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> • -- 
 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 6, Ex. 4, for No. 2-213, read 9-213. 
 " 6, Ex. 2, in division for 3-992, read 3-892. 
 " 18, Ex. 4, for Lat. 18° 23' S., read Lat. 33° 5G' .< 
 " 28, Ex. 2, for Mag. Amp. W. 8° 26' 16" E., read W. 
 
 8° 26' 15" N. 
 r 33, Ex. 1, for (>. M. T. 19d. 32h. 24m. 248., rea<l 221i. 
 
 24m. 24s. 
 ** 66, Ex. 1, for Depth at W. S. M. 27 feet, i-ead 37 feet. 
 
i-' 
 
 N 
 
r 
 
 A TABLE OF THE ANGLES 
 
 which every Point and Quarter Point of the Compass makes with the Meridian. 
 
 NORTH. 
 
 POINTS. 
 ©..«.... 
 
 0..8.-. 
 
 ' " 
 
 .. a. .48. .45-. 
 .••S--37--30.. 
 ...8..a6..is.. 
 
 POINTS. 
 ....©..« 
 
 SOUTH. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O..Ji.... 
 
 ....0..^ 
 
 
 
 N.b.E. .. 
 
 N.b.W. .. 
 
 ...1 
 
 I..j2.... 
 
 ..ti..i5...o.. 
 ..14. ..3. .45.. 
 ..16. .53.. 30.. 
 ..19. .41. .15.. 
 
 ....1 ........ 
 
 !'.!!i!'.g 
 
 ....S.b.E 
 
 ...S.b.W. 
 
 N.N.E... 
 
 N.N.W.. 
 
 ...a 
 
 ..3a..3o...o.. 
 ..a}..i8..45.. 
 ..a8...7..3o.. 
 
 ....a..w 
 
 ...S.S.E 
 
 ...S.S.W. 
 
 
 
 a. ...... 
 
 ....a. .3 
 
 
 
 
 
 •J..^.... 
 
 ..30 .56. .15.. 
 
 ....a..^ 
 
 
 
 N.E.b.N. 
 
 N.W.b.N. 
 
 ...3 
 
 3..^.... 
 
 .•33--4S'--0" 
 ..36..33..4S" 
 ...39..a2..3o.. 
 ..4a. .11. .15.. 
 
 • • • • V •••••••• 
 
 ....S...W 
 ....3...^ 
 ....3...^ 
 
 ...S.E.b.S... 
 
 ...S.W.b.S. 
 
 N.E 
 
 N.W 
 
 ■•1::«:::: 
 
 4..H ... 
 4..K-- • 
 
 ..45...0...0.. 
 
 ..47--48..4S-' 
 ..S0..37-30.. 
 ..53..a6..i5.. 
 
 ....4........ 
 
 ....4...W 
 
 ....4...U 
 
 ...■4...M 
 
 ...S.E 
 
 ...S.W. 
 
 N.E.b.E. 
 
 N.W.b.W 
 
 ...» 
 
 a. H.... 
 
 ..56..15...0.. 
 ..59. ..3. .45.. 
 ..6I..S3..30.. 
 ..64. .41. .13.. 
 
 • • • atf •••• ■••• 
 
 ....a...H 
 ....a...S 
 ....a...g 
 
 ...S.E.b.E... 
 
 ...S.W.b.W. 
 
 E.N.E... 
 
 W.N.W.. 
 
 ...6 
 
 6..K--- 
 
 .■67..30...0.. 
 ..70.. 18.. 45.. 
 ..73--7-30.. 
 
 ••75--56--IS- 
 ••78--45--0.. 
 
 ..8I..33--45-- 
 
 ....«...K 
 
 ...E.S.E 
 
 ...w.s.w. 
 
 E.b.N.... 
 
 W.b.N. .. 
 
 ••• w •••••••• 
 
 
 ,„E.b.S 
 
 ...W.b.S. 
 
 
 
 r..K ••• 
 
 ....r...;< 
 
 
 
 
 
 »..«••• 
 
 ..84..a3,.3o.. 
 
 ....»...< 
 
 
 
 
 
 T. ...... 
 
 ..87. .11. .15.. 
 
 ....T—'il 
 
 
 
 East 
 
 West 
 
 ...8 
 
 ..90...0. ..0. . 
 
 ....8 
 
 ...Ewt 
 
 ...West. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MMfili«>> fi»> 
 
 l..|(t I'.M loltn AltiTiltm. 
 
THE 
 
 HANDY ASSISTANT 
 
 FOB 
 
 THE LOCAL MARINE BOARD 
 
 EXAMINATIONS 
 For Mates' and Masters'. 
 
 BY 
 
 CAPT. GEORGE MATSON. 
 
 FIRST EDITION. 
 
 HALIFAX, N. S. : 
 
 Alex. Moody, Printek. 
 
 1886. 
 
 J 
 
VK 55"^ 
 M3 
 
 the I 
 
 expli 
 
 tion 
 
 dowi 
 
 thetii 
 
 expr 
 
 that 
 
 tion 
 
 aiiy 
 
 their 
 
 unav 
 
 ques 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 As this is iiiy first attempt in preparing this Manual, for 
 the us«^ of the youngs seiunan, I have niide it as i-oncise and 
 explitdt as jiossiWe: an<l I feel confident and have no hesita- 
 tion in saying that by paying striet attention to the nUest laid 
 down, that they will have hut very little trouble in preparing 
 themselves for their examination. 
 
 There c^ould be many more «'xamples written, but what is 
 expressed here is in the light of an exptu-iment, and I trust 
 that the labour expended ui)on it will meet with the approba- 
 tion of my seafaring friends, and if any of them shoidd find 
 any tliserepancies in this little work, I would feel thankfiil to 
 them to (jommunieate with me, as some might have crej)t in 
 unawares, having had no assistiint, I having worke<l every 
 question myself. 
 
 georcjp: matson. 
 
LOGARITHMS OP NUMBERS. 
 
 Sufficient directions are given to all tables of Loj^arithms in 
 respect to the method of using them, hut the following remarks 
 are for the purpose of enforcing the necessity <»f having due regard 
 to the characteristic or index of a logarithm, the neglect of which 
 is productive of great error. 
 
 Take any niuuhcrs, as 25, 083, 5279; the first consists of two, 
 the second of three, and the third of foiu* digits. Again take also 
 any nund)er, as 405, 707, the figures (4(55) on the left of the deci- 
 mal point compose the integral i)art, those on the right (707) are 
 decimals. Again take any logarithm, as 3"2384()5, the first figure 
 (3) is called the index and the remaining i)()rtion is the decimal 
 part or mantissa ; now the mantissa of the logarithm of any num- 
 ber above 100 is all that is registered in the tsibles, and the index 
 therefore has to be supjdied by the calculator. 
 
 Kule. — The index of a logarithm must lu? always onci less than 
 the mnnber of figures in the integral nund)er. 
 
 Thus for instani'c, the index oJF 25 is 1. for 125 is 2, for 3245 is 3, 
 for 072*9 is 2, altliough here are four figures, yet only three be- 
 longs to the integral number, the 9 being a decimal. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 No. Log. 
 
 3813 3- 581207 
 
 8730 2- 941313 
 
 70-38 1- 882980 
 
 ^•213 0- 904401 
 
 MULTIPLICATION BY LOGARITHMS- 
 
 Kule. — Look in Table 24 ( X<»rie ) for the logaritlniis of tlio 
 several nmnbevs, and add them together, and the sum will be the 
 logarithms of their ])ro(hu't. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 1. Multi])ly 5 by 85. 2. Multiply 57 by 40. 
 
 5 " 0-098970 5f 1-755875 
 
 85 1-929419 40 1-0020(50 
 
 425 2-028389 
 
 2280 3-357935 
 
DAY H WOKK. 
 
 Multii)ly 4 by 75 by coininon lu;^rithinH. A lis. 
 Multii>ly 107 by 9 
 Multiply 674 by 28(> " 
 MiJtiply 77 by 100 
 
 
 300 
 
 19270 
 7700 
 
 DIVISION OP LOGARITHMS. 
 
 Riilo. — From tho lo^rurithiu of tlu' (livi<U'n<l Hubtract the lo^ar- 
 ithin of the diviHor, and tho remainder will be the lo<^arithm of the 
 quotient. 
 
 1. Divide OOG by 22 2. Divide 1728 by 444 
 
 CGG 2-823474 1728 3-237544 
 
 22 1-34-2423 444 2-047383 
 
 44 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 0-590101 
 
 Aus. 
 
 A -7005 
 
 n 
 
 22-0 
 
 44 
 
 70-04 
 
 4t 
 
 123-4 
 
 30-27 1-481051 3*92 
 
 Divide 10 by 5-80 by (;ontmon logurithmti. 
 Divide 00 by 3 
 Divide 777 by 11 
 Divide 987 by 8 
 
 DAY'S WORK. 
 
 In first Htarting with a day's work, the first tliinj; to be done is 
 to take the beariujif of some w»'ll-known ol)je<*t or a jxiint of land 
 whose latitude and lonji^itnde is known, and leverse the bearing as 
 if it was a course steered from that |M)int. 
 
 Now (correct the several «'ourses steei-ed, for let'way deviation 
 and viiriation, and enter them in a Tiavt'rs Table, and opposite to 
 each eoursi^ phwe the distance run, found iiy sununing up the knots 
 and tenths; and be t-arcful ni»t to omit tlie tenths, for by so doing 
 you will often heavt^ yoiu'self out a mile or more. 
 
 Now seek in Table I, that is if you work your courses in points, 
 or Table II, if worked out in degrees, for the difference of latitude 
 and departure corres])onding to eiuh course and distance, and set 
 them down in tiieir resju'ctive c<dunnis. tiu'ii the ditt'erence between 
 the sums of the Nortliings and Southings will be the difference of 
 latitude made good, and to be name<l tlic same as the greati'r, and the 
 differenc^e between the Eastings and Westings ^^ill be the diffei-enee 
 of the dej)arture made good, and of the sanjc name as the greater. 
 
 Now phme the difference of latitude nuv.le gootl under the lati- 
 tude left, and if they are boiii of the same nanu* add them together; 
 bivt of contrary names subtract, and the siun or difference is the 
 latitude in of the sau'o name as the greatvr. 
 
 To FIND THE DiFFKKENCK OF LoX(iiTiDE. — Take the middle 
 latitiide as a course (th<» middle latitude is found by adding the 
 latitude left and latitude in and halving the smn); now with this 
 middle latitude, and the dei)artiu'e given in a latitude column, will 
 give the difference of longitude in tiie distance column. 
 
 Ion] 
 uai] 
 the 
 the 
 ami 
 in 
 
DAY H WOKK. 
 
 To FIND TIIK Ti<)N(JITlDK IN. — N«»W |)llU'0 tluK (liffiMH'lU'O of 
 lon^itiulc jimt found under th«> lon<>;itud<> left, and if of tlu* same 
 ijanie add tluMu to^etlu'i-, but if of «'ontrary names std)tra<.'t, and 
 the Huni or differenee will Ix; the lon^^itude in of the sanu' name as 
 the j^reater. If the longitude in exeee«ls 180^, subtract it from JK50°, 
 and eall it an o|){N>site name to the lon<<^itude left. Thus lonj^itude 
 iu 180" 40' ilY K., taken from 3(10°, leaves 17iP UY 25" \V. 
 
 To FIND TIIK CorusK AND DiSTANCK.— Now seek f<n- the dif- 
 ferenee of Latitude and Departure in Table II, until they are 
 found to aj^ree or nearly so with yours, and opposite to this will be 
 found the distaneu nuide p>od, and at the top or bottom will i)e 
 f<mnd the eourse, aeeonlinjif as the dejjarture iA j;reater or lesser 
 than the diiferenee of latitude. 
 
 If the diffen-nce of latitude is jrvj'ater than tlie de])arture the 
 course is found at the top, but if the de))arture is greater than the 
 tliii'erenee of latitude the eourse is found at the bottom. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 When Deviation and Variation is Westi'rly allow it to the left 
 of th«' courses steered. 
 
 When Deviation and Variation is Easterly allow it to the right 
 of the eoiu'S(!S steered. 
 
 When upon the Starboard taek, allow leeway to the left. 
 
 When upon the Port taek, aUow leeway to the ri;;ht. 
 
 N. to E. eall it North Kij^ht. S. to K. eall it South Left. 
 
 S. to W. call it South Kij,^ht. N. to AV. eall it North Left. 
 
 If the student wishes to learn tliese by rote, tiie followinjij table 
 will ])erhai)s help him. 
 
 North . 
 N by E . 
 N X E . 
 N E by N 
 N E . 
 N E by E 
 ENt! . 
 E by N . 
 East 
 South 
 S by E . 
 SSE . 
 S E by 8 
 SE 
 
 S E by E 
 ESE . 
 E by S . 
 East 
 
 
 
 1 R. N. 
 
 2 K. N. 
 
 3 K. N. 
 
 4 K. N. 
 
 5 K. N. 
 (J H. N. 
 
 7 K. N. 
 
 8 K. N. 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 G 
 7 
 
 L. S. 
 L. S. 
 L. S. 
 L S. 
 L. S. 
 L. 8. 
 h. 8. 
 8 L. 8. 
 
 North . 
 N by W . 
 N N W . 
 N VV l)y N 
 N W ' . 
 N W by W 
 \y N \V 
 
 W by N . 
 West . 
 South 
 S by W . 
 
 s s \y . 
 
 S W l^y 8 
 8 W 
 
 8 w by \y 
 
 W 8 W . 
 W by 8 . 
 West . 
 
 
 
 1 L. N. 
 
 2 L. N. 
 
 3 L.N. 
 
 4 L. N. 
 
 5 L. N. 
 (3 L. N. 
 
 7 L. N. 
 
 8 L. N. 
 
 
 
 1 
 o 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 G 
 
 7 
 
 H. 8. 
 U.S. 
 U. 8. 
 K. S. 
 K. S. 
 K. 8. 
 R. 8. 
 8 R. 8. 
 
8 
 
 DAY S WOKK. 
 I. 
 
 Hours 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Knots 
 
 lo ths 
 
 Winds 
 
 L'waj 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Remarks, &c. 
 
 I 
 
 S 45^ W 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 NN W 
 
 11° 
 
 iTE 
 
 A point in latitude 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 4' 24' N. ; lon<,M- 
 tude 7' 46' W. ; 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 14^ W 
 
 bearing bv com- 
 pass N. 3' E. ; 
 
 5 
 
 S 79 W 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 NN W 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dist. 18 miles. 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Dev. 11' E. 
 
 9 
 
 N56 W 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 s w 
 
 6" 
 
 14^ E 
 
 lO 
 
 
 .8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 ' 2 
 
 12 
 
 
 7 
 
 4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 s II «• 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 ws w 
 
 9 
 
 18" E 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 2 
 _6_ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Var. 20' W. 
 
 5 
 
 West 
 
 5 
 
 Sbv W 
 
 J5' 
 
 7 W 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 10 W 
 
 
 9 
 
 N68=W 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 S W 
 
 8^ 
 
 lO 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A current set S. 73'"^ 
 
 II 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 E. Correct mag- i 
 
 12 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 netic. 15 miles. ! 
 
 Dei 
 
 Courses 
 
 Dist. 
 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 E 
 
 W 
 
 S 6°E 
 
 iS 
 
 
 '7'9 
 
 19 
 
 
 N 87° E 
 
 15 
 
 o-S 
 
 
 15-0 
 
 
 S 2S°W 
 
 ■!3-^ 
 
 
 210 
 
 
 9-8 
 
 S 39° W 
 
 27.2 
 
 
 21-2 
 
 
 171 
 
 N s6° W 
 
 30.0 
 
 16S 
 
 
 
 24-9 
 
 S 22° E 
 
 24.8 
 
 
 23-0 
 
 9-3 
 
 
 878° W 
 
 1S.2 
 
 
 37 
 
 
 17-8 
 
 West 
 
 24.0 
 
 - - 
 
 - - 
 
 - - 
 
 240 
 
 17-6 
 
 Lat. lert 4° 24' X. 
 Diff. lat. I 9 S. 
 
 86-8 26-2 93-6 
 
 17-6 262 
 
 r)9-2 r)7-4 
 
 Long, left 7-^ 46 W. 
 DilV. long. 1 S W. 
 
 Lat. in 3 15 N. 
 Su!n 7 39 
 
 Lontjji in S 54 W 
 
 Mid. lat. 3 49 
 Course S. 44° W. Distance 97 miles. 
 
DAY 8 WORK. 
 
 9 
 
 Dep. Course S 3° W or K of S 
 Dev. 11° E - li 
 
 S 14° W " R 
 Var. 20°\V"L 
 
 T. Course S 6° E " L 
 
 2. 
 
 Current Course S. 73° E or L 
 Var. 20° W "L 
 
 S 93° E " L 
 
 T. Course N 87° E " li 
 
 Compass Coiu'se S 45° W or R 
 L'way 11° L 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var. 
 
 S 34° W '' \i 
 11° E '' R 
 
 S 45° W " R 
 20° W " L 
 
 T. Course S 25° W '' R 
 
 4. 
 
 Compass Course S 79° W or R 
 L'way (j° L 
 
 Dev. 
 
 ' S 73° W 
 14° h 
 
 •• \i 
 
 Var. 
 
 S 59° \V 
 20° \V 
 
 - R 
 
 8 39° W " R 
 
 5. 
 Com])ass Course N 56° W or L 
 L'way G° R 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var. 
 
 N 50° W " L 
 14° E " R 
 
 N 36° W " L 
 20° W " L 
 
 T. Course N 56° W " L 
 
 6. 
 Com])ass Coiu'se S 11° E or L 
 L'wav 9° L 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var. 
 
 S 20° E " L 
 18° E - R 
 
 S 2° E " L 
 20° W -'L 
 
 T. Course S 22° E " L 
 
 7. 
 Comp. Course West 90° 
 Lway 15° R 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var, 
 
 S 105° W or R 
 7° W " L 
 
 S 9.s^ W " R 
 20° W '' L 
 
 T. Course S 78° W - R 
 
 8. 
 Comp. Course N 08° W or L 
 L'way 8°R 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var. 
 
 N 60° W - L 
 10° \V " L 
 
 N 70° W - L 
 20° W " L 
 
 T. Course N 90° W " West 
 
So 
 
 day's work. 
 
 II. 
 
 Hours 
 
 Courses. 
 
 Knots 
 
 loths 
 
 Winds 
 
 L'way 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Remarks, &c. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 S34''E 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 4 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 
 S W 
 
 6° 
 
 30^ W 
 
 A point in latitude 
 25° 39' S. ; longi- 
 tude 45° 7f E.; 
 bearing by com- 
 pass N. 31° W. ; 
 dist. 21 miles. 
 
 Dev. 20" W. 
 Var. 8° E. 
 
 A current set S. 34" 
 W. Correct mag- 
 netic. 32 miles. 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 S33E 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 2 
 6 
 
 SWbyW 
 
 11" 
 
 i7°E 
 
 9 
 
 lO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Ss6» W 
 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 4 
 6 
 
 
 S E 
 
 5° 
 
 11° E 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 S28 W 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 EbyN 
 
 
 
 22" W 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 N5o°W 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 M E by N 
 
 
 
 u/W 
 
 22° w 
 
 9 
 
 lO 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 N7rv; 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 North 
 
 16" 
 
 De 
 
 Courses 
 
 Dist. 
 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 E 
 
 W 
 
 S43''E 
 
 21 
 
 
 ^55 
 
 14-3 
 
 
 S42«W 
 
 32 
 
 " 
 
 338 
 
 
 21-4 
 
 S52°E 
 
 20 
 
 
 29* 
 
 15-8 
 
 
 S 9°E 
 
 30 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 S 80° W 
 
 27-4 
 
 
 4-8 
 
 
 27*0 
 
 S 14° W 
 
 28-4 
 
 
 27-6 
 
 
 6-9 
 
 N6i« W 
 
 24-1 
 
 117 
 
 
 
 3I*X 
 
 S 15,' w 
 
 26.5 
 
 
 6-8 
 
 
 256 
 
 177 
 
 Lat. left 2S*» 39' S. 
 Diff. lat. i 49 S. 
 
 I20-3 348 
 
 117 
 
 102 -o 
 348 
 
 I08-6 
 
 67 2 
 
 Long. left 45° 2' E. 
 Diff. long. I 15 W. 
 
 
 Lat. in 27 28 S. 
 Sum 53 07 
 
 Long, in 43 47 E. 
 
 Mid. lat. 26 33 
 Course S. 32° W. Distance 128 miles. 
 
DAY S WORK. 
 
 11 
 
 1. 
 
 Dep. Conrse S 31° E or L of S 
 Dev. 20° W " L 
 
 Var. 
 
 S 51° E " L 
 
 8° E " N 
 
 T. Course S 43° E 
 
 Cur. Course S 34° W or R of S 
 Var. 8° E " R 
 
 T. Course S 42° W 
 3. 
 
 L'way 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var. 
 
 T. Course 
 
 L'way 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var. 
 
 T. Course 
 
 S 34° E or L 
 6° E " L 
 
 S 40° E " L 
 20° " L 
 
 S 60° E " L 
 8° " R 
 
 S 52° E " L 
 
 4. 
 
 S 23° E or L 
 11° L 
 
 S 34° E " L 
 17° R 
 
 S 17° E '' L 
 
 8° R 
 
 S 9°E 
 
 6. 
 
 8, 
 
 L'way 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var. 
 
 T. Coiu-se 
 
 L'way 
 
 Dev. • 
 
 Var. 
 
 T. Course 
 
 L'way 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Var. 
 
 T. Course 
 
 L'way 
 Dev. 
 
 S 56° W or R 
 5" R 
 
 S 61° W " R 
 11° R 
 
 S 72° W " R 
 8° R 
 
 S 80° W " R 
 
 S 28° W or R 
 
 0° 
 
 S 28° W " R 
 22° L 
 
 S 6° W " R 
 8° R 
 
 S 14° W " R 
 
 N 50° W or L 
 
 0° 
 
 N 50° W » L 
 19° W " L 
 
 N 69° W " L 
 8° R 
 
 N 61° W " L 
 
 N 75° »V or L 
 16° L 
 
 N 91° W - L 
 
 22° L 
 
 N 113° W - L 
 8° R 
 
 N 105° W " L 
 180° L 
 
 S 75° W " R 
 
12 
 
 DAY S WORK. 
 III. 
 
 Hours 
 
 I 
 
 Courses 
 
 Knots 
 
 loths. 
 
 Winds 
 
 L'way 
 
 Dev. 
 
 15° K 
 
 Remarks, &c. 
 
 Sou til 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 \VS W 
 
 7° 
 
 A point in latitude 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 • 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 34° 51' S; lon^^- 
 tude 20° 2' E.; 
 
 4 
 
 
 7 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 bearinjj by com- 
 pass N. 28° W. ; 
 dist. 17 miles. 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 S 11° E 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 SWbyW 
 
 11° 
 
 jo° W 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 Dev. 15° E. 
 
 S 45° E 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 S S W 
 
 14° 
 
 7°E 
 
 II 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 7 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 N 73° E 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 NbvE 
 
 22° 
 
 iS° W 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 ■> 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Var. 25° W. 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 • 6 
 
 
 
 
 ■ t 
 
 N ^3° W 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 NE 
 
 i8° 
 
 2 2° W 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 N 68° W 
 
 6 
 
 North. 
 
 i6° 
 
 14° E 
 
 lo 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 A cuiTcnt set S .79° 
 
 II 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 W. Correct mag- 
 
 12 
 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 netic 60 miles. 
 
 i6'y 
 
 95 -o 
 
 92.7 
 
 Courses 
 
 Dist. 
 
 N 
 
 S 
 
 E 
 
 W 
 
 
 * 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ■ . 
 
 / 
 
 
 98-4 
 
 Latitude in 36° 9' S. 
 
 Longitude in 19° 55' E. 
 
 Course made good S. 4° W. Dintanco 78 miles. 
 
DAY a WORK. 
 IV. 
 
 13 
 
 Hours 
 
 Courses 
 
 Knots 
 
 ID ths. 
 
 Winds 
 
 L'way 
 
 Dev. 
 
 Remarks, &c. 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 S45<'W 
 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 WN W 
 
 140 
 
 22° E 
 
 A point in latitude 
 40° 29' N ; longi- 
 tude 124° 32' W.; 
 bearing by com- 
 pass S. 84° E. ; 
 dist. 17 miles. 
 
 Dev. 22° E. 
 Var. 1 4° E- 
 
 A current set N.68° 
 E. Correct mag- 
 netic 28 miles. 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 S230 W 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 West 
 
 9° 
 
 iS°E 
 
 9 
 
 lO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 S 11° E 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 4 
 
 SWbyW 
 
 8° 
 
 22° W 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 N 68° W 
 
 8 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 
 
 6 
 4 
 4 
 
 SWlyW 
 
 12° 
 
 i7°W 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 West 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 s s w 
 
 16° 
 
 19° E 
 
 9 
 
 lO 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 S68° W 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 South. 
 
 170 
 
 24° W 
 
 Courses 
 
 Dist. 
 
 N 
 
 s 
 
 E 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 497 
 
 60' 
 
 41-5 
 
 ii8- 
 
 Latitude in 40° 18' N. 
 
 Longitude in 126" 12' W. 
 
 Course made good S. 82° W. Distance 77 miles. 
 
14 
 
 LATITUDE HY MERIDIAN ALTITUDE OF THE SUN. 
 
 TO FIND THE LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN 
 ALTITUDE OF THE SUN. 
 
 Bear in mind that it is apparent noon at ship or Oh. Om. Os. 
 when the meridian altitude of the sun is taken. 
 
 Rule. — Convert the longitude into time by multiplying it hy 4, 
 and dividing the product by 60. The quotient will be hours, 
 minutes and seconds of the longitude in time ; to be added if West, 
 which will be the apparent time at Greenwich on the given day ; 
 but subtract it from 24 hours if East, and the remainder is the 
 apparent time at Greenwich on the day previous. 
 
 Take from page I. of the month in the Nautical Almanac, the 
 sun's declination, for the Greenwich date and the hourly diffeience. 
 Multiply this hourly difference by the hours and deciixtai of an 
 hour of Greenwich date ; cut off as many figures to the right as 
 there are decimals in the multiplier and multiplicand, and the re- 
 maining figures, if they exceed 60, divide them by 60 and bring them 
 into minutes and seconds of arc ; apply it to the declination by ad- 
 dition if declination is increasing, but by subtraction if decreasing. 
 
 To the observed altitude add or subtract the index error if 
 any, according to the sign X add, — subtract. 
 
 From Table 5 (Norie) take out the dip nswering to the 
 height of the eye, which is always subtractive. 
 
 Next look in Table 18, and find the apparent altitude nearest 
 to yours and alongside will be found the correction for refraction 
 and parallax, which is also subtractive. 
 
 Now take from page II. of the month, and opposite the day 
 of the month, the Sun's semidiameter and add it if the lower limb 
 is observed, but subtract it if the upper limb was taken, which 
 will give you the true altitude of the sun's cenbre. 
 
 Now subtract the time altitucV from 90°, and the remainder 
 is the sun's true meridian zenith distance, to be named contrary to 
 the suns bearing. 
 
 Under the zenith distance place the corrected declination ; add 
 them if both are of the same name, that is both North or both 
 South ; but subtract if of contrary names, the result is the latitude 
 in of the same name as the greater. 
 
 Ex. 1.— 1882. March Wth, in long. 129° 0' W. the observed 
 meridian altitude of (0 was 64° 7' 40"; bearing South; index error 
 — V 17"; height of eye 18 feet ; required the latitude. 
 
 A T Sliip, March 20, Oh. Om. Os. Long. 129° 0' W. 
 
 Long, in time, 8 36 4 
 
 \ T Gr. March 20 8 36 
 
 60) 51-6 
 
 8 36 
 
J. 
 
 LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN ALTITUDE OF THE SUN. 
 
 15 
 
 :dian 
 
 !i. Om. Os. 
 
 ig it by 4, 
 be hours, 
 [ if We.st, 
 iven day ; 
 ler is the 
 
 lanac. the 
 iffeience. 
 lai of an 
 
 right as 
 d the re- 
 'ing them 
 )n by ad- 
 ereasing. 
 
 error if 
 
 ^ to the 
 
 B nearest 
 jfraction 
 
 the day 
 wer limb 
 n, which 
 
 smainder 
 itrary to 
 
 ion ; add 
 
 . or both 
 
 latitude 
 
 )bserved 
 ex error 
 
 W. 
 4 
 
 Deel. 
 
 0° 4' 63" S. Hourly Var. 59" 25 
 8 30 " 8-6 
 
 Ked deel. 3 37 N 
 
 35550 
 47400 
 
 60)50-9-550 
 
 8-30 
 
 Obs. alt. 
 Index en'or 
 
 64° 7' 
 — 1 
 
 40" S. 
 17 
 
 Di}). 
 
 64 6 
 4 
 
 23 
 4 
 
 Kef. 
 
 64 2 
 
 
 
 19 
 24 
 
 Semidi. 
 
 64 1 
 Xl6 
 
 55 
 5 
 
 True alt. 
 
 6418 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 Zen. dist. 
 Dee. 
 
 25 42 
 3 
 
 N. 
 37 N. 
 
 Lat. in 25 45 37 N. 
 
 Ex. 2.— 1882. September 23, in long. 174° 15' E. the ob- 
 served meridian altitude of (0 was 57° 20' 30"; bearing North: 
 index error X 1' 20"; height of eye 21 feet ; required the latitude. 
 A T Ship, Sept. 23, Oh. Om. Os. Long. 174° 15' E. 
 
 11 37 4 
 
 A T Gr. Sept 22, 12 23 
 
 00) 69-7 
 
 ^ 11 37 
 
 Deel. 0° 15' 21" N. HPrly Var. 58" 24' 
 — 12 2 ' 12-4 
 
 Ked. dec. 3 19 
 
 I i 
 
 23296 
 69888 
 
 60)72-2-176 
 
 12-2 
 
10 
 
 LATITUDE BY MEIUDIAN ALTITUDE OF THE 81 X. 
 
 01)8. alt. 
 index error 
 
 Lat. in 
 
 57° 20' 30" N. 
 X 1 20 
 
 Dir. 
 
 57 21 50 
 4 23 
 
 Kef. 
 
 57 17 27 
 32 
 
 8emidi. 
 
 57 16 55 
 X 15 59 
 
 T. Alt. 
 
 57 32 54 
 90 
 
 Zen. (list. 
 Decl. 
 
 32 27 6 S. 
 3 19 N 
 
 32 23 47 S. 
 
 Kx. 3.— 1882. Julv 5, in long. 85° 15' E.: the observed 
 meridian altitude )f the {j was 32° 11' 40": bearinj; North; heioht 
 of eye 20 feet ; re(iuired the latitude. Ans. lat. in 34° 49' 30" S. 
 ' Ex. 4.— 1882. October 12, in long-. 84° 30' E.; the observed 
 meridian altitude of the (Ji 42° 10' 45"; bearing North; index 
 'Mi'or — 1' 10"; height of eye 22 fc^et; recjuired the latitude. 
 Ans. lat. in 55° 2' 28" S. 
 
 mile 
 Ans 
 
 i-eqi 
 
 \V 
 
 PARALLEL SAILING. 
 
 Kule. — Take from Table 25 (Norie) the log secant of the 
 hititude (rejecting 10 in the index) and the log of the departm-e 
 from Table 24 ; add these logs together and the siun will be the log 
 of the difference of longitude in the column marked No. at the top. 
 
 Ex. 1. — In latitude 44°, the departure made goed was 95 
 miles, re(iuired the difference of longitude by parallel sailing. 
 Latitude 44° 0' Secant 0-143066 
 Departure ^5 Log 1-977724 
 
 Dift". of lonjr. 132-06 
 
 2-120790 
 
 Kx. 2. — In latitude 40°, the departure made good was 108 
 miles, i-e(]uired tlie difference of longitude by parallel sailing. 
 Latitude 40 Secant 0-115746 
 
 Departure 108 Log 2-033424 
 
 Dift'. of long. 141-0 
 
 2149170 
 
 N 
 
ol)H('rvt'(| 
 h; heio lit 
 
 )'30" S. 
 
 observed 
 index 
 latitude. 
 
 t of the 
 
 'parture 
 
 ( the lo^ 
 
 the top. 
 
 was 95 
 
 no-. 
 
 va.s 108 
 sailing. 
 
 N 
 
 PARALLEL SAILING. 
 
 17 
 
 Kx. 3. — In latitude 30°, the departiue made "ood was 250 
 miles, re<jnired the difference of lon<»'itu<le h^y parallel sailinj;. 
 Ans. 309-0. 
 
 Iv;. 4. — In latitude 50°, the departure ma<le oood was 87 miles, 
 required the ditt'erenee of h)ngitude by parallel sailing. Ans. 155-0. 
 
 MERCATOR SAILING. 
 
 Mereator Sailing gives a more accurate methed of finding the 
 course and distance from one point to another, or from the shij/s 
 position to her intended i)ort, and is })erformed l>y the help of 
 Table III. (Norie) of meridional parts. 
 
 Hule. — Put down the latitude and longitude of the two places, 
 and ;'.ls() the meridicmal parts corres])onding to each latittide. If 
 the latitiules are both North or both South, subtract : if one is 
 N<U'th and the other South, add them together, and re(hw«' the dif- 
 ference of latitude to miles by nudtiidying by (JO. 
 
 Add or subtract the meridional i)arts, according as the lati- 
 tudes are added or subtracted. 
 
 Next find the difference of Longitude — if both East or Ixith 
 West, i^ubtract : if one East and the other West, add them to- 
 gether and reduce them to miles. If the sunn)f the two h>ngitudes 
 exceed 180°, subtract from 300°, and the remainder is the differ- 
 ence of longitude of the same name as the longitude left. 
 
 To Find the Coikse. — From the h)g of the difference of 
 longitude (incn>asing the index by 10) siditract the log of the 
 mciidionnl difference of latitude, the renuiintler will be the h)^; 
 tauii'ent of the course foimd in Table 25 (Norie). 
 
 To Find the Distance. — To the h)g secant of the coui-sf 
 add the h)g of the i)ropcr difference of hititude. the sum ( rejecting 
 10 in the index) will he the log of the distance found in Tattle 24 
 (N(n'ie). 
 
 Ex. 1. — Comimte bv Mercator's Sailing the course and dis- 
 tance fnmi Lat. 0° 1' N., Long. 80^ 14' K.,to'Lat. 0° 10' S.. L.mg. 
 39° 15' E. 
 
 Lat. 0° 1' X. Mer. i)ts. 302 Long. 80° 14' E. 
 
 "371 L:mz. 39° 15' E. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 6° 10' S. 
 
 h» 
 
 
 12 11 
 
 00 
 
 
 2459 
 733 
 
 731 
 13-390 
 2-805 
 
 758 
 104 
 
 73Si^ 
 
 Tana-. 10-525054 
 
 73-24 
 731 
 
 Log 
 
 40 59 
 ()0 
 
 2459 
 10v")44107 
 
 2-803917 
 
 3-408024 
 
 Couise S. 73° 24' W. Dist. 2559 miles. 
 
18 
 
 MERCATOH SAIIJNO. 
 
 Kx. 2.~C(>nii)iit« bv Mcrcatin's SalHnjr tlu' coniw ami dis- 
 tanc' from Lat. 2<5" 38'' S., L<ni<r. lo' 8' E., to Lat. 5° 28' S., 
 
 LoHLC. 35° 17' W. 
 
 Lat. 20^ 38' S. 
 Lat. 5° 28' S. 
 
 21 to 
 
 r»o 
 
 T270 
 3025 13-480725 
 1331 3124178 
 
 Mcr. Pis. 1(350 Lon<.-. 15° 8' E. 
 •• " 328 L(>n:,r. 35M7' VV. 
 
 1331 50 25 
 
 (50 
 
 Tanii-. 10-35G547 
 
 06° 15' 
 1270 
 
 Lo<!: 
 
 Dist. 3153 mill's. 
 
 3025 
 0-3949()8 
 3-103804 
 
 3.408772 
 
 Course N. (>(J" 15' W. 
 
 ■ T^xT'^^^Ciomputt' l)v Mcriator's Sailinj>' tlu* ronrsc and dis- 
 
 taiu'c from Lat. 35° 14' N.. Loiio'. 75" 30' W.. to Lat. 18° 23' S.. 
 Lon^-. 12° 2' E. Ans.— Course S. 57° 13' E. Dist. 5941 miles. 
 
 Ex. 4. — CVmipiite hy Mereator's Sailini;' the course and dis- 
 tance from Lat. 44° 39' N., Lon^-. 03° 37' \V., to Lat.38°5tf S., 
 Lou,.;. 18° 28' E. Ann.— Course S. 43° 37' 35" E. Dist. 0514 
 miles. 
 
 FIND THE TIMES OF HIGH WATER BY 
 THE ADMIRALTY TIME TABLES. 
 
 Kule. — Seek for the name of the ])oi't in the A(hniraltv Tables 
 of. Tiihil Constants ( })a<;('s 104 to 108) : note the time wliether it 
 is -j- or — and also its port of reference. Now turn hack to the 
 fore part of the Tide Tables, and look for the Standard i)ort, in 
 the <>iven month, and o])]»osite the day of the month will be found 
 the times of hi<j;h water A. M. and P. M.. to which :uld or sid)tract 
 your constant, as the case may be, and you have your ^V. M. and 
 P. M. tides. 
 
 Having an ADDrnvK Constant. — Now if a blank occurs in 
 the mornin<;', take the afternoon tide of the (hiy before for your 
 A. M. tide and the P. M. tidi' of the i>iven day for y<mr P. M. 
 tide. If the constant does not pass it over niidnif;ht. there will ])c 
 no A. M. title. 
 
 If a blank in the afternoon colunui, and an a<lditive c(mstant, 
 take the mornini>' tide of th? <>iven tlay and add the constant to it : 
 if it ])asses over noon, oi' 12 hours, take 12 hours from it, and the 
 remainder is your P. M. tide. If it does not come up to 12 hours 
 there is no P. M. tide, but an A. M. tide. 
 
 II\viN(i A Snvnrvc TivE Constant. — If a blijnk occurs in 
 the mornin<>" cohunn, take the afternoon of the <;iven day fo.i your 
 A. M. tide and the next m<nnin<i"s tide for your P. M. tide— bor- 
 rowing*' 12 hours : if 12 hours are not required, there will be no 
 \. M. or P. M. tide, as the case mav be. 
 
TIMES OF HKJH WATKK HY ADMIRALTY .IMK TABLES. 
 
 11) 
 
 ^ ami (Us- 
 
 5° 28' S., 
 
 
 and (Hs- 
 1" 23' S.. 
 H miles, 
 and dis- 
 
 r5tf S.. 
 ist. 6514 
 
 R BY 
 
 S. 
 
 V Tal)k's 
 lu'tlicr it 
 ■k to the 
 
 l)ort, in 
 )(' found 
 subtract 
 
 M. and 
 
 x't'urs in 
 tor vour 
 
 V P. M. 
 
 ! will 1)1' 
 
 onstant, 
 lit to it : 
 and the 
 -2 hours 
 
 •t'urs in 
 o.i yonr 
 le — l»or- 
 11 be no 
 
 Tf a blank occurs In the afternoon coluuni, take the next niorn- 
 Inj^'s tide, and if the constant is greater borrow 12 hours, and what 
 is left will be the P. M. tide; if 12 hours are not re(|uired there 
 will be no P. M. tide. 
 
 If no blanks and the cmistant atlditive, iu\<\ the c(nistant to the 
 ni(U'ninL,''s ti(h', tlie time ])ast noon is your P. M.: then take the 
 tiuic of tide P. M. of the day before and adil the constant to it, tjje 
 time ])ast midnii;lit is the A. VI. tide: if the constant (h)es not 
 brin^' it uj) to mi(hii<;ht there is no A. M. tide. 
 
 If no !)lanks and the constant subtraetive, and <;reater than 
 the morninj;' tide, rej^'ct it and take the afreiiKvon tide for tiie morn- 
 ing' ti(U' an<l the next morning's tide for your afternoon tide -Ikh*- 
 rowing" 12 hours in each ease: if 12 hours are not recjuired there is 
 no A. M. or P. M. tide, as the case may be. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 1. — 1877. Decembers. Find the times of IIi<;h Water at 
 Cnnnarty, A. M. and P. M. 
 
 Dec. 5, under licith. 
 Constant 
 
 Morninj;-. 
 2h. 7m. 
 
 2 21 
 
 Kvenint;'. 
 2h. 28m. 
 — 2 21 
 
 Dec. 4. No A. M. 11 4t) P. M. 4th, 7 P. M. 
 
 2.— 1877. Novend)er30. Find the times of Iliuh Water at 
 Crinan, A. M. and P. M. 
 
 Morniui:;. Fveniuf^'. 
 
 Nov. 30, under (Jreenock. 7h. 21ni. Oh, 48m. on 20th 
 
 Constant +4 41 4 41 
 
 2 P.M. 11 21) No A.M. tide. 
 
 3.— 1877. October 14. Find th-' times of llinh Water at 
 Brid^ewater, A. M. and P. M. 
 Ans.— llh. 21m. A. M. lib. ^Om. P. M. 
 
 4. — 1877. Se})tend)er 15. Find the time of High Water at 
 St. Mah), A. M.andP. M. 
 
 Ans.— llh. 31m. A. M. No P. M. tide. 
 
 TO FIND THE TIMES OP HIGH WATER AT FOREIGN 
 
 PORTS. 
 
 Take out from the Al])]iabi'tical Tables, at the end of the 
 book, the tinu's of high water full and change at Brest and at the 
 given ])l;ice. The differt'nce iietween the two times is the constant 
 which will be additive, if the time of high water at the Ftn-eign 
 Port is greater than the time at Brest, but subtraetive if least. 
 
 Now take the longitude of Brest, and the Lmgitude of the 
 given place, add them if of contrary names, but subtract if of the 
 same name. 
 
•20 
 
 TIMEH OF Hl(;n WATKU AT KOKKKiN I'OKTH. 
 
 Next tak(> out the tiiiir ot the MooirK Transit from the month 
 and for the <;iv«'n «lay. and tlu'day fcdlowiiij;, if in West lon<j^itud«', 
 and for the ^iven and the (hiy hefore if in Kast h>n^itu(h'. and take 
 their ditVereiice, wiiii-h is the Variation «»f the Moon's meridian 
 passage in 'J4 h«>nrs. 
 
 Now Hvi'U in Tal)h' 1({ ( Norie ) and «n»j)osit4' tlie hion^itiuh' in 
 the h'ft si(U' eohnini, and nnder the variation of the Moon's meri- 
 dian passa^'i* >vil1 he found a eorrei-tion to he aihh'd U* tlie times of 
 hij^li \\ater if the h>n<;itu(h' is Wjst. hut suhtraeted if East. 
 
 Th<' residt is the time of hh^U water. 
 
 Kx. 1.— 1877. duly 20. Find the times of IIif,di Water at 
 Manilhi, (Luzon IshmiK) Limj;-. 120" 'il' K. A. M. and P. M. 
 
 II. W. F. ami V. at Manilhi lOh. 40n.. Lonj;. 120*^ 57' K. 
 " Brest 8 47 - 4 29 W. 
 
 »» *k 
 
 (\mstant 
 
 125 26 
 
 H- (J 53 
 Morninj^;. 
 r. n. W. Hrest..lulv20, llh.41m. -m liMh, llh. Im. 
 
 Fvenin*:;. 
 
 Constant 
 
 -h (> 53 
 
 -i- ♦') 53 
 
 18 
 
 34 
 
 — 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 18 • 
 
 CorrecticMi for lou"'. 
 
 T. of II. W. ♦; 1() W M. 
 
 (Transit lJ)th. 7l« 3-lm. 
 •• 20th. 8 20 
 
 17 
 
 54 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 
 
 18 
 
 5 30 A. M. 
 
 52 
 
 Ev 2.-1877. Anonst 5. Find the time of Hi-h Water at 
 ilwdiu ( Malaeea Straits,) Lon--. 100' 20' E. A. M. and P. M. 
 
 II. W. F. and C. at (^leda. Oh. Om. Lon^-. 100° 20' E. 
 
 Bre.st, 3 47 - 4 29 W. 
 
 >• kb 
 
 Constant — 3 47 
 
 (Transit 4th, 7h. 10m. 
 " 5th, 8 10 
 
 104 49 
 
 P, 
 
 1 
 
 00m. 
 
 fm 
 
!-itU(I( 
 
 VV. 
 
 riMKS OF HIOII WATKU AT FORKIUN I'OKTH. 
 
 Kveniiiif. 
 
 21 
 
 II. W. Rivst. Awi^. 5, 11 h. Atiin. 
 
 Constant, 
 
 Cor. for Ion;;. 
 
 — 3 47 
 
 Morning Gtli, Oh. 3Gni. 
 3 47 
 
 8 {> 8 49 
 
 — 17 C«)r. for lon^^ — 17 
 
 T. II. W. 7 52 A. M. 8 82 P. M. 
 
 Kx. 3.— 1877. Ai»ri! 7. Find tlu- tinu' of Ilioh Water at 
 Ad.'laidr l*«.rt (Anstralia). Lon^itnile 138° 30' E. A. M. and 
 \\ M. An.H. No A. M. oh. 28in. P. M. 
 
 Kx. 4. -1877. May 24. Find tiu' lime of lli;.h Water at 
 Mauritius ( Port Louis), lion^ntnde 57" 32' F. A. M. and P.M. 
 A US. lOh. 13n». A. M. lOh. 37ni. P. M. 
 
 TO FIND THE ERROR AND DEVIATION 
 
 BY AMPLITUDE. 
 
 KILK. 
 
 Turn yoiu' lou^ituih' into tinu'. and a<hl it to the ship time 
 ('X])ressed Astrononncally if it is West, hut suhtract if it is Fast, 
 and the sun) or remainder is the a])i)arent time at (iret'nwieh. 
 
 Take out the iU'clination from ])a<;e I. of tlie m()nth in the 
 Nautical Ahuanae. and i-orreet it hy the (Jreenwieh tinu'. 
 
 Now )>ut dowu tlie latitu(h\ and ])h'.<'e iuuh*rneath it the coi-- 
 reet declination: take out the lo^- secant of the hititude. the h)<;sine 
 of tlie coiTcct declination, add thesi* two lo^s t<»^ether, the sum is 
 the !(•<;• siue of the true annilitude to the nearest minute; to he 
 reckoned fr(»mthe Kast in the luornin^, and West in the afternoon, 
 towards the North or South, according' to the nana' of the declina- 
 tion. 
 
 Now under the Trui' Am|>litu<le, jtlaci- the nngnetic or sun's 
 hearing-, making them l)oth reckou from the Fasi ov West j)oint, 
 now add the < \o together if one is North and the other South, hut 
 suhtract if hoth are of the same name. If one is Fjtst anil the 
 other West, take the True Amplitude from 180° and change tlu? 
 name froui East to West or from West to Fast, the name North 
 or Smith remains the same, tln'u take their dirt'erence. 
 
 To Namk the Ehkok.— The error is named Fast if the true 
 amplitude falls to the right of the magnetic «)r compass hearing', 
 hut West if it falls to the left. 
 
 To Find tiik Dkviatiox.— Under the error of the compass 
 place the Variation: if they are lioth of the same name, sul)traet, 
 l)ut if of oj)])osite names, add, and the sum or remainder is the 
 deviation. 
 
22 
 
 ERROR ANM) DKVIATION liV .WII'LITl'DK. 
 
 Tc Name the Deviation, you must sup})os(> yourself st!in<lin<>' 
 ill the iiiiddh' of the eoinpass and h)okin;;' towards the North point. 
 If the error falls to the left of the variation the deviation is VW'st. 
 if it falls to the ri<>;ht it is East. 
 
 If Variation is 0. the error is the deviation : if the Error is 0. 
 the deviation is the same amount as the variati(ni but of an o])- 
 posite name, East when variation is West or West when variation 
 is East. 
 
 • N. B. — When latitude is 0, the deelination is the true am])li- 
 tude; when the deelination is 0, the true amplitude is East if A. AI. 
 West if P. M. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 1. — 1882. Jail. 0th, at Oh. 25m. 32s. A. M. a])])arent time at 
 ship: Lat. 38° 5' S., Lonj;-. 11° 7' W. : the sun's ma<;Tietie am])li- 
 tude was E. 39° 22' 8.: reipiired the true amplitude and error of 
 compass; and supi)osiug the variation to be 18° 30' W., required 
 the deviation. 
 
 Jan. 5, 18h.25m.32s. L<.-.11°7'W. Dee. 22°35'44"S. II.D. 17"19 
 
 44 28 
 
 " 5, 19 10 
 
 44' 28 
 
 5 30 
 
 22 30 14 S. 
 
 10 2 
 
 3438 
 15471 
 1719 
 
 T. Amp. E. 29° 5¥ S. 
 M. Amp. E. 39 22 S. 
 
 Error 
 Var. 
 
 lOlO^W. 
 18 30 W. 
 
 0-0)33-0-048 
 
 5.30 
 
 Lat. 38° 5' See. 0403902 
 Dee. 22 30 Sine 9-582840 
 
 9-0808802 
 
 Dev 
 
 w 
 
 Error f;illiny to the Ri{>:lit of 
 Viiriiition tin- Deviation is 
 ICast. 
 
 W 
 
 N 
 
 v^. 
 
 \ 
 
 S M 
 
 True Amplitude falls to tlic 
 Left the Error is West. 
 
'If stand ]'n<»' 
 Vortli point, 
 on is West. 
 
 Error is 0. 
 t of an ()])- 
 'n variation 
 
 true ani])li- 
 ist if A.M. 
 
 ent time at 
 u'tif ani])li- 
 1(1 error of 
 '^.. required 
 
 I.D. 17"19 
 
 19 2 
 
 3438 
 15471 
 1719 
 
 [))33-0-048 
 
 5.30 
 
 0-103962 
 9-582840 
 
 9-G8G8802 
 
 1/ 
 
 ^> 
 
 M 
 e falls to tlic 
 West. 
 
 ERKOR ANT) DEVIATION BY AMPLITl'DK. 
 
 23 
 
 2. — April 13tli, at Gh. 13in. 10s. I'. M. a])parent time at ship: 
 Ijat. 20° IG' N: Lon«^^ 108' 40' \\.: the sun's maji^netie an)plitude 
 was W. 5 N. re(piired tlie true ani))iitn(le and error of compass: 
 and supposing- the variation t(» he 15*^ 0' E. requiri'd the deviation, 
 
 Ap. 13.Gh. m(rr,M. Lg. 108= 40' E. Dee. 8° 44'51'N. ll.D. 54*G7 
 
 7 14 40 
 Ap. 12. 22 58 30 
 
 4 
 
 434 40 
 
 7 14 40 
 
 + 20 57 
 9 5 48 N- 
 
 23 
 
 1(;401 
 10934 
 
 125741 
 
 20-57 
 
 T. Amp. W. 9^^ 42' 22" X. 
 M. Amp, W. 8 2G 15 N". 
 
 Lat. 20^ !()' See. 0-027755 
 Dee. 9 G Sine 9-199091 
 
 Krror 
 Van 
 
 1 IG 7 K. 
 15 E. 
 
 vSine 9-22G84G 
 
 13 43 53 W. 
 
 N 
 
 T 
 M 
 \V 
 
 K 
 
 'Vrwe. Amplitiule falls to the Hij^lit 
 lA' Mayrnctic the Error is liast. 
 
 Krror'i falls to the Left of tin- 
 VarJalinii the Deviaiioii is West. 
 
 3.— 1882. March ^th. at Gh. 21' .\. M.: apparent time at 
 ship: Lat. 41° 2' N. Long. 130° W. the sun's magnetic ami)litude was 
 was E. f N. required the the true :im])litu(h' and error of compass: 
 and Hup])osing the variation to he 3 30' \V. recpiired the deviation. 
 Ans.— Dev. 19° 47' 00 E. 
 
 4.— 1882. Oi't. 1st, at GIk ll' 30" A. M.: apparent time at 
 ahi]): Lat. 42° 10' X.: Long. G8° 15' W. the sun's magnetic anqdi- 
 tude was E..^ S. recpiired the true amplitude and error of conq)ass: 
 and supposing the variation to he 10° 40' K. required tlie deviation. 
 Ans,— Dev. 14° ii 24" W. 
 
'U 
 
 LO.NCilTUDK Hf ViHiOSOMEiEiC 
 
 <;;umiij;'. 
 
 TO FIND THE LONGITUDE BY 
 OHROlSrOMETER. 
 
 (Jet an approxiniJitc dat^'. I»y means of the ship time and thr 
 K)U<;itii(le l>y aecoiint liT<)u<;lit into time. Tliis will kUow what the 
 chronometer <Hi<<lit to "ive. 
 
 To tiie time h\ chroji. apply the f)ri^'inaJ error, addinn' if the 
 ehnm. is sl(>\v rejecting- 24 hours, if greater than 24 hrs. and put- 
 ting- the <lav one a head: hut if the error is fast, suhtraet. inereas- 
 inf( the time shown hy ehron. hy 24 hrs. if neeessary and date it 
 one day hack- 
 To Find tfif, Daii.v Katk. — If h(»th errors is slow, or hotli 
 fast suhtraet. hut if one is slow i;nd the other fast <j;( f their sum, 
 Ueduee the sum or ditfeience into seconds and tenths, divide this- 
 hy the numher of days ehipsed lu'tween the errors which will give 
 the daily rate in s«*conds and tentiis. 
 
 Now to tin<{ whether it is <;aininu: or l(>siui;' 
 i'onunittinj;" t<» niemory the tollowiuii;: 
 
 Slow and yreatt-r slow - - - 
 
 Slow and less slow , - - - 
 
 Fast and less fast - - . _ 
 
 P^ist and greater fast .... 
 Slow and fast - - . . . 
 
 Fast and sh)w . • . . . 
 
 Now to lind the act-unudated rate, find the nuJid)er of days 
 that have ela])sed since the last error was ohtained. Ih-inj^- the 
 hours of (ireenwinh time into decimals hy placiuj^' two ci]du'rs to 
 the nearest hours of (ireeuwich time and divide hy 4 and G or hy 
 24 hrs. will j;ive tii<' decimal of the day to he phu-ed after the niun- 
 her of days. Multiply tht> numher of days and parts of a day l)y 
 the daily rate, and the product (after euttiu}; oft' as many decimals 
 as the nudtijilier and nndtiplicand consii' ts of, ) and the ivnuuniuf;' 
 fij;u)('s if over t!U. divide hy «»(). will he the accunudated rate, to 
 l)e achled to the chrouonu'ter time if daily rate is h>sin_<>', hut suh- 
 trueti'd if ;;ainin^. will j;ive the nu'an time at (ireenwicli. 
 
 Take out the declination from paj^e II. of the month in the 
 Nautical Almanac, and co)rect it for the (Jreenwich mean tune hy 
 the hourly dilferencc and Knd the Polar distance. 
 
 To Find TiiK Polar Diktanck. — If latitude and declinati(Mi 
 are of the same name suhtraet the deelinati<ui from 90*^, and the 
 remainder is the Folar distance, hut if «d" contrary nanu's atld them 
 together. 
 
 - I>y keepiu}*' or 
 
 htsint!'. 
 
 <;ainii 
 
 losini 
 
 ojunmg'. 
 gaining, 
 losinji'. 
 
 an 
 cr 
 
 MX 
 
BT 
 
 Ime a ltd the 
 )w what the 
 
 idm<j; if the 
 
 IS. and |)ut- 
 
 !i('t. iiicrea.s- 
 
 and dat<' it 
 
 ow, or both 
 t their sum, 
 divide this 
 ['h will oive 
 
 keeping- ov 
 
 iiiiio/ 
 iii<4-. 
 iiing. 
 nhij.-. 
 
 no'. 
 
 !' of days 
 
 I>riug the 
 
 ei])hers to 
 
 nd or ]>y 
 
 r t\u' imui- 
 
 f a day l)y 
 
 y decimals 
 
 remaining* 
 
 i^d rate, to 
 
 :, l>nt sul)-- 
 
 itli in the 
 Ml time by 
 
 hu'lination 
 , and the 
 add them 
 
 LONftlTl'DK HY CHK()N0MP:TER. 
 
 25 
 
 Now take out the E(i[nation of time from page II. of the month, 
 an<l eorreet it hy the hourly difference, observing whether it is in- 
 creasing or decreasing, and aihl the correction if increasing, but 
 su])tract if decreasing. 
 
 Next correct the suns altitude in the usual' way, and get the 
 true altitude. 
 
 Place uuderiieath the true altitmh', the Polar distance and 
 latitude of nhip, add tliese thret? elements together and get their 
 siun, then get the half sum, take the true altitude from the half 
 sum to get the remainder. 
 
 Take out from Table 25 ( Norie) the cosecant of the Polar 
 distance, the s(H'ant of the latitude, the cosine of the half sum, and 
 the .sin(! of the remainder, (If the Ptdar distance exceeds 90'^, 
 take the secant of tht; correct declination.) These logs must be 
 woi'ked out to the nearest second. 
 
 N. B. — In taking (uit cosecants and cosines you will observe 
 that tile logs is decreasing, wliile the log sines and secants is in- 
 cr(iasing. 
 
 Now the sum of the four logs (rejecting 10 in the index) will 
 give the log of the apparent time to l)e found in Table 31 ; if it is 
 a P. M. sight take (Uit the ajjparent time from the to]) of the l)age, 
 but if A. M. take out the time from the bottom of the page. If 
 P. M. take out the log next less than the given one ; if A. M. look 
 for the log next greater, and the difference between the given log 
 and the log found in the table being found in the right hand side 
 eolunni gives j)ro])orti()nate ])arts for the seconds to be added. 
 
 N(^xt a])])lv the equation of time to t\\o. apparent time at ship, 
 l>y addition «)r subtraction, as directed at the head of the column 
 page 1., Nautii'al Almanac : the sum or remainder will be the nu'an 
 tiim^ at ship, the difference betwei'U the mean time at ship and the 
 mean time at (ireenwich will give the longitude in time: West if 
 Greenwith time best, but East if (ireenwich time h'ast. 
 
 If it is A. M. at shij) and P. M. at (ireenwich, in We.-.t hm- 
 gitude. increase the latter by 24 bonis, and su])tract ; if P. M. at 
 ship and A. M. at (ireenwich in Kast 1 >ugitii(h'. Increase the shi]) 
 time by 24 hours, and subtract; the remainder is your longitude in 
 time. 
 
 N. H. — The hour angle can be found independent of Talde 31. 
 Divide the sum of the four logs liy 2: look for half the sum of lo<>-s 
 in sine column in Tabh> 25. being iiuilti))lied by 2. gives the Jiour 
 angle in degrees, which being multiplieil by 4, turns it into time. 
 Or the h<mr angle can also be foiuul independent of eitlun* Tables 
 31 or 25, by adding to the four h>gs a c«)nstant h)g 5'301030, 
 which will give the hour angle in Table 29 of log rising. This is 
 only done in case a leaf of Table 31 or 25 may hv. defai'ed or tuni 
 out. 
 
2G 
 
 LONGITUDK BY CHKONOMKTEH. 
 
 Ex. 1.— 1882. July 28th, at 41i. Om. l\ M. In Lat. 29° 40' 
 40" N., Loiiii^. 73° 40' E.. the <)l)S(n-vt'(l altitude of tlu' suirs lowor 
 limb was 35" 51' 10", hiuolit ol" the eye 12 i'et't. Time ]>y Chroii. 
 Oh. Om. Os., which was fast 52m. Os. for iiuum noon at (Ireenwich 
 on Febvuai y 28, and on Aj)i'il 1 was 52m. 20s. fast for mean noon 
 (ireenwieh. Hetjnired the longitude. 
 
 Spiicc for 
 Minor Cor- 
 rections. 
 
 II.I>.34"o4 
 23.1 
 
 3404 
 6S0S 
 
 Long. 73° 40' E. Feb. iSd. chron. 5.1111. os. Fnst. 
 
 April 
 
 Id. 
 
 52 20 
 
 6-o) 29*4 40 Interval 32ds. 
 
 Long, in time 45440 
 Ship date 1-2411.4 o o 
 
 ) 20CJ (.6 gaininjT. 
 
 8 
 
 6'o)7S'6-3i4 
 
 I.V6 
 0242S6 
 
 — K) 
 O24J7O 
 
 Diff. 72 
 22 
 
 144 
 
 144 
 
 15-84 
 
 06102a 
 X4S 
 
 06106S 
 
 Apx.Gr.D. 27d. 23 520 
 
 Time bv Chr. July 28d. oh. om. os. 
 Fast ' - - - —52 20 
 
 Interval from April id. to 
 liilv 27d = ii7ds. 96 
 6 
 
 27d. 23 7 40 
 — I II 
 
 Cyo)-j-o-j-G 
 
 M. T. Gr. July 27d. 2^ 6 29 Aceuni. rate i-iosayu 
 
 Decl. 
 
 19° ii'44"N. 
 — 13 6 
 
 Eq. T 
 
 6m. ii;s. 31 
 — 60 
 
 II. D OS. 026 
 
 Cor. dec. 18 58 38 N. 
 90 o o 
 
 P. dist. 71 I 22 
 
 Dift'. 1 20 
 
 4<);Obs. Alt. 35° 51' 10 
 
 Dip. 
 
 48'o() 
 
 Sf.66,V2 
 
 — 80 
 
 Diff. 531 
 
 79-f'S 
 
 72S027 
 '53 
 
 72S1S0 
 
 46 
 
 1998 
 
 ■S-V'SI 
 
 Rel". 
 
 Semidi. 
 T. Alt. 
 
 — 3 19 
 
 35 47 51 
 
 — I 9 
 
 3.'? 4^' 42 
 
 -^ 1.=; 47 
 
 Red. Eq. T. ~6 14 71 
 
 T. alt. 36° 2' 29" 
 P. dist. 71 I 22 
 Lat. 29 40 40 
 
 Sum 136 44 31 
 i Sum 68 22 15 
 Rem. 32 19 46 
 
 Cosec. 
 Sec. 
 
 Cos. 
 Sine 
 
 026 
 
 78 
 52 
 
 )6oo6 
 
 0*024270 
 o'o6io68 
 
 9"5665.';- 
 9728180 
 
 36 2 29 
 
 App. T. S. 
 Eq. T. 
 
 M. T. S. 
 
 M. T. S. 
 M. T. Gr. 
 
 Lona. in time 
 
 9-380070 
 
 3I1. 54m. 38s-. 
 + 6 15 
 
 28d. 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 + 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 27d. 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 29 
 
 4 54 24=73° 36' o" E. 
 
 Ex. 2.— 1882. June 20th, at 4h. 35m. P. M. in Lat. 50° 30' 
 N., Long'. 58° 55' W., the observed altitude of the sun's lower liml) 
 was 31° 9' 30", height of eye 20 feet. Time by Chron. 8h. 11m. 
 
 20s. 
 
 A]. 
 
 (In 
 
 n.i). 
 
It. 29^ 40' 
 nil's lower 
 l>,y Clu-oii. 
 ireenwic'li 
 lean noon 
 
 ast. 
 
 6 gainine^. 
 
 1 Id 
 
 . to 
 
 96 
 
 6 
 
 
 76 
 
 
 av 11 
 
 I.D 
 
 OS. 026 
 
 
 -JSi 
 
 
 026 
 
 
 7« 
 
 
 52 
 
 - 
 
 )6oo6 
 
 O-0J427O 
 o*o6io68 
 
 9 
 9 
 
 56655J 
 728180 
 
 9-380070 
 
 E. 
 
 fc. 50° 30' 
 wer Hinl) 
 8I1. lliii. 
 
 LoNHJlTLDK HY CHUONOMKl KU. 
 
 '20s., wlilch was 23ni. 50s. slow for moan noon at (ii-ccnwicli o!) 
 April 22, and on May 20 v.as 22in. 12s. slow for iifan noon at 
 ( hveuwieh. liequirt'd the loiioitnde. 
 
 Sp:I.CC i'i)f 
 .Minor Cor- 
 rections. 
 
 n.D. i"o8 
 
 s-.s 
 
 Long. 58° 55' W. 
 4 
 
 ('■()) -3' S 40 
 
 April 22d. Chr. 23111. 50s. Slow. 
 Miiv 20 ••22 12 
 
 28tls. 
 
 54<^ 
 9" 180 
 
 o3749'2 
 — ¥J 
 
 037443 
 
 Long, in time 3*55 40 
 ::)luj) time 4*35 o 
 
 1-38 
 60 
 
 Interval 
 
 App. fir. date S30 40 
 
 28;y8o {ys gaining 
 «4 
 
 140 
 140 
 
 Dift'. gi 
 
 3'>» 
 
 455 
 
 Time by Chron. 2od. 8h. iim. 20s. Interval from Mav 2od, 
 Slow - - - - + 22 12 to Juno 2od.=3i-35 
 
 3'5 
 
 49' 14 
 
 4354^''' 
 — 97 
 
 4353^1 
 
 Accuni. rate 
 
 S 33 33 
 
 Gr. >L T. June 2od. 8 31 42 
 
 Decl. 23° 26' 57" X. Ec]. T. jm. 14s. 34 
 
 -r 9 -r 4 63 
 
 Cor. dec. 23 27 6 X. 
 90 f> 
 
 Difl. 744IP. dist. 66 32 54 
 
 Ki — i^ — 1— 
 
 ^,^;Oh.s. Alt. 31° 9' 30' 
 — 4 17 
 
 744^1 Dip 
 9672 
 
 Ref. 
 
 "^3^51" 
 X 93 
 
 832654 >v. 
 
 DifT. 
 
 41 
 
 Sem, 
 T. Alt. 
 
 31 5 13 
 
 — I 27 
 
 31 3 46 
 
 + 15 46 
 
 Red.E.T. + 1 18 97 
 
 All. 31° 19' 32" 
 P. 1). 66 ^2 54 
 Lat. 50 30 o 
 
 
 1567^ 
 9405 
 
 
 6.0) 
 
 IO-9725 
 
 
 
 I •49-711 
 
 .D. 0-545 
 
 
 4360 
 
 
 
 4-6325 
 
 
 Co sec. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 fo37443 
 o' 196489 
 
 148 22 26 
 
 74 II 13 
 4- 51 41 
 
 Co-<ine 9'435,'?''5 
 Sine 9-^33654 ■>. 
 
 9'5oi95' 
 
 31 19 3-J 
 
 App. T. at Ship..4li. 34m. 278. 
 Eq. T - I 19 
 
 908 I 
 93-07 
 
 M. T. Ship. 2od. 4 35 46 
 M. T. Gr.. 2od. S 31 42 
 
 Long, in time 
 
 3 55 56-58° 59' o" W. 
 
 Ex. 3.— 1882. Feluuary 10, at 8I1. 20in. A. M. I.at. 50" 48' 
 N.. Lon<»'. 106° 0' E.. observed altitude snn's lower liinl) was 0° 7' 
 30", height of eye 18 feet. Time by Chron. 9h. 50ni. 25s.. which 
 was 34m. 12s. fast for mean ikhiu at (treeiiwieh on Jan. 10. and 
 on .Fan. 20 was 32in. 34s. fast for mean noon at Greenwich. Hp- 
 quired the lonoitude. 
 
LONGITI DK HV C'lrHONOMKlTiK. 
 
 -'■ .1 
 
 A lis. — -Daily rate Os. 8 losinjr. 
 
 M. t. (Jr. 9(1. Oh. 30in. lis. P. D. 104° 28' Sr. 
 Eq. T. 4- 14in. 27s. 11, T. Alt. 9° 14' 4". 
 II. A. 201i. 21iii. 28s. M.T.S. 9(1. 201i. 35in. 55s. 
 L()iigitiul<> in 1GG° 26' 0" E. 
 
 Ex. 4.— 1882. May 22(1., at 3h. 20in. P. M. Lat. 28° 10' 
 S., Lonfj^. 76° 30' W., obstn-ved altitude sun's lower liinb was 21° 
 20' 30", heio-ht of eye 16 feet. Time by eliron. 22(1. 8h. 18in. 8s.. 
 which was slow 14iii. 9s. fi>r mean noon at (irev'nwieh. F<^])ruary 
 3(1., and on February 13(1. was 13in. 16s. slow for ( rreenwich mean 
 noon. Re(|uired the lon<>itude, 
 
 A us. — Daily rato 5s., 3 cjaininji*. 
 
 M. t. (ir. 22d. 8h. ^2m. 43s. F. D. 110° 29' 24" 
 
 Eq. T. -- 3m. 33s. 55 T. Alt. 21° 30' 13". 
 
 H. A. 3h. 19m. 39s. M. T. S. 22d. 3h. 16m. 5s. 
 
 Lonptude 76~^ 39' 80" W. 
 
 3.-1882. duly 28. at 4h. Om. P. M. in Latitude 29^' 40' 40" 
 N, Lonj^itude 73° 40' Yj : observed altitude of the sun's low(a' limb 
 was 35° 51' 10"; liei<.ht of the eye 12 feet. Time by Chnm. Oh. 
 Om. Os., which was 52in. Os. fast for mean noon at (ireenwieh on 
 February 28. and on April 1 was fast 52m. 20s, for u\ean noon at 
 Ureenwieh : required the longitude. 
 
 .\ns. — Daily Vi\U' Os. 6 gaining-. 
 
 ■ M. t. Gr. 27d. 23h. 6m. 29s, P. D. 71° 1' 22" 
 Eq. T. -h 6m. 14s. 71: T. A. 36° 2' 39" 
 H.A. 28d. 3h. 54m. 38s. M.T.S. 28(1. 4h.0m. 53s, 
 Longitude 73° 36' 8" E. 
 
 4.— 1882. April 14, at 7h. llm. Os. A. M. in Latitude 52° 
 10' N, Longitude 145° 47' 30" W : observed altitude of the sun's 
 h)wer limb was 18° 20' 25": iiul-.x error + 0' 55": height of the 
 eye 12 feet. Time by C'liron. 5h. 5ni. 5s., which was fast 5m. 52s. 
 4, for mean noon at (Treenwich February 13th, and on Fel)ruary 
 25th was fast 6ni. 38s. for mean luxm at (iireenwich : re(iuired tlu? 
 longitude. 
 
 Ans. — Daily rate 3s, 8 gaining. 
 
 M. t. (ir. 14d. 4h. 55m. 24s. P. D. 80° 27' 18" 
 Eq. T. + Om. 10s. 90, T. A. 18° 31' 17" 
 11. A. 13d. 19h.llm.55s. M.T.S. 13d. 19h. 12m. 6s. 
 Longitude 145° 49' 30" W. 
 
 :.— 1882. March 6, at 5h. 2m. Os. P, M. Latitude 40° 20' 
 0" S, Longitude 133° 54' E ; observed altitude of the sun's lower 
 limb was 16° 20' 0" : index erinn- -(- 0' 30" : height of the (^ye 18 
 feet. Time by Clinm. 8h. lOin. Os., which was fast 6in. 14s. for 
 (ireeiiwich iiie:ui noon January 29, and on Febru:iry 12 wa« fast 
 4m. 29s. for mean noon at (iieeiiwich ; required the latitude. 
 
LONGITl'DE HY (UliONOMETKK. 
 
 4° 28' 39 '^ 
 
 4' 4". 
 
 . 35iu. o5,s. 
 
 at. 28° 10' 
 
 il> was 21'' 
 
 18ni. 8.S., 
 
 F<>l)i'uary 
 
 wich moan 
 
 0°20'24" 
 )' 18". 
 I. IGiii. 5s. 
 
 r-'40'40" 
 <>\v(^r limb 
 'hroii. Oh. 
 'uwic'h on 
 n n(M)u at 
 
 1 r r 22" 
 19" 
 h.Om. 53s, 
 
 itiulc 52^ 
 the sun's 
 flit of the 
 t 5m. 52s. 
 Foljiuary 
 [uii'v'd th(? 
 
 2r 18" 
 
 r" 
 
 .12m.Gs. 
 
 e 40° 20' 
 n's lower 
 le eye 18 
 14h. foi- 
 wa« fust 
 ule. 
 
 Ans. — Daily rate 7s. 5 losinj;'. 
 
 M. t. (ir. 5(1. 20h. 8m. 15s. \\ I). 84° 20' 59" 
 E(i. T. -H Urn. 27s. 22. T. A. Ki^ 29' 31" 
 II. A. 0(1. 4Ii. 52m. 31s. M.T.S. iui. 51.. 3m. 58s. 
 Longitude 133° 55' 45" E. 
 
 TO FIND THE DEVIATION OF THE 
 COMPASS BY AZIMUTH. 
 
 Kile.— Hriui;' yom' louj^itude into time and add it to the ship's 
 time astronomically if West, l)ut subtract if East. The sum or 
 remainder is the (jreenwich time. 
 
 Take (nit the sun's declination from ])af»e II. of the month in 
 the Nautical Almanac, and correct it in the usual way and <;'et 
 your Polar distance. 
 
 Next correct your observed altitiule fm- in(K'X error (if any), 
 dip, refraction and semidiameter. and i;('t the true altitu.de. 
 
 Ndw add the Polai' distance, true altitude and hititude to- 
 L;ethei' and t:ike the half sum. and find the remainder l)y takinj^' 
 the half sum from the Polar distance oi' the Polar distance from 
 the half siun to y'et the remaiuder. 
 
 Tiien take out the loci's. 
 
 Secant of the Altichide. 
 Secant of the Latitiulf>. 
 Cosine of the Half sum. 
 Cosine of the Rcnuiinder. 
 
 Then half the sum of these four h)<4S is the \o'^ sine of half 
 tiu' true Aziuvuth, which take (Uit fi-om Table 25. and uein;<' d(ui- 
 bled the sum is the the true aziuuith. To be reckoned from the 
 North in South latitude, arid from Soutli in Xortli latitu(h'. towards 
 tlu' Eiist when A. M. and towards tlie West when P. M. 
 
 \V hen the latitude is 0. r.ud the declination is 0. tl'.e oliject 
 moves on tiie lu'ime vertic-aJ, tliat is it is East when A. AI. West 
 when P. M. 
 
 Note. — If the latitude is 0. and your declination North, as- 
 )^\\\\\K' your latitude contiary njuiie to ycuir declination, and call 
 the true azinmth eoirtrary name to tlie latitude. 
 
 Ex. 1.— 1882. January 0th, at 3h. 52m. 10s. P. M. mean 
 time at ship: hit. 37° 14' S; ion<>\ 30° 4' E: observed altitude sun's 
 lower liml), 39° 8' 30 ": hein'ht of eye 19 feet; tlie sun's hcvirint;' by 
 com])ass was N. 02° 20' ^^^ index error -{- 0'33". I'ciiuired the 
 true arinnith and erroi- of compass, and supposin;^' the variation to 
 be 6° 00' W. lve(pured the deviation for that position of tht; 
 ship's head. 
 
"HI 
 
 if 
 
 DKVIATION OF THK COMI'AWS HY AZIMLTII. 
 
 Space for 
 Minor Cor 
 ! fi tiinis. 
 
 n.D. iS> 
 
 "•9 
 
 Long. 30° 4' E 
 4 
 
 6-o)i2-o 16 
 
 16470 
 1850 
 
 '"'55'' 
 X li 
 
 1 1 1568 
 
 L011J4. ill tiino. J o 16 
 Sliiji linio. U\. 3 5j 16 
 
 Obs. Alt. of the Sun. 39° 8' 30" 
 Iiulox Firor. ' +33 
 
 Dip. 
 
 M. T. (ir. Gd. I 5.; o 
 
 Ref. 
 
 39 9 3 
 
 — 4 II 
 
 39 4 5- 
 
 — I 3 
 
 Sun's dcf. jj° jS' 40" S. 
 
 Red. dec. jj ^S 5 
 yo o o 
 
 Semi. 
 T. Alt. 
 
 39 3 49 
 + 16 18 
 
 39 -" 7 
 
 IP. 1). 
 Dirt, i-i .>^ij 
 
 Lilt. 
 
 I J'o4 
 
 4SSS14 
 
 — 6 
 
 4SSS0S 
 Ditl". 650 
 
 ooS<)49 
 
 — I 
 
 WS64S 
 
 oiir. 
 
 ^>7 31 .S5 
 
 .39 -" 7 Sec. 
 
 37 14 o Sec. 
 
 0-111568 IlalfT. A/. 44° :;r,' 13" 
 0-098990 " \ 
 
 Sum 
 ■i Sum 
 Rem. 
 
 'it ^' -' r- • '*'• ^^-^^ ^'^ ^^9 .-^ ^r, W 
 
 /-.SI CosHK- 9-488808 M. Az. .\. 62 20 o W 
 
 4 3' o Cosine 9-998648 . . 
 
 Kn-or 27 32 26 W 
 
 2) 19-698014 \'ar. 6 o o W 
 
 n:,If Azimuth 44° 56' 13" 9-S-i9(X)7 Dev 
 
 21 r^2 26 \V 
 
 6 
 1*02 
 
 /I 
 
 M. Az. 
 
 T. Az. W .- 
 
 True ,\ziimitli f:ills t,. rlie Il-I'i I-^ror W. 
 
 Hrror falliiii,' to t!ie left nf \;ui 
 ation Di.'vi;iti(iii West. 
 
 .sun wa,s 15° 1 30": heio-lit of oye 21 fVot: index error + 1' 41"- 
 tlu; sun s beurin- l,y ,,,„ij,;iss was N. 29^ 40' E.: i-equh'od the true" 
 
 oTo"n" w i/''"'?'" ''^ '**'"'l''''^^^ '^"'^ su])i)o.sino- variation to be 
 ^U U V\ . Required the deviation for that position of the ship's 
 head. ^ 
 
-i- 
 
 3"' 
 3i 
 
 > 9 
 - 4 
 
 3 
 II 
 
 4 
 - I 
 
 5- 
 3 
 
 3 49 
 
 i6 iS 
 
 JO 
 
 7 
 
 5f>' 13" 
 
 52 jf) W 
 
 20 o W, 
 
 ,3 J 26 W 
 
 o o W 
 
 32 -'6 W. 
 
 left of \:ui- 
 
 L-St. 
 
 ':tii time 
 (.' of tllf 
 - 1'41": 
 the true 
 1 to be 
 e ship's 
 
 Spiur for 
 Minor for- 
 •c'llions. 
 
 1 I.I). 10' (HI 
 
 ' •4.=; 
 
 
 ^'5^'*'.'; 
 
 X 7 
 
 Dill. 57 
 I 
 
 (.•S.| 
 
 lOooCu 
 
 !,«,0.).S 
 
 i>itr. kV)! 
 16.61 
 
 59 
 
 1)PA'I.\TI().\ OF THE (OMPASS liY AZIMITM. 
 
 l-oii;,^ 52° C>' \\ . ()h>. All. oftlu' .Sun I^= i' 3<)' 
 
 81 
 
 I 4' 
 
 6.o)20'S 24 
 
 Loiii^. in timo 3 28 24 
 Sliip tiino <;(i. 20 58 (■: 
 
 Gr. M. ']'. 
 
 khI. () 26 30 
 
 Sun's dec 
 
 22° 14' 0" N. 
 — 9 
 
 Red. (ier. 
 
 22 13 -, 1 N . 
 90 f) 
 
 P. D. 
 
 Alt. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 Sum 
 I, Suir, 
 Rem. 
 
 \I2 13 51 
 
 15 ir 12 See. 
 38 7 Sec. 
 
 Jndi'x I'^iToi' 
 Dip. 
 
 Semi. 
 T. All. 
 
 0015438 ihill'T. .\/. 22^ ii>' 54" 
 
 <.ri()JffiO 2 
 
 «5 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 :;3 
 
 ■'4 
 
 3 
 
 4S 
 
 M 
 
 55 
 15 
 
 2ri 
 
 46 
 
 15 
 
 1 1 
 
 12 
 
 i"5 .V- ,1 '''• •\>'- -^'- 44 :^'J 4^ 
 
 Sj 46 I Ck-^Iho 9-i()C>r)j.- M. Az. \. 2<4 4(1 o 
 
 29 27 50 Conine 9'939852 
 
 Knor 14 59 48 
 
 2; 19-159495 \';ir. 2(! o o 
 
 E. 
 
 E. 
 W 
 
 Halt' Azimuth 2;-' 19' 54 ' y,w9747 
 
 N 
 
 <J.>9'>5-' 
 
 Dili'. 119 
 
 / 
 
 / / 
 
 ^ 
 
 E 
 
 I'-rror lalliiiy^ to the riir'it of \' 
 tioii ni'viiitiuii ii.itiH'd Kast. 
 
 iria- 
 
 True .\/.iimilli fulls to tlu' riiilu of 
 M;it;ni'ti(.- lirior is Ka>-I ■ 
 
 Ex. 3.— 1882. DeccHilKT 20(1. at 4h. ITui. 0.-. A. M. mc:in 
 tinu> at ship: Lat. ')8° 52' S.. l.oiin'. 80'' 22' W.: oh^crviMl altitmh' 
 of the sun's hiwei' liuil) was 7*^ 55' 41"; ht'iulit of fve 7 feet: sun's 
 hearing by eoiupass S. 04° 20' E.: r<'(piii'e(l tln> true a/inuith and 
 error of eonapass, and su})posin<;' the variation to oe 2(3" 30' E.: re- 
 quired the deviation for that position of tlie shiji':-; h;'ad. 
 
 Ans.— M. T. (ir. 19.1 21h. 88ni. 28s. P.D. 0G° 33' IV. 
 True Alt. 8° 3' 0". ^ Sine 9-943683. 
 True Az. S. 57° 6' 18" E.. Error 7"^ 13' 42" E. 
 Dev. to seconds 19° 1(3' 18" W. 
 
 
i'i 
 
 DKVI ATION ()J- iHK (O.MfASS liV A/I.Mt I'll.. 
 
 Ex. 4.-1882. Novcn.lu'v 14.1. at 2h. oHiii. I*. M. nu-aii tiiii.- 
 rtt sliii): Lilt. 4ir 12' N.. Lon-. 'M 21»' W.: nl.s^rwd iiltltndc <>l 
 the smv's lower liiiil) was I), 42' "M": licii^lit of rvc 13 t'crt : sun's 
 l)('aiin_<;' l)y coiMpass West ; ViHjnu't'd tlic true aziiuiilli and t'l roi- oi 
 (•o!ii])ass< and stijjposini;' the variation to !«• 85*^ 0' W^; vct^nircd 
 thf (U'viatiou for that position of thf slii,|("s head. 
 
 Ans.- M. T..(;r. 14il. Tdi. l;nn. r)(5s., PI). 108= 20' 54". 
 
 Tnu' Alt. 'y m' 2". Sin.' io:)<)r,;3a8. 
 
 Tru.' Az. S. 4() 2;r 20" \V. Krr.n- 43^ 3t>' 40" \V. 
 
 D.'viati.m 8° 3r>' 40" VV. 
 
 ■ Ex. 5.— 1882. March 20.1. at 8h. 'jOin. A. .\{. n>i'an tinif at 
 ship; Lat. 0^ 0' 0". L<m<;it;uh" 123'^ 30' \V.: ohsrrwd altitu.h' ..f 
 the sun's lower rnnl) was 'MY 24' 0": ht'ii;ht of eyi' l^" feet: sun":5 
 hearing- hy .•oni])ass East : re.iuii'cd the triU' azimuth and .'rroi- (»f 
 (■.»ni])ass, and suj)i)osin_i;' tiie variation to he 24 W.; re.juii.'d th.- 
 deviation for that positi.nv of the ship's head, 
 
 Ans,- M. T. Viv. 20d. T)!.. 4nu Os.. \\ I). 89^ 59' 58". 
 True Alt. 30' 35' 13". Sine 19-098870. 
 Trti.' Az. S. 90^ 0' E., Err.;)- 0' (/ 0". 
 Deviation 24" 0' 0" E. 
 
 i > 
 
 "I 
 ■I 
 
 .J 
 
 TO FIND THE DEVIATION BY TIME 
 
 AZIMUTH, 
 
 RULE. 
 
 l--'i\) KiNi) Tffl-J (THf;KNWU ii Daik. - \\'ith ship time and 
 lon<;itude Hud the (Ireenwieh (iate. 
 
 2 T.» FiN!) Dfx'I.in ATi'iN \si> EgiAiioN OF Time. — Take 
 from paj^c IT. Nautical Ahnanae the sun's d.elinatiou ;iud reduce 
 it to Cireenwieh dat+' : also take out from l)ag'e II. the E^[uafcI<Mi of 
 Time, and reduce it to (i)-eenwi.'ii date, noting- whether it is to he 
 added or sul)tracted from mean tinte to^iv.- you the apjtarent time. 
 
 BY BTJRD WOOD'S TABLES, 
 
 3 — To Find tub Tkie Azi>u rii, — Ivook for your de<;reeof 
 liililuvle at the to]), and also your declination in its ]iroper column, 
 uotin*; whether it is (>f the same or c.>ntrary names, and your ship's 
 tinu' iti the left han.l side if it is A. M., hnt in the ris^ht hand si.h' 
 if it is P. M., thei) in a line with ycmr ship's time and under your 
 .leclination will 1)<' fiuind the Trur Azimuth, which is to he nam.'d 
 the same as the latitude; and towards the East if A. M. and tov.ards 
 the West if V. M. 
 
 Havinj.;' foimd the True .\zimuth. find the errr.ir of the Com- 
 pass and Deviatioji in the usual numner. 
 
DEVIATION BY I'lME AZIMUTH. -33 
 
 KXAMFI.K. 
 
 1882. — .Tune 20, A. M. ♦>li. lOiu. incan time at shi|), latitiule 
 42 0' X, l<>n<>itu(l«' 03° 3(1' \V ; suirs hearin^^ l)y compass S 87° 
 30' E ; iet|nire(l tlie true azinuitli and error of the eonipass ; ajul 
 s(i})p()sin^' tlie variation to Ih' 20° 10' W: required the deviation 
 for that position of the shij)'s head. 
 
 Loni.itu.le G3° 36' W. Deel. 23° 20' 18" N. II. D. 2" 12 
 
 4 +47 22-4 
 
 0-0)2r)-r24^ Red. dec. 23 27 5 N. 848 
 
 424 
 
 Lon. in time 4 14 24 E. T. Im. Is. 25 424 
 
 Ship time 18 10 -|- 12 21 
 
 47-488 
 
 M.T.(Jr.l9d.32 2424 — 1 13 40 
 
 M. T. ship June 20d. Oh. 10m. 0' 
 
 — 1 13 
 
 A pp. time at ship 20d. 0~8 47 and Lat. 42° 0' N. } j>ives 
 
 with dee. 23 27 N. \ in tabk^.s. 
 
 True Azinuith N. 73° 51' E. II.D. Os. 545 
 
 180 22-4 
 
 Or sToT'o'e. ""2180 
 
 Mas?. Az S. 87 30 E. . 1090 
 
 1090 
 
 Error — 18 39 W. 
 
 Var 20 10 W. 12-2080 
 
 Dev 1 31 E. 
 
 Ex. 2. — 1882. July 24d. at 2h. 32m. P. M. mean time at ship; 
 ktitude 55° 48' N., h)n;i-. 0° 43' E.; sun's bearing by compass was 
 N. 88° 15' W.; re(piired the true azinuith by time azinuith table, 
 also the error of compass, and supimsing the variation to be 21° 30' 
 W.; required the deviation for the position of the ship's head. 
 Londtude 43' E. Dec. 19°51' 11" N. II.D. 31" 02 II.D. 050 
 4 — 1 19 2-5 2-5 
 
 6-0) 17^ Ked. dec. 19 49 52 N. 15810 250 
 
 0324 100 
 
 Lo-. in time 2 52 E. T. Om. 14s. 42 
 
 Ship time 2 32 + 12 0-0)7-9-050 1250 
 
 G.M.T.24d. 2 29 8 —0 14 54 119 
 
 M. T. S. 2h. 32m. In this example it will be necessary to in- 
 
 — 15 terpotate between the degrees of latitude 
 
 and declination. 
 
 A. T. S. 2 25 45 
 
34. 
 
 I a 
 
 i\^ 
 
 DFA'IATION HY TIMK AZIMl'TU. 
 
 Opposite A. 'P. 2h. 24in. and nndrr !<♦" .Iccl.^-ives T. A. 128° 22' 
 '• 2 28 •• •• 11)° " " " 127 12 
 
 2)255 34 
 
 Tnu' A/.iniutli for 21i. 2i;s. i.iul \\r ,Url. -iv.'s \. 127 47 W 
 
 Opposite A. T. 2Ii. 24ni. and under 20^ 
 " "2 28 •' '• 20"^ 
 
 True Aziniiith for 21i. 20s. and 20^" " 
 
 Nortii, 127° 47' \V. 
 North. 127 5 W. 
 
 T. A. 127° 40' 
 •• 12(; 30 
 
 2)254 10 
 N. 127 5 \V 
 
 Differenee 42 
 
 As 1° is to the ditt'erenee of True Azimuth 42' 
 so is 50' to the ])ro. part 35' : this is to he 
 suhtraeted from 127° 47'. "ives 127° 12'. 
 We next proceed hi the same manner with hititude 55° and 
 declination 19° and 20°. the eorrespondint;' true a/.inniths is 127° 
 47' and 127° 5', the dilferenee 42' "iving' i)ro. i)art 35' to he suh- 
 traeted, o-ives 127° 12'. 
 
 Now with Latitude 50° and Deel. 19° and 20", the eori-es- 
 IMuiding' true azimutli is 128° 33' and 127° 53'. the differenee is 
 40'. givino- ])roportionat*^ i)art 33. to he suhtiaeted fi-om 128° 33' 
 g'ives 128° 0. 
 
 Now with hititude 55° and 19° 50' givos T. Az. 127° 12' 
 50 •• 19° 50' •• •• 128 
 
 Difl". 48 
 
 Now since we have 48' eliaug-e in 1° of hitituch- what will he 
 the cliange hi 48' of latitude. 
 . As (1° )=G0'-- 48'— 48 
 
 48 
 
 384 
 192 
 
 00)2304(38' to be added to T, A. 127° 12' 
 
 180 " • + 38 
 
 504 gives T. Az. 
 480 
 
 N. 127 50 W. 
 
8^ 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 <r> 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 47^ 
 
 J" 
 f) 
 
 40' 
 80 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 5 \\ 
 
 55° uiul 
 h is 127" 
 » 1)0 sub- 
 
 ' eoi'i-cs- 
 I'l'ciice is 
 128° 33' 
 
 127° 12' 
 
 128 
 
 48 
 t will be 
 
 )' 
 
 W. 
 
 T. A/ 
 
 Knur. 
 Var. 
 
 DEVIATION MY TIME AZIMV/TH. 
 
 N 127' 50 W. 
 V/. N 88 15 VV. 
 
 39"35~W. 
 21 30 VV. 
 
 I) 
 
 Cv. 
 
 18 5 \T. 
 
 Kx. 3.— 1882. Ajti-il 13. 1, at 8!). 3;mii. A.M. incan tliac at slil]); 
 Lat. 44^ 30' S.: I./(iun'. 03 33' K.: suiis bcaiinii; by coini);*.-- ^as S, 
 87° 0' E.; i"i'()iiin'(l the trut- a/Jmutli by tiiiic a/inmtli tables also 
 the fi'j'ur of the ('(Mupass, ami ><nj>|)(>siii;j; the' variation to I •• If 30' 
 \y A iv<jii.iiv(l the deviation foi' tliat jiosition ot" the ship's lu'.'ul 
 Ads.- True Aziiuiith S 125' 13' K. 
 Krvm: 38 \\\ 
 
 Dev. 19 3(5 W. 
 
 Ex. 4.-1882. Maivh 1 <M at 4h. :50nj. P.M. n.ean tlu-.e at shi]); 
 Lat. 34° 50' N.. Lonji'. 70' 311' \\ .: sun's bearing by eonijiass was 
 S. 07° 30' W.: leijuired the true a/iuiuth by tin<e ay.iiniith tables, 
 also the erroi- of the e(»ui pass, and su|>iK»sinn' the \arJation to lie 9" 
 "0' W.: required the deviation for that pitsition <»f the shi])"s head. 
 
 Ans.-TruM Azinmth X. 104^ 38' \V, ^^: to S. 75- 22' W. 
 
 Error, 7 52 E, 
 
 Dev 10 52 K, 
 
 FINDING THE LATITUDE BY REDUC- 
 TION TO THE MERIDIAN. 
 
 Hi LK. — Tii Kind tmr Apfaiiknt Time at Ship. —To the 
 time shown by the VVateh expressed astrononiieaJly apply its error 
 for apparent time, adding;' if slow, and if It exceeds 24 Ijonrs. sub- 
 traet 24 hours Iriun it, and put it one day ahe;id. but subtraetin<j^ 
 if fast, inereasini;' tlu- watch time hy 24 Jumdv, if necessary and 
 putting!," it one day back, 
 
 \(»w turn the diiference of Ion yitude made since the error was 
 obtained into tinje. addinn' if it is lOast. siil'lractinu' if West: the 
 result is the a})p;uent time at ship wlien the observation was taken. 
 
 To Find thk Ti.mk ikom Noon. — If W M. :it shi]) the ap- 
 parent time is the tim«' from noon and nuist show no hours ; when 
 it is A.M. at ship. (reclconinL;; from th*' jnccedin^' lioon. ) subtract 
 the ap])arent time at ship fiom 24 hours : the remainder is the 
 time front u<»on. 
 
 To Find the (thkenwu ii Date. — With the a]>pareut time at 
 ship and the loni;'. lu'cmylit into time, addinj;- it if West but subtract- 
 hh^ if East, the sum or difference is the a|)])arent time at (ireeuwieh. 
 
 Now take from Table 1,, Nautical Almtmac. the sun's (h'cliua- 
 tion and correct it for (ireenwich date in the usual manner. 
 
TTT 
 
 
 z^ 
 
 LATl'Iiri/E HY KEDUCTKW lO IHK MEKIDIAST. 
 
 H 
 
 
 Enter Tal)le I. (Towson), and under the nearest decHnatiofiB 
 and in tlie column marked hour angle, find tlie nearest to yonr.s,, 
 which will give yon a c(n'rection, to l)e adde<l to your declination, 
 whi(;h will give yon the angniented declination, awl take out the 
 index number in either of the side colinnns. 
 
 Next correct your observed ultitude for index error, (if any) 
 dip^ refraction and semidLameter, and fiml the ti'ue altitnde. 
 
 Now enter Table IL, and under the tme altitude, or nearest 
 to ytyurs, and opposite the index number, will be found a correc- 
 tion, to be added to tht; true alcitrrde ; then find the Latitude as in 
 the meridian altitude. 
 
 EXAMPIK, 
 
 Ex. 1.— 1882. ApriJ 27d. AM at ship; I^t. by account 28° 53' 
 S., Long. 0^ 17' E.; observed altitude of the »un''s lower limb 46^ 
 30' 40", bearing North ; height of eye 17 feet ; time by watch Oh. 
 Oni. Ss., which had been found to be fast 30m. 5h. on a|)j)arent 
 time at ship, the difference of longitude made to the Eastwaid 17' 
 since the error was obtained. Required the latitude. 
 Longitude 0° 17' E, Ship time 27d, Oh-OnLS" Deck 13° 34' 14" N. 
 4 Watch fast — 30 5 +18 53 
 
 6-8 
 
 Lg. in time 1*8 
 
 26d. 23 30 Cor- dec. 13 53 7 N. 
 Diff. long. E. +18 Augn i , 4 ^29 
 
 A.T.S.Ap.26d. 23 31 8 •' dec. 13 59 36 N. 
 
 Time fron» noon 28 52 Index number 76. 
 
 A. T. S. 2ad. 23h. 31m. 8s. 
 — 1 8 
 
 A.T.G.26d. 23 30 
 
 H. D. 48" 21 
 23-5 
 
 24105 
 14463 
 9642 
 
 Obs. alt. 46° 30' 40'^ N. 
 Dip. ^ — 3 57 
 
 Ref. 
 
 Semi. 
 
 46 26 43 
 — 48 
 
 46 25 55 
 + 15 55 
 
 46 41 50 
 Augra. TI. + 27 43 
 
 6.0)113-2-935 
 
 18-53 
 
 L. Dist. 
 Decl. 
 
 47 9 33 
 
 90 
 
 42 50 27 S. 
 13 59 36 N. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 28 50 51 S. 
 
LATITUDE BY REDUCTION ' TO THE MERIDIAN. 
 
 87 
 
 Ex. 2.— 1882. July 25d. P. M. at ship ; lat. by account 43° 
 41' S., long. 27° 50' E.; observed altitude sun's lower limb was 
 26" 14' 20" bearing North ; height of the eye 19 feet ; time by 
 watch lib. 59m. Os., which had been found to be slow 27m. IGs, 
 on apparent time at ship ; the different^e of longitude made to the 
 westward was 14' since the error was obtained. Required the 
 latitude. ^ 
 
 Longitude 27° 50' E. 24d. 23h. 59m. Os. Decl. 19° 51' 8" N. 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 alt. 
 
 + 27 16 
 
 Cor. de 
 Augm. 
 
 . Decl. 
 
 In 
 
 11 55 
 
 11-1 20 
 
 d. 26 16 
 56 
 
 c. 19 39 13 N. 
 I. + 6 45 
 
 Lg.intiinel5120 
 24 25 20 
 
 25 20H.L 
 
 19 45 58 N. 
 
 A.T.G.24, 22 34 
 Obs. 
 Dip, 
 
 26° 14' 20" N. 
 4 11 
 
 dex number 63. 
 
 H. D. 31-62 
 
 22-6 
 
 . Ref . 
 
 26 10 9 
 1 48 
 
 18972 
 6324 
 6.^.24 
 
 
 26 8 21 
 -r 15 47 
 
 
 Semi. 
 
 6.0)71-4-612 
 
 T. Alt. 26 24 8 
 
 Augm. II. -h 9 29 
 
 1155 
 
 '- Alt. 26 33 37 
 90 
 
 L. dist. 
 Decl. 
 
 63 26 23 S. 
 19 45 58 N. 
 
 Lat. 43 40 25 S. 
 
 Ex. 3. — 1882. March 20(1. P. M. at ship ; Lat. by account 
 42° 33' N., Long. 49° 31' W.: ol)served altitude sun's lower limV 
 was 47° 2' 10" bearing South ; index error— 1' 31"; height (»f eye 
 16 feet; time by watch 3h. 40ui. 2s., which had been found to be 
 fast 3h. 18m. 46s. on apparent time at ship ; the difference of lou- 
 gitude matle to the Westward was 15' since the error was obtained: 
 required the latitude. 
 
 Ans.— A. T. G. 20d. 3h. 38m. 20s., T. from N, 20m. 16k 
 Red. decl. 0° 1' 20", True Alt. 47° 12' ,7;^'^^.,. 
 Augm. I. 0' 0", index number 51, kiukiiiij*- . 
 Augm. II. 14' 29", Latitude 42° 32'**™**^^- ■ 
 
 .1-^^- '■; 
 
 1^VS,W ;• . .1 
 
 
 '" ^'c^.fi*. ■ 
 
 ■.'-'.£\i^r.'i-\ 
 
 
88 
 
 LATITUDE BY RKDUCTION TO THE MERIDIAN. 
 
 Ex. 4.-1882. Dec. 13d, A. M. at ship ; Lat. by account 62° 
 35' S., Long. 12° 11' E.; observed altitude sun's lower limb was 
 50° 3' 15" W.; index error — 0' 53"; height of eye 16 feet ; time 
 by watch lOh. 39m. 4s., which had been found to be slow 49m. 48s. 
 on apparent time at ship ; the differenee of longitude made to the 
 Westward was 17' since the error was obtained ; required the lati- 
 tude. 
 
 Ans.— A. T. (t. 12d. 22h. 39i«i. Os., T. from N. 32m. 16s. 
 Red. decl. 23° 10' 24", True alt. 50° 14' 7", 
 Augm. I. 12' 16", index numl)er 81, 
 Augm. II. 34' 38", lat. 62° 34' 2" vS. 
 
 J 
 
 LATITUDE BY MERIDIAN ALTITUDE 
 
 OP STAR. 
 
 Rule. — To the o})served meridian altitude of the star apply 
 the index error (if any) by addition or subtraction : sul)tract the 
 dip for the height of the eye, and also correction for refraction 
 taken from Table 4 or 18 ; the remainder is the true altitude, 
 which subtract from 90°. gives the zenith distance, named con- 
 trary to the bearing. 
 
 Now look in the Nautical Almanac for the given star, and 
 take out its declination, noting whether it is North or S<mth, and 
 apply it to the zeuitli distance ; if they are both of the same name 
 add, if of contrai-y names subtract, and the sum or remainder is 
 the latitude in of the same name as the greater. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 Ex. 1. — 1882, Dec. 26d. The o})served meridian altitude' 
 of the star Canopus (a Argus) was 67° 30' 0". bearing Soutli; 
 height of eye 18 feet; required tlie latitude. 
 
 Obs. Alt. 67° 30' 0" S. 
 Dip —44 
 
 Ref. 
 
 67 25 56 
 24 
 
 True Alt. 
 
 67 25 32 
 90 
 
 Z. Dist. 
 Decl. 
 
 22 34 28 N 
 52 38 4 S. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 30 3 36 8. 
 
l-ATrrUDE BY MEKIBIAN ALTITl'DK OF HTAK. 
 
 2^ 
 
 Ex. 2. — 1882. Dee. 3d. Tlie observed meiidi-.m altitude of 
 the star a Arietis was 46'' 20' 15", beariuj; North : liei,<<ht of tJie 
 •eye 20 feet ; I'equirtMl the latitude. 
 
 01)s. Alt 4(r 20' 15" N. 
 Dip, - 4 17 
 
 Ref. 
 
 40 15 58 
 54 
 
 T. Alt. 
 
 40 15 4 
 
 moo 
 
 Z. Dist. 
 Decl. 
 
 43 44 56 S. 
 22 54 38 N. 
 
 Lat. 20 50 18 S. 
 
 Ex. 3. — 1882. July Id. The observed nwridian altitude of 
 the star .Vutares (a S(*or])u) was 08° 45' 36". 'nearinjjr North; 
 height of the t'Vt' 21 fet't; recjuired the latitude. 
 
 ■' Ans.— True Alt. 68° 40' 44''; Lat. 47^^ 29' 27" S. 
 
 Ex. 4.— 1882. Jan. 14d. The observed altitude of the star 
 
 Sirius <a Canis Majoris) was 37° 50' 20''. beari.ng South; in<lex 
 
 <nTor -(- ]' 4"; hei«;ht of tl)e eye 19 feet; required the latitude. 
 
 A]is..-True Alt. 37^^ 45' 59"; Lat 35" 40' 33" N. 
 
 In the followincj Table j»'ive the eori-eet maguetie iM'arinj;- of 
 the distant (d>je('L. and thenee the deviation: — 
 
 i Ship's Ileadj BearUig of 
 I bv Standard Distant 
 
 [ Compass. 
 
 j isortli 
 N. fi. 
 East 
 
 I S. E. 
 
 Object. 
 
 "'s.~37°"77"e7 
 
 S. 50^iS'E. 
 ^- 55^45' K. 
 S.47-30I:. 
 
 Deviation 
 
 Ship's Head! Bearitiiif of 
 
 by Standard 
 Compass 
 
 South 
 S. W. 
 West. 
 
 .x. w. 
 
 Distant 
 Ohiect. 
 
 S.39''i5'E. 
 S. J7°i5'E. 
 S. 12045'E. 
 S- 26° 30' E. 
 
 Deviation 
 
 ^' 
 
 RULES FOR THE CURVE. 
 
 To Find tjik Maonetk IhoAuiNG. — Wheii -dl tlu- eompass 
 bearings are givxn of the sanx' name- -that is. aJl North or South, 
 and all East oi' West, add them together and divide the sum by 8: 
 the residt will be tin? tnie magnetie bearing of th,*- sani<> nanu's as 
 the compass betirings. 
 
 WiiEx soMK Hearings .\kk North and the others ark 
 South. — If most of the Itearings are Noi-tli, subtract each of tiie 
 South bearings from 180° 0', and name the result Noith. If most 
 of the bearings ar(> South, subtract the North bearings fnnn 180° 0'. 
 
i 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 XtCLfit? FOR TTffK ( LKVIJ. 
 
 and luuvk viw\\ of the results South. Having' all the hearing'si 
 North or all South, add them together and divide the sum by 8» 
 and name the result the true magnetit; beaiing of the same name 
 as the ('omi>ass hearings. 
 
 Whi<:n some of the Beakings are East and others. 
 West. — Add uj) the East l)earing8 in o«e sinn and the West bear- 
 ings in another sum; subti'act the less from the greater^ divide the 
 remaindei" by 8, and the result will be the magnetic bearing of the 
 same name as the gi'eater. 
 
 Find the Deviation. — If the magn'^tic! l)earing and the l>ear- 
 ing by compass are of the same name, both East or both West, 
 subtract the less from the gi'eater; but if one lie East and the other 
 West, luld theni together ; the result in either erase is the deviation. 
 
 Name the Deviation. — If the true magnetic bearing falls 
 to the right oi the com])ass bearing the deviation is E^st, but if the 
 magnetic l>earing falls to the left of the ctMnjjass bearings name 
 the deviation West. 
 
 When laying off the deviations to make the curve always mea- 
 sure on the dotted lines — n])vvards to the left for Wcst<M'ly devia- 
 tion, downv^^ards to th'^ right for Easterly deviation, as per diagram. 
 
 Question, — Given correct magnetic course to find coinpjiss 
 course. Seek the" given course on the vertical line, go off on the 
 plain line, return by the dotted line. 
 
 Question. — Given compass course to find magnetic course. 
 S'3ek the given course on the vertical line, go off by the dotted, 
 leturn by the plain line. 
 
 Question. — (xiven the compass Ix^arings of two distant objects 
 with the ship's head on a certain point to find correct magnetic 
 bearings. Take out the deviation for the ship's hejwl on the dotted 
 line and see how many degrees tlie compass takes on the vertical 
 line, and allow the deviation to the compass bearings in the same 
 manner as when correcting for a day's work. 
 
 To Tell if the Deviation is East ok West. — If the 
 curve is formed to the right the deviation is East, and if the curve 
 is formed to t]w left of the vertical line it is West. 
 
 In the following Table give the correct magnetic bearing of 
 the distant object, and thence the deviation: 
 
 f 
 
 Ship's Head 
 
 by Staiuiard 
 
 CompiiKS. 
 
 North 
 N. E. 
 East 
 S. E. 
 
 Bearing of 
 
 distant object 
 
 b_v vStandard 
 
 Compass. 
 
 N. io°~wr 
 
 N. IS VV. 
 N. 19 W. 
 
 N. JO W. 
 
 Deviation 
 Required. 
 
 "T°"Er~ 
 
 II E. 
 16 E. 
 
 Ship's Jlead 
 
 by Standard 
 
 Compass. 
 
 South 
 S. W. 
 West 
 N. W. 
 
 Bearinj^ of 
 distant object 
 by Standard 
 
 Compass. 
 
 N. 3° W. 
 N. 19 E. 
 N. IS E. 
 N. 4 E. 
 
 Deviation 
 Requirad. 
 
 1° W. 
 23 W. 
 19 W. 
 
 8 W. 
 
'Place 
 
 Ijai: 
 
 I " 
 
 Jjong. 
 
 O ' II 
 
 BaU. 
 
 i 
 
 • $ 
 ! 
 s 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
NAPIER'S DIAGRAM 
 SHOWING CURVE OF DEVIATIONS. 
 
 Ship, 
 
 WEST DEVIATION. EAST DEVIATIQN. 
 
 AN.b.W. 
 
 t^ 
 
T^laoc'. 
 
 Lair. 
 
 I » 
 
 Long. 
 
 e ' II 
 
 DaU, 
 

 « I iiiiHi>Wi»iHfrfc|Wi.j< 
 
 »i: . 
 
KULES FOR THE CURVE. 
 
 41 
 
 I: 
 
 As some of the lH»;irin<;H in this <|uestion are in the N. W. 
 (juiuli'iuit and others in the N. E. qiiuilrant, add the Westinj^s to- 
 gether and Jill the Kastings together; take tlie differenee of the 
 sum's and divide it hy 8; the ipiotient will he the eorrei^t magnetic 
 hearing as follows : 
 
 N. 19° E. 
 
 N. 15 E. 
 
 N. 4 E. 
 
 N. 10° 
 
 W. 
 
 N. 15 
 
 \V. 
 
 N. 19 
 
 W. 
 
 N. 20 
 
 W. 
 
 N. 3 
 
 W. 
 
 Sum N. 77 W. 
 
 Sum of Eastings, N. 38 E. 
 Siun of Westings, N. (37 W. 
 
 8) 29 
 
 Correet magnetie hearing, 3^ say=N. 4° W. 
 
 TO FIND THE DEVIATION. 
 
 Correct bearing N. 4° W. N. 4° W. N. 4° W. N. 4° W. 
 Standard N. 10 W. N. 15 W. N. 19 W. N. 20 W. 
 
 6 E. 
 
 Correct bearing N. 4° W. 
 Standard N. 3 W. 
 
 11 E. 
 
 N. 4° W. 
 N. 19 E. 
 
 15 E. 
 
 N. 4° \V. 
 N. 15 E. 
 
 16 E. 
 
 N. 4° W. 
 
 N. 4 E. 
 
 1 ^y. 23 W. 19 W. 8 W. 
 
 TO SHAPE THE COURSE BY STANDARD COMPASS. 
 
 8. — With deviations as above, give the course you wouhl steer by 
 
 Standard Compass to make the following courses correct magnetic. 
 
 Correct magnetic N. by E. E. by N. S. W. by S. W. N. W. 
 
 Standard N. 4° E. N. 6G° E. S. 57° W. N. 55° W. 
 
 Rule. — Go off by plain, return by dotted. 
 
 TO CORRECT THE COURSES STKERKD I5Y THE STANDARD COMPASS 
 
 FOR DEVIATION. 
 
 9. — Supposing y(m have steered the following courses by the 
 Standard Compass, Rnd the correct magnetic courses made from 
 the above deviations. 
 
 Standard N. E. by N. E. S. E. W. by S. N. W. by N. 
 
 Correct N. 44° E. S. 50° E. S. 58° W. N. 39° W. 
 
 Kule. — Go off by dotted, return by plain. 
 
 CROSS BEARINGS.- 
 
 10. — You have taken the following bwirings of two distant 
 objects by your Standard Compass, as al)ove, with the ship's head 
 at W. S. W.; iind the bearings correct magnetic. 
 
 Rule. — Go by dotted, allow E. dev. to right, W. dev. tt) left. 
 
 1st bearing North = 0° 0' 2nd bearing E. = N. 90° E. 
 
 Dev. 23 W. Dev. 23 W. 
 
 Correct mag. bearings N. 23 W. Correct N. 67 E. 
 
42 WORKING QUE8TI()N8 FOR CHART WITH TRUE COMPASS. 
 
 RULE FOR WORKING THE QUESTIONS 
 FOR CHART WITH TRUE COMPASS. 
 
 When the North or South line of the Compass on the Chart 
 is on or parallel with a niei'idian, the (ronipass is true. 
 
 Question 1. — To find the C()nii)as3 Course from A to B. 
 
 The course from A to B from chart is a True course. 
 
 Convert this into degrees and minutes by the Compass Card 
 and write it down as True course. 
 
 Place the given Variation under this, and if East allow it to 
 the left, but if West to the right. Name the result the correct 
 magnetic course and also what it is in points. 
 
 Take out the deviation for this magnetic course from the De- 
 viation Card No. 1 and place it under the magnetic course, allow- 
 ing it to left if Ea.st, but to the right if West ; the result is the 
 compass course, to be expressed in points such as N. N. W. i W. 
 
 Question 2. — To find the Ship's position from C'ross Bearings. 
 
 The bearings in the question are given by compass in points, 
 which must be turned into degrees and minutes, and note thent 
 down as compass bearings. 
 
 Now apply the same deviation as was applied to the correct 
 magnetic course (in question 1) bearing in mind it has to be ap- 
 plied the same as in a day's work — Easterly to the right. Westerly 
 to, the left. 
 
 To the resiUt allow the given variation — East to the right, 
 West to the left, and we have the true bearings ready to be laid 
 off on the chart, which must be expressed in points, as N. W, i 
 W., &c. 
 
 Question 3. — To find the ship's i)osition from two bearings of 
 the same point, give the course and the distance run in the interval 
 between taking the bearings. 
 
 The com])ass bearings given are converted into true bearings 
 exactly as in Question 2. 
 
 Take out the degrees and mimites for the compass bearings. 
 Under each bearing place the deviation, that is the deviation foi" 
 the answer to Question 1, and if Easterly allow it to the right if 
 Westerly to the left, to the residt allow the variation that is given. 
 Easterly to the right, Westei-ly to the left ; the answer will be the 
 true bearings. 
 
 Question 4. — Current Sailing. 
 
 Now lay off from A the ship's position; a line representing 
 the direction of the current and its rate. Next take in the com- 
 passes the distance the ship has run, place one leg of the compasses 
 
WPttKINO QDE8TION8 FOR CHART Wmi TRUE COMPASS. 
 
 48 
 
 ; if 
 
 on the current mark and with the ♦)ther extend to the line in the 
 direction of tlie port, which will show the courscT and as this is a 
 true course must be converted into a comjiass course. 
 
 Having; laid oft' the triK' course, turn it into d(»ji^ee^s and 
 nuQutes and allow tlie fi^ven variation to it, East to the left. West 
 to the right, and name the i-csult correct magnetic course. Take 
 out the deviation for this correct magnetic coin-s(» and allow it East 
 to the left. West to the right, and we luivc the recjuired comi)asn 
 <!ourse. 
 
 KX AMPLE. 
 
 1. — Using Dtrviation Card No. 1. find the course to steer by 
 compass from A latitude 45"" 8' N., longitude (iO° 51' W, to 1$ 
 latitude 45° 48' N., longitude 59° 26' W., als(> the <listimce. 
 True course from A to B, N. E. by E.=N. 5G° 15' E, 
 
 Variation . 
 
 22 30 W. to right. 
 
 Magnetic course 
 Deviation 
 
 N. 78 45 E. 
 
 25 E. to left. 
 
 Compass coiuvse N, 53 45 E. 
 
 N. E. JE. Dis, 72 miles. 
 
 2. — With the ship's hciul ou the above named compiuss course 
 a point C. in latitude 45° 36' N., longitude 60° 31' W. bore by 
 compass N. W. J N., and D. latitude 45^ 42^' N., longitude 60" 
 12' W. bore by the same compass N. by K. i E., find the .ship's 
 position. 
 
 Ans.-^Latitude 45° 25i' K; Long. 60° 21' W. 
 
 Com. bearings C.N. W.I N.=N36°34'W D.N.by Ei E=N16°52'E 
 Deviation 25 E 25 E 
 
 Magnetic coixrse N 11 34 W N41 52 E 
 
 Variation 
 
 22 30 W 
 
 22 30W 
 
 True course N 34 4 W 
 
 N19 32E 
 
 ses 
 
 N W l»y N Westerly N by E I E 
 
 3. — With the ship's head as above a point E. Latitude 45° 54' 
 N., Longitude 59° 56 W. bore by compass N. J W. and after con- 
 tinuing on the same course 10 miles it bore N. W. J W., find the 
 ship's position and also her distance from E at the time of taking 
 the second bearing. 
 
 Ans.— Lat. 45° 45' N.: Long. 59° 42' W.: Distance 14 miles. 
 
44 WOUKIVO QHESTIONS FOR CnART WITH TRUE COMPASS", 
 
 (Jamp.].y{inngsb:.N.iiW^N. 8'^20'W. N.W4 W.==N.53°2G'W. 
 
 25 K. 26 E. 
 
 X. 10 34 K. ' N. 28 2(1 W, 
 
 22 30 W, 22 30 VV. 
 
 N. 55CW. N. 50 5GW. 
 
 1st l.eac^Il},^ X. i V'. 2n(t l)«in'u<--, N.W.^W, 
 
 ADDITIONAL FOR MASTER. 
 
 4. — Find the course to steer l)y coinpasH from A to B to 
 eouiitta-act the effei-t of Ji current whicli set W. N, W. (true) at 
 the rate of li miles per hour for 8 hours, the shijvniakuig (3|niih's: 
 per hoiu", also tiie (listunce the ship would tlien make good to- 
 wards B, 
 
 Ans, — Compass course N. E. by E. ^ E.; Dist. 43 miles. 
 
 True course E. N. E^N. G7° 30' E. 
 Variiitions, 22 30 W, 
 
 Magneti(^ course, N. 90 E. or East. 
 
 Deviation, 25 E. 
 
 Compass course, N. 05 E. 
 
 N. E.hy E. 3 E. Distance 43 miles. 
 
 EXAMPLE 2. 
 
 1. — Using Deviation (^ard No. . . find the course to steer by 
 compass from A latitude 44° 31' N.. Lonoitude 61° 28' W., to B 
 Latitude 44'' 48' N., Longitude 59° 49' W., also the distance. 
 
 True course from A to B, E. by N. i N.=N. 75° 56' E. 
 Variation 18 W. 
 
 N. 93 56 E. 
 
 Magnetic eourse S. 86 4 E, 
 
 Deviation 24 30 E. 
 
 S.llO 34 E. 
 
 Compass eourse N. 69 26 E. 
 
 E.byN.^«N.Dis. 74 miles. 
 
 ;• 
 
WK)KK1NG QtTESTIONH VOli CHART Wri'H TU17E COMTAKH. Ab 
 
 2. — With the shi])'s hesul on the ahove nanied conipaHS eoiiise 
 31 point C in Latitude 45° 02' N., Longitude (50° nry' W.. Imre l)y 
 <'()nn>asH N. N. E. 3 Km and 1) in Latituth- 44° 58' N,, L()n<;-itiHK' 
 61° 30' W ., Ixue by the saiiKf (H)jnpa.s.s X. VV. hy \V,, find the 
 sliip's position. 
 
 Ans.— Lat. 44'' 44' X.; Lonj,'. 6^ 15 W. 
 
 Com. hearings V X X K i E=X 30°5(r E I ) X W hy \V==X 5<r 15'W 
 Deviation 24 30 E 24 30 E 
 
 Magnetic course . 
 Variation 
 
 X55 2« E.... 
 18 W... 
 
 X31 45 W 
 
 18 OW 
 
 True bearings N 37 20 E. 
 
 X 49 45 W 
 
 N W g W 
 
 N E ii X 
 
 3. — With the .ship's head as above a point E Lat. 44'' 18' N., 
 Long. G0° 18' l)ore by compass S.S.E. :| E., and after continuing on 
 the same course 17 miles it bore S.S. W.;^ W., find the ship's j)osition 
 and alsf> her di.stance from E at tlic time of taking the second 
 
 l)caring. 
 
 Ans.— Lat. 44" MV X.; Long. 60° 2' W.: Di.st. 20 miles. 
 
 Com.l)earingsES.E.byS.38.=S.25n9'ES.S.W.iW.=S.28°7'W 
 Deviation.. ." 24 30 E 24 30 E 
 
 Magnetic bearing. 
 Variation 
 
 S. 049E 8,5237 W 
 
 18 OW 18 OW 
 
 First true bearing S. 18 49 E 2nd bearing S. 34 37 W 
 
 ADDITIONAL FOK MASTER. 
 
 4. — Find the course to steer by compass fi-oni A to B to 
 
 I'ountcract the effect of a current wliich set 8. W. at the rate of 2 
 
 miles per hour for 10 hours, the ship making 50 miles in 10 hours, 
 
 also the distance the ship would thus make gtxxl in the 10 hours 
 
 awards B. 
 
 Ans. — ComiMss course N. E, by E. J E,; Dist. 34 miles. 
 
 Ti-ue course N, E. by E. 3 E.==X. 64° 41' E. 
 Varii'^ions, 18 W. . 
 
 Magnetic course, 
 Deviation, 
 
 Com )ass course, 
 
 N. 82 41 E. 
 25 E. 
 
 - N. 57 41 E. 
 
 les. 
 
 N.E. by E, i E. 
 
u 
 
 46 WORKING QUESTIONS FOR CHART WITH TRUE COMFASS, 
 
 EXAMPLE 3. 
 
 1. — Using Deviation Card No. 1, find the conrse to steer b 
 compass from A I^atitude 45'' Q' N., Longitude 60^^ 60' W., to 
 Latitude 44° 32' N., Longitude 63^ (X W., also the distance. 
 
 Ans. — Compass course W. N, W. i W.; Dist. 99 miles; 
 Variation 22° 30^ W.; Deviation 20'^ 0' W. 
 
 2. — With the ship's head on the above compass course, C 
 Latitude 44° 40' N., Longitude 62° SO' W., bore bv compass N. W, 
 by W. i W., D Latitude 45'^ (V N., longitude 61'^ 56^ W,, bore 
 N. E. by E. by the same compass, find the ship's position. 
 
 Ans.— Latitude 44^^ 46' i N., Longitude 62" 0' W. 
 
 3. — With the ship's head as alxwe, a point E Latitude 45° 6' 
 W., Longitude 61° 31' W., bore by compass N. N, W. I W., and 
 after continuing on the same course 12 miles it bore N. by E. | E., 
 find the ship's position, also lier distance from E. at the tirii;^ of 
 taking the sec'ond i)earing. 
 
 Ans.~Lat. 44° 57' N.; Long. 61° 26' W.; Dist. 10 miles. 
 
 ADDITIONAL FOR MASTER. 
 
 4. — Find the coui-se to steer by compass from A to B to 
 counteract the effect of a current which set S. W, 1^ miles per 
 hour for 12 hours, the ship making by log 5 miles per hour for 12 
 hours, also the distance the ship would then make go<wl I'owards B. 
 
 Ans. — (>ompass course JKC W. by W.| W.; Dist. 76 i miles. 
 
 EXAMPLE 4. 
 
 1. — Using Deviation Card No. 1, find the true eouree to steer 
 by compass from A Latitude 45" 50' N., I>ongitude 58° 43' W., 
 to B Ixititude 45° 9' N.. longitude 59" 55' W., also the distance. 
 
 Ans. — Compass course W. i JST; Distance ^7 miles ; 
 Variation 22° 30' W.; Deviation 17° 30' W. 
 
 2. — With the ship's head on the above com])ass course C 
 Latitude 4(]° 4' N., Lmgitude 59° 40' W., bore !)v eomi)ass N. i 
 W., and D. Latituile 45° 41' N., I^)ngitude 59° 40" W,, We N. 
 W. by the same compass, find the ship's pcsiticHi. 
 
 Ans.—Lat. 45° 39' N.; (»ng. 59° 4' W. 
 
 3. — With the ship's head as above, a point E Latitude 45° 18' 
 )n2,itude 58° 50 W., l)ore l)y eomiiass S. W. i S., and after 
 
 N., I^uf 
 
 continuing on the same course 20 miles it bore S. .[ W., Hnd the 
 ship's position, also her distjince from E at the time of taking che 
 second bearing. - - 
 
 Ans.— Lat. 45° 3jr'N.; Long. 59° 7' W.; Dist. U miles. 
 
WORKING QUESTIONS FOR CHART WITH TRUE COMPASS. 47 
 ADDITIONAL FOR MASTER. 
 
 4. — Find the course to steer by compass from A to B to coun- 
 teract the effect of a current which set S. S. E. at the rate of 2 
 miles per hour for 5 hours, the ship making by log 8 miles per 
 hour, also the distance the ship would then make good towards B. 
 
 Ans, — Compass course W. byH UST.; Dist. 42 miles. 
 
 Lay off from A the set of the current N. W. and the drift 13 
 miles. Now with a pair of dividers take the distance from the 
 graduated meridian that the ship has run in 4 hours — 28 miles ; 
 place one leg of the dividers on the current mark, and with the 
 other place it on the line of A and B and make a dot. Now lay 
 the parallel rules over these two points and move them to the centre 
 of the compass, which will give the true or magnetic course, ac- 
 cording as the chart is true or magnetic, from which find the com- 
 pass course. 
 
 B 
 
 True Course, 
 Variation, 
 
 Magnetic v ouiso, 
 Deviation, 
 
 S. 84° 22' PI 
 20 W. 
 
 S. G4 22 E. 
 17 45 E. 
 
 Compass course, S. 82 7 E. 
 
 E. h S. Southerly is tlierefore the course to steer by com- 
 pass to counteract th(^ effect of the current ; tlve distance made 
 
 good towards B. is 18 miles. 
 
48 WORKING QUESTIONS FOR CHART WITH TRUK COMPASS. 
 
 DEVIATION CARD, No. 1. 
 
 SHIP'S HEAD WHEN BUILDING. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Ship^s Head 
 Correct Magnetic. 
 
 Deviations. 
 
 Ship's Head 
 By Compass. 
 
 Deviations. 
 
 North 
 
 2° East 
 
 North 
 
 2° East 
 
 NbyE 
 
 6 " 
 
 NbyE 
 
 10 - 
 
 NNE 
 
 10 " 
 
 NNE 
 
 16 " 
 
 NEbyN 
 
 15 " 
 
 N E by N 
 
 22 " 
 
 N E 
 
 20 " 
 
 NE 
 
 24 " 
 
 NEbyE 
 
 22 " 
 
 N E by E 
 
 25 " 
 
 ENE 
 
 24 " 
 
 ENE 
 
 24 " 
 
 EbyN 
 
 25 " 
 
 E by N 
 
 22 " 
 
 East 
 
 25 " 
 
 East 
 
 20 " 
 
 EbyS 
 
 23 " 
 
 E by S 
 
 16 '• 
 
 ESE 
 
 19 " 
 
 ESE 
 
 15 " 
 
 S Eby E 
 
 14 " 
 
 SEbyE 
 
 9 " 
 
 SE 
 
 9 " 
 
 SE 
 
 6 " 
 
 S E by S 
 
 3 " 
 
 SEby S 
 
 2 " 
 
 SSE 
 
 3 West 
 
 SSE 
 
 2 West 
 
 S byE 
 
 4 " 
 
 S by E 
 
 3 " 
 
 South 
 
 6 " 
 
 South 
 
 5 " 
 
 Sby W 
 
 7 " 
 
 Sby W 
 
 6 '-^ 
 
 ss w 
 
 9 " 
 
 s s w 
 
 7 " 
 
 S W by S 
 
 11 " 
 
 S WbyS 
 
 9 " 
 
 s w 
 
 12 " 
 
 s w 
 
 10 " 
 
 S W by W 
 
 14 " 
 
 S W by W 
 
 12 " 
 
 ws w 
 
 17 " 
 
 WS w 
 
 14 " 
 
 WbyS 
 
 19 " 
 
 W by S 
 
 15 - 
 
 West 
 
 20 " 
 
 West 
 
 18 '^ 
 
 WbyN 
 
 21 " 
 
 WbyN 
 
 20 " 
 
 WN W 
 
 20 " 
 
 WN W 
 
 21 '' 
 
 N W by W 
 
 18 " 
 
 N W by W 
 
 21 " 
 
 NW 
 
 16 " 
 
 N W 
 
 20 " 
 
 N W by N 
 
 12 •' 
 
 N Why N 
 
 17 " 
 
 NN W 
 
 8 " 
 
 NN W 
 
 12 " 
 
 Nby W 
 
 4 " 
 
 N by W 
 
 6 " 
 
 /' 
 
i, 
 
 ii 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 ii 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
Maritini" Stu^jii I.j|ll Co St-J 
 
Maritivo Sle^ni I<illi Cu <S>..Ju'Iin. AilntiSiim. . 
 
 * 
 
FINDING THE SHIP 8 POSITION AT SEA. 
 
 49 
 
 FINDING THE SHIP'S POSITION AT SEA. 
 
 BY SUMNER'S METHOD. 
 
 Find the Greenwich Mean Time by Chronometer, by apply- 
 ing its original error and accumulated rate. 
 
 Take from page II. of the month in the Nautical Almanac the 
 Sun's declination, and E{][uation of time, and reduce them to 
 Greenwich date. • 
 
 Next find your Polar distance, and correct your observed 
 altitude and find the true, in the usual manner. 
 
 Now assume two latitudes, about a degree or less, end)nvcing 
 the supposed latitude of tlie ship. ' 
 
 Now with the true altitiule, Polar distance and assumed lesser 
 latitude, compute your longitude by the usual method, r 
 
 Again with the same true altitude, Polar distance aud assumed 
 greater latitude, c()m})ute your longitude in the usual way. 
 
 Ex. l.~1882. July 4th, at a])out 21k 15m. Os. P. M. mean 
 time long by acct. GO^ 0' W. Wlicn the chi'onomctcr showed 6h. 
 11m. 5Gs., the observed altitude of tlie Sun's L. L. was 55° 25' 52", 
 and again the same afternoon when the chronometer showed 9h. 
 11m. 54s. mean time at (iveenwich, the observed altitude of the 
 Sun's L. L. was 24° 12' 16"; lieight of the eye 18 feet; and the 
 shi]) having made 18 niiles on a true S. S. K. course during the in- 
 terval between the observations. Required the line of postition 
 and the true bearing of the sun wlien the first altitude was taken 
 and the j)osition of tlic shij) when the second altitude was observed. 
 Bv Sumner's method by projection on the chart. Assuming Lati- 
 tudes 44° and 45° N. 
 
50 
 
 FINDING THE SHIP's POSITION AT SEA. 
 
 Mhlli^cS: ^""^'- ^y --^^- 60° o' W. M. T. a. July 4d. 6h. u,„. 56s. P M 
 n-'ctions. 4 ^ ■ 
 
 6-0)240 O 
 
 Long, in time 400 
 Ship time 2 15 o 
 
 Apr'x. Gr. date 6150 
 
 A' 
 035515 
 
 Diff. 89 
 
 35 
 
 445 
 267 
 
 3".iS 
 
 062639 
 
 S52 
 
 061787 
 
 Diff. I Si. 5 
 
 47 
 
 :■ 1269) 
 7252 
 
 852-11 
 
 02S744 
 922 
 
 027822 
 
 Diff. 1962 
 47 
 
 »373t 
 
 7S4S 
 
 922-14 
 
 <'75'55 
 
 184 
 
 <>75339 
 
 Diff. 3<;2 
 
 47 
 
 ^/f I 
 1568 ' 
 
 184-24 
 
 Sun's dec 
 
 22° 52' 47" N. 
 — I 22 
 
 H.D. i3"-2o 
 6-2 
 
 Red. dec. 
 
 22 51 25 N. 
 90 
 
 2640 
 7920 
 
 P. Dist. 
 
 |.in. 5s. 15 
 + 2 75 
 
 67 8 35 
 
 H. D. OS. 
 
 6-0)8-1-840 
 
 1-21 
 
 444 
 6-2 
 
 Red. Eq.T. +4 7 90 
 
 Obs. Alt. 
 Dip. 
 
 Ref. 
 
 Seiii. 
 
 T. Alt. 
 P. D. 
 Lat. 
 
 Sum, 
 i Sum, 
 Rem. 
 
 App. T. Ship 
 Eq. T. 
 
 M. T. S. 
 M. T. G. 
 
 Long, in time 
 
 T. Alt. 
 P. D. 
 Lat. 
 
 Sum 
 h Sum 
 Rem. 
 
 App. T. Ship 
 Eq. T. 
 
 M. T. S. 
 M. 1\ G. 
 
 55° 25' 52" 
 — 4 4 
 
 888 
 2664 
 
 2-7528 
 
 55 21 
 — o 
 
 55 21 
 + 15 
 
 48 
 34 
 
 46 
 
 .55 37 o 
 67 8 35 
 44 o o 
 
 »66 35 35 
 
 83 22 47 
 
 27 45 47 
 
 2h. 12m. i8s. 
 
 + 4 8 
 
 2 16 26 
 6 II 56 
 
 Co-sec.+ 0-035515 
 Sec. 0-143066 
 
 Co-,sine 9061787 
 Sine 9-668215 
 
 8-908583 
 
 3 55 30=58° 52' 30" W. 
 
 55° 37' o" 
 67 8 35 
 45 o o 
 
 »67 45 35 
 S3 52 47 
 28 15 47 
 
 2h. 9m. i8s, 
 + 48 
 
 2 13 26 
 6 n 56 
 
 Co-.sec. + o -0355 1 5 
 Sec. 0-1505 15 
 
 Co-sine 9027822 
 Sine 9675339 
 
 8-889191 
 
 Long, in time 3 58 30=59° 37' 30" W. 
 
 N. B.— Assumed Latitude 44° o' N. and 45° o' N. 
 
p. M. 
 
 )• i3"-2o 
 6-2 
 
 2640 
 7920 
 
 )8-i-84o 
 
 •21 
 
 Minor Cor 
 rcctio'is. 
 
 035494 
 
 ■'^'"^iff. 
 
 M 
 
 S9 
 
 ii-46 
 57S236 
 «9» 
 
 578045 
 
 37 
 
 3'»5 
 1S4S 
 
 190-55 
 
 S2 
 
 83696a 
 
 Dift". 22J 
 
 36 
 
 1561 
 669 
 
 «35493 
 
 82-51 
 
 035481 
 
 ft". 89 
 "4 
 
 ' 356 
 
 .12-46 
 
 568856 
 119s 
 
 S6S66I 
 
 Diff'. 52S 
 3? 
 
 3696 
 ■584 
 
 84aS(;4 
 Si 
 
 84093s 
 Dirf. 
 
 ■oS-36 
 
 Jf9 
 
 _J7 
 
 1533 
 657 
 
 8 1 -03 1 
 
 M:NDIN<i THE 8Hll'\s POSITION AT SEA. 
 M. T. G.July 4d. 9h. iim. 54s. P. M. 
 
 51 
 
 Sun's decl. 22° 52' 47 " N. H. I). 13" 2(1 Eq. T. 4in. s*-. 11; 
 
 - 4 08 
 
 Red. decl. 22 50 46 N 
 GO ■ o o 
 
 P. Dist. 
 
 Obs. alt. 
 Dip. 
 
 Ref. 
 
 Sem 
 
 T. Alt. 
 P. D. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 Sum 
 ^ Sum 
 Rem. 
 
 App. T. S. 
 Eq. T. 
 
 M. T. S. 
 Gr. M. T. 
 
 67 
 
 9 14 
 
 .24° 12' i6' 
 - 4 4 
 
 
 0)1 
 
 9-2 
 
 
 264(5 
 11 88(1 
 
 ■6 
 
 2-i-44(. 
 
 4 y -\? 
 
 21 
 
 H. 1). OS. 444 
 9-2 
 
 M 
 
 S 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 - 1 
 
 5« 
 
 ^4 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 ■n.s 
 
 46 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 (X3 
 
 67 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 888 
 3996 
 
 4.0848 
 
 !t,'?5 31 14 
 67 4.^ 37 
 43 23 3,7 
 
 5h. 10m. 13s. 
 4- 4 V 
 
 Co-scc. 0-035481 
 Sec. 0-143066 
 
 Co-sine (>-57So45 
 Sine 9-S36(/x» 
 
 9-5'J35.>' 
 
 5 14 22 
 9 " .^4 
 
 Lofig. ixi time 357 32=59° 23' o" \V. 
 
 App. T. S 
 Eq. T. 
 
 M. T. S. 
 T. T. Gr. 
 
 24'' 22 00 
 67 9 14 
 45 G> o 
 
 136 31 14 
 <^8 15 37 
 
 43 .S3 37 
 5I1. iim. 5s. 
 -^49 
 
 Co-sec. 0-035481 
 Sec. o- 1505 15 
 
 Co-sine 9-568661 
 Sine 9'840()35 
 
 9 ".595592 
 
 5 '5 M 
 9 " .54 
 
 Long, in time 3 56 40-^59' 10' o" W. 
 
 Ex, 2. — 1882. Jim. Gd. at about 9h. 15m. Os. A. M. mean 
 time. . Long, by aoct. 65° 30' W., when a chronometer showed 
 6d. Ih, oOm. 16s. M. T. Greenwich, tlie observed altitude of the 
 Sun's L. L. was 13° 18' 54" ; again in the afternoon of the same 
 day, when tlie ehron. showed Th. 28n). 10s. mean time at (ireen- 
 
52 
 
 FINDTNO THE SHIP S POSITION AT SEA, 
 
 I ' 
 
 wich, the observed altitude of the Sun's L. L. was 11° T Z'C: 
 height of the eye 20 feet, and the ship having nuide 15 miles on a 
 true South course (hiring the interval between tlie f^hservations. 
 Recjuired the line of position ami the true hearing of the sini when 
 the first altitude was taken, and the position of the ship when 
 the second altitude was observed. By Suunier's method by j)ro- 
 jection on the chart. Assuming Latitudes 43"* 10' N. and 43° 50' N. 
 
 Space for 
 Minor Cor- 
 rections. 
 
 034280 
 II 
 
 Longitude 
 
 Long, in time 
 Ship time 5d. 
 
 o,H29i 
 
 Diff. 87 
 '3 
 
 261 
 _87_ 
 
 II 31 
 
 63" 30' W. 
 "4 
 
 M. T. Gr. 6d. ih. 30m. i6s. 
 
 6-o)25-4 o 
 
 Sun's decl. 22 j8' 4o"S. 
 — ^7 
 
 H. D. i8"3a 
 J '5 
 
 4 H 
 5» 15 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 Red. dec. 
 
 22 28 13 S. 
 90 o o 
 
 ^78941 
 8S9 
 
 97S0S2 
 
 Dift'. 2303 
 39 
 
 U)S27 
 6009 
 
 859- '7 
 
 975887 
 24 
 
 97S9« ' 
 
 Diir. 
 
 34 
 
 28S 
 216 
 
 14-45 
 
 6d. t 29 
 
 P. I>i.'«t. iiJ 2S 13 
 
 9150 
 1830 
 
 27-450 
 
 Obs. Alt. 
 
 n" 18' 54" 
 
 — 4 17 
 
 E. T. 6m. 9s. 62 H.D. 18.090 
 
 + I 
 
 64 
 
 13 
 
 14 37 
 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 »,3 
 
 10 
 
 47 
 
 X 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 '.3 
 
 ^7 
 
 ?; 
 
 112 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 43 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Red.E.T. x6 11 26 
 
 Co-sec. 
 
 Sec. 
 
 0.034291 
 0137054 
 
 169 5 18 
 84 32 39 
 
 71 5 34 
 
 Co-.sine 8'97So82 
 
 Sine 
 
 9-975911 
 
 App. 
 
 time S. 
 
 5d- 
 
 2ih 
 
 . 8m. 
 
 35«- 9 
 
 •I-2S33S 
 
 Eq. T 
 
 S. 
 
 5d- 
 
 
 X 6 
 
 II 
 
 
 M. T. 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 46 
 
 
 Gr. dr 
 
 ite 5d. 
 
 in time 
 
 ^5 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 
 Long. 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 30=63° 52' 
 
 30" W. 
 
 
 
 13° 
 
 27' 
 
 5" 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 28 
 
 1.1 
 
 Co-sec. 
 
 0-034291 
 
 
 
 43 50 
 
 
 
 Sec. 
 
 0-141849 
 
 
 169 
 
 4.S 
 
 iS 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 $2 
 
 39 
 
 Co-sine 
 
 S-9507S0 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 -5 
 
 34 
 
 Sine 
 
 9-976769 
 
 App. time Ship, 5d. 
 Eq. Time 
 
 M. T. Ship 
 
 Gr. mean time " 
 
 Long, in time 
 
 iih. i3ni. os- 
 X 6 II 
 
 21 19 II 
 25 30 16 
 
 411 =;= 
 
 9-103689 
 
 =62= 46' 15" w. 
 
 1-5 
 
 5450 
 
 1090 
 «-635o 
 
FINDIN(i THE SHIp's TOSITION AT SEA. 
 
 58 
 
 A second iiltitudc hoiiig taken in the afternoon of the same 
 (hiy (usinjr the same two assumed hititudes) will give the two other 
 longitudes, as is seen by the following work : 
 
 i8"3t> 
 
 '•5 
 
 9150 
 1830 
 
 Space for 
 Minor Cor- 
 rections. 
 
 oj4iSo 
 1 1 
 
 034 J91 
 
 J J iff. S7 
 '3 
 
 261 
 
 '" iL 
 11 31 
 951696 
 916 
 
 950780 
 ijiff. 2348 
 39 
 
 21 132 
 
 . 7"44 
 
 9i5'72 
 97'''745 
 H 
 
 976769 
 biff. 71 
 34 
 
 * 284 
 *'3 
 
 24M4 
 034176 
 20 
 
 034196 
 Diff. 87 
 
 261 
 >74 
 
 059367 
 767 
 
 058600 
 Diff. 1S27 
 42 
 
 3654 
 
 730S 
 
 7<^7-34 
 97S61S 
 
 27 
 
 97S642 
 Diff. 67 
 4' 
 
 26S 
 27'47 
 
 P. M. Jan. 6d. M. T. Gr. jh. 28m. io.s. 
 
 Sun's decl. 22° 28' 40" S. H. D. 18' 30 F<:q. T. 6m. 9s. 62 
 
 + 8 18 
 
 + 617 80 
 
 Red. decl. 
 
 — ^ 17 
 
 22 26 2^ S 
 90 o o 
 
 7-.S 
 
 112 26 23 
 
 Obs. alt. 
 Dip. 
 
 Ref. 
 
 1 1 
 
 ° 7' 37" 
 - 4 17 
 
 9150 
 12810 
 
 137-250 
 
 2-17 
 
 H. D. IS. 090 
 
 7-5 
 
 Sem 
 
 u 3 20 
 — 4 37 
 
 10 .S8 43 
 + 16 18 
 
 T. Alt. 
 P. D. 
 
 Lat. 
 
 n 15 I 
 
 112 26 23 
 
 43 10 
 
 Sum 
 A Sum 
 Rem. 
 
 166 51 24 
 
 83 ^5 ■\2 
 72 10 41 
 
 Co-.sec. 0034196 
 Sec. 0-137054 
 
 Co-sine 9-058600 
 Sine 9-978642 
 
 App. T. S. 6d. 3h. 9m. 38s. 
 Eq. T. +6 18 
 
 9-208492 
 
 M. T. S. 
 M. T. Gr. 
 
 6d. 3 15 56 
 6d. 7 28 10 
 
 Long, in time 4 12 14=63° 3' 30" W. 
 
 T. Alt. 
 P. D. 
 Lat. 
 
 Sum 
 I Sum 
 Rem. 
 
 11° 15' I" 
 112 26 23 
 43 50 o 
 
 167 31 24 
 S3 45 4^ 
 7^ 30 4' 
 
 App. T. S. 6d. 3h. ^m. 46s. 
 Eq. T. +"6 18 
 
 Co-sec. 0034196 
 Sec. 0-141849 
 
 Co-sine 90360S8 
 Sine 9'979447 
 
 9-191580 
 
 M. T. S. 
 M. T. Gr. 
 
 6d. 
 
 3 12 4 
 7 28 10 
 
 Long, in time 4 16 6=64° i' 30" W. 
 
 .S4.')0 
 7630 
 
 8.1750 
 
54 
 
 FINDING THK SIIIp's POSITION AT SEA. 
 
 Now lay off OH the chait tlu^ liiu'S of position at both obser- 
 vations, ami the lin«' of jMxsition jjiojoctrd for run will ^ive the 
 ship's position at the 2n(l ol»servation in Latitude 43° 15' N., 
 Longitude GS*^ 11' W. [See small chart.] 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 ADDITIONAL FOR MASTERS. 
 
 , . SOUNDINGS. 
 
 Rule. — To find the forreetion to apply to soimdin;^H taken at 
 a given time and ])la{'e. At the given ])ort find the nearest time 
 of high water to the ship's time. 
 
 If the time of high water and theshi])'s time hi'hoth A. \f. or 
 both P. M., subtract the least from the greatest; but if one be 
 A. M. and the other P. M., a(hl 12 hours to the least and subtract 
 as before ; the difference in either eas(^ will be the time from high 
 water. 
 
 To the right of the time of high water, in the adjoining 
 column imder " height," take out the height of tide. 
 
 From the height of tide subtract the half Mean Spring 
 Range which stands at the foot of the column ; the remainder is 
 the half range for the day. 
 
 With the time from high water, found at the top of Table B. 
 (page 98) and the height above half tide, at the side column, and 
 at their point of intersection, will be found a correction corres- 
 ponding thereto observing whether it is to be added or sub- 
 tracted. 
 
 Add or subtract the correction as directed, to the half Mean 
 Spring Range ; the residt is the height of tide above zero. 
 
 Subtract this last from the soundings shown by the lead ; the 
 remainder is the soundings shown by the chart, unless the correc- 
 tion exceeds the half mean spring range. In this case subtract 
 the half mean spring range from the correction and the result 
 must be added to the soundings. ' . 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 1. Standard Port.— 1877. January 31st at 8h. 55m. P. M. 
 Mean Time at ship, being off Pembroke, took a cast of the lead, 
 required the correction to be applied to the depth obtained by the 
 lead line before comparing it with the depth marked on the 
 chart. 
 
\l)l>rri()NAL KOll MAHTKKS. — SOLNDINOH. 
 
 56 
 
 llij^li Watrr !it Priuhrokf, 7h. 5Giu. I [eight by Ta]>l<'s, 22ft. Gin. 
 Time at Ship, 8 55 11. M. S. K., 10 (J 
 
 Tinu' from Iliuli AVat.T, 50 Ilci<,'ljt ahovr Hiih% 12 
 
 H. M. S. \i 10ft. ()in. 
 
 Tahl«' IJ., I2ft. Oin. / .^ 
 Tiiui', 51> ) ^^ 
 
 5 
 
 a(hl. 
 
 A hove zei'<# subtract from cast 20 11 
 
 2. 1877. — Jamiary 12cl. at 2h. Om. A. M. Mean Time at 
 8hip, hein<; (tff (^uceustdwii. recjuireil the correction to apply to 
 tlie cast by tht; lead. 
 
 H. W. at (^'leeiistown 3h. 30ni. IL'iglit bv Tables 9 ft. 7 in. 
 Time at Ship. 2 II. M. S/li. 5 10 
 
 Time fr^;»m iK-Ji WaU-v 1 30 Uei^rht above J tide 3 9 
 II M. 8. li 5ft. 10 in. 
 
 Table H, II', ^l{ 2 10 
 
 A)»OYe zero subtract from cast 8 
 
 8 
 
 3. 1877.— January 13(1. at 3h. Oin. P. M, Mean Time at 
 Ship, being off \Veston-Su])ei'-Mare, leijuired th<i cont'ction to 
 a])ply to tl)e cast by the lead. 
 
 H. W . at W(«ton-S-Mare Gh. 30n». Height by Ti.bh-s 32 ft. 5 in. 
 Time at Ship 3 II. M. S.K. 18 7 
 
 Time from High Water 3 30 Height abov e Uide 13 10 
 
 H. M. S. K 18 ft. 7 in. 
 
 rp 1 1 13 3h. 30m. i o 7 
 Table B, 13 lo 1 ^ ^ 
 
 Above zero subtract from cast 15 
 
 ' NOT BE1X(; A STANDAKl) PORT. 
 
 Rule. — Find the place in tlie Table of Tidal Constants, and 
 to the time of Iligli Water at the Standard Port referred to. apply 
 the constant for time and heiglit; the differencte l»et\veeu the result 
 and the Ship's time will be the time from High Water. 
 
 To the Height of Tide at the Standard port of reference apply 
 half the constant for height : from the result sul>tract the tialf 
 Mean Spring Range of the Standard Port and tlieir difference will 
 be the Hidf Range of the Tide. 
 
M 
 
 ADDITIONAL FOR MASTEitS.— SOUNDINGS!, 
 
 To the Half Mean Sprint^ Kang-e of flic Port of Kcfr^rence 
 apply half th(; coiistjmt for iicinlit ; a]»ply to fhis result tlic corrrc- 
 tion from Tal>le 1'. ; this is then the lici^'ht of water above Z<,fo, 
 
 KX AMPLE. 
 
 1. 1877.— February 12(1. at Ih. 24m. A. M. M, T, S.. oft' 
 Lundy, required the correetion to 'd\)\)ly to the east. 
 
 If. W. Spring T}(1(! at Lundy 5h. 15m. Dejith 27 feet. 
 II. VV. Spring Tide at VV.S.M. 6 54 l).>p(,h 27 feet. 
 
 Constant for Time 
 
 — 1 89 
 
 2)10 
 
 Half Constant for deptii . 5 
 
 II.W.West.S.M. Gh.88m. lit. <»f Tide :i8ft.0iii. A M.S,R.18ft.7in 
 Constant for time-1 39 ~ 5 - 5 
 
 Ti.lal Hour 4 54 28 
 
 Time at Ship 1 24 i M. S. K. 18 7 
 
 13 7 
 -2 5 
 
 I'ime fnmiH.AV. 3 30 ill. for day 5 Corr. U 2 
 To Im! su])ti-aet(Hl from soundings. 
 
 2. 1877.- Fehi..aiy 17d. at 3d. 12m. A. M. M. T. S. off" 
 the Smalb;, re-piixed tlie eorreetion to a])ply to th(i cast. 
 
 H. W. S])ring at Smalls Light Oli. Om. Depth 21 f-et. 
 
 H. W.Spring Tides at Peml)rok('() 12 Depth 21 feet. 
 
 Constant for Time 
 
 — 12 
 
 
 
 iLVVM»em broke 8h. 24m. lit. (ff Tide 20ft. 4in. ■i M.S.R. lOft Gin 
 12 -10 —8 6 
 
 Tidal Hour 8 12 iK. ford;..y9 10 eorr. 2 
 
 Time at Ship 3 12 To be si:))t'raeted from soundings. 
 
 Time fnim 1 1. W. 5 
 
 3. 1877. February 28d. at 9h. 20m. .A. \L M. T. S., ,ff' 
 (inernsey (> . I'eter Port) required the eorri'etion to ap[>ly to the 
 ca.st. 
 
 Ans.— 9 ft. 10 in. to subtract from eust by lead. 
 
ADDITIOXAL FOR MASTKHS. 
 
 57 
 
 >r 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 TABLE ^B) FOR FINDING THE HEIGHT OP THE TIDE 
 
 AT ANY INTERMEDIATE HOUR BETWEEN 
 
 HIGH AND LOW WATER. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TIMK 
 
 11 
 
 OM |f|( 
 
 11 
 
 W 
 
 \TJ-.1{ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 TT 
 
 3i7 
 
 u. 
 
 .vr 
 
 it: XT 
 
 IT. 
 
 m: 
 
 it: 
 
 ST. 
 
 rr. 
 
 MITT 
 
 -w. 
 
 n.M. II.. \f 
 
 rr':^rjTT7.vr[rir3i:]n: 
 
 "^vr. 
 
 I'- •- i 
 
 
 
 (If) 
 
 o 
 
 .i'l 
 
 1 d 
 
 I 
 
 .i-i 
 
 i 
 
 d 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 i<> 
 
 u 
 
 f 
 
 4 
 
 .V) s 
 
 r) 
 
 ! 
 
 Id 1 r, 
 
 
 
 
 
 AUL 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SIHTHACT. 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 
 Kcet. Ft 
 
 TIT 
 
 l-t 
 
 In 
 
 IFI III 
 
 Ft 
 
 In 
 
 Ft 
 
 In 
 
 Ft 
 
 h. 
 
 Ft 
 
 In 
 
 f't 
 
 In !Ft 
 
 1 
 
 In 
 
 Ft 
 
 In 
 
 l-t 
 
 In Ft 
 
 III 
 
 i.t 
 
 ~U\ 
 
 3 
 
 .5 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 7 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 ' 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 
 y 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 •! 
 
 II 
 
 .( 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 \ 
 
 Id 
 
 .} f> 
 
 i 
 
 lO 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 () 
 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 r> 
 
 2 
 
 Id 
 
 ,5 
 
 6 
 
 ,} 
 
 Id 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 ifi 
 
 4 4 
 
 ,i 
 
 r, 
 
 Jl 
 
 () 
 
 I 
 
 .5 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 
 .\ 
 
 2 
 
 )) 
 
 ,i 
 
 (> 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 -l 
 
 Id 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 (J 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Id 
 
 5 -i 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 .5 
 
 fj 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 d 
 
 n 
 
 
 7 
 
 .{ 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 }, 
 
 .^ 
 
 2 
 
 .1 
 
 Id 
 
 d 
 
 (.' 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 ) 
 
 r, 
 
 y 
 
 t'i 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 .} 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 If) 
 
 D 
 
 d 
 
 
 Id 
 
 ,? 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 ' 1 1 1 
 
 5 
 
 •s 
 
 4 
 
 d 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 d 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 r, 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 7 y 
 
 (^ 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 '■ 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 (\ 
 
 f> 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 <; 
 
 s' 
 
 s s 
 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 () 
 
 n 
 
 
 / 
 
 5 
 
 d 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 
 s 
 
 Id 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 i I 
 
 ^' 
 
 lO 
 
 s 
 
 y '■• 
 
 ' 
 
 y 
 
 5 
 
 y 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 1) 
 
 d 
 
 
 Id 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 9 
 
 i< 
 
 Id 
 
 Sn 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 1 1 
 
 7 
 
 '" 5 
 
 s 
 
 6 
 
 rt 
 
 ^' 
 
 ,? 
 
 1 
 
 D 
 
 d 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 d 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 Id 
 
 .s 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 7|i-' 
 
 d 
 
 i 
 
 '•' 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 < 
 
 1 1 ,^ 
 
 y 
 
 ,2 
 
 6 
 
 r, 
 
 ,? 
 
 4 
 
 [I 
 
 d 
 
 ■^ 
 
 4 
 
 h 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 M 
 
 .? 
 
 \l 
 
 713 
 
 
 
 '4 
 
 1 + 
 
 () 
 
 >.J 
 
 ''l li T 
 
 y 
 
 1 1 
 
 / 
 
 d 
 
 ,i 
 
 7 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 { 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 o 
 
 y 
 
 II 12 
 
 I 
 
 I.? 
 
 "M 
 
 n 
 
 "5 
 
 1,: 
 
 
 
 '4 
 
 6 
 
 ',? " 
 
 10 
 
 / 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 ,i 
 
 1 1 
 
 f) 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 7 
 
 '■ 
 
 Id 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7!', 5 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ir. 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 '5 
 
 5 
 
 1,5 i'^> 
 
 II 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 d 
 
 1 
 "1 ' 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 d 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 i.( 
 
 10 
 
 ^^ 
 
 5!.'. 
 
 
 
 '7 
 
 '7 
 
 o 
 
 if> 
 
 5 
 
 '4 9 
 
 12 
 
 n 
 
 s 
 
 f> 
 
 4 
 
 .S 
 
 d 
 
 "4 
 
 .^ 
 
 s 
 
 d 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 ..14 
 
 y 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 iS 
 
 1 S 
 
 ( 1 
 
 '7 
 
 5 
 
 '> 7 
 
 M 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 y 
 
 ft 
 
 j 
 
 ( 
 
 S 
 
 f> 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 y 
 
 d 
 
 \i 
 
 y'S 
 
 7 
 
 '7 
 
 .S"^ 
 
 1 
 
 "1 
 
 ".' 
 
 'y 
 
 
 
 iS 
 
 1 
 
 '^' .=; 
 
 l.i 
 
 .s!y 
 
 ^'' 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 ') 
 
 d 
 
 t 
 
 1 1 
 
 d 
 
 Ci 
 
 ',5 
 
 1 
 .1 >" 
 
 .s 
 
 iS 
 
 1 
 
 4I 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 di 
 
 2() 
 
 J(; 
 
 () 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 '7 1 
 
 '4 
 
 i 
 
 d 
 
 " .1 
 
 2 
 
 " 
 
 r) 
 
 s 
 
 2 
 
 Id 
 
 d 
 
 '4 
 
 2 17 
 
 4 
 
 '9 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Id 
 
 t) 
 
 21 
 
 l\ 
 
 o 
 
 Id 
 
 ,1 
 
 S J 
 
 ) 
 
 in 
 
 d 
 
 f' y, 
 
 5 
 
 f) 
 
 () 
 
 s 
 
 .1 
 
 d 
 
 rt 
 
 •4 
 
 Id 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 \ 
 
 !l 
 
 "i 
 
 /i 
 
 iJ 
 
 (» * 
 
 II 
 
 .1 
 
 y 1 
 
 ." 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 d 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 (1 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 '5 
 
 7 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 
 Jl 
 
 ■5j 
 
 !2 
 
 1 
 d 
 
 ^•' 
 
 '.\ 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ,5 
 
 y ' 1 
 
 d 
 
 ■i 
 
 1 
 
 f) 
 
 5 
 
 II 
 
 ) 
 
 d 
 
 ■! 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 <\ 
 
 r) 
 
 \ 
 
 y 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 ^ I-!.-) 
 
 d! 
 
 2t 
 
 L- ^ 
 
 ^» 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 <e J 
 
 d y 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 (■) 
 
 2 
 
 > 
 
 ri 
 
 <) 
 
 _,!! 
 
 2 
 
 d 
 
 7 
 
 d :. 
 
 d 
 
 y ■ 
 
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 1 
 2 j 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
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58 
 
 FXJ'^MBlNl'S FROM NAUTKJAJ. ALMANAC, 
 
 ELEMENTS PROM NAUTICAL ALMANAC 
 
 FOR 
 
 MATSON'S GUIDE BOOK 
 FOR 1882. 
 
 Sun's Declination; Sun'h Seniidiameter; Equation ot* Time. 
 
 " 
 
 App: 
 
 irent Noon (N.A. P. I.) 
 
 
 Mei 
 
 m Noon 
 
 (N. A 
 
 . P. II.) 
 
 Date. 
 
 Declination. 
 
 Var. 
 in one 
 hour. 
 
 S. 
 
 Decl 
 
 mation. 
 
 1 
 Sun'H 1 
 
 Semicli. ' 
 
 Equation 
 of i 
 Time. 
 
 M. S. 
 
 Var. 
 n one 
 liour. 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S. 
 
 Jan'y 
 
 5 
 
 S 22° 35' 
 
 44" -I 
 
 17.19 
 
 S 22° 
 
 ^> 
 
 +5"- 7 
 
 16' 
 
 lS"-2 
 
 + 5 43-22 I -1 10 
 
 " 
 
 6 
 
 22 28 
 
 38-2 
 
 18-30 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 40.0 
 
 16 
 
 i8-i 
 
 6 9 -62 1-090 
 
 Feb. 
 
 9 
 
 14 .3^> 
 
 6-0 
 
 48-29 
 
 H 
 
 3f» 
 
 17.7 
 
 if, 
 
 '45 
 
 14 2f> 62 10-052 
 
 i i 
 
 10 
 
 14 16 
 
 .39-« 
 
 48-89 
 
 ■ 14 
 
 J 6 
 
 ^ 1 .6 
 
 16 
 
 14-3 
 
 14 27-49 0-020 
 
 March 
 
 4 
 
 6 21 
 
 2 2-6 
 
 5773 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 34-0 
 
 16 
 
 9-4 
 
 II 52-59 0-562 
 
 a 
 
 .S 
 
 .■; 58 
 
 14-8 
 
 .S7-9-1 
 
 5 
 
 .^s 
 
 -5-7 
 
 16 
 
 9-2 
 
 II 38-88 ()'58o 
 
 i t 
 
 6 
 
 5 35 
 
 I '5 
 
 .S8-I4 
 
 5 
 
 3,S 
 
 12.6 
 
 16 
 
 8-9 
 
 II 24-73 0-598 
 
 i i 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 35"" 
 
 59--: 7 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 42.8 
 
 16 
 
 5-4 
 
 7 5 1 -92 0743 
 
 ; i 
 
 -JO 
 
 S 4 
 
 52-6 
 
 59'25 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 0. 1 
 
 16 
 
 5"2 
 
 7 3402 1 0749 
 
 April 
 
 12 
 
 N 8 44 
 
 51-4 
 
 54-f'7 
 
 N 8 
 
 44 
 
 5<'-7 
 
 15 
 
 .S8-9 
 
 44-86 ()-657 
 
 i i, 
 
 13 
 
 9 6 
 
 39' I 
 
 .S4-30 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 38.7 
 
 15 
 
 S8-6 
 
 29-25 
 
 0642 
 
 i t 
 
 H 
 
 9 28 
 
 178 
 
 53-9^ 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 17.6 
 
 15 
 
 58-3 
 
 13-98 
 
 0-629 
 
 It 
 
 26 
 
 13 34 
 
 136 
 
 48-21 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 ^r>-S 
 
 15 
 
 55-2 
 
 - 2 18-48 
 
 0-420 
 
 I i 
 
 27 
 
 13 ^?, 
 
 -!3-9 
 
 47 -^'4 i 
 
 13 
 
 53 
 
 25.9 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 2 28-32 
 
 0-400 
 
 May 
 
 2-! 
 
 20 2^ 
 
 147 
 
 ■:9'45 
 
 2(. 
 
 ^5 
 
 16.5 
 
 15 
 
 497 
 
 3 35 -(^i 
 
 0-182 
 
 Ju::. 
 
 19 
 
 27, 2(, 
 
 i8'o 
 
 2-12 
 
 1 '!3 
 
 26 
 
 18.0 
 
 15 
 
 464 
 
 I 1-25 
 
 "•545 
 
 
 io 
 
 23 -if' 
 
 sfy-^ 
 
 1-oH 
 
 ' '^ 
 
 26 
 
 56.5 
 
 15 
 
 4f'-3 
 
 + 1 i4'34 
 
 "•545 
 
 July 
 
 4 
 
 22 52 
 
 46-5 
 
 «3-'' 
 
 \ 22 
 
 52 
 
 47-4 i -5 
 
 46-0 
 
 4 5-15, "444 
 
 i > 
 
 5 
 
 22 47 
 
 17-6 
 
 14-2^) 
 
 1 "' * 
 
 47 
 
 18.6 
 
 '5 
 
 46* ) 
 
 4 15-65:0-431 
 
 i I 
 
 10 
 
 Ji 13 
 
 58-8 
 
 19-o.y 
 
 ; 22 
 
 14 
 
 0.4 
 
 15 
 
 4f.-i 
 
 5 3 "3 0-3.56 
 
 *( 
 
 H 
 
 19 ^f 
 
 7.8 
 
 31 -62 
 
 '9 
 
 51 
 
 1 1.0 
 
 15 
 
 47" 
 
 6 14-42 0-050 
 
 n 
 
 i? 
 
 19 3S 
 
 uyi 
 
 32 43 
 
 19 
 
 38 
 
 22.4 
 
 15 
 
 47-1 
 
 6 15-32' 0-025 
 
 i% 
 
 n 
 
 !<> I' 
 
 43-5 
 
 34^4 
 
 19 
 
 1 ? 
 
 47.0 
 
 15 
 
 47-3 
 
 6 I5-3I: 0-026 
 
 
 j8 
 
 .8 y; 
 
 57-' 
 
 34-8^ 
 
 18 
 
 ^8 
 
 0.7 
 
 ; 15 
 
 47 4 
 
 6 i'4-38|o-o5i 
 
 Sept. 
 
 J 1 
 
 X K 
 
 20.7 
 
 .S8-4J 
 
 N 
 
 '5 
 
 13.6 
 
 i ■> 
 
 .S8-9 
 
 7 19-31 0-872 
 
 •• 
 
 ■!3 
 
 S 8 
 
 J- 3 
 
 .';8'47 
 
 |S 
 
 8 
 
 9.8 
 
 ' 15 
 
 .';9-' 
 
 7 40-20 
 
 o-8^.8 
 
 .. 
 
 30 
 
 ^ 51 
 
 42.1 
 
 .^8'3-J 
 
 2 
 
 51 
 
 U-H 
 
 ' 16 
 
 l-t 
 
 10 1-98 
 
 o-8to 
 
 Oct. 
 
 t 
 
 3 15 
 
 0..^ ;8-24 
 
 i ^ 
 
 15 
 
 II. 
 
 •c. 
 
 I '3 
 
 10 21-28 
 
 0-798 
 
 " 
 
 It 
 
 7 5 
 
 18.2 
 
 i <^-<KS 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3"- 7 
 
 16 
 
 4-1 
 
 '3 H-<« 
 
 0-629 
 
 i » 
 
 12 
 
 7 -!7 
 
 54-5 
 
 i ?^fy.vj 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 7.2 
 
 ir; 
 
 4-3 
 
 13 28-S7 
 
 0-608 
 
 Nov. 
 
 '4 
 
 18 17 
 
 17. 1 
 
 38W 
 
 iS 
 
 '7 
 
 27.1 
 
 16 
 
 i 
 
 12-/ 
 
 15 •!4-34 
 
 0-403 
 
ELEMENTS FROM NAUTIC.VL ALMANAC. 
 
 59 
 
 run's declination; sun's semidiameteh; equation of time. 
 
 Apparent Noon t^N. A. P. 1.) 
 
 1 
 
 .Mean Noon (N. A. P. II.) 
 
 Date. Declination. 
 
 V'ar. 
 in one 
 hour. 
 
 S. 
 11.00 
 
 !).8.-, 
 2.85 ; 
 1.07 j 
 
 Declination. 
 
 Sun's 
 Semidi. 
 
 Equation 
 
 of 
 
 Time. 
 
 \'ar. 
 in one 
 hour. 
 
 •• 13 
 
 " li» 
 
 1 •' 20 
 
 S. 23° 0' 20'.!) 
 23 10 31.2 
 2.3 25 40.8 
 •in 20 41.0 
 
 S. 23° 22 .0 
 23 10 32.1 
 23 25 4(i.!) 
 23 2(i 41.0 
 
 10' 17 ".1 
 10 17.2 
 10 17.8 
 10 17.8 
 
 M. S. 
 (5 2.35 
 5 33.91 
 2 38.29 
 2 8.51 
 
 S. 
 1.179 
 1.191 
 1.240 
 1.243 
 
 DECLINATION OF FIXED STARS, 
 
 Ji 
 
 Date. 
 
 18827" 
 a-. 14 
 
 1 
 
 Star's Name. 
 
 Sirius 
 
 Declination. 
 
 S. 10 33' 28 
 
 Antarcs IS. 20 10 12 
 
 Date. 
 
 Dec. 3 
 
 " 20 
 
 Star'.s Name. 
 
 A Arietes 
 Canopus 
 
 Declination. 
 
 22 54'.38"N. 
 52 38 4 S. 
 
 AD.MIHAl/rV TIDKS FOR 1877 
 
 Name of 
 Ports. 
 
 Constants 
 
 Standard 
 Port for Re- 
 ference. 
 
 Da 
 
 te. 
 
 Morninjf. 
 
 Afternoon. 
 
 St. Main 
 Hridi^ewater 
 
 Crinan 
 
 Croinartv 
 
 II. M. 
 
 2 18 
 
 —0 4 
 
 4 41 
 
 —2 21 
 
 Brest 
 Wes-S-Mare 
 
 Greenock 
 
 Leith 
 
 Sept. 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 15 
 14 
 15 
 29 
 .30 
 5 
 
 Time 
 II. .\I. 
 !» 13 
 1 1 25 
 3 
 12 
 7 21 
 2 7 
 
 Ileij^'t 
 Ft. In. 
 12 
 20 !» 
 20 2 
 8 8 
 8 8 
 1") 8 
 
 Time 
 
 II. M. 
 
 jlO 
 
 Ilei-'t 
 Ft, In. 
 12 3 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 7 53 
 2 28 
 
 20 
 8 7 
 8 10 
 
 15 9 
 
 Name of 
 
 Port for 
 
 Da 
 
 
 Vnr 
 
 . 
 
 
 nin-jf. 
 
 Mf)on'H 
 Mer. 
 
 Full and 
 
 
 ke fere me. 
 
 :c. 
 
 nui"'. 
 
 Ere 
 
 
 Ports. 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 Pass. 
 
 L hanj^e. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 H. 
 
 M. 
 
 n. 
 
 M. 
 
 II. M. 
 
 n. M. 
 
 Adelaide Pt. 
 
 Brest 
 
 .\pri 
 
 0' 
 
 •1 
 
 .30 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 41 
 
 5 25 
 
 ( . 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 H 
 
 II 
 
 51 
 
 7 31 
 
 __ — 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 
 Mav 
 
 23 1 
 
 — 
 
 ._ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9 11 
 
 — — 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 24' 
 
 1 
 
 l.t 
 
 1 
 
 .38 
 
 !» .V.) 
 
 30 
 
 •• 
 
 
 •■ 
 
 25 
 
 •) 
 
 i 
 
 •t 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 Manilla 
 
 
 Jnlv 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 7 34 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 " 
 
 20, 
 
 n 
 
 41 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 8 20 
 
 iO 40 
 
 C^H'ih. 
 
 
 Autj 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7 10 
 
 
 •• 
 
 " 
 
 
 .5 
 
 n 
 
 .5(» 
 
 — 
 
 . — 
 
 8 10 
 
 nonn 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 — — 
 
 — — 
 
60 
 
 ■i 
 
 February 
 
 12 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 
 January 
 
 12 
 13 
 31 
 
 ri- 
 
 X 
 
 re 
 3 
 
 'v 
 -i_ 
 
 3' 
 
 ts 
 
 M 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 I— ' 
 
 y. 
 
 5" 
 
 —1 CO Cv Hp. , 
 
 (—I 
 
 t-t CO 2 c 
 CO Ci CO . 
 
 1—1 • 
 
 V 
 
 
 H 
 
 (f) 
 H 
 
 > 
 
 d 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 7J 
 
 (/5 
 
 > 
 
 a 
 "I 
 y 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 5' 
 
 ^ a» 4- i-H , 
 
 CO to CO ^ S 
 i4- Ci c; ^ 
 
 
 hi 
 W 
 
 w 
 
 • 
 
 ! 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 > 
 
 D 
 > 
 33 
 
 
 13 
 O 
 33 
 H 
 W 
 
 CO CO CO ht] H-( 
 
 i^i oi CO rt--' jr' 
 -q en o r' !^ 
 
 Isi, 1—1, 1—1. HH ITH 
 to -1 Ci rV pT' 
 
 1-^ t^ — 
 
 CI 00 o r' •-^ 
 
 Time Heig^ht 
 H. M.Ft. In. 
 
 6 52 33 8 
 9 20 36 1 
 
 7 34 40 6 
 
 irf- 
 
 W 
 
 I—' 
 ,*■ 
 
 *-< 
 
 Time Heiji^lit 
 H. M. Ft. In. 
 5 217 3 
 5 49 18 1 
 7 56 22 6 
 
 5 
 
 1-^ 
 
 o 
 
 C5 00 Cr» HH 
 
 CO to Cn 2 rt 
 O 4^ to ^ 
 
 or? 
 
 1—1 
 
 Ci h4- CC i-th , 
 
 to M. CO 2 C 
 Ci -^ O .^ 
 
 c 
 
 CfC! 
 
 • 
 
 
 to to I-*- i-ri *-T^ 
 
 lO O 00 rV ^ 
 
 -q 4u ►f:^ ? S- 
 
 to o CO rV j:^^ 
 Cj 1— I ^1 n" f^ 
 
 CI 00 Oi HH ^ 
 I—* 
 
 (in 4^h-^^r. 
 
 O O o r' 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 Time Heig^ht 
 H. M.Ft. In. 
 
 3 54 9 10 
 
 4 38 10 3 
 6 48 12 6 
 
 > 
 
 C 
 
 to to >-*• Hrt Hr- 
 OO O 00 r.r"' J^ 
 
 M- o o r' ^ 
 
 
 ►+^ Ot CO HH 
 
 en to ^ C 
 CO c: -<! . 
 
 to 1— ^ 1— ' ►-.. Kl 
 
 o 00 ci r-^' pr 
 
 00 o» ^ ? '^ 
 
 J2 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 ?: 
 
 73 
 
 w 
 
 • 
 
 i-f' 
 •■I 
 
 3' 
 
 00 Ci en HH , 
 
 t-^ 1-^ -i; c 
 
 00 -^ c; ^ 
 
 OO CO 00 i-r- — ' 
 <:0 h-A O r-f' pT 
 
 00 i-i ci r^ r^ 
 
 c 
 
 h^ * 
 
 w 
 
 T. 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 • 
 
 
 Time jlleig-ht 
 H. M.Ft. In. 
 
 3 4417 2 
 6 12118 2 
 
 4 2421 Of 
 
 <rt- 
 
 s 
 
 00 Ci CJi hx 
 
 . . .-^ 
 
 CO CO 4- -^i c 
 CO O CO . 
 
 r-t- 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 * 
 
 
 CO CO CO >-n >~i 
 
 CO to h- r^'' p^ 
 
 :o oi to r' r» 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 H 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 l> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 !z: 
 
 PO 
 
 13 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 3) 
 
 
 g 
 
 X 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 D 
 
 § 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 m 
 
 
 t— 1 
 
 13 
 
 
 H 
 
 u 
 
 W 
 
 > 
 r 
 
 1— ( 
 Q 
 
 H 
 
 W 
 
 W 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 
 t> 
 
 D 
 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 
 td 
 
 > 
 
 r 
 m 
 
 C/) 
 
LOG LINE. 
 
 61 
 
 LOG LINE. 
 
 The Log consists of a piece of wood in tlie sha])e of a quad- 
 rant, with the are h)aded with kad, to make it swim in an uprioht 
 position without sinking-. ^ 
 
 The length of a Knot is found hy iiudtii»lying the nuniher of 
 feet in a nautical mile (6080) hy the number (if seccmds run hy 
 the glass and dividing the product l)y the number of seeonds in an 
 hour (3000.) 
 
 The h'ugth of Stray Line is gi^ierally allowed to be from 18 
 to 20 fathoms, which is marked by a white rag; one' knot is mark- 
 ed ])y a piece of leather, two knots has two knots, three knots has 
 tJiree knots, c<:c.; a single knot is i)laced for every half knot. 
 These marks shews that when the 14-second glass is usad they have 
 to b(^ doubled. 
 
 Ex.— Find the length of a knot to eorresi)ond to a 28-seeonds 
 
 glass 
 
 Multiplv G080' 
 28 
 
 48040 
 12100 
 
 3000)170240(47 ft. Si in. 
 14400 
 
 2r)240 
 25200 
 
 1040 
 12 
 
 3600)12480(3,^ in. nearly. 
 10800 
 
 1080 
 
 THE LEAD AND LEAD LINE. 
 
 Q. -How do you mark the hand lead line? 
 A.— At two fathoms. . . .Icnthci' with tw.» tails. 
 
 . . .h'ather slit s(» that three parts stick out. 
 
 . . .white l)unting or rag. 
 
 . . .red bunting. 
 
 . . .leather witli a hole in it. 
 
 . . .blue buntiuii'. 
 . .white buntiu"- oi- ra<r. 
 
 three 
 " five 
 " seven 
 " ten '' 
 
 '• thirteen " 
 •' fifteen •' 
 "■ seventeen "• 
 " twenty '' 
 
 .red bunting. 
 
 • a pieee of cord with two knots. 
 
^mmmmm 
 
 62 
 
 THE LKAT) AND LEAD LINE. 
 
 The deep sea lead line is marked the sanu^ as the hand lead — 
 uj> to twenty fsithouis, then for every ten fathoms an additional 
 knot, su(!h as three at thirty, four at forty, and so on, and at every 
 five fathoms, one knot or a j)ieee of leather. 
 
 In eallinjj^ the soundin<5s if it is a mark, as at seven fathoms, 
 it will be given hy the mark seven: if nine fathoms hy the deej) nine: 
 if four and a (juarter fathoms, and a quarter, four; if five fathoms, 
 by the mark five: if four and three quarters, and a (quarter less, five; 
 if six fathoms, by the deej) six: and so on. 
 
 LEADING LIGHTS IN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. 
 
 Bishop Koek, 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 
 St. Agnas, 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 every I minute. 
 
 Seven Stones, L. S., 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 every minute. 
 
 Longships, 
 Wolf Koek, 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 F 
 R 
 
 
 Lizard, 
 
 2 
 
 F 
 
 Eleetric. 
 
 St. Anthony, 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 20 seeimds. 
 
 Eddistcme (New), 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 
 Start Point 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 every minute. 
 
 Portland liill. 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 Shambles. L. S. 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 
 Needles, 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 Red to seaward. 
 
 St. Cathrine Point, 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 
 Nab Light Shii) 
 Owers Light Ship, 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 F 
 R 
 
 30 seconds. 
 
 Beaehy Head, 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 2 minutes. 
 
 Dungeness. 
 South Foreland, 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 F 
 
 
 North Foit'land, 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 
 FREN( 
 
 3H CC 
 
 )AST. 
 
 
 Ushant X. W. End, 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 20 seconds. 
 
 ' '• N. E. '• 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 
 Casquets, 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 3 Flashes in 80s. 
 
 (Vpe la Hague, 
 Cape Barfleur, 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 F 
 R 
 
 
 SOUTH EAST C 
 
 ;OAST 
 
 OF I 
 
 RELAND. 
 
 Skelligs, 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 
 (^alf Koek, 
 
 1 
 
 Fl 
 
 every 1;> seeoiuls. 
 
 Fastnet. 
 
 1 
 
 R 
 
 ever} minute. 
 
 (Jalley Head. 
 
 1 
 
 Fl 
 
 ' %k *• 
 
 Kinsal.> Old Head, 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 i 
 
 D:iunt Koek L. S. 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 
 Roche's Point. 
 
 1 
 
 F 
 
 (Ine Rev. 1 A siu'onds 
 
 I'allycotton. 
 
 ' 1 
 
 Fl 
 
 every 1" seconds. 
 
 Mine Head, 
 
 i 1 
 
 Int 
 
 Bright oOs Dark 10s 
 
 f 
 
LEADING LIGHTS. 
 
 6» 
 
 Waterford Hook, 
 
 Saltees L. S. 
 
 Tiiskar 
 
 Lucifer L. S. 
 
 Blac'kwater, 
 
 South Arklow L. S. 
 
 North Arklow L. S. 
 
 BAY OF 
 
 Seal Island, 
 (Tanuet liot'k, 
 Mac'liia's Seal Island, 
 Poiut Prim. Dioby. 
 Patritlge Island. 
 Point Lepreau, 
 S. W. Wolf Island, 
 Swallow Tail, 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 Scatterie, 
 
 Lcmishur*^, 
 
 (juion Island, 
 
 Saint Es])rit Island, 
 
 (xreen Island, 
 
 Sahle Island, East End, 
 
 Sable Island, West End, 
 
 Cranberry Island 
 
 White Head Island, 
 
 Country Harbor, 
 
 Wedge Island, 
 
 Liseombe, 
 
 Beaver Island, 
 
 Sheet Rock, 
 
 Egg Island, 
 
 Devil's Island, 
 
 Chebucto Head, 
 
 Sanibro, 
 
 Beatty's Island, 
 
 Green Island. Margaret's Bay, 
 
 Cross Island, 
 
 West Iron Hound, 
 
 Coffin Island, 
 
 Little Hope, 
 
 (iull Rock, 
 
 Caj)e Koseway, 
 
 Baeearoo. 
 
 Cape Sable, 
 
 F 
 Fl 
 K 
 F 
 F 
 R 
 F 
 
 FUNDY. 
 
 F 
 
 Int 
 F 
 F 
 F 
 F 
 R 
 F 
 
 every minut(;. 
 
 ev<u-y 30 seconds. 
 
 White. 
 
 44 
 
 Veilii^al. 
 IJ minutes. 
 
 BAST COAST. 
 
 R 
 
 F 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 R 
 
 F 
 
 R 
 
 F 
 
 R 
 
 F 
 
 Rev 
 Alt 
 Rev 
 Rev 
 Alt 
 
 F 
 Rev 
 
 F 
 
 Rev 
 Rev 
 Int 
 Rev 
 Rev 
 Rev 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 F 
 
 Rev 
 
 White. 
 
 Red 30 seconds. 
 Whiter 30 seconds. 
 Red and White. 
 White. 
 
 - 3 Flashes. . 
 
 " 20 seconds. 
 White. 
 Red. 
 
 Red and White. 
 White. 
 Rod. 
 
 Red and White. 
 White Horizontal. 
 White 1 niiinite. 
 White. 
 Red. 
 HtHl and White. 
 
 Vi'rtical. 
 Wliite <'very 30 s«'c 
 White. 
 
 Red ev<!ry niinute. 
 White. 
 
 White ( Verti(!al. ) 
 Red. 
 White. 
 
 f 
 
64 
 
 COMMKKCIAL CODK OF SIGNALS, 
 
 COMMERCIAL CODE OF SIGNALS, 
 
 Q. — J low many Code Sigimls tire there ? 
 A. — 18, and in addition a Code l*ennaiit. 
 Q. — Name them or ])()int tliein out? 
 A. — B. Is tlie Burgee — Ived swallow-tailed. 
 
 C. White JVnnaut with red spot, 
 
 D. lilue Pennant with white spot. 
 v. lied Pennant with white spot. 
 
 (i. Blue and Yellow (Vertical) Peiniant. 
 
 H. (S((uare Flag) \Vhit(! and Vertical. 
 
 .J. Blue and White -—lun'lzontal — White in centre. 
 
 K. YeUow and Blue (Vertical. ) 
 
 L. Blue and Yellow — in four Cheques, 
 
 M. Blue, crossed hy White from comer to corner. 
 
 N. Blue and White, in Cheques. 
 
 \\ Blue Peter. 
 
 Q. Yellow — the (Quarantine Flafr. 
 
 K. Ked, crossed with Yellow (Vertical and horizontal. > 
 
 S. White, with l^due centre. 
 
 T. Tricolour— Ked, White and I51ue (Vertical.) 
 
 V. White, ci'ossed by Ked from c<n'ner to corner. 
 
 W. Blue, White and Ked — horder Blue and eentrt; Ked. 
 
 A Signal made with one Flag must be either — 
 The White Pennant (C) — signifving Yes, or 
 The IMne Pennant (D) — signifying No. 
 
 In Sij^nals madt> with two Flags — 
 The Jiurg'ee uppermost represents Attention Signals, 
 A Pennant \xppermost re])resents Compass Signals, 
 .'V s(|uare Flag xii)])erm()st represents Urgent Signals. 
 
 The Signals made with Three Flag's — 
 
 Are (ieneral; and those with the Pennant F, (t or If tippermost 
 'j^enerally (but not exclusively) relate to Latitude, Longitude, 
 Meridian, Time, Months, Date, Wind, or Weatln>r. 
 
 In Signals made with Four Flags — 
 
 The Burgee up])ermost r(!presents (Teoga[)hii'al Signals. 
 
 The T*ennant C. D or F uppermost ivpresents Spelling and 
 V<M'abutary Signals. 
 
 The Pennant (f (iilue and Yellow) uppermost the Names 
 of M<'n-of-Wai'. 
 
 A Square Flag uppermost represents the Names op Mer- 
 chant Ships. 
 
THE ''COMMERCIAL CODE" OF 
 SIGNALS. 
 
 Code Sigfnal. 
 
 As Code Signal it is 
 
 HOISTED UNDER THE ENSIGN. 
 
 As Answering Pennant 
 IT is hoisted where best seen 
 
 TT- 
 
 
 AS SENT 
 YES . 
 
 \\S 
 
 V 
 
 ui^^^ 
 
 N E CS AT I V E: 
 NO. 
 
 ANSWERING 
 PENNANT. 
 
 ^1-; 
 
 \l..r ..-.•■'I. .:.. [..■lil'. M I I... *ll,Mi 
 
the" COMMERCIAL CODE" 
 Examples. 
 
 ATTENTION COMPASS. WEATHER. URGENT 
 
 ..M -j% > 
 
 a 
 
 Shew your 
 Ensign. 
 
 E. S. E. Meteorological In distress. Man 
 
 Report, want assistance. Overboard. 
 
 ^:r^ 
 
 & 
 
 GENE RAL. 
 
 % 
 
 
 ^T7 
 
 -1— u 
 
 ^^ 
 
 •y- Kj? rii n> 
 
 % 
 
 i ^r 
 
 A: 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 I HAVE NOT 
 
 SEEN THE 
 
 LAND. 
 
 Report 
 
 ME ALL 
 WELL. 
 
 Am I IN 
 
 A GOOD 
 BERTH. 
 
 Longitude 
 220 
 
 36' 
 
 (GEOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 NATIONAL 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 NAiyiE 
 
 o/ a 
 
 MAN OF 
 WAR. 
 
 NAME 
 
 of 
 
 MERCHANT 
 
 SHIP. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Inform Repeat the H.M.S. Empire Queen 
 Halifax, N. S. Owner of my last signal Bellerophon, of St. John, N. B. 
 
 ARRIVAL. MADE. 1 5 GUNS. OFF NO. 46133. 
 
 M.ir.l..,..- ,•<). 1.1, \..\\< .', .~. I. I,r >. M il,l,.» 
 
^ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 
 ^^ -4% 
 
 9^ 
 
 
 € 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 lii 
 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.4 IIIIII.6 
 
 — 6" 
 
 ^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 /a 
 
 '^A 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 /A 
 
 '^i 
 
 o 
 
 / 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corpordtion 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER. NY 14560 
 
 (716) 873-4S03 
 
 iV 
 
 ^q\' 
 
 € 
 
 ^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 N 
 
 
 *> 
 
 n 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 O"^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■^' 
 

 A 
 
 
 6^ 
 
mi 
 
 COMMERCIAL CUOE OF SIGNALS. 
 
 ALPHABET FOR COMPOSING DISTANT SIGNALS. 
 
 
 M 
 
 .>4nnul Signal. 
 
 N fej^^- 
 
 w 
 
 In addition to the above, the following Distant -Signals composed of Tkoo Symbols 
 .•ave the special signification indicated beneath. 
 
 You art running into 
 daogar. 
 
 Fire, or Leak. Want 
 immediate aaeiaunce. 
 
 rf 
 
 Short of Provisions. 
 Starving. 
 
 Aground. Want 
 imnudiate assbtance. 
 
 Mw.li.. IN. .>• ri.tti Cr auloV « HiltfnH . 
 
COM.VIKKCIAL CODE OF SIGNALS. 
 
 96 
 
 niSTANT SIGNALS. 
 
 Tlu' First, (\)lninn contains all the ((mibinalions liaviiiii- tlio 
 l»all or lialls tirnt or iipi/cnnost in tiu" Hoist. 
 
 The Seeonil Column contains all the comhinations iuivinj' tho 
 Ball or Halls second or Hepenited in the Hoist. 
 
 The Tiiird ('(diuun <'ont:nns all the conihinations liaving the 
 Ball or Halls last or lowermost in the Hoist. 
 
 These 8i;j^nals are only nsi^l when distuue or hsize prevents tho 
 distinjruishinu: of the colours of the Fla<is. 
 
 Sinnihcations of the Distant Sij^nals when nuule singly, which 
 will be indicated "stop** following each Hoist. 
 
 15. Asks name of Ship or Sig- i P. Calls attention of Signal st;i- 
 
 nal Station in sight. 
 C. Yes. 
 I). No. 
 
 F. Kepeat Signal, or hoist in a 
 njore consju'nous jdace. 
 
 G. Cannot distinguish your 
 Flags: C(»nK' nearer or make 
 l^isLant Signal. 
 
 H. You may cf)nMuunicate 1))' 
 the S -maphorc iT }'t)u please. 
 
 J. Stoj), ov bring to: sonietliiug 
 important to comnii'i.icatt\ 
 
 K. Have yon any telegrams or 
 dt'SjKitchcs for me. 
 
 L. Want a Pilot; can 1 haveone? 
 
 M. A\'ant a. Tug; c;iu 1 h:n'c one? 
 
 N. What is th" meteorological 
 W(>ather forecast? 
 
 iion in sight. 
 
 Q. Vessel nsks for orders ]>y 
 telegraph from owner Mr. 
 
 at (see Q. N., j)art 1., 
 
 auil instructions tliereto.) 
 
 \i. livi-ovt me hy telegraph to 
 
 my owner Mi*. at (seo 
 
 Q. N., j)art 1., and instruc- 
 tions thereto.) 
 
 S. Send tlie following message 
 by tehgr;'.j)h. 
 
 T. Send tlie following message 
 l)y signal letters throuiih tho 
 telegrapii. 
 
 V. 
 
 SEXTANT. 
 
 rant I 
 
 Unce. n 
 
 The applicant will ansv/er in writing, on a sheet of })aper 
 whiv'h will b(! given him l)y the Kxaminer, all the following «pies- 
 tious, nuiiilxM'ing his answers v,ith thi' numiier v'orrespt»nding' to 
 the (lucstious. 
 
 1. — What is the first :i(ljustmcnt of the sexttuit? 
 
 To set the index glass perpendicular to the plane of the 
 sextant. 
 2. — lilow do yon make that adjustment? 
 
66 
 
 SEXTANT. 
 
 Place the vernier aliout the middh> of the ai*c ; hold the sex- 
 tant horizontally with the limb from you, ami. looking obliquely 
 into the index ^lasM, rtee if the arc reflected in it, and the true arc 
 aH seen outside appear in an unbroken line; if not, it is re(;tified by 
 the sci-ews at the back of the glass. 
 3. — What is the second adjustment? 
 
 To set the httrizon |rlasg )>erpendi(ndar to the plane of the 
 ftextant. 
 4. — Describe how you make that adjustment? 
 
 Place the zero of the vernier to the zero of the are, hold the 
 sextant horizontally and see if the ntflected and true horizons ap- 
 iwjar in the same straight line ; if not, turn tlie proper screw until 
 they do. 
 6. — What is the third adjustment? 
 
 To set the horizon glass parallel to the index glaas. 
 6. — How do you make tht third adjustment? 
 
 Place the zero of the vernier to the zero of the arc, hold the 
 sextant perpendiiudarly and sec if th»> true and reflected horizons 
 appear in the same straight line ; if not, turn the proper screw 
 until they do. 
 7. — In the absence of a screw, how would you proceed? 
 
 X^ind the index error. 
 8. — How would you find the index error by the horizon? 
 
 Platre the zero of the vernier to the zero of the awr, and bring 
 the tiiie and reflected horizons in one straight line, then what the 
 sextant shows will be the index error. 
 9. — How is it to be apj)lied? 
 
 It will be additive if the reiuling is off the arc, but subtrac- 
 tive if (m. 
 10. — Place the intlex at error of . . . . minutes to be added, clam]) 
 
 it and leave it. — [Note: The P^xaminer will see that it is 
 
 correct. 
 11. — The Examiner will then place the zero of the vernier on the 
 
 arc, not near any of the marked divisions, and the candidate 
 
 will reH<l it. 
 12. — How do you find the index error by the sun? 
 
 By measuring tin- sini's diameter both on ;uul off the arc, 
 then the half difference of the two readings will be the index error. 
 13. — How is the same applied? 
 
 Additive if the reading off is the greatest, but s\d)tractive if 
 the least. 
 14. — What j)roof have you that those measurements or angels have 
 
 been taker, with t^)lerable a<H.*uracy? 
 
 The sum of the two measurements divided by 4 should be 
 equal to the sun's semidiameter. as given in the Nautical Almanai;. 
 for the day on which the observations were taken. 
 
15. 
 
 SEXTANT. if 
 
 -The two readin^H Iming SO' an<l 86' oflf, what will the iutlex 
 eiTor he ; and whether will it he to add or Huhtraet? 
 
 35' 0* off 
 30 on 
 
 2)5 
 
 Index error 2 30 to a<ld. 
 The index error will he 2' 30* to add, l>ecau»e the oflF reading 
 is the greater. 
 
 CHART. 
 
 The applicant will 1>e required to answer in writing, on a 
 sheet of paper which will he given him by the Examiner, all the 
 following cjr.eHtions, according to the grade of ceilificate required, 
 nundieiiiig his answera witli the nujnl>erH corresponding with those 
 on th<i (juestion pa))er : 
 
 1. — A strange Chart Iwsing plaofnl ))efoi'e you, what should l)e 
 your sjx'cijU cai-e to ileterinine iHjfow; you answer any questions 
 tMuiceitiing it or attempt tii make any use of it? 
 
 A. — See if it is a /Jritish chart hy ascertaining if its longi- 
 tude is reckone<l from tlie meridian of Gn^nwich, also whether the 
 (uompasHe.s engi'iived u\nm it ar<> true or magiieti(\ 
 
 2. — How aiv you to obtain that in our British Charts? 
 
 A. — The N«>rth jioint of a true compa^ is marked by a star, 
 and is drawn parallel to a meridian. The line hearing the North 
 point of a magnetic compass makes an angle E. or W . of a meri> 
 dian e<]ujd to the variatiou. 
 
 3. — l)escril)e how you would find the course ])y the Chart W 
 tween any two places A and H. 
 
 A. — Lay the edge of the parallel rulers ui)on A and H, move 
 tile ridel's to the centre of the nearest comjKMs, which will then 
 show the (H)urse required, magnetic or true, as per chart. 
 
 4. — Su])i)osiiig there to l»e ]>(>ints of variation at the 
 first named place, what would the cours** be magnetic, the true 
 course being about ? 
 
 A. — I wvnUd shajH! to the right for Westerly variation, to the 
 left for Easterly. 
 
 5. — How would you measure the distamte lietween these two, 
 or any other two plac4)s on the chart? 
 
 A. — By using a pair of dividers, take the space between the 
 two places to the graduated meridian, which if the middle is the 
 centre pf the scale used, will give the distance rmpiired. 
 
68 
 
 CHAKT. 
 
 
 6. — NV'liy would you measure it in th.'it jmrtieuJ.'ir lUHniier ? 
 
 A. — Heeau.se tlie distauce lietweeu the paniUeis is inereased 
 towards the poh's in order to compensate Utr tho-expan.-ioji of the 
 nu'ridian «iift"eien(TH. 
 
 The :«l>(>vf comprises tdl* the (juesfions on the chart that are 
 put to Kii'st Mates. 
 
 In a<hIi(ion to the aliove liie .Masters ar«> retjuire*! to answer: 
 
 7. — What do yon un«h'rst:i!c.i those small uund)erH to indieatti 
 that you w^e jdaced upoii the chart? 
 
 A. — Soiindin'^s j^enerally in fathoms. 
 
 8. — At what time of ti(h'.' 
 
 A. — Ijow water ordinary spnii£:;H. 
 
 9. — What are you re(inired to know in ohUm" tiiat you may 
 (•om|)ar(> the (h'j)ths oht nned l>y y(mr L'ad line <»n hoard with the 
 depths marked on the chart? 
 
 .V. — The time from hii;h water and tlie half ramji'e of tide at 
 shij). With thv'se, T;dd<> B i!i the Admiralty Tide T;il)l'r'«, will 
 give a correction to he applied to the half mean ^'IM-in;jf ran^vof the 
 place, the it'sidt )iein<j the rise of tide at the time of sonndiiij^s. 
 
 10. — What *ht the lioman nsmu'rals indicaU' that are occa- 
 sionally seen near the coast and in iiarhors? 
 
 A. — The tinM» of lji<;h wat^'r full and change. 
 
 11. — How would yon find the time of liii^h wati»r at an\^ place, 
 the Admiralty Tide I'ahU-s not Ih'Uvx at h:ind. nor any other spe- 
 cial tahles availahle? 
 
 A. — liy a<ldin^ 48 jninutes for every day since full an<l 
 cluinjje. 
 
 All the ahove (jU(?stions shouM he answcMcd, hut this do;>s not 
 preclude the Examiner from putting- any other (juestions of a prac- 
 tical character or which the l(H*aI circujustances of the port may 
 recpnre. 
 
 DEFINITIONS IN NAVIGilTION AND 
 NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY. 
 
 !S'. H. — The candiilate is to write ai least ten of the following- 
 deiinitions. The writing- should he tlijur, and the spelling .should 
 not he <lisn'i|;arded. 
 
 1. The Kijuator, 13 a great eiri lo passina; round tin- earth at 
 eipial distance fiom the ]!ohs. 
 
 2. The Folt's, are the extrendties of the earth's axis. 
 
 3. A Meridian, is a {:reat circle passing through both |)oles 
 and perpendicular to the cijuator. 
 
 4. 'I he Ecliptic, is a {^reat circle showing- the apjmrent path 
 of the sun in the heavens. 
 
and 
 
 poles 
 I'iitli 
 
 nKFINITION8 IN NAVKMTlON AND NAUTICAL AMlM)Xt;.MY. 69 
 
 5. Tlu' Tr(>))i('s of Cancer sintl (':i])iicorn, aif the paralhls 
 23° 28' N. an«l S. of tlu* ocjuator. 
 
 G. Latitudi', Is that ncn-tion of the nicri'li.in ••ontainrd 
 l)('t\v«M'n til*.' «!(]uatin' anil tlu' givt'n phuv, and is it';'kon»'d in 
 
 • 
 
 7. l^araUcls of Latitude, are small circl.'.s parall"! to the • 
 equator. 
 
 8. L()n;;itudt', is the an* of tlxi <'(jnato)' iutcrceptiMl lM'*;\vi»on 
 wluit is called the First Meridian and thi' njeridiaii passing throu;^h 
 any jjiven pine. 
 
 '.♦. Visilile Horizon, is the eirele in the open 8e:i, fonned by 
 the limit «>f vision. 
 
 10. The Sensililc Ilori/.on. is a jd.ine wliii-h jiassinji; tlir.')Ugh 
 the eye of the observer is parallel wirli the visihh- hiuixon. 
 
 11. Tlie Kational Hori/on, :s tlie jdaue whieJi passes throu;^h 
 tile centre of tlie earth parallel to tin' visiiilo horizon. 
 
 1*2. 'Hie \iiiiieial Hori/.o)i and its uses. The Artiiii'ial 
 Horizon is a small shallow trou<;h containing (piiil; silver: it is 
 usi'd when there is no visible )i()ri/on, for the p«iipose of measur- 
 ing the altitude of an object on shoi-e. 
 
 18. True Couise of a Shi)), is the a)ig]e contained l)etween 
 tlie .sliip's luad and the true meridian. 
 
 14. M.iirnetit^ C/ourse, is the angle e)ut lined between the 
 ship's head and the correct magnetic nn'iidian. 
 
 1.5. ('oin])ass Course, is the angle contained between the 
 ship's hea<l and the meridian, as sluswn by her cnnpass. 
 
 10. Variation of tlu* Compass, is the angle contain<Ml be- 
 twci'ii the true and magnetic meridians. 
 
 17. Deviation (-f tiie Compas.s, i.; the angle between the cor- 
 rect magnetic meridian and thai shewn by the eouipass. 
 
 18. The Error of the Conij)ass is the combined elTcets of 
 both vaiialicm and deviation ujxmi a ship's compass. 
 
 15K Ijceway, is the j'ngle formed by the .shiji.s keel with her 
 actual course through the water. 
 
 20. Meridian .Vltitudc of a celestial (d»ject. is its altitudo 
 when upon tlu* meridian of the place of ob.servalion. 
 
 21. Azimuth, is the angl.; contained between the North or 
 South ])ole. and the veiticid circle )>assing through th;' object. 
 
 22. Aniplitmle, is the angle contained between the Kast or 
 West points of the Iiori/.iui, and an object in the act of rising or 
 setting. 
 
 23. Declination, is the angular distance of any heav«,'iily 
 body North or South of the Celestial (itpnitor. 
 
 24. I*«dar Distance, is th«^ angular distance of any celestial 
 objei't from the ])(de of the observer. 
 
 25. Kight Ascension, is the are of the celestial equator eon- 
 
70 DEFINITIONS IN NAVIGATION AND NAUTICAL ASTUONOMr. 
 
 ttiincd iM'twi'cn tlut Fii-st Point of Arit'S and the circle of DccHna- 
 ti«»n ]iiiKHin|^ throiij^h any j^ven heavenly IkmIv. 
 
 2G. Dij), is the an^Ie nmtained between the HcnHible horizon 
 an<l a line dniwn from the eye of the observer to any iK>int in the 
 viHible horizon. 
 
 27. Kefniction, is the amount by which tlie altitude of a 
 heavenly l>ody i.s increased by the effect of the earth's atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 28. Parallax, is a correction additive to an altitude to make 
 it equal to what it would liave In^en, siipposinj; it hjwl been ob- 
 served fi"om the centre of the earth. 
 
 29. Seniidianieter, is the half of the apiKirent diameter of a 
 heavenly IxKly. 
 
 30. Au<piientation of the Moon's Semidiameter, is the in«- 
 crejwe of the appawnt s«'midiameter of the Moon, caustnl by the 
 pla<*e of the observer gettinjf clos*»r to that l>ody while she is rising 
 from the horizon to the zenith. 
 
 31. ()bservc<l Altitude, is the an{xidar distaiu-e of any he.a- 
 venly IwHly fi-om the horizon, jw shewn by a sextant. 
 
 32. Apparent Altitude, is the angular distance t>f an object 
 from the sensible horizon. 
 
 33. True Altitu«le, is the apparent altitude of an object cor- 
 KM'teil for refraction and i>arallax. 
 
 34. Zenith Distamv, is the angular distance of an ol>ject 
 from that point in the heavens immediately over the ol>Herver. 
 
 3f5. Vertical Circles, aiv great circles pa.ssing through the 
 zenitii. 
 
 30. Prune Vertical, is that vertical circle which Is at right 
 angles t;> the Cel.'stial Meridian. 
 
 37. Civil Time, is the ordinary way of reckoning time on 
 shore. 
 
 38. Astronomi' ai Time, is the interval of time from the pre- 
 ceding loMi:. -noon., 
 
 39. Sichn-cal Time, is the time clajwed since the preceding 
 transit of the Hi-st ]M>int of Aries. 
 
 40. Mean Time, is the time as shewn by an ordinary clock. 
 
 41. Apparent Tiujc, is the time elapsed since the j)receding 
 transit of the true sun. 
 
 42. Equation of Time: the interval of time between Mean 
 and A])pan'nt time. 
 
 43. Hour Angle of a (\'l(?stial Object; the angle ccmtained 
 between it and the Oelestiid Meridian. 
 
 44. Conqdement of an Arc or Angle; the difference between 
 it and 90°. 
 
 45. Supplement of an Are or Angle ; the difference between 
 it and 180°. 
 
DKVIATION OF THE COMPASS. 
 
 tl 
 
 DEVIATION OF THE COMPASS. 
 
 T\\i\ caiididntt; is to uiiswer correctly at l«a«t ci^ht of such of 
 the following <nu'Htion8, as arc luarkcd with a croHs by the Kxami- 
 ner. The Mxaiuiiier will not mark less than 12: 
 
 1. What do you mean by [deviation of the Compass? 
 
 A. — It is an error of the compass caused by the nui^netic ac- 
 tion of the iron in the ship or (;argo upon the needle. 
 
 2. How th) you determine the Deviation (a) when in port 
 and ( b ) when at sea ? 
 
 A. — (a) By reciprocal and (b) by iustrononiical beurin^js. 
 
 3. Havinu; determined the ileviation with the ship's head on 
 the various points of the compass, how do you know when it is 
 Easterly and when Westerly? 
 
 A. — It will be Easterly, if when laid off upon the compass 
 the Cf.rrect magnetic bearin*'- is to the riy^ht of the one taken from 
 the ship, but Westerly if the contrary. 
 
 4. W^hy is it necessary, in order to ascertain the deviation, 
 tt> bring the ship's head in more than one diivction ? 
 
 A. — Because every chanjj^e in the course brings the iron in 
 the shij) into a different relative ])osition with regard to the com- 
 pass needle. 
 
 5. For accuracy, what is the least number of points to which 
 the ship^s head should be brought? 
 
 A.— Eight. 
 
 6. How do you find the deviation when sailing along a well- 
 known coast ? 
 
 A. — When the reciprocal bearings of two well defined objects, 
 such as light-house towers, are known, bring thi-m in one, an»l the 
 difference betwt^en the observed and given bearings will be the de- 
 viation for the direction of the shij/s hciid when such bearings 
 were observed, 
 
 7. 8, 9 and 10, are cx]»laincd in the Manual. 
 
 11. Name some suitable objects l)y which you could readily 
 obtnin the deviation of the compass when sailing along the Coiists 
 of the English Channel? 
 
 .\. — The Lizard, Portland and South Foreland Lights. 
 
 12. Do you expect the deviation to change, if so state under 
 what circumstances ? 
 
 A. — It will change rapidly for a time after launching, also 
 through a considerable change of latitude, any alteration in the 
 position of the compass, or the (]uantity or phice of the iron on 
 board. 
 
7t 
 
 DEVIATION OF THE COMl'ASH. 
 
 13. I low often is it udviHuMi: to t«*Ht the accunwy of your 
 tabli' of deviation? 
 
 A. — At every convinitnt opportunity. 
 
 14. — State luiefly what you have to ^uard against in sehn ting 
 R ]N)sition for the compass? 
 
 A. — That it shouhl he renjoved as far :is ))raeti 'ahh- from all 
 iron Htauni'liiouH. deeic heams, smoke sUuks, or other disturhing 
 influences of a like character. 
 
 15. The eom|)asses of iron shij)s arc more or less affected l»y 
 what is termed tht^ heelin<>' err<»r. On what courses does this error 
 vanish, and on what courses is it tin- greatest? 
 
 A. — It vanishes at the East or West points, an»l is greatest 
 ahout North or South. 
 
 10. State to whicli side of the shij), in the nu? jorJtv of ca; ch, 
 is the North ])oint of tlie compass drawn in tiic Noitliern ilemi- 
 Bphere, and what t'ffect has it on the assumed position of the ship 
 when she is steering on Xortlierly an«l also on Southerly couises? 
 
 A. — The north end of the needle is drawn to wintlward. and 
 c«)n.sequently when steering to ♦^^he Northward the shij) mak-s a 
 more weatherly course than that indicated hy the compass, while 
 on Southerly courses she is to leeward of her apearent course. 
 
 17. The effect heing as you state, on what courses woidd 
 you kee]) awsiy, and on what courses would you keej) closer to the 
 wind, in order to make good a given comp;iss c«mrse? 
 
 A. — I should keep away nj)on Northerly .)ourses, hut keep 
 closer to the wind on Southerly courses. 
 
 18. Docs the same rule htdd good in hoth llen)is]dieres with 
 regard to the luM'ling error ? 
 
 A. — No ; with few "excejjtions, the rule which ludds good in the 
 Northern Hemisphere nuist l»e reversed to apply to the S«mthern. 
 
 19. Your steering compass having a large ernir. how would 
 you pnx'ced to correct that compass hy comp«'nsating magnets and 
 soft iron so as to reduce the error ]»etwet n manageahle limits? 
 
 ^1^^ A. — Make a mark uixni the dci-k exactly under the centre of 
 the com])ass and draw two chalk linc^ through it, one fore and aft, 
 and th;^ other athwartushi|)s : get the shijt perfet'tly upright, and 
 liy her heail N. or S. correct magnetic. Now place a magnetic 
 bar athwartiiship with its (Centre on tlu' fon- and aft line, and the 
 N. or marked end pointing to starhoard, if the North en<l of the 
 needle is drawi* to starhoartl, and vi«'e-versa, still keej>ing the cen- 
 tre ujKui the fore and aft line, move the bar to or from the com- 
 pa.s.s until the s'l )'s head is N. or S. hy eomj)a.ss. Then i)lace her 
 head E. or W. v reet magnetic ami set a har fore and aft with 
 its marked end aft if the needle is drawn towards the stern, and vice 
 versa : move the centre of the har along the athwailhship line until 
 the sliip's head lays E. or W. by compass. Next lay her head 
 
DEVIATION OK THE COMI'ASH. fl 
 
 uiMin either of the 4-|M>iiit eouiM'K eorreet ina<;ti(>tii*, and pLiee a 
 1n)x of soft iron af each Hide of the hiiinueK> h>v(J witii the needle ; 
 UHe mop* or Khh iron in these hoxen until the eonipans ujj^rees with 
 tlie known direction of her h<*tul. Thin liiHt adjuKtineut \h yvnna- 
 nent, hnt the other two will reqniiv HujMa'viHion, and tht^i^^fore the 
 inap^nets sliould he no fixed tliat tliey may hv Khifted for thiti pur- 
 i>o!4e during; tlie voyage. The niagnetn hIiouUI he fnmi 10 to 18 
 inches in length, their hivadtli one-tenth their h'ngth, and their 
 thickness one-fourth their breadth. Tiicy shoidd not he phuMul 
 nearer than twice their lentil) to the cotnjtass needle. 
 
 MASTER'S DOCUMENTS. 
 
 keep 
 with 
 
 re of 
 1 aft, 
 , and 
 
 :>ll»'ti(' 
 
 1(1 the 
 f the 
 e cen- 
 coni- 
 V her 
 t with 
 d vice 
 until 
 head 
 
 BILL OF LADING. 
 
 A forntal reeei])t given hy the Master after the goodn are ro- 
 cvived on Inoard, in good order and con<)ition, in which the MaHter 
 binds himself to deliver them in tiie like (Hindition at the )K)rt of 
 discharge ( under certain exce])tii)ns a]»eciiied in the I^ill of Lwling) 
 he (the holder) jiaying freiglit on delivery. This clause »e«'ure« 
 the freight. 
 
 Q. — How many JMlls «»f Lading are usually signed by the 
 Master? 
 
 A. — ThnHj stam])ed liills of Lading. 
 
 Q. — What do you do l)efore signing these Hills? 
 
 A. — Head them over and see that they were exactly alike^ and 
 that the tleseription of tlie goods coiTe.sponthHl with the Mate's re- 
 ceipts. Also see Mate's rceeijjts giv<>n u]> ; si-e that nothing is in- 
 serted contrary to the fact on tla* Chail'T Party, if there l«i one. 
 
 Q. — What are the exceptions in a liill of liading? 
 
 A. — The act of (Jod. the Qui'cn's enemies. Fin*. an<l all and 
 every other accidents and dangeis of tlie sea.s, rivers and naviga- 
 tion, of whatever kind or nature so ever. 
 
 Q. — When ought they be signed ? 
 
 A. — Within 24 houi^i of the goods lieing sliipp<'d. 
 
 Q. — What is done with t)ies<' Bills of La<ling? 
 
 A. — One is sent to the Consignee. ])ro|H'rly endonnnl: the 
 other two are retain<'<l liy the sliip])er, the Mast^T keeping a blank 
 Bill of Lading for his own use and guidauee ( viz., a copy ) which 
 <mght to l)e signed by ihv sliip])er. 
 
 Q. — What preeiuition would you take l>efoiv signing Bills of 
 Lading in a foivign language? 
 
 A. — Have them, translated, as many of them omit the usual 
 exceptions — **the act of God," &e., and have (dijeetionable elau.se0 
 in them. 
 
 Q. — If they cannot be got translated? 
 
74 
 
 MASTER 8 DOCUMiCNTS. 
 
 A. — Wiitc '•Freii^Iit and all other itmditions as per Charter 
 {>arty, and anythin<j contrary thereto to he void. 
 
 Q. — Sui)iK>st there is no Charter iwrty ? 
 
 A. — Write " Consiyiiee jKiying freight, (hnniirrag-e. and all 
 other cljar'^es*' ; also "(hmxIs to be taken from along.side at Con» 
 sii^nee's exi«Mi.se and risk." 
 
 Q. — When it is not possible to know weight, (juantity, quality^ 
 &e., of ljockIs rei'eive»l, what wonld you do? 
 
 A. — Write "Weight and e(»ntt uts unknown: not a<'fOuntable 
 for leakage, rust, or destnution by verinine." 
 
 Q. — If you wisli to have a remedy for your (h-murrage? 
 
 A — Insei-t a clause "Consignee paying freight and demurnige." 
 
 Q. — Should y(»u engage caigo at one port, and have co fill up 
 at others, when signing Bills of Lading at lirst p!>rt. wliat would 
 you insert, and why".' 
 
 A. — Insert the eliuse of "Via such an:! sxieh port or (M>rts," 
 betnius*' a neglect of this will make the sljip lialde for all losses 
 eonse<jiu'nt on a deviation from a du-eet voyage ivom port of ladinj^ 
 to port of discharge. 
 
 Q. — You are charteiTd, but have signed Bills of Lading to a 
 Consignee; before you part with the cargo, wiiat precautions 
 would you take? 
 
 A. — See th.it he pro.hu'ed tlie en;lorsed Bill of Liling, and 
 he should ill! lei'takv' for ]):iynie!it of freight, acording t:) Bills of 
 L iding. particularly if you luive any doubts of your charterer's 
 solvent'V. 
 
 Q.— Why? 
 
 A. — B.' -luise it is doubtful whetlKM" the own-.'r of a chartered 
 ship can recover freight from a consignee who has got hold of the 
 cargo, wltliout givi'.ig an expi-ess unlertidving to pay ; the only re- 
 medy is against the clvartererc 
 
 Q. — Can you hold cai-go for demurrage? 
 
 A. — No ; and (»nly for freight in terms of C'hartt>r party or 
 Billof Lidiug. 
 
 Q. — What do y(m do with your blank Bill of Liding when 
 the goods are delivered? 
 
 (V. — Have it ivceipted by the jKison authori/;ed to receive 
 the contents. 
 
 Q. — (i(kkIs are attempted to be shi[)ped in a damaged or im- 
 pr*>per (condition ? 
 
 A.-— (Jive the shipper notice, in wiiting, and if lu' fails to re- 
 [)lace tiiem with souml. say "ShipjRil in a damaged condition" or 
 "Ship]>ed in impro))er ctMidition. ' .1 
 
 Q. — If the Shij)]H'r refuse t« allow the above? 
 
 A. — Protest: ami then write on Bill of Lading, uiuler signa- 
 ture, "Signed under protest." 
 
MASTEU S DOCUMENTS. 
 
 7ft 
 
 Q. — Suppose the Shi])per will tyive you a letter of imleinnity? 
 
 A. — It is no use Jis ivj>;ii'(ls fiveiny; the ship from the resjion- 
 sihility to deliver them to the Consij^nee in g<)0(l order and condi- 
 tion : the ship would liave to pay damages, and then you would 
 have to sue the Charterer for repayment of said damages. 
 
 *ij;na- 
 
 CHARTER PARTY. 
 
 Charter party is a etuitract hy whicli a ship or part of a ship 
 is hired for the eonveyanee of j^'oods, on certain conditions. It is 
 not reijuired to lu; drawn uj) in uny ju-ecise form of words. 
 
 A Ciiarter ])arty settles the terms on which the cargo is to he 
 carried, and specilies the nature of the voyage. 
 
 In a vessel's home pi)rt, the clrarter i):irty is executed hy the 
 owner or owners, and the freighter or his agent, but in a foreign 
 pint it is executed i>y the master or the owner's authorized agent 
 (if there he such ) and the freighter or his agent. 
 
 The usual clauses in a charter ])ai"ty are the voyage, freight, 
 lay days, denuu-rage, and penaltit's foi- non-ju'rformance. H'. r?t-d to 
 before witnesses on l)oth sides, and stimped to m:d<e it legal. 
 
 When chartering a shij) nrake all the cntpiiries res])ectiug the 
 charterer's respectability, and asc«'rtain all tlu' ])ecidiarities and 
 expenses, t^c, attending the loading and landing of cargo, and 
 know for a ceitainty whit you have to furiiish and lind. and what 
 the shippers v.ould do, so that then* woubl be no disputes arising 
 when making a settlement. .Sti})ul:ite to liavc t!.e vessel loade(l 
 aci'ording to Lloyd's regulations — three in:'lies of side for every 
 f<»ot inunersed. 
 
 In the case of a vesscd having, by tlie terms of the charter 
 party, to pro;'eed to a ft>reign port. th<> niiU'chant covenanting to 
 furnish a 1 iling tlu're, an I bi'ing arrived, if the <'oMtravting paities 
 or their agents are unwilling or iniaMc to furnish a (Mrgo, on tlie 
 expiratioji of the lay days, the nnst;'r nuist note a ))rotest against 
 the mer^'hant for n )n-ful!ilin 'ut of tlie eh irt.'r p irty, aft«'r which he 
 may seek a freight in another direction. 
 
 An 1 it is customiiry for the mastci'. licfore delivering the 
 cargo, and witliin '2-i hours after his arrival in port, to note a pio- 
 test "against wind and weather'' as the U'vm is, giving the parti- 
 culars of the voyage. 
 
 Q. — What are the princi])al (dauses in :i charti'r ])arty? 
 
 A. — Voyage, freight, and how payalde: lay days, dcnnua-age, 
 j)cnalties for non-perfor.uaiu*e of aL;rcenienf. and the clauses ada])t- 
 ed to the nature of the voyage, and the parties concerned. 
 
 Q.— What makes a cliartei' ])arty liindiuij'. and what nuikes it 
 legal ? 
 
 .v.- -Being stamjK'd and signed by the contracting partie.s. 
 
w 
 
 MASTERS DOCUMKNTS. 
 
 before witnesses, makes it legal, and the penalty makes it binding. 
 If both parties sign at the same time, one witness will do. 
 
 Q. — What is the penalty in the charter party? 
 
 A. — The estimated amount of freight. 
 
 Q. — What are lay days? 
 
 A. — The number of days specified in the charter jwirty for 
 loading and discharging the cargo, and see to have it distinctly 
 stated whether they are "nnuiing days" or "working days," as in 
 London "days" mean ""working days," Sundays and holidays not 
 counting until tlje shi]) is on demurrage, when all days count. 
 
 Q. — What is denuurage? 
 
 A. — It is a stipulated sum, to be j)aid by the chaiterer for de- 
 laying the ship after lay days are exi)ired. It is paid day by day, 
 Und on Saturday for Sunday. 
 
 Q. — When do the lay days begin to count ? 
 
 A. — As soon as the vessel arrives at tlie place of discharge ; 
 having given notice in writing to the mcrciiant of my arrival, and 
 entered the ship at Custom House. 
 
 In chartering a ship, do not let tlie charterer sign as agent, 
 unless he stiites for whom he is agent. A man of straw, or a 
 foreigner, may be the principal. 
 
 When a foreigner is the i)rincipal, try to get the agent in 
 England who effects the charter to make himself linble as princi- 
 pal, and to sign charter party without adding the word agent. 
 
 If freight is not i)ayable in cash on delivery, t;ike care that 
 the Bills are to be -'Approved Bills," and not (charterer's Bills, as 
 in the latter case the ship owner cannot liold the cargo for his 
 freight, even though the charterer was notoriously insolvent. If 
 the charterer objects to the stii)ulation for "Approved Bills" he is 
 generally not safe, and his (charter shoidd not be taken. 
 
 Q.— What is light freight? 
 
 A. — It varies in different ports; but should not exceed 50 
 cubic feet to the ton. Should it extteed this, I would endeavour to 
 get a larger freight on those jmrticular goods. 
 
 PROTEST. ■' 
 
 After entering the ship at the Custom House, and within 24 
 hours of a shii>'s arrival, the muster should note a j)rotest against 
 *' wind and weather," and that he expects damage to the shij) and 
 cargo. If in a foreign ])ort. you go to tlie ibitish Consid, and in 
 any other ])ort you go to a Notary Public. 
 
 Q. — Within what time must it be extended ? 
 
 A. — To be valid, it must be effected within six months of the 
 noting. 
 
 Q. — Wliat ilocuments are necessary for extending the protest ? 
 
 A. — The shijj's log-book, kept and written daily by the chief 
 
MASTER 8 DOCl'MKNTS. 
 
 77 
 
 for 
 
 i^ed 50 
 •our to 
 
 lun 24 
 Uaiust 
 li]) and 
 land in 
 
 of the 
 
 •otest ? 
 b cliief 
 
 mate, and sijrned by hiniHelf and nuvstrr. It should deHi*ril>e most 
 fidly the state of the wind and the weather. an<] jdl a«^eidentH, 
 dania<;e, <ic<*., that may liave aris<'n thrnu;;li such wind and weather. 
 latitu(U» and lou<;itu(U', thf timi* of occurn'nce. and the attention 
 ^iven tlie i)uinps. The master, mate. a\n\ «Mie other oftii'er j»o he- 
 fore the Notary PuViiie, who reads over the «*xt«'n<h'<l Protest, whieli 
 heiuif found eorre<*t, is sworn to. and sjjjfned hy them : it is then 
 avaihibh^ for hit^jd purjioses. ( Note — The Pn)test is extended 
 after the damage hjis heen ascei-tained hy huhliuij survey.) 
 
 Q. — Your lay days aiv up, hut y«»u are not Hnished unIoadin<>: .' 
 A. — Protest a<j;ainst the shi]»]K'r or merehant. so that the shij) 
 may thereafter lay on demurraj^e: when deiiuiiraire days are up, 
 protest a^ain. and eliiini j)enalty. 
 
 SURVEY. 
 
 Q.-— You have arrived in doek. or ]>ort (if discharsje. what is 
 to be done while ojieniiiir the hatclies, before bulk is ln-oken? 
 
 A, — Hold a survey, in order to ascertain whether they have 
 been pro]M*rly secured, as sliould tills not be tlie ease, an<l damajj^e 
 through leakage have thus occurred to the cargo, it will liave to be 
 sustained by the shij), stress of weather not withstanding. 
 
 Q. — Whom do you call as surveyors? 
 
 A. — If in a poi-t wliere there is an atithorizcd Port VVardt^n, 
 1 would enndoy him: if not, two Mjusto- Mariners, witli the master 
 of the ship juvsent. 
 
 Q. — lii'foiv bi-eaking out damaged eai*go. wliat sliouldbedone? 
 
 A. — II(dd a survey. havi)»g inerciiants ac^piainted with the 
 nature of the cargo, and it would be a<lvisal)le to liave one nautical 
 person. See that they are n(»t interesteil parties. 
 
 Q. — What slnndil be stated in the survey ? 
 
 A. — The nature of the dainajrt*. whether arisint; fnmi bad 
 stowage, fresh or salt water, or other ca<is<\s ; it nuist also particu- 
 larize the goods, marks aad nunibei-s. and thickn<'s. of dunnage; it 
 nuist \w written out in dui)licate. signed l)v the siwveyt)rs. and 
 given to the parties calling the survey. 
 
 Q. — What nnist the surveyoi- i-eitify so as the shij) will be 
 free from a claim for damages? 
 
 A.— That the cargo was pro]>erly dniMitiged and stowed. 
 
 Q. — What must they ceitify so that sliijijWTs may have claim 
 uiM>n underwriters? 
 
 A. — That the cai"go is damaged by sea water. 
 
 Q. — Who h;us to )>ay the ex|H'nses of tins snr\ey? 
 
 A, — The parties for whose benetit it is called : viz., in this 
 ease the shiix^wner. 
 
 Q. — Y<ni have ]nit int<» a poii in distress, and yon are going 
 to hold a survey u])on the shi)). whonj do you call as surveyors? 
 
^1! 
 
 78 
 
 MASTKR 8 DOCUMENTS. 
 
 A. — Two .ship-inHsU'i-s, or in their abseui-c', any two quaiificil 
 persons slioiild be i'm])loye<l. You luied not have Lloyd's agents, 
 l)ut art they are persoas of experience, they are frequently em- 
 ployed. 
 
 Q. — When rejKiirs are e<Hupleted, what do next? 
 
 A. — Call the same surveyors, and complete the rej)ort of sur- 
 vey ; viz, tluit the repairs are comj)leted, and that the shi]) is per- 
 fectly seaworthy; made out in duplicate, one co})y to he sent by 
 post to the owner and the other retiiined on l»oard for the master'^ 
 use. (N(»te. — It is bett«^r to have thr?e copies.) 
 
 v^. — What is a survey ? 
 
 A. — It is a written (hx'umciit, particularizing the damage done 
 to tlu^ ship or cargo, giving full ]»articulars of marks, &c., and in 
 case of damage U> ship, reconunending what shoidd W d(me to 
 uuike her seaworthy ; made out in duplicate : sometimes three are 
 made out, as in case of ship in foreign i)ort in distvess. 
 
 INVOICE. 
 
 Is an account of g(M«lrt ship])ed. shewing the cost an<l charges 
 such a« freight, instirance, &v.. with their marks and nund)ers, 
 with the name of the vessel, nmster, }M>rt of destination, the name 
 of the consignee, &v.. 
 
 MANIFEST. 
 
 A ([(K'umeiit giving full particulars of all the cjirgo on board, 
 such as marks and nund>ers, the names of the shippers and con- 
 signtH\s, and nuister's nanu\ the tonnage of the whi}), port of load- 
 ing and discharging, list of stores, crew and passengers. It must 
 be handed over to the Custom House on the arrival of the ship at 
 her destination. 
 
 Q. — From what is the Manifest made out? 
 
 A.— The Jiills of Liuiing. 
 . . Q. — Hy whom is it to be made out? 
 
 A. — The Master; which he must sign at tiie end with his 
 sigmiture and date. Three copies are generally retiuired. but it 
 varies in <lilTerent countries ; it must not be on separate sheets. 
 A se}>arate manifest is necessary for Tobacco. 
 
 FREIGHT. 
 
 Is the sum paid for the hire of the shij), as per term.s of char- 
 ter party ; and mind the terms are distinctly stilted as to gold 
 sterling on delivery, or by bills: (if by bills, see to have gcxKl and 
 apj)roved bills. ) 
 
 C^. — What are g(H)d ami apjtrovcd bills? 
 
 A. — Bills that you can sell, and thereby realise the uiuney 
 before the bill beconu's due. 
 
h 
 
 his 
 »ut it 
 leets. 
 
 char- 
 
 t.n (lu^y 
 
 master's documents. 
 
 79 
 
 Q. — You luive collecttHl your Freij^lit, how will you send it to 
 the owner ? 
 
 A. — By liills of Exchange; they are niatle out in sets of three, 
 all of the same tenor and date : out; you send by the first mail, the 
 seeond by the next niiiil, and the other you bring yourself ; one 
 being paid, the others are void. 
 
 Freight cannot be claimed on dtimtiged cargo sold at an inter- 
 mediate port ; hence it is always l^etter to put it into tlie best con- 
 <lition possible, and bring it on. 
 
 When you arc doubtful of ])aynient, sen<l the goo<ls to a pub- 
 lie wharf (if there is no stipuhition that tliey are to be delivered at 
 any particular wharf) ordering tht< wharfinger not to pai-t with 
 them until freight and other charges are })aid. 
 
 Should no one come forward to claim goods, warehouse them, 
 and then when lay days and demurrage days are out, apply to the 
 judicial authorities to sell suffii-ient cargo to ])ay freight and 
 charges. 
 
 Q.— What is Dead Freight? 
 
 A. — When a charterer agrees to load a CJomjdete Cargo, but 
 is unable to do so. Freight nnist be jKiid for balance of cargo re- 
 quired to ct)mplett! her loading, as well as for what she has on 
 board. 
 
 BOTTOMRY BOND. 
 
 Is j)leilging the sliip's bottom for money borrowed to enable 
 the shij) to complete her voyage. It nuist be advertised for, and 
 the lowest tender taken. If more ihan one bottomry, the last is 
 paid first. 
 
 The last bottomry is paid fii-st, because it is the last bottomry 
 that enables the shij) to reach her destination. 
 
 Q. — Under what circumstances can you borrow on bottomry? 
 
 A. — A\ hen money cannot be obtained any other way, such as 
 drafts on owners, &v. 
 
 Money to bt' l)orrowed <m bottonu-y should always be adver- 
 tised fcu", and the lowest olYer of interest acce})ted. 
 
 RESPONDENTIA. 
 
 Is money borrowi-d on tlu^ security of cargo for the sanu; ])ur- 
 pose as a bottonuy l)ond; cargo may be sold when money cannot 
 be got by any other means. 
 
 A liottonny H(md is not ))ayable if the ship is h)st : but a 
 Respondentia is, providing sufficient cargo is saved to do so. 
 
 Money borrowed on bottonuy nuist only be ex])en(led for the 
 purposes mentioned in the Bond, which nuist nu'U-tion for what 
 purpose it is borrowed. 
 
asem 
 
 80 
 
 MA8TKRH DOCUMKNTS. 
 
 ;• 
 
 w' 
 
 MORTGAaE. 
 
 The difference between a M()rt^a<;fe and Bottomry Bond is 
 that tlie first was entered into by the owner, and the money raised 
 may be spent in any way he jdeases : the hitter is entered into by 
 the Master, and tlie money raised must be sj)ent only upon the re- 
 pairs of the ship to enabh' her to eonqdete the voyage. 
 
 GENERAL AVERAGE. 
 
 Is a contribution by all ])arties eoneerned — that is, the owner 
 of the shij), freight, and cargo — to make good any loss incurrtul 
 for the preservation of the whole: for instance — tin-owing cargo over- 
 board, cutting away nuists, slip])ing of cables, &c. 
 
 (leneral averages ar<' usually paid when the ship arrives at her 
 jwrt of destination. If the Captain finds there is likely to l)e any 
 dis})uting payment of the general average, he may refuse to deliver 
 the goods until he is satisfitnl that the receivers will ])ay their pro- 
 l)ortion; and in order to avoid delay, esj)ecially in cases of ])crishable 
 cargoes, it is common for the receiver of goods to execute an Average 
 Bon«l, drawn by a Notary, engaging to ])ay his proportion of the 
 general average as soon as that has been ascertained by an ad- 
 juster. The master should hand the Bond to t le adjuster. 
 
 PARTICULAR AVERAGE- 
 
 1. — Masts carried away or s]>rung during a gale are Particu- 
 lar Average. 
 
 2. — A vessel lying at anchor may have her chain broken by 
 another ship driving athwart her hawse ; such loss is claimable as 
 Paiiicular Average. 
 
 Q. — When does the crrgo (^ome under particular average? 
 
 \. — When it is damaged b, water through stress of weather. 
 The ship is prote(^ted by noting a ))rotest anil extending it within 
 six months after noting. 
 
 N. B.^ — The damage to the shij) insured nmst amount, after 
 deduction of a third for im])rovement, to three per cent of the 
 ship's value. 
 
 PUT INTO A FOREIGN PORT IN DISTRESS. 
 
 -ft 
 
 Q. — Suppose you have put into a foreign jMjrt in distress, 
 what woidd be your duty ? 
 
 A. — To enter the ship, then note a protest, and if possible 
 conununicate with the owners : hold a survey to see what damage 
 is done, and what will be necessary to make her seaworthy. 
 
 Q. — Should the estimate for repairs exceed the value of the 
 .ship ? 
 
 A. — She will have to be condemned and sold by auction, and 
 another vessel chartered to tnke the cargo to its destination. 
 
 11 
 
MA8T1':R 8 IKK.1TMKNTK 
 
 m^ 
 
 Q. — Whose sanction must yon have hefore you condemu the 
 shij) ? 
 
 A, — ^The Insurunee. 
 
 Q. — How vvoiUd you fiml oiit tlie amount that the repairs 
 would cost? 
 
 X. — Advert! ;e for tenders, luul the lowest taken. 
 
 (^ — Su]>j>(x.sjftjif you repair her? 
 
 A. — I)iseharj;e the eai^o iiit<» a warehouse, and proceed with 
 repair.*. When comjJeted. then eoniplete report t)f survey, re- 
 ship the car<!^o, get three sets of d(K'Uiuents: Vouchers, Report of 
 Survej', Protests, and any other d(»cuments nei^essarv for recovery 
 of insurance, ^i\x these vouchers must he signed l»y the parties 
 ;aiid their signature attested l»y the British ("ousul. 
 
 Q. — What is done with the V<«ucher,s? 
 
 A. — Si'iid one set to the Ownerjv l>y the first mail, the second 
 t(» a friend and the third I keep f<»T my own guidance. 
 
 Note- -TJie Master is the resjxujsihh' agent imdcj- any eir- 
 (fuuistanc^^^s. 
 
 RULES CONCERNING LIGHTS. 
 
 Art 2. — The Lights mentioned in tlie foUovving Artich's, 
 
 numheivd 3, 4. 5. G, 7. 8, 9, 10 and 11, and no (ttliers. shall he 
 
 i!arried in all weathers, iraut sunset to sunrise. 
 
 Art o. — A sea-g<»ing steamship when unth-r way shall carry: 
 
 <fa) On or in fntnt of the f(»reniast. at a height above the hull of 
 not Ittss than 20 feet JUid if the breadth of the shi]) exceeds 
 20 feet then at a height above the hull of not less than such 
 hrt;adth, a bright White Light, so constnicted as to show a 
 uniform and unbroken light over an arc of the horizcwi of 20 
 points (»f the connpasjv ; so fixed as to throw the light 10 j^oints 
 on each side of the ship. viz.. from right aJiead t(» 2 jmints 
 abaft the beam on either side, and of such a charai'ter as to 
 he visible on a dark niglit. with a chsir atnjosphere, at a dis- 
 tance of at least fiv<> miles. 
 
 (^T») On the starboard side, a (ircen Light, so constnicted as to 
 show :i uniform and unbroken light (iver an arc of the hori- 
 zon of 10 points of the comj>asp : so fixed as to throw the light 
 fronn right ahead tit 2 ])()ints abaft the beam on the starboard 
 side, and of such a character as to be visible on a dark niulit. 
 in a clear atmosphiMc. at a distance of at least two miles. 
 
 ( e) On the port side, a Red I^ight, so c(ms-trueted as to show a 
 uniform and u!d»roken light over an arc of the horizon of 10 
 piunts of the c(im])ass ; s(» fixed as to throw the ligb.t from 
 right ahead t(» 2 points aV»aft the beam on the poi-t side, and 
 of such a (character as to be visible on a dark night, with .'I 
 I'lear atmospliere, at a distance <»f at least two miles. 
 

 92 
 
 Kl'LI<J8 CON'tT-IKNING LK.'HTS. 
 
 ((I) The sjiid given and rwl side U<rhts sluill In*, fitted with inlxKtrd 
 si'i-eeiis projectiii*; at least thn^' ft^et forwanl from the light, 
 so UH to jii-event thes*' lights from Innng >w>en jvniHK the 1m>w. 
 
 Art. 4. -A sU;am-shi]>, when towing anotlu^r shijn »kiU in 
 addition to her side light.^. earrv two bright white lights in a ver- 
 tical line, one over the other, ui»t less than three feet aixirt, so as 
 to (listingui.Hh her from other st*'am-shi]).s. F^ch of th«*we lights 
 shall he of the saiiiM^ eonstruetion and eharaeter, and shall Im' car- 
 ried in the same ponition as tlu* white light wMeh (»tliier steam-^hips 
 are reqnired to eany. 
 
 Art. 5.^ — ^A ship, whether a sti'ani-ship or a sailing ship, when 
 employed either in laying or picking up a telegr.iph eahle, or 
 which from any a(;cident is not imder command, shall at night 
 earry'in the same jiositiion as the whit*^ which steant-shi])K are re- 
 quiitul to cany, and, if a steanv-ship, in place of that light, three 
 red lights in glohulur lanterns, each not less than 10 inches in 
 diameti^r. in a vertii^al line oi\e over the other, not less than three 
 feet ajKU't, — and shall hy day cany in a vertical line one ovia* the 
 other, not less than thn'c feet ajrarts, — in front of l«it not lower 
 than her forenuist liead, tluee Ulack IkiUs (m- slwn)es, each two feet 
 in diameter. 
 
 These shajH'S and lights aiv to Ik' taken l>y approaching ships 
 as signals tliat the sliip using them Ls nt>t uiulev eouuuand, and 
 eannot tlierefore get out of tlu' way. 
 
 The above sliips, \vh<?n not ntakiiig any way thnnigh the 
 water, shall not carry tlie side lights, but when nuking way shall 
 carry them. 
 
 Art. G. — A sailing ship under way, or iK-ing towetl, slrall 
 cany tliu same lights as pi-oviiled by Article H for a steani-shij» 
 under wa}% with the exception (vf the white light, which she shall 
 never (^arry. 
 
 Art. 7. — Whenever, as in the <-.ise (»f small vessels during 
 bad weather, the green and red sidi^ lights cannot be fixed, these 
 lights shall he kept on deck, on their respective sides of the vessel, 
 ready for us«' ; and shall, on the approach of or to other veww-'ls. be 
 exhil>itt»d on tlieii' rosjM'ctive sides iu suttic^iciit time to pn-vent 
 eollisicm in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that 
 the green light sliall n(vt l>e seen on the port side nor the ved light 
 on the starbojird side. 
 
 To make the use of the^e ixn-table lights more (vi-tjiin and 
 easy, the lanterns ci>nt'.iining them sliall each Im* painttnl <mtside 
 with the coh»ur of the light thiy res|)eetively contain, and shall be 
 provided with proper s<'reens. 
 
 Art. 8. — A shii>. wht^tlwir a steam-ship trt- sailing ship, when 
 at ancihor, sh:dl carry, where it can best l)e seen, but at a height 
 not exceeding 20 feet abiwe the hull, a white light, in a gh>bular 
 
KUhK8 (M)N(JKKNIM!' LIOI^TS. 
 
 m 
 
 DH- 
 
 shall 
 -shi]> 
 shall 
 
 li-ht 
 
 iltuhir 
 
 lantern of not less than 8 inches in diameter, and mt eonstrneted 
 as to show a eh'ar, tniifonn and nnl>roken li<;ht, visible all nmnd 
 the hori/on, at a (listantre of at least one mile. 
 
 Art, 9. — A j)ih)t vessel, when enj»;a<;»'d on her station on 
 pilotj»<:;e dnty. shall not carry the li|;hts re<|uired f<>r other vessels, 
 hut shall carry a whit*' li<;ht at the mast head, visible all round 
 the horizon, and shsdl also exhilnt ?• liare-up lijjfht en- Hare-up lights 
 at short intervals, which shall never exceed tift^'cn minutes. 
 
 A pilot vessel, wlu-n not engaged on her station on pilotage 
 duty, sliall carry lights similar to those of other shi]is. 
 Art. 10. — (a) Open Hshing l)oats, an«l (Jther open boats, when 
 under way shall not be obliged to carry the si«le lights re- 
 quired for other vessels, but every such boat shall in lieu 
 thereof have ready at hand a lantern with a green glass on 
 the (me side and a reel glass on the other side : and on the ap- 
 proach of or to other vessels, such lantern shall be exhibited 
 in sufficient time to prevent (collision, so that th<? green light 
 shall not be se<'n on the ])ort side, nor the red on tlu' star- 
 \>oard side, 
 
 (b ) A fishing vessel, and an open boat, when at anchor shall ex- 
 hibit a bright white light. , ., 
 
 (e) A Hshing vessel, when em])h)yed in drift net fishing, shall 
 carry on one of her masts two red li«»hts in a vertical line one 
 over the other, not less than three feet apart. 
 
 A trawler at work shall carry on one of her masts two lijihts 
 in a vertical line one over the other, not less than three feet 
 apart, the upper light red an<l the lower green, and shall also 
 either carry the side lights reipiired for other vessels, or, ii 
 the side lights i-annot be carried, have ready at hand thq 
 colour lights as provided in Artich^ 7, or a lantern with a red 
 and green glass, as described in paragraph (a) of this 
 Article. 
 
 (e) Fishing v»'ss«'ls and open boats shall not be pi-evt'uted from 
 using a flare-uj) in addition if they desire to do so. 
 
 (f ) The lights mentioned in this Article are substituted for those 
 mentioned in the 12th. 1.3tli and 14th Articles of the ccmven- 
 tion between France and England sclieduh'd to th«j British 
 Sea F'isheries Act, 18(i8. 
 
 (g) All lights reipiired by this Article, except side lights, shall l>e 
 in giobidar lanterns, so constructed as to show all round the 
 horizon. 
 
 Art. 11. — A ship which is being overtaken by another shall 
 show from her st»'rn to such last-mentioned ship a white light or a 
 flare-up light. 
 
 (<l) 
 
84 
 
 SOUND SIGNALS, FOK FOG, &V. 
 
 SOUND SIGNALS, FOR FOG, &c. 
 
 Art. 12. — A steam-ship shall he provided with a steaiu-whistle 
 or other eftieient steam souiul si)j;nal, so phieed that the sound nia\ 
 not he intercepted hy any ohstructions, and with an eftieient fojj 
 horn, to he souikUhI by a heUows or other mechanical n)eans, and 
 also with an efficient bell. A sailing ship shall hv ])rovided with 
 a similar fo<:^ horn and hell. 
 
 In fo<j, mist, or falling snow, whether by day or nijj;ht, the 
 sij^nals described in this Article shall be used as follows : that is 
 to say — 
 
 (a) A steam-ship under wiry shall make with her steam whistle, 
 or other ste:im-sound signal, at intervals of not more than two 
 minutes, a prohuiged blast. 
 
 (b) A sailing ship under way shall make with her fog horn, at 
 intervals of not more than two minutes, when on the starboard 
 ta(rk one blast, when on the ]>ort tack two blasts in succession, 
 and when with the wind abaft the beam three blasts in suc- 
 cession. 
 
 (e) A steam-ship and a sailing ship, when not under way shall, at 
 intervals of not nuue than two minutes, ring the bell. 
 
 STEERING AND SAILING RULES. 
 
 Art. 14. — When two sailing ships arc a])pro;u'hing *jne 
 another, so as to involve risk of collisiim, one of them shall keej) 
 out of the way of the other, a.s follows, viz: — 
 
 (a) A shi]) which is running free shall keep out of the way of i\ 
 ship wh "h is close-hauled. 
 
 (b) A shi]) which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out 
 of the way of a ship which is close-hauled on tlie starboard 
 tack. 
 
 (c) When both are running free, with the wind on different sides, 
 the ship which has the wind on the ])ort side shall keep out of 
 the way of the other. 
 
 (d) When both are running free, with the wind on the same side, 
 the ship which is to the windward shall keep out of the way 
 of the ship which is to leeward. 
 
 (e) A ship which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of 
 the othc. ship. 
 
 Art. 15. — If two ships under steam are meeting end on, or 
 nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, ea(^h shidl alter her 
 course to staiboard, so as each may pass on the i)ort side of the 
 other. 
 
STKKKINC; AND SAFIJNc; lULKK. 
 
 85 
 
 !IV of M 
 
 'Op t)Ut 
 
 lie side, 
 \w way 
 
 way of 
 
 on, or 
 
 Itorhor 
 
 of the 
 
 This artich' only a|>j)lieH to cases where ships are nu'etinjj; end 
 on, or nearly <'n<l on. in sneh a manner as t> involve risk of col- 
 lision, and does not ap])ly to two ships which innst, if hoth keep 
 on their respi'ctive conrses. pitns dear of »'ach »)tlier. 
 
 The only cases to whit-h it does apply are. when each of the 
 two ships is end on. or nearly end on, to the «»ther : in otlu'r words, 
 to i'ases in which i>y day. each ship s»'es the masts of the other in 
 a line, or nearly in a line, with her own: and I'V nij^ht. to cases in 
 which eai'h ship is in sneh a ])osition iis to sei; both the side lights 
 of the other. 
 
 It does not a])])lv hy day, to eases in which a ship sees 
 another ahead crossing; her own course : or h\ ni<;ht to <'ases where 
 the red lijjht of one ship is op])ose<l to the r<'d liji^ht of tlu^ other, 
 or where the <jreen lij;'ht of one sjiip is opposed to the •^•reen lif^ht 
 of the other, or wlu'n' a red li;;ht without a j^reen li<;ht, or a j^Teen 
 li^ht without a red H^ht, is seen ahead, oi- whej»' Itotli <;reen or red 
 lights are seen anywhere l)ut ahead. 
 
 Art. 10. — If two shi])s under steam are crossing, so as to in- 
 volve risk of collision, the shij) which has the otlier on her own 
 starboard sid«' shall keej) out of the way of the other. 
 
 Art. 17. — If two ships. on(> of whiih is a siiiliug ship and the 
 other a steani-shi)>, arc prorccding in such ilircctions as to involve 
 risk of cidlision, the steam-ship shall keep out of the way of the 
 sailing ship. 
 
 Art. 18. — Kvery steamsliip. when aiiproadiing another shij), 
 so as to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her sp«'ed or stop 
 and reverst', if necessai-y. 
 
 Art. 19. — In taking any course authorized or re(piire<l by 
 these Regulations, a stcam-sliip uudci- way may indicate that course 
 to any other shi]) which she lias in sight by the fcdlowing signals 
 on her steam whistle, viz.: 
 
 One short blast to mean "1 am dii-ccting my coui-se to star- 
 board " ; 
 
 Two short blasts to mean " I am directing utv coiu'se to 
 port"; 
 
 Three short blasts to mean " 1 \\\n going t'ull spct-d astern." 
 
 The use of these signals is optional: but if they ai'c used the 
 course of the ship nuist l)e in aecordauee with the sigiud made. 
 
 Art. 20. — Notwithstanding anything contain, -d in any })rc- 
 ceding Article, every ship, whether a sailing ship «)r a steam-ship, 
 overtaking any other, shall keep out of the way of the overtaken 
 ship. 
 
 Art. 21. — In narrow channels eveiy steam-ship shall, when it 
 is safe and pra«*ti('able, keep to that side of the fairway or mid- 
 channel which lies on the starboard side of such shij). 
 
OD 8TKEBIN0 AKI> SAILING KULES. 
 
 Art. 22. — Whcns by the almvc niloH, oni' of twd shipH is to 
 kocp out of the way, the other Hlmll k«'«'p ht-r coiirHr. 
 
 Art. 23. — in obeying and construinf; them* ruh's, <lue rep;ar(l 
 Hhall lie had to :ill (hinders of navigation : and to any s]M>eial cir- 
 (•unistanees which may renihr a tlei»:iiture fr<un ti>e above rules 
 neeeHsaiy in onler to avoid inunediate (Uinjjer. 
 
 No ship under any eireuni.stanees to nej^lect proper ])reeHU- 
 tiouH. 
 
 Art. 24. — Notliing in thes»' rules shall exonerate any ship, or 
 the Owner, or Mast* r. or Crew tin leof, from the eonse(juem'es of 
 any neglect to carry lights or signalH. or of any neglect to keep a 
 prv)])er look out, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be 
 retpiired by th<' ordinary practice of seanu'U, or by the special cir- 
 cinnstanees of the ease. 
 
 I:*S 
 
 605](i0^noc3^t 
 
 94 
 
 po' 
 
 .e