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 Sciences 
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The Halifax Institution for the 
 Deaf and Dumb, 
 
 HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA, 
 
 1857-1893. 
 
 li V J A M E S FM£ A J< O N , 
 
 Pntiiip.rl 0/ Hii- liislihilioii. 
 
THE HALIFAX INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND 
 
 DUxMB. 
 
 The best posHible liiHtory that can be given of this Institu- 
 tion is that which aiipears in the Twentieth Report, written by 
 the late principal, J. Scott Hutton, M. A., who may be said to 
 have laid the foundation-stone and added piece by piece to the 
 structure, amid difficulties and discouragements such as are 
 met with in a new and comparatively poor country, with that 
 indefatigable energy and zeal for which he was so well known 
 throughout the profession. He watched over its infancy with 
 all the care and tenderness of a parent ; he rejoiced in its in- 
 creasing strength, and labored unceasingly until he brought 
 it to that state of efficiency in which it is found to-day — fully 
 capable of supplying the educational wants of the class in 
 whose interest it was established. 
 
 The following extract from the Report above referred to 
 gives in detail the progress and history of the Institution up 
 to the year 1877 : 
 
 Thirty-six years ago there was no provision within the Maritime 
 Provinces of this country for the education of the hundreds of mutes 
 who, with scarcely an exception, were utterly destitute of instruction, 
 passing through life in a condition of the saddest mental and moral dark- 
 ness, ignorant alike of their nature, their duty, and their destiny. In a 
 few instances legislative aid had enabled parents to send their mute 
 children to the States for the instruction unattainable at home, but how 
 little was accomplished in this way may be seen from the fact that, 
 during the long period of fifty years, the whole number of mutes re- 
 ceived into the Hartford Asylum from the British Provinces was only 
 twenty-five, and of these not more than six were supported by the 
 I'rovincinl legislatures. Of the twenty-five, 11 were from Nova Scotia, 
 5 from Canada East, 5 from Canada West, and 4 from New Brunswick. 
 Some Provincial deaf-mutes may have been educated during that period 
 at other institutions in the States besides Hartford, and a few certainly 
 — two at least from Nova Scotia — in the schools of the mother country, 
 l)ut, in all probability, the entire number of British-American mutes who 
 hud enjoyed the blessing of education since the commencement of the 
 century would not ex(!eed thirty or forty. 
 
 It is worthy of note that of the whole numljer of mutes from the 
 British Provinces mentioned a& receiving instruction in the Hartford 
 Sclu)ol, previous to the opening of instituli(^ns for their benefit nearer 
 home and on their own soil, nearly one-half were from one of the smaller, 
 less populous, and least known, though by no means the least important 
 
TJtii /ftiUfdx institution. 
 
 f!olony— the Province of Noviv Scotia. Then! is also loasou to hi-liovc 
 that the six stated to have been supported by the Provinces were all 
 beneficiaries of tin; h'^,'islatiire of Nova Scotia. 
 
 These circiiinstaiices, while indicative of an earlier awakening to the 
 chiinisof the deaf and dnnil) than in the more i)opnl(.ns and wealthy 
 sister Provinces, are also in harmony with the interesting fact that the 
 earliest advocate of deaf-mute education on the Am-rican continent 
 Francis Green, author of the work entitled " Vox Oculis Subjecta," pub- 
 lished in London in \im, i,MvinK an ac(u)unt of Uraidwood's school in 
 Edinburf,'h, if not by birth a Nova Scotian. was yet identified with this 
 Province both by education and ofticud position for many years, beiny 
 enKaged in military duty in Halifax and other parts of theVrovince prJ"- 
 vious to the outbreak of the Revolutionary war. and subsecpiently liold. 
 iny the position of hij,'h sheriff of Halifax county. About the beginning 
 of this century Mr. Green was residing in Medford. Mass., where he 
 appears to Inive devoted his leisure liours to advocating in the journals 
 the importance of educating the deaf and dumb, and endeavorin.' to 
 enlist public sympathy in their behalf. Some of his articles nnij" be 
 found in the Boston papers. i)artieularly the New England Palhidium for 
 the year 179:5. The first attemi)t at an enumeration or census of the 
 deaf-mutes of Massachusetts and the United States was also due to Mr. 
 Green's 'nstrumentality. 
 
 His son, Charles Green, the first educated deaf-mute of An.encan 
 birth, was a pupil of Braidwood. in his articulating school in Edinburgh, 
 from 1780 to 1780, and. according to his father's a(!count in the " Vox 
 Oculis Subjecta," attained remarkable j.roficiencv both in articulate 
 speech and in scholarship. This young num was un'fortunatelv drowned, 
 shortly after c(mipletiug his education, while shooting wild fowl on Cole 
 Harbor, in the neighborhood of Halifax. Nova Scotia thus appears to 
 chum an early and special connection with the cause (jf deaf-mute educa- 
 tion in America. 
 
 The history and progress of the Halifax Institution, while presenting 
 nniny tokens of divine goodness, afford an encouraging illustration of 
 what may be accomplished by patient, steady, persevering, and yet quiet 
 and unostentatious effort. Obscure and humble in its origin, this work 
 was not ushered into existence amid the " pomp and circumstance of pub- 
 lic demonstration, the smiles of wealth, the patronage of rank," or the 
 plaudits of enthusiastic multitudes. Small, feeble, and insignificant in 
 Its beginnings, appealing to none of those sentiments of national honor 
 or personal interest which exercise so large an infiuence in the inception 
 and prosecution of many enterprises even of a benevolent character, tiie 
 Hahfax Institution for the Deaf and Dumb has gradually emerged into 
 the light of public favor, and attained a position of usefulness and re- 
 spectal)ility such as its most sanguine friends c^ould, perhaps, hardly have 
 anticipated. Meeting, as it does, an imi,ortant and acknowledged want in 
 the community, it may now be fairly regarded as an accomplished fact- 
 one of the permanent institutions id th;; c(mntry. 
 
 The Halifax Institution owes its origin, incidentallv. to Mr. William 
 Gray, a deaf-mute, and a pupil of the well-known Mr. Kinniburgh. of the 
 Edinburgh Institution. Emigrating from Sci>tland, presuunibly with the 
 
Thti IliiUfii.v Institution. 
 
 5 
 
 oxix.c'tation of nmkiii.^' n fortmic in the N.-w World, liko others of hU 
 .onip.itriots, Mr. (Iniy was liiudcd. l.y stress of cirfuiiistimccs.at Halifax 
 ill tht' mouth of AnK'nst, IK-,-,. u,„l aftm- working for som.. tiiuf at his 
 trade of tailoring. l,..iiiK thrown out of .-uiph.yuu.nt. he conceived or had 
 suK«»'«tf<l to hiiu by u l.rother mute and fellow-countryman who hap- 
 pened to l)e also residiii):; in Halifax the idea of opening a school for the 
 (h-af and (hunli as a means of suhsistenire. 
 
 Mis advertisement attracted the attention of Uev. James C. Cochran. 
 1). I ). . th.' v.Mieral.le and devoted secretary of the Institution, who inimei 
 diately sou^dlt him out. and f<mnd lum in a mean h,dj,'iii),' in a poor street, 
 euKaged in teacliiiiK otie or two mutes, th.. phice lieing destitute of tht.' 
 comnnm comforts and even necessaries of life. Mr. Cociiran's interest in 
 the deaf and dumb had been first awakened, many years before, by meet- 
 ing, on board an .\merican steamboat, with the ceh-brated Laurent Clerc, 
 and accordingly he now set himself to enlist the sympathies of other be.^ 
 nevoleiit persons in Halifax on behalf of the neglected deaf-mutes of his 
 native Province, an object in which he was providentially successful. 
 .\long with Andrew Mackinhiy, Esii., oustos of the county, and for many 
 years afterwards the esteemed chairman of the )>oard of directors, he 
 succeeded in obtaining for the infant cause the notice and support of the 
 legishitnre and the community, organizi-d a board of managenu'nt, and 
 took other steps for the proper establishment and equipment of the school. 
 
 The first legislative aid was a grant of *1.200 in the spring of 18.J7. the 
 grant, in subsecjuent years, being enlarged to * l,(',;j() and ifc'i.OOO. as the 
 value and claims of the object became better understood. This, with the 
 voluntary contributions readily obtained, enabled the promoters of the 
 infant Institution to provide more suitable accommodation for the school, 
 and to engage Mr. J. Scoff Hutfon, then and for ten years previously an 
 instructor in the Edinburgh Institution, as princjipal, Mr. Gray being re- 
 tained as assistant teacher. 
 
 Bringing from Scotland the n.'edfnl books and api)aratus for the work 
 kindly donated by kindred institutions in the mother c.mnfry— to the 
 value of about A2(l()-Mr. Hutton entered on his duties in Halifax on the 
 ■1th ( f August. isr,7, with four pupil>. The year following, the attendance 
 having incr.'ased to twenty-seven, additional accommodation was pro- 
 <wred. a matron .-ngaged. and the general management then, for the Hrst 
 time, placed in the hands of the principal and aiafron. who henceforward 
 M'siih'd in the same building with the pupils, the school previously l)eing 
 only a day-school, with thrc or four of the boys boarding in the house 
 of the assistant teacher, and others with friends in the city. 
 
 At the close of the first regular session of the school, as an organized 
 iiistituti(m, in July, IKW, a public meeting on its i)ehalf was held in the 
 Mechanics' Institute, presided over by A. Mackinhiy, Es(,.. president .jf 
 tlie Ixiard, and attended by the Uishop of Nova Scotia and other promi- 
 nent citizens, when, for tlie first time before a Halifax audience, an exhi- 
 bition of the method and results of deaf-mute instruction was given in 
 tlie examination of the pupils, which bnmght the condition and claims 
 of the deaf and dumb more impressively before the community, and gave 
 a valual)le impulse to the new cau.se. 
 
 During the summer vacation immediately following, the principal. 
 
6 The Halifax rnstHution. 
 
 acpoinpftiiicHl by sevenil of the pupils, uudortoDk the first of a Hories of 
 lUuiUHl tours in tlu« ProvinoeH of Nova Sootiii, Now BruiiHwic^k, iiii.l Princ.. 
 E<l\vimUsliui(1, utldrosMin^,' pulilic mt^etin^,'H nnd liolilin^ . xliihitions (.11 
 b.'liulf .if tlH> rnstitutiou, iu tlio principal towns and vilhiKt's, with grati- 
 fying results in the uwiikeninK of interest in a depiirtnient of benevolent 
 effort new to the great body of the people, the aeeession of new pupils, 
 and the replenisliiuj,' of the funds. 
 
 The first spontaneous movement in the Province in aid of the Institu- 
 tion took place on the historic shores of Cobecpiid Hay, anioiiK the 
 intelligent and thriving ix.pulation of Noel, in the county of Hants. 
 where a bazaar was held in July of this year, at which the principal ancl 
 several of the puiiils were present by invitati(m-an occasion memorable 
 to the writer as the first on which he had the privilege of advocating 
 the claims of the deaf and dumb before a rural audience in the Maritime 
 Provinces. About two hundred ai.d fifty dollars was realized by this— 
 under all the circumstances a most creditable and cheering result. 
 
 In November of the same year (185H) the proceeds— amounting to 
 !S<l.tl()0-of a bazaar in Halifax, under the patronage of the C<mnteH8 
 of Mulgrave, lady of His Excellency the Lieut. -Cloverncu', enabled the 
 directors to purchase the premises, previously rented; but, in the ensu- 
 ing year, embracing a favorable opportunity, the property was disposed 
 of by the board, and in August. IH.V.t, the present promises, formerly 
 known as Hriinswick Villa, commanding a magnificent view of the noble 
 harbor and surrounding country, were purchased for six th.msand and 
 four hundred dollars, a st.'p which proved highly advantageous to the 
 interests of the Institution. 
 
 On the 17th of February. 185',). a second exhibition of the school was 
 held in the Mechanics' Institute to a crowded and deeply interested audi- 
 ence, and. by request, repeated on the 14th of March iu the T.-mperan.-e 
 Hall, the largest public hall in the city, which was filled to its capacity 
 I)y a congregation representing all classes and creeds in the communitv, 
 drawn together l)y tlie rapidly growing interest felt in the work. 
 
 During the legislative session, the same spring, we ha.l th.> honor of 
 giving our first exhibition l)efore the members of both branches of tli.' 
 legislature, on the ri.,ors of the House of Assembly, to which, in connec- 
 tion with similar exhibitions in subsequent sessions, may be justly at- 
 tributed th.^ promotion of that spirit of hearty liberality uniformly dis- 
 played by the legislature of Nova S<H)tia towards the Institution. 
 
 In the spring of ISfiO the teaching staff was strengthened by the acces- 
 sion of the principal's father, Mr. <}eo. Hutton. for nearly forty years 
 engaged in the instruction of the deaf and dumb in Scothuid ' Mr. 
 Hutton removed with his family to Nova Scotia in response to his son's 
 pressing invitation and appeal for aid at a time when the funds were 
 inadequate to meet the expense of an additional salaried teacher urgently 
 re(iuired. and for ten years, till his .leath in 1H70, gave his voluntary 
 services to the Institution without stated remuneration. 
 
 In m\2 an act of incorix.ration was obtained from the legislature for 
 the greater stability of the Institution. 
 
 Additions and improvements on the premises have been made from 
 time to time to meet the growing necessities of vhe work. In lHG4-'5 a 
 
 111 
 
The Ifalifiix rnf<t'Ui(tlou, 
 
 legisliituro for 
 
 Mi'w Hcliool-iDuni 1111(1 dormitory were iiddt'd to the hiiilding, with othor 
 iiniirovfim'iits, lit II cost of over ifiU.OoO. And, iigiiiii, in 1N7J fxtfiisive 
 :ilteriitioiiH uu<l iidditioiiH were iimde, iiiclndiiin hospittil iiccoiiiiiiodiitioiis 
 iiiid lii'iitiiit,' iiiiiiitnitUH, III an cxiumish of iilioiit ;*<!»,()()(). 'I'Iichc cliiinmia 
 liiivf iilMiiit douliled the origiiiftl extent of the l)uildin^{, heHides provid- 
 iiii,' for the iiicroiiHod comfort iiiid elHcieiicy of tliu estiililishinent. 
 
 Ill IH7H, Mr. Hiitton rcHif^'iicd liis ])OHilion as jiriiicipal of 
 the Halifax IiiHtitution to accept that of vicc-iiriiicipal of the 
 Iiistitutiou for the Deaf and Diiinl), IJelfuHt, Irehuid, where he 
 labored for over four yearH with j^reat Hiiccess. He was suc- 
 ceeded at HaHfax by Mr. A. F. AVoodbridge, who afterwards 
 estabhshed an inHtifciitioii in Fredericton, New Brunswick. 
 The h)HS which tlie Halifax Institution sustained by Mr. Hut- 
 ton's leaving was more than compensated by his work in Bel- 
 fast. Language-teaching took the place of grinding in set 
 sul)jects, firm discipline w^as established, and the manners and 
 morals of the pupils underwent a complete change. 
 
 In 18H2, after accomi)lishing what was really a missionary 
 work, performed in a truly Christian sjjirit, at the earnest re- 
 (piest of the directors in Halifax he returned to the scene of 
 his former labors, where he continued to work with ever- 
 increasing success until lHi)l, when his career was terminated 
 by death — a career distinguished by enthusiasm, al)ility, self- 
 sacritice, and, above all, earnest devotion to the temporal and 
 eternal welfare of those committed to his charge. The history 
 of the Institution, with its rise and progress, constitutes a full 
 bi()grai)hy of J. Scott Hutton. 
 
 At the invitation of the directors, Mr. James Fearoii, the 
 present principal, a teacher in the Royal Institution for the 
 Deaf, Birmingham, accepted the position of successor to Mr. 
 Huttcm, entering on his duties in 'September, 18!)1. Mr. Fearon 
 began the work of teaching the deaf under Mr. Hutton in 
 Belfast, where he remained for over seven years, afterwards 
 occupying similar positions in Margate and Birmingham, 
 England. 
 
 In 18(!7 the Institution lost a warm friend in the desith of 
 ]Mr. Andrew Mackinlay, who had been connected with the 
 work from its inception, and who did much to introduce it to 
 the notice and support of the community. His name, with 
 that of the Hon. Sec. Kev. J. C. Cochran, was ajjpended to the 
 first public appeal for funds, which, through his iiiHuence 
 and reputation, was so generously responded to. He was a 
 man of sterling worth, recognized ability, and extensive use- 
 
I I 
 
 
 8 
 
 Thi' IhUfaj'. Inntitutlon, 
 
 able treasum- n. t ... .Inuin. of Mr. .lol.n Dufli, .vho 1. 
 
 o bee. aHH.u..at.l uith tl.o InHiitution fn,.n its ...nn..:: 
 "Hnf riim. ^v.urs lator, in 1870, tho ,lir..,.torM wnv ,,i 
 
 ;-t'l<"'K.Kn.M,^h.sval..al,h, .crvi.-es f„r ,uany years .nth 
 itouHlv. He was a .nan .,f hu-^e beuevoh-uc-c, original ^ 2h 
 
 JAMES KKAIION. 
 
 as ell as fon-e of .-harac-ter, yet, ^vithal, nuulest an.l rotirin- 
 
 n' wIh '; "'' "'''^^""'" ■" •'•^ ^•"^^- ^''"-f"! -^ 
 1 hf D . t"'"?' ••"•— ^'"--' -ul -ith unl,.>un.le.l 
 iaiih n Dnnje 1 rovnlenee, his life was one of self-sacrifiee 
 un. t h,„,. , turn to the cause of the deaf and dumb. 
 
 eh.u f ," Tl" ^^"■'^"■'^' ^"^' '"'"'^^- ^•"*^^'''* ^lireetor and 
 
 he'toXh :," 7 ;' ''^ '" "'""••^- ^^'^' ^^"''1' ">t--t whi..h 
 
 av b", " ';"'"" ^'""■'■'^ '^^^^'' ''^ •- ^'"-13-, Ins brotlua- 
 
 aun^ bestowed the n.unitieent le.^aey of §2(),()0(), whereby 
 
 H . T T\rVT'^'"^'"*^ 1''- tbe iirst time on a iinn 
 basis. The dc.uth of this direc-tor left the Rev. J. C. Cochran, 
 
 ii 
 
The IlaUfax Institution. 
 
 9 
 
 i\w vj'iu'iabh' Hocrt'tary of ihr lnHtitiitiou, the Hole Miirvivor 
 of tln" oiij,-'iiial hoard, and lu>, tivr yravH later, after twenty- 
 three years' couiuctioii with the eHtahliHhiiK'iit, waw alno gath- 
 ered to luH fathers. His ample reports show how deeply he 
 was interested in the work to which he ^Mive tiie first impetus 
 and which he was larfjfely instrumental in establishing'. He \\m 
 HU(!ceeded by the present secretary, Rev. Dr. Forrest, president 
 of Dalhousie College, who, though bunlened with the heavy 
 responsibility of his own position, as well as the religious, be- 
 nevolent, and social nuitters in which he takes so active a part, 
 still bestows much time and attention ui)on tlie Institution, 
 and is ever ready, when called upon, to give his valuable coun- 
 sel and assistance in the management. 
 
 The Honorable D. AIcNeil Parker, M. L. C, has been asso- 
 ciated with the Institution for over thirty-four years as honorary 
 physician, and at present as diairman of the board. His coii- 
 nection dates back to within two years of the establishment 
 of the school, and notwithstanding his professional and polit- 
 ical duties, as well as benevolent work connected with various 
 l)liilanthropic institutions, he still finds time to devote to the 
 int(!rests of the school for the deaf, and in spite of advancing 
 age makes a point of being present at almost every meeting 
 of the board. 
 
 The following is the board of nuuuigers : 
 
 His Honor :\I. B. D.u.v, 
 
 UeuteiKint-ftovinmr <>/ tin I'mrince <>f Niivn Scotia, etr. 
 
 JJirectorn. 
 
 Hon. D. McNeil P.\aKEu, M. D. and M. L. C. 
 
 Hon. PitoviNciAi, Skchetauv. 
 J{ev. IM-esident Fouiskst, D. D. 
 
 Wll.I.IA.'M ToUIN. Es(|., M. I). 
 
 J. F. Kkxxv, Es(|. 
 AxDiiEw Mackini.av, Esq. 
 A. M. Bell, Esci. 
 
 iSecretdri/. 
 Rev. President Fokhest, D. D. 
 
 7'rcasiire7'. 
 Andrew Mackixlav, Est]. 
 
10 
 
 2Vie JM'ifa.v Institution. 
 
 /'//'/.•iictinis. 
 Donald A. Cami'bell, M. D. 
 MuiiixH'n Chisolm, M. D. 
 
 ( \))isiiltini/ J'hi/sician. 
 
 Andrew J. Cowie, M. D. 
 
 JJt'ntist. 
 
 Dr. A. C. Cogswell. 
 
 Ovxliat. 
 
 STtPHEN Dodge, M. D. 
 
 OFFICERS AND TEACHERS. 
 
 Educational Department. 
 
 Principal. 
 
 James Fearon. 
 
 ./ ssisUin t Teachers. 
 
 Miss Julia R. Bateman. 
 
 3Iiss A. M. ]\r0SHEK. 
 A. R. DoDDS. 
 
 S. H. Lawrence. 
 Miss C. Frame. 
 
 Matron. 
 
 Miss M. Gladwin. 
 
 J/afro/i's .l.sfii.ffuiit. 
 
 Miss E. Rrymer. 
 
 IndUSTRLVi, DEl'ART>tr:XT. 
 MlCHAn. McQuiLLIN. 
 
 Varjnmtri/ and Gardening. 
 
 Michael AIcQuillin. 
 
 '^/loeniakiu)/. 
 
 Martlv Ajsijott. 
 
 I 
 
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