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 ^^ 1653 East Mcin Street 
 
 r.= Rochester. New York 14609 USa 
 
 jr: (716) 48.-' - 0300 - Phone 
 
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REPORTS 
 
 -ON THE — 
 
 SANITARY CONDITION 
 
 -01" THE — 
 
 CITY OF WINNIPEG 
 
 MANITOBA, 
 
 With Reference to Water Supply, Sewers, Sewer Ven- 
 tilation, Sewer Gas and Sanitary Condition of 
 Buildings, Mortuary Statistics, Etc. 
 
 Made in Accordance with Instructions from the Market, 
 
 License and Health Committee of the 
 
 City Council 
 
 -BY — 
 
 H. N. RUTTAN, City Engineer. 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE CITY COUNCIL. 
 
 WINNIPKG : 
 
 The Stovki, Co., Printkks. 
 
 1S93. 
 
 
| ^ "» i»M i r i iiirft i niifit i i 
 
REPORTS 
 
 — ON THK — 
 
 SANITARY CONDITION 
 
 — OF THE — 
 
 CITY OF WINNIPEG 
 
 MANITOBA, 
 
 ^ With Reference to Water Supply, Sewers, Sewer Ven- 
 tilation, Sewer Gas and Sanitary Condition of 
 Buildings, Mortuary Statistics, Etc. 
 
 Made in Accordance with Instructions from the Market 
 
 License and Health Committee of the 
 
 City Council 
 
 — BY — 
 
 H. N. RUTTAN, City Engineei 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE CITY COUNCII.. 
 
 WINNIPEG : 
 The Stovel Co., Printers. 
 189 
 
His 
 
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 ] 
 and 
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 T 
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 niiles. 
 
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 the pr 
 
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 greate 
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 feet pe 
 Th. 
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 Th( 
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 Ap] 
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Office of the City Engineer, 
 
 Winnipeg, Man. 9th Nov., 1893. 
 ms Worship the 3Iayor and Council of Winnipeg .- 
 Gentlemen— 
 
 WATER SUPPLY, 
 
 and a: S WoSr "'"'''"^ "" tho As.i„ib„i„e Biver 
 naie?' ""■■ *"" " '*~"°S'' ■'«'> of about 58,000 square 
 
 The lowest recorded flow is fiOO r^i.Kn f^ * 
 the pre.e„. fl„„ u probabl, lOOo'eSbrft:/;:^^;^"'' 
 
 greatest draught, about' 7 Teveu' cube fe«'o: T ?' 
 
 feet pcrout"*"' " "-^'^'^ bet„ira„7ir:ut 
 
 The water at this time of vear nnri «• ^l 
 months win he, as regards ftl p^^S^a, iuTeft'-^ """'" 
 
 Mj."to7S„l^li'oc[?892';- ''-■ "'""' ■""" 
 Appearance— Distinct clayey 
 Sediment-Earthly and woody. 
 Color— -08. "^ 
 
 Odor-Cold, faintly vegetable. 
 
 Hot— Distinctly vegetable and woody 
 
4 
 
 PHFtB por 100,000— 
 
 ReHidue on evaporutloii 58'60 
 
 LoBH of igiiutidii 9-90 
 
 Fixed 48-70 
 
 Albuminoid Aninionin •0206 
 
 Free Ainnioiiiu none 
 
 Oxygen conmiined -4675 
 
 Chlorine 2.45 
 
 IlardncHs 40 
 
 Metallic iron 12 
 
 The Masi. State Board of Health has made a very full 
 t'xumination of streams with a view to deterniine the 
 iiiiiount of Rewerage contamination caused l.y i)nj)alation 
 on watershedH. From my report of 26th Sept., 1892 : 
 
 "Art .01 [)er 100,000 of chlorine above the normal is 
 ''merely an itulication of slight contamination, and as the 
 " population on the v/aterHhed of the AHsiniboine does not 
 " exceed one-twentieth of the minimum above given by the 
 " State Board of Health, it may be stated with certainty 
 " that the Assiniboine supply is not contaminated by 
 "sewage." 
 
 The most objectionable feature of the Assiniboine water 
 is the large quantity ot clay which it carries in suspension 
 in the spring. 
 
 In comparing the Assiniboine with the artesian well 
 waters, the latter is better in every respect but that of 
 hardness. 
 
 Either water may be much improved by a suitable 
 softening and filtering process. 
 
 Before artesian wells can be considered as a source of 
 supply, it will be necessary to determine by pumping tests 
 the quantity of water which can be obtained. Upon its 
 being determined beyond doubt that sufficient water can 
 be obtained from wells, I think wells should be adopted ; 
 in the meantime the Assiniboine is the only available 
 source of supply. 
 
 In my report of Sept., 1892, I say : 
 
Both the AHsiiiihoiiic R 
 
 he looked upon m tei 
 
 vpr fiTid artosinn wt-IlH Hhould 
 
 'filte 
 for 1 
 
 iiiporary Hom-.'CH of" HUpj.lv. The 
 
 ring and softejiing proccHHes ure ciiinl 
 
 •tTHoiiie, and, 
 
 to.- large quantities of water, expennive. If the Cit f 
 
 futu 
 
 pog growH, as it gives |)roiniHu of d 
 
 i'<', it will no doiiht he ahle to a fiord to 1 
 
 •ing, in the 
 
 from the Winnipeg River, ahont t>5 mil 
 
 th 
 
 le Hnpply JH unlimited and tl 
 
 •ring water 
 •H distinit, wliere 
 
 best that 
 
 can he ol.taincd. 
 
 le (piality of tiiy water th« 
 
 More full inforn.ation on this suhiect will he found in 
 my report of 2«th Sept., 1802, referred to ahove 
 
 puuiu wells, ot which there are 47 in uhc These vvolls 
 
 7^f7tt^^Zr'''' ^''•'^'^"' '"^^ the water-Lring 
 
 The quality of the water is that of the artesian wells' 
 supply referre, to above and in report of 1892 It nor 
 mal eondition its chief objection is its excessive hardness 
 
 tru.tion of t? ^'""'- ^'^' '^'•'' i" *'^" "«""« «f t™«' by des- 
 
 he o side of Tr'lf "" T^""^" '"''"'" '""'''^'^ water down 
 me outside of it, the well water may be contaminated. 
 
 1 he only way to insure a healthy supply would be hv 
 
 ■ of anv'^^irsh r "' ''\ "''•^^^' "'^ 'h« innnediate clo i 2 
 01 any v\ell showing contamination. ^ 
 
 A table of the analysis of several waters is attached so 
 that comparisons may he made. aitacned, so 
 
 THE SEWER SYSTEM— VENTILATION AND FLUSHING. 
 
 a-i ,1!!' ''Jf'.T^'''] ^I'the city consists at present of about 
 85 miles ot brick and pipe sewens. 
 
 With the exception of a few miles laid previous to 1882 
 
 Tlwugh there are now several outleta into tlie rivers 
 the .y. em ,b so eonstructej that an interceptng sewer may 
 at any t,me be built to deliver ali the sewaL in to The S 
 
 I 
 
 III 
 
 Hi 
 
6 
 
 The Howers are coiistriu'ted on wliiil is known as the 
 combined aystcm— tluit is, they carry olfthe street druinat,'P 
 H8 well as the house seweraire. 
 
 The sewers are ventilated through manholes into the 
 open air, generally in the centre of the street. 
 
 These niaidioles arc very often objectionable, particular- 
 ly on some of the large brick sewers, which have very lit tie 
 sewage running through them in dry weather. This is 
 unavoidable in the present stage of development of the City; 
 as house connections are made and large quantities of 
 water taken into the sewer they will gradually improve. 
 
 The system of ventilation by manholes is the best 
 known at the present day. 
 
 The following remarks are from Baldwin Lathams' 
 Sanitary Engineering : 
 
 " The objections raised against the use of simple opoii- 
 "ingsinto the sewers, that'deleterious gases escape from 
 " them, and are left to take their own course (iomparative- 
 " ly uncontrolled. In combating this objection it should 
 " be borne in mind that gases escaping in the centres of 
 "roads become considerably diluted before they cr.i arrive 
 "at the footpath or houses. The amount of dilution snp- 
 " posing the gas to be uniforndy distributed through the 
 " atmosphere, would be proportiotud to the cube of the dis- 
 "tance from the point of discharge, and dilution means in 
 " this matter something more than the dilution of effect. 
 "These open ventilating shafts act at certain periods both 
 " as upcast and dowMicast shaft, and the fact should not be 
 " lost sight of that they can be made as efficient when 
 "viewed in the light of ventilating shafts as the lofty 
 "shafts, which have been referred to, and at considerably 
 " less expense. The efficiency of a shaft is proportionate 
 "to the square root of its height, conse(piently, short shafts 
 "of larger area may be made quite as effective as smaller 
 " shafts of greater altitude. 
 
 "' / '* * * Moreover less pressure will 
 "be exercised throughout a system of sewerage where ven- 
 "tilation takes place through low instead of high shafts. 
 
 "One of the most important things to be considered in 
 "connection with the ventilation of sewers is the disposal 
 " of the sewer gas in an innoxious manner. It should be 
 
''observod in roforc-.K-o to this mnttov that the mer. cvi- 
 "o?Zger ' "' "' "'"'"^ " "^ i.Hlicati.no,. othornte 
 
 - whicnre'^rST '"-' '^' '"'■"''•^''' ^''"^ t^'"«« '"'^tter. 
 u T , l'*''-"HM.,UH are usually .lev„i,l of odor. 
 
 gu.n.l agauLst the evil cfhrt of sewor gas is dihition onlv 
 allow the gns to combine with suiiioient pure a • u 1 i s 
 
 4 ce on f T''^ oonelusively shown bv refer- 
 
 ee e to oui tevor hospitals, whieh i„ bygone ,hiV8 
 when overorow.le.! an.i ill-ventihi<e,i, the de tli a e 
 among pa hents an.l atten.iants was awful toconte nnlat . 
 .n s.neo hese UKstitutions have been pmvi.ied v 1 "' .' 
 eet ven(,latu>n,,iiseaKe seUlon. Hpr.a, s, in a t i u Tt' 
 
 '. V r. 1' ''^'"'''r^'^'" '^ <lrfoetive, o.- in other won 8 
 
 tliar the dilution oi the fever poison is insutKeient 
 
 sajJ:" "^'^'^ ^- ^"''"^^' ^'•^- ^-^ '^I^^'^'^'" ^-^ewer gases, 
 
 '' 'l^l'ese gases ami odors do not pnxince specifie di.euse. 
 but when they are distinctlv present in u hoiso 1 
 ; jnates are liable to be afl^ct^.! with Uho J fon^; r d ^ 
 
 ''^ipl^s-ft;::,-;;^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ;; the dangers froni gases only in connect Is h ^^i^t 
 <lra.nage are small, an.I eomparativelv easv to avoid lo 
 
 '' I" P;*':^t»'« "langers are due to extremely minute par 
 tclesot living m.tter, most, if not all of which, ^ ^"L 
 etable organisms known as baeteria. There are m-mv 
 diftorent km.ls of baeteria, and thev have very 1 iWr,-^ 
 properties an<l powc^-s, l,„t those whieh eonlern u f. h 
 connection are those whieh grow an,l multiply i 1 ' • ,m 
 posing organic iffntters, and especially in excreta A 
 most witliout exception these bacteria bel.mg to 'pecKs" 
 
 charges, and n al putntymg matters; they are not only 
 
 harmless umler all onjinai-y c.in.um.tancesjn.t a e h i ^h^ 
 
 "ly usetul ni decomposing ,lead organic mat er in o simple 
 
8 
 
 " compounds available for the nutrition of plants. They 
 "are found in countless numbers in the slimy pulpy layer 
 " of decomposing matter lining the interior of soil pipes, 
 " which matter they are constantly decomposing into gases 
 " and soluble products readily washed away. They are 
 "also present in large quantities in sewage as it flows in 
 " the bewers. 
 
 " There are a few forms of bacteria whicli we have good 
 " reason to believe are the causes ot certain diseases called 
 " specific. Each of these specific diseases has a definite 
 " course, and is due to the entrance into the body of par- 
 " tides of living matter derived, directly or indirectly, from 
 " the body of a person affected with tlie same disease. 
 
 " We now know the particular kinds of bacteria whicli 
 "cause several of these diseases, and can identify them 
 "with considerable certainty.. Those of most interest in 
 "connection with house drainage, are those which are sup- 
 *' posed to cause suppuration, septiccemia, perperal fever, 
 " erysipelas, intestinal irritation and diarrhoea, typhoid 
 " fever, and sore throat and diptheria. 
 
 "These diseases are less frequent and less fatal in the 
 "sewered than in the unsewered cities, and in the central 
 "sewered portion of a city than in the unsewered suburbs. 
 " Systematic house-to-house inspections in cities have shown 
 " that over one-half of the houses have more or less defec- 
 "tive and foul fixtures, and leaky soil pipe joints, so that 
 " if specific germs are often present there should be much 
 " more sickness than there is. As a matter of fact there is 
 " no evidence that scarlet fever, measels, small pox or 
 " whooping cougli has ever been transmitted by sewer air. 
 
 " There is \^ reason to think that in a few and excop- 
 " tional cases, diptheria and typhoid have been caused by 
 " inhaling sewer or soil pipe air, but the danger of incur- 
 " ring these diseases in this way is small as compared with 
 " the other and usual sources of origin, talthough it is pro- 
 " bable that the ordinary non-specific sore throats which 
 " sewer air tends to produce, form a specially favourable 
 " site for the development of the specific microbe of diptheria 
 " and that i*^ this way foul air is a predisposing cause of 
 " this disease. Schools are much more dangerous than 
 " sewers as regards the propagation of diptheria. '^ * 
 
"It will be seen, therefc that while attempts to scare 
 " people by depicting tbe Lovrcrs of sewer gas, etc., in or- 
 "der to prevent the construction of sewers, to promote the 
 " sale of certain fixtures, or to improve the house inspection 
 I' business, are not justifiable, it is certainly true that, upon 
 " ordinary insurance principles, it is wise to prevent as far 
 "as possible, the entrance of sewer and soil pipe air into 
 " houses, offices and public buildings, and that a niunici- 
 "pality is justified in taking measures to secure euch pre- 
 " vention for those who are too ignorant, too indifferent or 
 " too helpless to do it for themselves." 
 
 The above extracts are from an article by Dr. Billings, 
 in the Popular Science Monthly, republished in the Engi- 
 neering Record, on " House drainage from various points 
 of view." 
 
 The following is from the " Engineering Record " of 
 5th March, 1892 : 
 
 " For the last four or five years the popular literature 
 " on the subject of sewer gas has been moderate in quan- 
 " tity and tolerably sensible as to quality ; and it is only 
 "occasionally that scmie ingenious inventor has announced 
 "his discovery of the terrible evils connected with it, and 
 " of some new method of ventilation or disinfection which 
 " is to do away with a large part of the sufferings of muni- 
 "cipal residents. * * * It is not true that the un- 
 " healthiness of cities is due maiidy or to any appreciable 
 "extent to sewer air, even a poor system of sewers lowers 
 "the death rate, and in a well constructive system of 
 " sewers the danger to health and life produced by travers- 
 "ing them and inhaling the air which they contain, is so 
 "small as to be entirely inappreciable. 
 
 " If it were asserted that the chief cause of unhealthi- 
 " iiess in cities is the public schools it would be as near the 
 " truth as to say it is sewer gas. ***** 
 
 "The writers of the article above referred to assert, 
 " with regard to their scheme for purifying the air from 
 "sewer gas by means of wind currents, that if successful 
 " the health of towns would be greatly improved, and dip- 
 " theria, typhoid fever, and other kindred diseases would 
 " almost disappear, and the London fogs would cease to be 
 "deadly. 
 
10 
 
 ^ On the contrary we are of the opinion that it would 
 
 have no appreciable eflcct on the mortality fr6ni dii.theria 
 
 o.- typhoid, nor upon the effect of the London foff, and 
 
 that all such statements as the above quoted is simnlv 
 
 darkening of council by-words without knowledo-e ' " 
 
 The following question and answers in reference to ty- 
 phoid fever from the same authority will be of interest : 
 ^ "One of my children is seriously ill with typhoid fever. 
 Is there not some simple way by which I can ascertain if 
 there 18 any dangerous gas in the house from defective 
 plumbing? Water-closets, etc., empty into a cesspool; 
 no sewer. ' ' 
 
 "As he is not alone in his affiction, especially in towns 
 
 ^relying upon cesspools for disposal of tilth, w., would 
 
 ^^ state that typhoid fever is caused by a very small rod- 
 
 shaped vegetable organism known as a bacillus, which 
 
 ^^can grow and multiply either in the human body or out- 
 
 side otit when supplied with nutritient material moisture 
 and suitable temperature. 
 
 ^^ " In every case of typhoid fever this organism has found 
 Its way into the intestinal canal usually with articles of 
 
 ^^food or drink. In ,are cases it may be conveyed l,v the 
 air, but even then the danger is not so much from its 
 inhalation into the lungs as from its falling upon particles 
 ot tood or into fluid such as water or milk which are 
 
 " swallowed. " * 
 
 "This organism is not generated or produced by de- 
 posits ot filth any more than an oak tree or a cabbage is. 
 Wy case of typhoid fever is due to a bacillu.s con.in^ 
 directly or indirectly from some previous case of tvphuid 
 ^^tever and the importance of collections of excreta, such 
 u!u , "' ^'c^spools, in relation to typhoid fever is. first 
 that they are especially liable to receive the baciUas, and 
 seooml, that they ore especially favorable for preservina it 
 alive and favoriny its growth and multiplication. 
 
 "Bearing these points in mind, and that thev arc not 
 mere speculations or theories, but facts which have been 
 eHtabiiP,h.'-.-l by repeated experiments an.l observations, 
 
 " n 
 
 
11 
 
 y\w. iwswer to the question of our correspondent ie ol)- 
 
 ' VIOUS. 
 
 . ''TJ'e presence of the typhoid fever bacilhis in the air 
 ^^ ot the house could only be detected by what is called the 
 ^ culture method, requiring special apparatus and a skilled 
 •observer. There is no simple test for the presence of 
 dangerous gas as distinguished from other gases given off 
 • trom a cesspool, but it is not difficult to determine whether 
 air trom a cesspool is passing into the house throut^h im- 
 ^^ proper plumbing, since this can be effected by pourinL^ 
 two or three ounces of oil of peppermint into the soil pipe 
 from the opening above the roof, with the usual precau- 
 tions in the use of this test. The smell will soon pervade 
 the house if the plumbing is defective." 
 
 I liave selected the above extracts from authorities who 
 are everywhere recognized. Volumes might be filled with 
 oxtn.cts trom scientific investigators confirming these 
 opinions. *' 
 
 With reference to flushing, wherever connection can be 
 obtained with the City waterworks, fiush tanks are con- 
 structed at the end of all branches, and the sewers are, in 
 dry weather, flushed daily. On the sewers where flowing 
 wells call be obtained, several of the branches are connected 
 with wells and automatic flush tanks, and are flushed 
 Beveral times daily. All other sewers are flushed system- 
 atically by the use of water-cart and dams in the sewers 
 As far as I have been able to obtain information, we spend 
 more money per mile and our flushing is better than that 
 of any other city using the combined system of sewerage. 
 
 The sewerage system can be improved in the followine- 
 ways : — ° 
 
 First, by increasing the number of house connections. 
 
 becond by extending the waterworks so tliat flush 
 tanks can be used on all branches. This would save a large 
 expenditure m labor and l)e more effective than the system 
 now 111 use where there are no waterworks. 
 
 A study of the vital statistics will show that with the 
 construction ot sewers the general death rate has decrease.l. 
 t)ld resKb'iits will remember that before any sewers were 
 constructed tiie dty sutfered every fall fVom almost an 
 epidemic of Red River (typhoid) fever. 
 
12 
 
 I have heard of at leaRt two towns in Manitoba (un- 
 sewered) where from 25 to 40 per cent, of the population 
 are said to liave suffered from typljoid fever this fall. 
 
 It has been determined in many places, by obtiervations 
 and experiments, that the ground water is a most frequent 
 cause of spreading diseases. In former reports I have 
 pointed out how tilth and disease germs had been, and no 
 doubt they still are, carried for long distances by surface 
 water flowing through strata of sand on top of the imper- 
 vious clays which underlie this district, and that any cellar 
 without water-tight walls and floor is almost sure to be 
 contaminated. The sewers do good work intercepting and 
 carrying off the ground water, but I have no doubt that 
 many places still exist where there is direct communication 
 between cess pits and cellars by means of water-bearing 
 strata of sand. 
 
 Probably one of the most prolific sources of disease is 
 an unclean dairy. All dairies should be subject to strict 
 inspection, and furnished witli periodical certificates of 
 health, the names of those who have received such certifi- 
 cates should be published. 
 
 With reference to the prevention of the spread of 
 disease, all sanitarians agree tliat a rational system of 
 isolation and disinfection is the only remedy. This is 
 acted upon in the case of small-pox, and until it is enforced 
 in cases of other contagious diseases the community will 
 be liable to serious out-breaks. In order to see the force 
 of this it is only necessary to imagine what the effect 
 would have been if the cases of small-pox which were 
 brought into the city last spring, had been allowed to dis- 
 tribute themselves throughout the city, and the authorities 
 had confined themselves to fruitless discussion of matters 
 which had no direct bearing upon the case. 
 
 The great diflftculty in the way of isolation is the popu- 
 lar objection to ofiicial control and what it carries with it, 
 viz.: The rernoval of a patient to a hospital, the quarantine 
 and disinfection of the house where the case originated. 
 
 Those who have experienced the benefit of trained 
 hospital nursing will always be glad to take advantage of 
 it again, and if private wards with lodging for the mother 
 or one of the friends of the patient were provided, the chief 
 
13 ; 
 
 objection to isolation would be overcome. It would be a 
 Hiniple, and not very expensive, matter to construct wards 
 in connection with the General hospital, where everything 
 necessary for the comfort of children and their attendants 
 would be provided, and parents would feel that in sending 
 a child there they were doing the best, not only for the 
 pat'ent but for those who remained at home. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 11. K RUTTAN, 
 
 City Engineer. 
 
 His Worship the Mayor and the Council of Winyiipeg: 
 
 Gentlemen,— In continuation of my report of the 9th 
 inst., on sewers, I beg to enclose a short memorandum in 
 reference to the design of the sewerage system, and the 
 means employed to flush it. I would suggest for the con- 
 sideration of the Council the advisability of publishing the 
 reports in pamphlet form, together with abstracts of the 
 Plumbing By-law and a few general directions as to keep- 
 ing houses in a sanitary condition. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 H. N. RUTTAN, 
 
 City Engineer. 
 
 THE SYSTEM. 
 
 Prior to 1882, the wooden sewer in Main street 
 and a few pipe sewers in the more thickly built-up 
 portion of the city had been built. The Main Street sewer 
 having been built in 1876 and the others added as they 
 were required, till 1882, when it became evident that the 
 growth of the city was going to be so rapid that it was 
 necessary to adopt some comprehensive system and place 
 the sewer construction on a businefis-liWA ar>A T^ormononf 
 basis. 
 
14 
 
 ••eporting o„ the b^at L'Z of i'"'" > ^^ r"Toso o, 
 '•eported in favor of -i cnn.lT 7 ^^^^'enng the oitv. He 
 ure of which "afa r^.trete7l- "l^ *'^ ^"'"^^'1-' ^-t! 
 nver below Point DonXs a'X "'^^ '^'^ ^'^ 
 
 and PrinceBB street afd Porfnr' '' ^°'''^^'^ «" J^^^i" 
 «evver was to be 8UnpHed vvhh ,f] '''''""'• ^^^'^ t^unk 
 the ordinary way. ^^ ^ith sub-mams and branches in 
 
 soJV^oTJot ;t^iStoott r ,r^-ted at 
 the c.ty at that time, and it vvonU l ^"J *^^ means of 
 caJIy, the wJiole of the annrZ? • '''"' ^^'^'"'^^^ P^acti- 
 construction. '-^PPropnation available for sewer 
 
 und'^tirCwSth: ^rCeaf '^' ^'^^ ^^ — ge 
 to modify 4. ChesbSroulrprs' bv"r^"f^^'^«'^'^^ 
 location of the trunk sefvet to A J^-i '?"'^'''""? ^^e 
 streets, not building it in ?hemp«nM "'''"',"' ^"^- ^^^in 
 't8 stead storm-water outfhlls fTom Thl "'k '" ^'^"''^^ "' 
 could be used as main sewers til th^ ^t ^^^-mains, which 
 
 :r • '" ' '^ --- --- ^^^^^^^^^ „S 
 
 'orough's trunk ^.,eXl7to\7a'Jm''''t' *'''• °^»«- 
 t"ke practically all storm w«f„r7„°; "'T"='" capacity to 
 .ystem adopted the t™,k se,™? '^ir ' f '^".'<' '" "«> 
 i"rge enough to take the drv-we^T 1 S ^' 'fl"'" '" ^^ 
 «torm flow to be carried into I? ■ ^T' '""""« 'he 
 Sturm outlets. "° ""> ""^f by the various 
 
 <o bltlTabourSsixlh "he'"'' P^=.-"'Pl''". wi" require 
 first propLd, thus eSng : ^T^f "'■ <"".'»' "f*"' 
 It is difficult to »«« t„ „r ™'-^ '"'8* ™''"g in its cost, 
 of the system is due.''^ '^.h^'^"" '•;,<■ «nally adopted plan 
 system is undoubtedly Mr ChlTl i.°* 1^ *" P«sent 
 tions were probably worked out fn"*^"' ?^''° """J'Sc"- 
 AH the present outLts have bel pro'SrSh ^^■. 
 
pipes under low-water level ••.„] ,.,,. • 
 "ut into the river so t.T .11 ""'"^"ff "<^'»e distance 
 the river below I'V ^^ te Ih.e Tl.TS I " / '-ha''^'^'^ "'*« 
 ""ly tbr storm water. ' ""''^ ""^'"^^^^ ^«'"^ "«ed 
 
 BivJ!^l^;:''S^iS:t;,^" -" ^-i^ned and comprehen- 
 
 of alterations o ZofZ^^^^^^^^ '''' "'^^-'tj^ 
 
 tioned above. portions built except these men- 
 
 Every sewer that is now constructed rm r,. ,, 
 Its location, is a portion of 7 " , "''^^^' "» "tatter what 
 
 desi,n.ed and built for h work it wiirbr"'. V"'^ '"^"^ 
 The system upon which tb. ^ ^ ^"^ '^" "^ «»«h. 
 
 the best known and m'-^ n'''' ''''' ^""^ is one of 
 
 While, befCanrsyst^m htrr ^^ T"^ *^ ^'«'''^^ «^-«'-- 
 present one had b^een so^ ^h .tt " T^^*"^^ «'' ^^^^''^ the 
 been said in favor oJeepamte svl' 1' "r^"'' ^""«*« '^^^« 
 water and house sewaT f ! /' T^'- *^^^^«P««''^1 of street 
 
 adopted was u;:nTKhoirtrbest!""' ''''' '''' '^^'^^ 
 
 FLUSHING AND CLEANING. 
 
 In addition to the remarks ,^,, +i, i,- 
 '•eporr, r find from the rZrt o/ th. P /'^i^V^ "'>' ^^'^ 
 Toronto, which I have just roceved that /H ^"^"'f^'' ^^ 
 
 i"cl « Jp?4,jr7,^;r75r90tVr^^^^^^ ^^^ ^'--' 
 
 of se^e^tTS o/ delil^l td' H'' '' ""'^^i '' -»- 
 $97.32 per mile Tbp nnn i^ 1 flushing was $2,725, or 
 
 nse in T<,ro,Tto was 31 1?-^! u- "'■''"' f' ^""'^ *^»ks in 
 
 the waterworks o we'lL an ^5"^,?'? f^ f""^^^^^^ ^'^^' 
 
 In addition to the wa er fvL .v, w ^^ *^°'" ^'^ *^"ks. 
 
 have tive flush tanks conne ted whh w''""'''^?, ^"■' "^^ 
 
 heads of branches on Kena S^rl^ vhiS sZwt 'fl t 
 
 i"g purposes, on these sewers abut 30 mnL ^V ?' ^"'^- 
 
 annum, which is not included i^, JL Ihn °^ ^^'''^^^ P^r 
 
 expenditure Wher«> npVfV.? ! f^*"""^ eiatement of 
 
 arc?availab?e, theLwers are flurhedT^'^l""'' ^^"'"^ ^«»« 
 
 a manhole b; putting a stonr ' h^.^ ""'"^"'^ ^ '■"^«^^«^'' ^^ 
 
 sewer above\r Z^.fifth "'er' T^''' ""^ ^'""^ *^« 
 water-carts. W,en!^.;^:;;:!Z^ ^^^^^ 
 
 M 
 
16 
 
 collected, the stopper is pulled out, and the sewer flushed. 
 Tli'iH ifl an ex[)enHive means of flushing, and is only resorted 
 to where connections with waterworks cannot be obtained. 
 
 For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the 
 sower plans, it may be explained that each main outlet at 
 the river d ruins its own district. The main sewer and 
 branches may be compared to a tree, the main being the 
 trunk, the branches becoming smaller as they approach the 
 limit of the drainnge area. It is at the extreme end of 
 these branchei:, which are 12 inch pipes, that the flush 
 tanks are located. When, therefore, the flush tanks are 
 started, the branches, sub-mains and mains are in turn 
 flushed. 
 
 Except on rare occasions, when clay is washed into the 
 sowers, or when bones, bottles, dish-cloths, etc., find their 
 way into drains, there is no such thing as accumulation ot 
 solid matter in the sewers. The light sediment from ordi- 
 nary sewage is readily stirrjcd up and flushed into the .'iver. 
 
 Many of our large sewers have grades of 1 in 1,000 to 
 1,500. This is very flat, and until the sewer runs, say 
 quarter full, sediment lies on the botom and is stranded on 
 the sides, until flushed out. 
 
 At present the sewers have only about quarter the num- 
 ber of house connections which they should have. When 
 fully connected, it is certain that the annoyance from 
 smelling manholes will be very much reduced, if not quite 
 done away with. 
 
 The only way to make the sewers absolutely non-odor- 
 ous would be to deodorize and disinfect the sewage before 
 placing it in the sewer, a proceeding which, at present, is 
 not anywhere attempted. 
 
 iN 
 
A 
 
 17 
 
 rLLVlBING BY-LAW. 
 Extracts fioni Bv-liiw 4'^7 n n,. i i. .1 ^. 
 
 i\rJ\ ^^'^,^'P}'^P connection with tlie public sewer hiving 
 Iirstbeen luid in accordance with i),. r..i "^"^"^^fV^S 
 the same, the connection betwcooii!{''^"; r^^'^^^'^'S 
 nection .hall be made out!" h wa 1 i? t^ 1 ""'' T." 
 
 wallB of any bnildinir h nil ho^ f ^'^ f"^^"' ''''*'''" ^^'^ 
 
 proper connection of his work with tha L F ^^ ■ *^^ 
 ^"^'^ v-.cndiiig iionzontally from the vertical 
 
 ill 
 
 ■MiilkiaiitliitiiUrilillljIiS^I 
 
18 
 
 •ml oi^e, iud no two c*f more houses or bmldings Rlmll have 
 draii'i in . mmon until %nch s<*parnto drain hImiII have 
 flossed outHiue Ihe walls of th<* huuse or huildijig which 
 it servos. All drains must be proj^^'rly conniicted with 
 the private dniiti, and ik»( covered until innpected. In no 
 caot shall the drain between the walls of the house and 
 the Htrcct line be laid until the private drain from the 
 §tft'(' lino to the public sewef has first been laid and 
 complfcC^'d. 
 
 4. Vertitied, salt-glazed, earthenware drain pipes shall 
 be equal in (pndity to those used for the private drain con- 
 ncctions; they shall bo laid and jointed with Portland 
 cement, or otherwise as shall be spc, ified from time to time 
 by the City Engineer for the private drain coiuiuction con- 
 tract. The pipe used for surface or weeping drains must 
 be laid round the outside of the house walls where practic- 
 able, and trapped to connect with rain-water leader. They 
 shall have a trap placed on them which shall be easily 
 accessible for flushing. All earthenware drains laid on 
 newly-made ground, or on very wet soil, to be laid on a 
 prepared foundation of plank or concrete. 
 
 5. After the passing of this By-law no pan closets shall 
 be fitted up or used in any building, and no closet or other 
 convenience which allows the escapo into tlie house of air 
 or gas which has been confined to any part of it, or from 
 the drain or soil pipe, or which allows the accumulation of 
 filth in or about it, shall be fitted up or used. 
 
 6. All work contemplated in this By-law shall be done 
 in a workmanlike manner, and shall be subject to the 
 inspection, supervision and approval of the City Engineer, 
 or any Inspector, appointed by the Council of the city of 
 Wimiipeg for that purpose, and all faulty or defective 
 work which may at any time be discovered, shall be made 
 satisfactory to the said City Engineer or Inspector, as the 
 case may be, and when found satisfactory the certiiieate 
 shall issue to the plumbers at the expiration of the twenty 
 days from date of inspection, unless in the meantimi.' tiuco 
 work shall have become faultj- or defective. 
 
11 
 
 19 
 
 7. No arrajigements shall he iimij,. lur «u|.i>lyimr water 
 c 08et« except by «elr loHit.g co.-kK ; h„.1 „o arnu.Mv.uenta 
 Hhall he made for eleauiiig water cloHets or privy vaultH hy 
 waste pipes from wash hasinH or Hir.lcs, or hy iny other 
 means of evasion ; hut they nhall he tiik.l np with (he fix- 
 tures and appurtenances helonging to them respectively. 
 
 8. The City Engineer and any Tns].eetor appointed for 
 that purpose shall have the right, at prop(.r hours of the 
 day, and upon reasoiuihle notice given and re(iuest made 
 upon the owner, to enter upon and have free access to all 
 parts of any huilding in the city of Winnipeg in which 
 plumbing hao been done under the provisions of Uiis Hy-law 
 
 A large numher of the houses in the City, where i)lumh- 
 ing was done hefore the adoption of plumhing regulations 
 and inspection, are fitted with inferior and dangerous plumb- 
 ing. It householdene will compare the condition of their 
 plumhmg with the requirement of the By-Law, defects 
 may be readily detected. 
 
 The plumhing in every house should he inspected hy an 
 expert at least once a year. Even plumhing put in with 
 the greatest care is liable to he injured and made unsafe hy 
 settlement in the house walls and other causes.which may 
 disturb the pipes and open the joints. 
 
 CELLARS AND BASEMENTS. 
 
 The soil of Winnipeg consists of alternate layers of im- 
 pervious clay and porous quick sand clay. In some portions 
 ot the City the porous strata conduct water from cess pits 
 closets, etc., for long distances. Cellars excavated in the 
 porous strata are certain to be contaminated unless provided 
 with water tight and germ proof walls and floors. 
 
 The conductinsr capacity of the nnrnua a+r<>fo ;= n-Av-1 
 by the lact that excavations for water pipes, sewers, etc., 
 
 il 
 
20 
 
 on the Btreot at considerable distancos from cesR-pook often 
 fill w, h vyaterso foul that it in with .litKc-ultj that the men 
 work m the trenches. ^ 
 
 wnli^"" ""fY *^'''^'• ""P''^^^'''«'i ^vith nuiHonry or c-oncrete 
 wallH and floors wh.ch are water and germ proof should he 
 considered to bo in a sanitary condition. 
 
 Ordinary masonry and concrete is neither damp nroof 
 nor germ proof. ^ ^ 
 
 DAMP AND GERM PROOF CELLAR FLOORS AND WALLB. 
 
 The cellar floor at;ter having been properly underdrained 
 should he covered with three-inches of hydraulic cemcM^ 
 concrete When the concrete has set it should be covered 
 with boded coa tar ami a layer of heavy tar paper, on top of 
 
 .« paper should be laid a finishing course of concrete a 
 least two niches m thickness. 
 
 The cellar walls should be carefully paitited on the out- 
 side with two heavy coats of boile.l tar, and through the 
 walls connecting with the damp proof course in cellar floor 
 sliould be built a damp proof course of Asphalt or tar felt 
 Ihe tou.Hlations shoul.i he properly underdrained as it is 
 almost impossiblo to keep water out of cellar if it stands 
 outside the wa I above the level of the cellar floor. Dan-rer 
 rom improperly constructed cellars may be miuimised'by 
 thorough ventilation, but no cellar can be relied upon that 
 18 not constructed in accordance with the above description. 
 
 The outbreak of diseases occur at the time of year when 
 the house.* are first closed ami the fires started for the 
 winter. In all cases it will be found advantageous to start 
 the hres say a week or ten days earlier than is necessary, 
 and tx, keep windows and doors open sufticiently to thor- 
 oughly ventilate and dry out the cellar before it becomes 
 necessary to close the windows and doors for the winter. 
 
 Basements in Winnipeg are, as a rule, made too deep, 
 and consequently are difficult to light and ventilate. The 
 cellar floor of residence should in no case bo more th.-in four 
 teet below the surface of the ground outside. 
 
21 
 
 MORTUARY STATISTICS. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1884. 
 1885. 
 1886. 
 1887. 
 1888. 
 1889. 
 1890. 
 1891. 
 1892. 
 1893. 
 
 Number 
 
 - . ..- - 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 Population. 
 
 Rate 
 
 Deaths. 
 
 
 per 1000. 
 
 • 1 
 
 469 
 
 •16,694 
 
 28 
 
 310 
 
 19,574 
 
 16 
 
 400 
 
 19,525 
 
 21 
 
 522 
 
 21,257 
 
 24 
 
 524 
 
 22,098 
 
 23 
 
 385 
 
 21,328 
 
 19 
 
 295 
 
 23,000 
 
 13 
 
 265 
 
 24.068 
 29,189 
 
 11 
 
 • > • • 
 
 32,119 
 
 
 Number 
 Sewer 
 
 240 
 282 
 298 
 348 
 398 
 470 
 553 
 639 
 857 
 1067 
 
 , The deaths from 1884 to 1891 are taken from the Do- 
 mmion Government returns supplied by Dr. Neilson 
 
 Iho population is from the census taken annually bv 
 the assessors. -^ *' 
 
 pubHshedlir '"■ ''''■' '^^ ""^ '-'' ™^^^'^«' ^"^ -" ^- 
 
 Upon tlie whole, the results show a uniform reduction 
 from 2^ per 1000 m 1884, to 11 per 1000 in 1891, a resu7 
 which 18 highly satisfiUitory. ' 
 
 There is no doubt the present rate can be furtlier re- 
 duced by strict enforcement of sanitary regulations. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 Cheap or half way measures are generally not effective 
 and through failure tend to discredit all sanitary regulations. 
 It the following precautions are attended to, the death rate 
 from preventable diseases will largely decrease. 
 
 erm' rx^^ ''''"*^'^^ ™"'^^ ^^ *'''' ""^ possible water proof and 
 
 ^ 2. Have all plumbing done under plumbing by-law and 
 inspected annually. s j > uuu 
 
22 
 
 dairy. ^'' "" "'"^ *^'*'""^^^^ f''^"^ «» ""^'^an or unhealthy 
 
 4. If a case of infectious disease 
 the patient. 
 
 out at once isolate 
 
 mBm^m^'s 
 
 Examples op Iksanitarv Houses anb Deeeotive Plumbinu 
 FROM THE Sewer Inspector's Reports of 1893. 
 
 1. 
 
 ; 'd'?r,.hr"'n'f !''Si'«:»'-,'J !:'"-*» »t- 
 
 " and find in ,IT ,, , cellars and closets at 
 
 ;; Which has;;,„ overflpnd^^rn l^.U ^sr/tht't:™ 
 
 "The wate/Zl tLe s' t"* ''""^'" " "'"^ -"^vZ'- 
 " back doo? md emnticTtl, " ""T'' '° " P" '''°«" »' ">e 
 
 ;;of wo* ciuirayttTgined "rntT^'^'r^'^"' 
 "Crete cement should be laid ,L n T'.°* °""- 
 
 "o.e„t built Of stoue .o^'vlnt the'trrh'tr^tgt? 
 " ou tide'LTk^rtt'fr't'llTot-'"^ '", r '■ ~«»^ *™' 
 
 "Srru^e"'"?? ?? " 
 
 "formerly usei for the cllt*"' "," °" '"'■"" "'""h ™ 
 
 " removed', tat retJs^ ' ra;;;aT*™f io'",' ,"^"' '"'•' 
 "ine drain a,ui «rV.„f 'tiwa^s was, to act as a weep- 
 
 hJt':,'™7e^ToZer;h'e"re"lir".°'™P^ 
 
 there eau be no doubtTha th '/po 'directTv t°o°*r '' ""'' 
 of disease. "^ pumc uirectly to the sources 
 
unhealthy 
 
 ice isolate 
 
 the same 
 e incuba- 
 
 t, and re- 
 
 'LUMBIN(i 
 
 '' I could 
 ' cistern 
 the top. 
 i pump. 
 it at the 
 ■ul piece 
 of con- 
 tie base- 
 ing in." 
 
 er from 
 and all 
 til parts 
 ich was 
 sr been 
 t weep- 
 in this 
 defect 
 Jn pass 
 ;he cel- 
 
 which 
 d and 
 ources 
 
 I N DEX. 
 
 Assiniboine Eiver, flow of o 
 
 Billings, Dr. John S., on sewer gas 7 
 
 Basements and Cellars, how to construct 19 
 
 Contamination of water caused by population 4 
 
 Comparison Assiniboine and Artesian Well Bupplies 4 
 
 Insanitary houses, examples of 2I 
 
 Latham Baldwin on sewer gas (5 
 
 Engineering Record on sewer gas q 
 
 " on typhoid fever jq 
 
 ^lortuary Statistics 2i 
 
 Plumbing By-law, extracts from 17 
 
 Remarks on sanitary measures 2I 
 
 Sewer System, description of jg 
 
 " ventilation and flushing 515 
 
 how it can be improved \\ 
 
 Sewer Gas 
 
 Typhoid fever in Manitoba towns ^2 
 
 " Engineering Record on jq 
 
 Water supply 
 
 " analysis „ 
 
 " quantity required 
 
 Winnipeg River supply -