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This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmi au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X lils lu Jifier ine age ta ure. ] Th« copy fiimad h«r« has bMn r«produc«'oporlinnate to the usual length of philological articles in this work. t Report of the historical and literary commit- tee to the American Philosophical Society at I'hil- adelphia, drawn up by Mr. Du I'onccan", I if I!'. ■ 49* Society at Philadelphia, in 1819, all the observations which have been made ou Indian languages, at that time unknoAvn, have confirmed his theory ; or, as he ex- presses it, his general result of a multitude of facts collected with care. This result has shown, that the astonishing variety of forms of human s[)eech, which exists in the Eastern hemisphere, is not to be found in the Western. Here we find no mono- syllabic language, like the Chinese and its cognate idioms; no analytical language, like those of the North of Europe, with their numerous expletive and auxiliary monosyllables ; no such contrast is exliib- ited as that which is so striking to the most superficial observer, between the complication of the forms of the Basque language and the comparative simplicity of its neighbors, the French and Spanish; but a uniform system, with such difter- ences (;Mly as con.'stitute viuietics in natural objects, seems to jiervado them all; and this gemis of human languages hos been called (by IVIr. Du Poncetui) poli/synthelic, t'vom the numerous combinations of ideas which it presents in the form of words. It is also a fiict, suys the same learned writer, that the American languages are rich in words, and regular in their forms, and that they do not yield, in those re- spects, to any oth(!r idiom. These facts have attracted the attention of the learned in Europe as well as in this country ; but they have not been able entirely to remove the prejudices that have been so long en- tertained against the languages of savage nations. The pride of civilization is re- luctant to admit facts like these, because they show how little philosophy and sci- ence have to do with die formation of language. A vague idea still prevails, that the idioms of btubarous triljes must be greotly inferior to those of civilized na- 11 58a AIMMNDIX. (INIHAN LANCr \(.'KH.) tiniiH, mid rciisoiis nn* iiHliistiioiisly .«iii;L;lit fiir, not (inly to |irovi> ilmt iiitlndrity in point of ciiltiviitioii, wliirli would iradily ii«> adiiiittcd, liut also to show lli.'il llicir or<;aiii/Htion is roni|mrativfly ini|M'ili'ft. Tliiis a l(>ariit.>d ninnliir of tlii> |{('i-liii nradcriiv of scii'iict-s — Imroii William von IIiiinboKlt — in an in^'cnions and |ii-oliiiiiid Dissortalion on \\u' rornis of l.uMjiiiajfcs (Uihrr diis Knlslehiii lUr fjrammritifirliin Fnnmn und llirrn FJvHuss ituf dk Idivn- Etitun'-klunff, IJcrlin, lt2), while lio adniit.s that those of the Aiiu'i'ican Indians an; rich, incthodical niid artiticial in th(ii say to it, KidlfTfttsrhis, which I would traiisliiti? into I'^nglish — (tire mc i/our prtlty little itdw, i >r, ff'hiil a pretlif little pitw ipiii hiwe I I'his word is compounded thus: k is the insep- arable ]ironoim of the; second person, and may be rendered thou or thy, according to the context ; iili (nronouneed oolee) is part «»f the word wiilit, which signifies hund- nonie or pnttif ; it has also other meanings, which need not be here specified; f^ut is jiart of the wfird wiihffat, which signifies a /rg", or paw ; schis (pronounced shee.is) is a tiic coiriprK'ntioii of tlifsc iaii- >;iiii>.'i'M with tilt' .siiiiplicitj' of tin; (Jiiiiirwo mill ilH kinili'i'tl dialiTts in tin; niicirnt worlil. Wiiciirn can have arisen hiicIi a marked diversity in the forms of human s|ieeeii ? Nor is it only \vitli the verbs I that aeressary ideas are so nirioiisly com- hined in the Indian lan<,'iia^res; it is ho likewise with the other jtarts of speech. Take the adverh, for instanci'. The ab- Htract idea of lime is fre(|iiently annexed to it. Thus, if the Delawnres mean to say — if )fou do nut return — they will ox- press it hy maUnlsrh ffluppiwequc, wiiich may he tliiifl construed : mnlta is the nega- tive adverh no ; tsch (oi tsh) is the sign of the future, with wiiich the adverb is in- flected ; ffluppiwviiue is the si^cond person plural, present tense, suhjiinctivi; mood, of (he verb ffliippiirlilun, to turn about, or return. In tins manner, every idea meant to be conveyed by this sentence, is clearly understood. The siibjimctive mood shows the imcertaiiity of the action; and the sign ol" the liitnre tense, coupled with the ad- verb, ])oints to n time not yet come, when it mayor may not take j)lace. The I^atin phrase nisi veneris exjiresses all these meanings; but the English if }lon do not ronii; and the I'rtiich si vans ni vencz pas, have by no means the same elegant ]»re- cision. 'I'Ik! idea wiiicii, in Delaware and Jiatiii, thi; subjunctive form directly conveys, is left to be gaiiiered in tin; Eng- lish and I'lencli, from tiie words if and .si", and then; is nothing else to iioint out the fiilurily of tiio action. And, where the two (brmer languages express every thing with two words, each of the latter re(|nires live, which yet represent a smaller niimlier of ideas." Mr. Dii I'oncean, then, justly asks, To which of all these grammat- ical forms is the epithet hnrhurous to be applied ? 'J'liis very cursory view of the general sM-iicture of the Indian languages, exemplilied by the Delaware, will at least coin ince lis, that a consideralile degree of art and method has jiresided over their ti)rmalion. Mr. Dii Ponceau has summed up the general results of his laborious and •■xtensive investigations of the American languages, including the whole continent, from (jtreenland to cape Horn, in three jiropositioiis — "]. that the American laii- giingi's in general are rich in words and in grainniatical t(>rm^, and that, in their com- plicated construction, the greatest order, methofl and regularity jirevail ; 2. that tliesi! coinplicated forms, which 1 call po- lijsyntltilir, apjiear to erist in all those hiii- giiages, from (■reeiiland to cape Honi ; •'). that these forms appear to dilfer eriseii- tially from those of the ancient and mod- ern limgnagesof the old hemisphere." In Noilh America, he selecied tiir investigii- tion tlic^ three |)riiict|)al mother tongues, namely, the Karalit (or language of (jieen- aiid and the Esipiiinanx), the Delaware, and the Iroi|iiois; in IMiddle America, the I'oconchi (spoken in Ciiiatemala,) the Mex- ican proper, mid the 'J'arascuii (hali;ct; in Soiitli Ameii(;a, the Curihbee and Arau- caiiian langiinges. For the piirpoNc of obtaining general results like those above stated, it was net necessary or useful, in the first instnnet', to go into minute de- tails, nor to coidoiind the reader hy an ex- tensive display of numerous idioms; but to take the widest jiossible range, so os to adduce examples from quartei>4 the most remote from each other. In tliis manner, we can take a eommanding |iosition, us- siimo our general ride, and call for excep- tions. TJiesc and other results, when fust announced, ajipeared so extraordina- ry in the languages of "savages," that su- perficial theorists, who relied upon their own visionary speculations, and mere jiractical men, who trusted implicitly to the loose infi)rmation of illiterate Indian interpreters, boldly and arrogantly called in question the correctness of tliem. The learned author and his venerable friend, the reverend Mr. Heckewelder, who fii-st drew the public attention to this subject, were most nnceremonioiisly treated, the former as an enthusiast, whose feelings had outrun his judgment, and the latter, as at best an innocent ignoramus, and very near, if not cpiite, a downright im- postor, in regard to a language which he liad studied 40 yeai-s. Mr. J)ii Ponceau, like a real ])liilosoplier, a lover of true knowledge, repelled the unworthy insiii- iialious by an apjieal to facts, with a for- bearance and dignity, and, we may add, a knowledge of liis subject, which must have been felt by his adversaries as the scncrest of rejiroofs. The learned author, denying that he was an enthusiastic or ex- clusive admirer of the Iniiian languages, f()unded his arguments, in reply, upon iii- controverti!)le fiicts, stated by missionaries and other writere of our own time; but, if he had thought it worth the |»ains, he was well aware, that proofs of the same kind might have been found in very ancient writeiv, whom even his advei-saries would not liavij suspected of enthusiasm in phi- lology ; and these proofs ought to have been well known to those adversaries, and ought, in candid minds, to have repressed .-.HI AI'IMINDIX. (INDIAN I,AN(aiA(Ji:?i.) tilt' iiii(l(n<<(l iiiHiiiiiatioiiH to wIi'k-Ii wi> nlliulr. \Vi! nIiiiII ft'ivi' an r\aiM|)lr ortwo from llid nirlior writt-rH. 'V\w cxtiaoidi- iiary cnimcity of coinnoiiiuliiiK wordH, wliicli Ih ho n-inurkuhlit in tli*; Indian lun- ^tia^t'H, waH rt'inark <(l npon ho lon^ u^'o as tli(( tinn! of tlic cilt li'-utcd New Eng- land iiiiHHionaiy, rnlltMl aposlU' Kliol ; who, in liis (iianiniar of tiiu \lasMu*linH*'ttH In- dian Lan^uagt; (firHt puliliHhfd at ('ani- lind<.'o, Now I'iiiglund, in KMId, and repul)- rmlit>ssarily be poor:" to which o|)inion he replies by this a|)peul: " VVheth(;r sav- ages have or iiave not many ideas, it is not my jn'ovince to determine : all 1 ean say is, tliut, if it is true, that their ideas are few, it is not less certain tiiat they have many words to express tiiem. I might even say, that they have an innumeral)le quantity of words ; for, as Coldeu justly ol)serves, they have the power of eom- jiounding them without end." As a fur- ther i)roof, he adds the fact, that Mv. Zeis- berger's dictionary of one of the Jroijiiois languages — tin; Oiiondago (in German and Indian) — consists of s(!ven quarto man- uscript volumes, e(]ual to 1775 fidl pages of writing, consisting of German wortis and ])!u'ases, with their translation into Indian; U])()n viiiich he justly remarks. "diattJH're are not many dictioinrien of this si/e ; and, if this is fdled, us then; is no reason to doubt, with g(;nuinu Iro- (|uois, it is in vain to sneuk of the pov- erty of that language." Wo u(hl one more testimony, of nn uiicient date, respecting the NoHh American dialects. It is that oi' the celebrated Roger Wil- liams, who was distinguished for his knowli'dge of the Indian languages. Bo long ago us K!48, he pulilished his valua- ble little work (reprinted by the Rhodu Island Historical Society, 1827) called "A Key into the Language of America," that is, of New England ; and, in describ- ing his work, he says, "The English fi)r every Indian word or piirasc Htands in u straight line directly against the Indian ; yet Hometimes there are two words liir the siune thing, fijr their language is ex- ceeding copious, and they have live or six words sometinu^s for one thing." The same; co|)iousness is found to exist in tla; languages of Middle America, as was made known to tiie Euroiiean worki, long ago, by Clavigero, in his llistory of Mexi- co ; and also in the languages of the southern part of our contin«'nt, as will be i<)und in the valuable llistory of Chile, by the abbe Molina. We must content our- selves with barely referring to these works on the jiresent occasion, as our princi]ml object is the languages of JVorth America ; but, in regani to tliosc of Mid- dh; and South America, the reader will find, in the works here cited, and in somt> othei-s, a thorough refutation of the strange ojiinions of sp«!culative writei-s, who hav(; i)rtsumptuously passed judg- ment upon a subject, befiire they had the means of becoming acquainted with it, and (h'cricd what they could not conq)re- hcnd. We an; not ye-t i)ossessed of sufli- ciiiit data fur determining how many |»rincipal slocks, or families of languages, there arc in North Ann-rica. ftlr. Jefli-r- son, in his Notes on Virginia, ujton in- formation which is admitted to be very imperfect, has hazarded an opinion, that they are very numerous ; and then he jtroeeeds, liom this assumt;d slatt; of facts, to draw (ui inli rence in contradiction ol" the received opinion of the Christian world as to the age of the eartli. His reasoning, which has been too hastily adopted into some j)o])ular works in gen- eral use, is as follows: "Hut, imperfect as is our knowlcidge of the tongues spoken in America, it sntlices to discover the fol- lowing remarkable; fact. Airanging them mider the radical ones to which they may be palpably traced, and doing the same r \rj'i;M)i.\. (iMUAN i..\iN(.M;Ai;i:s.) 585 i Ity llii».' dl' ilici nil inrii of Asia, tin ri- will III' liiiiiiil, jtroUalilv, '-iO ill Aiiniicu li>r uiir ill As'a 111' tliiiMi' niilirid Inn^utiffi H, no i-allcd ; hrraiiHi!, if tlii'V wt-it! cvrr tin; name, tliry liavu lost all ri-HiMiihlaiifi! to oiii) aiiotliiT. A .si>|iarntioii into dialiiftH may hi- tin; work of a few ap'H only ; liiit liir two (lialfctH to rtjccilt! from oiiu aii- otlirr till lln'y linvi! lust all v»!Hii)r<'« of tlicir coiniiKiii origin, iiiiist rcqiiirt; uii iiii- incnsn ounrHi! of tiiiif, prrliaps not less tlian many |H!u|iio ^'ivo to tluMi^i; (»f tin; t'lirtli. A tfiTatcr ninnlier of tlioHo lailical rliaii^t'd of langiiagu iiaving tnkt'ii |ilacu anioiijj tilt! red nitJii of Anicrica, provrs thrill of p-i.'iitfr antiquity than tliosi; of Awia." This ccktlirati^d writer, however, was ill a fjivut error ns to what he a.s- HiinieH to bo ti "reniarkahio faet." The " rndieal" languages of thin continent, in- Nt(uid of lieiiig Hu nuinuroiis as he Hup- poses, will Ih) found, so liir an we may judge from the actual, nut aaxiimed, iiictsi of wITu'li we are now possessed, to ho very few in niimlter. The various dia- leets of North Ameriea, iiir example, eastward of tin; course of the river IMis- aisisippi, api»eur to he all reducihie to three, or, at most, four principal stocks, nami'ly — I. the Karalif, or language of (iroenlaiid and the liSquimaiix ; ''2. the Iroquois; t'{. the l^-nipe, or Delaware; and 4. the Floridiati stock. With tiio Esquimaux begin those comin'eiiensive grammatical H)rms, which characterize the American languages, and form u striking contrast with tliose of the oppo- site Kiiro|)('an shores, in Iceland, Den- mark, Sweden, and other countries, iiidi- caliiig strongly, that the population of America did not originally j)roceed from that |mrl of the old continent. 'I'Ik! Iro- (|uois dialects art; spoken by the Six Na- tions, the Wyandots or Jlurons, and other tribes towards the north. The Jicnape, or Delaware slock, is the most widely ex- tended of any of the languages spoken eastward of the Mississippi. It is found, in ditrereiit dialects, through the extensivt! regions of Canada, from tim coast of Laljiador to the mouth of Alimny river, which falls into Hudson's bay, and from thence to the Lake of the Woods; and it appears to be the language of all the people of that country, except the Iroipiois, who are by liir the Knist numerous. Out of Canada, lew of the Irot|Uois are lijiiiid. All the rest of the Indians, who now iii- liabit this country, to the Mississippi, speak dialects of the liemipe stock. When the I'iUropeans arrived here, tlirse Indians were in possession of all tin' s!:\- coasi from Nova Scotia to Virginia. Hence, as we are told, they were called //'r»yw/i«(7(/./, or.//><»i«A('.»(meiiof the ilast), and, by La I Ionian, ami some other writ- ers, .ll^onkl'S. In the interior of tluH range of the 8cu-cofi.st, also, we find dia- lects of the LeiKipe. The i'loridian stock, as its name indiciies, comprehendH the languages spoken on the southeni frontier of the r. States. Of all ihe.-m languages, the Delaware, in the north, and the (Jherokee, in the somh (the latter lie- ing at present <-lassed under tise I'loridian stock), lue the best known to lis — the former, by means of IMr. Dii I'onceaii's corri'sponilence with Mr. Ilerkeweklor, and by his edition of Mr. Zeisherger'w Delaware (inuumar; and the latter, by means of the missionary establishment in the Cherokee country, os well as from the newspaptir printed by the natives themselves, who have made greater ad- vances in civilization tiian any other Jn- dian nation of the north. We shall ac- cordingly illustrate the general subject «tf this artichi by oxamples from thesi; lan- guages, which, being of two entirely dif- ferent stocks, will give as mil 'i informa- tion on this subject as the general reader will desire, and us will bo consistent with the plan of our work. We shall follow the order «>f our own grammars. I. The .flrliil". Jn Eliot's ancient (jiammar of the ^lassachusetts dialijct, and in Zeis- bergi I's Grammar of the Delaware, be- fore cited, no mention is made of the article as a part of speech; but Mr. Dii Ponceau's investigations led him to the conclusion that they possessed one, as he particularly stated, in his notes on the new edition of I'diot's (jrammar; and this wiis contirmed by Mr. lleckciwelder, whose hotter on the .subject is thi-re piiiilished. The article, which is mo, or m\ is used for the English a and the ; but it is not fre(iucntly employed, because the words are siilHciently understood without it. In the Cherokee, we do not find that any distinct wonl is used for our a and the ; but, where required, they iLse, a word e(pnvalent to the numeral one, and the demonstrative jjronouns this, tlutt, agreeably to the original use and nature of the words whiirh we now call (trlicks. — 9. JS'ouns. — («) Cases. 'I'he Indians have no detdensions, generally s|)eaking ; that is, tin; nouns are not dijclined by iuHec- tions, iis in Latin and Creek. In the Delaware, however, according to Mr. Zeisberger, in two cases, the vocative and alilative (which last Mr. Dii I'onceau calls ;Iie luriil cnsi'l. tliire is an iiilleetion. The 586 APPENDIX. (INDIAN J-ANGUAGEri.) iminiiintive case is simply tlie name of l\\K thxuf!, ns ill Engliisli; knno (man), sipii (river).* The genitive is exi)ressoti by ])lucing the noun so ein[)loye(i imme- diately before that wliich is used in the nominative, and sometimes by ])refixing the inseparable pronoun of the tiiird per- son, w ; as we say in English, John his hook (to be (explained under the head of Pro- nouns), fov John'' s book; Gdannitoivit quisall (God's son); jYihiltalquonk tvtanglowagan (the Lord's death), in which last example, angloivagan signifies death, tv is the insep- arable pronoun his, and the i is inserted for the sake of euphony. The dative case is ex[)ressod by inflections in the verbs, and by jwefixes and suflixes, as will be ex|>lainetl hereafter; as, ?ie»u7a?i(I give [to] him); rnilup (he gave [to] him); ndtllup{\ said [to] him). The accusative is likewise expressed in a similar maimer ; n''daho(da (I love him); Getannittoivit n'quitaijala (I fear God); literally, God I fear him. The vocative is expressed (in the Delaware) by the termination an, and l)y enk, when couple, J\^hiUaIan (O Lord); wetochemel- lenk (O, our father) ; — the al)lativc or local case, by the suffixes ink and unk, and expresses in, in the, on, out of; as, utenink nhla (I am gf>ing to, or into, town) ; iden- ink noom (I am coming from, or out of, town) ; wachtachunk noom (I come from the hill) ; ochunk (at his father's.) — (6) JV*«wi- hers. The singul.u-, in general, has no particular inflections to distinguish it from the i)luial, except in the third person, where it ends in /, but most commonly in icall (in the Delaware). The plural is va- riously inflected ; then; is a singular number combined with the plural, as in our father, my fathers, and also a double plural, as in our fathers. Substantives are gencrnily com- bined v.ith the inseparable possessive pro- noun, wliich, in the singular, is n for tiie fii-st ])erson, k for th<; second, and w or o for the third. Examjile: singular, ?ioor/i (my father); singular with plural, 7iooc/ie- na (our father) ; double |)lural, noochenano. (our fathers). The diipKcation of a sylla- ble, as naiia in the fii*st person, wawa in the second, and tvawawall in the third, in- diotes the double plural. So in the second person, kooch (thy father) ; koochu- wa (your father); koorhewawa (your fa- thers), &c. In speaking f)f deceased per- sons, tlie ])lural f(>rni mminga is used, as nochena (our father) ; nochenaninga (our * Tlic reii'Icr will, in all llicsc c.vninpk's, pvc the vowels till" iorcifiii sounds : llms li mii is lo l>c proiioiiiiccvl /''iiiii;' ; .\ipii, srcpou, iV'c. The ch is p^iliurai. as in ticiinaii. deceased (iithers). But the subject of the niimbei-s of nouns re(iuires a fiirther re- mark to explain a striking feature in tlicse languages. Some of them, as the Guaranese, in South America, have only a singular number, and are destitute of ii distinct form for the plural, to express which they use either the word hetii (many), or the numerals themselves. On the other hand, some, as, for example, the Cherokee, have not only the singular and plural, but a dual also, like the Greek and other languages of the Eastern continent ; while a third class, ns the one last men- tioned, have not only the singular, dual and common unlimited, or indeflnite plu- ral of the European languages, but also an additional plural, which son-c WTiters have denominated the exclusive plural, some the particidar, and some the limited |)lural. \Ve shall illustrate this by some examples. In the Delaware, our plural we is expressed by niluna and kiluna; and, ii; verbs, the initial n or k jireflxeil denotes them respectively ; as, k'pcndatne- neen means, generally, toe have heard, or we all have heard, without intending to al- lude to a ]>articular nuniber of pei-sons ; but 7i^pendaiiieneen (the n from n-iluna) means tve, in particular (we who consti- tute our family, nation, select cotnpany, &c.) ; but when no discrimination is iii- teiuled, the form kiluna, or its abbrevia- tion k\ is used ; as k'Uuna e-lenapc-ivit (we the Indians), meaning all Indians. W( sliall have occasion to recur to this subject in our remarks on tho verbs. — (c) Getulers. There are no inflections to denote the masculine, feminine, or neuter gendere ; but by a very curious and ab- stract classification, nouns are ranked un- der two very gcneml classes, animate and inanimate. To the former belong animals, trees, and all plants of a large growth, while annual planis and grasses belong to the latter class. The masculine and fem- inine, when it becomes necessary, are distinguished, generally, by words ecjiiiva- lent to male and female, or he and she, in English. — (d) Diminidives. In the Delaware, these ain; formed by the suffix tit ill the <;lass of animate nouns, but by es in the inanimate: letmo (a nian),/enno/i< (a small man) ; wikwam (a house), wik- wames (a sma!l house) ; and, in speaking of a ])retty little animal, th^^ termination i* or ahis is used ; mamalis (a fiiwn, or little fleer); kuligatshis (thy jtretty little paw), which last example we have before em- l)ioypd to illustrate the mode of com- pounding words, — 3. .Adjectives. There are not inanv of these ; for those words APPENDIX. (LNDIAJN LANGUAGES.) 587 1 fi> i which, in English, arc adjectives, arc, in tlicse languages, verhs; and, altliough not inflected 'iiruugii all the persons, yet they have lenses ; and it is, douhtless, in this qualified sense that doctor Edwards is to Ite understood, when hi; 8ay8,of oneof the Delaware dialects, " The Mohegans have no adjectives in all their language, unless \vc reckon numerals, and such words as all, many, &c., adjectives." Wc have no- ticed this remark of Eilwards, because it has often been quoted hi European publi- cations, and erroneous inferences have been drawn from it respecting tlie philos- ojjhy of language. The same remarks may be applied to the Cherokee language. Degrees of comparison are generally, but not universally, expressed by some word equivalent to vwre or most. Numerals may also be classed among adjectives. Few Indians are accustomed to calculate to any great extent; but their languages afford the means of so doing, as well as oui-s, and since the intercourse of Euro- peans with them, they have got more into the habit. — 4. Pronouns.— {a) Per- sonal Pronouns are Separable or Insepara- ble, but are more frequently used in the latter form, exanq)les of which are above given, under tht; head of the Aouns. When two pronouns are employed in verbs, the last, or the jjronoun governed, is expressed (in Delaware) by an inflec- tion, as will be seen imder the head of Conjugations of the Verbs. The [/crsonal pronoun, moreover, combines itself with other parts of sj)cech, as, with tlic con- junction also ; nepe (I also) ; kepe (thou also), &c. One further peculiarity in tlio separable iironouns deserves notice. In conformity, as it should seem, with the general classification of Indian words into anhnnle and inanimate, the jiersonal pro- noim has only two modes, as they may bo called, the one ap[)licablc to the aniniate, and the other to the hianimate class; thus the separable! pronoun of the tliinl per- son, ??eAa»irt, answers both to he and she in English. If we wish to distinguish be- tween the sexes, wc nuist add to it the word ma7i or looman ; thus, in Delaware, nrknma lenno means he, or this man, and mkama ochqueu means she, or th^s woman. — (b)Demons(rative and Relative Pronouns. The modes of exj)ressing these by va- rious forms and combinations arc nume- rous. Doctor Edwards, it is true, sjiys tiie IM()h(>gan dialect has no relative corre- sponding to our 10^0 and which ; but Eliot, in the Mtt'^sachusetts language, and Zeis- berger, in the Delaware, give this relative as a distinct, independent part of speech. — 5. Verbs. The Indian languages exhibit al- most an endless variety in their verbs. Every j)art of speecli may be compounded with the verb in various ways. Its fundamen- tal idea, as Mr. Du Ponceau observes, in his notes to Eliot's Grammar, is that of existence, / am, sum. This abstract sentiment receives shape and "jody from its combination with the various modifications of being, by action, passion and situution, or manner of existing ; / am loving, loved, sleeping, aioake. soiry, sick, whiclj the Latin tongue more syn- thetically expresses by one word, amo, amor, dormio, vigilo, contristor, agroto. Next come the accessary circumstances of person, lunnber, time, and the relations of its periods to each other; lam, ive are, I was, I slutll be, I had been, I shall have been. Here the Latin again coml)ineH these various ideas in one word with the former ones; sum, es, sumus, eram, ero, fueram,fuero. Sometimes it goes further, and combines the negative idea in the same locution, as in nolo. This, however, happens but rarely ; and here seem to end the verbal powei-s of this idiotn. Not so with those of the Indian nations. Whihi the Latin combines but few adjectives under its verbal forms, the Indians sul)- ject this whole class of words to the same process, and every ])ossible mode of exist- ence becomes the subject of a verb. The gender or genus — not, as with us, a mere division of the human sjiecies by their sex, but of the whole creation, by the obvious distinction of animate and inani- mate — enters also into the composition of this part of speech, and the object of the active or transitive verb is combined with it by means of those fin-nis which the, Spanish-Mexican grannnarians call transi- tions, by which one single word desig- nates the pei-son who acts, and that which is acted upon. The substantive is incorporated with the verb in a similar manner; thus, in the Delaware, ?i'm«/»/(/' (I am going to the house); nihilla pcwi (I am my own master, I am free); tpistpd- hilleu (the tiino ai)proaches [jiropcrat hora]). The adverl) likewise: naehpiki (I am so naturally); nipahwi (to travel by night [noctanterYwpuchsenummtn (to divide [something] equally), &c. What shall we say, then, of the reflected, cojn|)ulsive, meditative, conuiiunicative, reverential, frequentative, and oth(>r circumstantial verbs, which are to be found in the idioms of New Spain and other Ameri- can Indian languages ? The mind is lost in the contemplation of the multitude of ideas thus exjiressed at once, by means of ■itH* 588 APPENDIX. (L\J)IAN LANtilJAGES.) a single wortljvaried tlirough inon(ls,t('nsrH, pcrsionH, uffirmatioii, ncfratioii, transitions, &c., I)y regular forms and cadcnccp, in ■which the strictest analoiry is preserved. — («) Substantive Verb, It lias been already observed, that tlie Indian laiignai,'e8 are generally destitnte of the verb to be. In tlie Delaware, according to Zeisberger's (iraniniar, the verbs to have and to be do not exist, either as anxiliarics, or in the abstract sui)stantivc sense, which they present to an I'^in-opean mind. The verb to have always conveys the idea of/;os- session, and to be, that of a particular sit- uation of the body or mind ; and they may each be combined, like other verbs, with other accessary ideas. Thns tlie \crb to have, or possess, is combined with the substantive or thing possessed, as fol- lows: ■ti'damochol* (I liavc a canoe); no- wiliiti (I have a liousc). The idea con- veyed i)y the substantive verb to be, is ex- jm'ssed by various combinations with oth- vr parts of speech ; as, jii n'damochol (it is my canoe). It is also combined with the relative jjronoun auwen (who) ; thus, eivcnikia (who I am), cwenikit (who he is), &c. — (6) Jhximale and Inanhrude Verbs. We have already alluded to this distinc- tion of the verbs: but this recpiireg illustra- tion by examples. The two verbal forms, nolhatton and nolhalla, in the Delaware, both mean I possess ; but the former can only be used in speaking of the possession of things inanimate, and the latter of liv- ing creatures ; as, nolhatton achquiwanissal (I have or jmsscss blankets) ; cheeli Imcu ii'nolhailoici (many things I am j)ossesscd of; or, I ])ossess many things) ; toak neche- naun ; as, lc7ino ncwau (I see a man); tshokns newau (I see a bird) ; but, in the case of an inanimate oliject, they say, for exam- |)le, wikwam ncmen (I see a house) ; amochol nemen (I see a cano(>), &c. It is the saine with other verbs, sii li, for exanijile, as we call nexUcrs: thus t I'y iiay,icka shingiesh- in n'didlemous {t\n lies my beast) ; but, on the other hand, icka .Mngiesh-cn n'iamahican (yonder lies my hatchet or tomahawk). The i or c, in the last sylla- bic of the verb, as here used in the third * The apostrophe in tlie word v'damnrhnl indi- cates a slicvii or mule vowe!. Klinl, in hii Miis- saciii'SLlls (irannnar, ilenotcs il hv Ihi- lliiyli'^h short It: nuttupinn for ri'i'iippin. (I)u I'vit- ceaii.) ]ierson, constitutes the diflerence which indi( ates, that the thing spoken of has or has not life. — (c) Jldjective Verbs. This name is given l)y Mr. Zeisberger to a. description of words, respecting whose ])roper classitication, lie hiul much doubt. On the one hand, he found that there were in thtj Delaware language, pure iid- jectives, which receive different forms when employed in the verbal sense ; such as wulit, wulik, ivulisso (good, htuidsome, jiretty) ; ivulilissu (he, she or it, is good, jiretty or handsome), and several others. IJut these are not very numerous. A great number of them are impersonal verbs, in the third person singular of the present tense ; while others are conjugiit- ed through various persons, moods and tenses. lie decided, at last, to include them all in a list, which 3Ir. Du Ponceau has call(!d adjective verbs, in analogy with the ntime of another class, denominated ad- verbial verbs, which are formed by, or de- riv(!d from adverbs. Examples : giineu, long (it is) ; guneep, it was long; mach- keu, red (it isj; machkeep, it was red, &c. — (d) Mverbial verbs. These are formed from adverbs ; as, from shingi (unwilling- ly), they form the verb shingilendam (to dislike, to be against the will or inclina- tion) ; from shacki (so far, so long) is formed shaekoochen (to go so far oft" and no farther). — (e) Irregular Verbs. These are chiefty of the c!ass which we call im- persomd ; but they do not all btjlong to it. Of those which are called hregular,m the ancient and modern languages of Euro|)e, that is, verbs whose diilerent tenses and moods appear to have sprung from difter- cnt roots — as in Latin, sum, eram,fui ; in French, alter, je vais,firai ; and in Eng- lish, / go, I wc7it — there are no examples in Zeisberger's Grammar of the Dt^la- warc, and probal)ly there are none in that language. Mr. Heckew(^lder, after giving an example of a Delaware verb, adds this re'nark : " In this manner, verbs arc con- jugated through all their moods and tenses, and through all their negative, causative, and various other forms, loith fewer irreg- ularities than any other language tlitit I know of" The same regularity exists in the languages of South America. Molina says of that of Chile, "What is truly sur- prising in this language, is, that it contains no irregular noun or verb. Every thing in it may be said to be regulated with a ge- ometrical [)recision, luid dis|)lays nincluirt with great simplicity, and a connevXion of well ordertid and unvarying graininatical rules, which always mak(! tin; subsetiuent so miuli cl. p'lid upon the iintecedent, that APPENDIX. (INDIAN LANGUAGES.) 880 I .. the theory of the lallgIlag(^ is easy, and may he limnied in u low days." Tiiis fact, an IMr. Dii Ponceau justly oliservcs, is wortiiy of attention. Mr. Zeisbcrger, in his list of irrej^ular verbs, gives one e.\- nn\ple, a,sA-/(rniist), which iias neither per- sons nor tenses, nsed thus : aski rVwitshe- ma (I must help him) ; cuiki nayunap (I was forced to carry hiui), &c.— ^/) Spe- cific or concrete Character of the Indian Verbs. It is a remark of Mr. Hcckewelder, that the Indians ai-e more in the habit of using particular or specific, than generic terms. Their verbs, accordingly, ])artake of this character, and have numerous forms to express the particular or specific thing, which is the object of the action denoted by the verb. Thus, in the Dela- ware, n^mttzi (I eat), in a general s(Mise ; n^mnmitzi (I am in tlic act of eating at this moment) ; the one is used in the indefi- nite, and the otiier in tlie ilefinite sense ; and a good speaker will never employ tlie one for the other. Again ; li'mitzihiimp (I have eaten), meishi n^frischi mitzi (I am come from eating), ii'dappi milzi (1 am re- tiu'ued from eating). These three expres- sions are all |)ast tenses of the verb / eat, and mean / have eaten ; but a person just risen from ta'oie will not say, ii'dappi mit- zi; this can oidy be used after leaving the place where he has l)een eating, in answer to a person who asks him where lie comes from. Th(! word n^dappi is connected with the verb apatshin (to return). And her*!, in passing, another distinction is to be noticed ; if the place from which the; pei*son comes is near, he says, nUiappi ; but if distant, n^lappa. A more full illustration of this |.; iiiliarity of Indian words, was given some yeai-s ago by un example from tlie Clieroki.'e language, published in the Massachusetts Historical Collections, vol. \. p. l'-ii,ofthe second series, which wc here extract. In that language, says one of the missionaries (the reverend Mr. IJuthrick), ihirteen difi'erent verbs are used to ox|:iess the action of wjishing ; thus (pronouncing the words as in Eng- lish)— Ki'itiiiDo, I am washing myself, as in a river. Kidi'stida, " my head. Tsrslfdd, " another person's ln>ad KiikumjuO, " my face. Tst'ku/Kpio, " another's face. Takimdd, " my hands. I'dtseydstda, " another's liands. Tiikosulii, « my feet. Tdtnei/dsuld, " another's feet. Tdkun conju- gated throiiglioiit, in ilie jiositiveor allinn- v 590 APl'KNDIX. ([NDIAN LANGUAGES.) ntivc, mill llio noifiitivo forms; iis, in tlio Delnwnre, ii'dappi (I >iiii tlicMo), mntln li'dnppi (I mil not there); ami, in iiii cxaiii- ple given by iNIi". Zeislieiifcr, \v»^ have a curious instance of tlic can; talicn to pn-- serve pnH'ision in some cases : on the verb nihUlnpnoi (I am free), jo observes, that as this verl> has the syllable iw, which, in general, indicates a negative form, its negative has xviw'i. In the IMassachnsetts language, the negative form was made by interposing oo or u in the afiirmativts; as, nootvadchanumun (I kec^p it), a tool, gar- ment, &.C. ; negative, noowadchanum-oo- un (I keep it not) ; noowanntttm (I am >vise) ; noowaantam-ooh (I am not wise). The reciprocal form, in the Dtjlaware, may be thus exemplificMl : Lifinitive mood, ahocdan (to love); n\I(dio(da (I love him) ; reciprocal, infinitive, nlionltin (to love onomma«c//*in (to live); nihill'ipuchctn (to make free), from nihiUapewin (to be free). Continuous or habitual form, nhva- wulainallsi (I am always well or haj)- py), from mdamallst (I am well or haj)|)y). Adverbial form, epia (where I am), from ri'dappin (I am there) ; infinitive, achpin (to be there). To these we add one other form, which, in the Maa^aclnisetts lan- guage, Eliot called the inntead J'onn, or form advocate ; as, koowculchanumwanahun ([ ket'p it for thee, I act in thy stead), from hoowadchansh (I keep thee). He mids, that this form is of great use in theology, to express what Christ hath done for us ; as,nhrippooivonuk (he died for nie) ; k^nup- pooivonuk (he died for thee), &c.— (i) Per- sonal Forms or Transitions are, in fact, tli(! manner of conjugating and declining all the verbs of each of the preceding classes. The remarkable method of effecting this has been already alluded to ; but it re- quires a further developement, in order to make it plain and intelligible to those who are accustomed merely to the structure of the European languages. Mr. liecke- Avelder, in his corrcsjiondence with Mr. l)ii Ponceau, explains it, in the Delaware language, in the following manner ; which, we may add, is conformable with the views given of it, a centuiy and a half ago, by Eliot, in his Grammar of the 3Iassachusetts dialect : " I do not mian," says 3Ir. IL, " to speak here of the positive, negative, causative, and a variety of other forms, but of those which Mr. Zeisberger calls ^crsoJirt/, in which the two {ironoiins, governing and governed, an-, by means of affixes, suffixes, terminations and in- flexions, included in the sfune word. Of this I shall give you an instance from the Delaware language. I take the verb ahoalan (to love), belonging to the fiflh of the eight conjugations, into which Mr. Zeisberger has very projierly divided this part of speech : Singular. N'llalioala, I lo\c K'dalioala, tliou lovcsl W'dalioala, or Alioaleu, lie loves Indicative, Present, Positive. Plural. NMalioalaiiPiMi, we love K'clalioalolihiino,* yu love Alioalevvak, they love. 1, Now for the pei-sonal forms, in the same tense First Personal Form.\ Singular. KVlahoatell, I love thee N'da.ioala, I love him or her THOir, Singular. KMiilioali, llinii lovest me KMalioala, thou lovest him or her Plural. KMahoalolihiimo, I love you NMahoalawak, 1 love them. Second Personal Form, Plural. KMahoaliiii'cn, thou lovost us iv'dahoalawak, thou lovest them. *Tlie read'T should be apnrizi-d, that, iii those and other examples from the Delaware, the double <()iisoiiaiits arc used only to nidieale that llin preceding vowel is short, as in the German immer; and that the consonant is not to bo articulated twice. t ."Sir. Dii Ponceau, following the Sijanish-Amcrican fjiainniariaus, calls these personal forms transi- llo'ir.-. Eliot called them the siijlir furin.i, ill coiitiadistinelioii to the siiiipli: forms, iu wliich the act rclnled lo inniiiiiinti: objects. APPENDIX. (INDIAN LANGUAGES.) 091 HE or SHE. Singular. NMahnaliik, he loves mc K'dahonluk, he loves Ihee W'dahoalawall, he loves him Third Personal Form. Plural. W'dahoalffuiia, he loves us Wilnhoalfjiiwa, he loves you W'dahoalawak, he loves them. Fourth Personal Form. WE. Singular. K'dahoaleniicen, we love thco N'dahualawuiia, we love him YE. Sinjrular. KMahonlilihimo, ye love mc K'dahoalunewo, ye love him THEY. Singular. N'dahoalffeiiewo, they love me KMahoalifciicwo, Ihey love thee W'dahoalaiiewo, they love him Plural. K'dahoaloliummena, wc love you N'dahoalowawima, we love them, Fyih Personal Form. Plural, K'dahoalililieiia, ye love us KMahoahiwawak, ye love them. Sixth Personal Fortn. Plural. N'dahoalgehhena, they love us K'dahoalircliliimo, they love you VV'dahoalawawak, Ihey love them. Ill tliis manner, verbs are conjugated tlirotigli all their moods and tenses, and tiirotigli all their negative, causative, and various other forms, with fewer irregularities than any other language that I know of." We add an example from the Massachusetts language, as given iiy Eliot, \,iio has used the English verb to pay, with tlie Indian inflections, in order, as he expresses it, that "any may distinguish betwixt what is grammar, and what belongs to the word. And remember (says he), ever to pronoimce pay, because else you will be ready to rcade it pan. Also remember that paum is the radical word, and all the rest is grammar." The Indians, we lielieve, adopted the word pay into their languog?, as we adopt French and other foreign words into English. AFFIRMATIVE FORM. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. I. Kup-pau/n-ush, I pay thee Nap-pityum, 1 pay hmi THOU. Kup-pa«?n-eh, thou payest me Kup-paiiin, thou payest him HE, Nup-pau/n-uk, he payeth me Kup-paum-»k, he payeth thee lTp-jj(iMm-uli, he payeth him WE. Kup-pniMm-unumun, we pay thee Nup-paM/n-oun, we pay nim YE. Kup-p««m-imwoo, ye pay me Kiip-;w«m-au, ye pay him THEY. Nup-paM?n-ukquog, they pay me Kup-;>a«/ra-ukquog, they jiay thee Up-pa«/n-ouh, they pay him First Singular. Kup-pawTO-unumwoo, 1 pay you Nup-paum-6og, 1 pay them. Second Singular. Kup-ptif^m-imun, thou payest us Kup-paum-oog, 'hoa payest them. Third Singular. Kup-paMm-ukqun, he payeth us Kup-jjflum-ukou, he payeth you Up-ptiw/u-uh iiah, he payeth them. First Plural. Kup-pa«m-unumun, we pay you Nup-paMHi-ounonog, we pay them. Second Plural. Kup-pawm-imun, ye pay us Kup-pawm-oog, ye pay them. Third Plural. Nup-pdum-ukquiinonog, they pay us Kup-paj/m-ukoo-o-oe, they pay you Up-paum-o\i\\ nah, they pay them. In consequence of this curious mechan- ism of the Indian verbs, as doctor Ed- wards lias remarked, in liis Observations on the Language of the Muhhekanoew (Mohegan) Indians, they cannot say, John loves Peter, but must say, John he- loves-him Peter. Hence, when the Indians begin to talk English, they universally ex- press thenisclvcs accordl.ig to this idiom. It is further obstirvable (he adds, in speak- ing of the Mohegan dialect), th.it the pro- noun, in the accusative case, is sometimes, rm API'ENIJIX. (INDIAN LANGUAGES.) in tliR siiinc iiistnuco, cxim'ssrtl by both a ]m'Jix and a siifHx ; as, kthuwhunin (I lovn theo); flio A: jH-ofixcd, and tlie syllulilr m snflixed, both unite to exprt'sy, and are both nccessaiy to express, tiie accusative case thee"* Rlr. Ilcckewclder informs us, in explaining this curious structure of the Iiuhan veri)s, that the Ibrni exjircssive of" the pronoun governed, is sometimes ])lac- ed at the beginning ; as in k\l(iho(itell (I love tiiee), wliich is tiie same as thee I love ; for k, from ki, is the sign of the serond person : sometimes, lio\v(!ver, tlic governing pronoun is phiced first, as in li'dahoalu (I love him), n being the sign of tlie first jx.ison : one of the ])ronouns, governiiig or governed, is generally cx- ])re;!;sed by its ])roper sign, ?i' for the fii-st pei"son /, k!' for thou or thee, and iv for he or him ; the other ])ronoun is (;x- jjressed by an inflexion ; as in k''daJioaloh- hiinio (1 love you) ; k'dahoalineen (thou lovcst us) ; khiahoalawak (thou lovest them). It will be here perceived, that the governing ])ronoun is not always in the same relative ])lace with the governed. — {k) Foices, active and passive. The Indian verl)s have an active and passive form ; as, in Delaware, li'dahoalu (I love), n\lahoal- gussi (I am Iov(mI) ; in the Massachusetts dialect, noowadchan (I keep you), nooivad- chanitjl am kept). From this passive form, says Eliot, verbals arc oflen tlerived ; as, wadchannit-tuonk (salvation), &c. — [l)Con- jugations. The verbs may also be classed under different conjugations, the number of which varies in the different dialects. In the Delaware, IVIr. Zwisbergor and 3Ir. lleckcwelder made eight conjugations: the first ends in in, as achpin (to be tjjere, in a particular place): the s(!cond, in a, as nVa(I go): the third, in c/oi^/rtm, and uidi- cates a dis])osition of mind, its ivulelendam (to be glad) : tiie fourdi, in men, as n^penda- men (I hear) : the fifth, in an, as ahoalan (to love) : the sixth, in e or U'C, as n\lellowe (I say) : the seventh, in in, as millin (to give); it has no simple active or passive; voice, and is only conjugated through the per- sonal forms or transitions: tiie eighth, in ton, as peton (to bring) ; it has the simple active, but not the ])assive form, and has the personal indicative and siibjunctivc transitions. Their conjugations are as *Tlic word ktliuwhvniii, in Moliciun»;tive inood has only u plu[)erfect in the active and passive voices, l)ut not otherwise. — (?i) Moods. Tiiesu Iiave generally Itccn made conform- al)l»! to the corresponding divisions in our own language — indicative, imperative, sub- junctive, infinitive, with the participial form. In the Delaware, Mr. Z«!isberger has also given what lie (or his translator) calls the local-relative mood; ius, indicative, n'da (I go); local rel!itive,c//av«( where or wliithcr I go). Eliot, in the jMassachusetts language, makes five moods — indicative, 1 imperutive, optative, subjunctive or suppo- sitivn, and imlefniite or infuiitive. We conclude the subject of the Indian verl» with an example of a conjugation, from the Delaware, by which tin? preceding observations will bt; mon; lully illustrated; adding oidy the just remark inad(^ by I'.li- ot mort! than a centiny and a half ago — that "till! manner of formation of the nouns and verbs have such a latitude of use, that there needeth little other syntaxis in the language." After this example from the i)elawarc, wi; sluill give some ])art3 of a coitjugation from the Cherokee language, wliich belongs to an entirely different stock, and has some ])ecidiarities still more extraordinary than tliosi; already given from other languages. Our limit.s Avill not allow us to insert a whole conju- gation of the verb, in its various modilica- tions of the inanimate, animate, allirma- tive, negative and other forms. We shall therefore only give so much as will ex- libit the |»ersonal forms or transitions, wliich have been above spoken of. Ahoalan, to love. PERtsONAL FORMS (OR TRANSITI0NS)-P0S1TIVE. FIRST TRANSITION. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. K'dahoatoll, 1 love tliee N'tlahoaln, I love him K'dahoalcnncp. I loved tlicc N'dalioalap, i loved him K'dahoalohhummo, I love you N'dalioalawak, 1 love lliem. Preterite. K'dahoalohhuminoap, I loved you N'daiioaluiJaimik, I loved ihcm. t\dure. K'dahoalclllsii, I shall or will love ilioe N'dalioalauchtsh, 1 shall ur will love lum K'dahoalohhuminotsh, I shall or will love you N'dalioalavvaklsh, 1 sliall or will love them. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. Ahoalannc, if or when I love tlice Ahoalachte, if or when I love him Ahoalannup, if or when I loved thee Ahoalachtup, if or when I loved him .Vhoalequo, if or when I love you Alioalachlilc, if or when I love them. Preterite. Ahoalekup, if or when 1 loved you Ahoalachtup, if or when 1 loved tliem. Plvperfed. Alioalanpaimo, if or when I had loved 'lice I Alioiilokpaniie, if or when 1 had lo\ed you Ahoalaclituppaime, if or when 1 had loved him I Ahoalulpamie, it or when 1 had loved Ihem. Fidure. Ahoalanhelsh, if or when I shall or will love thee Ahoalaehtetsli, if or when 1 shall or will love hiia Ahoaleqiielsli. if or when 1 shall or will love vou Alioalaehlitelsh, if or when 1 s'lall or will love tii.-iii I i S94 APPENDIX. (INDIAN LANGUAGES.) UKrOND Til A ySlTION. INDICATIVE MOOD. Presoit. K'dahoali, thou lovcsl me K'dalioala, lliou lovest him K'dahoalinccn, thou lovest us K'dalioalawak, thou lovest them. K'dahoaliiiep, thou didst love me K'dahoalap, thou didst love him Preterite. I K'dahoalihhcnap, thou didst love us I K'dahoalapaiHiik, thou didst love them. Future. K'dahoalitsh, thou shalt or wilt love me ' K;dahoalihhenatsl. thou shalt ^-^ wilt love u. K'dalioalauchtsh, thou shalt or wilt love him I K'dahoalawaktsh, thou shalt or wilt love them. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Ahoalil, love thou me I Ahoalineen, love thou us. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. Ahoaliyanne, if or when thou lovest me | Ahoaliyenke, if or when thou lovest us K'dahoJannerif or when thou'lovcst him I K'dahoalachte, if or when thou lovest them. Preterite. Ahoaliyannup, if or when thou didst love me | Ahoaliycnkup, if or '•'"e'l thou didst love us Ahod'^"nup7if o;wheirthou"'didsriovc him I K'dahoalachtup, if or when thou didst love them. Pluperfect. Ahoaliyanpanne, if or when thou liadst loved me l Ahoaliyenkpanne, if or when thou hadst loved us AhoaimSmrif'''- when thou hadst loved him K'dahoalacUuppanne, if or when thou hadst loved them. Future. Ahoaliyannetsh, if or when thou shalt or wilt love me Ahoalachtetsh, if or when thou shalt or wdl love him Ahoaliyenketsh, if or when thou shalt or wilt love us Ahoalachtitetsh, if or when thou shall or wilt love them. THIRD TRANSITION. PARTICIPLES. Ehoalid, he who loves me Ehoalat, l>e who loves him Ehoalqucnk, he who loves us Ehoalquek, he who loves you Elioalquichtit, he who loves them. INDICATIVE MOOD. N'dahoaluk, lie loves me K'dahoaluk, he loves thee Wdahoalawall, he loves him N'dalioalgimep, he loved me K'dalioalffuiicp, he loved thee VV'dalioalap, he loved him N'dahoalauchtsh, he shall or will love iiic K-dahoalauchlsh, he shall or will love thee W'dahoalauchtsh, he shall or will love him Present. IW'dahoalguna, he loves us W'dahoalguwa, he loves yoa W'dahoalawak, he loves them. Freterite. N'dahoalgimap, he loved us K'dalioalL'uwap, he loved you W'dahoalapamiik, he loved them. Future. N'dahoalgunatsh, he shall or will love us W'dahoalgiiwatsh, he shall or will love you W'dahoalawaktsh, he shall or will love them SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present. Ahoalite, if or when he loves me Alioalquonne. if or when he loves thee Alioalale, ii or when he loves him Ahoalquenkc, if or when hi: loves us AhoHlqucque, if or when he loves vou Alioalachtile, if or whp:i he loves them. AITENDIX. (INDIAN LANGUAGES.) 595 Alioalitup, if or when he loved me Ahoaliyoiinup, if or when he loved thee Ahoalatup, il' or when ho loved him Preterite. Ahoalquenkiip, if or when he loved us Ah()iil(|uekup, if or when he loved you Ahouluchtitup, if or when he loved them. Ahoalitpanno, if or when he had loved me Ahoalanpiiniie, if or when ho had loved thee Ahoalatpaiine, if or when ho had loved him Pluperfect. Ahonlqiieiikpanni', if or when he had loved as Alioalqiiekpanne, if or when he had loved you Ahoaluchtitpaune, if or when he had loved them. Future. Ahoalctsh, if or when he shall or will love me Aiioulquonnctsh, if or when he sliall or will Ice thee Ahoalechtetsh, if or when he shall or\..:l love him Ahoalriucnketsh, if or when he shall or will love us Ahunlquequetsh, if or when he shall or will love you Ahoulochtitetsii, if or when he shall or will love them. K'dahoalcnnccn, we love ihee N'dahoalawuna, we love him K'dahoalcnnenap, wc loved thee N'dahoalawunap, we loved him FOURTH TRANSITION. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. K'dnlioaloluimmena, we love you N'dahoalowawuna, wc love them. Preterite. K'daholohummenap, we loved you N'dahoalawawunap, we loved them. Future. K'dahoalolihcnatsh, wc shall or will love thee N'dahoalawunatsh, we shall or will love him K'dahoalohummenatsh, we shall or will love you N'dahoalawawunatsh, we shall or will love them. r SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Present. K'dahoaleiik, if or when we love thee Ahoalanque, if or when we love him Ahoalcnkup, if or when we loved thee Ahoalaukup, if or when we loved him Ahoaleque, if or when we love you Ahoalawonque, if or when we love tnem. Preterite. I Ahoalekup, if or when we loved you I Ahoalawawortkup, if or when we loved them. Pluperfect. K'dalioalenkpanne, if or ".hen we had loved thee I Ahoalekpanne, if or when we had loved you Ahoalankpaime, if or when wc had loved him I Ahoalawonkpanne, if or when we had loved them. Future. Ahoalenquetsh, if or when wc shall or will love Ahoalequetsh, if or when we shall or will love thee you Ahoalanquetsh, if or when we shall or will love Ahoalawonquetsh, if or when we shall or will love him them. FIFTH TRANSITION. K'dahoalihhimo, ye love me K'dahoalanewo, ye love him K'dahoalihhimoap, ye loved me K'dahoalanewoap, ye loved him INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. K'dahoalihhena, ye love us K'dahoalawawak, ye love them. Preterite. K'dahoalihhcnap, ye loved us K'dahoalawapannik, ye loved them. Future. K'dahoalihhimotsh, ye shall or will love me K'dahoalanewotsh, ye shall or will love him K'dahoalihhenatsh, ye shall or will love us K'dalioalawawaklsh, ye shall or will love them. :m APPENDIX. (INDIAN J,AN(aJA(JKS.) IMPERATIVE MOOD. Alioiilik, love you mo Alionlo, lovo you him Alioaliiu'on, love you us Aliualittuin, love you tliem. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. Ahouliycquo^ if or when yo love mo Alioalaque, if or whcu ye love him Alionliyciikc, if or when ye love us Ahoalathlike, if or when ye love them. Ahoaliyckup, if or when ye loved m« Ahoalnclilup, if or when yo lovcil him PrclcrUe. I Ahoiiliyenkup, if or vvhnii ye loved us I Alioalaililiyekup, if or when yc loved them. Pluperfect. Ahoalivckpannc, if or when yc had loved nio I Ahoaliycnkpanne, if or when ye had loved us Ahoalekpannc, if or when ye had loved him I Ahoalaehliliiaunc, if or when yc had loveii Hiil]ici('iitly o\|ilaiii(i( fur tiic |)iir|MiHCH of a ^<'ll('ral view; ami \\v siiall now fiirtiirr ilt'V('lo|i(! this curious siilijict, by (wliiliitiiig soiiio of tin; |icculiiiiitii's of tUv vt'iii, ill tli(! (Jln'rokt'c, or, more iirop- orly, Tsullakrr lau)(uaj,'t', wiiicli ltcloii>,'s to ail nitii'fly ilitlurciit stock, anil anpcurs not to liavc tilt; least ttyiiiolo^fical alliiiity witli tlio Dclawair, tlioiigli its frraiiiiiiatical forms, ^'cncrally siicakinv', aru similar. In till! coiii*wti of our remarks, we sliiill occa- Hiuiially adveit to some of tlu-so |)oiiits of roscmblaiK^c, as well as to tin; dillerence between the two. — \a) .Vumbcrs, One; of tlio peculiarities wliicli lii-st strikes lis, is, that, besides the siii<.'ular and two plurals, which are fiiiiid in tin; Delaware, the; Cheroki!" lias also a proper (/««/ niimlier, liotli in iis verbs and its nouns and |iro- iiuiins. This dual is a>;aiii subdivided, in its fii-st jieison, into two distinct fiirins; the first of which is used when one of tv.o pei*sons speaks /o the other, and says, lor example, /Fi- two (i. e. thou and I), will do .such a tliin<(; the second form is used when one of two jjcrsons speaks of the other to a third jiei-son, and says, }('t two (i. e. ho and 1) loill do such a thinj;;* for example, inaluiha (we two [i. e. tliou and I] are tyiiij^ it); awshduilta (we two [i. e. be and I] an; tyiiiy a native Cherokee. Ciuest, who was unac<|iiainted with any other laiif^na^u tiian his own,l>nt has anaiy/.edtliat liki' a philoso- pher, and lias devised an ini^enioii-; set ofeharac- lers to denote all its eU^ncntary soiniils, which he has reiluced to iJ.5, and has denoted hy that nnm- lii'r oC svliabie characters. Wo cannot employ this native alphabet here, as it would bo wholly uninlollipble without a i^ood deal of study. 'I'o express tl o niisul, which is no common in the laii^uaffo, we have used the character y ; but the? reader shoivld bo apprized, that the true sound is more like the French nasal «» ; like fni in the lirst syllable of our words Hiick, Imii^er, as lu'ard the instiuit before the tongue touches the root' of the mouth. 'I'he short « is to be sounded, as in hut, nut, iVc. The uw is to be sounded as in llii^lisli. The other vowels are to have the loreifrn or Italian sounil, as in far, tItTf, m u-liiiie. note, rule; and the consonants as in Miif^lish and its kindre:(diiilia, in the common form, ni'ans / tic, or am tijinijc (it) ; but galuiifci- hitw-i means / tic hahitiiallu, &i,c. This form appcara to correspond to what Mr. Zeisberger, in the Delaware, calls the am- timious form. — {d^ Conjugations. These have not yet been sufficiently investigated to furnish us with a satisfactory cla,s.sifica- tion. Some have made them six in num- ber. — (t) Moods. These have been de- scribed as five in number, coiTcsponding to our indicative, imperative, subjunctive, jiotential (relating sim|)ly to jjower or aliility) and infinitive ; to which, in the opinion of the same writer, may be addeil a si.xtli, denoting liberty to do an act ; but this classilication is not yet snfticiently ts- tablished. — (/) Toises. An exact arrange- ment of the tenses, as well as the moods, is still wanting. Besides the tliret; gene- ral divisions of present, ])iist and future, the Clieroke(; lias .stjveral .subdivisions of time ; Ijut these subdivisions liiive not yet been st^ttled with much exactness, so as to enable us to compare them with the Eu- ropean veil). The pertect or |)ast tense, bowever, has a very remarkalilo subdi- vision into two forms, which may, proper- ly piioiigh, be eidled/a'o wer/eda. They are used not to mark a dinerence in time, but one of them indicates, that the jjei-son speaking was present, or an eye-witness, or conscious of the fact which he relates to have t!ik(>n [ilace ; and the other, thiit he was absent, or not conscious, but lias learned it since by information, discovery, \c. They might be deuominated the ahsential and prcsential jicrfeci, or, to avoid r)i>8 ai'Im:m)ix. (im)ian f-angiiacks.) tlic! ilouhlo Ni^niliciuinii ol'tlir woni jinii- enl, wo iiiiKlit rail llicin Niiii|ily t\n' iirrj'iti ami tUn absent pcr/i ft. 'VUv liniiifr ciiiis ill tli«j iKiMul u, uiiil tlic lattor in i or ei. ExumplcM: portiict, n-hlu (lio killed him) — B|M!akiiig of a killing wlii'ii xiw Np*>akt, to the animutt form : Coryugation of the PreaetU Indicativt of a Cherokee Verb. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. NKUTER GENDER J TICK OBJKCT OF TIIK Singular. I person. Gnluilm, I nm tying it '2 do. IlnlTiilm, lliou art tying it y (/)re*.*)KiiliTuilm, he is tying ii 3 {aba.) Uahiuiim, ho is tying it. Dwil. I Si, 2.t Iimluihaj tlioii and I an? tyin^it \ Sc3. AwsTalyiha, hn anil I nn/iyiiig it 2. Istaiuihn, yo two aro tying it. VIMIB BEINO IN TIIK SINOULAR NI^MBKR. Plur.tt. Iluliiihn, ye and I an; tyina; ii 1 &2.t 1 &.3. o rniu; I II n- tying it Itsaiuihii, ye iinil I an; lying it 3{ (pr.) 'I'analuiiiQ, Ihcy and I arc lying it ;) (((//,v.) AnaluTlia, they and 1 ar<^ lying it. 1. 8. 9. 1 &2. ] &3. S, 2. 3(pr.) 3{abs.) 8. NEUTER, DU.VI. AND PLUUAI, Singular. Tcgaiuilia, I am tying these things I'onnluiha, thou art tying these tilings Tckainuiha, he is tying tliesc things. Dual. Tenaluilia, tiiou and I arc tying tlicse things Tawslalnilia, he and I arc tying th(!so things Testaluiha, yc arc lying these tilings. i & 2 1 &.3. 2, 3 3 TIIK OBJECT PI.UUAI,. Plural. Totnluiha, vo and I arc tying them (these tilings) Tawtsatlnihn, iTiijy and I arc tying llieni 'I'etsalniiia, yc arc tying them Tetanaulilia, they are lying liieiii Danaluilia, they arc tyiiig ilicm. (abs. THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR, OBJECTIVE. Singular.^ Skwahiilia, thou art tying mc Takwalyiha, lio is tyiiig mc Akwaltiiha, he is tying me. Dual. Skriialiiiha, yc two are tying me. Plural. 2. Skiyaluiha, ye are tying mc 3 {pr.) Kukwciluiha, tiiey are tying mo 3 {abs.) Uukwuluilia, tiiey are tying mo. FIRST AND SECOND PERSONS DUAL, OBJECTIVE. Singular. Plural. 3 {pr.) 3 {ab.i. 3 (pr. Collective.\\ 'i'lklnnliiiha, Ufnaluilia, KckTiiainilia, 3 (abs.) Geginainiha, Distributii'e.\\ Tellklnal uiiia, TeglnaluiTia, Tekeklfnaliiiha, Tegeglnaiuiha, lie is tying thee and me He is tying tiicc and me. Tiiey are tying tiice and me They arc lying thee and me. * We use the torm pre.ifiil to denote the e.xpcelalion and intention, on tlie part of the speaker, tlial the present person should lioar. Tiio form styled absent is used when the speaker has no such in- leulion, or is indiirerent respecting it. t 1 and 2 persons ; 1 and 3 persons. This is, perhaps, a proper distinction hotwecn those two forms in the dual and plural, cither of which would be expressed by the first person in English. t The dual and plural of the third person are always the same. Wiierc the dual and plural nuni- bers are given separately, in the other persons, we have omitted the dual of the third person, because ii always accords with the plural. ^S Where a person is wanting, it will be seen plainly to result from the nature of iho case, as the first person in this instance. ! Collect i ve ; Distributive. Collective, ^lAiwi/ui/ia (he tics us two logelher). I)islriliiili\ , liUiki- ^ilta (he ties us two separately). This distinction relates to the object of llii; aclion, and runs throughout the dual and plural numbers of all the persons. The two forms, however, are iiol both in common use with every verb ; but the one or the other, accor.ling as the naUire of the action relates o objects, cdlleclively or separately counirlcred. Al'l'HNDIX. (INDIAN LAN(JlI.\(ii:S.) 599 riKMT AMI) Tlllltll ■■KUici.N.'i llU AI., ORJKCTI VR. Collective. Singular. 2. Skdinliiilia, :i (/"*.) 'riiwkiii.iisiiiiii, '3 (abs.) Aw^'iiiiilyilm, ihtal. 2. Hkiii:iluilm, riural. 2. Ski.viilinlia, 3 iiir.) Kakiiiiiliiiliii, 3 {(ills.) (iii);liialuilia, Ihslrilmlive, 'l'l'^kllllllllilla, 'rrtawkiiiiiliiilia, 'IVauffiiialijilia, 'IVxkiiiuliiiiia, 'rcskivaliiilia, 'rrkawkmalijilia, f TIkiii art tyiiiff him niui niu lltt is tyiii^ liiiii aiul me Vu two an* tyiiif;' liim niid me. Yu art! iy'iug liiin and mo I t'Ki.i\\ Kiiiii II I ii, / fri . ' I- I IV-awKlMalmlu.; \ '^'"'>^ "" 'y* '"'" «"»' ""'■ 111 tlin Hninn niialogy, thoro aro diHtiiict fliriiiH for tlio l''nj,'lisli (ixprcssioiH, " lio is tjiri>{ you uiiil iiic," " tlu-y urn tyiiijf ymi iiiid ni<>," "tlidii art tyiii^' tliciii and iih'," "lio is lying tlicm and iiii-," "ye nrn tyinf( tliiMU mid nil'," "tlicy aiT," itc. ; "I am tyiiij^ tln'<'," "lio iH,"&c., "In- and I, tln-y uiid I, tiioy arc," &,c. ; " I am tyiiif,' you two," "lio is," &.C., " tlit'V arc," i*tc. ; " I am tyiii<; yon (all, in tho plural), ho is, we arc, they arc," &c Aih'crhs, I'npo.tttion.i, Cuiijundiont!, In- h'TJedions. Tlicsc i)arls of si)cc<'li require no pnrticiilar remarks. Aeeordinj; to Honu! writers, all of tlieiii are to he found, its distinct |)artsof s|ieccli, in the Indian luiif^iiaijes. Itiit odicrs, on the! contrary, atlirni that some of them are wuiitin. The name of this nation, we would ohserve, is T»«/«A/ (pronounced nearly like TsuUnkcc), the last syllahle of which is often written gi; the sound of this linal syllahle heing neither exactly our k nor^'*, hut an inter- mediate sound hetwecii those two. The Fiiiglish name Cherokee, it is supposed, »vas originally taken from one of tlie dia- lects in which the sound of r occurs, Tsarnkinr Tsurrakve. This name is Ixdiev- rd not to he signilicant ; hut, if originally so, the signification of it is now lost. Some names of places among them have hecn much more chap"ed than this national name, hy our English orthogra- phy ; as Chatlnlioochie from Tsalahutsi (which may have hceii a Creek name), Coosewittjlee. from Kusuwetiyi ; Tdlico from Tidiqiia ; HifrfUower from Ilawa, |)rononnccd Betnwalt, &c. Among the words of relationship, brother, sister, &c., we find some terms that have a ditD'rent Higiiification,accordiiigasthey arc used hy a man or woman. Kxample: the word tni";- kHair, used hy women, signides nvj brother ; hut used hy men, it incaiiM m;/ sitter ; and the women exclusively use iinp;kiluni! for m>/ sister. It is said that this language has no relative pronoun. Like the Indian languages in general, it is highly coiii- jioundcil, or, as Mr. Dii Ponceau lii-st very iiapjiily denominated this class, polijsyn- tlietic. Then; are, as we should naturally cxjiect, therefore, hut few rnoiiosvllahles ; some say, only filleen in the whole, which are all interjections and adverhs, with the exception of one, the inouosyllahle ua, which is sometimcH a pronoun and some- times an adverl). Of its poIysynth(>tir character we are ahic to give one very ns- markahlt; example, in a .W/fg/c ivonl, which, (iir |)erspiciiity'« sake, wc have separated into its syllahles ; viz. }Vi-ni-tmc/-ii-ge-ffi- na -li - skaii/- lung -ta -naie-nt-lV- ti- se- sli ; which may he thus reiuh^red — " Tliey- will-hy-thttt-time-have-nearly-donc-graiit- ing- [tavoi-s] from-a-distance-to-thecj-and- to-me." It is said that the cx[)ression "/ ought to tie thee or him" cannot he trans- lated into Cherokee ; nnti that the; nearest approach tjiey can make; to it is, hy a cir- cumlocution, which means, "it would he right for ine to tie, or it would he wrong for me not to tic," &c. It is also a fi'ature of this language, that all its words end with n I'owcl sound ; and this has onahled the 'philoso|)lier' Guest to reduce! its elementary syllahles to bo small a iium- her as eighty-five, and to adopt a sijtldbic alphahet. Their neighhoi-s, tla; Choctaws (more properly Chnh'tahs), having a lan- guage which is wholly difTerent in this jiarticular, have not hecn ahle to ad()|)t a similar alphahet. — But we an; admonish- ed that our limits forl>irmation. Wh(!tlier this astonishing fact (ii<' adds) is to he considered as a jiroof — as many are inclined to hclicve — thattiiis continent was f<)rinerlv inhahitcd hv a civilized race of GOO APPENDIX. (INDIAN LANGUAGES.) I'' 1.1 men, or whether it is not more nntnrni to Kiipposo, that the Almighty Crcutor has en- dowed mankind with a natural logic, which leads them, as it were, by instinct, to such methods in the fonnation of their idioms as are best calculated to facilitate their use, I shall not at present inquire. I do not, however, hesitate to say, that the bias of my mind i:: in liivor of the latter suj)- position, because no language has yet been discovered, either among savage or polished nations, which was not govi^rned l)y rules and principles which nature alone could dictate, and human science never could have imagined." — For further in- formation on this novel and curious sub- ject, we refer our readers to the following as tli(! most important works: Hisloncal and Lileranj Transactions of the American Phil- osophical Society (vol. i, 8vo., Philadel- pJua, IdllJ;) in which the re.-Mler will find the correspondence of JMr.Du Ponceau and Mr. lleckewelder, and also a copious list of manuscript granunars, dictionaries and other works on the Indian langu.'igcs) ; Eliot's Grammar of the JMa.isachusetts In- dian Z(a?i,£>"i(«£ff, first ])rinte(l in ](i(i(), Cam- bridge, New England, and repriutiul in 1822, by the iNIassachusctts Ilistdrical So- ciety, in their Collections ; Kdwards's Observations on the Lan^uaife of the Muhhekannecw [iMohegaii] Indians, first published in 1788, and reprinted by the same socio:/ iu their Collcjctions for 1823 ; Zeisberger's Grammar of the Del- aware or Lenape Language, translated by Amencan PInlosophical Society, ui their Transactions, vol. iii — the most important of all the recent publications, to the stu- dent ; and the Cherokee Phanix, a news- pai)ei now edited and i>rinted by natives >f that nation, in their own and the Eng- lish languages. We sidyoin, from that paper, the curious syllabic alphabet, in- vented by Guest, the native Cherokee to whom we have before alluded. For the use of the types, which have been oblig- ingly furnished by the founders, Messrs. Greele & Willis, of Boston, we acknowl- edge our obligations to the American Mis- sionary Society, under whose directions they were made. The lettei*s of the English syllables, affixed to each Chero- kee! character, are to be pronounced ac- cording to the following rules : — The vowels have the following sounds : o, as a m father, or short, as a in rival ; e as « in hate, or short, as e in net ; i, as i in pique, or short, as i in pit ; o, as aiv in law, or short, as o in 7wt ; u, as oo in fool, or short, as M in full. To these add «, as u in hut niiule nasal, nearly as if followed by the French nasal n. The consonants are used as follows : d rej)resents nearly the same sound as in English, but apfn-oxi- mating to that oft; g nearly the same as its hard sound in English, but ai)proxi- mating to k ; h, k,l, m, n,g, s, t, tv, as in English. The letter q, as in English, is invariably f()'Iowed by w, with the same l)ower, efpiivalent to kw. Th(! sounds of the other English consonants never Mr. U\ I Ponceau, i md pill )llSl ed by tlie occur. D a R e T i J} (P U 1 « S .?«» ka Iv ge y g'' A go J gU E gLi <* ha i he Ji hi I< ho r hu ilr hu w la e le V li (? lo M In •q la r ma (M me II mi -b mo y mu e na, tr hna, G nail J\ ne ii ni Z no ^ nu o 71 U X qua tO que TP qui ^ quo U) quu s qu oi>S,V sa 4 se i si ■t so V su R su h da, W ta S (le, Ti te Jl di, jT tih A do s du (P tli A dla, c tin L tie G tli V ilo V tlu l> till G tsa 1 ise Ip (ji K tso J tsa Cr tsn G, wa i/« GT yu n yts . «i -<^ The circumstance of the alphabet being may learn to read his own language in a syllabic, atid the number of syllables so day; and not more than two orthnMMlays small, is the greatest reason why the task !ue ordinarily re(|uisiie. To read is only to of learning to n.'ail the Cherokee language; repeat successively the names of the sev- is so vastly easier than that of learning to eral letteix; when a boy has learned his read English. An active ('lierokec boy alphabet, Ik; can read his language. f ^