thnt of Of^org.' 111., who reiatned
60 years) *

Mudim^TU^ word means literally ' jutlgments formed
beforehand,' not necessarily unfnrorahff -, though now
the word is generally used in tliis souse. Compare the
word cenmirc, and see note on word in extract from
JuUtM Oagsnr.

iVrticgryrtV^. -^Fulsome prnises.

Rdi^mu^ animmUus.^U conscqu. nrr of the Heforma-
tion, now» at its height.

Mor*. active and stronxifrquamicf.-^Movif may this collooa-

uon of words be improved ?
Ht,^ heroism, tfrc— She was bmrr without being r*

^frugal without being grttdy, Ac.
Umr infirmitien,-* The rivalship of beauty ' may posni

bly refer to Mary Queen of Scots.
Endorofd, «(rp. —Possessed of great self-control.
rofenw?i«w.-Allowing religious bodies to hold their own

views, though differing from the established religion of

the country. Sir James Mackintosh, Vol. ii. Chap. xv.

writes : •• There can be no doubt that the adtninistr*.

h :

SA TTLE OF NASEB K «

tioii uf Bmou Atui Ceoii fftr iurpiuiiecl in ttpproMb«« to

tolemtion %\\ oontemporttry govurntnenti."
H^r own grmtnesH, ikc, — fixamine the cynUx of thia oon*

uiuding Btititouou.
^Kisi miniHkr(i,—K» Nioholaa Hauou, Cooil (Lord Bur-

loigh), Walfiingham.
Jirai;ewarnoKt,--Ati Druko, Frobiaher, Hawkina, Wynter,

Lord Howard of Effltigluun.
The /one of the teiidrr pamom. —J^eiuester, Kiiex, and

lialoigh, wero ipenial favoritoa.
Combat. —The mental itruggle.
Harvey /i«r. —Look at her. Purvey from Frknoh *wr.

Latin mpcr 'ttbovo,' and oar from Latik vidto 'I •««.'

Ihr «mmm,-'k% Hm Guises in Franco, and Philip in
Spain.

BATTLE OF NASEBY.
Book v. Pac»k8 207, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

For bketch of Cromwell see Collier's ' British His-
tory,' Stuabt p£uioD, Chap. ii. iii.

Kaiufax, Thomas, Loud, on the outbreak of the Civil
War, 1642, oBpoused the oauso of the Parliament, was
made Qennral of the Cavalry, and won the battle of
Marston Moor, 1644. In 1645, when the Earl of
Essex re8i|<ned his position as General of the Parli-
amentary forces— the 'New Model '—Fairfax was
appointed iu his place. /In a short time Cromwell, who
had been appointed Lieutenant-General, obtained such
influence over him, that he was virtually only rtjcond
in command. In June, 1650, when he refused to march
against the Scots, who had proclaimed Chaihs II. King,

mmm

MOSM £xrAAcrs,

Cmmwell wm appnintod Oomtnambr in-dtief. Fairfax ^
t\\m\ withdraw into private lifo, but wn liml him a
mnmh«r nf Oomwoirn Hmt rarliaineiifc, UUii, rsuI aftor
CromwcU'i (loath ho ftitl((>d in tho Hostoration, being
on© of tho delegatoi ' aont to tho Umj^uo in }M0 to
promote tho return of Charles.' He dietl in 10-71.

Th4 n$tv mof^*?/. "" The prinoiploii on which (U'onmell had
formed hia Ironsidca " (nee Note below) •• wore carried
out on a larger scale in the Now Moilcl. The one aim
waa to get together twenty thousand 'honest* men.
•Be careful/ Cromwell wrote, • what captains of
horse you choose, what men bo mounted. A fow
honest men are bettor than numbers. If you choose
gtKlly, honest men to be captains of horse, lioueat men
will follpw them.* The result was a curious metlley
of men of different ranks among the otllcars of the New
Moilol."— Grrrn. Hktory of the EngWih People.

h mmmoiMd, — An example of the hUforii' preamt. This
form is used when the writer defiircs to represent
vividly some past event, as though it was actually
taking placi at the time. It occurs vory often in this
selection. Tho use of the two forms in the same piece
Is considered inelegant. Summoned. — Latin aummoMO,
{mb and moneo) M warn privily.'

/roiMtrf<«.—A regiment of a thousand men raised by
Cromwell, formed strictly of 'men of religion." No
blasphemy, drinking, disorder, or impiety was allowed.
The command of these men was not restricted to
•men of birth,' but 'men patitnfc of wants, faith-
ftil and conscientious' were selected by Cromwell.
Of them Cromwell writes j — *' Truly they were never
beaten at all."

Jioundh€ad9.— Thin name ^as given by the Boyalisti to
th« Puritans, or friends of the Parliamenti who dii>

BATTLE OF NASEBY.

titiguiihntt thcttiHelvoM hy hnviiiK thoir hftirout olotc to
the heAil. whilo thn (lAVAliom worn theim in long ring-
lets. Heo KxtrRot ffmhirif in Wordn,

Prcmnlly. — I tintuntly .

Tk«y uhmid nof nfnif, »f(i. Thny wonhl not ftWftit the
Arrival of tho king,

NnMhff wttn Kitutttod in tim ('(Minty of Northampton,
on tho north- wentorn bonlor, 12 miles north of tho
town of tlutt namu.

Kvn'RiiT, l*iiiNOK, wiw tho won of Krnileriok V., Klootor
Palatine, an<t Klixaboth, daughter of Jamei t. of Eng-
land. Botjoinlng an exile through bin father's misfor-
tunes, he took service under Ids uncle, Charles I., and
proved himself a daring uavalry oHleer, distinguishing
himself at Edge Hill (1^42). His rash impetuosity
lost for the King both Marston Moor and Nasoby,
The King was so displeased that he dismissed him
from his service, but he was afterwards (1(V48) recalled,
and made commander of that part of the fleet that ad-
hered to Charles II. Aftwr being defeated by Admiral
Blake, he made hiM escape to the West Indies, and for
a time led a predatory life, seizing upon Bnglish and
other merohantmen. Eluding the vigilance of Crom-
well, he made his escape to France t* nd joined Charles
II. at the Court of Versailles. After the Restoration
(1660) ho had command of the fleet against the Dutch,
and greatly distinguished himself. The last ten years
of his life were devoted to chemical, meohonioal, and
physical research. He was one of the founders of the
Hudson's Bay Company, and his name is associated
with this country in that portion known as Rupert's
Land. He was also the inventor of the philosophioal
toy called Rupert's drop. He died in 1682.

Lakodalb wm one of the 'seven that shall be exoepttd

■■1

w/n'mmmmm

! t

fh>tu {mhlon. ' Suoh wm th« dooiiiou of the Parli** ^
tu«nt oil Nov. 6th, 1(U8. Thii wm iii uonif^quettoe (
hid Vn^iiig oC the luuiiboir of thoai^ who * did Adh«r« to
or bring in the Hoots in thoir late invading of thiai
kingdom under Duke IlAniilton/ lie \\m oonOned in
Nottingham rastle, ftuin which he managed to eioape.
H«ditt^lin l(i01.

AauLiV.— Pn»l>ahly tho writer nieant Hit .laoob Asttey,
the royalist, a faithful adlx^retit of the King, who wai
appointmi MaJor*Oeneral under Lord Lindsay and com-
tnanded at the battle uf Kdgehill, the opening battle of
the Civil War.

LiBLi, Sir Grohor, was knighted hy tliu King for oonspl*
ouous brivery at the battle of Newbury. He defended
Colchester against the rebels ; but l>eing obliged to
•urrender, was tried, condemned and shot.

IRITON.— Carlyle in his OHv$r Orommli thus describsi
Iroton who at tho time, 1046, was Commissary-Ueueral
in the Parliamentary Army, and son in-law to Crom-
well. •' A valiant man. Once B A., of Trinity College,
Oxford, and student of tho Middle Temple ; then a
gentleman trooper in my Lord General Essex's Life*
guanis, now Colonel of Horse, soon member of Parlia-
ment, rapidly rising." In tho Irish campaign of 1649,
ho was third in command, and on Cromwell's being re-
called in consequence of the threatening state of affairs
in Scotland, ho was appointed Deputy. He died at
Limerick at the end of the second year of his office.

The name of this Colonel will always bo associated with
the following incident : —

Pride.— In o^'ie^ to bring about the condemnation of
Charles I., two rerjiments under the command of Colonel
Pride were sent, December 6th, 1648, to coerce the
Houie of Commons. Forty>one members of the Long

SArrtM oi^/^ASL^y,

t^ArUnriionfc who w«rii fikvorttble to a onnipnitnlia wwre
ImtiHKOMo.l iit A lowfir room of tim lloUie, \m wsrd
ttnioreci to go lioino, mitl only 00 <if iho moMt vloIi»iit of
tho tii(l«pt!tMloittM wore mlmlttod. The c^leamiioe wM
m\Ui{ l*rifh*$ httnc, aikI the privllogml tneitiherM uiidei'
the itAttie of the Jiump, or fAgetKl of tho Long I'Arli**
uient ( 1(141 -IrtflJI), wore Hve ymn later thf<niielvr>M letit
mlrlft by Oromwell.

flTarrm.-^A lurfftoe of pnof, dry And lAMdy doll.

Pmagu p/ viclot^y.^WM It nut prophetic of ? liid It not
foretell vlot<»ry f

i/>oo>n. -.A.wellknown nAtire ihrub of BrItAin, growing
In dry ioili, And beftring lArge, yellow iloweri— Itf
'golden glory.'

Mmauvrinif.-^-Thiu word ii properly applied to 'work dont
by the hand.' It ii derived from the LAttti fnanut,
•the Imnd' Aud opera 'work/ through the KnioMoit
main And afuvr$. In a derived fl«nie It tneAUA ' ikilful
mAnAgetnent.'

Artilkry,^** Leavlnpf the perplexed qneitlon of the derU
vtttlon of thii word, it will bf» iuffloient to obierve thftt
while it ie now only applied to the henvy ordnanoe of
modern Wrtrfare, In oArller Uio any etigino« for the pro-
jeoting of misiiloe even to the bow And Arrow*, would
hAve been included umler this term. "— TiigNOM. Set
1 Saih. XX. 40, for primary uie of the word.

Forlorn Ao;ji.— Thii nAme ii given to * body of mtn
■elootod to lead a desperate attack.

Qutm Mary /—Why doei Hupnrt use thii exclamation ?

HalUrd,-^k combination of ipear and battleax* with •
•haft about iix feet long.

Thi Ixt;infliWi.— Cromwell.

To ttay tki puraiiU. ^To itop ohaiing them.

iJa«|/%.— Spencer writii the word • really,' which will
be formed from Latik n, ad and Hgo • I bind.'

98 , PROSE EXTRACTS.

Fiu^Uing wit/i th* buU-ettda, <6(5.— Usually t«rmed •club,
biug their muskeU.'

Mtiskeia.—*' A» tlie invention of firearms took place at
a time whoa hawkiu;; was in high fashion, some of the
new weapons were named after those birds, probably
from the idea of their fetching tM*ir prey from on high.
Musket, has thus become the estabUsh^^d name for one
sort of gun. "—N ARKS.

To and again.— Tq and fro ; backward and forward,

Co-'or« —Standards, or ensigns.

That rocA;.-— The regiment referred to above.

Will you go, dec — ' Will you e^ipose ycoirself to instant
death V

Thefoolifh boy.— "He was then 26 yetrs of age.

Trophies. — Emblems of victory. In ancient times tae
victorious army used to erect some memorial on the
spot where the enemy tunw6{(GBS£K, irepein 'to turn')
and fled.

She train. — The body of men.

Again ?— What is the force of this <iuestion ?

To thiJUld, — Whose order is this?

They \av« no * cause' to fight for. — Explain the word

'cause.'

Clari'NDOK, (Edward Htdb) Earl or, was born in
1608, and died 1674, T^is celebrated statesman began
his political career in lAO, and at first joined the Long
Parliament in their attacks upon the King. He
separated himself from his party on the question of
dissolviug the House without its own consent, and from
that time he attached himself to the r^^yal side, and
became a great favorite. After the breaking out of
the Civil War he was made Chancellor by Charles, and
in 1646 he accompanied the king in his fight ; while
he was sojourning in the Isle of Jdrsey he began tc

SXPULSION OF PARLIAMENT.

clab<

write hifl Hlttf i of the Jlebellion, Af«er the exeoiitfoii
at Charles I., Hyde aocooip&nied Charlea Ij. in hie
wanderings. After the Hestoration he once more
enjoyed the Chancellorship, and was made Barl at
Clarendon. After the first attempt made by hia
enemies to impeach him for hipch treason, h€ was obliged
to resign the great seal, and when a second impeaoh«
ment was commenced, he anticipated the bill of banish*
ment by withdrawing to ibe Continent, He died at
Kouen.

Pecuant. — We obtain this word from the hATiV paguAtu,
'a villager,' through the Italian pauano, and thf
French paysan.

Frightful, cfcc— By placing the a '' jeotives in this abnormal
position the writer gives greattr effect to hii words,
and we dwell more upon the de^toriptUm than on whai
is de$cribed.

NoTJE.— A reference to Carlyle's Letters and Speeches of
Oliver Cromw^bll is recomm-nded. See Letter xiii.

CROMWELL'S EXPULSION
THE PARLIAMENT.

Book v. Paoes 213-4-5.

Historical Notes.-~England was at this time
engaged in a war with Holland, which was brought
about in this way. The Dutch enjoyed a large carrying
trade, but the 'Navigation Act' prohibited foreign
nations from importing into England anything but the
products of their own countries, and the English also

lOO PHOSE EXTRACTS,

• .

claimed isalttfces from aH vessels in the Channel. Itt
consequence, a collision took place in the Channel be-
tween Blake and Van Tromp, which led ^ j a declara-
tion of war, and immediately on its declaration the
army demanded the dissolution of the House, while
the members resolutely refused. When the Dutch
under Ruyter were defeated, they, replaced him with
the veteran Van Tromp, who swept the Channel in
triumph, and defeated Blake. With this the hopes of
the Parliament fell, and a compromise was effected, by
which they promised to retire in November, while
Cromwell consf nfced to a reduction in the' army. But
when shortly after, Blak® once more defeated Van
Tromp, the hopes of the Parliament revived, and they
refused to abide by their former agreement. A con-
ference was held between the leaders of the Commons
and the officers of the army, who demanded that the
Parliament should be at once dissolved. On the second
meeting of the conference it was noticed that the lead-
ing members of the Parliament were ab 3nt, as Vane
was pressing through the House his Bill for " a new
Representative." Cromwell immediately summoned a
company of musketeers, left Whitehall, and presented
himself at the House of Common?*.

■11

Bradshaw, John, was an English lawyer who,
besides being one ol the Commissioners of the Great
Seal, was Chief J ustice of Chester. He was President

EXPULSION OF PARLIAMENT. 101

of the Commission that tried King Charlei. Unbend*
ing, as he was, in his feelings against royalty, he was
equally arerse to the usurpation of Cromwell, whom
he opposed in his proceedings to dissolve the Parlia,
ment. After the death of Cromwell, who did not
dare to supersede him in the Chief Justiceship, h« he-
came President of the Council.

Harrison, Thomas, was one of Cromwell's Gene-
rals, and one of those who condemned Charles I. to
death. After the Restoration, 1660, he was tried as a
regicide and executed.

Sidney, Algernon, was the second son of Robert,
Earl of Leicester. During the Civil War he took sides
against the King, and distinguished himself as a colonel
in the Parliamentary army. He was appointed one of
Charles*s judges, but declined to appear in that court.
During Cromwell's protectorate, being a violent repub-
Lcan, he withdrew to the country and there wrote his
celebrated Discourses on Government. After the Protec-
tor's death he again entered public life, but on the Re-
storation withdrew to the continent. He afterwards
returned and was pardoned by the King. After the
Commons had been defeated in their attempt to ex-
clude the Duke of York (afterwards James II.) from
the thi oiiw, Sidney joined the council of Eusselij Essexji
^ud Monmouth to resist the Puke's suc<??i^sioi|, On

i t

,'!.

PHOSE EXTRACTS,

the discovery ojf the conspiracy, Sidney and others
were thrown into prison. This conspiracy is generally
known as the Mi/e-houae Plot^ so called because the
King and his brother were to be assassinated as they
passed the Rye-House on their way to London. When
placed on his trial; as there was but onb witness against
him, his DiecouraeBf as yet uiipublished, were pressed
into service and construed iuto treason. His defence
that papers were no legal evidence, was overruled.
He was declared guilty, condemned and executed, in
1683. •

Vane, Sir Henry, was son of the Sir Henry Vane
who was Secretary of State under Charles I. After
leaving Oxford, he resided at Geneva, and there im-
bibed those Puritan principles *^hat rendered him so
conspicuous. He was among the * Puritan Emi-
grants ' who came over in 1635 to Massachusetts, of
which colony he became Governor. On his return to
England he warmly espoused the Republican cause,
was sent to Parliament, and, with Pym and the anti-
Court party, took an active part in some of the great
measures of the day. In the Commons he was the re-
presentative of the extreme party of Reformers, the
Independents, who were equally hostile to Presbyte-
rianism, as to Episcopacy. On the breaking out of the
Civil War, he became very conspicuous in the military
and theological politics of the day. When the Com*

EXPULSION OF PARLIAMENT,

lOS

monwealth was established, he waa one of the Council
of State, though his antipathy to Cromwell was very
marked. After the dissolution of the Commons, he
offended Cromwell by writing a book which was so
hostile to the Protectorate that he was imprisoned in
Cariabrook Castle for four months. After the Re-
storaUon, being one of the twenty excluded from the
Act of general pardon and ohlivion, he was tried for
high treason, found guilty, and beheaded on Tower
Hill, Tune 14th, 1662.

Whitelock, BulStrode, was returned to the T017
Parliaoient in 1640, and was Chairman of the com-
mittee for the impeachment of Strafford. During the
Civil War the Parliament made him Governor of
Henley-on-Thames, and he was one of Cromwell's ad-
visors. After the war he resumed his law practice,
and in 1648 was appointed one of the Commissioners
of the Great Seal. As his views did not coincide
with Cromwell's ambition, he was sent on an embassy
to Sweden. On his return he became very popular,
entered Parliament, and received the thanks of the
House with £2000. After the death of Cromwell he
bocame sole keeper of the Great Seal, though he had
previously been deprived of that oMce by the jealousy
of Cromwell. After the Restoration he gave in his
adhesion to the new r^^icie, and was allowed to live

. ^1 .!• , -• '

104

PROSE EXTRACTS.

This evetif^ 'I moment. (See first Note above,)
fiig with. — The same idea is sometimes expressed hf
fraught wHh. Cf,—

The clouds ye so much drwd,
Are big with mercy ftnd will br«|ik
In hlesilngs on jour hea4'

Zobby.— '"From Ger. laubi *a bower.'
verb mean ?

What do^ the

Parliamevt, — The root of this word is the Fbenoh, ^rter,
*to talk.' C£. Parlor 'a room for talking in.'

Tfie speaker, ike. — So called because he acts as the Spoiesmain,
of the Assembly by whom he is elected. It is hii duty
to settle questions of order, and to call for the Yia^ apd
Hays, i^e., put the question on any subject of debate.
He cannot vote except in Committee, when he is out
of the Chair ; in the case of an equality of votes, he
has the privilege of giving the coating vote. The Spe^ik^r
was Lenthall, ^

Put off his Aai. —^Members of Parliament may rem*in
covered, except when they are addressing the Chair.

Vituperation. — Abuse.

Apostatized.— This word properly means to forsake one's
religious princi les.

You are no parliament, — *'It was now a mere fragment of
the Honf"^ of Commons ; the members of the Hump —
as it Wile, contemptuously called, numbered hardly a
hundred, and of those the average attendance was little
more than fifty." — Green. (See also note on PridA,
Colonel, in extract CromwelVs Expulsion, <fcc. )

Se might have prevented, <kc. — Criticise these remarks, as
forming part of a direct quotation.

Jugjler. — Derived through the French, jonghur, fyom

GEORGE JIL

105

/S'caniat.— Properly means *a stumbling block,' h3reu86d
in a derived sense, a disgrace.

Peculation. — Appropriating to himself what did not belong
to him. TJie word is derived from the Latin ptcu-
Hum, which meant property that a son or slave was
fallowed to have, independent of the control of father or
master.

bauble. — The mace, a staff surmounted by a Crown, as
the emblem of royalty, is significantly termed a bauble,

Dmsolved. — This word, when applied to Parliament, means
that by an expression of the Royal pleasure, the Parlia-
ment has ceased to exist, and, as a consequence, a new
election of members must take place. On the other
hand, Parliament adjourns from day to day, and is pro*
rogued, when the Session closes. After a prorogation,
notice of meetiag for despatch of business must be given.

Parricidal. — The title parricide, derived through the
FrencHj, from the Latin, jpa^er, 'a father,' and ccedOf
*1 kill,' is applied to one who murders either parent.

Note. — The student is further referred to Cahlyle's
Oliver Cromwell, Letter cxxvi.

DEATH OF GEORGE III.
Book V. Pages 278-9.

Historical Note.— George HI., of the House of

Hanover, grandson of George IT., ascended the throne
in 1760. He is thus desc^-ibed by Green in his His-

1 ^ r/ TT l 1 _ 11 • ^1x1 T7« i:_t- "1^:

106

PHOSE EXTRACTS.

edly educated, and hia natural taste was of the meanest
sort." It was during his reign that the American
colonies revolted and declared their independence.
The political writer, Junius, found material for his
famous letters chieflv in the actions of two of the lead-
ing ministers of the day, Another memorable event
was the impeachment of Warren Hasting s for
cruelty and oppression in India. The stirring events
of the French Revolution also occurred during this
same eventful period, and the names of Wellington,
Napoleon and Nelson, stand forth prominently in
connection with British history. After a reign of 60
years (his son was Regent for nine years from 1811),
he died January 29th, 1820.

Famous order. — ^The Order of the Garter, instituted in

the reign of Edward III.
Th$ queen. — Queen Charlotte, who died 1818.
Barpsichord. — A musical instrument introduced into

England early in the 17th century. In shape it was

lite a grand piano, to which its internal arrangements

were also similar.
The darling, dec. — Tho Princess Amelia, the youngest and

favorite child, who died 2nd November, 1810, aged 27

years.

Lear.-^In the legendary History of Britain, King
Lear is supposed to have lived about eight cen-
turies before the Christian era. He had three daugh-
terS) of whom the youngest^ Cordelia, was the best

ACADMMy Olf LAGAJOO.

107

before liim, isave James tKe Second. He was wretch-
loved. He * was driven oflf his throne ' by the hus-
bands of his two older daughters, and * buffeted by
rude hands ' — the unnatural treatment received from
his two oldest daughters— he went forth a wandering
beggar, *'the childish imbecility to which he was
fast advancing, changing into the wildest insanity,"
Cordelia and her husband, a Prince of Gaul (France),
according to the legend, replaced him on the throne ;
while Shakespeare's play makes both Lear and Cordelia
fall into the hands of the oldest sister and her para-
mour. By their order Cordelia is hung in prison, and
the tragedy closes with Lear bringing in the dead
body of * the darling of his old age,' and dying heart*
broken over it. The ballad in Bishop Percy's Reliques
gives subetantially the same story as Shakespeare
does, only that Cordelia is slain in battle.

THC AOilDEMY Or LAOABO.

The following extract is taken from Swift's greatest
and most characteristic satire, the most durable
monument of his style and originiility of conception —
OuUiver*8 Travels — a vast and all-embracing satire
upon humanity itself. The work is written in the

rkVkf

i/kf

n««a/kv-,^M r\

■T '^ iTtl 1

3*** i^'wvii Waaw

108

FROSE EXTRACTS.

describes the strange scenes and adventures through
which he passes, and is noted for the wonderful rich-
ness of invention that it displays, jand the exquisite art
with which the most impossible and improbable
adventures are related. The contrast between the
absurd inventions and the gravity with which they
are related, forms the great charm, and is peculiarly
characteristic of Swift, not only as a writer but also
as member of society, for it is said that he was never
known to laugh, but that *he poured forth the quaintest
and most fantastic inventions with an air of gravity
and sternness that kept his audience in convulsions of
merriment.' * This prototype of Robinson Crusoe^ hav,
ing been shipwrecked and having lost all his com-
panions, visits such countries as Lilliput, famed
for its pigmies^ Brobdingnag noted for its gianUy
the flying Island of Laputa, and that particular
part known as Balnibarbi, a land occupied by
projectors. Swift's object in writing this particular
part of the Travels was to satirize the follies and abuses
of learning and science ; but his ridicule in this portion
of the work is deficient in point and propriety, being
aimed at imaginary follies. Besides * the author was
not sufficiently versed eithex* in physical science or
ancient learning to be able to ridicule with much
offset the abuses of the one or the follies of the other.'
This description of the Academy is a very poor
imitation of the College of Philosophers, as 4e^cribec(
by Babelj4^,

NOTE ON SATIRE. ,

109

TKt Acadtmy.-^The nam* is derived from the public
garden of that name near Athens, in which the
philosopher Plato used to give instruction to those wh o
wished to hear him.

School. -^Thiu word must be understood as embracing
those who, in the academy, were making politics their
study, just as we say, iSchool >/ M$dkine, Law School,

6fcor«. —How would you trace the meaning of the word,
as here used, to its primary meaning 'to cut,' from A.g.
scyran J

Minist4ri.—Wha.i does the word mean here ?

CAm«ra«.— Visionary ideas. The word is an adaptation
of the classic 'ChimsBra,' a fabulous monster of Lycia.

By the vices. — By reason of.

Stored, cfcc.— Supplied with medicines, suited to each
malady.

Business.-^Aacord'mg to Earle, Philology of the Eng-
lish Language, this is one of those words that * wear a
Saxon mask. ' It looks as though it were made up of
the suffix ness and the root busy, whereas, it is simply
the Norman besonge, meaning 'occupation,' the old
plural form being besoingnes. He comes to this con-
clusion "because though the 'adjective' busy {a.b. biseg)
is found, "in Saxon th^—ims derivative from it is not
found."

NOTE ON DIFFERENT KINDS OF SATIRE,

Thomas Arnold lays down this distinction between
the three kinds of Satire— Moral, Personal and Political.
"By the first is meant a general satire on contemporary
morals and manners." "Personal Satires are those
which are mainly directed against individuals. In

!
I

• ■

'ifc

■-1

- 1

■

purely ptraonal tatire, the ohanooi are to imftU in
fftvor of the ohMtiietnent being adiuiniatered with
pure Impartiality and jUHtioo, tiiat the world rightly
attaches let* value to it than to moral satire. The
occasions when personal satire bocomos really terrible
are those when, in the midst of a general moral satire
on prevailing vices or follies, the acts and character of
individuals are introduced by way of illmtrating the
maxims that have just been enunciated. The attack
has then the appearance uf being unpremeditated, and
its effect is proportionally greater." '* Political Satire
castigates, nominally in the interest of virtue, but
really in the interest of a party, the wicked or contemp-
tible qualities of the adherents of the opposite faction,''

HISTORY IN WORDS.

This lic<iif«.— The lectures from which this extract is
taken were delivered by Archbishop Trench, then Dean
of Westminster, to the pupils of the Diocesan Training*
School, Winchester.

To acquaint youranlv^.—To make yourselves familiar with.
Acquaint U derived from the Frrmoh, accointer, and
this from Latin, ad and cognitua 'known.*

Aloof in «ptrti.--The student in his research need not be
influenced by the scorn, Ac, that prompted the giving
of the particular name. Aloof. A 'seafaring term/ per*
haps from a and luff,

Caval^n.-^Thiu word from meaning 'a knight/ was
<>rsnafsrrfid to & <*av. militapv ic^n^ and henoi very an*
propriate to those who supported Charles h

NrSTORY Jl^ IVOKDS.

Ill

Q«ailr«r.~-"The derivfttion of the t«rm ii lomtwhat ob>
Duure { but m the Kanteri aro thui d«'numinftted from
their ranting or boiitumui wurihip, lo it may be f»irly
oonoiudod that Quakum received that Appellation from
the meokneRH of theirR, beings during their worship, or
luppoflod to be, in a itato of fear and trembling, or in
other wordi, quaking for their offenoei.'*— Pullhyn,

i*«/ri<(in.— This name wai iliit given in 1604, to thsKon*
Conrormiiti who in the reign of Elizabeth wiihed for
purity of doctrine, but wai aftorwardi applied to all
who were ttriot and lerioui. It wai flrit d«vised by
Sanderi the Jeiuit.

/?ownaA«!ff4.— The followcri of Cromwell wer« lo-oalled
booauie they wore their hair out clone to their head,
while the Cavaliers wore theirs in ringlets, Another
origin of the name is suggested. The Queen, at Btaf*
ford's trial, on seeing Pym, enquired who that rounds
headed man was, because he spoke so strongly.

Whig.—ThQ word is of Scottish origin, and is supposed to
be derived from vMggam, a word used by Scottish pea*
sants in driving their horses»the drivers being called
whiggamorts, contracted into whiq». Sir Walter Scott
tells us that the insurrection which broke out immedl*
ately after the defeat of the Duke of Hamilton at Pres-
ton, in 1648, called the ' Whigamjres' Raid,' derived its
name from "the words whig, whig, i.e.,' get on,' get on,*
which is used by the western peasants in driving their
horses." Others derive it from the word " whey," with
a taunting allusion to the "sour milk " faces of the
fanatical Ayrshiieman. See Green, Sec. viii. Chap. 8.
As a political term, the party who opposed the cause
of the Royal Family received this name in 1679.

Tarv Tha Drimarv meaning of this word seems to be

•robber,' or 'savage.' The title "belonged properly"

m PROSE EXTi^ACTS,

■oTronch iftyi oiiowhore, " to tho IiIhIi bogtrotteri,
who, during our civil wura, robboil and plundorod, pro-
foiling to bo in Rruia for the lloyal cause ; and from
them trttunforred, about the year 1080, to thoM who
■ought to maintain tho extreme prorogativoi of tho
Cfown."
J**/ iV*nom<'.— -Two ctymologici are given : the one FnnNOn,
mm di niiuf, ' name of contempt,' and the other nthi
or ike, name, tho n of tho urtiolo being pretixod to tke^
i.e., 'additional.'
Luthtrani.—li'tom Martin Luther, about 1530. "The
name was given by D^. Eck, one cf the earlieat who
wrote against tho Reformation."-— Trbnch.
.Af«Mo(^/«.— "Thw ardent pioty and rigid ohnrvana of
tystem in ovory thing connected with the new ojjinions,
gained for the Wosloys* followers the 'appellation of
Methodists." Duto 1729.
Franciscans. —TYlgsq monks got thoir name from their
founder, S. Francis D'Assisi {120&). From the color of
their dress they are sometimes calU'd the Gray friars.
Another order, the ' Dominicans,' founded by Dominic,
(1200), a Spanish priest, wore allowed, about 50 years
after his death, to settle in that part of London eince
called BUtckfriars,
Fifth Monarchy Jl/cn.— This sect sprang Up in the tim«
of Cromwell, who they suppose, was to found the tilth
great monarchy of the world, during which Christ
should reign on earth one thousand years. Tbo other
four monarchies woro the Babylonian, Persvii .fa.'««
donian, and Roman.
iS^ceArcr.".— These got their name from having no determin-
ate form of religion, but being in search of one.
Levellers. -In 1647 there aros3 in the army " a very ter-
ribl-^ 'Levelling Paity,' a class of men demanding tho
pum^l> aient of the ' Chief Delinquent. ' " In 1649 this
l«?i<ilmg spirit was stomped out*

JT/STo^y/.V mJtD^

t rotten,
rod, pro-
nd from
noM who
■ of ilio

FRBNOn,
tlier ncfco
id to cibe,

>. "TUo
Lest who

rvanci of
o{)iriionR,
Ihiiion of

otn thoir
e color of
ly friara,
Doininio,
60 yean
ion siuco

the time
I the tilth
sh Christ
'bo other

tit:, ^''fa->:<l*

[letermia-

I very ter-

nding the

, 1649 thii

Indeptfndtnii.-Sc oitlUd btotUM they upheld the right
of every man to wonhip God aooording to the bidding
of hii own coneoience.

F/*Mn(/«.— From their laluting one another by the title of
friend.

i2aftona/t«<i.— Flonriihed in the time of the Common*
wealth and adopted reaton (Latin ratlo)u a iole and
■utAoient guide in matteti both of Church and State,
'i'heir luoocMon in name reject revelation and tradition
in matters of Faith, and alio appeal to reanon ae
infallible.

Latitudinarians.—" A olasi of English divines in the
reign of Charles II., who were opposed alike to the
high tenets of the ruling party in the church, and the
Ftfnatioidm which then distinguished so many of the
Dissenters."— BnANDB. On this particular phase of
religious thought, Green, in his Short History of the
English People remarks, that they differed from both
Puritans and High Churchmen, among other things
" by their basing religion on a natural theology ; by
their aiming 'vt tightness of life, rather than at correct-
nosB of opinion ; by their advocacy of toleration and
comprehension as the ground of Christian unity."

Eminent rfwcovere/.— Amerigo Vespucci who visited this
continent in 1490, whereas Columbus landed on the
Bahamas, in 14D2.

Humboldt, Von Alexander.— One of the greatest of
naturalists, was born in 1769. As a student of nature
he travelled a great deal through America and Asia.
It is not easy to estimate the amount of his contribu>
tions to science. Among the many works that he pub*
lieh«d, his Co9mo$, or Physical Universe, stands pre-
emi< nt.
Hmsii€S.-~xhQ followers of John Huss, of Bohemia, who
8

rEOS£ EXTRACTS,

was convicted, of heresy by ihe Council of Constance,
and burnt by order of the Emperor of Germany, in
1415. He was prompted to make his investigations by
readinfr the works of Wycliflfe.

Specious. — However much this may appear to be true.
The root of the work is specio * I see.* How does
* specious ' differ from * plausible?'

JSxaminaiion, — This word in its priiaary sense means ' a
balancing,' being derived from the Latin exanien {ex-
agimen), * the tongue of a balance,'

Beguina. — (Be-geengs, or Be-gwins). This order of
females, called after their founder Lambert le Btgue,
the ' stammerer,' was founded about 1180, in Flan iers.
They were not restricted by monastic vows, and were
simply united for the purposes of devotion and charity.
They were the earliest of all lay societies of females
united for pious purposes.

Middle ages. — What does this expression mean ?

Pids. — The following etymology of the word has been
suggested, *VAs the letter p often changes into /and
ct into xt or ght, a * Pipt ' is «(imply a fixt man. The
folk who settled down in a place were the ' Picts,' and
the * Scots ' were those who did not settle down. The
' Picts ' v^ere tribes who sought their living by building
towns near the mouths of rivers, tilling the land and
catching the fish ; the * Scots ' pursued the course of
the mountain ranges." Jamieson in his Scottish Dic-
tionary, gives a p. p. picht, meaning * settled. '

Tatooing. — This is a word borrowed from the isles of the
Pacific, and means pricking the skin and filling the punc-
ture with some coloring matter.

Tornado.— k Spanish and Portuguese word, implying
a turning or whirlwind.

Calamities.— Th\» word is generally derived from calamus

LETTER TO CHESTERFIELD.

115

netance,
oany, in
.tions by

be true.
)W does

neans * a

arder of
8 Btgue,
''Ian iers.
nd were
charity,
females

las been
fco / and
m. The
cts,' and
n. The
building
and and
30urse of
Wsh Die-

les of the
the punc-

implying

I calamus

'a stalk,' and implies *a blight affecting the crop.'
■* Insomuch as the word was first derived from ealamua
when the com coulde not get out of the stalke. — Bacon.
Trench, however, would connect the word with cado,
* I ' and ' d ' being interchangeable.

Conservaiivt powers. — The power of saving, or keeping
from change. Words frequently preserve in themselves
a history, "like the fly in a piece of amber" ; the fact
may have passed away, but the record of it is embalmed
in the word.

Fact of English History. — Explain this.

Weightiest. — Most important.

Expend^ siispense. — Both derived from Latin, pendo,
hang.' "Hence 'A&o pound.

Papyrus. — The use of this material ceased about the ninth
century, its place being supplied by cotton paper
made in the East. The introduction of paper-making
in France dates from the 14th Century, In England its
manufacture was much later.

Thsories. — From a Greek word meaning *to see or con-
template' — are ideas or fancies as opposed to realities.
Sometimes th(« word is used in contra distinction to
practice ; as the theory and practice of teaching.

LETTER TO THE EARL OF CHESTER-

. FIELD.

"' Book v. Pages 417-8.

Chesterfield, Earl of (Philip Dormer stanhope),
an Enslish statesman and author, was celebrated as the
representative of the fashion, elegance and high-breed-

iie PiiOSE EXTRACTS.

ing of the day. In 1715, he entered Parliament, and
afterwards, on the death of his father (1726), the
House of Lords. Here, by assiduous practice, he be-
came one of the best speakers, though in that particu-
lar he failed in the House of Commons. He filled
several important offices, as Minister to the Hague,
Lord Lieutenant of Ireh ud, and Secretary of State.
His brilliant wit, polished manners, and elegant con-
versation gained for him the intimacy of Pope^ Swift,
Bolingbroke, and other eminent men of the day.
Johnson, whose dictionary, on its appearance, he af-
fected to fecomraend, styles him " a wit among lords,
a lord among wits." Chesterfield is now best lemem-
bered by his Letters to his son Philip, which display
wonderful knowledge of mankind, and contain a good
deal of excellent advice, but are not entirely free from
what is objectionable. If that *blot ' were removed,
* they should,' says Johnson, * be put into the hands
of every gentleman.'

Kcwrite the first sentence of the first paragraph so as to
avoid the use of the passive voice.

To he 80 distinguished, <fcc.~An example of Irony, a mild
form of earcami, in which tjie meaning of the writer
or the speaker is contrary to the words ; or in which
praise is bestowed when censure is intended*

Tht enchantment of your address, —-l was attracted by
your easy and affable manners . Enchantment is derived
through the French enchanter, from the Latis incan-
tare. Distinguish between 'charm,' 'enchant,' and
'fascinate.'

it, and
I), the
he be-
articu-
) filled
Sague,

State,
nt cou-

Swift,
e day.

he af-
; lords,
temem-
display
a good
36 from
moved,

hands

•0 as to

r, a mild
e writer
n which

kcted by
} derived

Qt,' and

LETTER TO JOUKB OF BEDFORD. 117

forhtaf to «)w^.— Could not help wishing,

U Vainqueur, 4rc.— The conqueror of the conqueror o!

the earth.

Uncourtly. —Mther of unpolished manners or not given
to flattery. In latter sense, Cf. Goldsmith's, *Un.
practised he to fawn. '

your outward room*. —What we should call the ante-
chamber, or waiting room.

I8 not a patron^ 4?c.— An illustration of tho Figure sar-
casm, a bitter, personal e:i.presBion.

Tndifferont.—Do not care for it.

Impart, — Cannot share it with others.

LETTER TO THE DUKE OF BEDFORD.
Historical Note.—Bedford, Duke of, John,

was born in 1710, When thirty-four years of age ho

filled the position of " First Lord of the Admiralty,

in which capacity ho brought forward Keppel, Howe,

and Rodney. In 1748 he became Secretary of State,

and continued in that ofiice till 1751. In 1756 he

went to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant, and remained

there with extraordinary popularity till 1761, when

he was made LorA Privy Seal. Next year he went as

Ambassador to Paris, and after his return was made

President of the Council. He retained this office till

1766. He was, in 1768, chosen Chancellor of the

University of Dublin, and died in 1771. All who

have ever spoken of this excellent person, with the

^i?_^ ^^ T__„« 1 l^^A X^ir, C%->n-rx\^ AV>/1

11«

PROSE EXTRACTS,

honest nature, wholly void of all dissimulation and
guile, and have borne a willing testimony to the sound-
ness of his judgment, as well as his unshaken firmness
of purpose." — Brougham, statesmen of the Time of
Georg$ III,

[The following letter is an illustration of Personal Satire,

See note Swift's Academy of Lagado.].

♦• Esteem from the public. — The unpopular Peace of Paris
(1763), by which Canada was secured to Britain,
was negotiated by the Duke of Bedford, and gave
rise to a variety of public commotions, which at length
broke out into acts of open insurrection among the
Spitalneld weavers. The Duke was also charged, but,
according to Brougham, unjustly, with having received
a bribe from the French Court.
Nice feelings. — Delicately sensitive. " The up of * nic^ *
in the sense of 'fastidious,' 'difficult to please,' still
survives ; indeed this is now, as in times past, the
ruling notion of the word."— Trench.
Resentments. — It is worth noting how this word, like
many others, as villain, knave, cburl, censure, &c., &c.,
has changed its meaning. On the first introduction of
the word in the 17th century, 'resentment' simply
meant ' a sense ' or feeling of that which had been done
for us, and was used to indicate both a sense ofgratitvde
and a sense of enmity. It is the latter meaniug that
has clung to the word.
I shall leave, Jcc. — I shall allow others to describe your

virtues.
The rest is upon record. — What does this mean ?

been bestowed, there is still room for supposing that.

t&TTEk to bVkk W tkDFOfLD,

it9

][)0S8ibly, some 'good quality* may have escftpcd

notice. In this paragraph there is a mixture oi sarcasm

and irony,
Con^ufrraftfe. — Important, oi worthy of great regard.

The ironical language is now dropped.
A name gloriowi.— One of the most noted of the Kttssell
family, whose rise dates fro*n the spoliation of the
monasteries in the time of Henry VIII., was Lord
William Russell, who opposed the designs of Charles
II. and his brother, the Duke of York, to destroy the
British Constitution and the established religion, and
irritated them both by his endeavors, in concert with
Shaftesbury, to pass the Exclusion Bill. Along with
Algernon Sidney, he was convicted on a charge of
sharing in the 'Rye-House Plot,' and beheaded in
Lincoln Inn Fields, 1683.

The last created, <{rc.— The name Russ .U was, in the
opinion of some, quite enough to beget the hope that
the virtues of the father might be found in the son.

More instructive. — Nothing could have better taught men
not to rely on a name, than your deeds have.

We may trace <t'C.— The writer resumes the sarcastic
strain, for the remaining words of this paragraph are
intended to convey a very different meaning from what
they seem to indicate.

The eminence of your station. —See Historical Note,

The emoluments of a place. — His official salary. How
does the word emolument differ from proJU ?

Hegret the virtues. — Does this mean the loss or the posses-
sion of the virtues ?

TAeory.— This word, as opposed to reality, simply implies
what exists in the mind. Junius means, "I will give

i/i.Aft fif Slicll 9. TdSXi-

an ideal Duke of Bedford."

' r will nketch for vou

rHOSE EXTRACTS,

With sutpleion.-^'Re would hesitate to place unbounded
confidence in him, and think it impossible for him to do
wrong.

Violence of faction. — The extreme measures to which
Move of the party ' freque tly leads.

Encroachment of prerogative. — He would resist any arbi-
trary exercise of power, the mere result of ' a special
and exclusive right,* if it interfered with the liberty of
the subject. The word encroachment is very forcible,
it means literally a drawing 'to oneself on a hook.' (Fr.
en croc. )

Intrigues of opposition. — RepUce I'/t^nflrucj with an Eng-
lish word.

Ilif'aiUhority, <fcc. — People looking up to him as their
^ide, hvould hold the measures of government in esteem
or would despise them.

Dom^Mic misfortune. — The Duke had lately lost his only
son by a fall from a horse.

Your gra^e, <fcc. — You will possibly recognize the likeness
more quickly if I sketch a picture the very reverse of
this one.

Peremptory conditions. — Upon the Duke of Bedford's
entering Lord Bute's Ministry the second time (1765),
he insisted, among other conditions, upon the dismissal
of Lord Bute's brother, Mr. Stuart Mackenzie, from
office, though the king had promised it to him for life.

Interview with the favorite. — At this interview, which took
place at the house of Lord Eglintoun, Junius tells us
that Lord Bute told the Duke that he \iras determined
never to have any connection with a man who had so
basely betrayed him.

In a court of justice. — The Duke admitted in the Court of
Chancery that he had received a large sum of money
from a person whom he had undertaken to return tq
l^^rJiam^nt to represent on^ of his boroughs,

lETTEB TO DUKE OJ^ BEDFORD. \%\

Borough.— ^. town that retuma a member to Parliament.
In derivation the word is a kin to German hurg, and
Orbek purgos, * a tower,' * a fortified place. *

LiUU corporation.— Bedtord; where he waa so hated that
a number of strangers were admitted to the freedom.
He was defeated in an election contest by Mr. Home.

Notes.— " This letter, viewed as an eflfort of personal
satire, is one of the ablest specimens of the peculiar eloquence
of Junius. The contrast of a fancied good character with
the assumed bad one of the Duke of Bedford ; the artful
imputation of treachery won by bribes in negotiating of the
Peace ; the hinted coarseness and vulgarity of the^jfjijt)ject of
his disparagement in his private pleasures ; the recalling of
that outrage to recollection with which the Duke had, on
a former occasion, treated his sovereign ; • ♦ ♦ • compose,
together, an assemblage of splendid parts forming one of
the most powerful and elaborate compositions of the author.
The general excellence of the letter, however, is in some
measure impaired by a quaintnesa inconsistent with that
chaste delicacy of writing which can alone deserve the ap-
probation of true taste. By quaintnesa is meant the use of
that oast of thought, and that mould of style, which in
propriety belong only to true wit, upon occasions when there
is no genuine wit produced, and when, indeed, the use of such
wit would be unseasonable." — Wade, Ed. of Junius, Bohn's
Standard Library.

In a note appended to the second volume of his His-
tory of England, Lord Mahon recalls the opinion that he
had expressed in the earlier part of the volume, in which he
Ijj^ci qh«^racteri;??d ^h? Duke oi peuford t^s being "ft vuld»

PkOsE i)ifkAdT^.

hearted, hot-lieaded man, more distinguiahod by rank and
fortune tha>i by either talent or virtue." The published cor-
respondence of the Duke, edited by the present Lord John
Russell, caused this change in opinion. Lord Mahon can-
didly writes, " As to the Duke of Bedford's general character,
I Acknowledge that the perusal of his letters, as also of his
diary, has materially altered my impressions, and tliat I
should no longer apply to him the word ' cold-hearted.' He
appears, on the contrary, throughout his correspondence,
and the private entries of his journal (whatever aspect he
might bear to the world \i large), affectionate and warm-
hearted to his family and his friends . Whether those friends
were in general wisely chosen —whether they were, in many
oases, other than flatterers and boon companions, is another
question ; a question which Lord John Russell himself, in the
preface to his second volume, seems disposed to answer in the
negative. "

Lord Brougham's opinion respecting anonymous writers
is worthy of careful perusal : ' ' There is no characteristic more
universal of such (anonymous writers) than their indiscrim-
inate railing. They are in very deed, no respecters of
persons. Their hand is against every one. Obscure them-
selves, they habitually envy all fame. Low far beneath any
honest man's level, as they feel comscious they must sinlr,
were the veil removed whioh conceals them, they delight in
pulling all others down to nearly the same degradation with
themselvei. Nor is it envy alone that stimulates their
malignant appetites. Instinctively aware of the scorn in
•which they are held, and sure that were the darkness dis-
pelled in which they lurk, .ill hands would be raised against
them, they obey the animal impulse of fear when they
indulge in a propensity to work destruction."

CIlAUCJEk AND COH^LEV.

CHAtJCER AND QOWLEY.

Pathtr qf Engluh poetry.--" Chaucer was the firit great
English poet, for we consider the age of Chaucer m
the true atarting point of English literature, so-called."
Shaw. ' • The precedence must be awarded to Chaucer,
not only for the vast superiority of his genius, but as
the earlier writer (i.«. than Gower) in EvglUh.^'—
Smith.
HoMEE.— There is as much dispute about the time when
Homer lived, as there ie about himself and his poems.
It is generally supposed that he flourished about the
middle of the 9th century before Christ. No fewer
than seven cities claim the honor of being his birth-
place ; but Smyrna appears to have the strongest claim.
His name will always be associated with the liiad,
which celebrates the Trojan war, and the Odyssey, which
records the wanderings of Ulysses after that war.

Virgil.— This 'Prince of the Latin poets' flourished
during the reign of the Emperor Augustus, between
B.C. 70 and B.C. 19. His name will always be con-
nected with the jEneid, an epic poem in wbich ho
celebrates the settlement of iEneas in Italy, the whole
. poem being an imitation of Homer's two poems. Be-
sides this epic ho wrote a pastoral poem, the Eclogncs^
and a treatise on husbandry entitled the Oeorgics.

Properly. — In a suitable manner, as one well acquainted
with a variety of subjects.

Continence. — A self-imposed restraint, or forbearance.

Is sunk, dec. — Has not risen in general esteem as :nuch as
he might have ^ 5ne.

CoTiceit — Fancy. Ab used here, the word rather re»
sembles our conception*

■>H

I2i fJiOS£ EXTIiACT&

Plenty enough. --An example of Tautology, whioh ie the
employment of different words or phraeee to convey

the »awie meaning. . * • .«

Pyramidt.-^ThiB word ia not of Gbeek origin, but w an

Effyptian word adopted into several Ungnages.
nal.-'Judgment, He could detect what wat beautiful

or what was faulty in the works of other poets.
/mprM«on#.~Edition8 of his works.
Potta and mmii poeta."* A poet ' and • too much of a

^eew'iaji.--Thi8 word is of the same etymology as between,

viz : A.8. 6« ' by • and twa ' two.' „ , „« /

Sehavior.^f rom A.s. behabban 'to restrain oneself. A^Tiat

are its synonymes ? ,..,,. , ,. i.

^/ec<a^on.—" A forced and awkward imitation of what

should be genuine and easy."— LocKE.
Tacitus. —A famous Latin historian, who was born in the

reign of Nero, about A.D. 60. His Annals and his

History were published in the reign of Trajan, about

AD. 90.
Auribus, .fcc— Suited to the ears of that time, «.<.. Chau.

cer's poetry pleased the people of that day.
.Vum6cr«.— Poetry. Compare ' rugged numbers * m next

selection, and Pope's * I lisped in numbers lot the num-
bers came.*
Lydgate.— A Benedictine monk of Bury St. Edm\ind's,
who flourished about 1425. In his own day he was
very popular, though his versiftcation is characterized
as ' rough and inharmonious.' This estimate corres-
ponds with Dryden's, though Gray formed a high
opinion of his poetical powers; *I pretend not,' ha
says, * to set him on a level with Chaucer, but he cer-
tainly comes the nearest to him of any contemporary
writer I am acquainted wit'.,'

I is thrs
jonvey

t i« ftn
autilul

jh of a

between,

• TSHiat

>f what

n in the
and his
1, about

,, Chau.

' in next
ho num-

im\ind's,

he was

!icterized

e corres-

a high

not,' ha

t he cer-

mporary

CJfAt/CEH AND Con^lB)r,

l25

Cower.— A contemporary of Chaucer, who iiyi«a him
•Moral Oower,* as Shakespeare calls him 'Ancient
Gower.' Hir chief production was a work in three
parts, written respectively in French {Sp%culum medi-
Con<i«— thfi mirror of the thoughtful one.) Latin ( Fox
ctaman<i»— The voice of one crying,) and English {Ocn-
ftmo awaniis— The Lover's Confession.)
Fauli. —This word is of the same derivation as fail. It
is found und^r slightly different forms in It., Sp. und
Fr. all connecting with Latin fallo ' I deceive.'
Ten syllables, cfcc— On the metre of Chaucer's poems, Dr.
Smith remarks, ' The final c which tenninates so many
English words was not yet become e mute, and is to bo
pronounced as .. .sparate syllable, and finally the past
termination of the verb ed, is almost invariably to be
made a separate syllable.' So also Skeat in his edition
of Chaucer and Thomas Arnold.
Confuting, —Ihe Latin word (confato) means primarily
• to check or repress a boiling liquid by 2)ouriny into
it something cold.' In a derived, or secondary sense it
means 'to repress by arguments.' It is frequently
used interchangeably with refute, which rather respects
what is practical or personal, while confute respects what
is argumentative. How do both words differ from dis-
prove 1
fferoic.-^Thii metre consists of ten syllables, or five

iambic metres, rhyming in couplets.
Foot.^ln. Prosody the word means the combination of
two or more syllables according to accent ; thus, the
foot termed iambus consists of an unaccented (weak),
and an accented (strong) syllable ; as, enlarge', absent',

EitNiUS.— This* father of RomAn song 'lived about the
middle of the second centu :y before Christ. His gi eat

f-I

I'
■

126 r/^eSE EXTRACTS,

work was his Annalt, or Metrical ChronidtB, devcted to
the celebr;»tiou of Roman exploits, from the earliest
times to a period within ten years of his death. Being
a national work, they were highly gratifying to a proud,
ambitious people, and Tvere, for a very long time, popu-
lar among the Romans.

LuciLius. — A Roman writer of satires, who lived between
B.C. 148 and 102. When he wrote, the Romans,
though far f iOm the polish of the Augustan age, were
familiar with the delicate irony of some of the Gries
writers. These Lucilius imitated, and caught much of
their fire. Though his Latin was pure, his versification
was rugged and prosaic. Horace compares his whole
poetry to fs muddy and troubled stream.

HoBAcid. — This famous Roman poet began his career as
a soldier, and fought on the side of Brutus at the battle
of Philippi. His military career, however, was short-
lived, for, as he himself tells U3, he fled from the battle-
field. Having abandoned that profession he turned his
attention to poo try, and, under the patronage of
Augustus and Msecenas, wrote Odes, Satire9,&nd Epistles.
His poetry is generally commended for elegance and
sweetness.

Spenser. — Among the poets of the Elizabethan period,
Edmund Spenser holds the first rank. His first
poetical work. The Shepherd's Calendar, was published
in 1579. In thj following year he was appointed
secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and, as the
result of his two years' residence at the Vice-regal
Court, we have his only prose work. View of the State of
Ireland, presented to the Queen in 1596, but not pub-
lished, for political reasons, until 1633. In 1586, after
having obtained from the Queen, through his friends,
a grant of a large estate in Ireland, he returned to

CHAUCER AND COH^LEY.

that country, and with the exception of two short viaita
to England ia 1590 and 1596, resided there until his
death in 1599, which occurred in London, whither he
fled at the time of the Irish rising under th« Earl of
Tyrone. It was during his first visit that he was
presented to the Queen by Sir Walter Raleigh, and made
Poet Laureate. The charming allegory, The Fairis
Queene, typifying Queeu Elizabeth, has rendered his
name immortal His tomb, by Chaucer's side in West-
minster Abbey, was a tit resting-place for such a
poet. The Spenserian stanza owes its name to him.
For a specimen of this stanza see Battle of WaUrloo.

Harrington is celebrated as the first English translator
of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, published in 1591. He
also wrote a book of pigrams and several other workrf.

Fairfax was the translator of Tasso's Jerusalem, This
translation "has been considered as one of the ear-
liest works in which the obsolete English • * •
which Spenser aflfectcd to preserve, gave way to a style
not much differing, at least in point of single words
and phrases, from that of the present da.y ."—ITallam.

Waller was a leading character in the literary and
political history of England during the momentous
period embraced by his long life (1605—1687). His lot
was cast ' in troublous times,' during the Long Parlia-
ment, the Civil War, and the Restoration. Though he
really sympathized with the Court party, he proxtssed
adherence to Puritan and Republican doctrines. In
1653 he was convicted of a plot to betray Loudon to
the King, for which he narrowly escaped capital
punishment. He was for some time after this an exile
in France. Not unlike Dryden, he was the panegyrist
of both Cromwell and Charles IL He was * a pliant,
TvxcTMrvxxv, au.tviv paibistuiy Juuizag ana aeseniiig aii

I2e PnoS^ E)tTkA<^TS,

causes in succession, and steering his bark with adaress
through the dangers of the time/ consequently he was
neither much trusted nor much respected. In his own
day his poetry enjoyed the highest reputation. Arnold
bears his testimony thus :- " The lyrics of Edmund
Waller can never die."
Dexham, who Uved during the reign of Charles I., was
the fi.3t writer of what may be called DescHptive
Poetry. The title of the poem is Cooper's Hill, which
describes a beautiful spot near Richmond, on the
Thames. In the description of the scene, and in the
reflections suggested, he has risen to a noble height of
po3tic language. " Four lines in which he expresses
the hope that his own verse may possess the qualities
which he attributes to the Thames, will be quoted
again and again as one of the finest and most felicitous
passages of verse in any languagre."— SMirH.
The lines are :
" O might I flow liko thee, and mako thy stream
My j?reat example, as it is my thei..o !
Though deep yet clear, though gentle yet not dull ;
Strong without rage, without o'erflowinj full."
Our numbers, <fcc.-Our poetry did not reach its maturity,
or full perfection, until the time of Waller and Denham.

BRYDEN AND POPE.

Integrity, <fcc.-Both Dryden and Pope were equally blest
with sound judgment, and a happy power of choosmg
between what was refined and its opposite.

mmission, cfcc^Dryden did not let his ideas of poetry
prevent his seeing beauties in the works of other poets.

Unnatural thoughts. ^ThonghU that were forced and
artificial!

itii addreaa
atly he was
In his own
on. Arnold
oi Edmund

irles I., was
Descriptive
Hill, which
nd, on the
, and in the
(le height of
ae expresses
;he qualities
I be quoted
ost felicitous
H.

b dull ;
1."

its maturity,
andDenham.

DRY DEN AND POPE.

129

I equally blest
IX of choosing

eas of poetry
jf other poets,
e forced and

Rnffced numbers. — Poetry deficient in rhythm and there-
fore rough or harsh to the ear.

To rome latent powers. — To call into play powers that lay
hidden, simply requiring to be put in action.

With very little eonsiieration. — He speot but little time in
elaborating, or working out in poetry the ideas that
were present in his mind.

Ejected it from his mind. — Gave himself no further anxiety
about it, particularly if the work was not going to 'put
money in his purse. '

Did not court the candor y Ac. — Instead of throwing him-
self upon the fairness of his readers, he actually
chaUenged their criticism.

Punctilious. — This word (Italian ^im%/io) from Latin
punctum, 'a point,' and this from pungo, 'I pierce,
conveys the idea of great precision and exactness.

Retouched. — This word, more appropriate for * an artist,'
implies that every line of Pope's writings was the resul*
of careful and laborious work, so that it might bo pre-
sented to his readers ' with perfect accuracy. '

Thirty-eight,— In 1738 the Epilogue to his Satires and th«
fourth Book of the Dunciad were published.

Dodsley, — A famous London book publisher, who, in early
life and in a menial position, wrote several poetical
pieces, one of which, 'the Toyshop, a dramatic piece,
procured for him the patronage of Pope .

Parental attention. — The care bestowed by him upon hit
works is compared to that bestowed by a parent upon
his child.

The lUad. — On this translation he is said to have spent
the labor of six years.

In acquired knowledge. — Explain what this means.

Education more, scholastic. — Dry den had tht^ advantag«» of
both a good preparatory school education at Westuiin-
10

1*0

i) 1

[

pnOSE EXTRACTS.
8ter and afterwards o£ a collegiate educat.on. Possibly
tl,e delicate health of Pope, as a child, prevented h«
receiving more than a simple eduction, apart from
what he afterwards picked up by reading. He left
school when he was not qnite twelve years old, and
this was all the teaching he had.
Poar,, was ml Ike .ok praise of either. -It ,s not s.mply M
poets that we admire them. What other meanmg m.gnt
be (riven to those words, apart from the conU-nt!
P,.^e-di,l not lorro., .tr.-Wha. does this ""I'Jy
Drvden ohserms the mo/;««3o/A«oM...im.»'i.-l^nhan.perecl
by the strict rules of composition, he, unlike Pope who
ratter wr .te by rule, g*ve tree reins to his thoughts.

■ teln into /mifc.. In doing so apply the follow.ng :-
" As every simile can be compressed into a metap/wr, bo
conversely every metaphor can be expandel into its
«m,7e. The following is the rule tor expansion As a
simile i. a kind of rhetorical proposition, it "'"^Y'-^"
fuUv expressed, contain four terms. In the third term
of the simile stands the snbject who-e unknown predi^
eated relation is to be explained. In the tirs t«m
stands the corresponding subject who.e pr«l.eate.l
elatio„ is known. In the secood term is the known
relation. The fourth terra is the unknown predicated
relation which requires explanation.--ABBu.-r and

SeELEY. , ,u„,f/

Ofaenius--Druden.--V.e-^'vite this paragraph, m.vkinf,
'i)rv(l.n' the main suhject of the ae..tence. and
changing mto Engluh, as far as you can, the " latnuzed

MILTON. John, was born in 1*^08. Like Pope he earlv

.ave evidence of poetic pow.ns wh.ch in h,s nper year.

. produced the famous epic poem, rnradisi' Lod. Lp to

DRYDES AND POPE

131

Possibly
nted his
irt from
He left
olil, and

simply M
ng might
at?

liampered
Pope who
loughts.
d expand
lowing : —
itaphor, so
>A into its
on. As a
[lUst, when
third tern*
own predi-
! first term
predicated
the known
predicated
^BBuTT and

1636 his poetical works were : Hymn on the Morning of
the Nativity, V Allegro, II Penseroso, Cowms and Lycidas.
Besides these he also wrote many prose works, for when
his country called * he obeyed that call and for more
than twenty years gave himself up to the urge it poli-
tical and social questions of the day.' On tie fal of
the Republic, of which he was a tirm supporter, he
acain devoted himself to Poetry, and as the result we
hive that grand epic which recounts the fall of man.
This poem, in twelve books, Hppeaved in 1667 ; in 1671
Paradise Regained and Samison Agonides were pub-
lished, and three years later, ' Milton passed away from
the evil times and evil tmgues upon which his life had

fallen.'

Excitei by some external necessity, etc. -Johnson here re-
peats what he has already said.

// the flights, d^^.-If of Dnjdens /.;-(3. -Express, in less
metaphoric language the mea ling of these two >en^
tences. What have you to remark about the great
bu.k of the words in this e.ctract ?

,h, making
)tence, and
"latinized"

pe, he earlv
s riper years
Lod. Up to

DRYDEN AND POPE.

129

RnfffTied numbers. — Poetry deficient in rhythm and there-
fore rough or harsh to the ear.

To rouse latent powers. — To call into play powers that lay
hidden, simply requiring to be put in action.

With very little coiisiie ration. — He spent but little time in
elaborating, or working out in poetry the ideas that
w«re ptesent in his mind.

Ejected it from his mind. — Gave himself no further anxiety
about it, particularly if the work was not going to *pub
money in his purse. '

D!d not court the candor, dtc. — Instead of throwing him*
self upon the fairness of his readers, he actually
challenged their criticism.

Punctilious. — This word (Italian puntiglio) from Latin
pimctum, *a point,' and this from pttngo, *I pierce,
conveys the idea of great precision and exactness.

Retouched. — This word, more appropriate for ' an artist,'
implies that every line of Pope's writings was the resul*
of careful and laborious work, so that it might bo pre-
sented to his readers * with perfect accuracy. '

Thirty -eight, — In 1738 the Epilogue to his Satires and th«
fourth Book of the Dunciad were published.

thdsley. — A famous London book publisher, who, in early
life and in a menial position, vrote several poetical
pieces, one of which, 'Ike Toyshop^ a dramatic piece,
procured for him the patronage of Pope.

Parental attention. — The care bestowed by him upon his
works is compared to that bestowed by a parent upon
his child.

J^he Iliad. — On this translation he is said to have spent
the labor of six years.

In acquired knowledge. — Explain what this means.

Education more scholai-tlc. — Drydvn had th'- advantage* of
both a good preparatory school education at Westmin-
10

IjO PROSE EXTRACTS.

Bter and afterwards of a collegiate education. Possibly
the delicate health of Pope, as a child, prevented his
receiving more than a simple education, apart from
what he afterwards picked up by reading. He lett
school when he was not quite twelve years old. and
this was all the teaching he had.
Pociru was not the sole praise of ei.M -it is not simply as
poets that we admire them. Wh. . other meaning might
be given to these words, apa.t from the content ?
Pvpe dhl not borrou^, ctr.-What does this im,dy ?
Dryden observes the motionsofhls ownmind.-Vnhiimv^rG.\
by the strict rul.s of composition, he, unlike Pope who
rather wrote by rule, gvve free reins to his thoughts.
Dmieus page, d-c.-Note the two Metaphors and expand
them into simileH. In doing so xpply the following :-
♦' As every siwilc can be compressed into a metaphor, so
conversely every metaphor can be expavdel into its
dmile. The following is th,. rule for expansion. As a
simile is a kind of rhetorical proposition, it must when
fully expressed, contain four terms. In the thinl term
of the simile stands the subject whose unknown predi-
cated relation is to be explained. In the first teinn
stands the corresponding subject whose predicated
relation is known. In the second term is the known
relation. The fourth term is the unknown predicated
relation which reciuires explanation. "-Abbott and

Op pT TTV

Of <,cnius~Drvden.-V.<^-yvrite this paragraph, making
• i)ryd.n ' the main subject of the sentence, and
changing into EnglUh, as far as you can, the "latinized

words ,

Milton, John, was born in 1^08. Like Pope, he earlv
gave evhlence of poetic powers which in his riper years
produced the famous epic poem, Paradi<<e Lod. Up.t«>

DRYDE^ AND POPE

131

Possibly
ited his
,rt from
He left
)lil, and

imply as
iig might

it?

lampered
*ope who
oughts.
\ expand
owing : —
taphor, so
/ into its
m. As a
ust, when
hird term
»wn predi-
iirst term
predicated
the known
predicated
aBOTV and

1636 his poetical works were : Hymn on (he Morning of
the Nativity, L' Allegro, II Penseroso, Covms&mX Lyddas.
Besides these he also wrote many prose works, for when
his country called ' he obey^l that call and for moi e
than twenty years gave himself up to the urge it poli-
tical and social questions of the day.' On tl e fal. of
the Republic, of which he was a tirm supporter, h§
again devoted himself to Poetry, and as the result we
have that grand epic which recounts the fall of man.
This poem, in twelve books, ..ppeared in 1667 ; in 1671
Paradise Regained and Samson Jgonistes were, pub-
lished, and three years later, ' Milt.m passed away from
the evil times and evil tongues upon which his life had

fallen.'

Excltei by mm" external mcesnity, <f?c —Johnson here re-
peats what he has already said.

// the flights, d:c.-If of Dryden's /re. -Express, in less
metaphoric language the mea ling of t'.ese t«o ^en-
tences. What have you to remark about the great
bu.k of tlie words in this e.ctract?

Ii, making
tence. and
' latinized"

e, he early
riper years
od. Up.tu»