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Comprising BioeRAPHicAL Sketches of all the Authors from whom the selectious have been made. FULL NOTES, QRAMSIATtCAL, CRITICAL, ETC., And in fact all that is necessaoy to pass the most rigoro Examination on the selections assigned for admission to High Schools. FOB SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. ADAM MILLER db CO., Toronto. CANADA SCHOOL JOURNAL. -<•*- Mme1^& O^ ^r'S''^^ JOUKNAL. published by AdUm aad8hotld^;'« WK^'l'^' '^ * ^^^^ educational journal. EDITORIAX. COMUITTBX. X./ MAS^Ifk^KL'kNu^i \'^' 2-- H'^'^School Inspector. •' ^ ES HUGHES Pi^bile s^hnnl'?n'' ^^Z'^^;;; ^'^'•^^I School. ALFRED BAKKK ^ a x^''^?^^'"^!^^'^*"'"' Toronto. WM. HOUSTUN.M X ' ^^*'^' ^"^'•' University College, Toronto. PROVINCIAL EDITORS. Oxr^Kio.-J. M^ BUCHAN M.A. High School Inspector. J C r a ^u aV-^ ^u*J*''''' '^'^^ooJ Inspector. QUKBEC. -W DALE M 1^'p^"?""' ^^*^1!*^' Inspe^or. Nova Scotia.-F. C. SUJ^L^1I^HH^^?T ii '"'^H'" ^»ty School, Montreal. Manitoba. WOHNcSKW?BTwkS?er' U""'«'"ty oi Halifax. BnmsH COLUMBIA. -JOHN JEy^p'. luTKducation CANADA SCHOOL JOURNAL Bubsoription $1 per year, piyable in advance- ADAM MILLER & CO., PulilUihers, Toronto I LITERARY EXTRACTS SELECTED FROM BOoX V. OF THH AUTHORIZED SERIES OF READERS. FOR *' Examinafion in Eng. Liteiaturc^ OF CANDIDA lES FOR THIRD CLASS CERTIFICATES, WITH NOTES ORIGINAL AND SELECTED. BT H. W. DAVIES, D.B., F» WCiyiL. KORMAL SCHOOL, TORONTO. ADAM MILLER & CO, TORONTO ?E lUl \ — ■ — I . ^-A^ Ifc ^. ... ^ I fW il t -,. *-fc ^ a ^^ Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the OfBce of the . Minister of Agriculture, by Adam Miller & Co., in the year 1878. QfcJBB PmNTlNO COilPAXT, TORONTO , -t.'hm 3 of th« 178. \,^BIOGRAFHICAL SKETCHES. ■^■■■i rt BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. BYRON. George Gordon, Lord Byron, son of Capt. John Bjrion of the Guards, was born in London, January 22nd, 1788. » His mother Catherine Gordon, was a Scottish heiress of anci6nt and illustrious extraction and from her the poet inherited an almost morbish susceptibility. His early education wag received at Aberdeen, and subsequently at Harrow, and from this school he went to Trinity College, Cambridge. At school he was marked by his moody and passionate dis position, while his college cp - ^. . characterized by irregularities of conduct, di. f discipline, and the friendship of sceptical cv ' WORKS.~1807-1812. K.. emry attempt was made during his residence uo Jambridge A severe criticism by the Minburgh i?mm of * this collection of fugitive poems- JTbwr^ of Idleness-^ called forth the well-known personal satire, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, in which he involved not only his critics, but many contemporary poets, as Scotfc. Soutuey, Moore, Wordsworth, and others. ^ BlOGn4PHICAL SKETCHES, Betaking himself to travel he visited Portugal, Spain, Greece, Turkey, and the East, and ..Iiile he was travelling in these countries he accumulated those stores of character and description which he poured forth with such royal splendor in his poems. On his return, his first great production was the first two cantos of Childe Harold, which he had written during his tour, and which placed him at the head of social and literary popularity. 1812—1816. In imitation of Scott's poems now so Aishionable, the materials for which were drawn from feudal and Scottish life, he produced in rapid succes- Bion a series of Eastern Romances, T/^ Giaour, The Bride of Ab7jdos, The Corsair, Lara, The Siege of Corinth, depicting the manners, scenery and wild passions of the East and Greece, and as literary works, l)roducing an enthusiasm little short of madness. 1316—1824. Leaving England, after separating from his wife, he spent the rest of his life in the South of Europe, where he solaced his embittered spirit with misanthropical attacks upon all that his countrymen held sacred, and gradually plunged deeper and deeper mto the slough of sensuality and vice. It was during this sojourn in the South that he became acquainted with Shelley, whose literary manner and philosophical tenets are more or lesstraceableinhis writings. His poe- tical productions during this period, are Childe Harold (Cantos III. from which The Battle of Waterloo is taken, and iv.,) The Pnmner ofChilhn, Manfred, The CHAUCER, ^ lament of Tcuio, Mazeppa, Don Juan, an vany tragodies, dxxch rb Marino Faliero, Sardafw»alu.<, &c. In 1823, Byron determmed to devote his forbuu© and hi« influence to aid the Greeks in their struggle against the Turks. For some seven months he devot^cN himself to their cause with h11 his energy, and is s«id to have shown a wonderful aptitude for managing the complicated intrigues and plans and selfishnesses which l«y in his way. His health was already broken, whe. he left Italy. In the spring of 1824 it gave way altogether under his self-imposed fatigues. On April the 19th, afte a twenty-four heir lethargy en- suing upon -n attack of inflammation of the brain, he said, "Now I shall go to sleep," and died a* Missolon-Ui in Greece. • ** ff CHAUCER. Chaucer.—Nothing is known of the paren*,age of Geoffrey Chaucer, with whom English litera'ture may be said to commence. He was born in London in the year 1323, at the beginning of the chivalrous' reign of Edward III., and, as is generally supfK>sed, received his education at Cambridge, although the sister University of Oxford also claims the honor. In the year 1359 he accompanied Edward III. into Franco and was taken prisoner at the siege of Betters. He was at various times employed in diplomatic ser- vice by his Sovereign, and one of these missions took him tc Genoa in 1373, where he made the acquaint- « BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. anoe of Petrarch and probably of BoooactaS:' He IiUed at various times, several important posis con- nected with the Customs and Public Works ; and when /he party to which he belonged, lost its political inQu- once, he was imprisoned for three years in the Tower and deprived of the places and the privileges that had been granted to him. The names of a few of his earlier productions may be interesting, as, the Rom. aunt o/the Rose, The Assembly of Fowls, The Cuckoo and the Leaf, The House of Fame. It is, however, to the w.t the pathos, the humanity, the chivalry of the Caruerbury Taks, that oar minds recur, when our ear m struck wi^h the venerable name of Chaucer. These teles consist of sketches, drawn with a spirit, life and humor inexpressible, of thirty-two pilgrims to the far- famed shnne of Thomas i Becket at Canterbury, each of whom (except the host of the Tabard Inn, in South- wark) proposes to tell two stories on the way to the shnne and two returning. This plan was not carried out, and consequently we have but twentv-five tales- enough, however, to' place Chaucer, till "the remotest posterity, m the first rank among poets and character fr?/I' ^ ! "^'■'^'' "^ ^"^^"^ P°«fy" di«d on the 25th October, 1400, and was buried in Westmin- ster Abbey, being the first of that long array of mighty poets whoso bones repose with generations of kings warnors, an4 statesmen, beneath the " long drawn aisles of that venerable Abbey." ^ COfVZEK 7 .OOWLBY. Abraham Cowley, who was a remarkable instance of intellectual precocity, having published his iSrat poemc when he was 14 years of age, was born in 1618. Educated at Oxford and Cambridge, and dis- lodged from both Universities by the victorious arms of Parliament, he attached himself to the suite of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., by whc n he was employed for many years in Paris, as her confidential secretary. On his return to England in 1 65 6, he pub- lished his entire poems, consisting of Misceilames, Anacreontics, Pindaric Odes, The Mistress, and The Davidels, an epic poem begun at Cambridge, but not carried beyond four Cantos. As its name implies, this last is a Scriptural subject- the sufferings and the glories of the King of Israel. He died in 1667. DRYDBN. John Dryden, of an ancient and wealthy county family, was born in 1631. His school days were spent at Westminster School ; his college d:ivs at Trinity College, Cambridge. The whole of his life may be characterized as a life of literary labor. His first real poetical production (1659) was an elegy written on the death of Cromwell, which was followed almost immedi- ately by a poem commemorating the Restoration of Charles II. After the Restoration, when a new field in the a^***^'* '»*' **»ii ~-*- ^ _ •» .-.„,._. ._.. „.^ 3«iigu, nEo liiiowu open to the writers of the day, Dryden betook himself to writing i I I I 111 lilJ ■I" m « BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. plays. Between 1662 and 1694 he prodnced twenty. seven pky.., none of whi.h added much to his fan.;, • tif. .' ^ ""'' ^'" «■■'*' ^"^ ^"«'« ^^^*4 intended to commemorate the great calamities of the .TtJr w"""' \'"f' ' I-'-S-. the Fire of London, and the War with the Dutch. In 1670 he was appointed Poet Laureate. Eleven years later fiesi ^ appeared the first part of the most perfect and powerful pohtjcal gatire ui oar language AUdom and Achitophel in which he attacks the policy of Shaftesbury, and his' intrigues with the Duke of Monmouth on tb^ subject of the succession of the Duke of York. In 1682 he attacked Shadwell, the chief poet of the Whigs, in the literary satire, entitled MacFlecknoe. Two years a Uerwards (1684) he put forth an eloquentTnd vigorous vindication of Revelation against Atheism and a defence of the Anglican Church in his poe.^ lielmoLa'.e,. As he once changed his political views so in the course of the next three years he changed his religious views and embraced the doctrines of the Clmrch of Borne. In defence of tfts Church he pub- hshed his mnd ar^ Panther, a controversial alloJorv m w^uch, rep-esenting the Church of Home '^ !'h ; .' wu*''' ^^'"'■"'' "'^"S'""'' ■« the Panther, Ue defended that tradition which had been treated so Kghtly m the former work. At the Revolution ("1688) which terminated in the accession of William III he Ipst his position of Poot Laureate. h„t h« .».-ii L_' i twenty^ liis fame^ anguage. firabilw, 3S of the liondon, he was '(1681) >owerful titophel, and his subject 682 he . in the years it and theism i poem views, ?ed his of the e pub- Ggory, ae as ather, ed so 1688) I, he ^1 r tinned to write ; his attention being chiefly devoted to the translation of certain Latin poets, as Juvenal Persius (1693) and Virgil (1697). In this latter year appeared Akxa7ider'8 Feast, or tlis Power of Music, being an Ode in celebration of St. Cecilia's Day, which, a^ a lyric poem of elevated and elaborate character, is unequalled in the English language. His last work of any importance was his Fabies (1698) a collection of narrative and romantic poems, chiefly modernised from Chaucer or versified from Boccaccio in which his invention, fire and harmony appear in the fulness of their splendor. He died the same year and was buried, at the public expense, in Westminster Abbey, in the grave of Chaucer. HUME. David Hume, born in Edinburgh in 1711, was sprung from an ancient and noble Scottish family. He may be reckoned the first in the great < historical triad' that marked the 18th century; the other two being Robertson and Gibbon. After receiving his education at the University of Edinburgh, he jspenfc the greater portion of his life abroad, chiefly in France. His fir* work : A Treatise on Human Nature, pub* lished in 1737, on his return to England, was not re- ceived with much favor. In 1 742 appeared his Essays, Moral and Philosophical. During this part of his life he had to struggle against great difficulties and di»- evMia^rcu^euts, for he filled tlje very pai^ful pqst of ■ I \ii 1 1 It ; I III W BlOGRAPmCAt SKBTCHEi,. . dale who was insane. After tbis ho became Secretary S^^Swi 1751 appeared An Ir^iry o^^i^ whch^tl .T""," *° "•' ''""""y of Advocates which placed at his disposal a large number of books ^«.W which at first was not so favorably re Jved pubkc began to appreciate its excellence, and hL re R^-tation was established. He was again empCi^ the public service, rising to the dignity of Unde «pent many years m tianquil and lettered ea.,e and died m his native city in 1776. JOHNSON. Samuel Johnson, the son of a bookseller was yt^o'f li?; *" ''^'"''^''^' ^«"'»^- The 'eaTly yea.s of lus life were spent in hopeless struggles with want and indigence; but through thekindfll ' friend he was enabled to spend three years arPem usher, and afterwards a school teacher, but in this 3 "" rr"""'"'- "^ *''^" d:terminodT ". i-"Fxx, -orarx-iCK, wiio became as noted on yOUNSOJ^, IX the stage, aa his friend and teacher did in the world of literature. He settled in London in 1737, and sup- ported himself for many years by writing-principally tor the Gentleman's Magazine. In 1 744 he published the Life of Savage, with whom he had often walked the streets of London, in absolute starvation. Three years later (1747), he began his gi-eat work, which kept him busy until 1755 namely, his Dictionary of the Engluh Language. While he was engaged in the laborious work of compilation, he diverted his mind by the publication of the Vanity of Human Wishes and about the same time brought out his Irerte i tragedy, the unfinishel M.S. of which he had brought with him to London. He also founded and carried on two periodical papers, the Idler and the Rambler. The death of his mother in 1759 caused him to write Masselas, Pnnce of Abyssinia, that he might raise enough money to defray her funeral ex- penses. An edition of Shakespeare, which does not add much to his reputation as an author, A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland, and The Lives of the Poets complete his literary works. He died December 1 3th,' 1784, full of years as of glory, and was buried in West' minster Abbey, near the grave of his friend Garrick As a writer, his style abounds in Latinisms, and in this particular un-English style, he expresses what- ever he wishes to express with the utmost vigor, and with COnsnnntYiufo miaai-,. nnLi_ -i-^ _»_ •-. -^ --^---- ^ivw-vjr. ia*o piaii ui willing m jbng- lish that was not idiomatic, was almost wholly laid 12 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. aside in his Lives ofM Poets, " His style cumbrou,, antithe icaJ, and pompous, yefc in his hands possessing generally great dignity and strength, and sometimes even as in MasseJas, rising to remarkable beauty and nobleness, was so influential upon the men of his day that it causeji a complete revolution for a time in ^nglish style, and by no means for the better ; since in- ferior men,though they could easily appropriate its pecu- harities or defects, its long words, its balanced clauTes Its labored antitheses, could not with equal ease emu' late its excellences." !ti JUNIUS. " The la^t half of the eighteenth century was a very gloomy and agitated crisis. The dispute between Great Britain and her American colonies, the lower- ing and ominous looming of the great revolutionary tempest of France, and many internal subjects of dis- sension involving important constitutional questions rendered the political atmosphere gloomy and thunder- charged. From the 21st January, 1769, with occa- sional interruptions down to 1772, there appeared in the Public Advertiser one of the leading London jour- nals, then published by Woodfall, a series of Letters for the most part signed by Junius. They exhibited so much wfight and dignity of style, and so minute an acquaintance with the details of party tactics, and breatlied such a lofty tone of constitutional principle, powbin^ witjli sw^Ji ^ bitterness and evftn ffirooi'*- ^f mbroup, assessing Qetimofl, beauty n of his time in iince in- ts pecu- clauses, se emu- a verjr Jtween lower- ionary af dis- sstions ander- occa- red in I jour- sr* for bed so te an , and ciple, LTNGARD, 13 personal invective that their influence was unbounded. The chief objects of the attack of Junius were the Dukes of Grafton and Bedford. The whole annals of political controversy show nothing so bitter and ter- rible as the personalities and invectives of Junius, which are rendered more formidable by the lofty dignity of the language, and by the moderate and con- stitutional principles he professes to maintain. These letters will always be regarded as masterpieces in their particular style. Many efforts have been made to clear up the riddle of the real authorship of these let- ters, but the enigma still remains one of the most mys- terious in the history of letters. Burke, Hamilton. Lyttleton, and Lord George Sackville, have been sue- cessively fixed upon as the writer Among the nu- merous claimants to the doubtful honor. Sir Philip Francis appears to have the strongest suffrages ; the opinion of Macaulay, whose knowledge of the history of the time was unrivalled, is unconditionally in his favor, though many strong arguments have been brought forward in support of Lyttleton. The author- ship of these letters is ever likely to remain a mystery, like the Man in the Iron Mask, or the Executioner of Ohades L However this may be, the letters them- selves will ever be a monument of the finest but f ercest political invective." T%r 1f\Ui LINQABD. w '« \i»»i — ioDi), was bom at Wuwbester, and entered the Eoman Cathdio Church I'D if ''I m 1* BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. His priucipal work is a HuU>ry of England, from the latest times to the Revolution of 1688 -a most com^ plete and accurate work so far as it goes. He ahM> wrote (1809) ArUiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church. Ihough his History is a valuable addition to our his- torical literature, he has allowed his religious views to color his conclusions as an historian, and slightly warp his judgment. * MACAULAY. Thomas Babington Macaulay.-This distin- guished essayist, historian and poet, was born in 1800 and after completing his education at Trinity College' Cambridge, I began his literary career a« an essayist* with an essay on Milton which appeared in the Edin^ hurgh Review in 1825. His essays embrace a van- ety of subjects, but the larger number and the most important relate to English History. From 1830 to 1847 he took an active part in politics, having been at one time a member of the Council in Calcutta, a post that obliged him to reside in India for six yeare After this he was Secretaiy of War and Paymaster of the Forces. After his defeat as M.P. for Edinburgh m 1847 he devoted himself to literary pursuits, though he subsequently held a seat in Parliament from 1852 to 1856. He was raised to the peerage in 1857 and died in 1859. ' As an Historian his name will be handed down in his History of Enghnditovi the accession of James 11. POPE, 15 His death prevented his carrying out his original plan of continuing the history to the times immedi- ately preceding the French Revolution. As left by him, the History extends nearly to the end of the reiim of William III. ^ As a Poet, he will ever be remembered bv his bal- lads of Nasehj and Ivry, and his lays of Ayidtni Jiojne, POPE, Alexander Pope, who from his youth was an invalid, and whose life was " a long disease " in con- sequence of extreme weakness and helplessness, was born in London, in 1688. Possibly this physical weakness may account for his irritability of tem^r and tendency to satire. Even at an early age he gave eviden(^, like the poet Cowley, of poetical genius, for as he himself says : — " As yet a child, and all unknown to fame, I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came." At the ago of 16 he had commenced his Pastorals, translated part of the Latin poet Staiius, and written imitations of Waller and other English poets. In 1711 appeared his Essay on Criticism, considered to be the finest piece of argumentative and reasoning poetry in the English language, which was highly commanded by Addison. Shortly afterwards he pub. H3h3i his mD3k.heroic poem The Rape of the Lock, in which he endeavorftd to "lan»Ti ^r^f^i^i^a. -•- »» l^ _ 16 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ii members of two families that had l,ecc.-ne estranged by reason of the stealing of a lo^k of hair from the beauty of the day, by her lover. In 1713 appeared his Wiindsor Forest, in which he strove, though with not so much success as in other poems, to make the picturesque subservient to views of historical events. Two years later (1715) Pope published his Temple of Fame in imitation of Chaucer's House of Fame. At intervals between 1715 and 1720 he published his translation of Homer's Iliad, and between 1716 and 1718 his poetical works containing the finest poems, such as the Flegy on an (Tnfortunate Lady and the Epiath of ^loisa to Abelard, and in 1725 his Odyasei/ made its appearance. In the same year he pub- lished his edition of Shakespeare and in 1727-1728, in conjunction with Swift and Arbuthnot, three volumea o{ Miscellanies, the principal feature of which was the Satire on the abuses of learning and the extravagances of philosophy entitled Mimoirs of Mar- tinua Scriblerus, which, in turn, produced a portion of his Dunciad in reply to the abuse heaped upon the authors of these Miscellanies. Between the years 1731 and 1735, besides various Epistles, he had given to the world his great ethical poem Essay on Man ; and between this last date and 1739, appeared his Imitations of Horace, a production satirical, moral and critical, in which he adapted the topics of the Roman satirist to the persons and views of modern timM. Tn 1719 a-nA ^'7A'X +l,£v i^ .^— -•_•__ r-^1 _ « -m a. , CSS -.■s^^--.- i J ^if Vliw i .» V A%^LiiUiIiiil|c iJijXJtLo OX I aOBER TSOA--S//A^£SJ>£AR£, 17 the Dunciad were published, and the following yeav (1744) I'opa breathed his last at Twickenham "un- questionably the most illustrious writer of his atf, hardly, if at all, inferior to Swift in the vigor, t\ie perfection, and the originality of his genius 1" BOBBRTSON. William Robertson, a Scotch Presbyterian min- ister, who rose to be the Principal.of the University of Edinburgh— was born in 1721. He was the author of three great historical works, the first of which, his HUtory of Scotland during the reigns of Queen Mary and James IV., appeared in 1759, and opened up to the author the road to eminence and dis- tinction. Ten years later (1769), he published his History of the Reign of Charles F., and in 1777, his History of America. In all of these Histories ther^ are to be found a rich and melodious, though somewh»^t artificial style, great though not always accurate re- search, and a strong ix)wer of vivid and pathetic de- scription. SHAKESPEARE. William Shakespeare, " The Prince of Poets," and Bard of all time, was born at Stratford, in Warwick, shire, on the 23rd of April, 1564. Of his childhood and" education very little is known— he possibly received no better education than the Grammar School of Stratford afforded. It is not imnrobable that at sn?r»A A-rltr r^^^i/^^ ,/ 77X£VU u BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, ho was employed at clerk to some county attorney, for in all his works he shows an extraordinary knowledge of the technical language of that profession, and frequently draws his illustrations from its vocabulary. At the age of twenty-two he betook himself to London, thei-e to begin his career of glory. In 1689 he was per- suaded to go up to London, and there, besides being a member of one of the company of aotora, he became one of the proprietors of the Blackfriars Theatre, as wfJI as of the Globe. He remained connected with the theatre until IPtl, and during this period he pro- duced the 37 dramas which have rendered his name immortal. Iv. 1612 he retired to New Place Strritford, 4nd there ^>d on the anniversary of his birth, at the age of 62. No sat^'sfrtctory order of his various plays, as to iitm, has been made ; they may be classified either as to kind^iv source. According to the former there are 11 Tragedies, 2 Tragi-comedies, 14 Comedies, and 10 Historical Plays. Adopting the latter classification— the two great sources being History and Fiction— there are 18 taken from History, either authentic or legendary, and 19 from the domain of Fiction. It may be inter* esting to remember the names of a few of the leading r'ay*-: Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Kv ' ] hn, R\]ii.rd IL, Richard III., Henry VIII., i»iiUaummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Merchant of Venice, Measure for Measure, All's Well that ilnds Well, Twelfth H SIIEIXMY. 19 Night. His non-Dramatio works consiiit of two narra- Uve poems, Venus and Adonis and the JRape ofLucrece • Sonnets ; and a few Lyrics. ' SHBLIjBT. Percy Bysshe Shelley was be n at Field Place, Sussex, of an ancient and opulent family, in 1792* From earliest childhood ha exhibited an intense sensi- bihty together with a strong inclination toward seep- tica! speculation, which gradually ripened into athe- isra. In his school days, both at Zion House and at Eton, he was pained at the system of fagging that was prevalent, and he carried with him to Oxford the notion that cruelty and bigotry pervaded all the walks of life. While he was at the University, he and a fellow-student (Hogg), published a tract in which he avowed atheistic principles : its title being T/w Xeces^ sity of Atheism. For this he was expelled from Col- lege, and the feelings of his family were alienated from mm This, togetlier with a marriage contracted with a beautiful girl (Harriet Westbrook), resulted m his being, in a measure, disinherited. He then re- tired to the North of England and Wales, where he gave himself up to metaphysical study and the com- position of his first wild poems. It was in Cumber- land that he made the acquaintance of Wordsworth DeQuincey, and Southey. After the suicide of hk wife, from whom he had been separated, he mar 'ed Mary Wo%ncroft Godwin. Prior to this they had 20 BIOQRAi^HlCAL SKETCHES, ■ spent aome time in Southern Europe where they be- otime acquainted with Byron, who was an ardent ad- mirer of Shelley's genius. On their return to England he settled at Great Marlow, where he wrote two of his finest poems. His health, however, obliged him again to seek the warmer climate of the South, and the re- maining years of his life, from 1818 to 1822, ho spent chiefly in Home. He was always fond of boating, and it was on one of his excursions (July 8th) that the vessel was caught in a sudden storm, or run down i i the Gulf of Spezzia. Both he and his two compan- ions were drowned. His body, which was subse- quently Y^ashed up, was burned by Byron and Leigh Hunt, and the ashes biiried in tlie Protestant ceme- tery at Rome. Works.— Omitting several wild romances of his early youth, we have at the commencement of his poetical career (1813) his Queen Mah, a wild phantas- magoria of beautiful description and fervent declama- tion, by means of which he fondly fancied that he could produce a change in the opinions and practices of society. Two years later (1815) appeared his Alasior, or the Spirit of Solitude, his first decidedly fine poem. 1 . 1817 appeared The Revolt of Islam, an ideal picture of a struggle maintained by an awakened people against the belief and institutions previously held sacred, which, in the opinion of the poet, were the cause of all their trouble. The same vear furnished two poems, lioaaUnd and Helen, an elaborate pleading SWIFT. 21 against the institution of marriage, and Julian amd MaddalOf * an admirable masterpiece.' Two dramas, Prometheus Unbound and the Cencif and a grotesque poem Peter Bell the Third, mark the year 1819. (Edipus Tyr annus y Tlie Witch of Atlas, and Epipsy- chidion, are the fruit of 1820 ; "^hile the year 1821 gives us ' that most generous and noble elegy,' Adonais, which furnishes us with Shelley's lament on the early death of his friend the poet Keats, and a cynical drama Hellas, suggested by the struggles that the Greeks were making to throw off the Turkish yoke. Besides these, we have more than a hundred miscel- laneous poems, the two most characteristic and elegant being the ode To a JSky-Lark and The Cloud, in which " the illustrations drawn from animated nature are so crowded in the delineation of inanimate things, that the effect is rathe." fantastic and dazzling than beauti- ful or distinct." SWIFT. Jonathan Swift. This prince of satirists usually styled Dean Swift—compeer with the French satirists Rabelais and Voltaire— was born in Dublin in 1667, From school in Kilkenny he passed to Trinity College, Dublin. In 1688 he entered the family of Sir William Temple, as a humble dependant, and as the protdg^ of a Whig master. His firat achievements in the warfare of Dartv were t';nngeauAn*'t"- »««ri« ^^^ ^^.^ i.u^ Trru.'„ i-_^ ner. He took orders in the Ir* h Church shortly ill! . I m ^2 BtOCRAPiilCAL SKETCHES, before tho death of Tetnpio, in 1699. In the oon- troversy thafc was waged during Temple's life, re- gardmg the i-espective meriU of the Ancient and the Modern writers, in which his patron dcfonded the ancients, Swift naturally sided with Temple and in his BatiU of the Books, he fiei-cely attacked «entley, the champion of the moderns, with all the embittered vehemence of his satire, in Unguage coarse, familiar, and ludicrous. In 1 704 he published an allegory, entiUed The T^t of « Txih, in which his satire was directed aguinst the religious belief of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinistic churches, m 1708 ^^ find him forsaking the Whig party, and wilting as fluently and vigorously on tho Tory side, as he had formerly written on the side of their op- ronents. At this time he published a number of able pamphlets, the beat one being an Apology for Christir amty. In return for his services to Harley and Bol- mgbroke, who were at the head of affairs, he hoped to obtain an English bishopric, but was obliged to con- tent himself with the Deanery of St. Patrick's Dublin to which he was nominated in 1713. On the return of the Whigs to power in 1714 by the accession of tHe House of Hanover, Swift was obliged to wuhdraw permanently to Ireland, where ho, from being an ob- ject of detestation, an iv-ed at a pitch of popularity that has never been surpassed, even in the stormy poatical atmosphere of tlm^ cQn^ti'- t* ^^ xr.. time that he wrote the famous Drapier letters, seven T HACK MR AY. 28 in number, to oppOBu the granting of a monopoly to one Wood, for the coining of copper money in Ireland. From 1724 to 1737 Swift wt»8 occupied in writing the Travelt of OuUiveVy and numerous pamphlets. Those travels are a vast and all-embracing satire which will be read as long as the corruptions of human nature render its innumerable ironic and snrcastio strokes applicable and intelligible to human beings. It is not only as a prose writer, however, that Swift may be considered as a master of English, but his poetical works also will give him a prominent place among the writers of his age, having the merit of originality, ease, and sincerity ; the best, of any length, being A Rhapsody on Poetry ^ and Verses on my oivn Death. While he was writing a bitter invective entitled 2%e Legion Cluhy he wfc\8 seized by a fit, from which he never recovered, and thus he passed from a deplorable and furious mania to a state of idiocy : in his own words he died • fii.t a-top,' and, as he himself pre- dicted, * in a rage like a poisoned rat in a hole,' on the 19th of October 1745, and was buried in his own Cathedral of St. Patiiok, the place of sepulture being marked by a characteristic epitaph, written by him- self. His life may be briefly epitomized as that of a (Genius great, brilliant, terrible, and unhappy. THACKERAY. \X7'<1142**« lv^nl.£«.^^«.>A 'ri «_-.. m» « modern novelist was born in Calcutta, in 1811. After I I I i 2* BIOdRAPHICAL SKETCHES. passing. his school days at the Charterhouse, and his college days at Cambridge, he spent a fe..years on the Continent to perfect himself as an artist. On his return to England to prosecute his studies, he was in consequence of the loss of his fortune, obliged to turn his attention to literary labors. Under an assumed name he became a contributor to Fra^r's Magazim ■ several of the cont.ibntionsalso bearing witness to his ability as aa artist. When Punch appeared in 1841 Thackeray became one of its most diligent supporters.' From 1846 to 1849 various works came from his pen including T-Ae HoffgaHy Diamond, and Vanilj, Mir His fame ^ a novelist was now assured, and in rapid succession appeared Pend^nis, The Newcomes, The yirgmiam and some minor works. As a lecturer he has left us the Lectures on TAe English Humcm>ts of the Evghtemth Century and those on The Georoe,- lectures that have been listened to on both sides of the Sketch of the home and court-life of the\rst Han- overians. They are full of thoughts sternly abhor- rent of the falsity and rottenness which these courta presented, while admiration for the goodness and kindness of the Third George almost makes the tecturer forget his weaknesses." He died suddcnlv December 23rd, 1863. TBBNOH. »,. ,' "'' ■^"---'-•'-"ip;- ine Most Keverend Richard Chenevix Trench, D.D., Archbishop of Dub- ■ ( TRENCH. 25 lin, was born Sept. 9, 1807, graduated at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, in 1829, and was ordained to a coun- try curacy. It was not, however, as a scholar or a divine, but as a poet that Afr. Trench first became known. After several clerical changes, he became examining chaplain to Bishop Wilberforce, of Oxford. In 1845-6 he was Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge, and for a short time one of the select preachers. His chief publications are Notes on the Parables ; Notes on t/(s Miracles ; The Study of Words; English, Past and Present ; Glossary of English Words; An Essay on the Life and Genius ofCalderon ; Lessons in Proverbs, &c. with many poems. About 1847 he became connected with King's Collc^'e, London, as Theological Professor and Examiner; in 1856 he was appointed Dean of Westminster, and, on the death of Archbishop Whate- ley,was consecrated Archbishop of Dublin, 1864. From '' Men of the Time." . II— POETICAL EXTRACTS. ft !; iiii: i ill I! THE CLOaD. Book v. Pages 12?, 4, 5. I. 1. I bring. — This poem, one of the most beautiful of Shel- ley's, in which the imagery i& partly fantastic and partly imaginative, abounds in Personification, that Figure of Rhetoric by which the actions or qualities of animate objects are ascribed to those that are inani' mate. Showers. — From the Ger. schauer, a.s scar. For the thirsting flowers. — Note the personal metaphor. 4. In their noonday dreams. — Express this idea in prose. 5. From my wings. — An example of Hyperbaton, a figure of Syntax, by which words occupy a position different from the usual syntactical order. The line furnishes an example of an inverted sentence: 6. Buds, everyone. — The distributive adjective 'every ' (a.s oifre 'ever* and _ " " _ ' ' TI* _ • ■• _ „ :• • 4 f^ 84 POETICAL EXTRACTS. Him were dark waters and thick clouds of the sky '^ Bible. 9. Cenotaph. -An empty tomb. The name derived from two Greek words meaning ' empty ' and 'a tomb ', is given to a monument erected to the memory of a person whose body lies elsewhere. 10. Out of the caverns of rain I arise. -How do you explain this 11. Like.—lB this word an adjective or an adverb ? 12. C/n6M27rf. -Compare the word destroy from the L^tin destruo. Another reading is ' upbuild. ' Which is the preferable one, and why ? . I BATTLE OF WATERLOO. Book v. Pages 276, 7, 8. • Historical Note.— On theni-htprecedingthe Bat- tle of Quatre Bras, which was fought on Friday, June 16th, 1815, the Duchess of Richmond gave a ball at her Hotel, m Brussels. This ball was attended by Welling- ton and his officers, as he-tliought that in this way less alarm would be caused to the citizens, for he had heard of the advance of the Prince of Orange On Quatre Bras In consequence of this information, he had arrang-d that the officers should leave the ball-room at ten o'clock,, and, with their several detachments, take up the line of march for Quatre Bras. This was done, and Quatre Bras was reached early in the forenoon of i/Ai6 ilKsjk.%1 uSkY, By this tiL.eiy arrival, the Prino© of BATTL£ QF WATERLOO. •6 Orange was enabled to withstand the attack of Marshal Ney. On the same day the Piussians, under BlUcher, were defeated at Ligny by Napoleon, thus rendering Wellington's hard- won victory valueless. In conse- quence of this defeat, the plan agreed upon beforehand by the allied generals was put into operation. BlUcher retreated northwards to join Wellington at Mont St. Jean, while on the following morning Wellinffton began his retreat, and at five o'clock in the evening took up his position on the field of Waterloo. The battle, which was fought about two miles beyond the village, near Mont St. Jean and Chateau-Houg- omont, began between eleven and twelve o'clock on Sunday, and lasted until six in the evening, with im- mense loss on each side. Each of the three nations claims its right to give name to this famous conflict, the French calling it Mont St. Jean ; the Prussians, .after La Belle Alliance, while the true victors on the bloody field assert their rightful claim, and will hand it down to all future ages, as the Battle of Waterloo. ,*\ChUds Harold, though he seems to celebrate the victory of Waterloo, gives us here a most beautiful description of the evening which preceded the battle of Quatre Bras, the alarm which called out the troops, and the hurry and confusion which preceded their march. I am not sure that any verses in our language surpass in vigor and in feeling, this most beautiful de- scription.'' — SOOTT. H m fOETICAl MXTRACTS, I. 1. JZew/ry.— This word is from th« Ou) Fkench rwd, 'joy- ous noise,' 'tumult.' 2. Belgium's Capital. —BrmBeU, where the ball was given, near which the village of Waterloo was situated. 3. Her Beauty and her Chivalry.-— hy Mbtonomy for 'her beautiful women and brave men.' 4. Beauty is from the French heauti, and this from heau 'fair.' 5. Chivalry. -~'£\i\B word is derived from the Low Latin caballua, through the Fiiknch cheval, * a horse.' 6. finr/A<. —Complement of 'shone/ or by enallaye for •brightly.' See Mason §269 for full explanation of ^ the way in which adverbs assumed the same form asad- jectijires. 7 Aro8e.-^The rise and fall of the musical notes caused pleasure to the dancers. 8. Soft eyes, d:c. — Loving glances were interchanged. Notice the double aUiteratipn, indicative of Aa« i. 13th, 1806, and died from the wound, November 13th. 8. Venjuance. — From the Latin viniico, lit. , ' 1 lay claim to,' t'Vtw.r *V> 4-'Ua t? y£££ •V'tA^AA VZS,^^ a: Z.'i O'DHf/'ItT A./'Al yn^UM ^■^•is. t'C-ft;/cr . 88 M it (I i POETfCAL EXTRACTS. 1. Oo«/rf-The letter T is an intruder ; a false analogy to Bliould,' 'would' suggested this spelling. See Mason § 248. ^ ^MeW.—The original meaning of this word is 'to kill,' From A. s. cweVa-n. What is the object ? ^Totice the alliteration. The double form of superlative 18 to be noticed : one, the a.s. inflection ma retained in the • m, ' the other, ostt. See Mason § 1 17. Was. -The verb is attracted into the same number as the nearest subject. ,2., Tremhlinga of distress.-^temhMng occasioned by their anxiety. Of distress is a descriptive genitive. 8. Ago.~T\ih is the perfect participle of the verb 'go' which, as an adjective, limits the word 'hour' An- other form of the participle is 'agone,' as found 1. i>am.. XXX, 13 :— 'Because three days agone I fell sick ' 4. Praise, cfcc- Praise bestowed on their loveliness 8. More, c£'C.— Again. Mvtiial eyes, VU7 JAVUiSAlia. ii Si! 40 =i*> .€"' fiii*, POETICAL EXTRACTS. Zr.l ""'r" '""■ ''"'P'-Bow heantifuUy do,, fh. poet th„, describe the appearance of the fo,e,t tree. after the ram which had been falling ince.«ntly for twodiya. What Figure of EhBtorio? 8. Auy!u. -FroM j! ever' and wM. whU, u,igM 'creature.' 4. U„r^c«rn^nJ.-Vki. adjective is:.,.dj>roUi,ticatli,. i.^, Z fore It 1. actually applicable. r. Whence is the met. phor derived? How dOe. . metaphor differ from a simile ? '"•pnor 9. 0/ tivCrtg valor.— What Figani VIII. 2. Latt ew.—Sopply the ellipsis. rA»„*..„,„,«<, Does the poet mean the natural oloud., or tliMe produced by the cannonading ' frMwhenrenL-^fote the continuative force of 'which' and when these are rent.' See Mason § 413 mj""') m T''''' ^"^ '""''" °* ""> •>"»• What J^igure of Rhetoric? 8. Jlcap-dand peH.-M„ny bodies buried in one grave P^^-Penned, i.e.. cooped up, „r confined. ^ h^thtl'^TT ^^™"'' ''"° '"'"'''■at r«< „in hath made the harvest grow,' and Halleck's 'And the red held was won. * Burial. ~a. s . byrigels . Blent.—l&Un^QAy mingled. 6. 7. f does the trest trees Bantly for creature.* (, i.$.f be* aetaphor olonds, •which' What grave. 'd rain nd the 8. MUSIC BY MOOSLtGHT. 41 t . MUSIO B7 MOONLIGHT. Merchant op Venice. Act V. Scene I. Book v. Pages 460-1. "^ . SwMl. — By'enallage ' for sweetly (See Mason § 269); or it may be treated as the complement of deeps. This line furnishes a pretty instance of Metaphor. . Music. — This word may, as frequently it does, mean ' musical instruments. ' Creep in, — Creep into. — This may be considered as an ex- ample Cataohrbsis, a Figure of Rhetoric, by which a word is wrested from its original application. So also, pierce in line 14. Become^ die. — 'Accord well with tae tones. * Music sounds sweetest on a soft and stilly night. For etymology of verb see extract from Merchant of Venice. //ieaye«.— From a.s. hebban 'to heave up.' vSee Richard's Despair. Patines or patens. — From the Latin patina a plate. ' See how thick the stars are.' The poet's trausition from the metaphor of ' a floor inlaid with patines,' to the de- scription of these same patines, as 'orbs in motion,' singing, is rather abrupt. This may be regarded as a mixed metaphor. BiU. — Equivalent to tha^ not, introduces a relative clause. ffis. — The neuter his is common in Old English as late as the 17th Century. The word exhibits three stages of development. 1. When it served for both Masculine and Neuter. 2. A period of uncertainty when we find his, her, it, and rarely its. 3. When (hjit received the ordinary suffix s. The form * its ' is rarely used by it Ocours Dufc uuue in Q^V present version of the Bible. See Mason § 140, II 0. PO&TTCAL EXTRACTS. (7AerwWr„.~.The ordinary plural is theniUm. Tlifi sing, form cheruhin occurs four fci.nes in Shakespeare. ^Minnflr. -Still singing in concert, or harmony with the bnght-eyed cherubs. " The poet refers to the ancient i'latonic doctrine of the music of the spheres, the rapid motion of the stars having been supposed to produce musical sounds in concer^ but too loud and constant to be perceptible to mortal sense." Several of our poets have beautiful allusions to this subject. Campbell m the PUasure, of Hope speaks of the spheres when hrst created, as hav^n^ then 'pealed their first notes to sound the march of time.' Milton (P. L v 177) refers to-' wandering fires, that move in mystic dance not without song. ' See grand chorus in Dryden's ' Ode for St. Cecilia's Day.' Book v. page 502. Cf. also Job xxtxviii. 7. -When the Morning Stars Bang to- gether." ^ 10. Smh Aamony. -Besides the music of the spheres, which no mortal ear ever caught a note of, there was supposed . by "ome philosophers to be a similar harmony in the human soul ; but while this harmony is shut in by this muddy vesture of decay (our mortal body) we cannot hear it. Examine the etymology of ' such '-««,« « so ' and he ' like.' Hence mch, means ' similar ' Muddy msture.-Qom^^v^ 'this flesh which walls about our life,' Richard II., III. 2; and Shelley's, 'frame of clay wrapp'd round its (the soul's) stru^rfin^ powers.' »«*'"S Grossly.— From Lat. crassua 'thick.' ^/ana.-Identical with Luna the Goddess of the Moon JJonu.—An ad/erbial object. 16. This Ime is wrongly printed. Jessica, on hearing the musicians, exclaims, 'I am never weary when I hear sweet music. ' Then Lorenzo tells her the reason 11. 12 13 15. MUSIC BY MOONLTGfTT. wf *■" 24. 26. 26. 17. .^^en^ite.— Literally 'on the stretch/ 18. Wanton. — Etymologically thia word meaud ' not trained. ' 19. Unhandhd. — Untrained. 20. Fetching.— Uokmg. Carefully arrange the qualifying terras in this line. 21. Which w.— Which indicates. The antecedent to 'which* is the general idea in th« preceding line. 22. Sound.— U this a noun or a verb in the Infinitive? If the latter, how is it disposed of in Analysis ? What Pig. in Etymology is illustrated by the addition of the d1 Shall. —As frequently in Shakespeare used for 'will.' Afake a mutual stand.— The whole herd or race stands rt'il. 'Mutual' has here the force of 'common.' Distin- guish between ' matual' and * common.' The Poet. —Ovidi, who wrote B.G., 80. ifeigrn.— Through the 0. Fk. feigner, from Latin 'fingo.' Kow does • feign ' differ from * pretend V 27. Orpheus dreic trees.-Or^Yima was one of the early poets and musicians of Greece, whose song was fabled to have such mystic power that trees, rocks, &c., seemed to listen to its melody. Cf. Dryden's, Orpheus could lead the aavajje race ; And treea uprooted left their place. Sequacious of ^he lyre. 28. Nought— ^ny^ly 'is.' Derived from * aught,' homdichit. Stockish.—StUTpid. 2S. 5w^— That not. /Tis.— See above line 8. 30. iV(W is not.-\u. our older writers a double negative is fre- quently found, having the effect of strengthening the negation; in such cases the 'nor' has the force of— and in further negation. In modern English a second nagative neutralizes the first. r=««w.«.-.-r-inis. Word IS from trahisvr8 created perpetual dictator. His succcrb created ( neniieH, and the chief MinutuiH, with BrutUH, hin intiuiatf) fiitnd, conspiied aguinst liim and Blew him in the Senate House on the Ides of March ^15th), B.C. 44. Brutus, Marcus Junius— During the BtruggJe between Pouipey and Ceesar, Brutus espoused the cause of Pouipey, because ho thouuht hiru the more just and patriotic of the two. At the battle of Phar- salia, Csesar spared his life and made him one of his personal friends. After the murder of O'^sar, the conspirators were obliged to flee from Rome. Brutus withdrew to Greece, whither he was followed by Antony and Octavius, aftei words known as Augustus Csesar. A battle was fought at Philippi, B.C. 42, the republican forces were defeated, and Brutus committed suicide by falling on his swoid. Cassius, Caius, like Brutus, threw in his lot with Pompey and, like him, also owed his life to the cle- mency of Ceesar, but afferwards joined the conspirators, and became one of the murderers. At the battle of Philippi, in consequence of the defeat of his wing of the army, being fearful of falling into the enemy's hands, he ordered one of his freed men to run him thrmioh. And f.lllia ' Iia rkoriuViArl Vw fViaf aur/w/l TvVtinK _ — • ^,,.,, ..j^._.va -,-j wounded C»sar.' vixt.? V rj ' PIfT M POETICAL EXTRACTS. m Antony, Mark (Antonius Mri-cub), held the offio« of Tiibiuie oi' the People, at the time of Pompey's quarrel with Crosar. It was he who advised Ceesar to march from Gaul to Rome. At the battle of Pharsalia he commanded tho left wing of the army, and on CsBsar'a return to »^oine, he, according to a premedi- ttitttd sohera^, ' tlirice presented him a K in. ?(ly crown.* In his oration, pronounced over Cujsar's dead body, he tried to ingratiate himself with the populace by reminding them of CaBsar's liberal treatment. Be- coming powerful, he began to tread in Crosar's foot- steps, but was thwarted by Octavius. Violent quar- rels ensued between them ; but, subsequently, a recon- ciliation was elfrtcted, and, in conjunction with Lepi- dus, they formed the second triumvirate, whose en- trance into office was marked by a most terrible pro- scription of all who had opt)osed them. After the de- feat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, he went to Egypt and lived there for a time in luxury and dissi- pation with Cleopatra. On the death of his wife, he married the sister of Octavius, and, returning once more to Egy^it, became again ensnared by the charms of Cleopatra. An unsuccessltti expedition into Par- thia, and the repudiation of Octavia, involved him in war with Octavius, terminating in the battle of Acti- um, B.a, 30, after which he fled to Egypt, and, bemg pursued by Ootavius, stabbed himself. yULWS CMSAR, J OiTiziy. — R'i/;.— This rerb ii from the o. i., toUHan «to desire' BRuri7.s.— 1/\— ladireot objsct of 'give.' AudUnu.— A hearing. Part the niimbtrs. Divide the muUitucV into two companies. Them. — An example of syntactic pleonaani. How does this differ from rhetoric Pleonasm ? (?o.— Either mbjuncHve rti' d in predicative relation to 'those,' or th« infinitive complementary to '1 ' sup- plied. These being the 'Gram. Object,' and V the •Objective Complement.' Mason, § f>72. d. Public reasons, irt<. -Impression or influence. The word is used twice by Shakespeare. The a.s. dynt means a 'blow' or ' stroke. ' Or it may be another form of dent ri.AT rf^^ns) •an impression.' Mark the pathos of these lines, and l> ^ > JULIAS CMSAR. 53 the strong contrast between the w y coiidi- tl. mcauiug itt. xxvi. is 2>Tesent ion with smallest any very lis salute MERCHANT OF VBmC£, ' M I Tht cutting. —Notice omi^'.ion of the preposition ' of ' after the verbal noun. Conjiucate. — A curtailed perfect participle. Act. — The statute or decree. Thee. — Used reflexively. ThanjUHt a pound.— ii^iwX • a just,' i.e., an exact pound. Substance, dr. -Two interpretations may be given, 'In the amount of u twentieth, or even the fraction of u twentieth. '-HuNTEit. The C. P. edition favji-s the present punctuation, and interprets 'division, Ac ' as a grain. This forms a kind of climax : 1°, if it he lighter or heavier, according to ordinary tests ; 2", if it weigh more or loss by a grain ; 3°, if it be uneven by even the weight of a hair. Ghatiaxo. —i/aye thee, on the hip. -Borrowed from the lan- guage of wrestlers, and implies ' To have the advan- tage of.' PohTiA.— 7^ is enacted, l- i . « VT Xiwii iigUfU Ui Aii6liOnC I Abbott: 9, the ac- e ghost.' ject, and i469-(3), 3,1 Scene, ? Trace >nB read, . Compare wander. be sup- 'This is [literally )n. Ac- I means conduct id Styx. tme root ent, the hich."— s 'what ributive niCHARD III. «r Shadow.— A diminutive of shade. The young Prince* Edward, Sol of Henry VI., and Margaret. /'/ee/mgr.— Changing sides, fickle. See Historical Note. Furies. — In heathen mythology the Furies were supposed' to be ministers of the vengeance of the gods, always employed in punishing the guilty on earth, as well as in the infernal regions. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, serpents wreathing round their heads, They held a burning torch in one hand, in the other a whip of scorpions. TormenU—ThiB word is the Latin tormentum literally *an implement for twisting,^ JFwwrouU— Surrounded. The word is from the Greek through the French. *^ea«07i.— French, saison, from Latin satio. CoMZrf.— Etymologically the letter 'T has no right to be in this word. Can you expkin ? But that. — For this construction, see Mason, § 516-ol7. Such — dream. — A capital example of an inverted sen- tence. i/arve^.— Through the French merveille, from Latin mirabilis * wonderful.' 4/VaMf.— According to Abp. Trench, this is the participle of affray. French grayer *to frighten.' To hear you, excluded, though it was really under the control nf the Duke of Lancaster^ In the fourth year of his reign (1381), the rebellion of Wat Tyler broke out in conse^uencJ of the levying of a * poll-tax' on every male and female of the age of fifteen and upwards. The early years were also marked by the spread of the ' Ref ,rmation' begun by Wyckliffe in the formar reign. During the absence of Lancaster, who went abroad to prosecute his claims, in right of his wife, to the throne of Cas- tile, his brother Gloucester put himself at the head of affairs, but he in turn was obliged to retire. Soon the reins of government fell from Richard's hands, and were seized by the Duke of York and Bolingbroke' son of the Duke of Lancaster. Once more the king regained his power, and, after triumphing over his foes, began io quarrel with his friends. A misunderstanding having occurred in 1398, between Bolingbroke and fche Duke of Norfolk, the kin^ banished ^Iia." wi. i i. 5. f RICHARD'S DESPAIR. f"\ Bond son hrone in III. As L a Coun- e Dukea xcluded, Duke ol (1381), equence i female 7 years mation' ring the 'osecute of Cas- hoad of . Soon hands, gbroke, he king bis foes, tending ke and Bolingbroke for ten years, and Noifolk for life. Bolingbroke, however, returned in 1399, and during Richa-d's absence in Ireland, placed himself at the head of a formidable army ; the result being that Richard resigned his crown, and Parliament, ratifying the act, conferred it on Bolingbroke, who ascended the throne as Henry IV. Richard was confined in Pomfret Castle and, as is generally believed, was there murdered. 2. 1. 6:p«a*.— The aubjunctive mood is here used with the force of the imperative. See Mason § 194. Or the construction may be changed thus :— * Let no man speak of comfort.' Ta^*.— The three infinitive phrases that follow are 'objective complements' of 'let.' For the construc- tion of such complements under this form consult Mason, pars. 395, and 397 foot note. The infinitive is treated as being in attributive relation to its subject, which stands in the objective case. 3. fFUh rainy eyes.—U&y be treated as an attrHmtive ad- junct to 'us,' or an adverbial adjunct to 'write.' The later construction, probably, will suit better the metaphorical language of the king. Write sorrow.— Give expression to our grief. What Fig. occurs in this line ? 4". Executora.So called because they 'follow' or 'carry out • (ex and sequor) the will of the party when he is dead. Compare the kindred meaning of * executioner.* 5. And yet, ' As Chancellor (1515), he stood at the head r \ justice, while his elevation to the office of Lef i dered him supreme in the Church. For hi.^ se. to the Crown he had been munificently re waiJ'f' most valuable Ecclesiastical preferments had been showered upon him ; and in the same year that he was created Lord Chancellor, he became Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of York. Besides his official emoluments, which were enormous, he was in receipt of pensions froip France and Spain. By his elevation to the rank of Cardinal, his ambition was for the time sated, though he aspired to the occupation of tha Pa- pal Chair. He did not bear his honors meekly ; in his way of life he affected a sumptuous magnificence and a state just short of royal, whilst in bearing, he was arrogant and imperious. After his fail two of his palaces, Hampton Court and Whitehall, served for royal palaces. His School at Ipswich was eclipsed by the glory of ohe College founded at Oxford and known as Christ Church, but originally styled Cardinal. At this time the straggle was going on between Francis! and Charles V., each of whom was anxious to have Henry on his side. The policy of Wolsey's predecessors had been to cling to the Spanish Alliance, but Wolsey threw the whole of his power on the opposite side. The Spanish cause was popular among the nobility, and the i HENRY Vni. 76 v., i Queen, Katharine of Arragon, naturally upheld the Spanish partisans. Hence it was that Wolsey at first favored Henry's idea of a divorce, hoping to supply her place with a Princess of French origin. When, however, he found that the King's affections were set on Anna Boleyn, a lady of the Court, he became less zeal- ous in Henry's cause. The dilatory and half-hearted way in which he carried on negotiations with the Pope, so displeased the King, that, in his anger, which had been fanned into a flame by Wolsey's enemies, he ban- ished the Chancellor from the Court. He wm allowed to retire to Esher and, subsequently, on surrendering his possessions to the Crown, he was ordered to his Archbishopric, which he had been allowed to retain. On his way thither he was arrested on a charge of treason, and while being conveyed to the Tower by the Lieutenant, he died at Leicester Abbey, where he was obliged to stop in consequence of an attack of illness. It was on his death-bed there that he said to the Lieutenant, " Master Knygton, had I but served my God as diligently as I have served my King, He would not have given me over in my gray hairs. But this is my due reward for my pains and study, not re- garding my service to God, but only my duty to my Prince." Cromwell, Thomas. —The ten years that followed Wolsey's fall brought into prominence this eminent statesman and ecclesiastical reformer. When he en- tered the service of Henry he was past the middle of 73 POETICAL EXTRACTS. life. Hig youth was one of roving adventure ; )»« even served as a common soldier in the wars of Italy, with the language and manners oi which country he be- came thoroughly conversput. On his return to Eng- land, in 1517, by combining several occupations, he amassed a great deal of wealth. On the second out- break of the war with Francis I. (1523), he was an influ- ential member of Parliament. His abilities commended him to Wolsey, who (1528) employed him as his solici- tor and agent in suppressing the monasteries and divert- ing their resources to his scholastic institutions of Ipswich and Oxford, thus rousing against him a storm of indignation equal to that stirred up against himself- After Wolsey's fall, Cromwell's self-reliance and sense of power burst forth in their full strength. Of all the ex-Cardinal's dependants he alone clung to his former master in the dark hours of his adversity. He made every effort to save his friend, and it was through him that he -^.oaped impeachment, and was allowed to retire to York. Honors flowed in rapidly upon him, partly on account of his abilities and partly on account of his advising the king to assert his own supremacy and thus cut the " Gordian knot " —the divorce from Katharine. In 1534 he became Chief Secretary of State and Master of the Rolls ; the following year saw him in his capacity of Visitor-General, suppressing the monasteries most vigorously and increasing his own resources. He yf^ subsequently keeper of the Privy Seal a^4 HENRY Vin. m lord Chamberlain of England. Hs took a leading part in establishing the doctrines of the Reformation ; though this was done more, possibly, from political motives than from religious convictions. Be this as it may, he left the print of his individual greatness stampb.^ indelibly, while the metal was at white heat, into the constitution of the country. In all matters affecting the State, whether complicated and moment- ous, or simple and trivial, he took an active personal interest. By the sterr. manner in which he disposed of all opposed to him, he alienated many and some- what lessened his popularity with the king. In order to retrieve ground and to strengthen the Reformation, he brought about a marriage between Henry and Anne of Cleves. Henry's disappointment with his new queen ended in his disliking Cromwell, and listening to all the complaints that flowed in against hira. A charge of treason and heresy was made, a bill of attainder was drawn up and passed by both houses, and on the 28th of July, 1540, Cromwell was beheaded on Tower Hill. WoLSEY.~^armc«.-If an interrogation mark be placed after this word, how will it affect the meaning of the line ? The root of this word is a.s. jar an • to go.' Cf. "Wel- fare. State.— T\it earthly dignity. ^Aw.— Eefers to what follows. For analysis arrange thus . The state of man is this. r«ider.— -From the Latin 'ieiier,' through the F»iufOH 78 POETICAL EXTRACTS, temire. Epenthesis and Metathesis are both em- ployed. Blossoms.— ThiB word is a verb. It is the same word as 'bloom,' though less poetic. ''Bloom is a finer and more delicate efflorence even than blossom, thus the bloom, but not the blossom, of the cheek."— Trench. Blushing Ao.— This verb is used to prevent the repetition of the verb 'fall.' It is from the A.s. t^on, and is quite dis- tinct from * do ' in such a sentence as ' That will do, ' which is from a.s. dugan 'to thrive or fare.' From which we also get the adjective 'doughty.' Cf. GtBR, taugen. Like little &o^«.— Express the same idea in the form of a clause. This many summers.— ' M&ny ' may be considered as a noun, and ' summers ' in the objective case after the preposition * of,' supplied. Compare * I have r^ dozen apples,' in which there is a ' blending of two construc- tions. " Abbctt. Or * many summei d, ' jt « / be t ^-eated as an aggregate, preceded by the g'ngular wo-.t 'this.' Compare 'This twenty years have I heen wi«h thee.' Gen. xxxi. 38. 'This nineteen yec-s. M. for M.l. 3. In a sea of glory.— How is this applicaV^ ^ the case of Wolsey? Cf. Hamlet's 'Sea o£ tr able.' HENRY VIII. 79 i ^ar.— This adverb modifies the adverbial phrase, ' beyond my depth.' fl'tgfA-Woww.— Inflated, puflfed up. Fom-p, glory.— Being vocatives, these words must be ro. jected from the analysis. The primary meaning of 'pomp' is a 'procession,' {GiRmK pempein 'to send.') Such an occasion being faTorable for display, we have, hence, the secondary meaning. Fe.— This form of pronoun, which is now a nominative, represents the a.s. ge, and b ing interchangeable with you, the representative of eow, was frequently used as an objective. The Authori/ed Version of the Bible care, fully observes the distinction. Comj- mc ;— O flowers, which i bred up ,vith tender hand From the first opening bud, and gave ye names, Who now shall rear ye f Milton. (See Mason i 138-4.) ^Tew;.— An adverb, modifying 'opened.' Their ruin. — The ruin caused by princes. There is. —See notes on extract from Julius C.*;sae, where the proper reading is 'there's. ' Thai, ifcc— The ellipsis, as filled up, will read thus:-^ •Than wars have many,' &c. or 'women have many,' &c. For part of speech, see Mason, § 264. Note.* Lucifer. ~Th.A title, which means 'Light-bearer,' was the name of Sa*an before his fall. Compare.— Isaiah xiv. 12. ' How art thou fallen from Heaven, Lucifer son of the Mo^ Lag,' ?nd, Milton, Of Pa;, iemonium City and p iid seat O' ^'ueifer ; so by allusioT.caded, i :nat bright star to Satan paragoned. Never wJiA)p*i afirotro.— Compare this with what he says in lines 3 a,vA 1 Avmzed.— Like one iD.ei maze, or labyrinth. Exaiine the aynonymes, amazed, surprised, perplexed, aston- 10 POETICAL EXTRACTS. ^w.— Abbott rejects Home TooWs derivation of this word from an^ imperative >f unim^ to grant,' and gives several examples in which the word is spelt and, a form found in early English, as well as in Elizabethan au- thors. Wedgwood regards the word as a fragment of even. Does.— From A.8. dugan. See above. Truly.— -The adjective and the noun form of this word are to be traced to the SansckIT drhu, * to be established,' druhwaf 'certain.' Ger. traiieii 'to trust.' a.s. treowe, treawth 'fides.' Eng. true, truth. ' Truth,' therefore, is • what is permanent, stable, and to be relied on.' Happy. — Fortunate. Pilars.— Example of Metaphor. Is there any reference to the ir^ignia of Cardinals ? In Act ii, Sc. 4, among the attendants are mentioned ' two gentlemen, bearing two great silver pillars' The 'pillars 'are also men- tioned in the account of the Cardinal's passage through London on his way to France. Would sink.— An attributive clause. Supply subject • that.' Too much Aonor.— See Historical Note. To play the woman. —How ? An example of cognate object, ia 'a metaphorical shape.' Mason § 372-4, foot note JMl, cold wiarftZe.— Example of Metonomy. MarhUt meaning ' the tomb.' Metonomy, as the word implies, means ' a change in name.' It is that figure in Rhetoric by which the cause is put for the eflfect or the effect for the cause ; the container for the contained ; the ma- terial (as here) for that which is made of the material, &c. Cf. " The dull, cold ear of death.'' Gray's Elegy. WoUey, die. — A complex noun sentence. To rise in.— Replace this infinitive v^irf-e by an attrihu* tive datiAt* Hamlet, g^ ^mMiion—Trace the present meaning of this word to its derivation. The. image, Derived from Lath., i*; ^ O'^ 'd in tho Hostoration, being on© of tho delegatoi ' aont to tho Umj^uo in }M0 to promote tho return of Charles.' He dietl in 10-71. Th4 n$tv mof^*?/. "" The prinoiploii on which (U'onmell had formed hia Ironsidca " (nee Note below) •• wore carried out on a larger scale in the Now Moilcl. The one aim waa to get together twenty thousand 'honest* men. •Be careful/ Cromwell wrote, • what captains of horse you choose, what men bo mounted. A fow honest men are bettor than numbers. If you choose gtKlly, honest men to be captains of horse, lioueat men will follpw them.* The result was a curious metlley of men of different ranks among the otllcars of the New Moilol."— Grrrn. Hktory of the EngWih People. h mmmoiMd, — An example of the hUforii' preamt. This form is used when the writer defiircs to represent vividly some past event, as though it was actually taking placi at the time. It occurs vory often in this selection. Tho use of the two forms in the same piece Is considered inelegant. Summoned. — Latin aummoMO, {mb and moneo) M warn privily.' /roiMtrf<«.—A regiment of a thousand men raised by Cromwell, formed strictly of 'men of religion." No blasphemy, drinking, disorder, or impiety was allowed. The command of these men was not restricted to •men of birth,' but 'men patitnfc of wants, faith- ftil and conscientious' were selected by Cromwell. Of them Cromwell writes j — *' Truly they were never beaten at all." Jioundh€ad9.— Thin name ^as given by the Boyalisti to th« Puritans, or friends of the Parliamenti who dii> BATTLE OF NASEBY. titiguiihntt thcttiHelvoM hy hnviiiK thoir hftirout olotc to the heAil. whilo thn (lAVAliom worn theim in long ring- lets. Heo KxtrRot ffmhirif in Wordn, Prcmnlly. — I tintuntly . Tk«y uhmid nof nfnif, »f(i. Thny wonhl not ftWftit the Arrival of tho king, NnMhff wttn Kitutttod in tim ('(Minty of Northampton, on tho north- wentorn bonlor, 12 miles north of tho town of tlutt namu. Kvn'RiiT, l*iiiNOK, wiw tho won of Krnileriok V., Klootor Palatine, antu {mhlon. ' Suoh wm th« dooiiiou of the Parli** ^ tu«nt oil Nov. 6th, 1(U8. Thii wm iii uonif^quettoe ( hid Vn^iiig oC the luuiiboir of thoai^ who * did Adh«r« to or bring in the Hoots in thoir late invading of thiai kingdom under Duke IlAniilton/ lie \\m oonOned in Nottingham rastle, ftuin which he managed to eioape. H«ditt^lin l(i01. AauLiV.— Pn»l>ahly tho writer nieant Hit .laoob Asttey, the royalist, a faithful adlx^retit of the King, who wai appointmi MaJor*Oeneral under Lord Lindsay and com- tnanded at the battle uf Kdgehill, the opening battle of the Civil War. LiBLi, Sir Grohor, was knighted hy tliu King for oonspl* ouous brivery at the battle of Newbury. He defended Colchester against the rebels ; but l>eing obliged to •urrender, was tried, condemned and shot. IRITON.— Carlyle in his OHv$r Orommli thus describsi Iroton who at tho time, 1046, was Commissary-Ueueral in the Parliamentary Army, and son in-law to Crom- well. •' A valiant man. Once B A., of Trinity College, Oxford, and student of tho Middle Temple ; then a gentleman trooper in my Lord General Essex's Life* guanis, now Colonel of Horse, soon member of Parlia- ment, rapidly rising." In tho Irish campaign of 1649, ho was third in command, and on Cromwell's being re- called in consequence of the threatening state of affairs in Scotland, ho was appointed Deputy. He died at Limerick at the end of the second year of his office. The name of this Colonel will always bo associated with the following incident : — Pride.— In o^'ie^ to bring about the condemnation of Charles I., two rerjiments under the command of Colonel Pride were sent, December 6th, 1648, to coerce the Houie of Commons. Forty>one members of the Long SArrtM oi^/^ASL^y, 91 t^ArUnriionfc who w«rii fikvorttble to a onnipnitnlia wwre ImtiHKOMo.l iit A lowfir room of tim lloUie, \m wsrd ttnioreci to go lioino, mitl only 00 M letit mlrlft by Oromwell. flTarrm.-^A lurfftoe of pnof, dry And lAMdy doll. Pmagu p/ viclot^y.^WM It nut prophetic of ? liid It not foretell vlot<»ry f i/>oo>n. -.A.wellknown nAtire ihrub of BrItAin, growing In dry ioili, And beftring lArge, yellow iloweri— Itf 'golden glory.' Mmauvrinif.-^-Thiu word ii properly applied to 'work dont by the hand.' It ii derived from the LAttti fnanut, •the Imnd' Aud opera 'work/ through the KnioMoit main And afuvr$. In a derived fl«nie It tneAUA ' ikilful mAnAgetnent.' Artilkry,^** Leavlnpf the perplexed qneitlon of the derU vtttlon of thii word, it will bf» iuffloient to obierve thftt while it ie now only applied to the henvy ordnanoe of modern Wrtrfare, In oArller Uio any etigino« for the pro- jeoting of misiiloe even to the bow And Arrow*, would hAve been included umler this term. "— TiigNOM. Set 1 Saih. XX. 40, for primary uie of the word. Forlorn Ao;ji.— Thii nAme ii given to * body of mtn ■elootod to lead a desperate attack. Qutm Mary /—Why doei Hupnrt use thii exclamation ? HalUrd,-^k combination of ipear and battleax* with • •haft about iix feet long. Thi Ixt;infliWi.— Cromwell. To ttay tki puraiiU. ^To itop ohaiing them. iJa«|/%.— Spencer writii the word • really,' which will be formed from Latik n, ad and Hgo • I bind.' 98 , PROSE EXTRACTS. Fiu^Uing wit/i th* buU-ettda, <6(5.— Usually t«rmed •club, biug their muskeU.' Mtiskeia.—*' A» tlie invention of firearms took place at a time whoa hawkiu;; was in high fashion, some of the new weapons were named after those birds, probably from the idea of their fetching tM*ir prey from on high. Musket, has thus become the estabUsh^^d name for one sort of gun. "—N ARKS. To and again.— Tq and fro ; backward and forward, Co-'or« —Standards, or ensigns. That rocA;.-— The regiment referred to above. Will you go, dec — ' Will you e^ipose ycoirself to instant death V Thefoolifh boy.— "He was then 26 yetrs of age. Trophies. — Emblems of victory. In ancient times tae victorious army used to erect some memorial on the spot where the enemy tunw6{(GBS£K, irepein 'to turn') and fled. She train. — The body of men. Again ?— What is the force of this / M$dkine, Law School, 6fcor«. —How would you trace the meaning of the word, as here used, to its primary meaning 'to cut,' from A.g. scyran J Minist4ri.—Wha.i does the word mean here ? CAm«ra«.— Visionary ideas. The word is an adaptation of the classic 'ChimsBra,' a fabulous monster of Lycia. By the vices. — By reason of. Stored, cfcc.— Supplied with medicines, suited to each malady. Business.-^Aacord'mg to Earle, Philology of the Eng- lish Language, this is one of those words that * wear a Saxon mask. ' It looks as though it were made up of the suffix ness and the root busy, whereas, it is simply the Norman besonge, meaning 'occupation,' the old plural form being besoingnes. He comes to this con- clusion "because though the 'adjective' busy {a.b. biseg) is found, "in Saxon th^—ims derivative from it is not found." NOTE ON DIFFERENT KINDS OF SATIRE, Thomas Arnold lays down this distinction between the three kinds of Satire— Moral, Personal and Political. "By the first is meant a general satire on contemporary morals and manners." "Personal Satires are those which are mainly directed against individuals. In no ! I • ■ 'ifc 1\ ■-1 - 1 1 "" ' ' » ^ ■ i purely ptraonal tatire, the ohanooi are to imftU in fftvor of the ohMtiietnent being adiuiniatered with pure Impartiality and jUHtioo, tiiat the world rightly attaches let* value to it than to moral satire. The occasions when personal satire bocomos really terrible are those when, in the midst of a general moral satire on prevailing vices or follies, the acts and character of individuals are introduced by way of illmtrating the maxims that have just been enunciated. The attack has then the appearance uf being unpremeditated, and its effect is proportionally greater." '* Political Satire castigates, nominally in the interest of virtue, but really in the interest of a party, the wicked or contemp- tible qualities of the adherents of the opposite faction,'' HISTORY IN WORDS. This licrsnafsrrfid to & <*av. militapv ic^n^ and henoi very an* propriate to those who supported Charles h NrSTORY Jl^ IVOKDS. Ill Q«ailr«r.~-"The derivfttion of the t«rm ii lomtwhat ob> Duure { but m the Kanteri aro thui d«'numinftted from their ranting or boiitumui wurihip, lo it may be f»irly oonoiudod that Quakum received that Appellation from the meokneRH of theirR, beings during their worship, or luppoflod to be, in a itato of fear and trembling, or in other wordi, quaking for their offenoei.'*— Pullhyn, i*«/ri<(in.— This name wai iliit given in 1604, to thsKon* Conrormiiti who in the reign of Elizabeth wiihed for purity of doctrine, but wai aftorwardi applied to all who were ttriot and lerioui. It wai flrit d«vised by Sanderi the Jeiuit. /?ownaA«!ff4.— The followcri of Cromwell wer« lo-oalled booauie they wore their hair out clone to their head, while the Cavaliers wore theirs in ringlets, Another origin of the name is suggested. The Queen, at Btaf* ford's trial, on seeing Pym, enquired who that rounds headed man was, because he spoke so strongly. Whig.—ThQ word is of Scottish origin, and is supposed to be derived from vMggam, a word used by Scottish pea* sants in driving their horses»the drivers being called whiggamorts, contracted into whiq». Sir Walter Scott tells us that the insurrection which broke out immedl* ately after the defeat of the Duke of Hamilton at Pres- ton, in 1648, called the ' Whigamjres' Raid,' derived its name from "the words whig, whig, i.e.,' get on,' get on,* which is used by the western peasants in driving their horses." Others derive it from the word " whey," with a taunting allusion to the "sour milk " faces of the fanatical Ayrshiieman. See Green, Sec. viii. Chap. 8. As a political term, the party who opposed the cause of the Royal Family received this name in 1679. Tarv Tha Drimarv meaning of this word seems to be •robber,' or 'savage.' The title "belonged properly" m PROSE EXTi^ACTS, ■oTronch iftyi oiiowhore, " to tho IiIhIi bogtrotteri, who, during our civil wura, robboil and plundorod, pro- foiling to bo in Rruia for the lloyal cause ; and from them trttunforred, about the year 1080, to thoM who ■ought to maintain tho extreme prorogativoi of tho Cfown." J**/ iV*nom<'.— -Two ctymologici are given : the one FnnNOn, mm di niiuf, ' name of contempt,' and the other nthi or ike, name, tho n of tho urtiolo being pretixod to tke^ i.e., 'additional.' Luthtrani.—li'tom Martin Luther, about 1530. "The name was given by D^. Eck, one cf the earlieat who wrote against tho Reformation."-— Trbnch. .Af«Mo(^/«.— "Thw ardent pioty and rigid ohnrvana of tystem in ovory thing connected with the new ojjinions, gained for the Wosloys* followers the 'appellation of Methodists." Duto 1729. Franciscans. —TYlgsq monks got thoir name from their founder, S. Francis D'Assisi {120&). From the color of their dress they are sometimes calU'd the Gray friars. Another order, the ' Dominicans,' founded by Dominic, (1200), a Spanish priest, wore allowed, about 50 years after his death, to settle in that part of London eince called BUtckfriars, Fifth Monarchy Jl/cn.— This sect sprang Up in the tim« of Cromwell, who they suppose, was to found the tilth great monarchy of the world, during which Christ should reign on earth one thousand years. Tbo other four monarchies woro the Babylonian, Persvii .fa.'«« donian, and Roman. iS^ceArcr.".— These got their name from having no determin- ate form of religion, but being in search of one. Levellers. -In 1647 there aros3 in the army " a very ter- ribl-^ 'Levelling Paity,' a class of men demanding tho pum^l> aient of the ' Chief Delinquent. ' " In 1649 this l«?i. "TUo Lest who rvanci of o{)iriionR, Ihiiion of otn thoir e color of ly friara, Doininio, 60 yean ion siuco the time I the tilth sh Christ 'bo other tit:, ^''fa->: tions to science. Among the many works that he pub* lieh«d, his Co9mo$, or Physical Universe, stands pre- emi< nt. Hmsii€S.-~xhQ followers of John Huss, of Bohemia, who 8 lU rEOS£ EXTRACTS, was convicted, of heresy by ihe Council of Constance, and burnt by order of the Emperor of Germany, in 1415. He was prompted to make his investigations by readinfr the works of Wycliflfe. Specious. — However much this may appear to be true. The root of the work is specio * I see.* How does * specious ' differ from * plausible?' JSxaminaiion, — This word in its priiaary sense means ' a balancing,' being derived from the Latin exanien {ex- agimen), * the tongue of a balance,' Beguina. — (Be-geengs, or Be-gwins). This order of females, called after their founder Lambert le Btgue, the ' stammerer,' was founded about 1180, in Flan iers. They were not restricted by monastic vows, and were simply united for the purposes of devotion and charity. They were the earliest of all lay societies of females united for pious purposes. Middle ages. — What does this expression mean ? Pids. — The following etymology of the word has been suggested, *VAs the letter p often changes into /and ct into xt or ght, a * Pipt ' is «(imply a fixt man. The folk who settled down in a place were the ' Picts,' and the * Scots ' were those who did not settle down. The ' Picts ' v^ere tribes who sought their living by building towns near the mouths of rivers, tilling the land and catching the fish ; the * Scots ' pursued the course of the mountain ranges." Jamieson in his Scottish Dic- tionary, gives a p. p. picht, meaning * settled. ' Tatooing. — This is a word borrowed from the isles of the Pacific, and means pricking the skin and filling the punc- ture with some coloring matter. Tornado.— k Spanish and Portuguese word, implying a turning or whirlwind. Calamities.— Th\» word is generally derived from calamus LETTER TO CHESTERFIELD. 115 netance, oany, in .tions by be true. )W does neans * a arder of 8 Btgue, ''Ian iers. nd were charity, females las been fco / and m. The cts,' and n. The building and and 30urse of Wsh Die- les of the the punc- implying I calamus 'a stalk,' and implies *a blight affecting the crop.' ■* Insomuch as the word was first derived from ealamua when the com coulde not get out of the stalke. — Bacon. Trench, however, would connect the word with cado, * I ' and ' d ' being interchangeable. Conservaiivt powers. — The power of saving, or keeping from change. Words frequently preserve in themselves a history, "like the fly in a piece of amber" ; the fact may have passed away, but the record of it is embalmed in the word. Fact of English History. — Explain this. Weightiest. — Most important. Expend^ siispense. — Both derived from Latin, pendo, hang.' "Hence 'A&o pound. Papyrus. — The use of this material ceased about the ninth century, its place being supplied by cotton paper made in the East. The introduction of paper-making in France dates from the 14th Century, In England its manufacture was much later. Thsories. — From a Greek word meaning *to see or con- template' — are ideas or fancies as opposed to realities. Sometimes th(« word is used in contra distinction to practice ; as the theory and practice of teaching. LETTER TO THE EARL OF CHESTER- . FIELD. "' Book v. Pages 417-8. Chesterfield, Earl of (Philip Dormer stanhope), an Enslish statesman and author, was celebrated as the representative of the fashion, elegance and high-breed- iie PiiOSE EXTRACTS. ing of the day. In 1715, he entered Parliament, and afterwards, on the death of his father (1726), the House of Lords. Here, by assiduous practice, he be- came one of the best speakers, though in that particu- lar he failed in the House of Commons. He filled several important offices, as Minister to the Hague, Lord Lieutenant of Ireh ud, and Secretary of State. His brilliant wit, polished manners, and elegant con- versation gained for him the intimacy of Pope^ Swift, Bolingbroke, and other eminent men of the day. Johnson, whose dictionary, on its appearance, he af- fected to fecomraend, styles him " a wit among lords, a lord among wits." Chesterfield is now best lemem- bered by his Letters to his son Philip, which display wonderful knowledge of mankind, and contain a good deal of excellent advice, but are not entirely free from what is objectionable. If that *blot ' were removed, * they should,' says Johnson, * be put into the hands of every gentleman.' Kcwrite the first sentence of the first paragraph so as to avoid the use of the passive voice. To he 80 distinguished, n-rx\^ AV>/1 11« PROSE EXTRACTS, honest nature, wholly void of all dissimulation and guile, and have borne a willing testimony to the sound- ness of his judgment, as well as his unshaken firmness of purpose." — Brougham, statesmen of the Time of Georg$ III, [The following letter is an illustration of Personal Satire, See note Swift's Academy of Lagado.]. ♦• Esteem from the public. — The unpopular Peace of Paris (1763), by which Canada was secured to Britain, was negotiated by the Duke of Bedford, and gave rise to a variety of public commotions, which at length broke out into acts of open insurrection among the Spitalneld weavers. The Duke was also charged, but, according to Brougham, unjustly, with having received a bribe from the French Court. Nice feelings. — Delicately sensitive. " The up of * nic^ * in the sense of 'fastidious,' 'difficult to please,' still survives ; indeed this is now, as in times past, the ruling notion of the word."— Trench. Resentments. — It is worth noting how this word, like many others, as villain, knave, cburl, censure, &c., &c., has changed its meaning. On the first introduction of the word in the 17th century, 'resentment' simply meant ' a sense ' or feeling of that which had been done for us, and was used to indicate both a sense ofgratitvde and a sense of enmity. It is the latter meaniug that has clung to the word. I shall leave, Jcc. — I shall allow others to describe your virtues. The rest is upon record. — What does this mean ? been bestowed, there is still room for supposing that. t&TTEk to bVkk W tkDFOfLD, it9 ][)0S8ibly, some 'good quality* may have escftpcd notice. In this paragraph there is a mixture oi sarcasm and irony, Con^ufrraftfe. — Important, oi worthy of great regard. The ironical language is now dropped. A name gloriowi.— One of the most noted of the Kttssell family, whose rise dates fro*n the spoliation of the monasteries in the time of Henry VIII., was Lord William Russell, who opposed the designs of Charles II. and his brother, the Duke of York, to destroy the British Constitution and the established religion, and irritated them both by his endeavors, in concert with Shaftesbury, to pass the Exclusion Bill. Along with Algernon Sidney, he was convicted on a charge of sharing in the 'Rye-House Plot,' and beheaded in Lincoln Inn Fields, 1683. The last created, <{rc.— The name Russ .U was, in the opinion of some, quite enough to beget the hope that the virtues of the father might be found in the son. More instructive. — Nothing could have better taught men not to rely on a name, than your deeds have. We may trace i by either talent or virtue." The published cor- respondence of the Duke, edited by the present Lord John Russell, caused this change in opinion. Lord Mahon can- didly writes, " As to the Duke of Bedford's general character, I Acknowledge that the perusal of his letters, as also of his diary, has materially altered my impressions, and tliat I should no longer apply to him the word ' cold-hearted.' He appears, on the contrary, throughout his correspondence, and the private entries of his journal (whatever aspect he might bear to the world \i large), affectionate and warm- hearted to his family and his friends . Whether those friends were in general wisely chosen —whether they were, in many oases, other than flatterers and boon companions, is another question ; a question which Lord John Russell himself, in the preface to his second volume, seems disposed to answer in the negative. " Lord Brougham's opinion respecting anonymous writers is worthy of careful perusal : ' ' There is no characteristic more universal of such (anonymous writers) than their indiscrim- inate railing. They are in very deed, no respecters of persons. Their hand is against every one. Obscure them- selves, they habitually envy all fame. Low far beneath any honest man's level, as they feel comscious they must sinlr, were the veil removed whioh conceals them, they delight in pulling all others down to nearly the same degradation with themselvei. Nor is it envy alone that stimulates their malignant appetites. Instinctively aware of the scorn in •which they are held, and sure that were the darkness dis- pelled in which they lurk, .ill hands would be raised against them, they obey the animal impulse of fear when they indulge in a propensity to work destruction." CIlAUCJEk AND COH^LEV. m CHAtJCER AND QOWLEY. Pathtr qf Engluh poetry.--" Chaucer was the firit great English poet, for we consider the age of Chaucer m the true atarting point of English literature, so-called." Shaw. ' • The precedence must be awarded to Chaucer, not only for the vast superiority of his genius, but as the earlier writer (i.«. than Gower) in EvglUh.^'— Smith. HoMEE.— There is as much dispute about the time when Homer lived, as there ie about himself and his poems. It is generally supposed that he flourished about the middle of the 9th century before Christ. No fewer than seven cities claim the honor of being his birth- place ; but Smyrna appears to have the strongest claim. His name will always be associated with the liiad, which celebrates the Trojan war, and the Odyssey, which records the wanderings of Ulysses after that war. Virgil.— This 'Prince of the Latin poets' flourished during the reign of the Emperor Augustus, between B.C. 70 and B.C. 19. His name will always be con- nected with the jEneid, an epic poem in wbich ho celebrates the settlement of iEneas in Italy, the whole . poem being an imitation of Homer's two poems. Be- sides this epic ho wrote a pastoral poem, the Eclogncs^ and a treatise on husbandry entitled the Oeorgics. Properly. — In a suitable manner, as one well acquainted with a variety of subjects. Continence. — A self-imposed restraint, or forbearance. Is sunk, dec. — Has not risen in general esteem as :nuch as he might have ^ 5ne. CoTiceit — Fancy. Ab used here, the word rather re» sembles our conception* ■>H I2i fJiOS£ EXTIiACT& Plenty enough. --An example of Tautology, whioh ie the employment of different words or phraeee to convey the »awie meaning. . * • .« Pyramidt.-^ThiB word ia not of Gbeek origin, but w an Effyptian word adopted into several Ungnages. nal.-'Judgment, He could detect what wat beautiful or what was faulty in the works of other poets. /mprM«on#.~Edition8 of his works. Potta and mmii poeta."* A poet ' and • too much of a ^eew'iaji.--Thi8 word is of the same etymology as between, viz : A.8. 6« ' by • and twa ' two.' „ , „« / Sehavior.^f rom A.s. behabban 'to restrain oneself. A^Tiat are its synonymes ? ,..,,. , ,. i. ^/ecf what n in the and his 1, about ,, Chau. ' in next ho num- im\ind's, he was !icterized e corres- a high not,' ha t he cer- mporary CJfAt/CEH AND Con^lB)r, l25 Cower.— A contemporary of Chaucer, who iiyi«a him •Moral Oower,* as Shakespeare calls him 'Ancient Gower.' Hir chief production was a work in three parts, written respectively in French {Sp%culum medi- ConA into its on. As a [lUst, when third tern* own predi- ! first term predicated the known predicated ^BBuTT and 1636 his poetical works were : Hymn on the Morning of the Nativity, V Allegro, II Penseroso, Cowms and Lycidas. Besides these he also wrote many prose works, for when his country called * he obeyed that call and for more than twenty years gave himself up to the urge it poli- tical and social questions of the day.' On tie fal of the Republic, of which he was a tirm supporter, he acain devoted himself to Poetry, and as the result we hive that grand epic which recounts the fall of man. This poem, in twelve books, Hppeaved in 1667 ; in 1671 Paradise Regained and Samison Agonides were pub- lished, and three years later, ' Milton passed away from the evil times and evil tmgues upon which his life had fallen.' Excitei by some external necessity, etc. -Johnson here re- peats what he has already said. // the flights, d^^.-If of Dnjdens /.;-(3. -Express, in less metaphoric language the mea ling of these two >en^ tences. What have you to remark about the great bu.k of the words in this e.ctract ? ,h, making )tence, and "latinized" pe, he earlv s riper years Lod. Up to DRYDEN AND POPE. 129 RnfffTied numbers. — Poetry deficient in rhythm and there- fore rough or harsh to the ear. To rouse latent powers. — To call into play powers that lay hidden, simply requiring to be put in action. With very little coiisiie ration. — He spent but little time in elaborating, or working out in poetry the ideas that w«re ptesent in his mind. Ejected it from his mind. — Gave himself no further anxiety about it, particularly if the work was not going to *pub money in his purse. ' D!d not court the candor, dtc. — Instead of throwing him* self upon the fairness of his readers, he actually challenged their criticism. Punctilious. — This word (Italian puntiglio) from Latin pimctum, *a point,' and this from pttngo, *I pierce, conveys the idea of great precision and exactness. Retouched. — This word, more appropriate for ' an artist,' implies that every line of Pope's writings was the resul* of careful and laborious work, so that it might bo pre- sented to his readers * with perfect accuracy. ' Thirty -eight, — In 1738 the Epilogue to his Satires and th« fourth Book of the Dunciad were published. thdsley. — A famous London book publisher, who, in early life and in a menial position, vrote several poetical pieces, one of which, 'Ike Toyshop^ a dramatic piece, procured for him the patronage of Pope. Parental attention. — The care bestowed by him upon his works is compared to that bestowed by a parent upon his child. J^he Iliad. — On this translation he is said to have spent the labor of six years. In acquired knowledge. — Explain what this means. Education more scholai-tlc. — Drydvn had th'- advantage* of both a good preparatory school education at Westmin- 10 IjO PROSE EXTRACTS. Bter and afterwards of a collegiate education. Possibly the delicate health of Pope, as a child, prevented his receiving more than a simple education, apart from what he afterwards picked up by reading. He lett school when he was not quite twelve years old. and this was all the teaching he had. Pociru was not the sole praise of ei.M -it is not simply as poets that we admire them. Wh. . other meaning might be given to these words, apa.t from the content ? Pvpe dhl not borrou^, ctr.-What does this im,dy ? Dryden observes the motionsofhls ownmind.-Vnhiimv^rG.\ by the strict rul.s of composition, he, unlike Pope who rather wrote by rule, gvve free reins to his thoughts. Dmieus page, d-c.-Note the two Metaphors and expand them into simileH. In doing so xpply the following :- ♦' As every siwilc can be compressed into a metaphor, so conversely every metaphor can be expavdel into its dmile. The following is th,. rule for expansion. As a simile is a kind of rhetorical proposition, it must when fully expressed, contain four terms. In the thinl term of the simile stands the subject whose unknown predi- cated relation is to be explained. In the first teinn stands the corresponding subject whose predicated relation is known. In the second term is the known relation. The fourth term is the unknown predicated relation which reciuires explanation. "-Abbott and Op pT TTV Of <,cnius~Drvden.-V.<^-yvrite this paragraph, making • i)ryd.n ' the main subject of the sentence, and changing into EnglUh, as far as you can, the "latinized words , Milton, John, was born in 1^08. Like Pope, he earlv gave evhlence of poetic powers which in his riper years produced the famous epic poem, Paradi< DRYDE^ AND POPE 131 Possibly ited his ,rt from He left )lil, and imply as iig might it? lampered *ope who oughts. \ expand owing : — taphor, so / into its m. As a ust, when hird term »wn predi- iirst term predicated the known predicated aBOTV and 1636 his poetical works were : Hymn on (he Morning of the Nativity, L' Allegro, II Penseroso, Covms&mX Lyddas. Besides these he also wrote many prose works, for when his country called ' he obey^l that call and for moi e than twenty years gave himself up to the urge it poli- tical and social questions of the day.' On tl e fal. of the Republic, of which he was a tirm supporter, h§ again devoted himself to Poetry, and as the result we have that grand epic which recounts the fall of man. This poem, in twelve books, ..ppeared in 1667 ; in 1671 Paradise Regained and Samson Jgonistes were, pub- lished, and three years later, ' Milt.m passed away from the evil times and evil tongues upon which his life had fallen.' Excltei by mm" external mcesnity,