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 iiiuatrant hi mAthode. 
 
 12 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
? 
 
THB 
 
 H I S T O R Y, 
 
 SEliOT^WEST IN!D|19. 
 
 BY 
 
 IffiirrAN^EPWARDS 
 
 ^ESQ.F,R4Sl.S.A. "I 
 
 -t»% "*/"- 
 
 WITH 
 
 I 
 
 A tOlhlNUAilOK TO THE PRESENT Tl 
 
 
 voi^i. 
 
 :M^mjy.y"Y- 
 
 FOR O. AND W. B. WHITTAKER ; W. H. RBID \ J. NVNN ; 
 J. M. RICHARDSON; J. CDTHBLL; T. BOONB; T. 
 
 maclban; t> AND J. allman; c. brown; w. 
 mason; lackinoton and co.; rodwbll and 
 martin: olivbr and boyo, bdinburob; and 
 johnston and dbas, dublin. 
 
 1819. 
 
 19 
 
 400139 
 
il- « ? 
 
 I HI 'f 
 
TO TBI 
 
 ^VkU<iSjE<i^W<L»\kk.:.£k.ei.:i<<c.i 
 
 Ki:sm u^mamEmiLEm majesty, 
 
 mn 
 
 JH$.tnCAL AND COMHXBCIAL 
 
 SURVEY 
 
 or ms MAjisTys DOMunoNt nr thk 
 HFEST INDIES ; 
 
 />* ,,. ,^^-*^. 
 
 WBioa 
 
 UNDER HIS MILD AND AUSncIOl^ GOV^NMENT 
 
 AM MooMBma rpncvAii MOBGC ov vn aAnoMiki. 
 oraunai and MABinm vowim } 
 
 u 
 WITH Hid GRACIOUS PERMISSION, 
 
 MOST BplfBLT INSCRIBED 
 
 BY ms MAjmvs 
 
 MM! UnrA& AMD Wmra. lOWICT, 
 AMD ■■KTAMT, 
 
 BRYAN EDWARDS. 
 
 Laadaii.3dJaiw,179^ 
 VOL. I. 
 
iHl^^v*-. 
 
 rjmmi^ 
 
 ■i.)i 
 
 
 r 
 
 ;V¥rX€W> ^tl-. iff-i' bAUil^i 
 
 
 :iCJ 
 
 .1 . :(.; 
 
wm:''^''^' 
 
 FRBFATORY 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT/ 
 
 <•* 
 
 M - 
 
 To this enlarged and corrected Edition 
 of the History of the West Indies, it was 
 the intention of the Author to prefix a Pre- 
 fea^f tottching every source of additional 
 intelligence, every rectification of error, 
 and the general completion of his views, 
 in furnishing every document of commerce, 
 of policy, and of natural history, as con- 
 nected with the countries and the people 
 he describes. He had carefully revised and 
 corrected the text of his Book, preparatory 
 to such essay, developing the scheme of its 
 construction, and the philosophy of its 
 contents. But death interrupted the de- 
 sign :— and ere the last sheet was revised 
 from the press — Bryan Ep wards was 
 no morel He had long suffered from 
 the disorder which brought him to the 
 
 • By Sir Wilfiam Young, Bart. 
 
J*->.— 
 
 IV 
 
 PREFATORY ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 grave, and seemed to foresee the hour of 
 dissolution hasteoipgOD ; as the sketch of his 
 Life, written by himself, clearly denotes. 
 Rendered iQcapabl<p,, by weekfiess and dis- 
 ease, of completing his greater design of a 
 Prefatory Discourse; yet, with a fond anx- 
 iety for honest fame, he roused the embers 
 of his genius,-^to claim a fair repiilatioii 
 with post^erity for industry, integrity,' and 
 candid exposition of the talents and aC* 
 quirements which introduced him to public 
 notice. ; The firmness of his mind, and the 
 cheerfulness of his temper, which througb* 
 out a long and chequered life, gave confix 
 dence to \kis friendships, and delight in fab 
 society, forsook him not, as he apprehended 
 its last short hour before him: this hf6 
 clearly shews, when, turning from the awful 
 consideration of futuril^, to look back on 
 his past life, himself brings the ietioqiect 
 to our view, and descnbes the scene, in so 
 pure and lively colours, with no gloom from 
 discontent, , {ind no shilde from lOnone; 
 that we readily in£^ the natiiie of the light 
 which so beamed on this his last work, and 
 to his last hour ; — and pronounce its ema- 
 nation to be from the pure conscience of a 
 
JPBBVATOSY AOVEETiaSMBNT 
 
 benevolent and upright man. Under such 
 impressif^Mi the Editor has peculiar, satis- 
 faction in fulfilling the injunction of his de- 
 parted fneojd, and prefixing to this Edition 
 '^THBiLtte OF THB Author, writtbn 
 iBT HiM8BLV."-^-The tiilie at which it wBs 
 composed, and the composition itself, im- 
 press the Editor^ with .<iiivery leehng of dear 
 regard anijl of : duty a and, (as a part of thait 
 duty) wit)i 'the propriety of submitting 
 Sonne furthebr iriBQiaaBk on this last literary 
 efibct of his exceUent f*riendv Those who 
 knew audi were intimate with Mr. Bryan 
 Edwards, will necognize, in this short ac- 
 <x>imt of l^mself, the enei^gy of mind, ;the 
 industry, and the truth, which characteriaod 
 his coBversa^dods and his life ; but all must 
 allow, and some must object, that much 
 therein is omitted, which has usual and 
 proper place in biography, and which the 
 Editor might be presumed, or be called 
 upon, to supply. Some account might be 
 required of his. literary essays and legisla- 
 tive acts, so efficient in the cause of hu- 
 manity towards the negroes, whilst a mem- 
 ber of the assembly in Jamaica: — some 
 account might be demanded, of this good 
 
VI PRBFATOKY ADTBRTI8BMBHT. 
 
 and independent m«n, whibl a member of 
 lh(e ^{Iritish pariiament; and especiaUj in 
 the posthumous life of a literary man, some 
 accurate detail of his literary pursuits and 
 writings might be expected.-— Of Bbtan 
 Edwards,— of his Correspondence^ — of 
 his Bssays, &nd of his conduct in tbeyudi- 
 dous compilation and elegant recital of the 
 Travels of Mungo P&rk,-*^and specially, of 
 the origin and progress of the great Work 
 herewith submitted to the Public— to these, 
 and other points, the recollection of the 
 reader is thus awakened.* The Editor pre- 
 sumes no further. He cannot venture to 
 alter, or add to, the sacred deposit com- 
 mitted to his charge,-«-axid now gives it to 
 the Public, as its Author left, and wUkd it 
 to be given. 
 
LfBRARY 
 
 CH 
 
 
 WW 
 
 ^ii^THB LIFE OF THE AUTHOR, 
 
 4itOif' la'rfvji.M.i, ,, - ., 
 
 . ■"'■} -til' / r . . .., .-, ii 
 
 I, WAS bom the S^st of May/ 1743, in the 
 decayed towii of Weatbury, in the county 
 of Wilts. My ikther inherited a small pa- 
 tempi estate in the neighbourhood, of 
 about 1001. per annum; which proving 
 but a scanty maintenance for a large family, 
 he undertook, without any knowledge of the 
 business, as I have been informed, to deal 
 in corn and malt, but with very little suc- 
 cess. He died in 1756^ leaving my excel- 
 lent mother, and six children, in distressed 
 circumstances. — Luckily for my mother/ 
 she had two opulent brothers in the West 
 
m i||^.%.a»^. 
 
 ▼m 
 
 LIFE OF 
 
 ■\ 
 
 Indies, onie of them a wise and worthy 
 man, of a liberal mind, and princely for- 
 tmie. This was Zapkary Bayly, of the 
 Island of Jamaica, who, on the death of my 
 father, took my mother and her family 
 under his protection, and as I was the 
 eldest I iqn^i ^ir^^^M tl^I^flwidrJbfi fsvell 
 educated. I had been placed by my father 
 at the school of a ,diss€;s)i,tu^g pinister in 
 Bristol, whose name was William Foot, of 
 whom I remember enough, to believe that 
 he was both a learned and good man, but 
 by a strange absurdity, he was forbidden 
 to teach ine iMn kjiAtitidiy aM direi6te^ 
 to confine toy^hdiid^*^tb iH^j^ ^itrtth- 
 tnetic, and the Shjglish '^if^aiii^ I'^^b^ld 
 therefore ha:Vehiid littl^' to do, biit thiat 
 the schoohnaster Ukd kti ti±^e\ibtii nii^thbd 
 of making the boys ' "wn^ iett^ \6 Wn 
 dh different subjeidts; ^tiifh itsV tte^bSekiity 
 and cMgnity of thith', thfe ^obligSti^ki 'of 
 a religious life, the bendAtsoiP'^d' edti- 
 icatioti, the mischiifef 6f idteii^ss*, &c; &^^ 
 previously stating to theni the' chief at^gu- 
 ments to be urged ; and iiisisting'bh cibr- 
 rectness in orthography '^hd grahinikr. 
 
Tlt^Cr At^THOR. 
 
 k 
 
 I^^ thM etetpHo^m^iit^ liidd soifietitne^ the 
 
 ^h^'thi^^]foppien«djm^)iiia6tiet<t¥ev«ffa¥M 
 
 iE^$' aiiid hie #ddkl 'Mquietidy tramsfnit 'my 
 letters ' ko rty (kthei* ' laftd ttiothfer.^ffeis 
 ^cSt^ in ri^^iiti* d'^piiiitldr^tmeM^, 
 ^t^d;- 1 beB^^ gttVd ikHe the< iirst llasife fbr 
 <:Jdtitebt ' ' ahd elegfetnt fcomptfditkto. I^ Iks- 
 ^ttir^i fefefweV^i all this tirt*K* %^' Vd^y 
 litilfe' leattihig ; and whiE-ti ^ ftiy ' 'tfftcfe (6h 
 iriy fathei^s deaiii) ^6^^ n^' uiifd^ his prb- 
 tectidiy, Ins agf^tih %ist^ cdnsidered <inle 
 ^^^6gtea6d by Mh'fVjtt^, tthd itttinediately 
 i^tikdV^ ' me to W - Ei^^neh ' baai^diii^s^^l 
 in thi^ siaitne city, wMre't s66n bbtaiti^ ^)ile 
 Frei^ch language, and having acc^s to a 
 circulating library, I acquired a pa^ioh for 
 books, whi^h has since become the solade 
 ofmylif^f^"^^^ "■•■■'■^' ^.^ ■ '• 
 
 111 1759> a younger «tid the only blro- 
 thSel* of my gr^at an^ good unele, came to 
 England, and sdttliii^ itri London, took me 
 to reside with hith, 'in It hl^ and ele^t 
 style of life. He was a representative hi 
 Parliament for AbiUgdoh, and ailefwards 
 tor his native town;-— Further I cannot 
 
a!|8!-%^«-. 
 
 I.IFB OF 
 
 Speak of him so favouraUj as I could wish ; 
 for I remember that at the period I allude 
 to, his OQudiuct towards me was such as 
 not to inspire me with much .respect : he 
 •percdved it; and soon after, in the latter 
 end of the same year, sent me to Jamaica. 
 This proved a happy and fortunate change 
 in my life* for I found my eldest unde the 
 reveprse^ in every possihle circumstance, 
 of his hrotheri To the most enlarged and 
 enlightened mind^ he added ,the< sweetest 
 temper, and the most geneiKwlBidisposi- 
 <^on. His tendemcssB towards m/e was^ex- 
 eessiye,and Iregaided him with more than 
 filial affeetion and veneration. Observing 
 jpoy; passion for books, and' thinking fa- 
 vourtdbly of my capacity, ,he engaged a 
 clergyman (my loved and ever to be la- 
 mented friend Isaac Teale) to reside in his 
 family, chiefly to supply by his instruc- 
 tions my deficiency in the learned lan- 
 guages. Mr. Teale had been masker of a 
 free grammar-s^ool, and besides being a 
 most accomplished scholar, possessed an 
 exquisite taste for poetry, of which the 
 reader will be convinced by referring to 
 the Gentleman's Magazine for August, 
 
THE AUTHOR. 
 
 XI 
 
 '1771V tfaie beautifiil cqpy of Tenes, tbere 
 imt pubHdigd, called '^ The CompUment 
 of ilM} Day," bang of his compositkm. I 
 ^are aofl say^ however, that I made any 
 great progress in the languages under his 
 tintioa ; I acquired ** small Latins and less 
 f* Greek ;" even now, I find it difficult to 
 resid the Roman poets in their own lan- 
 guage; llie case was, that not having 
 been grounded in Ae Latin grammar at 
 at an earlier period of life, I found the study 
 of it insuppoftably disgusting, after that I 
 had acqmred a taste for the beauties of 
 "fine writing. Poetry was omr chief amuse- 
 ment; for my firiend, as well as myself, 
 preferred the 'diiEu^ms of Dry den and Pope, 
 to the dull drudgery of poring over syntax 
 and prosody.* We preferred Bdles Let- 
 tres. — We laughed away a happy hour 
 over the plays of Moli^re, and wrote verses 
 on local and temporary subjects, which 
 we sometimes published in the Colonial 
 newspapers. Yet the Latin classics were 
 not altogether neglected; my friend de- 
 lighted to point out to me the beauties of 
 
 * Vide ArmstroDg. 
 
J»;'''' ■ • -li^ 
 
 m 
 
 .aoAIVBvOff ; 
 
 ]ne<itib|p! stastk^iof trfiiuliilangijBB!i(^M!lf imA 
 Engjfalti TCfse^'jiidiibhowilb uhi^ aMiataftoe^ 
 ^iCOoisiruiiigMtlie ,wQiidsi)I 9^iiiettaie8> ofe- 
 
 u'j\ Havipg idadiB myself rkfl0|ini>t6 liiefMib«> 
 Hic ribyilliify Hwdiiligs^ it (iai |»obab]e that 
 aft^r I am in 1 )the^ ^v«^ thaA (stane I caitte«>- 
 ^ 'of aneccbtes, ocbioi^phiti^ compiler, 
 may: i pselsod r to: Atmishi i sdmb^ i ipax^QiiJan 
 ^oncemit^my M^sfandiliehiM^rByii dt isixott 
 |>]ieatoat <to iM&k j<liiat' IshiiiKepvefleiitalioii 
 &r mdtcednayiiaiteno^ifi Any meou^j land 
 I» ihavE thdnpibiae -made k^ithe/^Emit^^ 
 jbf an idie hdmr, ttn cdaqpilie a Bhost account 
 ,of I i%sdf. ! : Mfi liersomdi ^history,: iumever, 
 is of little inj^Mirtapoe to the worlck M will 
 lurtiMhiMii diversified scenes of fortune, bch* 
 fdale man:y circumstances of myscilf, worth 
 rememberings Tet I fitel the fpnd ambi- 
 tion of ^uiA!ttthor,> and am wiUing to hope, 
 that (those who have read my Book with ap- 
 probation, wiU be glad to know something 
 tother concerning me : 
 
 For who, to dumb forgetfulness a prey* &c. 
 
 For the satis&ction then of such kind read- 
 
THE AUTHOR. 
 
 xin 
 
 ers (if such there are) and the information 
 of my posterity, I have drawn up this pa- 
 per, which I desire my Bookseller to prefix 
 to the next edition of my History of the 
 West Indies. 
 
 B. £. 
 
t:Vf 
 
 ti(H*tt«»n- 
 
 mm 
 
 Hi 't' 
 
 i vj; 
 
 
 ■i<\}i:j 
 
 td 
 
 sys 
 
.?>.,pKavi€->j> 
 
 ,?J1E 
 
 ''yxt'tri-'^ 
 
 r 
 
 CONTElltS. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 A OBNBRAL VIBW Or TIBIR AMCIBNT STATB 
 AND INHABITANTS. 
 
 CHAP. I: 
 
 GsooKAVHiCAi. Anangeitteiit.— Cliaiate.— 8eft-breeie, uiil 
 Lud-«rind.— Beauty and singolaritj of the tagetable and 
 animal craation.--^|fagniflcciioe and fublimity of the 
 monntains s reflections concerning the origin of the Wot 
 Indian Islandf^ ftc. •••....•«••• ....t............. Fkgel 
 
 Ot the ChpuaifMi, or ancient Inhabitants of the windward 
 , Islands F Ori^.^-Piflcni^es attending ui aocarate in- 
 teftigation of thdr character.F-Siich particnlars rdated 
 as are least dispated concerning their nianners and dis- 
 positioas, persons and domestic ludrfts^ edqeation of their 
 diildren, arts, mannfiwtures, and goTernment, religiens 
 rites, funeral ceremonies, &c.— Some reflections drawn 
 from the wliole ,*»•, SS 
 
 CHAP. IIL 
 
 Of tiie Natives of Hispaidola, Cuba, Jamaica, and PoHo-Rico. 
 •— Tiieir Origin.«-^umben.— Persons.— Genius and Dis- 
 positions.— Government and IMigion.— Miscellaneous 
 Observations respecting their Arts, Manuftctures, and 
 Agriculture, Cruel^ of the Spaniards, &c fO 
 
«ft m^' 
 
 X9\ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Land uinMb om^ WAfqifjfl^^mi^ and wfld fowl.— ladian 
 method of t»^i»g ttld-%a^lh^.<^iMnleiit Tcgetabks* 
 &c. — Condniion 113 
 
 APPENDIX to Book I. confttning tome additional obaerva- 
 ^ tions eonoerning the origin of tlie Charaibea 131 
 
 .1 /loon 
 
 nr/T? T/ :i 
 
 BQOKIL 
 
 :'.i/^'!? h 
 
 .'. I 
 
 f ! n ft , 'iJittS'ni'-vn'r — 
 
 JAMAICA. , 
 
 .1 •£/ U') 
 
 .iClIA*;..|^ ,uf,B-n/. jiniWi.'.rtOOH: ' 
 
 iHsopnirjroSP Jamaica by CoIambtts.~H!i ittttni in IMS.— 
 j9pM^d wooeedingt of hill iiob l>iegb> Altoitf dblnakbus's 
 
 ^' ; df^i— Takes posaeaittfh 6f Jaik^k in 160».^HUIkane 
 
 ovbdnctdrJiiahdeEa^AiVdjthleAMG^^ 
 
 mentanddeeertionoftbe townof SeviUaNneTa.— Destmc- 
 
 tion of the Indians.— St. Jago de la V^;a founded.— Gives 
 
 . t^ ^Ue W liiarquis t^biego^s ionLe#i0;t(yilrhOmthe 
 
 " Jlflla^ is grani^ iu |iei^iietttal M^relgn^.-^-^Otetf<is to 
 his ri8tCTisiia»^/Who omveys'WlrighM Vy 'niiifriige to 
 thje Honse of Bragansa.— fteterts to the crowtt bf Sj^n, 
 in iL640.--Sir Anthony Shirley in^es the Islabd in If 96« 
 
 ' and'Coi.Jaicicsoninl«S8 ....»^;;;;.;...;.;..:;V^1.1; 151 
 
 U. 
 
 cHJip;'ir '•■"' ■ '"■ '"■■'■ 
 
 Cromwdl Tindicatad for attaddng the Spaniards in 1655.— 
 Thnremelties in the Weil Indies, in oontraventioa of tb^ 
 treaty of lQ3K>.—Fh)fiopals (OtiEHed Iqr Modyfpfd^^^ 
 «,i,< — Iterctbie aigome ts of tjbe )atter<7-S|e|uetai^ Thurioe's 
 hn; aoeonnt of » cpnfr ence/ifdth tb^ Spf^ish AiplMSsador. — 
 ' ": Cromwell's demai^J of ifatisf^on i^ected*— State of Ja- 
 maica on its capture ........*.. 178 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Si» 
 
 CHAP. HI. 
 
 Proceeding of the Knglbh la Jamaiea after its o^ilnre Col. 
 D'OjIby declared pretldent. — Dieeoatents and mortality 
 among tlie army.— Vigoroui exertion* of the Protedor.p-' 
 Col. Brayne appointed oommander>in*chief.— Hit deaUi. 
 — D'Oyley re-auamet the government.— Defcata tlie 
 Spanish fbrces, which had invaded the island from Cuba. 
 — His wis^ and steady administrationw— Biicanieri.<— 
 Conciliating conduct of Charles II. on his restoration.— 
 First establishment of a regular government in Jamaica. 
 —Lord Wii|dsor*s appointment. — Royal proclamation. — 
 American treaty^ in 1670.— Change of measures on the 
 part of the crown. — New constitution devised for Ja- 
 maica.— Earl of Carlble appointed chief governor for the 
 purpose of enforcing the new system.— SnccessAil oppo* 
 sition of the assembly.— Subsequent disputes respeeting 
 the confirmation of their laws.— Terminated by the re- 
 venue act of 1739 90\ 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Situation. — Climate. — ^Faee of the Country.^Mountidns, and 
 advantages derived from them. — Soil.-— Lands in Culture. 
 —Lands uncultivated, and observations thereon.— Woods 
 and Timbers. — Rivers and Medicinal Springs. — Ores.^ 
 Vegetable Classes.— Grain.— Grasses.— Kitchen-garden 
 produce, and fruits for the Table, &c. &c.... 837 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Topographical description. — ^Towns, villages, and parishes. 
 — ChurcheSj church-livings, and vestries.-'— Governor or 
 Commanderi-n-Chief. — Courts of judicature.— Public of- 
 fices. — Legislature and laws. — Revenues. — Taxes. — 
 Coins, and rate of exchange.— Militia.— Number of in- 
 I habitants of all conditions and complexions.-— Trad(>~ 
 ahipping, exports aiid import.— Report of the Lords uk 
 
 VOL. I. b 
 
Tnule in 17S4.~Pra8ent state of the trade wHh Spentoh 
 America.— Origin and policy of the act for cetaUlahii^; 
 firec ports.— Ditplay of the progress of the island in cnl- 
 tivation, by comparative statements of its inhahitanta and 
 products at different periods......................M..«....960 
 
 APPENDIX to Book II. No. 1 ^.......311 
 
 JI0.S 319 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 BNOLI8H CHARAIBBAN ISLANDS. 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Barbadoes.— First arrival of the English at this Island.— 
 Origin, progress, and termination of thePlraprietaiy Go- 
 vernment.— Revenue granted to the crown of 4| per 
 centum on all Prodnoe exported — how obtained. — Origin 
 Qf the Act of Navigation. — Situation and Extent of the 
 Island. — ;Soil and Produce.— Population. — ^Decline and 
 Causes thereof— Exports and Imports........ .316 
 
 CHAP. If. 
 
 Grenada and its Dependencies. — ^First discovoy, name and 
 inhabitants.- — French invasion and establishment in 1650. 
 — ^War with, and extermination of the natives.— The is- 
 land and its dependencies conveyed to the Connk de 
 Cerillac — Misconduct and punishment of the deputy go- 
 vernor. — ^The colony reverts to the crown of France.— 
 State of the island in |1700. — And again in 176Sj when 
 captured by the English. — Stipulationa in fovour of the 
 French inhabitants.— First measures of the British go- 
 vernment. — Claim of the crown to levy a duty of 4^ per 
 cent, on produce exported. — Argoments for and ol^iee- 
 tipns against the measure.— Decision of the court of 
 King's Bench on this important question. — Stiietnics on 
 
CONTENTS. Ill 
 
 pMitloni advanced by the lord chi^f-jatUoe on thii 
 occasion. — ^Transactiont within the colony. — ^Royal in- 
 •tractions in favour of the Roman Catholic capitnlanti.— 
 Internal diMentiont. — Defencelesi state. — French inva- 
 sion in 1779.— Brave defence- of the garrison.— Uncon- 
 diUonal surrender. — Hardships exercised towards the 
 English planters and their creditors.— Redress given by 
 the court of France. — Grenada, &c. restored to Great BrI- 
 tain by the peace of 1783.— Present state of the colony in 
 respect to cultivation, productions and exports) govern- 
 
 mentand population 359 
 
 Fbstseript to the History of Grenada 393 
 
 APPENDIX to Chap. H 397 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Saint Vincent and its Dependencies, and Dominica. 407 
 
 APPENDIX to Chap. HI 448 
 
 CHAl^. IV. 
 
 Leeward Chanul>ean Island Government, comprehending 
 Saint Christopher's, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, and the 
 Virgin Islands. — Civil History, and Geographical descrip- 
 tion of each. — ^Table of Exports from each Island for 
 1797 } and an Account of the Money arising from the 
 Duty of Four and a Half per Cent— Observations con- 
 cerning the Decline of these Islands, which conclude 
 their History 453 
 
 of 
 
 Itfa 
 
 APPENDIX to Vol. I. No. 1 518 
 
 .No. 3. Observations on the disposi- 
 tion, character, manners, and habits of life of the Ma- 
 nooM Nkoeobs of the Island of Jamaica ; and a detail of 
 the origin, progress, and termination of the late War be- 
 tween those people and the white Inhabitants : first pub- 
 lished separately in 1796 53« 
 
 Proceedings of the Assembly relative to the Maroons .572 
 
 b« 
 
, * .'"■«*a(i«-4i 
 
 'rtf-' 
 
 ■ nil;-** 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 1. Portrait of th« Author, to flue the Titk. 
 9. Colnmlnis and hit two Som, to face the Prefiue to 
 First Edition. For description, see p. xxiii. 
 
 3. A print of the Bread Fmit of Otaheite, to Cmo 
 
 p. xvi. of the Prefiue. 
 
 4. A general Map of the West Indies, to flue Chap. I. 
 
 Book I. page 1 
 
 5. An Indian Cacique addressing Columbus 9S 
 
 6. A Ifap of the Island of Jamaica, to face Chap. I. 
 
 Book II 161 
 
 7. A Map of the Island of Barbadoes, to face Chap. I. 
 
 Book III 316 
 
 8. A Map of the Island of Grenada 362 
 
 9. A Family of the Red Charaibes in the Island of St. 
 
 Vincent 407 
 
 10. A Map of the Island of St. Vincent 410 
 
 11. A Ms|> of the Island of Dominica 431 
 
 19. A Map of the Islands of St. Christopher's and Nevis 463 
 
 13. A Map of the Island of Antigua 484 
 
 14. A Map of the Virgin Islands 498 
 
 16. Pacification with the Maroons, by General Tre- 
 
 lawney ...,. ', 699 
 
 16. View of Trelawney Town, shewing the Maroon 
 
 mode of fighting , ..ttt*** i6S 
 
uii LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 1. The Voyage of the Sable Venus, from Angola to the 
 
 West Indies to face 3S 
 
 3. A Negro Festival, to be placed at the end of 
 
 Book IV. 184 
 
 3. Plan and Eleration of an improved Sa^ Mill, de- 
 signed by Edward WoUery, Esq. of Jamaica ... 862 
 
 ■g v .'. . «a w ' i- , r ' 
 
 VOL. III. 
 
 1. Map of the Island of St. Domingo 129 
 
 S. Chatoyer and his five Wives 262 
 
 3. Map of the Island of Tobago 274 
 
COLUMBUS, and his Sons Diego ^nd Ferdi- 
 nand. From an ancient Spanish Picture in the 
 Possession^ of Edward Horne, Esq. of Bevis 
 Mount, near Southampton. 
 
 Thb Picture from which this Engraving is made, heart 
 the marks of great antiquity, and from the words Mar del Sud 
 on the chart represented in it, is known to be Spanish. The 
 principal figure is certainly Columbus, and the two young 
 men are believed to be his sons, Diboo and Fbrdimand, to 
 whom Columbus seems to poiilt out the course of the voyage 
 he had made. The globe, the charts, and astronomical instru* 
 ments, support this conjecture, and the figure of Hope, in th* 
 back ground, alludes probably to the great expectations which 
 were formed throughout all Europe, of still greater discove- 
 ries. From the mention of a Southern Ocean, imperfectly 
 and dubiously represented, (as an object at that time rather 
 of search than of cert&inty) there is reason to believe that the 
 Picture was painted immediately on Columbus's return from 
 his fourth voyage, in 1504, because it is related by Lopez de 
 Gomera, a cotemporary historian,* that the admiral, when at 
 Porto Bello, in 1502, had received information that there was 
 a great ocean on the other side of the continent extending south' 
 ward; and it is well known, that all his labours afterwards, 
 in the fourth voyage, were directed to find out an entrance 
 into the Southern Ocean from the Atlantic ; for which pur- 
 pose he explored more than 300 leagues of coast, from Cape 
 Gracios a Dios to the Gulph of Darien ; but the actual dis- 
 covery of the South Sea was reserved for Vasco Nunez de 
 Balboa. The age of Columbus's Sons, at the time of his 
 return from his fourth voyage, corresponds with their ap- 
 
 * F. L. de Oomara Historia de las ludiai, cap. 60. 
 
mk si*9fe-»*i 
 
 ! 
 
 i! 
 
 xxbf 
 
 pearance hi the Picture. The youngest of themi some years 
 afterwards, compiled a short history of his Father's life; in 
 the third chapter of which I find the fbllowing very curious 
 description of Columbus's person/and manners, with which 
 the Picture, as far as it goes, is found also to correspond : 
 
 " Fue el almirante hombre de bien formada, i mas que 
 mediana estatura; la cara larga, las m^llas «n poco altas, 
 sin dedinarh gordo macilentO} la nariz aquilina; los ojos 
 blancos i de bianco de color encendklo; en su mocedad tuvo 
 el cabello blondo; pero de treinta anos ia le tenia bianco: 
 en el comer, i beber, i en el adomo de su persona er a mui 
 modesto i continente j afiible en la conversation con los estra- 
 noe i con los de casa mui agradable, con modestia i gravidad : 
 fuc tan observante de las cosas de la religion, que en los 
 ayunos, i en re^ar el oficio divioo, pudiera ser tenido por pro- 
 fiesso en religion j tan enemigo de juramento, i blasfemia, que 
 yo juro, que jamais le v) echar otro juramento que por san 
 Fernando; y quando se hallaba mas irritado con algulio, era 
 su reprehension decir le x os doi It dios porque hie isteis esto 
 b dijisteis aqueillo; si alguna vez tenia que escrivir no pro> 
 baba la pluma, sin escrivier estas palabras Jentt cum Maria 
 sit nobi$ in via; y contan bnena letra que bastltra para ganar 
 de comer." 
 
 La HitL del Jhniranie Don Chhtt. Colon, c. iii. 
 
■^- 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO ' 
 
 THE FIRST EDITION. 
 
 The discovery of a new Hemisphere by Chris- 
 topher Columbus, and the progress of the 
 Spaniards in the conquest of it, have been de- 
 servedly the theme of a long series of histories m 
 the several languages of Europe ; and the subject 
 has been recently resumed and illustrated by a 
 celebrated Writer among ourselves. — It is not 
 therefore my intention to tread again in so beaten 
 a track, by the recital of occurrences of which 
 few can be ignorant, if the noblest exertions of the 
 human mind, , producing events the most singular 
 and important in the history of the world, are cir- 
 cumstances deserving admiration and inquiry. 
 
 My attempt, which I feel to be sufficiently ar- 
 duous, is. 
 
 To present the Reader with an historical ac- 
 count of the origin and progress of the settlements 
 made by our own nation in the West-Indian 
 islands ; — 
 
 To explain their constitutional establishments, 
 internal governments, and the political system 
 maintained by Great Britain towards them ; — 
 
 To describe the manners and dispositions of the 
 present inhabitants, as influenced by climate, si- 
 
«» ^«t#.^'v 
 
 XXVl 
 
 PREFACE TO THE 
 
 
 tuation, and other local causes; comprehending 
 in this part of my book an account of the African 
 slave-trade ; some observations on the negro cha- 
 racter and genius, and reflections on the system of 
 slavery established in our colonies ;- 
 
 To furnish a more comprehensive account than 
 has hitherto appeared of the agriculture of the 
 Sugar Islands in general, and of their rich and va- 
 lua,ble staple commodities, sugar, indigo, coffee, 
 and cotton, in particular ;— finally. 
 
 To display the yarious and widely extended 
 branches of their commerce ; pointing out the re- 
 lations of each towards the other, and towards 
 the several great interests, the manufactures, na- 
 vigation, revenues, and lands of Great Britain. 
 
 These, together with several collateral disqui- 
 sitions, are the topics on which I have endeavour- 
 ed to collect, and convey to the public, useful and 
 acceptable information. Their importance will 
 not be disputed, and I have only to lament that 
 my abilities are not more equal to the task I 
 have undertaken. 
 
 But, before I proceed to investigations merely 
 political and conunercial, I have ventured on a 
 retrospective survey of the state and condition of 
 the West-Indian islands when first discovered by 
 Columbus ; and I have endeavoured to delineate 
 the most prominent features in the character and 
 genius of their ancient inhabitants. I was led to 
 a research of this natiure, not merely for the pur- 
 pose of giving uniformity to my work, but be- 
 cause, having resided many years in the countries 
 of which I write, I presume to think that I am 
 
FIRST EDITION. 
 
 XXTll 
 
 somewhat better qnalified to judge of the inflo- 
 enee of climate and sitnation, on the disposition, 
 temper^ and intellects of their inhabitants, than 
 many of those writers who williont the same ad- 
 vantage, have undertaken to compile systems, and 
 establish conclnsionsj on this subject I conceive 
 Aat, unless an author has had the benefit of ac* 
 tnal experience and personal observation, neither 
 genius nOr industry can at all times enable him to 
 guard against the mistakes and misrepresentations 
 of ]!>rejudiced, ignorant, or interested men ; to 
 whose authority he submits, merely from the want 
 of advantages which those who have possessed 
 them have perverted. He is liable even to be mi»r 
 led by preceding authors, who have undertaken, 
 on no better foundation than himself, to compile 
 histories and form systems on the same subject : 
 for when plausible theories are deduced, with in- 
 genuity and eloquence, from facts confidently as* 
 serted ; he suspects not, or if he suspects, is cau- 
 tious of asserting, that the foundation itself (as it 
 frequently happens) is without support ; that no 
 such facts actually exist, or, if existing, are acci- 
 dental and local peculiarities only, — not premises 
 of sufficient extent and importance whereon to 
 ground general conclusions and systematical com- 
 bination. 
 
 I have been induced to make this remark from 
 perusing the speculations of Mons. Buffon and 
 some other French theorists, on the condition and 
 character of the American nations. Whether 
 from a desire tb lessen the strong abhorrence of all 
 mankind at the cruelties eiercised by the Spani* 
 
XXVUl 
 
 PREFACE TO THE 
 
 |1L 
 
 ards in the conquest of the New World, or from 
 a strange affectation of paradox and singolarity, 
 falsely claiming the honours of philosophy, those 
 writers have ventored to assert, that the air and 
 climate, or other physical phenomena, retard the 
 growth of animated nature in the New Hemi- 
 sphere, and prevent the natives from attaining to 
 that perfection at which mankind arrive in the 
 other quarters of the globe. Notwithstanding 
 the variety of soil, climate, and seasons, whidi 
 prevail in the several great provinces of North and 
 South America; — notwithstanding that the abo- 
 riginal inhabitants were divided into a great many 
 different tribes, and distinguished also by many 
 different languages ; it is pretended that all those 
 various tribes were uniformly inferior, in the fa- 
 culties of the mind, and the capacity of improve- 
 ment, to the rest of the human species ; that they 
 were creatures of no consideration in the book of 
 Nature; — denied the refined invigorating senti- 
 m'sat of love, and not possessing even any very 
 powerful d^ree of animal desire towards multi- 
 plying their species. The author of a system en- 
 tided ' Recherches Philoaophiques sur kg Amai- 
 cam* declares, with unexampled arrogance, that 
 there never has been found, throughout the whole 
 Extent of the New World, a single individual of 
 superior sagacity to the rest And the scope of 
 his treatise is to demonstrate, that die poor savages 
 were actuated, not by reason, but by a sort of ani- 
 mal instinct; that Nature, having bestr ^ed on the 
 whole species a certain small degree of intellect 
 to which they all individually attain, placed an 
 
FIRST EDinON. 
 
 ZZIZ 
 
 insunnoiintable barrier against their (brther pro- 
 gress :— K>f course, that they are not, (properly ' 
 speaking) men, bnt beings of a secondary and 
 subordinate rank in the scale of creation. 
 
 Although onr own learned historian* is much 
 too enlightened to adopt, in their fiitlest ex- 
 tent, these opinions; — which cannot, indeed, be 
 read without indignation ; — yet it is impossible to 
 deny, that they have had some degree of influence 
 in t|ie general estimate which he has framed of the 
 American character : for he ascribes to all the na- 
 tives of the New World many of those imperfec- 
 tions on which thte system in question is founded ; 
 and repeatedly asserts, that " the qualities belong- 
 ing to the people of all the di£ferent tribes may be 
 painted with the same features.*'t With this 
 bias on his pen, it is not wonderful that this au- 
 thor is sometimes chargeable with repugnancy and 
 contradiction. Thus we are told that " the Ame- 
 ricans are, in an amazing degree, strangers to the 
 first instinct of nature (a passion for the sex), and, 
 in every part of the New World, treat their women 
 with coldness and indifference.**! Yet we find 
 soon afterwards, that, *' in some countries of the 
 New World, the women are valued and admired, 
 the animal passion of the sexes becomes ardent, 
 and the dissolution of their manners is exces- 
 sive.** § It is elsewhere observed, that " the 
 Americans were not only averse to toil, but inca- 
 pable of it, and sunk under tasks which the people 
 
 * Dr. Robertson. f History of America, Vol. I. p. 980 
 and SS3 | P. 29S. § History of America, Vol. I. p. 296. 
 
PREFACE TO THE 
 
 of the other continent would have performed with 
 ease ;" and it is added, that " thin feebleness of 
 constitadoB teas umoersal, and may be conndered 
 as characterUtic of the specks.*** It appears, 
 however, in a subsequent page, that " wherever 
 the Americans haye been gradually accustomed 
 to hard labour, their constitutions become robust 
 enough to equal any effort of the natives either of 
 Aiirica or Europe.** <(* Personal debility, there- 
 fore, could not have been the peculiar characteris- 
 tic of die American species ; f<Mr the human frame, 
 in every part of the globe, acquires strength by 
 gradual employment, and ia comparatively feeUe 
 without it 
 
 V Again : Among the qualities which the bisto> 
 rian considers as universally predominant in the 
 Americans, he ascribes to them, in a remarkable 
 d^ree, a hardness of heart and a bnrtal insensi- 
 bility to the sufferings of their fellow-creatures. :|: 
 '' So little (he observes) u the breast of a savage 
 susceptible of those sentiments whicb prompt men 
 to that feeling attention which mitigates distress, 
 in some provinces of America the l^paniards have 
 found it necessary to enforce the common duties 
 oS humanity by positive laws.**^ Neither is 
 this account of their inflexibility confined to the 
 ferocious barbarian of the northern provinces, or 
 to the miserable outcast €^ Terra del Fuego. The 
 author extends his description to all the uiKivf- 
 liied inhabitants of the New Hemisphere. It 
 
 * History of America, p. S90. 
 t P. 405. 
 
 t F.994. 
 k P. 406. 
 
FIRST EDITION. 
 
 Gonstttntes a striking feature in his general etti- 
 mate ; for be establishes it as a fixed principle, 
 that " in every part of the deportment of man in 
 his savage state, whether towards his equals of the 
 human species, or towards the animals below him, 
 we recognize the same character, and trace the 
 operations of a mind intent on its own gratifica- 
 tions, and regulated by, its own caprice, without 
 much attention or sensibUity to the sentiments and 
 feelings of the beings around him.*** 
 
 Certainly the learned Author, while em[^oyed 
 in this representation, had wholly forgotten the 
 account which he had before given of the first i»- 
 terview between the Spaniards and the natives of 
 Hispaniola, when a ship of Cohmibus was wrecked 
 on that island. " As soon (says the Historian) as 
 they heard of the disaster, they crowded to the 
 shore, with their prince Guacanahari at their head. 
 Instead dP taking advantage of the distress in which 
 they beheld the Spaniards, to attempt any thing 
 to their detriment, they lamented their misfortune 
 with tears of sincere condolence. Not satisfied with 
 this unavailing expression of their sympathy, they 
 put to sea a vast number of canoes, and, nnderthe 
 direction of the Spaniards, assisted in saving what> 
 ever could be got out of the wreck ; and by the 
 united labour of so many hands, almost every thing 
 of value was carried ashore. Guacanahari in per- 
 son took charge of the goods, and prevented the 
 multitude not only from embezzling, but even 
 from inspecting too curiously what belonged to 
 
 * History of America^ Vol. I. p. 407. 
 
xzxu 
 
 PREFACE TO THE 
 
 Ii 
 
 their gueits. Next morniiig tlua prince viuted 
 Columbus, and endeaooured to amtok km fir Im 
 last by offering all that he pouested to repair ir.** 
 
 Hias exceptions present themselves to cyery 
 general conclosion, until #e are burthened with 
 their variety : — And at last we end just where we 
 began; for the wonderful uniformity which is said 
 to have distinguished the American Indians, can- 
 not be supported by analogy, because it is not 
 founded on nature. 
 
 Of the other branches of my work, great part, 
 I presume to think, will be new to many nH my 
 readers. I have not met with any book that even 
 pretends to furnish a comprehensive and satis&fs 
 tory acco?mt of the origin and progress of our na- 
 tional settlements in the tropical parts of Ame- 
 rica. The system of agriculture practised m the 
 West Indies, is almost as much unknown to the 
 people of Great Britain as that of Japan. Tliey 
 know, indeed, that sugar, and indigo, and ooilee, 
 and cotton, are raised and produced diere; bat 
 they are very generally, and to a surprising de- 
 gree, uninformed concerning the method by whidi 
 those and other valuable commodities are culti- 
 vated and brought to perfection. So remarkable 
 indeed is the want of information in this respect, 
 even among persons of the most extensive general 
 knowledge, that in a law question which came by 
 appeal from one of the Sugar Islands a few years 
 ago, the noble and learned earl who presided at 
 the hearing, thinking it necessary to give some 
 account of the nature of rum and melasses (much 
 being stated in the pleadings concerning the value 
 
FlIIT S91TI0K. 
 
 snUI 
 
 of thoie oommoditien) Minred hit anditort with 
 gnat Mlemiiitjr, that *' meUitef was the raw 
 and mioonooeted jviee extracted from the cane, 
 and fipom which lagar was afterwards made by 
 boOingr* 
 
 On the ■abject of the slaTe trade, and its oon- 
 oomitant circomstanoet, so much has lieen said €i 
 hte by others, that it may be supposed there re- 
 mains hot little to be added by me. It is certain, 
 however, that my account, both of the trade and 
 the iitnation of the enslaTcd negroes in the British 
 colonies, difiers very essentially from the represen- 
 tations that have been given, not only in a great 
 ▼aiiety of pamphlets and other publications, but 
 also l^ many of the witnesses that were examined 
 before the Honse of Commons. The public must 
 judge between us, and I should be in no pain 
 about the result, if the characters of some of those 
 persons who have stood forth on this occasion as 
 aocoMTS of the resident planters, were as wdl 
 known in Great Britain as they are in die West 
 Indies. What I have written on these subjects 
 has at least this advantage, that great part of my 
 observations are founded on personal knowledge 
 and actual experience: and with regard to the 
 manners and dispositions of the native Africans, 
 as distinguished by national habits, and character, 
 istic features, I venture to think, that my remarks 
 will be found both new and interesting. 
 
 Afker all, my first object has been truth, not 
 
 * I give thia anecdote on the authority of a Jamuca gen- 
 Ueman who was present > a peraop of undoubted veracity. 
 VOL. I. , C 
 
VBBI AC! *0 THI 
 
 Boi^ehy. I htTe endcATOiirail to collect umAiI 
 kiowledge wherctoerer it lay, nid wboi I feand 
 books that rapplied what I toiigfat, I have aonie- 
 tiiiiet hem content to adopt whhoat aharation, 
 what was thus fnrniihed to my handi. Tbu, 
 extracts and passages fnm ibmier writers occupy 
 some of my pages; and not haTing alwajrs been 
 careAil to note the aothorities to which I resorted, 
 I find it now too late to ascertain the foil extent of 
 my obligations of this kind. Tlicy may be traced 
 most frequently, I believe, in the first and last 
 parts of my work ; in the first, beoaose, when I 
 began my task I had less confidence in my own 
 resources than I found afterwards, when practice 
 had rendered writing familiar to me ; and in the 
 last, because, when my labours grew near to a 
 cwDclnsion, I became weary, and was glad to get 
 assistance wheresoever it offered. 
 ,ri ij.From livif^ rather than firom written infiarma- 
 ti<m, however, have I genoally sought assistsaoe, 
 when my own resources have proved deficient; 
 and it is my good fortune to boast an aoquaintanoe 
 with men, to whom, for local and commercial 
 knowledge, our statesmen and senators m%fat re- 
 sort, with credit to themselves and advantage to 
 the public. On this occasion, neither the grati- 
 tode which I owe for favours bestowed, nor the 
 pride which I feel from the honor of his firiend- 
 ship, will aUow me to conr«al the name «^ £d- 
 WAHD Long, Esquire, the author of die Jamaica 
 History, to whom I am first and principally in- 
 debted ; and who, with the liberality which always 
 accompanies true genius, has been as careful to 
 
riBiT iDinoN. 
 
 I I '# M 
 
 correct my errors, and usiduoui to rapply my 
 defects, u if his own well-earned reputation had 
 depended on the issue. 
 
 For great part of the materials which compose 
 the History of Grenada, I am under obligations to 
 Thomas Campbell, Esquire, formerly speaker of 
 the assembly of that island, who, through means 
 of a friend, furnished such answers to queries that 
 I sent him, as encourage me to present that por- 
 tion of my work to the public with a confidence 
 which I dare not assume in my account of some 
 other of the islands. Yet, even with reganl to 
 most of these, I hare no cause to complain that 
 assistance has been oftentimes denied me. Con- 
 cerning Barbadoes and St. Christopher*s in par- 
 ticular, I have been fiiToured with much accurate 
 and acceptable information, by John Braith- 
 WAiTE and Alex. D jolas, Esquires, gentlemen 
 who are intimately acquainted with the concerns 
 of those colonies ; and the polite and cheeribl rea^ 
 diness with whicb they satisfied my enquiries, en- 
 title them to this public testimony of my thanks. 
 
 The same tribute is most justly due to Benja- 
 min Vaug '' and George Hibbert, Esquires, 
 merchant )f »ndon, for many excellent and im- 
 portant rei. /ks, and much valuable matter; which 
 at length have enabled mei to look back on the 
 commercial disquisitions in liie last book, with ti 
 degree of satisfaction that at one period I despaired 
 of pbtairmig; being well apprized that this part 
 of niy work witl, on matny accotihts, be most ob- 
 noxious to crittcisni. That it is Abntf^ rendered free 
 from iiristikes, I do 'not' hitfeed piietend: In all 
 
 c2 
 
XXZVl 
 
 VKSVACK TO THE 
 
 reteaiches of a political and commercial nature, 
 the best anthorities are sometimes fallible; and 
 there is frequently much difference both in general 
 opinion and particular computation between those 
 who are equally solicitous for the discovery of 
 truth. The facts, however, that I have collected 
 cannot fail to be of use, whether the conclosiopp I 
 have drawn from them be well-foimded or not. 
 
 I might here dose this introductory discourse, 
 and leave my book to the candour of my readers ; 
 hut having made iny acknowledgments to those 
 ge&demen who have given me their kind assistance 
 ia the compilation of it; and feeling, in common 
 with all the inhabitants of the British West Indies, 
 a just sense of indignation at the malignant and 
 unJDQerited aspersions which are daily and hqurly 
 tlirown upon the planters, for snppo«ed iinprpper 
 and inhuman treatment of their .^idan labourers; 
 I should fll acquit myself, as the historian of those 
 colonies, if I omitted this opportunity of giving 
 my testimony to the fulness of their gratitude, 
 their honest pride and lively sensibility, at behold- 
 ing, in a son of their beloved Sovereign, the gene- 
 rous assertor^f their rights, and the strenuous and 
 able defender of their injured characters and in- 
 sulted honour 1 The condescending and unsoli- 
 cited interposition of the Duke of CxAaENCE on 
 this occasion is the more valuable, as, happily for 
 the plakiers, it is founded on his Royal High- 
 nesses personal observation of their manners, and 
 knowledge of their dispositions, acquired on the 
 spot., Thus patronized an4 protected, white they 
 treat with siknt soom and deserved cpptjc^t the 
 
FISST BDITIOM. 
 
 xxxyi 
 
 base efforts of those persons who, without the 
 least knowledge of the subject, assail them with 
 obloquy and outrage, they find a dignified support 
 in the consciousness of their own innocence, even 
 under the misguided zeal and unfayourable pre- 
 possessions of better men. It might indeed be 
 hoped, for the interests of truth and humanity, 
 that such men would now frankly acknowledjge 
 their error,, and ingenuously own that we hi|Te 
 been most cruelly traduced and ignominiously 
 treated; or if this be top much to ask, we may 
 at least expect that gentlemen of education and 
 candour will no longer persist in affording coun- 
 tenance to the vulgar prejudices of the envious 
 and illiberal, by giving currency to suggesdous 
 which th^ cannot possibly know to be true, and 
 which lee know to be false. 
 
 ;# 
 
 Ltmdoii, 179s. ^ 
 
 m 
 
iMUmim^^. 
 
 wutvui 
 
 P R E FACE 
 
 
 TO tn 
 
 Mf 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 'rim sale of a large impression of* this Work^ 
 in litde more than twelve months, haying in- 
 dilQ^ the l^ooiueller to pviblish a second edition, 
 I haye afvailed myself of the opportunity of cor- 
 recti|Dg si^T^ral errors which have ciept into thf 
 fii^;;^t I ha^ve not foimd it necessarf to en- 
 large my. Book with any new matter 6i tAf o^^n 
 wbithy of oKirtion. Thie only additio«» of if»- 
 portance are a few notes and iHHslhifSit^ilSy #ith 
 which the kindness of friends has enabled me to 
 supply some of my deficiencies. I have tiio^ht 
 it proper, however, in that part of the Sixth 
 Book which treats of the commercial system, to 
 insert a copy of the provisional bill presented to 
 the House of Commons in March 1782, by the 
 Right Hon. William Pitt, Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, for the purpose of reviving the be- 
 neficial intercourse that existed before the late 
 American war, between the United States and 
 the British Sugar Islands. This bill, through 
 the influence of popular prdiudice and other 
 causes, was unfortunately lost. Had it passed into 
 a law, it would probably have saved from the 
 
PRBTAGB, 8CC. 
 
 xxxist 
 
 horrors of liunine fifteen thousand nnofiending 
 Negroes, who miserably perished (in Jamaii^ 
 alone) firom the sad effects of the iatal restrictiye 
 system which prevailed! The publication of 
 this bill, therefor^, is discfaai^ing a debt of jus- 
 tice to the Minister and myielf: to Mr. PiTf, 
 beeanse it proves that his first fdt^s on this 
 question were founded on principles of soti!id 
 policy and humanity; to myself, because it gives 
 mt an opportunity of shewing that the sentiments 
 which I expressed on the same subject are justi- 
 fied by his high authority. 
 
 Hiis is not a business of selfishness or facdam 
 nor (like many of ibose questions which are 
 dally moved in Parliament merely to agitate and 
 perpiek government) can it be dismissed by a 
 Vote. It will come forward again and again, 
 and haunt administration in a thousand hideous 
 shapM, until a more liberal policy shall take 
 place ; for no folly can possibly exceed the no- 
 tion that any measures pursued by Great Britain 
 will prevent the Ac erican States firom having;^ 
 some time or other, a commercial intercourse with 
 out West Indian territories on their own terms. 
 Wkh a chain of coast of twenty degrees of lati- 
 tude, Jiossessing the finest harbours for the pur- 
 pbi^ in the world, all lying so near to the Sugar 
 Colonies, and the track to Europe, — with a 
 country abounding in every thing the Islands 
 have occasion for, and which they can obtabi no 
 where else ; all these circumstances, ^necessarily 
 
'<MW»i««. 
 
 ■O 
 
 ^hf./. »HH»ACB 79 TUB 
 
 and:iiatiiraUyi Jk^ to a conuaefafd iatterpounie 
 l]tBt!ir«QCD oar ;I«l«adt and the United States. It 
 ia.,fn;^j, we. mny rain our sugar Colpnies, and 
 onijrsalvet also, in the sjttempt, to prevent.it; 
 hot jit is ,an ea^perinent whicfi God and N^itore 
 ha?e marked ont,<ai impossible toi jocceed. , Hie 
 piiesent re8tEaip'ag,:sys$em is forbidding m^to 
 be^ each other ; , v^ who hj their necessiliief* 
 their climate aiidi;{Hrodu^on8, ,^e standiing,.in 
 perpetnal need of pintoal assistance, .and able to 
 
 I write with the freedom of history;-^ for it 
 is the cause of humanity that I plead.-r-At ;the 
 same tune there is not a mui living who is more 
 desirous than myself of testifying, by every pos« 
 sible, meani^ the sensibility and ai&ction which ^ 
 are due to. our, gracious Soveehign, for that pa-.- 
 t^raal 8oliciti|de and munificent interposition in 
 favour of his remotest subjects, to which it is 
 pj^ring that the 9read Fruit, ^^ other valuable, 
 prod9CtioDs of ike most distant regions, now 
 flourish in the British West Indies* Tl^esfi are. 
 indeed " imperial works, , and worthy kings.** 
 After several unsuccessful. , i^ttempts, the ii^tro- 
 duction.of th^ Pread Fruit wi^ ^PP% ^^c<>!^*f 
 plished, in January 1793, by the arrival at ^t. 
 Vincent of his Majesty's ship Providence, Cap- 
 tain Wi LLi AM. Bligh, and the Assistant brig,;Cap- 
 tain Nathamt EL Portlock, from the South Seas ; 
 haying on bourd many hundreds of those trees, 
 and a vast number of other choice and curious 
 
8 ICON O B0ITION. 
 
 jfcHv 
 
 plantf, in a : Tory Hottrbhing coodKtioil } aH^liidbl 
 have beeo properly diitribiited throogb the itlaiMb 
 of St ViDoent and Jamaica, and already a^ 
 ford the pleasing preepect that bit Majesty** 
 goodness will be felt to the most distant periods. 
 The coltiTation of these -valnable ezotieks iriU, 
 vFitbont donbt, in a course of yean> lessen the 
 depepdenoe of the Sngar Iskmds on North Ani»- 
 rica^for food and necessaries ; and nol only sup- 
 ply ^fubsistenoe for fntttva fenerations, bnt pro-, 
 bably fomish fresh incitements to indostkyv sc^; 
 improvementt in the arts, ai^d new si|l^ects of^ 
 
 commerce! 
 
 (Ai 1 
 
 JliSfiJ'niii?."*^"- tit 
 
 The Assembly of ^ Jamadca, co-operating wiA 
 the- bjenevoli^nt intentions of his Majesty^ hare 
 lately purchased ^ magnificent botanical garden 
 of ,Mr. J^aptj", and placed it on the public. estab» 
 
 * IGxtmctof a letter to Sir J6i«pa BAitks, frttui tke Bb- 
 7 sy; tenic gardener in Jamaiea} dated Decariiber 179S. 
 
 '* All iha trees under my ehatge are thriTin|f wiUi tha 
 graateit lazusiancc. Some of tbe Bread Flruitara vipwMnis 
 of eleven feet high, with leaves thirty>aix inehft lopgj pod ; 
 mj sttocess in cultiTating them hu exceeded my most 
 sangnine espectations. The cinnamon Tree is become very 
 cottimon, and Mangoes ite in such pletity as to be planted in 
 the nqpre-grottnds. There are also several bearing tlwesof 
 the Jaadk or bastard bnad-frnit, which is exactly the same 
 as the Nanka of Timor. We have one Nutnisg Plants which 
 is rather sickly, ftc Ac." 
 
 t On the death of Himtom East, Esq. the foander of the 
 botanic garden, it became the property of his nqphew, 
 £ow Axj) Htsx East, Esq., barrister at law, and member of 
 
xlir 
 
 PKIFACK TO TH« 
 
 litlmicnil^ under tlie tare of ikilfti] gtrdenera, one 
 of whom eircnmnavigated the globe wHh Cap- 
 tain Blioh. I might therefore have considerably 
 enlarged the Hoiius Eastensis annexed to the 
 Third Vohme of this Work, bat the particolars 
 did not come to my bands m time^ ' HoweTer, 
 that ibe lovem of natnml history may not be 
 wholly disappointed, I shall subjoin to tliia Pn^ 
 faoa a' Csitalogde of the more rare and valuable 
 exotics) mrhiehnoir flonrish in Jamaica. The 
 preacut Ittiproved state of botany in that island 
 will thn» be seen at one view. au/uii^: 
 
 In contemplating this display of industry and 
 science^ and ofiering the tribute of grateftil ve- 
 ncratioa to tfiat SovcaEieK, under whose royftl 
 patronage and bounty ao many valuable pnodue- 
 tioM have been conveyed, in a growing state, from 
 one; extremity of the world to the other, it is im- 
 possible that the inhabitants of the British West 
 Indies can frnget how mnch also ia due to Sir 
 JoaxFH Banks, the President of the Royal So- 
 ciety; by whose warm and unwearied exertions 
 the second voyage to the South Seas was deter- 
 mine4, pn» after the first had proved abortive. 
 Among all the labours of life, if there is one pur- 
 suit more replete than any ether with benev<i^ 
 lence, more likely to add cbmfdrts t6 ^istirig 
 people, and even to augment their numbers by 
 
 parliament t6t Great Bed#m, who with great generosity 
 oflbr«d it t6 the Assembly of Jamaica, for the use of the 
 pablic, at their own price. 
 
S BOON Ik BDlTIONi{ 
 
 xKii 
 
 augmenting their means of snbtisteiice, it is cer^* 
 tainly that of spreading abroad the bounties af 
 creation> bjff transplanting iroBi one part of the 
 globe to another such natural productions as are 
 likely to p^ve beneficial to the interests of hn- 
 mmikj* hi this generous efibrt, Sir Joseph Banks 
 haa employed a considerable part of his time, at- 
 teationy and fortune ; and the success which, in 
 many casesi has crowned his endeavours, will be 
 felt in the enjoyment, and rewarded by the bless- 
 ings of posterity. 
 
 On the whole, the introducticm of the Bread 
 FVnit and other plants from the South Sea Islands 
 — the munificence displayed by His Majesty in 
 causing the yoy^ge to be undertaken by which it 
 was rinatiy accomplished — the liberality and judg^- 
 vtkeoA of those ^tbat advised it— and the care and 
 attention manifested by those vi^o were more im- 
 mediately entrusted with the conduct of it, are 
 circumstances that claim a distinguished place, and 
 constitute an importiatnt era, in the History of the 
 Briti h West Indies^ ; I » 
 
 I:«uying Said thus much in honour of my 
 countrymen, it lit but justice to observe, that the 
 F^nch nation (whilst a government existed 
 among theto) beg^ to manifest a 'noble spirit 
 of emulation in the same liberal pursuit. It is to 
 the industry of the French that Jamaica (as will 
 be seen in the History of that island) owes the 
 Cinnamon, the Mango, and some other delicious 
 spices and fimits. Among other branc^ies of the 
 
xHt 
 
 PKBVAOB TO TH 
 
 Tcgstable kingdom, introdnoed by thint into their 
 Wett Indian potsessions, they reckoned three differ* 
 ent specie! of the Sugar Cane, all of which were 
 pnTionsly unknown to the planters andinhabit- 
 ;>nts. I have, in the second volnme of this edition, 
 observed, that Sir Joseph Banks had satisfied mt 
 that snch varieties did exist; bat I was not then 
 apprised that their cultivation had been suooeis- 
 fuUy attempted, in any of our own islands. By 
 the kindness of Admiral Sir John Laforet, 
 Baronet, I am now enabled to gratify my readers 
 with such full and anthendc information on this 
 subject, as cannot fail to be highly acceptable to 
 every inhabitant of the West Indies. 
 
 These canes were originally introduced into 
 Martihico ; and it was a fortunate circumstance 
 that the distinguished officer whom I have named 
 commanded about that time on the naval statimi 
 at Antigua. It was equally fortunate that, with 
 a love of natural knowledge, he possessed planta^ 
 tions in the Island last-mentioned ; for it is ex- 
 tremely probable, from the disturbances and dis- 
 tiActians which have prevailed ever since in every 
 one of the French colonies, that there would not 
 at this time have been found a trace of these plants 
 in any part of the West Indies, if Sir John La- 
 foret had not personally attended to their pre- 
 servation. With the account which his politeness 
 has enabled me to present to the public I shall 
 conclude this Introductory Discourse. 
 
SICOND BOITIOM. 
 
 •> xlv 
 
 lUmarka on the East Inma ami other 
 CANES in^Hnrted wio the French Cha- 
 raibean Ittandtf and lakly introduced into 
 the Island £^ Antigua, bjfSirJoHV Laf«>- 
 R£Y, Bart. dn 
 
 ♦L 
 
 " One sort was brought firom the Island of 
 Bonihon, reported by the French to be the growth 
 of the coast of Malabar. 
 
 " Another sort from the Island of Otaheite. 
 
 " Another sort from Batavia. 
 
 "^"^ Idle two former are much alike, both in their 
 appearance and growth, but that of Otaheite is 
 said to make the finest sugar. Tliey are much 
 larger than those of our islands, the joints of some 
 measuring eight or nine inches long, and six in 
 circumference. 
 
 '* Hieir colour, and that of their leaves also 
 diiflfers from ours, being of a pale green; their 
 leaves broader, their points falling towards the 
 grouud as they grow out^ instead of being erect 
 like those of our islands. Their juice also, wben 
 expressed, differs from that of oitr canes ; being 
 of a very pale, instead of a Se^p green colour. I 
 caused one of the largest of these caner. to be 
 cut, at what I deemed its full growth, and like- 
 wise one of the largest of the island canes thai 
 could be found upon each of three other planta- 
 tions. When they were properly trimmed for 
 grinding, I had them weighed : the Malabar 
 canes weighed upwards of seven pounds ; nei- 
 
xlvi 
 
 PRBFACI TO TBI 
 
 ther of the other three exceeded four pomids and 
 a quarter. - *»>' ^^ 
 
 " They are ripe enongfa to grind at the age of 
 ten months ; a few cat for a trial by my manager, 
 above twelve months old, were judged to have lost 
 part of their juices by standing too long. 
 
 " They appear to stand the dry weather better 
 than ours ; I observed, that after a drought of a 
 long continuance, when the leaves of our own 
 canes began to turn brown at their points, these 
 continued their colour throughout 
 
 " A gentleman of Montserrat had some plants 
 given to him by Monsieur Pinnel, one of the most 
 considerable planters of Gaudaloupe, who told him 
 he had, in the preceding year (1798) in whidi an 
 exceeding good drought had prevailed, planted 
 amongst a large field of the island canes balf an acre 
 of these ; that the want of rain, and the borer, had 
 damaged the former so much, that he could not 
 make sugar from them, but the latter had produced 
 him three hogsheads. 
 
 '' In the spring of this year, (1794) atrial was 
 made of the Malabar canes, on one of my planta- 
 tions; 160 bunches from holes of five feet square 
 were cut, they produced upwards of 350 lbs. of 
 very good sugar ; the juice came into sugar in tlie 
 teache, in much less time than is usually required 
 for that of the other canes, and threw up vcary 
 little scum. The produce was in the propwtion 
 of 3,500 lbs. to an acre; the weather had then 
 been so very dry, and the borer so destructive. 
 
SSCOND BDITION. 
 
 xlrii 
 
 Ion 
 
 len 
 
 re. 
 
 that I am snre no one part of that plantation 
 woold have yielded above half that quantity from 
 the other canet, in the same space of ground. We 
 had not then the benefit of the new invented cla- 
 rifiers, which, though imported, had not been fixed 
 up for want of time. 
 
 " The French complain that these canes do not 
 yield a sufficient quantity of field trash, to boil the 
 juice into sugar ; to this, and to their never throw- 
 ing up an arrow, I think their superior size may 
 in good measure be attributed. This inconveni- 
 eace may be obviated, by the substitution of coals ; 
 and the increased quantity of the cane-trash, which 
 their ma^nnitude will furnish (and which we reckon 
 the richest manure we have, when properly pre- 
 pared) will well indemnify the expense of firing. 
 
 " The Batavia canes are a deep purple on the 
 outside; they grow short-joiuted, and small in 
 circumference, but bunch exceedingly, and vege- 
 tate so quick, that they spring up from the plant 
 in one- third the time those of our islands do ; the 
 joints, soon after they form, all burst longitudi- 
 nally. They have the appearance of being very 
 hardy, and bear dry weather well : a few bunches 
 were cut and made into sugar at the same time the 
 experiment was made with the white canes. The 
 report made to me of them was, that they yielded 
 a great deal of juice, which seemed richer than 
 that of the others, but the sugar was strongly 
 tinged with the colour of the rind ; and it was ob- 
 
xlTiii 
 
 FBIFACB, lie. 
 
 ■ ien^ that upon the ezpreMioo of them at the 
 mill, the jvioe wm of a bright parple ; bat by the 
 time it had reached through the spout to the churi- 
 fier (a Tery short distance) it became of a dingy 
 iron-colonr. I am told the Batam sugar im- 
 ported into Amsterdam is ^ery fair; so that if 
 thoae canes should othenrise answer well, means 
 may doabtless be obtained to discharge the purple 
 tinge from their juice. 
 
 LoMooM, 17M. 
 
LIBRARY 
 TCHIL^ 
 
 HISTORY, 
 
 TBI 
 
 -oV > . 
 
 CmL AND OOMMBMOIALt 
 
 or 
 
 THE BRITISH COLONIES 
 
 llf THE WEST INDIES, 
 
 AOI 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 VIIW or THIIB ANCIBNT tTATB AMD INaABITAIITfc 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 GeograpAtW arrar^ement. — IName, — CUmati.— Sea- 
 breeze, and Land-wind. — Beauty ahd an^gnlarity 
 of the vegetable and animal creation. — Moffufi- 
 cence and sublimity of the mountains : refkctiom; 
 cancermngthe origin of these islands, 8fc, 
 
 Geographers, foUowiDg the distribution of chap. 
 nature, divide the vast Continent of America v^v^/ 
 into tw6 great parts, North and South; the iSJ?**" 
 narrow but mountainous Isthmus of Darien 
 serving as a link to connect them together, and 
 forming a rampart against the encroachments of 
 the Atlantic on the one side, and of the Pa- 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 B 
 
BOOK 
 I. 
 
 Name. 
 
 % 
 
 HISTORY GB THE 
 
 cific Ocean on the other. These great pceans 
 were anciently distinguished also, from their re- . 
 lative situation, by the names of the North and 
 South Seas*. , . 
 
 To that prodigbus chain of Islands which 
 extend in a curve from the Florida Shore on 
 the Northern Peninsula, to the Gulph of Vene- 
 zuela in the Southern, is given the denomiiiation 
 of ffi^ Indies, from the name of India origi- 
 nally assigned to them t^y Columbus. This 
 illustrious navigator planned his eitpedition, not 
 as Raynal and others have supposed, under the 
 idea of introducing a New World to the know- 
 ledge of the Old ; '^ut, principally, in the view 
 of finding a route to India by a Western navi- 
 gation; which he was led to think would prove 
 less tedious than by the coast of Africa: and 
 Uiis conclusion would have been just, if the 
 geograpl^ of the Ancients, on which it was 
 found^ had been accuratef. Indeed, so firmly 
 
 • The aiipdlatioii of North, vppltod to thai part of the 
 Atlantic which flows into the Gulph of Darien, seems now 
 to be entirely disused ; but the Vaeific is still cemnaonly 
 called the South Sea. It was discovered in 1613. 
 
 t '* The spherical flgnre of the earth was known to 
 the ancient geographers. Thej invented the method still 
 in use, of computing the lon^tude and latitude of different 
 plates. According to their doctrine, the equator con- 
 ttiiM S60 degrees j these tiiey divided into twenty.4bur 
 part8,«rhours,eaeheqaaltofifteen'degrees. Theoouatiy 
 
P^r^e^ )Vff^,p<^lum^ji? of its truUi ^and c«^^^ 
 tainty, that he continqed to assert hif pf^( ^of 
 ^ |^tc;r ^tbe^^^^overy of Cuba an(| HispaQiola ; 
 ;^9jt (ji^bti^^^tihat Uu)se islands constitutisd some 
 jjl^l pf th^ J^t^ra extremity of Asi^lfiQfl tte 
 nii^ons of tjurope, satisfied with such ai^ithor^y, 
 CQncurred in the same idea. Even when the 
 discovery of the Pacific Ocean had demonstrated 
 )h|is n^istake, a^ tl^e countries which Cpluml^us 
 baf^ visited still retained the name of the Indies ; 
 aqd in contradistinction to those at^Which the 
 ^prtviguese, after passing the Cape of jGropd 
 Hope, had at length arrived by an Easter^ 
 
 3 
 
 of the $eret or 5ifue .beiiiffvthe farthest. part ()f 
 Icnown to the ancients, was supposed, by Marinas Tfiivm» 
 -the most eminent of the indent geographers before Pio- 
 l^my, to be fifteen hours, or tSS degrees.to Uka «ast of Ihe 
 iilvat. i|i«rif|ian, ,iii|«iMAg(lbro|igh i|l^p|Port^n4^ ff^ff^' f^ 
 
 ,|^at directipn was much shorter than by the course which 
 ^^^he Pprtvg^ciese were pursuing." From this account, for 
 ^ijC^^the ret^ler is^n^ebted to the learned l^r. Rpljertspn, 
 jjft.^.ftVidei^t tbfit tl^e scheme of Columbus was founded on 
 .j^io^al ||ystematicalpri^mle8,iM^cordin^to thelight which 
 hij age afforded ; whereas if he had proposed, wit^Qi|t any 
 ,^}^o)LSi^q^ort, to discover a new hemispl^ere by sailing west- 
 ward, ^e yv^ouj^ have been justly oposiderf^ as,an arrogant 
 ,|pd ,<^hi|(^eiical]projector, aji^ success itself would not have 
 :reeonqileid his, temerity, to the sober dictates of reason. ' 
 
 B 8 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Hot" 
 
 r 
 
HISfORY OF THB 
 
 BOOK 
 
 ... L 
 
 !■•.■' J 
 
 course, tbey were now denominated the Indkt of 
 iheWest*. 
 
 Among the geographers of those days, ho#- 
 0reff there were some, who, envying the giOiy 
 of Columbus, orinvine more credit to andent 
 fable man to the achiei^emehts of their cot^iii- 
 poraries, persisted in assigning tb tiie newly-diii- 
 covere^ Islands the appelta^bn of JntiUa or An- 
 tiks: the name (according to Charlevoix) of a:n 
 imagihani countryi placed iii ancient charts 
 about two hundred leagues to the westward of 
 the Azores ; and it is a name still very generally 
 "used by foreign navigators, although the ety- 
 mojk^ of the word is as uncertain as the ap- 
 piicatiqii cff it is unjust. To the British nation 
 the name bestowed by Columbus is abunda&tly 
 mdre letmiliar: and thus the whole of the New 
 Hemisphere is, iM us, commonly comprised 
 under three great divisions; North America, 
 South America, and the West Indies, t 
 
 ^^„ * Columbus sailed on his first voyage the Sd of Aagttit, 
 i4M. In 1494 Bartholemus Dias discovered the Cape of 
 Good Hope J but it was not doubled till the year 1499« 
 ,w||ten Vasquez de Gama suaeeded (for the first time la 
 modern navigation) in this, as it was then supposed, ft>r- 
 inidable attempt. 
 
 t;irhe term Jntile$ is applied by HoiBman to the Wind- 
 ward or Charaibean Islands only, and is by him thus aiy 
 counted fbr : "Dicuntur Antilae America quasi ante Insullt 
 Americas, nempe ante vuQore$ liuukM Sinu8 Mexieam, 
 
» WEST INDISS. 
 
 But, subordinate to thu coinpreheosi?e and <^* 
 simple arrangement, necessity or convenience 
 has introduced more minute and local distinc- 
 tions. That portion of the Atlantic,, which is 
 separated from the main Ocean to the North 
 and to the East, 5y the Islands I have men- 
 tioned, although commonly known by the ge- 
 neral appellation of the Mexican Gulph, is itself 
 properly subdivided into three distinct Basins : 
 the Gulph of Mexico, ;he Bay of Honduras, and 
 the Charubean Sea. * The latter takes its name 
 
 {Hofiium i- ■ i' Unto.) Rochefort and ^Tertn explain 
 the word ^^^tf in the same manner, while Mons. D*An- 
 ville apj^ies the name to those islandsonly, which are more 
 immediately ctppoiml to« or situated agtunrt, the Continent : 
 thns he terms Caba« Hispaniola, Je:Auca, and Porto-Rico, 
 the Great Jniiles, and the small Islands of Aruba, Curagos, 
 Bonair, Magaritta, and some others near the coast of Ca- 
 raccas on the Southern Peninsula, the Leas i excluding the 
 Charaibean Islands altogether. A recurrence to the early 
 Spanish historians would have demonstrated to all these 
 writers, that the word Antilia was applied to Hispaniola 
 and Cuba, before the discovery eitiiiet of the Windward 
 Islands, or any part of the American continent. This ap- 
 pears from the following passage in the First Book of the 
 First Decad of Peter Martyr, which bears date from the 
 Court of Spain, November 1493, eight months only after 
 Colnmbus's return from his first expedition ; " Ophiram 
 Insulam sese reperisse refert; sed Cosmographorum tractn 
 diligenter considerato, Antilia I nsuls sunt ills et adijacentes 
 •1I» : banc Ilispaniolam appellavit, &c." 
 
 * Vide Intiodoetion to the West Indian Atlas, by 
 Jetteries. 
 
,' 
 
 BOOK 
 
 HI 
 
 ^m Mi class of tslan(js Which htMA M pat 
 of ijM ocean to the l^t. Mosi of ih^ w^'ffe' 
 anciendy possessed by a nation of Canhii)i[lii, 
 th'e^ourge ana terroi' of ^e mild and inbfietidVe 
 natives of ilispahiola^ Who fr^quendy expires^ 
 to Coluinhus their dread of thos^ ^erc^ aiia 
 wi^like invaders, stilihg them Chafaibes or 
 6aribbe6s.* And it was in consequence of this 
 ihibfmatiori, ihat the Islands to WHici^ these 
 savages belonged, Wnen discovered aifterWards DJf 
 Coliimous, were by him denominated generally 
 the Charaibean Islands. 
 
 Of this class, however, a ^oup nearly ad- 
 joining tb the dastern side bf St Johh de^ Porto 
 Ribd. i$ like\^isei called m Vir^h ISle^ ; a di^- 
 tinctioii of which the origin will be explained in 
 its yace.i*^ 
 
 • Herriera, lio. i« Fier. Columbus, coap. xxxiii. 
 
 f it may be proper to observe, that the old Spanish 
 navigators, in speaking of the West Indian Islands in g^ 
 nerai, frequently distinguish them also into two classes, by 
 the terms Barlovento and iSfofooento, from whence our ffltta- 
 ward and Leeward Island ; the Charaibcaii constituting in 
 atirict propriety tlie former class (and iu such 1 shall speak 
 of them in the course of this work), nnd the four large 
 islandli of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, (ind Porto Rico, the 
 latter. JSut our English mariners appro priate both terms to 
 the Charaibean Islands only, subdividing them according 
 to their situation in the course of the trade wind ; the 
 Windward Islands by their arrangement terminating, I 
 believe, with Martinico, and the Leeward commencing at 
 Dominica, and extending to Porto Rico. 
 
Elaine of BahfMna is cominonly applied by the >^v^ 
 Eng^sh to that clwter of small islaiMls, ro<:k9> 
 ^pd reefs of sand, which stretch in a north- 
 westerly direction for the space of near three 
 hundred leagaes, from the Northern coast 'of 
 HispapioU to the Bahama Strait, opposite the 
 Florida Shore. Whether this appellation is of 
 Indian origin, as commpnly supposed, is a quesr 
 tion I cannot answer; neither does it merit very 
 anxious investigation ; yet these little islands have 
 deservedly |l claim to psurticular notice ; for it * 
 was one of them* that bad the honour of first 
 receiiyii^ Columbus, after a voyage the most bold 
 and magnificeiit in design, and the most im- 
 portant in its consequences, of any that the mind 
 of man has conceived, or national adventure 
 limdertaken, from the beginning of the world to 
 tbi9 present hour. 
 
 -r ; Most of the countries of which I propose ciimto. 
 io tref^t being situated bepeath the tropic of 
 Cancer, the circumstances of climate, as well in 
 reg^d to geneml heat, as to the periodical rains 
 ippd consequent varjatioQ of seasons, are nearly 
 Itie same throughout the whole. The tempe- 
 
 * Called by the Indians Guanahani, by the Spaniards 
 St. Salvadore, and is known to English seamen by the name 
 of Cat Island. The whole group is called by the Spaniards 
 iMeayw. 
 
a 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 HISTORY OF THB 
 
 mture of the air varies indeed considerably ac* 
 cording to the elevation of the land ; but, with 
 this exception, the mediunn degree of heat ill 
 much the same in all the countries of this part 
 of thef^obe. 
 
 " A tropical year seems properly to com^ 
 prebend but two distinct -seasons ; the ««f and 
 the dry I but a» the rains in these climalies ood^ 
 stitote two great periods, I shall dciscribe i^ 1^ 
 the Europear year, under four divisions. ^''-'^^ 
 >'' The vernal season, or Springs may be said to 
 commence livith the Month of^ May, when the 
 foliage of the trees evidently becomes more vi- 
 vid, and the parched savannas b^in to change 
 their russet hue, even previous to the first pe^ 
 riodical rains, which are now daily expected, 
 and generally set in about the middle of the 
 month. These, compared with the Autumnal 
 rains, may be said to be gentle showers. They 
 come from the South, and commonly fall every 
 day about noon, and break up with thunder- 
 storms ; creating a bright and beautiful verdure, 
 and a rapid and luxuriant vegetation. The ther- 
 mometer at this season varies considerably ; coni» 
 monly falling six of eight degrees immediately 
 after the diurnal rains ; itf; medium hei^t may 
 be stated at 75'. 
 
 After these rains have continued about a 
 fortnight, the weather becomes dry, settled* and 
 
i:WB8T INDUES. 
 
 salutary ; and the tropical Summeri ungps in lull 
 gloiy. Not a cloud is to pe perceivcfd ; and.tlie 
 nky biases mitik irresistible fierceness. , for, some 
 imirs, coianoRlj between seven and ten in jkbe 
 UMmkig, before the setting in of the searbreezr 
 Or trade-wind» which at this season . hiiows from 
 the south-east with great force and regularity 
 until late in the evening, the heat is scarcely 
 supportable; but» no sooner is the influence felt 
 of this refreshing wind, than all nature revives^ 
 and the climate, in the shade, becomes not. only 
 very tolerable, but pleasant. The thermometer 
 now varies but little' in the whol^ twenty-four 
 hours: its medium, near the coast, may be stated 
 at about 80**. I have seldom obsei'ved it higher 
 than 85° at noon, nor much below 75° at sun- 
 
 f :: li'The nights at this season are transcendency 
 beautiful. The clearness and brilliancy of the 
 heavens, the serenity of the air, and the soft 
 tranquiUity in which nature reposes, contribute 
 to harmonize the mind, and produce the most 
 
 * Mr. Loqg, in his history of Jamaica, justly observes, 
 ^t ** it is not merely a high degree of heat which renders a 
 cUflMte unwholesome, but thesudden change from greatheat 
 to. (comparatively) great coolness, and vice versa." Such 
 traasitipns fr^equently occur in the southern provinces of 
 X^orth Ai|[ieriQa, In Virginia, Mr. Jefierson relates, ^hat the 
 mercnry inFarenheit's thermometer has beei) ^nowh to de- 
 (oend from OV to 47* in thirteen hours. The West India 
 Islands are happUy exempt from those noidous variatioite. 
 
 OHAF. 
 
 L 
 
10 
 
 Hook 
 
 HISVORT OF THE 
 
 ttAm and delightfiil senMtkms. The moon too 
 in tbMe climates displays fur greater radiance 
 than in Europe. The smallest print is legible by 
 her light, and in the moon's absence her functioB 
 is not ill supplied by the brightness of the miU^- 
 imy, and by that g^oHous planet Ver» , which 
 apliears here lilce a little moon/ and glitters with 
 so refiilgent a beam as to cast a shade from trees, 
 buildings, and other objects, making full amends 
 for the short Atay and abrupt departure of the 
 crepuseulum or twilight* 
 
 This state of the weather commonly conti- 
 ttMs, with little variation, from the beginning 
 Of June undl the middle of August, when the 
 diurnal breeze begins to intermit, and the at- 
 mosphere becomes sultry, incommodious, • and 
 suffocating. In the latter end of this month, 
 and most part of September, we look about in 
 vain for coolness and comfort. The thermo- 
 meter occasionally exceeds 90*9 and instead of 
 a steady and refreshing wind from the sea, there 
 
 * In the mountainous and interior parts of the laiger 
 isunds, innumerable^e-)^ic9 abound at night, which have 
 a surprising iq[>pearance to a stranger, they consist of 
 difterent species* some of wUch emit alightfTesemhUflg a 
 spark of fire, from a globular prominence near eadh eye; 
 and others from their sides in the act of resphratipn. Iliey 
 are far more luminous than the glow-worm, and fill the 
 ^ on all sld^, like so many livin|^ stars, to tW great 
 aatoniahment and aclmlration of a traveller unaocttstodied 
 to the country. In the day>time they dis^>pear. 
 
or^iis^iy hkii hrettes iM «atiM aiWMMte1jf< 
 The^ ar^ ptvludes to thtf MMMd pieriodksl, of 
 AiltuiKltial, settftotn. Large tbwering clouds, fleeey 
 atid of i reddish hue^ tath itt># seem, in the 
 ihorhitig, in the (ju^ters of the south and sooth- 
 ^m ; the tbps of the motihtainSt^t the sanie tine 
 appear clear of clouds, and the objeets upiott 
 thetn wear a blueish cast, and seem much neilrer 
 to the s^ctatot than usual. When these rast 
 (iccumulatiOns of vii|itiur have risen to a con> 
 sideiuble height in the atmosphere, thej^ com* 
 monly move horizontally towards thd mountains^ 
 j^laiUiing theif* progress in deep and rolling 
 tilUtider^ which, Heverbenited from peak to peAki 
 and answered by the distant roeiring of the sea, 
 heightens the majesty of the scene, and irre- 
 ^stibly lifts up the mind of the spectator to the 
 great Author of all sublimity. * -: .i- 
 
 The w&ters, however, with which these con- 
 grated vapours load the atmosphere, seldom 
 fall with great and general force until the be- 
 ^nhing ctf October. It id then that the heavens 
 pbur ddwn bat&k^cts. Art Europeah who haA 
 
 * The thunder generally eeaset townnb the evening, 
 but, as the night sets in, the eye is irresistibly attractedJ^h 
 wards the monntaitM by the distant Ughtni&g'i which Imimb 
 ftom the clendfc in ten thoosaiid brilUaat conruscatione« nad 
 pla^B hannlesiBl^ tdong^ the summita of the mountains in 
 various fantastic shapes. It is said that the AmvraBomt^ 
 is never seen in the West Indies} but I hnvii belwM lunar 
 ndnbows fteq^enUy. 
 
 f1 
 
 a^« 
 
It 
 
 UOflOn Of IBB 
 
 not vMitad these climateB, eukfann no jvl con- 
 option of the quantity of water which ddogei 
 the earth at this season : by an eiact account 
 which was kept of the rain which fell in one 
 year in BariMdoes (1754) it appeared to have 
 been 87tW cubic inches, equal to 7 feet Srfv 
 inches perpendicular.* ,. 
 
 It is now, in the interval between the begitt^ 
 ning of August and the latter end of October, 
 that hurricanes, those dreadful visitations of 
 the Almighty, are apprehended. The prog- 
 nostics of these elementary conflicts, have been 
 nmiitely described by various writers, and their 
 effects are known by late moumfel experience 
 to every inhabitant of every island within the 
 tropics, but their immediate cause seems to lie 
 fer beyond the limits of our circumscribed 
 knowledge.t -f 
 
 * Taking the whole ialancb throng^ioat, fipom eixly to 
 ilztjr-fiye inches ^pear to be about the metfom of fain in 
 •eaaonable yean. If this quantity should auraaUy fill i« 
 Bnglandf the conntry would be dduged, and ttn ftvHs of 
 the earth destroyed. The power of the aun* at ttal dis- 
 tance from the equator, would be too taUa to eodMk • 
 snffldent quantity of it. On the ottisr hand, if so amaU a 
 Itottton as 91 inches only, should lUl in tlw whole year at 
 Baibadoes or Jamdoa, where the ftihaktion hf the son 
 and the sea-bieese is so great, the qprings and riven 
 Would probably be dried up, a^ the inhabitaatB periskhgr 
 thirst and ihmine. 
 
 '"^^''f Bar^uakes also are not unfrequent ; but none have 
 been productive of miscUef rince the fital one of June, 
 
WBflV INDIBS. 
 
 Towards the end of November, or loiiietiiiies 
 not till the middle of December , a conuderable 
 change in the tempemtiire of the air is per- 
 ceivable. The coasts to the northwanl are now 
 beaten by a rough and heavy sea, roaring with 
 incessant noise ; the wind varies from the east 
 to the north-east and north, sometimes driving 
 before it, across the highest mountains, not only 
 heavy rains but hail; till at length, the north 
 Mrind having acquired sufficient force, the at- 
 mosphoc is cleared ; and now comes on a suc- 
 cession of serene and pleasant weather, the 
 north-east and northerly ^mds spreading cool- 
 ness and delight throughout the whole of this 
 burning region. 
 
 If this interval, therefore, from the beginning 
 of December to the end of April, be called winter, 
 it is certainly the finest winter on the globe. To 
 valetudinarians and persons advanced in life, it is 
 die climate of Paradise. 
 
 I. 
 
 1698, whichjwallowed up Port Royal. Slight shocks ue 
 felt in Jamaica I believe erery year, generally about the 
 month of June, immediately after the May rains. If I 
 mi^t venture into the regions of coigecture, I should im- 
 pute these little concussions soldy to changes in the atmo- 
 sphete, and rather call them air-quaket than earthquakegf, 
 thqf are however very terrifying. During the autumnal 
 rains the climate to very sickly, and the four last months of 
 the year commonly prove fatal to a great many of the old 
 inhabitants, but more especially to persons of a JTuU hisibit 
 newly arrived from "EiOxape, and fcafrring people. 
 
Wind» 
 
 U HiaWMtY W TUB 
 
 W^ mwumTte iMocouQt which I hftve Jl^uft g^]vcp is, 
 howiwrer, t9 ibe cqceiFed not w uniforoily euipjt 
 mul mutely pfvrticMJywr; but .as » §ener»l re- 
 pnXBentatiQii cioly, jMbject to many vmjtj^ps 
 fOd «)(0iB|»lioii9. Id |he iiar^ istaiida ,Qf Cuha, 
 HiifpaDiola, and Jamaica, whose lofty mountabs 
 IMre dothed with forests perhaps as old as the 
 deluge, the rains are much more frequent and 
 violont than in the smfUl islands |to windward; 
 Bom^ of w|4ch are without mountains, and others 
 wjk^OUt wood ; both powerfiil agents on the at- 
 .DDOsphere. In the interior and elevated distr^ts 
 of the .three formei^ islm^ds, J. believe ^^ere lupe 
 jihowers ^ ,every moiitth iio t^ year ; ,and on the 
 northern coasts of those islands, ^i|sidffl?»h^^ 
 r^m are es^pected in JPieqember or J|mMary, 
 soon after the set^pg io of the north win^s. .^ 
 Concerning ^e trmle-wu^d, or diuriMd sea- 
 breeze^ whiqh ^low^ .^p ^ese qliwate^ ^fn the 
 east, and its collateral poii^s, wi^ little inter- 
 mission or variation nine months in the year, 
 the causes of it having been traced and dis- 
 played by numerous writers, it is unnecessary 
 for me to treat; but the peculiarity of the land- 
 ivind by night (th^ which nothing can be jnore 
 grateful and refreshiog) has beeniless generally 
 noticed. This is an advantage, among others, 
 which the larger islands of &e West Indies de- 
 rive from the great ipequality of their surfJM:e; 
 for as sQOP.^^^ejB^l^re^ dic)s i^way, ,ftie hot 
 
15 
 
 air of the tpltmi being varefied, aMsendi iMrardi c>>(^* 
 the tops of the mountains, and is tbore con- ^^^^^ 
 densad by the cold ; which making it sparificaHy 
 heavier Ihan it was before, it descends baok to 
 the phtioB on both sides of the jridge. Uenea a 
 night-wind is felt in all the mountainous countries 
 under the torrid zone, blowing on all sides from 
 the land towards the shore, so that on a north ^ 
 shore the wind shall come from the south, and 
 on the south shore from the north. Agreeably 
 to this hypothesis, it is observable that in the 
 islands to windward, where they have tiio 'moun- 
 tains, they have no land-breeze.* "' "'<* •^*'«''^' 
 
 Of the general appearance of a distant coun- Geaeni u^ 
 try, and the scenery with which it is clothed, it *''*™^" 
 is difficult, by mere verbal description, to Qon- 
 vey an idea. To the fimt discoverers, Che-pit»- 
 spect of these islands mudt 'have been interesting 
 beyond all that imaginatibh can at present con- 
 ceive. Even at this day, when the mind is pre- 
 pared and expectation awakened by anteeedi 'j^t 
 accounts, they are beheld by the voyager forihiu 
 
 * The account thus ^iven of the land-wind w ishiefly 
 in tiM words of Dr. Fnmlilia, wboae ' description U jm> p»e< 
 dse «nd accurate as to admit of no improvement. In 3sr- 
 badoes> and most of the small islands to windwacd* the 
 sea-breese blows as well by night as by day. It isMme- 
 timea the case in Jamaica in tiie months of June and Jttly« 
 the land at that time being heated to such a.dcgri!e» tlwt 
 the cold air of the mountains i^ not suffioiently dens^$o 
 «hetek the current whieh> flows £roaft4he sea. 
 
IT 
 
 BOM 
 t 
 
 HlSlMEtiarTHE 
 
 &PSI iilDe^' witb slFOOf :«motioiit of aikiiuttiQii 
 and pleamire ; arising not tmly from theooveit^ 
 of the scene) but also from the beauty of Ifae 
 sttialler islands^ and the sublimity of the ihugor^ 
 whiMfe lofty mountains' form a stupendous aad 
 awful picture ; the subject bothj of wonder j^ 
 
 on/ 
 
 ••s (M; 
 
 
 •'p if 
 
 "JJ. 
 
 
 * To the first voyagers to the West Indies, tdkny tavut 
 mtt^ien the objects of astohishment; and in sbtle ve- 
 qMliiti ^terror, eren befbre the appearance of land; sueh 
 at<<tiie ▼•rialion of the compass, the regularity ctf the 
 winda* the water-spont, and other phsenomena; of, the 
 o^^tei^oe of which they were previously unapprised. It k 
 in such cases that terror exerts its power over the mind 
 with unconl^lable idkldnAamtifi fi^retuon aiid idheHoti 
 caitlhhlish'lio arf(om«Blf lo oppose to its progress. oCo- 
 lanims in truth iamaA Umself amidst a new creatiqa. 
 What, for instance, could have more strongly excited 
 curiosity than the first si^ht of that wonderful little &ninial 
 thejlying^h ? Who would have bdWed that the natives 
 61^ the deep ^ad power to quit their watery element, and 
 #f aloft Wilh IMe birds of the air ! It was an ova of mir»* 
 <Abs, «Mid comideringthe prajpensity of mankind ta^BMlgiiify 
 what truly is strange, the modesty displayed by Columbus 
 In speaking of hisenterpiises and diseoveries, and the strict 
 adiketence to truth which he appears on all occasions to 
 faavJB'ttanifcsted, form «viH7dirtingnishing feature in fala 
 chhriefM. In general th« travdlera of those days not 
 o^'re^rted wondcrfsl ihings which never existed, but 
 sometimei civen really bdieved what they reported. la 
 1519 'Mbn Ponoe de Leon, a Spaniaid of disUnction (as 
 we idfii'ibfbrmed by HermrO actually took a voyage to 
 Florida for the purpose of jatidag in the River Bimiat, 
 
UnST IN]»C8r 
 
 m 
 
 ''mHott did theie promiMng territoriet disap- <^i^ 
 pioiitt expectation on a> nearer search and more 
 accurate inspection. ■ Columbus, whose vecaeity 
 haa> never' been suspected, speaks of their , beavtf 
 ani /fertility in terkos of the highest adimralMti :- 
 "There is a river (he observed > in o»e of fUs 
 " letters to King Ferdinand written fromCiilM)- 
 '* which, discharges itself 'itito the harbour that 
 " I have named Porto Santo, of sufficient depth 
 " to be navigable. I had the curioffity .to sound 
 "it, and found it eight fathom. . YetUie. water 
 'f is so limpid, diat I can easily diseem th«) 
 "sand at the bottom. The banks of this riv«i! 
 '^ aorel embellished with k>ity paUn-^trees^ ^holMi; 
 " shade gives a delicious freshness to theaic^j 
 'Valid the birds '.and the flowers are unoomoHHil 
 " attd beautifiiLKi I was so delighted, with' the i 
 "scene, that I bad almost come to the ttsf^kirs 
 '* tion of staying here the remainder of my daysii 
 
 ■ "■- '■ • j::i;^s*ii h ■.-■ ■ ;auii,i,.j ;>i'U .ij-ttv^H 
 
 wUth he had beeo told and belienwd would featore him. 
 to youtii, like the cauldron of Medea. If we laugh at 
 the credulity of this old man, what shall we say to our 
 own learned countryman Sir Walter Raleigh, who siicty 
 years afterwards, in the history of his voyage to Gnlanti/ 
 ^ves an account of a nation wh» were iom mthout headst 
 tmd mkeee eyes were placed in their $hoiMer$. Raleigh does 
 xtji i.^f*«ed pretend that he had seen any of these strangt 
 people himself, but he repeats what he had heard firom 
 others with a gravity and solemnity which eviniee that he 
 seridusly believed their existence. See his Aoooont of 
 Gtaiaua in Haklnyt'i Colleetton, v«l. ii. 
 VOL. I. C 
 
IW 
 
 HISTOmr OF THE 
 
 BOdK *<.fQf beHeve me^ SirC) tbese ootintries fiur^ur- 
 ^ pB88 all the rest of; the world in beauty end 
 <(«/toiiveuieiicy ; and I kave Irequenitly ob- 
 **'fpmwA to my people, that^ with all my tt^ 
 '^ deavours to eonvey lo yoor MajeJsty an adft- 
 *^^quiite idea of tha oharming objects which 
 H«ontiiinally present tbemseltes to our view, 
 *tthe cfcescrtption witt fiEiU greatly Isbort of the 
 *^!#eality."' ■ -• Q.no'i umn'- 
 
 ' >> How ill informed, or [^ejudided) are those 
 writers, (hdrBfore,who^< affecting to disbelief ej 
 or tendeavouriiig >tu ^palliate, the enormities of 
 the Spanish tntadiefB^ represent these once de'* 
 Infill ^pot^ WhQn ifir^t discovered by Ck)luni-t 
 bu)9^ to have betenioniany iinpenetrBbleahd^ita- 
 bMlti»f xle«ert8 ! It Ut tnie, ^ that after the Spa- 
 i^rd$) in the dodrte of n feiit^ bloody years^ had 
 exterminated the ancient and rightful possessors^ 
 the «arth, kft to' lis own natural fertility, be^ 
 neath the influence of a tropical sun, teemed 
 with noxious vegetation. Then, indeed) the 
 fairest of these islands became so many frightful 
 solitudes; impervious and unwholesome. Such 
 was the conaition of Jamaica when wrested from 
 the Spanish crown in \65St and such u the 
 condition of great part of Cuba and Porto Rico 
 at this day: fdr the infinitely wise and benevo- 
 lent Governor of the universe, to compel the 
 ext:rtion of those faculties whit h he has given 
 us, has ordained) that by hinran cultivation 
 
WEST IND]E$. 
 
 in 
 
 alone, the earth becomes the proper haliHtation <*^' 
 offaAU.* 'W'ki* 
 
 But aa the West Indian Islands ki their an^i 
 ci^t state were not lyithout culture, so neither 
 were they generally noxious to heidtli. The 
 plains or savannas were regularly sown, twice 
 in the year, with that species of grain which is 
 now well known in Europe by the name of 
 Turkey Wheat. It was called by the Indians 
 Mahez, or Maize, a name it still bears in all the 
 isliands, and does not require very laborious cul- 
 tivation. This however constituted but a part 
 only, and not the most considerable part, of the 
 vegetable food' of the natives. As these coun*^- 
 tries were at the same time extremely populous, 
 both the hills and the vallies (of the smaller 
 islands especially) were necessarily cleared oi 
 underwood, and die trees which remained af- 
 forded a shade that was cool, airy, and deli- 
 cious. Of these trees some, as the papaw and 
 
 * Dr. Liod, in his *' Essay on the Diseases of Hot 
 *' Climates," has preserved an extract from the Journal of 
 an Officer who sailed up a river on the coast of Ouinea, 
 which affords a striking illustration of this remark : ** We 
 " were (says the officer) thirty miles distant firom the sea, 
 "in a country altogether uncultivated, overflowed with 
 *' water — surrounded with thick impenetrable wooda, and 
 " over-run with slime. The air was so vitiated, nOisonc* 
 " and thick, that our torches and candles burnt 
 ** nemed readtf to be eatinguiehed i and even the h 
 " to»4 it» nutmul Umer Part I. p. ^4. 
 
 C8 
 
 C. 
 
 I M^*^'*'^ 
 
9» 
 
 HISTORY OP -THE 
 
 B^ peiineto,* are, without doubt, the most graceful 
 '^S/'^y of all the vegetable creation. Others continue 
 to^bud, blonom, and bear fruit throughout the 
 year. Nor is i* Undeserving notice^ that the 
 foliage of the mobt part sprin^ng only from the 
 summit of the trunk, and thence expanding into 
 wide*spreading branches, closely but elegantly 
 arranged, every grove is an assemblage of ma- 
 
 * The species here meant (fok* there are leveral) is the 
 palmeto>royal> or mountaio-cabbage, so called because the 
 upper part of the trunk is sometimes eaten, and supposed 
 to resemble the Buropean cabbage in flavour. Ligbn men- 
 tions znm9, at the first settlement of Barbadoes, about 900 
 f«(tt in height} but Mr. Hughes observes, that the highest' 
 in his tiqae, in that island, was 184 feet. I am inclined to 
 believe, that I have seen them in Jamdca upwards of ISO 
 feet fin height ; but it is Impossible to speak with certainty 
 without an actual measurement. *' Neither the tall cedars 
 ot Lebanon (says Hughes) nor any trees of the forest, are 
 equal to it in height, beauty, or proportion; so that it 
 claims among vegetables, that superiority which Virgil, 
 gives to Rome among the cities of Italy : 
 
 Ferutn tiae tantum alias inter caput extuUt urbei. 
 Quantum lenta solent inter viburna cupresti." 
 
 The upper part of the trunk, from whence the foliage 
 springs, resembles a welltturned finely polished baluster, 
 of a lively green colour, gently swelling from its pedestal, 
 and diminishing gradually to the top, where it expands 
 into branches waving like plumes of ostrich feathers. 
 From the center of the summit rises the ^atha or sheath, 
 terminating in an acute point. The trunk itself is not 
 less gracofol } being a straight, smooth, slightly annulatcd 
 column, large at the base, and tapering from thence to 
 the insertion of the baluster or cabbage. 
 
WEST INBIBS. 
 
 il 
 
 jestic columns, supporting a verdant canopy, and geap. 
 excluding the sun, without impeding the circula>>4»v«i/ 
 tion of the air. Thus the shade, at all times 
 impervious to the blaze, and refreshed by the 
 diurnal breeze, affords not merely a refuge from 
 occasional inconveniency, but a most wholesome 
 and delightful retreat and habitation^ 
 
 Such were these orchards of the Sun, and 
 woods of perennial verdure ; of a growth unknown 
 to the frigid clime and less vigorous soil of 
 Europe ; for what is the oak compared to the 
 cedar or mahog^y, of each of which the tnmk 
 frequently measures from eighty to ninety feet 
 from the base to the limbs? What European 
 forest has ever given birth to a stem equal to that 
 oftheceiba,* which alone, simply rendered con- 
 cave, has been known to produce a boat ca- 
 pable of containing one hundred persons? or tlie 
 still greater fig, the sovereign of the vegetable 
 creation, — itself a forest ?t 
 
 The majestic scenery of these gigantic groves 
 was, at the same time, enlivened by the singular 
 
 * Th« wild cotton tree. 
 
 t This monarch of the wood, whose empire ejitends 
 over Asia and Africa, as well as the tropical pijrts of Ame- 
 rica, is descrilied by our divine poet with great exactness : 
 
 The fig-tree, not that kind for fruit renown'd. 
 But such as at this day to Indians known 
 In Malabar and Decan, spreads her arms, 
 
VI 
 
 HISTORT OF THE 
 
 ■^ ferniB of some, and the surprising beauty of 
 others of the infeiior animals which postsesaed 
 and peopled them. Although these will be 
 more fully described in the sequel, a few ob- 
 servations which at present oc^ur to me will, I 
 hope, be forgiven, if it be true, as it hath been 
 asserted, that in most of the regiops of the torrid 
 zone, the heat of the sun is, as it were, reelected 
 in the untameable fierceness of their ¥ Hd beasts, 
 and iit the exalted rage and veiiom of the nu- 
 inero<]& serpents with which they are infested, the 
 Sovereign Disposer of all things has regarded 
 the isiktitd& of the West Indies with peculiar fit* 
 
 Branching so broad and long, that in the g;t>und 
 The bearded twigs take root, and daughiers grow 
 Above the mother tree, a piUaT'd shadef 
 High over'arek'd, and echoing vudki b§tmeenl 
 
 Pariulise Lost, Book IX. 
 
 And widi ttill greater precision by QiiMttM CurtiMi (who, in 
 this instance at least, is not fabulous) : Sylva erant prope 
 unnMfMKm apatium diffumtt proceritque et in eximiam aUifu* 
 dinem editit arboribus umbrojte. Pkrique rami in$tar in- 
 gentium stipihtmflexi in humum, runut, tpia te curvaverunt 
 erigebanturf adeo ut tpecies esaet non rami returgen^, sed 
 arboria ea $ua radice generaUt. It is called in the East 
 Indies the banyan-tree. Mr. Marsden gives the following 
 account of the dimensions of one, near Manjee, twenty 
 miles west of Patna in Bengal : diameter, 36S to 37& feet } 
 circuroferemse of the shadow at noon, 1116 feet { circum- 
 ference of the several stems, in number fifty or sixty, 9S1 
 feet. — Hitt. Suma^a, p. ISl. 
 
aWBST iifmM. 
 
 vourj inasiDuch as their serpents itie wholly ^^' 
 idestitute of poison,* luid they possess no Miimal s#vv 
 4>f prey, to desolate their valiies. The croco- 
 
 ^ i* Imkj this on the authority of Brown. Charlevoix^ and 
 t9aghe(i(of vhomthefirst compiled the Hiatory of Jamaica* 
 ,the second that of Hispaniola, and the last that of Barbadoes) 
 •—on the testimony of many gentlemen who have resided in 
 severalof the Windward Islands^— and on myOwn experience 
 dtiring a residenee of eighteen years in Jamaica. In that 
 time I neither knew oor heard of any person being hurt 
 fkon the bite of any one specfes of the f umerous snakes or 
 lizards known in that island. Some of the snakes I have 
 myself handled with perfect secmrity. I conclude, therefore, 
 (notwithstanding the contrary assertion of Du Tertre re- 
 specting Maiiinico and St. tiueia) that aU the Islands are 
 providentially exempted from this evil. Nevertheless it 
 must be admitted, that the-circumstance is extraordinary ; 
 inasmuch as every part of the continent of America, but 
 especially those provinces which lie under the equator, 
 abound In a hig^ degree with serpents, whose bite is mortal. 
 —Dr. Bancroft, in his Account of Guiana, give* a dread, 
 ful list of sueb as are found in that extensive country • 
 and, in speaHio|r of one, of a species which he calls the 
 small labarra, makes mention of a negro who was un- 
 fortunately bit by it in the finger. The negro had but just 
 time to kill the snake, when his limbs became unable to 
 support him, and he fell to the ground, and expired in less 
 than five minutes.— Dr. Dancer, in his History of the 
 Expedition from Jamaica to Fort Juan on the Lake of 
 Nicaragua, in 17^, which lie attended as physieian, re- 
 lates the follow! ng circumstance : ,^ «nake hanging from tlie 
 bough of a tree bit one of tlie soldiers, as he passed along, 
 just under the orbit of the left ryt ; from whence the poor 
 man fdt such intense pain that he was unable to proceed : 
 
«* 
 
 HlffRMLrOVTHE 
 
 ^K <)i^ or alHgator, is indeed sometiines discovered 
 on the banks of their rivers ; but notwithstanding 
 «11 that has been said of its fierce and savage 
 disposition, I pronounce it, from my own know- 
 ledge, a cautious and timid creature^ avoiding 
 with the utmost precipitation the approach c^ 
 man. The rest of the lizard kind are perfectly 
 innocent and inoffensive. Some of them are 
 even fond of human society. They embeUlsh 
 our walks by their beauty, and courti our at^ 
 tention by gentleness and frolic ^ but their kind- 
 ness, I know not why, is returned by aversion 
 and disgust. Anciently the woods of almost all 
 the equatorial parts of America, abounded with ' 
 various tribes of the smaller monkey, a sportive 
 and sagacious little creature, which the people 
 of Europe seem likewise to have regarded with 
 unmerited detestation; for they hunted them 
 down with such barbarous assiduity, that, in 
 several of the islands every species of them hLS 
 been long since exterminated. Of the feathered 
 
 and IV hen a messenger was sent to him a few hours afteri 
 wards, he was foond dead, with all the symptoms of putro- 
 fikction, a yellowness and swelling over his whole bodyj 
 and the eye near to which he was bitten wholly dissolved. 
 This circumstance was confirmed to me by General 
 Kemble, who commanded in chief on that (expedition. 
 It may not be useless to add, that those serpents which 
 are venomous «re fiirnidied with fugs somewhat resem- 
 bling the tusks of a boar: they are moveable, and inserted 
 in the upper jaw. 
 
WBST INDIBS. 
 
 S5 
 
 race too, many tribes have now 'nearly deierted Ciup. 
 tb^ee' shores where polished man delights in 
 8|M«ading universal and capricious destruotiott. 
 Among these, one of the most remarkable was 
 the flamingo, an elegant and princely bird, nearly 
 ts large as the swan, and arrayed in plumage of 
 the brightest scarlet. Numerous, however, are 
 the feathered kind, deservedly distinguished by 
 tfieir splendour and beauty, that still aniniate 
 these sylvan recesses. The parrot, and its various 
 aflinities, from the maccaw to the parroquet, 
 some of them not larger than a sparrow, are too 
 well known to require description. These are 
 as plentiful in the larger islands of the West 
 Indies as the rook is in Europe. But the boast 
 of American groves is doubtless the colibry, 
 or humming bird ; of the brilliance of whose 
 plumage no combination of words, nor tints of 
 the pencil, can convey an adeqiMite idea. .The 
 consummate green of the emerald, the rich pur- 
 ple of the amethyst, and the vivid flame of the 
 ruby, all happily blended and enveloped be- 
 neath a transparent veil of waving gold, are dis- 
 tinguishable in every species, but difierently ar- 
 ranged and apportioned in each. Nor is the 
 minuteness of its form less the object of admira- 
 tion than the lustre of its plumage ; the smallest 
 species not exceeding the size of a beetle, and 
 appearing the link which connects the bird and 
 insect creation. 
 
BOOK 
 1. 
 
 Monntaiu. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 It hai been obierved, however, that allkoiiigli 
 nature is proAue of ornament to the birds of the 
 torrid looe, she has bestowed far greater powers 
 of melody on those of Europe; and the ob- 
 servation is partly true. That prodigaliiy and 
 variety of music which in the vernal aeaso* 
 enlivens the British groves, is certainly unknown 
 to the shades of the tropical regions ; yet are not 
 these altogether silent or inharmonioua. The 
 note of tl>e mociibird is deservedly celebrated, 
 while the hum of myriads of busy insects, and 
 the plaintive melody of the innumerable variety 
 of doves abounding in these climates, form a 
 concert, which, if it serves not to awaken the 
 fancy, couiiibutes at least to sooth theafiections, 
 and, like the murmuring of a rivulet, gives bar* 
 mony to repose. ^t. 
 
 But, resigning to the naturalist the task of 
 minutely describing the splendid aerial tribes of 
 these regions, whose variety is not less remark- 
 able than their beauty, I now return from these* 
 the smallest and most pleasing forms of active 
 life, to the largest and most awfiil objects of 
 inanimate nature. The transition.is abrupt ; but 
 it is in the magnitude, extent, and elevation of 
 the -mountains of the New World, that the 
 Almighty has most strikingly manifested the 
 wonders of bis omnipotence. Those of South 
 America are supposed to be nearly twice the 
 height of the highest in the ancient hemisf^re. 
 
WB8T INDIES; 
 
 «r 
 
 of 
 
 th 
 
 and even under the equator, bave their tofii in* <^' 
 Tolved in everkstiogi tnow. To those massivo 
 piles, the lofUest summits of the most elevated of 
 the West Indian Islands cannot indeed be com- 
 pared ; but some of these rise, nevertheless, in 
 amaiing grandeur, and are among the first objects 
 that fix the attention of the voyager. 'i*he moun» 
 tains of Hispaniola in particular, whose wavy 
 ridges are descried from sea at the distance of 
 thirty leagues, towering &r above the clouds in 
 stupendous magnificence, and the blue moun- 
 tains of Jamaica, have never yet, that I have 
 heard, been fully explored. Neither curiosity 
 nor avarice has hitherto ventured to linvade the 
 topmost of those lofty regions. In such of them 
 as are accessible, nature is found to have put on 
 the appearance of a new creation. As the di*. 
 mate changes, the trees, the birds, and the in- 
 sects are seen also to differ from those which are 
 met with below. To an unaccustomed spectator, 
 looking down from those heights, the whde 
 scene appears like enchantment. The first ob» 
 ject which catches the eye at the dawn of day, 
 is a vast expanse of vapour, covering the whole 
 fikce of the vallies. Its boundaries being per- 
 fectly distinct and visibly circumscribed, it has 
 the exact resemblance of an immense body of 
 water ; whilst the mountains appear like so many 
 islands in the midst of a most beautiful lake. 
 
u 
 
 HISTORY or THE 
 
 tec. 
 
 ^^ As the sun mcraMM in force, the prospect variw: 
 the incmnbeot vapours fly upward, end melt into 
 air ; disclosing all the beauties of nature, and the 
 triumphs of industry, heightened and embellished 
 by the foil blase of a tropical sun. In the equa- 
 torial season, scenes of still greater magnificence 
 frequently present themselves; for, while ail is 
 calm and serene in the higher regions, the clouds 
 tune seen below sweeping along the sides of the 
 mountains in vast bodies; until growing more 
 ponderous by accumulation, they fall at length 
 in torrents of water on the plains. The sound 
 of the tempest is distinctly heard by the spec- 
 tator above; the distant lightning is seen to 
 irradiate the gloom ; while the thunder, rever- 
 berated in a thousand echoes, rolls for beneath 
 his feet. 
 
 But, lofty as the tropical mountains generally 
 are, it is wonderfully true, that all the known 
 parts of their summits furnish incontestible evi- 
 dence that the sea had once dominion over them. 
 Even their appearance at a distance affords an 
 argument in support of this conclusion. Their 
 ridges resemUe billows, and their various ine- 
 qualities, inflexions, and convexities, seem justly 
 ascribable to the fluctuations of the deep. As 
 in other countries too, marine shells are found 
 in great abundance in various parts of these 
 heights. I have, seen on a mountain in the in- 
 
terior ptrts of Janmica petrified oysters dug up, chap- 
 which perfectly resembled, in the most minute 
 circumstances, the large oysters of the western 
 coast of England ; a species not to be found 
 at this time, I believe, in the seas of the West 
 ladies. Here then is an ample field for con- 
 jecture to expatiate in ; and indeed few subjects 
 have afforded greater exercise to the pens of 
 physical writers, than the appearances 1 have 
 mentioned. While some philosophers assign the 
 origin of all the various inequalities of the earth 
 to the ravages of the deluge, others, considering 
 the mountains as the parents of springs and 
 rivers, maintain that they are coeval with the 
 worid ; and that first emerging from the abyss, 
 they were created with it. Some again ascribe 
 them to the force of volcanos and earthquakes : 
 '' The Almighty,** say they, ** while he permits 
 subterranean fires to swallow up cities and plains 
 in one part of the globe, causes them to produce 
 promontories and islands in another, which after- 
 wards become the fruitful seats of industry and 
 happiness."* 
 
 All these and other theorists concur, however 
 in the belief that the surface of the globe has 
 undergone many surprising and violent con- 
 vulsions and changes since it first came from the 
 hands of the Creator. Hills have sunk into 
 plains, and vailies have been exalted into hills. 
 
 * Goldsmith's History of the £arth« &c. vol. i. 
 
30 
 
 HISXORV^O^ irilE 
 
 ^^^ Respecting the numerous islands of iJae West 
 ^«fy^ IqdieSf they are generally considered as the tops 
 of lofty iiiountaint}| the eminences of a great 
 coatlpenti converted into islands by a tremendous 
 concussion of nature^ wbich» increasing the na- 
 tural course of the ocean from East to West, 
 has laid a vast extent of level country under 
 water.* 
 
 ,/ J But, notwithstanding all that has been written 
 on this subject, very little seems to be known. 
 The advocates of this system do not sufficiently 
 consider, that the sea could not have covered so 
 large a pcnrtion of land on one side of the globe, 
 without leaving an immense space as suddenly 
 dry on the other. We have no record in history 
 of so mighly a revolution, nor indeed are many 
 of the premises on which this hypothesis is built, 
 established in truth. 
 Origin. Perhaps, instead of considering these islands 
 
 as the fragments of a desolated continent, we 
 ought rather to regard them as the rudiments of 
 a new one. It is extremely probable, that many 
 of them, even now, are but beginning to emerge 
 from the bosom of the deep. Mr. Buffon has 
 shewn, by incontrovertible evidence, that the 
 bottom of the sea bears an exact resemblance 
 to the land which we inhabit; consisting, like 
 the earth, of hills and vallies, plains and hol- 
 
 * See L'Abb^ Raynal^ L'Abb6 Pluche, and others. 
 
jiWE8TINDlB8.< S§ 
 
 lows, rocks, sands apjd soils of eypry cpn^tence *^^ 
 ^ad species. To the rii^tion of tbef wȴes, and s*^^^ 
 the sediments which they have deposited, h« 
 imputes too with grfatiprpli^bi^ty,, the regular 
 positions vof the , various strata ,01; layer? . which 
 compose the upper parts of the eafth ; and he 
 sh^ws thf^t this arrangemient cannot have been 
 the ^ifect of a sudden revolution, but of causes 
 slow,.; gfadual, aiid succes8iv<e ifi their oper^n 
 tiops^.. To the flow of tides and rivers, deposit- 
 ing matenals^which ha.ve been accumulating ever 
 since tbo creation, and the various fluctuations 
 of the,deepoperckting thereon, he ascribes, there- 
 fore^ most of those inequaliUes in the {nresent 
 appearance of the globe which in some parts 
 embellish, and in others (to our limited view at 
 least) deface it. 
 
 , Pursuing this train of fhought^ we may be led 
 perhaps to consider nwny of the most terrifying 
 appearances of nature, as necessary and propiti- 
 ous in the formation and support of the system 
 of the world ; and even in volcanos and earth- 
 quakes (of which most of these islands be&T 
 evident memcMrials) we may trace the stupendous 
 agency of Divine Providence, employed, as man- 
 kind increase in numbers, in raising up from the 
 bottom of the deep new portions of land for 
 their habitations and comfort. 
 
 These considerations are founded in piety, 
 and seem consonant to reason ; and although in 
 
n 
 
 HisTc^w 6pm& 
 
 ^^ contemplftting the tremendous phenomena which 
 "•^^^^ the mountains of South America, beyond aK 
 other parts of the globe» present to our notice,* 
 and re6ecting on the devastations which they 
 spread, human reason iii^ll sometimes find itself 
 perplexed and dismayed, mily we not by analogy 
 conclude, that the Almighty, uiliform iti his pur- 
 poses, is equally wise and benevolent in all his 
 dispensations, thou|^ the scale on which lie 
 acts is sometimes too large for the span of 6ur 
 limited and feeble comprehension? They who 
 seem best qualified to contemplate the works of 
 the Deity, will most readily acknowledge that it 
 is not for man to uf^old the page of Omnipotence. 
 Happy if to conscious ignorance we add humble 
 
 adoration. 
 
 r'iwi 
 
 *' Of all the]'parti of tlie earth America k the place 
 where the dreadful irregularities of nature are the most 
 confpicuoufii. Vesuvius, and Eitzz itself, are but mere 
 fireworks in comparison to the burning mountains of the 
 Andes, which, as they are the highest mountains in the 
 world, so also are they the most formidable for their erup- 
 tions." — Ooldtmith*$ History of the Earth, &c. rol. i. p. 99. 
 
 It is related, that a volcanic explosion from Cotopaxit 
 a mountain in the province of Quito, has been heard at 
 the distance of 150 miles. 
 
WBST INSMHES. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Of the Charaibes, or ancient Inhabitants ^ the 
 Windward Islands. — Origin. — Difficulties jtU- 
 tending an accurate investigation of their 
 character. — Such particulars related as are 
 least disputed, concerning their manners and 
 ditpositionsj persons and domestic habits, edu- 
 catian of their children, arts^ manufactures 
 and g&vernment, religious rites, funeral cere- 
 rtonies, Sgc, — Some reflections drawn from the 
 whole. 
 
 Having thus giren an account of the climate chap. 
 and seasons, and endeavoured to convey to the ^}}l^^ 
 reader some faint idea of the beauty and mag- 
 nificence with which the hand of Nature arrayed 
 the surface of these numerous Is^lands, I shaH 
 now proceed to inquire after those inhabit'diiis 
 to whose support and conveniency they ww« 
 chidly found subservient when they first came 
 to the knowledge Of Europe. 
 
 It hath been observed in the preceding chapter 
 that Columbus, on his first arrival at Hispanidi, 
 received information of a barbarous and warlike 
 people, a iiation of Cannibals, who freqiKuitly 
 mfifle depgedtttioDs on that, and the neigbbQuring 
 Islands. They were called Caribl^ees, orOlui- 
 
 VOL. 1 . . D 
 
 ^ 
 
 v^ 
 
S4 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK raibes, and were represented as coining from the 
 v^.^^,^; £ast. Columbus, in his second voyage, dis- 
 covered that they were the inhabitants of the 
 Windward Islands. 
 
 The great difference in language and cha- 
 racter between these savages and the inhabitants 
 of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Porto-Rico, 
 heth given birth to an opiniou that their origin 
 also was different. Of this there seems indeed 
 to be but little doubt; but the question from 
 whence each class of Islands was first peopled is 
 of more difficult solution. Rochefort, who pub- 
 lished his account of the Antilles in 1658, pro- 
 nounces the Charaibes to have been originally i 
 nation of Florida, in North America. He sup- 
 poses that a colony of the Apalachian Indians 
 having been driven from that continent, arrived 
 at the Windward Islands, and exterminating 
 tlie ancient male inhabitantSi took possession of 
 their lands and their women. Of the larger 
 islands he presumes that the natural strength, 
 extent and population, affording security to the 
 natives, these happily escaped the destruction 
 which overtook their unfortunate neighuours ; 
 and thus arose the distinction observable be- 
 tween the inhabitants of the larger and smaller 
 islands.* 
 
 * Ko«lieiort Histoire des 1b\h Antilles^ Hv. ii. c. vH. 
 See also, P. Labat nouveau Voyage aux Idles d«L'Ameri- 
 
 que, torn. it. c. xv. 
 
 if ^ki 
 
WEST INDIES. 35 
 
 To this account of th^ origin of the Insular chap. 
 Cbaraibes, the generality of historians have given 
 their assent ; but there are doubts atteniding it 
 that are not easily solved. If they migrated 
 from Florida, the imperfect state and natural 
 course of their navigation induce a belief that 
 traces of them would have been found on those 
 islands which are near to the Florida diore ; yet 
 the natives of tlie Bahamas, when discovered 
 by Columbus, were evidently a similar people 
 to those of Hispaniola.* Besides, it is suffi- 
 ciently known that there existed anciently many 
 numerous and powerful tribes of Charaibes on 
 the southern Peninsula, extending from the river 
 Oronoko to Essequebe, and throughout the 
 whole province of Surinam, even to Brasil; 
 some of which still maintain their indepen- 
 dency. It was with one of those tribes that our 
 countryman Sir Walter Raleigh formed an al- 
 liance, when that commander made his romantic 
 expedition to the coast of Guiana in 1595 if 
 and by him we are assured that the Chaiaibes of 
 that part of the Continent spoke the language 
 of Dominica. J I incline therefore to the opi- 
 nion of Martyr, § and conclude that the islanders 
 
 * Herrera, lib. ix. chap. ii. 
 
 f Bancroft's History of Guiana, p. 359. 
 
 X Hainluyt, vol. iii. p. 668. 
 
 § P. Martyr, Decad. '' lib. i. 
 
 D 9 
 
36 
 
 HisrroniY or thk 
 
 BOpR were ratber a colony fcmn the Charaibes of 
 South America than from any nation of the 
 North. Roebeibrt admits that their own tra^ 
 ditions referred constantly to Guiana.* It does 
 not appear that they entertained the most re^ 
 mote idea of a Northern ancestry. 
 
 It may be thought, perhaps^ that tl^e Con* 
 tinentid Charaibes were tfaemseiyes emigrimtg 
 from the Northern to the Southern Peninula . 
 but without attempthig to controvert the posi- 
 tion to which recent discoveries Beem indeed to 
 ha?e given a full coiGifirroation, tianiely, that tlie 
 Asiatic Continent first iumished inhabitants to 
 the contiguous North- Werteru parts of America, 
 I concave the Charaibes to have been a dntinct 
 race, widefy differing irom all the nations of the 
 NeM? Hemisphere ; and I am even incli;ied to 
 adopt the opinion of Homius and other writers, 
 who ascribe to them an oriental ancestry iroat 
 across the Atlantic, f 
 
 Inquiries however into the origin of a re» 
 
 "'U'ltJichefcrt, i.-> ii, c. vii. See also. Note 94 ib 
 Dr. Robertson's K: tory of Amerf'jE. The people Called 
 Oalihin, inc iioned by Dr , B.. are the Charaibea of the Ccn* 
 tiufcnt, the tertc Galihis or Calihis (as it is written by Bu 
 Tertre) Dicing,, as I 4ionceive« corrupted from Caribbee. 
 Vide Lafitau, torn. i. p. 9i9f, and Du Tertre, tow. ii. 
 360. 
 
 f Some arguments in support of tkJs oplniou ore sab- 
 joined in the Appendix to Book 2. 
 
)4 to 
 
 W«ST INDIES. 
 
 mote and unlettered race, can be prosecu^ with 
 success cnly by comparing their ancient manners, 
 laws, iang'iage, and religious cereQU>nie9 with 
 those of other nations. Unfortunately, in all or 
 most of those particulars respecting the Cha- 
 raibes, our knowledge ia limited within a narrow 
 circle. Of a people engaged in perpetual w^r- 
 fs^xe, hunted from island to island by revenge and 
 rapacity, few opportunities could have o&enA* 
 even to those who might have been quali6ed for 
 such inesearches, of investigating the natural dis- 
 positions and habitual customs with minuteneM) 
 and precision. Neither indeed could a just 
 estunate imve been formed of their national cha^ 
 racter, from the manners of such of them as 
 were at length subjugated to the European yoke ; 
 for they lost, together with their ^feedom, many 
 of their original characteristics : and at last even 
 the ^esire pf acting from the impulse of their 
 owfi minds. Wp discern, says Bochefort,^ a 
 wonderful change in the dispositions and habits 
 of the Charaibes. In some respects we have 
 enlightened; in others (to our shame be it spoken) 
 we Save corrupted tfeem. An old Charaibe thus 
 addressed one of pur flanters, on this subject :~ 
 " Our people,** he crrnplained, ** are become 
 " tlihost as bad as yoiirs. — We are so much 
 " altered since ybii came amon^ us that we 
 
 * Rochefort, llv. ii. chap. ix. p.436. 
 
 «3r 
 
 CHAP. 
 IL 
 
 iM 
 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 
 I. 
 
 II 
 
 " hardly know ourselves, and we think it is 
 ** owing tt> so melancholy a change that hur- 
 ** ricanes are more frequent than they wtfre 
 " formerly. It is the evil spirit who has done 
 " all this, — who has taken our best lands from 
 ^' us, and given us up to the dominion of the 
 "Christians."* r'<^ i • 
 
 hi! My present investi^tioti' must therefore be 
 fiiN*e88arily defective. Nevertheless, by selecting 
 and combining such memorials as are least con^ 
 troverted, I shall hope to exhibit a few striking^ 
 particulars in the character of this ill-feted peo^? 
 pie, which, if I mistake not, will lead to some^ 
 Mnnbortant conclusions in the study 6$ human 
 nature. • 
 
 * This extract from Rochefort i» surely » safficient^ 
 answer to the observations of Mons. du Chanva!on who 
 wrote so late as 1751 ; and, judging of all the Charaibes 
 from the few with whom he had any comrounicatioh, re>' 
 presents them as not possessing any sagacity or foresight 
 beyond mere animal instinct. He makes no allowance* 
 for their degradation in a state pf captivity and servitude^ 
 although in another part of this book, speaking of the 
 African blacks in the West Indies, he dwells strongly on 
 this c ir cu m s ta nce lespecting the latter. " Peut-6n con- 
 *' noltre (he oiMerves) le vrai gtfnte d'un p<iaple oppHm^, 
 " qui vast sans cesse les chatinM9is let6s snr sa>t£tei 4rla 
 ** violence to^jouis prdte i ^tia sontenue par la politique 
 " et la s<iret£ publique? Fent-on jnger de la yaleur# 
 '* quand e}le est enchain^e, et sans armes ?" — Voyage d la 
 Martinique, p. 58. 
 
WBST INDIBS. ^ 
 
 Their fierce spirit and warlike disposition chap. 
 have already been mentioned. Historians have 
 not failed to notice these among the most dis- 
 tinguishable of their qualities.* — Restiess, enter- 
 prizing and ardent, it would seem they con- 
 sidered war as the chief end of their creation, 
 and the rest of the human race as their natural 
 prey; for they devoured without remorse the 
 bodies of such of their enemies (the men at 
 least) as fell into their hands. — This custom is 
 so repugnant to our feelings, that for a centuiy 
 past, until the late discoveries of a similar prac- 
 tice in the countries of the Pacific Ocean, the 
 philosophers of Europe had boldly impeached 
 
 * Dr. Robertson, in note 93 to the first vol. of his 
 History of America, qootes from a MS. History of Ferdi- 
 nand and Isabella, written by Andrew Bemaldes« the co- 
 temporary and friend of Columbus, the following instance 
 of the bravery of the Charaibes. ** A canoe with four 
 " men, two women, and e boy, unexpectedly fell in with 
 ■" Columbus's fleet. A Spanish bark with S6 men was 
 " sent to take them, and the fleet in the mean time cut off 
 " their communication with the shore. Instead of giving 
 '*way to despair, the Charaibes seized their arms with 
 "undaunted resolution, and began the attack, wounding 
 *' several of the Spaniards although they had targets as 
 ** wdl as other defensive armour, and even after the canoe 
 " was overset, it was with no little difficulty and danger 
 " that some of them were secured, as they continued to 
 " defend themselves, and to use thetr bows with great 
 " dexterity while swimming in the sea." — Herrera has 
 recorded the same anecdote. 
 
►. HISTOftV OF THE 
 
 BOOK the veracity of the most emineDt aaciiot nxy^i» 
 who h«4 fint reoorded the eusteiifie of it. 
 Even Labat, who resided in the Wett ladies 
 at a period when some of the ialanda stiU n* 
 maiaed in possession of the Charaihea, declaraa 
 it to be his opinion that instances of thia 
 abominable practice among them were at all 
 times extremely rare; — ^the effect only of a 
 sudden ioHpulse of revengfo arising from ^tta- 
 ordinary and unprovoiKed in^ry ; bat that they 
 ewer made premeditated excursions to the kuigar 
 islands ior the purpose of devouikig My 
 of the inhabitants, or of sfiriag them to be 
 eaten at a fijture time, he very confidently 
 denies.* 
 
 Nevertheless there is no cimmslance in the 
 history of mankind better attested than the oni- 
 versal prevHience of these practices among them. 
 Columbus was not only informed of it by the 
 natives of Hispaniola, as I have already related, 
 but having landed faimsdf at Guadeloupe on its 
 first discovery, t he beheld in several cottages 
 lAie head and limbs of the human body recently 
 separated, and evidently kept for occasi o nal re- 
 paMi* He released, at the same time, several 
 of the natives ci Porto Richo, who^ haviBg been 
 
 * Labat, torn. iv. p. SSS. 
 t November 4, 149S. 
 
WB8T 1N01I8. 
 
 m 
 
 to b$ 
 fidentiy 
 
 broi^ oiptuics fram th«nce, wera ieienr«d as vagt. 
 vicdiDA for the tame horrid purpose.* 
 
 Thus far, it nuMt be confessed, the disposi«> 
 taon of the Cbaraibes leaves do very fiivourable 
 iaBpvessioD oa the miod of the reader ; ^v San 
 il is probable they will be coDsiderec ' r as 
 beasts of prey tbaD as human beings \\e 
 
 will think, perhaps^ that it was ntsarly oo ju6U- 
 fiaUe to exterminate them from the earth, as it 
 would be to destroy the fiercest monsters of the 
 wilderness ; since they who shew no mercy are 
 entitled to no pity. 
 
 But among themselves they were peaceable, 
 and towards each other faithful, friendly, and al» 
 fectk>Date.t T^V considered all strangers, in- 
 deed, as enemi( ^ - and of the people of Europe 
 they formed a ri;^.it estimatioQ.- The antipathy 
 which they manifeated towarda the unoffimding 
 natives of Uie lav^r islands appears extraordi- 
 nary ; but it is s&kl to have descended to them 
 £rom their ancestors of GiUiaoa : they conaidered 
 those islanders as a colony of Arowauks, a nation 
 
 ■i €WJ UK- 
 
 * B. Cohwib«4« taf, dvi. Peter M«rtyr, Decad. I. 
 lib. ii* Herrera, lib. ii. cap. vu» See also Bancroft's History 
 of Oaians, p. S59, who is of opinion that no other tHbe 
 of Indians in Guiana eat human flesh but the Charaibes. 
 Aaoongst these, the proof that this pcactice still subsists 
 is incontestable. 
 
 t Rochefort, liv. ii. cap. xi. DuTertre, torn* ii> p. SS9- 
 

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 HlSXOltli Or^THE 
 
 BOOK ofSoath^Aowrica, ii4lh'^»^ 
 
 tbftt amtiniint aiie^ittliiaiiUyfttwitf^*^^' W 
 «sagnaO'cauie fop 'tfucli li6P6ditary'«Mmrre- 
 ooncilMUe hostility* ¥^tb>if«giiril6 the pe^ 
 oiEan^pCt it i» alld^fld' tfaat, ^fhbo&m^ •af'ti 
 them hid teqtiired^ir «ic)ttfi4eiice^ it'4tt!i^«eii 
 ifithout ttrnw .' IMtT MeMIAp'tifmmbmant 
 «i'tlieh^e(iii% waiiiiApltelbte« '^^^Tlile ©hftraihtfi 
 iif^hiiiMtti st^ Ibfldl^^ cberith Vhe ttidilidtt^of 
 llileigh*B iallhMo^^^Ml l6^ii^da.fpp&itinis^ 
 Bag^h > «oliiir» >#hieh ' he^ left «4th diett «r 
 paitiog.t •■''/''! ^"^ ^>' i^^.-i.iu.i 
 
 /^H Of tbi loAideit of tfabif iMiitiittMil»«iid 4heir 
 iMcMveiidi^of iilavei<y;« ivtte^ iult v^ paitiil 
 t«vftnU them gi!^'^ ioillj^ibig illuMMtiMf: 
 ^^ {Tbaiem^im^^'^tkia ^ eii%h ^m^ liAbftt)!^ 
 ** taa^ jealoto of their> hid^itidtti^jr tbih vth« ' 
 ;<i€fauWlMi. Th^ ttre 'mpiJdBikt^ under the 
 <*v]BMtt InfHngemeDt i^ if ; -^^mi ' ^hen, «l wtif 
 f^1llbDo^thejfmftrmimtl6m'W^ rtefNs^ liod de^ 
 *^ ImBce whidh the Motives of Europe observe 
 ^'i^onveidi their>8op^c»i^ they ^MSpkb us as ahM 
 *' ject slaves ; wondering how any man can be 
 « ioJiiiBems to crouiih before his e(|ttal.'' Roche- 
 forl, who confirms this acdotlht, rdlktes also that? 
 when l^ldnwp^ and earned jfrom \their natjW 
 
 t BMMUOft. p. SS^. 
 
 t tabiil, (bin. k p. 9S9. 
 
^I^f^BST'lMimi/ll 
 
 iiiS 
 
 vde^ 
 
 la h tili bie^tptioes coraMeialy 'sunk uiMfer ii fleifiM ><:^q^ 
 eiei|M<httpl^ i ud jj hti e fi qs^itt death Mii' «b« 
 
 aimiMa^44iMitcti^^ 
 
 • 'V,.| \ 
 
 Mi0 
 
 MJ^ ^ ' IMb* <j>#iiid|>le 'of ^oonscioa^' e^iutAi^ and 
 iMti^e'digiiit]^ ' flUiist^ be linputed ; tlie ' centMD|ftt 
 
 lin^i^iaMts «r^^^flited li^ '^OfH]^ 
 iMBa^tiMy ^woti'^leaiayi^^bf fiital^expeiie^ 
 aiipdi l uiltj 16 itfttlir^'^-i(F«apo^ r tfid thoii 
 likeiKtfblne ihey MimA^; M dur arts afid rntna* 
 lilefiif^mey ragaided as we tegvd theamiite* 
 mtim lilMi baiit>te8^^t(if^^ldraii:'^lMHea^tlie 
 prttlHEkisit^ txn tUei^'^^ t tiMiiUiltii i aittoiig dtiMt 
 811^^ li^taoia^'mlk ai«d|iediiBr iiakiydiMD' to tiie 
 
 Ilii<mflii4iy ^u«g^t^ iMd a>|Mwefifii'ii^ 
 iotf^^biilr'%i^e ccMdtlfcti 'Ikkgaged iti contiiiMd 
 mtfftaref^aAittMid, Il^iekl6tn4i»{teai^ ehiMM 
 itt>'lM)tobj'^' SeliMitk»s d^ i6r 
 
 anzioiis schemes of future achieveineiijk, seemed 
 to fill up many of their hours, immI rendered 
 
 1 ^• iMelMl)»M» ttt. ii «iii. 1^; ' tkiit Mliiite'^il the 
 fol to w lBg rf t a inwaftt iwa^ronegtinl^MttOiig^ttitdiiitt gtlidi 
 ^ittltoW'^tiii^ttieiWiiidNhdNl Mnidl^-HrKi^tadbf^'* IMNf« 
 '* im CA#rttilr> ^eM b toll»»» «|i^ *<li 1» ttKtr^ e^m U tuer, 
 " ou /Mp oii r af »» mt Hi^i'* Lsfail^ ton. U. p.T4. 
 
BOOK limn habitiHittir thmTrittfiTl imifitt nw^ uiUnkJ ^ 
 
 ^^[^ l^vi 4ti9l4 :vMi f^^n^ Ml iQ^MWOQ^ in ^ 
 
 ^nfiKOBk 4mvtApi M^^, mmimmA bpH4HlEM4« 
 
 «ioi"inH?ff wet tlia Cfaanihaft* J* ThflkiiiBMBiiT 
 bUity towards iihew^€mm^(lkimffiiki9iSf^ 
 
 81^98 fi^Df. enoiig)) w,mmiBmitUm^9Sm$i^t9( 
 %iii^^imim 9^t| p»wfMgrr#8pfii»i m jv^^Hr 
 
 omcb flooaer thwa colder innaiis. Thfr wiiwriiir 
 
 and there was a penetrating quickn§9% fKl4t^ 
 fl«Wi!lni^j|^tfw»of|,|)f ^ IQ qtf^Ee ^Jifin^ 
 
 f0ly^ nmnni |of;^ le. . rllsy fau^tpd iMr 
 
 t^j-g ..'ji^^^^^^^ ' b(i''- tf •^**J£'J"i''''*o ftsmsttoa. '..eobsrifi ■ 
 
 I IbU. e. xzii. i «^€ 
 
 I Oviedo, Ub. Ui. This agms likewiM with the Che- 
 
 niim9ia>M§9wmiifittl^ jBmiiKiiuMlB wit 4ft m «oi.i. 
 
 '^ jbtW 49 JktiMft «ttaii|ii» ftavt «ni» iiwrnm in bit 
 " oouiUiliSfCft wnttjbi«g FiUr4iPlPiftAilM«liplton.'' 
 
FT 
 
 his 
 
 fiMWWKiiMxiMirilli atnotto lo eitnpMigintly, Ctum 
 tlMt tbttr Mtoral cotapleiioii, ^whieh wm nm^ 
 tbift «f «. S^Mlibolife^ nvto not etfily to %e 
 dirt ii ig u B h id lUMlBr Ihe florfiKe of criaiMiD.* 
 HoM^wv *^* ttn* «nd» of liluiitiog th e ti wd i i m 
 ww^lmetiied by botk seiflB, jMrhOfw itfMs «i 
 im 'intradiiced as « defence Againat die veno^ 
 Dloas inseets so cotomen m tropical t^liiiiM, or 
 powibly they cmiBideKd the brilliant of the 
 ddocir at lughly oraamental; but the aMn ind 
 oiiMr flMlhods of'defonning dieir peraoai, wlrieii 
 dMKf ^ei^enioB of toste alonb would not, I 
 tMHk, hate induced tfaemlo adopt Theydb- 
 Agured dMir cbeeia nidi deep inenione aniol 
 hideooB stars, wladi diey named whb blaek^'OMl 
 they painteo white and black circles round thdr 
 ^fcs. Soiine of thiEite pi6rforat6d the cartilage 
 ihiat divides the nostrils, and inserted the bone 
 of eome fish, a parrot^t feather, or a iragnient 
 of tortoiB»«hel^t'-**a firightlbl cottooi, pradiMd 
 a^' by tho natives of Ne# HoUiuid,$ and tbi^ 
 strung togeUier tho teeth of in&i of thdr Ciie- 
 mies as they had slain in battie, and wore them 
 OB their legji and arms, as trophies of socoessfel 
 crMtly.4 
 
 • IMMbil* Ub.ll.Mc. is. Hdriuyt, Toi. Ki.ii.'ftS«r 
 t ItodMfbrt, Uv.ii. ckL PnrdnsA wil.ir.ip. uasr; 
 
 I GadUiv SMiwi. p. 196. 
 
4 HuaroRY ov thb 
 
 BOOK ,vrfiT94iimw the boir with idwrring doll, to wield 
 tbetdub with dexterity and straogtb, td^imm 
 with agftity and boldness, to catcb fish and to 
 biuM a cottBgOi were acqAirements of indispen^^ 
 sable necessi^f and the* educatiba of -thdr child, 
 ran wasiwett saited to the attainintot of them. 
 One method of making their boys slu^, even 
 * in infancy/ in the exercise of the bow, was to 
 suspend their food on the branch of a tree» 
 compelibg the hardy urchins to pierce it with 
 their arrows, before they could obtain per- 
 nbission to eat* But these were subordinate 
 olgects i-^the Gharaibes instructed their: youth', 
 at the same timcj in lessons of pdtience and 
 fiortitikle; thisy. endeavoured to inspire them with. 
 
 ' * 8ee|locUefort«c.uviii.p,6$;^,«ldG^m^U*tom.^. 
 p. 883. Their arrows were cpmmonly poisoiied, except 
 when they made their militarjr escursidns by night. Oky 
 those occasions they tonrerted thenti into instruments b{ 
 ■tif} greater mischief) for by arining Uie points with pled-, 
 gets of oottflin dtpilnto oil, and set on flamcr they fired. 
 whole Tillages of their enemies at pi distance.* This prison 
 which they used was a concoction of noxious gums and 
 Tcgetable juices, t and had the property of being perfiectly 
 inniDO^tit when received into the stomach, but if commt^> 
 nicated imm^iately to the blood, through the slightest 
 wound, it was generally mortal. The Indians of Guiana 
 still prepare a sinsilar poisotti^ Itis supposed, however, 
 that sugar speedily administered in large quantities is an 
 antidote. (See Relation Jbr^A <rtm Foyage, 9te. jmt Jfoiis; 
 d« la CondamiMe ; and; Bancrofl't HSitH of .Guiana.) , 
 •IU>clwfbrt,cb.n.p.5S9. / t 0^ie^lb*lik> i 
 
■coi 
 
 WB8T IKDIBmi'' i! 
 
 Ina war, and a contempt dl 'dmgtit and dtU»: 
 
 death;— above all things, to instil into their >^ii;>^ 
 
 mindi an hereditary hattred, and implacable thirst 
 
 of revenge' towards die Airowauies. The means 
 
 #hich tb^ adopted for these purposes were in 
 
 some respects superstitious ; in others cruel and 
 
 detestable. 
 . As soon as a male child was brought into 
 
 the world, he was sprinkled with some dropsiof 
 
 his father's blood. The ceremonies used on this 
 
 occasion were sufficiently painfol to the father^ 
 
 but be submitted without emotion or complaifit r 
 
 fondly believing, that the same degree of courage' 
 
 which he had himself displayed, was by these 
 
 means transmitted tp his son.* As the boy 
 
 grew, he was soon made familiar with scenes 
 
 of bfirbarity ; he partook of the horrid repasts 
 
 of Ins nation, and he was frequently anointed 
 
 with the fat of a slaughtered Arrowauk ; but he 
 
 ifan^not allowed to participate in the toils of the 
 
 wairior, and to share the glories of conquest, 
 
 until his fortitude had been brought to the test 
 
 The dawn of manhood ushered in the hour; of 
 
 severe triaL He was now to exchange the name 
 
 he had recmved in his infancy, for one more 
 
 sounding and significant ;^— a ceremony of high 
 
 importance^ in the 1^ of i^ Charaibe^ but always 
 
 * IlochefSaft« Nv. iL c. xa, p. tisii. . . , 
 
w 
 
 MIMWIV'OV TUB 
 
 «( 
 
 <i 
 
 9^ aflcomyiiiiart hf afoone 
 
 ta Tbd ieverkiee ioiidtMl on Buch codwontf 
 tlw haiuto Of fiitfaen os; their own «lMldraQ> ^OS- 
 bibil « nwlaBcholy prooC ^ the kifluenoe Oi* 
 flMfeiMilioii ill sia^prewitig the most powerfvl 
 feelings of nature; but die practice ww not 
 wIflKNit eMttiple; Ptotnrth recordu the pre- 
 valenee of ft similar cosievn among the LaMde-^ 
 mobians. *< Ar Spttrta," 'says live "faiiitofilui; 
 Ii0j!9 ane whipfxed for a^hiow day, oftentfanes 
 to dttsith, bwfone the allftr of IDiaiAi, ftod '^#0^ '' 
 <' li (iwoiiderftil emnlation ^amoog ihem irho^ tWH^ 
 ** enit Mstiin the greatest nnmher ttf gtri^i^- 
 NMr cHd the Cbanihe ybiilh <yiiild inlbrtlltttfir 
 tO'lhrSfknan*. If the tf^verities he'sOfiltainlNI 
 cuttorted the least symptom of weAknOM IMnitf' 
 the'jfonng saflbt«r, he wa» disj^raced Vbr ever; 
 btft Y' he itMe Mperiorio'pitin, imd MflM iik&' 
 ngeof his p^rsectltovs, ^by peraetiftnui^ atMf 
 sOMHity, he reoeived the ^highest vpfilttnse^ 'Mr 
 wan thencefoHh ' nuifober^ kmonjg tJie ddhhdbHf ' 
 of his eoQrttry, a»d it ina pMnouncdl b^ hfil' 
 rellilonB dod cottnti^inen, 'Mttf ^ mu tim m 
 
 <^ A penance still more sev«i«, and torments 
 more excruciating; stripes, burning and snflo- 
 
 * Roehefortj Ut. U. c. xijU. p. iSf . DuT^rtra, toL ii. 
 p.ir7. 
 
GalkiBMfflfiBitikulBd.A tist finr him. who.Ainind. fii> 
 
 ol authority, but it wu at best iU->defiued,> ^nd: 
 
 iwirifiMMi hartitiiMlrt Ihtn ^ lliiali subordiBAlioii- .va^ 
 thair riniiini in thmr imafirM] laMiinhliaii wilhaiaai 
 
 WW4 W9«|i^q#||)<p8^rm^,|^ap, lHle4|ia|»3l%iM^ 
 
 THWfffjL! ' irnr t'^TtW^HW* ^'•'•■ff^^P ^•■flBP^^ ^^^j|) 
 
 p. IMS. 6ainilh,tom.tt.p.«M. Mt«ii^,^p,VF.«»7> 
 
 t Roeheforl, eh. xiUL p. 5SS. 
 TOL. I. s 
 
•^m 
 
 HiiMi^'or^B 
 
 ^..^Ai^MNHMt Ihat httf fclleB by his liMM<^.^ He 
 iNUl)MMktid t6 ftppjro|tri«le'lo lilbiMlf ai^ttiay' 
 of 'th^'icalptiVies a^ hfe Ihdil^tifit, UkA^kk^mn^'' 
 iryBMJii '^Pttioittfd lol his dldib» te mteibMi-^ 
 
 ^«'' It waii prolMbly iftitf^liiMbiiiinttitftiMilntiWtMy 
 of pubtk: ^steein Mid^iitli^'^f^|l#e file' 
 Uteie IsIsMb io ^ tlM^' iiMII^(S6tll 4f >^t^l>l^ 
 
 ^DiViti^lyifiridAgtbeb; f^ (tii^iiMilliftiiMjf^ 
 the ChifttibM of > Soodl Aia<M4c8$i-44;ii^ilttill^^ 
 tiitt tW inone^ #loiliiibl^ ail' ttldif''«MkkiHi^/^ti^ 
 
 that the condition of these poor oreatu^'^ilit 
 
 86^ tonsidei^d of ik^lilCl^viaheliB'tBie^ di^it^ 
 D«^dent 'iii'tbos^'<4iid$6te»#ki^'^^di^ 4t«iiif 
 es^oyik^^tooHg th6 OAant^ 
 
 '* Rochefort, ch. xxiii. p. 553. 
 
 ^ Roehefort, ch. xxii. p. MS. Ou Tertre, tdaa; ill; 
 p. 374. . ■'•■^•'^ .iik^.f;:>,ri./h.;rM.- t • 
 
A\ 
 
 11 
 
 •1 
 
 mm^iOm^myeM wi» pot g^m^f^ t^ tlw C^ 
 
 I^JbUNiIp ^y-rf/tums'ij .iBtin liaiij ,vciio(M)'>»> 
 ;tr ^-W^; Wol^Pf, ^W«*-i^! firt rfouP. .P.wiiorti 
 
 tmadation) that the Ch m i>i i MifiHM<C<iitliiilltJM|^ 
 
 f JWPPIb :'\ hut i do not find thii feet recorded bf tny 
 rapport the author's hypothesis, that the Amerieans are 
 
 i^t^^^pftfieliijtter, Q^^nres^ tli«tb^ret^eyh<ul«ny 
 
 jjij^Ufpe wU^ th«,C^^j^iff8„ t^^ h«d qo fst^^Udied 
 
 f'^ ^tMlf li^ «jtnpw,n.;!-^He idds^ tl|a^ ipir)^^ ^, with 
 
 ^^iff^m^. 7i<f */^¥-\i°W^«^.W»?»».**«l». the 
 iiuared husbapil Ikcmdib, h|i owp tTengw.— X«bat> rea- 
 
■ IfMIQBt QV IHB 
 
 » W bt ^bulMid) wmUi ImmI tcMimdiiamf oC 
 ^IM riMkiiHilcli thus 4irlMii lib «Immomp'«I 
 llMMUiMlMt, tad ImLvci diaoofiBMA MNM llitattl 
 
 ^ MtoMM, ilKNii^ tttttWiioiiy mmob^^ 
 
 4bgm If mHaMf fM in beMdiiig bmm 
 iiMnra 10 wiMnB mi v^g^wm i wn oi hmmj 
 
 p MU B Wl fi ' IflWfl M I OTH O M ^ wPlW' 1I1WW W' '^ 
 
 eeooomyi their arti, mnufiMtai^li 4il|! igrf^ 
 cnltdm; their eenae of filitl «id poterml oUi- 
 grtiiM; ithiif iol]|^ fitM orid ft wh i i i ^tite^. 
 iii O Diee» Sudi nvQlifr iDloknMUion 'hvNvvvr. in 
 
 ^^ _^ _^t_ ■ _ ^ ' Hj<l 1^ .Ut:'l'.'i >li^ 'dlLvl ^^ 
 
 AnwttrH* eAinL I hnie Tibtvfgfff in iboinlMner 
 
 nil^t^BlBnifld ooeenMitiOMu H'diiAJrii^-i) 
 
 < Bi;eiaw <ho onwlwnti whidtog aBtocttii 
 
 iMf hiik ^iiten' li^liiBlh' itteii> th^ #<Milih,^'iM 
 
 
 nillag Ob lldi iMiA it loo eoilott to !nI dmRtod i ^ ili*^ 
 
 «<iyilWl»OliillM^tel(WMliM^ 
 
 •*dtoltitl^r«t«sWlat«te:'''G»l«y-^'^-'''''-*^'' ' 
 
 
 
WBM.niMiii 
 
 oolhNli wUflh UMPOtfHMl' 4te iMdl puii%m lip 
 kig*. A «iMMlioiif hwMWt io wIM tbnii «C 
 »iLfa j^^w gg i||j| kgM| ulin IB tbi obudi of 
 
 «ai^ dutd Boi ailiiMt* In o^Mr rtipeoto balk. 
 nbl« md ftntft tppiuwl ii iiaM •• amttm 
 
 iiiirw BO gailt^ HieylDwwiio duittMi; nor mti 
 dbdiiig. tboii^i Wic mm r r for jMnonil «ai»i. 
 forty wbere the ddU blait of winter k Mver 
 
 Their heir «rti oalfoniily of » ehiniBg bliol^ 
 •tnilitt end ooiieet hut th^ <lnieed il with 
 defljr eve, end eddmed it with frfeet art; liie 
 meo, in pertioQier, decoratbg their heede with 
 idHimtB of vnrioQe oololin. As Mr hair tbiia 
 cdnHitoted thiir chief pride^ llwae an anaqui- 
 vaad proof of the eiooerilgr of dieb aorrow, wlien, 
 OB the death of a relaiidn or frieoil, thegr oat 
 it ihert liMa their tkm and ciq)ti?aei ; to whom 
 the privily of wearing long heir waa ngovonely 
 
 'ii 
 
 "itnil 
 i«a 
 
 -Hi 
 ■ [''' 
 
 « Roehafbr^ Ub. U. e. Is. p. 446. FadMa, HA 1% 
 f.U5a. Libii|»tom.ii.p.lt. Tht imm lorl of t r tdtyi to, 
 or bMidn, is worn by tht imido H miMt Hi mi olh« 
 mtfoM of Africa. 
 
 t Do Tcilio, ton. B. p. Sa*. 
 
 I RodNliDH, lib. ik 0. is. '9.441. Pwrebia, Ttk iv. 
 P.1M7. 
 
 I Kodidbrf> Hb. li. 4. is. p. 489. Do Torlio, ton. i|r, 
 
 p. 411. 
 
M 
 
 mtfMttiO^VBR 
 
 fiOQK> dCtoifelli*.'! liM-iMtiotlier iMfiidDs of the Nair 
 v^^ HSknIspllirfey'thejF en^ieatidl, widi'j^ iMlf, 
 
 iHrta a iaxkoa tint <all thi^ Aborigkies of Aine-^ 
 fillip ^fer<etiatiH^lyl>eaitltes«^i^ TIim o|»iiiiofi' is 
 ii«Ml«ouiilMMin6^\>y v^eiaif res)[)ectable writws, 
 fawif iil6F ndudb ffncfufkyi' aiid tiikae ' imtanbes of 
 otjdiiir faisfiectioiii^^Ivaito' Miti^ded fhatiii-if 
 grtWtidlcisl*'^^"'"' ' ''^'^ ^^fW'>> 9f*J "'lar!?^ ,rr.xi 
 The circumstance the most remarkable cdia^-^ 
 oMbg^the' jpbrsotw of < thci i Gharaibe^ < ^wat i Iheir 
 a/mUfs^ pnM^ of^^Altering the natural oonfigdm^ 
 titsil of the hiead; "On the birth fof^ a cfaildy its 
 teiider and flexible skull'^was coBfined) bcitwoen 
 t^Hi^slltaU piieces df wood, which, appliedrbefiABe': 
 8rii|^b«iiiiid^ and Itrmly bound >togeihdr on teadi> 
 udie^' lelenited the ^ forehead^ . : and^ rdccasionedt'iV 
 and thtt^ba^k pctrt of theskoll^ to resemblQ^two 
 siA6d of a; square} ; an uncouth and < irightfiil' 
 cdstOfn^ stiH' observedo hf. the miserable i rpai4 : 
 nant of red Charaibes in the Island of St 
 VincentV'' •.■■ ..: .; :,].,> ;. i, , , , ..■ 
 
 .'.liay- 
 
 iCA 
 
 vfi* ]^fifl|itf«^ torn, ii; p. 405i 
 f Da Tertre, torn. ii. p. 392. 
 X Oviedo, lib iii. Roch^brt, Bb. ii. c. bu 
 ^ I htfre been told by anatomiata^ that iht coronal 
 suture of new-born children in the West Indies i$7oam- 
 monily more open than that of infhnts bom in ooldtr di- 
 roaies, and the bndn more liable to external iigury. Ftr- 
 
b<4ft:;^,.|lplfl9 fii^.circMlliirly io, the gcpund* Hoi 
 %W#(%iPPM; a|^ tbe top*f!f^ "^ tkm 
 
 cpJP^.?Wlt*» M?W of the palm-tref^, Iq.i^ 
 Q^tic^ <^,e«cb villfig^ ^f^ a building of supequr 
 ^^Hgoij^e tp the .r«»t^ ; It was forioed with gi«M 
 ^ffeP^Tr. f^^! aenfCjd w a puhU<^ haU or att^ 
 hoiuef^ wherein we are assured thatjthe men 
 (^ffludii^ the wpmeo) had their meals m, 0O111. 
 ip^;.'*l^J^Tmg 4bat law" (saiththe £«rl of 
 C^be|jf^;ij[f, whp vvisi^ these iislwwk k 140Q 
 *1^W?^ M^i'ycuWW^ mopthii^ th««ght ptraBge 
 ' needless];." JThe^e hdls<uwere lOso the 
 virhere,, their joMlh wene animf^ied^ .to 
 eipi^on, af^ tuained to gmrMM enterpriie hj& 
 
 %IP<^F«^9^ <Wb^ Wvrio»rs, and the ha^ 
 oftl^or|ktQr8..r^,.^, ;hv . ,.' , .> 
 
 i; "^^'r Iffts and Doanufactures, though few, 
 displayed a degree of ingenuity which one would 
 have scarcely expected to find amongst a people 
 so little removed from a atate of mere animal 
 nature, as ip reject all dress as supelrfkious. 
 
 Iia|M« theNlbr*;. the Indlao custom of depregsing the ot 
 fnmii$ and the «oc^«, wm originelly meuit to awict the 
 operation of Mtare in closing the sktell. 
 ♦ P. Martyr, decad. i. lib. if. 
 
 t Ibid. Roehefort, lit. ii. c. xrl. Lafitav, torn. U 
 p. 8. 
 
 t Pofchaa, vol. if. p. il6». 
 
mmtmt(mmas, 
 
 Mk CtolniiliQi «ibM»v«d •» 
 
 M tbe titftii^ (MMnettdl the Hft of staildliig^t 
 wklk tMdoikfe colours) thotli;^ thu €%ftrti^M#|le- 
 Kghttd (Jbmy in inA^J Of ^i do^'^bsy 
 Mfedtt iNtinniottki, 01" httiglttg ' b«d» ikm^ i* «e 
 
 09|WBCi 'fD6 pAtteiti^ one preservfxi auso tmf on- 
 (f^ttimot-' ■'■'•"'■' "'-' -,w, ....-■. a. ^/ .p.n..,.,^ 
 -^»7h«y ^MfeeslM lll^ att df^yfifi^ 
 
 ftsMlli Of tl«:f Mr dOfn^^ ^Mb, iltkich^tli^ 
 
 •iMco k Biiirbadbtei, wh^e speeHii^ of the 
 fliftiM^MitomaM "i^ll fhiqiieti^ iUd'Ifr. 
 
 Hiig^ Uio fatototkui of #iit48lttiid, dtmtm, 
 Am iliey f«^ kiiftMss «h« ciuri!ittii-#irb tiitKlo iij 
 
 the negroes, in thinness, smoothness laid bettttCjr^. 
 BeiidetttiMMe, dMsiy ifl¥en«ed va<fteu»odieirtil<ii g ib 
 
 t ^K «k» eiviy a|pftiA»h MdlRriM^ iMttit cxpNiily 
 UMrt, that the original Indian name for thdr swiofing 
 beds was «m«cil^ or AoMMfc }~4>ttt; Br. Johosos daitMe 
 the Sngliih frord Aoinmiodlr ffoni tht^Sami. 
 
 t Nat. Hist, of fiwbadoes, p. •. LigiM, mho vMlsd 
 this island in 1«47> declares that some of tian >reildf, 
 whldi he saw, •erea suipaased any ess th s a wa i> ttaile in 
 England '*both" (to use his own woidi) "in finesie sf 
 " mettle, and cariosity of toniage.'* 
 
imBm^nmimBi^^^ 
 
 «r 
 
 byiljftliiit Thft^tekiMi^'Wlikh the3^4MiiD|ioMd 
 
 (fiMf ttei^rtr '<"idu%» tw toM .4kiat ^Mif 
 
 • MBtDM»i«iul ^liih, mkAth theJ naott skitful 
 Bttfopean Artist wduld have fouod It dHikiolt 
 to hive exceUed ev^ iviih Europeftii tools*' ^^ 
 »f':inOI the natttve and extent of tbeiv>tt|nQ^-' 
 tare tbe accounts are sludef and unsatSifiu!* 
 Iii7« We am told) on good authority/ that 
 Mftoog tlto CSharaibea of the Continent there 
 was no difiiieBiofhuid) every one tcultiiiiaiiiig 
 in proportion.^ hit exi^ncies.* Where uno 
 atedaal juriadietioii'ii<estahlisbed, tbe idea<of 
 pihaia property «ast neeeasarily be unknei«ni 
 er^uaperfect ; and in> these islands where land' is 
 scaroei it seems profahUe that, as among soilie 
 
 of the Irihea ol •Sootht Anerioait cultivttlioiv was 
 OBnied on by the joint labour of each separate 
 oonmunitf, and their harvests deposited in pub' 
 lie granaries, whence each ftmiiy received its 
 p w po r tki n of the< public itodt.^Rochefort in^ 
 deed ^bservei) that all their interests were in 
 oommon. 
 
 Their food, both vegetable and animal, ex- 
 oeptiqg in the circumstance of their eating human 
 6e8h, seems to have been the same, in most re- 
 
 * BoDcrof^p.t64. 
 
 t fhunilla, torn. i. p. 966. 
 
• / 
 
 HISWNMfl 
 
 BOOB a|M6t8»<MilltliOflbeil»tM!0i#ftJl|Mi]l^^ 
 
 ^^yv ^«lHcl|uabAU be described; >cpetfti)r. jAiIj «]f 
 tb0ug)i their appetilea were vdracioiiitf,! tbey r^ 
 jeelad many^f the best bottntleatofiwtui^iiiG)^ 
 SMoe fudiiDftlai they held thd flesh m tbhwreiiee^ 
 these mie, the peoary, M M^^oia^ hog, JhA 
 miiltti, or se^ cow,.andiithe turtlet^M^tMNkft 
 observe^i thftt they scmplediiikewiiiii to eefetthe 
 edy, lyhich the riven < in several bf the iiliinds 
 supq^yin great plenty |« .^m ciui^oLi^m ^-MiS 'm^.i 
 vA^i^The striking icotHformity iol these/ iiid some 
 other of their ^prejudioes^ shd.^ctiMoinB, tp the 
 pnictioesi of the Jews^ .haS'Dbt escaped Ibftnotioe 
 ofthistoriaiis§.-r^But whether ItbeCbaiaibfSiiferei 
 actuated by rfeligioiiSi moti«eS|' ia Mwis abttatniag 
 frost Jhose things which many nati^s aocoiuit 
 vei<y wholesome and deUcions food^ we am ; no- 
 where jiufficiently informed^ v ' Mr <M,S m H ' 
 4 v^ It; most probably wa^ htiwever, the iiafluende 
 of { superstition that gave riseto. those and other 
 ceremonies equally repugnant to the dictates of 
 nfkture . and < common sense ; — one of which . ap* 
 pdiuf >t first extraordinary and incredible, but 
 Hi iff too well attested to be denied. On the 
 
 • Otilttfflii/ibto.H. p. ISirb-^t Lrftau, torn.),, 
 
 . J t j |U)cbef|f»rt^ lijR vU. Cv 1(^< , 
 X Labat, torn. ir. p. 304. 
 I Gttmilla, Adair^ Da Tertre, aaU others. 
 

 
 wadi fasted with a>itnctiiw»'thtit ofMh endabgireJd 
 lift)*;' ;i Lafiwti, (dbserviVig th«t tltb 'te^6 custdfii^ 
 w^ proodaK^by i^^ybMeiam of Asili, iftbtf 
 tbe'IbnitttK) Oi^>iiilicl|)tit irfhttbiMntS 6f Spahfiv iii^ 
 ii still in use* dnsiti^ the^^|[)le of Jiipait, tidif 
 oiiljf 'urgied tlii» circumstance as a prdof, aiM&ng 
 pthi^re, thtit>the'ne«iF w&fld was peopled from tll6' 
 old^ but pretendsi'to db<jof^ in it' alio' somie^ 
 tivfles of tliii»^ doctrine of original siiii :^ hie t^^ 
 pdies ' that the severie penance thus- ^ vdlutitariiy' 
 siibmitced idby tine ftitheri was ^ first iiistitiftiiif 
 inthe pious • view of protecting his issue frbiti the 
 contagion >Qf hcireditary' guilt ; iiv^rting the wrath 
 of dfi^nded Oinnipbtenee at thie^ critii^ of btii' 
 first parents, and expatiating their QuXtih^HU 
 
 '13w liiMient ^ThmtM^By-m we ue^ infdrbed 
 by Heradoths, wheni « ' iliale dhild ' witS (irbd^t 
 into die world, lamented over him in sad^viiti- 
 cmationof hisi^ei^tiny, napd they rejoiced when 
 he,»yirw released by death from those miseries 
 which they considered as his inevitable. portiOQ 
 in life: but, whatever mi^t have ; been tjb;^ 
 
 ^; txfii. p.; 5B(K' IMttt tola. iv. p. S08. IJafitau, t6in. ii 
 p. 49. NienhofT relates, that this practice prevails likewise 
 apptong tbe ffAtnrei of Brasil. Chwqchill't Vb|age, voi ii. 
 
 p. 13S,.{- ,j,v,,-^ ,.|-sh;s»?^-^f'' ?>v?i"»^ sdJ* nt 
 
 t l^ifiti^u^ tqm. i. p; SftT. ' iflK.T 
 
BopK iBQtivvitliiatiiidQeedihftChtraibefitdddpc^^ 
 >^<w 9n w^ ocoisioiM, it would acMn that grief tnd 
 . dgection had no gireat share in Iheito ; for tbe 
 eeremoDy of fastiiig was immediately succeeded 
 by rejoicing and trhimph, by drunkeniiesB aod 
 debauchery. Their lameDtatioos for the dead 
 teem to have arisen from the more laudable 
 dictates of genuine nature ; for, unlike the Thiv 
 dans on these solemnities, they not only de^ 
 spoiled their hair, as we have before related^ 
 bik when the master of the fiunily died, the 
 surviving relations, after burying the corpse in 
 ^ fcntre of his own dwdling, with many de*^ 
 monstratbus of unafl^ted grief* quitted the 
 bouse al^o^ther, and erected another in a diaiant 
 situation^ 
 
 Unfortunately, however, if now and then 
 we distii^uish mnong diem some foint traces of 
 national piety, our saiisiaction is of short toor 
 tinuances 
 
 No light, bDt.nilierdarkiieMVisible« 
 
 fiwves vnly to diMover ilglitt of woe t MiitoH. 
 
 or it is a ligbt that glimmers for a moment, and 
 Ihen sets in' blood. 
 
 It is asserted, and I believe with tnitbi that 
 the expectation of a foture state has prevailed 
 
 r-O- 
 
 'H • LilMti torn. hr. f. MT. Tkey plMedthedead kody 
 in the gnve in a sitting posture* with the luiees to the eliin. 
 Lofltav, torn. ii. p. 407. Da Tertn, tool. ii. p. 40S. 
 
•nqngiMtilaittikiiid, k tli if^mi^i&taMm cm 
 of tbe world. It m oirliia, tiMi it prattM 
 among dw Chanibes ;* who not in^ biHofoA 
 liMt dteth was 1^ ibo fittU oitittotioii of thdr 
 Iwhlg, %iMl plMiod ihenisrtves liko wiMi «ho 
 lbad> toncoH thM tinir depa^ fdtttiooi wom 
 gadrOt spMtaton of their eonduet ;--diat the^ 
 •till' iympathiaed in llieir suffBringi, and paitlei- 
 paled in their welfcre.' ^<6 these notloos, so 
 flattering to our wishes^ — j^aps oongenial to 
 our naturei<^thej added others of A drsadftil 
 tandeney) for consiisring the soul as susceptible 
 of ^ sittie Impressionsi and possessing the 
 sime passions, as wheo elHed to tkeliodyi It 
 was t66u^ a rdig^ duly to their deeeMed 
 heraes^ to sacrifice at ihekr funerals some of the 
 oapliiNM^ #hieli Imm) beeft taken m battte.t Im- 
 fnoptality isemod 4 tuirse i*ithout military ^orf; 
 t%^ sUoMtod to the «lp|u4iis aUd thai brave the 
 enfeytneiit of <supretiJ«<^ttcit]r with their wives 
 itid iMr captives iar a lort of MalMnnetan 
 j^ftlftMiise. To the degenerate and the cowardly 
 Ihef iissigned n ftur diiibrent portiein : these they 
 dooiked '4o< olFeHasting baidsbment beyond the 
 mi9uniiMis;i*-to onremittfaig labour, in empli^ 
 ments that disgrace manhood; — and this dis- 
 
 * Rochefort, Ihr. ii. c. 14. 486. Da TBrtra^ torn. ii. 
 p. 37S. .: V C . j 
 
 tRooheftirtf c. she. p. 484. Da TeiWe, e. Ii. f . 418. 
 I, v«l. kr. p. Itn. - ii 
 
HtgmmvMWHE 
 
 CliwrMl)e» cliteilained An^av(rfi|^(e0|6 (p9i^|dfifid 
 
 .•ti^^ Rochefort, c. xiv. p. 48S. 
 
 fRoolicfoft, c^xiii. P4 4M. .-n] .ivA^id-mH *" 
 X Du Tertre, torn. ii. p. 364. <:■-:- ,, 
 
 . I Roeheforl^ c, xhr^ , ,> > 
 
 li The Gtlibit Indiaoi, or CluM^^ of Bovih Anerloit 
 
 rr 
 
 *r . 
 
 «r I 
 
^^ifttirnMiiiMPi 
 
 
 iflifiMd'-' bf '«iMi» liiloH^i^tlwi* ilMy lina iw 
 
 ftlMi^cMtiiMmeiitbove-Bicntioobd, wfeddi iiNiM 
 dliMlf4mid(ii tense df Mwlak«D pielgFy they |Md 
 tlMlrii^ Md ipeiltnt gMt of their bim wiik' 
 i^l^ intenM'M tfjrmbolB t^robilbly bf liwit itih 
 nMtudMm^ iiii #h(^ . ifaey oimd Mvifi^ 
 iMriin»4tt> thdib<«l'iih0HuidflDi>Reaiiit' in^itiiiir 
 inyt ^f i ato^^ i fi ty jMadKirirtMeif .uU imm ih^ 
 custom to erect ki every cottage a nistk.ilrilkMri 
 composed ^ baaaoa l(^ttf«|iaad>:MiikMl^i4dyroon 
 
 ffmatr^VQ s9lflWWn TiiTnTTrTllfT' ,l9Tinr5twRfrWWfW 
 
 head, of one/' , {continnai he) " wnich alone weighed 
 aoore sikty pounds. *' Thi^, berore it was broken off, 
 
 '^ itoM<^W kn^^ilM^'p^«^i^ al^t K^ lyf 1^'^ergllt. 
 *' nil* het^s ofittU Iheiothen wei« irery sniallj These 
 
 ■!f tesifwJdpls;W^r%Aa ^ pn»l»k|Uitj rf^ivi'«lff^* aM^ 
 " small for the ease and convenienc]!; of being carried 
 with them in their several journeys, as the lai|^r sort 
 weiie periiapa deilgened fjo^ s6iAe iiikl^'plaiees of 
 " wocihip."— Aoinrai lii««ofy o/^ar6dlo#; > f. 
 
 it 
 
 «€ 
 
W HinraM Of JBV 
 
 iv H i« «4mttA4< r tlitioiMr 4iiifotioAi cmmMI 
 
 liW ilk ittW «i^ipt|««frtb«lil|ft|)o«MH|hMI;KM 
 
 cilbir i»<th« old worM (»tiktt >niMii WitiioMi 
 
 wh^aceiiHillmi Q£«tlMitBiifiskHM)«:<iiBtiill«ii 
 UhiiiviMiia tbe i^u^ajvonMUt ^i0(fik»m i9fd 
 
 tboiig^ their system was not that of pure 
 ThaisaK yeilhmi^idOlaitry'was pnbeibly finmded 
 Oil dhhinaiitahii^, tik moral ini^ Of %bkh 
 has not hither^, I thli^ 1^' kf -*'^-^^^- ^^ 
 
 tb^irflpringi Aot.of graakttd«» i)<ii of ifev^innil 
 llMy were less stasthle of tho pKHtoesst^^'thaia 
 terrified at the judgtri^nlft (tf Hie Almightj^i It 
 9)ioi]dl4 he remomb^ted, . Jlial m, the c)iinate 5»f 
 the West Indies the tnemcndoiiB ineiEulandes 
 of nature are dreadfiiUy finequeat $r-7rtbe hurri- 
 cane tet ^wei|»s natioos to ^ deep, and the 
 
WBST INDIES. 
 
 earthquake that awallows coDtioenti in ill boiona. 
 Lei ut Bot then hastily affix the charge of im- 
 piety on these aiinple people if, when they beheld 
 the elemenli combine for their destruction, they 
 coosidoned the Divine Being as infinite indeed in 
 power, but severe in his justice and inexorable 
 in his anger. Under this impression, the mind, 
 humbled to the dust in the consciousness of its 
 own imbecility, and scarce daring to lift up a 
 thou^t to the Great Cause of all things, fondly 
 wishes for some mild and' gracious interpreter; 
 some ' amiable intermediate agent in whom to 
 repose with confidence, as in a guardian and a 
 friend. This desire increasing, is at length ex* 
 alted to belief. The soul, seeking refoge fix>m 
 its own apprehensions, creates imaginary beings, 
 by' Whose mediation it hopes to render itself less 
 despicable in the sight of the Supreme. To these 
 its devotions are intrusted, and its adorations 
 paid. We may lament the blindness of these 
 poor savag^s> and exult in our own superiority 
 in this respect; but let us not forget, that in the 
 most cultivated periods of the human understand- 
 ing, (before the light of Revelation was graciously 
 displayed) a similar superstition was practised 
 by all the various nations of the heathen world ; 
 of which, not one perhaps had so strong an apo- 
 logy to plead as the Charaibes. 
 
 These observations, however, extend only to 
 the fair side of their religion, the worship of be- 
 
 VOL. I. F 
 
 ii» 
 
uiancmY oi thi 
 
 Mvoltftt dtite. A dtrksr lupentltioii Ukewiie 
 prandkd MMmg alt the unenlighteMd inhabitaiiU 
 of time dimetei ; for they not only believed in 
 the txbtenoe of demons and evil iiNritSy hot 
 oflered to them alio by the handt of their Btj/ta, 
 or pretended BMgioiant, tacriiioet and worship; 
 wounding themsdves on such solemnities with 
 an instrument made of the teeth of the agouti,* 
 which inflicted horrible gashes; conceiving, per- 
 haps, thai the malignant powers delighted in 
 groans and misery, and were to be appeased 
 only by human blood.f I am of opinion, never- 
 thdess, that even this latter species of idolatry 
 originated in reverential piety, and an awful 
 sense of almig|ity power and infinite perfection. 
 That we receive both good and evil at the hands 
 of God, and that the Supreme Being is equally 
 wise and benevolent in the dispensation of both, 
 are truths which we are taught, as well by culti- 
 vated reason as by holy writ; but they are truths, 
 to the rig^t apprehension of which uncivilised 
 man was perhaps at all times incompetent The 
 savage, indeed, amidst the destructive terrors of 
 the hurricane and the earthquake, might easily 
 conclude that nothmg less than Omnipotence 
 itself, " visiting the nations in his wrath," could 
 thus harrow up the world ; but the calamities of 
 daily occurrence — the various appearances of 
 
 « See Chap. 4. 
 
 t I>tt Tcrtre« torn. ii. p. SffS. 
 
WEST INWlSw 
 
 €7 
 
 phyikal and momi ovU wbieb iiwHy MnUmt chap. 
 life, Im dared 90i aaoribe lo an alUpaifeal and 
 mercUiil BeiBg. TohJalimltwIcwKyptiQftiiKk 
 a coacUiMpD was derogitofy fnm difinajustioo, 
 and irreooDcikable with infinite wipdom, To 
 what then wcNild he impute these terrifying and 
 inexplicable phenomena, but to the malignant 
 influence of impure tpiritt and aeriai demona? 
 The profimatioos built on such notions certainly 
 throw a li|^t on tbe Christian religion, if they 
 servo iv)t as a collateral evidence of its divine 
 origm. ^ 
 
 A minute detail of the ritea and ceremonies 
 to which these and other religious tenets give 
 birth among the Charaibes, most of them un- 
 amiable, many of them cruel, together with an 
 illustratiou of their conformity to the supersti^ 
 tions of the pagan theolo^, would lead me too 
 fiir ; nor is such a disquisition necessary. It is 
 sufficient for me to have shewn, that tbelbuoda- 
 tions of true religion, the belief of a Deity, and 
 the expectotion of a future stete, (to borrow the 
 expression of an eloquent prelate) '* are no less 
 " conformable to the first natural apprehensions 
 '''Of the untutored mind, than to the soundest 
 *' principles of philosophy."*^ u 
 
 I have thus sdected and combined, from a 
 mate of discordant materials, a §en striking par- 
 
 * Bisbop of Chtslo't Scrmonf. 
 
(9 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 ticulara in. the chamcter, manners, and customs 
 of the ancient inhabitants of the Charaibean 
 Islands^ The picture is not pleasing; but, as I 
 have elsewhere oberved, it may lead to some 
 important conclusions; for, besides correcting 
 many wild and extravagant fttncies which are 
 afloat in the world respecting the influence of 
 climate on the powers of the mind, it may tend 
 to demostrate the absurdity of that hypothesis of 
 some eminent philosophers, which pronounces 
 savage life the genuine source of unpolluted hap- 
 piness — falsely deeming it a state conformable to 
 our nature, and constituting the perfection of it. 
 It is indtvJ no easy task, as Rousseau observes, 
 to discriminate properly between what is origin- 
 ally natural and what is acquired, in the present 
 constitution of man : yet thus much may be con- 
 cluded from the account I have given of the 
 Charaibes; that they derived tlieir furious and 
 sanguinary disposition — not from the dictates of 
 nature, but — from the perversion and abuse of 
 4ome of her noblest endowments. Civilization 
 and science would not only have given them 
 gentler manners, but probably have eradicated 
 also many of their barbarous rites and gloomy 
 SL^pei'Stitions, either by the introduction of a pure 
 religion, or by giving energy and eflect to those 
 latent principles, which I have shewn had a 
 foundation among them. But while I admit the 
 necessity and benevolent efiicacy of improved 
 
:viT. ■! 
 
 WEST INDIES; 
 
 manners and social intercourse ; conceiving that chap. 
 man by the cultiration of his reason and the ex- s^v^ 
 ercise of his fi&cuUies, alone answers the end of 
 his creation; I am faffrom concurring with an- 
 other class of philosophers who, widely differing 
 from the former, consider a state of pure nature 
 as a state of unrelenting ferocity and reciprocal 
 hostility; maintainirjg, that all the soft and ten- 
 der afi^tidns are not originaMy implanted in us, 
 butare Etuperinduced bjr education and reflection. 
 A retrospect to what has been related of the 
 Charaibes will shew the fallacy of this opinion. 
 Man, as he comes from the hands of his Creator;' 
 is evefy where constituted a mild and a merciful 
 being. It was by rigid discipline and barbarous ^ 
 example, that the Charaibe nation trained up' 
 thdr youth to staffer with fortitude, and to inflict 
 without pity the utmost exertions of human ven- 
 geance. The dictates of nature were as much 
 violated by those enormities of sava^ life, as 
 they are suppressed by the cold unfeeling apathy 
 of philosophical resentment. To the honour of 
 humanity, it is as certain that compassion and 
 kindness are among the earliest propensities of our 
 nature, as that they constitute the chief ornament 
 and the happiness of it. Of this truth our next 
 researches will furnish a pleasing example. 
 
Up 
 
 HISteRrDTTHB 
 
 ■w.-*., ■*►.' 
 
 CHAP. 
 UL 
 
 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 'riiflf^*-') r« 
 
 *^*> '. ' ■ *■ i " ; " • ■ ■-",■■» --1-. ^ , . > 
 
 Q^ /^ JV^tfiow rf ISepamoi$i Ctiba, Jamaica, 
 
 i • ^^Ftrmns.—iGenm ; and Dt^mtm^^—^f^ 
 
 i^vftenmient and^Meiigion.-^MUceliantomOk' 
 
 iertaiiont re^ecHiig thdr Artf, Mamffac- 
 
 mititres, and AgrieuUmc, QrueUy ^ tjkt Spaf 
 
 I A.M DpMT ta give some account of F,;mild aja4 
 cpioparatLveLy cidtivat^d p^ple, tjbe ; anqentj 
 oa^v^ , :of , Hispapiola^* Cuba,t Jamaioa and 
 PoFto-Eico ;:{: for tbiere is np clou|)t,t^at th^ 
 
 ^%iiipdiAola tvfts cidled by llhe tiatlTes HiAft or iiy^, 
 n^hicK signifies tnioiiiltiiinous ; sn^ I Mncei«e the same 
 ifordhul the same in«annig:in the jsjands of the South Sea. 
 
 t Cuba waa the Indian name. It was not discoirered 
 tp be an island until the year 1608, ivhen a captain, named 
 Sebastianj sailed round it by order of Nicholas Ovando. It 
 was first planted by the Spaniards in 1511; in that year 
 Jago Velasquez went thither with SOO men, and settled on 
 the south coast, near to a port which he called by his own 
 name, {JugOt a name it still bean) and which for extent 
 and security may be reckoned one of the finest in the world. 
 
 X The Indian name ofPortO'Rko was Boriquen, It was 
 discovered by Columbus in his second voyage, but first 
 explored by Juan Ponce de Leon, in 1508. 
 
inbabitanto of all those i&laads were of one 
 common onfffa — speaking the same rlanj^iiage 
 — ^possessing the same institutions, and practis- 
 ing similar superstitions. Golumbus himself 
 treats of them as such; and the testimony 
 jof many contemporary historians confirm his 
 opinion. It appears likewise from ithe informa- 
 tion of Has Casas, the Bishop of Cbiapa, to the 
 £mperor Charles V. that most of ttie natives of 
 Trinidad * were of the same nation ; the extent 
 4md natural strength of that island, as of th^ 
 others above^mentionedi having protected them 
 in a great measure from the depredations of the 
 Charaibes. 
 
 I have elsewhere related that they were con- 
 sidered by these barbarians as descended from 
 a colony ot Arrowauks, a people of Guiana; 
 and there can be no good reason to suppose 
 that the Charaibes were misinformed in this 
 particular. — The evidence of Raleigh, and 
 others who visited both Guiana and Trinidad 
 two centuries ago, might be adduced in sup- 
 
 W 
 
 HOOK 
 I. 
 
 * Trinidad was disjBovered by Cohimbus in his third 
 voyage, and was named by him after the Holy Trinity, be- 
 cause, says Herrera, having been in great danger, in a vio- 
 lent storm, he made a vow to give that name to the first 
 land he should find ; soon after which a sailor, in the 
 main-top, saw three points of land, whereby the name 
 fitted every way to his vow. 
 
n 
 
 HISIXmY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 
 I. 
 
 port of their opinion. These voyagers pro- 
 nounce the ancient inhabitants of Trinidad to 
 belong precisely to the Arwacks or Arrowauk 
 nation of the continent; a race of Indians to 
 vrhoBe noble qualities the most honourable tes> 
 timony is bon.e by every traveller that has visit- 
 ed them, and recorded his observations. And 
 here all inquiry concerning the origin of our 
 islanders seems to terminate. It is indeed ex- 
 tremely probable that all the various nations of 
 this part of the new world, except only the Cha- 
 raibes, emigrated anciently from the great hive 
 of the Mexican empire. Juan de Grijalva, one 
 of the adventurers from Cuba in 1518, found a 
 people who spoke the language of that island, 
 on the coast of Jucatan;* but at what period 
 such emign^tions were made, whether the 
 Charaibes were previously possessed of the 
 widely extended coast that bounds the At- 
 lantic, or, in posterior ages accidentally found 
 their way thither by sea, from the ancient Con- 
 tinent— (perhaps by their invasion giving Urth 
 to that hereditary and unconquerable hatred, 
 which still prevails between them and the other 
 Indian' nations) — these are points concerning 
 which, as it is impossible to determine, it is in 
 vain to inquire. 
 
 * P. Martyr, Decad.iii. lib. x. 
 
WEST INDIES, i 
 
 ^ 
 
 In estimating Uie number of our islanderS) crat. 
 when first discovered hj Columbus, historians 
 widely differ. Las Casas computes them at six 
 millions in die whole ; but the natives of His- 
 paniola were reckoned by Oviedo at one million 
 only, and by Martyr who wrote on the autho- 
 rity of Columbus, at 1,200,000, and this last 
 account is probably the most correct. Judging 
 of the other islands by that, and supposing the 
 population of each to^ be nearly the same in pro- 
 portion to its extent, the whole number will fall 
 greatly short of the computation of Las Casas. 
 Perhaps if we fix on three millions, instead of 
 six, as the total, we shall approach as near the 
 truth as possible, on a question that admits not 
 of minute accuracy. Indeed such are the ac- 
 counts of the horrible carnage of these poor peo- 
 ple by the Spaniards, that we are natur&Ily led to 
 hope their original numbers must have been 
 greatly exaggerated; first by the associates of 
 Columbus, from a fond and excusable propen- 
 sity to magnify the merit and importance of their 
 discoveries, as undoubtedly they were afterwards 
 by the worthy prelate I have quoted, in the 
 warmth of his honest indignation at the bloody 
 proceedings of his countrymen: with whom, 
 indeed, every man of a humane and reflecting 
 mind must blush to confess himself of the same 
 nature and species. 
 
w 
 
 HJtttTQiiy m THE 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 Fenooi. 
 
 But, not to an^ipaie observations tM will 
 more properly appear hereafter, I shall now pro- 
 ceed to the consideratioDi — I. Of their persons 
 and personal endowments : II. Theiir intellec- 
 tual faculties and dispositioiis : III. Xheir poli- 
 tical institutions : IV. Their religious rites. 
 Such subordinate /patticulars as are not easily 
 reducible to either] of those heads will conclude 
 the present chapter. : iu 
 
 u, I. Both men and women wore nothing more 
 thari a slight covering of cotton cloth round the 
 waist; but in the women it extended to the 
 knees ; the children of both sexes appeared en- 
 tirely naked. In stature they were taller, but 
 less robust than the Charibes.* Their colour 
 was a clear brown [ not deeper, in general, ac- 
 cording to Columbus, than that of a Spanish 
 peasant who has been much exposed to the 
 wind and the sun. t Like the Charaibes, they 
 altered the natural con6guration of the head in 
 infancy; but after a different modej!; and by 
 this practice, says Herrera, the crown was so 
 strengthened that a Spanish broad-sword, in- 
 
 * Oviedo, Sono. 
 
 t F. Col. c. xxiii. 
 
 X The Minciput, or fore-part of the head from the eye- 
 brows to the coronal suture, was depressed, which gave an 
 unnatural thickness and elevation to iht occiput, or hinder 
 part of the skull. 
 
WIST1ND1BS.'H il 
 
 Stead of leaving the skull at a itreke, would tiMAF. 
 irequendy break short upon it^ an' illuBtrtition ^^^^ 
 which gives an admirable idea of the clemency 
 of thdr conquerors. Their hair was uniformly 
 black, widioot any tendency to curl ; their fea- 
 tures were hard and unsightly; the face broad, 
 and the nose flat; but their eyes streamed with 
 good-nature, and altogether there was some- 
 thing pleasing and inviting in the countenances 
 of most of them, which proclaimed a frank and 
 gentle dispoisition. It was an honest face, (says 
 Martyr) coarse but not gloomy; for it was 
 onlivened by confidence, and softened by com- 
 passion. 
 
 Much has been suggested by modem philo* 
 sophers, concerning a supposed feebleness in 
 their persons and constitutions. They are re^ 
 presented to have been incapable of the smallest 
 degree of labour, incurably indolent, and in- 
 sensible even to the attractions of beauty, and 
 the influence of lovef* This wonderful de- 
 bility and coldness have been attributed by some 
 writers to a vegetable diet ; by others it is pre- 
 tended that they derived from nature less appe- 
 tite for food than the natives of Europe ; but 
 nothing can more pointedly demonstrate the in- 
 
 * Hemra, lib. i. c. xvi. who copies this circumstance 
 from Oriedo. 
 
 t Robertson, BuSni, De Pmw, and others. 
 
7« 
 
 HiaTCXBY OP THE 
 
 BOOK dolent inattoDtion of historians, than their coni'^ 
 billing these circumstances in one and the same 
 character. An insensibility, or contemptuous 
 disregard towards the female sex, was a feature 
 peculiar to the Charaibes ; who, however, as we 
 have seen, were robust and vigorous in their 
 persons, and insatiably voracious of food. It 
 constituted no part of the disposition of our 
 islanders ; amongst whom aki attachment to the 
 sex was remarkably conspicuous. Love, with 
 this happy people, was not a transient and youth- 
 ful ardour only, but the source of all their plea- 
 sures, and the chief business of life: for not 
 being, like the Charaibes, oppressed by the 
 weight of perpetual solicitude, and tormented by 
 an unquenchable thirst of revenge, they g»ve 
 full indulgence to the instincts of nature, while 
 the influence of the climate heightened the sensi- 
 bility of the passions.* 
 
 In truth, an excessive sensuality was among 
 the greatest defects in their character: and 
 to this cause alone is imputed, by some writers, 
 the origin of that dreadful disease, with the 
 
 * See Oviedo, lib. r. c iii. We have nearly the same 
 account at this day of the Arrowauks of Guiana. " In their 
 " natural disposition," (says Bancroft) " f hey are amorous 
 " and wanton ;" and Barrere observes, " ils $ont lubriques 
 " au tupr^me degri." It is related by Herrera, that a deity 
 similar to the Venus of antiquity, was one of the Divini- 
 ties of the Tlaicalttiu, a people of Mexico. ^«^ •' > / 
 
WEST INDIES, ii 
 
 n 
 
 infliction o^ which th^y have tlmoBt revenged chap. 
 the calamities brought upon them by the avarice 
 of Europe: — if, indeed, the venereal contagion 
 uras first introduced into Spain from theseislands; 
 a conclusion to which, notwithstanding all that 
 has been written in support of it, an attentive 
 inquirer will still hesitate to subscribe.* 
 
 * *' The venereal diaease," ((ays Oviedo) was cer< 
 ** tainljr introduced into Europe from these islands, where 
 ** the best medicine for the cure of it« the gmaiaanmt it 
 " also fbund j the Almighty so remembering mercy in 
 "judgment (hat, when our sins provoke punishment, he 
 " sends lilcewise a remedy. — I was acquainted with many 
 " persons who accompanied Columbus in his first and se- 
 " oond voyages, and suffered this disease : one of whom 
 " was Pedro Margarite, a man much respected of the King 
 " and Queen. In the year 1496 it began to spread in Eu- 
 *' rope, and the physicians were wholly at a loss in what 
 " manner to treat it. — When, after this, Gonzales Fernan- 
 " des de Cordova was sent with an army by his Catholic 
 " Majesty on behalf of Ferdinand the Second King of 
 ** Naples, some infected persons accompanied that army, 
 ** and by intercourse with the women, spread the disease 
 **^ among the Italians and the French; l)oth which nations 
 " had successively the honour jf giving it a name } but 
 *' in truth it came originally from Hispaniola, where it 
 ** was very common, aa was likewise the remedy." 
 
 This account ii sufficiently particular ; nevertheless 
 there is reason to believe that the venereal infection was 
 known in Europe many centuries before the discovery of 
 America : although it is possible it might have broke out 
 with renewed violence about the time of Columbus's re- 
 turn from his first expedition.'— This was the era of won- 
 der, and probably the infrequency of the contagion before 
 
Vk 
 
 HinOilT Of THE 
 
 BOOK Thai a people who possessed the means of 
 gratifyibg every inclination without labour, 
 should sometimes incline to be indolent, is a 
 circumstance not very extraordinary. As the 
 wants of nature were supplied almost sponta^* 
 neously, and no covering was absolutely requi* 
 site but the shade, that necessity which urges 
 men to action, and, by exercise invigprates 
 the fibres, was here wholly unknown. It i§ 
 probable, therefore, that in musculur strength 
 the natives were inferior to their invaders, 
 and being less accustomed to labour, they 
 might also require less nourishment. These 
 
 that period, gave colour to a report, perhaps at first mali- 
 ciously propagated by some \.t\j envied the success of 
 Columbus, that thiidufnu9 va$ one ofthefruitt ofhii ec- 
 lebrated enUrprixe. It is impossible, in the space of a 
 marginal note, to enter deeply into this subject; neither 
 does the fall investigation of i( come within the design of 
 my work. I therefore refer such of my readers as are 
 desirous of forming a decided opinion on the question, to 
 the Philosophical Transactions, vol. xxvii. and vol. xsxl. 
 (No. 365 and No. 11.) also to two learned treatises on the 
 subject by Mr. Sanches, published at Paris 1772 and 1774, 
 and to the authorities referred to by Mr. Foster in his 
 " Observations made during a Voyage round the World," 
 p. 499.— In Stow's Survey of London, vol. ii. p. 7. is pre* 
 served a copy of the rules and regulations established by 
 Parliament in the eighth year of Henry the Second, for 
 the government of the licensed stews in Southwark, 
 among which I find the following : ** No stewholder to 
 keep any woman that hath the perilous infirmity of bum* 
 ing." This was 330 yean beforethe voyage of Columbus* 
 
IVBST INBIBS. ri 
 
 7» 
 
 ooDcluuons D>&y be admitted without wppoung chap. 
 any degradauon of their nature, and with no «^.I^^ 
 very unfavourable impression of the climate. 
 Their limbs however were pliant and active, and 
 in their motions they displayed both graceful- 
 ness and ease. Their agility was eminently 
 conspicuous in their dances, wherein they de- 
 lighted and excelled, devoting the cool hours 
 of night to this employment.* It was their 
 custom, saya Herrera, to dance from evening to 
 the dawn ; a nd although ^ f|y thrisnnri mun and , 
 women were frequently assembled together on 
 these occasions, they seemed actuated by one 
 common impulse, keeping time by responsive - 
 motions of their hands, feet, and bodies, with 
 an exactness that was wonderful.t These pub- 
 lic dances (for they had others highly licentious) 
 were appropriated to particular solemnities, and 
 being accompanied with historical songs, were 
 called Arietoes; ^ singular feature in their po- 
 litical institutions, of which I shall presently 
 speak. 
 
 Besides the exercise of dancing, another di- 
 version was prevalent among them which they 
 dalled Bato; and it appears from the account 
 given of it by the Spanish historians,;]: that it 
 had a distant resemblance to the English game 
 
 * P. Martyr, Decad. iii. c. vii. 
 
 f Herrera, lib. ix. c. ii. 
 
 \ Oviedo, Ub vi. c. iL Herrera, lib. iU. c. !▼. 
 
DO 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 iMeHfctt. 
 
 BOOK of cricktft; for the players were divided into 
 two pertiet, whic h alter nately changed places, 
 and the sport consisted in dexterously throwing^ 
 and returning in elastic ball from one party to 
 the other. It was not however caught in the 
 hand, or returned with an instrument ;. but re- 
 ceived on the head, tlie elbow, or the foot, and 
 the dexterity anH^ force with which it was thence 
 repelled, were astonishing and inimitable. — Such 
 exertions belong not to a people incurably ener- 
 vated and slothful. ^ 
 
 II. They are, nevertheless, pronounced by 
 many writers, to have been naturally inferior 
 to the natives of Europe, not only in bodily 
 strength, but likewise in genius and mental en- 
 dowments. This assertion has, I think, been ad- 
 vanced witli more confidence than proof. That 
 the mind, like the body, acquires strength by 
 employment, is indeed a truth which we all ac- 
 knowledge, because we all experience it; and 
 it requires no great sagacity to discover, that 
 ingenuity is seldom very powerfully exerted to 
 gratify appetites which do not exist, or to 
 guard against inconveniences which aro not 
 felt. If our islanders, therefore, rose in some 
 respects to a degree of refinement not often ob- 
 servable in savage life, it may justly be pre- 
 suined that in a state of society productive of 
 new desires and artificial necessities, their ca- 
 pacities would have been susceptible of still 
 
.^ wiariHiMM: 
 
 '« I 
 
 M 
 
 iuriher ImproHment Tbair sitaMHioii aluiir, CBip. 
 n^ithouk raeufring to the vtrious other ceines 
 tBsigped by philotopheny sufficiently iccouott 
 hr Ibti pMMi^ of their idcu. Mm without 
 •lixiety Ibr the future, heve Uttle reflectioo on 
 the pett Whet they wented in eioited energy 
 ef mind^ wes however abundantly iuppUed by 
 the softer affiwtioiis; by sweetneu of tamper, 
 and native goodness of disposition, All writers 
 who have tieafeed of their character, agpee that 
 th^ were unquestionably the most gentle and 
 benevolent of t''f hlHn§n m^. Though not 
 blessed withj^eJighLSiCjpeveUaion, they prac- 
 tised one ^fjhftjiolilest precepls of Christianity, 
 ftHrgivene88_o£.jbeis..eneuue&i. laying all that 
 Itey possessed ^Jb/^JasLsi their oppressors ;i^ 
 !Courtiog theii notice, and preventing their 
 wishes, with such fioodness and assiduiQr as pne 
 would have thought mig^t have disarmed hl^ 
 bitual cruel^y^: apd melted bi§f^Jf^ \m^ 
 
 in A' )og other instances of their generoQf afid 
 <;r p< onate turn of mind, the following is not 
 the ast remarkable. Soon alter Columbus's 
 first arrival at Hispaniola, one of his ships was 
 wrecked on die coast. The natives, scorning 
 to derive advantage to themselves from the 
 distress of the strangers (unconscious indeed of 
 
 * Martyr. Herrera. F. Colambai, c. nVii. igaU* 
 &e. &e. 
 
 VOL. I. Q 
 
^09 
 
 HmmcT c»mE 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 the caktmities which their andval wu soon tb 
 briog upon them) beheld the accident with the 
 liveliest emotions of sorrow, and hastened to 
 their relief. A tboasand canoes were insfantly 
 in motion, busily employed in conveying- the 
 seamen and targo ashore ; * by which timely as- 
 sbtance, not a Iffe was lostt and of the goods 
 «ndpirovisions' thai* were savied'from the wreck, 
 not the smallest article wa» embezzled^ Such -was 
 their celerity and' good^wiU on this occasion, 
 says Mar^> that no friend for friend, or<brotheir 
 for brother in distress, could have manifested 
 stronger tokens of sympatic and pity.'* ' Other 
 'Ustorians still 'heighten the 'picture; for they 
 relate that Ouacanabari, the sovereign of '4kwt 
 part- of the country, peiteiving that notwith- 
 standing the efforts of his people, the ship itself 
 and great pert of the cargo weire inecoveiably 
 suiik, waited on Columbia to condole with him 
 on the occasion'; and whil6 this .poor Indiui 
 lamented his misfortune in terms which excited 
 surprise and aidmiration, he offered the Admiral 
 (the tears flowing copiously down his cheeks as 
 he spoke) all that he himsdf possessed, in repai- 
 ration of his loss.f'** ■*- ts hm:nti.wn\ 
 
 '^ii*frhh benevolence, unexampled' in the history 
 of civilised nations, was soon basely requited 
 
 * Ifartyr, Decad. i. lib. i. 
 
 t Fer. Col. o sjudi. Hemn, Decad. i. lib. i. e.,xviii. 
 
WBST IMIMBS.H 
 
 %^tii^ condaot.iof a buid of rbbbttrs, 
 G>lumbus unfortunately left in the iifAand ion 
 -his ddpaitiire for Eurdpe. Guacanahari^how- 
 ever, was liovered mdth wocmds in defenduilg 
 •tbem (froia liis injured countrymen;* lowh^ 
 jiist fBsentment the Sfiahish ruffians at ilenglh 
 W a sacrifice ; but their anger wws of shiort 
 dyrsdonL • On Coluratbus' s retann, : in bb jsecood 
 yoyage^iAheir foncbesB revived; and ifor; ar«in- 
 jidctable timeitbe Spaniards lived among them 
 ia^^rfeet security, eixploring the interior •pwrts 
 oliithe country, bo^ in eonpanies and« 4ndi- 
 viduiiUy, : Bot only without molestati(H], but in- 
 -vited th^to*tiy theiaaittves. Whte anyof tl^e 
 tSpaaiards came neiar to a >^ikge; the snott 
 ancientl and venerable ^ the Iddtaqs^ or die 
 caciqoaii 'himself if preseitt, came: dot to meet 
 ^m, and genlly conducted ^em jaattii; tb^ 
 -hibitationB, seated them: oh stoob of eboiiycu- 
 rioosly affiamented. These beaches seem to 
 •have been seats of honour reserved for thenr 
 guests-^for the Indians threw thetnsdves on llie 
 ground, and kissing lA>e hands and feet of thle 
 Spaniards, offered them fruits and the choicest 
 of their viands; entreating them to prolong tbdr 
 stay-: with soeh solicitude and reverence^ as 
 demonstrated that they considered them as be- 
 ings of a superior nature, whose presence con- 
 
 CKMP. 
 
 * Uerrera, Deead. i. lib. ii. c. is. Fer. Col. c. xU 
 
 o2 
 
H18!K)R¥ OP THE 
 
 BOOK 
 
 aeeittted tihtk dwdlingB, and ibrougbt a blessbig 
 with it*' ■ . :■ I ->u«4^(mk,.^, 
 
 The reception which Bartholomew Colum- 
 fausy who was appomted Lieutenant, or;Depu^ 
 Goivemor, in the absence of the Admiral, «fie»- 
 Mrards 'met with ih his progress through! the 
 iskknd to fevy tributes iinom the several caciques 
 )0r princes, mamfested not only kindness aiul 
 -aubmission, but on many occasions munifieeMe, 
 land* even a high degree of politeness^ These 
 caciques had all heard of tlie wonderfol eager- 
 ness of the strangers for gold, and such of them 
 as possessed any of this precious metal, urilliogty 
 presented all that they had to the Deputy Go- 
 verBory: Others who had not tthe mmat.pf 
 jobtaining igbld, brought provisions and ^cotton 
 in tgreat abundanccf— Among the latte^) i was 
 Beheehio, a powerful cacique, who invited 
 the Lieutenant and his attendants to hia dd- 
 minions; and the entertainment which they 
 received from this hospitable chieir is thus /de- 
 scribed by Martyr. As they approached the 
 king's dwelling, they were met by his wives, 
 to the number of thirty, carrying branches 
 of the palm-tree in their hands; who first 
 saluted the Spaniards with a solemki dance^ 
 aOcompanied with a general song. These iOia- 
 
 -run "'ir 
 
 h^ -'%(" 
 
 * Herrera, Decad. i. lib. i. c. sir. I>\ Col. c. xxviL 
 f *, liiwtyr, Decad. i. libi ir« > ' 
 
trolls were succeeded by a tram oivk^mt coatj 
 distinguished as such by their appearance; the 
 former wearing aprons of cotton doth,^ while 
 the latter were arrayed only in the innocence 
 of pure nature. Their hair was tied simply 
 with a fillet over their foreheads, or suffered to 
 ibw gracefully on their shoulders and bosoms. 
 Their limbs were finely proportioned, and thdr 
 comple&ioiM| though brown, were smooth, shin- 
 ing, and lovely. The Spaniards were struck 
 with admiration, believing that they beMd 
 the dryads of the woods and the nymphs of 
 the fountains, realizing ancient fable. The 
 branches which they bore in their hands, they 
 iiow delivered with lowly obeisance to the Lieu^ 
 tenant, who, entering the p&lace, found a plen- 
 tiful, and, according to the Indian mode of 
 living, a 8|^endid repast already provided. As 
 night app^ached the Spaniards were conduct- 
 ed to separate cottages, wherein each of them 
 was accommodated with a cotton hammock; 
 and die ne**t morning they were again enter- 
 tained with dancing and singing. This' was 
 followed by matches of wrestling, and running 
 for prises ; after which two great bodies of 
 armed Indians uhexpectedly appeared, and a 
 mock engagement ensued, exhibiting their modes 
 of attack and defence in their wars with 
 the Charaibet. For three <teys were the Spu^ 
 niards thus toyaHy entertained, and on the 
 
HisTcmar Qv THE 
 
 Political ^ in- 
 ■titutkxM. 
 
 MQK fonrlb^' tho affectioiialtfi Indwua n^re^ theu? 
 
 >; III^ The submisdive and re»pectail deports 
 ment of these pla<;id people towards their si^ 
 peiiors, and those they considered as such, wai)» 
 derived i>robably in some degree from the n|ir 
 ture of their governmeat, which, contrary tit 
 that of the Charai^»es uadctr a similar climatie^ 
 was monarchical and even absolute^ The regf^* 
 authority, however, though not circumscribedf 
 hf positive institutions, was tempered into g|«al 
 mildness by that constitutional benevolence 
 Wihich predominated throughout every part of( 
 their cbnducty ffom - the highest to the lowest. 
 The sympathy which they manifested towards 
 the distress of others, proves that they were iH>t 
 wretched themselves ; for in a state of absolute 
 slavery and misery, men are. commonly devoid 
 both of virtue and pity« 
 
 Their kings, as we have seen, were called 
 Caciques, and their power was hereditary: — 
 but there were also subordinate chieftains or 
 princes, who were tributaries to the sovereign 
 of each district. Thus the territory of H^ 
 paniola> anciently called Xaraguay, extunding 
 from the plain of Leogane to the weiteroiosl 
 part of the island, wfts the ^Idngdom; of jtbe 
 Cacique Behecbio, whom li. have mentioned 
 abQve ;; but it appears irfiHn Mfrtyj^ >th(^t no lesa 
 than fthirty^twpi in^ipr cbiefitainSf or noblesf hwl 
 
WEST INI^IfiS^^ 
 
 j|rJbdic$|Qp^ within thftt 8|jace of coui^tryi w^^ ci^ 
 wfre accountable to th^ supreme aut^^^ity^ of ^JSLj 
 fieliecbio.* , Tbey seem to b^ve soipewjiat re* 
 sembled the anqjent barons or feudatories of 
 Europe r holding tbeir possessions by t^eteiaui^ 
 ojf, service. Ovjedo relates, that they vvere jinr 
 der. the obligation of personally attending t^ 
 sovereign, both in s peace and war^ whenever 
 cominauded , so to do.f It is to be laiiieqte4 
 thai the Spanish historians afford very little in-; 
 fQr9iation concerning this order of nobles, or 
 th,^ Df.tui^e and extent Qf their subordinate juris- 
 
 ^.,. ,The whole island of Hispaniola was divideq 
 into 7 five great kingdoms ;:|: of two of which^ 
 wj^j^ii, CQlumbus first landed, Giiaqanahari and 
 fi|e)){^cbio weiie* absolute sovereigns.— A third 
 principal cacique was Cuanaboa, whose history 
 is remarkable: he had been originally a war 
 cfiptain among a body of Charaibes, whp^ had 
 invaded the dominiqns of Behechio, and on 
 condition of preventing the further incursions 
 of ^his countrymen had received his sbter, the 
 b^utiful Anaqoapa,. in marriage; together with 
 an extent of country, which he had converted 
 
 1J1 T5fiioM«lj'^«.irf':'- ; '^■■ 
 * P. Martyr, Decad. i. lib. ▼. 
 t Oviedo, Mb. iii. c. far. . ; j, : , q * 
 I Oviedo, ^b. |U. c, Jt. ^ ''^^^ 
 
 ■^m/imHi 
 
HffiTORTOPT^E 
 
 bcmhe 
 
 I. 
 
 of tfafo Mler and his followers in Hfepaniola, 
 had introduced iuto this part of the island fhA 
 Cbaraibean language, and also the use of tfe 
 bow ahd arrow,* a weapon with the pracUce 
 of which the natives of the lairger idaiid*^ 
 were generally unacquainted. Cuanaboa hc/r* 
 ever still retained hk ferocious disposition, and 
 having been accused by Guacanahari befoi^ 
 Christopher Columbus, of murdering sonde of 
 the Spaniards, was ordered by that commander 
 to be sent to Spain ; but the ship perished at 
 sea. The sad fate of his unfortiiniatd widow, 
 the innocent Anacoana, who was most atr<K 
 cioiisly murdered in 1505, by Ovandd, the' Go- 
 vernor of Hispaniola, for no cause, th&t 1 can 
 discover, but her fond attachilient to Bartholo* 
 mew Columbus, having been refated at la^ i^ 
 the \Ue American history, need tiot be repeated 
 hiere. ■ ■ '•'' ■' 
 
 The islands of Cuba and Jamaica were di- 
 vided, lilce Hispaniola, into many principalidids 
 or kingdoms; but we are told that the Whdie 
 extent of Porto Rico was Object to one cadque 
 only.f It has beeniwnarked that the digi^ir^ of 
 these chieftains was hereditary; but if Martyir 
 is to be credited, the laW of 8ue<;i6^Bioti atnoh^ 
 them was different from that of all other people; 
 
 .»Oviedo, !«).&;''; ^''^'^'^J^^'t 
 
WJBSir INDIBS/^^ 
 
 jfiL. 
 
 lople; 
 
 iar be olMentes,* that the cacique^ bequeithM eaui 
 the supreme authority to the childrto of their v,#v^ 
 sisters, accorcRng to seniority, dfsinheritikig; th^k 
 own ofispring; ^ being certain," aidds Martyr, 
 "that by this policy they preferr^ the blood 
 " rdyal, which might not happen to be this case 
 *'' in advancing any of the cliildren of their 
 ^ numerous wives.*" The relation of Oviedo is 
 somewhat difierent, and seems more probable: 
 he remarks, that one of the wives of each 
 cacique was particularly distinguished above the 
 rest, and appears to have been considered by 
 the people at large as the reigning queen ;t 
 that the children of this lady, according to 
 priority of birth, succeeded to the father*s ho- 
 hours ; but in defoult Of issue by the fiivouHte 
 princess, the sisters of the cacique, if there 
 were no surviving brothers, took place of the 
 cacique's own children by his other wives. Thus 
 Anacoana, on the death of Behechio her bro- 
 ther, became queen of Xaraguay.j: It is 
 obvious that this regulation was intended to 
 prevent the mischiefe of a disputed succes- 
 sion, among children whose pretensions were 
 eqdal. 
 
 ' The principal cacique was distinguished by 
 regal ornaments and numerous attendants. In 
 
 • Decad. iii. c. ix. 
 i Oviedo, Ub. T. c ili. 
 I Herrcn, lib. vi. c. U. 
 
BOOK travelliDg , through his domi^oas, he vita cpm^ 
 w^^ mooly .hbrpe , on {^eq*s s^oulden, after a manner 
 very much resembling the use of the palahque^ 
 in the £ast Indies.*^ Aqcording to Martvr,t he 
 was vegjurded b^ all hiai ~subj^ts witb such rer 
 verence^ as even exceeded the bounds of nature 
 and re«9op; for, if he, ofdered anv; of them tp, 
 cast themselves headlong frdm a high rock, or 
 ta drown themselves in the sea»alleglng,no cause 
 but his sovereign j)le«sure, he was obeyed with- 
 out a murmur; opposition to the supreme au- 
 thority being cons^i^r(^^^pot only as unavailingt 
 Ifutimpious. 
 
 ^ Nor did their veneration terminate with the 
 life, of the prince, it was extended to his me- 
 mory after death ;; a proof that his authority, 
 however extravagant, was seldom abused. When 
 a cacique died, his body was embowelled and 
 dried in an oven moderately heated, so that 
 the bones and even the skin were preserved 
 entire, it: The corpse was then, placed in a cave 
 with those of his ancestors, this being (ob- 
 serves Oviedo) among these simple people the 
 only system of heralij^ whereby they intended 
 to render not the name alone, but the persons 
 also of their worthies immorta^^.^^ . If ^ cacique 
 
 :l 
 
 * Herrara, lib. i. c. xvi. 
 t Martyr, Deead. i. c/t 
 t Herrera Ub. ui. c. iii. ^; Colbiiafbtwl c. Ixi. 
 
 ) ,lii .hfe'jiiCJ 
 
 / .(•:! jSITHStl 
 
wps^^ll^lBfi. 
 
 9^(> 
 
 was slain io batUe, and the bgdy could aot be oBAni 
 recovered, they composed song^ in his praise,, 
 which they taught theif children ; a better and, 
 nobler testimony surely than heaps of dry bones» 
 or even o^onuments of marble; since memoriala, 
 to the deceased are, or ought to be, intended 
 less in. honour of the dead, than as iocitemeata 
 to the living.* rt 
 
 These heroic effusions coostiluted a brancb 
 of those solemnities, which, as hath been ob^ 
 served, were called Arietoea; consisting of hymna 
 and public dances, accomptuiied with muMcai 
 instruments made of shells, and a sort of drum^ 
 tlie sound of which was heard at a vast d'ls- 
 
 Ins 
 lue 
 
 * It it related by Martyr, that on the death of a eap* 
 d^ae, the most beloved of his wives was immolated at his 
 funeral. Thus he observes, thi^ Anacoaiia, on the deeth 
 of her broher king Behechio, ordered a very beantifol 
 woman, whose name was Guanahata Beneehina, to be 
 buried alive in the cave where his body (after being dried 
 as above-mentioned) was deposited.* BntOviedo, thoaglr 
 by no means partial towaMls the Indiui chaiacto', denies 
 that this custom was i;;eneral among them.f Anacoana, 
 who had been married to a Charaibe, probably adopted 
 the practice from the account she had received from her 
 husband of his national customs. And it is not impoasible^ 
 under a femide administration— Mnei^jr seectgeff— hat thil 
 the extraordinary beauty of the anfortunate victim con* 
 trilrated to her destruction. 
 
 • Mutjr, DccmL iiLUb.ii. t Oviedok lib. v. e & > 
 
msfmtt 
 
 I. 
 
 Bcligkws 
 rilM 
 
 tftnce.** These hymns, iticitiDg the greit sctioni 
 of the departed cacique, his famt in War, and his 
 gentleness in pCace, formed a national history,t 
 which was at once a tribute of gratitude to the 
 deceased monarch and a lesson to the livhig. 
 Nor could any thing have been more instructive 
 to the rising gieneration than this institution, since 
 it comprehended also the antiquities of thehr 
 country and the traditions of their ancestors. 
 Expressions of national triumph for victory in 
 war, lamentations in times^ of public calamity, 
 (he voice of festivity, and the language Of Idve, 
 were likewise the subjects of these exhibitions ; 
 the dances, so essential a part of them, being 
 grave or gay as the occasion required. It is pre- 
 tended that among the traditions thus publicly 
 recited there was one of a prophetic nature, de- 
 nouncing ruin and desolation by the arrival of 
 strangers completely clad, and armed with the 
 'lightning of heaven. The ceremonies which 
 were observed when this awful prediction was 
 repeated, we may well believe were strongly ex- 
 pressive of lamentation and horror. :(: 
 
 IV. Like all other unenlightened nations, 
 these poor Indians were indeed the slaves of su- 
 perstiticm. Their general theology (for they had 
 an established system, and a priesthood to sup- 
 
 * Herrera, lib. iii. c. iv. P. Martyr, Deead. iii. c. vii. 
 F. Cofaiinbufl. 
 
 f Oviedo, lib. ▼. c. iii. 
 
 t Martyr> ut supra. Herrera, lib. ii. c. ir. 
 
WV«T INDIB8. ^ 
 
 ins, 
 lad 
 
 Ivil. 
 
 pni it) wai a medley of groM folly And cbQdith oh4A 
 traditions, the progeny of ignorance and terror. 
 Yet we are aometiines daziled with a strong 
 ray of sunshine inithe midst of surrounding 
 darkness^ > Historians have preserved a ramarlc* 
 able speech of a venorable old man, a native of 
 Cuba, who^ appraaohing Christopher Columbus 
 with great nverence, and presenting a basket 
 oi fruit, addressed him as follows. ** Whether 
 ** you aro divinities,* he observed, ** or mortal 
 " men, we know not You are come bto these 
 '^ countries with a force, against which, wera 
 ** we inclined to resist it, resistance wouUL be 
 ** lolly. We are all therefore at your mer^ ; 
 " but if you are men, subject to mortality like 
 5< ourselves, you cannot be unapprised, that after 
 ^* this life there is another, wherein a very dil- 
 ^ ferent portion is. allotted to good and bad flaea. 
 " If therefore you expect to die, and betiiwie 
 '< with us that every one is to be rawaided in« 
 ^ future state, according to his conduct in the 
 ** present, you will do no hurt to those who do 
 ** none to you."''^ 
 
 >|U nt*.). 
 
 * Thh remarkablB di^euoMiMioe liqipttied on tks'fUi 
 of July 1494, and is attested by Pet Martyr, Decad. i. Kb. 
 iU. and by Uenera, lib. ii. c. xif. If it be asked how 
 Columbus understood the Cacique, the answer is, thai he 
 had carried with him to Spain, in his fonner voyage, 
 several of the Indians } one of whom* a native of Guana- 
 haui, who bad reouuncd with him from October 1492,^ 
 
umsata ormK 
 
 Their BoCkNiB of future htppmewttea^ h^ 
 •ver, 1o have been narrow and laentual. Tfaay 
 iiuppoied that the ipirits of good men awTe 
 «OBfeyed to a pleasant valley » which they ralU 
 «d Cbyo&tf; a place of indolent tranquilli^, 
 Abounding with ddiciout fruits, cool'^shad^ 
 «nd taurmuring rivutets;^ in a oomitry wheie 
 idfoagbt never rages, and the faurncfinis never 
 Ml In this seat of bliss (the Elysiom ef ami- 
 iqoity) they believed that their gFeatest enjoy- 
 SMOt would arise from the company of their 
 4leparted ancestors, and of those persons who 
 4Peiie dear to them in life ;t — a proof at least of 
 their ^lial piety, and of the warmth and tender- 
 ness of their affeictions>and dispositions. ' 
 A The consoiousmn in/our Indians that th^ 
 ■mn McouDtable boogm seem, to indicte a 
 .granter degiee of improvement than we an 
 jvUling to allow to any of the natives of ithe 
 iNflw Hemisphere. : ikithoui^ like the Cha- 
 •mibes, our islanders acknowledged a plurality of 
 Ijods; like Ihcm tod, they ibelieved in the exist- 
 ence of one supreme, invisible, immontd^ and 
 omnipotent Creator, whom they named Joca- 
 Jmna4, But unhappily, ^with these impovtant 
 
 hMi aoqaifcd the Spaaiih tonguagt. This vamn, whose 
 BUM wu DidaetM, served him on this and other oeea- 
 sions« hoth as a guide and interpreter. 
 
 * Fer. Ool. c. Ixi. f Henera, lib. iii. c. iil. 
 
 t Martyr, Deead. i. lib. iz. F.Colambas. 
 
WXtV l»IIM10l(t 
 
 lOM 
 
 -tmhi^ iMjMXNr people Mended the matt puerile MM 
 >flDd'eatra«egMit'<iMeie%^' which were neither 
 iinanded in Mtieoel pietf, nor prodnctive of 
 morel obliption. They assigned to tl» lu- 
 ^^«iiie7]lei^a.'latherttnd mother, whom they 
 djetjuytshed bf hmjnf^ «f neroes, and they 
 mpposed the sun and moon to be the chi^ 
 iseats of. their rssidenoe.* Their systenli of 
 fidol' worship was, >atlhe same time^ mofv la- 
 nwnteble than even those of the Charaibee; 
 ^Ibr^it'would «eem that they {laid divine honoofs 
 ;to lislecks' and atones converted into imagos, 
 >wfaich.:tliey called' Zemt; not regarding these 
 idols as sywibolicalKepresentatidosflitaly of their 
 subordinate diviuMeS) and usefiil as sensible 
 -objectSiX to awaken the' memory and animate 
 devolidn,jbiit4Moribing 'divinity 'to the materiai 
 itself^* «nd actaallyworsliippiiig the rode sMme 
 or block which their 'Own hands had fashioned. 
 It may be observed, however, that ad eqmd 
 degree :of folly prevailed amoQg people muoh 
 more enlightened. The Ef^ptians'themselves, 
 the most andentofciviliaed nations, worship- 
 ped various kinds of aniaaals, and rapiesent»- 
 tions of animals, some of them the most non- 
 ious in natuve ; and even the accomplished 
 philosophers of Greece and Rome paid divine 
 honours to men to whom they had themselves 
 
 W. 
 
 * F. ColttmbiM; P. Kirtyr. Benioni. 
 
BliVQKy QtMB 
 
 900K g^ §B «podMiii.T-*Sa;n0urly>«Uiii &i. 
 ^^^v«^ gMMis raseMchesy is th0 Ukidoea* «f in^ 
 
 nalore to the iniuflkieQcy ol nere; cullifiliil 
 
 \m It has indeed been ^ usertsd (wbedlerf jotlly 
 cr> not) tlmt *' the supentitioBs of pegenitin 
 *f: always wore the a|ipearaDce of pleasure^ :aiid 
 *f often of virtue;'** but tbe< theology). of, oior 
 poor islanders bote a different aipeet ' %>a 
 lamentable inconsistency of the human miad, 
 they considered the Creator of all things ; as 
 wholly regardless <^ the worJc of <hi^ hands; 
 and as having transferreds tho; government! of 
 (the world to .t ubordinate ; and maligaant beioipy 
 ^or deljgiitsd in converlwlg . intO) odH^ jfbat 
 whidi He! pronounced tO be ^^. iThe «iflii- 
 eions of gratitnde, the warmth ^ aiffi3ctiu», the 
 confidence of hope, formed lio part Of their de- 
 votions. ; Their idols were univeisaUy; hideous 
 land frig^tfiili sometimes ip^presedting toads aiKl 
 other odious reptiles ; buit more ^frequently tbe 
 human fiice horribly distorted;'^--^ proof that 
 they considered, them not as benevolent, but 
 ovil powers ;-^-9& objects of >terror-«not of admi- 
 ration and love, it 
 To keep alive this sacred and awful prejudics 
 in the minds of the multitude, and hdghten its 
 influence, their Bohitos or priests, appropriated a 
 
 ««»Um». 
 
tWEST INDIES. 
 
 iwli 
 
 comeGrated houde in each villa^, wherein the chap. 
 Zemi was invoked and worshipped. Nor was >^s'W 
 it permitted to the people at large, at all times, 
 to enter, and on unimportant occasions ap- 
 proicii the dread object of their adoration. The 
 bobitoa undertook to be' their messengers and 
 interpreters, and by the efficacy of their prayers 
 to avert the dangers which they dreaded. The 
 ceremonies exhibited on these solemnities were 
 weU calculated to extend the priestly dominion, 
 and confirm the popular subjection. In the 
 same view, the bohitos added to their holy 
 profession the practice of physic, and they 
 claimed likewise the privilege of educating the 
 children of the first rank of people ;* — ^a com- 
 bination of influence which, extending to the 
 nearest 'and dearest concerns both of this life 
 and the next, rendered their authority irre- 
 sistible. 
 
 With such power in the priesthood, it may 
 well be supposed, that the idliance between 
 church and state was not less intimate in these 
 islands than ib the kingdoms of Europe. As 
 in many other nation^ religion was here inade 
 the instrument of civil despotism, and the will 
 of the cacique, if confirmed by the priest, was 
 impiously pronounced the decree of heaven. 
 Columbus relatesj that some of his people ea- 
 
 * Martyr. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 it 
 
HISTdRT OP TBE 
 
 BOOK tering unexpectedly into one of ^ir houses «f 
 worship, found the cacique employed in ob- 
 taining responses from the Zemi. By the sound 
 of the voice which came from the idol, they 
 knew that it was hollow, an<9- dashing it to the 
 •ground to expose the imposture, they discovered 
 a tube, which was before covered with leaves^ 
 that communicated from the back part of the 
 image to an inner apartment, whence the priest 
 issued his precepts as through a speaking trum- 
 pet ; — but the cacique earnestly intreated them 
 to say nothing of what they had seen ; declaring 
 ^at by means of such pious frauds, he col- 
 lected tributes, and kept his kingdom in sub^ 
 jection. 
 
 The reader, I believe, will readily acquit me 
 for declining to enter into any further detail of 
 the various wild notions, and fentastical rites, 
 which were founded on such arts and impo6> 
 tures. Happily for our islanders, however, the 
 general system of their superstition, though not 
 amiable was not cruel. We find among them 
 but few of those barbarous ceremonies which 
 filled the Mexican temples with pollution, and 
 the spectators wiUi horror. They were even 
 more fortunate in this respect than the other- 
 wise happy inhabitants of the lately discovered 
 islands in the Soutliern Pacific Ocean ; amongst 
 whom the practice of ofTering human sacrifices 
 to their deities is still dreadfully prevalent, as 
 
:?W9ST INQIflSi 
 
 11 T 
 
 M 
 
 itjuiciently was amongst most of the nations of chap. 
 thieearth^ s^'^.. 
 
 Having thu? mentioned the natives of the msceiia. 
 South-Sea Islands, I eannot but advert to the "^atT^ 
 wonderful similarity observable in many re- 
 spects, between our ill-fated West-Indians and 
 that placid people. The same frank and affec- 
 tionate temper, the same cheerful simplicity, 
 gentleness, and candour; — a behaviour devoid 
 of meanness and treachery, of cruelty and re- 
 venge, are apparent in the character of both ;^- 
 a d although placed at so great a distance from 
 Qiich other, and divided by the intei^ention of 
 die American Conjdnent, we may trace a re- 
 semblance even in many of their customs and 
 institutions; theii national songs and dances, 
 their domestic economy, their system of go- 
 vernment, and their funeral ceremonies. ' I pre- 
 tend not, however, to affirm, that this resem- 
 blance is so exact, as to create the presumption 
 of a conimon ori^n. The affinity perceivable 
 in the dispositions a ad virtues of Uiese widely- 
 separated tribes, arose probably from a simila^- 
 rity in their circumstances and situation, ope- 
 rating on the general principles of human na- 
 ture. Placed alike in a happy medium be- 
 tween savage life, properly so called, and the 
 refinements of polished society, they are found 
 equally exempt from the sordid corporeal dis- 
 tres:es and sanguinary passions of the forip^r 
 
 h2 
 
HISTORY d!? THE 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 state^ and from the artificial necessities, the re- 
 straints and solicitudes of the latter. To a spe- 
 culative mind^ such a situation may appear, for 
 a moment, even superior to our own; ** but if 
 ^* we admit," says the elegant historian of the 
 amiable Otaheitans, . ** that they are upon the 
 *' whole happier than we, we must admit that 
 *f the child is happier than the man, and that we 
 ** are losers by the perfection of our nature, the 
 "increase of our knowledge, and the enlarge- 
 " ment of our views."* 
 
 In those inventions and arts which varying 
 the enjoyments, add considerably to the value of 
 life, I believe the Otaheitans were in general 
 somewhat behind our islanders: in agriculture 
 they were partiieularly so.f The great sup- 
 
 . * HaTvkesworth's Voyages, vol. ii. p. 105. 
 
 t ^^' Robertson, in his History of America, vol. i. p. 
 332, observes, that as the natives of the New World had 
 no tame animals, nor the use of the metals, their agricul- 
 ture must necesscnly have been imperfect. It should 
 however be remembered, that as every family raised corn 
 for their own support, and the islands being (to use the 
 expression of Las Casas) " abounding with inhabitants as 
 ** an ant-hill with ants" a very small portion of ground 
 allotted to the maintenance of each fiimily, would com- 
 prehend in the aggregate an immense space of cultivated 
 country. Thus we find Bartholomew Columbus observ- 
 ing, that the fields about Zabraba, a country in tbeGulph 
 of Darien, which he viewed in 1503, '* were all covered 
 *' with maize, like the corn fields of Europe, /or above six 
 ** leagu^ togethtr." Unacquainted with the soil of the 
 
.'^i^EST INDIES. 
 
 lOl 
 
 ffMMriof the insular territories of the South^Sea chap. 
 
 tCppsists of the bread-fruit and the plantain ; both 
 
 which flourish there spontaneoMsly ; and although 
 
 i the inhabitants have likewise plantations of ^ms 
 
 and other esculent roots, yet the cultivation of 
 
 none of thein appears to be as extensive 94 was 
 
 that of the maize in the West Indies, or tp dis- 
 
 ^vplay equal skill with the (preparation of the 
 
 ,ca8savi*bread from the maniock/ The West- 
 
 West Indies^ Dr. Robertson should have delivered bis sen- 
 timents on this subject wifh diffidence. Tbat soil which 
 is known in these islands by the name of Mck-mould, is 
 not only superior to most others in fertility, but requires 
 ▼ei^ little trouble in cultivation. Among our islanders, 
 to whom the use of iron was unknown, instruments were 
 ingeniously formed of stone, and of a certain species of 
 durable wood, which were endued with nearly equal soli- 
 dity and sharpness. We find them felling large trees, 
 building canoes and houses, and forming domestic uten- 
 sils of exquisita workmanship. Possessing the tools and 
 materials necessary for these purposes, they could not be 
 destitute of proper implements for the ruder operations 
 of husbandry, on a soil incapable of much resistance. 
 
 * L'Abbe Uaynal, in opposition to the testimony of all 
 the early Spanish historians who have treated of the dis- 
 covery and productions of America (none of whom indeed 
 does he appear to have consulted) assierts that the maniock 
 plant was originally introduced iuto the West Indies from 
 Africa, and that the Indians were first instructed by the 
 negroes in the art of converting the poisonous root iniko 
 wholesome food. For the satisfaction of stfch of my 
 readers as are not intimately acquainted with the Ameri- 
 can History, I think it necessary to observe, that P. Martyr 
 
HlS^itt 6^ l^B 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 IndiiiDS, notwi^standing that they {)08ses96id 
 almost ev«ry variety of vegetablle nature whitth 
 grew in the countries I have tncntioned, the bread- 
 fruit eikcepted/ raised also both tlie maize and 
 maniock in great abundance; and they had a<S- 
 quired the skill of watering their lands from dis- 
 tant rivfers in time of drought.* It tnay like- 
 wise be observed, that although the Otaheitiirts 
 possess the shrub which producje^ cotton, they 
 neither improve it by culture, nor have the 
 knowledge of converting its wool into cloth rf* 
 but content themselves with a iar meaner pro- 
 duction as a substitute. Our islanders had not 
 only the skill of making excellent cloth from 
 their cotton, but they practised also the art of 
 dying it with a variety of colours ; some of them 
 of the utmost brilliancy and beauty.^ 
 
 In the science of ship-building (if the con- 
 struction of such vessels as either people used 
 may be distinguished with that appellation) the 
 
 in his first Decad« which bears date November, 1493, 
 •even months only after the return of Columbus from his 
 first voyage, particularly mentions the maniock, or jucca, 
 as furnishing great part of the food of the islanders, and 
 he describee their manner of making the cassavi bread 
 from it; oL«erving that the raw juice is as strong a 
 poison as aconite. Negroes were not imported into the 
 islands iili many years after this account was published. 
 
 * Martyr, Decad. iii. 
 
 t Forster's Observations. 
 
 X Oviedo. Furchait, vol. Iii. p. 985. 
 
WEST INDIES. ,{ 
 
 108: 
 
 superiority is on the side of Otabeite; yet the chap.;^ 
 Piraguas of the West-Indians were fully suffi- '' 
 cient lor the navigation they were employed in, 
 and indeed were by no means contemptible sea- 
 boats. We are told that some c u) n vessels 
 were navigated with forty oars;* and. Herrera 
 relates that Bartholomew Columbus, in passing 
 through the Gulph of Honduras, fell m with one, 
 that was eight feet in breadth, and in length 
 equal to a Spanish galley. Over the middle, 
 was an awning composed of m^ts and palm-tree 
 leaves; underneath which were ' disposed the 
 women and children, secured both from rain and 
 the spray of the sea. — It was laden with com* 
 modities from Jucatan.t 
 
 On the other hand, our islanders far surpas* 
 sed the people of Otabeite in the elegance and 
 variety of their domestic utensils and furni> 
 ture ; their earthen-ware, curiously woven beds, 
 and implements of husbandry. Martyr speaks 
 with admiration of the workmanship of some 
 of the forme* of these. In the account he gives 
 of a magnificent donation from Anacoana to 
 
 i.i„. 
 
 * Martyr, Deead. i. 
 
 f Herrera« Decad. i. lib. v. These vessels were built 
 either of cedari or the great cotton-tree hollowed, and 
 made square at each end like punts. Their gunnek were 
 raised with canes braced close, and smeared over with 
 some bituminous substance to render them water-tight, 
 and they had sharp keels. P. Martyr, Decad. 
 
1**^ 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 Bartholomew Columbus, on his first ▼isit to that 
 princess, he observes that, among otiier valuables, 
 she presented him with fourteen chairs of ebony 
 beautifully wrought, and no Ifiss than sixty ves- 
 sels of different sorts, for the use of his kitchen 
 and table, all of which were ornamented with 
 figures of various kinds, fantastic forms, and ac- 
 curate representations of living animals.^ The 
 industry and ingenuity of our Indians therefore 
 must have greatly exceeded the measure of their 
 wants. Having provided for the necessities of 
 their condition, they proceeded to improve and 
 adorn it. 
 
 But I must now leave them to the miserable 
 fate in which it pleased infinite but inscrutable 
 wisdom ta permit their merciless invaders to in- 
 volve them for ever ! — It may, I think, be safely 
 affirmed, that the whole story of mankind iBfibrds 
 BO scene of barbarity equal to that of the cruel- 
 ties exercised on these innocent and inoffensive 
 pecyle. All the murders and desolations of the 
 most pitiless tyrants that ever diverted them- 
 selves with the pangs and convulsions of their 
 fellow-creatures, fa\\ infinitely short of the bloody 
 enormities committed by the Spanish nation in 
 the conquest of the New World ; — a conquest, 
 on a low estimate, effected by the murder of ten 
 p^lpOjiis of the species ! But although the ac- 
 
 * P. Martyr, Decad. i. 
 
WESTIN01BS. 
 
 I(* 
 
 ooontft which wn trtnsiDitted down to us of this aam 
 dieadfol camtge an> authenticated heyond the 
 poaubility of dupute, the mind shrinking from 
 -the conteinplation, wishes to resist con^otionk 
 and to relief e itself by increduUty. — Such at 
 least is the apology which I would frame for 
 the author of the American history, when I 
 find him attempting, in contradiction to the 
 voice and feelings of > all mankind, to palliate 
 such horrible wickedness^* Yet the same author 
 admits, that in the short interval of fifteen years 
 subsequent to the discovery of the; West Indies 
 the Spaniards had reduced the natives of Hisp»> 
 niola " from a million to sixty thousand.*'t It 
 is in vain that be remarks on the bodily feeble- 
 ness of these poor Indians, and their natural 
 incapacity for labour. Such a constitutional 
 
 * Introduction to the History of America, by Dr. Ro« 
 bertaon« vol. i. p.- 10. ** It it to be hoped/* says this ea* 
 tborj " that the Spaniards will at last discover this system 
 " of concealment to be no less impolitic than illiberal. 
 ** From what I have experiencsd in the course of my in- 
 ** quiries, I am satisfied that upon a^ more minute scrutiny 
 ** into their early operations in the New World* however 
 ** aBPRBHBNSiBi.B (a tender expression) the actions of 
 ** individuals may appear* the conduct of the nation will 
 ** be placed in a more favourable light." This opinion, 
 however, needs no other refutation than that which is to 
 be found in the subsequent pages of the learned author's 
 history. 
 
 t History of America^ vd. i.1>ook iii. p. 185. 
 
m mnoKx or thb 
 
 900K defect, if it existed, entitled them to gretter 
 knily, but the Spaniards distributed them into 
 lotSi and compelled them to dig in the mines, 
 without rest or intermission, until death, their 
 ooly refuge, put a period to their sufferings. 
 Such ab attempted resistance or escape, their 
 merciless tyrants hunted down with dogs, which 
 were fed on tlieir flesh. They disregarded sex 
 •nd age, and with impious and frantic bigotry 
 even called in religion to sanctify their cruelties. 
 Some, more walous than the rest, forced their 
 miserable captives into the water, and after ad- 
 ministering to them the rite of baptism, cut their 
 throats the next moment to prevent their apos- 
 tacy! Others made a vow to hang or Iwim thir- 
 teen every morning, in honour of our Saviour 
 and the twelve Apostles ! Nor were these the 
 excesses only of a blind and remorseless fanati- 
 cism, which exciting our abhorrence, excites also 
 our pity : the Spaniards were actuated in many 
 ' instances by such wantonness of malice, as is 
 wholly unexampled in the wide history of human 
 depravity. — Martyr relates, that it was a fre-r 
 quent practice among them to murder the In- 
 dians of Hispaniola in sport, or merely, he ob- 
 serves, to keep their hands in use. They had an 
 emulation which of them could most dexterously 
 strike off the head of a man at a blow ; and 
 wagers frequently depended on this hellish exer- 
 
> WEST INDIES. I «| 
 
 else.* To fill ap the metsure of this iniquity, cRap. 
 and deimonstrate to the world that the nation 
 at large participated in the guilt of indivi- 
 duals, the court of Spain not only neglected 
 to punish these enormities in its subjects, but 
 when rapacity and avarice had nearly defeated 
 their own purposes, by the utter extirpation 
 of the natives of Hispaniola, the king gave 
 permission to seiae on the unsuspecting inbai* 
 bitants of the neighbouring islands, and trans- 
 port them to perish in the mines of St. Do- 
 mingo. ** Several vessels," says Dr. Kobert- 
 ** son, ** vtxire fitted out for the I^ucayos, the 
 '* commanders of which informed the natives, 
 *' with whose language they were now well ac- 
 " quainted, that they came from a delicious 
 " country, in which their departed ancestors 
 *' resided, by whom they were sent to invite 
 " them to resort thither, to partake of the bliss 
 ** which they enjoyed. That simple people lis> 
 " tened with wonder and credulity, and fond 
 " of visiting their relations and friends in that 
 " happy region, followed the Spaniards with 
 " eagerness. By this artifice, above 40,000 
 ** were decoyed into Hispaniola, to share in 
 ** the sufferings which were the lot of the in- 
 " habitants of that island, and to mingle their 
 ** groans and tears with those of that wretched 
 
 * F. Martyr, Decad. i. lib. vii. 
 
HlfiTORV or THE 
 
 1. 
 
 ** race of men.*** After reeding these eccouQt8» 
 who can help forming an indignaBi with that 
 
 * History of America, book lii. p. 186. S«e likewise 
 P. MaHyr, Detail, rii. This anthor relates the following; 
 affBoting partleulait of the poor Lncayans thM frandi^ 
 kntly decoyed from their native oountries. " Many ftf 
 *' them in the anguish of despair, obetlmtely refuse all 
 *' manner of sustenance, and retiring to desert caves and 
 " unfrequented woods> silently give up the ghost. Others, 
 *' repairing to the sea-ooast on the northern side of His- 
 " paniola, east many a longing look towards that part of 
 ** the ocean where they suppose their own islands to be 
 " situated, and as the sea-breeze rises they eagerly inhale 
 " it, fondly believing that it has lately visited their own 
 " happy valleys, and comes fraught with the breath of 
 '* tliose they love, their wives and their children. With 
 ** this Idea they eontinne fur hoars on the coast, until 
 *' aature becomes utterly exhausted} when stretching out 
 " their arms towards the ocean, as if to take a last em- 
 ** brace of their distant country and relations, they sink 
 *' down and expire without a groan." — " One of the Lu- 
 " caya'ns," continues the same author, " who Mras more 
 '* desii;ous of life or had greater courage than most of his 
 ** countrymen, took upon him a bold and difficult piece 
 '* of work. Having been used to build cottages in his 
 " native country, he procured instruments of stone, and 
 ** cut down a large spongy tree called jnruma,* the bpdy 
 " of which he dexterously scooiied into a canoe. He then 
 ** provided himself with oars, some Indion corn, and a 
 " few gourds of water, and prevailed on another man and 
 " a woman to emliark with him on a voyage to the Lu* 
 ** cayos islands. Their navigation was prosperous for near 
 '* SCO miles, arid they were almost within sight of their 
 *'own long-lost shores, when unfortunately they were 
 
 * The bomhax, or wild cotton tree. 
 
 u , 
 
 *' , 
 
wF^rmiHSs.'^ 
 
 109 
 
 the hand of Heaven, by some miraeuloos hiter-^ 
 position, had swept these European tyrants from 
 the face of the earth, who like so many beasts 
 of prey roamed round the world only to deso- 
 late and destroy; and more remorseless than 
 the fiercest savage, thirsted for human blood, 
 without having the impulse of natural appet'te 
 to plead in their defence ! 
 ^. On tlie whole, if we consider o.* how ilttle 
 benefit the acquisition of these islands has since 
 proved to the Spanish nation, and count ov^ the 
 cost of the conquest, we must find it ext emt'ty 
 difiScult to include such an event as the massacre 
 of ten millions of innocent people (comprehend- 
 ing the butcheries in Mexico and Peru) amongst 
 the number of those partial evils which ulti- 
 mately terminate in the general good ; nor can 
 we possibly reconcile its permission to our limited 
 ideas of infinite wisdom and goodness ! Divines 
 therefore justly conclude, that no stronger proof 
 than that which arises from hence iieed be given 
 of llie existence of a future and better state, 
 wherein the unequal distribution of mtoery and 
 happiness in this life e Iidl be adjusted ; " when 
 " the crooked shall be made etraight, and the rough 
 " places plain.*** 
 
 " met hy a Spanish ihip, which brought them back to 
 " slavery and sorrow. The caooe is still preserved ia 
 " Uispaniola fs a singular turiosity* considering the cir« 
 " cumstances under which it was made." 
 
 * In 158S Sir Francis Drake made a descent on Ilii* 
 
 CHikK 
 111. 
 
v» 
 
 HiarORT OP THE 
 
 BOOK 
 
 I. 
 
 pMidb, and in bb acoomit of that khmA, wldeh i$ prt^ 
 served in Haklnyt, vol. iii. he relates thai the Spaniardf 
 having utterly exterminated the ancient Indians, (not a 
 single descendant being, I doubt, at that time livinj;) had 
 nevertheless derived so little advantage from their crudty, 
 as to be obliged to amvert piece$ of leather into momtg-'^aXl 
 the silver, in the attainment of which firom the bowels of 
 the earth so many thousands of poor wretches had pe- 
 rished, having long since found its way to Europe, and 
 the inhabitants had no means of getting a fresh supply. 
 
 It may be proper in this place to observe, tltat some 
 of the circumstances which I have related above respect* 
 ing the cruelties of the Spaniards, are extracted from ;: 4 
 writings of Bartholomew De Las Casas, who is accused 
 by Dr. Robertson of exag^ration j— but Oviedo himself, 
 who endeavours to palliate the monstrous barbarities of 
 his countrymen towards the natives, by asserting that 
 they were addicted to unnatural vices, which rendered 
 them properly obnoxious to punishment (a charge, by the 
 way, which Herrera admits to he groiLiUdless) — Oviedo, I 
 say, confesses that in 1535, only forty-three years poste- 
 rior to the discovery of Hispaniola, and when he was 
 himself on the spot, there were not left alive in that 
 island above five hundred of the original natives, old and 
 young; for he adds, that all the other Indians at that 
 time there, had been forced or decoyed into slavery, ^m 
 the neighbouring islands.* Las Casas, it is true, when 
 he speaks of numbers in the gross, certainly over-rates the 
 original inhabitants. But it does not ajtpear thiit he 
 means to deceive} nor is there any just reason to suspect 
 his veracity when he treats of matters susceptive of pre» 
 cision, more esjiecially in circumstances of which he de- 
 clares himself to have been an eye-witness. Let the reader 
 judge of L.V* Casas from the following narrative, in which 
 his falsehood (if the story were Aihie) could have been very 
 
 fOTMo,libiii.6.Ti. 
 
WEST INZnES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 cmUj detected. *' I once beheld," says he, " fonr or fire 
 " principal Indians roasted alive at a slow fire ; and as the 
 " miserable victims poured forth dreadful screams, which 
 " dist^irbed the commanding officer in his afternoon slum- 
 " be'i-8, he sent word that they should be strangled j bat 
 " the officer on guard (I kmow hm wame, amd I know 
 *' uis RELATIONS IN Sevxlle) wottld not sttficr it} but 
 " causing their mouths to be gagged, that their cries 
 " might not be beard, he stirred up the fire with his own 
 " hands, and roasted them deliberately till they all ex- 
 *' pired.-^I saw it myself/' ! ! ! 
 
 It may be necessary, perhaps, on my own account, to 
 add, that I have no other edition of Las Cosas than that 
 which was published at Antwerp in 1579. From a copy 
 of that edition I have extracted the foregoing horrid rela- 
 tion ; my hand trembling as I write, and my heart de- 
 roftttly wishing it could be proved to be ftlae. 
 
 CHAP. 
 III. 
 
v» 
 
 *ji*»n «v 
 
 HiinKk&Y OF THE 
 
 '^0- 
 
 . CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Zand animk'used as food. — lUhes and wild 
 . .., /owl. — Indian method of fishing andfimling. 
 '•-'Etculeni vegetables, S^c-^Conclusion. 
 
 BOOK In tRKiBg the several tribes of quadrupeds, pro- 
 >^s^ p0rly ao t-ialied, which anciently existed in the 
 M^est JndieSf it will be found that the Wind- 
 ward or Charaibean islands possessed all that 
 were possessed by the larger blands, and some 
 species which in the latter were unknown. It 
 is likewise observable, that all the animals of 
 the former are still found in Guiana, and few 
 or none ojf them in North Anienca. These are 
 additional proofe that the Windward Islands 
 were anciently peopled from the south. The 
 enumeration of them follows : 
 
 1. The Agouti; 2. the Pecary; 3. the Ar^ 
 madillo ; 4. the Opussum ; 6. the Racoon ; 6. 
 the Musk Rat; 7. the Alco; 8. tlie smaller 
 Monkey of several varieties. 
 
 These I think are their most general appel- 
 lations; but from the variety of Indian Ian- 
 
v-^tWEST INDIES4 
 
 113 
 
 guagpj, or didectft rather of the same language, chapj 
 which anciently prevailed in the islands and on \^.^ 
 the neighhounQ]g^ continent, some of these ani< 
 mals have been distinguished by so many differ- 
 ent names, that in reading the accounta of them 
 transmitted by the French and Spanish histo- 
 rians, it is often difficult to understand of which 
 in partidular they mean tp speak. 
 
 The Agouti is sometimes called couti and 
 coatL It was corrupted into uti and utia by 
 the'Spenittrds ; and at present it is known in 
 some parts of the West Indies by the terms 
 pHcarara and Indian coney. It is HikemmagpUi of 
 Liftn^us, and the c«n)y of Pennant and Buffon. • 
 
 jpFT^^o these writers it is sufficient to refer for a 
 description of its nature and properties. — I shall 
 briefly observe that, in comparing it with the 
 quadrupeds of Europe, it seems to constitute 
 an intermediate species between the rabbit and 
 the rat; and of the animals which I have enu- 
 merated above, this and the last are, I fear, the 
 only ones that have escaped the common fate 
 of all the nobler inhabitants of these unfortu- 
 nate islands, man himself (as we have seen) not 
 excepted I Tlie agouti is still frequently found 
 in Porto-Rico, Cuba and Hispaniola, and some- 
 times in the mountains of Jamaica. In most 
 of the islands to windward, the race, though once 
 common to them all, is now I believe utterly 
 extinct. 
 
 VOL. I. I 
 
114 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 The Pecary, i^bich was not known in the 
 lar[ ?r iskoids, has been honoured with no less 
 veir'y of names than the Agouti. According 
 tr; R«>chefort it was cBWedjamri and paoquire. 
 By Dampier it is tuaneApdas. By Acosta sdm 
 and xaim» It is the ms tt^acu of Linnaeus, and 
 %hop0caryB.nA Mem'mmmh'hegeii^iit £ng^h 
 naturalists. ■ ■•• '-• '•!'■'■■ ■■ '^ -^i^:^-)..i 
 
 Of this animal; a v^ full and particular ac- 
 count has been given by Mons. BufTon in 1m 
 Natural Htdtory, and by Dr. Tyson in the Phi- 
 losophical Transactions. I have heard that it 
 still abounds in many of the provinces of 
 Mexico; bift in the West- Indian islands 1 be- 
 lieve the breed has been long since extermi- 
 nated. Those that I have stscn were carried 
 thither from the continent as objects of cu- 
 riosity ; and they appeaiied to me to differ from 
 the European hog principally in the sin^Iar 
 but well-known circumstance of their having a 
 musky discharge from an aperture or gland on 
 the bock, erroneously supposed to be the navel ; 
 and in the colour of their bristles ; the pccary 
 being indeed highly ornamented; for the bris- 
 tles of &ose that I beheld were of a pale blue, 
 tipt with white. It is also related of this ani- 
 mal, that it possesses far greater courage than 
 the hog of Europe ; and when hunted by dogs, 
 will frequently turn and compel its enemy to 
 retreat. . Thus its native bravery bringing it 
 
WEST INDIES; 
 
 U6 
 
 within the reach of fire-arms, cojatribvite^ (loubt- 
 less to its final destnHstiQQ in the islands, 
 u, Of the Ai-roadillo, the species anciently 
 known in these islands was, I think, tkat which 
 is called by systematical writers the tune banded. 
 It is covered with a joint shell, or scaly armour, 
 and has the Acuity of rolling itself up like the 
 hedge-hog. As food it is said to be very whole- 
 some and delicate. It was ooite found in all 
 parts of the West Indies. 
 
 The Opussum (or manitm) is distingnisbable 
 from all other animals, by a wonderlbl property. 
 Under the belly of the female there is a pouch, 
 wherein she receives and slielters her ypung.* — 
 Both this and the foimer animal are too well 
 kimwn to the curbus in natural researches, tp 
 render it necessary for me to be more particular. 
 I believe the opussum, like the pecary, was uji* 
 known to the larger islands. ■* • t, 
 
 The Racoon was common in Jamaica in 
 the time of Sioane, who observes that it was 
 eaten by all sorts of people. Its abode was 
 chiefly in hollow trees, from whence, says 
 Sioane, it makes paths to the cane-fields, where 
 it chiefly subsists ; a circumstance which, while 
 it indicates that its nuni^r was coosideraUe, 
 ea&ily accounts for its destruction. 
 
 CHAP. 
 iV. 
 
 * I have since learnt that the female Katfgaroo from 
 New Holland is provided in the same manner. 
 
 12 
 
110 
 
 Wa/JtOkY OF THE 
 
 fibOK 
 
 I. 
 
 The Musk Rat is the pUfrris of naturalists : 
 it burrows in the earth, and sme'^i-. so strongly 
 of musk, that its retreat is easily Jisr «r^e«K 
 According to the French writer?^ these abound- 
 ed anciently in Martinico and the other Wind- 
 trard Islands to a great degree ;'* and its resem- 
 blance to the cORinioii rat of £urope, ;*bou^ 
 four times as large, probabiy proved i ..U^l to the 
 >vhole race. I air; sometimes inchiried to suspect 
 that this animal is the agouti of the larger 
 islands. 
 
 'The Alco was the native dog of the New 
 Hemisphere, nor does if seem to have differed 
 greatly from that of the old; except that it 
 possessed not the power of barking.f The 
 natives of Hispaniola, like those of Otabeite, 
 fattened them with care, and accounted their 
 flesh a great delicacy. " In St. Domingo," 
 says Acosto, ** the dogs of Europe have multi- 
 '* plied so ^ccedingly, that at this time (1587) 
 ** they are a nuisance and a terror to the inha- 
 " bitants, and a price is set on their heads as 
 ** on wolves in Old Spain. At first there were 
 '* no dogs in this island, but a small mute crea- 
 *^ ture resembling a dog, with a nose like that 
 '* of a fox ; which the natives called alco. The 
 '* Indians were so fond of these little animals. 
 
 * P. Labatt torn. ii. p. SOS. 
 fF. Colcxxin 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 117 
 
 '^ that they carried j them on their shoulders chaf. ^ 
 " wherever they i/ent, or nourished them in v.^-^ 
 " their hosoms." jr:,* 
 
 The Monkey nnd its varieties require no de« 
 soription. 'u ;'>tii v***i=i>A,iiU t»*ij 
 
 Thus it appears that out of eight different 
 species of edible quadrupeds, one only was do* 
 mestic and sequacious. Few indeed are the 
 animals that own allef^ance to man in his sa- * 
 vage state* Of the beasts of the forest, the 
 strongest dispute his superiority and the weakest 
 avoid his approach. To his conveniency there- 
 fore they contribute nothing, and towards his. 
 nourishment, the supplies that they afford are 
 casual and uncertain. Nature however seems 
 to have displayed towards the inhalutants of 
 these islands, a bounty that tdmost rendered so* 
 perfluous the labours of art in procuring them 
 sustenance ; for, besides the animals that I have 
 mentioned, and those that are furnished by the 
 rivers and the sea, the woods are peopled 
 with two very extraordinary creatures ; both 
 of which anciently were, and still are, not 
 only used as food, but accounted superior deli^ 
 cacies. 
 
 These are the Iguana and tu^ Mountain-* 
 crab. The Iguana (or, as it is more commonly 
 written, the guana) is a species of lizard i-*- 
 a class of animals, about which naturalists 
 are not agreed whether to rank them with 
 
1» 
 
 HISTOEY OF THB 
 
 B^ quadhipMs, or to degrade them to aerfienti.— 
 Thej BMih therefore to itsnd aloof from all 
 established systems, and indeed justly claiin a 
 very distinguished place by themselves. From 
 the alligator, the most formidable of the family, 
 measuribg sometimes twenty feet in length, 
 the gradation is regular in diminution of size 
 to the small lizard of three inches ; the same 
 * figure and conformation nearly (though not 
 wholly) prevailing in each. The iguana is one 
 of the intermediate species, and is commonly 
 about three feet long, and proportionably bulky : 
 it lives chiefly among fruiutrees, and id per^ 
 fectly gentle and innoxious^ Europeans doubt* 
 less learn to make food of them from the exam-» 
 pie of the ancient Indians, amongst whom the 
 practice of hunting them was a fovourite di« 
 version ;t and they are now become generally 
 scarce, except in the islands crC the Windward* 
 passage, and such other places between the 
 tiropics as are seldom visited by man, I be* 
 lieve indeed the English, even when they were 
 Aiore plentiful, did not often serve them at ele-» 
 gant tables; but their French and Spanish 
 neighbours, less squeamish, still devoured, them 
 with exquisite relish : I imagine too they have 
 gpod reason ; for I have been assured by a lady 
 of great beauty and elegance, who spoke from 
 
 * F. C6l. c. XXV. 
 
^xpipfiieoce^ that Uf^ ig^afi^ is ^<H ^ ^y9^^ 
 
 * P. Libat IKewiie ipeak^ t<^ -. ;ricaMCe^' guana w{^ 
 4jf^ i^robatlnii. fi^ coibpar^ Htn diickeb. Ibr tlie 
 wliit«iMn of ifa flesh add the doHeaef of its flavotth<i- 
 Tom. iii.p,.Al$. ^A9 9iihMi90jBai |iiig«,)if fivfp #. nH* 
 .i»9^ accQM^t <^^^ niajip^ei; (^ f^duiig tli^: anijfial, aild 
 if the reader has no oMection to accompany the ^obd Fa* 
 iher It la diaue, Im may participate in the ctiVersioh aa 
 fonb^:'*'We anf attendM/* ny« he, «'% • negro« 
 '^!«ho canled a leng lod^ at one epid of which was a 
 ^' pieoa of whipeoMi vith • running hnol, Mt« \m^^g 
 ** ,the biui)^a fofr f^m*^ ttme# J;^ qu^gro ^iwomcd ^nr 
 ««|;ame hulcing in the sun on the dry limb of a tree, 
 ^''Hereupon he 'began whis'ding with all his might, to 
 " which the gotiita was wondtrfolly attentite; sfretehing 
 ^'.'ovthif oeek md tumii^ bis bead as If to eniioy it aoote 
 ^''f My- V Wbe itegio BOW ai)proachiMl«9t|ll;whistUi)g^ and 
 **M^^n^^^ \^ v4 g^^y,, b<KH» t»«M"?f ^***» % •■'* 
 "of it the sides ai^d throat of the guana, who seemed 
 " mistily pleased with the operation ; for he tiintell on 
 "his biick, and stretched himself but like acaf teibre 
 "the fire« and «t lengtii fairly fell asleep »wlush the 
 <* negro perpeiyiog, dqrt«i)90sly pl»P^ the |M>Pse oirfr his 
 ff hcA^*.ftnd with a jerk bi^u^t him to t^e ground : and 
 " good sport it afforded^ to see the creature swell like a 
 <^i;urkey-cock at finding himself entrapped. We caught 
 '* others in the satne way, and kept one of them alive 
 " seven or eight days ; but," conlioocs the reverend his- 
 torian, " it grieved qae to the he^ >^ $n^ ^^ h^ A^reby 
 " lostmdich delicious fat." , Xh^ JMutnala i^ lil^wj3e 
 known in the East Indies. Sir Joseph Banks sW one of 
 them at Batavia, and found U good food. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Win 
 
Ihb 
 
 BOOK 
 L 
 
 survives in the larger bl thete islands, though 
 its final extinction is proWbly at hand, its his^ 
 tOry is so wonderful, that I choose rather to give 
 \t in the language of others, than in any recital of 
 jny own. The. authors frqm whom I trapsqibe^ 
 are Du Terire and Brown^ They both wrote 
 -from their own knowledge and personal' observa- 
 tion, and the facts which they relate hikve b^en 
 repeated to me a thousand tiroes in the West 
 Indies, by persons, who X am sure never Huew 
 .'iwhat has been published oo the aubjeet by any 
 author whatever. '-These animals,*' says Du 
 TertrCf " live not bbly ih i^ kind of orderly so^ 
 'f'dety in jiheir retreats in the mountains, but 
 ^* regularly once a ye^ir march down to the sea- 
 *>l<V9ide ioa body of some millionsat a time. As 
 ^^* they multiply in great numbers^ they choose 
 ||^ the months of April br May to begin their ex- 
 ^^' pedition ; and ihen sally out from the stumps of 
 *' hollow trees, frofu the clefts of rocks, and from 
 ** the holes which they dig for Uiemselves under 
 « the surface of the earth. At that time the 
 ** whole grojumd is covered with this band of ad- 
 " venturers; there is no setting down one's foot 
 ;*' without treading upon them. The sea is 
 ** their place of destination, and to that they 
 x" direct their march with ri^t-lined precision. 
 ** No geometrician could send them to their 
 ** destined station by a shorter course; they 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 191 
 
 hon. 
 
 leir 
 
 Lhey 
 
 ^neither torn te the right nor to the left what- cuap. 
 '* ever obstacles intervene ; and even if they 
 '* meet with a house, they will attempt to scale 
 ** the walls to keep the unbroken tenor of their 
 "way. But though this be the general order 
 '* of their route, they ppon other occasions arc 
 ** compelled to conform to the fisice of the 
 'H'country, and if it be intersected by rivers, 
 '" they are seen to wind «long the course of the 
 '* stream. The procession sets forward from 
 " the mountains with the regularity of an army 
 " under the guidance of an experienced com- 
 '** mander. They are commonly divided into 
 " battalions, of which the first consists of the 
 *' strongest and boldest males, that, like pioneers, 
 '* march forward to clear the route and face 
 " tlie greatest dangers. The night is their 
 '* chief time of pnx:eeding, but if it rains by 
 ** day they do not fail to profit by the occasion, 
 " and they continue to move forward in their 
 ** slow uniform manner. When the sun shines 
 ** and is hot upon the surface of the ground, 
 " they make an universal halt, and wait till the 
 ** cool of the evening. When they are terri- 
 ** fie^, they march back in a confused disorderly 
 "manner, holding up their nippers, with which 
 " they sometimes tear off a piece of the skin, 
 " and leave the weapon where they inflicted the 
 " wound. 
 
 " When, after a fatiguing march, and escape 
 
m 
 
 BOOK 
 L 
 
 UiaTORT qv THE 
 
 • 
 
 " iDg a thousand dl|uifBr8» for tlney are aoine- 
 " timet three months in getting to ttie shore, 
 '* they have arrived at their destined |X)rt, they 
 ** prepare to cast their spawn. For this pur- 
 " pose the crah has.no sooner reached the shore, 
 ** than it eagerly^ gpes tfx the edge of the water, 
 " and lets the waves wash over its body two or 
 *' three times to wash off the spawn. The eggs 
 " are hatched under the sand; and soon after 
 ** miUious at a time of the new-born crabs are 
 " seen quitting tiie shore, and slowly trav^^png 
 " up to the mountains." ^ 
 
 So far Du Tertre, as copied by Goldsmith. 
 What follows is from Brown's History of Ja- 
 maica. " The old crabs having disburthened 
 " themselves, (as above) generally regain their 
 " habitations in the mountains by the latter. end 
 " of June. — In August they begin to fotten, 
 {V and prepare for moulting; filling up their 
 ** burrows with dry grass, leaves, and abund- 
 " ance of other materials. — When the proper 
 " period comes, each retires to Ins hole, shuts 
 '* up the - passage, and remains quite unactive 
 ** until he gets rid of his old shell, and is fully 
 ** provided with , a new one. How long they 
 *^ continue in this state is uncertain, but , the 
 " shell is first observed to burst at tlie back 
 ''and the sides, to give a passage to the body, 
 ** and the animal extracts its limbs from all the 
 " other parts gradually afterwards. Ai this 
 
fWXST IMIMB8. 
 
 m 
 
 ** tiiDe the fleth in in the richest tttte, and eo» ciur. 
 
 IV 
 
 '' vered only with a tender membrenout skin, 
 " variegited with a multitude of reddish veins, 
 " but this hardens graduaUy, and soon becomes 
 '* a perfect shell like the former. It is however 
 *' remarkable, that during this change there are 
 " some stony concretions always formed in the 
 ** bag, which waste and dissolve as the creature 
 *' forms and perfects its new crust." 
 
 To these full and particular accounts I will 
 add, of my own knowledge, that many people, 
 in order to eat of this singular animal in the 
 hig^st perfection, cause them to be dug out of 
 the earth in the moulting state ; but they are 
 usually taken from the time they begin to move 
 of themselves till they reach the. sea, as already 
 related. During all this time they are in spawn, 
 and if my testimony can add weight to that of 
 all who have written, and all who have feasted, 
 on the subject, I pronounce them, without 
 doubt, one of the choicest morsels in nature. 
 The observation, therefore, of Du Tertre is nei- 
 ther hyperbolical nor extravagant. Speaking 
 of the various species of this animal, he terms 
 them " a living and perpetual supply of manna 
 " in the wilderness ; equalled only by the mi- 
 *' raculous bounty of Providence to the childr^i 
 ** of Israel when wandering in the desert. They 
 ** are a resource," continues he, " to which 
 ** the Indians have at all times resort; for when 
 
114 
 
 H1ST(»IY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 ** all other provisions are scarce, this never fails 
 "them. 
 
 Such plenty of animal food had the lavish 
 hand of nature enabled the groves and the fo- 
 rests of these highly^ fovoured islands to furnish 
 for the use of man. The regions of water and 
 of air are still more copiously gifted. Happily 
 the inhabitants of those elements, less obnoxious 
 to the arts of destruction than the races that I 
 have described, are yet sufficiently numerous to 
 bear witness themselves to the inexhaustible 
 liberality of their almighty Creator. — We may 
 say in the language of Milton, •'* 
 
 Each creek and bay 
 
 With fry innumerable swarm, and shoals 
 Of fish glide under the green wave. 
 ————— Part single, or with mate, 
 Graze the sea- weed their pasture; and thro* groves 
 Of coral stray, or sporting with quick glance. 
 Show to the sun their wav'd coats dropt with gold, 
 
 while the woods and the marshes equally 
 abound with wild fowl of infinite variety, and 
 exquisite flavour.'"' But of the tribes which 
 
 * The most delicious bird in the West Indies is the 
 Ortalan or October-bird. It is the emberiza oryzivora of 
 Linnseus, or rice-bird of South Carolina} of which a de- 
 scription is given by Catesby. — Yet it is remarkable, that 
 they are reckoned birds of passage in North America as 
 well as in the West Indies. Catesby observes, that they 
 arrive in Carolina in infinite numbers in the month of 
 September to devour the rice : they continue there about 
 
3WESTIN»I«S;n 
 
 tm 
 
 of 
 lout 
 
 these islands still abundantly furnish, and from c^af. 
 ivhose nature and properties there is no reason \^,^ 
 to apprehend an extinction of the race, it is not 
 within my province to treat. The cnuraeratiori 
 thot^ I^ have made has chiefly extended to such 
 as from their scarcity are seldom noticed by 
 modem naturalists and voyagers, or of which 
 the knowledge and even the names sire lost to 
 the present inhabitants : — for it has been justly 
 observed, that what from its antiquity is but 
 little known, has from that circumstance alone 
 the recommendation of novelty. I shall there- 
 fore close my account of the animal creation 
 with a description of two very curious methods, 
 known to the ancient Indians, of catching fish 
 
 three weeks, and retire when the rice begins to grow 
 hard. — Hesupposes their route to be from Cuba to Caro^- 
 lina; but I believe they are not in the islands till the 
 month of October : at least it is in that month that they 
 visit Jamuca in prodigious flights, tc feed on the seeds of 
 the Guinea grass. — According to Catesby, the hens only 
 arrive in Caroliha in September. The hen is about the 
 bigness, of a lark, and coloured not unlike it in the back ; 
 the breast and belly pale yellow, the bill strong and sharp- 
 pointed, and shaped like most others of the granivorous 
 kind. — ^Tbe cock's bill is lead-colour, the fore part of the 
 ■ .head black, the hinder part and the neck of a reddish yel- 
 low, the upper part of the wing white, the back next the 
 head black, lower down grey, the rump white, the greatest 
 part of the wing and the whole tail black } the legs and 
 feet brown in both ses^es. — Vide the Yellow Fly-catcher of 
 EdiDari$, p, S. 
 

 HUTORT or THE 
 
 and wild fowl, with which I believe the reader 
 will be amused. 
 
 ** The Indians of Jamaica and Cuba," says 
 Oviedo, " go a fis*hing with the remora, or 
 '* sucking-fish, which they employ as falconers 
 "employ hawks. This fish, which is not above 
 ** a span long, is kept for ithe purpose, and re- 
 " gularly fed. The owner on a calm morning 
 ** carries it out to sea, secured to his canoe by 
 " a small but strong line, many fathoms in 
 " length ; and the moment the creature sees a 
 " fish in the water, though at a great distance, 
 " it starts away with the swiftness of an arrow, 
 " and soon fastens upon it. The Indian in the 
 ** mean time loosens and lets go the line, 
 " which is provided with a buoy that keeps on 
 " the surface of the sea, and serves to mark the 
 " course which the remora has taken, and he 
 " pursues it in his canoe until he conceives his 
 " game to be nearly exhausted and run down. 
 ** He then, taking up the buoy, gradually draws 
 " the line towards tlie shore ; the remora still 
 " adhering with inflexible tenacity to its prey, 
 '' and it is widi great difficulty that he is made 
 "' to quit his hold. By this method," adds 
 Oviedo, " I have known a turtle caught, of a 
 " bulk and weight which no single man could 
 " support."* 
 
 * Htrten confirms this account. See also P. Martyr^ 
 Decad. i. lib. ii.— Besides the turtle, it is said that the In- 
 
WEST IM>TES. 
 
 147 
 
 Their contrivance for catching wild fowl wae chap 
 
 , IV. 
 
 equally ingenious, though practised I believe 
 by other nations, particularly the Chinese, at 
 this day. In the ponds to which these birds 
 resort, they used to throw calabashes (a species 
 of gourd) which float about the water, and 
 which, when accustomed to them, the fowl 
 would approach without fear. Having suc- 
 ceeded thus far, the sportsman puts one of these 
 gourds on his head (first making aj)ertures for 
 the sight and the breath) and very cautiouily 
 creeps into the water, either gently swimming, 
 or walking where tlie stream is shallow, with 
 
 tyr, 
 1 In- 
 
 dians (the reader may believe it or not) frequently cavght 
 the Manati in the same manner. This %in(<^;ilar animal it 
 now become very scarce on the shores o^' the West Indir. 
 islands, but is still 3oraetimes caught th ? t, as I myself 
 can witness. It is the same which the Ff >rch call La- 
 fnentin. — By the British seamen it has been named (from 
 a supposed resemblance in the het^d^ the Sea-Cow ; and its 
 flesh, which tastes somewhat like pork, is thought to hi 
 very good, both fresh and salted. — ^The animal itself is a 
 sort of amphibious creature, neither a quadruped nor a 
 fish. — It has two legs, and is covered with hair, and 
 suckles its young ; yet it never leaves the water, but feeds 
 on ^rass which grows at the bottom of the sea. It is 
 commonly from ten to fifteen feet long, huge and un- 
 wieldy, and weighs from twelve to fifteen hundred weight. 
 Acosta, who was a very good catholic, relates that this 
 animal was very excellent food; ''but,'* continues he, 
 " I scrupled to eat it on Friday, bcMg doub'^ul whetlier it 
 *' was/sh orjleih. 
 

 HISfORir OF THE 
 
 BOOK hk bead Obly above the water, until he gets 
 amoi^ the fowl, when seizing one at a time by 
 the feet, and dra^ng it by a sudden jerk under 
 the sur&ce, he fastens it to his girdle, and thus 
 loads himself with as many as he can carry 
 away, without creating the least alarm or dis^ 
 turbance among the rest. 
 
 I might now proceed to an enumeration and 
 account of the esculent vegetables riginally 
 produced in these islands; espc::ially those 
 most valuable ones, tlie Maize, the maniock,* 
 and the different species of the dioscorea or 
 Yam ; of which, and the mary delicious fruits, 
 the growth of these climates, the natives with- 
 out doubt composed the chief part of their 
 daily support; but I am here happily antici- 
 pated by the voluminous collections of syste- 
 matical writers, particularly those of Sloane, 
 Brown, and Hughes. Nevertheless it were to 
 be wished that those authors had more fre- 
 quently discriminated than they appear to 
 have done, such vegetables as are indigenous 
 from those which have bt ;n transplanted from 
 
 * A late ingenious writer (Dr. Darwin) has given it as 
 his opinion that the maniock, or cassava^ when made into 
 bread, is rendered mild by the heat it undergoes, rather 
 than by expressing its superfluous juice; and I believe 
 the observation to be just; for Sir Hans Sloane relates, 
 that the juice itself, however acrimonious in its raw state, 
 becomes when boiled as innocent and wholesome as 
 whey. 
 
MWBST INDIES. 
 
 foreign countries. Nature, with, most beneficent CHAPr 
 intention, has bestowed on distuit climates and >^^ 
 regions many species peculiar to each. This 
 variety in her works, is one of the greatest incite* 
 molts to human industry; and the progress* of 
 men in spreading abroad the blessings of Provi- 
 dence, adorning and enriching the widely sepa- 
 rated regions of the globe with their reciprocal 
 productions, as it is one of the most useful em- 
 ployments of our faculties, so it is a subject 
 which well deserves the notice of the historian, 
 and the contemplation of the philosopher.* 
 But it is now time to quit general descrip- 
 
 * The West Indies are much indebted, on this account, 
 to the East, but I believe that the first of all fruits, the 
 anana or pine>apple, was carried from the West to the 
 East. It was found by Columbus in all the West India 
 Islands, and P. Martyr, whose Decades were chiefly com- 
 piled out of Columbus's Letters to King Ferdinand, wriios 
 of it as follows : Aliumfructum se invictissimus rexFerdinan- 
 dtu comediasefatetur, ah iisdem terris advectum, squamosum, 
 pin^snucamentum adspectuforma colore amulatur, ted mol- 
 litie par mehpepom, sapor e omnem superat hortensemfruc- 
 tum : non snim arbor est, sed herba, zarduo persimilis, aut 
 acantho. Huie et rex ipse palmam tribuit. Ex its ego 
 pomis minimi comedi : quia unum tantilm I paucis allatis 
 rtperire incorruptum, ceteris ex longa navigatione putrefac- 
 tis. Qui in tiativo solo receutia ederunt illorum cum admi- 
 ratione suavitatem extollunt. Who does not lament that 
 King Ferdinand did not leave a slice for his honest His- 
 toriographer^ The term Anana is,] believe, eastern: 
 The West-Indian name of this fruit was /<m-po?Q-mie. 
 
 VOL. I. K 
 
uo 
 
 
 mm 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 tion for particular history. Many objects indeed 
 are hereafter to be considered, which being com- 
 mon to all our West-Indian possessions, will be 
 comprehensively discussed ;— -but in previously 
 treating of the ori^n and progress of our national 
 establishments in them, it seems proper to dis- 
 course of each island separitely ;— and, as the 
 most important, I begin with Jamaica; 
 
 ,f1 
 
 Am. 
 
 m 
 
 ■i^:.i 
 
 
WBST INDIES. Ill 
 
 lit 
 
 APPENDIX TO BOOK I. 
 
 Contmmng some additional observations concerning 
 the origin of the Charaibes. 
 
 
 (•!* 
 
 Having ventured in the second chapter of appen* 
 this book to adopt the opinion of Hoinius* ^ 
 and other writers, who assign to some of the 
 natives of America an oriental origin, and sop- 
 pose that they anciently crossed the Atlantic 
 Ocean, I beg the reader's indulgence while I 
 briefly state the evidence whereon I attempt to 
 rebuild a system which it has become fashion- 
 able, among some late philosophers, to reject 
 and dcrids. 
 
 So many volutcies have indeed already been 
 written, and so much useless learning exhausted, 
 on the subject of the first peopling America, 
 that I doubt the reader will shrink with disgust 
 from an investigation, which perhaps has given 
 rise to as great a number of idle books, as any 
 question (some disputed points in divinity ex-^ 
 cepted) that ever distracted the attention of 
 mankind. 
 
 * De originibus Americanis, lib. ii. c. vi. 
 
 Its 
 
 ^1 
 
iSd 
 
 HISTORY OP THE 
 
 BCOK 
 L 
 
 It may be necessary therefore to premise, 
 that I mean to apply my argument to the Cha- 
 rt^ Nation only ; a people whose manners and 
 characteristic features denote^ as I conceive, a 
 different ancestry from that of the generality of 
 the American nations. 
 
 It is not wonderful that the notion of their 
 transatlantic origin should have been treated 
 with derision. — The advocates for this opinion, 
 like the framers of most other systems, by at- 
 tempting to prove too much, have gained even 
 less credit than they deserve. In contending 
 that the New World was, first planted by ad- 
 venturers from the Old, Uiey universally take 
 for granted that some of those adventurers re- 
 turned and gave accounts of their discoveries ; 
 for they suppose that America was well known 
 to the ancients ; that not only the Phenicians 
 made repeated voyages thither ; but that the 
 E^ptians and Carthaginians also, voluntarily 
 crossed the Atlantic, and planted colonies, at 
 different periods, in various parts of the New 
 Hemisphere. 
 
 In support of these opinions, quotations have 
 been made from poets, philosophers and histori- 
 .ans : bmt, if we reflect on the limited extent of 
 navigation before the discovery of the compass ; 
 the prevailing direction of the winds between 
 the tropics ; and various other obstructions, we 
 may I think very confidently determine (not- 
 
"^WBST INDIB8. 
 
 ISS 
 
 withstanding the tradition^ preserved by Plato; afpbm^ 
 the poetical reveries of Seneca the tragedian, and 
 many other passages in ancient writersi which 
 admit of various interpretations, and therefore 
 prove nothing) Mitf no vessel etitr returned f mm 
 amf part ef America before that of Columbus, — 
 This conclusion, however, does by no means 
 warrant us in pronouncing that no vessel ever 
 sailed thither from the ancient continent, either 
 by accident or design, anterior to that period. 
 That such instances did actually happen, and by 
 what means, I shall now endeavour briefly to 
 point out. 
 
 There is no circumstance in history better 
 attested, than that frequent voyages from the 
 Mediterranean along the African coast, on the 
 Atlantic Ocean, were made, both by the Phe- 
 nicians and Egyptians, many hundred years 
 before the Christian era. It is true, that al- 
 most all the accounts which have been trans- 
 mitted to us, in profane history, of those expe- 
 ditions, are involved in obscurity, and inter- 
 mixed with absurdity and fable ; — but it is 
 the business of philosophy to separate, as 
 much as possible, truth from falsehood ; and 
 not hastily to conclude, because some circum- 
 stances are extravagant, that aU are without 
 foundation. We know from indisputable au- 
 thority, that the Phenicians discovered the 
 Azores, and visited even our own island before 
 
h c^^ 
 
 194 
 
 BOOK 
 I. 
 
 HISTORY OF THH 
 
 the Trojan war.* That their successors the 
 Carthaginians, were not less distinguished for 
 the spirit of naval enterprise, we may conclude 
 from the celebrated expedition of Hanno ;t who, 
 about 150 years before the birth of our Saviour, 
 sailed along the African coast, until he came 
 within five degrees of the line. It was the Car- 
 thaginians who discovered the Canary Islands, 
 and it appears from the testimony of Pliny,:): that 
 they found in those islands the ruins of great 
 buildings, (vestigia Et^ieiorum) a proof that 
 they had been well inhabited in periods of which 
 history is silent. 
 
 So far we have clear historical evidence to 
 gtlide us in our researches. Not less clear and 
 certain (though less numerous) are the accounts 
 
 * Frocopius, secretary to BelisariuBinthetimeof Jiu- 
 tinian^ mentions in his Vandalica, book ii. that there were 
 then standing in Africa Tingitana, (Tangier) twoeolamns 
 erected by the Canaanites that fled ftom Joshua, the son 
 of Nun. Eusebius also writes, that those Canaanites which 
 were driven out by the Israelites conducted colonies to 
 Tripoli, in Africa {Bochart in Canaan, cap. xxiv.) — that 
 they navigated the Western Ocean (cap. xxxvi.) and were 
 in Gaul afld Britain (cap. xlii) See also Sammes's Phe- 
 nician History of Britain. 
 
 t This was published with Stephanus de Urbibus, by 
 Berkley, in 1688, and in the minor geographers at Ox- 
 ford. I believe it was first published in Greek, by Sigis- 
 mund Gelenius, who died in 1554. 
 
 t Lib. vi. e. xxxii. de FoHtmatU huulis. 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 m 
 
 of the PheDidan navigation, down Uie Anibian appi^- 
 Gulph, or Red Sea, to distant parts of Asia and ^^' 
 Africa, in a|^ still more remote than those that 
 have been mentioned. In the voyages under- 
 taken by King Solomon, employed the ships 
 and mariners of that ad^ ». and commer- 
 
 cial people. With their u^ .i, he fitted out 
 fleets from Ezion-geber, a port of the Red Sea, 
 supposed to be the Berenice of the Greeks. Of 
 those ships, some were bound for the western 
 coast of the great Indian continent; others, 
 there is reason to believe, turning towards 
 Africa, passed the southern promontory, and 
 retur led home by the Mediterranean to the port 
 of v' o,ipa. 
 
 . a support of this account of the flourishing 
 state of ancient navigation in the Arabian Gulph, 
 we have, first of all, the highest authority to 
 refer lo ; thstt of the Scriptures. Next to which, 
 we may rank the testimony of Herodotus, the 
 ftither of profttne history: the truth of whose 
 well-known relation of a Pbenician fleet 
 doubling the Cape of Good Hope six hundred 
 years before the birth of Christ, was never dis- 
 puted, I believe, until our learned countryman, 
 the author of the late American History, deli- 
 vered it as his opinion, that " all the information 
 " we have received from the Greek and Roman 
 " authors, of the Phenician and Carthaginian 
 " voyages, excepting only the short narrative 
 
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 HISnMtYOFTHB 
 
 ** ollkuio's aipoditioD befora-mentioned, i» of 
 " nispicioui muthority."^ 
 ^^ 1 ahaU quote lirom Herodotus the ptt satg e 
 alhided to, that the reader may judge for hiiD- 
 aelf of the veracity of the venerable old Greoiaii. 
 It ia as foUowa. '* Xibya is eveiy where ciicir»lil 
 *' cled by the sea, exoept on that side where it 
 ** adjoins to Asia. Pharaoh, NecO, Jcilig sik 
 " £gypt»t BMide this manifest. After he haiif^ 
 "dented from hb project of digging »<canal)^ 
 " from the Nile to the Ambian Gulph, hm 
 ''furnished a body of Pbenicians with shtp^^ 
 '* commanding them to enter the Nortliern Sea 
 " by the Pillara of Hercules ; . and sail back 
 "by that route to Egypt. The Phemeians 
 " therefore sailing from the Red Sea navigated 
 '* the Southern Ocean : at the end of autumn 
 '* they anchored, and going ashore sowed the 
 '' ground, as thate who maht a LUnfon voyage 
 ** t^umfi dot and staid the harvest. Having 
 *' cut the com, they sailed. Thus two years 
 '< having elapsed, th^ returned to Egypt, pass^ 
 *< ing by the Pillars of Hercules ; and they re- 
 
 * Robertson'! History of America, toI. i. p. 9. 
 
 fThereweietwokingsof Egypt of this name. The 
 seeond, who is genemlly supposed to have oidered'the df> 
 camnavigBtion of Aftrioa, was slain in battle by the Assy- 
 rians, 4 think under the command ni Nebuchadnezzar} 
 but an amhiguopis phrase in Herodotus, seems rather to 
 point out the dder Neoo, who was contemporary with 
 Solomon. 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
WBSTINDmS. - 
 
 « ported t eirccmstance whicb to M tiT^iibt 
 "credible, though it may gpiin belief frdoi 
 *< ofSberSithai taUmg rtrnii Libya thtjf had the 
 '* mmimthe rtgkt,"* jm 
 
 NotwithBtanding the doubts entertained by 
 Dr. Robertson respecting this account, I per- 
 ceive iff it such evidence of truth, as to my own 
 mind affords entire conviction. — How could it 
 haipe been known unless from actual observa^- 
 tion that Africa, towards the south, was encom- 
 passed by the sea? The caution with which 
 the venerable historian expresses himself is re- 
 markable; and the cupcumstance that the Voy- 
 agers observed the meridian sun on the north, 
 in sailing round Libya, which sieemed an impba- 
 sibiKty at « time when all between the tropics 
 was deemed uninhabitable, is of itself decisive of 
 the main fscttf 
 
 * Herod. Mdpomene 4S. la the former editioiu of 
 *mf works, tome mistake! were made in the translaUpn of 
 thto passage, which were pointed ont to oie l»y the kind- 
 ness of Henrjr James Pjre, Bsq^ the poet Laneat, who as-*^' 
 surss me, thai 1m lias always considered the passage in qaes- 
 tion as an ondeniable fwoof of the eailj donbltng of the 
 Cape of Ck>od Hope. It was the opinion of Bratosthencs 
 the oosmogr^pher, thai tlie outer sea flowed round the 
 earth, and that the Western, or Ai!»ntie add Red seas, were 
 birtoneoocan. FideStrabo, B.l. p.98. Sc<t also tl»« siune 
 anthor, B. 1. p. S8, whero it is asserted that HouMsr's Me- 
 nelaus circunmavigated AfHca from Gades to India. 
 
 f This voyage was performed about two thousand one 
 hundred years before that of Vasqucz de Game in 1497. 
 
 DTK. 
 
BlhUL 
 
 BISWKft or lUE 
 
 Be. BftbertsQ* has tbemn it b tnie^ that 
 QMiiijr ^Moriaos: and geographan tif aM^uity, 
 wh9 Umsdi Jong after Ihe days of Heraddtna, 
 knew nothing concerning the fohn^and state of 
 t|||e soutbem, farts of Afntia.;>-^He observes |iar- 
 tioularfy ^t Ptolelny, the astronomer, 8U|<- 
 poaed that tbu' great oontindit stjnelebad with- 
 out intemi|»tion to the South. Pol«< All thb 
 however obly demonstrates that navigpuion, like 
 mai^ branches of science^ flourished in one ags^ 
 and denned in another. Herodotus lived 400 
 years before the birth. of our Siviour, and 
 Ptden^ 140 years afteri. Abeient history 
 aboBdaiitly proves tliBit the Phenidahs and 
 tbcksaccesBors the Cstrthi^rtiiin^ possessed ftr 
 yertwr skiU in naval affiort than the Greiks^ 
 RomaaiB, or any other natidn that came after 
 them, until the spirit of naval discbvery revived, 
 and shone with greater lustre than ever in the 
 fifteenth century. 
 
 From this recap ^^ m which I have thouj^t 
 necessary to make, though the substance of it 
 may be found ^a a thousand diflfereOt aiithoi^, 
 (conkmonly blended indeed with ijnutfi learned 
 absurdity and frivolous conjecture) the reader 
 will clearly perceive that the navigation of the 
 Atlantie ocean along the coast of Africa, both 
 from the north and the south, arid even *t a 
 considerable distance from the land, was well 
 understood and prevailed in very remote ages. 
 
 it 
 
WBST INDIB8. 
 
 iS. 
 
 NoMT if wt inquire ioto^ the ilatiiM off the 
 wiodi and corrents on the African cottt^ Mid 
 fcAect on the varioiit casualtieft to wUdi sMps 
 at lee are liable, even in the tnott frnronnMe 
 flaaioo of the year, ire must admit that it molt 
 only probably happened in some of those ati* 
 dent expeditions, but even that d was scarce poi^ 
 dbk not to hafpekt that vessels would be driven 
 'by sudden gusts, or carried by advene currants 
 within the verge of the trade-wind; in whkb 
 ease if they happened to lose thar masts^ they 
 must necessarily run before the wind towards 
 Bresil or the West Indies. 
 
 Two remarkable accidents of this natuv^ 
 precisely in i^int, are reiiorded by writers of 
 credit, and doubtless there are many other in* 
 stances equally ftothenficated that have escaped 
 my research. The .first is related by Captain 
 Glass, in his history of the Canary Islands, who 
 observes that a small bark, bound from Lan- 
 oerota to Teneriffis^ was thus forced out of her 
 course, and obliged to run before the wind until 
 she came within two days' sail of the coast of 
 Caraccas, where she fortunately met with an 
 English cruiser which relieved her distresses, 
 and direeted her to the port of La Guaira on 
 that coast The other is told by Gumill, as 
 follows. " In December 1731,'* says this au- 
 thor, ** wh9e I was ai the towtt of St. Joseph; 
 ** in Trinidad^ a small v^s^ belonging to Tene- 
 
 DDL 
 
HI^TORT OF THB 
 
 BOOK 
 
 <i 
 
 with' iix seamen, was ditveD' into that 
 ^ island by stresa of weather. She was laden 
 " with wiibe, atad being bound to one other of 
 " the Canary Islands, had provisions for a* few 
 '^days only^ which with their utmost care had 
 '' been expended a considerable time, so that 
 '^ dieMcrew lived entirely on wine.; They were 
 '' red<iced to ^ last extremity, and expected 
 ** death every moment, when they discovered 
 " Trinidad, ^and soon afterwards came to an 
 ** anchcMT in that island, to the great astonii^ 
 " ment of the inhabitants ; who ran in crowds 
 ''to behold the poor seamen, ' whose ema- 
 " ciattid appearance would have sufficiently 
 ''confirmed the truth of their relation, even if 
 " the papers and documents which they pro^ 
 "duced had not put the matter out of all 
 " possible doubt." 
 
 To the preceding instances it may be added; 
 that Columbus himself, in his second expedition 
 to the West Indies, found the stem-post of a 
 vessel lying on the shore at Guadaloupe; a cir- 
 cumstance which affords a strong presumption 
 that a ship had been in the New World before 
 him. 
 
 Under this head of fortoitous visits to the 
 American continent prior to that of Columbus, 
 may likewise be included the circumstance 
 mentioned by Mar^, that at a place called 
 Quarequa, in the Gulph of Darien, Vascho 
 
3 WEST nmiEa. 
 
 141 
 
 Nones met with a cotoy V n^^raet.* The 
 inquiry (if ai^ was made) by what ibmos. they 
 came into that rqpao, or how loii|^ they liad 
 lesided in it» and the aoswcss to such questions, 
 a|e not leeorded hy the Spanish Justoiians; hot 
 horn the soaaliness of their onmber, it was stt|>- 
 posed they had not heen kM^ aiiived open that 
 coast There can be no doobt that aome-aod^ 
 dental cause had conduded then thither iinom 
 Afnca, and in tpm cameh of no better conslnicf 
 tion than those of the American Indians.t 
 
 DO. 
 
 * Mandpift ibi nigia rapcnrant ck TCj^kme diilaBle k 
 Qiuureqna, dienim gpatio tutilm dnonim qwe miIos gigmt 
 nigritas et eos ftnett stqne admodUm h«m.— P. Il!ir^» 
 Dee0d. Hi. e. L ' 
 
 f Soch lOcideBto ia trath are co— on u all parti af 
 
 the woild. The inbabitanta of Jsvm >^ort i 
 
 have been from China} the traditioa anm^ 
 
 that, 850 yean ago, their pro geu ili w a were driven hj a 
 
 tempert njiba that Maatf in a CMnr w ji 
 
 the Boropean diaeovary of Japan to 
 
 csilea who were ahipwredked there in IMS. I .bdievn 
 
 that abipa boond from Enrope to Oe Eaat Indiea. at n 
 
 certain season of tlie year generallj make far Aeaomhem 
 
 coast of Brasil, in order to lUI in with the wealeriy mon- 
 
 soon» which enables tliem either to rench tfw Cape of 
 
 Uood Hope* or pnrsne their, roate hf Madsfgaacarf for 
 
 while thei eastern monaoan picwdb .tivy 
 
 bafllad in their attcmpla to doable the Cape, 
 
 driven to leeward towards the coaatef SoafA Ameriaa. In 
 
 the year 1^6, when Sir P od m eae Goltos was aeat on an 
 
 embassy tq the Peraiaa€out» the leat.in whiA ho aaHed 
 
 was forced by contrary winds within n ibw kagaea of Ae 
 
« 
 
 
^;WB8T INDUS. 
 
 14S 
 
 ^ mih degree beyond the line. He imegjned 
 ** at fint iImi it vnm some isUusd m the AUentic 
 ''ooeen hitherto unobierved; but prooeediog 
 *^ oloQg it! «oe8ti for several days, he was led 
 '^ gradaally to believe that a country so eitensivo 
 " iBnned a part of some great continent This 
 ^ Batter opinion was well founded. The country 
 ** with which he foil in belongs to that province 
 '* in South America now known by the name of 
 " Brasil. He landed ; and having formed a very 
 " hig|b idea of the fertility of the soil and agree- 
 ** ableoess of the dimate, he took possession of 
 " it for the crown of Bortogal, and dbpatehed a 
 ** ship to Lisbon with an account of this even^ 
 " which appeared to be no les^ important than 
 " it was unexpected. Columbus's discovery of 
 *' tlie New World was the effiirt of an active 
 ^* gBoiuBy enlif^tened by science, guided by ^- 
 " perienee^ and acting upon a regular plan, <£i^> 
 " cntod with no less courage than per sev er a nce. 
 ^ Bot from diis adventure of the Portuguese, it 
 " appears that chance mig^t have accomplished 
 ** diat ^reat design, which it is now the pride of 
 " fanman reason to have formed and perfected^ 
 " If die sag^ty of Cohimbus had not conducted 
 ** nankind to America, Cabral, by a fortunate 
 ''accident, migjht have led them, a few yean 
 " later, to the knowledge of that extensive oon- 
 "tinent"* 
 
 * Hist. AnMricik, vol. L p. ISl. 
 
144 
 
 And OBMuQly, by^fomenieh aoodflti^ in ages 
 
 ytepfthngjnning to popnhuioii in dw ooir^ or 
 91 Icut Imiv« wot tbither the pcogMiitors of thftt 
 MBpomte race of people of whioh I oow jteetvi It 
 ' lenains for me^ boivever, to ewigo mywuiens 
 for pertioileriy epplykig tbit cooolutioD toiitbe 
 Cberaibes, ioatead of eoy other of the imiDereiis 
 trihee which inhebit the mstem side of thein- 
 neo^e oootioeDt of South AoeriGfi. .^i j#^ - 
 The migretioo of any people is best trKPMi by 
 iSbiw language ; but there b this inconveni^y 
 attending thb species of evidence, that in re- 
 fhfmg a liMDguagB merely oral to «writin^ <di^ 
 forent persons, ^ven of the same nation, wOuld 
 jwqiietimep unavoidably represent the same sound 
 hf-9^ veiy diflfeient arrangement of letters>- 
 much more frequently would this happen, should 
 Ihe writers be of distant countries, and conse- 
 quently habituvited to various modes of pi^fHin^ 
 dalion apd c^rtbogirapby ; — but although I auf of 
 opinion therefcire that, vocabularies pi:esf)f%ed 
 1^^ voyagers, seldom , afford . much certainty ; of 
 Information , on a comparison, with each other; 
 there are, nevertheless, in every language, 
 mi#y> ^iroiyls of which the sound is too simple 
 to^jie easily misunderstood, or j grossly misr^pre- 
 
 Thus on comparing the Charaibe vocabulary, 
 preserved by Rochefort, witti the ancient oriental 
 
.WBSr IMIMB8. 
 
 145 
 
 ^kkBt^M,* it it Mwce |KMiil>)e tfi dQuk^,l;tMt Uw 
 foUvwii^ wonU mfWl by tbe CbamiUi,, had t^ 
 origm in the Oki Hwniiphwcy and wt may rea- 
 4Uy.ba|i*^ ^^ "'^'''y i"»<«"f^ <^ ^ sioiUar oa- 
 tufa BHg^iba addiioed, but ior the cauaa I have 
 aii^yimt oamely, the difieveiit modes which 
 ^affBttmi peraoni would oecetsarijiy adopt, c;ach 
 apcpniiiV ^ ^ ^^""^ peroeptioQ of the loond, of 
 naducang tha taii^ woids lo .writiQg7,,|hMs cieat- 
 iqg a pcfple^ty which it ia now too. late to dis^ 
 (BAtap^c^ 
 
 •ciNnrfiV <• AmM/W*. tag im ihiUfhHtal rfft lutt. 
 
 8« femiM ^ Win ^ [Lt 0ene] in* wtf* 
 
 Ifa jremaie "3 mn rnnXU«w Hera nil Jfy »$• 
 Vmes Id Skiu.ir^jKVMAi [Aea adj CSmm kUher 
 
 WaUtdkouat 
 
 Lfeai 
 
 Y«M- 
 
 Haeyetl 
 KarbM 
 
 Maiaon pablique or 
 
 A or CbiO 
 ipLora 3 
 
 Eacka Collier p» rOnq] MedklMcorcoi- 
 
 YeoakaU r : Mod eoUier "fm pivn XB'Om iO*! Jfr Mdklace 
 Hae-Hv« 09 bob Cald : MV [Qi] Wood 
 
 Nbira Mapcao 19 1u» [Oft nl] JTy «itm 
 
 Naii<-^;iitete Xesobmalaile ^nrntoTNaMeheti] /aai«idk 
 HalnJtlbMK SotekWaaUtlMti^MRt [YdlaUathl- 
 
 1 i'l '^ r , [»«»« , , ; iHHil Ooad&efoyoii 
 
 noubae iSoofla . rnb (If houh<y To Uow 
 
 Ttk^tHk (tra CooTertaKd*MnWt01'n[DfBiieOlln Roofo/a hotm 
 
 BoiftM bookaa V« fan . ima wa [Boaa Booakl Go iky way 
 Baika Mange Cald. rua nScj JEat 
 
 Aika Manger ^sm [Aln To oat 
 
 Niel^rt '' lion net inj [Nobcrl] TTkeiiote 
 
 NUoaibonan Donnev-iaoi }0M a «ins [Vatoui baoienj Oiae me nom- 
 
 •„n 1 , C^>»^ [rwAiii««. 
 
 I ^ Jfor Ihia QluflyatioiH and other apiiatance in tbe cojuae 
 of ti)i9 i{B9^iry^ I am indebted 4o a leaned friend j by whom 
 VOL. I. L 
 
14« 
 
 HwtxHnrdPtm 
 
 dotui, that the Phenidtni in thdr Afriran foy- 
 •gw were •ceuftomed to land on tbe AniMtti 
 ind EybitB couti, and taking poiieiiiofi <»f a 
 ipoc of gitimd fit for their pdrpoie, they pn^ 
 ^eMM to ploii|(h up and low it #ith corh; ittd 
 waitMF nntil it caiiBe to niatnrity;^^-thni pt&- 
 >fdin^ uMBidfet win) ibod for tt long natlga^ 
 tidn. This pihietice nioift doobtleit ha«e gi«eh 
 rise to difputei and conflicts between tl^'iiK- 
 tnidan and Ihe inhabitanti. Now it is irwuii 
 aMe than the word Charmbi, in the Arabic fan- 
 gmgp, si^tifi^, at I am informed^ a f^Olbif w 
 destroyer, aft aifeUation which we may bdieve 
 wan Ireqaently bestow^ by the natives on the 
 hitaderB^f theit country.* 
 
 IHiXilW 
 
 »WaW' 
 
 )%4Ut'\ i 
 
 I am inlbrmad (being mymU unacquainted with the orito- 
 t|d laoKUfgw) thalthe Jamaritan, and oU Fheaiaiiui« Ike 
 Svnaf, Cmlt^tKid Hebrew, are all dialii^e of one'lap- 
 ii^'i JaS^^hfttMlit tnua each oib«iv. except Ift'tlvMr 
 lettenfc The llebiew 9gtm leaa with the othatf rtlahaW 
 thjili tfve nt^,. but ia now printed {9 ,the Mune cheractjBr 
 irill^ ,4^ Chaldcf , llieyaU form a nono in Hkd^nm* 
 manner except the Hebrew, wUdi prefixes W (S) to form 
 tli^gtnillve caae^ ani rm (M) to form the aeeiflMl^e) 'all 
 ,, a» Sh^i^e n (p) and n» (U). 
 '^ *'LeHt and. iome others, speak of the CAeraiAci as 
 pHestsoirpfbphelsfoutodinBfasU. Roohefort makasieiap 
 raiie a national name. These words are oriental, sounding 
 alike, but spdt diibrently, ahd of «diib«nt ftoealiing: the 
 priests may be called ITM dip as men Who oOtr |yip xofCsr 
 
147 
 
 Tb» HMMMy •niiag iron a dmikaiftf of Angii. 
 iMaMi«» thom^ lar Iim candkmn tbm the 
 «fidiiic» of iMnyi^ U MMiy, iii the pnQMnt 
 oiiiB^* 00^ wMMMrt ito foree. That maiigr of Ihe 
 rt>it>BW^ of tho MHam natioiit prevpuled MMog 
 tho CkMhaiNt, I hunt I think, piAciaiitly di- 
 ttMMniMd in tho ncood ^biipttr of thit irark. 
 Of lOMO of Iboie ciutoaM^ ibe raaombkuMO #it 
 pi thaMy "fortuitoMj. and « iiiniliwty pi cUawis 
 dDd'tttnatioB luig^t fasfe gbon lin tm othoii; 
 bot^ wiMii vttry riogilw aiifi . arbitiaiy pnctins 
 fMviil tetwoea diiiant aatiam, which are nm- 
 tbir fbuMM ia aacip^ mt dinair, nor pn>- 
 eeod 'fiioiB Kitiiatkm aad Mhifl la tba scala of 
 rofinement, the doiaoidenea <an icarcOly be 
 deemed accidental; Thos amdng other cus- 
 <0n» equally remMMEaMe^ it has hem whrted 
 Ihal the Gbavaibes 'baned their doad in a co«ver- 
 in|fp6itiive,idth thi^rkaee^Mlbechia. The 
 f«l9 iiMis dottou pievaib at ins day in the 
 Satidi^h Ifttandi of «he Sbuth Sea^*: the ki. 
 bihitattti of) itAaeh afe« beyohd all doubt, of 
 
 ^^a^ffg : n^f^ If the Gb<«ek word ^ • prie^ cfQg. 
 bde, wMb ComTBANTu« mm^ fanp oao :mp« 4 Levj^- 
 ca«4 i. S. . Bat if the national name lie derirfd fiom '^l^r 
 itiMiUk^i l^xMatbry #iiy of life; aUk wtHay derive It 
 'IMiA>a^tiie«irb«liakiee, 8)^.Artb,folar-#iiM. fl^ 
 ilaa» ■ipiiibi»j«qrA «i* ipwy «uidS})a!a< .8^. ir«r. 
 This explasation waa given me by the friend mentioned 
 in the preceding note. ' 
 
 * Ledyafd's MSS. penct M«. 
 
 l8 
 
UHaORV OF THE 
 
 9Q0K 6Mteni erigiii ; ^and that it was an fH^iOQt prac- 
 
 tiee of the eaalem nations appears irom. tbe au- 
 
 ithorities of Herudotus and Gicer6 ;. ^ iorn^^ 
 
 «Kording the existence of it among the, IjTflfa^ 
 
 'tBones, a people who inhahited the. couoM^ 
 
 between ISgypt and Carthage; and thj9 ^^\^ 
 
 lelating the same drcumatance of the anicidpt 
 
 FOrsifins. I ami indioed to Mieve, thf^vlhis 
 
 'jfuractice prevailed also in the country and «p of 
 
 the patriarchs ;--£9r how otherwise are .jvj^ to 
 
 Lunderstand the scripture phrase of OATHJiiJPiG 
 
 HP THE ffBET'OF THE OlTlNO? ** Jfldm^ 
 
 ihjank. hmimade an tnd ^iommmimg hk #Mf , 
 
 tV h!b gathered up his fE«T llfTOiJHS JfED, 
 
 u 
 
 and ]^lded up the ghost*'? ^.^ii *)i*j!Ht:dN<4»J 
 -mu Many other corresponding ' circuikistaiHi^s 
 Aiay be traced in Henodotus* Thus whea,he 
 eiv^merates the army of Xerxes, he observes of 
 the ancient Ethiopians, that they lisedh p9ms 
 e)Snd arrows is battle, and painjied theii^ bodies 
 idth erimson.t The coincidence Jt^tytFejon, these 
 people and the Charaibes initk>th theseirespectti, 
 can hardly, I think, be ascribed to chance, 
 and it is such as instinct could lidt havc^' pro- 
 
 ,: Equally prevalent among the <PhiiR4,p^, 
 
 •Hud many of the ancient nations, in th^^iistem 
 
 psHof tbe^ld Uemsiplieref were the supersti* 
 
 * 6en. c. xlix. T. 33. . , .,«.*,^4.,. 
 
 t Book ii. ,,.^^ ^^.^^. ^, ;^^^^ ^; 
 
 fl 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 149 
 
 .i Oi 
 
 tioai rites of shorteiuiig the hair amdwoaMHog ^S^ 
 the body, in veligious ceremoniev and lanleo* 
 tatiom for the dead. That these practiceo were 
 lisoal among the heathens, so early as the dagps 
 of Moses, is evident from the injunction which 
 the Lord laid on the children of Israel to avoid 
 them. ** Ye shall not round the comers ofymr 
 ''head, neither shiUt thou mar the corners ^ 
 ** My beard. Ye shaU not make ai^ cuitkigstm 
 " your flesh for the dead, nor print amf marks 
 ** upon your* Again,— *' Tc are the chUdntt 
 **if the Lord, your God: Ye shaU not cut 
 ** yoursdves, nor make any baldness between your 
 " tyes for the dead,*''f Among the heathens 
 however the same ceremonies were still con- 
 tinoed; for in $amaria, in the days ofAhab 
 king of Ismel, it is recorded of the prophets 
 of Baal that, in worshipping their idol, " th^ 
 "cried aloud and cut themsekes <^er their 
 ** manner with knives and lances tUl ihe blood 
 ** gushed out upon them:*% At this day the 
 Islanders of the South Sea express grief and 
 lamentation for the dead in the very same 
 manner. 
 
 But perhaps the instance the most apposite 
 and illustrative, was the habit among the Cha- 
 raibes of chewing the betele, preparing it with 
 
 * L^vit. c. six. y. 27* 
 
 t Dent. c. xW. t. 1. 
 
 X IKings, cxviU.v. 28. 
 
i96 
 
 Hf8t0RT,«o. 
 
 wkiHt «diilMd ihtXk pntiaAj «llcr the mluiMr of the 
 ^,;4^ IndiiBS hi the Ba«t;^-^a dtroamstioaee which, 
 fhoogh recorded by P. Martyr,'^ had escaped ilty 
 npearehes,' uotil it was fXMMted Out to me by 
 Hfr. Long. Soiiie oAer reBdmbliaiicesy aliiioiit 
 ^oailly striking, itfigM be <iolleeted; but Ate 
 nNMiei^will probably thiok &at more than enough 
 Iru (ikMdy blten\said our k iiibjecti theinvesiiga- 
 lioft of wbidr ho tfi«qr perhapisde«m « Mere Dl^nt- 
 Wt«i Idle cwiesit^, ntiMier conltiribotittg to the 
 kapioVemeOt of science, nor the comfort Of Ufe. 
 %u V Here fb«n t'conelode : an atiemipt to tHce 
 biok tho 6haraibiB8 of the West Indios 10 their 
 progsoitors^ the first emigrants frdta the andeiit 
 kensisjphere, hi ordisr lo poini ouft, with s^ny de- 
 gree of precision Or probeibllity^ thie eril of tiieir 
 liugrailion, were (tike th« vb^^ges' 1 hate been 
 Mciibing) to venture tfn a vdst ind ufilnk>wn 
 oeean wiChout a compass ^-^tidevvto ifithout 
 Otte friendly stair to guide iis thrOtigh the night 
 - efcoBjectnre. ' '''-' .m\A^^-- 
 
 , ' '■ -'At ^-j-*:: ■ 
 
 .1 )iiii 
 
 <i mar- 
 
 .ii'i;/: 
 
'¥^k r.A i^..r^-X^J:X^^ 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 JAMAICA* 
 
 CRAFTKRI. 
 
 Dmxfoery if Jamaica hy Cokanbut^^Hu re- 
 mm in 1509.— i^tin^etf firooeedh^s if hit 
 am Di^go, tftar Cokmbait death.-^Taktt 
 pduduhn tf Jdnuka in l509.^i9tmNi^ 
 conduit tf Juan de JEt^tul^ thtfint Go- 
 vernor. — EttabSshment and desertion ^ the 
 tamn of SemUe Nueoa, — Dettruction if the 
 Indiant,—St. Ji^ de la Vega founded'— 
 CHMs tkt tHk ff Jiarguit to Diego'e wn 
 Leant, to whom the Itland it granted in 
 
 
 >,i1i. 
 
 * 1% may be proptr to obieiTe, Uwt the govenior of 
 Jumica it styled in his oommiMioa Ci^ptaiii-Gcneralf Ac 
 tiJumoAem mid ththrrUorkithereim depending in A$imiea. 
 "Bif these omvDMiCiM were meant the &ritbh «e'.tle- 
 meats on the BlnsfaiteHshore^ and in the bay of Hon- 
 duw : Imt his jurisdiction over those sctttements having 
 
i«i uisTq|(,Y or THE 
 
 ferpetml tc^oereignty.^D^iCtiidt to his ntter 
 IsdbtUa, who comeys her rights by marriage 
 . to the Uouse of Braganza, — JUioe^s ta the 
 craam of Spain, in 1 640. — Sir Anthony ^ Shir- 
 ley inoades the IslMid in 1596, and Colonel 
 Jackson inli^, ^ '^ ^ ^ nu: 
 
 BOOK Jamaica has th^ hoQpi^^ o|[ being discovered 
 y^^^ by Christopher Columbus, io bis second exr 
 pedidon to the New World. In his form^ 
 voyage he had dtphntd- the north-east^ 
 part of Cuba, proceeding from tlience to His-, 
 paniola; but he hafl retiji|i)ed to Europe ,||^ 
 doubt whether Cuba was an island only^ j;|ip^ 
 
 been impcrfcetly iteftnedj wu tddom Mtkodwledgsd bf 
 thesetUen ) exeeptV wbot ^ey wished to pleld U.in bv 
 of the f Uthority claimed by their respef^tive saperintend- 
 ants. On sveh occa»ione they admitted a superior juris- 
 dietion in the governor of Jamaica^ and applied to htm for 
 commissions civil and teilitaiy.-^ As both the settlcfments 
 were surrendered to ihe crown of Spaia by> the Spanish 
 conVmition signed at London on the 14th q(,i^\f,^7W, 
 it conies not witiiin the |d|ui pf n^;ivor|k to ^l^teit^on a 
 display of their past or present state. I formerly drew 
 up a memorial concerning the settYement oh" the Mos- 
 quito-shore, wherein an account was given of the country, 
 its inhabitants and prodtaetions, and the question between 
 Great Britain and Spain, as to the territorial right, ptetty 
 Ailly discussed. This memorial having been laid before 
 the House of Commons in 1777 (by Ck^ernOr Jblnl^ 
 stone) was soon afterwards published in Almon'f Parlia- 
 mentary R^^ter for that year. "^^ ' 
 
':rt 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 15^ 
 
 part of some great continem, of which he' had chap. 
 received 6bscui^ accounts from the nativesl To >^^ 
 satisiy himielflin this particular, he determined, 
 soon'after his arrival a tecond time at Hispanioh^ 
 on another voyage to Cuba by a south-westerly 
 course, and, in pursuance of this resolution, on 
 the Sl4th of April, 1494, Columbus sailed from 
 the Port of Isabella, with one ship and two shal- 
 lops; On Tuesday the fi9th, he anchored in the 
 luurUour of St. Nicholas. From thence he crossed 
 over to Cuba, and coasted along the soutliem 
 side of that island, surrounded by many thou- 
 sand danoes filled with Indians whom curiosity 
 and admiration had brought together. In this 
 navigation, on Saturday the third of May, he 
 discomred^ for the first time, the high lands of 
 Jamaica on' the left, and probably learnt its name 
 (the namie which it still retains) from some of 
 the Indians that followed him.* As this was a 
 new discoveiy, and many of the seamen were 
 willing to believe that it was the place to which 
 they had been formerly directed by the Indians 
 of the Bahamah Islands, as the country most 
 abounding in gold, Columbus was easily per> 
 
 • P. Martyr. F. Columbus. The early Spankk hitto- 
 riaiw wrote thfeword XaymMca. It is said to have sigii^- 
 fied, in the language of the natires, a cotmlry abounding 
 in $fringt. Colnmbus having at first' named the isUnd 
 St.JagOf Oldmixon, and some other writers, erroneondy 
 suppose that Jamiea, was. the augmentative of Jama. 
 
154 
 
 HISVORY OF THE 
 
 N#v^ 
 
 auided to turn his ooune t»wMda it He ap- 
 proached it the next day, and, after a aligbt eon- 
 Inet with the natives, which ended however in a 
 fxirdial reconciliation, he took possession ef the 
 country, with the usual formalities. 
 
 But it was not until the fourth and last voyage 
 of Cokimbus, a voyage undertaken by this great 
 navigator, after he had suffered n severe trial from 
 the hase ingratitude of the GMintry tad Prince 
 in whose service be laboured, than from all his 
 past toils, dangers and inquietudes, that he learnt 
 more of Jamaica ; which, as.it had the honour of 
 being fint discovered by him nine years before^ 
 had now the still greater honour of afibrding him 
 shelter from shipwreck. For on the S4th of 
 June, 1503, being on his return to Hispanida, 
 from Veragua, he met with such tempestuous 
 iweather as compelled him, after losing two of his 
 ships, to bear away in the utmost distrcBsfor this 
 island. With great difficulty, he reached a little 
 harbour on the north side* where he was forced 
 to run aground the two vessels that were left lam, 
 to prevent their foundering. By thb difehster, his 
 ships were damaged beyOnd the possibility of 
 repair, and he had now the melancholy reflection 
 tbsit his miseries and bis life would probably ter- 
 ttikiatcl together. Dnring the^pace df twelve 
 ihonths and four days, thait Kie remained in this 
 
 >iii»&:i. 
 
 * Clilstf IS «liis 4Sf, Jton CMMifft^*« Cm»» 
 
WESfrmons^ 
 
 m 
 
 vmtehed tituftlkki^ he httd neir dta^gan lb' sor- cla#i 
 nicidnt, ftod unaccnsioiMd trials for the eierdte v^/%^ 
 of bis fbHitttde. His people letoltcd, the IndiBBi 
 deserted him, and the Governor of Hispaniola 
 not only refused to relieve, bat, with monstraas 
 aM unexampled barbarity, aggravated his mis- 
 fortunes by outrage and mockeiy. All these oc- 
 currences however, the dexterity with which he 
 availed himself of the superstitioa of the Indians 
 by the circumstance of an eclipse, and the means 
 whereby his deliveranee was at length effected, 
 having been recounted by a thousand diflferent 
 ht9torians, need not be repeated by me. The 
 hirdfhips he suffared.on this occasion, and hb 
 Sovefeign*^ ingratilude togetheiv proved too 
 iiiifjtitf far his generous spirit: he sunk under 
 ^Mih» s6on alter his return to Spain ; leaving a 
 name which wiU not be extinguished, but with 
 that world whose boundaries he had extended.* 
 
 • TfeMe iaryvetervsd taaumg Ike JofmMb of Un Hon. 
 OoiitieH in JMMics. a v«y aid vakniM in MS. coMMng 
 of diaries and reports of Go*erwM8« wliiA icbrta dric^ 
 iotlMprocMdlag^oftkSannyaadoliwr thiasstllnaa hi 
 ti» flnC settlement of tlie enloay. In ttis kook is to be 
 Islind the translation of a letter to tike King of Spain, 
 iaid to be writtea Ivf Cobnitbas darii^ Ms contnenaM 
 OB this istand. As it ^peaia to sse to War maihaaf 
 avthenlicitf, I sliall prcsant it to my tea d u s i It was 
 written ptobably'iboat ^^ aioaths after the 
 of Ms m sssSB g i ei 
 reach^ Ill spi mlB fc it 
 
IM 
 
 HttldiT Q#-TBB 
 
 n. 
 
 Aftef tlw^Biidi of this i 
 tnt liiiiiiclioM of die SpoiMiiiSy oonBg ft sm- 
 Inryuiii m Inlf, in the aettknent of JuMte, 
 
 Unia 
 
 tcriaaa 
 
 bbMU 
 
 ftt 
 
 A Letter tnm CmMUitvfmmm Colvmbos, it 
 
 
 1 
 
 ti 
 
 k( 
 
 hi 
 da 
 Ch 
 di 
 of 
 
 wh 
 
 ■J* 
 
 IiMliai 
 
tWS9T 1NP1B8. 
 
 Ii7 
 
 Imv« JOMTCflj obt»in«d tbe ooliM tof - 
 H«ppy indeed it would bi^ve been for theic nir 
 tiooftl cheimcter» if the reeordt of many of their 
 
 ktdlk !»▼• iDoUnM unckr tht Pbnit's of StvOW, my 
 MMkto that were fUthfal are moatlgr eiek ami dyteg^^ we 
 hum eoBMUBed the IndiaiM* pfOTuioni* so that thay afaaM^ 
 d«a «• } all therefore are like to perleh by httogar* aad 
 ttMia mberiee are aocompanied withao naaay aggravating 
 ditmnatancca, that render m* the meat wretched eljeet 
 9t niafiiNrtniie, thU worid ahall ever tea ) aa if tha dbpla»> 
 am of Hcafen teoonded the envy of Spain, and wmdd 
 pmiah aa eriminal thoM uodcrtakinga and diieoTaifea 
 wWdi totmv ag«n would have acknowledged aa great aid 
 ■wH o ri ona aetioM ! Good Heaven, and yon holy aainta 
 .<lMtdlveU in it, let the Kii^ Pon Ferdinand and mytt- 
 Intiiona niitrMa I>onna Iiahella knpw,.that my aeal far 
 -their aervioe and intercat hath brought me thns low ; for 
 U^ ia impoiai^ to live and have aflUaUona ennal to mine. 
 I. aac^ and with horror apprehend, my own, and, for my 
 lirit^ my nnfortonata and daaerving people'a deatmatiiM. 
 iXm, piety and jnatioe have retire^ to dieir habUatiOM 
 abovff, and.it ia a crime to; have nndertnken and p erfa t m - 
 jad too ■Bneh! Aa my vtaery makes my lilh a burthen to 
 mjaelf, a»I fear the empty tiUea of Vice-Roy and Adml- 
 lal iondnr nao obnoaiona to. thf hatred of the Spanieh 
 nation. It is visible that all nnsthods are^adopted to cut 
 tha tM*d that 4s breaking) for I nm> in my old age, 
 witl^ inaopportab)e puna of the gout, and am 
 Innguifhhig and aspiring, .with that and other inlir- 
 mitiesw oaMN^ safagcs, wkere.I have neither mcdioMS 
 ■ar provision^ fbr the body, priest nor saorament Cot the 
 aooL Ify men U» ^ stAte of revolt, my brother, |ny eon, 
 and thoae that are fiuthful, sick,: starving,and dying ) Ike 
 Indians iMve^fbnndonetl, us, md the iQoveroor <4 St. Do- 
 minfo hnaeapU.faMMV to see if 1 amkdead, tbnn U Mccour 
 
HinORY Mr ME 
 
 n. 
 
 mit mp a t m t during. Ike mum p#- 
 riod, we ftikd in equal darlniei%er eouageed 
 19 cvaritstmg oUinon: htp^ier Hilliiif Ihellr 
 
 «ikor«iiiyiii«ali««flR>fliilkeM«} fbr hit boat ndllM^ 4«- 
 Hvcni ft Mtar, Mr i^oIm wllb, nw wovM noab* ftfty 
 tmm «fe| M I coiid«d« yottr HlgtHMMCt 
 thai hen ay ^foifgn mA m thMld 
 O blemi oMCher of Ooii MM* mpaMloMttttfib 
 tad wfftnmeA, why dkl Mt enicl BtHmdMi kUl 
 hti raUM* aM ftad ay biMh* of ow daily 
 gaM. uld ant w t» Spftia in «haia Mtfwat 
 lrtil««riaw^^«hftdow<if atMoadocir Thae chiiMate 
 •■ tha taaaai I hftvo, and they dMtt b« bated wiilfitae, 
 if I ^uea ta haw a aolfti ar g#aT«} t&tl-mMiA'htm 
 «a nj aw ahaau i i of ai ai^wtaii aetloii periih wiiii>«i^ 
 aad, Ibr UMflay of the 8paal«h naaia, be eteraiilf *ibi^ 
 gttaa* htk it aol brtog' a flmher tafamy oa tto Gdl- 
 liiai aaati; tor M fMart aga krfoirj HwfifMte 
 a vile ia Ihiti tlHt thiok to MMHinMnd Itail- 
 pta yoar oMJerty byd a a tooyia gtha' aafbrCmiata a«l 
 ehfifeto|>har Cotaabu} oat for hit >critthi, 
 batifarthlaafeffviMa la diaovcHag-attd glviag 8fi«iB««fMr 
 Am Hif 4na Heaven italf that iatrfMAiid tMi- 
 ■e to it^ the Hemneai will wea^ ftM^ nji«i and^liUfW 
 |dlyl La the eai«b, and ev«y aool in it« thai !««(« jb8ii«e 
 aad a|a>ey, weej^ for ine I And yob, O gk>f ifl^ atium df 
 God, tiMt know mf inbooeniey aadaee ay ttifKriags bate, 
 laveawrey! for thoa^ tfiis jpraaUit age -te eMiribaaor 
 abdaate, safdythoa^tbalif^to eonie wiHpity me, iMMh 
 they are toM that Ohrhtbphar Colaiiibus, wfCh Mi'itm 
 faktiae raifr the haard of hie oWb dtd h\h brdtheFr Ihtt, 
 and, with littlii or ao eipeaa to the Grd#ho^ Spain; in 
 4ta yean and foar voyages, rendered- gitater tttvidei than 
 a*er BMitd man did to prinoe- or Idngdbmi; yet Was left 
 topeiWi, Witbaat'bdng'chailgedwith'theteasicriilittj in 
 
WBSTimittti 
 
 n 
 
 'raa dMII IIMBUUCRCr W y^mWinj 
 
 tHMilglk a fwfte metHHiri, ilid ndft^ at noir, terr^ 
 iii|('diidr^ to fMdeir tbttltf tlie vtar ind tnoti 
 mltiet that Minoimd and dclMM them ! 
 
 The few partieulii^ of thdr progrett #lucb, 
 by dmgbtit feKBctloo, aided bjr traditionary tat- 
 nic^als, I have b^ able to ddllec^ I ^hall now 
 present to my readers. 
 
 About seventh years had elapied after the 
 Spaniards had first fixed themselves m Iiitpft« 
 oIoAa, bocHie they seedi to have entertained any 
 
 ^Jri.i;h 'V^ i > ■, , ,■ .■ ^if 
 
 poverif u4 miMr^) aU Inrt hb <li«iiM Mn^ talwB mm 
 lifaiii io that he wild gnw^^ptim ■aottitr woiM, iMd 
 aeilher iaHtty M in uoity^9toillt»gf§ofMmmiU,wmMlk 
 wnlvhMtftnily^ ta^akoiMifaMraB still f«si«ilitajtv% 
 
 cqiffj «^f Miii MW WQild mi]^ b« flKlal,|o the old, and •• a 
 pooiahineiit briii|^ my life to a JMoriod In thii mimr^Ue 
 plaee, jet d6 yoa» good ai^pdtf, yoa diat tan sveoonr the 
 oppramed^aad iofloceiit, faring tide juper to my gieat mil* 
 tHMu ShoJmafvn how miMsh I hunt dQii|,:ipi4 win h»> 
 Uf«ew|tail^lMiTe«9iMedllor hw g^ i|ii|l leiprlce, a^d 
 will hi IQ jtttt and piout as not to let the children of him 
 that has brooght to Spain such immense riches, and ad« 
 ded to it vast and unknown kingdbms and empifcs, wa«t 
 hnad>i>r sdhsist only on alms. JMle, if she H«ce, wHI 
 omMiderlhat craalty ami Jngmtitiide will bring dpwi^^tlie 
 WVPkthrol Heaven* sottKB^.t^«,wealth I have discover^^ 
 shall h9 the m^MOS of sirring up all mankind to leven^e 
 and fapiae* and the Spanish nation soflier liereaAer« for 
 what envio«8« malidoas and ongmtefiil people do now." 
 
■QOK tutioiu^dtuMk of ■*«^'»*» fiorth ft coloiw lo iMHtmimt 
 
 pfOPflMG^ neither gold nor lUver, it seeim tp h^fe 
 been neglected as unwortby fMrtber notice ; ftod 
 perhaps i^ might have ^continued a few , years 
 longer the peaceful seat of innocent siinplicity« 
 but, for the base ingm^tude f4 ^^H Ff i^ipWMl* 
 towards the family of Columbiis. Tl^is great 
 vfi^ aftei^ bift jTf^tiim to Spei(^».io 1504, we^ jpom- 
 pdled .to ;^mpioy the do^of hift ,days in fruit|es^ 
 e^nd Irksoii^ , solicitatioii ,M the coiirt of ai^ un- 
 thankful and unfeeling monarch; who meanly 
 sullied him to be cruelly defrauded of the rights 
 v^ j^yjl^M origMly, graUitj^ to, luni, ipd 
 which h^.liad so dearly^ pM sq pobly earned* 
 His soft Pbgo, the heir of his* ibrtune8» succeed- 
 ed to the saoie debasing; iiecessit^r, till, at length, 
 wearied out with frivolbus and unpriticely ex- 
 cuses, be i|}9^^f|^ a meniionibl^ proems ag^n^t 
 hiasovereigni)efore the .councilof theJindies at 
 SeivHle; aiid this court, with a firmness and virtue 
 that canhot be Sufficiently applauded^ decided in 
 favour of his pretensions. After ft minute and 
 solemn investigation ofhi^ claiins, ^e council 
 pronounced him hereditary viceroy and higb^ml- 
 raiml of all the countries and islands discovered 
 by his father. They decreed, that he was in- 
 vested with a jurisdiction over them ' similii^ to 
 t^i. of tlie high admir«|l of Castile; th^t be 
 
 '•jfea.^i. -xiii. 
 
WBsrnmiiB. 
 
 Ml 
 
 WM MtitM tD « leolb pitt of ill Hm ffAifuA 
 dltor thftt migjhft llMMiiAar b« tbolMl in 4mm 
 tairrttoriet; and'tlMy Mtttdged him mkm 
 otter prMwgoi Mid iniiiiulbilfBS) of i^ittt ostMt 
 attd tothori^. fiat the kiiig» iiOtwithilMidhig 
 this dtethigiiished and Competent foaognitioii 
 of Mi rights, oonfiraied to hnn only tio titto 
 ttldMiiithoritj of governor tnd «dmh«l of Hit' 
 peiliolii^ Mid even of this dfanbished cOdnMind^ 
 it b iirobnllle he woold have been deprivtd^ Iff 
 heiMid not tbrtuaately strengthened his hUereM 
 by' Ml IlluitrioM marriage.* The gallant yOoth^ 
 nevinrAieleis, still boldly persisted in his claim 
 to the iiill exercise of all the rights and anthOu 
 riiy, whieh'had been so reeentfy decreed Mr 
 bdohg to him; and he shortly afterwards^ new 
 oOttipaiiied by a numerOos and splendid HMhrn^ 
 embari^ed' for his goveremeftty resolved to enlbiOII 
 htt pieCensioos. -' 
 
 He anrivM in Hispaniola in the montii Of 
 Jidy, 1506, but had very soon the mortifieation 
 to discover that the king had actually invesMil 
 
 two other persons (Ahmzo de 0|eda and 
 
 m 
 
 Die^ de Nicuessa) not only two separate and 
 distinet governments, which oomprdi^nded all 
 the continent as fiw as it had been discovered 
 
 * He awrried Mary de Toiedo duighter to Rrdmmtd 
 de Toledo, giand oommander of Leon, who was brother 
 to l^ederic duke of illM. 
 
 VOL. I. M 
 
ItiS 
 
 HISTQ91Y OF THE 
 
 ^!!^ clud^ithe Isl«n4 of, JftixifuqayiwajomtApgeQ- 
 dagiEi witbiti the jurisdiction of 9fich. ^l^biM^ 
 Appointments Diego Columbus considered ap ja 
 pi^nifest violntipn Qf his own rights, a|id §t|renii* 
 pusly con^nded % tbe exclusive privilege jpf 
 nomiqaitin^ in parti€uliMr» tPi , the goy^^muient^ 
 of Yert^gua and Jamaica, the prior, d«)(C9vef1Jf 
 pf both itbose countries , by, his. father befi^ ;iii. 
 ^ircum^tiince of universal notoriety., 'fojeh 
 curehis claim to Jamaic;^, b^i.the month,. ojfl^Qri 
 yember 15Q9» he sent thither Juan de S^qi^r. 
 yei,^ ivitl. about seventy men. Esquivel had 
 acquired the reputation of a gallant; goldkf* 
 and lit is still more to his honour, , thai he y/ti^ 
 one of the yery, few Castilians* who, amidst idi 
 the horrors pf bloodshed and infectious rapiqeA 
 w<^e , ,disMugvusbed , ^r generosity ■, and huma^^ 
 nity. iin eminent instance of his girefU^iefs pf 
 mind, is recorded by Herrera. — About ^the |ime 
 that he sailed from Hispaniola to takepossesr 
 lion of his new government , of Jamaica, his 
 coiiipetitor Ojeda was on his departure to j the 
 continent. Ojeda violently opposed the m-^ 
 tended expedition of Esquivel, and publicly 
 threatene<^ ,that if he should find him at Ja^ 
 maica oiji his return from the continent, he 
 would hang him up as a rebel. It happened 
 that Ojeda's voyage was unfortunate in the 
 lest degree; for, after sustaining a series 
 
 (C 
 
aVE^T INDltSr- 
 
 of unexampled calamities, he was shipwfecjked 
 on the Coast of Cuba> and was in dangsr of 
 miserably perishing for want of food. In; bis 
 distress he called to mind that Esquivel was in 
 J^maici^, and he was now reduced to the sad 
 ej^treipity of imploring succour from the iTe^y 
 man whose destruction he had meditated ; /but 
 the magnanimous Esquivel was no sooner made 
 i^<;qmdnted with the sufferings of his eii)emy» 
 than : he forgot all his resentment. He imn^e-^ 
 diatdy sent over to Cuba/ Pedro de Narvez^ 
 anr o^cer of Taiik> to conduct Ojeda to Jar 
 maica. Esquivel received him with the ten-* 
 4|erest sympathy, treated him, during his stay, 
 witli every possible mark of distinction and re- 
 spect, and provided him with the means of a 
 .speedy ttnd safe conveyance to Hispaniola. It 
 is pleasing to add, that Ojeda was not ungratie- 
 fol to bis benefacton 
 
 Under : such a man it is reasonable to sup^ 
 pose that the yoke of subjection sat light and 
 ea«y on the natives of Jamaica, and that the 
 ravages of conquest were restrained witiiiin . the 
 limits of humanity^ Accordingly^ the Spanish 
 historians bear tiie most honourable testimony 
 to, his virtuous and gentle administration.r4- 
 " The affairs of Jamaica," says Herrera, ** w^nt 
 ',' qn prospm)usly) because Juan de Esquivel 
 " having brought the natives tq submission 
 " wk^out fityi effusion of lilppd, they laboured 
 
 MS 
 
 m 
 
 CHAP. 
 L 
 
U4 
 
 UlVWkt OF tBB 
 
 
 ^* in pliatiiig cotton, and raising olh^ tomtiii^ 
 ^* dlte which yidded great pibifit.'*^ This phdie 
 is the more valuable because it is almost pe^ 
 culiar to Esquivel, who alone seems to hsfe 
 been sensible of the aoominable wickedness of 
 visiting distant lUnds only to desolate theni ; and 
 6f converting the Indians to ChristiiinHy b^ 
 IsuOing their throats. How many nobte <{udi^ 
 ti^ in some of his cotemporaries, were tariushii^ 
 by cnid^ and repine, or unhappily blended in^ 
 a misguided and frantic zeal for reli^on, th^ 
 rendered their possessors still more remorseless 
 and Avage ! 
 
 Esquivel continued in his office but a few 
 yeiEufSi He died in his government, and wks 
 buried at Sevilla Nueoa, a town which he had 
 founded. He was probably succeeded l^ go^^ 
 vemors of a for different character, who, it is 
 to be feared, soon began to i^read among the 
 wretched natives the same horrible carnage that 
 was now desolating HispanioJa. It appears 
 that Francis de Garej^ hdd the chief command 
 in 15S9> since in that year he fitted out an ex- 
 {MiditikHi from this islmd for the conquest of 
 ^Mmco, a territory which Cbites, unknown to 
 (Sfaray, had already annexed to tiie Spanish do- 
 minion. In this expedition were employed 
 nine ships and two brigpmtines, and there were 
 •mbaiked in it 850 Spaniards, and a consider- 
 able body of Jamaica In^^ans, and 141 horses. 
 
WS9T ^MDIjBS. 
 
 1^ 
 
 SucM • f(^Ke, U collected chiefly witl^n ttve <^^- 
 vk$nAt proves tiutt' a great progress^ had bwifk yv>; 
 made in its setUement and population during 
 ilie thirteen years that the Spaniards had been 
 in possession of it As fisquivel had established 
 the seait of government near to the spot which 
 had been honoured by the residence of ColuDif> 
 bus after his shipwneck in 1509, it may be pre^ 
 numed that the town of Sevilla Nueva was now 
 become of some consideration. This town, as 
 ¥fp are ioiformed by Herrera, was founded on 
 the site of an ancient Indian village, called 
 Maima,* and near to the port named by Colum- 
 bus Santa Gloria (now St. Ann's Harbour;} 
 and the daily accession of new inhabitants 
 would naturally extend the boundaries of the 
 capital, till the rude village, consisting at first 
 of a few temporary huts, must have increased 
 to a plflfbe of importance. Religion too, in all 
 the Spanish territories, very soon forced archie 
 lecture into her service ; for, by a ..lamentable 
 inconsistency in. the human mind, these de- 
 
 * Qmati Mambb. Then is a bay a little to the eaafe- 
 ward, which is oalleii at thia how Mwmee Bag. The 
 gioimd on which SemUa Nutv was built, is now chiefly 
 the property of Mr. Heming, who has a huge sugar plan- 
 tation thereon. It is called Sevilk Plantation : and the 
 ruins of the ancient town are still visible in sone of the 
 oanc-fieMs. Itdeaatndail to Urn from his aaoeHor Gap- 
 tain Ueving* ap oiBeer in f^romwfU'iB arnty. 
 
MC 
 
 HISIORV <^ TBE 
 
 MOK gtroyert of their feitow^reAtute w«r^ ^otidet^ 
 S^,^^ fiiHy toftct in Ihe bbservance of fdl fhe otft^vwrd 
 eeremonies bf divine worships With' haiidt 
 y«t reeking in the blood of murdered' inlio*i 
 eence, they could' lerect temples to ' the Al- 
 mighty, and implore that mercy from HeaVen^ 
 i*lnch they had jtnt denied to the miserable vie* 
 tims of their cruelty and rapine;' Among 'other 
 oostly building: a cathedral and monastery iiftlte 
 designed, and the foundations of both n^ip vi- 
 sible not long ago, as many of ihe ruins are at 
 this day: Beter Martyr of An^erla, the ttii- 
 thor of the -Decades, was appointed abbot ahd 
 chief iiiissionary of the island. A fort ^as also 
 erected, the remains of which, as wdl as of the 
 cathedral, were inspected by * Slbahe iil 1698, 
 who relates, that a pavement was di^overedlat 
 the distance of two miles from the church ; a 
 circumstance that may give us some idel of the 
 extent of the city in the days of its prosperity. 
 The west gate of the cathedral stood entire in 
 1688, and displayed, in the judginent of Sloane, 
 very excellent workmanship; but it was his 
 opiqion that the building was never completed ; 
 for he observed several arched stones that must 
 have been designed for it, which apparently 
 h|(i' ii^er i)C«p, byt pp.* 'to likewise dis- 
 
 -q»«^ *» 0»*if the dooi' Jof the wiil gittt) wis aearyingof 
 our Saviour's bead with a crown of thorrii between two 
 
iillWEST INDIES. 
 
 itr 
 
 igof 
 
 tWQ 
 
 covered; in the aame eomlttioo, inftt«ruli'fiir-« cbai. 
 oapitil maosien, pfobiibly <uiteiided kut ibidpt^ 
 laoe of the governor; From these cireiiiih> 
 stenees the traditioo wbichJstill prevails in the 
 iakndy' that the Spanish inhabitants of Seville 
 were at some period, in their wars with the na- 
 tives, entirely and suddenly cut off, is probabfy 
 founded in tarutb. Sloane, indeed, relates thait 
 aome of the Spanish planters, who had retired 
 tOiCuba, assigned very different reasons for the 
 desertion of this part of the country, alleging, 
 that a visitation of innumerable ants had de- 
 stroyed all their provision grounds, and that the 
 situation of the capital was ill adapted for the 
 purposes of their commerce. .These reasons 
 ^mfgjht possibly have operated against the re- 
 esta,blishment of the place ; but were not, I 
 think| of sufficient efficacy to induce a whole 
 body of people, the inhabitants of a growing 
 capital, suddenly to remove their families and 
 effects, and voluntarily submit to the labour of 
 
 angels } on the right side a small round figure of some 
 
 saint, with a knifk ituek into his tuad. On the left a Viigin 
 
 Mary or Madona, her arin tied in three places, Spanish 
 
 fashion. Over the gate« under a coat of arms this iai 
 
 scription. 
 
 *' Petras. Martir. Ab. Angleria. Italus. Civis. McdioUmen. 
 
 Frothon. Apos. Hojns. Insule. Abbas. Senatus. Indid. 
 
 Conriliarius. Ligneam. Primus. iBdem. Hanc. Bis. 
 
 Igne. Consumptam Latericio. Et. Quadrato. Lapide. 
 
 Primus. A. Fandamentis. Etruxit." Sioanb. 
 
IM 
 
 Hmomr ovthb 
 
 buUding AB' entire new rteim, in ftvery distant 
 ead wMkf entultivated pant of the coimt^t , It 
 IB certain, that the town of Seville was not suf- 
 fered to &U gradnally to decay ; but was depopa- 
 iated while it was yet in an unfinished state, many 
 yean before the conquest of; the island by the 
 £ngUsh.t Neither (if this tradition of its catas- 
 .trophe were true) could a just account be ex- 
 pected from the descendants of men who had de- 
 servedly brought destruction on themselves ; since 
 . the recital of their fate would again have brought 
 the deeds also of their ancestors to remembrance, 
 and they were deeds of darkness, too mournful to 
 oonlemplate; too dreadful to be told ! ' 
 
 • It is remarkable^ however, that the whole island of 
 Hispaniola was nearly destroyed by ants about the sam^ 
 period. In i519« and the two succeeding years, as Oviedo 
 relates, these insects 0Ter>ran that island like an Egyptian 
 plague } devouring all the roots and plants of the earth, 
 •o that the country was nearly dt,|iopulated. In our own 
 times, the island of Grenada has suffered prodigiously 
 from the same cause, of which some account will here- 
 after be given. 
 
 t See the account of Jamaica transmitted to Cromwell 
 by General Venables, preserved in Thurloe's state papers, 
 ▼oL iii. p. 545, wherein he speaks of Seville as a town 
 that hoi exiittd in timet past. And Sloane relates that 
 when the English took the island, the ruins of this city 
 were oveigrown with wood and turned bla^ with age. 
 Ha saw timber-^rees 3prowing witbii^ the walls of the 
 cathedral, upwards of sixty feet in height. Sloant'a Hist. 
 /(ifiiif ^, vol. i> p. 66. 
 
SIVBST INDIIS. 
 
 1«» 
 
 v.v Both andeot traditioii, and raeeot 
 «erwi» gpre too much room to bdieve thAt<the 
 work of datradioii proceeded no leas ni|iidly 
 in this island, after Eaqoivd's death, than in 
 Hispaniola ; for to thb day caves are frequently 
 discovered in the moontains, wherein the 
 ground is covered with human biones; the mi- 
 serable remains, without all doubt, of some of 
 the unfortunate aborigines, wIiq^ immured in 
 those recesses, were probably reduced to die 
 sad alternative of perishing with hunger, or 
 bleeding under the swords of their merciless 
 invaders.* When, therefore, we are told of 
 the fote of the Spanish inhabitants of Seville^ 
 it is impossible to feel any other emotion dian 
 an indignant wish that the stoiy were better 
 authenticated, and that Heaven in mercy had 
 permitted the poor Indians in the same mo- 
 ment to have extirpated their oppressors alto- 
 gether! But unhappily thb feint ^immering 
 of returning li^t to the wretched natives, was 
 soon lost in everlasting darkness, since it pleased 
 the Almighty, for reasons inscrataUe to finite 
 wisdom, to permit the total destniction of thb 
 devoted people ; who^ to die number of ^000, 
 on the most moderete estimate^ were at length 
 wholly cut off and exterminated by the Spa- 
 
 GHAP. 
 I. 
 
 j.(. .? 
 
 * it it discoveied by the skolht, 
 tonlly oompresMd, that thae are tiie ikdeloiia of the 
 Indians. 
 
lyo 
 
 BOOK iiiafili, not » BJBg^ 
 
 II 
 
 >^K^ being alive when the EngM* took tl» 
 
 1655, nor, I believe, for « cmltarf before.* 
 
 place 
 
 Novroa 
 
 Kefulgciit Venus and tbe Many train. 
 Spangle the vhrid hemisphere. Anmnd 
 
 tow^n. 
 
 visionary 
 
^ WBsr INDIR8. 
 
 m 
 
 ' The kMf of Seville was followed by thet of chj». 
 Mdilla, a small village ' situated about eleven y^:>^ 
 kaguet to'lhe eatiWarrd, (at tbe harbour now 
 called Port Maria) and the catastrophe wliich 
 
 Souadi more than hoinu. Onee a gmtk net 
 
 Own'd thcM fiiir Talleji} ftOtt Um birth of time 
 
 Tkeae groree, theie fovntidiM, ud thcee hilb were Aein. 
 
 PrIm|« e'en m>w th^ apMti ddighted hMut 
 
 Tlicir OBoe-lov*d nudoM. Oft Uie peadve Maie 
 
 Kecala, ia tender thovglit, the monrnftil leene 
 
 Wlien tlie hnm Inootel« from yonder rock« 
 
 His lait sad Messing to a weeping train 
 
 Djing beqoeatli'd. ' Tlie hoar/ he said, « arrives, 
 
 Bj aaelent sages to oar sires Ibretoid !— * 
 
 liereefrom the deq>, with HeaT*n*s own lightning arm'd. 
 
 The pallid nation comes ! Blood marks their steps; 
 
 Man's agonies thdr sport, and man their prey ! 
 
 What pierdog shrielu still Tihmte on the ear ! 
 The expiring motlier lifts her feeble arm 
 In ftin to shidd her infimt ; the hot sted 
 Smokes with thdr ndngled blood } and blooming youth. 
 And manly strength, and virgin beauty, meet 
 Alike th* nntitnely gprare} till fell revenge 
 Is doy'd and tii'd with slaughter. See, full-gorg'd. 
 The Tulture ddcens o'er his waste oi prey. 
 And, snrfeit-swell'd, the reeking hound expires. 
 
 Yet pause not, Spaniard * whet thy blunted steel; 
 Take thy full pastime in the field of blood ! 
 Bat know, stem tyrant, retribution's hour 
 Ere long shall reach thee. Though his once lov'd isle. 
 For crimes yet nnaton'd, dread Zemi thus 
 To desdation and to death Consigns, 
 And thoo the instrument of wrath divine; 
 
 * See B. I C 3. p. 92. 
 
tn 
 
 Hvmmtoit'mK 
 
 swK mttepcledttme placei it mgipotgd to hive caused 
 ^i»vv ^ eitililiehinent of the CBpittil of St Jigo de 
 k Vcyiy or, at it if now called, Spliiuih Town. 
 
 la yonder orb, now darken'd in Mi coacw« 
 Rend thy own doom more drendAil! ^thtlieiUo, 
 Hm mvidcrar falli t Th* qifg nu a r and th* opprcu'd 
 lliagia in dnM logalbar i WkamiN now 
 Tliy blood-poIl«ttdflofim?,A]i! loolnt«, 
 Leam« wbnn aTmginf Hm^'o p|W|«fDBptQo.ij giUlt 
 Gives to its own lUl poipotM a prey. 
 More maik*d iu ftte, more teniUe ito fdl. 
 
 So periah tbe hitm trinmpha, and Tain liopea 
 Of mad ambition, and remondem pride, 
 Tbat make weak man the mnrdemr of man ! 
 Omyamodates, dry thoieioakUiigtaan!— > . 
 One little moment, and we sJ^'sH arrive 
 At thom bkm*d iaianda, where, from guilt refin'd 
 1^ ahaip aflBetion, we no mme ihaU fieel 
 Death's tor^ graqp, and epmising pang ! 
 There, with onr lov'd fneftthers, shall we rove 
 Tliro* palmy sliadcs -, in limpid fountains bathe, 
 Rqpoae in jasmin bow'rs at suhiy noon} 
 And, when oool er'ning tempera soft the air, 
 Unenvied gather firmn his onpnm'd hon^ 
 The ftagiant guoynu* On onr cheeks no mora 
 The bnming tear shall linger} not a sigh 
 SweU the Ug^t bosom} bntimmOTtaljoy ,^f,^^// 
 Fill every thon^^t, ind brif^ten every qre : 
 Meantime, those happy interdicted shores 
 Onr bhMd-etained foes shall seek} but seek in vain t 
 The hnrricaae shall mv^ the thunder rdl. 
 And ocean whehn them in his deepest tide} 
 Or leave tcaasfis'd on the hard pmnted rock,. . 
 
 •ThefriHtwcdMblbeMAmyhKtMMiiMorboliiibto; F.Mar- 
 tjf nihtri. thiiT ft irai wi !ii[]1i Mtram iwiiig tlir mtimi 
 
 ■itA 
 
^BSTINt^llil ' ITS 
 
 Concttg the pn6ae en 'of tlM^ WMH^ c»^. 
 It is now periia|M uidest to ihqmre ; but if coa- v»^ 
 jectuit/ mtey be^ aH<hred, I alidbld fix on tlae yetr 
 1525, itttmediiitely ate the departure of the 
 force under Oaray; and if the new capital was 
 really founded by Diego Cdumtnis, as traditioQ 
 reportSi and whidi there seems no good reason 
 to dispute, the conjecture is iitifeci^y connrmed , 
 fat he embarked ibrSjpain in discontent in 15 17; 
 returned to lus goverateent with niUer poweM ^ 
 in 15S0, and died in bb native country in thit 
 latter end of 1585, or the beginning of ISiS; 
 and it was certdnly after his arrived the last 
 tine i^ HispanSola, that he had, or caused to Im 
 laid, the foundation of St Jago de la Vega.* 
 
 The new city increased rapidly, and in 154J 
 (twenty years after the death of its founder) it 
 
 TkespMtoflMwIiiigwiadi. II«wdMHwekn|jh» 
 When the pde cowaid daiHt, to ns, rawrte, 
 Diieqt th' upUftad bud, tk' inpferingeye! 
 Tkdr oolMcioM groani shall feed our greet revenge j— 
 Thdr endless woes, our wond'rous wrongs repay.* 
 
 Jofiaioe, apocw; M8S. pMM me. 
 
 Mar- 
 
 * Since this was written I hare disooTered, by a re-pe- 
 ratal of Oviedo* that there was a general reroH of the In-^ 
 dians of St Donalago in Deoember lflS8« whieh Di^go 
 Columbus 8i^)prcssed« and inmediately afterwards re- 
 paired to Jamnica to take on bimsdf the government in 
 the room of Garay. It seems probable, firom hence, that 
 the revolt extoided to both islands. 
 
m 
 
 HI9V0RT Of T8E 
 
 BOOK hid the booour of giving the title of Merquis to 
 hit ioii ind heir, who received et the same liipe 
 ftom the Emperor Charles V. a grant of the 
 whole ishmd in perpetual sovereignty, as an 
 hereditary fief of the eroiiri^ of Castile. 
 
 As this is an important eircumstance in the 
 history of this island, and >eems not to ,h%ve 
 been perfectly understood by any of the Eng- 
 lish historians who have treated of the afiairs 
 of Jamaica^ I presMine that a more cppious ac- 
 count and .^pliMi^tipn of j|t will not be unac- 
 ceptable. , : j.'ih^l «>|fo •«) X'J^A'lO l)fl'3 T)tJRl 
 
 ;< Diego CoUmibus left VB9ue three son9 and 
 t^ daughters^ , His eldest son, Don Lewis, 
 succeeded /to ihis fatherls honours i^nd ex,tensive 
 claims. Of the dai^ghtersa the eldest, Isabella, 
 afterwards in^rmarried with the Count de Gal-> 
 vet, a Portuguese nobleman of the house of 
 Brag^za. Lewis Columbus was an infant of 
 six years of age on the death of his father < but 
 was generally considered as hereditary' vice- 
 roy, and high-admiral of the West Indies.. The 
 emperor, however, though he treated him with 
 singular distinction, and considerably aug- 
 mented his revenues, as he grew to manhood, 
 absolutely refused to admit his claim to such 
 extensive authority; and Lewis, as his mino^ 
 rity expired, instituted, after his father*s ex- 
 ample, a legal process for the recovery of his 
 birthright. It does not appear that his suit 
 
WBSTIMIMB8. 
 
 HI' 
 
 ever came to a legaliiasue ; for in the year 1545| chap. 
 he found it, prudent lo accede to a compro- . '* 
 mise with the emperor, wherehy he traniferred 
 all hit hereditary rigbti to the crown, for a 
 grant of the province of Veragua and the iiland 
 of JanMuc% with the Utle of Duke de Veragua 
 and Marquis d^ la Vega; What might have 
 be^n tho precise extent, and nature of this girant, 
 we have not inionnation sufficient to enable us 
 to judge., iWtiatever it was, he left no issue to 
 enjoy it; and his brothers also dying without 
 mf4e is^ue« his sister Isabella^ wife of the Count 
 de Gely^y became sole heiress of the Coinmbus 
 familyi and conveyed by her marriage all her 
 rights to the house of Braganxa, where they con- 
 tinue, I believe, till the year 1640, and thei) 
 revered back by forfeiture to the crowq of 
 Spain, in consequence of the revolution which 
 p)i^e John Duke of Bij^gMO^Ea on the throne of 
 Portugal. «»fti noi - • -9 
 
 Sir Hans Sloane, therefore, in asserting that 
 a rt' ^ de Veragua enjoyed a yearly revenue 
 fi 1 . ..naica, at the time the island surrendered 
 to t.ie £nglish in 1655, must have been mbin- 
 formed ; as he clearly is in supposing that the 
 family of Columbus were at that time proprie- 
 tors of the island, and had so conUnued trom 
 the days of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 But there b a ciroumstance recorded bv 
 Blome, and, cQP&uied by tlie. state papers of 
 
Ifv 
 
 m^ma^wmR 
 
 BOOK Tbnrloe, lor whidt the relatkm I hitm given 
 siifficiently Accouftts. I mean the establish- 
 ment in Jamaica of many Portuguese families. 
 Tint transfer of Isabella*s inheritance to the 
 house of Bragama, might have encouraged 
 many of the Portugoese to fix their fortunes' hi 
 the newly-acquired colony, and it is equally pro^ 
 bttUe that the same event would exche jealous^ 
 in the old Spanish settlers towards their new 
 visitors. Blome adds, that the Portuguese were 
 abhorred. 
 
 To such mutual distrust, and iireeoncileable 
 aversion of the inhabitants towards each other, 
 must be ascribed the reason that Sir Anthony 
 Shirley met with so KtSde resistance when he in- 
 vaded the island in 15^^, and plundered the 
 capital. About forty years afterwards it was 
 again invaded by a force from the Windwatd 
 Islands under Colonel Jackson. It is said, how- 
 ever, that on this occasion the inhabitants be- 
 haved with great g^lantry in a pitched battle at 
 Passage-Fort. They were, however, defeated, 
 and Jackson, after losing forty of his men, en- 
 tered St. Jagp de la V^ sword in hand, and 
 having pillaged the town of every thing valuable, 
 received a considerable ransom for sparing the 
 houses. He then retreated to his ships, and car- 
 ried off his booty without interruption. 
 
 From this period, until the capture of the 
 island by the English in 1655, during the usur- 
 
WB6T ININBS. 
 
 pation of Cromwell^ I know nothing of its con- 
 cerns, nor perhaps were they productive of any 
 event deserving remembrance. I shall therefore 
 proceed, in the neit duster, to the considera- 
 tion of the Protector's motives for attacking the 
 territories of Spain at a time when treaties of 
 peacjB subsisted between the two nations; which 
 I conceive have hitherto been greatly misunder* 
 stood, or wilfully ndisrepresented, by bbtorians 
 in (Vfloeral. 
 
 17T 
 
 CHAT. 
 I. 
 
 %* In the preceding chi^ter (p. 167 of the present 
 edition) I have asiigned some reasons in support of the tra^ 
 ditional account of the destruction of New SevUli^ on iho 
 nortnern side of Jamaica, 5y the andent tt^ia^i, and I haT(B 
 supposM ihkt event to have liappetied in the year isH', 
 I hai« shioe disot^lreM lihat the r^ris^iili I hiVe j^teta wM 
 well iBiwdsd. Among Sir HlbsSloane^s MSA. ArtlieBif^ 
 tish^S^vseuin^ I have been shewn part of aa a^pnblis|piNl 
 histpry of Jamaica, which was wrUten in the b^nning^ 
 of the present century, by Doctor Benrj Barham, a very 
 leaiibed and respectable phyridian of that islahd, wherein^ 
 thectMMMrtanceis rdaied neaiiyitf tb^ ttianner Ihatf sttg^ 
 gested, and staftsd tv have oceinrred (oil ha* sttppoNd) 
 immediately after th« eaibifkation of the foroe undclv 
 Gtnji which is known, from Herrera, to have taken 
 place in 1593.— In the same work, the letter from Chrii- 
 topher Columbus («ide p. 156, et leq.) is preserved as a 
 docament of anADnbtM anthenUcHy. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 N 
 
m 
 
 HISKTORY X>F THE 
 
 10 -#af»u«iin50 iii«t C(I|1.4^T^E tl# 
 
 . *'*.:^^ 
 
 (iH . 
 
 Crmrneil wruScated for attacking the Sfamards 
 !^ m 1655. — Thenr crueUtes tnthe West Mies, 
 Ml cdntraoeniion of the treaty g^ 1650.— Pro- 
 fHaU offered oy Modyford anil Gagej^ 
 ForcHk arguments of the Uater.—Secretary 
 Thurh^s account of a coitference with the 
 Spanish Ambassador. — CromwelCs demand of 
 satisfaction reiected.-^State if Jamaica on its 
 
 u-. .p-^ .■■,.[ '•■'■ .-: ^.uil. liJ-?* »^>f»i(Uli: %?*#.. 
 
 
 .^f t;Saft* • .-^It-t ' WP'^il^t' ■ c 
 
 BOOK Thkrs id tub portion of the En^bh annals, in 
 the perusiil of which greater caution is. lequi- 
 ^''tite^ than the history of the administration of 
 ^^Umi: f)rt>tecior CroriiweUi^ The prejudices of 
 fMurtf) 'Which ill iJOinaion cases are tost in the 
 >a!irirent of time^ have floated down to us in iull 
 >' 'strength against this prosper4>us usurper; and 
 > his actions, from the period that he reached the 
 ' >tunMHt of pcnrer, are still scnitinieed with in- 
 dttstridtis malignitj-, as if it were itanpo&sible that 
 amhoriljf irregularly acquired, tould be exercised 
 withjustioe. )^i!%, t 
 
 It is not strange, therefore, that the vigmtius 
 proceedings of the Protector against tike Spanish 
 nation, in 1655, should haye been obnoxious to 
 censure, or that writers of very opposite political 
 
WEST INDIES. H 
 
 179 
 
 pnnciples should concur in misr^presentbg hid chap. 
 conduct on that occasion. The celebrated female ^^/^ 
 republican* terms it " diskonourable and pirati- 
 cal," and the courtly and ^gant apologist of 
 the Stewart family t pronounces it a most un- 
 uto'ciintable violation of treaty. 
 
 The publication of the state papers of Thurloe 
 (the secretary) ought, however, to have miti- 
 gated this weight of censure. In truth, it will 
 bb found that nothing but a most disingenuous 
 concealment of the hostile proceedmgs of the 
 Spaniards, too gross to be palliated, towards 
 the subjects of England, can give even the co- 
 lour of plausibility to the chai^ which has 
 betti brought against Cromwdl, of having «qm- 
 rmeaced tin unjust and ruinous war, against a 
 fHeod and' ally, contrary to tlie interest of the 
 nitiOB^ and in violation of the ^th of trealiss* 
 If' the power which is vested in the eaeeutive 
 ikiAgistrate, by whatever nanxi he be distin- 
 ^ishod^ be held for the protection and secud^ 
 of the religion, liberties, and propertie8.4>f the 
 people under his government, the measures 
 adopted hy the Protector on that occasion were 
 not merely justifiable ; they were highly neoes- 
 «ary,. and even meritorious ; for the c^dud of 
 Spain, especially in America, was the declara- 
 
 * tin. IMUuMtnlfejr'-History of EngUmd. 
 : t UsTid HuuiC— <iiit«7 of GlwIBHtaiD. 
 
 N 2 
 
HISTCmV OF THB 
 
 BCMX 
 U. 
 
 tion and exercise of war against the whole 
 Iiiiman race. I shall adduce a few remarkable 
 £ust8 to support this assertion. The subject is 
 curious in itself, and in some respects, will b^ 
 mew to the reader. 
 
 The latest treaty which had been made bar 
 twiaeii £kigUincl and Spain, previous to the as^ 
 stomptioa of the protectorate by Cromwell^ 
 WAS concluded in the year 1630; by the fifst 
 •fticte of which it was stipulated, *' that theif 
 should be peace, amity, and friendship betw^R 
 th« two crowns and their respective subjects 
 maUjmns rf 4he world.*' Before this period 
 thU sovereigns of Spain had not only encou- 
 rasfidi. but openly avowed, the ^ercise of per- 
 petual hostility on the ships and subjects of aiji 
 the natioiia c^ Europe, that were or might be 
 ioHind in any part of the new hemisphere ; ar« 
 fOgiotiy assuming to themselves a right nqt 
 Qfk^ to all tbe lerrijbories which their qwq s»br 
 jei^; had discovered there, but claiming also 
 Ihe sole and ea^clusive privilege of navigAting 
 Ibfi Aiperieao seas.* 
 
 **^In tie reign of Jamei I. witlim two years after tlie 
 <^iyKlfti<m oS^ a peiiee between Bogland and Spain, which 
 saved lh«fi|iaiiii^ moaafchy ftt>ui abMduttf deetrttcAion, Sir 
 CMl^ CornwaUis^ in a letter dated from Madrid in Ifay 
 1006, informs the Earl of Salisbury, that Don Lewis firardo, 
 a Spanish admiral, having met with certain English ships 
 laden with com ami bound to SevUlA, "took the masters, 
 and first let thurncdts in the stocks. He af rwardsre- 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 Itl 
 
 Pretensions so exorbitant; which violate cbap. 
 alike the laws of nature and nations, were ^ 
 resisted by every maritime state that felt itself 
 concerned in the issue; by the English parti- 
 cula^rly, who had already planted colonies in 
 Viiginia, Bermudas, St. Christopher's, and Bar* 
 badoes; territories some of which Spain had 
 not even discovered, and none of which had she 
 ever occupied. Thus actual war, and war in* 
 all its horrors, prevailed between the subjects; 
 of Spain in the new world, and those of the 
 several other nations who ventured thither; 
 
 die 
 tteh 
 Sir 
 
 moved them into his own ship, and there, with his own 
 hands, did as much to their legS} reviling them, and calling 
 thetn heretics, Lvtheran dogs, and enemies of ChHit, 
 timateningto hang them ; add in conclusion robbed them 
 of what he thought fit." See Winwood, vol. ii. p. 143, 
 It appears by subsequedt letters preserved in the same ool* 
 Section, that Cornwalli8,complaining to theDuke of Lerma, 
 ihc minister of Spain, of Firardo's conduct, particularly in 
 i^ending to the galleys some English mariners, wh6m he 
 had made prisoners in the West Indies, was toM by that 
 miaiiter " that Firardo should be called to acoonni, not 
 (adds the Duke) for sending the men to the galleys, but 
 for not htming' hanged them up, a$ he ought to hope done.'* 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, some time afterwards, in a letter to 
 King James, speaks of it as a well-known fttctj that the 
 Spaniards, in another instance, had murdered twenty-sit 
 Bn^ishmen, tying them back to back and then catting 
 their throats, even after they had traded with them a^wEoIe 
 month, and when the English went ashore in fiill confi- 
 dence, and without so much as one sword among them. 
 See Raleigh's works by Birch, vol. ii. p. 376. 
 
IM 
 
 HISTOAY Of THE 
 
 Boqic while, at the same tith)6, peace apparently sub- 
 yOw silted between the patent states in Europe. '' 
 »^ f o secure to the English an uninterruptfid 
 iAterconiie tvith their settlements above fnen^ 
 tibned, was one great' object of the treaty ^5 
 }6d0. It seems indeed to have been more ui* 
 mediately fodnded dn a remarkable instance of 
 Spanish perfidy^ which had recently happened in 
 the island of St Christopher ; for thiB' court of 
 Spain having, towards the latter end of the yei^' 
 1629, fitted out a fleet of twenty-four ships of 
 forces and fifteen frigatesi under the command 
 of Don Frederick de Toledo, ostensibly to at- 
 tack the Dutch settlement in Brasit, secrecy' 
 ordered the admiral to proceed in the first pUce 
 to^the island I have mentioned (which, although 
 the Spaniards had indeed first discovered it 130 
 y6ar^ before, they had never once occupied) dhd 
 rout out from thence both the English and 
 French, who at that time held a joint and peace-' 
 able possession. 
 
 ^^< Neither the French nor English, nor both 
 tbgether, were strong eiiough to oppose such 
 an enemyc The French planters took refuge' 
 in the neighbouring island of Antegua, and the 
 English fled to the mountains ; from whence 
 they sent d^puti^ to treat for a snrrendier ; but' 
 the haughty Spahiard required and obtained 
 unconditional submission : and, havii^g sel^tted 
 out of the English settiei:^ six hun(^redl ofthe 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 189 
 
 ablest m(^, irbom J^ coodemiK^ to the wmi^ ca^\ 
 he on^red aU the lest (oonsistii^ chiefly ^xif 
 ^QjOUPCk aod childraa) ioslwitly to qyiit the ialend, 
 in .QQOie, English veaiseb whidi.he bed aeiMct et 
 Nqvis, under pain of death. He then laid waste 
 all th^ Tiettlements within his reach, and having 
 reduced tl)e qountry to a deser^ proceeded qn 
 his voyage. 
 ^ It mi^ be supposed that the treaty of 
 1^30 pinevented such eponnities in future; but 
 ii^ vipljition of all that is solenin and sacred. 
 apiQpg christian states, and to the disgrace of 
 human nature^ the Spaniards, eight years only 
 after the afiair of St Chrislopher>, attacked a 
 small Englbh colooy which had taken posses- 
 sipn of the little unoccupied island <rfTorti|gi, 
 and put every man, woman, and chikl to the 
 s^irord: they even hanged up such as came in 
 and surrendered themselves, on tibe promise of 
 mercy, after the first attack. 
 
 The unhappy mOioarch at that time on the 
 tl|r9pe of Fjngland, was too deeply eogiged in 
 contest with his subjects at home, to be able to 
 a^rd protection to his colonists abroad; aiMl 
 those contests terminating at leog^ in a civU 
 war, t^e Spaniards proceeded, in the si^ne ci^ee^ 
 with inipynity; trefiting all the ^tish sub- 
 jects, whom th^ found in the West Indies, as 
 intruders and pirates. In the year 16S5^ the 
 ll8l»pj?# P«teb,had jimt^^^^ S?|»^sk»i 
 
Iti 
 
 UlSrOAY OP THE 
 
 BOOK of Soitft Cno, wUcb bdoit diat time 
 wholly mpeopidl and 
 
 lerwsnb uMBg btf i m te new MUkn, llie 
 £o^kh took vm nd 
 
 nio 
 
 thenknd. lo 1650 iIm SpHibnit kndsd tlwra* 
 and witlioat the 
 
 Ibtt fcll kno llMir 
 
 bonds, mnnlerin^ os aft Tortnigi^ 
 
 the 
 
 women and duUien. As osud willi tbii le- 
 irengBfiil nation, tfaey oonqoared only lo den- 
 late; lor having dealrayod all the fMopla they 
 
 coaM iei»» th^ laid waste and then deHrted the 
 
 of the Dmeh nuion, in 
 
 island; and when 
 consequence of soch desertion, look poseession a 
 second tknfo, the Spanieids ictsmed, and tveafted 
 diem as thi^ had treated the MaiJUtL 
 
 Of their craelties towards the soljects of 
 foragD stales, cwcn sodi as were fcreed on Aeir 
 coasts in distress, the 
 
 were without 
 number. Their treatment of the sailefs. was as 
 barbarous and inhuman, as their pretences for 
 
 ■seiiing thdr sinps were 
 
 and unjoist The very 
 
 v^ere crud; for if in some fow 
 
 of the Spauerds 
 diey 
 
 fofbore to inflict immediste death on their pii- 
 sonefs, they sentenced them toawone punish- 
 menjk; condemning them to work in the mines 
 of Meuco for life.* 
 
 ilttd) 
 
^ '.ST INDIES. 
 
 It is evident, from the numerous schemes and 
 proposals for attacking the Spaniards, which 
 were presented to Cromwell on his elevation to 
 the protectorate^ that the English in general had 
 a deep and just sense of the wrongs which the^ 
 sustained from the bigotry, avarice and cruelty 
 of the Spanish nation. — ^We may surely con- 
 
 its 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 n. 
 
 About the year 1680, they landed on the Island of Provi- 
 dence, one of the Bahamas, and totally destroyed the 
 BngUsh settlenMnt then. The goveraor (Mr. Ckfk) 
 they t0ok with them to Cab* in irons, and pot him to 
 death by torture. Oldmixoii, who wrote *' Um British 
 Empire in America," was informed by Bfr. TTOtt, one of 
 Governor Clark*s successors, that the Spaniards roosted 
 dirk on a spit The insolence and brutality of the eon- 
 numders of tlie Spanish guarda-oostas, in tlie daya of 
 Walpole« are remembered by many persona now living) 
 and peihsftf there are those alive who were jpresent when 
 Ci^tain Jenkins gave Uwt remarkable evidence to the 
 Honse of Commons, which it would be thought might 
 hsve animated every British heisi^ to insist on exemplaiy 
 vengeance. The case was this :— A Spanish com- 
 ■lander, after rummaging this man's vessel for iriMt he 
 called contraband gcods, without finding any, put Jen- 
 kins to the torture^ and afterwards, without the smallest 
 provocation, cut oJf one of his ears., telling him to cany it 
 to the king of England his master. Jenkins had pie- 
 served the ear in a Iwttle, wliich he disfdajed to the 
 House of Commons. Being asked by one (rf the mem- 
 bers, wliat he thought or expected while in the hands of 
 such a barbarian ? "I recommended," he replied, "my 
 wul to God, and my cause to my country." Ssc Tor1mdlt*s 
 ParUamentarif Debates. 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK elude, that •pplicaUoDi' of such a nature could 
 nol have been made to the aupt'ene executive 
 magistrate without any pretence of injiyy. rer 
 ceived. To suppose that a body of the tubjciQts 
 of any civiliaed state, or that even any individual 
 of sound mind, would intrude into the national 
 councils, and presume tosolicitaviohitiQn of tl^ie 
 jMiblic faith, and the commencement of hostili- 
 ties towards a powerful state and an a|ly, ipfithr 
 out any provocation, is to suppose a. case which 
 I belieye never did occur in history, and which 
 indeed it seems next to impossible should hap- 
 pen. Among other persons who presented, me- 
 morials on this occasion, we find the n^^i^ of 
 Colonel Modyford and Thomas Gage. , The %r 
 mer was one of the earliest and most enterprising 
 planters of Barbadoes ; and Gage had resided 
 twelve years in New Spain in priest's orders Up 
 was brother of Sir Henry Gage, one of jthc gene- 
 rals under Charles I.* and appears to haye been 
 a man of capacity and extensive observation. 
 
 In his memorial, which is preserved among 
 the state papers of Thurloe, he enters fnlly into 
 a justification of the measures which he.recpn^^ 
 mends. " None in conscience," he obs^vc^ 
 
 * Thiii Sir Henry Gage was killed at the battle of 
 ddhaaHBridgei in 1«44. He was. aaeestor of the }^^ 
 General Gage, by whom X wa? fw^u^^ this, ac- 1 
 Qonat of Thomas Gage. 
 
 ^.♦PIMi 
 
 •srtOH I 
 
^^^WBSTININBS. 
 
 i«r 
 
 RIH 
 
 " may better attempt such an ezpalnon of the chap. 
 Spanburds iWmi tfioM parts than the English, '** 
 who have been often expelled by them from our 
 pidbitations ; as from St Christopher's, St Mar- 
 tin's, from Pftrvidenee and from Tortugas, where 
 the English were inhumanly and most barbae 
 rooldy traatM by the Spaniaods, who to this ddy 
 watch ibr their best advantage to cast us out of 
 all our plantations, and say that all the idands 
 as wisll as the main belong to them. Andineon- 
 scietite it is lawful to cast that enemy or trouble- 
 some neighbour out of his dominions, that would, 
 ^Jid hath attempted to cast us out of ours."— He 
 then proceeds to demonstrate, that it is no! a 
 work of difficulty to dislodge the Spaniards frt>m 
 some of their most valuable possessions, and re- 
 commends the first attack to be made on His- 
 paniola or Cuba ; the former, he observes, ** Was 
 the Spaniards* first plantation, and therefore it 
 would be to them a bad omen to begin to lose 
 tiiat whfeh tiiey first enjoyed." <* This island^ 
 he adds, " is not one quarter of it inhabited, and 
 so the more easy to take."— Gage, some years 
 before, had published a book, which is now be- 
 fore me ; entitled, " A new Survey of the West 
 Indies." It contains much curious information 
 respecting the state of Spanbh America, at the 
 time that he resided there. In tiie dedication Do 
 Fairfax, general of the parliament's Ibircbs, he 
 combats, with great strength of reasoning^ the 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 U. 
 
 pr^tenuons of the Spanish Crown to an exclusive 
 
 riglit to the countries of the New World : " I 
 
 " know of no title,** he observes, " that the 
 
 ** Spaniard hath (the Pope's donation except- 
 
 '* ed) but force, which, by the same title may 
 
 *' be repelled.— And, as to ihejirai diianay, 
 
 '* to me it seems as little reason, that the sail- 
 
 ''ing of a Spanish ship upon the coast of 
 
 ** India, should entitle tlie king of Spain to that 
 
 *' country, as the sailing of an Indian or £ng- 
 
 " lish ship upon the coast of Spain, should 
 
 " entitle either the Indians or English unto the 
 
 ** dominion thereof. No question but the just 
 
 " rig^t or title to those countries, appertains to 
 
 « the natives themselves ; who, if they should 
 
 '* willingly and freely invite the English to 
 
 " their protection, what title soever they have 
 
 " in them, no doubt they may legally transfer 
 
 " to others. But to end all disputes of this 
 
 ** nature, since God has given the earth to the 
 
 ^' sons of men to inhabit, and that there are 
 
 ** many vast countries in those parts not yet 
 
 '* inhabited, either by Spaniard or Indian, why 
 
 ** should my counti^men, the English, be de- 
 
 " barred from making use of that, which God, 
 
 '* from all beginning, did ordain for the benefit 
 
 "of mankind?* 
 
 • These, or similar arguments, and a long 
 list of Spanish depredations on the subjects of 
 England, made without doubt a deep inpres* 
 
WBSTINDISS. 
 
 It9 
 
 •ion on the roind of Cromwell. It ftppeut CRif. 
 indoed that the eouit of Spain, cooadoui of 
 having aaeriled the aeferaat vengeance, foreiaw 
 an impending itorm, and endeavoured to avert 
 it. We are told by Thurloe, that Cardenas 
 the ambassador, in a private audience, congra- 
 tulated the Protector on his elevation to the 
 government, " assuring him of the true and 
 constant friendship of hit master, either in the 
 condition he then stood, or that if he would go 
 a step further, and take upon him the crown, 
 his master would venture the crown of Spain to 
 defend him in it" These general discourses 
 came afterwards to particular propositions; 
 which Cromwell received with a coldness that 
 alarmed the ambassador ; who then desired that 
 former treaties of alliance between the two 
 kingdoms might he renewed, as the first step 
 towanis a nearer union. It does not appear 
 that Cromwell had any objection to this pro- 
 position. That he- thought to involve the na- 
 tion in an unprovoked and unnecessary war 
 with Spain, or, aa Ludlow expresses it, that 
 ** he meant to Ongage those men in distant ser- 
 vices, who otherwise were ready to join in any 
 partgr against him at home,** though it has 
 been- confidently asserted, has been asserted 
 against dear and substantial evidence. He 
 demanded^ it is true, satisfaction for past, 
 
 kres' 
 
^90 
 
 Hlfllfl^RY CW^WB 
 
 ;jMOK. ,iui4 security sgftiBitliiUire injuiiet ; 'Wid be ap- 
 pointed commMtionen lo treat with the Spanish 
 amhaasadoF ib^reiipoii ; with whom ae?eral con- 
 ferences were held, chiefly, says Thurlofr,>oi^tthe 
 right interpretation of the treaty of 1630— The 
 D9SK4t of those oonfisrences, which I shall give in 
 ^urloe*8 own words, affords so M and dear a 
 justification of the Protector^a subsequent pro- 
 (eediogS) that no excuse can be offibred lor those 
 bistorians by whom this enridence has beeoi wil- 
 fully suppressed. ,;^. u(j,V:. 
 u The chief < difficulties (observer Thurloe) 
 were t^ following: <Vtst. touching the* West 
 f Indies, the debate: whereof was oocsasioned 
 ** upon the first artickt of the aforesaid treaty 
 Vof 16S0, (Whereby it is agreed, Ihatuthere 
 '* should be peace, amity^ and firiendship;.be- 
 ^* tween the two kings and their respeetifeASub- 
 *' jects in all parts of tbe worlds, as wdl in. £u- 
 5* rope as elsewhere. Upon this itwas) shown, 
 " that in contravention of this artidei '^ 
 '^ £nglish were trotted by the Spaoiaiida as 
 *' enemies^ wherever they were met in America, 
 " thougb sailing to and fcom ,their own^pkn- 
 *' tations, and insisted that satisfi^tion wa»< to 
 « be given in this, and a good fom^iation of 
 f' friendship laid in those parts for Ihe tfiiture^ 
 ** between thdur .respective suli»j€cts > (tthe^ E&g- 
 ** Ibh there beipg very considerable, and whose 
 
M^isT tmmi 
 
 191 
 
 <<8iif6ty'ltihdlnt<y«stthe'^v«Aiiiitot'*liey^ <^^ 
 
 « le pixM^ide fbr) eit'h\at tb^re could be ott Mttd 
 << ttoclllistiifg peaxse heWemU^ t#b stAttein 
 
 '♦'.Europe.'**'* JCiiyi-T. /iiaui'.>rj,.!tjij '^uiw .,t|*'jiij,y:rjl. ..< 
 
 < £; i ♦'.Thd secoiid^ diffi^rence" wfts tooihiiif the 
 ^' in^ulrieion, ftc— T<y thet^ two, Don Alonso 
 **'mM pleased to^ answer; that to ask a liberty 
 ''ifrom the mqmMm,taiA free sailing in the 
 " H^eti indieit^ misto atkhii master's two tyes; 
 "and* that ^w/AiMsg'cDiiAide done tir those pmt^s, 
 ** to^ according to the practices of former times, 
 w 'MThen it came into diibate, before Oliver 
 <* and liis council, with which of these crowns 
 ^<^f France or Spain) an alliance was to be ehosen. 
 *f<^li^r himself was for war with Spiun, at 
 ^'/Sto^ in the West Indiee, if satisfaction were 
 ^ mt gkenfor the past dank^, and things weU 
 *t^settkdfor thejkturei And mit^thecmncH 
 ^^ijemtthesmewOifr^'^ "■r-'--ru^ )fr.-^vimH- ?H) 
 "** WtGttt the ftusts and ledtal which I have thus 
 given^' it is apparent that the Spaniards not 
 only 'W«« the first aggresSore, but had pro- 
 celfidtkl> to thosci hostilities against the subjects 
 of Etigland; which are unjustifiable even in a 
 stttte of actual war ; and, although the outrages 
 cohi|)htitied ' of were such as the most insigni- 
 ficHaht state in the world would not have tamely 
 submittild to ftom the most powerful, yet did 
 Cromwell, in seeking redress, display his regard 
 
IIA 
 
 HISa^QR? Of 'BBE 
 
 mp Wiam^ by- hb -podemiaii anik letnper. He 
 demanded) it is true, reparatioD for paat ittjurleii 
 and aeourity agpiittt futme ; but be Moot 
 order reprisals to be made, until hb^deisiKid 
 Wfks iqjectedt and until he was plainfy told, tbat 
 Uie sanie hostile line of conduct which the 
 Spaniards bad Intberto pursued . towttds the 
 fingUah in Americii should be persiBted Inii^ 
 Now, as Blome well observes, on tbis-oceasliiff/ 
 *^Hi0r must needt bejustifiabkt when peace k mt 
 ^^aUawabkr - - w* *» 
 
 ,^>;, Jhe course of my work would mrtK bring 
 met' to a detail of ibe Protector*s measoves in 
 coDMquence of bis appeal to force ; the equips 
 meat of a powerfid armament its miscarriage 
 at Hispaniola, and success at Jamaica.; but of 
 all these transactions. « very accucat» And cir-> 
 cumstantial narrative has already beeii given in 
 the History of Jamaica by Mr. Long : to whose 
 account I cannot 1k^ to add perspicuity or 
 force. Referring the reader, therefore,: to? that 
 valuable work, for satisfoctory inforraatioit in 
 these particulars^ I sfaidl conclude this chapter 
 wit^ an account of the state of Jamaica, its inha- 
 bitants and productions^ as it was found by the 
 English forces on its capture in May- 1655; 
 observing only^ and I mention the circumstance 
 with a regret in which I am sure the reader 
 wiU participate, that Gage, who planned 
 
1^ WEST INWEa. 
 
 uo 
 
 5; 
 
 and emb«rke4 in the expedition, peiiiiMd 
 in It! 
 
 Tlie whole number of white inhabitsnts on 
 the island, including women and children, did 
 nol exceed fifteen hundred. Penn, in his 
 examination before the Protector's council, on 
 the l£th of September 1635, states them at 
 tweWe or fourteen hundred only, of whom hd 
 says about five hundred men were in arms when 
 the English landed. It is remarkable however 
 'J'«t Blome, who compiled a short account of 
 iumaica so early as 167S, avers that the town 
 of St. Jago de la Vega consisted of two thou> 
 sand houses, two churches, two chapels, and an 
 abbey. There r^usi therefore have happened 
 at some period a wonderful diminution in the 
 number of the white inh«ibitants, and thc^ ex- 
 pulsion of the Portuguese settlers, as related by 
 tins author, appears the more probable. Blome 
 perhaps hat given an exaggerated account of 
 the number of the houses; but sufficient evi- 
 dence remained, until within these few years, 
 of the buildings consecrated to divine woir- 
 sbip, particularly of the two churches and the 
 abbey. 
 
 Of the other principal settlements, the chief 
 appears to have been at Port Caguay, since 
 i:amed by the English Port Royal ; but though 
 it was next in consequence to St. J ugo, it was 
 probably nothing more than an inconsiderable 
 
 VOL. I. o 
 
 CkUO'. 
 0. 
 
m 
 
 HISTORY 08 THE 
 
 BOOK hamlety .MtabUshed iJME the purpose of somo 
 small tral&iQ with the ships bound from Hispa- 
 niola to the continentit Its subsequent rise and 
 exltensive prosperity, its deplorable wickedness 
 and fatal catastrophe, Are circumstances too well 
 knowi^ to be repeated.^ 
 
 To the westward of Caguay was the ^rt of 
 Bsquivel (Puerta de Esqui*''iUa) so called, I pre- 
 sume, ^^ honour of the governor of that name. 
 This port seems indeed to have been almost 
 deserted at the time of the conquest in 16.55, 
 the Spaniards giving the prefeience to Caguay ; 
 but it was resorted to by the galleons, as a 
 place of shelter during the hurricane months, 
 and from its ancient reputation, the £nglish 
 named it OUt Harbour. 
 
 From Old Harbour to Punto Negrillo, the 
 
 * The followiag tingulwr inicription i^pean on a 
 tomb-itoDe at OFsen Bay, a4ioining the Apostle* Battery, 
 near this town. 
 
 " DIEU sua TOUT. 
 
 *' Here lies the body of Lewis Galdy> Es(|. who de* 
 parted this life, at Fort Royal, the 83d December 1736, 
 aged eighty. He wi j bom at Montpellier« in France, but 
 left that oonntryloi his religion, and came to settle in this 
 is]n|id,.where he was swallowed up in the great earth- 
 quake, in the year 1<S9S, and by the providence of God, was 
 i^ another shock thrown into the sea, and miraculously 
 saved by swimming until a boat took him up. He lived 
 many years after, in great reputation, beloved by all who 
 knew him« and much lamented at his death." 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 IN 
 
 western poirtt of the island, the se&^coast was cmfs 
 chiefly a savanna, abounding in horned cattle; 
 but there does not appear to have been any 8et> 
 tlenftent' in all that great extent of country, 
 exi^ept a small hamlet called Oristan, of which 
 however the exact situation cannot now be 
 ascertained. 
 
 Returning eastward, to the north of Port 
 Ciiguay was the Hato de Liguany ; presenting 
 to th^ harbour an extensive plain or savanna, 
 covered with cedar and other excellent timber. 
 This pait of the country was also abundantly 
 stored with homed cattle and horses, which 
 ran wild in great numbers ; and the first em- 
 ployment of the English troops was hunting 
 and slaughtering the cattle, for the sake of the 
 hides and tallow, which soon became an article 
 of export. It was supposed by Sedgewicke, 
 that the soldiers had killed 20,000 in the course 
 of the first four months after their arrival ; and 
 as to horses, " they were in such plenty,** says 
 Goodson, *' that we accounted them the vermin 
 " rf the country"* 
 
 * " Colonel Barry's house all galleried round (now 
 called Cavaliers) was formeriy, when the Spaniards poa- 
 sessed the island, the only place in Liguany inhabited t • 
 rich widow had here a sugar-work, and abundanoe of 
 cattle in the savannas, near 40,000." (Sloane, toI. i. 
 Introd. p. ?3.)— The mountains of Liguany were sup- 
 posed also to contain ittines both of gold and Copper.' 
 
 o2 
 
in 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK Eaatwaid of Dguany was the Hato, by 
 vj.^^,^ some called Ayala, by others Yahi, and now 
 wrote YaUahi; a place, saith Venables, ** which 
 hath much commodity of planting or erect- 
 ing of sugar enghies of water, by reason of 
 two convenient rivers running through it lit 
 for that purpose." Next to Ayala. was the 
 Hato called Moranie. This Morante, saith 
 Venables, is a large and plentiful Hato» be- 
 ing four leagues in length, consisting of many 
 small savannas, and has wild cattle and hogs 
 in very great plenty, and ends at the Mine, 
 which is at the Cape or Point of Moiante 
 itself, by which toward the north is the port 
 Antonio." 
 
 Such is the account of Jamaica as trans- 
 mitted in General Venables's letter to Secretary 
 Thurloe, dated 13th June, 1655. The reader 
 will perceive thai no mention is made of Uie 
 northern side of the island ; which gives room 
 to conclude, as was undoubtedly the fact, that it 
 was one entire desert, from east to west, totally 
 uncultivated and uninhabited. 
 
 ' Of the inland parts, it appears from Sloane, 
 that Gua!:!iaboa was famous for its cacao-trees, 
 and the low lands of Clarendon for plantations 
 of tobacco. 
 
 Upon the whole, although the Spaniards had 
 possessed the island a century and a half, not 
 one hundredth part of the plantable land was 
 
4.WKST INDIES. 
 
 itr 
 
 in cultivatioii when the EngjKrii intde thtm^ out. 
 selves masters of it Yet Uw Spsossh settlers 
 had no sooner exterminatBd, in the manner we 
 have seen, the original propiielo^ '^«an they 
 had recourse) with their neighbours of Hispav 
 niola, to the introduction of daves from Africa. 
 We are told that the number of negroes i% 
 the island, at the time of its capture, nearly 
 equalled that of the Whites. It is not easy to 
 discover to what useful purpose the labour of 
 these Blacks was applied. The sloth lund pe>- 
 nury of the Spanish pfauatere, when the £n(^ish 
 landed, were extreme. Of the many valuable 
 commodities which Jamaica has ainoe pro^ 
 dttced in so great abundance, some were alto^ 
 gether unknown, and of the rest the inhabit^ 
 ants cultivated no more dwn were suffident 
 for their own etpenditure. Their principal 
 export, besides cacao^ consisted of hogVkrd 
 and hides. The sale of diese articles, and sop- 
 plying the fr w ships that touched at their ports 
 with provisions, in barter for Eoropean manu- 
 fiictures, constituted the whole of their com- 
 merce ; a commerce which the savages of Madar 
 gascar conduct with equal ability and success. 
 They possessed nothing of the elegiinoes of 
 life, nor were they acquainted even with 
 many of those gratifications wfaidi, in civilised 
 states, are considered as necessaiy to the oona^ 
 fort and convenience of it They were neither 
 
BOOK poliabed by aocU 
 
 OJ QQIIGUIOB ; oat pSMCQ lOUr OljB n glNMMBj 
 
 languor, cnfeebleil bj slolli, aad dap wm d bf 
 poverty. Having nt Uie mom imn but little or 
 no cdfeunction with £arop^ nor the m o m o of 
 ff tu M^fig their diildran tfaidier for wiwfitkwi (n 
 (BircMHirtMicft hMh hmbh nnvo mtrodooon nmonK 
 Hienit ifoni tune to tMn^ mmm po r tion of oivi- 
 lily and science) they bid been fat onnj yeui 
 in a state of progressive degmeracy, and woobl 
 probably in a short tine have eipielBd the gnilt 
 of their anccstofs^ by frDing victims themse l v es 
 to the vengeune of their sla v es . Time i n d wd . 
 had wrooglbt a vrooderfbl dange in the nnn- 
 nets and dispositions of all the Spanish Amsri- 
 cans. It must honcver be acknowleftged, that 
 if they possessed not the abilities of their ibre- 
 iadien, they were mwtained with their crimes. 
 If we find among them no traces of that enter- 
 prising genius, that un c o n que ra ble persever- 
 ance^ that contempt of toil, danger, and deadi, 
 which so wonde rf ully distingiiished the great 
 adventurers, who fiist explored and added a 
 new hemisphere to the Spanish dominion; we 
 must own at the same time^ that 'bey were 
 happily fiee fiom their goil^ ambition, their 
 femorseless fanaticism, and fipsntic cruelty. 
 But, whatever was their character, it is impos- 
 sible to justify the hard terms imposed by the 
 English commanders on the poor settlers in 
 
Jmmnm, io.raquiriiig ibeai lo Mint np 
 tlMTct and effects, end quit the eooatfy allP^ 
 gBtker. Tbey pleaded that they were honi up 
 the ishmd, and had neither ra|ataom» Ma^ 
 nor country elsewhere,. aqd tbey declare^ t^ 
 they were resolved to perish in the woodsy ra- 
 ther than beg their bread in a foreigp soiL 
 This was their final answer to the propositions 
 of VenaUes, the £iigMsh General, nor could 
 they be brought agun to enter into any trea^. 
 The renstance they afterwards made agsinst the 
 efforts of our troops to expel them from the 
 island, may furnish this important lesson to coo- 
 <|iierors — that even victory has its limits, and 
 thai injustice and tyranny frequently defeat 
 Iheir own purposes.* 
 
 t\i to 
 
 * The wtlelM of espltalatioti fint agreed oo, wUA 
 ouqr be seen in Buichet'f Naval Hietorjr, are Mfideady 
 liberaL By thcte all the inhabitanU (tome few tndM- 
 4aab excepted) had their live* and elseta granted tfMlB, 
 and penniMion to remain in the country } bat on the 4tk 
 of Jun^ Venabki informf th« Lord Protecto»« that the 
 inhabitants having brolicn their promiiee and engage- 
 meats* lie had seized the Governor and other chief per- 
 sons« and compelled them to subscribe new artides.^- 
 What those were he does not say^ It appean, howeviar, 
 that it Was stipnlated by one of them, thai the 8p«>aish 
 part of the inhabitants shonld leave the island ; «n4 >t 
 seeim probable that this measure was prmnoted by the 
 intoigues of the Portuguese} for, in a subseqvent letter, 
 Vcnables writes thus: "The Pbrtogneie we hope td 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
n. 
 
 HI8T0MPOFTHB 
 
 loft tkt SpMiltnb wt thiU i«0Mwe.v| 
 TMputiealira nlatad in the t«U« csonoerniDg Um cftct 
 of this detcnniiMtion on th« minds of those poor people, 
 •ra givea on the authority of a paper signal J. Banid, 
 dated Jaaude^ Sd of Jane* and praSenred among Thnrloe's 
 »j voL iii. p. 60*. 
 
 n, ^ 
 
 
 
 «k 
 
 
 ■; -\*» 
 
 *' 
 
 Kt 
 
ffisT nmnB. 
 
 ^ a 9 mU '%M^ 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 
 Pmxeik^t ^ tk^^ Emgliih m Jammoa ifitr af# 
 ctfturt^-^Ciiimd DOyUy dtdartd pred- 
 daii. — Disconttnii and mortality among the 
 am^» — Vigorotu exertkm of the Protector, 
 — Colonel Bra^ t^pomted comnumder in chitf. 
 — HiM'death.^^UOyky reastumet the gaoem- 
 ment, — D^eats the Spamih forces, which had 
 inoaded tne island from Cuba. — His wise and 
 stea^ administration, — Bucaniers. — CondU" 
 atisig conduct of Charles IL on his restoration, 
 —First estabUshment of a regular gooemment 
 in Jamaica, — Lord Wmdsor*s (^ointment, — 
 Rmfal proclamation, — American treaty in 1670 
 — Change of measures on the part of the crown, 
 — New constitution dedsed for Jamaica. — Earl 
 if Carlisle af^fointed chirf governor for thepur^ 
 pose of enforcing a new system, — Successful 
 apposition of the assenMf,-^Subsequent disputes 
 respecting the coi^irmatian of their laws, — Ter^ 
 nunated by the revenue act tf 1788. 
 
 m in. 
 
 After the capture, of the idand, until the re- 
 storation of Charles II. the English in Jamaica 
 remained under military jurisdiction. Crom- 
 well had nominated Winslow, Serle, and Butler, 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 m. 
 
UlfMAY QP f HE 
 
 U. 
 
 to act M commiMionerf with Penn and Vi 
 blesi intendingf I presume, to constitot« by Ibk 
 •mngement a council of state, whose autlKwitj 
 mig^t initigste the rigour of the law-martial; 
 but the two generals, with commissioner But- 
 ler, returning to England without lesvc, the 
 sole command of the army detolved on Migor 
 General Forlescue, and of the fleet on Admiral 
 Goodson. Nevertheless it was the intention of 
 Cromwell to have established a civil< govern- 
 ment in the island on very liberal principles. 
 Soon after he received the account of its cap- 
 ture, he issued a proclamation declaratory of 
 timt purpose, and on the return to England of 
 Commissioner Butler, he sent over Major Sedge- 
 wicke to supply his place. Sedgewicke arrived 
 in Jamaica in October, but Winslow and Searle 
 having in the mean time fallen victims t<>'tbe 
 climate, he was unwilling to act under the Pro- 
 tector's commission without further assistance. 
 An instrument of government was thereupon 
 framed, and subscribed, on the eighth of October 
 I655t by Sedgewicke and the principal ofllicers, 
 who thereby constituted themselves a supreme 
 executive council for managing the general 
 affairs of the island ; of which Fortescue was 
 declared president, and be dying soon- after- 
 wards. Colonel Edward D*Oyley, the nexfrcih 
 command, was chosep to preside in his room. 
 But the situation of the trooi!>s lequired martial 
 
«os 
 
 •nty, and strict diacipKne; lor the ditposMMed chap. 
 Spaniards and fugitive negroas continued to 
 harass the soldiers with perpetual alarms. Men 
 were daily killed by enemies in ambush. The 
 Spanish blacks had separated themselves from 
 their lale masters, and murdered, without mercy, 
 such ■ of the English as rambling about the 
 conntry fell into their hands. They were even 
 so audacious as to venture by nig >t to attack 
 the Englisli troops in their quarters, and to set 
 fire to some of the houses in which they were 
 lodged, in the town of St Jago de la Viga, the 
 capital. 
 
 But the Protector was determined to main- 
 tain his conquest, and seemed anxiously bent on 
 peopling the island. While recruits wero rab- 
 ing in England, he directed the governors of 
 Barbadoes, and the other British colonies to 
 windward (which at that time were exceed- 
 ingly populous) to encourage some of their 
 planters to remove to Jamaick; on the assurance 
 of their having lands assigned there. He dis- 
 patched an agent to New England Ow a similar 
 errand, as well as to er.^ge the people of the 
 northern provinces to furnish provisions to the 
 newly-acquired territory. He gave instructions 
 to his son Henry Cromwell, who was Major 
 General of the forces in Ireland, to engage two 
 or three thousand young persons of both sexes 
 from thence^ to become settlers in Jamaica ; 
 
fiO* 
 
 HlfiTOEY OF nlB 
 
 BOOK and be corresponded with the Lord BroghiU, who 
 \^r^^ commanded at Edinburgh, on the best means of 
 inducing as great a number to emigrate ^-^r the 
 same purpose from Scotland. 
 K In the mean while the old soldiers within the 
 island disliking their situation, and conceivings 
 from the preparaUons of the government at hoPie, 
 that the Protector had thoughts of confining 
 them to Jamaica for Ufe, became dissatisfied 
 and seditious^ Other causes indeed concurred 
 to awaken among them such a spirit of discoi*-* 
 tent as approached nearly to mutiny. Having 
 at first found in the country cattle and swine in 
 great abundance, they had destroyed them with 
 such improvidence and wantonness of profu^ 
 sion, as to occasion a scarcity of firesh provi- 
 sions in a place which had b^ij represented as 
 abounding in the highest ^legree. The chi^ 
 commanders apprehending this event, and find* 
 ing that the bread and flour which arrived firom 
 England were oftentimes spoilt by the length 
 of the voyage and the heat of the climate, had 
 urged the soldiers, with great earnestness, to 
 cultivate the soil, and raise, by their own in-> 
 dustry, Indian corn, pulse, and cassavi sufficient 
 for their maintenance. They endeavoured to 
 make them sensible that supplies fi'om England 
 must nect^ssarily be casual and uncertain ; and, 
 persuasion foiling, they would have compelled 
 them by force to plant the ground ; but the 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 to& 
 
 subaltern officers concurred with the piivste 
 men, absolutely roTusing to contribute in the 
 smallest degree to their own preservation by the 
 means recommended. They were possessed of 
 a passionate lonf^ng to return to England, and 
 fondly imagined that the continual great ex* 
 ponce of maintaining so large a body of troops 
 at so great a distance, would induce the Protect 
 lor to relinquish his conquest. They even rooted 
 up the provisions which had been planted and 
 left by the Spaniards. " Our soldiers,* writes 
 Sedgewicke, " have destroyed all sorts of provi^ 
 sions and cattle. Nothing but ruin attends them 
 wheresoever they go. Dig or plant they nd- 
 ther will nor can, but are determined rather to 
 starve than work." A scarcity, approaching 
 to a fkmine, was at length the consequence of 
 such misconduct, and it was accompanied with 
 its usual attendants, disease and contagion. 
 Perhaps there are but few descriptions in his- 
 tory wherein a greater variety of horrors are 
 accumulated than in the letters addressed on 
 this occasion by Sedgewicke and the other prin- 
 cipal officers, to the government at home, which 
 are preserved among Thurloe's state papers. 
 Such was the want of food, that snakes, lizards, 
 (^nd other vermin, were eagerly eaten, together 
 with unripe fruits and noxious vegetables. This 
 unwholesome diet concurred with other circum- 
 stances to produce an epidemic dysentery, which 
 
 in. 
 
908 
 
 HISTORY OF THB 
 
 BOOK. 
 
 raged like the plagues For a considerable 
 time 140 men died weeicly, and Sedgeiricke 
 Iiifloself at length perished in the general car* 
 nage. 
 
 The Protector, as soon as he had received 
 information of the distracted and calamitous 
 state of the colony, exerted himself, with his 
 usual vigour, to affi>rd it relief. Provisions and 
 necessaries of all kinds were shipped without 
 delay; and Cromwell, distrustful it is said of 
 D'Oyley*s attachment, superseded him by grant- 
 ing a con^mission of commander in chief of Ja- 
 maica, to Colonel Brayne, governor of Lochabar 
 in Scotland. This gentleman, with a fleet of 
 transports, and a reinforcement of one thousand 
 recruits, sailed from Port Patrick, the beginning 
 of Octoiier 1656, and arrived at Jamuca, in 
 December following. Colonel Humphreys with 
 his regiment, consisting of 830 men, had landed, 
 some time before, from England ; and Stokes, 
 governor of Nevis, with 1,500 persons collected 
 in the Windward Islands, had reached Jamaica, 
 and begun an estabhsbment near to the Port of 
 Morant, where some of Stokes's descendants, of 
 the same name, possess at this day considerable 
 property. Another regiment, commanded by 
 Colonel Moore, arrived in the beginning of 1657 
 from Ireland, and tome industrious planters fol- 
 lowed soon after wrrds from New England and 
 Bermudas. 
 
WEST INBIBS. 
 
 «07 
 
 Bmyiie*8 first accounts are very disc^iiragh^. dtiffip. 
 He complains that he found* all things iii the ut- 
 most confusion; that violent animosities mb^ 
 sisted among the troops; and, above all, that 
 there was a great want of men cordial to the 
 business ; such is his expression. He desires a 
 remittknce of 5,000/. to enable him to erect for- 
 tifications, and a further supply of provisions for 
 six months; strenuously recommending, at the 
 same time, a general liberty of trade between the 
 island and all nations in amity with England; 
 an indulgence which he thinks would speedily 
 encourage planters enough to settle in and im- 
 prove the country. 
 
 But Brayne, though a man of sagacity and 
 penetration, wanted firmness and fortitude. 
 The troops still continued unhealthy, and sick- 
 ness spreading rapidly among the new comers, 
 Brayne, alarmed for his own safety, became as 
 little cordial to the business of settling as the 
 rest 'He prayed most earnestly for permission 
 to return to England. In the mean while, by 
 way (as he writes) of precaution against a 
 fever, he weakened himself to a great degree 
 by copious blood-letting; a practice which 
 probably proved fatal to him ; for he died at 
 the end of ten months after his arrival. A few 
 days before his death, finding himself in im- 
 minent danger, he sent to D'Oyley, and for- 
 
JMI8 
 BOOR 
 
 n. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 mally tnuisferred bis authority to that officer. 
 D*^y1ey happily possessed all those qualifica- 
 tic'qs in which Brayne was deficient; yet he 
 ( tet^A on his charge with reluctance; for 
 having already been rou^ly superseded by the 
 Protector, he expected perhaps such another 
 dismission. In the letters which he addressed 
 to Cromwell and Fleetwood, on the event of 
 Brayne*s decease, he expresses himself with 
 propriety and dignity " Your highness,*' he 
 observes to Cromwell, " is not to be told how 
 difficult it is to command an army without 
 pay, and I tremble to think of the discontents 
 I am to stru^le withal, until the return of 
 your commands; thougti I bless God I have 
 the affection of the people here, beyond any 
 that ever yet commanded them; and a spirit 
 of my own not to sink under the weight of 
 unreasonable discontents." To Fleetwood he 
 writes, ** I would have refused to accept of 
 this command, if I could have quitt!3d with 
 honour and faithfulness to my country; but 
 1 am now resolved to go through, until I re- 
 ceive further orders from his highness, or a 
 discharge from him, which I humbly desire 
 your lordship to effect for me. Honours 
 and riches are not the things I aim at. I 
 bless God I have a soul much above them. 
 Pray, my lord, decline your greatness, and com- 
 
WEST iNDmS. 
 
 too 
 
 mand your secretary to give me an answer; for ohap. 
 if I were disrobed of aU my titles of honour and ^^^/w 
 great command, yet you know that I am a gen- 
 tleman, and a faithful friend to my country.'* 
 
 It was fortunate for his country that his re* 
 signation was not accepted, and that the Pro» 
 tector, sensible at length of the ability and me- 
 rit of this brave man, confirmed him in his com-^' 
 mand. To the exertions of D'Oyley, seconded 
 and supported by the affection which his sol- 
 diers, under all their difficulties and distresses^ 
 manifested on every occasion towards him^ we 
 owe at this day the possession of Jamaica ; the 
 recapture whereof by the Spaniards, towards 
 die end of the year 1637, became to them an 
 object of great national concern. Its defence- 
 less statCj the dissatisfaction of tlie English 
 troops, and the exertions making by Cromwell 
 to afford them relief, as well as to augment 
 their numbers^ led the governor of Cuba to be" 
 lieve» that the juncture was then arrived for 
 retrieving the honour of his country, by the 
 restoration of this island to its dominion. flav> 
 ing communicated to the viceroy of Mexico a 
 scheme built on this idea, and received the sanc- 
 tion and support of that officer, he made pre- 
 parations for a formidable invasion^ and ap- 
 pointed Don Christopher Sasi Arnoldo, who 
 had been governor of Jamaica at the time of 
 
 VOL. 1. P 
 
HISTORY OF THB 
 
 BOOK 
 
 n. 
 
 its cApture^ to take the conduct, and Oi^mirjiaQd of 
 the entcrprize. 
 
 Oq tiie eighth of May 165 8^ lb' ty romp^A • 
 nies of Spanish infantry knded at Rio Nuevo, a 
 small harbour on the north side of the island. 
 They were provided with provisions for eight 
 months, with ordnance and ammunition of all 
 kinds, and they brought eng^ueer^ and arUficere 
 for erecting extensive fortificatioas. Twelve 
 days hid elapsed before D*Oyley knew of their 
 landing, and six weeks more intervened by the 
 tinie that he was able to approach them by sea. 
 During this interval, the Spaniards had estab^ 
 lished themselves in great force ; but D*Oyley 
 at length reaching Rio Nuevo, with seven hun- 
 dred and fifty of his best disciplined soldiers, 
 attacked them in their entrenchments ; carried 
 by assault a strong fortress which they had 
 erected on an eminence over the harbour ; and 
 compelled the late unfortunate governor to get 
 back as he could to Cuba, after the loss of all 
 his stores, ordnance, ammunition and colours, 
 and of one half the forces which he had brought 
 with him. Few victories have been more de- 
 cisive ,- nor does history furnish many instances 
 of greater military skill and intrepidity, than 
 those which were displayed by the English on 
 this occasion. 
 
 After sc signal a defeat, the Spaniards made 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 Sll 
 
 BO effort of oonaeqiienoe to rsclaiin Jamaica. 
 A party of the andent Spaniah inhabitants, how- 
 ever, 8tiU lurked in the woods, and Sasi, their 
 governor, had retiimed to share their fortunes ; 
 but a body of their iqgitive negroes having sur- 
 rendered to 0'Oyliey on the promise of freedom, 
 these wretches iiiformed him where their lata 
 masters were sheltered ; and joined some troops 
 that were sent in pursuit of them ; thus the poor 
 Spaniards were entirely routed, and the few that 
 survived, by escaping to Cuba, took their last 
 ferewel oi a country, on their fond attachment 
 to which, it is not possible to reflect without 
 emotions of pity. 
 
 By the wise, steady and provident adminis- 
 tration of D'Oyley, the aflbirs of the island 
 began at lengdi to wear a more promising as- 
 pect. The army was now become tolerably 
 healthy. Some sucoessfol eflforts in raising In- 
 dian com, cassavi, toblitooo, and cacao, had 
 g^ven encouragement to a s|»rit of planting. 
 The arrival of several merehant ships, for the 
 purpose of traffic^ contributed still fortlier to 
 the promotion of indus^, and, on the whole;, 
 the dawn of foture prosperity b^an to be 
 visible. 
 
 But, as hath been truly observed by a 
 well-informed author,* cothing contributed so 
 
 ni. 
 
 * Surapean SetUemaitB. 
 
 p2 
 
tit 
 
 HHIORTQPTHK 
 
 BOOK 
 IL 
 
 much to the a et li e ui c nt and opulenoe of this 
 
 Islfkiid in early tiiM% as the resort to it of tfaoae 
 
 men called Bocanien; the wealth whidi they 
 
 acqaiied having been speedily t raiiafcif e d to 
 
 people whose indostry was employed in cdti- 
 
 ^ration or cocnneroe. Of thai sioipilar aasod- 
 
 ation of advcntnren it were to he wished that 
 
 a more aoGarate aoooont ooaU be obtained than 
 
 ka hitherto been gjhren : I will jost obaerve in 
 
 thb place, that such of them as beloBged to 
 
 Jamaica were not those piiatiGal plonderen 
 
 and public robbers whidi thqr »e commonly 
 
 represented. A Spanish war, commenced on 
 
 the jnstest ground on the part of the Eai^aA, 
 
 sliU prevailing in the West Indies, they were 
 
 fiirmshed with regular letters of marqiiB and 
 
 reprisal. After the restnratiQQ of Chailes II. 
 
 the king ordered that they should receive every 
 
 encouragement and prolectiou; nor, if we 
 
 may believe Sir William Becston,* did his 
 
 mijesty disdain to become a partner in the 
 
 bucaniering expeditions. It is indeed related, 
 
 that he contmued to exact sad receive a share 
 
 of the booty, even after he had publicly issued 
 
 orders ibr the suppftaaon of tfiis species of 1k»- 
 
 tiUty.t 
 
 •MS-Joaraalj 
 
 t Tlie &«oiir ezteMled liy tlie kipg to HcBiy Morgan, 
 tbeaMMtcelebntcdoftittEii^islilMMniaa!,(manB in- 
 deed of an dttated wSaA and iaviacaik tatmgt) aroee 
 
WEST 1ND1B8. 
 
 S13 
 
 People of all professions, and from all parts 
 ol the British empirei now resorted to Jamaica. 
 The confusions which ovenpeead En^and after 
 the death of Cromwell, impelled many to seek 
 for safety and quiet in the plantations. Some 
 of those men who had distinguished themselves 
 by their activity, in bringing their unhappy mo- 
 narch to the scaffold, considered this island as a 
 sure plaoe of refuge. Foreseeing, from the tem- 
 per which began to prevail amongst all ranks of 
 people in England, especially towards the begin- 
 ning of the year I660, that the nation was united 
 in its wishes for the re>establishment of the an- 
 cient frame of government, tiiey hoped to find 
 that safety in a colony composed of Cromwell's 
 adherents^ which they were apprehensive .would 
 thortty be denied tiiem al home.^ 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 m. 
 
 we 
 
 his 
 
 the 
 
 Lted, 
 
 share 
 
 isoed 
 
 ho»- 
 
 doabtleai* in • gnat measure, from the gtod Mw d entan A* 
 tug tiMit pverdled between them in the copwrtnenhip that 
 I hKn mentioned. . When the Sari of Carlisle retwned 
 ftom Jamaica, Morgan was qipolnted deputy-governor 
 and Uentenant-genaral in lus absence} and, proceeding 
 lumself, at a subsequent period, to England, he was re- 
 ceived very graciously, and had the honour of knighthood 
 oonfdrred on him by his sovereign. I hope, therefore, and 
 have good reason to believe, that all or most of the heavy 
 accusations which have been brought against this gallant 
 commander, of outrageous cruelty towards his Spanish 
 captives, had no foundation in truth. 
 
 * Some of those men who had sat asjudges at the trial 
 of Charles I. are said to have become peaceabte leCUeis 
 
fl4 
 
 HISTORT OF tHB 
 
 HOOK 
 
 But although men of this stamp were silently 
 permitiM to fix themseWes in the iiAand, the ge- 
 neral body both of the army and people cao^t 
 the retiving flame of loyalty, and sincerely par- 
 ticipated in the national triumph on the king's 
 return. The restored monainch, on his part, not 
 onfy overlooked their past transgresstons, but 
 pmdeatly forbore also to awaken their jeateosyj 
 by inquiring after any of those obnoxious eha- 
 raclers to whom they had afforded protection. 
 To conciliate the affections of the colonists, 
 whose valour had annexed so important an ap- 
 pendage to his dominions, the king even confirm- 
 ed their favourite general in his command ; ap- 
 
 k«t^ and to have naiaiatd after the Hcatoratttm muko- 
 tioed and unmolested. Waite and Blagrave are rei#ened 
 of the nnmber« and General Harrison was earnestly pres- 
 sed to follow their example ; but, suitably to his character, 
 he gloried in the ignominioos death that awaited him. 
 Ailer hia execution, his children fixed thdr fbrtttote in 
 Hds island, where some of his descendants, in tlw flenale 
 line, are still liring, in good credit, in the parisbof St. 
 Andrew. It is reported also, that the remains of Presi- 
 dent Bradshaw were interred in Jamaica} and I observe 
 in a splendid book, entitled Ifsmoirt of T^omat HoUitt an 
 epitaph which is sdd to hare been inscribed on the Prtsi- 
 dent's grave } but it fo to my own knowledge, a modem 
 oMttpoeition. President Bradshaw died in London, in 
 NoTcmber 1669, and had a magnificent funeral in West- 
 minster Abbey. A son ot Scott, the Regicide, fixed him- 
 sdf in this island, and settled the fdantation called Y S in 
 St. BUzabeCh. 
 
WEST 1N0I88, 
 
 «lft 
 
 pomtiog D'Oyley, by a comminioD which hore obap. 
 dale the thirteenth of February 1661, chief go- 
 vernor of the island. He was ordered, at the same 
 time, to release the army from military subordi- 
 nation, to erect courts of judicature, and, with 
 the advice of a council tc be elected hy the mhabit' 
 atitt, to pass laws suitable to the exigencies of the 
 colony. 
 
 This memorable appointment of General 
 D'Oyley, with a council elected by the people, 
 may be considered as the^rst establishment of a 
 regular civil government in Jamaica, after the 
 English had become masters of it ; but, in order 
 to create full conBdence of security in the minds 
 of the inhabitants, further measures were neces- 
 sary on the part of the sovereign ; and they were 
 readily adopted. D'Oyley desiring to be recalled, 
 the Lord Windsor was nominated in his room, 
 and directed to publish, on his arrival, a royal and 
 g^racious proclamation, wherein, for the purpose 
 of encouraging the settlement of the country, al^ 
 lotments of land were offered under such terms a'i 
 were usual in other plantations, with such fiuther 
 convenient and suitable privileges and immuni- 
 ties, 18 the grantees should reasonably require. 
 The proclamation then proceeds in the words 
 following: — ** And we do further publish and 
 '* declare, that all the children of our natural- 
 " bom subjects of England, to be bom in Ja- 
 
 C( 
 
 maica, SHALL, PROM THBIR BB8PBCTIVB BIBTHt, 
 
tl6 
 
 UIMOEY Of TUB 
 
 BOOK 
 
 u 
 
 BE mirUTIO TO BB, AND lUALL BB, FBBB 0B« 
 « NIBBNS or BNOLAND, AVID •>!» MAYB TUB 
 <'fAMB rBlVILBOBI, TO ALL INTBNTl AND FUR* 
 ** POSES, AS OUR VREE-BOEM SUBJECTS Of BMO- 
 
 ** LANP) Bnd that all free persons shall have 
 'Mibcirty, without Interruption, to transport 
 ** themselves and their families, and any of their 
 ** goods, (except only coin and bullion) .from 
 *' any of our dominions and territories to 
 ** the said island of Jamaica, Itc.*"— These 
 
 5. 
 
 * As the reader nmy be detlrons of leeiog this proclama- 
 tion at huge, it if here Inserted verbatim. 
 
 " Deeima SepHm^ Part Pattntium de Anno Regni Regit 
 C'aroli Seeimdi Tertio dmmo. Car. Hi. ISHo. 
 
 A PRQCLAMACON, /or the eneouraging ofPlantertin 
 hit Mqjetty't itland of Jamaica in the West Indies. 
 
 Wee being fully satisfied that our island of Jamaica, 
 being a pleasant and most fertile soyle, and scituate como- 
 diously Ibr trade and commerce, is likely, through God's 
 blessing, to bee a greate benefitt and adrantage to this, and 
 other our kingdomes and dominions, have thought fitt, 
 for encourageing of our sulgects, as well such as are al- 
 ready upon (be said island, as all otLers that shall trans- 
 port themselves thither, and reside and plant there, to de- 
 clare, and publish, and wee doe hereby declare and publish, 
 that thirtie acres of improveable lands shall bee granted 
 and allotted, to every such person, male or female, being 
 twelTe years old, or upwards, who now resides, or within 
 two years next ensuing, shall reside upon the said 
 island, and that the same shall bee assigned and 
 sett out by the governor and councell, within six 
 weekes wifX after notice shall bee given, in writing sub-< 
 
I WB8T INDUES. 
 
 •IT 
 
 important declarttkMM have always been justly chap. 
 considered, by the inhabitants of Jamaica, as a ^^.'^f 
 solemn recognition and confirmation by the 
 crown, of those rights which are inherent in, 
 and unalienable from, the person of a subject 
 
 ierilMd hf toch planter or planten, or some of them in be- 
 ludfe of the rest, to the governor or such ofScer m hee 
 ihall appoint in that behalfc, lignifying their rcsolutiona 
 to plant there, and when they intend to bee on the place > 
 and in caie thejr doe not goe thlther« within six months 
 then next ensuing, the said allotment shall bee void, and 
 free to bee assigned to any other planter, and that every 
 person and persons to whom snch assignment shall bee 
 made, shall hold and eiuoy the said lands, soe to bee as- 
 signed, and all houses, edifices, buildings and enclosures 
 thereupon to bee built or maHe, to them and their heirs 
 for ever, by and under such tehures as is usual in other 
 plantations iutgect to us. Neverthelesse they are to bee 
 obliged to serve in armies upon any insurrection, mutiny, 
 orfbrraine Invasion, and that the said assignments and'al- 
 lotmente shall bee made and confirmed under the publique 
 scale of the said island, with power to create any manner 
 or nannors, and with such convenient and suitable privi- 
 ledges and imunities as the grantee shall reasonably desire 
 and require, and a draught of such assignment shall bee 
 prepared by our learned councell in the lawe, and deli- 
 vered to the governor to that purpose, and that ali fish- 
 ings and pischaries, and all copper, lead, tin, iron, coales 
 and all other mines (except gold and silver) within such 
 respective allotments shall bee enjoyed by the grantees 
 thereof, reserving only a twentieth part of the product of 
 the said mines to our use. And wee doe further publibh 
 and declare, that all children of any of our naturall-borne 
 sulgecte of EntgUmd, to bee borne in Jamaica, shall from 
 
 I 
 
Si0 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 II. 
 
 of England, and of which, so long aa he pre* 
 serves his allegiance, emigi'ation for the benefit 
 of the state cannot, and surely ought not, to 
 divest him. Pursuant to, and in the spirit of 
 the proclamation, the governor was instructed 
 to call an assembly, to be indifit'erently chosen 
 by the people at large, that they might pass 
 laws for their own internal regulation and go- 
 vernment; a privilege, which being enjoyed by 
 such of their fellow subjects as remained within 
 the realm, it is presumed they had an undoubted 
 right to exercise, with this limitation only, that 
 
 their respective births, bee reputed to bee« and shall bee, 
 free Denizens of England; and shall have the same privi< 
 ledges, to all intents and purposes, as our free-borne sub- 
 jects of England, and that all free persons shall have liber- 
 tie without interruption, to transport themselves, and their 
 families and any their goods (except onley coyne and bul- 
 lion) from any our dominions and territories to the said 
 island of Jamaica. And wee doe strictly charge and com- 
 mand all planters, soldiers and others, upon the said 
 island, to yield obedience to the lawftill commands of our 
 right trusty and welbeloved Thomas Lord Winder, now 
 our governor of our said island, and to every other go- 
 vernor thereof for the tyme being, under paine of our dis- 
 pleasure and such penalties as may bee inflicted thereupon. 
 Given at our courte a< Whitehall, the fourteenth day of 
 December. P*. ipm*. Regem. 
 
 This is a true copy of the original record remaining in the 
 Cheqtple of the Rolls, honing been examined by me 
 
 Henry Rooke, CF. of the Rolls. 
 VERA'COPIA. 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 «ii 
 
 the laws which they should pass, were not sub- 
 vershre of their dependance on the parent state.* 
 To these several testimonies of royal justice 
 and fisvour towards the new colonists, may be 
 added the addituHml security obtained for them 
 by the American treaty, concluded and signed 
 at Madrid in the month of June 1670. For, 
 after the restoration, doubts were raised by the 
 partisans of royalty, whether, as the elevation 
 of Cromwell was adjudged an usurpation, the 
 conquests which had been made undor the 
 sanction of his authority, could be rightfully 
 maintained by a kingly government? Althou^ 
 nothing could well be more futile than these 
 suggestions, it was nevertheless thought neces- 
 sary to guard against the conclusions which 
 Spain might deduce from them. This precau- 
 tion partly gave rise to the seventh article of 
 the treaty above referred to, which is conceived 
 in the words following, viz. " The King of 
 ** Great Britain, his heirs and successors, shall 
 '* have, hold and possess, for ever, with full 
 " right of sovereign dominion, property and 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 m. 
 
 * HisM^jeaty was likewise pleased to favour the island 
 with a broad seal with the following arms, Tiz. a cross 
 gulet charged with five pine-apples in a field argent } sup- 
 porter*, two Indians plum'd and condaled ; crest, an alli- 
 gator vivant. The inscription in the orb, 
 
 Ecce aliam Ramos porrexit In orbem 
 Nee sterilis est crux. 
 
no 
 
 UISTORT OF THE 
 
 BOOK ** possession, all lands, countries, klands, cdo- 
 wv'w ** nies and dominions whatever, situated in the 
 " West Indies, or any part of America, which 
 " the said King of Great Britain and his sub- 
 " jects, do, at this present, hold and possess; 
 " so that in regard thereof, or upon any co- 
 " lour or pretence whatever, nothing may or 
 " ou^t ever to be urged, nor any question or 
 *' controversy moved concerning the same here- 
 « after."* 
 
 Hitherto, it must be admitted that the sof6- 
 reign authority was prc^erly exerted in defence 
 of the just rights of the crown, and in securing 
 to its distant subjects the enjoyment of their 
 possessions ; but unhappily Charles II. had nei- 
 ther steadiness nor integrity. About the period 
 of tlie American treaty, a scheme having been 
 formed by him, or his ministry, for subverting 
 the liberties ot ihe people at home, it is the less 
 wonderful, that the privileges enjoyed by the 
 colonists abroad, should have been regarded by 
 the king with a jealousy, which, increasing with 
 the increase of their .numbers, broke out at 
 length into acts of open hostility and violence 
 towards them. 
 
 * From this recital may be seen the folly of the very 
 prevalent notion, that the sovereigns of Spain, or some of 
 their subjects, still keep up preteusions to Jamaica, or 
 daim property therein, as not liaving been formally coded 
 to the crown of England. 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 991 
 
 In the beginning of 1678, the storm fell on chap. 
 Jamaica. A new system of legislation was 
 adopted for this island, founded nearly on the 
 model of the Irish constitution under Poynings's 
 act; and the Earl of Carlisle was appointed 
 chief governor for the purpose of enforcing it. 
 A body of laws was prepared by the privy 
 council of England, among the rest a bill for 
 settling a perpetual revenue on the crown, 
 which his Lordship was directed to offer to the 
 assembly, requiring them to adopt the whole 
 code, without amendment or alteration. In 
 future the heads of all bills (money bills ex- 
 cepted) were to be suggested in the first in- 
 stance by the governor and council, and trans- 
 mitted to his majesty to be approved or rejected 
 at home; on obtaining the royal c rfirmation, 
 they were to be returned under the great seal 
 in the shape of laws, and passed by the general 
 assembly; which was to be convened for no 
 other purpose than that, and the business of 
 voting the usual supplies ; unless in consequence 
 of special orders from England. 
 
 If we reflect only on the distance of Jamaica 
 from Great Britain, we may pronotmce, with- 
 out hesitation, that it was impossible for the 
 colony to exist under such a constitution and 
 system of government. What misconduct on 
 tlie part of the iniiabitants, or what secret ex- 
 

 BOOK 
 U. 
 
 HISIORY OF THE 
 
 pectation on the part of the crown, origiQally 
 g^ve birth to this project, it is now difficult to 
 determine The most probable opinion is thi8.»-t 
 In the year 1665, the assembly of Barbadoes 
 were prevailed on, by very unjustifiable means, 
 as will hereafter be shewn, to grant an internal 
 revenue to the crown, of 4| per cent, on the 
 gross exported produce of that island for ever. 
 It is not unlikely that the steady refusal of the 
 Jamaica planters to burthen ther^selves and 
 their posterity with a similar imposition, ex- 
 citing the resentment of the king, first suggest- 
 ed the idea of depriving them of those consti- 
 tutional franchises which alone could give se- 
 curity and value to their possessions. Happily 
 for the present inhabitants, neither secret in- 
 trigue nor undisguised violence were successful. 
 Their gallant ancestors transmitted to their 
 posterity their estates unincumbered with such 
 a tax, and their political rights unimpaired by 
 the system of government attempted to be 
 forced on them. " The assembly," says Mr. 
 Long, " rejected the new constitution with in- 
 dignation. No threats could frighten, no 
 bribes could corrupt, nor arts nor arguments 
 persuade them to consent to laws that would 
 enslave their posterity." Let me add, as a tri- 
 bute of just acknowledgment to the noble ef- 
 forts of this gentleman's great ancestor. Colonel 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 m 
 
 Long, UiAt it was to hinif Jamaica was princi- 
 pally indebted for its deliverance. As chiet 
 judge of the island, and member of the council, 
 he exerted, on this important occasion, the 
 powers with which he was invested, with such 
 ability and fortitude, in defence of the people, 
 as to baffle and finally overpower every effort 
 to enslave them. The governor, after dismiss- 
 ing him from the posts which he had filled with 
 such honour to himself, and advantage to the 
 public, conveyed him a state prisoner to Eng- 
 land. These despotic measures were ultimately 
 productive of good. Colonel Long, being heard 
 before the king and privy council, pointed out 
 with such force of argument, the evil tendency 
 of the measures which had been pursued, that 
 the English ministry reluctantly submitted. The 
 assemUy had their deliberative powers restored 
 to them, and Sir Thomas Lynch, who had 
 presided in the island as lieutenant-governor 
 from 1670 to 1674, very much to the satis- 
 faction of the inhabitants, was appointed cap- 
 tain-general and chief governor in the room of 
 Lord Carlisle.* 
 
 CHAP. 
 UL 
 
 * i have subjoined^ as an appendix to this book, " aa 
 historical Account of the Constitution of Jamaica/' where- 
 in the particnlars of Lord Carlisle's administration are de- 
 tailed at large.— This historical account is now published 
 for the first time, wmI cannot fail of proving extremely 
 acceptable to the reader. 
 
144 
 
 BOOK 
 
 B'^ 
 
 &i«|l 
 
 k-m 
 
 m$tGRy OF niE 
 
 It might have been hoped that all possible 
 cause of future contest with the crown on the 
 question of political rights, was now happily 
 obviated; but the event proved that this ex- 
 pectation was fallacious. Although the assem- 
 bly had recovered the inestimable privilege of 
 framing such laws for their internal government 
 as their exigencies might require, of which 
 doubtless themselves alone were competent to 
 Judge, and although it was not alleged that 
 the laws which they had passed, as well before, 
 as after the re-establishment of their rights, 
 were repugnant to those of the mother-country, 
 yet the royal confirmation of a great part of 
 them had been constantly refused, and still 
 continued to be withheld. It was indeed ad- 
 mitted, that the English who captured tlic 
 island, carried with them as their birth-right, 
 the law of England as it then stood ; but much 
 of the English law was inapplicable to the si^ 
 tuation and condition of the new cobnists ; 
 snd it was contended that they had no right tp 
 &uy statute of the British parliament, which 
 had passed subsequent to their emigration, un- 
 less its provisions were specially extended to 
 the colony by name. The courts of judicature 
 within the island, had however, from necessity, 
 admitted many such statutes to be pleaded, and 
 grounded several judgments and important dc" 
 terminations upon them ; and the assembly had 
 
 «S; 
 
W£ST INDIES. 
 
 'T 
 
 S95 
 
 passed bills adopting revend of die Eo^h chap. - 
 statutes which did not othenviae bind the island ; w^,/^ 
 but several of those bills, when sent home for 
 the royal confirmation, and those judgments 
 and determinations of the courts of law, when 
 brought by appeal before the king and coun- 
 cil, though not disallowed, remained uncon- 
 firmed ; and in this unsettled state the affairs of 
 Jamaica were suffered to remain for the space of 
 fifty years. 
 
 The true cause of such inflexibility on the 
 part of the crown, was no other than the 
 old story of revenue. For the purpose, as it 
 was pretended, of defraying the expence of 
 erecting and repairing fortifications, and for 
 answering some other public contingencies, the 
 ramisters of Charles II. had procured, as hath 
 been related, from the assembly of Barbadoes, 
 and indeed fiOm most of the other British West ' 
 Indian colonies, th^ grant of a perpetual inter- 
 nal revenue. The refusal of Jamaica to con- 
 sent to a similar establishment ; the punishment 
 provided for her contumacy, and the means of 
 her deliverance, have already been stated ; 
 but it was found that the lenity of the crown 
 in relinquishing the system of compulsion, 
 was expected to produce that effect which ty- 
 ranny had failed to accomplish. The English 
 government claimed a return from the people 
 
 VOL. r. 
 
 to 9! J. Q 
 
 ■'xni 
 
SKI 
 
 HISTOBY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 
 a 
 
 of Jamiica, for btviog diopi mi oppnssive and 
 pernicioiis project, as if it had actwlly ooo- 
 forred upon them a positive and permanent 
 benefit; a claim in which all the British mi- 
 nisters, from the restoration of King Charles, 
 to the rei^ of George II. vuj cordially oon- 
 cunred. 
 
 The assembly however remained nneon- 
 viDoed. Among other objections they pleaded 
 that the money granted by the Island of Barba- 
 does was notoiioasly appropriated to pmposes 
 widely diffieieat JGrom those for which it was ex- 
 pressly givm; and they demanded some pledge, 
 or itecuritya afpinst a simikr nusa^ication, Id 
 case they shoaM subject their ooontiy to m per- 
 maneut and urevocabie tax. The ministers 
 reliised to ^ve any saidsfocUon in tiiis par- 
 ticular ; and finding that the aasembly were 
 equally resolute to peas tiMxr supply biib firom 
 year to year «ja1y, as nsud, they advised the 
 sovereign, from a spiiit cvf vindiGtive policy, to 
 wave the confirmation of die laws, and to so^ 
 the administration of justice in the island to 
 renmin on the precarious footing that I have, 
 described. 
 
 Such vras the actual sitoatian of ^liBaica 
 untM the year 1728, when a comproBBiae was 
 happily effected. In diat yev, tfae.AaaemUy 
 consented to settle on the crown a standing 
 irrevocabte revenue of ^fiOOL per amnvi, on 
 
•'¥kif mm 
 
 certain conditions, to which the crown agreed, 
 and of which the following are the principal : 
 
 1st. That the quit-rents arising within 'the 
 island (then estimated at t,460/. per annum) 
 should constitute a part of such revenue. 8dly. 
 Tliat the body of their laws should receive the 
 royal assent. And, Sdly. That ^* all such laws 
 " and statutes of England, as had been at any 
 " time esteemed, introduced, used, accepted or 
 " received, as laws in the island, should be, and 
 " continue laws of Jamaica for ever.** The re- 
 venue act, with thb important declaration therein, 
 was accordingly passed ; and its con6rmat3on by 
 the king, put an end to a contest no less disgrace^ 
 ful to the government at home, than injurious to 
 the people within the island. 
 
 I have thus endeavoured, with as much bre- 
 vity a? the subject would admit, to trace the 
 political constitution of Jamaica from inJhncy 
 to maturity; but although its paF::ntage and 
 principles are British, it has been luodified 
 and occasionally regulated by many unforeseen 
 events, and local circumstances. lu its present 
 form, and actual exercise, however, it so nearly 
 resembles the system of government in the other 
 British West Indian Islands, that one general 
 description (which I reserve for a subsequent 
 part df my work) will comprehend the whole. 
 A minute detail of local ocqirrences and inter- 
 nal politics, would not, I presume, be inte- 
 
 Q <2 
 
 CB4P. 
 ..ilL 
 
3S8 
 
 HISTORY or THE 
 
 BOOK resting to the general reader. The following are 
 the only circumstances which appear to me to 
 ment distinct notice, and I have reserved the 
 recital for this place, that the thread of the pre- 
 ceding narrative might continue unbroken. 
 
 In the year 1687 Christopher Duice of Albe- 
 marle waii appointed chief governor of Jamaica. 
 This nobleman was the only surviving son and 
 heir of General Monk, who had restored Charles 
 II. and I mention him principally as exhibiting 
 a striking instance of the instability of human 
 greatness. The father had been gratified with 
 the highest rewards that a sovereign could bestow 
 on a subject; a dukedom, the garter, and a 
 princely fortune ; and the son, reduced to beg- 
 gary by vice and extravagance, was driven to the 
 necessity of imploring bread from James II. 
 The king, to be freed from his importunities, gave 
 him the government of Jamaica ; where, dying 
 childless, a short time after his arrival, his 
 honours were extinguished with his life. The 
 noble duke lived long enough, however, to col- 
 lect a considerable sum of money for his credi- 
 tors ; for entering into partnership with Sir Wil- 
 liam Phipps, who had discover^ the wreck of a 
 Spanbh plate ship, which had been stranded in 
 1659 f on a shoal to the north-east of Hispaniola, 
 they sent out sloops from Jamaica, provided with 
 skilful, divers, to search for the bidden treasure, 
 and are said to have actually recovered twenty- 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 six tons of silver. The conduct of this noble 
 governor, on his arrival, affords many curious 
 instances of the arbitrary principles of the times : 
 — Having called an asserr " his grace dissolved 
 them abruptly, because < ^^ the members, in 
 a debate, repeated, the o1 sahupopuU m- 
 
 prema lex. His grace attei wards took the mem- 
 ber into custody, and caused him to be fined 
 600/. for this offence. With his grace came 
 over Father Thomas Churchill, a Romish pastor, 
 ^nt out by James II. to convert the island to 
 popery ; but his grace's death, and the revolution 
 in 1688, blasted the good father's project* The 
 d'^^t ess accompanied her husband ; a circum- 
 St ^^^".e which the speaker of the Assembly, in his 
 fire:, address, expatiated upon in a high strain of 
 eloquence. " It is an honour,*' said he, ^' which 
 the opulent kingdoms of Mexico and Peru could 
 never arrive at, and even Columbus^s ghost would 
 be c^peasedfor all the indignities he endured of the 
 SpaniardSf could he but hum that his own belaoed 
 soil was hallowed by such footsteps !* 
 
 * Haviag mentioned this lady, the reader, I am per- 
 suaded, will pardon me for adding the follovring particn- 
 culars of her history. On the death of the duke, her firrt 
 husband, his grace's coa^iutors in the diring business 
 (many of whom had been bucaniers) complained that 
 they had not received their full share of the prize-money^ 
 and her grace, who had got possession of the treasure, re- 
 fusing to part with a shilling, they formed a scheme to 
 seize her person in the king's house in Spanish Town, 
 
 CHAT. 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 ^^ ta 
 
 ■22 
 
 I 
 
 1.1 
 
 Si 
 
 L25 lU lib 
 
 6" 
 
 Fhotographic 
 
 Sdences 
 
 CarporatiQn 
 
 33 WIST MAM STMKT 
 
 Wnsm,N.Y. 14SM 
 
 (716)i72.4S03 
 
•^^ 
 
 y.<i 
 
 ^ 
 
 <k 
 
 ^ 
 
 <^ 
 
w^ 
 
 >¥^ 
 
 HHK^^ Off f IfE 
 
 , Qn Ihe sevfoth of ^wie, 16i^|vh«ppeii^ 
 that ^imiMP|)(^u8 «|iithq^ which ssrallovi^ jap 
 
 fff^t fvt.Qf Port %yal, 4 <!^<^P^^ r^f ih 
 ^^^fi9if^^ mpiatifii nwy be foiwd in the Fhltor 
 
 
 and ofiry hw oft LndtU^ fbe icoeived icme inforntplioii 
 of t^ plot i| day or ftiiro Uttoife U wm fo hiiTe llfui cmtv 
 ^ iiito«xfc<4^; iiid cdd/iiitil^ci!^ hW ap^^^ 
 tb 4lM Hoiua of iAMerikUy^ tt^ib thei«iipoii upj^niei « 
 l^imidabW ownmitiee of lieir dikit Wlied ineiiii)»eili :to 
 
 ombpurl^ ill one of the Ifhff^ '^Pf*^ ^^^ ""^^ ^i^ 
 jingWoilf intlw? AMJitance man.of wari, wit]|: aU heir U«»> 
 ^ilO^ b(i^^ii<d|ii <»f ;^e 10^^ 
 wdk^ liell uioii'tteM of InieBtia imbedlit^ & i^ >i^ 
 gum ofwhieli ishtt iilrM Ueridf witti the notion ikhat 
 ^ Spperar of j^lAna hptloglMar^of hci>i#i9c|iife ri^^ 
 was Mining' to pay hit addi^efifitt^^ Sbf^^fNfp^.ii^lde 
 
 n> ii y ii i^ Bnt plr^j^urations for his recei»Uoau Ai she wip 
 piiieelly geri^e' wd gik^TiiAmoiired' iii |ier lunitM^, l^r 
 lilieiidiuits iidtbnly enbonriged her ito ^r foUy^^bot conV 
 <|if«d abo to torn it to £pN>d aceonnt, by peMiiading a 
 W^pftut (the fif«t dilute of Illontlgtie) to psjr^patf h^ 
 ^^h|^«(f i|if||esty, ai>d d^vejier into, wcf^k, ^hictt he 
 fem% did j ai^ with gra|ter suopess thiBB| b(^ei'ty« Qt„ 
 I shonU imagine^ eiren th^e Hiw W^fd vif'^ii^t} ^t po^- 
 sesfipQ by this inefuis of her we^t^> ^ thj^ iQqi|fined 
 lM^.|Sa4wPMitic. Cibbw^ tM cpiiiediaprwl^^^^ug^^ it 
 <tf9od jcfl<» iiitrodp^ the qiieiii^ltuioepp^t^estagp, lint} 
 itlbpis a soeorin his play, oalledthe. %fc X#ljf * C«i^. 
 I^gffu»ittryx?fdr|pr hnsband, th«,pret«jDd|i«i emp^H^or, 
 fof.npsoy yeaiSj and died in I794»at the gnat ag«of 98, 
 Uvf fi^^y rcaHqned howovei.to tber^,.9ui4s^ was 
 sffvied on thi)(«M is Bmp^^ss of Cl»na to ^ day of her 
 
WEST INdlBS. 
 
 «U 
 
 flophieal Tnosactioos^ but it ii not genertlly aum, 
 IsnoMTc thttt Ibetown wu cbieflylwat 091 « tuk 
 id stmd, adberin^ to a rock in the «M^ ud that 
 a foiy alig^ qongisBioii, aided. lytiw ndgibt tf 
 tfaa buiUiogi, would probably have aceoiD|illdied 
 it» destractioDi ' I an inclined theMfim ti»!8iie» 
 pect that the descriptioa of the shock ia nmdl 
 enggeiatad.* /; .' - w^^ 
 
 The inhabitants weie scaicdy ieeovere4 
 fiom the ttoroCT i nccatinacd by. the earthqinki^ 
 wfacii ih^ were banned witb an aecodnt of aa 
 intended 'imasiov' by an armaaBent fiooi Hi»t 
 paDbhv commanded by Mone. Dd Casse, the 
 governor oC that island ia person. Accord* 
 ing^ on the 17lh ci June 169^ a fleet of 
 three men of war and twen^ privateers^ (hav^ 
 ing on: board l»50f> laild sprees) appenrad 4i& 
 C^ Ba^ where eight hundiM of tbesoldieii 
 weea leaded, with orders t4 desolate the country 
 as fiur M. Port Momnt Thesp barbarians obey- 
 ed iieir iBelnictiQB& to the iiU extent lih^ 
 not only set te lo every) sefedement they cami^ 
 to, bal tortured their prisoners m the most 
 shoektog manner, 'and murdered great num* 
 bem in coldi blood, nftOr makiiig them behold 
 tha wolation of their wives by their own ne^ 
 gB6etb> • Such atleast is' the aeeount tmnimhfted 
 
 * The MTenth of June b dscS^dred, kj ao-actof tlie 
 AuenAly; to bo csiitbiisliod •• a pOfpetail aniuTenary 
 fiutin eoamMmMalkm oftliiffloalaiaitjr. 
 
iH^ 
 
 Hisfoav ovmE 
 
 ^ 
 
 by Sh iWi}\maki Bee8toD> the goiirnor^nlQ tbiB 
 •«oretii]f) of sta|B.> Unfoi!luiuiteljr% tlie ^militia 
 of thMftp$n of the. country httd been dFami-ofT 
 guard tb6 capital ; whereby the Firench eon- 
 tiniie<i; their ravages without resistance, and 
 ■haviag «el fir^' ta> 'ali« the f>lantationa^wkhin 
 Uttieir reaoby and seised about olie'thoiiBaiid oet- 
 groes, Du Casse sailed leeward, andiancbond 
 in Garlble Bay, id the padsk >ctf Vere^t iThis 
 place xhad' no other Ibrtification ithanianr ilU 
 contrived breast^work, manned byr a .deliidi- 
 oieat of two hundred men from the nnUtia of 
 3t Elizabeth and Clarendon^ which! >Dii. Casse 
 attacked with all.his force. The Engliah^made 
 A gallant, mslanoe; but Colonel Cleyboin, 
 Xiet^nant Colond Smarts Captain Vassal, and 
 JUeotenant Dawkans being killed, and many 
 others dangerously wounded, they were com- 
 pelled to retreat. Happjly, at this moment, 
 arrived five companies c^ militia, which the 
 gavemor ' seat to their assistanoeJKMn 
 Spanish 1 «i. Theses though they jhad march- 
 ed thirty milea without refreshment, immedi- 
 ate!l>' charged thci enemy with such vigour as 
 lenturely to chiinge the fortune of the dayw The 
 f Tench retreated to their slnps, and Du Casse 
 soon afterwards returned to Hispamola wi^ his 
 ill-gotten booty. 
 
 In 1712, on Uie S^tb day of August^ and 
 again on the same day c^tiba same jnootbx in 
 
ti^E^ mbtiss. 
 
 «s^ 
 
 kh^ yeir 17i^d, Jftmnica Was 'Shaken to' its fmin- 
 dirtibns^1)jr 4 drettdfol htirricttne. Thii' dit^r* 
 tbei^dre, as' ^1^ as tbe s^^t^th df Junie, the 
 C6loiiial Legishitiini has, by' an act of Assfeiii- 
 hly, |ir<^My siet ii{Nirt fic^ fiisting and hnniHia^ 
 tK^i iM I wish I cbnldUdd; tiittt its comin6> 
 hioratidil attaiially, is as eitempltiry anMMg «iH 
 tmM of pt6p\e as the occasion was signal. 
 t^ Hke'next ita{idrtint<)teorreiice in the hiiftory 
 df this islimdi' wis the 'pacifiGatibh, cohclodod in 
 17S»^ with' the hostile negroes called !Mbi^0l»; 
 biiY^ r^ite Which this trelity aflfdrded the in- 
 liabitimts fi^ni intestine commotion was df short 
 dtilTAtiott^. In 1760, the very existence of die 
 ddlbny was endangered by a revolt of the en-' 
 slaved negroes; As, however, some partidtdars 
 of this afiair will be given in a subsequent part 
 of my work, whai 1 cdme to treat generidly of 
 negro slavery, and of the condition and duurac- 
 ter of the newly imported AfHcans, it iS unne- 
 cessary for me, in this place, to enlai^ upon 
 the subject. 
 
 The co-ope)ration of the people whom I have 
 just mentioned, the Maroons, in suppressing 
 the revolt of 1760, was considered, at the time, 
 in a very fiivourable point of view; and the 
 safe^ of the country was attributed in some 
 degree to their services on that occasion; but 
 the writer of this was convinced by his own ob- 
 servations on the spot, that no opinion could 
 
 <!IIA^. 
 
 m. 
 
BOOK be nywcilMoumtod; he wai pcnwifiBft tkff, the 
 
 Aj^ M^rbomwereiNitpiGipfis^e^ 
 
 ff«r th^j should jDome to feel t^ own etreoglb^ 
 t)iejr^,jK^uld pfpv^ very i(afrpi|idM>!^ im^^W^ 
 Beceiit eirfnts hmm m^i^y coq%9|^ |hf 
 jifrigipiWt, he then ianofid,,^ t%ip^ S1Q191D i|^ 
 fhe |M>*ic«tioit ^ thin j10|(f, tl)fi|ii f;9^ 
 a lll06i^nIKpvQ|L9!di,-ll» 9^^ *« WiW» i»hlT 
 
 ^eijilfl, whi(;k hi^ wM p^ ^ toii^ ,^^et, 
 
 ti^lilffi^. The f^ fliMeA4Jipg>(^ 
 
 WiYc^j requiriqg, partiqM ^^"Wpv ^ hf^W 
 ffi9ii^r4i9g^,«jive^ ^r^^f^ eoQsM^^II^ hi. <li^ 
 tppt,»ai|«ttiye C(f its 9rig)p» fpnypeav a^lWlliT 
 Q^^iop, ai^ reserve^, it foi i^ amhf^o^mf^ 
 pftja/Bft^y^lvLiaei: to thf^ therefore % rei^^^ 
 
 Yq JTh^ year 1744 ^ disti^gi^jsM hy ano^r 
 di^^ctive cqnt^t; of ^ ^^ents; aoc| ip 
 17;§Q, eftf r a long respite, bega^ that 4r?a#il 
 ^i}G<^easiop of (lurricanes, ^hieb, ipritb the- ei(- 
 ception of 1788 and 1783, desolated this»,and 
 sf^)ci^^9{ the l>eig^bq^^ng^^^ 
 
 ,; ,pf tlte whpks s^iies. of tli^ii^^uV visita^ipiiis, 
 
 * 1780 hurricane 3d Q(!|p]ber. 
 1781 .... iMAogvit. 
 ITM . . T ^ SOth J^l;^: 
 1786. . 97t1i Ang^t. 
 
 lAuo- tmnil^TM ^ ^^ . 9qih Oetober. 
 
sven 
 
 tbt ^'.^ ^lldollbtedlJ-th0 moit destruclivjQ i c;^, 
 )mi|; in Jfimai^ tfi!^ tpl|efip of itt acU% wfMl y^ff,^ 
 di^if confin^ |o ^ jf cttnm pfirU qf ttiff 
 islaiiui. Tbs large and opident districts of West- 
 mofdattd and Hanoiro' presented, however, stiph 
 eitmt'nM variety df desolation from its effeets, 
 as aris sc^i^y to be equalled in the records p^ 
 ]i^fneac»fJiunity. Wi^s^lQoreland i^on^ fMstfUne^ 
 d«nagi^ to tbeaaMuntn^ 700^000/* steriiagi'aMl 
 Ha*over neariyoa smelL 'Hie sad ^te of Sa-> 
 ftiniia Ik Min-, (a siiiall sea-port in the for^ber 
 parish) can never bienmeinber^d without honor, 
 Tbp.t^hnt^g ito |Oci$pt lijiiiits, averwhehned 
 thit unhappy tow% and , swepi it to instant de* 
 sfnietioii^ leaving' not a^^vestige' of nian, beast, or 
 hllt^tation tiehind^"^ st^ddeti an^ cotnprebieii- 
 sive wf» the stroke, that I think the catastrophe 
 of l^vanna la Mar «fa» eyeii qncNre terrible, in 
 many respects, Ihan 4Aiat of Port Royal. ' Tfad 
 latter^ however, was iit Its efi^ts iiidre lastihg ; 
 for" to thb hour the ruins ic^ thiit;;flevoted t6wn, 
 though bciried ^ upwanis of a century breath 
 ^e ^aves, am yisijblf iji cl^iM^nVf^ther ft^ 
 ]mU which sail, over ;them,> pfes(pting«n awfiH 
 mooiment <yp ineoborftfl ot the ang^ of Oinhtii 
 
 atrengUi, and JiinDan f kpl^ 
 
 potence ! 
 
 Bread end of 
 
 AiKci eaife and luxury ! , , ,;; , .i iMjim- 
 
 What has thus frequently happened, will 
 
m 
 
 mwtour dr ifti 
 
 900% probably tiappeh again; and tbci hublene^ of 
 ^^!^ iviealtb, and the cokiiidenoe of'pdW^,inay leahi 
 
 a lesson of humility froin the ^oiiteKnp1at|on.* 
 
 •■■7/ . ' ,- ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■ 
 
 v^ • Mr. Lomgk, [n the iVM TnAnm^] 6f Ua Hiilorj of 
 Jamaica;, baa ei^iioierated U)i» §faMtf>^iVi$frt^gpm»fm^ i^IlM 
 tunal precurtora of a hun^cane : '' Bxtraordinaiy conti- 
 niiaace' of ixtrime dry and liot weaiher. (Qin Uie near 
 •li^Mroieh of ifti^itoMr; ft itnrfnilknit appearance of tlie dty : 
 ik» eufi bMoawt tetiSiiiUyi rtd, trhUe Ae>«ir ia frnkkOf 
 ealyo.- Tlie higliMl ja^unt^iia aif Irae off chnidSi and are 
 seen very distin^^. ,The aUy.tqY^s the north, loolu 
 black and foul. The sea rolls on t^e coast and into the 
 haii^uri with a great swell/ ana emits, af t*he sainie time^ 
 a irery strong and (lisiigreeable b^btfr. 6h tlie' ftlll inbdn, 
 a haz^ is aean raund her orb, atadsdaaetiinfjs ai hal» round 
 the sun." ' To thii^ ennnjefattop, IjyiB add n rwwattraWe 
 circnmstance which happened ifi. Janiaiea la ITBO. Up- 
 wards of twenty hours befbie the commencenient of the 
 great storm ili that year, a very uncommon noise, resem- 
 bUng the roar of distant thuiidar, was heard to issue 
 firom the bottom of all the wells in tht neighbourhood of 
 Kingston. There was, at that time« in Fort Royal har- 
 bour, a fleet of merchant ships, whieh were to sail the 
 next morOing. The commander of onp of these vessels 
 was a witness to the circumstance I have mentionedT} and 
 having been informed that it was one of the pro^gnostics 
 of an ^»proaehing hurricane (though none had haf^encd 
 ' in Jamaica fbr near forty years) he hastened on board 
 his ship, warped her that evening into the inner harbour 
 into shoal water, and secured her with all the precautions' 
 he thought necessary. At day-break the hurricane b^gan, 
 and this ship waa one of the very few thai esciped de- 
 struction from its fury. 
 
PI^BSTINIlU^i 1 
 
 MWfi 
 
 icr 
 
 w 
 
 -^i«|<)^ :**vw? 
 
 .«•; 
 
 CHAPTBR IV. 
 
 lliUV,,,' 
 
 SStuttikm and cUmate, — jpke rf the Country,-^ 
 Mamlauu, and adoantaget derived from them, 
 ^ ^^SoU. — Landt in Culture, — Lands unculti^ 
 voted, and ohteroationt theteon^-^Woode and 
 Timbere, — Bioert and Mddicinal J^trings,-^ 
 Orei. — Vq^abk Clauet, — Grain.— Grattet^ 
 — Kitch€>^-g0rden produce, and Frmte far 
 thtTabk,8sc,^, 
 
 Jamaica is situated in the Atlantic ocean, in chap. 
 
 IV 
 
 about 18* is' north latitude, and in longitude >^v^ 
 about 76* 47' west from London. From these 
 data the geographical reader will perceive the* 
 dimate, although tempered and gr nily mitigated! 
 by vaiious causes, some of which %41l be pre- 
 sently explained, is extremely hot, with little? 
 variation from January to December ; that thei 
 days and nights are nearly of equal duration ; 
 there being little more than two hours difference 
 between the longest day and the shorted; that 
 there is very little twilight;: and finally, that 
 when it is twelve oVdock. at noon in London, it 
 is about seven in the morning in Jamaica., o « . : 
 The general t appearaiy:e of the country dif- 
 fers greatly from most p^rts of Europe; yet the » 
 
m 
 
 BMmt^mmiL 
 
 a 
 
 ■orth tod KNith sidet of the iiltiid, which are 
 
 MpMtited by a tast chain of mountaiot ettand- 
 
 ing from east to west, difier at the same time 
 
 widely from each other. When Columbus fint 
 
 discovered Jamaica, he approached it on the 
 
 9orthaiii sidev; atad bishoMteg Outl part of the 
 
 eomltiy tPbfch* new eonstltiiii»> the^ parish of 
 
 St Anne^ he was filled with ditig|hl and ftdmira- 
 
 tion at th^ noveltyv variety, and beauty of* the 
 
 prospeot* The whble of the scenery ii indeed 
 
 snpetladvely fin^ nor can word» alone (at least 
 
 any that Scan select) cOnvey tt just id^ of it 
 
 A few leading particulars I may perhi^ be able 
 
 to point out, but their combinations and features 
 
 aie infinitely various, sind to be enjoyed most be 
 
 oi^»^he*ooiintry at » small distance Irom 'the 
 ahdreiiises into hitt^whi^ are more remark-» 
 flible f» faiimty . than boldness ; being aH of 
 gen^e icdivitf, and commonly separated 4Mto 
 esieh other by spacious vdes) and romantic 
 ioequaUtiesi but they are sekbm cragj^, nor 
 Is the <tranittion fifom the hHls to the vaUies 
 oftentimes abrdpt In generali the haikd of 
 native ha* rounds '■ every hift towards th» ^ 
 with siii^kr l^ity* The idiost dtrikii^ cir* 
 cumstanees however attending these heUtilifiil 
 swells are the happy dispositioli df <tiie groiies of 
 pihikeBtO^ with Wbktp liiOst Of tbeta^ are 's^n- 
 tadtoUsly clOthe<f , i^ the consufnmate verdure 
 
wftsvimni. 
 
 of tlio> Ivf wNiertttMliy wfeidi ii dHtooWibfo ^^^^^* 
 in tLfkuamad tipmilingk; pfemitteg a chtnning 
 contrait to tho deeper tnitf of die |iliiienlD* At 
 tliit tree^ which ie 1M> loee femeriuMe for Ira- 
 pvDCf then beeuty, «iifien no rival plant to 
 flooriih widun its shade, these fpowi are not 
 oaly dew of mderwood, bat even the grass h^ 
 nealb b seUkMs lofeturiant The soil in gMemT 
 being a chafky mart, which pMddtes a «loesaMl' 
 dean tor^- as smbodi and> oVen as die' ^ibmt 
 BtagjUsh' lawn, and in ooloar infinitely biig^. 
 Over thia beaotifiil sorfree^the pimenth ipteiitd 
 itself in vwiooa compartments. In one phu:e, 
 we beheld extensive gNtves'; in anothei^ a num- ' 
 her of beautifol gnxips, seme of which erown the< 
 hills^ while others are s ca Mw e d down the dJBd^' 
 ▼ides. , To enliven die seene^ and nddperfeedotl^ 
 toiiheintjr, the bounty of natniv iMtti eopiodsl j^' 
 wntnod die whole distridi No pirtMsf dib^ 
 West Indiesb diaft I have seen, idxMods widi SO' 
 mady deKdoQS stfdunsL' Eivery valley has tls^ 
 nvnlet^ and cveiy hill its cascado. In one point 
 of iriew^ when the roda overiiang the ooean^ no 
 less than «i|ht transpatent waterfdhi are beheld 
 in Aei smne aapmnnt Those oidy who bavtt> 
 been loog at sea, oan jodge of the eodolion whidi- 
 is lelt< by the thirsty voyaged* at so enohanting n^ 
 prospect- -^*:-^«'H i■>^-' ■ 
 
 Snch to the IbfiBground of the pletore. A*- 
 die lind risev towards the centre tif the island, 
 
 :! 
 
Inwptwibli iM^glit nf lolllwt thmh, 
 C«4vi M^ bnmekiiv pilm. 
 
 An. imnmiity of fonaiii4km outUm €£«rliielr> 
 melti ioto the dktmi blue hiUa, aiid dMMi^gdb 
 •ra loti in the douda. 
 
 On the southern skle of the ialnnd, fhb 
 •cenery, as I have before observed, is of a ^ 
 forant nature. In the landscape I have di»-i 
 scribed, the prevailing characteristics are^^r»» 
 riety And, beauty: in that which femains» llie 
 predominant ;features are grandeur and sub* 
 limi^. When I first approached this side of 
 the islund by sea, and behold^ firom alar, soeh 
 of the stupendous and soaring ridges of the 
 blue mountains, as the clouds here and there 
 disclosed, I the imagination (fomnngan> indis- 
 tinct^ but awful idea of what was o6neealed, 
 by^rwbat. wM thus partially displayed)! Iras 
 filled, with admiration and wonde^* Yet the 
 sensation which I felt was allied rather to ter- 
 ror than I delist. Though the prospeet before 
 me was in > the hig^t degree magnifieent, it 
 seemed a o scene of magnificent desolatioli. 
 The abrupt precipice and inaccessible cliff, 
 had more Ibe aspect ;of a chaioa than a crea- 
 tlc»i;iir rjkthwr aimmsiiM fiihibitf ^e&cts of 
 
Wt 
 
 4mm mwMm, wlM M JiM nn- 
 
 Tf- 
 
 u .wwgiptmAtA; hit •oMtH km 
 bold §mumt to^ bvd lo Im loflMMd by cul- 
 ton^ mmj aipol wii looft discofcred whai* 
 Hit tead of industry hid awdMMd life tad 
 MIHy. With Umw pieMiog intMriBixlnPM^ 
 fk$Jiqmki§ hm of tht lowor iw^ of ■km»- 
 liini (whiab now bi§ui to be viiibki^ omwntd 
 wiAi woods of n^oMie jnhrth) oembined lo 
 tnd icUifO Hit mdo soleiiiiiity of tht 
 •nunoooas; uotil at looglb die smunmi 
 «| ,tlii bottomiBtt dio sight These are vast 
 pMfi^ dbthad ehia% with estsoiive caoa- 
 liiMs; di^playioi^ ipi «U a» pride of ooltivatiom 
 tht« Twdiue of spring blended with the eiobe^ 
 tmq$ of autuH% and Ibiy aie bounded only hf 
 the jpoepi : on whose bosoasi a new and eter* 
 mofpng; pieture sirihas .the «ye ; I6r inoumaiable 
 foisil^ ai<| jdMcoicsed in various diieetions^ soase 
 cnnfding hitt)^ and others bearing awaj fironiy 
 the ipeys and harbours with which the eeast is 
 evfty wipe indented^ Sudi a prospect of hu« 
 man ingenui^ and industry, employed in ez- 
 cha(pigKm ^ superfluities of the Old World, for 
 the pradnetioM of the New, opens another, and, 
 I m^ add, en alakist ontrbdden fidd for con- 
 temjiAatibh and reflection. 
 
 Thus the mountains of the West lodieskt if 
 not in lheBiselves.ofc^to of perfect beauty, 
 
 VOL. I. a 
 
949 
 
 mstmrowmk 
 
 uuufA'i^ tna- snnnj tne iiniMmnis oshrk raanv 
 BUff^Mi' th« de^MBt- seiise'of ^lllilde t<r' DMne^ 
 Pi[y»vid#neeiOii!|iie'^iui«ty toC'cliniate^ M^cdddut^ 
 cite to health, serenity and: pleiuiiire, wliieli thenei 
 fA0vatedre|;^«fibrdllfteHi: ' Oil this atilijlect I 
 speak ilMmt oetual tttieriettoe; 'Ih^k muM^ 
 8itiiatle% on the sultry plains of the teoth nriik^ 
 liearthePtownof Kingsibnvwhei^'i'chieflyteskteif 
 duriif^ theepate of fonriMii yeaJlrs, 4li»>|iNiliid 
 miidiiini of heat' duringr the hotiesi mohths fMjM 
 June to NoveiiiiMa';tlolh inclusive) watf eighty^ 
 grees cm Fahf<&heit^ theriiioktteter.* At«^b 
 eightniierditilBnt, in the Mghlandi^ liigvinte^ 
 tlH»iChetniM»neter>Mkki(i Mmv itt tl)|»*Wle8tpart 
 of^he^aly; abbve se^Mtyi ^'H«lie tbettimiM difi 
 fetienbe of ten degrees ni'^^t miles ; itaiA iTliie 
 morning and evening the diffisrenee #jis much 
 g^^Mnr. At Cold Spring, ihe'teatof Bf«iW«^ 
 ki^'« vor^f high sitntUoH'siitliiiles fbiiMHnilie 
 countiy, possessed by a gMtleiiftui'^ IM laste 
 to relish its beauties and iniprovft its pfodUclions; 
 thai general) state of the thermoinelefr isir^ $5 to 
 
 -*a Hi !T^s 
 
 ■1« 
 
 ■I i .. 
 
 ihffmopu^ mngci fkonfO |o «r.i • SThe alglil dv>|n the 
 mpnthif jaf Beoember and Jaaiivryi i^ /^9m«l||i|e9,iai|^ 
 ingiy cool : I hare known the thenaoQMter ao Iqw at aiin- 
 rise as 69% even in the town of Kingston ; but iti the 
 botteit months, Ae diflhienoebc!l#eea the temperatvre of 
 noo»4lagr and nikhiigbt it not ttNM« tiMUi « or <'. " 
 
^w»s!t,wam$4 
 
 «4» 
 
 <NHhfartabW)biitJi<weaMH^)i:4-)greal paitjotf.-ithq 
 ytitrMrJMma^ bftioppos^, thirt tbcl suddm tmon 
 
 iioiM.pf the tropical ftjniti will flonritt^ in ao cold a dinaate; 
 
 li^i^tii^'^i^th^ i^ydtab-"^^ ^l^^^«, 
 
 d^ii^b^bftaiil^, #ttl b««#^Wlllif*^i>coMMMIilbMglkc <itf 
 iili!9^0lu(» pad^i' Winani <tf .thfrBBglid| Adto, «t 
 t|liMI|iN^jMl^peafll»«9^;t^ •kra^^ri7«.|9«^ 
 
 auHNig whidi I obsenref a.great dumber of way fine puuiti 
 
 iii'lif dyUre ^M^tt Oihmi «dtiitl^ 6<M«Mii'#lth difftiMV 
 fldMi'Of ^Miiftnii'Af «hieh ll«i^Biille«. bill .ftcIiMi^ 
 a^tt«mi|i||tMMt;«PfPMP« 4ef9?!9f.»i^^9tf !?fMSp|^i|^ 
 flir.ttift fii9t tiene, almMt cn^ceives hinujielf transported to 
 a 4i*^^ pvt of the world } tnt atr and race of the p)un- 
 try M w^ dii^ fiotii liiat (if <hdi«|^odlhlhdi^ 
 
 paMOlMio^llMW lofffy Mglonak ia « sfMciw^ tiwiWB]^ 
 
 the phwWfe, ftf W^Moh ( tjirtep M, ^^»« ja»^ 
 of adnk^,, Md th««,ii * Tery fin^ »n|p.bfe( <»U^ the 
 JUk-t^, of a blackish brown, #ith a white ring rbund the 
 Batk. I vittM thU .place in December 17^, thf ,/ri|ief-, 
 mometer stood at 67* at sun-rise, and never exceeded' 6^* 
 in the hottest pttrt of the day.- I thonl^t the Himate the 
 most ddi^^ilM that I had ever esperienced* Oil the Blue 
 Mountain peik^ which is 7*431 fiMt frotti the livel of the 
 sea, the tbeMBtMketer was fowMl tirraage ftDdaiT at sun- 
 rise to 68* at noon, even in the miiQth ofAwgust. See 
 Mei.CmmmU. Bding. 1780. .t*mh>it.i9 * 
 
 Tha foUvwUvhMbeffag^TI^ ^ 9!^M^mt pf the 
 
ik»«htt«ir of >lk0 W|^ n^fmm^ m iBimmmkf 
 productive of mischievoos eflbcts on the Ini^ 
 Bwnfinaie; butthii, I betievei iftjeUbo^ thi 
 cue, if the traveller, as prodeoce dictates, sets 
 dr «t -tbib ^wA d^ tflCf liibhiiitg^ (irhi^ the 
 ^di^ Of Ihci sMid lire % sbttii^ iijMiie shttt}1itid 
 
 -• ■!!»!' 
 
 h-v 
 
 theie precautioiis, ezcuvsioos into the .uplands 
 pealwaji fipund safe, sahibriousy and deliiMul* 
 I wttl observe, too, in the #ord»-of an a gw e aU e 
 irritldl^* thit <* oh topsof hig^iiiOtiiitti&l#'#hiii» 
 l^j^ Is ||Qfe and lefin^, end wher^ dl^'%i 
 
 upon die body, tlie miiid acts with grmtei^ |ps«>- 
 deni) andatt the lunctioM, both of soid and^ody, 
 ^ait i^erfomied im a sQlMdor mtmt^,'^ lin^l 
 opiild add, with the siune author, thilt ^'^ 
 
 mHimenti behind it, and in approechini^ itie 
 eAinil v^poos, shakes off iu earthly aieelittu^ 
 i0 acoufatts somethipg of celestiiU pori^ IT^ 
 
 tJlgMl Hwar the wa of liib moii noted awmrim to ttie 
 
 liDuaiBlaiie 
 
 
 .CUmbonso (Andci) 
 Savwdm (Wain) 
 
 .^ , .11,098 ><!tHmpy^ 
 
 t In dusiHilag <hi mial fctiaiaief liBHiiBJ ihi dit- 
 
fP« tbeM iiieqaifite of'iti>ittAca^ howfi ri 
 illi oiring th«^ aMiCNig^ iIm «oil In taMoj ptrti 
 
 niL 
 
 fakdw 
 
 lifiet eOM ftin PUim, dMtimi pwfkuhratJet. Hit 
 a lartl ooaatiy oa • k%h Uvff odkd Ptira Potol* tHs- 
 ■HA «ft;|l|t M^tli^iifit ooMt in ^ pMiih of •(. Hiif^ 
 1^ ,^ fm iiidjp^0fl tf> |» friewl for tlM fblWwi^ ^te? 
 i!fl^yiy aeooont of tbit pvt of the iibnd, whidi ilti^ryap 
 !• bi> btttcr known and better peoptod thin tt iiimw to b^ 
 
 ^iPtdm Fbdni dlibr flma emf oAer ^vun* of tte 
 rjitjirnid inoBi «qr pul tbat I hwo Men of G«hn.i Bmnl 
 1^m^^WBl\mm»9d, in StBlinbeiVa pwiihyJl 
 rvOHPi^fptwwl elonf the ooMt on m onqr aMtat to tho 
 hji^ ridge, which it called TopUlli from whenee it 
 it^lillii inland mora than twiiity nflea in Ingth, and 
 lAMi flvo 4n width. It Sa not atogiBtber nalike the downa 
 in ,i oaia .pMr H of Bngland» and ii moat beantiflBl^ dotted 
 wi|,flninpa of wood, amongrt which theakMw torck 
 tbjMfli^ tflAnthffr plants of that gennc, iouriah in grmt 
 Imtmiaapd, from half an acre to many aerm in ealent} 
 tiw booidaries being ac neatly defined aa if k«pt so by art. 
 Tim aitll in colour iatbedeepiit red, baked hard on^ the 
 ewfciwby the aetkin of the eon, bnt of lo poKpna n^mbma 
 u to abeorb the hea?imt raina ac fttt aa thiy lUL. Xha 
 heih^;e is in general coarse ) nererthclcM it maintalni 
 
 part of the world, I beliere, is the latter fonnd neaam to 
 a'stataofwlidnatare than bcie. Aa -the wtole of this 
 Cistriet is miAnmished with springs, or erea ponda of anf 
 duration, ihe stodc are oompdled to go for witer to the 
 wdb WUch are sank in the fewer parts of Am aooatry, at 
 which time the hunters have opportuui'm ^ catdiing 
 them} and oontrivancm are made for that pwpoaak Thia 
 the ■iMtei' kuwe laama t» ba well appiimd of i for ha 
 
u$ 
 
 Si 
 
 Qifikm>iiiiiui§im!Amp(^ut^^ the 
 
 q|iiu|t%^ iicli^f fdkHJt|v«i1iMtii^bat Mimll; in 
 
 lead* into the indoiure with admirable cautlon« and 
 ilklolT^l^b^n tKli^i¥ii%e<l,'^ i^ «^i^bh^t 
 
 i[^^mmiytT6pm, which ii^Mw^^y^fof^^n^. 
 
 ous) is wonderfully salubrioas.— As one ]ptot^^i>t ^&k, 
 «ltejb' WW IMiir ib lale asll^lfc neg^'^iMi, '^iined 
 Johii OMbMhbl, wlio had nMMm m* Ij^ai^Vh^flliiHd 
 lbr<ii|pMiaiAi oiPlidJyeiri. Hto 'hid -lbiiiier^'M«il tte 
 tad«ebiM»>of nMK'WoodHeek; ^ho<had gl««ilihiMi ^ 
 iniMloii in'hisold ^ ttb ^i^ere he pleaii^. 'ill Ihe 
 ttase f law hint hit weoUy halr> had b«eMii« jMNtietiy 
 wOAtii and faii body %aa dwii^elled tiey«yiitay tHfti^hid 
 bvar helUidj bat at the aaiiie tjiae hitUiiiaEiti^iiMieftfn 
 a*d ftrm* and he covld ran down any likefcp ih the BilNyiin'} 
 ffvrhehadiwdoig toassist hini; Wk tottk'hitt «^t>ar 
 gtdde^down to the sea i he van lueifore «•, keeptng'ctnr 
 horses on a hand-gillop,4o tbebeach> and hbihidiititiiled 
 the nme pace on our ret«r»](thoni^ uj^hUI) i idhftttaice 
 of About ten ntlet. Of oneftmlly df th« iaoleofBiiikt, 
 who lived cwi these j^afants, there were threeseore persbni 
 IMagi all^dcseittded from one man/ who wai hlmsetf 
 litingiin 17B0. The air of this dtstrleti though Mit OoM, 
 is wonderfttUy dry and elastic, and so teiiip«rate withal, 
 that eventtfBuro^eaa sportsiban ttiaylbllbWIiIs gaafi the 
 Vhole day without Ibeliag anf op^itMite ftiM the heat; 
 and he will meet with good s|ieftin pnrstttng ihe galena 
 «v ^d Guinea-fowl, which is found hen in great nom- 
 bw««^The mMtOtt vaissd here is eqtisl to the finest down 
 aiiittoa ittSnghmd, and the ftoiti «ndTegetables<of all 
 kinds aie«KeaB«nttf-Jrhe #it6ri>mlddifri«tfilfilMlairMuAs 
 
;W|BS?IN<JW,.tl 
 
 «4| 
 
 ^ "difc; 
 
 ro||uiff^ Iitb(wir!fki4 iD^ui^ to qmltc i|^yidl4 tij^, 
 if.|ViB>^Pjp^ire).faiiiaic«,will;i:Pailjr 9th^ Hm^\ 
 
 8tiii6%lqp^Qh it W98 cQpupa|«d by, Colomlmii) ili 
 must be pronounced 9a luifinut^ an4 : l||im9m< 
 coHDli^B &« the loiUa^a«|g dn^ "Wili ideiiioo9||ate. 
 < ^ipmci^ > is jom hundred and ^% qoiles, in 
 lQlg^« iindxQ9<l meillium of three meaMiremeiitst 
 ail4i9mfkt.p)fM:<iii,,{^V£wiy nileft iii» bnipulife^, 
 l^lMM^ftM^ wippotifg Ibe jfl^nd lo kate been la 
 ^i^«^ti7>iR0uld^y^. , < 9)840^000 Acres 
 i&J^. n gS?»t part cpnsifiting 
 
 6mm ¥ wMcb compirii^ fen noire 
 land than the base alone, it has 
 beiH thought a moderate esti- 
 ijOjItQ .to ^lOjur, on that acoooot 
 
 
 940,()pO 
 
 <}*m *■*'*" 
 
 '# 
 
 (.w 
 
 The Total* 
 
 4,080,000 Acres 
 
 Witt ,ths Apt of iroilt. Iti oooIimm, oriipoflM, and flsr 
 i^^^.aiyrivaKkdoiilyjby tlie heauj^ of ^ nn4» F¥f^ 
 is jpQtlle^ in shades of 0re«n, ud bears a gloss like tbe 
 poUsl) of marble. On the whole> tot beautjr of prospect, 
 --^r purity and diiyness of air,— and a climate exempt 
 horn eilhe^ eitktme Of heat and coM, Ftdio Plidns may 
 Tie ifith MyifoS OB the habitabtoglabek 
 
 ■\f» 
 
u$ 
 
 UlSfKOiYOBftilK 
 
 «^K>V <^ the, j^Mento, Ihkt no man tkgtn \iWtS99^ 
 wen, in NovemlMi' 1789, lonted, er titoi iip^^ 
 
 been iasued liao^ Ihit time^ it afipMn llNlt^til^^^ 
 wttds of one half tbeocNintry hcouAdmti'u a# 
 no Idod of mkm. Hie Itodi iaeM9lkAtlmj^ 
 be ^fiMributed nearly tsloHows: q^^^r*^; 
 
 In flugu' pbntatioBS (hicliidiag ^ litid^^vep 
 served in ivood^ for the purpose of ivpp^tig 
 tiiiiber end fire-wood ; or apprOpiiatedlor'eoah' 
 mon paatiirage, all which is comnMMily two*4birda 
 of each plaBtatioii)^the namber of aeret^iiiif^ 
 statecl at 6^0,000 ; it appearing that tiie preeiee 
 number of those estates^ m Deeendiet 179ly was 
 767, and an aUowanee of 900 acrtt to^ea^' on 
 an average of the whole, must be deeined'suffiM 
 ciently liberal. 
 
 Of breeding and grazing farms (or; as tliey 
 are commonly called in the i8laod^'_^olty'.tiie 
 number is about 1,000; to each of whieh 'I 
 would allow 700 acres, which gives 700,000, 
 and no person who has earefuHy inspteted the 
 country, will allow to all the minor produc- 
 tions, as cotton, coffee, pimento and gpngar, 4x. 
 including even the provision planlation% more 
 than half the quantity I have astigpied to the 
 pens. The result oi the whole b 1,740,000 
 acres, leaving upwards of two miUioiis an un- 
 improved, unproductive inldeme89» of which 
 
fdrrnqy kind of iMrofittOrfe coltHFittiottl »|tM«t|Mtf ^^ 
 o#'the>iiitei46r tecxmtry Ueisg bistti iibpivdiefAle 
 
 ' Bttf^^aoMlhfettiidnlg llfi€ sd'gi^t a puf df 
 tids* islind 'b< tirfaoUjf ' itoitoprofettble, yet (tadi 
 if llie {MMverful i«8tieii6e of great heat and dott- 
 tinoal mobture) tbemootttaiils an in gaiMitil 
 oovefM^ widi ezlBDsitfr woods, eOotaining ei- 
 iiUeftt tinb^re, tome of which are of proffigpoutt 
 gmrth aiid solidity;^ svch is the lignum-lrtts^^ 
 dog^fledd; iyoB^wood, pigeon-wood^ green^heair^ 
 bMiilello, and hvliy-trees ; - most of which <are 
 so compact and heavy as to sink in water. 
 Some of tiieseare jMoessaryJn miU-work, and 
 would] <be; highly ^valoable in the Windward 
 blattds^' They am even so in such puts of Ja»> 
 maica as, having been long cultivated, are 
 nearly cleaned of contiguous woods ; but it fre- 
 quently happens, in the interior parts, that the 
 near settler finds the abundance of them an in- 
 cumbrance instead of a benefit, and havhiig 
 provided hiinself with a sufficiency for imme- 
 diate use, he sets fire to the rest, in order to dear 
 bb lands ; it not* answering the expense of con- 
 veying them to the sea^coast for the purpose 
 of sending them to a distant market. Of softer 
 kinds, for boardi and shingles, the species are 
 innumerable; and there are many beautifiil va- 
 rieties adapted ifbr cabineMvork, among others 
 
HlMKWtiY Of SHE 
 
 B^ 
 
 <t!<^^ (heiicomiliy is thus fi^ndMidy woode^ 
 80, on the whole, we may assert It .to>b»!iViU 
 ymWif^- j^P^tft ^|3«ti^lioQf4 tfaroMgNwl its 
 exAent ^Mk)v« ipba humdied, ^yeiy,; jwbifil^ take 
 tbeif tm vh .tbe^^qMtimtaim, «n4 ; j^^ ooammly 
 witf»<freQt. mpAdUyittp. the sea^ ca botfe^iiiaw of 
 tb« isl«fH), uNonei 0^, them fu«/4efpi 9D«N|^ti» 
 be DUvigfitQcl ^y iDwriiie veswU. Biatik JHim 
 in $t. Eli«abeth!s parish^ flowing, chie%( thraiigli 
 fi4ev4l aoMiitry,ii the d^pfst aad jg^Qlkiati-aiid 
 admits flat-Mtwned boiMB and caows lor ftbout 
 thirty.' miles^iii' --h vwi,i*iJ biiu j-.tafi !:'•:.' <,»ij 
 
 ^' • M^.Beekif^ (ftmnoly bf Wbtkii^i^diiii^ialJaiilil^ 
 wboM tlegAntiMte ibr -tb«> liintitaMia^ hidi t»nlKt 
 
 n^, tbu# dcMribes the rur^ fefttures of this HcU]^ fur- 
 nished island : " The variety and biuliancy of the Terdnre 
 '* are particuUriy Mrtkidj^ iind'itete^tre^ ihdihrnhk'^kl 
 ** ador*< ihe fkcti of the taknlH^i ukt nii^giOM 1^ tfbii ridl* 
 " ncH of thdr ttaiti^ aiid «lM.diptkof ^h«k akulowi. .Xhe 
 ^*^f^ill, t^i, cocoiriM^^bf ; ii^n|fi|i|,i9^bba9^,^Al4.t|ie 
 
 " aiid other, trees of beautinil growth and virid djee* and 
 ^ fitte comiiifaced'lipiSh ibe mtng jAnaitai ttiP the UtiHioo 
 ^tHati tlie ii%tthtr'it>pcfeMi^ k»f Hki'ieMiMlf than, 
 ^^(ibe bvs^ richMM -«< the Oleuidet And Aidam mm, 
 ■fi lh«, ejlpwins. red q^ §h0 «o«rlft <^fdiiun» thf; „w«^»* 
 *' boiirers of the jessp^^netand grenadiUa Tines, all to- 
 " gather compose an embroidery of colours which tew re- 
 '«^ gibny dtii iira,m W&tdi, Ipi^h^, hone^^ sdr^" 
 mimpmkmmm^^Jimtkiti^niLl p. aitL->>' 
 
WBst iraxm. 
 
 ^Ofthe«priiigiikhidiTei7gBiien%«lioiifid; Wttt. 
 Ma jn the liigheit BMMiotaipSf 'loine •jW'ineAiik ^s^ 
 cinal; and are said to be hi^ly eflficackiQa in 
 diwid e ii peculiar to the clnnMe. The nxWk re- 
 iiiarlible«f these is found in the eastern piriih 
 of St Thomas, and the fame of h has created 4 * 
 iriUage in ■ its neighbourhood, which is cailedi the 
 Bath. The water flows out of a roeliy unouifti 
 ti^,>afooot a mile distant, and is loo hotlo-adi 
 aairii hand-behig held underneath: a therms- 
 ilieler Ml Vbhienheit^s scale, being immersed-^ 
 a glass of this water, the quicksilver immediately 
 POi(w ito» '1 lly. I It is Sidphureous^ and has been 
 UBvliwith great adfintBgeio* that' diieadiul!dis<^ 
 ease ^ofithO'ioKniate" called the' drjr belliy*ach« 
 There are other springs^ both sulphureous' ind 
 chalybeate^' in difierent pert»<of the' countt]f ; of 
 which, however, the properties are hut little 
 known to the inhabitants in general. > 'i ^ 
 
 Iii many parts of Jaroaiea there i»a gr^^apt 
 pearanorof neials; and it isiassefted hyBknie^ 
 andfotfaej^'eirlj^imttlrs, that ttie Spanish ioha;^ 
 bittttits had Bslnes' both of sH^er and copper : I 
 believe the fttt. But the industry of the piei 
 sent possessors is perhaps moreitprOfitablyie** 
 etted On the suriaoe of the earth, than by '4ligi 
 ging into^ta bowels. A lead mine was indeed 
 opened some years ago, near to the Hope estate 
 in the4)arish of St.\Ai|drews and it is saidj there 
 was no want of or^ but thdiigh price ofb^ 
 
HllHNMtTOP iTRB 
 
 Iti 
 
 bonf^ttr'olhor cauMtwitb which F«n tcquthn^ 
 •d» omupeUed lh» pMprietArs to neKoqiiiih teir 
 
 Of^helnost hnpoHant oPthe ptawtngittM 
 prodiictioiiSy :ft8 stignTy uid^^» coobify^WM tltoMdi^ 
 I Ihall have oeieaMon to tneat stiarge^ w^KfiD^^tlte 
 ooQne'Ofniy work dia)l bring iheto' the italgWst 
 of agricultiire. Ik onVf remalBHi' tbfli«iM|^'M 
 piweBt^ lo sabjoki ft few obaenrfttkiiia oif^tha 
 vegetable classes of inferior order : J toenb 4hiMe 
 wfhich> though not of equal commirdal impMlh 
 anee with the preceding ones, are equally neee»> 
 Mrgr ta the eonifortand isobtlstBnocKlf'thelBhi* 
 bilMitsi H the r,«der is incKned lehiHitfwil 
 lesearehes, he isnefened to th»ii^sladiiiiiua«ol* 
 lectioos of Slfiaiie and Brewn^.' ¥^^y '^ ^^i-^^^m^ 
 t^^Tbe sevenll species of givikiSi^thrMMl tit 
 thu island are, 1st, Maiie» or Indiitn com, 
 which comnionlj produces two erUp^ in the 
 year,iand sometimes three: it may be phmted 
 at any time when there is ram, and ife^yields'^c- 
 cordmg to the soil from fifteen to ibrty bushels 
 tiie acre, fldly, 6uiney-com,^ which prodoots 
 bm one crop in this year: it is planted in the 
 monlhoC September, and gstheied 4o Jinuivy 
 feUowitif^ yleUing^ from thif^ to eiirty' bushels 
 an Hciv^ My, ¥aritoS kinds cl^ caliNuitjeii a 
 species of pte; and lastly, ric^ biltin no'^reat 
 quantity; the situation proper fer its growth 
 bemg deemed unhealthy, and the labour of n^- 
 
tfimuir iMNis. 
 
 9Mt itconmoiriy vnplofsd in tkt MiltifttiQii 
 ofwtidMUittyMfraiiltriirail. ... 
 
 Tbb iriMid 9Jbumd$ lUnwiM witb Mra^ 
 jkiMli/W g^ii% jhilh MlH* iad «Btnui«Mii» of 
 •WiUiinl qfmii^i off Ihe liwiit M>de tiotding 
 fpodJHy, but not in 9«ftt >hnnriinci; Ibi* »••» 
 thoAoff i MMbt n di y kwiqg pnctbdl only in mimr. 
 piTtioftlMooantiy; and it k the ton om^mmu^ 
 tuklkm inKibitnnte mni happily t cco mw odrtdk 
 «illb^tw^ difiwwt Impdt <tf Mtifidal gpiHt teih 
 MOwtee^ vahabkb ndyiddiog g!Rnt|iioiM» 
 ofJoodior cattle* Tlw lint it an aqwti^ plant 
 ciiikASep^sgnmmtkhi thoitgb gBncmUy mi|h 
 pm^tof bt an motic^ I lia?o raaaoa to tbiak 
 gnaara apPHlfia^BHily in aMwt of tba swanpi aad 
 laanMeaoftbaWiitlndifik Itiiiaf.to<fivftor 
 lilL laat in b«g|il»>antb king luoculinit jointly and 
 if ofvcr^ quick vegetation. Fron,arin|^acfa 
 fl^^tiiii plants fivo bonea laay be maintabkd a 
 wbota yiar» aUonring fift^-aix ponwb of graia 
 a.jdiq|,tOi«acb.r'. . -fa ^x-m ■ -.a'A 
 
 ,fTbe ntbcr bind, called Guiiiey-graaB, may be 
 cinildwfd mtnext to tbe sugar-cane in point 
 of inpcflMiQe; ai moat of the giraziog and 
 lupirtilig lanna» or pens, throug^t the islandi 
 ori^nattycmUed, and are still supported* 
 by meana of tfau invaluable herbage. 
 Hence the plenty, of homed cattle^ both for the 
 butch(^ and planter, is such that few markets 
 in Europe iuniish beef at a dieaper rate^ or of 
 
MumnropwB 
 
 pariifclil jjtwhoMjrimitig <D'>tlto Um^wMik of 
 tlrif- MHwIkNit grti% whioli) liiMiBiitd>ligf HfntWtiit 
 •Mt'fift^^PMTt'igo; Mm> MiB^! lifvinyiibMB 
 broiight>ftoaft,4bo*«BBti «f 6auiey«.«t ftMvfcr 
 aMi» liN^* which w«ie;^pviteplhd toJiM EUi% 
 ohi«^JiiitiMdf4bo iskddi FofUuttely th» hndi 
 M>M>liwvt»«ODM|i|MiUw<whok alool^ wiA tht 
 rMundtfi hMDg cartleMly thBwm iata^ imm, 
 gvew'iMrf flturiibed. It wm iiBl«.loag> hifcti 
 <h> w ^rmw displAyvd 'by th» oatilBittti.itMh 
 Hiii'grtiii", SiUrtdtd^'Mit EUiaV viiQliei|>4iliil». 
 sUicid >liiiii't» ooUeeti iiid'|MO|MigitoiiUNi it«b{ 
 ^phichinow thrive' hi ioMevofi4h»i«H9i rod^ 
 ptm* of thft asUiiKi ; b0stbiriii(^/v«rtiiiire Md fiw- 
 iUity; Ml IfaMto which* othdmise wohU not 4ie 
 wofth'biriitivatioik') .'';•'!<- >: -v ^'.»i«ij^'^>;^/ 'lu ^: 
 •' ^^Tho acfWiAvkinds of idteh e« i jga i mk ipubdndii^ 
 i^edihte itMis jand pokfe, whkhi «ra Jaoii^iiii 
 Europe, thrive also in the mouotun»'of <4hii 
 
 ".mi: ^iJii! ,;-;:.- fni^ ••-.*, >HMn.) A.}Um ,fMli)i, -fcWJ'.l ^.'i'i" 
 lukK*^**^***" *• •#» both cheap umI gpod. 1^1^ 4MCf of 
 J^ainaica, according to Sloane, are from a breed oricinany 
 kfi^eati. titey have s^ort hair ioiteaa df^^^odlj uid in 
 giNKend are j^artjr-eol^tirMi chiefly Uack and itWimi-'W^ 
 mn Urn^ but ^tkgj awed aieat Hm awbie of the Wcat 
 ladkM am alio ieoi<aidw»bly imager th^^osf (Of fia>9>F« 
 and ^ir^: j^rt poin^ ean. Thei^ I|f4h Is ii^^tely 
 whiter and sweeter Uian the pork of Great Britda« and 
 that of the wild sort, of which there aire |;reai'iiuiiibcni in 
 the ilirkKkb^ still better; * : . 5, i* 
 
'WKstlNttlMi''' 
 
 illaiiarand Ae nMnieM if KiHgltbR ind Spa- 
 
 nBOPlDWII ftrB ItlppiMir wltn C8INMi|{liy lOlCUOB) 
 
 DHnny'^p^em pon^ MpsnigDSi ■na vAnoaB sorv 
 of^'EttltopMM iNMtB, Hi tfa« tttiAOst tbtiMAMM.' 
 SMol^tfr tkem (tti'the''three fim) ai« I tMii^'of 
 8«|i6rior^iiairoiir to the muimi klitds i^rodiieMi M 
 Bb^hiMiNi^ Tb my own tute,' Hd#e^eii' tftv«ntt^ 
 of tiW luitive growths, espeefilly thigf' dib6hb, 
 odMM Linia-beim, and Indiati^iale,' 'ii«' inioro 
 agMMUto than any of the escalieMt ^tablite'of 
 Imope.* The other indi^nooi'tMtKliittiotulcl 
 iMli dab ire plluitaiO«) biitoMn/ydms of ieieral 
 furietlei; talalue (a ipedes of spinriaf^); eddoey, 
 eataivi^ 'Mrd sweet potatoes. A itthtdft of 
 tbaieg' Mewed with salt fish or sahied deet Of ady 
 kAfeJdi and highly seasoned With' esiyctfnepep^ 
 piji*,^ is a favourite olio ilmong the negi^i ' F^ 
 iMtafl^ an ttflripe roasted plaateini H^ excdleiit 
 siAMtMie, and uiiiferSSilly pItfiMted to it by 
 the negroes, and most of the native whites. 
 It kHay ih thith be called the staff of life to the 
 fi)itner; n^ai^y thousand acres bang cultivated 
 in difierent parts of the country ipi;., their. jliuly; 
 suppoft^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 ii». 
 
 ■u(i. Jk 
 
 "<'• It if Mid hj Oviedo that thii fruit, thongh inttD- 
 dvMd IntoHtopaniola at a very early period, was not ori- 
 gtaalljf a itMtiVe of the Wett Indfet/ bat waa carried 
 thtther ftbai the Ci^aiy Islands by Thomas de Beriatiga, 
 a fHar« in the year 1510. The banana h a sptedw of the 
 
msmmotfwisg 
 
 BOOK - Of Ibe.paiv ^riiip«ii.firiii||».^ vari«^ .k 
 yiy^ equalled only bjjt their doeUeoce. Pevfaepejna 
 ooqotry OQ eut^ iifibrds lo unagpiificieiit • deph 
 ^en,; luid I conceive thai the fiBUowJuog were 
 fpontaneoimly bealpived od the itliuid bj the 
 bounty of nature ;— the aunana or pine^apple, 
 tamarind, papaw, gua?% siroet^qi of tuo spe- 
 aes» cashew-apple, cttstard-apfile, (a spedet 4if 
 (dbmnop^t* eoooa^nut, sttar-applt!, gpenadilla, 
 wvocadofpear, hog-plum and its varieties, piD-, 
 dalwunt, nesberry, mammee, mammpoi sapofa, 
 Spanish-gooseberry, prickly-'pear, and peihaptt 
 few others. For the orange (Sevflle and Qt^Ql^ 
 the leinon, lime, shaddock, and its numerous 
 spedeiSi the vine, melon, fig, and pon^^gfanate, 
 ti^ West In^an islands were probably indebt^ 
 tO^Uieir Spanish invaders. Excepting the peach, 
 the stmw^rry, and a few of the growths of £ar 
 i^ipean oi^^pards (which however attain to- w> 
 great perlfection, unless in the highest mountains) 
 ..■'■;• a^t 
 
 nsMCniit Sir Hans SloMie, whose iodastry it opmuiaid- 
 able wlMlever may be tbought of Yub jadgmeot, haa, in his 
 History of Jamaica, coUected much information coBcem- 
 ing this produMibn ; and from some anthorities whidi he 
 cites, it would seem that Oviedo was misinformed, and 
 that every species of the plantun is found growing spon- 
 taneoudy in all the tropical parts of the earth. 
 
 * This fruit is the bpast of South America, and is nedron- 
 ed by Ulloa one of the finest in the wwld. I haye been in- 
 formed that seTeral plants of it are flourishing in Ifr.Sast's 
 prinoely garden, at the foot of the Uguanea nwuntains. 
 
W- 
 
 •*•• 
 
 ti|MM mV1i9^ no^ to tl^ qiiil4gi««»riicim n ill^ 
 i^i^ tip; ja9l,^|«M^:7Mn. 4^lyHilvJ||»y«fur;l7;|^, 
 a, > b »t w i ic fiiE^^ was astablMM und^ , Iba 
 MiM^iipii of tlie assemUyi ^ it was not u^lil 
 tb^iyoar l7S$ithat ft epM^^iuaftly boast of 9)any 
 viM4e axotics. At tbat |ier]MM> tbe> forttii^ of 
 wm having: tbrowji ip«» tb<^ iiosMissioB iof Ji^ni 
 ]9M)ey« a Ffanfib sMp boMOd fiom tba islaiKl 
 ol;iBiQ!Mcfa(9D to Cape Francois ki St. DofoiogOt 
 «iM^ was found tO: have 00 boi^rd som^ plaiatiB 
 of the genuine cinnamon, the mango, and other 
 oriental productions, his Lorddhip, from that 
 generous partiality which he always manifested 
 for Jamaica and its inhabitants, presented the 
 plants to bis favourite islaods;^?rthus nobly orr 
 namenting and enriching the country his valour 
 had protected fifom conquest Happily, the 
 present was not ill bestowed. The cipnfunpn 
 may now be said to be naturalized tp tbi^ 
 country: several persons are establishing plan* 
 tations of it, and one gentleman has set out 
 fifty diousand plants. The mango is bed&me 
 almost as common as the orange ; but, for wan^ 
 of attention, runs into a thousand seminal varie^ 
 ties. Some of them, to my taste, are perfectly 
 delicious.* 
 
 * TIm cionamon tree grows to im height of twenty oi 
 thirty feet; it puts out numerous sldft bmaches with a 
 VOL. I. S 
 
m 
 
 II. 
 
 gltttiff 1lN» i^iidiMrMri^ s W6re Ijb^nil Wli^i^Bx*' 
 tt^ve^isj^y, frdiM tii« HfiagnifiGent c^tobtkftf 
 
 if%iy%triftciid'fiMii[Stt liiii^'Si^ nifo hud 
 
 f)hlilliia^ ttf fa?^r ine With an Jferint ^£Mk« 
 ii»^Jto)b(i>{R«p»KMJr«iii^ his own ittMMdwtt 
 iiitjpittkiA^ t^ttfpoMly l»r this #«>rk^-4Mlt mw^ 
 griMiUif Moih bttve I tin IttnMtit the cem^^ki^ 
 diMptxlitltmenf, fttid ifidcitti bv^ ihtti «e^«i4ty 
 
 <|{fHiie i^iiUfige ffom thft very jgwttoro of tfa^ trimly 'if Uch 
 furnisMf an oppHortunity of obtaining i^atjr of layen* nnd 
 liK^itales the pittpaipiHon of the tree« as it dbef not per- 
 il^ iir iMeib hi tay ^ntti^y tmdte bU &t Mvat ftti§, 
 iOMiWhiommw ^lMiti(WyibM«d/thttm lliigte'li«o 
 in taiioel flUBeiant for « cblpay. When phwted Itrhqfen, 
 ^ if of. n ptf tty^qaick growth, reashii^ in eight yaen the 
 height of fifteen or twenty feet| it is very spreading, and 
 fhrnisheil'with nwnerons branches of a fit size for decora- 
 Uttn. tlie«eifiiiiM'lo% ito toibtng^j^. Th«inn4tl hraiidies 
 of Mteal i* {ii^#lklii^«f yidtt'lhe be9l damtmoAi ^hhih 
 is itstif the hmktr or iwnr haiic of the ti«e,«nd it i«- 
 ydrsi aii^m dexterity to separate the outer barium which 
 l^nld yitiate the flavour. Specimens of the inner bark, 
 transiirftted byl>r.iDancer, the island botanist, to the So- 
 d^df Airts, were found folly to posM«< nit dtMUi uiid 
 taste 4f the tmt dntiain^n fi«otn Csyloni and Indeed to be 
 superior to any cinnamon imported from Holliad i and in 
 all other respects to agree perfectly with the description of 
 fhe orielitid dnnattion giten by Burihin. $«e their reso- 
 hitlons oflhb f4th December* J^'Slo. 
 
of that &!• which snddeiily anatchti % moit ouf. 
 amkble aid wnii^apit jfiftal |fQl» hit friends 
 and the public, aai fmrriedl mi>>*'«i mitiiiiely 
 pmmmBltA ii<il#:fanil3|t<rf.he|Hj ■■i..Hn«|i» 
 
 -.\-H'i'^> ,;, • ^ ■' X', 
 
 >u >)(HU,y 
 
 ■•''v' 
 
 >-j"l 
 
 Eaa^t fn|)ttb oalttctioB hnia^ aince been dVteimd, H will 
 
 ditalA(^\fitf/wtiUi WMlkseildlliilbfc'Anl d^ ftftaow 
 t)iei«fbt«fMiltWd. 
 
 '•■^OO^H^- - . , ,HU Utit^^S . . •.. ,:■,,. V .,* .^^jVii'ii.- 
 
 
 4 *k) 
 
 .f)vl 
 
 ^f9'!Wt^i> 
 
 «d 
 
«or 
 
 HI8IQRY or .THE 
 
 H|j#|i#^'3^ 
 
 -:i^! 
 
 parisha, — Churches^ churcMiomgt, md^vea- 
 . tries, — Gwemor or Cominander in Chirf. — 
 Coiitrts ^judicature.— P^Uc cffUxs.—Le^' 
 ^^^ Jaiure a^lamfr-Bi^^ 
 «r and rate rf exchange, — Md^ia^T^ifur^diarA^ 
 inhidntantsqfaUconditiomandcon^kjPMmt^ — 
 Trade, thipping^ exports and imports. — tUport 
 qf the Lords of Trade in 1 734. — Present state 
 of the trade with Spanish America. — Origin 
 and policy of the act for establishing, of 
 free ports. — Dispkof of the progress qf the 
 island in cultivation, by comparatioe statements 
 qf its inhabitants and products at dsffereni 
 periods. — Appendix No. I. No.IL 
 
 BOOK. 
 
 II. 
 
 The island of Jamaica is divided into three 
 couDties, which are named Middlesex, Surry, and 
 Cornwall. The county of Middlesex is com- 
 posed of eight parishes, one town, and thirteen 
 villages. The town is that of St. Jago-de-Ja- 
 Vega or Spanish Town, the capital of the island. 
 Most of the villages of this and the other coun- 
 ties, are hamlets of no great account, situated at 
 the different harbours and shipping-places, and 
 supported by the traffic carried on there. St. 
 Jago^e4a-'V^a is situated on the banks of the 
 
cdatAiiii^i)titW^ii"fii^ tfiA^'il«'htiMd»ed 1^^ ,^^ 
 ancl libdikt fivi Oiduiiuid liihabittintB^,' indMII% 
 
 piiMdt d^1[*b^ttiiBLiider in thief, xlvho k f^^cdih^ 
 modated with a superb palace; and i^ it iMX^ 
 that the l^istatuire I& convert^, And 'thcT Court 
 of Chancery, and l!i(i Supreme Court of JuiUc«- 
 turt,ar^hdd. »*^«^ ^'«5" 
 
 ' The <i6uhty of Surf^ contains sei^n pariihei, 
 twd ^ovmiy and ^ht villager. Th^Uownd art 
 thote of Kingston ktid Port^Royal ; thte former 
 of whicb lit iit^ated on the nort^ side ' of a 
 beautiful harbothr, and was - fbund«d in t693, 
 when repeated desolations by earthquake and 
 fi^ hflCd dmeirt teinhabitanU frbh^ 
 It cbnWine4 ip 1^88 onie ttiousanlj six Kuiidre^ 
 
 "■ '. 1 i 'ir.:..?,' ,1.:" ' : ',.1 '...' , If . i . v^'i.' '^1 IT-' i 
 
 and sixty-^five houses^ besides negro-huts and 
 warehouses^ The number of white inhabitants, 
 in the same y^ar, was six thousand iiveliundred 
 and thirty-tiini^ : of iriee people of cbldar'thiDeb 
 thousand two hundred and eiehty: of slaves she- 
 teen thousand six< hundred and fi%-iune;— total 
 nomber of inhabitants of all complexions and 
 conditions, twenty-six thdusand fdur hundred 
 and sev«*rity-eiffht. It is a glace bf great -tirade 
 and opulence. Many of the houses in^ttie tip|^ 
 part of the town are extremely ma^ii^cent; apd 
 the markets for butcbefs* meat, turtle^ fish^ poulp 
 try, fruits ianct vegetables, &c. Hre inferior to 
 
^9f 
 
 HNIDHV n/fWM 
 
 
 now reduced, by repeated caUuniyufy ^rt^f^sf 
 ft^imf^ ft few liwf»» ftP4 *b»iu$ ^<> ^Mipdred 
 
 burials were 151 itbiiit igoieh (bdadfnf 46 nfom i^e public 
 iMpitali);^ white wbmeii; Md«0w)riie 6ki%iM. ibiol 
 114; ^the flMb tlwwtel* Mftobtr ih>iit Hw kiMiiiial, 
 
 !aiit % crie«|l Htk^ «f |to qlll^f4« WOV; ft y"lf i W H » pn#>Rt* 
 
 mn aIlow^9|B for ex^'aor^in«| mQrtalitjr on tllfii aocQuq^, 
 if this retaro, wlUch is taken ^m the Farbcbial'Rcgister, 
 ^tii'cbmHt^^ttii tfa« hills of 'ndhdilyiitt tM^^itijitraliu!- 
 ttiviagilMMM |if Sag|MM>, the noki viltibtf oonddlfraUy 
 it imvm oftittpn^ffb Iff fhe ^ «iA PWkMmm <^ 
 ll^fhfiife^iy^ i«lMW9«« % li^hole 5iHMwJ)«r.«C ^h^ ipfei^.- 
 *ti*^to ii^ lyw, ooiD|^h^n4in(^ Solj^, w^ «p,l&l, and 
 tM kveragf Qumher of btiriijs {dliiM^itt^rs indWed) for 
 lfv« prMe^gtyeira wa» 959. If the nortaiiiiy irt kan- 
 MMjeviid Umo fal iie^pwlar jpfmpoftiu'tiMiil'hiKioe^a' 
 
fSWPaH »W>f¥^rT 
 
 w 
 
 mtdkfumAiW^ M the j^li^ «if^4 ^nliB^ 
 
 towji ; ocmaiiiiig of iwo^ivHHkf)^ m^ (wiyiit^tfjir^ 
 boiiMik thifly?lbrc»«f YMc;ti)«iW jd^pill^stpirfa or 
 wMfhouiMw:^ T^ nwpub^ of lof^l ym^ 
 whM^ deio* tonunUy at tbi? port ar^ about one 
 ImiMliecl mA'Mt^p 9C whieh tevei^y af!^ €api|t4 
 «lii|lb;Jiu| ki tbia acewiKk i^ kiclHde4 nail qiI( 
 thnwiriwh enter lit JUogfrt!^ ft 
 
 ^^fa)iDouil^Qr(«^H (9 iwrew?im<»ljf ceiHed) 
 (ha^mt^k Aiuwted <m Uie aoDtb 9i4e QCJ^fM-tfei^ 
 Qlfie liarMMR^; aii4 MucUng the a<)joiMiipg|yil- 
 \f^ of MavAa^Bvac aiid tbe {ljec)i, i& ^khh- 
 pQNd of lifo^bui^retd t^ twrenty Iwtuse?* The 
 n9i<l,,iwroi«| «C Iblft, tof (i «o4 Beigi^l)0!^|)9P4 
 lltthte<^l«lBll;S^(tefll»y9artj|a^j^H^t^l^ In 
 ]77I« the three villages of Mar4)M^]9f<|&J'^l* 
 aittiitliy :ip4 Ibt Roi^ coaibiine^ together but 
 eigil^nrhoMiea;: |ip»d thiQ veseels w\ikk eitfeTe4 
 anQually at t]^ port of Falmouth did not exceed 
 ten. AV preset l](m,bi)akt<Dfu^ 
 
m 
 
 mmjiflY (0 ff!^^ 
 
 If 
 
 ,<^ fiich |tepnh <(or pMeinM oontiitiog <•# an 
 iiaioirof two or more piH^bM) is governeil % « 
 chief magMti^ttiy'Myled CtM»fl> J to i<ii n r M i » fd 
 *biMljr of jiuUeiM tMilimited by liw ts toimB- 
 ber^ b^ wkoiil^iMskMit of the peace eroheld'efery 
 three* montliSy'etid courts of ComaioiiPleestotlp^ 
 aetieiM erieiag within the periehf > or precinotHo 
 an amount not exceeding' tweM^ poundBi' •^In 
 itiatlett^ of debt not' exceeding Wj shiiyiigi, a 
 sinfpftjagticebattthoriaedtodetertinnef-' n^^^t. 
 '^ The whde twenty parishes oontaiii«i(^hlMBt 
 chiBPches and* chapels,* and cash parish isipr»> 
 vided with a rector, and other church ofilcais ; 
 die rectors' livhigs, the preaentatioiV'lo which 
 rests with the governor or commander in ^dief, 
 are severally as foHows^ vis. St«'Ga!therine SOO/. 
 per- annum; Kingston^ St. Thomas in the East, 
 Glarendonj and Westmoreland, S50A peT'anntim ; 
 St. David, St. George, and Portland, 100/. per 
 annum^ all ^e rest SOO/. per aanara. "These 
 sums are ptaid in lieu of tythes by the church- 
 wardens of the several parishes respectively, from 
 the amount of taxes levied by tbo ^vestries on 
 theiofaabitantsi • -^ -^M: ^^ »* 
 
 '(^^ Each parish builds and repairs ii parsonage 
 hObil^, *or albws the rector ^0/. ptat imnum in 
 
 T'i 
 
 h^ n 
 
 .,» 
 
 Jr. 
 
 * Two ttr three more have been erected tinciB this ac- ^ 
 count WW wiitten. s 
 
 % 
 
mnart indim^'^' 
 
 ws 
 
 Miid to ! thaan ai? 4h» pirtib of Sv^Aukiaw, 
 
 which altogether it valued at 'OM* ttMoaiMl 
 ^niitv ilMliag per anhifiA;* The biihdp of 
 liDiMkin ii sai^ to claim this iaiaild at' parffof 
 hit^dioecMe^ but hit juritdiction it renounced and 
 bmd by the Iswt of the country; and the g9- 
 fttHorof comtiknderin'chieQ at tupiettie^heftd 
 of the 'ptofineial church, not only induoli> into 
 tbe^aevinal rlBCtoriet, on the requititetettitnonials 
 being produced that the candidate bat been aid- 
 initiad> inip' priett'« ordera according to the ^n6ns 
 ^ the church of England, but' he is Kkewite 
 v e rted with the power of tutpending a clergyman 
 of lowd «nd diaorderfy life o^ offkh, upon dppli- 
 dvlion -from his pittithioiiert. ' A suspension ab 
 tfSao is in facta tuspensioii abenefiehino minis- 
 tar being entitled to bis' stipend for any longer 
 tnniB dtian>he shall actually officiate } uodess 'pre- 
 vented 5by aickneite. '<* » ^ i*i!^'*rtn iM » l«i«<» 
 .t^-iThe vestiias are composed of the custos, and 
 twotother magistrates; the rector and ten'v^try- 
 men ; the; latter^are elected annually by the freei- 
 boldarsir Beftdes their power^of assessing and 
 appropriating taxes, they appointed way^^war- 
 
 * In the year 1788, the auembly patted a law Uf jprOi» 
 hibit the burial of the dead within the walls of the 
 churdi) and aa hy this regulation aeTefal of the rectors 
 were dqiriTcd of a perquiiife/an augUMilailon otliol. per 
 annum was made to most of the Ihibgs. 
 
^^^ 
 
 HI9fOfty OP TUB 
 
 4gW 4fM»>«A«ll0t.tolbuMMifiBt>||Mb(ltp4Mi«itA^ 
 
 ■r»» 
 
 fi'jnlii/ ?' ^fM!*^^ ^')H.r ('vie*"/ 
 
 nMtrj i»i»iN) i^ofiMioolsr ^ed <U»i < Qnwl 
 
 CttifL. Ml nnnifiiiiMi tiiBilir iiiriiditftiiiii jo lliii 
 
 on Um iMt TuMday of ouch 9I t^ montb* of 
 F«lHnw[y» May, AugiMU tiMi K^vmliw^ in 
 wffyjffar* la tliU eQuctf tht^ <i«i( ju*;^ «C 
 
 pltotAff, wW. M»«i«« oeMte mI«^ nqr raivafd 
 oC;«iiy fciiMl for tMr «ttMid«8Qfv i Tlwat jttd§M 
 must be present to constituift « oottrt; tnd 
 mk tm» i» liuHlQd in fkiiwtiaii lo three v^eks. 
 FnHR thin f fwrU if Uw n^^ltv i» ditpnlA Jo a 
 cWaI MiiAfi im ffir n im» of 3<)4)i tttilii^ or 
 
 H^lir^dlt «i» 4pp«»l lbs iQi tlM Ijowienifiiv ood 
 eguRoil as a «oiirl of ereur ; if N»t«Me of dsfilb 
 be pused for felony, the appeal is to the governor 
 
 holders of knowp ir^i4f ««« 9i;e pgil «irf^ ^ •ireil$» Md 
 
¥i nm l» M ytfcr the cgiwty of CotmiriK Tbe , 
 Svny eaurl b«9M Iht lift IWdqr is iannfjr, 
 A^Ji%,«04Qet»hcr4 The Comwdl coMt 
 U«|m iIw iMiTiiMday In Mvck, Jua^ S«f ton- 
 l»r wiDe m w b f; McliMMtftcoMrt is haaihoA 
 M»;«MMigMiiidwNilMNi< Thtif faAwthriiitM^ 
 bittnts law cont^ tvfiy finMk #f Ik* year^ be- 
 sMift tbe'4Quri (rf «li«Mqei3r> ordioM^t admimlty, 
 «b4iM idveial pMiab oomis** Tk^ judgM oC 
 
 b«li%iVldlo%irftiadHlproochi. Tbt mode df proeee«f- 
 hVfHiBMIfertlMpnty'tt MimaMM (kMiiif il mVkia 
 
 It i^bovp4 to •|pjpew« t|ie vec|r 99xt ^urt| oi; 
 
 '" fm$ by ditliuitt Twcn^-«iglit days ftler 
 tiit'iM Agp «r'iaA iBirt onb^ feri^icK 
 
 ^milfi WH #annifc CMpnhtnil^^ koCll a fi^ fMat 
 
 Ui)c* it allowed b^rejvdgment, it it mnAtftd ^h<ll. tba 
 eSecti laried on 4MI remain in the defendant*^ j^inds 
 \itttil dia Mtt oMuit, to givekim an opportnnilj of dispos- 
 iaif 4)HtaB to tte W» advant^io } and tf he then Mis 
 ili y ti e fi » r alt<w>M^a^ ^lM iMi■ ^ ay#^aii^^^eatoth^ 
 
 ^enon. lie j9odfi||^)^raf;Mea,i«to«iMli*IM>l^ 
 exjecntioo«, whereby, the debtor obtfini th^ iii^i|l|g2a]^ce 4)f 
 one tenei', or coort« '•hut whldi both his jperson and jpods 
 are ^ahle ojider t^ writ <^ «eiM(tltMi e^poa^HU 
 
 • $oon after t||b w«Kwcitt« WiSi WMpim^ (U1^ 
 ia 1790) by whif^ ^H Aafoift fOW iff tllur MipicnR WOiA 
 
Hl9MtT Of ^nOL 
 
 BOOK 
 
 IL 
 
 thi mhib d^ifU'itct iMtlKNit Mui^ttr isttaiUi m 
 wdl ts the thrmki8t*m jiKig«iQ(1l»iiiffti*M 
 court, any one of whom, if pfeMiit, p w rf dn in 
 the Msite oourt. No appeet from Ihie tatier to 
 the ibitger U allowed, but judgtaMitB of tti* ea- 
 sm immediately following the tupieme oourt, 
 are considered as of one and the same oourl^ and* 
 have an equal right, in point of prioiityi with 
 those obtained in the grand court. '<'' 
 
 In this island, as in Barbadbes, the depart- 
 ments of council and attorney ate distinct; and 
 although in the bland last-mentioned, barristers 
 have been admitted by licence iroHi Ihegeeef^ 
 nor, it is otherwise in Jamaica ; the coloiiial 
 laws expressly i«c|oirini;^ that no persbn fthall 
 be allowed to practise who has not liOeo rfjpi- 
 larly admitted in the courts of Eng^ncj, Irdand, 
 or Scotland ; or else (in the Que of itn attflmey) 
 who ha» not served as articled derk to some 
 svfom attorney or solicitor in the islaiicl'ibr ^ve 
 years at least. 
 
 . Irhe governor, or commander in chie^ is 
 chancellor by hu office, and presides aoMy in 
 that hij^ department, which is adininisiered 
 with great form and sdemtiity. H^ u also the 
 sole ordinary for the probate of wills and 
 grantine letters of m^piinistrpition. ^rom the 
 
 wu abdUihed, and along vieaHoa «tteUiilitd ai in Eng- 
 lan'd, with limilar nl^illalioiit foir tlie'.ah(|iM 'co«rt|« to the 
 great R^ef of persbni attradiiif tejoi^ 
 
 4 
 
WB«riKOIBI. T 
 
 «M 
 
 finit oC iIni ofii6e% Iib deriva extsoMve rjithority , ghaf. 
 
 •.♦#CK41^TEi ..St*it^ 'Uft t 
 
 r*. 
 
 K. 
 
 ^»>Tk»^raili(Md MBolWBMiatriaiaf MUHMllyftom 
 t)).« g^im^iMnt of ,Ju«»i9« mvf, 1 think, bt atM J«MiAl 
 M foUowi, vis. 
 
 — — — iCS^OOO 
 
 
 «i '. 1 . 
 
 150 
 1,400 
 1,000 
 
 Fiti fi& Chancery 
 
 F(N« of the Court of Onttniry — 
 
 n-^A ■ iShnra of Coatom Homo SoisarM — 
 
 ^T>o Miiaibly iHMropnrfhMcd for the gover- 
 nor's vae^nformof •boutSpOecret, called theGo- 
 vermiient ^enn, end bnilt en degentville thereon. 
 Llkewben polink or provision setUement in the 
 mft iine (wldeh it also provMad with a com- 
 fiMrtabla manstop-hovee) and stoekod both pro- 
 per^^js ir^tl) (K^ negroes, end a soflleienoy of cat- 
 tle, sl^p, iftc. . From these pleoM (which are ex- 
 c1 * I ve (rf the king's boose in Spanish Town) the 
 governor is, or oikglit to be, supplied with hay 
 and earn, mutton, milk, ponhry, and piovisions 
 for bisdomestiei, creating asaving in his iMnisc- 
 hold espeaoes of at least — ~ — I^OOO 
 
 Total in cnrrency *» — jf . 8,550 
 
 Being equal to 6,1001. sterling) and this is altogether ex- 
 dosiv* of foee reorived by his private secretary for milit'a 
 comwissioni, ftc. &c. &o. mhieh-»9 noi sasily OM^iaiaNl. 
 It is ioppoeod flso that money hes sometimes been made 
 by the sale of churcli livings j and. vast sunyi were for- 
 merly rarsed by escheats. ., .4* 
 
 " V. B. A governor of Jamaica may live Very l^onour- 
 ably for>3j000). sterling per annum.— Since the former 
 editions of tjb^vfoik were published, the Mscmby, at the 
 request of Ike govenMW, butft passedan >4,yor .t^.sale of 
 
w 
 
 BOOK 
 II. 
 
 HISMtrfiVfHE 
 
 several frMt ofltoci} vJii ite jdAci»'of ^mraM-' 
 meots, or secretary of the islaii^, provost- 
 jnaaha^^Bneral^ «lerlE ol Uw ooaM X'*^^ |)ro- 
 tiwBotkfy, cuilMhbrcvfiMi, Ae^ sif» M( atid 
 situated in Spanish Town. The fiiftt te an 
 office of record, in which the laws passed by 
 the legi&lature are preserved: and cqpiefi of 
 then entered into fior vohiines« In Ihia office 
 all deeds, wills, sales^ end fMnnte, muse be re- 
 gistered. It is likewijBe ntquSred that iU j^mofis 
 (After six weeks' residence) intending to cbpart 
 this island do. affix their names in this offiee* 
 twenty-one days ^efaie ihey ut eMilled tovs^ 
 ceive a ticket or %i-f«8S^ to ^Mble them to 
 leave the country. In otder 16 enforce this 
 regulation, masters of Tessels are ofatlig<pc|^ at the 
 time of entry, to 4ffve security in the, sum of 
 1,000/. not to cany off the island any person 
 without such ticket or let-pass. Trustees, ttt^- 
 tomies, and guardians of orphans, are required 
 to record annually in this, office accounts of 
 the produce of estates in their chaige,;, .and, 
 by a late ac^ mortgages in pnimeinn are 
 obliged to register not only ceeMnti of the 
 crops of each year, but ibo amnitl aeooonts tur- 
 rent of their receipts and payments. Thin- 
 
 bdth tkb Oflverameat Peoa nM Meuatain Mjftkt sad Ih 
 lieu th«Mttf likf« settled sa iddltidail mkirf^ftJlKlOI. 
 cttieaey on tteCottttaoder la Olkkf fbr tbe iuas bdaif. 
 
^'^^it^MaiHMIttj 
 
 «7l 
 
 all deeds mlKtl^^ UtilMi^ wHhin three moiitiw 
 fl(tolr»dMI0, dr^Aki^ vt^ dittial«d to te vdid^giinst 
 «lijr ollM»^dM ]^rd^edttAd'Te^8Mted wk^ 
 tini^ lidtttoa J Ml Hnty Mecbnd deed i5 on leoOfd) 
 then ibe Mine* we valid, though regisMred after 
 theihree meliihs. Itk pt«futiied that tfie profits 
 of itids oMBee, which i» lield by ^patent from the 
 awm; andr exerdied* by d^tatsen, exceed 
 6;60W.^teiliD|g |Mr MMdii. 
 
 n%fc fxr6v(Mlt*inarsfa84«'||^ei'al is mi officef of 
 high^'Cank and great autliority.*-^The name de^ 
 ntttesi&iiiiiitBry'Oiigiii, and Ibe office was first 
 instituted in tins island in 1660, by toyal com- 
 mission lp> Sir l^iomM Lynch, it is now held 
 by pi^tetit from the orown^ which b usuiiHy 
 granted for two. lives, and the pattotee is per- 
 niitted toact b|y deputy^ who is cominonly the 
 highest bidder. The powers and autboritiea 
 annexed to thb Qifiice are variiHis: and the 
 aethig officer is high sheriff of the whole island 
 during his continuance in office, and permitted 
 toiiominate deputies under him for every parish 
 Of prosinet^ His legal receipts liave been known 
 to <exeeed f iOCKtf. I sterKtig per annum, and it 19 
 suppo^that some of his deputies make nearly 
 as much. , , 
 
 ij.Tllftipmciofcletk of the supreine. court is 
 likewise held by ^patentandt exercised, by depiH 
 tation. Evidence was given to the hottse cf 
 
2/8 
 
 amsm^w^ 
 
 BOOK niflfHahlM aoaa^N^Ba mmb* that itA^JBiUMl value, 
 
 jHoPCfjt^ Qt^r, gi^ jucmj^yeiiicfi i^,Bmi 
 a^tjm thsip }9C,th<| 1^91^ .ipfc^5lpaw«fy» 111^ 
 
 q§c;f^r|,#i!Md t|ol)ector of |^, cu^lpmyi for % port 
 of ICIogston* AU these appQintmepj^, wli^^t 
 bf )d by patient or cooipoisgipq, jure likewbe mjiii , 
 posed to Hkfl^ind considerable, e«iKi4HDa^t to, pcji^^ 
 sons residing in Great Britain^ X|.i9,^inpiite^ 
 on t^ wboile, t|iat not less, than ,90,(^lf J^ing 
 is jreqaitl^ aI^lua^y,,by the deputies in, 9^, 
 within the island, to their .prh^ipais in ,the mo- 
 tl»W^ovntry* , ,^^ 
 
 • It is notiveiy pl^aimit tp tin nsiO^nt i|ibibit9«te %o 
 obittrvc^ thiut almost dl the |mtentoflpcf|^in f|ie colonic 
 are exercised by deputies^ who notoriously and avowedly 
 obtdn their apotntments by purchiue. Leases for yeairs of 
 some of them have been sold by auetioil } and nothing is 
 mora common, at the expiration of those leases, thn the 
 cireunMlRnces of an inferior clerk outbidding his empViriir 
 (the r^ident deputy) and stepping ^^ his p^ce. It inay 
 be doubted whether both the eeller and buyer in such cases 
 are not subject to the penalties of t^e statule Slnd 6 l^w. 
 VI. agalast the sale and purehiue of ottces rdating t^^the 
 adQiinistradon- of justice. By an exoellciit law, .howvimr, 
 whidi passed in the |idi|kinistration of the presfijl Ifa^iii* 
 of Lansdown, then Earl of Ghelburqe, the. grievance m|| 
 in a great degree be prevented in future, for it is enacted 
 by the 29d Geo. Ul. e. 75. that ftc-*a thenceforth no ofBee 
 to be exercised in the plantations shall be granted by pa- 
 tent, for any .longer term than «iuiing sush^ime «s the 
 grantee thereof ih^U ii$clwrge the duty in petion. , 
 
.!i 
 
 m 
 
 fcttit niiiiiiMih "^ ^'**"*'^'""ti iiiiii 'iJKiii fi I h iti* fft 'HIT i 
 
 niVlfv ■BOlKnlMDi UHI « DOHIc OT URDIIIIJ COOr- 
 IWUIIU lU lJ*>1aIVQ luviuoBiVy WUw W WWilBU wj 
 
 nn irasooiflefKr tU. tnroB lor tncr w vom lOff n 
 
 vut pUWli^wDMRv wc '<aecu6n '» uiinrp ; liinl in 
 nie ra|n vwAliitif^y' ^'4 latidra freenbla' bf Hffbb 
 hitidifikr Ifii!^ i% t^ df ili^ 
 
 aevW^ tli6jr^ott|)y^' t» aetriyal kotliciMiiiii- 
 G^B^It^ ;'lir^^^ liiitkli^ori jM- 
 sooo as the govewMy^iJ^jiitBtjit fth Hi in i i i v Thi 
 dM itdwitf^ feit iftttttihe royird^t>|>K$BAto Is 
 
 VOL. I. T 
 
%^ If UPnkP OMHE 
 
 BMK •iiAj?MijMii ,u^.ii|y|^ iHlBliilkiiwinaiali iiiiiin 
 
 pro^^tioD thereiOf^fs the exegendtf oCUi^^ 
 
 iM^^ it «9>MiiflMtf^^- 
 
 flf , tfaiB . iMifalic HMidift .dMi}> Mniniiiniiif Oi ifrfii Af 
 ^m fiKm tile pMCtice nf the ifli&v-i^^ 
 
 ^LA^^^jiyL^^ ^mUIkU'iav Maunl^tfkKIAMJ' •"^^ ■>* ■>» s.. I .'C^Hft xm: 
 
 ^navu^py fv^fMi 'w im^ioimmmv or Nwpiupfliif \nr 
 
 ititiiTadtoy'iiiiii iirtf iliiriiliiiiftBt '''* "•^•"^ a^j-iitui^ 
 
 
 
 «»lK>l« eilit6 and dbeu/ oMitaairlttif ei«ttf%li 
 
:^t 
 
 ff 
 
 
 
 **' 
 
 BdtOhe 
 
 
 iMlii%.<iiflM!rt«i|«iHl' (BcniMijlii^S«il<^;^iMf''MP>li 
 
 hM 
 
 (»IP 
 
 l!!Sip^;|j^: 
 
 oonflii«mcnl* nor eoavmrad 
 
 iiif^t i^Miv^ flii>i|»t. ym :^^&' m£S^ 
 
 llfHft ft*^ thrtf HMMM im ■niiBirf^ Aril ^ HthtBiii^rfM 
 
 ispi apii^fw If He IMM mH piii llw4fiMM»|l ^fdilflikllt 
 
 T2 
 
I '*^ 
 
 m 
 
 u^muMwmm 
 
 
 iAtiBrt*^ 'a&rito 'i^S4>fci^ M a^^i^l^&*i& llfinE^v 
 
 4i.>i:;» .-■i.ift ;i^^i^!.> i« -'tlyfitta Jt'OlffiW ^i)"-;-:. i-'^^W^. 
 
 
 held OQ aU nq^roes in^ppftij^ 
 
dP^MvpHbttin'of altm ta 'keep one- whit* per^ 
 sttPlbrilVery thirty blacks; but the peiielt|f, 
 
 '■^^^* "^Whne8iSC^i[t:&fl^tiiiii^ jK^ 
 
 each white peiim^4mli^.^ 
 f«(qiiired, b become ^B0-n:f w ^k»titi»^yil4 
 ^ibtb of Tevtn^^iimm^MmMi!Mmm' 
 
 Tivtj^«t^fi1^ t)Mti!^.ci0c%> i 
 
 iHiiil IttMnllaare paned by the l^^bhitM^ift^^ 
 netei^inay t^Uk«/' '^liliv«l^'8iM>il8ilii^M<ni^ 
 ilB<«(^tli^i^tiitite Of the «o^n|eiit c^fiti|#^ 
 
 t|i(|^^t of ':^ m^^m '^.mii^' 
 
 km ^ th^ yc«r 1789, aiif|^^!!t|M «ii$IF^x 
 niMii for thepi^ttM^t'ibeiryi^/i^ i^.i<vr^.cr:'^.f4iffy}?, 
 
 BftStBtmSSSyiltiSaA Tkoopg, and Hoq^ 
 
 Printing, &c S,900 
 
 CtefkoftbeOimndCMirt V . 100 O 
 
 C^ <»f thi OroiAi " ^ ' ^-^ ^-^ •' .' ^ ^'i^'-^ ««^^0 ' a> 
 Ckift^ ^ CoohlaitftkMiniiir FdlM^t '^iei/3 ^la^i f<.:;|,i6' 
 
 -foa 
 
 ia 
 
 ^1«9 -• » 
 
«fr 
 
 Hi8rai9i>f?m 
 
 BnM|btov# . 4M>0 
 
 To tM Bnffiii»«r.#Bft Cf)pli^. of dUhrait 
 
 1,000 0.0 
 
 
 ••r 
 
 U :>fl,.'.", ■ • 
 
 For di^ Ml^pMi of 'the IbtMle G^Mm^^^ . 
 
 l y t l l lp WWIf «f thoiy<Wff fee |lHp# V a;; ' >;v|n 
 
 .MiMwF • • ',V^i,«. .0.. 
 
 s4ttpW^tiieyortlwiil^tebter . . li)0it'O''o 
 1^C&nii<Mk^'#«Ktefbrtf '"" 1^''^l^;illlP'ii'<^l^- 
 
 ''^^•9feitiMiV, Ijlf^ tilt JMBo 
 
 Cm§iiWCmtdngi fis. CoUwtiit 
 , CoattoUa's and RcodTer QeoiHl'* 
 
 : I'Cptif^^IUIidl^lloJIft fir flf<^^ 
 
 -^'jifMia'ct^-o. 
 
 ■fvt 
 
 ., , " 283 :,- 
 ' ssndtf Sir 
 
 t' ■ 
 
 
 
 V .•rr*'!" ■■' . f}*^ 
 
 •^^hii 
 
 i , ■ * 
 
doUan at dr. 8dl tnd i6 in proportioii for tba 
 
 '^ BiWiglHoTir . . S1,000 O . 
 llMditBiadMeroBK*- 
 
 
 
 
 irise«OM 
 
 l^f*|p Wf, prompt f*y- 
 ^liifailyjperoMt, . i3,«K) 
 
 
 friB.'.-^,i.fi<tet**rtD? Ill I M iii> in ifiu T 
 
 . 1%t «ii|rpliii w« applM <o«md| diicluufii^ lkf», 
 MUi iNk which WW MtboalMl aft 180«00M. €aum^^ - 
 
 D^B B^IDB^HBD* •B0 C^UVIDRuK QnBmKJlM SuV^nl^H^HK JHflW** 
 
 •^^^ ^^^P*" ^pipsay v^«# w^r«»«»BB^^«aw w««^»|^'^^|n'« ^1W^W««IV^P^V fHBVI^ _ 
 
 ariiia naa^y to 4iltM«^tht4ia9aai ibinw ttillalt <^^ 
 chidlf t6 • giMft wppfMplio* qC«h* BpilMi tn^)^ 
 whofemiaiM of niriasftad niAiiitftiiiiMt allwhidLlklittM* 
 th* Bfn^jpf S«000) )9 thiowii vpon f^ i#H4.. A*9<>fB 
 Hbm b • ragtanail «f l%hl-diiveooni« wh^i ^ >M^|MC' 
 Mh^iMibradfaKtiMfloaftiy. .; j.^.:. 
 
 Hiiiii nf iti^tolwil (piHnunait and Unmw, hit bean . 
 ■failiyj<iyii|^l"in ^ ifart piibliaatioa of the pwead- 
 io§ iUhBaliDi Ita pahUc debt and eontingaiit cspaoMs 
 for 17M cane to no Umilmm^^atL U. Sd. cnmnejr } 
 wafl^ aoBi waa i|^to|cth«f, oidoahre of tba aaipanaaa in- 
 eaniid hf tha war jriA «^ jfi»oii B«8>!|ff^ej^|Vg^ 
 •«ioi»twillhaNa|ar^|^3^ »«<9t^^}!*!<i$^f 
 ilQ,lN|f 14*. Ti. csmS^'J^.^'''^'^^^ ^^ AneiS' 
 Uy by whom ihai« ul^mm f «• ra|9rtad«^ diplpi*, at 
 
m 
 
 Hm4^.pvjpMs 
 
 mm mmffff^'mM'^^ ^^mtM 
 
 cbftoge, by which JOCM. sterling gjvct 140/. 
 
 reocy. 
 
 ..V 
 
 From tbf lil^iaj^rpf this islana ai^f^fo- 
 tent and envious rivaij, and 4liff,Yaiti4bvii99!rr 
 doD between tbt wmberof white. inbabi^pptB 
 and the tlavito/ it^lftk^r be supposed thi^' ^ 
 maintenance (of • povredql and well-disciplinBd 
 militia is among tha first oiyeMs' of' thcl ^attsy 
 9^ ^ ^IflfPf^t^r^ : '#^iding1y m -^tsi^mm 
 #hMi^ t^- sUty years of age, are obliged^^by 
 law to. enlist ,th^selves either in tfte horsa 4>r 
 
 i% JMt ym9^ rigidly aoliMtted^^ as; tfaa (w^tdoiliiia, 
 
 whiobuiavompdieii df thivef i«|pmMtg^ of 'limine 
 
 a^^drteeh' i^ii^ 
 
 8|ii''<^ .much more than iij|,0!dk) e|fec^«|i^ ; 
 
 neither do the usual empjoiyn^^tft Wf^ l^bijl^ of 
 
 lif% fiithec of the officeii or pnyates^ leondoce 
 
 vevyi mtich tO'^miKtafy^ suborflifialiott.-^How- 
 
 ef^, Ih tini^ of eci^d diing 
 
 the revolt i^'jUi^ve^^ qt th(| i|;^i(|||t^Uij^ of| Ipva- 
 
 ■.f'.r. ■ 
 
 the ta|in^ t^me, thsl they find it im|>r|((^|cehle to devisje the 
 nidail of MfWfrlii|^ m jlb^tW9agihm»lff^^ 
 llU«St^a w«s in^B<|^^ l^dfeve wM«|at«^^ tp the 
 BiitishfDiffrasMiit for s ieim^^^ 
 
."fW^f.WWH 
 
 If 
 
 tpthe 
 
 Tn iilirh I MIT in ii Mirii i -tfM ^QnnMndsr^iB efaiiL 
 of fiff < (ja^ wl^ th^ njieifi^ of tht m^P^T 
 
 '"^j J^ the 0ye^ fupmlMr of pion fU^ to bwr 
 iQ, any cofqintiy, it it i;siifi wilh politiad 
 IP «ttipipilB Ihfi Inbahitfinti ^ IpqrfQ ; 
 bvkimir^iiilQ pf ^t^pliitioq dpM iiQl api^y to 
 JffiiMOi^ wbere the bulk of tN yepple coQiift^ 
 oC,i^liri;t|iQfit %mili^i^ fijvropMi w||o (ponw 
 ip |||fi9 ifli^ h^^ a^ifjkHn mi i^ of iet|]^ 
 hm filir lifik TM^ ^lA ill 8IDfii|% toii^^ 
 kit|iii^.|»f9ihte lli^yii^ 8h4oi^ ^0iMR«|bly 
 in^lhelr ]iMiy^^l9iiQt^ 
 
 bIw ISth of JuiMnMrN : 
 
 on 
 
 1 Ctnliy. 
 
 
 
I cAliM, I hM Ibtind h diicoh t6 iiOBHda 
 pMUkia tM BlilnMr df tb6 iirlite irdiibitkiiii. 
 I iM^^oied MoiriM;*thtt it tattr^llli^ 
 cmn wsftmot ^uvosrai 'viinpDenj^conipinHr 
 
 am iddMoed to believe^ fh)iii mdi^ 
 
 of eli^i^, thit General Catti|iliill*8 
 
 Watt' near the troth.— Thb cduiputA^: yUt 
 
 made'fo 1780, liink #hich tiine I mn ofnpiiiWi, 
 
 frau'lKD miiiiy loyal Americabs whaluifliviiiiid^ 
 
 thediMd^ itt Jattiddi; entf other diiMi( Ifiit 
 
 nuittUn'#boMideraMy ina^tii; f tti!Nidi%lie^ 
 
 troq^ itl^ s^afuritig i»BOpl^ the W^tcf jm|i- 
 
 tion ttiky-'I think, he feed at SC^OOp-^^f ^'^ ^^ 
 
 lifted negroes and people or 0pi(pf^^|re 
 compijtjtii^ ma report of a cbnoliiiitlittf jf j|ie 
 hoQse? ol vWiiebibly of the 18th of ^Wmi^»\ 
 1788^K^<il<N> in each parish, on in riiiriigii^ 
 the wKblel which makes li>,W)Oi^ ^riKMhfbt 
 the ^$^'>ibple called BbmoiM.Wi^'^ 
 freedom By treaty.* 
 
 Of negroes In a state of slavery in this islfyMi, 
 the precise number in December, 1787) as asoer- 
 taioid^ oatfrriifcirih* loHfTfivm^^i^^ 
 
 third Tolttiae. — - -. - 
 
wmanHiM!^ 
 
 «» 
 
 nm ykomif^pum umi^'mi^^'mi'- dm 
 
 gMMttslrnBr^i^lbiiqf; <t"ilidl mithikuMir >^ 
 
 mmaObm^ ltt^««ch1iitt{^iiHMr%M'tMibl. 
 
 Itffllmt^ 1 '^" ■ - ' < mN'I. ^>.ti VI HI 1 Y 'A{.>^tMi 
 
 '{Hltitl^>*<Xhi ttti (i'riillO ^. < ' . ' ' JilUvlV' 
 
 »V<jMlWwiK|U>n: ot ■»^.M-^H» t^. .. i^l0-<»('J-> 
 
 'bfllfrW^^**^* "i V )..|*'.vl»■nt^''*M,'•t»#••^ •- 
 
 
 
 »fA|<y||«/ : : it. ■. ' ^u.' in j;:? a?*;. 
 
 . ^ it,i44 
 
 ^mAMi . ' 
 
 ld,8fl4 
 
 rtJJmHiiii ■■. ■■ .iitif^" 
 
 Aies 
 
 *iBlilAiiilnii 
 
 ft«IS 
 
 vSt Dtnil • . . ; ^myU 
 
 »v.>;MBl-. 
 
 ,||t.llMMMBiDliMBMt 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 SI* vMiiip ' ./. • 
 
 ifi» 
 
 St BKpdMlh 
 
 . is^. 
 
 
 . iteiti 
 
 ^stifiii^'"^-^ . . . 
 
 . 1%M6 
 
 ^IMMMMy . ^L*'-''*''. 
 
 19,818 
 
 '^PadAoyil 
 
 Mi^'-'^*"-^ 
 
 jynHwciijlM^ . iD^TOO 
 
 •■■■■■ <0 7- ..■. '^ 1B«W- 
 
 
 Total 
 
 fiia884 
 
 T" -'tn I 
 
 conmiiflie^f fli8«iMmM|r iAd«ttc^ tbfttiD 
 
 "»* ?^.^tejrl!fe^.'^>r.^^w? •e^^^^^ 
 
/ 
 
 not given in to the difibent mtrims, i^ilhl: 
 retonis of a great many others are firtuid wil^ 
 coDoiftl«i ; thus the tax-rolls do nol^MBiffiB^^ 
 iiilLiiiliiherof slaviis, which^ in tlNT'^l^lM^Qif 
 the ^iiiinittee, were at that time HO,<W,^iil^ 
 leas^- idd thtire is not a <ib^brMt^'Wi»^£^ ->{ 
 10,0gb ^f^ve been left in the country iron|ji^b«h 
 quei|t,ini|^rtations, exclusive of decrea^^ .fhe 
 who|^9i|inber of inhabitants there^re»i9l^|ipRm- 
 plexiQi9iand conditions, at flus time<(liiJ!i|il^ilMiy 
 be staled as follows : ■ . ' . intdt .rs 
 
 ^¥f^ .... f«W*Oi 
 
 %Wj^~«n>w» M** P««pl« of colow j^Ws^tW- 
 l^^D^fn, about . .. • ,^t .fcoiteiqp 
 
 8fe,^i . • .Tom . . im^m^ 
 
 m&,^ . . . . ■ iivrflfTWI 
 
 p J-ade of this island wiU besy^g^^by 
 the qmntltgr of shipping and the number of 
 
 * In UngBtoa, for iMtaaee, the nti nsimber ft M«eB9* 
 iaHead ol 5,109, the niunber of <he ttt-roUfe. On en 
 
 vfff^.o^^tjf^wlia^ ^vaaafit^ of |k^hi%,.4jM.lie||foe» 
 noi^en li| or nturnod awv be raekoiM^oiie^cnth 
 
 if 9ilaWim faMosd at ibit tttiii(1^WikleMt 
 300,000. 
 
.« «oda 
 
 wm%ima&} 
 
 OT^IH 
 
 mep toj^^h it giv^ fw^ywi^ an4 the na- o^. 
 ti|ff,«odg|iwptity pfitoexpQ^ The following y^ 
 ^p..|M^p(i»i|i,ii^^^iD the books of the Inspector '^ fr 
 n — ^^' oCGrigiit Bn^^ofthf^n^^^ *^ "* 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 3 a 
 
 iaTkindftyilieir fegi^M! toi^[uigi| i^ M ^ 
 of meq, which cleaiid Irobi tiskSivenl ^ :4 
 ;<jif ipntry in ^amaici In, the }(ear J 787, ex- ^ :' 
 ^^oa8$in^iloop8^w$er4ea^ Stef vizi 
 
 fpfititti Amer&anl 
 Colonies . . 
 
 t3t 
 
 L,.133i 
 66& 
 
 o 
 
 
 II 
 
 :1^8SL 
 
 h i i 
 
 
 I. 
 
 %5^88a 
 
 ■-'^^155 
 
 «2 
 
 Itlnost, however, be I>b8(krvid,| thai as Uany . r, 
 of ^ jvesadscleamig&r An^ricfi i^id &e foreign ; '^ 
 Wdi^fittfiet make two or jiqre ytpya^ ik the I' § 
 year^lis iMj^, iti'^oi9initin| the ^1 tiumber of <^ ; 
 tbcMf vesselSyTth^f'.toonage |nd men, \o fiieduct - !^ 
 one^ii4frf^ t|e oicui ifmbe^. ;^itb ttjb 
 correcticil tlieiotftl to allferQi is 4010 v^Bel4 <^ 
 taining 78,96t tbfis, aavigaied by 8,845 raesi. f^ 
 
 The exports for the same year are given on 
 the same autho^ty, as follows : 
 
 I* 
 
 21 
 I 
 
maTQKlkm^^mp 
 
 Book If. 
 
 ...a. •■ .•;.; ,, . =u(1tjif-: i^t^ff ,» -%:[* 
 
c««fir. 
 
 diWWn INpiBSi 
 
 >^lr« 
 
 
 
 
 
 iik 
 
 i 
 
 .V«1i' 
 
 ■■•^ 
 
 
 up 
 
 ft 
 
 ','J 
 
 1 
 
 lt> 
 
 >l 
 
 4; 
 
 j 
 
 fiiU 
 
 I 
 
 ' ( 
 
 I. ■ m ;!^* 
 
 ■. fc, '*■'-■ 
 
 
 4 ^^:t 
 
 
 « > * 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 I I 
 
 * 
 
 
 f 
 
 «. •- 
 
 "3^ 
 
 
 i. ,'t >, 
 
 
 ■\f' y (ii i^( ttiiiiii 
 
 ;<?.7 '»"■/.■!• 
 
 -.!«>!!}-»t;'/il'. *^Milf-^'.''/«| '.** -' 
 
 1 ^ • • 
 
 *4!i i'j'* 
 
 }^ 
 
 I 
 
 i#. 
 
 s 
 
 J 
 
 A M • • i * .f^,. - 
 
 
 mii » 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
««ll^ 
 
 Kmm» m*mR 
 
 V Ss.u'i 
 
 BOOK 
 II. 
 
 But it must be noted» that a conaidenble part 
 of the coUoo, indigo, tobacco, mahoguiy, dye- 
 and dnlibeTIideiis itUcIef included in the 
 ^ iccoimt, n tpe gitkluo^ of Ihe foreign 
 
 it fedi&i in^rlld ^togJamaiica, p«rtl}^ under 
 lt&|firee?port Uw, and pariy in small British ves- 
 ^i employed in a contrtfbtoid btiffi^ m\h the 
 I5|!»aiii8h Americto territork^iMvjimeii^of which 
 is made chiefly in British Imlfli^ctuiy aiid ne- 
 |r|^ ; jmd considerabte of b^ll^Qf ob- 
 
 ivbod by the same means^are ailnua% ninitted 
 to^dreat Britab, of which nib iredip ac^xNuits 
 W|be,procured* . ^ % | . i | . / . 
 I % The general account o^ imports ii4» Jiimaica 
 W fttibdnewrXy as foUow^^^ ^ 
 
 mm 
 
 ^ I Tlte praoetfiiig aoomnC hai^leei| mad|lipftjr 1787, 
 i|^^^«_^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ j0ia|th*liibind liiaipttatly 
 
 pMrpsckl its' prodAce in the •pice.qf lb yeaiS} a^« h if 
 that ftt this period (1797) the>utt4unt tk its ^po^, 
 ling to thefar mtariaetable Taln^ wfjnld greatly cxcitd 
 of 1787* pe^piFiiiiiflir 4>n%thiia } l>at it lit «^- 
 1, tUat 'Hm diibrence aiadimmrt viom mi ad^uoee of 
 in the teveral avd|le^ t^ln i|oini any ^ooes| in the 
 jfoda0|Mi« coffee onepiM. ' Th|» increase M price 
 hM been cMiellly tfUft^g jto the ^estmctlon c^^miMl of the 
 FIrench islant^, jhlMMrly &^. Domingo : the British 
 plantcni on t;he (^r iknd, hai« to se^ H»*ii*^ >^ "^ ^ 
 cr^ 4 tik^ int|r||al laep, % the siAport^ a #ar es- 
 tablishnaent (6esid^ additional insurance, Ireiglit, and 
 otiier charges) to an amount nerer beibre known } those 
 of Jamaica, in particular, have been subiject to bwthens to 
 which this augmentation in the value of their exports was 
 by no means commensurate. See p. 279, note at foot 
 
Chap. V. 5»<t IfTESriNlMES. (Ml 
 
 ' ■ it^^RTs INTO Jamaica. 
 
 I!nm Irdmii I allow •; QwMy of the wheie import 
 from that kiD£;dpin to the Biitiih West Iiidief« 
 consisting of manafeetnies and Mited pro?iiibni 
 to the amount of 877*0001. , . ... . • • • 1SS,500 O 
 
 From _4^ica, 5,346 negroes,* at 401. stewing each 
 •^(tfiis is> wholly a BHtiflh trade carried oft in 
 •Wf«WfEqpla|l4> . . .;*v. . , . -^ • •; ^v «W,800 O O 
 
 Prom the BHiuA Cofonteit tti ifmertca (indttding 
 ftlM^ Sd>M i)utlital8 of salted cod Uvta Netr- 
 foudlaod) ,., v • . • • . • . • • . . 30,000 
 
 From Mife t/atfed StaAea, Indian oom/wheit, flottr, 
 rice, lumber, staves, &c. imported ia Britisli fch^ 190,000 O 
 
 From Madeira and Teneriffe, in ships trading circuit* 
 ously firom 'Great Britain, 500 pipes of wfns («&• 
 dusive of winei for re-expor^tion) at :iO{.sts;liiig, 
 per pipe . ... , ..... . . . .' 15,000 O 
 
 Vromthe For^gnJfe$t Iitdiet, under tiiefireef-port law, 
 &C| calculated OB an average of three fpu»{ . . 150,000 O 
 
 I^ . , . jffk^,S32 5 4 
 
 * ^O^ w avvraer of ;tk* wl^^i^ myaber }mp!gfrtod,«|i|^,wtdiM^i^ |I>e island for 
 ten ytm», 1778 to 1787, u munira by the InipwtorGcneral. Toe import of the last 
 t^raeMw^li.nnHbmKMv ?••.;■: . - r.-- ,, .• 
 
 t FVom Ktwriu « the Inlpector-GenerBl. The following are fl* pwticalars for tlw 
 
 jewl78»;. ' 
 
 CotlMiWool 194>O0OIb«. 
 
 Cmo .... . .,. .^fiftT^llMk.. » 
 
 Cattle. TiB. "■ ^ 
 
 - A»*ei ... .- ..I ■ ■. . "■■..i.5il«lt>l lis- 
 
 Ifonei 8^1^ , , 
 
 !E)yingwiD(b . : . . »»0r7Taa*. 
 
 Gam <Jimi«np> . . . . ■ 79 Barrek 
 
 ilUe#^-1 .* . . . . AiSfNa 
 
 TortoiMSwU .... 655ibi. ... 
 
 DoHafi ...... 4S,850iro. ^'^ 
 
 VOL. I. V 
 
HUnWT or THB 
 
 BOOK 
 
 n. 
 
 ( u i- 
 
 Son^e put Qf this e8ti|BM% bpfnmt, if not go 
 perfect as mig^t be wished ; inasmuch as in the 
 acooQotsniade vp mt Uie InspectcNP-Oenerpd's of- 
 fice of goods exported from Orsat Britain, they 
 reckon only the original cost, whereas the fidj)^ 
 merchant being tommonly the exporter, the 
 whole of his piofits, together with the 6eight, 
 ittsuranoe^ and factorage commissions in the 
 island, should be taken into the account, be- 
 cause the whole are comprised in one charge 
 against the planter. On the British supply, 
 therefor^ I olculaio that twenty per cent, ^houkl 
 he added for Uiose items ; which makes' the sum 
 total IJWfiW, 14f. 4d, sterling money. 
 
 Af^ all, it is veiy possible that some errors 
 may h«.ve crept into the calcubitioo, and the 
 balance or surplus arising from the excess of the 
 exports, may be more or less than appears by 
 the statement which I have g^ven; but this is a 
 consideratioii of little importance in a natiooal 
 view^ inasmuch as the final profit arising from 
 the whole system ultimately rests and centres in 
 Great Britain;— a condunon which was well 
 illustrated formeriy by the jLords Commissioners 
 for trade and plantations, in a rq[MMrt made by 
 them on the state of the British sugar colonies 
 in the year 1764; an extract firom which, as it 
 serves likewise to point out the progress of this 
 ishmd during the h^t Siiy years, I ikfSi pi«ient 
 to the reader. 
 
y«in» from Chriiiiiiifi 17^ tb Gbrbinitf ir^; 
 M It mM coiatittfbd ^* %b ic«aitbttl^tto<Mif 
 bool«;%ppelnibh»vebeM £l4ffMs t )!| 
 
 TIfe ttBdUim cif our im- 
 ports* frqn JuDMKici^ in the 
 taiJBe year, is . ; . . £5S9,4S9 18 H 
 
 So ihst the aimualexeteB 
 of our importB in thttt period 
 b ooless than . . . i£S91>8M li* 111 
 
 <*fiut it mmt ndt be imaighied, that this 
 exoesi is a debt upon Ot«at Britain to tlie 
 island of Janiaic4$' a fvart of it tbluit be phMl 
 to the nceomit of Negroes^ atid other "gobdB» 
 aent to the Spanfeh We^t Indies^ th6 pifodiet 
 of which is returned tO' England by wiy itf 
 JamaiGa} ^bother part to the debt dU6 to iM 
 African tradevs ihmi the people of JattMdci^ 
 for the Negroes which afe purdiaifed ioiiil Mi^ 
 main there fbr the service df the isliUkI; i tbhil 
 pioportiott must b6 placed to thie licCoQht of 
 our Northern €olotki(ift on the contiiil!iht 6f Abe- 
 ricB, who disdiarg^ part of tl^irtifance witk 
 Great Britain by cdKttl^ideht^ ^frciii /ak^^^ 
 aridng from this' pf^iic^ns axid luiliber #fth 
 
 * The ooftoiiii^liouM piketof goodt imporM < 
 sidenb^ lep»^l3ian t^ ftal of memntile pr*c^8---periMi|pi| 
 ia general, about one-ttiitd. 
 
 U2 
 
1M 
 
 HUTOirE Of VIE 
 
 II. 
 
 which' they iu|>ply thit iritndi .Ihi Miiiidniiig 
 part of the exoeat in our impbrtatioiit frmmlhii 
 colany, is a profit made upott our tmde^ ivhother 
 immodiately fronr Gieat BriUMn^ or .by mwjf' oC 
 AiHca; and lastly, it is a'Coniiidentioiirof,<ignat 
 importance in the general tra^a of Great Britam, 
 thi%t part of the sugsr^ abd olherMneichattdbe 
 iK^ich we", bring from Jamaica, is re-exported 
 from hence, and helps to mklre good our'balancc 
 in trade with other coohtries ib Europe^? 
 
 ' Having mentioned the trade which is oanried 
 Ob between this islabdand^the* Spanish territories 
 in « America, some account of it in its present 
 stale, and of the means which have bcjn>8idopt- 
 ed by the British pfurliament to gpve it support, 
 liiay not be^ unaieceptable to my readers. It is 
 lafficientlyilEbown to have been formeriyin in- 
 tercourse of yast extent, and highly advantageous 
 fo« Great Britain, having been supposed to give 
 employment, about the bieginning of'the'pre- 
 ieaicenjkury, to 4^000 tons of Bnglish shipping, 
 l^d to create fin annual vebt of Britbh goods 
 tpittieamount of one m^lioii^ tod;*' half in 
 yalue. From the> wretched policy of the court 
 of Spain towards its Am^trican subjects! by en- 
 deavouring to compel them, to trust solely to 
 the mother country, for almost every article of 
 iibcesiaiy' consumption, ' ut the very time that 
 slie wdks incapable of supplying a fiftieth part 
 
A 
 
 of tbeur#ttiitt^ ir ift 1IM sttfprMlfg ttiA^<tM^lltt 
 rtMlirie[ wider aiUliasardii; to Uioie natik^'^ 
 Biii«0» whicli ifrtm iMe iiid #<ltk^ to answer 
 thd^deniaiid^; It ^ite in' vMn that tbef teMdi 
 «li|^l^ In this traffic; by IJhe^^^^^ 
 ottMini; wei^ 'condemned to coniSscation, aikd the 
 niirhierii to perpetual cottfifleilient aAd slairery ; 
 th^^panbh -AiiieiieartB siipplied the loss by vei^ 
 9tMHitliiiatiO^' fteisbed m^Hh aeftnien so well 
 acqn^ted '#itik fhih ^watA ■ breaks and- bi^ys, as 
 enibfed'theto to'praseeute the Contraband With 
 Mi% tutd' advantages These vessels received 
 every possible ehconragement ' in 'oar isHiikisf 
 contrary, it must be acknowledged, 40 tl^''i^triet 
 letter of oiir iMits of naVigatSdn; but thc^ British 
 gcWeHttneiit, ttWare that Itte ' Spaniards hadaitfle 
 to 4n)|ii^t' besides bullion^ biit horned ksMBfif^ 
 iiMesiiand'4ioi^sj'(ito neeessei^^O'Hhe^^ 
 t!&d*<^ the^'iiugar^eolonies) cOiMMved at tbe>^Sti^ 
 coul^agcfl^rM^ ithat- wa^ glven^them. ' T^^ 
 ho#ei^ri> W b^n for^tni^y yeatis on the de* 
 dine. \' >Sifl*e the year' lt4», a wi^aAd' inore 
 libeHil pt^f tbmids its American domiobns 
 seems tobave i^tUiated the «0i^ of Madrid ; wad 
 die^cdtitraband iEsfiic^ has ^nn^Mi^ les^ed^ ih 
 proportion ta tlie rigptir of the > atident regula- 
 tion has been relaxed. Nevertheless tbe inter' 
 courso'with this island, in Spanish vossels,! was 
 still very* eonsiderable «o 'late as tho year 1 71^4. 
 About that period, directions were issued by^ 
 
 
uiiiQitv Of ^miB 
 
 PMK li p I giH tfi i h phwtiylo eolp^ 
 
 HP^,^ «if mm of w«r, ii;itl|,on)efi tq apiii-iU 
 fOffiigp f«i^l» «MUH|ut. ,4i«^tj^, ^ 
 
 ing Qvr . q«vy iata j[i«ir4M«N^ fi^f <^ IPpg 
 
 ip^f^ (McffriBd ^"Qiii CQioiog n^v n^apid the 
 ^Xftq^, ,fi;(HPi. Greal ^riMoD I9 JwilAOi akHM, 
 ill iihWc^ew >17^> M Bbort of the ym 1763, 
 ^^itXH^ ftiirli«|g. 
 
 t\/^j^ I wiflf r minifftiy eiKleaToiire4 to. f^medy 
 tlm^mol^iAfa ^ i^vipg orclera for the admis- 
 tiqi^of $ipfmish ^efsel^ an usual; but iho «ub- 
 jci9t)ffif^ter baiiig caavassed in the British par- 
 lianoao^ the; QPture ,a|ad intent of thoa^ 9fdm 
 wcp^e to fully eyplaiqecl, that the ^paiunh court, 
 grown, wise from eyperien^e,, took ^e alano, 
 aii4 !>o9i0(^Wtely adopted a measure, equally 
 prompt apdprudept, for ooimti^racjtiiig them. 
 Th^ wafl* the .laying open the irailiBi to the 
 iflfmds of TrifuM* Porto^Rico, HittpaniAb^ and 
 Cuha, |o; evef^ province in 3pain, and. permit- 
 tiqg^goodi of;all )uod$ to be sent thither, on 
 the payment of moderate duties. 7hu» the 
 temptation of an illicit commerce with foreign 
 naliops being in a great measure semoiied, 
 
MWUKwrnrnms 
 
 tP bcttBft iMi *• tffiliBl.VOIlW 
 
 iwillitbeMiHiB. -< '-'- 
 
 MBitiio ehmNMiA/of BiilMb iniiiiifMillBiiL 
 Ihil il it pioImU^ iIm tnde iMmld 1«M ramt^ 
 to a oerteia dagpMb if tlM Britiib wkkity of 
 176^ cfttr giving orden for the adiiiiiMOD of 
 SpMuih v«iidt. into our porli in tbt Wirt In* 
 difli^ >M procooded no iiirtbert Btt^ in tho 
 foUonnog ywur, tiiq^ obtaisod an act of parlia* 
 mmt for opening Iha: oliiil ports of JanMioa 
 and Donuoicay to all foraigp.veiMlt of a oerttiq 
 detcriplion. Tbo molivoi which influonocd tlM 
 fiamors of this law, were undonlMedly HmmU 
 able; they justly considered tbo l ecoyiBiy of 
 the Spanish trtdo as a matter of tho ntnioBi 
 consequence, and oondodod that the tnMkn 
 would naturally prefer thoee ports, in^ wikisb 
 their safety was founded on law, to places 
 where their preservation depended only on the 
 psecafious tenure of connivance) and fevour. 
 Other ostensible reasons were assigned in sup» 
 port of the measure; but the jeidousy of Spun 
 was awakened, and tho endeavours of the British 
 pariienent on this Occasion, served only to iii» 
 crease the evil which waa meant to be redressed* 
 By an unfortunate oversight, the collectOBs^at 
 the several British free-ports were instrodad to 
 keep regular aoeoonts of the entry of ali fo* 
 r«gfi fMiels, and of the bullion which they 
 
 •sr 
 
RModers. TbtM mcoudU iMifhig bttn traw^ 
 mi m d '10 <h» ^tWHwiMiopcra of the commm in 
 £iigMuMi»> oO|tie» of them wore, by toiM mmm, 
 iNoearecl by the oourt of Sptin, ond the obeolsle 
 fietlniclion of UNmy of the |M»or people who had 
 been eonoemed in inuMportiiig buUkNi into oor 
 iiltndf , WM the* comequence. This inteUigenoe 
 I received ioon efterwuds (having at that time 
 the direction of the cuttom-houae in JaoMioa) 
 from a very respectable Spaniih merchant, who 
 produoed to roe a letter ftom Carthagena, con- 
 taining a recital of the fact, accompanied with 
 many ahoeking circumstances of unrelenting se- 
 verity in the Spanish government Information 
 of thiv being transmiHed to the British ministry, 
 the former instructions were revolced, but the 
 reosedy came too Uite ;-^for what else could be 
 expeetod, than that the Spaniards would natu- 
 rally shun all intercourse with a people whom 
 neither thesafoty of their friends, nor their own 
 evident interest^: was sufficient to engage to con- 
 fidence and secrecy ? . t M'^rt 
 I The little trade, therefore, which • ^low sub- 
 aiats: with: the subjects of Spaii^ in<.ABierica, is 
 chie% carried on by small vessels from Jamaica, 
 which contrive to escape tlie- vigilance of the 
 guardiMXittas. But although %itb>regard to the 
 revival of this particular branch of conmierce, 
 I am of opinion thai the free-port law has not so 
 
in 
 
 M)r«nifiW0dteeifMetiiioiidfit0finuMf%>it mt». 
 Slight htv6 baeii wiibed ; in pra^toMi in otiwr 
 mpm», htm bno wry benefleial. < ' It hM iMn 
 «ffged agidnst it, tfwt it glvei oocailon to the in- 
 troduetion of Frweh wines, hrandiei^ soep, cam- 
 brics^ and other prohibited articles frofs His- 
 paniola ; and there is no lioubt tliat i^nall vessels 
 from thence frequently claim the bf nefit of the 
 free ports, after having smi.ggled shore r the 
 various creeks and harbours of this ishmd^ v here 
 no custom-houses are established, large quanti- 
 ties of brandy (to the great prejvdia; of the rum 
 market) and other contraband goods. It may be 
 urged too, that the permission given by the act to 
 the importation of certain of the products tif the 
 foieign islandsi is hurtful to the growers of the 
 saime commodities in Jamaica. All thiy iisr ad- 
 mitted ; but on the other hand, considering the 
 revenues and commerce of the empire at large 
 as objects of superior concern to local interests, 
 it cannot be denied, d^ft the woollen and cotton 
 manufactories of Great Britain are of too great 
 importance not to be supplifcw with the valuable 
 materials of 'ndigo and cotton-wool, on the easi- 
 est and cheapest terms possible. The quantities 
 of these articles, as well as of woods for the dyer, 
 imported hi foreign bottoms into free ports, are 
 very considerable. This subject was thoroughly 
 investigated by the British House of Commons in 
 1774 (when the' act would have expired;) and 
 
99$ 
 
 ui3«i»tytOiMm 
 
 BOOK 
 
 a. 
 
 it biUQg |[^ye9i In mAeDe»- U»«ftll«r^ thousuKl 
 peopld aboul Miancbcptenr were f mployed in tlit 
 velvet maqufaqlocy, fom wt^cu ibe St. DonHogo 
 cotton was best adapted ;, and that both fnad^ 
 cotton and indigo bad beei^ importfid from Jar 
 maii^a at least thirty per cent, cheaper than the 
 same could have been procoreil at thraugh 
 France—the House» disreg^ding all colonial 
 opposition, came to a resolution, " that the con* 
 tinuance of free-ports in Jaiiir*'*a would be 
 highly beneficial to the trade and maoufttcturea 
 of the kingdom." The act was tfaiereupon re- 
 newed, and has since been made perpetuaL 
 . (>v But the main argument which w|k9 priginally 
 adduced in defence of the estajblishiBent.of free- 
 ports in Jamaica, w»a ^qnded on the idea that 
 those ports would become the g^reat wfyrt for sup* 
 plying foreigners with negroes. It waa said, that 
 in order to have negroesi plenty in our own 
 islands, every encouragement must be thrown 
 out to the African, merchapt, ta induce him to 
 augment his importations, and that no encou^ 
 ragement was so great as that of an opportunity 
 of selling part of them to foreigners for ready 
 money : a teikiptation, it was urged, which would 
 be, as it heretofore liati beer, the means that a 
 number would be imported sufficient bol|i for the 
 plantei's use and for the foreign demand; and it 
 was added, that at all events the French would 
 deal with us if the Spaniards would not 
 
WBST INDIIIS. 
 
 99f 
 
 . < Whether it be a wue and pditie measure at 
 ai^ time to permit British subjects to supply 
 foniigiiers vith Africau labourers, is a questton 
 that majt admit of dbpute.* I mean, at present, 
 to confine tti^self only to a redtal of facts ; and 
 it iS) certain that the very great demand for ne-> 
 groes in the Ceded Islands, for some years after 
 the act took place, affected the Jamaica import 
 in a high degree ; and in 1773, ^ circumstanced 
 occurred which was thougfit to render a renewidl 
 of the free-port law a measure of indispenlsable 
 necessity. In that year the Spanish Assiento 
 Company at Porto*Rico obtained permission ttf< 
 remove their principal factory to the Havanna, 
 and to purchase slaves in any of the neighbour-^^ 
 ic^ islands^ transporting them to their own settle-. 
 VMDtyin Spaobh vessels. It was easily foreseen,, 
 thtt Jamaioa, from its vicinity to the chief colo- 
 oieii o€ Spain* lit «sluch|ie{^x>es were most in de- 
 
 * Th^ reHBqwrt Qf. oogroes from th« British West la-. 
 ^iei, for the last twenty yean« for the inf^ly of t^e 
 French and Spanish plantatioos, has not, I believe, ex- 
 ceeded one>^fth of the import. It was greater formerly, 
 and during'' the eadstence of the Assiento eontraet, ex- 
 oaeded one <Aird.— >Ftorhaps it would be firand on the* 
 whole, that Great Britain has, by this means, during the 
 last century, supplied he; rivals and enemies with upwards 
 of 600,000 African laboarers } a circumstance which suf- 
 ciently justifies the doubt that I entertain concerning the 
 wisdom and policy of this branch of the African oom- 
 mefee. 
 
 CHAP. 
 V. 
 
900 
 
 liisivMiy or fHE 
 
 BOOK 
 II. 
 
 mand, would engage* preference from the pur- 
 chasers ; wherefore, that encouragement mighl 
 not be wanting, the British parliament not only 
 renewed tiie free>port law, but also took off the 
 duty of thirty shillings sterUng' a head^ which^ in 
 the former act, wasiexactcdion the exportation 
 of negroes, and lai^ only a diity of ^wd' sfhlUingi 
 and sixpence in lieu of it. Tht rduilt v^»a»^' 
 that the import for. die next ten yean^^ekdeededr 
 iSbai of the ten years preceding, byno iessithaw 
 S84SI3 negroes; and the export surpassed that 
 of the former period, to the number oi.5^5^^ 
 Such part, therefore, of thi» increased exiport,asr 
 wentto the supply of the Spanish colonies, we 
 may attribute to the /reexport laws ; > fpr it >i» 
 probable, from the circina^^^tances'Stated^ that^ the 
 ancient contraband system is heaffy 'iat 'atf 
 end. In like mannerit may be said (^-the Imi^ 
 portation of foreign iikligo and cotton, that if it 
 be not made in foreign vessels, it will cease alto- 
 gether ; and thus, instead of infrin^ng the navi- 
 g^tion-actj as some persons cotit^nd, the measure 
 of opening the ports is strictly con^pant to the 
 spirit of, that celebrated law ; for,, by furnishing 
 an augmentation of freights to Great Britain^ it 
 tends ultimately to the increase of our shipping. 
 H«ving now, to the best of iny judgment and 
 know!e<^ge, furnished my readers with such par- 
 ticulars a > may enable tiieui to form a tolerably 
 correct idea of the present trade and producuons 
 
iP<mSTlN»I«r 
 
 sol 
 
 of Jamidca, I shblt '^ohblode with a (H>nd9^^i$- chap. 
 pky of its process in cultiva!tiOn at different wiv^w 
 (teriod^, for a t^tury {>a8t 
 
 By a letter, dated MArch the Sdtb, 1673, 
 jfrom tlie then governor, Sir Tliomas Lynch, to 
 hord Arlihgtbn, the Secretary of State, it appears, 
 that« the' island at that time contained 7,76^ 
 Vf'hites, And 9,504 negroes ; its chief productions 
 ivcre cacao, indigo, and hides. ** The weather,** 
 observes the governor, ^* has been seasonable; 
 and the success hi {^anting miraculous. Major- 
 Geiieral Banister is now not veiy well, but by 
 the next, he sends yattf* hrdship apot of sugar, and 
 writes ym its story ^ It would seem from hence, 
 that the cultivation of sugar was tlien but just 
 entiered upon^'aikd that Blome, who asserts there 
 were seventy sugar- works in 1670, was misin^ 
 formed. So late as the year 17S3, the island 
 made only eleven thousand hogsheads of sugar, 
 of sixten hundred weight. 
 
 From that time I have no authentic account 
 until the year 1734, when thfe island contained 
 7,644 whites,* 86,546 negroes, and 76,01 1 head 
 of cattle. The value of the imports from this 
 island to Great Britain, about this period, wertf 
 
 * The circumstance of the decrease of the white inha- 
 bitants for the first sixty years may appear strange. It 
 was owing, without doubt, to the decline of the priva- 
 teering trade, which gave fuU employment to the first ad* 
 venturers. 
 
30t 
 
 UlWm$X C0 THB 
 
 BOOK Stated (as we have seen) by the commii^oiiei^ of 
 
 ^Jv Trade, at 539»499/. IS. Si* sterling. Of the 
 
 particulars I have no aceount In the year I7S9> 
 
 the export of sugar was 33»15^ hogsbeadi, of 
 
 14 cwt. 
 
 In J 744, the numbers were 9»^40 whites^ 
 112,488 negroes, and 88,036 bead of catde. 
 The exports at thb period, were about 3^,000 
 hogslteads of sugar, and 10,000 puncheons of 
 runij exclusive of smaller articles. The whole 
 might be worth 600,000/. sterling. 
 
 In 1768, the whites were supposed fso have 
 been 17,000. The number of negroes on the 
 tax-rolls were 166,914, a&d the cattle 135,773 
 head. The exports (the value of which could 
 not be less at that time tiian 1,400,000/1. •ter-' 
 ling) were these i 
 
mW^T iNiim< 
 
 son 
 
 jKr 
 
 00 
 
 IS. 
 
 < 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 f 
 
 nil 
 
 III 
 
 iii 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 
 tfo S 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 II 
 
 « 
 
 •Hi 
 
 4 
 
 < 3 
 
 ll 
 
 ' II 
 
 8 
 
 8 I 
 
 S I 
 
 I' 
 
 r7 « 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 5 - 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 
 111 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 :> ) CHAP. 
 
 V. 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
304 
 
 Hisfcmf or'tKE 
 
 Bocm 
 II. 
 
 Cttltivitioii» ill all parte of Jairm?ca> was now 
 
 v»^ making a great ami rapid progreB. In 1774, 
 
 the exporti wore considci«h!y increi.«ed. The 
 
 following acciDunt of ihem is extracted from the 
 
 books of office^ kept within the island. 
 
 f 
 
 g 
 
 < 
 
 1^ 
 o 
 
 09 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 "8 5 
 
 Mil 
 
 mi 
 
 J, 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 ■^5 — T" 
 5 .o a 
 
 15^. 
 
 4D 
 
 ?8 
 
 I 
 
 t4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 S 8 
 
 9« 
 
 8 
 
 g 
 
 1^ 
 
 s 
 
 $ 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 111 
 'I 
 
 II 
 
 i3 
 
 iS 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 '-*15 
 
rv, TStf 'M'i^iDi.of the suRi t9tflJf iluScoidiiig to CB$r. 
 t|iv prices (urr^Qt^ including the »aiDe I allowance 
 £9r^n>iace|llftii^9Ms articles, of ^hich dOi pfecia^ 
 9€cwi^,cim bf.obtainedf as was allowed by the 
 IjupectprrGeiieral for the year 1787. mtff'.ke 
 fiurty str^ted at two millions of pounds st^rUn^.; 
 ^Ut Jamaica had now nearly jattaintd the 
 meridian of its prosperity;* for early in the 
 following ,year» the fatal and unnatural war 
 which has terminated in the dismemberment of 
 the empire, began its > destructive progress i in 
 the course of wbich» the blameless inhabi^ts 
 of this and the rest of the British sugar islands, 
 felt all itseifepts without having merited the 
 slifi^test imputation on their conduct Their 
 sources of supply : for; plantation necessaries were 
 cut off) and protfction ^t se^, if not denied, wait 
 not jgiyen; ao th^ their produce was. seized in 
 its ^ray ifo Qreat BiitaiOf and <?opiis(^^^ed, with- 
 out: .ii^te^ruptionpr qierc^..i: To fiU uptLj^ mea- 
 sy^re qf their calamities, {the apgpr of the Al- 
 a4gl>ty was kindled against tl^em;-:~no less ,than 
 five: destructive l^^rn<^nes;io the space qf fjBvep 
 
 * Th« g|rMitett>i«iproj(||ns<it which JMiMUmhaa qhoi!* 
 |i|6ted liipcfi 1774, h^ ^^1^;^** ."^ increased, i»unb«r.^f 
 ito coffee plantcttions. In that year, the export of coffiee, 
 4i we iiaye seen. Was ^^4',f00ihs. In 17^0, the crojp 
 hvrirlgheiti ship^t^ bdbre the hut^rfei«'ue hiL{>pe^^, tlie 
 export was 736,399 lbs. For the last ten y^rs^ SM the 
 Appendix, N* II. 
 
 VOL. I. X 
 
SM 
 
 UnfMtLY Of KHE 
 
 leoK yean, w I liav» elsewhere obterved, ifireid ruin 
 
 and desolation throof^hout every island! The 
 
 last of these terrible visitatfons in Jamaica, hap- 
 
 liened in 1786. Since that tiM6, however, the 
 
 afeasons have been favourable; «nd'^ croips of 
 
 1788, 1789} and 1790, were considerable. May 
 
 the inhabitants be thankftil that it has thns pleased 
 
 the Divine Providence to remember merc^ in 
 
 judgment ; and may past misfortunes teach them 
 
 those lessons of fortitude, frugality, and fbreslgfit, 
 
 which always alleviate afflictions, and sometimes 
 
 ^even convert them into blessings. - '^^ ^'" 
 
 Nothing now remains but to state the value 
 
 of this island, considered as British prbperty; 
 
 of which the estimate is fbrnded as foflows^;-^ 
 
 950,000 negroes Mt fifty pbiinds sterlihg^ach, 
 
 make twelve millions end a half; the land^ 
 
 ^imd personal ^p^ to whieh these ti^igrt)es 
 
 -are afpfiurtebant (inchiding the buildings) are 
 
 ^very ftdrly aind moderately reckoned at double 
 
 the value of the slaves themselv^'; making 
 
 tw^nty-fiVe millions in addition to the iwdve 
 
 millions five hundred thousand pounds I have 
 
 stated before; and in further addition, the 
 
 houses 'md pi^perty in the towns, and the ves- 
 
 ^teb endployed in tiie t^e, are valued at one 
 
 million five huipdred thousand pounds; amount- 
 
 ^g in the whole to thirty-nme millions of 
 
 pounds sterling. 
 
WEmHtmBB^n 
 
 mf 
 
 ji^.fli- ViU,i, id^'v^i . '<^. 
 
 j^ .(.j#h«< vj4*y. 
 
 .<^ »K.ti:;. .. 
 
 ■I . , , . 
 
 
 • .J'i " 
 
 tdhie lifuid of Naiore, And ionprpved tby tbeindjur 
 ,Uy of tUNUi, it waa .my fortuoe tto pan ithe sfiriiig 
 <Qf my. life 'inder the protec^oo and guidacce of 
 tneii mYnoae wiadooi iostnicted^ w|ioae viotues I 
 liope improved inie,-7rand inbqae aendernoM .to^ 
 mards me Aspifed only with the lait .aigh that 
 deprived me, of them forever. TcMwarda persons 
 whoae ioqemories ^are thut. dear to ine,-^Hibo 
 wei? ODoe . a blessing aod an ornament to the 
 oountEy of which I .write,~-tmy readers will I 
 hopjS aUow me to o&r inithi8;p|aGe.a itribute4if 
 affiaotionate and respectful remembrance. iOae 
 of those penoQs deiroted aome years to the. im- 
 piovementiof my mindin the pursuits of knowi- 
 jl^dge. iFrom the precepts ^and instructions, and 
 fl^ more, ffrom the tbeautiAil compositions of 
 Isaac T^ale, I imbibed in .my youth ^t 
 relish for polite ^literature, the 'enjoyment 4if 
 which is now become the sobce of my declining 
 years. If the public has received my writings 
 with ftivour, it becomes me to declare that, 
 whatever merit they possess is due to the lessons 
 inculcated, and the examples supplied by my 
 revered and lamented friend. He was a clergy- 
 man of the church of England, and having for 
 twenty yeara discharged the pastoral duties of a 
 
 X 2 
 
^^^» 
 
 HinmtT 0» THE 
 
 country curacy in an obscure part of Kent, was 
 reluctantly prevailed on, at the age of forty-fiTe, 
 to exchange his stipend. of 40/. per annum, for 
 pireferment in Jamsica. Here his virtues, team- 
 io|^' and* tdenta^ attracted the notice of my 
 diitipgoished relation and bountifiil benefiMtor, 
 iZACKABT Batlt ; by wfaose kindnesa he was 
 enabled to spend the remainder of hiv^days^in 
 4ai8Ufe and independency. In the sooiety of 
 those valuable friends, chiefly under Jlie same 
 roof, I passed the days of my youtb(^ until my 
 amiable preceptor in the first place, and my 
 generous benefiutor a hw years afterwards (nei- 
 thtsr of tbeni) having reached his 50th year)<ionk 
 into an untimely grave ! Of Zacbary Bayly^ the 
 renown is fiuniliar to every one who has resided 
 in Jamaica at any time during the last forty 
 yeara^ .1 endeavoured ito delineate his character 
 «tt the stone which I inscribed to his memory; 
 and fondly hoping that my- book will be r^ 
 where the stone cannot be inspected,! transfer 
 to this page what his monument imperfectly re- 
 cords; 
 
 e'jml'i./ VI 
 
 .1 tr^'/i 
 
Imeriptitm in tk P»Uk Ckkhk cf St.Amhm, 
 
 .k^aA^vni-l v .- ■-. ' i .in-. ia<i 
 
 lit Um rtimiM «f 
 Zaos AST Bavi.v« 
 
 GMlpf aad Chitf Magtetrato of Oit.pitdiMt 
 
 of St. Uarf and St Qmtgt, mmI pn* of hit MiQitty't 
 
 Hon : Council of thl* |sl»n4» 
 
 Wbo ditd on tht imh I>fc. 17«», 
 
 in the 48th yew of Ut egi. 
 
 '"''HeweealAin '''' 
 
 To whom the endomnenta of NitiM rendered thoie 
 
 of 'Alt ittperflaow. ^^ 
 
 He was wise without the aiaiitanoe of recorded wiadom. 
 
 And eloquent bqrond the preoepta of icholaatic 
 
 rhetoric 
 
 He applied, not to Booluj but to Men, 
 
 And drank of Knowledge, 
 not ilmn the itream, but the source. 
 
 To Ckniua, which might hare been fortunate with- 
 out Induatrjr, 
 He added Induatiy, which, witho t Qeniui, raight 
 hare commanded Fortuna. 
 
 He acquired Wealth with Honour, 
 And iee mcd to pocMM it only to be liberal. 
 
 V. 
 
 His Public Spirit 
 
 was not IflM ardmit than his Private Benevolenoe : 
 
 He considered Inditiduals as Brethren, 
 
 And his Country as a Parent. 
 
 May his Talents be remembered with respect. 
 His Virtuci with emulation ! 
 

 :'m 
 
 HlMfllf 'CdPfttft 
 
 (rnlof kd with th« f»mt wrih) Um dMt of 
 
 NATHANlIt HaYLT BdWABM. 
 
 hh Nefihew i 
 
 In whom diitinfttlltiM ahilttlM and aa miabl* 
 
 dlillNMMrtMl. 
 
 Mtrit^d'tfy ittdh kh «k«M))l«« 
 
 giVtt thi'i^rbibll^e of tqual ^mUMiM) 
 
 i Kitta; ok iU «t)ih of Xaimmt', Ifht, 
 
 Ui«h«9iit]paworhiia|^» 
 
 Mk^ pifd* tli« debt to NaMiM i 
 
 .1 I 
 
 ill 
 
 Hli mrvWing Broth«r« 
 
 Bbt^w BowA»ai» ; mt.itsv oi' 
 InioribM this StoM ava mamorial of hit OraUtttdtb 
 
 Aiictlonjr aad B m — » -nth 
 
 I V- 
 
 K'fl, yiifcl 
 
 
WISTIMDIIS. 
 
 an 
 
 APPENDIX TO BOOK II. 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 ■ ■% W-i. '%r*t t . , -.>ti ti\\ 
 
 tkmmt 
 
 \i\X% 
 
 tUtki^lm if ITQi, 
 cfm C o mmiU m of th Hmm rf 
 
 If WfW.- 
 
 Kipate. 
 
 Sugar plantatioiif . 707 
 
 Coffee plantetioat .- 007 
 
 called penni . . . J 
 Of imaH' MtdeaMnto for the"^ 
 growdi of cottm, ginger, pi- 
 aaento, coni) and other pro- 
 irmont, the number b not 
 aacertained: they are aup- 
 pOsed (including the Negroea 
 in die MTeral towns) to give 
 eniplbyment to 
 
 thmttm, 
 
 . 140^000 
 . 8J,000 
 
 . 31,000 
 
 . 48,000 
 
 Total number of enilaTed Negroes in 
 Jamaica m 1791 
 
 !} 
 
 860,000 
 
 Dn. 
 
ai» 
 
 HISSOii¥iOrTHE 
 
 BOOV 
 
 No. II. 
 
 ^n auouni of the number of sugar plantatiom in the 
 
 Ulnnd of Jamaica in 1772, and again in 1791> 
 
 distinguishit^^ the parithes; also the number in 
 
 ■ each parish which, were sold, in the interim,. for Jhe 
 
 , : piiymeHt of debts ;— nf Ae nunUter remaining m 179 1 
 
 in thk hands of mortgagees, trustees, or receivers , — 
 
 the number thrown up and abandoned, or comierted 
 
 irUo other cultivation between the two periods: — 
 
 «-' ignd the number of new plantations recently set- 
 
 '■ twi, or which were settling, at the end of the last 
 
 iod. 
 
 000, [2 
 
 
 S » H w » 
 
 I 
 
 PARISHES. 
 
 "I 
 8.5 
 
 1r 
 
 
 II 
 
 Westmorland 
 Hanover - -- - 
 St. James - - 
 St. Efizabeth 
 Trelawny - - - 
 
 Total in theCottotf 
 of Cornwall 
 
 rri 'i 
 
 40 
 
 49 - 
 
 IG - 
 
 65 - 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 } 
 
 209-58 
 
 47 - 30 - 27 
 
'iivltet iili»iiir.t^} 
 
 PARISHBS. 
 
 
 If 
 
 311 m 
 
 'It 'a? 
 
 f*^ 
 
 =1 
 
 10 
 
 St,Mary.,.- - - 37 -^ .«1 
 
 8 - - S 
 
 Clarendon ... 37 
 Vere - - 
 St.l)orotby ' 
 St. John 
 St. Katharine 
 St. Thomas in 
 
 the Vale, 
 St. Anne 
 
 } 
 
 «2 
 
 
 13 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 3 
 6 
 3 
 1 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 2 
 3 
 $ 
 
 1 
 
 - - 15 
 
 13-3-3-0 
 
 9 - fl - ,2.r 1 
 
 TotalintheCoiinty'l 
 OfBiiddlesex 5 ***' 
 
 -mssfiJ 'Kyi . ; 
 
 S^.AbcI'*^ ' 
 Port Royal 
 Portland - - 
 St. George - - 
 Si Thomas in ) 
 the East 3 
 St. David's 
 Kingston - > 
 
 74 - 23 - 11 - 12 
 
 14 
 3 
 
 15 
 7 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 a 
 
 ■■-ii 
 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 14-5-0 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Total in the County \ .. 
 of Snrry J ^ 
 
 - 45 
 
 22 -14 -'''i 
 
 GRAND TOTAL - 451 - 177 - 92 - 55 - 47 
 
9ii 
 
 BOOK 
 
 HISTORY or THE 
 
 Sumnttry. 
 
 ExAtmg pHmtatiom m 17^1 - - - - 720 
 Plantations then recently settled or settling 47 
 
 Total number of sug^r estates in 1791 ' 767 
 
 Obseroatiom. 
 
 From the preceding table it is sufficiently 
 obvious, that in the course of twenty years, end- 
 ing 1791, the planters of Jamaica (however profit- 
 ably employed in the service of the mother-coun- 
 try) were labouring to little purpose for them- 
 selves : it appearing that no less than 177 sugar 
 plantations had been sold, during that period, for 
 the payment of debts ; — that 55 had been aban- 
 doned by the proprietors, and that 92 others re- 
 mained in the hands of creditors ! Since the year 
 1791} a favourable change has taken place, and 
 k is presumed that at this time (December 1797) 
 near 200,000 negroes are employed solely in the 
 cultivation of sugar ; but the most rapid improve- 
 ment which this island has experienced is a vast 
 increase in the ^owth of coffee. The following 
 is an authentic return from the naval officer: 
 —viz. 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 Account of Coffbe exported froin the Island of 
 Jamaica for 10 Years, viz. 1787, to 1797 : 
 
 AFFEN- 
 DIX. 
 
 From 1st August 1787* 
 to Ist August 
 
 1788 
 
 17a» 
 
 1790 
 
 1791 
 
 179« 
 
 1^93 
 
 1794 
 
 t79>^ 
 
 1796 
 
 1797 
 
 lb«.to 
 GrcfttBiitoln. 
 
 808,3«8 
 
 l,fl(H,()49 
 
 1,412,241 
 
 2,114,326 
 
 2,708,548 
 
 3,543,003 
 
 4,314,290 
 
 4,452,f)II 
 
 5,273,814 
 
 6,708,272 
 
 Ibt.to 
 Amcrioft. 
 
 393,273 
 
 382,489 
 
 427,130 
 
 291,764 
 
 144,849 
 
 69.657 
 
 257,103 
 
 1,47«>,961 
 
 1,757,444 
 
 1,2^3,349 
 
 Total 
 
 32,540,«8£ 6,427,019 
 
 %* In thefofmeif -"^itiom of thit war* ttas sub- 
 jomed to this jfyfmdix, an Historkai Account «f tfie 
 CtmstitiltioD of itmuca, aAlcA htm^ found hj the 
 printer too longftr the firtt mAnhc cf thit edOim, is 
 now tranrferred to volume the thud. 
 
m 
 
 ■' Sl«'^^^i'•lf/ 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 t BNGLISH ClTARAiBEAN ISLANDS. 
 
 U.u.<n 
 
 .;?.", U)-^,c Cvii 
 
 ,;,(..-. 
 
 iJH PTER I. 
 
 BARBADOES. 
 
 First arrival of the. English at this island. — 
 Origin, progress, and terminatim of the propri- 
 etary gaoemment. — Reoenue granted to the 
 crcfwn o/^l pe^ centum on all produce tvported — 
 hmo obtmned. — Origin of the act of navig(ttion. 
 — Situation and extent rfthe island.— Soil and 
 produce. — Pcpulation.—DecHne, and causes 
 thereof. — Exports and imports. 
 
 BOOK The island of Barbadoes, of which I now 
 
 s^^,^ propose to treat, was probably first discovered 
 
 by the Portuguese in their voyages from Bra- 
 
 sil ; and from them it received the nwne which 
 
WEST INDIBSIH 
 
 8i7 
 
 it still retains.* It was found without occupants chav. 
 or claimants. Th6 Gharaibes, fcr reasons alto- 
 gether unknown to us, had deserted it, and the 
 Portuguese, satisfied with the splendid regions 
 they had acquired on the continent, seem to have 
 considered it as of little value. Having fur- 
 nished it with a breed of swine for the benefit of 
 such of their countrymen as might navigate the 
 same track, they left the island in all other re- 
 spects as they found it. 
 
 Of the English,' the first who are known to 
 have landed in this island were the crew of a 
 ship called the Olioe Blossom, bound from Lon- 
 don to Surinam, in 1605, and fitted out at the 
 expense of Sir Olive Leigh, whom Purchas styles 
 ' a worshipful knight of Kent.' Finding it with- 
 out inhabitants, they took possession of the 
 country, by fixing up a cross on the spot where 
 James-Tcmt was afterwards built, with this in- 
 scription, " James king of England and this 
 island ;" but they began no settlement, nor made 
 any considerable stay in a country entirely unin- 
 habited and overgrown with woods ; yet it fur- 
 nished them with fresh provisions. They found 
 pigs, pigeons, and parrots, and the sea abounded 
 with fish, 
 
 Some years after this, a ship of Sir William 
 
 * It 18 said not to 'uare been noticed in any sea'Chart 
 before the year 1600. 
 
•It 
 
 HJST0R* OF<THE 
 
 BOOK 
 JUL 
 
 Courtaen's, a merchant oC London, rotimiiQg 
 froin Bcaxil, was driven by stress of weamhar iniio 
 this island, and finding refi^sbnieiits on it, ithe 
 master and seamen, on their arrival in £n(^and, 
 made so favourahlea report of the beauty and 
 fertility of the country, that liOrd Ley (afterwards 
 earl (xf Marlborough, and 'Lord High Treasurer) 
 imniediately obtained from iCing James the:First 
 a grant of the island to himself and his heirs in 
 perpetuity. 
 
 Courteen himself was a man of e^^tensive 
 views and magnificent projects. He immediately 
 began, (probably under the patronage of Marlbo- 
 rough) to form ideas of establishing a colony in 
 the distant but promising territory. Having en- 
 gaged about .tlnrty .persons to settle in the island, 
 and furnished them with tools, provisions and 
 necessaries of all kinds for planting and fortifying 
 the country, he appointed William Deane their 
 governor, and sent them away ina shipt^a^led 
 the JVilliam and Joktiy commanded by J^hn 
 Powell . They arrived sa « in the latter end> of the 
 year J 6224, and laid tht foundations of a town, 
 whicii, in honour of the sovereign, they denomi- 
 nated James-Town ; and thus began the first 
 English settlement in the island of Barbadoes. 
 
 For some time previous to this, it had be- 
 come fashionable in England, tor men of high 
 rank and distinction to engage in sea adven- 
 tures., proclaiming themselves the patrons of 
 
WEST IND7E8/^{ 
 
 m 
 
 oeldnintion and fordgn coininerce. In the cm^, 
 list of those who contiitMited to the Brittsh set- 
 tlements in Virginia, N«w England, the fier- 
 muda islands, and other places in the New 
 Worid, may be found the names of many of the 
 first nobility and gentry of the kingdom. 
 Among others who distinguished themselves in 
 such pursuits, at the <lme that Barbadoes was 
 thus planted by a private merchant, was James 
 Hay, earl of Carlisle. This nobleman was at 
 that juncture engaged in the establishment of a 
 colony in the island of St. Christopher (as we 
 shall hereafter have occasion more particularly 
 to relate) and, either not knowing of the Earl 
 of lllarlborougb's patent, or conceiving that it 
 interfered with his own pretensions,* he applied 
 for and obtained, in the first year of Charles I. 
 a warrant for a grant, by letters patent under the 
 j^eat seal of England, of all the Charaibean 
 islands, including Barbadoes ; but when the 
 gr»nt came to be actually passed, the Earlof 
 Marlborough opposed it on the ground of pri- 
 ority of right. The dispute between these noble 
 lords continued for a considerable time; at 
 length the contending parties thought it pru- 
 
 * It is said that he had obtained from James I, a 
 grant, or warrant for a grant, under the great seal of all 
 the Cbaraibean islands, which the king erected intc ^ pro- 
 vince bf the name of CarUola, on the model of the palati- 
 nate of DttrA<mi. 
 
HICT«ttYQy 9«E 
 
 BQQic d0Dt(to conprofnMe the MMtler, aod on the£arl 
 sifs^^ a(f Carliiile's wndentakiog la p^y the vmuaX sum 
 of 900A to the £acl of Mwlborough and his 
 heirs for ever, Marlborough waved his pateot, 
 e^d, in consequence of this arrangement, on the 
 2(j^,of June, 1627* the 1^1 «if Carlisle's patent 
 piasicd the great seal, who thereupon becanie 
 iBKile proprietor.* > 
 
 J i I..-'?. : 
 
 ' * Among other clauses }n this graniate the followiiig : 
 '"Fiirthdr knowye> that we, for us our heirs' and sucees- 
 son, have authoriMd and appointed the said Jtmm, "BmA 
 of CarUile, and his heirs (of whose fidelity* pmdeaoe, Jns- 
 tice, and wisdom we have great confidence) for the good 
 and happy government of the said province, whether for 
 the public security of the said province or the private 
 utility of every man, to make, erect, and set foittj*^ and 
 under his o? thssir signet to publish* such laws as he the said 
 Earl of CorlkUt, or his heirs, wiik th» coiimnI, mssM* md 
 approhatiim of the fret ikhaHniamU of (A« tatd preoiMce or 
 ik$ greater fart of them, thereunto to be called, and in such 
 form as he or they in his or their discretion shall think fit 
 and best. And these laws must all men for time beliig, 
 that do live within the limits of the said province, observe ) 
 whether they lie bound to sea, or from thence reluming 
 to Englmtd, or any other our dominions, or any other place 
 appointed, upon such impositions, penalties,] imprison-^ 
 ment> or restraint that it behoveth, and the quidity of the 
 oflbnce requireth, either upon the body, or death itself, 
 to be executed by the said Jmne$, Earl of Carlisle, and by 
 his heirs, or by his or their deputy, judges* justices, 
 magistrates, officers, and ministers, according to the tenor 
 and true meaning o£>theft' presents, in what cause soever, 
 and wi^ such power, as to him the said Jamet, Earl 
 of Csrltsie, or his heirs, riiall seem best ; and to diiq»ose of 
 
WE9TIKlMB9.'ff 
 
 S«t 
 
 i; 
 
 Dmiog this coolest about^ the •dispoMl- of ctuft 
 
 coontriwfiiostof whkh'#ereat tftmttiind in tlie 
 
 oiences or riots whatsoever^ either by tea or land, whether 
 bdTore judgihent received, or after remitted, freed, par- 
 doiMd/ br fbrgiven j and to do and to {tertbrm All ink 
 evwy thing and things, which to the fiilfilling of justioa^ 
 00010 or mfunner of proceeding in their tribunal, may o* 
 doth belong or appertain, although express mention of 
 them in these presents be not made, yet we have granted 
 ftill power by virtue of these presents therein to be made ; 
 wUkA laws so absolutely procMmed, kind by strength of 
 ri|^ sipportcd m they are granted, we will e^ioia» 
 ohMige, and command all and every subject and liega 
 people of us, our heirs and successors, so far as them they 
 do concern, inviolably to keep and observe, under the 
 pains therein expressed ,; so as notwithstanding the afore- 
 said lAws be agreeable and not repugnant unto reason, 
 nor agaifut. it ) but as convenient and agreeable as may be 
 to tJie lawn, statutes, customs, and rights of our kingdom 
 of £iigiand." — " We will also, of our princely grace, for ui, 
 our heirs, and successors, straightly charge, make, and 
 ordtfin, that the said province be of our allegiance, and 
 thai all and every subject and liege people of us, our hein> 
 and ffMpessors, brought or <to be brought, and tiieir chil* 
 dr^ whether there born or afterwards to be born, be- 
 come natives and subjects of us, our heirs, and succeS' 
 sors, and be as free as they that were born in England i 
 and so their inheritance within our kingdom of England, 
 or olhar our dominions, to seek, receive, take, hold, buy, 
 and posaess, and use and enjoy them as his own, and to 
 give, sell, alter, and bequeath them at their pleasure} 
 MdaUoJreelfff qinetlj/t and peaceably, to have and poaaet$ 
 all tha Ubertiea,Jramiki$e8, and privileges of $hi8 Vingdoai, 
 and them to use and eiyoy as li^ge people of Engltmd, 
 wheUier born, or to be born, mthout Impediment, mo- 
 
 VOL. I. Y 
 
 I. 
 
HiaVOftT OF THE 
 
 m. 
 
 handt of their proper owners, the ChaFiilMsii the 
 man who alone had the merit of anneinig the 
 plantation of Barbadoei to the crown of England, 
 aeemii to have been shamefully neglected. The 
 Earl of Marlborough, having secured to hioiself 
 and his posterity the gratification I have men- 
 tioned, deserted him; and the Lord Cailule, 
 having done him premeditated injury, became his 
 irreconcileable enemy. Courteen, however, found 
 a friend in William Earl of Pembroke, who re- 
 presented his case in such a light to the King, 
 as to obtain a revocation of Cariisle*s patent, 
 and a grant to himself in trust for Courteen. 
 ; But the hopes of this worthy citizen were of 
 short continuance. The Earl of Carlisle was, at 
 that juncture, absent from the kingdom ; a cir- 
 cumstance which gave some colour to his charge 
 of injustice and precipitancy in the proceeding. 
 On his return to England, he CGmplained that 
 he had been condemned and deprived of his pro- 
 perty unheard ; and the monarch on the throne, 
 who seems, through the whole of his unfortunate 
 reign, rather to have wanted resolution to pursue 
 the right path, than sagacity to discern it, trod 
 back his ground a second time ; for unable to 
 resist the clamorous importunity of a worthless 
 favourite, he actually annulled the grant to the 
 
 lestatton, vekation, ii\iary, or trouble of U8, bur liein> 
 and sncbcsson, any statute, act, ordinauce, or proviso to 
 the contrary notwithstandiiig.**^' '^ ' 
 
<f»WB8T INOIB8. 
 
 ««3 
 
 £arl of Pembroke, and by Mcond Utiera palent chap. 
 to the Earl of Carlisle, again restored to him the 
 privileges of which he had himself, a short time 
 before, deprived him. t 
 
 Thus by an of power, which its repug- 
 nancy and abs( alone rendered illeg^, the 
 £arl of CarlisI' ound himself lord para- 
 mount of Barbadoes ; aud in order completely to 
 ruin all the interests in the colony of his oompe- 
 titor, he proceeded to distribute the lands to such 
 persons as chose to receive grants at his hands on 
 the terms proposed to them. A society of London 
 merchants* accepted ten thousand acres, on con- 
 ditions which promised great advantage to the 
 proprietor ; but they were allowed the Uberty of 
 sending out a person to preside over their con- 
 corns in the colony, and they made choice for 
 this purpose of Charles Woolferstone, who re- 
 paired to the island, accompanied with sixty-four 
 persons, each of whom was authorized to talie 
 up one hundred acres of land. 
 
 These people landed on the fifth of July» 
 1628, at which time Courteen*s settlement was 
 in a very promising condition ; but Woolferstone 
 declared it an encroachment and usurpation, and 
 being supported by the arrival of Sir William 
 
 * The names of those merchants' were Marmaduke 
 Brandon, WiUiam Perkin, Aleuinder Banister, llohert 
 Wheatley, Sdipond Forater, Uobtrl Swi«n«rtoii, Henry 
 Wheatly, John Charles, and John farringdon. 
 
 y2 
 

 ** '• 
 
 ^*"' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.1 
 
 » Hi 12.2 
 
 I 
 
 I!i25|U ||A 
 
 1^ |2g 
 1I& 
 
 6" 
 
 'V^' '^. 
 
 
 FholDgFaphic 
 
 Sdmoes 
 
 GarpaFation 
 
 23 WnST MAIN STRHT 
 
 WnSTm,N.Y. 14SM 
 
 (716) •72-4903 
 
 

SM 
 
 Hnvottf turvHs 
 
 Hi. 
 
 S09K l^iftpDr wlio WM imt ^ M cbwf gBMrnor by 
 "* Lord Cartiilt, .Id; 16S9, with a force luftdMit 
 §or the mamtieDancc of bis pEetensions, be com- 
 pelled the friends of Courteen to submit; and 
 the ioterests of the ktter were thenceforth swal- 
 lowed up aadfoii^ttea.* 
 
 sThe ia^ which 1 have thus recited have 
 been vefaUed so often by others^ that an apology 
 miglit be necessary for their insertion in this 
 work) were it not that, by comparing one ac- 
 oonnt with another, I have been enabled to cor- 
 rei^s'SOBie important errors in each. And the 
 daim of the Earl of Carlisle having orig^ially 
 intraduoed and established the, very heavy ior 
 temal imposition on thdr giress frodue^ to 
 which the planters of this, and some of the 
 nei^bouring. islands, are to this day liable; I 
 have thought it necessary to be pardcufaur and 
 minute, in tradng the claim itself from the be- 
 ginning. In what manner it produced the bur- 
 then in question, and how Barbadoes reverted 
 from a proprietary to a royal government^ I shall 
 now piooeed to relate. 
 
 The administration of Sir William Tufton, 
 the first governor appointed by Lord Carlisle, 
 proving disagreeable to his Lordship, Captain 
 
 • In this year; Sir WOlism Tufkon gave 140 gnats ot 
 land, comprising in die whole 16378 acres, and on the 
 SSd of Febmary, 1830, he p a s s ed divers laws, and among 
 others, one for dividing the island into six parishes. 
 
"Wtset iNDni;^ n 
 
 t ft 
 
 m 
 
 HiBDiy livfley^ wtia sent pterte !l4dl to wpap- 
 sede liii&. IVifton resentiiig this metnun^pio- 
 curad the sigDatiiras itf iome of the ftetttn to 
 a pedtion complahiitig of Hftwley^ft comhi^lih 
 Hawiey ooi^thied this pedtion into «n^ net-ol 
 mutiny oh the part of Tufton, for which he had 
 faimf -Iried and condei^ned by a conrt-martid^ 
 aiid #ith very little cerettiony caused hfiiitdM' 
 shot to death; a procedltng N^nitereailjr^ez- 
 clttmed ag^nst as a most horri^. and titrocionl 
 ranrder. Hawiey, however, though^ recalled on 
 this account, not only escaped ptinisinneiit 
 thrnn^ the interest of his noble patron, but 
 was soon afterwards sent back again as chi^ 
 ^vemor; in which capacity, he remained till 
 16S8, when he was driven from the country hy 
 the united voice of all the inhabitants ; whe^ 
 however permitted his brother, Williiim'Hawll^ 
 to act as commander in chief, until .a gove^b^' 
 should be nominated at home. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Major Hunckes, who, leaving the 
 islilid in IMI, appointed Philip Bell, Esqoir^'^i 
 his deputy, and Bell, in 1645, was appointed 
 chief governor.* But the conduct of Hawiey, 
 
 * Jhiring the adminiitnUon of tUt g«|g^leinan, mMiy 
 Mlatary laws were peMcd : among oCbenrtlie fiiHowii^ : 
 
 lit. " J» Act for the continuanee and obeerrsHoB of 
 all acte and statntct not repealed}" Whidi act redtea tbai 
 there were dWere and lundiy good and wliokiome laws, 
 ftatataa, and ordtnaaces provided, enacted, and made, aa* 
 •%ned, and agreed vpon, by and with the aatent, oomaat. 
 
m^ 
 
 m 
 
 thlll!«fbtoh« %iAa tioody, IbmI the soflpolt which 
 he VtotiNsi fltom the iproprietor, Md alwnatM 
 tM ttiiftdw' bf the new^ letttere iWHB fx>wer tbw 
 d^higlied atit} ttbiibkl^ and the proprietor's «u- 
 tliorily ld0t ground every dayi la the mheon 
 
 ao4«|i|i«ol»«H(m of the jimfHtnor* ttoancU, udl fimdioldart 
 oetfof;,fT^,|Mrjisb of tiM UUwV i|ititnM> ^ G«Mrai J$- 
 a mlj lp fo^ lAal^fM^MMf cAscfod, MAtle, and c^^km^i. And Uit 
 therdyy vnacted, that noqe of tboie law« shall be altered^ 
 oi hiif thing add^ to thfem, <«»itho^t t'he ookikBt of a Iflte 
 OMkHtfiiMiilfti^. AiiA Ihat fS^tryptMh tHuhkd here two 
 nptMilMMfcres atitoast, to be elected bj thefieeholdertir ' 
 , 9d. An additioa to an act intituled, *' An Act for i^rttliiig 
 tlieeatatet and tiUestof tbe inhabitants of this ialand to 
 tl^oif' poM^ssions in their sereral plantatiom within the 
 aittfe, t*^ It is th«rein ^eeitkd, that in a claut^ in the first 
 aotit i«br«iiAed,tJhatal1 llheliihilbitsiito'oftiiiilikfid, thai 
 werto in ^utet iioeOcsUen of anjr lands or teaemfnti! by ▼ir- 
 tve of an; warrant fnm any former governor, or by oon- 
 vegpuce or other -act in law, from them who had the same 
 warrant, shoultl have, h(jd, and eiyoy the same, a« lAetr 
 Jred iutaie.' and, as soitie struples bid ftlnee ariMn, Wbe- 
 th^ an estate '^or nfe or IttheriM^ ' ^t be'«ioiMMnd 
 frofm^Milime, fbrwani of tke«^/i jh^lftiirsi to the 
 iii(tant the same might be roore ftiBy explained^ and all 
 dispotas of that kind for the future aboli^ed, it Is ehacted, 
 tbni by the words as their free estates, wai meant, the 
 wkek estate and inAcHtaiiee of the r«)apectiTe i^antetiens 
 within thiti islMid, so fekat by such possession in manner 
 a« by the said aet is expressed, the said inhabitants are 
 thereby a^indgcd and declared to have and to hold their 
 laadsaf right to then, to dispose of or alienate, or other> 
 to deAead, or be ooafiiMed to tMr hein for 
 
 ever.' 
 
tiaet tlMi civil wsr ii| £|[^aiid» ctuitd tMny 
 pecple fif peaceable > tenfMn and diipofitioiii, 
 chiefly foyalists, to Uk» reiUge in this ishUMi; 
 and the consequent ruin of the king's affiuvs m* 
 toetf a stiU graater number, many of wiK»i;ha4 
 httB' offifcers of lank in his service, to ftUow 
 tii^ example. The emigration from the motfanw 
 ^ooatry to tbb island wasindeed so great doiii^ 
 tfaa commotions in Eoglahd^ tfiat in \6SO it Has 
 eonputed there irere flO^OOG ivlute raeain Bar- 
 badoes, half of them able to bear arma^ and ftir- 
 niAing av«n a regiment of horse to the nuinber 
 of one thousand. 
 
 ^* These afdventurers/' says Lord Clareiidoo, 
 ** planted without any body's leave, and vrith- 
 "ovt being opposed or contradieied by any 
 ** hbdy;'' The case seems to have been, that the 
 governor granted lands to aU who applied, on 
 reofliving a gratuity for himself; and the daim 
 of the proprietor, whether disp«ted in the islaadi 
 or disregarded amidst the confesions at Iiobm, 
 wM ait length 'tacitly and silently reUnqmshedi ^ 
 
 Thi colony, left to its own efibrts, and en^ 
 joying imunlimitM freedom of trade, flourished 
 beyond <eKaaipiiei In the year 1046, howevw, 
 tin then vEaii of Carlisle, who was son and iwit 
 of the patentee, stimulated by the renown of iti 
 
 ttMs ef Ibrtjr pttnndi ait ootton w<kA fnm-mSk peiMii 
 wlw bald kadi «iidsr hii gittit. 
 
 «r 
 
His9mmcmjmE 
 
 BOOK vMlthaBdtpro0pa!ity»b^guiito4reHmlif^iC^^ 
 ^Anheiof^tArylpropri^ar;' and^ enteriag iiil|»« 
 uwty with luoi^ WiUoii§U)y of iPichanr ^oon* 
 veyod to thp^twaQbieniaiKali hUnfii^^by.ldMe 
 fer tivcBlgf-inie yev^i 'ODHCoiiditiflMi of^ jrocciriog 
 oneihalfthje. profits in! tbc olwui time ;> but jwiliy 
 •pprebentiuig thkt the.' jieaideat! pliiB(l«nMni||^ 
 dnpute fbift pKetcin8iont,<be/ver^raadU| oonovnd 
 1^ iIiOcd'Willou|^by in tollciting aiflttrniimion 
 feC'tbei latter, as iohfeCigdtemor) undtr ihe.'^^uio^ 
 tioii olxegalautbority.^/iif. lu.m^ u> iiuti ^h-k.,, .-.. 
 '{:;> J iThbpithoagh :aii abaolulr derdietiaD rfd- the 
 proprietary ship, was asked and obtataid ; lAod 
 the .iiOfd WiUoijgbby, thua < coonnissioiiedi em- 
 harised tbr his - ; government, andi> \ in ■, oooside^ 
 lotion < of; the royal apfwintmentf ^J» r^ceitBd 
 by ] th^ inhabitants^ Mhoi 'Were wamilj^ attached 
 tQ> the r King's; inij^rest; with rbspect and obe- 
 ^Aetice* It seems probable, that* atf its ftftt comr- 
 iog» be said nothi^ of his lease Dron^viGarliale ; 
 ttustiikg rather to fiituie matiagcmeiit ifor tht re- 
 establishnfieot of that loni's |lretcDsii9>%>!thaii4io 
 an. open, avolival of) themiooohis atrivaLi 1 We 
 $te fold^ boii^eir> by< Lord €laRendon^ Ihiit, he 
 pbtainedf froiti the planters h pnHo^:^ acon- 
 triblitioo to:-the propri^t^r^ bhtobflfttte.iti'Wfts 
 
 ^ * When this application was made« the King was in 
 thjflian^ !4^ parlUun|H(itj.,t)>ecoiiu^ 
 wi^ hi* l(<li«»ly'« privity lusd apprphiUiQi|i, nii^ signed by 
 «li« Prince of Waki, at thattiiiie la HoQaii4. j ^,^^,1 ,^i^ 
 
[■A 
 
 U !«-l''».i 
 
 dufted/iiito effaMy' the r«(;flA> itithbiitf Hbt ott(r.' 
 abottsheil' in England,* and^BarlMdoeslfeckicei 
 taiht obedience ^ of tbe^ new^ Te|kibKo(i!by'«rlioiB 
 imthergowenior^wai' appointed: v^ h ui > 
 
 ' On the^foitomtkMiof Charles ILandthefOi^ 
 •atidilUlMneiiC of the rojpal authority over^llIlM 
 British domiiiions,^ lioird WiUougbby^r who* iMd 
 eighl inr lune years of itfais lease unexpired^ ap- 
 plied* to the king for leavB to return tOf bis goveni- 
 ment of >BarbadoeK ^ ^Fo this appilioatbn im> 
 objectiOQ> wooid have been made by 'the in^ 
 habitants^ ' if his lordship had considered! himself 
 neirely as representative of the crown : but his 
 connectien and contract with the £arl- of Car- 
 lisle were by^ this time sufficiently understood 
 byd the ; plai^tersj who saw with astonishment 
 thiit they were regarded by those grtet lords at 
 meieitenants at will of their possessioni. They 
 aoUcited therefore the King's support and 
 protection*/: *'nThey: pleaded,** says Cla#end«n^ 
 '* that they were the King's subjects ; that they 
 had lepaired to Biurbadoes as to a desolate pldce, 
 
 * Oii tbe IStho^^ebrnary, 1^51, his Bl lyesty honouied 
 iiiiHeengenilemeDof Barbaddei with the dignitjr of buo- 
 nittge, in odrjidttrition of their nffferlngt and loyahy dtl^^ 
 lag the civil war : they were« Sir John Colleton, Sir Jwmb 
 Modifprd, Sir.iaines DraXt Sir JRobert DaverSj, SirRpber^ 
 Hacket, Sir Je^n Yeanians, Sir Timothy ThornhiU, Sir 
 John Withim, Sir Hobert L^ard, Sir John IV'ortnfn, Sir 
 John RhWdon, Sir Sdiryii Stede« StrWiUoagliby ClUdiD^ 
 
m 
 
 HlflVDRVORTHB 
 
 Mid bad iby their iadusify obMiiied miHveKhood 
 dNHMi irliBii ibey could not willi «. goad ooo- 
 NMdMvttey Id Eoglaod ; Ibatif ihejiboiildiioir 
 be left to thoae londs to ranaom tlMiiMalvce end 
 flinywiiid ■> iat their estate^ «hey niuBt leave the 
 oattdtiy^awl IhafAantatieaa fad daMnyed^ whieh 
 jiaidedi iN9 DMvetttf ioiifRdat » raecMe^"' Be. 
 8|^tfa^{die charter ^ikitdd to the Eail of Gar- 
 lide^v they, insisted petohifdly that it ndft voiian 
 hm; and' ihey made two humUe |irofositioiie 
 to the King, cither that bb majesty would five 
 them leawe to instkulto in his name, but Ht their 
 oMn oobty a process in the £gtcheqaer for bryiig 
 the talidity of the eaii*8 |Mitebt ; 'or tballM would 
 laae» those who chmned wder it (for tho>flecond 
 £ari «0l Carlisle dying in the intetioD, had be*- 
 qaeathed his rights in tbo Wost Indies to the 
 £nrl( of Kkmoiil) to their legal feniedy, afaao- 
 Krtely denying that either the late or ibmer 
 lyaed CarMsle' iiad sustained the smallest ea- 
 pence in isettling the colony. >''' p* 
 . jjfalstead of contentiag t^ either of those aiest 
 reasonable propositioP9) the King ordered. en- 
 quiiy to be roajde, into the several allegjations 
 and diaiaas.of the parties concerned, by m coo»- 
 Biittee q€ the fnwy-c^mwil ; before wboni «one 
 of the planters being heard, one of thent, in 
 order more readily to induce the King to take 
 the HQvc^reigpity <^f the island into Jus own hands, 
 oflfered, in the name of the inhabitants, to eo»* 
 
wE&r)ivmmu 
 
 attit, in Ihftt caw, t« lay an ianpoikion of •• aun 
 much in the hundrad on tha produce of Ibeir 
 edales, oat of>i^bioh his Majesty's governor 
 might be honoikreUy nipported, and the SLing 
 diipaeaof the overplus as he should Ihinic fit. 
 To a moaarch of Charles^ dispoaiiion^ this ivaa 
 too tempting a proposition to be resisted. We 
 ave infonised that his Majesty reoeivetf the ofet 
 vary grmou9kf; " and the next oare of the 
 QOBtatittee,!* adds the noble historian, who waa 
 himself of that body, ** was to make some com- 
 putation that might be depended Ujion, as to 
 the yearly revenue, that would arise upon the 
 imposition within the island.** But the plan- 
 tecs, when called up the next day to give sa- 
 tiafaction in this iparticular, insisted that Mt, 
 KciNkll, the person who had made the alSet, 
 hiMl oo authority to undertake for them, or the 
 inhabitadts wilhin the island ; «iid the utmost 
 they could he iNronght to pvomise for them* 
 selves was, that they iwdnld me their endta^ 
 iNMMTs with their firiends* te the island to settle 
 suofa a revertue <on the crown as the cii^nm* 
 stances of the eoloiiy would admit of^ :whicli 
 they said the asseanhly alone was competent lei 
 determine. * '^^' 
 
 The prospect of a revenue, though distant 
 and uBcertam^twooght ferWard the creditor of 
 the Earl of CaiiiBle, the {foteaftet, whia tMn 
 indebted, ii seom^ at lias dcith, in the gatn b# 
 
HMMMrditHX 
 
 m. 
 
 iO^OOOLuMl iNgr bad no hopet of htkng pukl 
 bofe ftxNO Ibe pfAtB of his Weit IiMKiii "poiMS- 
 Tbe hein of the Etrl of MirlbonMgh 
 put in their «kim for the nrrennige of 
 the annoity of 300/., granted under the orlghitl 
 eenpeomiie which I hive befotementioned'; and 
 the LonI Willoaghby ioeieled at the same tine 
 OB .receiving the moiety <tf whatever profits might 
 arise during the remainder of the term yet unei- 
 pired in his lease. The other moiety, during that 
 time^and the whole in reversion, was claiined by 
 the£arlofKinnoul. t^^mzv.- 
 
 To satisfy these several claimants, and eecum 
 a perpetual revenue to the crown, was a work of 
 difficulty, and its accomplishment seems to have 
 been the sole claim of the kingj's ministeni^; by 
 whom, after a tedious but partial investigidon 
 (considering the colony as wholly at the Idngfs 
 mercy) it was finally ordered, that the Lord 
 Wilbughby should immediately repair to his 
 government, and insist en tlie grant and estab- 
 Uihment by the assembly of a permanent and 
 inwvocable revenue of fbor and a half per cent. 
 U> be. paid in specie on all dead commodities, 
 the gipowth of the island, shipped to any port of 
 the world ; the money arising therefrom to be 
 applied as follows : ' «p* - ^ r 
 
 First, towards an honourable and immediiite 
 provision for the £ari of Kiinbili], who, it was 
 •ilegedi hid sacrificed his fortune ia^ the ting's 
 
'ttmiv iNsnttn 
 
 Mnrioi^ tad who ooftoiattd^ «i. raoh prailMn 
 bting MMrad to him, to mantadm the GwUile 
 pumtto the crown:. , \9tkiv >«$ 
 
 Seoondly, towu«b wHiifactioD ukI fuU Si^ 
 chelate of the £ecl of Meriboroi^gli't eonuUj x tti 
 . Tbinlly, it wai itipuleted thet the mrphii 
 ihould be divided equally between the credllirl 
 
 of the Earl of C ariiale end the Lofd WiUon^hby, 
 during the term yet unexpired of hb lordihip'i 
 lea^e, On the expiration thereof the remainder^ 
 after providing l^SO(M.>eraMmMilbr thekiagft 
 government for the time bein|^ was ordered to 
 be paid among the laid creditors till their, d^ 
 mands were fully satiiiied and ditchaiged : ' . > . 
 
 , Fourthly, on the extinction of those several 
 ineumhrances, it was stipulated that the whole 
 revsenue» subject to the charge of l,fiO(ML per on- 
 Hum to the governor, should be at the disposal of 
 the crown. 
 
 , On these terms it was understood that the 
 proprietaiy government was to be dissolved, and 
 that the planters were to coosider themselves as 
 legally confirmed in possession of their estates ; 
 and to carry into efiect the important point» on 
 which the whole arrangement depended (the 
 g^yint of a perpetual revenue by the assembly) 
 Lord Willoughby returned to his government ui 
 1663. 
 
 It is not wond^l that the planters^ on his 
 lordship's anivpd, thpugl) devoled to tho interests 
 
aft* 
 
 HunrottY or thb 
 
 UI- 
 
 of Ihft cromi tkmM htun iouAly nMumimd H 
 the oonduot mmI delsnniDatioD of tho Briliih go- 
 vernment in the progress end conclusion of the 
 whole husiness. Clwrcndon himself confesses, 
 that the grant tp Carlisle was voidable by kw. 
 The. Idng therefore laid them under no grsat ob- 
 ligalion in obtaining a surrender of it. Many of 
 the plamefs had been obliged to quit their native 
 coontry in oonsequence of their exertions in sup- 
 port of the royal cause during the civil war ; by 
 Ihe kte settlement they perceived a reg«rd ex- 
 fressed towards every interest concerned bat their 
 own : and the return which they met with, both 
 for their former services, and also for augment- 
 ing the trade, revenue, and dominion of the pa- 
 rent state by their recent labours, was a dei sand 
 of a contribution, which they stated would 
 amount to ten per cent, on the clear profits of 
 their estates for ever. 
 
 But their complaints, though well founded, 
 were unavailing. The king and bis governor 
 were too deeply interested to recede. : The as- 
 sembly were called upon to forge chains for 
 themselves and their children ; and if persuasion 
 should foil, force was not only at hand, but 
 was actually employed to compel them to sub- 
 mission. Colonel Farmer, who led the party 
 in opposition, was arrested and sent prisoner to 
 England, on a charge of mutiny and treason, 
 nor was he released tiU after a tedious and sOvere 
 
coofiMUMBt Awed by tfurtmnplt^ hmI inni- 
 blt that M> wpport covid be eipeeted from the 
 people at home, whoie privileges ley proetrate at 
 the tet of the restored monarch, the esiembly 
 passed an actftur the purpoaes required of them ; 
 end their posterity still bear, and it is appre- 
 hended will longcontfametobeartheharthenolit.* 
 
 * 1 lwT« thought U any beMtkfhtlorj tothcfwdtr to 
 hav« aa opportaaity of pcraiiag tht act al laigo, which I 
 thtnipm ialjoin,pmDMBgthat«h«daaMwhMiaMV|rtt 
 thalaoii taltod tha lo^oeo aCNf, and alto thai whkh Ml- 
 palaHi for tfM haiMtog a ■ m io n h oaia, aadaprisoa,aa4 
 pawMlag.ibrall otiMr poUia chaifn iaeoatheat on tba 
 gttfannMa^ oat of tha aMatat to ha laised hy the ac^ hava 
 bam csaiAy dbr^ardad by thecrawn. TbaMMloQ-hoMa 
 and priMNi wan aal flnithad «atU tha year 1730^ and the 
 eapaaea (apwardt of 5/MXM.) waa thea defrayed hy a spe- 
 flial tax aa tha inhahitaata t aad there waa raked hy other 
 tasae no Wm a iom than 19,4401. U. 4d. Ui three yeare (via. 
 tttm 174ft to 174S) for the repair of tha foitUteaMau. 
 
 Jm ACT far $tUBiig tilt Jinpo rt ca tht Comm o di tle$ of 
 
 fftc GroiitA of fftir UUmif paeied the Itth of 
 
 September, 160S.~-No. 36. 
 
 WHBREAS COT late 3oven%n Lord Charlci the First* 
 
 of blessed memoiy, did, by hh letters patent ander the 
 
 great seal of England, grant and ooavey anto James Eeii 
 
 of Carlisle and his heirs lor ever, the propriety uf this 
 
 island of Barbadoes : And his sacred majesty that now is 
 
 hairing by purchase invested himsdf in all the rights of 
 
 the said Bnl of Cailisle, and in all other rights which any 
 
 other person may daim ftom that patent, or any other j 
 
 and thereby, more immediately and particularly, hath 
 
 taken this island into his royal protection. And his most 
 
 esoeUent Mijesty haring, by letttti patent under the great 
 
H9 
 
 uammt <» vmb 
 
 mr 
 
 .^ XhAtooduBt o£tbe. lidrd.Chanc^kiPtClaicA- 
 
 mm of Bngwndj bctnng date the twelfth of June, in the 
 ftiMfh y«nr of Mi"!^^, ^pjwiiited his exeefldnc/ V^d« 
 JUMd Winottgl^^ PtilMuBi, d^tdn-general And eMef 
 gvpernorof BiulNMloeraadiail the Cerihbee isUndi, with 
 fbllfoww end pnthojrii^ to grant, confinn« and aMnie to 
 the inhabitants of the same, and their heirs for crer, all 
 l«ida» rteneiMntsj end hereditaments under hit It^jcity's 
 gieal seal appointed for Barbadees and the r«^t of the Ca- 
 ribee isktndti as» rehtionbeii^ thereunto had, majand 
 dMh more ailarga appear. And whereat, by tirtae of tlie 
 laid Barl of Gaititle't patetft, divert goremort airil agents 
 havttlwen atel over hitfaei>» with authority to lay oiit, ie|t 
 gnftt* or oooTey ia-paiedt the lands within thit island« to 
 nieli periont at they should think fit : which wtt by them, 
 in iheir reepectlTe timet, at much as in them lay, aeeord^ 
 ingjy performed. Andwhereas many have not their granta, 
 warrants, and other evidencet for the said lands, and 
 others %reaMHt of the ignorancea of thote, want suffi- 
 cient and legal words to create inheritances in them,' and 
 tlieir heirs, and others that have never recorded their 
 grants, or warrantt, and others that can make no prooft 
 of any grants or warrants they ever had for their lands; 
 and yet have been long and quiet possessors of the same, 
 and.hestowed great charges lAereon. And whereas the 
 acknowledgment of forty pounds of cotton per head, and 
 other takes and compositions formerly raised to the Earl 
 of Cailble, was held very heavy; for a full remedy 
 thereof for all the defects afore-related, and quieting the 
 possettkms and settling the tenures of the inhid>itants of 
 this island; be it enacted by his excellency Francis Lord 
 Willoqghby of Parham, Ac. his councU, and gehtl^en 
 of the atianbly, and by the authority of the same, that not- 
 witiMtanding the defects afore-relatcd all the now right- 
 
m 
 
 ttMB dw yeiKMi chieiy ciDiMiltaili in it« #•• M"- 
 
 taMMnk thought so justly fepriheofUfto, m to 
 
 giv^ occaiioD to fbe. eighth wrticle of hit im- 
 
 fal pQ ii eM Oi r ibflMiJ^tt Bwm ii p, MidiMwdlUro—ttwitMn 
 «lritiidiM, Iwobrdiog46 Um lam md w i t — B H thewofi inqr 
 ■i «H tioM* fqwife nnto hit Bsc«Uen«y f^r Um full «M^ 
 
 tduiU 'and 111117 rfc^tretudi fiitt> ooofiniMtioa aQdJU- 
 mm^eo^Biidw UsMiyeitijr'f gmal laal Ibr ^ island, i« 
 Aajr can fcatoaablf advka or da«i9^ .aoMidlqg to tl»a tina 
 Inteaiand OManingof tte aet. AffAllt^il |terUMr«lia«|ed 
 by the imdiori^aferaiaid* that all aad fvfry tha paypiai^tt 
 of Ibrty pottndi df oottoo par haa4#^ao# fiU . otliar dojUft^ 
 i«Sto,.aad anrean 4rf laat whkh htfa or nigbt hava^^ea 
 laviadt ha ft«n hadceforth abaolatalyaiad liilly ralaanad 
 and mada void j and thai the inhahiUnta of this Maud 
 ham and hold their wtcial plantations to them and their 
 heirs, for ever« in Dree and common soccage« yielding and 
 paying thereftMe^ aft the feaaft of Si Miehaal cvecy yaar* if 
 the same be lawAiUy d«naaded» one ear of Indian «ofn. to 
 his ICilieity, his halts and successors for ever, |n |^ and 
 fireo discharge of all rents and services for thefutwrawhat- 
 soever, in eonsideration of the release of the said fofty 
 poaada, and in consideration of the confirmation of all 
 estates in this island u aforesaid, and in acknovladgaaent 
 of Us Mqesty's grace and fitvonr in sending to and ap- 
 pointing over us his said Eieellency, of whose prodenoe 
 ^aad moderate government we have heretofore hadlaige 
 oipeiienee, and do rest moat assured thereof for the 
 ftature. And foraamuch as nothing eandueedi moso to 
 tlw peace and proqierity of any place, and the prolietion 
 of every single person therein, than that the piAHe re- 
 venue thereof may be in some measura pnqportionfMl to 
 the public charges and espenses j and also well weighing 
 the gveat charges that there must be of necessity in main- 
 taining the honour ond dignity of his Miges^'s authority 
 hare} the public meetii^ of the adisions, the often at- 
 TOL. I. Z ■ 
 
"ma 
 
 Htwemet ovmn 
 
 nj:^""^^^ 1^(S7y'*^frWi his answer lolhatiitiel^: I 
 
 ^"MUtaHii of tlir«dUii«U/ tiM npfttatioa Of tha lomi the 
 
 t^mU^'ti teutmfikoitM md 9 prUott^ Umd M oikirpiikUc 
 
 "'^Uti^'ikeiMtMiiil m^Ugwtnmntji do, in oemiiittttion 
 
 ' tiMif, 'Bll>«>^Ml<gNitir'4iiilo- hW^MMimtfi his hoili Jtad 
 
 ' tueewsdnr Ibf 'e^^/'aii do iiMMt>hiiiiibly:dMiitt yoiirEx- 
 
 ^He^lteef foiMeirt Mfetit oiw gnuitVf 'and w« Immb^ pcay 
 
 "iont isibellMMjr thM it mky bo^MoM; and be it eoacied 
 
 ' iifhii Btedlcta«f^Mbci»'Iiei4Willoagbb7 of Fkiluun> 
 
 'captaii4^iMitfaadtiikf governor ^o^^ 
 
 ^' liid^i iM ya llt^bt^the Caril>boe'<Idaiid«, Mdby^a^^ 
 
 ''%itb tlM «6lM«nt of tke oomdl and the^9tletann,4if the 
 
 ^llieBlhlyi n^teieiitatiVes of diia idaiid. audi byaMlotlty 
 
 ''ttl tiie MMe, That an hnpott or custoai be^ Aond aodafker 
 
 pdblitittion heritof) railed upon the naHttt'eomteodities of 
 
 ^'^^iiiis idhmd, after the propovtioiiti and la manner And form 
 
 '^^ aik hereafter aet down and^polnled } tliat is to say, upon 
 
 >.>&ill dead oommodities of the growth or produce of *his 
 
 ^ MiHid/tbat shall be shipped off the saoae, shall tie paid to 
 
 ^tir Sovereign Lord the King* his lieirs and siMcessors for 
 
 ■ever, fourand a half in specie ferevery five score. 
 
 - And be it further enacted and dedared by the autlio- 
 
 , "Vity afor e s ai d. That if any goods before-n&entioned, oa 
 
 '^jwhieh the said custom is imposed, and due, by this act, 
 
 •hall at any time hereafter be shipped or put into any boat 
 
 or other* vessel, to the intent to be carried into any parts 
 
 beyond the seas, the said imposition doe fbr the same 
 
 not paid, oompoanded for, or lawfdlly tendered to the 
 
 oOllsctors or tlieir deputies, or not liaving agreed with the 
 
 ctnonissionCrs for tliat purpose to be appointed, or their 
 
 ' deputies fur the same, accoraing to Uie true intent and 
 
 meaning of the said act, that then and from thenceforth, 
 
 •hall the said goods be forfoit, the moiety thereof to 
 
 be to our Soverdgn Lord the King, and the other 
 
 to him Ihiat shall inform,' sdse, and sue, for the same 
 
 in any court of record within this island ; , which grants 
 
aWSSTlNMBS. 
 
 99$ 
 
 Provided nevertl 
 
 part ofi the^kcGbunt that I bAv«i0iven,; apd;^tbere 
 oaoQot be a stronger* demonstiatioii iof >the> tm^ 
 deiicy of power to pervent rtbe judgiQent,; jiid 
 cloud' the faculties of the wisest aa^ iwrtbiest 
 
 are left* 'i6 yo^r Bt^cltf <»(i<:y*s owrt way of tevyin^, li^ fiill 
 liobflife'^' and assoranee that yoar Bsedleiiby'iidn take 
 audi Mooune for the <^Ue^ing and gad^eriog of tlie,.Mkl 
 •?*IW* without aqy charge, duty» or C<^* f^ B^ be 
 QKMt for the ease of the people of this isl^. 
 
 srtheless, that neiCher nil ilct, n6r imy 
 tKeiein contafiifedf, sliiiil iitt^nd or bt^'b^ai^ed tb 
 bar till MqMty* or his Mitd Ex^lleney,' frouiliia m their 
 right to aoy land. granted, or any iiu»oachttie;itB oii^ 
 upon the sea, since the year one thousand six hundred and 
 fifty, or to any ioMcfs commonJp ealUd or Andata iy the name 
 of^the Ten Thouaand Acres; the merchaots land, grinted 
 by the late Earl of Carlisle, or his fitther, unto Marmadake 
 Rawden, Esquire, William Perkins, Alexander Bannister, 
 Edttiand Forster, Captain Wheatley, and others th^ir as- 
 sodates, on certain covenants and conditions : Provided 
 atsOt that the growth and produce of the $md katdgf nuif- 
 ti^ed ia thit preceding proeieo, be not Ut^le to any tastm- 
 poit, or custom, imposed fty tftt< act} any thing in the same 
 seeming to the contrary t/toimthstanding. 
 
 And be it farther Enacted by the authority aCwesaid, 
 That one act made the seventeenth day of Janaaty, one 
 thousand six hundred and fifty, intituled. An act importing 
 the customs imposed and granted by the council, and gen- 
 tlemen of thie assembly, to the Right Honourable Francis 
 Lord Willoughhy of Parham, Lord Lieutenant-Oeneral of 
 the Province of Carolina, and Oovemor of Barfaadoea; as 
 also, his Lordship's confirmation of the right of tht inha- 
 bitants of thib island to their several estates, with the 
 tenure and rent thereon created, be, and Si firom hence- 
 forth repealed, made void, frustrate, of none eieict; to all 
 intents, constructions, and purposes whatsoever.—- 
 
 
ftIO 
 
 HJifOEY OV THB 
 
 
 of mon, than the jntlifieatioii be hat oftred. 
 He evin daimt great merit in not having ad* 
 ▼HmI the king to poMesi himielf of the whole 
 island of Barbadoes, without any regard to the 
 planters or creditors concerned in the issne. 
 ^:^The praeecution of thb gp«at statesman, 
 however, on this account, was of no advantage 
 to the suifering phmters ; for in thb, as in many 
 other cases, Ae redress of a gnevance, and the 
 punishment of its author, were objects of very 
 dbtinct consideratioB. Those who sou^t the 
 ruin of Clarendon, had nothing less in view 
 
 la 1684, ttM MMeiiiUy of this idaBd propoied to fcrm 
 tin Ibor tad » half |Mr emU. tot «l«?«ii jmuv» for the m- 
 nul rent of 6,0001. iteiUag, to be paid into the exeheqner ; 
 the f o ta mer and oonnell eonenrved, and it waa i^preed 
 that 7,0001. (Sttmney per emnm ahonld be raised by a tfi; 
 of tweaty>one pence per acre, on all knda amounting to 
 ten ormore acret. Thetowi^andtraderitobetaxedMMM. 
 ttcriing. An a«!t paned March 19th, 1684, for this pur- 
 pose, uad was sent h<Htte} bat the lords of the committee 
 for trade and plantations rqiorted, that the commissioners 
 of the cnstons with whom they hadadviBed,wereof opinion 
 that they eould make no estimate of the duty, until they 
 had experienced the produce thereof, under the then ma- 
 nagement, for one year at least ; and that the commission- 
 ers apptrfnted fcr managing tlw said duty in Barbadoes, 
 l^ad assured them the duty would be worth fhim SfiOOl. 
 to lOjOOOLpsr e ww Mi . So the act was repealed. 
 
 This proposal to fimn the four and a half jMT «»<• duty, 
 was made in eonsequeneeof QovemorDutton's signifying 
 to the council and assembly, on his arrival in 1680, that 
 his Bf^jesty was incUaed ^commute the tax fiw a rea- 
 sonable reeompenoe. 
 
Wil8T IH1IIB9. 
 
 Ml' 
 
 thjJMhg rwwQvil of pp pwn |o n > ftom mbjertt^ip cm 
 renoH^M tboioof'BwbiuiMi. 
 
 In thus tmcing tbe ongin» prog^Mi^ and tar- 
 miimtioii of tlie piopHttary govframoit in fStm 
 isknd, t have purposely choien not tp Jtnw]( 
 tho HuttMl of my narntion, by icpording iny 
 imanaedinte events of a nature loraigD to tlM^; 
 sulijeet. Soon after the estaUislunent of tli^ 
 Gommonwealtb in JBngland, circumstances bow- 
 ever ai08e» rospectiog tbia colony^ whkb haiti 
 pmduced aocb efiects on tbe general oopomorcr 
 of Oieat Britain, as cannot be overlooked in am/ 
 historic!^ and commercial survey of ber West 
 Indian plantations, and of wbich I shall nowgivei 
 some account 
 
 ^The reader has been sufficiently appriied of 
 tbo attachment of the Birbadians towards thf^r 
 rqgal government. One of the first acts pMdtiJ 
 by the assembly, after the arrival of tbe Lord 
 Willoughby for the first time, (1$47) was a de* 
 claration of their allegiance and fidelity to tht^ 
 unfortunate Chltles the first, a:t that time a pri- 
 soner to the army; and on the death of that 
 monacch, the. popular resentnient against his 
 persecutors, ran so hifjat in this, island, that the 
 few planters wbo were suspected to be in the in^ 
 terestof the parliament, thou^tit necessary, to 
 tttk protection in En^and. 
 
 To punish such stubborn defenders of a ruiO" 
 ed cause^ the parUamcnt resolved, in l^j, to 
 
349 
 
 msf&tLYotJfOB. 
 
 y^t^m^tii the English cobnies hi Anl^cfli and the 
 Wt^t Ifidies; i>Ufc l^ticularlyBiltf budded ' at 
 thkt tiine tiM itioit impbftartf add ^oBtife of 
 tlietlf'itdi;^ f^-«' t' ■ ' ;:vq ?fvi)ii i .'■•• 
 
 ' MiaWf/$fidM;' wore the motives which histi- 
 gawd '^thd^'^i^liatAetti to this detertAination. 
 Fr6b' th^< b«[^niiig of the c(^iiiotidihs in the 
 mtiihkt'-tatm^y the ptant^ leaving no^' other 
 mearis o^ conveying the produce of thieir lands 
 to Europe, had employed in this necessary tia- 
 vigatiob, 'mtti^ of the ships and seamen of Hoi- 
 land^y and a^ this jitncture the En^ish govern- 
 ment emertaineB very hostile intentidns towards 
 the subjects of that republic. The reductbn 
 of Barbitdoes^.'would at onc6 punish the colo- 
 nSstSj find citfabte the English parfianentto' de- 
 prive the Dutbh of w profitablef an intercourse 
 With ' thebi ;' ' it would also enrich the treasury 
 of the new goVernment, by thd confiscation' of 
 ntany Valuable ships and cargoes in tfae>harbours < 
 of that and the other islands. DM parliament 
 had reasoii' likewi^, it wtis si^, to apprehend 
 that Piinee Rupert, ivitb-arAquadtfOnr' of the 
 King's ships was abdut < crossing the Atlantic, to , 
 secure all tbef Engli^ American « possession^ i for 
 Charles -the S^ondi)"'! ,'■•-■' ilM-'- ■>>■■■. 
 
 Ayscue, who commanded! the parliament's 
 forces enlployed tm thisexpeditionf anijved at 
 Bi^bkdoes Hon the l6th' of HOoto))er» 165^1 » and 
 
ummmnaoMLii 
 
 iw 
 
 •aJ 
 
 ohn 
 
 •VM, 
 
 . * AjTMne agrMd, amqiag other thingSj that the goYei^ 
 m^t'^hbuid^nstti of 4* j^qfehioi; council/ and asMudiMy, 
 aeeofdiiigWtfaiB'tadei* AtiduMMl'Ciallx^ ialand. 
 
 Th»«neiadUyta beohoi^abyafiNM.and ¥blttAtitryde«t»oil< 
 of thjSftwhpidiQfaio^tbe UlandJinthejeTf^iMris^, "[^hi^t 
 no Uofn, cuttpms/iinposts, loans, or ei^Ue, should be lajd^ , 
 nor levy made'on a^ny of theinhabitaiits'oftiiis island, with- 
 oiit their cbhsent i^ a g^Acral asseiiibly | d'nil thrist all lava ' 
 that had been made bygc||»ei9kl aapemblies, not repugnant 
 to the laws of England, should be good. 
 
 CB|iituUte:* itHht))thii)iWM:>iiot .efibcled mlhwii 
 gmit ^cullgft; lor: he rinet %itli>80; stoulni xort 
 sififtace*, <ftt ' detBimiiied < .^isi eoffAoyfirs .at howtk 
 iimiiediatelyito enfokee a ;tehoiD«)l|iey b«d pruh 
 jeetod ft^aboft ^me..heiot»,jpi altedog thei^llQte; 
 systeidiif the^BarbadiaDlcojEomer^o; bj)r,pTobi|^; 
 ingiby an actlj^ofibe Coiniiijoo.ii^ltb>v«d}7f0reigpi; 
 skiiipiag from trading i«itb ilbe £nglMb p]ta$- 
 tions; and not Ipemiitting/iafiy g(){Qd9i tQ.be< imr 
 patled, vatolMJa^moi^ or itoy dnS ite 4epeii4«ic)9fii 
 in< any: other iban: £ngUabibotl0iii4; orj in slnpt; 
 of .that Euhspean nation iof which > the movcban-; 
 diaeJbiported' !wa8 itbsgeniurie growth. iu»dnianii''r 
 fadture^ And thtis iarose thei fiMnousi jQayig^tKHH 
 2^ )o£ ihiB Idngdesn ^for. ing|pedijat^ly] 9flteri ; thu 
 BMtoiBliQB^ ; its oppovbionaf Mirere ; aidoptod a%i 
 Gbai^B tbe Seoted^ mth ibk addition^ ithat : the 
 iniiBti^r and ; threerfoiirth of theiHiaripcifs, ahoMh}^ 
 ako Ins EogjUsh 8Ul^t& : ! i i . ; : : i ; 
 . i t Whatever advantages tbe general commeroe 
 and> navigation e£ £nj^and m&y jiave. derived 
 
m 
 
 fi«Bi Mictkibiin4!linr, It ina*te ittoiiM that 
 ilMiriii^4aamHmen wsci^UlinJbf no (;bel!ar 
 maikei («i a^ graat^ tfritertiaA o^toidd) Ibui 
 tiwMf of piiBi»hlmg ihv pl4nt«r%imiid olippinglliB 
 wings of th»Biitflii«= The inhabitanti lof B>iba» 
 dtti^ Jmiliy tonwdgrmg the kiiir aa m diartiieinept 
 iriifetad OB th^n liy the ComaMiiwciBlth fiir 
 thilr IdydHy to €hari|N( th^ Second were filled 
 wMh'aaaaaabMMilt iihd indigDation, on flndinfM 
 pfovisidM adopted and ooilfinned on^the restoni- 
 tioil 4€ that inoniareh; > Bf tbe'r^guladona of this 
 aiei^ and the eitahNshment of the hitern^ dubf on 
 th«4r produce, of whkh I have lo lai^gely spdiari^ 
 th^ diougbt thein«elv«8 tn^atad mifa rigour whioh 
 bbiiieped on Ingratitude and they predicted the 
 dtti4id«^ tboti- pbfM^on, ^rieoHure andiaroaltb, 
 ftiobi ^e dlktiyf those flieaMiiies. iHofar ftw thciir 
 pMdibtions hk ve heett' accompliihed, w cbnpam- 
 ti^e!ltateOftUei«land at different periods will de- 
 monstrate; with which, and a few nn^cellaneous 
 obeepvations^' i- «bMl dismift my preient account. 
 k>^ Barbadoes ir situated in ir tO^Nvlat and 
 in longitude 5d* W. firo.m London. It is about 
 
 hrandtb, and; contaioa lQ$»4t70> »ci«s of Jao^* 
 most bf 'Which is under taltivation.; The soil 
 i^ ihe I6W lattds is blick, sotnie^hiit reddish in 
 the shallow parts': oii the hills of a chalky 
 vmK and n^ar the sea aener^Uy tmh* Oi 
 
 
itf.K' 
 
 wBst iimun. 
 
 th» vurMftjr if soil^'tbe black noold if>b«t»fuilMl 
 ibrlbe cnltivatioD of thtcMM, and with tlw aid 
 of manure, has given at great retumt of augw^ 
 ia lavourable seaions, at any in the West Indiat» 
 the<pridM landt of St. Kitt*8 excepted* n </. ■j*.(ui*t 
 ^4'/ilMit the soil of thit island is, to a great de» 
 grae,> natundly fertile, we must naturally admit, 
 if'fiwe give ciedit to the accounts which aie 
 tnMtmitted down !lo us^ of its ancient popula- 
 tion and opulence^ W« art assured, that about 
 titt year 1670^ Barbadoes could boast of fifty 
 thousand white, and upwards of one hundred 
 thousand black iiriiabitants, whose labours, it is 
 said; 'gave emplo3raient to sixty thousand tCHis 
 of shipping.^ ^ I tuspeot thkt this account 
 
 ^<* TlliiirilcstptenMMbf Barbadoes wen aoinetioiMM- 
 iwttiikiil nHh tiM gaUt of farcing or decoyiag into ■tevoy 
 t|Mi(Jb9ffi«nt of.t^ acighbonfing oontinent. Tbe Histoiy 
 of Jnele and Forico, wliioh tlie Spectator liaa recorded for 
 ^he detestation of mankind, took its rise in this island ; but 
 biplkitythis ipedei of sinVery haii been long since aboUrii- 
 ed t and perhapa such of my feadera as have sympathtoed 
 with the aafortiiMto Yarieo, aiay not be sorry to hear 
 that she Iwre her misfortunes witii greater philosophy than 
 they have hitherto fancied. The story was first related by 
 £ifMi, who (aftor pndsing poor Yarico's excellent com- 
 pletion, which;b^ saya> '* was a bright bay :*' and her satall 
 breasts " with aipplea of piHrphyria") observes, that ** 4ie 
 " chanc't afteiwards to be with ohild by a christian servaa^ 
 " and beiii^ v^ery great, walked down to a woode, in which 
 " was kpondof 'wat^r, and there, by the side of the p6nd, 
 '*l»ovght herselfe a-bed, and in three hoofS came home 
 *'wKh <h« ehiM in bet ann»,» laity boy, IWiUdte and 
 " livdy.** The crime of lakte tha mai^hanl, how«ver,44d- 
 
 a«» 
 
 h 
 
n 
 
 ni; 
 
 Hinoay Of TUB 
 
 ii mueb euggemtad^iMlt caiittotf homwm, be 
 (ftoubMd, that the iDhebitaDta of thieklaiid have 
 decmued with a rapidity teldoin knbwni in any 
 other GDQiitry. I have now, before meaatheDtic 
 returns of the number of ita whitet in 1784, and 
 of its negroes io 176S : the former cdnsislfld of 
 no more than eighteen > thousand two>hundred 
 and ninety-five, thelatterofsii^nine thousand 
 eight hundred and seventy. In 1786 the inuBi« 
 hers were sixteen thousand one hundred and 
 sixty-seven whites, eight hundred and tfairty*^^ 
 free people of colour, and sixty-two thousand.' 
 one^hundred and fifteen negroes* .' ii,j * fi ^^ririi 
 It appears too that the annual produee«f llik 
 island (particularly sugar) ..hai deiereased'iin a 
 much greater proportion; than. in. any other of 
 the West Indian colonies. Pd8tlelhwayte> states 
 the crop of sugar, in 17S6, ttt 88,7^9 hogshekd^ 
 of 13 cwt. which is equal to 19,800 of 15 cwt. ;. 
 and the author of the European Settlement, pub- 
 lished in 1761, calculates, the average crop at 
 85^000 hogsheads. As the author^ first quoted 
 
 mitK of no palliation j but it i« rMledoos enoogh to hear 
 Al^ RagFoal (willing to imptova upon Addiaon) tmrl^to, 
 it.sn iotandad ravolt of all tha ncgroM in Baifaadoet« who, 
 aiilM aisarta, movad -byln^goation i^ IftUa'i monatrouB. 
 cnielt]r»vowadwitb on«anGpfd tha deatniatioii of all tba 
 Whitaa i but thair plpt was discovcrad tha night bafore it 
 WM.tohava baen carried into effect. Thaflwdnra PhUofO' 
 pMfiM has a thousand beauties } but it grlavaimfi to say, 
 that in petal of historical aocuracy, it is nearly on a level 
 wHh iba hi^ry of IMimsii Omae or T<m Thmb. ; , 
 
I 
 
 WftSV 1N]HMI< < 
 
 S4T 
 
 be> 
 
 giver ft preciM nmnber, it {» probftble his itato^' chap. 
 meni was grounded on good authorityk If 99, 
 the island haa fiMken off neariy one-half in the< 
 annual growth of its principal itople. On an 
 avenge of eight yean (from 1740 to 1748) the 
 expoctn were 19,948 hogsheads of sugar of 15 
 cwt 18,884 puncheons of rum of 100 gallons, 
 60 hogjiheads of melasses, 4,667 bag^ of ginger, 
 600 bags of cotton, and 9ii7 gourds of aloes. 
 The ezports,^on an average of 1784, 1785, and 
 17<6, had fallen to 9>554 hogsheads of sugar, 
 5,448 puncheons of rum, 6,320 bags of ginger, 
 8,331 bag9 of cotton ; exclusive of some smaller ' 
 articles, as aloes, sweetmeats, &c. of which the 
 quantities are not ascertained. in 
 
 n'^iiThat' the dreadful succession of hurricanes, '■ 
 with' which it has pleased the Almighty to visit) 
 this, and the other West Indian islands, within 
 the last twelve years, has contributed to^ this 
 gpcat deftdcation cannot be doubted. > The capi- 
 tal of this island was scarce risen from the ashes 
 to which it had been reduced by two dreadfol' 
 fires, when it was lorn from its foundations, and 
 the whole country made a scene of desolation, 
 by the storm of the < 10th of October, 1780, in 
 which no less than fbur thousand three ihundiedi 
 uid twenty^six of the inhabitants (blacks and 
 wluties) miserably perished; and. the damage to*, 
 the. country . was computed at 1 1,380,564/. 15s. 
 stieriing.. '~<aut.Hi ifOiiHuji* uyorJii juvwia jk\> iy^isu 
 Oil I It mi^t ha^; been pveshmed, however^ from. 
 

 BL 
 
 UISIORYOTTIU 
 
 th« fiivoiimble Nuont which hftve ben eipori. 
 eoeed for the kit thiee or four yeen, that the 
 pRQupect wet et length begliuuDg to brighten; 
 but eltbough, since the failure of their lugur 
 plantations the inhabitants have found some 
 resource in the cultivation of cotton, it does not 
 9<9em probable, that any encouragement it ca- 
 pable of ever restoring this island to its andeot 
 splendour and opulence; unless it be relieved 
 from the heavy imposition of 4k per cent, on their 
 exported produce, of the origin of which I have 
 so largely treated. It is to be hoped, that an 
 enlightened minister will one day arise, who will 
 have the courage and virtue to sifpiify to the so- 
 vereign, that it is neither becoming the dignity, 
 nor consistent with the character of the common 
 father of all his subjects, to insist on a tribute 
 from a part of them, which, though nominally 
 granted by themselves, was assuredly obtained 
 by fraud and oppression, and of which the con- 
 tinuance is a check to honest industry, and per- 
 haps the immediate cause of the decline of this 
 beautiful and once valuable colony. 
 
 . Barbadoes is divided into five districts^ and 
 eleven parishes; and contabs four town^ 
 Bridge Tewni Ostins or Chaiks Town, St. 
 Jamea's (f^nneriy called The Hole), and 
 Speight's Town. Bridge Town, the capital, 
 before it was destroyed by Uie fires of 1766, con- 
 sisted of about fifteen hundred houses, which 
 were mostly built of brick; and it is still the 
 
WIST INDUS. 
 
 349 
 
 I of goferanieiit^ and may be called the chief chap 
 reiidence of the ^poveroor, who it provided with 
 a country villa called Pilgrims, situated within 
 a mile of it : his salary was raised by Queen Anne 
 firom twelve hundred to two thousand pounds 
 per anmMi, the whole of which is paid out of 
 the exchequer, and charged to the account of 
 the four and a half ^ cent, duty^ The form of 
 the government of this island so very neariy re- 
 sembles that of Jamaica, which has already been 
 d escribed, that it is unnecesiiury to enter into de- 
 tail, except to observe that the council is com- 
 posed of twelve members, and the assembly of 
 twenty-two. The most important variation re- 
 spects the court of chancery, which in Barbadoes 
 is constituted of the governor and council^ whereas 
 in Jamaica the governor is sole chancellor. On 
 the other hand, in Barbadoes, the governor sits 
 in council, even when the latter are acthig in a 
 legislative capad^. This, in Jamaica, woiild be 
 considered improper and unconstitutional. It 
 may also be observed, that the courts of grand 
 sessions, common pleaSj and exchequer in Bar- 
 badoes, are distinct from each other, and not, as 
 in Jamaica, united and blended in one supreme 
 court of judicature. 
 
 I flhall close my account of Barbadoes with 
 the fiiUowing aiithentic documents : 
 
35a 
 
 HISTORY OF TIU^ 
 
 Book III. 
 
 An ACCOUNT of Uie; NumW of Vcfseb. tMr Toonwe and 
 cleared Outwards ftoiiii the ItliUld bfBARBADpfiS to ^ Farts 
 
 \,gf..Januai7« 1788) with the i Species*. Qnantitiefl, and Value 
 as made out by the lns{tector General of Grot Britain. 
 
 Whither bound. . 
 
 <-r— f- 
 
 To Great Britrin 
 Ireland . 
 AmerioHi Satee 
 Br. Am. Coloniat 
 FoKigii W. Indiet 
 Africa 
 
 Total 
 
 SHIPPINQi 
 
 ' 
 
 No,\ Tmu. 
 
 66 
 3 
 54 
 41 
 78 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 U3 
 
 U,t«l 
 
 '317 
 
 6.417 
 
 3.1M 
 
 5.694 
 
 87 
 
 96,917 
 
 Men. 
 
 833 
 . 98 
 
 379 
 
 < nsr 
 
 458 
 
 : 7 
 
 SUGAR. 
 
 Cwt. fr.a$. 
 
 130.349 1^ 
 ^114 
 9.668 .0 
 9.749 
 
 i &I ^J'--:' 
 
 ;•>' 15 
 
 ;•;' Ti"^ 
 
 1.949 
 
 .J 
 
 RUM. 
 
 GalUm. 
 
 98.689 
 
 95.900 
 
 913.400 
 
 146.100 
 
 137.766 
 
 161 415.489 
 
 MELA8SES. 
 
 GMm. 
 
 1,089 
 
 700 
 11.700 
 
 13.489 
 
 PRODUCE oi; the Isliand of BARBADOES exported, 
 
 , 
 
 SUGAR. 
 
 MBLASSES. 
 
 • 
 
 RUM. 
 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1786 
 V 1787 
 1788 
 1789 
 1790 
 1791 . 
 1799 1 
 
 Hdi. Treei. Barb. 
 
 8fi8» 83 3.419 
 11.999 183 9.415 
 10.309 63 3,C'*4 
 9.091 96 4380 
 9.998 193 9.93^. 
 11.3.13 60. 9 346 
 17.073* 195 9.698 
 
 Hdt. ZVcM. 
 
 114 
 
 87 37 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 e .0 
 so 
 
 188 
 
 Bdi. TVcM. Barb. 
 
 5.199 39 693 
 3.873 97 614 
 3.386 607 
 
 3.179 397 
 S.3S1 961 
 3.008 411 
 5,064 512 
 
 
 * Fran tbb great Increase m the Export of Snnr. aiid Oecmse in that 
 Article in Borope. has encouraged tlie CulaTatioo of that article on Plautations 
 ofCultore. 
 
 ACCOUNT of the Number of NEGROES in Babbadoes. and A- 
 
 1792, both 
 
 A. D. 
 
 No. of Slaves. 
 
 Do. imported. 
 
 Amount of Taxes. 
 
 
 1786 
 1787 
 1788 
 1789 
 1790 
 1791 
 1799 
 
 69.115 
 69,719 
 63.557 
 63.670 
 64.068 
 63.9.50 
 64.3S0 
 
 511 
 598 
 1.585 
 556 
 131 
 496 
 744 
 
 1.10.138 14 H 
 13.598 15 lU 
 8.389 13 41 
 5,534^ 18 3 
 13.489 19 
 6,«03 9 11| 
 9,443 19 3 J 
 
 ■ 
 
Chap. I. 
 
 'WBST INDIES. 
 
 381 
 
 Nttnaber of Men (including their repeated Voyages) tbat 
 of tlw World, between tlie 5th of January, 1787* and the tth 
 of their Cargoes, according to the actual Prices in London, 
 
 I * 
 
 GINGER. 
 
 > 
 
 5.437 8 18 
 1S4 
 
 5,561 t 18 i,f05,9fS 
 
 /.'•J HI 
 COTTON. 
 
 
 U 
 
 On. 
 
 tJ64f),795 
 65.^6 
 
 FUSTIC. 
 
 Qmt. ffv. Uxf. 
 
 940 5 
 5 6 
 
 845 5 
 
 ' MliSCfiL. 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 I 'l«al Valua in 
 Steriinc Money 
 ■gteeaUe to the 
 Lcndon Market. 
 
 , Vabie. 
 
 ^'L.- t. '* 
 
 «»,948 19 1 
 S5 t Id 
 
 V .38 ft 
 69 16 
 38 
 
 a; 
 
 124 7 11 
 
 £>. <. d. 
 
 486,570 4 8 
 
 11,381 15 10 
 
 83,817 IS 4 
 
 18,080 6 
 
 S07 
 
 8 15 
 
 539.605 14 10 
 
 .for Seven Y^8n* from 178S to 1792, both inclusive. 
 
 .,■ 
 
 GINGER. 
 
 ALOES. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 \ 
 
 8,070 
 5.364 V~ 
 
 4.565 
 3.7S5 
 3.046 
 
 Bit: IVcct. OwifdaS^ 
 
 10 409 
 1 1 688 
 
 •^■^'^'--a -0' SOS- 
 
 378 
 4^5 • 
 770 
 515 
 
 8,864 
 10,511 
 
 1.894.365 
 1.387.840 
 1,887,088 
 1.163,157 
 974.178 
 
 of the Minor Staples^ it aeems probable that the advanced Prices of that 
 wUdi had fbrmerijr been abandMied or appropriated to a different line of 
 
 mount of the Public Taxbs for Seven Years, from 1786, to 
 inclusive. 
 
 %* The Taxes thus leried on the Pnidic conrist of a Capitidon Tax on 
 NMroet — • Tax on Snnv-MUIi, DwdUng-HouMS, and Carnages ; together 
 
 I wiu an Excise, &c. on Wines impwted. Besides ail wUch tbiere is a Paro- 
 ehkl 1\ut on Lsnd amonntnig on an Arenga tliroaghoat the Island, to nbout 
 
 I Two Shillings per Acre, and an Assosment in Labwr for the Repur of the 
 
 ' Hii^wayi. 1 1w whole is altogether eadarira of the heaty Duty of 4§ per 
 
 . Cent, to tbe Crown. 
 
sn 
 
 I : •■•-■'*'■ '>r^ i 
 
 HI610IIT OF THE 
 
 ■ ^r 
 
 ■ftir^ 
 
 ■?fft»* 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 GRENADA AND ITS DBPBNDBNCIfiS. 
 
 JFErjir discaoenft name and inhabitants, — Erenck 
 imamn and ettablishment in \650,-^fFar 
 with, and txtenrnnatian of the rtotifoes, — The 
 island and its dependencies conoeyed t$ the 
 Count de CeriUac. — Misconduct and punish- 
 ment tf the dtputy-gooernor, — The adoiUf re- 
 verts to the crown rf France, — State of the 
 island in 1700. — And again in 1762, when 
 ct^twred by the English.— ^St^ktions in fa- 
 vour of the French inhabitants, — First mea- 
 sures of the British gaoemment. — Claim if 
 the crown to key a duty qfMper cent, on 
 produce exported, — Arguments for and ob- 
 < jections against the measure. — Decision rf the 
 Court of Kings Bench on this impdrtant ques- 
 tion, — Strictures on some positions adoanced 
 by the lord-chief-justice on this occasion. — 
 Transactims within the colony. — Royal in- 
 structions in faoour of the Roman Catholic 
 capitulants. — Internal dissensions, — D^ence- 
 less state — French itwasion in 1779. — Brace 
 defence of the garrison. — Unconditional sur- 
 render. — Hardships exercised towards the 
 Engksh planters and their creditors.^-Re- 
 dress gioen by the court of Frmke,^Gre- 
 
WB8T 1NDIB». < Mi 
 
 naih, ^; rekond to Great BrUamby^ the ciur. 
 puueef 178S.— Freiotf state cf the cokmy m s^^^ 
 respect to cukhatmn, prodmetkm and atporti* 
 gooemment and pefidatim,--VovnQwrt, — 
 Afpeaauft 
 
 OsBNADA was discovwed by, and received its 
 name from, Christopher Cotumbus in liis third 
 voyage, in the year 1498. He found it pos- 
 sessed by a numerous and wailike. people^ 
 amongit whom it does not appear tiiat the 
 Spaniards ever attempted to force a settlemetit. 
 They had a nobler prise to contend for oil the 
 continent, and a c^dtury elapsed before the other 
 nations of Europe considered the regions of the 
 new world as countries, wherein all men migfit 
 sebe on what suited their convenience, widiout 
 any regard to the proper inhabitantSt Thus llie 
 Cfaaraibes of Grenada happily remained in peaoe- 
 fol obscurity until the year 1650, when the ava- 
 rice and ambition of a restless individual devoted 
 tb^m to destruction. 
 
 This person was Du Pttfquet, the French 
 governor of Martinico, nephew and heir of 
 Desnaanbuc, of whom memorable mention is 
 made in the annals of St. Christopher. Not- 
 withstanding that the French establishment in 
 Martinieo was itself of recent date, and that a 
 great part of that island still remaiMd uncu^^ 
 tivattod; and although another estidttlishment 
 
 VOIm I. AA 
 
^^ 
 
 uisTiaftYOMtm 
 
 Bom wm9l tho 9UW time kdfgmhFf the avm oition, 
 v^;^ i^^ lorgc and fertMe isbui^ pt GwifiitlQup^^^t 
 su<^w«^^t^^paaoMSi]ess of thb people, Unit 1^ 
 ward|(»i9f Iwa hundred bardy mififms were e«9ily 
 collected by Du Parquet's encouragenxepl; \^or 
 an attempt on Grenada : and it is apparent from 
 tbfi iMir^ aad jnagnituide of the preparalions, 
 ih»tilt was Gonaideced is an enterprise of diffi- 
 cul|l^ and danger. 
 
 3i<pi^ history of this ei^iedition, which tOQk 
 pla^ in June 1650, is^ relattsd At large hy Fatbur 
 Pii Tertre^ whose account exhibits such a torn- 
 sli<QU9 AiijitunB of fanaticism and knavery in the 
 conduct of the leaders, as cannot be contem- 
 pli^ieiil wij^iout indignation and horror^ Althoii|^ 
 it is;ovident tiiat the Fpencb had not the smallest 
 jn«^$ble pretence for this inv^sionj yet we M 
 the. eommaqders iaidiiiinistering the holy sacrar 
 ment* in the most solemii iaanner, lo aU the sol- 
 diier9 OB their en^arkatioii ; and again, on their 
 landing, Pu Parquet causing a er09$ to be erect- 
 ed, compelled them to kneel downhefisti^ it, and 
 joi» 19 devout prayer to AloMghty Go^, for »uc- 
 QHPSilo their enteiiprise. Vj ;/ jj lof* • 
 ^hif ^omsiander se^ms Jk^w^^r }»lmw hid 
 a i^fir scruples of ipo^scieace oomeerniog the jus- 
 t^ji<^., his proceedings; £or having been H" 
 ceiyed and jent^tained witli the utmost kindneis 
 and i^rdiality by t^ nativjBs (qontrajf to his 
 e^)€^tationi and. m^pt> to i ka$ wishes) be 
 
 ,1 .j.^' 
 
(WSST IN0IS9»; ! 
 
 SB» 
 
 ^KMgbt it jmitmry to effect mm lUU^ rc|^, gkap< 
 
 wji^ lh«: cluflf of the Chan^bes fo^ the purchase 
 of Ums country. Ho fAv« the natives (obaervea 
 Du Tertre) some ktwoes and hatchets, and a large 
 ^fiffifditj/ (f glm beads, bfsidCfi tnoo bottks qf 
 Inmdf^Jm' the chirf tame^i ^wd thus (co% 
 tinues bci)wa9 the ishind f«irly <;eded, to the 
 Frsoch nation by the natives themselves in Uw- 
 fii) puirchase 1 After, this notable transaction, it is 
 not weiMJl^rfiil that the French should consider 
 the neftisal of the poor savai^es to confirm, the 
 agiP^ment, as contumacy and rebellion. 
 
 . J)u Parquet, having thus established a co- 
 lony in Grenada, and bui^t a fort for its protect 
 tion, left the government of the island to a 
 Idasnuan* named Le Compte, a man, according 
 tOiiDu Tertre* who possessed very singular 
 talentfi for government; and was remarkable 
 far clemewjf and humanity. We find this 
 gentleman, however, ei^t months afterwards, 
 ep^ed in a roost bloody war with the Cha*>; 
 raib^ ; in the prosecution of which he au-- 
 thorized such acts of cruelty as fiirnish a por- 
 trait of him very different from that which the 
 historian baa exhibited. On receiving news of 
 the revolt of the natives, Du Parquet sent a 
 r^nforcement of three hundred men from Mar^ 
 tinico, with orders to extirpate the natives al- 
 together; but Le ^^fo^pt^ feems not to have 
 
 A AS 
 
SM 
 
 HISTORY Ot THE 
 
 "^ wMHed iny inoitniient to acts df tMibarity ; for 
 . Da Tertre tdmiti that ho hid olreody pracooded 
 to murder without mercy, every Chartibe that 
 ftU into his hands ; not sparing even tbe^ women 
 aadduldren. 
 
 ■ Of the manner in which this humane and 
 aitompKshed commander, and his dviHaed ibl- 
 lowers, conducted hostilities against these mise- 
 rable people, we may form an idea, froma cir- 
 cumstance that occurred in one of their expedi- 
 tions, of which the reverend historian concludes 
 his narrative as follows: " Forty of theX^ha- 
 raibes were massacred on the spot. About forty 
 others, who had escaped the sword, ran towards 
 a precipice, from whence tliey cast themselves 
 headlong into the sea, and miserably perished. 
 A beautifol young giri of twelve or thirteen 
 years of age, who was taken alive, became the 
 object of dispute between two of our officers, 
 each of them claiming her as his lawfol prize; 
 a third coming up put, an end to the contest, 
 by shooting the ga\ through the head. The 
 place from which these barbarians threw them- 
 selves into the sea, has been called ever since 
 k Mamt des Sauteurs,* Our people (having 
 lost but one man in the expedition) proceeded 
 in the next place, to set fire to the cottages, 
 and root up the provisions of the savages, and, 
 
 *L«i|MnHul. 
 
WBST INDUS. 
 
 3lf 
 
 hairing deitnytd, or Idnn mmf^ •my Hmg &af, 
 
 By«ierM8 0fiiich«noniiities, tbewhol^^iMt 
 of Chiiiibeq that possessed Grenada in 1650^ 
 was tpieedily extominated ; and the French hav- 
 iqg i»vthis manner butchered all the nativesi pro- 
 ceeded, -in the next place, to massacre each o^v 
 ■ ;The particiilars of this d?il contest majt; 
 without injiuyto my readers, be omi|t^. I 
 shaU itfaenlbre only observe, that the sopfeiw 
 aiithori^ of Du Parquet and his lieutenant, 
 watiati length established in Grenada; but the 
 expence which had attended the plantation from 
 ita Outsat, and the maintenance of tha force 
 which Du Parquathad been compelled to fa^ 
 nishfin support of his authority, had so igideatly 
 ii^jured his fortune, as to induce him to look out 
 for a^purchaser of all his rig|hts and poesessiona 
 in thb island and its dependancies. In 16i^ 
 such a purchaser oflEered in the Count de Perils 
 lac, to whom the whole was conveyed for 30^000 
 crowns^ 
 
 The conduel of Cerillac towards the inhabit- 
 iAtt of his newly acquired dominions was 
 highly injudicious and oppresnve. He ap^ 
 pointed a gox^emor of so arrogant and mp»- 
 cioua a dispositiony and supported him in his 
 extortions with such obstinacy, as to compel 
 the most respectable of the settlers to quit the 
 
m 
 
 Hifl^fY^ra^tHE 
 
 bNi ooMry and mOl^t sB^y ttrnfat^ «^ilfi))d#r go^ 
 J^ mta^ei^. At Uikffttht^p\€'^^^ 
 
 took the administration of justice into th^oiirfl 
 h&ttdsi by seizing on Hie pe/tMn '^ th« geveliior, 
 a^ brin^^nj^ him 16 ipaWt trial; Th^tridiihal 
 wai cohdeMiied to be hang«d>i^ bat he pil|id«d 
 n6bl^ birth; iitid' d«nianded the huMoyr ^t dtttdl- 
 
 ]mk: Wim^t ^**oiiki ha^« ^bs^ogr^liMi, 
 
 biit iihincikily ab €Kp6i!i ei^it^t^'ift thtt^lftusi- 
 likss «f Minding could nbtread^tf'b^ ftHfiid; 
 th^ judged ihMbit co^bfMiiiiiided lhi(> bdli^ 
 wlVh hi^i^ell^c^ V^aMikirt^lhkf heiihoiikl 
 W shdti ai^ his siifiWed^ l!hat^od» with gi«it 
 
 ^'^ ^^Rl« ykrr aflifir thi#y Moki^tif tie C^tillae, 
 tlii^V<^i^^i r^iiihgj 4» ft^niiy ba stij^pt^ded^ 
 bill nmpT^ ftibbi <hb caj^itel, eooipvyed' all 
 Hi^'H^'^rid 'ktiei^t in Gi^Mday ftc; fo the 
 Fiiti^ West Iifdte' company ; ^hoaa' 'char^ 
 tie^ '^6eit)g abolidb^ki* lii 1674] the i^aiid flom 
 di^tsc^forward tiedlnacf vested' hi the-«iown «f 
 
 Under the various revolutions and eaiami- 
 ti^ Which had 'thus "attended this' vnfortiJnate 
 fAantation, it Ma^^ti^ll! be io^agilied 'tiiait cullU 
 vation had madie'^bttt littl^^ progresH In it ; ' but 
 although order atiid^ submission wee^ at jength 
 introduced by iSbb establishditeiit of the royal 
 authority/ various caifsei^' concurred to heap the 
 colony ih a sfof^'<]fpi6!i^eity«Mrt for 
 
WBar iMDiB&> 
 
 mafiy ymm •ftnrimrd»w £veB lo kM as 1900^ 
 if MtfokA has bean Hgktly infidnned, the iibMl 
 eofitained no more than S51 wbitss, and if S 
 blaelu ; who ware amployed on three plantatioai 
 of'sagar, and 5fl of indigo. ^ • ^u 
 
 'After the peace of Utrecht,, ttie govemmant 
 of France began to turn its attention towarda 
 ha^ West Indian posaessions. Grenada hov^ev^ 
 for many years, partoolc less of its cara than: the 
 iMt It had no constant oorraspondence witb 
 th0' mdiher^oiintry : aone oppvesshe regula* 
 tiana df the furmera^generak ruinad the aiiltiva^ 
 tioa of one of iis staples, tobacco: and the 
 phintCrs had not the means of obtaining a sup^ 
 ply of negroes firom> AfHca, suflcierit for the pur* 
 pnsa of cultiiiating sugar Id a»y^ extent These 
 inconveniences led them- into a smu^Kng inters 
 course vidi llie Doteb :< a i^sowca whicti'at 
 length changed their ovcamstancev lor the bet* 
 ter; incneased their ntimbers, and occasioned a 
 great part of the country to be settled, insomuch 
 that whan, in the year 1768, the fertoneol war 
 made the English masters of this and the rest of 
 the FirenCh Charaibean islands, Grenada and the 
 Grenadines are said to have yielded annually/ 
 in Clayed and muscovado sugar, a! quantity 
 equid to about 11,000 hogsheads of musco* 
 vado of U cwt each, and aboul S7,00a lbs xf 
 iiidigo. 
 
 Grenada surrendered ok ca|>itulatkm is Fe- 
 
 CHAVi 
 
III810l.TOF.TiIK 
 
 T 
 
 \mmti.l76A, uid^ with if.dc y ade n ciw, wis 
 inaUy otded to Oraat Britain by the defiottive 
 tiMty 4tf peace at Paris on the lOtliof Febnwry 
 1769; St. Lucia being rastored at the same 
 time to France. The chief stipulations in fit- 
 tour of the inhabitanu, as well by the tieaty, 
 as. I by the articles of capitulation, were these; 
 |sl^ That, .to i they would become by their siur- 
 reoder, subjects of Great Britain, tbey<el|0in4 
 efeyoy their properties and privileges^ and px^ 
 tai09, in Ukewuumtr « the reti if hie Mqfethft 
 mdfftcu if the athdr British JLeewwrd likmb* 
 fldly. With respect to; religion, they were |mt 
 on the same^ looting as the inhabitants of Ca- 
 nada, via* liberty was given, the u^ to exercise 
 it according to the rites of the Roman Churoh, 
 m far at the iaau ff Great Britaim permitted, 
 Sdly. Such, of the inhabitants of Grenada as 
 chose to quit the ishmd, should have liberty so 
 to do, and eighteen months should be allowed 
 them to dispose of their effects. )imm\ 
 
 The bland and its dependencies being thus 
 become a Bridsh colony, one of the first mea- 
 sures of government was to issue a proclama- 
 tion under the great seal, bearing date the 7tb of 
 October 1763^ wherein, amongst other things, 
 it is declared " that all persons inhabiting in, 
 *' or resorting to, the island of Grenada, mig^t 
 ** confide in the royal protection for the enjoy- 
 ^V nent of the benefit of the jaws of England, 
 
WBfiTINDIBa 
 
 Ml 
 
 ** wMi tlw rig^ of tpppii to the kiogio eoitt» augt 
 " cU^ M fiiUy at the inbabilanU of the other "* 
 ".British colooiet in America under the kio|j^ 
 " inmediate goverDinent"-*-lt also aeu forth^ 
 '* that the king^ hy letters patent under the 
 " gp«at seal, had given express power and dU 
 " reclion to the governor, as soon as the state 
 '*'«m1 drcumstances of the colony would admit 
 ^'Iheieofy with the advice and consent of the 
 " eouncil, and the representatives of the people^' 
 ** to nake, eonstitute, and ordain laws, statutes, 
 'V«iid ordinances lor the good government 
 " t hs ieo f, as near as may be agreeably to the 
 'f laws of England, and under such regulations 
 ^Vand restrictions as are used in the other Brii> 
 " tisb eok>nies."^< : ; : 
 
 .jThis prodaiqatioQ was followed by anotiMi) 
 dated tiie S6th of March 1764, inviting pm- 
 chasers upon certain terms and conditions. 
 
 The governor thus said to have been ap* 
 pointed, was General Melville, whose commis- 
 sioii however did not bear date until the 9th of 
 April 1764, and the assembly which he was 
 diiecled to summon, met for the first time in 
 1765 ; previous to which, the British inhabitants 
 were iiresistibLy called to the discussion of a 
 gireat constitutional question ; of which it is pro- 
 per I should now give some accopnt. 
 
 The question arose from the informationj 
 that the crown, conceiving itself entitied 1^ the 
 
HI8T0RT or TUB 
 
 BOOK 
 
 ni. 
 
 tennt of the cmpitalatioii to the duty itf 4| per 
 €mi» upon all produce exported from the newly 
 ceded islands, as paid by Barbadoes, fte.^ had 
 iaued letters patent, bearing date the iOCb July 
 1764, ordering and direeting, by virtue of> the 
 prerogatiTe royal, that from attd allier the 19tb 
 of September then next ensuing, such duty or 
 Import in specie, should be levied in Gfenada ; 
 in lieu of all customs and duties lonner)y paid 
 to the French king. .'' , ' ; > n .: Mm . 
 
 We have seen, in the bistdry of Birbidoe«, 
 in what manner the inhabitants of that island 
 became subject to the duty in question ; «n4 fo 
 what purposes the money wb eip^essly stipu- 
 lated to be applied; but unjustiAUile as* ivere 
 the means by which that imposition was origi- 
 naUy estaUiihed in Barbadoes, the' ^rant was, 
 apparently, the graht of the people^ themseli^, 
 by their representatiyee in their legialatsve ca- 
 pacity. Even Charles II. in whose reign the 
 grant passed, though a rapacious and unprin- 
 cipled monarch, did not openly claim the> right 
 of laying taxes by hit own authority in a colony 
 which had an ■ assembly of its own, competent 
 to that purpose. Hie king was ready enoogh 
 to Overawe^ or to corfupt the members whkh 
 composed that assembly; biit h(i left them the 
 form and sembittnce at leatt df a free govern- 
 ment. ■"'"' ■■• ■ '>'' '^^<'*''*- '*''■ 
 
 In defence of the present measure, it was 
 
 .11 
 
WEST mmB9/" 
 
 M^ 
 
 ; was 
 
 tti|(id tilfll Grenada being a1»ti^ii«red^^^ m». 
 
 the king was invesMd with the power of piilting ^y^ 
 th« iahahHaiiti oailev what form of government 
 he thougbtbesljthlit he' might have granted 
 tlMtt) what tenM of capitulation, and have con- 
 eMed what attidles of peace with them he mw 
 fit ; and lurther, that the assnrance to the in^ 
 haMlants of Orenada, ki' the articles of capitu^' 
 latien, that they shoold enjoy their propertiee 
 «nd privileges in lilce nttiinner as tlie other his Ma- 
 jea ty% subjeett in the Britlih Leeward Islands, 
 neeeuarfly ' implied that they were "bound 1# 
 submit t0 the same consequences of their being 
 subjects at were submitied to by the inhabitanta 
 el those islands^; one of whieh was the payment 
 of^the duty in question It was said therefore 
 that dwdemand of this duty was most reason- 
 able, equitable, and political; for that it -Was 
 ontyputtittg Orena<)a, as te> duties, on the iame 
 footing with all the British Leeward Islands. If 
 Grenada paid nrfore, it Would be detrimental to 
 her, if less, i jM be detrimental to the other 
 Leeward le ^.i. 
 
 • On the oiiier side. It was contended, that the 
 letters p«tent were void on two points: the first 
 itm** that aithou|^ they bad been grantM before 
 the proclamation of the 7th of October 1769, 
 yet the king could not exereise sucb« legislithre 
 power over a conquered country.*' The second 
 point was^ ^^ that al^oogh the king had suAcient 
 
3f4 
 
 HI8V0RT or ns 
 
 aooK 
 
 lU- 
 
 power and authority, before the 7tb of October 
 1769, to do such a lepslative act, be had di- 
 vested btmsetf of such authoritjr previous to the 
 letters patent of the 80th of July 17^." 
 .rvThe crown however persisting in its ckomt, 
 and tbe inhabitants in opposing i^ issue was 
 joined on the arguments that I have stated,- and 
 the question was at length referred to a soidmn 
 abjudication before the judges of the Court of 
 King's Bendi in £ngland.^ q irm 
 
 The ease was elid)orately argued in Wiest- 
 pbster-hatt, four several times : and in Miehaelr 
 mas term 1774, Lord Chief- Justice! 'Madiificlld 
 pronounced judgment, «j§f«tNitf the crown. -The 
 consequence was, that the duty in question !was 
 abolished, qot only in Grenada, but als^ in; the 
 ceded islands of Dominica, St. Vincent^ and 
 Tobago. -.v^d'-^f^. 
 
 It may be reasonably supposed that the in- 
 habitants of all these islands had sufficient cause 
 for exultation.at a verdict so fovooraUe to thtiir 
 interests; but the circumstances on whidi the 
 decision was founded, and the doctrines which 
 were promulgated along with it,^ became? the 
 sulject of much animadversion; and indeed (if 
 I may obtrude my own opinion in such a case) 
 thay appear to me to be of a dangerous and un^ 
 oonstitotional tendency. 
 
 # Ths ciM it rdatod lit lalgt in Cowpif^t Riports. 
 
WS8T INDIB8. 
 
 The DoUe aod venerable jodge who pro* chaf; 
 nbuaeed the opiiuoii of the court, rested the 
 determinaiioD solely on the cioninMtBnce, that 
 tfie proclamationt i)l October 1769| and March 
 I764f» were of prior date to the letters patent ; 
 observing, that the king had preduded himsdf 
 from the eiercise of legislative authority over 
 Gienada, Ae/ore the letters patent were issued. 
 <*> Through inattention, he said, of the kingfs 
 servants, in inverting the ord^ in which the 
 iasttttmentft should have passed, the last act was 
 contradictory to, and a violation of the first, 
 and on that account null and void." But, al- 
 though the noble lord confined the mere legsl 
 question to a narrow compass, he judged it 
 necessary, at the same time, to enter on a wide 
 and eafcensive field of discussion in suppbrt of 
 the legal audiority over conquered coun^es; 
 maintaimng ** that it is left to the king to grant 
 or refuse a capitulation; — ^if he refuses^ and 
 puts the mkabiianit to the imord, or otherwite ejp- 
 termmatet them, all the lands belong to himself. 
 If he receives the inhabitants under his pro- 
 tection, and gpants them their property, he has 
 a power to fix tuck temm and condUkmt at he 
 tfmkt preper. He may (said the noble judge) 
 yield up the conquest, or retain it, on n^ai 
 termt he pkatet ; and change part, or the whole, 
 •f the law, or political form of it9 government, 
 at ke mt bett/* In reply to an observation, 
 
98» 
 
 ttu^ iK>, #djvdgfd ciifB^ iq ppipt> M Mpi ad- 
 4^f e^ th» nojl^le loi^ cl^I(»i4 tM t^s W119, ppt 
 
 yr^ fiy^, . Atailw^ ;b«^ but jtbat tho king: lia^ « 
 ngj^ 4ft a kgitla^ m^m^Sf. it^er a WT»qimt^ 
 9P«l^lry;r' v«Ml4 be quoliiifli mn opIpioQaOf the 
 ci^waJawjfF«! '^ l78$*iJA respect of J^ini^ca. 
 "P^ flfsa^to^ly of that isli^id beipg rtffiUQtory* it 
 W9$|i preferred to $ir Philip Yorke »nd 3ir<Cle« 
 m^t^lM^earg^ to know ^' what coul4 bedooeif 
 the JMi^o^bly, should obstinately cootioiw to 
 withhold all the usuid sMpplies," They reports 
 edy thut " if J^pai^ i^a^ still to b« ^nsidQead 
 9^S ctmquere^ ii/tMK^ the Jdng hfkd « right to 
 l^vy ti^^es upon the4f)b^bit^t9 ; but if it was to 
 be considered in the same light at the otitercokh 
 mes, no tax could be. imposed pn the :iphabi* 
 tantStbut by m mem^ cf fhe isMk pr by 
 an act qf pary^amntV is 
 
 It i# impossible, I think, not to perceive 
 throughout these, and other parts of the learn- 
 ed judge's argument, a certain degree \of bias 
 ari^ng from the unhappy dissensiona which, 
 about .thfit period, broke out into a civil war 
 between Great Britaii^ aiid her colonies} in the 
 progress of which, it is believed^ this noble 
 per^n distinguii^hed himself as an active pat- 
 ti^nm,; ai^d * powerful advocate for the unconn 
 (l^iiil .supr^iaacy pf the mo&er-cowntry» J 
 i^i;i|,f»th«i?w)^ bip iJhwrgQ^ble "vRth gjwat iirron 
 
WBST INIHBS. 
 
 ganiL'Q in presuiniiig to diff«v<fraiii such vraig^ cBAPa 
 of •utiioritgr; t»ui surely it will be permitted 
 me to exAQiiQe the dbctrine maintained oo thie 
 occainop, by < the test of those caies^ which the 
 noMo: judge biuiBelf adduced in its 8npf)oi!t; 
 !« sueh ati examinationf plfdu ai^meint and 
 cofWDtOQ sense may supply the subtleties of 
 Icigil refinement, and the want of professional 
 leaitiiiig. :< < 
 
 ' ,;Tbe eases chiefly relied on by the learned 
 jjtidg!^ were those of IralBud, Walce, Berwick 
 and New York; in all which plaees it was 
 asierted that the king» a^r their concfuest, 
 bad, of his own authority, exercised the powers 
 of. k^tature, by uotrbdiiciBg an alteratioii of 
 UMUr fimner laws, and establishing a new sys*^ 
 tem of government over the inhabUaots. ** Nb 
 man (bbsenwd hu ' lorddiip^ in the case of 
 Iltlaad) ever said, that the change in the kiws 
 of that counliy was made by die parliament of 
 Billed : no man ever said the crown oould 
 noldo'it.*' ..'■ r./t-ii r.n.- 
 
 With tile utn^st def<H«nce, how^r, to the 
 sentiments of this great and enlightened lawyer, 
 I pi^sume to think that the question was not 
 simpfy, Whether the crown alone, or the par- 
 Uament of England, had the right of exercising 
 the authority contended for; — I will even ad'^ 
 mit that the interposition of parliaoieut was 
 unneoesitry. Still iic^ever die main qoesdon 
 
HISmiYOPtllB 
 
 in. 
 
 to b^wisweped, whieh is» to wkat tsi- 
 Amr miy tH rmfiA prerogaiioe m tueh^Mfet be 
 ^urUdf Did the noble judge meeii to es* 
 art, thet conquest destroys aU the rigbli of 
 tbe conquered, and that tiie king, in changing 
 iku&r kws md form of government, has a rif^t 
 to prescribe to tbera, not imre^ the Enf^kh 
 €oiutitutiim ; — but any otb^ system he thinks 
 best? If such was the opinion, it may be 
 lArmed that the cases which his lordship ad- 
 duced in support of his aigumeii^ wsirrani^iio 
 such conclusion. 
 
 The firsC case was that of Ireland. **The 
 
 (.it 
 
 fto^ says the noble lord, conies out clearly to 
 be, that Irdand reeeioed the Jaut af Engktni 
 by the charters and commands of Henry II. 
 King John, and Henry III.^ 
 
 > Of Wales Uie noble lord observes, " that the 
 statute of Wales (18 Edward I.) is certainly no 
 more than reguUttmUt made/y the kmgmhis 
 cmmcil for the government of Wales, and that the 
 king governed it as a conquest ;" but let us hear 
 on this subject the learned judge ffiackstone. 
 "This territory, observes Blackstone, bang then 
 entirely re-annexed (by a kind of feodal resump- 
 tion) to the dominion of the crown of England, 
 or, as the statote of Rutland expresses it, lerra 
 WalUae cum mcoUs stns, prmt rtgi jure /eodaU 
 w^fecta, (of which homage was the sign) jam m 
 fmprUMk dommum tuHUker et cum mtegritatc 
 
If ^lfe"%ttitlite 97 il«tify Villi Ik ad.' w^ 
 atniii^iMMf time give th« UMiodt trihrtOibtAmtkt 
 toiMMr dvil piiN>ft|>clrity, by adinltliiig 4I16111 «» 
 a mHik^h cakmtifikiitkM of Umn nm the md* 
 j&ft* ^ En^kmd, Thii* were thk bmve j^^oipte 
 ffttiM.^ toiiqnertA btti the enjoynefit of ttt^ 
 lib#ty';' bddg ioMBSiMy pot iqmM^ #A4F-HiMe 
 fim^^wa mde fdktihdikeM w^kmitcm- 
 
 ' 'iAiiioUieir case wa» tiiat of Bermck^ vAAdi^ 
 oblMs^ed the' noMe Lord; '* after the c«nq[tieit 
 of it; 1^ ^eMied by chftrters frond the eN>^n^' 
 witboitt the interiMMitioii of Parliaiitient, tiH the 
 reign bf StLtatB I.^ The noU^ j^dge wbold hivef 
 stuilMl ihiff «(tte more fkMy httd he daf d flitrt 
 Edward I. €t the revest of the rnhMaiiii, 4bm' 
 finned to Yhe!l^' the etgoynKnt «rf their aneieat 
 Uiws $ hut that its constitution was put ^ ^ 
 Et^h JhtMing, by k chstrter of Kin^ Jto^v*^ 
 Thede 1^ the vc^ words of BlackStofi^.' < ^^ 
 llilfe diue^oxt qt^Oted by the learned jtidgd 
 wai Aat d^ N)sw York, which waS conqoeiiMf 
 fr6#1lie Wtdliilr 1664; ittitf, Kke Walesa *«M 
 m«!n^ hi' pc^^^tisSiOn of most of its former id^ 
 hiibttiartsr^''^ King Charles II. (observes tbd 
 mAite jdd^ ch^otglSd die form of tfaairtonstihi«> 
 tion and political government ; by granting il W 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 BB 
 
.^wwt 
 
 mmm^owvm 
 
 ^ ^t Jirs(^)Ki> introduce, into . the viifii^y .fequMi 
 coHQtry, »> fystem Uttl§ .^^oosoiMMiit, vU> «Slfitiiih 
 ^#Qlioii^), l^ti^ 1)6 w«# 4imppoinM and? ilef«»M. 
 HQ^wa«x^oii^led nMict^ »gian9^ Ms iii#uuM»OP, 
 to allow the people to choose deputies to r^rer 
 SD9t,tbefi[i intbe legislature; and thescj^^dbiiuties 
 aotuaMy^ vQiffd ;ff that all the ordjiuffifa,,w^ich 
 h«4alfeo nawie by tbf , g^^nioir ,<Mld^ip«ui^|;iI> 
 b^^tthQ, pjBOple w^e aidii»ittiBd tp a^ staeJa 
 tint ;|ei^l«Mir% Mrere iDv^id, be^uf^ tfujf, s^«rf 
 p(ili^i(l^.a.7iuamr repitgnan^ to tk^ an^^t^im 
 
 i.|} £X9tn;t|)U rpcita],> it i^^ think, leiiiidfp^ that 
 th^ npUef^od learned judgp mistop)c' th^^jTM^ pf 
 
 the qtuBstioa; or rather confou^[)^Y ^fi^^^'^ 
 two thin§^ which are ^ totally. distin^ andjf^ 
 pugoant In ^ir natnrf i • for be iippfi^ j^ have 
 cppaldcired the preropUv<Q,4n thpf ^in^ ff cjc- 
 te^ngltp his newbfacq¥ire4 9¥^fCt*ii fh^Jm^ts 
 cf the, EngUsk congtttution, as equivalent to the 
 r^t Oji ruUii^g them by wbat^vjei: constitution or 
 syatem of government he pleases; or, /^ none. 
 
 mail* 
 
 i.u4 
 
WBSTIKONiniv^iil 
 
 an 
 
 hav6>bMi» ft(|chned pvpvt^uy thinf^ tlM}i>pf(^ 
 tiMki lAw efDwn uiiitbeK iMst^fwcribedi nor «ihiU> 
 pnHtib^yWy 'kirmoii^fvnmm$tnt iiMoiii|«tible! 
 witbjtbe tpridciplet «f the BiitMJh oon8tit«|ioii;t 
 to «a]f colony or tanitory < iwiuilevery < wh«dieri 
 acqqiiceli by oowipiest or setUcmeat*;— ^and good' 
 authofities are- not wanting in suppoirt of this; 
 doctrine. ■• '^ The tking of : Great Britain,? iaya> 
 an exodlent writer^^ 'fia|thoo^ al the head of 
 a ftoe ataile^ may, in hisMrn rights hold other 
 statttl,!nnder A ibrm of goremment thai is not. 
 fret ; a» be does, for instance, the 8tatM> of ]the 
 electorate of Hanover. He may too even as^ 
 king of Great Britain, iby virtue of nis preroga- 
 tive nn^ as generalissimo of the lempire^ hol^ m 
 cqiiqu^red state (for the tinre beiq^ tinder » 
 foro» of government that is not firee; that is^' 
 under milicary law : but, in the instanfe ; that 
 stich conquered state is, by treaty of peaces 01^ 
 otherwise^ ^ed to the crown of Great Britain, 
 in I vttinstaiit it imbibes the spirit of the con- 
 stitution, it is naturaiiaed; it is assiniilated to 
 the government; it is governable and to be go- 
 verned by and under all those powers with 
 which the govemnig power of king, lords, and 
 commons is invested by the constitution; but 
 it is not governable, neither is it to be governed,. 
 
 ghapj 
 
 IL 
 
 • Bfr. Estwick. 
 
 B b2 
 
apK 
 
 HISlMJOriHB 
 
 BOOK hy.«nf pcmen w.ki|di.;th» 0OT«il^ 
 ^^ lAig, lorib, ^gd eoDMBoii ciytnal pp i iaii trom 
 tbli' cDnstitutioa : m lor > extnipla, it ovinot be 
 gOMxafd OD th« frincipleft of alitvfry.; becaufo 
 t)i« igwflnibg^ipdii^ lif; kiagi Ipnbi fnfi com- 
 inoiii Jt-ajqaonfted by tbcreonstkul^ gsvern 
 on tkiei |inBeipte» of Uberfty.** Spwdy it it ft pfo- 
 poBitida ftbainrd and moMtrout on the lery lice 
 ol it, tp My thai a limitid moniairGh in a line 
 statB,^ niay govern my (Murt of the domniions ef 
 such a atale in an arbitr^ and Qfiapnical man- 
 ner. A iiody of sul^^ 80 governed^ woqldrif 
 suftciendy nunieron% be fit instnimenta to en^ 
 •lav»Aeiieit!x^«a-'^t ■ .•";■- 
 
 ~is;'i^he: inleUigeot reader will admil the Test 
 impinrtlusce of this cpnstion^ both tpthe piesent 
 agei and 1 1^ posterity $ and pereeive hoiir>|praBdy 
 the iieare9t iaterestt of men, who, in the eon- 
 tingpinriwof war» shall hereafter ^ undev the 
 British dominion, may posaikdy be coi|oiiined in 
 its discassioai To such readers no apology will 
 beifiecsessary, for^e detaiLwhickl have thought 
 it n^jfhlty to give on a subject of such constitu- 
 tiopal :tnagiiitude.-m>i now letum to tmnsactions 
 with the colony. ^^ hu 
 
 ^H It has been, stated that the fin^ assembly 
 met in 1166. At that time none of the French 
 Eomaa catholic inhabitants claimed a right, or 
 even expressed a desire, of becoming members, 
 either of the councUor assembly: but in 1768 
 
WBST INDt^.«,. 
 
 STT 
 
 th« |ov6m6r: received infetnietiiMii fkom Ihk aup. 
 crown, 16 adroit tbd of them into the oonndly ''' 
 ■118 td deelara othets to be eligible mtoi the ai^ 
 fldnbly, on talEing the oathi of allegiance and 
 sQprtmlicy. The gotemdr wiai diriscied alio tD 
 inchide the names of certain persons of thii de- 
 scriptibQ, in the conmiission of the peace. 
 
 Thesis instructions, aikl the measorei whicb 
 ^tet taken in consequence thereof, gave rise to 
 violeeit commotions and party diviiions in the 
 cotbliy, which being eihbittered by religioas con-i 
 troversy, continue to divide the inbabitasits te 
 the present hour. It werd highly unbetonring 
 in me (a stranger to the island) to flatter the 
 p«isi0ns of one party or the other ; and I sbouM 
 read^y consign all the circumstances to oblWieiii 
 bat that it is my doty as an historian, to state 
 without prejuditw such particttlars as may, in 
 their consequences, sifect die generai weMue of 
 the colony, that the errors of on^ age ibay serve 
 is a leilSoil to the nestt 
 
 The opposition that was g^ven 1^ the Biitish 
 iflhabitants to the appointment of any of the 
 Roman catholic capitulants to seitts in the le- 
 gMatoie, arose, I bdiev^ originally from ait 
 idea that the royal instructions in Ihis case were 
 indirect violation of the test act of Chides II. 
 which requires '* that all persons cnjoyiiig any 
 phioe of trust or profit shall, in addition to the 
 oaths of allcg^Qce ind sopremaiey, subscribe i( 
 
m 
 
 dL 
 
 HlSRttT OF THE 
 
 dedaimtion aguntt the doctrine of tfiniobstaD- 
 tktkm in the sacrament of the Lord's supper." 
 By the liing*8 instructions, above cited, his Ro- 
 man catholic subjects of Grenada were de- 
 clared eligible widiout subscribing to thit de- 
 claralMn* '4 
 
 Dberal and enlightened minds at this day 
 are not easily reconciled to the doetrinej that 
 an adherence to mere speculative opinions in 
 matters of faith, ought to drive any loyal sub- 
 ject from the service of hb country) or deprive 
 a man (otherwise entitled) of the enjoyment of 
 those honours and distinctions^ the diitributioD 
 of which the wisdom of the laws has assigned 
 to the sovereign. Much less will it be thought 
 thai such a man is unworthy of that confidence 
 which his neighbours and fellow citiaens^ who 
 are best acquainted with his principles and vir- 
 tues> and are themsdves of a diffisrent persua- 
 sion, shall think fit to repose in him. 'At the 
 same time, it must be acknowledged, that the 
 recent and then depending claim in the crown, 
 to lay taxes on Grenada by its own authority, 
 gave the inhabitants just cause of apprehension, 
 that the royal instructions in the {present case 
 were founded, in like manner, on a pretension 
 to ' legislative authority, eubversive of. their own 
 colonial assembly. • fim • f ; > 
 
 On the other hand, it was tdleged that the 
 test act was never meant to extend to the Bri- 
 
^BSTHOMBR. 
 
 ars 
 
 tiihl^nMlioiis; thmtUwaaooDfiiied,bothiniti ^. 
 letter and ipirit, to the kingdom of £ii|(l«tod ind 
 Iho town of Berwick; and though it were true 
 tkat it it tho practice of the courts of Grenada 
 to adopt both the common and statute law of 
 England, it was contended nevertheless, that the 
 adoption couM extend only to such of the £ng> 
 liah statutes as were applicable to the pecidiar 
 situation of the colony. It was uiged, that the 
 act in question originated in an age of reKgbos 
 fremiy aaid faaalie violence. The authority of 
 history was adduced to prove that it was pHrti- 
 culariy prodioted by a worthless individual, from 
 animosity to the Duke of York, who was obliged 
 ill consequence of it, to resign the great office of 
 Lord High Admiral. A law thus founded and 
 supported, instead of being considered as suited 
 to the ctreumstances of a new and biant colony, 
 ou^ it was said, to be expunged fiom the 
 English statute book. 
 
 >«> What influence diese, or other considera- 
 tions, had on the British ministry, I presume 
 not to say. It is certain that the king refused 
 to revoke his instructions; in consequence 
 whereof the most aealous of the protestant 
 members of the assembly declining to attend, it 
 was seldom that a house could be formed. Pub- 
 lic affairs soon fell into the utmost confusion, 
 and in tins state of faction and perplexity, the 
 
m 
 
 BOOK 
 
 UVOG^Y Of WM 
 
 ^ir^i|i;bai 1779. - ■' - -• f-- »■■•"' . ""••' 
 , ,.Qn .Ibis QGCMioDy cbwg^ wtae brought 
 m^oalk ihe Freo^ inlwbitaoU which I wi)! not 
 fepe^i, hctcwjM I hav« no other e^ideqce to 
 impport them tbao the mutual reproMh^ tod 
 recifrqqal ooauatioof of the parties. Tho 
 coiDplaiDts indeed which were loudly made on 
 tht pvt of the Freocl^ of an uiurpatioo of their 
 deareit rights by the prev|^liDg iaodoo, seemed 
 tp imply that they relied rat^r on justificalioD 
 than denial. hiyrnFx. 
 
 The French nuDistiy however yafpiifedjno 
 other encouragement for attacking thisi island, 
 than the defenceless state in which all the Bri- 
 tjuih settlements in the West Indies wera at that 
 juncture notoriously left. The hopeless and 
 destructive war in Noirtb America had drawn 
 to iti^ vortex all the powers, resources, and exer- 
 tions of Great Britain. Already had Dominica 
 and St. Vincent become a saciifice to that 
 unfortunate contest ; when it fell to the lot of 
 Qrenada to experience her share of the general 
 misfortune. 
 
 On the Sd of July 1779> a French armament 
 consisting of a fleet of $5 ships of the line^ 10 
 fiigates^ and 5,0Q0, troops, under the command 
 of the Count D'Estaing, appeared off the har- 
 bour and town of Si^, George: the wliola force 
 
999 
 
 oltbt itUmdwM comiMMid of SO mtti af Hm 
 4«th ifgfiincnt, 900 miUtm of the i^n6^ tnd 
 ISO MMBen fnm the norchtnt shipi ; tnd its 
 fortUicatkiiit comiatfd obidly of an cntraod^ 
 wamtp which hod been hoitily throwp up rowid 
 Ihe wumi of the Hospital-hilK This cto- 
 irwchmeiil Ibe Cou»t D'fisteing invested the 
 Mil dey, el the heed of 9^000 of his best foraei^ 
 erhieh he led up in three columns, and elter a 
 held eoniict eod Ihe Iom of 300 bmo^ eanried 
 the lines. Never did so seoell a body of men 
 make a nobler defence against such inequality 
 of BUMben. The governor (Lord Macartney) 
 and the remains of his little garrison, imme> 
 daaiely retired into the old fort, at the mouth 
 of the harbour; which however was wholly 
 untenaUe* being commanded by the Hospital- 
 hill battery, the gun» of which having been 
 most unfortunately left unspiked, were now 
 turned against them. At day-break, the French 
 opened a battery of two twenty-four pounders 
 against the walls of the old fort In this situa- 
 tion the governor and inhabitants had no re- 
 source but in the hopes of obtaining fitivourable 
 terms of capitulation; and herein they were 
 disappointed. Their proposals were scornfully 
 rejeeted, and such hard and extraordinary terms 
 oflfered and insisted on by Count D*£stain|^ as 
 left them no alternative Imt the sacrifice of their 
 honour, or an unconditional surrender. They 
 
918 
 
 HL 
 
 iBttbraoed' tbt ktter;'^uid'lt inatt^i«dttM>#- 
 kdgt#/ ihat vthe pratoctiOB* which wisttfforded 
 to thft hetplesS! inhshitaati ef<'Uie> IowiT) and 
 4nkt> preporty, not wAy while the Iveaty > was 
 depending, hot mlio nfter tiie surrender' ef the 
 island at diseretbn^ reflected the Mgbest lustre 
 on ihe discipline, as well as humanity^of the 
 conqtieftMPs. Protection «id safeguafds were 
 grantnd on etery application, and thus m town 
 wtM saved from plunder, which by the strict rules 
 of war might have been given up to an exaspe- 
 ratad soldiery. 
 
 ', vtihit is to be lamented that the subsequent ooo- 
 duet of the French government of' Grienada, 
 towards its new subjects^ was not <|oite so ge- 
 nerous. By ai^ ordinance of the Count de Du- 
 rat, the new governor, they were enjoined,^ under 
 the penalty of militaryj execution \ and ' ' con- 
 fiscation of properly, from the payment, di- 
 rectly, or indirectly, of all debtsdue by them to 
 British subjects, residing in any part of the Bri- 
 tish dominions ; and by another ordinance, the 
 prohibition was extended to such debts owing 
 to the subjects of the united provinces of Hol- 
 land, as were guaranteed by any of the subjects 
 of Great Britain. The Count D'Estaing had 
 inserted' clauses to the same effect, in the form 
 of capitidation^ which he) had tendered to the 
 garrison, and it was those prohibitions^ that . in- 
 duced the British inhabitants with an honest 
 
*mwr iffDiEsi 
 
 
 uBcondilidiMil sumodtoi^'* wtlwr < than 'iobnktt "to 
 Ifaem. With tbe virtueandiiiitegr^ 
 «a be h^Md'^i^r lor «?er ^distitigiikh' Uie'fiH- 
 tishrchaiiMter, they' coiteidered no stopifiteio 
 great as Ifae violatioD of that cODfidenl*e/whieh 
 had heen reposed in them by their fHends mad 
 oieditovB ia £urope. Btit the OrdioaneeB'went 
 i^ill further. By the reguktions which ^y 
 contained, it was enacted that dl the estates 
 beloo^ng to En^ish absentees, should be put 
 into the hands of certain persons to- he nomi- 
 nated by the governor, called coMenDaiors ; 
 and the produce be paid into the public trea- 
 sury. Thus was plunder sanctioned by autho- 
 lity ; and the absent proprietorsvwere not the 
 only victims. The shameful facility with which 
 every French claimant was put into possession 
 of estates to which the -slimiest pretension was 
 eet up, give the resident foAanters reason to ap- 
 prehend, that the only indulgence they were to 
 expect, was^ that which Polyphemus promised 
 Ulysses, of bang deoourei the last. 
 
 Most of these injurious proceedings, and 
 various acts of personal oppression, inflicted on 
 the conquered inhabitants of Greneda, were, by 
 them, imputed to the too great influence with 
 the governor of their late fellow stdiijecli and 
 nei^boutsi the French planters ^ and ,it 'is 
 much easier t^ acoount for, than to justify their 
 
BD 
 ilL 
 
 UlffiTOllVCMr^lllE 
 
 o9cikH^':<o I*^ ll ' te "itMntooAiiiwI^ bowiiWj 'to 
 U»e^ lioiKiwr i9f the Sraoch Mlbo^ Hwl^ttiBie ti»- 
 iiu«>li(»!pnMfodiiigBiwti«-iiciio«i»rfe)B^ kndwii 
 to>ili®;€Qiif| of Fniwc^ thiniiey vfNi ditep^ 
 provfil asm) Kipt«tetofl« r; Tte apfKikMBient 6f 
 coniMTvatori MPut abdlillied» Miid restbretfoil (Wt. 
 dered to be UMide <if thd estatiM of «beeiil pn^ 
 prieton^ Bedrest wtf likevriee i^' gtnehdly 
 given, by eppeelf Wi the laM ilBsort» 16 inch of 
 the resident planters at had baeir illifidiyde* 
 prived of their possessidis. Bat it was not long 
 before the island itsetf reterted t» fh» British 
 doiBsnioo. : ,' ■>] /, ^-''^'■ 
 
 Crrenada atad the Grenadines were leitdrad 
 to Great Britain, with all tha other i^ptored 
 islands in the West Indies (Tobago excepted) 
 by the general pacification which took place in 
 January, 1783 ; a pacificatioil upon iwbich, 
 whatever may be its general merits, it it impos- 
 sible but that the Enf^ish sugar^phmterm (ex^ 
 cept perhaps those of the ceded island) must 
 reflect with grateful satislactiot^* It might in- 
 deed have been t^ished, by those who have at 
 heart the present repose and futuie prosperity 
 of mankind, that some salutary regaladoot had 
 been framed, at the same timely for preventing 
 the revival of those mihappy Aatiotial aniiMOsi- 
 tiet among the white inha^tattts of Gwnada, of 
 which I have so largely spokctti, astd wlMI I am 
 ttety to be informed, were renewed on llie fctt^ 
 
wannmim. > 
 
 stt 
 
 hsfwifer li 4fB(!t«» iMo, iitiy Mliieip^^kiliai oh^ die' 
 Mbjeet AsiftlfieiKlb IH^ kilMitsli df IminM^i 
 niQF*' iidipCHiiteft^ of '1«MgkNi»' ^iniem^ M\^ '' 
 caiHty of /Mull, I ibdl raioiee if itieiii^ cifi^ be 
 foiMkl^lo reHom to fhis little colittiiiiBiV^ tint 
 peBOC^«Diiftdeiice a»jd^imiBimil^, wi4otttl%fticii 
 in liihabitMitft miiftfr Ise m rutped people, imt'i^ 
 pray tot)^fifiltii¥ader. ^ ^i 
 
 H« iagthiM» tilceiieaive, MiiBtiiB&liy trea^ 
 of Um ydul luftd poUiieftl conoenu of this 
 vahMkAd cdoajf I 0In^ eoneltide willi « ibort 
 display iof itt praaent »Mm (1 791); hi respect of 
 soil^ {idpiiliitieiv productions and exports; pre* 
 miiiDg, that maay of tbose little islands which 
 are called the Grenadines, no lonj^r appertain 
 t» tfaf govenunent of Grenada. By an amuige- 
 menf of thi^ British adiniiiistralion, which has 
 taken eftct since the peace^ a tine of division 
 passes' in an east and west directioi^ between 
 Caiiacou and Union Icdard. The fenner of 
 thesci^ and some, smaller islands south of it, are 
 all that are now comprised in the Grenada go- 
 remment; Union island, with all the little 
 islands adjoining, to the norths being annexed 
 to tfaft goverMlent of St. Vincent 
 
 Grenada is computed to be about twen^- 
 foor mik» in fehgth, and twelve miles in its 
 greatest k^viadth, «nd . contmns about 80,000 
 
^»> 
 
 msTom: Of THE 
 
 Bm a«}fioi«ff^MA44^>^wbiich fOdt^^ nOilflm than 
 WP^^ 7^141 >ieMt3<|MtMtaxe»ili 177^ 8iid^nMlj4heie<# 
 fore i)e«i||^|Mwed 4t lor miUiyalioB^ yet tbet^uanh^i 
 % Mtimlly; -«iiltiv«t«d . luia ! ti#veF ;- exoesdcid^ 
 
 tainq^f,, biift ,nptriiia«cdfl9ibllQiiiii aiiy^piuctt and 
 Hi^tiCMiiid§f^|h springs isnd livulelSki (To the 
 nfrMk^imd liie east^ the; soilcis a bikkf< mould j 
 the jBfiiie^ry^e»rly the s^me, as tiwttdf'Whick 
 meotion has been made in the hkUxxfoi Ja- 
 inaica. . On the west side^it ista rich black mduld 
 on a substratum of yellow day. To the sonth^:. 
 the. land 4a general is poor, and of a reddish 
 hue, and the same extends over a considerable 
 part, of the interior cdantry. ; Oi& the whole, 
 however, Grenada appears to be fertile in a hi^ 
 degree, and. by thevarie^) as well as excellence, 
 of its returns^ seems adapted to every tropical 
 produ^n. The exports of the year 177^ 
 ifQva Qrenada^ and its > dependencies^ were 
 14,0 U, 157 lbs. of muscova;dO|aod 9,^7^,607\h9A 
 of clayed sugar; 318,700 gallons of mm; 
 ],8S7,l661bs. of coffee; 457,719lbs. of cacao; 
 91,943 Ib^. of cotton; 87,638 lbs. of indigo, and 
 some smaller articles ; the whole of which, on a 
 moderate computation, could not be worth less^f 
 at the ports of shipping, than 600,000/. sterling, - 
 excluding freight, duties, insurance and other 
 charges. It deserves to be remembered too, 
 tliat tlic sugar was the produce of 106 planta- 
 
WBSTIMMSS^N 
 
 smr. 
 
 neginHViKfiirtiieli/ivAftv fbawfioce^ ttlhcir . mnie /{il^ \0>i^. 
 
 fi(9m.;the kb^uT! o£ mc^ .nogroitold ^uliyouiig, 
 eii»|>l<^ kiiilbe ci»}tivmipD of that c6«iiai|Di4i^ 
 arfiio^igiQii& ieturH,reqvHiUed^ I , b«U«iie^ rigr xi» 
 othfr^BntisbiBl^d ioi the Wesi Inc)iieB| ^ CMm 
 tpplvwVi excepted.-rThe QxpocUiof l^filw^M, 
 ^?enfto«a&er: they.wiHnbe fouodi ^w^ei^iil 
 pQ^Qr-^yirQ ARticleflb taf^U^rg^ea^ sliovt oCjIiom 
 off) 770i ft cirei|iiis1»ti!C0* ior which J jimm) HQl 
 
 whoUy . hew 40 acC0Unt,fa.«'3'H ' . ; « nhh «' .) •{r;t M*f-'> 
 
 f t^XhM islAPd U. 4iwiM i AUto . 9ix pftrishea, St. 
 
 > f This isinluMte&ce is lSb» non ivpriaing u the sqB^r 
 py^st^oDf iii,Qf«p«da, fpr fpooe jmuri pr^i^iiNfii t^ ,tii« 
 
 fuf ar or c^rnivorottf wt Ot thia wonderful inject fi ca? 
 ritfui^ai^unt'^^aa trtin^tirlftfei^ to tlieildyak l^iil^ of 
 Lbnddir, iih irtkrid^nieiit oF^^kich the'Kad«f'#it(Bnttiii 
 an ninpeiidix to thit chapter. I conceive hovtevcr^ (noi^ 
 wijtMtandiog.w'Mt M auefted to thfft c^trwj in; thai ae> 
 count) Uiat this species of, ant is comnoa to all the islands 
 In the West Indies, and has been known in them, ia a 
 greater or less degree, from the eaillest times. It is^e 
 fimka omUiBora of LinnnNis, and is well described by 
 Sloaaew^^^Mniioa /Wsca mtmaia, aalmRw ieii^iifiam 
 (Tide^^no^ ia, p. 168 of this vol.) Its trivial name in Ja« 
 mM^, iit theJ^o^ant, ^mone Thomat Ito^, who j« 
 charged with having imported them from the Havanna 
 about the year 1762. They do no iiyory to the sugar-canes 
 in Jamaica; probably because theii' ttuntbers are few. 
 FfOtt what causes they increased so prodigiously in Gre- 
 nada^ ao satisfactory account lias I believe been given. 
 
aymmimmE. 
 
 iiii 
 
 Giirtilgi, 3t; i>ttvMrStr A«^% l^4*«lMek, Si. 
 liiMc (MMliSt; J«hD ; And' its chirf><ife|iell<ney» 
 CMiKMi/ foriBi • ^veiitb<|Muriah«"> k4» oiAy 
 sllAti^^ th^ifiBStoratioii <>f GreAada tb OlMt Bri- 
 ttdH by''tli« peafie of 1789, that flin iskud Uiw 
 iM* ti^ipd^iiified fer^^establSshiiienl) of «pn>- 
 tMBt tierjgyi This' act ' passed ki^ 17S4, and 
 |M^ikles^8ti|ieiidso^890#ji(!uiT«iiejr^^tf^ ^Okfoit 
 llduitf ^eiit jMf»^ AHMii^^ ibr fiie dMngyiiiilb,' vts^ 
 oneifoi- th^ town aiHt piariah of St.- ^^eorge, three 
 ktt the otHef fiv«^ ottl-pi^isfaes of GreniBiiia,' and 
 one for Cariacou. Besides! these stiptstids,'' lilere 
 are tttluiibie glebe hddi^'wirich had beM ap- 
 propriated to the support of the Roman catholic 
 dergf, whibt that was the estn^yifaed liHgion 
 i^OtteMA, Th^« lands^ acicbt^te^ to ach opi- 
 nio^' of ^ Itttofney ittid solicitoir-genaral of 
 Eiig^Kl (u^ w^ono It q^es^on on tins point 
 wan relerred by the crown) became vested in 
 hit majesty as public lands, on the' restoration 
 of tite iirknd to ^ British govehimeht, and I 
 beli^i^e MVe since beieii lipplied by the colonial 
 legii^ature, with the consent of the crown, to the 
 toher support of the protestant church, with 
 80016 allowance tb«reout(feo what amount I am 
 not informed) fer th^ benefit of the tolerated 
 Koinish cT^r^ of the tlsmaining French inhf- 
 
 The capital of Grenada, by an osuioanoe of 
 governor Mel viUe, soon after the cession^ the 
 country to Great Britain by the peace of Paris, is 
 
WESt INMBCKIi^ 
 
 sm 
 
 called Si^O^dif^.'^ By thiV^c^^dltM^ d^r. 
 
 rishes, «nd tbeir Fitocb^ niidie# 'ftnrbifJMteii^ m^ \^^ 
 thereafker used in any. public «et». Tktt 'l^rari^h-' 
 immedf thicipital^wafj FMrtRi^. It4ifiv' 
 ated in d bf)iaci6u8 bay^ on the west tthe^nd/b^i^ 
 tbe islaHdy not fer from tbe south end^ and pbs^ 
 soifl^dne of tho safedt aiklfliost connAodidils 
 hilars for shipping In the £ngliili Wes^ ImU^>< 
 wMth'has beeft latdy ibrti^ at ei ver^ great 
 expense;*'''' ; -.- -.^ ;/^ :,.:'i. u^aii y«i* 
 
 The other towns iti GMbada, ar6, prop^Iy 
 speakihg^ im:onsiderable villages or hamlet^ 
 which are generally situated at the bays or ship-' 
 ping places in the several out-parishes^ The' 
 parish town ofCariaeou is called Hillsborough.'^ 
 
 Grenada has two ports of entry, Willi $b^ 
 parate establishments, and distinct revenue offi- 
 cers, independent of each other, vt«. ono at St. 
 
 • The town of St. Oeoi^ {t^bvOt chiofly of brMf/ 
 and makei ahandsomeapperrance. It is divided 1^ a ridge< 
 which running into tlie sea form* on one aide the camnage, 
 on the other the liay : thus there is the Bay- Town^ which 
 boasts a liandsome square andi market>place, and the Care' 
 ne^e-TowHt wherein the principal merchants reside, the 
 aUpt^lyfaig land-locked, and in deep water dose lb the 
 whai^ On the ridge between the two towns stands the 
 chuich, and on the promontory al»ove k is a laige oidfort, 
 which w»s probably constructed by the flcst French inha* 
 bHatots. It -M built of stone, and is Uu^ enough to ac- 
 coMRi(edileIsaAentiie<i«gimehL<; ibot/io xnetfin, ) ; 
 
 VOL. I. •'*'''*»^ «'uii.Jiiiia ^iii/Jiii ^alii-^CiO '1-^' - ' 
 
aae 
 
 ■r 
 
 HISTOIIY or THE 
 
 CMrgOi the etpiH and oii« at GnmviDtibay, a 
 toim and harbour <m Iha eait <ir windmod side 
 of theifkuid. The former, by the «7 Geo. III. 
 Cfi jl7. is made a free port. 
 ' Whether it be owing to the events of war, to 
 domeftic diMensions, or to cahunities inflicted by 
 thehandof Divine Providence, I know not, but 
 it appears that the whfte population of Grenada 
 and the Grenadines has decreased considerably 
 suce these islands first came into possession of 
 the English. The number of white inhabitants, 
 in the year 1771, was known to be somewhat 
 more than sixteen hundred ; in 1777 they had 
 decreased to thirteen hundred ; and at this time 
 they are supposed not to exceed one thousand 
 two hundred; of which about two-thirds are men 
 able to hear arms, and incorporated into five re- 
 giments of militia, including a company of free 
 blacks or mulattoes attached to each. There are 
 likewise about 500 regular troops from Great 
 Britain, which are supported on the British es- 
 tablishment.* 
 
 The negro slaves have also decreased. By the 
 last retupns preceding the capture of the island 
 
 * Batidea the r^alw troops which are sent ftom Great 
 Britaitt for the proteetion of Grenada, theie uni in its gar- 
 riion three oompanies of the king's negroci, which came 
 froin Ameriea, where they served in three capacities, as 
 pioneers, artificers, and light dragoons. In Grenada they 
 * form a company of each, and are oonunanded by a lieu- 
 tenant of the regulars, having captain's rank. 
 
WBSTilNMKS. il 
 
 337 
 
 I Great 
 
 its gar- 
 came 
 
 ties, as 
 they 
 a lieu- 
 
 ill ,m9,, Diey wtm stated M ^5^000, pC.iiliich cmap^i 
 ^)PlQM) vrocftin pMMiiQiiyiaiMitbe vMUerJsViods. 
 
 iothewbole. The d^craite. wa4 owing rfiitlyi 
 to t|)e waat of any regoter supply duri^tbet 
 F<^<^ gDvomtnent, add partly to tbei omates 
 carried from th(^ island, by the Freodli iiQlMlnt-. 
 ants, ,bpth before and aft^ tbe peaiP((« . It.iaalso 
 toJ)|Bpb^rved,.tbatiOf .^,Aim:an>cai|Soes sold 
 at Grenada, some part (perbaps afoUrtb)Or<6ftb) 
 ar^ ajcpqrted to the neigbboiiring JRreneb :and 
 Spapish colonies* . n)-7him9mtf-n'v uati ,?amMii8ni 
 , I|he free people of oolour amounted in 1787, 
 to. 1, 1 15. To prevent, the too great increase of 
 this mixed race, every madumission is, by an act< 
 of this island, char|^ with a fine of one hun-> 
 dred pounds cMrrency, payable into the public 
 treasury. But this law has neither -operated as 
 a productive fiind, nor as a prohibition>;.for 
 it is usually evaded by eKecuting and recording 
 acts of manumissiDn in some other island or go- 
 vernment where there is no such law. The evi- 
 dence of all coloured people of ftee condition, 
 is received in the courts of this island, on their 
 producibg sufficient proof of their freedom ; and 
 such free people are tried on criminal charges in 
 the same manner as the whites. They are also 
 allowed to possess and enjoy lands and tenements 
 to any amount, provided they are native-born 
 subjects or capitulants, and not aliens. 
 
 CCS 
 
HiaioaiT orTHB 
 
 ■oox 
 in. 
 
 The govWQor, by firtoeof lib oflide,foGlMm« 
 oaUor^ bidinary and vioe^imiil^ toil piremdes 
 sblilyc in thi courii of chancery tnd midintry, m 
 in JmDikm. Hk stlary U 5,90tH, cwntkcfper 
 dMiUMP,^ nfhicH » railed 'by a polMax on all 
 fltevia ; and it ii the|iraMce in Grenada tO'paM 
 ftealBfy<biH«n the arrf^l of every new governor/ 
 to eonUnkie during hit gofcmnent In all cases 
 of absence beyond twelve months, the salary 
 ceaeeiiand determineB. 
 
 1 ) ' The ooonctt of Chmwda consists of twelve 
 members, and the assembly of twenty-six; The 
 pdwels,i privileges and ftioctions of both these 
 branches of the legislature, are th^ same, iLnd 
 exercised precisely in the same manner, as those 
 of the council and assembly in Jamaica. A free* 
 hold, or life estate^ of fifty acres, is a qualifica- 
 tion ibr a representative for a parish, and a firee- 
 hold, or life estate, in fifty pounds house-rent in 
 St George, qualifies a representative for the 
 town. An estate of ten acres in fee, or for life, 
 or a rent of ten pounds in any of the out-towiis, 
 gives a vote for the representatives of ^ch parish 
 respectively ; and a rent of twenty pound^^ per 
 atmum, issuing out of any freehold' or life eitate 
 in the town of St. George^ gives a vote for a 
 representative for the town. 
 
 ** The currency of. Grenada, or rate of exchange, is 
 commonly 65 j»er cenf . worae than sterling. 
 
WiST.mOlBS. r 
 
 SM 
 
 TtoJawQOttiteiaQr^nafli, M^ chap. 
 
 chpilttty aod^ aidmai^, an^ im, lh» com of ^ 
 graiad fle^iollt of tho p«MB iield tw^e Ayear, 
 vif. b Mareb and Soptamber. JalkMjDOii^tb»> 
 fint 4MnoiL Qamed 1^ tb6 cotDmlfSMm of Iho 
 peace tireiidtsiswho it uittnUytbe praiidcntor 
 senior^ in .council. fn;iMurfu; lb , . ; . i , . , 
 
 fldlyi The court of oomo^OD pleai^Thit 
 ooort conibts of oOa Chief «iid Ipwr i»y'fi^.T»- 
 juttioes, niioie coiiiini»iMaare dmipgplet^ire. 
 The chief juftice is usuaUy appointed In ^fing- 
 laad^'ia profeMionri "aini and loeeiviis n>ia)Ary 
 ol0OOL>Er «MMM. The ibdr aseiitanft justice* 
 are usually appointed by the governor iirom 
 among the gotitleinen Of tibe isknd, and act 
 will^oat salary. .;w-j ,:>\,i:>hu*y\ ■>:»n'> i MuiviMinoiiu. 
 p. ^hfi The couft of eiohcquer. The baroAS 
 in this boutt are cominissioiMld in like maisher as 
 in the«ourt:of ODinmon pleas. But this court ia 
 latdy giroam into disuse*' lo >/ $»'Ji lu kuti eitivj^iun 
 4U)ly, The court admiralQr, for trial of all prise 
 causes of capture from enemies in war, and of 
 revcone leisures in peace or war. There is one 
 judge of admicalty and one Surrogate^H r^kl htm 
 nnList^ ThO ^OTcmor and council compose 
 a court bf error, aa in Jainaica, for trying all 
 appeala of cffOr from the court of common 
 pjfas. 
 
 Althoun^ theie is no law of Grenada declar- 
 ing en adoption of the l^ws of £n|^d| yet it 
 
SiO 
 
 uisiimir'offw& 
 
 BOdK iMlik %i^ ftliriyi the pn^tkie of tba* cburti, to 
 "^ cbmider botH eODMnon aod ititute liw of Eng- 
 lind.to oiitiiKl' tb Oranadft^ h all applicable 
 Gfli^i#t|iot o^rWiiO lirovifled 'for by |jirtiou)tr. 
 la^bfAeiilaiidv Sblivlik^mamiertiiopfic* 
 doe^'^'^thdl (Xiihiti '^Ui WtetlinhialtiN'Htll, and 
 authentic reporU of adjudged imam' ikme, are 
 HMohed W^ when pweeditiits and authbri^' are 
 ^MMIIttg'in lh(^ ikiiftdl In the case of its tlmx 
 Aittitf,il>bi^ be said with truth and juMce,' that 
 tb^'iMlMiblyiOf'lhis iiiland have idiown.ii libe- 
 nliiff of <Miitiineiit! which rbflecti the; highest' 
 fafonbtivi On' Iheir ohaifacteb, bodi .asJ^gislitors 
 aud'^hrittiansr' ^''i v^' i.-^ifvuq'j'j v'!:,:-:i 
 
 > - 1 'iMve how ^milhed the reader; with allcthe 
 information I have collected, concerningthe past 
 history and present state of the islahd of Gre- 
 nadi^*^>and if it shall* be thought defideht or 
 uninstroctive^ the iault is not in : the .iranC of 
 materials but in the workman. Something l|;ow- 
 evor irtanitki's to be observed 4»ncemin|g aiichi of 
 tiwGiienttdines as are dependentionjthe Grenada 
 government the chief of .which:) are jCariacou 
 and Isle Ronde. The fdcmcar contains 6,913 
 ac^e^ ! of land, and< m general it is fertile i and 
 welL cultivated ; ^produdngi in seasonable years 
 a million of pounds of cotton for ^exportation^ 
 
 * This was written in 1791 : since that time Grenada 
 btiy'iastained a melancholy relrerM of fbrtune, foilne pairti- 
 ciilirij of which wdl ht relate Ma rabtoqiieiit vtoliltiie. 
 
wwn nxsHM. 
 
 991 
 
 fidoaiprtheiMiBttnnMidf teoMPOci^ The ^ 
 
 cnltiv«tioD of (wpr ^,l^«0p MosdlMi 
 iul in thia kbtod thtn ooltaii» tiioa^ it itUl con- 
 , tiiiiitt ^ ^ ijaJMii pn iwo flhinteticns. Itl»Boiide 
 containt about 500 acres of «xcdlflDt kndjuiiicb . 
 are whoUy appUed to pasturage, and tbe cdl^i*- 
 tioo of cotton. U u situated a^t midp^i bo- 
 tween Cariacou and the^ northi end of Qrenid* « . 
 aliput four leiyiea from each. 
 
 I shall cl^ my account of this <iolooy» as ^ 
 of Barbadoot^ whh authciitic' r^tiinif:% tbe 
 Inspeqtor-General of Great Britain^ of the ex- ,' 
 ports from Grenada, and its dependeodes, fbir I 
 the yem* 1787 ; containini^ also an estimate cf 
 ttM vdyi^ .ftt the several articles at the Britisb 
 market. 
 
 i at 
 
 JnuiikI i».IjiiJV/ 
 
 nOoT 
 
 
 (iiaitt»'«J[ 
 
 . ■. »•! > 
 
392 
 
 '!« 
 
 HISTGMlV9Fi^»/ 
 
 Book Ilj 
 
 repeat 
 ParU 
 
 the SpeciM, Quantities, Bn«C Vftlne of their Cargoea. aeeprdine jtp the "<*Hial Pric 
 in London. B^fl^Msj^t-CfiueriilWC^di^fb."^^ '^f 
 
 Wbidwr bonnd. 
 
 > SK^Ptlfb. 
 
 To Great Britain 
 Ireland . . . 
 American States 
 British Ameri- *) 
 
 can Colonies 
 Foreign West ") 
 
 Indies . . J 
 
 47 
 
 
 6,S73 
 
 ■■i.;''o 
 
 ^ ^,610 194 
 
 «,734 
 
 .•,..)!'>r 
 
 rnrTT! 
 
 
 t^K> 
 
 !<■; 
 
 9^ 179>^ '^ ' ' d 1^1690 
 
 410 
 
 r, 
 
 ,1 .11! 
 
 198 
 
 S1KS»iilL'^ '' 
 
 )/'.> ■•,) St>T (li '"'Ov 
 
 .e^<,^:t^ 
 
 59|>'icji48'^0^'li 
 
 Sib O 4^^064^-^ 
 
 i^b ?.ili b<'« 
 
 17is,548 6 9 
 
 tltJlf. 
 
 1^ 
 
 ;£&.' 
 
 O^laiaLc :|aia«Mik)i iCwu qn. lU. 
 
 loiip'j 
 
 
 ?rr 
 
 670,390 4,300 
 
 COFFEE. 
 
 3;6SO 2 4 
 44 -^ 
 
 8,812 2 4 
 
 Whither bound. 
 
 CACAO. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 IN- 
 DIGO. 
 
 Value of 
 MiioeUHiceHi 
 
 Articles, M 
 Hvdea, Dvefaig 
 
 Woods, flcc. 
 
 Total Valw, 
 acoofding to the ca 
 Prices m London. 
 
 To Great Britain 
 Ireland . . . 
 American States 
 British Ameri- *) 
 
 can Colonies/ 
 Foreign West 
 
 Indies 
 
 Cwt qrk lbs 
 
 9,645 1 2 
 19 2 16 
 36 O 
 
 lbs. 
 
 2.030,177 
 32,260 
 
 1^ 
 
 1,660 
 1,250 
 
 16 01 — 
 
 ":-'} 
 
 L. «. d, 
 
 64,439 O 3 
 
 84 10 
 
 27 4 
 
 15 6 Q 
 
 39 
 
 £. I. 
 
 566,222 11 
 
 13,580 4 
 
 24,697 4 
 
 21,469 9 
 
 39 
 
 2,716 3 18 8,0«8,487 
 
 2,810 
 
 64,645 3 
 
 614,906 9 
 
iiW^T tmm 
 
 *.! 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 18 
 
 s 
 
 4 
 
 . k;**^ y>i/' •:'ff{ ifj b3imf at j7 ?ud ; ft-hi i;^ ' ' 
 
 .•• r,3 ,^j?|{if ai baliflv-vfq end H^irf^f f?^fi8i>9tfj 
 
 T^;^ti ^itioni of Ihis work httviog; ialleti 
 
 iif>rt] wlnti^rlttJO ta4« ol It gpnlleman of(di»- 
 
 tinguished abilities and learojfi^ (oMiiof 
 
 jjii.i '\iijh»j|liwwliy*8iSegeisiitV at j:^!*^)/,!^^ was 
 
 . tmm>]Ni$mi«fat (hfi.atiUiQftf r«i|u«g9t, to com- 
 
 QWiiti<»|te bis ihoughts in writing on the 
 
 /n^^ilidoctriite mMntained by Lord Manafidd, 
 
 i^hvibcf9>timmg thie logal authority ol the 
 
 Crown over conquered countries^ as 
 
 -iqM 4tti)ied4n.|«gO:3!54f of this volume^ lirhich 
 
 ,£>f<fiSLil J»|v« -ffleftt ple^nre in |m8entiiig..to 
 
 . - n'> III? i^^oviii; ^ profilse, .wi^ixl^iilrvi^uiih 
 
 ■m 
 
 -t * 
 
 Th£ grOMOd upon which tbp court HlatBA ^dr Po<tKiript. 
 jmil^iioti^^^ th0 jcfl^/iof Qrenada, wits clearljr ^i^* 
 ^\Mf nt ta %»rf9nj|[ tlmt jiidgmcoly eiyseti luliiiil- ""^^^^ 
 tiog th? doctvine teJuok idoim by hxd Monfield 
 OP ^eotbor P9int to bf fMM^wkM^i kfuivb- 
 t^g 41^ h(t mone iwfoiulded than, thi^ doctdna: 
 Tr)9iffiry;pr9|^lilipni. Upon which iti ia madei 10 
 r^t i§ f|.jMl«$:y» f Xd^ that the labg (at kak 
 3iDpe te copslitijitiQii haahfld ita pMamt ibnn) 
 ^m**4irkitiMfr^"gmAnit rtfiise acapitdalii^^ 
 The posiriBr Of^ gr«Mtipg or lefiinBg- a citpiiulhtioik 
 
SM 
 
 HlSfmtt or THE 
 
 FortMript in the cue of a siege or invagion» is certainly 
 ^^ vested in him ; but it is vested in bim tike every 
 other power with whidi lie is entrusted by the 
 British constitution, to be exercised according to 
 the usage which has prevailed in like cases. If 
 that ' power shouM be abused, his ^^flkers and 
 ministers must answer to ^ ptiblie for their 
 "miseotMoct m*^. emnm, . -^j ;■.-„- ■ 
 hL<i*i For the same reason I deny lhat>^ the king 
 can put the inhabitants of a conquered country 
 to the sword or otherwise exterminate them,'' 
 unless such severity be fully justified by the laws 
 of war, as they are understood amongst civilized 
 nations. 
 
 But, supposing that a case should happen 
 wherein such severity would be justifiahle, I 
 dei^ that, upon the extermination of the enemy, 
 the lands would belong to the king himself : I 
 say they would belong to the state; and that 
 th^ would be subject, not merely to the king, 
 but to the soverdgn power which governs the 
 British dominions. If the Idiig receives the in- 
 habitants under his protection, and grants them 
 their pro^ierty, I deny that he hffs power to fix 
 suoh terms and conditions as he thinks proper; 
 for he^cuinot reserve to himself, in his indivi- 
 dual capacity, legislative power over them : that 
 would be to exclude thf> authority of the British 
 legislature finom the giivtsrament of a country 
 subdued by British fore ss, and would be an at- 
 
iWfist^imi^fis; 
 
 M 
 
 ■•x*^* ■'l!::*'* 
 
 queiib^>iGl^tMy>«v«llll#cib«,>i«ilMi .Mit!h!^toflqu«r«d ^^^' 
 
 territory i^ghfr^tisideiltii tb' iiti hi^'dfi tlm kk 
 
 not :^i^faiflMl>iilBi$or#^t»i^^ 
 
 to s^tcOMill to the oi«i#i* dPiGrMt firitirin. 't^ 
 
 loHf 4^P|giVjl k f^rifi-^ii]«^%oni;or IMdNt^'^ 
 
 oad {ft»ing6r. ^i A thdito«tsidiOth«r alMuird eofiise^ 
 
 qu«noi> nii^tf be |K#i^^dut/«^ r^syi^ ftom 
 
 i> > aiiidmk^^tft tiir4Htig>!|iiulljedli tt> tile rMpbn^ 
 siMlhy 6f hk lftltli^i^)^^^ld up ft ^i^utiBt, 
 ^ («ttiiti!itiitf ii^%^ 1i6^; but I dekiy^ibi'^ 
 
 whfttlertdi b6 plettsfes/ dt^ thitt te c^n arbitiMy 
 
 chaiij^ tii«^)8^ br politicail ifbHn of lis' p^km- 
 
 me^i' ^ivthitifc hti tlMy «gro^, upon ^ ft^ 'isii^tu^ 
 
 latloin'«li«X>^e<S«n<|it^d^ p6&p\e dhril dbnthnie 
 
 to) «Bjoy their iftri^ient^ ri^i^oB and lawB, isod 
 
 even this must be tuhmio; bilt I deny thst be 
 
 could, by his own authority, grant these things 
 
 after the capitulation ; for that would amount to 
 
 an exercise of independent sovereignty. The 
 
 fallacy of Lord Mansfield's argument, proceeds 
 
 firom an endeavour to confound the king's civil 
 
 and military characters, and to perpetuate in the 
 
 chief executive magistrate, the vast powers with 
 
 which it is necessary to invest the generalissimo 
 
 of the armies, during the continuance of military 
 
 operationsik The moment these operations cease, 
 
 he resumes his civil character, and in that cha- 
 
396 
 
 Hl&IHOiBY Off fHl^ 
 
 WQK 
 
 m. 
 
 X'o^pt HMSter, op) opan wiU :v«9otufe to uaert Ihtt m king 
 pf (Sinei^i: 3iiitMii, lie hfl^tnthe prerogBtive of being 
 8.,4«sflQt it !^iiy pert oi bit dominions, i 
 ,hi Wj> ^ re»pect tOitiheoaiWM ol IreliA^^ 
 entf Berv!^ici(i even teking them precise^ifef Lord 
 i||iim96ejyd p^te tbeui^ J think they do ^iKiti weigji 
 a IjnE^heTiiiothe ergumei»ti; Those oeses hap- 
 penned :)<iiig hefor^nthe J«nglish eonstitntion had 
 reduced itself to its present fornix jeonsequently) 
 hefcice ^thei righti of ^e pfiople were isdeiteined 
 Bx4 di^^p^ m tt^y m»t <^t piseaem. ' If' ft §$^ 
 ^i^tiwpes'pftt^e; exeieise ;ol^^^afi»itr«ryi power by 
 the fsnpiecit , k^pigs of Englamir ^are to be naceived 
 iMi^ demsiye case^, to ^hew what axe tlie? powers 
 pf ^«rowi^ at this ^^y* } ^hink U would be no 
 vwy d|$^MH t^ to fiqd eMthoritaes eveu fuelow 
 down, as the rei^i ef tbe Plantageiietsjiiid 
 ^l»Aart8» to:prpv«,»h$t the Britiali goverinnQeut. 
 ouglit to be a pure despotism ! 
 
 .) f 
 
 . ■, I , 
 
 0'} 'HiJ 
 
W£ST mi>IES. 
 
 iwl,; 
 
 APFENIWX 
 
 
 
 CHAPTER n. OF BOpi^.^., 
 
 COMTAINnfO 
 
 Obeervqiidm ox ^Ae $^ar Jnt$ in the Island of Gre- 
 mdtt i txtraeted from a. Letter of John Castiest 
 JEaq. to General Mekilk: read before the Sioyal 
 
 SocisUfin Jlfay 1790* > 
 
 niw 
 
 «hj^rt*;^lit:> !tl 
 
 TftB Buf^'AnUiWo teSlhdimta ttk^u* lukiotts dfects 
 on BUgUHmM^ are flU|)|>o^ to have first i&ftd« their 
 appeafttnce iu Grett«Mift' alxitti the year. 1770, on a' 
 sugar plwfaiioa'at Petit Ha^^ a b^y fiiraor sue 
 miles from the town of S^ Oior^, tiM MjdttCal, eon- 
 venietitly 'mitniited'lbr AMfggliag'from Mir^ttieo-, it 
 ivais therefbM^ «»)ncIttdM,'lhey-w«ite brdufght frOm 
 thencci in soniM v«iMil ^m^loyii^ in that tMidci, tfhich is 
 V9iy pri^Me, as'eoloiiiitt'of idM^ in like manner were 
 aHltetwards propagated in different parts of the island 
 by drivers, or vessels employed in carrying stores, 
 &c. from one part of the island to anotiier. 
 
 From dience they continned to extend themselves 
 on all sides for several years ; destroying in successioii 
 evvry sugar plantation between St. Gooige's and St. 
 John's, a space of ttibout twelve milea. At the same 
 time, colonies of theia began to be observed in diffefr- 
 eat parts of die island^ pMticttlarly at Dtfqnesne on die 
 north, and Calavini on the south side of it. 
 
 All attempts of die planters to put a stop to die 
 ravages of these insects having been found inf<ffe<itual, 
 
 897 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 n. 
 
398 
 
 uiavpi^yiOFfnE 
 
 APPEN- 
 DIX. 
 
 k w«H became the lcsgid«ture to offer great public 
 rewards to any person wUo shonld duicover n pracd- 
 cabie method of d^ilfow§' tSkvm^ 9Q as to p«<rmH the 
 cultivation of the sugar-cane as formeri;^'. Accartiimgt^, 
 an act of ftssemUy wae passed, $>y whiuH such dis- 
 covery was entiti«d to twenty thoma&d pounds, to be 
 paid from the public treasu^ of th« ishmd. 
 
 Many were the candidates on this occasion, bui 
 very Ur v,(ere any of diem /rom bavins any ju9t cWnn : 
 neverih|t^es8, consideifabV sums of money were gleamed, 
 in cdnaiderailon of trouble and expeneeit, in makbg 
 
 In Grenada there had always be^ifn severld species 
 of antHi diflSaciqg in size,: .colour, 9ic. ■ whicb. however 
 Vir«re<p^in6^tly innocent .wi^ ri^^pect tOithe.pngiiHIfBc. 
 Theap^^ia iquestion, on .the. copt^j, w«ro, npt only 
 highly mjurious to, it, but to; several wyta of tr^s,8uch 
 
 as th«.li|nfe, lemon,, orange, 8(n. I,, ,,^, Of i m , 
 These ants are of t^ nuddlf ;jize,< offt slender 
 
 make, of a darii red colpur, uid.,:r^Bnirkpbl§ for the 
 qiuckness of thm motions; bn^ thcnr ^grealest, pecu- 
 liarities are, their taste, when. applied; to the, tpngue, the 
 immensity of their nuipi^i^^apf).. t|i^ choice of places 
 for their 9Mts. ;,»»«(, ^ .\ 
 
 All the other species of ants in Grenada have a 
 bitter musky taste. These, on the contrary, are acid 
 in the highest degree, and. when a number of them 
 were rubbed togetiier between the palms of the hands, 
 they emitted a stnmg vitriolic sulphureous smell; so 
 much so, that, when the experiment was made, a 
 gentleman conceived that it might be owing to this 
 quality that these insects were. so unfriendly to vegeta- 
 tiqin. This criterion to distinguish them was infallible, 
 and known to every one. a >- j;^ i.nvv. .• .sa; 
 
WEST IN]MSS.<H 
 
 399 
 
 Their tuunbert w^r* ipoiMibW. I have mch Uie 
 Totdi. ookNirad by ihapi fcerr inil» fogcfher;} wkI to 
 cfowdMl w«r« tbey« «iMiy |^fM| that t)ie print of 
 the Ikitm's feet would appftr px a mooiMit or two, 
 until filled uj^hj tke wifoaiMliQf; mullitiide. Thi» u no 
 exaggemtioB. All the other 8|f)ecieB of anti, although 
 numerouf, were circumacribeil and confined to a mnU 
 spot, in proportion to the ip>w:e occupied by the cane- 
 ant^ as a molehill to » mountain. 
 
 Hie common Uackantf of that countary had their 
 nests about Ae foimdetiiNt of houses or old walls ; 
 others in hollow trees; and, a large species in the pas- 
 tures, descending by a small aperture under ground. 
 The sugar antSi I believe, universally constructed 
 their nests among tlie roots of particular pfaunts and 
 trees, such as the sugar-cwie, lime, lemon, and orange 
 trees, &c. 
 
 The destrucdon of these ants was attempted chiefly 
 two ways | by poison, and die application of fire. 
 
 For the first purpose, arsenic and corrosive sub-- 
 liuaate mixed with animal substances, such as salt 
 fish, herrings, crabs, and odier shell fish, &c. were 
 used, which was greedily devoured by them. My- 
 riads of them were thus destroyed; and the more so, 
 as it was observed by a magnifying glass, and indeed 
 (though not so distinctly) by the naked eye, that co^> 
 rosive sublimate had the effect of rendering them so 
 outrageous that they deabroyed each other ; and that 
 eSfsat was produced even by comii^ into contact with 
 it. But it is clear, and it was found, that these poir 
 sons could not be laid in sufficient quantities over so 
 large a tract of land as to give the hundred diousandth 
 part of them a taste^. 
 
 The use of fire afforded a greater probabilitjr of suc- 
 
 CHAT. 
 
 11. ; 
 
HI8lfiRT*(nrTHB 
 
 DIX. 
 
 dHN } wot \nOfn whslBvQr'cMMj '^ ^^f^ ovMVI^m^ rait if 
 tfvOQy 'Inttftt t6 wC fMt9 *0i nMcotuf ^inoiil '' nittM'y 
 ■iMIinMdlkteljr tdtctt "^oi tlte fira, wtt iHid kfUkdr 
 i«tf, (li< y^ ewywited to it Iti'MitU'imadilg'niiiiibc^M 
 •bo t6 ^tiiigUtiK it; uh^Mgll ' 'wMi tUe ^^itMkMl 
 oMbodMiiuM %f tlteni iir «fl(^tiii|f ^. Thii ' InM of 
 tlnW'Diitttfy HtppiXsn licirijl^ 'CMdiMtt $ IMI^' oin tiiidun|^ 
 tiM ' 0i|^iillent Myidlff I'ftHllra'it Ktii^Aily 1rti6< I 
 laid fire, as above described, wh<ire^ieli% iplMred 
 but tefy fevir^aiita^ atiil in tfte' cblnrM of a'f6# A&hites 
 tiibaiftids ireit seeik' crolrtrdiikg it h ia&HptUt it^' tOr it 
 was (ftitfeaijr cotered by thdir dead' bddieil. "Hole* 
 were tbierdbt^ Aug at |iro]^ distadetei in'ataiMi pie^icl, 
 an^ fira mide In each holb. PiDdigitiils i^lMiitltiei 
 pierlih^ itf ttis way: for those 'fiipe«,*^b(Mtatiki^ 
 giiMied, i|f)pciil«d in th^ thaf&vi taoWhUh^ ma£ the 
 numbers of their dead bodies heaped on diem. '*]fev^' 
 th^s the ints tdon appeared again; as nttinerons as 
 ever. This may be AcComAed for, iiot only fWttli^leir 
 toAHiAA^ fectatdity, bnt that pttobably noil^ df ^ the 
 faVtedidig aiitfe or yoUn^i brtKxl snflRered firom the leitj^ 
 ridient. ■' '■■'■'• '■•"■■ li"- . - ■ ' '■•■■' ■, ■ 
 
 For th^ satrie reason, thWittditfentiyyi|^M i^ 
 plication of fire by burning the cane traih (o^ sthiw 
 of the cane) as' it lay oh the grokmd^provi^<^as little 
 eff6(6tttal; for although, peihaps, midtitadeir 6f iht!^ 
 ita^t have b«etf deMroyied^ yet hal genertf tbtif wdtald 
 esciipe by retirhlg tb theit- nests' \ind^ cover, oiit of its 
 reach, tad the bt^edih<|^ ants, with thdr j^ixog progeny, 
 mtist have reniained unhurt. •: > .^} 
 
 ' Thu calamity, which resisted io long th^ ^fib^s of 
 dktB pliiiters, wali it lenjgth removed' by anod^^; which, 
 however ruinous to the other islimds itt' tfie' W^t 
 Iftdleir; atfff ih bthef ')^|yB(eti<, itai to -Gtenada ar very 
 
:WB8TIX«HB9. 
 
 grent Uewipgs otmdy, t^ ,tmiit«4m« in 1770^ mA^ 
 out wl)i«hit it pi]obi4rft, thi' ctfltiv«tion of tha tufar- 
 cane laitbe moit valwjblfvPWO of tlmt klaod wmC 
 have in a gnat meanire been thrmm 4n4t» «t lotit 
 for aooio years. Hovthia bMrmaot jpro<loce4;tiua 
 «fff«^ baa |wen oonaidefad rather aa « natter olwoft- 
 4cr and aorpripe. than attempted to bt eiphined. By 
 ■tlWMfag to the foUewng obaenrationi, the difficulty, 
 I b^Te» will be removed. 
 
 Tbaae anti make dgieir neati, or ceUs for dbe recep- 
 tioii of . their egg% only under or among the roota of 
 such treea or pliMlta aa are not only capaUe of protect- 
 ing them fironi heavy raina» bnt are at the tame time so 
 firm m the groH^ v to afford a aecure baaia to sup- 
 port them afainst any ngury occasbned by the agi- 
 tation of the usual windf. This double qualification 
 the sii^r-cane possesses in a very great degree; for a 
 stool of canes (which is the assemblage of its nume* 
 rons roots where the stems, begin to shoot out) is almost 
 impenetrable to rain, and is also, firom the amazing 
 number pnd extension of the roots, firmly fixed to 
 the ground. Thus, when every other part of the 
 fieU is ^renched wilh rain, the ground, under those 
 stools will be found quite dry, as I and every other 
 planter must have observed when digging out the 
 stools in a cane piece, to prepare for replanting. And 
 when canes are lo(^^ or laid down by the usual 
 winds, or fall down by dieir usual luxuriancy, the stools 
 commonly remain in the ground; hence, in ordinary 
 weather, the nests of these ants are in a state of per- 
 fect security. 
 
 The lime, lemon, orange, and some other trees, 
 afford these insects the same advantages from the great 
 number and quality of their roots, which are firmly 
 
 VOL, I. D D , 
 
 CHAT. 
 JL 
 
HISTdHV OF tlXk 
 
 ktns. 
 
 nen. 
 
 ifalM M lk« etnh, ■«• <irelA6rf lif«0', iMiUei "whicby 
 l&dr tdpi lire lo t^ tMd^ MM MIIMi|raat •« to 
 fRwtvvl' (HMbv t ynTj IHNivy nfll ' fnilik raMhiB^' ai# 
 
 •* On the ieiMRMirf^llfeilf iht*^ii«it> tHf te««r AmmuI 
 ill^iTO rottis Oi IM^t oi^"|MMftif' vUtHj^wre'tn traOTdni|^ 
 
 tt««:it^ib ItMleM^ttflcienllf fii^^ the gi«>illMi; but 
 it hM only one large Up M«i^ %hi)ch g<^ firagbt 
 do^^nrds; «nd Ht leteitl toth tre 90 niM» «m to 
 tffiSM iio rfidtet igaiiM Mkli 80 egaiti, the Mots of 
 tK« titfttoA ibrub run lito n^nr the forlilfce of the «arth 
 to pkt^ent tb« ttetaa tit tmh, ahd met kieilh«t> mAg^ 
 etfdy iienfArii«il^ nof firin iinMgb to veskt tile agit*- 
 tioh by 016 'mnnl witilds. The Mme ( B bi to f a tidn will 
 1^ fMtidMtfiie ^th ttmpect to ticao, lAUtaini, naiae, 
 tobicco, indigo, and many other afiecies of trees and 
 plaiitU. ' ' - ■•♦• 
 
 Trees or plants of the first descripfidto alirays'sttffer 
 knore or less in lands infested with tiliese ants ; whereas 
 those of the latter ikever do. Hencis we mkyfairiy 
 conclude, diiHt tfafe inisehiilf done by these 1tfse<:ts i» 
 occasioned otAy by th^ir lodging and ihsindg their 
 faealtA aboilit the roots of particnhur trees W plants. 
 Thus the iNtbts of the vugar-cstaefe are somehow or 
 ^^r M tiftt^h itijdk'ed by them, as to bis iticapable of 
 performhig their office bf supplying dite nourishment 
 "b the plants, which, tber«ibr6, Bec6m« sickly and 
 stinted,' 4nd consequently do not afford juices fit 
 for making sugar in either tolerable quantity or qua- 
 lily. 
 
 That these antH do not feed oft any part of the 
 canes 6t trecfs kflRstted ^eiems very clear, for no foss of 
 ftubstanCe iii either the one or the other has ever been 
 
msrmmu. 
 
 ob8erv«4( npr !»▼• thaf 0m htm ■••• cairfbt j«ffi €9U|R. 
 
 Oo the fiem«M7, ihtra ii iMi grtnltit fwtiiiftim 
 that tiMM tmH v cani«oioi% fvd.fciA MiMy «». 
 MHiil MdMlMifloti fw if a 4nA ImmV or 
 fomi of anj Mvt^ wm Ind m Umu: inqr» il «m ai 
 <fial4]r euiM off. It wm alaoit im^owblo ti 
 ien« eold fiolMlt from thon. Tho laf|Mt 
 ■I MMn M dMjf bflgon to bocooM p«tnd,«» M Ihrt flHgr 
 coiiM Mporate lira p«tS| aooa dilipyetwAi Nopooo 
 liilii toiet htd 4iAcaIty,to koop Iko MM from th» 
 «dgM «f thorn. HMgr doitiof^ dl olhor nmii^ 
 irato hi porticiilary of which they clowod) o«er]r>^aB- 
 tatioa diey oaae upoo, whaoh they piobohly ofbotad 
 by ftttackngithcir yonag. It was found that poultiy» 
 or other amall stock, could be raised with dw psateit 
 difficulty) aad tha eyaa» nose,, and other emimcteriet 
 of the bodies of dying or dead aniaials wore instantly 
 covered widi these ants. irrmfp; 
 
 Ftoa what has been and it j|ppears, diet a dry 
 ntuationy so as to exclude the oidinaiyi sains ftaas 
 their nests or cells, appropiiated for dw reception of 
 th«r qn(S or young brood, ia absohitMy neces sa r y; 
 but that these situations, however well calculated for 
 the usual weather, could not afford dua protectioi& 
 from rain during the hurricane, may be easily oettt- 
 ceived. • • -i ,'•.»•■• 
 
 When by tb« vblenee of the tempest heavy pieces 
 of artillery were removed from their places, and h o us e s 
 aod sugar works, levelled with die ground, diere can 
 be no doubt diet trees, and every thing growing above 
 ground, muat have greedy suffered. This was the 
 case. Great numbers of trees and plants (which com- 
 monly resist the ordinary wkids) were tmn out by the 
 
 DBS 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 ASnil- 
 
 pVL 
 
 footv tiM CMMI wHk ttoAwMlly mUmt lodged or 
 hikttd Aout uHhf •'Whirlwind, er foni oat of the 
 gNMili iHmsiiMr. Itt'tlM tan^ Cii«, the breeding 
 
 Mlii,r{«iii1hMr ipr^feojf , umit have beto exposed to 
 ibeeilMtf'deltrMlmiliKMi the 4ehige of ikbi which 
 Ml it the Mllie time.' The number of cenei , however, 
 thurtem'diit of^ttib grtmnd, eould not have been 
 ■di q uil i' to Ae ludden diminutioii of the augar ants ; 
 biitfit la 'Hmf to ioolMOfive that the roots 'of camt* which 
 luiwaiiiud ontfie frambd, and tiie eartti about thknUf 
 wdite «» tgitoted and shaken, and at the same time Ihe 
 aalsP TMst iiir<ere SO' broken open or injured by the 
 videnoe of die wild, as to admit the torrents of rain 
 aceonitianyiiq; itk I apprihend, dierefore, that the 
 prinJeiptl 'destructida of these ants muM have been 
 toua evectoo* 
 
 i;#<Jt must not however be denied> tiutt though nature 
 fttr a-time may jperinit a particular species of animal 
 to become so disproportionably numerous as to en> 
 dangertoine -other parts tof her works, she herself will 
 in due time put a check upon the too great mcrease ; 
 andtiwt is often dotte by an increase of some other 
 animd inimicid to tiw former destroyers. In the pre- 
 sent: case, however, nothing of that sort appeared; 
 therefore, whdi a phun natural cause, obvious to our 
 senses^ occurred, by which we can account for the 
 amazing and sudden decrease of those ruinous insects, 
 it-is unneceasary to recmr to other possible causes too 
 mmute for our investigaUon^ « 
 
 All I have said on this subject would certainly be 
 of little or no consequence, did it not lead to the true 
 method of cultivating the sugar-caiM on lands infested 
 witii those destructive insects ; in which point of view, 
 howeveri it becomes important. 
 
WEST INDTBS. 
 
 If then the above docifiiM be juft^ '^ foHow* Ib0 CW. 
 the whole of our •Heatiea mm* be tiifiied le ih»4^ ^.'^• 
 ■traction of tbe ncete ef these entik awl eea mn enliy 
 the breeding anta with their egga or yowg bvood. 
 
 In order to efiect diis» all trees and fMscea, MBder 
 tbt footf of whidi these ante coroaMNily tako. their 
 residence, should first be grubbed out; particttlarljr 
 lime or lemdn fences, which are very coaimo» ia Of* 
 nada, and which generally suffered from the anti be* 
 foie the canes appeared in die least injured) after 
 which the canes dtould be stumped out wilfa care, and 
 the stoola burnt as soon as poSiiMe, together vnA the 
 field trash (or the dried leaves and tops of die canes)^ 
 in ofder to prevent the ants from rodung their escape 
 to new quarters. The best way of diwig this,! apr 
 prehend, will be to gather the field trash together in 
 considerable heaps, and to throw the stools as soon as 
 dug out of the ground into them, and immediately 
 apply fire. By this means multitudes must be de- 
 stroyed; for the field trash, when dry, burns with 
 great rapidity. The land should then be ploughed or 
 hoe-plougked twice (but at least once) in the wettest 
 season of the year, in order to admit the rains, before 
 it is hoed for planting the cane ; by these means diese 
 insects, I apprehend, will be so much reduced in nam* 
 ber as at least to secure a good plant cane. 
 
 But it u the custom in most of the West India 
 islands to permit the canes to ratoon: that is, after 
 the canes have once been cut down for the purpose of 
 making sugar, they are suffered to grow up again 
 without replantmg; and thb generally for three or 
 fpur years, but sometimes for ten, fifteen, or twenty, 
 in this mode of culture the stools become larger every 
 year, so as to grow out of the ground to a consider* 
 
HISODORY OlF THE 
 
 DIX. 
 
 9k\t lMNgkit> li^d by diat mewif affonl more «n4 more 
 Mtcr to the ante' n«4^; tbiQror<9re £or two or three 
 M^jBcetttve CBopi the canet should be r^iiIaDted yctfly, 
 so as not oiily to a£Ebrd as little cofer as possible for 
 the ants* oests, but coplinul^ to distiirb such ants 
 as maj have esGaped> in tilie biudnels of propagating 
 tfieir species. 
 
 . Th«t counderaUe wpoise and labour. wiH attend 
 putting this method into axecution there is no doiibt. 
 An expansive cure, however, is better than none; but 
 from the general principles of agritcultun^ I am of 
 oi^Non that the planter will be amply repaid lor his 
 trouble by ^ goodness of his crops, in consequence 
 of the superior tildi the land will rtomt in the pro. 
 posed method. 
 

 wm' t^pm. 
 
 
 " ' • • ^>*' ■ :-M 
 
 •Cmtv-! '•'*■ 
 
 >'-■ ••■: «*••■• 
 
 >■ '« ,, , , 
 
 •>vifl|f*(«!'- 
 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 m 
 
 'it 
 
 ISt, VlNCENt^KD ms DEPENDENCIES, 
 
 »'-j*. 
 
 AUB 
 
 DOMINICA. 
 
 T#£ civil bis^ry of these islands may be com- 
 prised in a nurrqw compass ; for the sovereignty 
 of tbem baving been long an object of dis- 
 pute between tjtie crowns of Great Britain and 
 France, the rightful possessors, the Charaibes* 
 derived that security from the reciprocal envy 
 and avarice of the contending parties, which 
 they might have expected in vain from their 
 justice and humanity. As both St. Vincent and 
 Dominica were included, with many other 
 islands, in the Earl of Carlisle's patent, it is not 
 wonderful that attempts were made, at differ- 
 ent times, to bring them under the English 
 dominion. These attempts the French con- 
 stantly opposed, with design, it was urged, 
 secredy and surreptitiously to occupy tlie 
 islands themselves; and their conduct towards 
 
 CHAP.- 
 
 111. 
 
40IB 
 
 HISTOUT OPTHV 
 
 "?S? 
 
 th0 Charaabes on other occaskxn ttent to justify 
 the Miggeatioo. 
 
 Bttt whatever might have been ikmr mo- 
 tives, they exerted themselves with such eflbct» 
 that the English wer^ cfMBfiellad to reUnquish 
 all hopes of obtaining these blands by force ; — 
 for by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle (1748), 
 St. Vincent, Dominica, St Locia, and Tobago, 
 were declared neutral, and the ancient proprie- 
 tors (such as remained of them) were at length 
 left in unmolested possession. 
 
 The disputes and hostilities which these at- 
 tempts of the English on the one hand, and re- 
 sistance of the French on the other, gave rise to 
 in this part of the world, are no longer interest- 
 ing, and therefore need not be brought again to 
 remembrance. The depravity and injustice of 
 mankind are at all times subjects of unpleasing 
 speculation ; but the subsequent conduct of both 
 nationsi respecting the islands which they had 
 declared neutral, is too remarkaUe to be over- 
 looked, even if historicid precision did not, as in 
 the present case it does, require me to relate the 
 Ci^rcumstances attending it. 
 
 The treaty of neutrality was no sooner con- 
 cluded, than both English and French appeared 
 dissatisfied with the arrangement which they 
 had made. The latter seem not to have con- 
 sidered until it was too late, that by restricting 
 the English from the occupancy df those coun- 
 
wEsrr iNDms. ^ 
 
 tries, on the groond of rigbt in « tiiinl partyv tfiejr 
 precluded themselves at the same tine. The 
 English, on the other hand, disoowered that, by 
 acceding to the compramise, they had given up 
 St. Liicia, an island «M>rth all the rest, and to 
 which it must be o<inied we had some coloovable 
 pretensions feuaded on a treaty entered into 
 with the Charaibean inhabitants in 1664, six 
 hundred of whom attended an armament thi^ 
 was sent thither by Lord WiUoughby, and ac- 
 *tually put the English publicly and formally into 
 possession. 
 
 Both nations being thus alike dissatisfied 
 with an arrangement which left nothing to 
 either, it may be supposed, that on the conclu- 
 sion of the war which broke out a few ye&rs 
 afterwMxkt, a very different stipulation f^ok 
 place. The French no longer pleaded scru|.4es 
 on behalf of the Charaibes, but very cordiaily 
 concurred with the English in dividing thfe 
 spoil. By the 9th article of the peace of Paris, 
 signed the 10th of February 1763, ^ three 
 islands of Dominica, St. Vincent, and Tobago, 
 were assigned to Great Britain ; and St. Lucia 
 to France, in full and perpetual sovereignty; 
 the Charaibes not being once mentioaed in 
 the whole transaction, as if no such people 
 Existed. 
 
 They were in truth reduced to a nifleimble 
 remnant — Of -the ancient, or, v they were 
 
 lU. 
 
«10 
 
 lU. 
 
 uimmx ov THE 
 
 oaUed by tht Engli^ Ji«cK Qbipihiei, P«t in^re 
 tlMMi a biMKir«d Um\m mrny^drnW^i, and of 
 tU tlwir inciiuil and oi^Umve poi9e88ioa9> these 
 poor poople retained vnly f^ mopntainous district 
 in tbe island of St Vioqeot. Of this islaod and 
 its ileiMNMkmcies I shall mw treat, resefving 
 Domiiuca for « separate tectidD. 
 
 Section I. 
 
 St. VJNCEN T. 
 
 " The Spaniards," says Doctor Catnpbell, 
 " bestowed the name of St. Vincent upon this 
 " island, because they discovered it upon the 
 ^' S2d of January, which in their calendar is St. 
 ** Vincent's day ; but it does not appear that 
 *' they were ever, properly spedking, in posses- 
 " sion of it, the Indians being very numerous 
 " here, on account of its being the rendezvous of 
 V their expeditions to the continent.'* Unfor- 
 tunately, how«ver, neither their numbers, nor 
 the natural strength of the country, exempted 
 them from hostility. What avarice had in vain 
 attempted, accident accomplished, by prooff- 
 ing an establishment among them for a race of 
 people, whom, though at tirst beheld by tbe na- 
 
WBST IN1HES. 
 
 «*» 
 
 thrie Chandbet whh oMtleBipl nr pity; they have ct^p 
 sHicefdand formidable rWab dnd mereHieis turn- v^/W 
 qiierors. Theie people have been kng distin* 
 gdstied, however iakproperlji by the aame ef 
 Black ChxmbeB. 
 
 -• (^ the origin of these mtroderB, and their 
 ancient connexion with the native Chaniibet, 
 tlie twBt accbunt that I have been able to &id ii 
 in a small treatise of the author above quoted 
 (Doctor Campbdl), entitled ** Candid and impar* 
 tiat Considerations on the Nature of the Si^gar- 
 trade," which being equally authentic and cu« 
 rious, I shall present to my readers entire ; and 
 with the less scruple, because it consists chiefly 
 of an official paper which cannot be abridged 
 without injury. 
 
 *' In 1672, King Charles thought fit to divide 
 these governments, and by a new commission 
 appointed Lord Willoughby Governor of Bar- 
 badoes, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Dominica ; 
 Sir William Stapleton being appointed Go- 
 vernor of the other Leeward Isles, and this se- 
 paration has subsisted ever since, the same 
 islands being constantly inserted in every new 
 govemor*s patent. On the demise of Lord 
 Willoughby, Sir Jonathan Atkins was appoint- 
 ed Governor of Barbadoes, and the re»t of 
 these islands, and so continued till J 680, when 
 he was succeeded by Sir Richard Dutton, who 
 being sent for to England in 1685, appointed 
 
4lfi 
 
 HISTiCiilY oy TH2 
 
 Bin Colonel £d%iti Stedi Ueuteaftnt Governor, who 
 III. 
 «^«v^ vigOroiufyttssertfid c;^r d^til by aj^ioting d<s 
 
 pnty goyerhors foif the bthier islands '; and parti- 
 cidarly sent Captain Tempk hither to prevexit 
 the French from wooding and watering without 
 our permission, to which thiey had been eilcou- 
 laged by fbe inattention of the foribac Governors ; 
 peisistiDg steadily in this conduct, till it was sig- 
 nified to him, as vire have had occasion to remarlc 
 before, that the king had signed an act of neu- 
 trality, and that commissioners were appointed 
 by the two courts to settle all differences relative 
 to these inlands. ^ 
 
 ** Some yeai'S after, a ship from Guinea, with 
 a large cargo oi slaves, was either wrecked or 
 run on shore upon the island of St. Vincent, 
 into the woods and mountains Of which great 
 numbers of the negroes escaped.* Here, 
 whether willingly or unwillingly is a little un- 
 certain, the Indians suffered them to remain, 
 
 * I am informed by Sir William YoMog, who i* per- 
 fectly nrft'il acr;!'anted with these people, that tha were 
 originally a race of Moeoet, a tribe or nation fro!n the 
 Bight <iC Benin. They were wrecked on the coast of 
 Bequin, a irnall island about two leagues from St. Vincent, 
 in the year 1675, and were afterwards joined by great 
 numberii of fugitive negroes from the other islands. The 
 Red Charaibes first kept them in slavery ; but finding 
 their numbers increase, came to a resolution to put to 
 death all their male children ; upon which the blacks rose 
 on their roasters, who by degsees have almost all perished 
 in the contest. 
 
ing 
 tto 
 rose 
 hed 
 
 WEStlNWIES. 
 
 &Ticl pa]1:)y by tb^ acc^si«i| of rupimty slaves 
 fwm Barbaclpes, partly by tJNe ^^ildran ^ey bad 
 by ike Indian wopaen* tbey became very mao^ 
 roiis ; so that about, the begioning of the curreat 
 centizry they constrained the Indiaos to retire 
 into the ^orth-west part of the island. These 
 people, as may be reasonably luipposed, wer^ 
 much dissatisfied with this treatnumt; and com-> 
 plained of it occasionally both to the £nglisKandL 
 to the French, that came to ^^ood and water, 
 amongst them. The latter at length suffered, 
 themselves to be prevailed upon to attack these- 
 invariera^ in the cause of their old allies;. and 
 from a persuasion that they should find more 
 difficulty in dealing with these n^oes, in case , 
 they were suffiered to stroigthen themselves, than 
 witti tkt£ Indians. After much deliberation, in 
 the year 1719» they came with a considerable 
 force from Martinico, and landing without much 
 opposition, began to burn the negro huts and 
 destroy their plantations, supposing that the 
 ludifins would havs attacked them in the moun- 
 tains, which if they had done, the blacks had 
 probably been extirpated, or forced to submit 
 and become slaves. But either from fear or 
 policy, the Indians did nothing, and the negroes 
 sallying in ths night, and retreating in the day 
 to places inaccessible to the whites, destroyed 
 so many of the French, (amongst whom \\a» 
 Mr. PsuHan, major of Martinique, who coni- 
 
 4m- 
 
 ^'yf- 
 
HI8f0a¥ OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 lit. 
 
 .Handed them) that theyfvere finrced to retire. 
 Wbeo by this expedmekit they were coat iiiced 
 that force would not dOy^tbey had racoune to 
 fair meam, and by dint of penuasion and, pre- 
 aents» patched up a peece with th& negioes as 
 weU at the. IndianS|.froHi| whieh thay reoeived 
 great advantage. ' 
 
 " Things were in this situation when Captain 
 Uring caone nith a eonsidevable armament to 
 take possesion of St. Lucia and thb island, in 
 virtue of a grant from our late sovereign King 
 George I. to the kte Duke, of Montague. When 
 the French had dislodged this gentleman^ by a 
 superioc foree> from St. Lucia, he sent Captain 
 Braitbwaite to try whatcoiald be done at the is* 
 land of St Vincent, in which he was not at all 
 more successful, as will best appear Irom that 
 g^ntleman'a report to Mr. Urin^ which, as it 
 contains curious circumstances relative to the 
 country, and to tho two independent natbns who 
 then mhabited it, belong properly to this sub- 
 ject, and cannot but prove entertaining to the 
 reader. The paper is without date, but it 
 appears from Mr. Urii^'s memoirs that this 
 transaction happeoed in the spring of the 
 year 1723." 
 
m^iimwi^^ 
 
 *iii 
 
 ■.^•va. 
 
 <*'4h IWMuttlMr «>f ft re^utioH^^ 1^ chap. 
 
 " thd 5<Mir 6rder f&p a^ 4^ktg, the ^^y you JJJ^ 
 "MHe#'#ith lii»'xirrace*8 colony for Anteg^, 1 
 ** flailed 'l»ifh the Griifin sloop, in company v«1tli 
 *^ his Mi^«flty*d ship the Winchelsca, to St. Vin- 
 ** c«nt We inttde the island that ni^t, and 
 '* next morning rtm aleng shore, attd s4w Be- 
 " veral Indian hull, btit as yet no Indians came 
 ** off to nfl, tKMT couM we get ashore to ihem, 
 «( by'reaadta there was no ground to anchor in. 
 *' Towaids the evening two Indians came t>n 
 ** beard, and told us we might anchor in a bay 
 ** to leev««rd, and when we were at anchor 
 ** they would bring their General on board. 
 ^* Here we came to an anchor in deep water, 
 ** and very dangerous for the sloop. One> . 
 ** whom they call General, came on board, 
 ** with several others^ to the nnmber of twenty- 
 ** two. I entertained them very handsomely, 
 ** and made the Chief some trifling presents, 
 " but found he was a person of no conse- 
 " quenoe, and that they called him Chief to 
 *' get some presents from me. Here two of 
 " the Indians were so drunk they would not 
 " go ashorcj but staid on board some days, and 
 " were well entertained. After this, little winds 
 "and great currents drove us off for several 
 *^ days i but at last, we came to an anchor in a 
 
41« 
 
 BOOK 
 lU. 
 
 HI99Qltr OR THE 
 
 '* iptcioui bty, to leeward of tU ^H *«laiMif, the 
 .^'.^ug^t of which I ordered to be taken by 
 'four furfeyoff for your betler undaiBtuiding 
 *f the, place, being the only one where a ^ettle- 
 1* mcnt could be made. The ahip end aloop 
 ** were soaroe come to anchor, beibiie the strand 
 " of the shore was covered with h4wf», and 
 f* amon^ them we could discover a white, 
 "who proved to be a Fienchman. I took 
 '* Captain Watson in the boat with me, with a 
 " Frenchman, and immediately went ashore. 
 'VAs soon as I came amongiit them* I aaked 
 ** them why they appeared all armed ? For 
 « every men had cutlasses, some had musquets, 
 *^ pistols, bows and arrows, &c. They with 
 *' '/ery little ceremony indosed me, and carried 
 " me up the country about a mile> over a 
 'Vlittle rivulet, where I was told I 'was to see 
 ** their General. I found him sitting amidst 
 ** a guard of about a hundred Indians ; those 
 ** nearest his person had musquets, the rest 
 'Vbows and arrows, and great silence. He 
 " ordered me a sea^ and a Frenchman stood 
 '* at his right hand for an interpreter : he de- 
 " manded of me, what brought me into this 
 " country, and of what nation ? I told him 
 " English, and I was put in to wood and wa- 
 " ter, as not caring to say any thing else be- 
 '* fore the Frenchman ; but told him if he would 
 '* be pleased to v*ome on board our ships, I 
 
*(,WaU|Ii^^; (^ut^tfpuld not prev^l ^Jii 
 
 *«. ^4 iM» j^ft^r w«y to femQfe tb sy, bKt 
 
 " fiUeii lA f. Ibpugbt prp|^^ ud i^ejkuroed to my 
 **Jc^, if|M)f»r ft ffui^' i WiMQ 1 canfe to the 
 '* ^^, llfowd the g|uuc4 ^^ w^e increM^ 
 
 " I gQjt,Hi Mj boet, without fu^y inji^, and w«nt 
 " on boMci ' f.CapdunOrine, and told him my 
 
 "iI|i|BiQodxa^s)y tfi^r, I sent on shore tl^e 
 '^^ f)^p[S ,bfijat wi^ ft mjftte, with rgm, bee^ aojd 
 *' Wead,.^>.w|th |}^^ and prd<^^ a 
 
 " ,]^fench|;D|in i»lio .^ept wi|h the mate, to 4^* 
 "aire the^guaid to ic^itct them tp theif' tie- 
 *' nqr^y and to tell k}m, thf^t though he denied 
 "me the epmipon go<9d .^f water and a little 
 " lifeless wpod, neyfrtheless I had sent him«uch 
 " re^eshnneots as pur ships afforded. Oi^r 
 " pi^e ^pi^d the Frenchijian gone, and th^t 
 " tbep,tJ||iieMi^ Qeneral.ieemed pleased, »nd 
 " recfiyed what „wa8 sent .him, ^nd in retufn 
 " 9pntipeJ^ws,,^d arrows. 
 
 voc. I. £ £ 
 
1 
 
 \9 
 
 
 "> 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 U 
 
 L 
 
 1.1 
 
 1*0 
 
 22 
 20 
 
 
 IhIhI!^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 6" 
 
 ► 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 fi>> -"^^ 
 
 ^I-V:*' 
 
 Fhctographic 
 
 Sdenoes 
 
 Carparation 
 
 
 4^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 23 VAST IMAM SItBT 
 
 «lffK1K.N.Y. 145M 
 
 (71«)«71-4S03 
 
 
 v\ 
 
^ ,^. 
 
 A'A 
 
 
 '( 
 
418 
 
 moK 
 
 •*rt 
 
 my 
 
 tne 
 
 uisroRi ofthe 
 
 "or el^ ttiey would not hftve denf^tii^ 4fhat 
 ^^Ubtf 1^ wB^rW, If I pl«i^,3iiiight 
 ^1i» ^ id 10 yK>d Ik Hu^^ 
 
 b^'^ dteit^ Iliiu^ fb^iee^HMii them 
 WM w^ J'dii^ stoj^, ifcl^ ^'^lonii difficulty 
 
 ^^ IV'aibo^^^ shdrb liider tlieit guatrdF as a host- 
 ^age. t arried tiieiB 6n boiurd t^^^^ 
 '^»8hip, wh^w they i*^ere wMPttitenateed by 
 ^^tJaptain Oriik; ^ |iwi th«^ Mlttlf GenerBl 
 ^^'aMfii«6 6r iis^wnr^l&i lb ^'GWef of 
 '^ the Negroes soUKthiiig that pleased ium. 
 
 -»>i 
 
ff^ilpofte^. flt^r f^ their. hewj^jwith 
 *fm^ M^ m^^ to 4nij|:Tuin^.I ||jiqijg]ht 
 uii|>IWig99fl tiine tQ tell theoi my cpinn^oi^ 
 f* ip4<^t^!br^ug^t mjB on their cpi^t^^ J^^ 
 /<,l)^jfieri|,jra4„fell l^ha^not mcoU(Wei it 
 t'iUfim^ ^ tMr^^pow^ could not hayejiro^ 
 fc^|«6llQd,iqe^ ^atil^ ,w«» imposfible ; ^ Dutch 
 'iMM^rc iLtte^pjted it, but were §ddJon^ 
 "^ire. They likewise told me^ twp Freoch 
 "illwpi W»> the ^Ifty. before we came, been 
 ?nfm9W^ i^Vh gKve tbeip arois apd a^monuui- 
 .^^'jtbq,;!!^^ assured tl^ein of the w^ole.foroe of 
 '^Mftflpico for their protection ag^nst us* 
 f'^ljliffy ^ Jhem •Ifp^.that th^y had dr^ve us 
 /' Jpom St* jUusia, audthat^Qw we wererCpme 
 *' tQeO^TOurfo forf^e i| settlement th^; aj^, 
 " fiotwithajbanding all our specious pretences, 
 '* frhen we had power, we should enslave them ; 
 '/t#ut declared they would trust no Europeans,; 
 *^ diat they owned themselves under the pro- 
 *5j|piptipn of the French, but would as soon op- 
 'VpoiB their settling amongst them, or any act 
 ^tqf force from them, as us, as they had lately 
 "given an example, by killing several^; and 
 *^ithey fiirther told me, it was by very large pre- 
 
 eeS 
 
m 
 
 m^i^roFtllB 
 
 y^i^ *^l|iln; i»iat ti:^ #«bll«4 MNrir «» pi* it in 
 
 "^ l%ey alhisM MhiB to ^ftk Wlidi iMt liM Wu 
 « iiteici>^ tebilsM^. I%is beNi| iUl^MiId 
 ''^t imi thM^, I^dNikliM^ Iftett ^idl #icli 
 ' ^tsMluw A^ bit ^tece oitfiinBd fiM' tbit iltfvlcCt 
 ^%ldi a di^dhiLr^ of tttmob, «iid f«ieiii(i6d in 
 ^ireturn i^ tegnliir %o%8 i^ MMA <^^ 
 ''e^ iMtfd. Ift 1I16 ial^t <fae WiiuMtei 
 
 '* iMfrbdVi^ ^ttftdtted ite«iv^ <^|»tl^ W^l&oi 
 *^ftomibe tibort, I got tinder s«B, niul^tMi tt» 
 
 Sudi 18 the hiMMry of a vd^ iPttie ani'lhufc- 
 I^ Wtt£ni|)il ftrliidii ithljs miufey ittMiei' llis^nMlio- 
 irity of tkte Briiiiak ■govi^meiit^ to dtHtkt p»^ 
 
 Val dr ^H^'yei^ toeceeds^ inili^bidll tti^ no 
 ocd^rrviiie^ to its hiirtttry that ikBMr¥«s Mdlal. 
 'I%e 'COQtiitry contiiitied to 'be l^ It:^ iof sa- 
 <nlgjb lioiitilitits bMweem tfke Nbgrc«» ftnd tbe 
 '^liitdbJss, m #)kich it Is Mif^e^ <tiMit Hifr for- 
 Biearir^rte g;^iier«ny vititodOiu; itii'eerttiiilbat 
 tbtfy prov^ 80 to dkie thd, their ndtnbttis, to 
 l7G3, l>etog computcid at tvifb tbousand ; irfiere- 
 88 of tbe riBd or miti<i)e Ghwraibes, 'there^^vere 
 tm ' Idt (ito hatb afre^y bieiEin obief¥«l) toors 
 tHiin oiie hundred families, abd toost of HHm^ii 
 . I am righdy iafortned, are by^ tbis ttoie exter- 
 
|^AIficwiin|nid«rf |iM» •doptoii noit aC|hiB vA^ 
 Qmittlmil mammn «nd costooit; iMBOQg the 
 ran, Ihf |if«c|iet of (bittniog the lorehe«ds ef 
 tWr i||fiu|t0,Ki dMcribed pn the first part 4>f this 
 VflHc, «ad periHiM it was chlefiy from this fiir- 
 oaa^Amm tNit thef Mqijuied t^ «ppella^o^ c^ 
 the Ueck Chviib^s. 
 
 The first mesSMie of the ^nj^l^ fpv^mmeqt 
 la respe^ t9 thtt is^pld, |i^4he peiice of Pw^ 
 Mil |D' dispoie of thie lends^r-} <|are not si^ tp 
 liie hest i4finti^! for no less thfn 24^000 
 •cm^ W&ag iwM thpm oae-fointb pert of t]^ 
 whole country, were gi«tu|tously assiffie(| over 
 l0> two indinduals.* The reni^'vader was or- 
 iff^d to he soi4 Amt the henefit of the public, 
 4M«4 SilV^S ecus were acoprdingly dispo^ of 
 by enctioa for the sum of 162,854^ lU. 7d. 
 sterlng.t As nearly one-half the country vi'as 
 
 * Mt, flMiiiittii* had twsiiCj dwiauMl aem, ltd Qe- 
 nmtl MsmUIdii fiiw thmiMURd} M Cf9m <he ^ifpniis 
 widdi aftenrtviB aime with the Chanubes« I bdiere they 
 «d«|S.d«if*i4Mii»ha»96|( jfinm MMMe«r«t^ ^l^b %y 
 
 t Xhft Lank of Ihfi Tnpvuy .9s«d n piaimiuD* bd^.w 
 whidk w tei coidd he taM. which was ^ uteriiinf |wr 
 I ifir «««f aoic af fieuad ]ud> and twaply ahiningt 
 iii4»«ad. aad Ihi p>iaciiifa enfidii|ipi^.i>f 
 > I <*ftaii» amy . paanh ppu r ehayW nv^lRirn 
 IMr cart..af jiha wk^ pvpohaaa poanr».Vil^r 
 wift ri^iieafaiiitWag liar tawiilqr the ^ajieiwt ^f si^^- 
 iag the land, and that the remaindir ef ^ m^Hmtiff^ 
 
4M 
 
 mSTQllT OPTte 
 
 
 frtott and sales dnjpitliaMied all tfllhifiMfa, of 
 any kind of value, from one end of tbe iSbkilb 
 dieodier. The commissioiDen indeed wer^i^ifi^ 
 ed not to sonrej or dnpoa^ of anj of ^ lalids 
 inbdiiliBd or daimed bj the CniuailiiA, jmta 
 diey should receive fuviher iustiiiclKmsfioai Ilie 
 croim ; but as it was impossible tb ^M^vtein 
 how hr the claims of these people' otteiiiBl^ the 
 survey alone was postponed, and the ^aloB were 
 soflered to proceed, to the amount tlAtlha^ 
 mentioned; no doubt being entertiahed lly'tie 
 several purchasers, that tfie Bnlfih'goveniineBt 
 would ratify the acts of its oomanosioiien, ind 
 pot'them into pos a c s aion of the lands which 'they 
 had bou^t, without any regurd to the claims of 
 tiie Charaibes; which in troth the purchaiers 
 seem to have considered as of no eonsequeooe 
 orvalidi^. 
 
 Of the measures which the British niinislers 
 afterwards adopted with r^ud to these people, 
 
 aqrahoaUlwMainlliylMM'il to be piM liy «fMl fa- 
 atdmaito in thft space of fve yearn mkI after the 4ate of 
 Oegnuit That «Khp«iclnaeraliMU keep oatiM lands 
 ao hf bin pofchawd, one wkHe waa, or t«ra while wo- 
 ■Mi^ fbr every hnadicd acRa <rf land, aa it bcoune deaied, 
 tor the pnrpoae of cnHhretia^ the aane; orin detellt 
 tfioeof, or non-payneot of th 
 aiMiqf, tlM landa weii to be 
 Sema ti the kadi aeld i ■liniagaallj l%h, •■ Ar^aa^fifly 
 
'^ ^ Sir wiuimn Young, Bart fomided ojii 
 ptperit «nd orunnal oocuments in . ms 
 mioOj and dn^wp up with all tliat cand(^r 
 and ^cppicuit|f wUch/were to have l>m'«^^ 
 I)«:tied ifoip| ito 'i^^i^t ciu^ngui^iei^ chaii^cta' 
 
 As tne subject is no longer interestiiiff to ttie 
 
 Fublic. I neM only observe, that if the clnuhi 
 of the Brituib crown to the sovereigiity of ^ 
 ooumtoy was orig^ and valid,, than I'db 
 
 leaaiiy acknowledge that t^ measures pUrstwd 
 by the British administration to enfoifoe dnit 
 claim, were as lenient and considerate as tbe 
 case could possibly allow: and I was minn- 
 fpnned whep I l^sve a dmerent representation, 
 ^cnartheies^ I will not sacrifice, even on ^ 
 shnii^ of , friepdsfiip, , the dignity of historical 
 naiimtion, by asserting, that, my mend has en- 
 
 tirely Qonvinoed me that the pretepsicois of^ 
 liritain . were oriflnalty fowided oh any' odber 
 pjfia iiian tiial of jwiltioJ ejip^ 
 beie spealung of the .Bntisp claim, .m agtSui 
 the aoMm/ psmmn tf the comHy, m^^pkhk 
 
 Ckmrmbe^, .This daim, no, cession or 
 
 .i"3^ltfe^> 
 
:'?t 
 
 
 JS 
 
 to ti£ q^utral ijliiicti; klTiDG^t if^^ ttib 
 
 ai^B^ uiiiibrmly Ittl 4be^»tiiU^f di^^ ^y 
 rlgli^ in a^ dTtlie td^^^il oT im^ k^t 
 
 ioDfL 'wfid wQuki tckoowledfes nbne/' ^t^ 'liiud 
 
 bv sbipvreck, and held it not only by ng^t^bf 
 copquiat over toe abong^ies, bot auo py actual 
 poaaesapn for near a century. Suco i^as mefr 
 title to; l^t Vincieni 8, and ii woum Bave been 
 oimcuit, r tiu'nk, W ai!^ na'^tfo \n £ul^]pe to 
 
 >:: •^. , 
 
 er. 
 
 iflJ }iiV 
 
 Happily, by tbe {eWpeinal^ counsels aii^ ^ 
 humane interposition of toe civil coin^is&ioners 
 empto]!^ by govern^Eeiit to dispqs^ oftlhe lands, 
 t^KB contest witb ithese pabti^ l(not hoWever 
 until hostilities had been comnienced and maoy 
 
 ffien hoped, of the tonto^ng parties. A.trea 
 of pctee and tnenpsbib w^ conclude with 
 &;in oni Uie jij^& ^ebirpttr^ t^T^; fiie ar^cles 
 
 of 
 
 ha^ 'sobljuni^ in an at(t>e|i(ii^ to t^fs 
 
 By this treafy the situation of the Cbaraibes, 
 
On th0 Idtb of Juner im, St "Viillfiteli^i 
 dbi^ittdiedaMikMI fiit* liT iMt of the BHtiih 
 Weil Ibdiio piMMi^ diet etabwtaikiete 
 
 teMtir^ df tBe iD«(lbli, being t^ 
 
 mA 'My itf ti^ Milk BiitfiUAto, eeh^lftiiig 
 
 ^0% ibttr hoUdted aiM} (1% DMn, i6Dteiitili(ted 
 hf 9L UkmikouiA ih tile Fitoth nn^. Thfe 
 bllNflc t^biHdbes, hoWe^, ttot#itfaBt«yiihg tke 
 
 iuid theire U kid dbtibt that th^ feirbr Wkicti 
 into this Bri^ Inhihlttnts, froib aft appte- 
 tosida tliit thdse ^ple w6i]i^ proceed to the 
 ttost biobdy endnnitieft,tontribBted to tbt very 
 eai^ mmtf %hich Wte bbtained by ^ mva- 
 den; for the itlkmA >ti«hdeHid wi^t a 
 e6r%M. the tttritas df bk^^lkM were fa- 
 ydiuilbleiidiidtheUlahdiMs res'lbi^U the ^o- 
 mtm of OH)M BHtidh b)r ^ |eiiera1 pa^iiS- 
 Tiiiidft 'of 1789. ft bbhfaihe^l lit '^al time H^ 
 dbeiib^tiif^ ftVe^ndf^ ad^ li^ jbefe^, 
 t«ir6 hlMd^ id^ in d^ ibiir h^odyr iii 
 
 "eot^Hfiftylh 4hdigb, Idd fivl^ hiiii^red in ^. 
 
m 
 
 ummsfi q»aw» 
 
 most of it» I believe, oontuuiet io the Mine ff|«^ 
 
 K».th» FpMicli gDverniBinit w tiw oecujop.. w* 
 hedieduced firom thor lUflninoei einLifcllMi^ 
 
 vtotBiR WAS taken of tlMic; nuBoondiicL The 
 Gha)r«it»b, even those who, had he^,]t^ jgiiaft 
 i|Ctiye,iii,^i!ifar,, were penni^ed to retupi pii^ob' 
 fA)ljf,to.the^pqs9eaNonsanc|.oc^p^iQl^ Tj^ 
 were, treated. «s ao ig^KWt and ddiidejd people; 
 as Ol^tif pf oompassion, iifltt of vengeanpe ; and 
 it was prudently and generoyaly agreed* as by 
 CQoioion consent, to l^uiy lilL past pffiaioes jujid 
 causes ,of complaint in, ohU^uni. ^ : ; - .4^ 
 
 St Vincent's contjuns ^i^l ^OOpvjptes, 
 which are every whcnK|.weU watered, t!t#. the 
 
 gO^i^ tlMBintOi;iQec|iite^y^^ however, ,a|i^,||frr 
 
 of |i finep^oiild, oc^n9||;t6^ of ai^ ^!^» wdl 
 
 "^aoDes, ^ ahguijt.as jcnich nMmMsnpp9ifM) to 
 
 ..\JX: 
 
^: 
 
 !f 
 
 iy«lb€lMfilM^>MililitoiMlBdbrif cm 
 
 He iiltiMl, 0r'MiMk*>iMi Briiiib itmloiy 
 fnthb it^ is <liviiled«iiito ftm iMrbtetinf^MilA 
 
 nis bkMm down b tiid^ HurritdM of ftfSOt 
 irhallier It is robttilr I mm nbt inibnMdJ TUtm 
 is one jomi, tMA KiirgMM» the cepMof tfe 
 isliiMi, end thb'saitor its gii«iniiBliitr«ad Qirae 
 viOigb tflit beer the neme of tonns, botlheyiii 
 inooosideniUe hamlets, eoasistiiig eecb of e finr 
 bOlMs only. Itmf\m6 -riJ 
 
 ^ 3Dt the public esteUishmtet that liiaeetitlK 
 gt^ktest honour on St Viocenfs is its celebiaied 
 botanic gsrden, under the provident and well- 
 diiected care of Mr. Anderson. It consists of 
 96 aeres, of which no less than sixteen are in hig^ 
 ddtiiration, abounding not only with almost eveiry 
 species of the vegetable world, which the hand 
 of n^UM has bestbwed on these iskands for use 
 and titeuty, for food and luxuiyy but also with 
 nuyiy valuable exotici firom the East Indies, and 
 Sooth America. If it be surpasied in this latlidr 
 tei|M0t, by the magnificent garden of Mr. Eaal^* 
 it daims at least the honour of seniority, and 
 does Infinite credit both to itaoiigjoal firandetfs 
 aikd'presmit dinsetors. 
 
 **ioi? vi-JnUii, i*:in Janilcs. 8w y. 908.: jioa OO^jir; 
 
m 
 V 
 
 \ 
 
 HMiWMr «PiniB 
 
 niiHiHH i i i ti iiiimm^iimli»,MJVimm^ 
 mm 10 dilbr la va iMptct from qini i M i yi 
 
 «ntrarUi«f fiMi the 4u|y oC 4| fr onAim. 
 TlwniMifiitr III t)y g^t «r till M«^ 
 
 t of iaiMtry^ awl » oompiiigr olartiUory^ 
 MOtJma EagMitf t jmmI a Utok «Mrpifaiiadia 
 the oowitiy— but provided for, with ibt fomuat 
 ^ Ilia firitirii iitahliiiiiint, aad roaiiviiB no 
 mlMot^ pttjf bom tktt iiliiad. Xbe niUtia 
 aOMiaii of tiio nf^mmlM of fbot^ i^rving witt^ 
 lamiMgrofaaykiad. ' .iru^i- 
 
 ti Tbo ttonbar of inhabitoitti oppoftn, Jb^f ibe 
 loH ratoml to govmiiiMot, to be one thouiWKl 
 fiHM! buHdiad and 6fty Wbices, and eloven tbou- 
 nod dgbt^biaidred and fiftyp^throe NagiOtflu > 
 ^r^^Of the labour of tbeio feople 1 bave no 
 fOlb«r'iiMani<<tf ibewing'tbe fttuint» then ftmn 
 4kib loipector 'Genenil'o eocount of (ho eifoffts 
 teiii thilf iibtad Jor 17d7^ ft Mbie of irbi^b» u in 
 ibc qttS'dflbe^otheriikDda^ is mbjoioed* rlatbis 
 ^nbleyrbaiioipHvXoooeeitie it rOempmbaiKN the 
 produce of the several islandf^depOBdont /on the 
 St Vincent government, vti . Beqoia, oontaining 
 3,700 acres.- •Tbiii"littloialaiidii8 'valuable from 
 
ill aooa 
 
 4»rprH 
 
 Mquf^ c«i|iihiiAg iftcMI i^^mf lilt Htf^ 
 
 (ia'nUUfer about 1,400 Mqg^ tljriiti^ in^ 
 diidti kl «ie 11,853 Mttt MMlcM- ^ 
 
 1 • • . • -i :•, ■ I ^- n ., 
 
 • Jbm «rt SlMndM AIM JiMl|i laMli •fPillt J|lj|l% 
 
 of wM^iiiatoBM ■ unto cowba. i ^ 
 
 m. 
 
 a: 
 
 J 
 
 3 
 
 nd 
 
 
 
 : ■:•, ? 
 
 ■MU 
 
uisraamifomrsm^H 
 
 Book III. 
 
 b^h 
 
 I.;.- 
 
 • J. ... ' ; 
 
 .ChristQ 
 Pi i^ i 
 
 ,|^revioui 
 fell und 
 was dffci 
 bythei 
 bniairy, 
 
 that tio 
 many oi 
 tiofee p 
 rious pa 
 nour Q|] 
 people 
 ■ ' t»i 
 
 •J>ot 
 he dilMov 
 twenty da 
 

 tri^ n^iblr^^ 
 
 :.. .. Ul ' J . ' lUM . 
 
 SiCTlON II. 
 
 i* 
 
 m 
 
 .iUVtf 
 
 Ji° 
 
 Jl! 
 
 .Jil:i;;^J<>M« .1.1 J^ Q M I N I C A. ^ 
 
 cm/a ^(ii.l^(ImI^^• ■ -; ^ i^uul 3s?c. .oS viu- . 
 
 Th«. I«liuii^ pr PDminicm was , lo naiaed . by c^p- 
 Christ^pW Colttmbuf/^rmn the cvcuontMice >^vw 
 of i^ b^g discovered by him on a $iuiday.* 
 ,My account of it firill be very bri^,^^ its civil 
 hiftoiy, like that of St. Vincent/is a inere 1>lank 
 previous to the year .1759, when by conquest it 
 fell under the dominion of Great Britain, and 
 was dfterwards confirmed to the British: erown, 
 by the treaty'of peace cottcltided at Paris in Fe- 
 bruary, li69. 
 
 Notwithstanding that Dominica had, until 
 that time, been considered as a neutral island, 
 many of the subjects of France had established 
 coffee pSanitations, and other settlements, in va- 
 rious parts of the coun^; and it reflects ho- 
 nour on the British administration, that these 
 people were secured in thor possessions, on 
 
 • l^oV^nberSd, 14tt». It wu the lint knd which 
 he diMOvered in his Moond voyage, efter haviag bsen 
 twenty days at sea from the CaniriM. 
 
wi 
 
 ^mm w^E 
 
 BOOK condition of taking the oaths of alleg^aocs to his 
 Britannic Majesty and paying a small quit- 
 rent* The rest of the cultivable lands were or- 
 dered to be sold on the same conditions as those 
 of St Vincent, by commissioners nominated 
 for that purpose, odd ikoileM Ihan 04,346 acres 
 (comprehending one-half of the island) were aC' 
 cordingly dispg^ ptpf W94<^* '^^ allotments 
 from fifty to one hundred acres, yielding the sum 
 of 3,1%D92/. 1 }s. Id. sterling money .f 
 
 It ioes not however &pp^>' that the |)arc^^& 
 i^tis ma$ie by British su^6cts have ahmred the 
 esolectatiop qf the bt^ers^ for the l^dh inhf- 
 |»itants of t)6minica cire^stili moi'e nutncAbdi fban 
 the ^n^iisii, atid possess the most vdtidbl6 CoHee 
 ptanWion^tn the .inland, th^ produce ^f wj^ich 
 
 
 :M ,i-rj? 
 
 thereof, wHh conditions in everj leue, ",ti^«t,thepoMe|- 
 ,ior« hie heirs or.sssigps, should pay to biis Klajesiy, his 
 hmSn diMiaem, the satti iti^ uro aiUtllngi mining per 
 ttHiitm, ht^eif icfSo^Iitttf, ttf whidk lite IMM slMild 
 cMMlsif** AM .iarthflTi *' tl«t «h«y tkmM m fHM v 
 4i»jilf«,«C^Mr Im4i* Wllf|9«t,^ «9aff^tor jfpi)qi{«ti(Wi 
 of the.gQW^pof^ or ^omn^ui^er in chief pf thM bland, for 
 the time bein^." This iudu^gepee however did not ex- 
 iitoS to mor« thsitf (hrei htfii^red icm of lind dccmpilM 
 byeid»ft«Mk(N>bjcet ' '^ 
 
 fNo person was allowed to purchase, either in bis 
 -'Saw, «r hiiiha MBie of (ilhesi, latimfc fb»hin. 
 
 itlMn thMa bviidcad asnsj^if in PioiM9i«|i w Qve 
 hundred acres if in Sti Vincent. 
 
 ;rv.U U.3^ 
 
;? ^ 
 
 ttfS9V HIBQSKH 
 
 Mi 
 
 staple. They differ bat litdt, in iimiiiilii^t«^ 
 MMDi^'ifltt nHgli^'^ft^ow the 
 
 i^fhilf fktttish idknds in tte tWest In^ek^ /nod 
 tli#^iiH«tota httve been liidieii0 aplim li/fmsk 
 fiMl^' Itt ^ Maitiiidcoi; to 'the goivenlinent:^ 
 ^i1lfehk^iMl,4i[adti^ the hk#t 66 dmr owd tis^ 
 doDj^lHey kftisider tfalmMelfes to (^amcQsble^.^ 
 
 ^^ I HH sorry bistcifiealjiiitice obliges im tb ob- 
 selH tiiit the liberal condbctf of iflHt Br i liBli 
 g^Areilkiibtti towiinlB thisse peb^ito; after tbey i». 
 emitt idopied snbjeicts; did not nteet #ith that 
 [^btSAil l^(»ti /rond tb^m/^vhkh, fi>rthegeiiend 
 teMltsi <df iMfaltlnd, <Nl^t to be KUgioasly 
 titU&Awd bn twSik oeeasibnis ' ^^ - 
 
 ^ At Hie! ' coiiiineneeineht of 0ie hopeless and 
 deiinietlv«'«yavbeMNi«l Great firittHH aindher 
 OMofeies iix' Nortb>Atii«Eka» the iihttid ofiDbt- 
 iiMci'ivdtf ill i flottrishiiig litiNU^ 11e)xN;t 
 fiftLotkmBi httting b^ ^leelaied a fi^ )poit by 
 act 4il' pivlianenty was inesortid toi^bjr ; mutti^ 
 veiA l i fiN^m^ilib*t'*tMiits of the Ibn^ 
 Indli%># wlAI as^ ftom ,A|neHda»: t The freadh 
 amt S|)iliiird» piiirchasel)^reat numbers ol>Nb. 
 gftMi'tMereftuT' the Supply of their, liettlemtots, 
 together, with vast (|uantitie8 of the merchan- 
 diie^ "iliii'/_ipeii|S^tures "of ^'^reait,^, P'f^N** -'. I???: 
 mentifiwiill ^hiofe ww nil? cbie|y 
 indigo, and cettoDy and completed in mules 
 
 VOL. I. F F 
 
 dun, 
 m. 
 
IM 
 
 UWMBM^mmiE 
 
 iMghbduihiMKli; i«t8>. !bteoming^ /f«ry t ji{ifll^# 
 Moiq|N«fi9Qnnd«iible/imiM)ruaM0f but uMviiw- 
 nateljr it wMititd that ptot•cto^ whpclifidkp^ 
 o(»ldf|^re ksf(Mitte8ii6w fltibiliijit^^ >h 
 
 MkM all* lhe< (acuities Add oMiuos t»CCpim|» Bnb- 
 4aiir^ii«te)fliiBecl0d/towai^i aiMiHa|ipli<»i4niiiliK 
 jMll9il|irtiQii«l«ABisriini| the uttw iUsrapRi wMi 
 urafl swnifesttd bf 4h« tbea adiniiii«^liiii>^ 
 ^M^wdtithe aeeurity of this and tha olhei^ JlqllMh 
 btandB in the We9t IiAdies*; m^ nol perlUlWjfal 
 Inatler of ^urpiise; hut >'tl/^«ill Mva^ he 
 aetrisefy tbelio^ 4hat tho^JpMe^ wg iM yh foioe 
 aHiUBd^diifing thci faieight\of Iha war,).teilha 
 iMi^todilto QfADQBiiiii€a$i iNMBAisMo^oit 11^ 
 Ihaifi six officers and miiety^£aur|Miva4i^>IEhi8 
 ahameful neglebt was ith» moia^ifemailiahliB, as 
 'this. island, from its local 8ituatiQ0,hetiveaii!l4arr 
 itimo(Hand Guadaloup^ b 1km h«|tca|fiulilid of 
 ^rtiMposMBsifms'of OMalBiitaiAiairlJhal pant 
 joHhe mirld, lor sacoriogjlo faorrllie .dofDioiop 
 
 -•rrJlV'" ■*?" JV!' "<» ,' " M ?rt rrvs/i. ■■■<f-i iliv-.v •;<yHl'A il 
 
 * RoMW U itiU a ftee port, but the mtrietioiM wid 
 remiUtioiu of tilw late act are so rigidrttaat Ibrdgiien are 
 
 tiam, ooaiidcr die lawt at a iuaM «» ftk^iti^tlMiii tsitda. 
 
. -H «> 
 
 lU 
 
 oitltoChniihMUiawd iA inbihip* «i«w,i|[|> A|f. 
 lioaeiLaMDoetJU|i0tt*8Bfty^wtMikl^^d^^ J!^ 
 ■lip #ii .i iM l w iw w BK^tthe gtottPfck c 
 
 'tinB.li^,ahi|Niicnafliig' off^tlMl bay,, jani^HHp^ 
 
 It It fbobtUe ihM 4liu< «m1 t|»e otber idr- 
 onalMMMr .^vlnebc I • b«f« K!woimtad# iOMpely, 
 llMLfRoinagi^iiiDqpaityf.olitditr oel9By,^ a^^ 
 
 ■ttHBlinii afj<h» Jfaiiialt laiiiiftti^ 
 aeeiiRiy» had aliMily attiaclailrctlw 
 figplnl'niiKiaaiiieasi ol thfi Fneodi . govfuir, 
 Imi tt m awoned, |hat many 4»f tbe inhir 
 iwitliiB ^faa fioleiiy, i who bid fonnariy 
 baen^ihieaii dTt FuDca^acnipMi not op tba fait 
 wniaiiiian iImk^ImiiiUMks liad liaai fommumwd 
 ift)£Hop«| mlha year^ 1778, to invite aiidMlielE 
 fiPQtt Ifailkiioae. > flroof oftbit maynofeporliapi 
 ttafly be peodMBod, ban tt< ]» eertain Ihal tb^ 
 
 ) 4lttJfQBdiqr>te TtbefiSepiiriBiber, in.that 
 
 gji* Aip» Arae>ifriga»B» and «bQyt.thir^^ tail 
 of amed slee^ and acboonteB, having ion board 
 twotlMiaaiid regdiar teoopBi and a lawless ban- 
 ditti 'ol xvslanlBefs^ about half that iiuiid«r, 
 a|i|iaaied«iQff the island, under the. conu^and^ of 
 the Muquis de BouiU6» goveiTior qC Maiti- 
 
 ff2 
 
w 
 
 -akm^maA OiMMl tf Hm-'9mlik^MkimmA 
 
 4ng. 
 
 <9iiilMenMi| the daei difeatt «f t^ Iriiiidb^— ii 
 la- mMk m liiitiihMiiiiM of iiha ngttliint 
 stitiQiied. ThiiiBrtwai haBJ op^iwitl^ ihiui 
 'IkiMl'imdtid iwt hi ptipiailitJilii i|ii|jhli sur- 
 
 iMrt li d mfiMry 
 
 1^ jtagjiiint •• aiMiy 
 liM'iHtt tbt Mldniiliianft «f ll» Si#^ 
 nwirii at Bojgaa, ia paiiaiiiB^ bytiii Vraach 
 OdlMua %iig ^>>il^ Jiwi Ihliifcrtii larf 
 HiiM %ilb6Bt HflrilttiBBPi' ^at'lftaagii ^Mma^ 
 
 <te«Daa of tlib JMcii iaUbilMila la^biaiiBiii. 
 ■lidl llWlMMilit iatdllft ftMrrk iNniii|klt«biim^ 
 iad' Havkg intonksMl aidi l^atiMlip JfcariinU 
 ditaa#Mt lioia thait oaijiatyy !■*> tialii(iBdLm> 
 
 qfHko up Uie GSBBOn ! v .uot: ;i|iv;; ti tkiUC 
 
 >^^iiiiviBg'i4lMi^'<iiariaillHiiapliteoi^^ of 
 
 ibaD».abdfttiio^<aad N|apibnniaip|kiDr<ilf 
 
 aAd> fliiiie lMiM» lMtt|a(te;H(|ipii{ii^^ 
 tiflte botmles *Mre^ JII'aiMimdiMi; aad.wone 
 ifiaimed. Theivliola.miBiliorof tH^>^lit»did 
 ddt eioMl one hnodrtf anid twea^; tbr but 
 
^ivmnnmoB. 
 
 ^m 
 
 * «-> -^ of ! tko0e th«l mtdev'*^ -'- " 
 
 iionv«ec» until, tb^itlaad hadiorm^ 
 
 ^«^i)M unall force hoivtvtr ttuit ^iw eoUectMH 
 belMM^ whh that spirit and gillantrjF, which 
 give room to lament they were not bettor eup^ 
 peitedt Three ^iBes was the enemy driv^ oat 
 oihPDit Loubiere, of which they had ppstesied 
 ihwiKul lue fW ntheir march> and twice wefe the 
 oilMM which they had hoisted thereon shot 
 aiM|^ nlWr Gonmissary-GeneFal, and forty of 
 their sokKers, were killed^ and Bouill^ himself 
 hadrtitfvery' narrow escape; his sword being shot 
 anag^'fron hisrode^* 
 
 -<^Hifi«t «gsUaiilry was unavailing against such 
 superiority of numbers; ibr about two thousand 
 of tbrFnsBoh having gained possession^ of the 
 hsig|il» above Roseau^ this last circMuistance 
 detsmmed the iUe of the isUmd. The bravery 
 of the inhabitants, however, obtained for them, 
 froUi their libend imd noble-minded conqueror^ 
 vary honoprable terms of capitulation. Besides 
 boiDg permitled to march out with all military 
 hoodnrsy they were allowed to retain their arms, 
 
 '>* 
 
 .M»" 
 
 .,* Gescfi^ BottilH bimidf aftcrwvnls •ffsctcd to lay, 
 tiwt lie iMt no men in the attack of Fort Lonbiere, except 
 tM 'cS»miniyM^-G«naml. The fiwt however wm m above 
 
-«I6 
 
 ummv (ff THB 
 
 MMK tfitftr tNtt" g <W» ntt Hiitn'^«bd m 4^ wiWiteg of 
 
 t0^rtfier?e'tiMr «dnikiiitmttoA' oi-^juitiMHffthe 
 sttneifwnOnito'wlibyA it im^ihm vestid, tnd 
 to enjoy their pouesiions, of wliat nature sbefer, 
 limnoleiled; If'j^rii^lle^ i»bidi #ts eipliteily 
 eitended to ebBont aif ^l^'ib tend^t^pro- 
 pneiofB* 
 
 ^ De Boaill^ liatih|^ thus complete hii coa- 
 i^iMst, departs for Mirtinico ; leevingitheiMar- 
 ijfiiis' DikdiSlieAui <i man of a fkr diiferenttohifwc- 
 i&i^ cothmiikler in thief of Dbmiittica j'^whote 
 tottdbd, daring four yeiurs that he eeitinoM'^n 
 ^< island, is said to have been SO' '^iifflnMbly 
 oppressive Und tyrannical, thatweare'lifl'to 
 wonder at the patient long-SdflMigand fiirlMMr- 
 ance of the pedffle under his govemihent, itf faub- 
 mifting to it fdr ha5f the thne. *^* ^^ 
 
 His first measure was to disarm Ihe^Engli^b 
 inhabitants, in direct violation ofthe csij^la- 
 tioi^ and he entered into a treaty with the ttm- 
 away Negroes for their assistancej/ if 'warited. 
 Reissued oh order, forbidding the Ebglisli'to 
 assemtde toother more than two in a place, and 
 he commanded the sailifiels to -disperse them 
 if they were found togethte in grealerimmbers. 
 He ordered that no lights should be seen in 
 their housei after hike d^ClbdH^ at^ bight, and 
 that no En^ish person, should presume to walk 
 the streets after that hour, without a candle and 
 
w 
 
 ■i? 
 
 JVMariNMiir' 
 
 tMiflitiiig 10. gi oiMiPwd hii^a w ^mmX «|Nr tiMVi 
 teur^ WM dMlvted^ ia tbi^ wUmap^; MiAvtiie 
 MMM wh» kHlcri hlin WM .f»iMd to m Ug^ 
 stMlon in hit ^figM«nt, Jmp hiving ihut (a* the 
 gofiinor Mpf«Med i^ 4oMe Atf 4Mty. « 
 
 So vary ipprehMisive wtt tbb governor that 
 Ihi IngMib inhabilinto were IbiraBiBg designt 
 to^etalie the island, thai every latter of theirs 
 "(NM opaneddor hb intpeetiOB before it aras de- 
 iiaaied. And deeming this meatore iniofficient 
 to* fiimiih him with Jorowledge of their private 
 tiiJBiidtiom, he adopted the practioeof going 
 hiwaelt in diigniie, ' or employing others who 
 hetlir ( knew the £n^iih language^ in order to 
 liaianat^their doors and windows in the night- 
 time^ to the conversation whidi passed in domes- 
 tic interoeurse. v ^ 
 
 nhfHa repeatedly threatened to set fire to the 
 ia#a JofJtoseaM> ^ <Base the island should be 
 attacked ; and though this was never attempt- 
 ad by the English iforcesy yet that town was set 
 fire to (as it was believed) by the French sol- 
 4ien^>aiid there was every reason to suppose 
 that the-^vemor.was privy to it. This 8U|>- 
 position was stroo{^y corroborated by his be- 
 haviour on the night of that^nelancholy scene, 
 at which be himself was present the best part of 
 
 4t9 
 
 •ar 
 
HinfmatcmimE 
 
 wwild not alliwbilw jMiMieiii t^ iMMiii».iiiiM»» 
 
 dred boutat .^^Mise .imNMiaiidi in •r^lnvibpanf 
 Mid «'iV«st quaitti^ of mb iiiei«h«i»di«»' and 
 dibeta iMBoyad, to tba^iftliMi of tiNl hundwd 
 thooaand pooiida iterling. . 
 -'^i WiiUa tiba -irratehed iobafaitanta 5iara> tiwa 
 
 gjEoailiiog under doinaiti«< daspotianv tb^ had 
 Qo.rafouMM fro«ii.<«viUiQuu nVmr itmdaiwca 
 antkaly cot of^ inaonraah, > tbai dMmg .l^ve 
 
 of Dominica |iaa in posiiafliiOa^ of tboHFimabb 
 ifcivttB iiot reaoilail io bffaaof^feati^AQmJM 
 Fianoa, nor v|a: any of ila producO axnortad 
 to that kingdom; but part of it> was aontvin 
 neutval bottoma to tbe Dotcb islai^ of. St 
 Euatatius, before iti capitura by^tfbiiilal Bod- 
 4iey ; and from thence itina exported tftEi^ 
 iand^ under moet ei^vagant .aatpanMi and loss 
 -Io thepropriatocs. ' rnh*i mt ti »/.) 
 '^riQthep parii of their pRkbaw weia aani in 
 -Dotcb iva88el% wbidi wfere^eugagfld vfor tbe pur- 
 pose in England, to iRottKifdam ; and aiiter the 
 breaking ont Of tbe war with the Dutchf tbe 
 produce of Dominica was sei^ under imperial 
 
I0> 
 
 TImw Mjcoiwililtd 
 
 Vm Ain tiiir^^jyr pi—fcrtiaM n<it,'fat 
 ■•ytaee jfatttiof^i thp»wn tup «id ab>ndooid^%^ 
 tlMiftpropitlon. At IflBgA, iMwwfar^ the ingp 
 of Mvaraooe arrived;. itMv i». Hm^bobiIi^^W 
 taiiirj, 1783» Doninicft i^ r a H i fd tf^lki 
 govimiMiit of £i^^uili4) The >9^>iwkkli| ^ 
 
 441 
 
 tiie oounteDeiice of every man, wImmd peia fc i 
 •iparMwe»i mder anr arUtruy gw e m thent, 
 M Mitgkt tiraet • rigjhfe viliwoii'tlieBrilUl 
 (PWiiitiiHOi|> pw^ be-'Odnoehr^" but xeanot bit 
 Mionbed*'" TdC' ndiMiiluili'iiera wnr vnlofed 
 to4ie fill! eBJoymenl ef aheir^ieitMr pmllqp^ 
 under a civil cataUishineiil^ nnhilar to tboM' ef 
 the. other Britiih colomes in tb6 West lodi^ 
 which being hereafter to be described al kng^ 
 il it Mniw ci n a r y l» eqlaiga upoii in this ^lace, 
 Qicepfe to obeerve, that the kgpslative anthori^ 
 of this island; k vested in the eommander in 
 diie^ a council of twelve geMlemen^ apd m 
 miwinhly tof nineleeD melnberstff Hie iJBw oft^ 
 
 V ink^/ 
 
 >r^ft} uiHffny^ m:mi 
 
 is 1,$00<. sterliog, jMyaUe oot of Uie 4|| per ceat datiei; 
 whetli^ he lui« any aJUitiiMi from the eolonbl'ttNembiy, 
 
Humnr^ot fin 
 
 prannt ■tel^M4/pi!odhHl|oiMv>tt'<natltii«y 
 
 MMl'k (Kfkbd into'tw^ |MnakMi./i 'Wketttmm-^ 
 ^MnaM ali 'iMitNDt 'the ««filtil'af ^llit >lilM» 
 mi itiiitiwlcdaiv thd pviilydf St.OMr9ik>bflM« 
 •kodtiMNB lMgu«t« from Prince RttpiriVkw^ 
 Ilii«n iK pointiof 'iuid Oiilte S^.i*id9«rilli 
 idmdfimYAebi^onaB two b»ys^ tir^ vWnniibri^grfi 
 bfty ilo ' tin i ii0rlhi^«Dd^ GlwrloltofiUt< biy ^ ^ 
 
 .fKiilotauiis About ball>a mitofki tengtfi^ iom 
 ClHurl^ttmUs'to RoMmrrivttvuui inartly two 
 iuiioDgi m brtaiMi^ batfliM'lB Miiw.iMuti^4kiiig 
 III ;a^ ««y< iiTegiilir figiira*^ '^ It coatiiiis n^ 
 tiMtt five handled hoesei, exclnaife of the ^el- 
 teges occupied by negiroes. Before its capture 
 by the Frsnd^ it coBteined upwarda of one 
 
 /K.rThit island is twcnfey<4iinevniles'in4eogtb, 
 and mty be reckoned uxteen aules in bMidlh. 
 It contains many hi^ and rugged mountains, 
 interspersed ii4th fine valleys, and in general 
 dley appear to be fertile. Several of the moun- 
 tains contain unextinguished volcanoes, which 
 fit^uebfly discharge vii^t quantities of burn- 
 ing sulpliur. J'rom these moukitains also issue 
 springs of hot water, some of which are supposed 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 to fnmm> pmk virtw in th» ctat of trapM atir. 
 diMMltrm Itt ■ome plaeti tte water ife Mid io , 
 be hot enough to coeyilete an egg.* < wt» 
 
 .DottMso it wett woieied, tbwe beiiig vk^ 
 wardi of thirty fine riven in the itbad, beiidei 
 a gireat number of rivulets. The soil, in most of 
 tbr infterior country, is a light, brown-colouied 
 mould, and appears to have been washed from 
 the ntountaimk Towards the se»«east, and in 
 mtjiy of the valleys, it is a deep, blacky and rich 
 Mtive eacth^ and rieems well adapted to? the cul- 
 tiyadon of all the articles of West Indian pro^ 
 duee. The under stratum is in some pahs a 
 yvUoirw.brick day, in others a stiff terrace^ but 
 the land lis; in most places voiy stony. ; . r ; t ^ 
 I am afraid, however, < that the quanti^ of 
 fertila scH bears but a'veiy small proportion to 
 the whole ; there not being more than fifty sugar 
 plantMions at preseot in cultivation, and it is 
 computed,: [that on. an average, one year with 
 another,, those .fifty plantations do<not produce 
 aniiotlly mora than -three thousand hogsheads 
 
 ■*^H>tii V iifl- 
 
 Tf^jwj: iu^i iHld >i4. 
 
 * Itt tbe wdbdi of DMiinkA lure inntuttciriabk iwtarm§ 
 of beit,^hich lodge te'the U«m« end produce griel qtntt- 
 titiat'Of weaend honey^ both of which era eqnel in gjoiod- 
 nese to tny in itei^ope. It if predaely the seme ipedfie of 
 bee es in Eun^> end most heTc been trenfportjBd thither} 
 the nati?e bee of the West Indies being e smeller species, 
 unprovided with stings, j^ Twry different in its mfinners 
 fromthejtafijp^^;,,,, ,1,;;5, ,.,, 
 
HISBOETOTTHB 
 
 BOOK 9itwgKi. TUsiarcertBhilf ft very small qoiiitity 
 *"* of tinit article for 'sueb an extenilve tekiMf^ 
 even for the nnmber of sugar plaiitaticmtit-)pi«- 
 «Bt imder ciiltivation, allowing only one Iniiidred 
 aoes o£ canes to «8eh. u VvN^it?;/. 
 
 > Gofiee seems to answer better than Sttgar, 
 tiicre being somewhat more than two himdred 
 coflfee! plantations in Dominica, whieh m. fk- 
 vourable years have produced thntemilltODs of 
 pounds wdgjht {n**m 
 
 -iii^A small part of the lands are alio applied 
 to the cultivation of cacao, indi^j and gii^gei^^ 
 but I believe that most ot these articles^ as well 
 aa of the. cotton, which are comprehendiN] In ih^ 
 exports, have hitherto been obtained from tiie 
 dominiaDs of foreign slitBS in South America, 
 and iraportecl into this island under the iree-port 
 law. 
 
 The number of white inhabitants of all de- 
 scriptions and ages^ appears, by the last re« 
 turns to government, in 1788, to be 1,89^; of 
 ;ree negroes, ftc. 445, and of slaves I4|967. 
 Tliere are also from twenty to thirty families 
 of the anient native, or Charfuhes, properly 
 so called. Tbey are a vary quiet, inoffisnsive 
 people, speak a language of their own, and a 
 little French, but none of th^iiib understand 
 En^ish.^^ 
 
 
 
 * A kte writer gltw th* foUowing aceouut of these 
 people : " They are of a dear copper.colo«r« have long, 
 
WEST IMDiBS. 
 
 mn 
 
 -dt 
 
 Stt^'iis i the infofomtioD which I hive i€ol- mft. 
 leetei conoeFniDg theMcivil hUtory-luid praieiit .^^.y/^ 
 tteteridftiDeoliiiica^ for greet part of which 
 I em indebted to a late pubHcatioii-> by Mr. 
 Atwood.* Nothing now remains but to set 
 
 thdt, yJIn^ btlir: ihdr penons are th^it, ftciat, and wch 
 ic^t, bilt t1i«^ disJS^K ih«iir flkes by iuittstiini; tlie|^ 
 mtktkaa ^ Inlliiiejr. They live chiefly By ^ihinj^ ik 
 the rims anr <^^ i^. W By <b4fli^ lU thte Wdt^i; fn 
 both which punuitt they uie their bows and arrows with 
 wvnderfiil dnterity. It is said they wiU IkQI the smalleft 
 bird with an arrow at a great distance, or transfix a fish 
 at a coniiderable depth in the sea. They display also very 
 great ingenuity in making curious wrought panniers, or 
 baskeis, of silk-grass, or the leaves and bark of trees." 
 
 * See the History of the Island of Dominica, by BIr. 
 Thomas Atwood, 1791 . Treating of the natural produe- 
 tions of this island, Mr. Atwood gives the following ac- 
 count of an insect, which he calls tfu vegttablefy. ** It 
 is of the appearance and size of a small cockchafer, and 
 buries Itself in the ground, where it diesj and from its 
 body springs up a small plant, which resembles a young 
 coffee-tiee, only that its leaves are smaller. The plant is 
 often overlooked, from the supposition people have of its 
 t>eing no other than a coffee-plant } but on examining it 
 properly, tlie difference is easily distinguished ; the head, 
 iMdy, and feet of the insect appearing at the foot, as per- 
 fect as When alive." This account is extraordinary } but 
 not more surprising than the Rev. Nicholas CoUins's de» 
 scription, in the American PlUlosophical Transactimts,* 
 of a certain zoopAyton in the Ohio country, which (he de- 
 clares) is alternately vegetable and animal i for having 
 
 * Introduction to Vol. ill. p. S3. 
 
4^ 
 
 mUSIQinr OF THE 
 
 900K fodh the Ipirticulan iand. value of iu produc- 
 tions, which vl shall adopt, as in other cases, 
 from the return of the Inspector Geoierabfor the 
 year 1787. . » 
 
 crawled about the woods in its animal state until it grows 
 iW«K]r of ^t mode of eximnoe^ it fixes ilseUF in. the 
 gro|u|d« fmi become$ a ttaUljfpkuUt wttt a *U)it tciu^flf 
 from Ui mnUh, I glve'these aooounts as I find them> 
 without Touching for the Tencity o| eiUier* 
 
 
 ''::i^-fc-»»W 
 
 .fie>* •?'•,.■*■■*!■. -> > ' itJi f »-, 
 
 
 ., ., ■ 3 
 
 ■!*'1Si?i*iP,-. 
 
 
 
Chap III. 
 
 **^^WB«P' INDIES. 
 
 'm 
 
•i .e.HISfOKf or THE IH^akJ 
 
 ; ■• S c- '-» ' • • ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 *o 
 
 *, 
 
 CHAPTER lit. 6W BOOK II. 
 
 a* 
 
 1 
 
 sr g. 2: 
 
 v« 
 
 Trsaty. of Fmco md Fifendsliip,^c6ded 
 tiMi 17i of Febnury, 1773^ between liit'E^^ 
 leficy ^eneni^DilrylnpIeyV'oD Ihe fkr^bCrHb 
 Britinni^; Mf|j|)Nt^ idd by die Ohie^ o^dbnd 
 Sible, Masiraea, Rabftcca, Micantetf.Bgfren, 
 CSoubamaron JTamixm^ Coldurie^ Cimtcw^bou 
 Qunwaiou, aoid ^int Espuiiol,' for AieAu^dves, 
 aifil the rest of the Chanlbes jof 9i1^ient; 
 
 
 t 
 
 ei 
 
 A^Eir- 
 
 to caue, ttv 
 
 
 » 
 
 Hilt is to say i^ 
 $ i ? r 
 ^"^ 1. ALL iiotf^^procee^gslkre io caue, kid a 
 ** firm and lastiogjpei^e find fiiendshipjto silccee^ 
 
 " e. The Chandbes shall ackiidwle<tge ifps M^sty 
 *' to be tKe rijbtiifl stfVeitign of the isUad lind domain 
 <^or St:yinl^fiintaECair^»aeir of filleli^ to him as 
 "_ ft^ King i promise anolate submislnon |o his will, 
 '< and lay do^ tibiirimil. 
 
 i: — **S. They shaU-aiibinit. themselves to tte kws and 
 
 JLobediea'cc of- ■his-JM!i^^!& governbien^ and the 
 
 " Goveipor Aall have power to enact furdiec regula- 
 
 ■ I §1 :^ ■ ^. ^ ' ^ I --■ 
 
 
 '.It 
 
WBar iMDiB&*4 
 
 4» 
 
 ** tkiMlirllM |Miblk«4fuilage M ihattbe ooQVMm 
 "(Tlut article only ratptctt ikm tranMctiRa* wfk 
 ''likMifMi^tMbJMta^BOtWing IndiaM; their m. 
 ** iM t o — ■ » ami c i Ml o i i i with each odier, ia dMi^aar- 
 ** ten allotted theai, Ml batag aflected by it) And 
 "aM iMW vqjiilatiDM aie to feo«fe hit Majesty^t 
 *' Goieraoi't ^piobatioii before carried into ezecu- 
 
 <* 4. A portion of lands, bcretfter mentioned, shall 
 <* be allotted for the lendence of the Chanubet; viz. 
 ** fitMn die liver Byeia to Point Bspogniol on die 
 ** one nd^. and firom the rhrer Anilibon to P<Mnt E»- 
 <*pagpuol on the other tid^ accordinf to the Knes 
 « to be drawn by his Miyestj's aurveyors^ from the 
 ** aomirae.of die .rivers to the tops of die moantains ) 
 ** the rest of the lands, formerly inhabiled by Cha- 
 - faibes,>iar. the fiitore tobeloi^ entirely to. hip Ma- 
 «jes^. 
 
 « 5. Tbose'tands Aall not be aUenatitd* either by 
 ** sak^ lease, or odierwise, bat persons properly an* 
 
 "fk Roods, ports, battoiiasy and coauminications 
 " diaU be mad^ as his Majes^ pleases. 
 
 ** 7* No andne interooiurso with die Frwch isbnds 
 «shaU be allowed. 
 
 ** 8. Rna-away slaves in the possesrion of die Cha* 
 <* raibes are to be delivered up, and endeavours used 
 ** to diioover and qiprdiend die others; and an en* 
 ^ gsfsmsnt shril be entered inlo^ not to encourage, 
 <* receive, or harbour any skve whatever : die forfeiture 
 ** of lands shall be the penalty for harbouring staves; 
 ** and cunying them off the island shali be conridered 
 '* as a capital crime. 
 
 VOL. I. O 6 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 in. 
 
mSIORT OF'tOS 
 
 
 ' «' 9.< PttWDs gvity of capM dnmM iiriBrt tfa«- 
 "Si^Hb are tvbe diKveifed vp. 
 
 « 10. Ib tiiDe of dnser, tiM CbnnibM «ImU lie 
 ««i^iri|jpind aatfMiiig to Us M^eflty^ talgacli agabist 
 
 « 11. The divee dMM tonMMM to hh Mijealy. 
 ** 19. All ceM|Mndet ind' ploto ^^Mmt hit Ma- 
 '* jesty, or his govenunen^ are to be made known to 
 ** his Oo^emor, or other dnA i uagirtiate« . 
 
 " 13. Leave ^ le q uh ed) it pmm to tiie Charaibes 
 " to depait tiiis wlaiid, ^mth dieir fionilies and proper- 
 ** ties, and ■ ■ aiat M K e in thdrtianepoitlioa. 
 
 ->-^ 14. Free acceta to the «paitteni allowed to the 
 " Charaibce is to he gntm to peraoas pn^terly ea»^ 
 ** poweiM to go in pwanit of ran-nway slaws^ and 
 ** safe condoet affimled them. 
 '^^ 15. Deeertan from his Majes^s sertice (if any) 
 ** and nm-away slares from iBb» French, shall be d«- 
 ** Uvered np^ in order tint dwf may lie ralnroed to 
 " Hieir masters* 
 
 ** 16. The chiefii of Ae ^Btterent quartmrs are to 
 " ipender an necoont of die names and nnmber of die 
 ** inhabitants of their lesp e cd fc districts. 
 '■■^ « 17. The chieft wd other Chaiaibea, inhabitants, 
 are to attend the Governor, whenever required, for 
 his Majesty's senrice. 
 ** 18. All po88iK4e fedlity, «oonatent vradi die laws 
 ** of Great Biitam, b to be aiibided to the Charaibes 
 ** in die sde of didr pmdoce, and in dmr trade to the 
 '' difieient British isbnds. 
 
 " 19. Entire libaty cf fidiii^, as well on die coast 
 ** of St. Vincoit's, as at die ndghLooring keys, is to be 
 " allowed them. 
 
 « 
 
 « 
 
u 
 
 ^ !; »*,^^ ^i» all. caset^ wh«D t^ Churai^t conceive 
 *VUiepif fives injured fc^.^^ >f/^sty>^otI^i^ Hubjccta, 
 ** or other personi, and are desiroiu ojf hfvi^g refer* 
 ence ta |t^ Ipwit^ior, tyUie dyil ^^a^istratea, an agent, 
 " bfijpg one jOf .hVl Majes^s natural bora subjects 
 " may be emplojed by theniselves, or if more agree- 
 « able at YA^M^t^f* <;9<rt. j.s^^^, oQ • 
 
 "81. No strangers, 9r ^hite j^rsras, a^ to be 
 *' allowed to settle )|iiioqg.|he Charaibes, wit|^ut per- 
 mission first obt^ffdl i|i -ivritiDg frbmr^ie Glqife;7ior. 
 
 "8d.,,Xf)efe.'fr|^|e<| ^bscribed to and ollMerved, 
 the Charaibea,^e't(>.)b!it pardoned, secufefi),jand fixed 
 in f^^fufijjt^^ fi^jcordingto hi8.>ti^e«tyf d^^ 
 '' Uons giy^^jiftnii^ i|ll^|^t^t.:^ence8 fo ., i ^ 
 
 " 83. Aft«i;.,|^^|Hi|^iiig of this treaty^ shojuld any 
 ** of the Charaibes refuse, to observe the condition of 
 " it, they are to b«;Coq^i<i^red and treated as enemies 
 t* by both parties,. l^1d,|he most effectual means used 
 " to^educe them. , ^ 
 
 *t OA. Tita r'.li«i«;iuM 
 
 tt 
 
 It 
 
 u 
 
 ■'r^i'»>in/' ** 
 
 84. Th^ (^haraib^ sj^all take tiie fbliow|tfg padi ; 
 
 VIZ. 
 
 ;{!?■ 
 
 ^s%' 
 
 " We, A. B. do twear, in the name of the im- 
 " mortal God, and Christ Jesus, that we will 
 ** bear true allegiance to his Majesty George 
 '< the Third, of Gseat Britain, France, and 
 " Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c.j 
 " and that we will pay due obedience to the 
 '' laws of Great Britain, and the Island of St. 
 , " Vincent; and will well and truly observe every 
 " article of the treaty concluded between his 
 .'' said Miyesty and the Charaibes ; and we do 
 " acknowledge that bis said Majesty is rightAil 
 " Lord and Sovereign of all the Island of St. 
 
 C G 2 
 
 
45t 
 
 *^ 
 
 hi 
 
 UISIOftT OF TUB 
 
 <* Vincent, and that die luuli held by lu the 
 <* Chanibes ara giifited through his Majesty's 
 '^claiBtacy. 
 
 «* On the part of Ml Majeity, 
 
 ''W.BalryiDple. 
 
 M 
 
 Od the part of the Charaihet, 
 
 << Simon, 
 
 " L«Ume» lenior. 
 
 ''' BaHamont. 
 
 MJuitinBailamont, 
 
 " Matdrien, 
 
 "Jeea 
 
 *'X>albiitBcfot^ 
 "^BognrdeU, 
 
 «Chatoy€r, 
 
 « Doaeiie Baiaawot, '< jMn Lomi Pacqnm, 
 
 <<LBfiBM»jiinior, 
 
 <*Broca, 
 
 «S«oe» 
 
 *< Frangdt Laron, 
 
 "BamtLaron, 
 
 "AuMtle, 
 « Clement, 
 "Bigott, 
 
 «< Gadil Ooiban. 
 
 " John Baptifte, 
 
 •'Lonen, 
 
 '• Bojiidooy 
 
 MDuVaDett, 
 
 ^Bouchaiie, 
 
 "DeruhaBabilliard, 
 
 "Canaia." 
 
^^¥PST INDIBS. 
 
 CHAPTER It. 
 
 Leeward Chanabem Island Gaoem me n i, canfirtr 
 holding St. Chmtapher't, Neds, Antigua^ 
 MontMrrat, and the Virgm Itbmds. — Chil 
 Histoiy and Geogrtgf hied Deacr^itum qfeach, 
 — Tabk rf ^JFporfs Jijm «sc& Idand for 
 1787 ; and an Account of the lUffnaf ariting 
 from the Duty efFour and a h^per Cent, 
 
 ^^hiervations concerning their JkcUne ; an4 
 a short Account of the Isjandi rf Bermdat 
 and the Bahamas, 
 
 im 
 
 '>A 
 
 The British Leeward Islands, since the year 9^^* 
 167S, have eoni|t;itated one distinct govenuncatj; 
 the governor being s^led Captain General of 
 the Leeward Charaibean Islands. He visits each 
 occasionally, but his chief seat of residence is 
 Antigua ; die government of each, in the absence 
 oi the governor-general, bebg usually adminis- 
 tered by a lieutenant-governor, whose authority 
 is limited to that particular island, and where no 
 lieutenant-governor is appointed, the president of 
 the council takes the command. I shall treat 
 of them separately, and afterwards combine, in 
 a concise summary, those circumstances which 
 are common to them all. 
 
m 
 
 HlSTORlr OP ttts 
 
 BOOK 
 III. 
 
 ■ it ■ 
 
 Their civil history will be short; for b this 
 part of my sobject I have but little to add to the 
 recital of Oldmixon, and other writers, who have 
 preceded me.; a^d wbe^ oovelty is wanting, 
 brevity is indupensibly requisite. 
 
 
 i\ I 
 
 ■*r* 
 
 SSCTION I.< ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 Tiifif island of St; Chrhitbpher Wis called by its 
 kncient po»essor^/th6 ChahtiMs, linfy^a, or 
 the F^e Isl^nd.^ It was ^coi)ered in No- 
 vember, 1493, by Columbus bi^jse#, wbb was so 
 pleased with its appearance, that he honoured 
 it with his "dwn ehrb^aii name. But it was 
 neithei^ planted hor possessed by the Spaniards. 
 tt was, however, (ndtwithstanding that the gene- 
 tied 6pinion ascribed thef iionour df seniority to 
 BariMdo^s) the eldest of >alt the British territo- 
 ries in th^ West Indies, andj in truth, the coni- 
 m<6b mother both of the English MA French 
 settlem^ts in the Charaibean islands. The fact, 
 lis related by an historian,* to whotse industry 
 and Ichowled^ I have i been so Urgely indebted 
 in my account of St.Vinfcent, was this: "In 
 the number of those ^ntlemen \^'fao atcompa- 
 
 rj:)!dw 
 
 * Dr. John Campbelll ^ ' 
 
 
. WEST INOIKS. 
 
 tiled .CBpteio Roger North, -n • voyage to Su- 
 naam, was Mr. Thomas WAmer, who inaking 
 4Ui acquaiatanco there with Captain Thomas 
 Baioton^ a very experieooed seaman, the latter 
 suggested how much easier it would be to fix, 
 «ndi preserve ia good order, a colouy io one of 
 the smatt islands, despised «nd deserted by. the 
 Spaniards; than on that vast country, the con- 
 lioent, where, for want of sufficient authority, 
 all things were fiiHeo into confusion; and he 
 partieularly pointed out for that purpose tiie 
 island of St Christopher. This gentleman dyin^ 
 Mr. Warner returned to England in 1620, re- 
 solved to put his fneod*s project in execution. 
 He accordingly associated himself with four- 
 leen 6ther persons, and with them took his posr 
 sage on board a ship bound to Virginia. From 
 thenoe he and his companions sailed from St. 
 Christopher's, where they arrived in January, 
 1623, and by the month of September following 
 had raised a good crop of tobacco, which they 
 proposed to make their staple commodity." It 
 has been shewn in a former chapter, that tiie 
 first actual establishment in Barbadoes took 
 place the latter end of 1624. 
 i^if;By the generality of historians, who have 
 treated of the a0airs of the West Indies, it is 
 asserted that a party of the French* under the 
 command of a person of the name of D'Esnam- 
 hue, took possession of one part of thb island^. 
 
 m 
 
 CHAV. 
 IV. 
 
456 
 
 HIHIQEY 09 TH£ 
 
 BOOK 
 
 ni. 
 
 00 tbo Mine day that Mr. WanMf ludtd on the 
 other; but the truth is, that the fint Uoding 
 of Waroor and hit atiodatM happened two 
 years before the arrival of D'Esnamboc ; who, 
 it is admitted by Du Tertre, did not leave 
 France until 1615. Unfortunately, the Eng- 
 lish settlers, in the latter end of 16S3, had 
 their plantations demolished by a dreadful hur- 
 ricane, which put a sudden stop to their pro- 
 gress. In consequence of this calamity, Mr. 
 Warner returned to England to implore suc- 
 cour ; and it was on that occasion that he 
 sought and obtained the powerful patronage 
 and support of James Hay, Earl of Carlisle. 
 This nobleman caused a ship to be fitted out, 
 laden with all kinds of necessaries. It was 
 called the Hopewell ; and arrived at St Chris- 
 topher's on the 18th of May, I6fl4; and thus 
 he certainly preserved a settlement, which had 
 otherwise died in its infancy. Warner himself 
 did not return to St. Christopher's until the 
 year following. He was then accompanied by 
 a large body of recruits, and D'Esnambue ar- 
 rived about the same time ; perhaps the same 
 day. This latter was the captain of a French 
 privateer ; and^ having, in an engagement with 
 9 Spanish galleon of superior strength, been very 
 roughly handled, he was obliged, after losing 
 several of his men, to seek refuge in these islands. 
 He brought with him to St. Christopher's about 
 
VEST INDIES. HI 
 
 thirty hardy vetmrans, tad they were cordially chap. 
 reoeived by the £og|iib> who appear al thia time 
 to have been uader loine appraheniiona of the 
 Charaibet. Hitherto Wamei'i first colony had 
 lived on friendly termt with these poor aavagee, 
 by whom they were liberally supplied with pro- 
 vittons: but having seiied on their lands, the 
 consciousness of deserving retaliation made the 
 planters apprehensive of an attack, when pro- 
 bably none was intended. Du Tertre re- 
 lates that the French and English receiving 
 information of a projected revolt, concurred 
 in a scheme for seising the conspirators .be- 
 forehand. Accordingly they fell on the Cha- 
 raibee by night, and, having murdered in cold 
 blood from one hundred to one hundred and 
 twenty of the stoutest, drove all the rest 
 from the island, except such of the women 
 as were young and handsome, of whom, says 
 the reverend historian, they made concubines 
 and slaves. Such is the account of a contem- 
 porary author, ^ Du Tertre, who relates 
 these transactit iih perfect composure, as 
 founded on comiiion usage, and not unwarrant- 
 able in their nature. He adds, that such of the 
 Charaihes as escaped the massacre, having given 
 the alarm to their countrymen in the neigh- 
 bouring islands, a large body of them returned 
 soon afterwards, breathing revenge; and now 
 the conflict became serious. The Europeans, 
 
458 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 BOOK however, more from the superiority of their wea- 
 pons, than of their valour, became conquerors in 
 the end; but their triumph was dearly pur- 
 chased; one hundred of their number having 
 been left dead on the field of battle, i < 
 >-»: After tfab exploit, which Dn Tertre calls a 
 glorious victory, theCharaibeis appear to have 
 quitted altogether this and some cf the smill 
 islands in the neighbourhood, and tp have re- 
 tired southwards. The two leaders, Warner 
 and D'Esnambuc, about the same time, found 
 it necessary to return to Europe for die purpose 
 of solicitiog succour from their respective na- 
 tions; and bringing with ttiem the name of 
 conquerors, they severally iqet with all possible 
 encouragement. Warner was knighted by his 
 somerei^, and through the interest of his noble 
 patron sent back as goveiiior in I6fii6 with four 
 hundred new recruits, amply supplied with 
 necessaries of all kinds; while D'Esnambuc, 
 under the patronage of Richlieu (the minis- 
 ter of Fiance) projected the establishment of 
 an .exclusive company for trading to this an<l 
 some of the other islands. That minister con- 
 curred with D*£snambuc in opinion, that such 
 an ins^tution was best adapted to the purposes 
 of commerce and ccdiwization ; — an erroneous 
 conclusion, which D*£snambuc himself had soon 
 abundant occasion to lament; for the French 
 in general either misunderstood or disapproved 
 
 . I'wifii 
 
l^^flNTii^' 
 
 4M 
 
 tlie^p^ect. Subscriptums caitie itf' reluctantly, 
 aind the ships vtrhrch the iae^ cbm^hy fitted 'btlt 
 oh'^thSs'obcasitih, trei^ so wretchedly supplldi 
 wi^h ^prbirisidtis atid nticlBSSaries^ that of GOt 
 hund^d and thhty-tvro recraits who sailed fi-om 
 FrariceSwith D'Estiambuc, in- February, 1627, the 
 grMteir pkit perished niisierably at sea for want 
 
 ^^ Thd En^i^li rtccived ' tW^ siit^ 
 cbiyii)assi6n and kindness; and fo^ presenting 
 tfo^tests iii^ftibire about their r^pective limits, 
 tH^ cOitimahders of each nation agreed tO divide 
 the ^hW^ island pretty equally between their 
 follow^^raf. A fireaty of pi&rtition for this purpose 
 ^s rfedttt^fed td writing,' 'and signed, with many 
 ftirmyitSck, onfthe third of May, 1627; itcoin- 
 pi^hbtided aho a league defenMve and offensive ; 
 but this alHancc proved of little avail against 
 the Spanish invasloti hi l6S9, the; circumstances 
 whci?eof r have elsbWherfe related.* Yet surely, 
 unjustifiable as that aitack inay ht deem^^, if 
 the dondiiet'df tlic! n^w skttiWs tbwai^^ the Cha- 
 liibes niras stich' iis Dii "t ettiie irelatfe^^ we halve 
 but little cause to lament over- the miyeriies whiiqh 
 WeM them. The mind ciintts in the ehastise- 
 idhent of crtielty, even wheili'the instrumetifc^ 6( 
 vengeance are ii:^ criminal as the objectb of 
 punisbnleni^.' 
 
 lli irUJ 
 
 n-'-u 
 
 -{HHhL 
 
 i 
 
 OBAF. 
 IV. 
 
 .1 K.I I 
 
HISXOILY OF THE 
 
 BOOK 
 III. 
 
 It may now be tboag|bt tbtt ttiose of the two 
 nations, who survived so destructive a storm, had 
 learnt moderation and forbearance in the school 
 of adversity; and indeed for some years ibey 
 appear to have lived on terms of good nei|^ 
 bourhood with each other ; hot at length na- 
 tional rivalry and hereditary animosity were 
 allowed their full influence, insomuch tfaa^ for 
 half a century afterwardf, |bis little island exhi- 
 bited a disgusting scene of internal contention, 
 violence, and bloodshed. It is impossible at this 
 time to pronounce with certainty, whether the 
 French or the English were the first aggrossoiTB. 
 It is probable that each nation would lay the 
 blame on the other. We are told that Ui the 
 first Dutch war, in the leigp of Charles II. the 
 French king declaring for the United Statei, his 
 subjects in St Christopher's, disdaining an in- 
 glorious neutrality, attacked the English plan- 
 ters, and drove them out of their possessions ; 
 which were af^rwai^, by the treaty of Breda* 
 restored to them. In 1599> in consequence of 
 the revolution which bad taken place in Eng- 
 land the preceding year, the French planters in 
 this island, declaring themselves in the interests 
 of the abdicated monarch, attacked and expelled 
 their English nei|^boors a second time, laying 
 waste their plantations, and committing such 
 outrages as are unjustifiable among civilized 
 nations, even in a time of open and avowed 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 4<t 
 
 hoftility. Their conduct on this occasion was 
 deemed so cruel and treacherous, that it was 
 assigned by King William and Queen Mary 
 aoaoDg the causes which induced them to de> 
 clare war against the French nation. £ven for- 
 tune herself, inclining at length to the side of 
 justice, from henceforward deserted them ; for, 
 after they had continued about eight months 
 sole masters of the island, the English, under the 
 command of General Codrington, returning 
 in gireat force, not only compelled the French 
 inhabitants to surrender, but actually transport- 
 ed ei^teen hundred of them to Martinico and 
 Hispaniola. It is trae that reparation was 
 stipulated to be made them by the treaty of 
 Ryswick in 1697; but war again breaking out 
 between the two nations in 1708, the French 
 planters derived but little advantage from that 
 clause in their favour. They had, however, in 
 1705, the gloomy satisfaction to behold many 
 of the En^ish possessions again laid waste by 
 a French armament, which committed such 
 ravages, that the British parliament found it 
 necessary to distribute the sum of 103,000/. 
 among the sufferers, to enable them to re-setUe 
 their plantations. Happily, this was the last 
 exertion of national enmity and civil discord 
 within this little community ; for, at the peace 
 of Utrecht, the island was ceded wholly to the 
 English, and the French possessions pub- 
 
 CHKt. 
 
 IV. 
 
4€i 
 
 HISTORY aF TUB 
 
 spo^ licly. sold. ipr the benefit of the English gO) 
 J^ vernment.: In 4753, 80,000/. of the moqiey was 
 appropriated as .ft marriage portion witli. the 
 princess Anne» w)tu> was betrothed to the PriiMce 
 of Orange. Sonie few of the French piaqt^inr 
 deed, who consented to take the oaths, were na"* 
 tunilii^ed, and permitted to retain their estates. : 
 Such were the ori^n and progress of tbe| 
 British (Bft^blisbment in the island, of St. ChrijS- 
 topher* . The circumstances wiu^h attended the 
 French invasion in the beginning of 178S, when 
 a gftrrisoB of IjBSs than one thousand effective 
 m^n (including ihe militii^) wasattacked by eight 
 thousand of the best disciplined troops of France^ 
 supported by a fleet of thirty-rtwo ships of war ; 
 the consequent surrender of the island, afiber a 
 most vigorous and noble defence; and its resto- 
 ration to Great Britain ^y the general peace of 
 1.783, being within every person's recollection,, 
 need not be related at large in this work. I shftU 
 therefore conclude with the folLpwing particulars, 
 which I presume are somewhat less familiar ; to 
 the general reader, and their accuracy may be 
 depended on. , 
 
 St. CbristO|iher lies in 17*" 1^ north latitude, 
 and 63° 17' west longitude; it is about fourteen 
 leagues in circuit, and contains 43,7fi6 acres of 
 land, of which about 17,000 acres are appro- 
 priated to the growth of sugar, and 4,000 to 
 pasturage. As sug^r is the only commodity 
 
WEST INDIES. 
 
 4«S 
 
 of any accouDt that is.raisedy except profisions chap. 
 and a little oottoo, it is probable, that nearly 
 one half the whole island is unfit for cultivation. 
 The interior part of the couiUry conasts indeed 
 of oiany rugged precipices, and barren moun- 
 tains. Of these, the loftiest is Mount Misery 
 (evidently a decayed volcano) which rises 3,711 
 feet in perpendicular height from the sea.* 
 Nature, however, has made abundant anricnds 
 for the sterility of the mountains, by the fertility 
 she has beston^ed upon the plains. Ko part of 
 the West Indies that i have seen, possesses even 
 the, same species of soil that is found in St 
 Chrbtopher's. It is in general a dark grey 
 loami so light and porous as to be penetrable by 
 the slightest application of the hoe ; and I con.- 
 oeive it to be the production of subterraneous 
 fires, the blank fernj^ous pumice of naturalists, 
 finely inccrpor&ted with a pure leam, or virgin 
 would. The under stratum is gravel, from 
 eight to twelve inches deep. CUiy is no where 
 found, except at a considerable l^ght in the 
 mountains. 
 
 * There is an immense crater on the top of this moun- 
 tain* tha bottom of which is nearly level, and supposed to 
 contain 50 acres, of which seven are covered with water; 
 the rest are clothed with high grass and trees, among 
 vrhich the mountain cabbage is very conspicuous. From 
 the crannies or Gssuras of this crater still flow streauis of 
 liot water, which arc sitronjJy impregnated with sulphur, 
 alum, and vitriolic acid. 
 

 UISVOEY or THE 
 
 BOOK 
 
 By w|ia| prootM nimss^ tbo joil which I 
 have mentiaiMd hecomes mora ««peeMlly iintad 
 
 todle nrodwcttMi of nuBr thHi anv othtr io 
 the West Indies, it is neitber within my pro- 
 vince nor nbility to esplnin. The ciraim- 
 stuiee, however, is unquestionnUe. Canes, 
 planted in particular spots, have been known 
 to yield 8,000 lbs. of Muscovado sngiir fiooi a 
 sin^ acre. One gcntleaian, in a fitvourable 
 season, made ^400U». or four hogdieads of 
 sixteen cwt each per acre^ on an average return 
 of his whole crop. It is-nol however pretended, 
 that the graator part, or even a very large pro- 
 portion of the cane land, tfaroughoat the island, 
 is equally productive. The geneial average 
 prodnce for a series of years is 16,000 hogdieads 
 of sixteen cwt which, as ooe-half only of the 
 whole cane land, or 8,500 acres, is annually 
 cut (the remainder bang in young canes) 
 gives nearly two hogsheads of sixteen cwt per 
 acre for the whole of the land in ripe canes; 
 but even this is a prodigious retom, not equal- 
 led I imagine by any other sugu- country in any 
 part of the ^be. In Jamaica, thou|^ some 
 of the choicest lands may yield in favoumble 
 years two hogsheads of sixteen cwt per acre ; 
 the cane land which is cot annnally, taken al- 
 together, does not yield above a fourth part as 
 much. 
 
 I am informed, however, that ihe planters of 
 
WEST'INDmS. I 
 
 St Ghristophaft fiei «t « 'gidat ^xpinse for 
 manure; thai.MBf'nBwr cut rtitomckom^;* 
 and jUthoiigh dMie is ino liram 9n< tbe :cotiitry 
 of springi ao4 lifillata for tb« si^fnrt of tho 
 inhaJhitiuitB, tMr plantations m^ muebio di^ 
 wcalber« as the sabfttratom does not long retaiii 
 aBoistoFe.t 
 
 This island is divided into nine porisbes» and[ 
 confabs four towns and hamlets, vis. Bassetemr 
 (the present capital, as it wasformeily that of 
 the Ftendi^ containing about 800 houses,) Sand^ 
 Poin^ Old Road, and Deep Bay. Of these, the 
 two first are ports of entry, established by law,* 
 The fortifications consist of Charles-Fort, and 
 Brimstione-HiU, both near Sandy-Point; three 
 batteries at Basseterre, one at Figtree Bay, an-' 
 odier at PAlmeto-Point, and some smaller ones 
 r^f no great importance. 
 
 »: The proportion which St. ChristopherVi con- 
 tributes with the other islands, towards an ho- 
 nourable proviftioo for the Governor General, 
 is 1000/. currency ^omiimi; which is settled* 
 on him by the assembly immediately on his ar- 
 
 * JbrtOM oAnes are thooti firom old rooti« m will be 
 folly espleined hereaftsr. 
 
 t The woods on the moncteinoas put of thit idand 
 haibovr abundance of a small species of monkey, iroopa 
 of wUeh frequently come down to devour the canes, and 
 do iBOooceivable mischief . 
 
 VOL, I. H H 
 
uumNtir](viiiF. 
 
 •SP 
 
 mvftl»^^«iHa>tmiibwidai tonoB 90901111014 tad in 
 
 ,ir(fiMb)illiiid !miiBo::tliii goitenHMni lMi><» 
 30pu«te«ppcB,'aiid «ick!of>lkei*«i taftmbl^v 
 oeuhooift/tqf tiqpufitnlMui;^ >I»«Si(Ghmtb^ 
 pha^a tlK>raauiigil<4hoBkl: coiisaiMof ten niain*^ 
 hen, but it is seldom that more than aaven^^are 
 piMent> ' The hbuae of asiait^Iy is obmpDSad of 
 tiveflitjMiMir < leprasanlatiTcs^ of whom ilfteen 
 vaka ra ^^iMium. \. The reqoiiile qiialificatio& 
 iaii fiaehold of ^forty acres of > iland« ov^a iiause 
 worth £arty /pounds a year. , Ot tha^ vloctDia^ 
 4he,{<|aaUfieatioD is a freehold of ten poiindl^ 
 
 •9*>i^The GoteriKNr of tius, aad'th^ other islands 
 iQi tbeaame goyemraent, ischancettor-hj Ims 
 office,. and in St ChristopherV sits alonea A(^ 
 tempts have been made to-: join aooie of the 
 councU with him> as inBarbadoesf; Jbn^ hitherto 
 without success, the inhabitantt ^choosing'^ia'-, 
 that to sabmit to the eipenae WBd^ delay «f fol- 
 lowing the' chancellor to Antigua^ than saffer 
 tha inconvcniency of having on the chanoery 
 bench judges, some of whom it is probable, from 
 thdr situation and connections, may be interested 
 in the event of every suit that may come beAire 
 .them. .:,.^: .^.^,,. 
 
 In this island, as in Jamaica, t^e junsdiplioa 
 of both the King's Bench :and Common Pleas, 
 
wnsf' 
 
 m 
 
 i^thtoiRroMwp€iior'«oiBl«>i*biBriajiMicb;»fe aum 
 
 adminisliefed by* a^dM^jutlkii vbA font pmtlit 
 judges. 3)lw olM'«i«|ipiiiilBd)b|r llit«rtwki, 
 thtiotMfv hf tfwi^itmter iat^tlm jd«|fe nitaie, 
 anlAttlMy «ll hoU ibmri^mBoamoM dtiHig pl«th 
 suv^ Thb suffice: «if: chief jadgBiitHroMb tboiilri 
 600l.jfer4inmm, The emoluments of die as^ 
 sistant judges are trifling. 
 
 like present number of vhite inhalntants is 
 computed mt 4,000, and taxes are levied on 
 S6,000 negroes ; and there are about three hun- 
 dred blacks and mulatto^ of free condition. 
 
 As in the other British islands in the neigh- 
 bourhood, all thfe i^hit^ meb from the age of 
 sixteen to rixty are obliged to enlist in the mi- 
 litia, v8ii4; in ^ island th^^ serve without |»y. 
 Th^y, form tworegunents of ioQt, although the 
 whoIt)noiiiber of ^fiBCttve men in each regiment 
 seldom exeee^l throe hundred ;,, biii thieire is 
 likewise a company of free blacks, and this, be- 
 fore ihehMe war, oenstituted the whole of the 
 mititary force'; witibin the island; the British 
 government refusing to send them troops of any , 
 kind. 
 
 mOf the wisdom of such conduct in Great 
 Briiein, the reader will be able properly to 
 iudge, when be is told^ that the natural strength 
 of tMa iriandi- from the conformation and ine^ 
 qualitieB of its surface, is such, that a garrison 
 of two thousand effective troops, properly sup- 
 
 H H 2 
 
 LT. 
 
HisTCmy or thb 
 
 mm plied #Mi tamidkiitiliii and proiriMoiis, would m 
 all liuitottii* (Midbabiliff hivs^raiidMed itlm^^ 
 niMe to the formidftlile invanoD «f 178S. 
 
 f With^Christophei's surrendiBrad also the 
 iskuid of Nevis; from which it is dhridedmdy 
 by « small channel, and of which I shall now give 
 some aeeoont 
 
 nmatr 
 
 ... «««f^A/«.,»,,Sil'CTIQN II. 
 
 4fD v 
 
 • , ..1 1 
 
 .A 
 
 N £ V I a 
 
 TUu beautiful little spot is nothing niol« than 
 a' shigle mountain, risbg like a'eonelil'lli ci^^ 
 asdent from the sea; this ciniumfeitfliM^ of Iti 
 iMise not exoeediiog dgjbt Enj^lish letfguei. ^If 
 is generaliy believed that Coldmhiis bealOliMid 
 oh it the appellation of Nkvet, or T%e SMi, 
 from its resemblance to a mountain of the same 
 niime in Spain, the top of nirhich is co^ersd iHth 
 snow ; but it is not an improbable conjecture, 
 that in those days a white smoke Was seto to 
 issiiefrokn tiie summit, whidh at a distanced bad 
 asnOW'-like appearance, and that it rather di?- 
 rtved its hfiiiie from rhenee. That this iiAand 
 Was produced by some ^Icanib explosion, 
 there can be no doubt; for there is a hollow, 
 
inta[riNDiB8.K 
 
 V «itlv, naar til* BiimiiiH^ «litt 'Vkibl^ omt. 
 
 aowmiiM > hot •pwBgitttiiiglyiiiiipiMjjyialid Willi 
 sulphur ; wad sulphur is ftequeotly found in snb- 
 sluiee) ih thr-nfligbkiouiin§igiillitS'«iKi ttfities 
 
 . ^ The coiintry is well wfttetad, and the knd in 
 general fertile, « smell proportion lownnis /lh|e 
 summit of the island eicepled, >hieh ensw«n 
 however for the growth of -ground proTisions, 
 wch as yams land other estelentvegfttsbles. 
 The soil is stony; tM best is a loose* -black 
 mould, oo a clay. In some places^ the upper 
 stratum is a si^ff clay, which requires hdiour, 
 but properly divided and poWerised, repays the 
 labour bestowed upon it. The 'general produce 
 of: sugar (its oiily staple production) Is one 
 hogjihead of sixteen cwLjleraore from all tfaie 
 cane^ that are annually cut, which being about 
 4)000 acres, the return of the whole is an equal 
 . number of hogsheads, and this was the average 
 filed, on by the French government in 1788, as 
 a rule for regulating the taxes. As at St. 
 Christopher's, the planters seldom cut ratoon 
 
 . This island, smidl as it is, is divided into five 
 pishes. It contains a town called Charles- 
 Tttwn, the seat of government and a port of 
 entry, and there are other two shipping places, 
 called Indian-Castle and Newcastle. The 
 pr^icipaL. fortification is at Charles^Town, and 
 
♦fo 
 
 HiaiQRV OIP SUB 
 
 ^iti vTM fftvcrritofln^ in tlii^4ibMM»«f the Oo- 
 vernor-General, it admiiiittered by tht^pmldiBt 
 rUf till ct>uiaa..'va3)tt»i)«Md4ii iOdnpoi^ the 
 
 «i'«faniiU]fl«(nlMa^n«|fi(|iMi Mf rtaeotBtiwei ; 
 
 .tbf4ilbr<^b>|^MliBll<: iffm^t., '^It t^ik ■.n-nusr. 
 
 .t5f(i3Fkr>»<Uiii^iitnitioD of tommm Umh iteckr 
 Ihd'giiidailce ofiatcbief jtwtkft and tw^tnu^t 
 JttflgBs^rbnd tiMire it tn officefei^ the fegkttry of 
 .4m4§'. ' ii'ildv/ >yHb Hits? a' ai mii\f.m 
 
 •)m ^p ptmi% AHfDber df ivhite Mudbiti^ilt is 
 o8liited|to' BMBQt t(tf lexceed «ii|ph«HNlradi#hiA»tihe 
 fftegraes 'iraibuiiltter «bbift leii4houMi^ ; ^dUepro- 
 fiertion:whicliiiMctMai%*€oiiTierlt iH luehiiihite 
 iDed 4^ et d ik>t intimpUtA <byi Age or dahepilodc, 
 !ia^)ai:well-n^idatedtiifeililie» among wfaichidll^e 
 19 a troofi coDsistislg iof £ft^ hotw^ iwell nouBled 
 aii^Hi^CQiitnedv t : fingUsh ' lucies^; ion 4h» iBiiliflh 
 .eltablUhnienty'tiujfaavenpoe;-'nv>'ri vj^ .•.!:>': 
 
 r( iThenEngMsh! )firfti odA^UdM thoa^elves m 
 this island in the year 16S8, under the proieo- 
 lidn i and ; encourag^enl of ifiip-ThiOBHisiWIimer. 
 Aiiioi^()thla difieient clasan ofiiinca^ whe>^eught 
 to imj^rotvc^ theiv -fbrtwim ui fiittt'GUistopAief's 
 }pf ^ pat^iiag^ of thalKcnterpiisiiig ' leader,- it 
 dfl^ hardly 'be rft^uteed, that tmry iiidi^oal 
 <xpeiieno6d ihe TiiIl;<gratifioalioii> lefi hit faope^ 
 
•lid 4iipK\t^^»M* In att. ipg^tiMi thire; «ne 
 MMiiy t wbo wiU joftm^t^Ki^mmliyu unMy 
 
 O¥6rk»ol(cd and feigoltMu Of the epBipftiiMStf 
 of W«rMi^0>«trlMit,fQyigpMi it ji pipbay« Ibat 
 amm .woukl «it too higli «^ yalu«s oa Ibeir ser- 
 yaoM, and of ithoM ivilMi..¥eiilured ftftecvMidt, 
 flilMy wmdd otihHikiiH on . tbeu MTivpf,r that 
 .th*.lMBt ImmU wora pn-oeeupiod*. XOiKiftiD 
 ftad temper Mch diicordeiioy« and, dii%iiel^iby 
 •ginnf ibU «iBpk»ytaMni toi.'tbe ,tiiiMiiil and 
 ■iditieiin i«ee«i tft haiei bead ^»ne «f .tbe nost 
 impairlaiit'Objeetiiof^Waraer'ii.pQU^ IjIotMres 
 <if' tya natore induced him^ without doubt»i>lo 
 piuit' a eoioagivie Nevis a4 lo .ai^ly a fieriod; 
 andtitiie ifiidaaw and propriety > of bia firit. ragii- 
 lationa gave ^atnngtb'ladistabUityvtojtheiiatll^ 
 
 imit Whal Wa#aer> Ibegaa vdao^^ waS) vbap|% 
 eompletfid by hisimmediataaima^Qr l^iv lakfe, 
 tinder whose adounistratioa Nevis rose to opu- 
 lence aad importance. '* He was a wise man," 
 says Du Tertre, " and feared the Lord." Maic- 
 ing thia island the place of iiis residence^ it 
 Bourisbed beyon^.^xample.^ It is said that 
 about the year l64o, it possessed four thousand 
 whites: so powerfully are mankind invited by 
 ^ advantlges of i^'mftd And ^uiiable system, 
 of government 1 Will the reeder pardon me, if 
 ?i obaepnF^ at >lhe sameiiiMv that few situations 
 in^. lifb< could rfa^e affi^dded: gieaten Ss^kity than 
 
 
^m 
 
 HIsaaRtOPfHB 
 
 m^mAnw^Mkld, Mil wi#\<pQt inCKpiHiinity 
 
 iilglMqM^ti^8^«oi9fo<^' <tf' thouiaiid^ 
 low eqettamt^ all o£ whom Jooked up to liiiD'iu 
 their eommon fiither and protector; If therat^ 
 putt joy oaisartb,!! must have: ^aiifteit ill the 
 iko^^paoitatkA^m^i v'hUebe beheld tfai)^^ 
 biilerof bvfv gF>ittitiide, and apprqbatiop lonwrda 
 hi^ift^^ every eouotenano^ and whose heaitai'tfas 
 spmiatiide'toldiiitii that4ie deaerveditt « c> .- *im 
 ^^f^lMtnaony It^t I must present the raider 
 WJitliA very di^fisront pictnie^ in 4be aceouoW thai 
 Lfplb now to fpveol Antigua.. i . 9¥K»>ffnu;M»i 
 
 4i^ •-.•■. -.--■. . ■■ "-^i'^'^^^^rrjmm , 
 
 SicTio»'itlte--'i»** ^^'''"^^ 
 
 - . , I ►,■ ■ ij t-*- ■■ '*}i! »' 
 
 T J a tj A, 
 
 ^3.1/ 
 
 
 Antk^a it situated about twenty leagues to 
 -'the eastward of St Christopher's, and was 
 
: WfiST nOlMBS J i 
 
 il7» 
 
 GolottbBSiiiiiBtelf, «ho:^iiaincd>tl, from a^«^^ 
 
 infonneil' bf Ferdiiiaiid' €bliiiiibui^«lhat«'th«^^I^ 
 
 ouDiMaiiiMy that lhi» wind, iv^wt^ ttterliO^ 
 guagei of^1l» larf^'MliiQdB'tigiHfied a^ coanfijr 
 ahumStig mtprmgti^ 8h«Mdit^^ iio tke dialecil lif 
 tk» Ghai»*ibe% haw been applied >to ' an t islaiid 
 tbat has not a single spring)wid?iiiet4of frctili 
 
 .ut Diis ineoDveniene^' wifihout^oufbt, is it mi^ 
 dered'th^ cottBtry uninhabitable to thb Chartnbes, 
 dbtenred for wdie time the JBuropeAtf^di^^ 
 turatB in the^iiei^boiiriiig islands froiii sCtteiMpt^ 
 ing a permanent vstablishiiifeilt in Antigtii j ^ 
 nature presents few obstacles' which the^'aviurice 
 or industry of ^dviliaed^'man'wiU Hot elid^v^ 
 to surmount. The lands were foimd tb' ' be %t' 
 tile, and it was discovered that cisterns might be 
 contrived to hold rain-water.* So early as 169S, 
 a few English femilies took up lands there, and 
 began the cultivation of tobacco. Among these 
 was a son of Sir Thomas Warner, whose de- 
 scendants still possess very considerable property 
 in the island, one of them (Ashton Warner, 
 Esquire) having been, in 1787) president of the 
 council, and commander in chief in the absence 
 of the governor. 
 
 « th«''waf^'tl^ preBerred Is wonde! 
 •nd wholesome. 
 
 IV 
 
 I, pure, 
 

 urnKmYtmroR 
 
 Y'i 
 
 HI. 
 
 1^^ BallthtraMtSdnent^WM Muij|i8liii|$led in its 
 lltrfiii^. Jn^ 16fi6«iai3lraDch< armaiacntihiiiii 
 MaetiiiicOyv «QN-ii|leri^kii^ htidjiiiii ^ha- 
 
 n^km^iimiflded tfaei iitaiAdv^aBd ysviged the oqua- 
 tFf widi iii and ilronii^^hjyiv.tlit' negroes that 
 4ioiild be iMind» wei^ taJian «ii«ayi;r and tbeiaba- 
 lNtoD(^after]ieh«ddiiigudieir4MHiseaiai^ estates 
 in iaiiiei^ wefe fftuidHitd ev^ t^tbt «lQtiiet»«n 
 Ibtttsrbackataadiitlie.sboee onlikdr.foat^wUbotit 
 iq^tto.eeaEioraga^tii^ft.;/ i^ :joiiMdSfin4:!«tij 
 
 Its recovery from this calamity^ twas oaeiiig 
 «liie% la the enteepnsing spnit modi extensive 
 viems of Coknci Codi^ingtoD; lol Barbadoas. 
 Tlutigenlleaiaa rembving tosAiitigaa< alMiafe^tiie 
 .year I674|<i4>plied, liis kaouMgifr in aagar^^nt- 
 wg ivllh 9Wiik good e&ef ind success, that, olh^, 
 Mmaled^ by his MiAsapie^ and aisistcci bpihas 
 adlKiea iond MerttiwrageaseiitriiadyeMuivd ik< tile 
 -same; liiMBi«f cultivatiett^; > Mr^ CodeingtOBuvas 
 lieme yearft aft^wai^ ncnniQalBd captaiii»geDiliAl 
 l«itcqino}a«de^nMiief of aU ithe lee^i^ardGba- 
 imUsean islande, and^ ..deriviog Jroni thisi appoint- 
 Ilielit,^tb0i power ol^fiag gioeater «ncrgy tirys 
 4)eii«i^olent pwrpol^s, bad 8tion<^the bappiaessrof 
 hehoUipg' the "good efiects of this humanity and 
 ^msddW, lAlJlfi ftouHshingrcoaditioh of the several 
 idaiftdstUHid|i^'hisigQ?erQintnt)(i "ivbu ( ,iiir^^y^. 
 '^nt?.T>hexproipeiiiy of ^tigua was fhanifeisted in 
 its extensive population ; for when, in j^he year 
 l690.,Qe%e|al,Codrii^|tbn^ qn the 
 
 expedition against the French iohaUtaDt^ of 
 
WWS l»l>ffi&^ 
 
 iSt^GbniMMlAtVyiftftteli bem^^f^^ the mi». 
 hUtpiyr^f tbtti&l»idr>AwtigM<^^tembcd lowwde '^' 
 il» iK»le«3, f)iMi^€i^!liiii»i)Md.Bffecdw iDeQ):<ft 
 4iiet«r wlHch >g»«t rooi^itoi Mtinoitot' llw <srfao>e 
 miva^/Of ifA^wbilfe ifihAbitafttft i^t that vdme, tit 
 ii»plifiKGl9.i»f f|ye»tliouiaiMti> (^' '.^■m^^ii.i^.i.-^nmtf 
 i^H4tfF*r42odriiigt9n dying ia,l698y ^at ; aue- 
 geoM in birifovernmeot l^ius^iaDa:OlBiit»- 
 pber ; a, g^tlMMii , eninantly. dintinyridwd :4hr 
 bi« mttaim^iRx^Ui >m pioUto litenaturef aiidv«fha» 
 Hmdingrii! r '«iine paths ai his ilhistnatis fd- 
 4Kr>!gAMe't^ X iple; uildaii hia govemoinititfae 
 pfomiisa of >« io»g laQlitiBiiance^of felicity.% His 
 idioiiuatrattoQ^ (iV)wever, (t^imiiiated iat^ 4ha i ttoci 
 (pjf $ut!y«9kr»;).% in 1704 he was ftjperaedted^l 
 jgOOV) HQt ionr what account) - by Sir r Wil&HB 
 MjMhawa^!i*^0)Xfyiag sooa after his anival^liie 
 Queen was' pleased to appoint to the government 
 :ol> 1^1 and the nei^bour^ islands Daniel 
 Ftok, £b(|;i; at roan .whose tragical end having 
 excited 'tlui atlJontioB^ ofvBui«|)ey aild funushed>a 
 lesson foF; history ct»})e«peliiBie^l shall be ex* 
 cused fori enteriiig -SQiDewliat at large latoi ^his 
 conduct , and lofeftanihr; i)f59-)')»e or on^ fEeLK^n^^ ^'^'^^ 
 
 * H« was the author, if I mistake not, of a c^jf^ 
 ▼erses prefixed to, Garth's Dispensary, in which is this 
 bea»tifbltri|ilelV'---'>^^"/ '^^^^^■>^^^ 
 
 I read thee over with fi lover's eye : ,. ^, . ^,„„ 
 Thou hut no fiiuits, or ] no faults c:^ ^ ; 
 Thott HH tti beiuty x^ all tiiiidncss I. 
 
4a» 
 
 HtsmXt Iff ttIB 
 
 
 ■|,.J! 
 
 distiiiguiftbed Ikt 4iit<«ti€c68Ms «t^«^ v«ry<«Brly 
 time of lifew UavkigwinkrH«d « lady of^fortene 
 in xAmerica^ his ^vst esploit wa» lo^rob bi$^i|piib 
 of her money, and ?tbeei«lefle!rt' her; 'Wltii'4hi6 
 money he came to Eoghnd, and obtaiiieil'.-a 
 retam to parli&inebt,!} but groas bribery being 
 proved against him, he ivaa expelled the^KMse^ 
 His .next adventure was to' debauch 4he-M4fe of 
 a friend, for which being prosecuted, he quitted 
 England, and made a jcampaign with the era^ 
 in Flanders, where he bad the fortune to aitraee 
 the notice, and acquire the patronage of tiM 
 Dake<<of :Mdriborough.-^In ]704i' he attended 
 the Duke fiS one of bis aides-de^utmp, and as 
 such« on the event of the battle of Hochstet, 
 having, been sent by h:s Grace to England, with 
 intdlligeuce of that important victory^ he was 
 rewarded by the Queen with a purse of a thoH^ 
 sand guineas, and her pictore ricMy. set - witfi 
 diamonds. The year following, tlk^ govenMBent 
 of the Leeward Islands becoming vacanti>iifr«^ 
 Park, through the interest of his noble patron, 
 was appointed to succeed Sir William Mathew» 
 therein, and he arrived at Antigua in July, 
 1706. 
 
 As he was a native of America* and H» inr< 
 terest with the British administration was be- 
 lieved to be considerable, the inhabitants of the 
 Leeward Islands^ who were probably unac- 
 
IHESr INDIBSirt 
 
 m 
 
 IV. 
 
 qoauitBd' with* hiff pmittie tliiracter, receifed 
 him -with skfegiilar'MipeeC, and tfie> wueoMjijS U^^ 
 Anligiia^- efl«i> ctootnuy to a royal irotractibiii 
 added a tlioannd iXMinds to bis yearly income,' 
 » Older, as il^was' expressed in the vote, torcM 
 liefteliiiii' from 'the expense of house-rent ; a pro- 
 visioD which, I believe, has been continued ever 
 idaoo'to his successors in the gbvemmoit - 
 ^ > The retiim which Mr. Park thought propel 
 to -make ftnr tUs mark of their kindness, f<Fas an 
 avowed and unrestrained violation of all 46^ 
 oeney and principle. He feared neither God 
 Mr man :> and it was soon c»bserved of him, as 
 it ^Md formerly .been of another detestable ty*; 
 rant, that he spared no man m his angety mir 
 vmmm m hit hut. One of his first enormities 
 was'to debauch the wif^ of a Mr. Chester, who 
 was factor to the royal African company, and 
 ikt most considerable merchant in the island. 
 A|»prelisnding that the injured husband might 
 meifitate revenge, the worthy governor endea<»<i 
 voored to be beforehand with him, by adding 
 the crime of murder to that of adultery; for 
 Chester having about this time had the misfor- 
 tune to kill a person by accident, his excellency, 
 who had raised a common soldier to the office 
 of provoet-marshal, brought him to a trial for 
 his liis; directing his instrument, the provost- 
 marshal, to impannel a jury of certain persons 
 
«« 
 
 uamn ovsfliB 
 
 •r 
 
 ioon^tiQBs and iStm esnatioDii^llBt Imrnnm 
 
 IINi>]|l}VOa BMHt WOaMI inOflllDnWj^lHEVO' 10k> 
 
 bwed^ if the evirfenee ki hb limar fa«i not 
 ppofvcd to» powcrfU to liv ov«lMMait'$ lo^ tlitt 
 the' jwy ti«re compelM ttr pKonoooeto liih ac- 
 
 Another of hu «t{>1oiti hwj mi ■ttempt » to 
 rab tk^ €>idiiiigt(Mi ftunily of tbe MiUd of Bar- 
 Wdft ^f which tfierjp had held peaMsMe pdases^ 
 aioii ibr thirtf ^leaia) by catting on tiiMif to prove 
 ihw tide bdbre bimselfiand liit«aniictt ;«a 19(M»> 
 siiro which gaft&^¥6ry propnetiMr reaaon to ap^ 
 pfBhend that he hM no aecDiity Ibr hit posato- 
 sions bitt liie goveitwi'a fbtbtennce. 
 > -lie declared that ho wMld Mffisr Ao pnyMMt- 
 manbal to act; who shoold not i^ ak times 
 smnmon soch jttries as he shfaold> -difect • He 
 c hange d dte fnode of electbig meraben to serve 
 in tbe assembly, i» order to exchide persOfiffli^ 
 did not like ; and not being able by this metoure 
 to procure an assembly to his wi^, he rinsed 
 to call -them together e^/tsn when the French 
 litteatened an invasion. .1 vv.. i >i». :'.-,, • 
 
 He emered the house of Mr.* Chester, the; 
 person before mentioned, with an nnned forest, 
 and seiied several gentlemen (some of them the 
 principal men of die island) who Were theiTt met 
 for the purpose of good feUowsbip, on suspicion 
 
"^sriKiHm; 
 
 m 
 
 feir; nmitof mlkHirhtoriinit by fakowii unthontf ^^^ 
 td* Ihe *odimrtoii' jsfll «iicl kept them tittrai wildi^ 
 onvbinl oiMriil;^'' <'»^"w»^ ->»♦ .f*>4» ■ b»-i.»l-. >. 
 .^^'^By theflie^^iMId » Ifiousand othttf ddhMM and 
 mtemperiM»'fnMSMdiiigi,>th6 whole oou^ biN^ 
 osmMe « purty ftgftifist him, and dispatchMt an 
 agent 'ta Eftgland'to' lay^ tikeir ^vanees before 
 the «f6#iir i ado^ting^ it» the 6m inMafnc^, aft 
 medefate and legal means t» proeure ^bis reM' 
 Mi/vtArf bukfpdifi thedelay»iiieideiitto thebiMi^ 
 ne»»} the 'people lost alt: temper, aitd^ begiia t6 
 consider forbearance as no longer a vfatue.' More 
 tha» one attempt was made on the govemor*s 
 life, in the laic ^f which he was griei^ously, bnt 
 not moptalVfi ^iroonded. Unhappily' Hie Moiim 
 and exesperated etate of men's mind^adinitted 
 o^ «no :€onipromis^« and the rash ittipeiuoiia go- 
 vetnor wa»not«f adispeisitidh to toftifttl or coflw 
 €iMttie» if bdcteion had oflfered. 
 
 At lengdi^ however instroctions came from 
 tfad crownj directing Mr. Park to rest^ his com^ 
 mand to the lieutenant-governor, and return to 
 England by the first convenient opportunity ; at 
 the same time commissioners were appointed to 
 taice e.t'UBinations on the spot^- concerning the 
 complaints which had been urged againit his 
 condtici. It would have been happy if the in- 
 habitants of Antigua had borne their sutcess 
 
Mt^' iO|i wiiiiiiiii|ifilwi<lwiiHiiii|iw»' ji» liliri* 
 
 ^ (WiHufcii lh »' i N <iiio>J^iii>- , i ii pi i l llii i .f 
 He declared that he would cailiBii^ IH vIImi 
 fg^tmBom it^4ip\W «l te iiiahitiitay^^nd 
 \mm% MrftfOMd, "dM^'ft ahiii^ wti^'<*bMl to toi^ 
 for 8iifope» in vt^ici^'he^inigM^c^BvWMiillfii^ 
 h«¥efiDli|rhiMii'lie relb8ed<lo*>iiftV6«llM couQliy^ 
 I»^lho tteann^kU^ to cenvMice ihiet p i i op to ^Aa^ 
 h» filtiiiesA was imabated^'ftiid l|at^ i H i i l ''m i i!. -» 
 sitfiMd biimetf iii ibe rightfoV oxnrciae M«i bin 
 atithofkyi' lie% issiMd «- proclMHatiOB lo diiMte^ 
 U»<«iieaibly^'- ■■■— ■ -- .t- '»^- ■hA-fd^.^kf^t '## 
 ^M tttten were now oottnng>faii|^^ «i^ issuttr^ 
 Tbe aesen^ contiaued ^ittiag MWwilhilMMk 
 ing the geteitiof V pr6claini|tieai 'iftd 4gi a i tr ed |f 
 thai lumag been recalled by^'bift^ 8QHHcip» lii^^^ 
 coBtimaBee In the goveroinetit was mmftAsimi 
 and^tyvan^, and &afr it-was Ji^tim duty ^mkm^- 
 chaif^ of the safety «ad -peaces ol^tbe* islands'' 
 Oft' bearing of Ibis^^ote, the^^goveraoi tacretly 
 ordwed a -paity of «>ldieii to iatrnxMndlheMi^ 
 butlibe assembly having' obtained itfovaaMien 
 of hi& intemionsrimttiediate^ sepwmied \0 pw-'s 
 vider^ibr tfaeirr perional^ safe^ f31^ «niiBBg^ 
 nig^tj and4he wbde of tbi» fello#ing4ay»;»wief»r 
 employed in sumnioniog the i^iabituits from 
 all parts of the islaadj tc»f hasten A»^iCfae. capital, 
 propiily' -aroi^^ ^ protect Iheir feprBseniixf 
 
rifm*! IMii ■nrM 1^ ■iiiMil at ' att li^«^ i^ i^^^Lt 
 
 i 
 
 ilily ia ti»« morning, tbout fite IhumjM «ieii 
 a|fMc«4 m «nii8» in the town of St, Jo1id*i» 
 wti i i p Colo»ilig^k had be«n nwldng provinon 
 fot foa^lMiac io cum of an attack. He bi^ 
 Gompivi Uiti.g^vonini^eiit hpoiQ into a garri- 
 son mA.mimfi^M it all the r^lar troopa 
 thiitiivfCil in the. i«Und. On the approach of 
 tbo inbaibitants however, his courage deserted 
 fwm. The lig^ of an injured people^ coming 
 fovwiitfj^ as oae n^, with deliberate valour, tp 
 exMNila, on hia person that punishment whicli 
 he, miMl hava been conscious his enormities 
 wel^ merited, overwhelmed him with confi^ioQ; 
 amiHTiur. Although he must have been ap* 
 prisMi that hii advonari^ had proceeded too 
 iaff to retreat* he now, for the ^t time, wheo 
 it iMMi too late, bad recourse to concession. He 
 dispaloiied the provo9t*marshlll with a message, 
 s^gmij^ing hift rtadioess tormeet the assembly at 
 Ps«ham,,and^ consent to whatever laws they, 
 sk^eidd t!^mk proper lo pass for the good of jtha 
 eouonpy. He oliered at the same time to dis- 
 miss Jiia9QldieE% pioyided six of the principal 
 inhabitants would remain with him at hostage 
 for tha sa^ty of his person. The speaker of 
 
 vox. I. 
 
 I I 
 
m 
 
 HlSfdliy of T0B 
 
 inn xoo onraiDiji 'nn onp vF^nc imiiiiiw oi m^ 
 COCulCRf anWllllllg w CMTJr BMflUrS 10 JBt Hfl 
 
 cfnf ^uillj^) sMniod' iDidiiMd to ^ ooskproniiB) 
 and prdposed themselTes as two ^the I w tt a g tt 
 i^olred |yy the goferndr ; Imt the gelierai body 
 of fte pedpK appreheiHrive that farther delay 
 mig^t be latil to' their came, tailed akMd for 
 iintneflnite ^^ef^eance, and imfaiMlfy maraied 
 Ibrwaid in two ^Brinons. One df theie, led by 
 M r; Piggot, a member of the auemUy, Hklng 
 pOteeMlon of an eminence that cooMnanded the 
 government house, attacked it with gr«at fatf. 
 The fine was briskly returned for a eonsideraUe 
 time, but at length the assailants broke faito the 
 Muse. The governor met them irith firmness, 
 itoA shot Piggot dead with his own hand^ but 
 reoeived in the same momenta wound which lakl 
 him prostrate. His attendants, seeing him foil, 
 ttirew down Iheir arms, and the enrsgbd pofn- 
 face, seisring the person of the wretched govefnor, 
 who was still sJive, tore him into a thoos a nd 
 pleees, and scattered, his reeking Kmbs in the 
 stitiet. Besides the governor, an ensi|^ and thir- 
 teen private sokKers^ who feo^t in his cause, 
 were killed outri^t, and a lientensint and twenty- 
 four privates wounded. Of Ae jpeople^ thirty- 
 fwo were kiHed and wounded, besides Mr. Piggot. 
 The governor's death initantly pntan end to tbb 
 bloody conflict. 
 
 Thus perished, in a general inimrrection of 
 
 ;.r 
 
'^WUrnmrn* 
 
 Ml innltad «m1 indigpwirt ce HM BU P ky , « knM <nur. 
 •ad UcrotioiMi detpol, llMn wIimb no title cii- 
 miiMd WM ever more deMrvedly poniribed. He 
 nee a moiitter in iHekedaeM, and being placed 
 by ^is iilaatioci beyond the reach of aidinary 
 iwtraint, it wu at lawfid to ccl bin off by 
 every meant pottiUe, at it would have been to 
 thdot a wild beast that had broke itt limin, and 
 wat gorging ittelf with human blood. " I'he 
 people of En^and," layt an jeminent writer^ 
 <* heard with attouthmebt of Perlft untundy 
 fide ; but the public were «!:vided in their ten- 
 tlmeati ; tome looking upon hit death at an act 
 of rebellion against the crown, end othert con- 
 adering it at a tacrifice to liberty. The lla- 
 gmncy of the perpetration, and oompastion for the 
 man, at latt got the better." In the latter atter- 
 tion however, the writer It cleariy mittaken; 
 for the Englith government, after full invettiga- 
 tioD, was to thoroug^y tatitfied of Mr. Ptrk't 
 mitoonduct, at to ittue, much to itt honour, a 
 gneral pardon of all persont concerned in hit 
 death, and two of Uie principal actort therein 
 were even promoted tome time afterwardt to 
 tealt in the council. 
 
 From thit period I dote my account of the 
 dvS concemt of Antigua, finding no occur* 
 rence in itt tubeequent hittory of sufficient im* 
 
 • Uaivcnia Hfttorjr, vol. XLI. 
 
 lis 
 
Bgoic porlj^ooe tp delAUi t^ rai^; whit fea||uAf 
 
 be jbuod correct. . .. V 
 
 , ^ Antigua it upwards of 6fty mi^ in €if|:umr 
 ference,aQd contains 5d»838.ac(pet of.lao^i of 
 which about 3^000 aro appropdatod, t^ tlie 
 ^wtb of sugar, and pMtur^^ pnnexed: its 
 otber principal staple* are cbtton-wool and to- 
 bacco ; to wh|ic extent of cultivation I aro not 
 inforn^ ; and they raise ip favourable years 
 gfreat quantities of provisionsr 
 
 Thi^. island contains two different kindf of 
 soil : the one a bhick mould on a substratum oif 
 clay, which is naturally rich, and when not 
 .choked by excessive drougbts, to which Anti? 
 gua is particularly subject, very productive. T^e 
 other is a stiff clay on a substratum of marl. It 
 is much less fertile than th^ forqaer, i^q abo^bd^ 
 wjth 89 joiciadicable kind qf gra^, ^ in, sjucii § 
 manner,; that many estates consisting of t|iat 
 kind of soil, which wer^ once very profi^ble, ar^ 
 now so impoverished and pveji^grown with t|i|s 
 sort of grass, as either to be c^nyertedjinto p^;- 
 ture land, or to become entirely, abaijxloned. 'j^x- 
 clusive of such deserted land, an^ a^small nac^ of 
 the^ country that is altogether vnimpri^vable^ every 
 part of the island may be said to be under cul- 
 tivation- ;.r: .• .■ fc^. • .:: .»->\i ;£<,V -rj.:-l > 
 
 From the circumstances that haverfbecii re- 
 lated, !'. is difficult to furnish art Itvera^*' returA 
 
WEST INDItS. 
 
 M the cro|M| wbicb yar]|| to w wrtBi a d^pse* o^* 
 that the quantity of iii^ exported frbw i^li 
 island in tome yttitt, is five times greater than 
 in Vtbers: '^nis in Ilf79 wer6 shippt^ ^,982 
 liogsheads. ah(l 579 tierces; in 1782 the crop 
 was t5yl(H2 hicigilieads, and 1,603 tierces; and 
 In the years 1776, 1775, and 1778, there weit 
 no crops of any kind ; all the canes being de- 
 stroyed by a long continuance of dry weather, 
 aiid ^e whole Ibody of the negroes must have 
 perched for want of food, if American vessels 
 widi corii and flour had been at that time, as 
 they how aire, denied admittance.* 
 
 It teems to me on the whole, that the island 
 has progressively decreased both. in produce and 
 white poputation. The last accurate retartH 
 to ^verhmeht were in 1774. In that year, the 
 White inhabitant of all ages and sexes were 
 %S90$ and the 'Enslaved negroes, 37,801), and t 
 believe, that 17,000 hogshead^ of sugar of nix- 
 teeri cwl. are reclconed a good saving ^rop. 
 Ttiis, as one-half the canes only are cut annii- 
 ii1)yvisAl>oiit a hogshead of sugar ^' acre for 
 ^ch acre iiiat'is cut The produce ot 1787 
 wiilibb raven hereafter; and I believe it was a 
 
 year ^ore .taVourable to Antigua, in proportion 
 
 luo ubnu SKioJ ou^ ■ '^^ mi Id It t>; 
 
 * In the year 17<^9, there wu no Ml of rain fotf letea 
 laonllHi irhjne6]r thttrewat not onlj iio crop off ai^pn-j but 
 fi,9Q4h««^ ^^|^f4>c<^<^ j^ish^ for waat.of- water* < . 
 
 ^. 
 
HiaToiRv or TUB 
 
 toitt extent, than to any other of the Britiib 
 iilandt in the West Indies. ' 
 
 Antigua is divided into six parishes and 
 eleven districts, and contains six towns and vil- 
 lages. St. JohnV (the capital) Parhfiniy Fal- 
 mouth, Willoughby Bay, Old Ribad, and James 
 Fort; of which, the two first are legal ports of 
 entry.— No island, in this part of the West 
 Indies, can boast of so many excellent harbours. 
 Of these, the principal are English harbour and 
 St» John's, both well fortified; and at the for- 
 meri the British government has established a 
 royal navy-yard and arsenal, and conveniences 
 for careening ships of war. 
 
 The military establishment generally consists 
 of two regiments of infantry, and two of foot 
 militia. There are likewise a squadron of dm* 
 goons, and a battalion of artillery, both raisied 
 in the island, and the regulars receive additional 
 pay, as in Jamaica. 
 
 .^ It hath been already observed, that the go- 
 vernor or captain-general of the leeward Cha- 
 raibeaivislands, although directed by his instruc- 
 tions to visit occasionally each island within 
 his government, is genendly stationary [at An- 
 tigua : he is chancellor of each bland by m 
 
 * The town of Sftiat Joha wm nearly deitrojred by 
 Bra on the 17th of Aoguit, 17<(9 } upwards of 960 hou8«p 
 being ooneumed ) hnV.» wfaarfb, cranee, he, &e. 
 
f#pef but opmmGiQly hpklp the court in An^- chap. 
 gu«» and in bMiing and deta^m^g aiuMi ' 
 if^ ^^ 9tb|eir iil&nd«i pr^df^f alone. In c^uiios 
 a^ipgin An#if^ he ^iaifiated by bb coiumU, 
 •fa^ ^, practic;^ 0^ Barbados ; and, by ai^ 
 •$l9f tba asaembly of thif inland, confirmed by 
 tbe,,9rown« |he presidept, and a certain, number 
 0|f tht council may determine chancery cauiei 
 dining the abpence of the governor».general. Th() 
 9^r ^urti of this island are a court of kii^a- 
 tpichj a court of common-pleat, and a eoort of 
 
 ^., The legislature of Antigua is composed of 
 the commander in chief, a council of twelve 
 nqemberfi and an assen|bly of twenty-fiv^; and 
 kjp very much to its honour that it presented 
 the first example to the sister islands of a me* 
 Uo^ion of the criminal law lespecting negro 
 slaves, by giving the accused party the benefit 
 of a trial by jury : and allowing in the case of 
 capital convictions four days between the time 
 of sentence and execution. And it is still more 
 tp the honour of Antigua, that its inhabitants 
 ha;re encouraged, in a particjiar manner, the 
 laudable endeavours of csiiain pbus men, who 
 have undertaken, from the purest and best iixv- 
 tives, to enlighten tlie minds of the negroea, 
 and lead uiem into the knowledge of religious 
 truth. In the report of the lords of the com- 
 mittee of council on the slave-trade, is an ac- 
 
v^ dUpl*^ sw;;}! iKMind judgoie^t^liieailiis auch 
 i;;;ipir|t of genuine chHibtianity/ttii^^iMibQMiistf' 
 t^9||ed: #ith M^ch ttiihient^ sucdett^Tstr^to^ien^^ 
 i|^: l^^ren apfd miisionftries to^ tbe'most fbvoiiri' 
 ^1^ .raoppti<^ Iroin «very mmi 'wliMi tbe a6ct« 
 dfflts.Ql fortone hiive invest^ witk^^w«r)Mrer 
 ^ JINKS' i^cans; and who^^M^ l*hope 
 
 ^y,^ planar Jbelieves) thai:; they arj^ bid ifetiiinit^ 
 q^lwaf^ luM of equal imiwnancewilhJbinisfilf 
 ifi^tibeej^s^ an alt-seeing and ifn^irtia|>Govfiiv 
 tm of the. univei^l With edrii^lJiridgnMOi^ief 
 i^.a^count, I shall cl<^ the sfdb|ject of m| pin* 
 q^ discussion. • " r-ivtfolr^Br ■\f'V;..¥i3Wn^'-f 
 
 ^^f ^*Tbe cburch of the uuited: brethrenrbfty^ 
 e)^ since the year \7^^i been ai^tiyQ tin; preacdH 
 ipg the gp^pel . ^ difeent heathen natinna ibi 
 ma^y parts of the world, but kmt juritboeqiial 
 succ^ in all places. > The- method '^bere^deb 
 scribed, and ^nade use of % the n^wtonarieB 
 of' the said church, in leading th^ oegrp> slaves 
 i^.the West Indies to the know'^ge and prac* 
 Uee tif chrlatianity^ is foUowec^ in aUcpoifite 
 that are not local, in all the inissicns of -tb^^ 
 brethren** :>,57^iJ<,(r j'jiilp hv.mpiii hi a li-. 
 ' ^c, f ^fier wny years ^Qsuipee^^Ai^ labdurp^«ji« 
 pieHfH»:e has. tau^t the9i#rthat^lhe;piail) testh^ 
 
nigbted IdNi^k «»f thfe itogtx^^, \ti'^1Hlel' tb'KI&(f 
 tUtiif 4^.M«rwirdi dtep by step Mi all -irifth t tlh^ 
 tberoforcJ'^fflake it a ra^ txevtst i6f &iW M&'^ 
 exiensii« discussion of 1li6dd;tiines*W^^^ 
 being in iufitiite ^]^if^ of the lioiy triiAtyf lfi<^' 
 iKipHt^ fi^ek^to open "thdir uddet^nditigs liii' 
 tiRfii^'poifit^ uAtil they believe In Jt!su»,iM 
 thttt tteiMyrd of the cross h^s prov^ It^f^iKB 
 poorer >c€0«id unti^ sigtlYation^ by the true '^^ 
 tersioii > ef their heaktsi Both in the b^iln^ 
 andprogiesi^lhe instroCtions^ the missiotiaHi^ 
 endeavour to deliver themselves as j^itily aiii9 
 intelligibly 'to the^ faculties of ttietr hcdi^rs as 
 p(i»ble; and> tbe -Loitl b^ gIVtfn h^s K&enii]^ 
 even to! the indst tinlCBi^^, that ^^nl foHli% 
 Reliance upoii-bSni» to l^i^yfi th^ difficult liii^giia^s 
 oflthe n^groe^; so atf'^attaiii to great fluency iii 
 tbam: one great diftcUlty arises irideed frbih tbd 
 neifi^ide«is Vnd -IvOitis tieCtesikry to express \\^ 
 divine Ifathf 'to b^ intrdduced into thetnVbul 
 even > thii^- hf^ii butxi surmounted through Gc^' 
 
 fi'v As it is required of all believers, tHaVMsSy 
 proves their ll&lth by their i^O/k^itfie B^ren 
 teach, that no habil of W, id 8%1ahd oi" p^^;^ 
 
 n 
 
saa HISIOET OF THB 
 
 BOOK nor any prevftiling cvBtom whatever* can be twi* 
 ,JJJ^ milted. «s a plea f^^ a behaviour opt confonps? 
 able to the mon^ \z<v of God, given unto all 
 mankind. Up(. tue fulfilment of this, the 
 missionaries insist every where. Every thing 
 that is accounted decent and virtuous among 
 christians, is inculcated into the minds of the 
 people. Drunkenness, adultery, whoredom, sor- 
 cery, theft, anger and revenge, and all otiier 
 works of the flesh, as enumerated by our Lord 
 and his Apostles as proceeding from the heart, 
 being plain proofs that man is either unoou- 
 verted, or again fallen into heathenism and 
 idolatry, it follows of course, Aat any one 
 guilty of these things is put away from tii6 con- 
 gregation, and not re-admitted before a true 
 «i::id sincere repentance is apparent, and the of- 
 fence done away: but it is not sufficient that 
 the believers abstain from open scandal; their 
 private behaviour in their families, and io every 
 occurrence of life, must evidence a thorough 
 change of heart and principles : indeed the be- 
 lieving negroes in Antigua, and in other places 
 where the brethren have missions, are so much 
 under the influence of their masters, and of a 
 variety of circumstances that attend their being 
 slaves, that it may perhaps seem more difficult 
 to effect a change of customs and practices, and 
 to enforce a steady christian conduct in all cases 
 amongst them, than amongst free: heathens ; and 
 
Vm&T INDIES. 
 
 y«t it most be owned, to the praise of God, that 
 tins 18 visible at present in many tlioasand eon- 
 verted negroes. 
 
 The missionariea, however, have frequent 
 oocasioD to see with sorrow, how deeply rooted 
 the habit of sin, and the tendency to excuse it, 
 io in the minda of the negroes ; who, when iok 
 converted, are particularly §pven to an iiii«> 
 bounded gratification of every sensual lost; 
 but on this very account it becoroes tlie more 
 needful to watch, and not to suifer the least de^ 
 viatioo from the rig^t path^ to remain unoo- 
 ticcid in the believers. It has been before ob- 
 senfed, that baptism is administered to none, 
 but to such in whom a thorough conversion of 
 heart is ahneady perceivable. As soon as th^ 
 are considered as candidates for baptism, they 
 •re subject to the discipline of the church, by 
 which, if they offend, and private admoaitioii 
 and refwoof have not the desired effect, they 
 are excluded from the fellowship of the rest, 
 thou^ they may attend public service, and 
 every means is still faithfully applied to bring 
 them back.. Thus a communicant, in case of 
 an t>ifenoe given, is not admitted to the Lonf s 
 supper. This disciplin<} has, by Grod's blessing, 
 had so good an efifect, that many a believing 
 negro would rather suffer the severest bodily 
 punishment than incur it If they confess theb* 
 
 
ijjjli. 
 
 pHv«yy, or la tb6 ^n^iedce of t >aH'W t^»e 
 fMiblte'^ the Googii^Uod, itB^s^^ fttf 
 feltoii^l!^ oT tlie' dtot^. Tfae bd^n^Hie^ 
 gRMi "are not siilKsred to attend iiHj wlicre, 
 itiiete the tmobnverted tneet lor t!ie saH o^ 
 feigtittg, dancing ffiXBOaf^ 8ob. tM *ht visM 
 p'Mif mi oKlerfl^ onto tke ik^uipM of'ikhe 
 dkieihiiknt^ h ivever tudmittied, itte^tnikh as' the 
 llilist ^p iwmuds ykt na^ IsMtxtt^, ^ni: 
 lyiy pIctagM tliem by deg^ itab'^^ smsl* 
 The hankei-ing after the vain traditioi^ of their 
 (blathers, is oonaidered as a .&lliqg o^ Crom 
 tiiat love to the. Lord Jesus and bb doctrine^ 
 ijrhich once prompted theni to toake all ii^n* 
 godliness, and devote themselves unto Qocf^r 
 and if they persist in evil ways, the faithfulness 
 dna^n the rest of the flot^'^ the fnik c^the 
 miSBioBarieSj demands didr s^panitioiR^ lesf tliii^ 
 seduce others. aj^icWs 
 
 The polygsmy of the negroes has ciaits^d no 
 sliiall embarrassment to the misnonanes. Tjhe 
 fbltowing is a short account o^ the;bretiir«D*s 
 nMktitaer of titedng them in this particular: 
 When a negro mad or woman apjpliira as am>ve 
 described, to be baptised nr received int6''the 
 congregation^ strict inquiry is «ade t»nceiiiing 
 every circumstaBor attending' hisr^ or fatur sitaaM 
 
ij^^^faipw thjB brethren bave lo pLdyise him Ja^ 
 thi« p(irt'M?wlnrf ,S|» Pwl «(^ <' if .fpy bn>|herr 
 ht|k||i ^ If jfQ,thiit.b«l«eveth nol, aqd she bv? plca^wl^ 
 $0 d^ell with him, letliiin not f/ut her ^wao^^*^^ 
 ^ Cpr« yii. IS ; but again he «ays, " & bipli^)^ 
 ijnusft be blanaeless, the.hmbaqd of one. wiifir"^ ' 
 ^ Tl|nviii.jZ. We read, of nojurtlier precepts 
 in , the , holy sqripturea concerning this si^bjectjF^ 
 the l^retlureifv Ib^fore were of opiipion,. that tbf|! 
 miMloi\ar|^s ^Quldi^eep strictly to th# ioAlowiipg 
 refc^^pn^,;^; .,_, , , . /, -mi^-^^i'-f^t 
 
 ^' 1 lliaf the^ eould not compel a man^ivw 
 hjHif before htsVcbnversion, taken more tliail ^ujb 
 wife, to piit avray one or more of them, without 
 hi^oi^ th^lft:qi»eiit. ' *^ 
 
 ^.j->V^n IKut yet, that they could not appoiiil' 
 sjuch a. man to^ be a helper or sisrvant iii'i^i* 
 church; and, .^iham 
 
 ^ri 
 
 •!,-., 
 
 lit. That a*' man who believeth in Chfis|^ 
 if he mairy, should take only one wife in Tjf^T:% 
 riag^, and that be is bound to keep himself ppl]^ 
 to'thpt'wbman, till death parts them. ,^^,pj;f 
 
 \»rf^hir iiistatices tliat a mati has three i4'Ti 
 afiorrlsw ;^'aH)mistresse$ wm^X of cootiie W^iit 
 awaj* without exception t beside Ihts/thd tM^ 
 
HlllQftV Of TII£ 
 
 ■MK ANMiiit loae no opportiuity fd iiMwioAtiQg iinb 
 the minds of the nwrried people^ how to wAlk 
 in this state Gonfonm^le to the rules )aid down 
 in holy writ, and every deviation from them is 
 aeveiely eeiiaiired. If any bapdaed man leaves 
 his wife, and takes another, and takes one or 
 more wives besides the first, or in case he has 
 had two^ and ooe dies, and he should marry 
 another, he is eiduded the fellowship of the 
 efanrch. Neither can the brethren admit of 
 the h eat he nish customs in courting a wife^ but 
 they expect, that in case a believer wish to 
 marry, he do all things in a decent and christian 
 manner: it is of course expected that all bap- 
 tized parents educate their children in the fear 
 of the Lord, shewing them a good example. 
 If by a sale of negroes by auction, or in any 
 other way, wives are torn from their husbands, 
 or husbands from their wives» and ^»rried off t(> 
 distant islands, though the brethren do not ad- 
 vise, yet they cannot hinder a regular marriage 
 with another person, especially, if a :<unily of 
 young children, or other circumstances, sdem to 
 render a helpmate necessary; and, as is mostly 
 the case, no hopes remain of the former ever re- 
 turning. A certificate of baptism is given to 
 every baptized negro, that must thus leave the 
 congregation ; and there have been instances that 
 by their godly walk and conversation in distant 
 
' «■• -^ II itlMMlWilii 
 
 wB9F IHDMl."* 
 
 Hi 
 
 pirtt, they hcveouned others to hearken to their oattr. 
 fNMvl, and helieve. 
 
 " - Though all the above mjunetions are of toch 
 a nature, that they not only war agpunst their 
 heathenish propensitlesy but even against what 
 some might call excusable indulgences ; yet it is 
 a hct, that at this present time, some thousand 
 negroes in Antigua, and other islands, submit to 
 them with willingness. 
 
 The number of converted n^gro slaves under 
 the cave of the brethren, at the end of the yeir 
 1787iwas ^ 
 
 In Antigua, exactly . . . . 5,465 
 In St Kitt'S, a new mission 80 
 
 In Barbadoes and Jamaica, about 100 
 In St Thomas's, St Croix, «°<1 1 jq ooo 
 
 St Juan, about . . . . . J 
 In Surinam, about . . . 400 
 
 3tiU Vving in the West Indies andl ySOAS 
 
 Surinam J 
 
 U pearly as can be ascertained from the .latest 
 •oeounts." 
 
 -'».; 
 

 HnMKVOVfBS 
 
 .-•■ ff*», 
 
 
 Sectiox IV. 
 
 MONTSERRAT. 
 
 BOOK 
 111. 
 
 Ot UiU little Uland, nekher the eiltot not the 
 knportante demands a very copittti diaeMUQBv 
 It ivas discovered at the same time with St. 
 Christopher's, and derived its n<me firom a su^ 
 jx>%d' it^mblance which Coliimbat ptf^eeiied 
 in the f&ce of the country to a moontib of the 
 same name near Baroelona. 
 
 The name was all that was bMtoi^ed iipofa it 
 by the Spaniards. Like Nevia^ it was first plant- 
 ed by a small colony from St Christopher's, de- 
 tached in 1632 from die adventurers under 
 Warner. Their separation appears itideed to 
 have been partly occasioned by local tttidl^ 
 rtietfts and religious dissensions ; which rioidered 
 their situation in St. Christopher's uneasy, beifag 
 chiefly natives of Ireland, of the Romish per- 
 suasion. The same causes, however, operated to 
 the augmentation of their numbers ; for so maoy 
 persons of the same country and religion adven- 
 tured thither soon after the first settlement, as 
 to treats a white population which it has ever 
 
ibe* |io«t*«ai if it bii lni% ti iw f l flwi ly al|p. 
 OMttHxod^ tlwl At 4mi «M| of mUmh ]ri«n tkMti 
 wert IB Iht itUnd ufhwHt of om ihriiMtwi 
 whit* iklllt^«» «oaitituti«g n mUitia of thrae 
 bundled and aUi^fAetivw OMk 
 
 The civil biilory of thit UtHi iriiAd cMiteiM 
 nollMig very mMrlMkUe. U wet mmM by a 
 FMQeh i»rcel%l7l%«idi«0N)ldi i»<tniicbifr«tt 
 thj»depfid»tiooft«f th«t •raBMMii^ ibattn litiolt 
 nwi^imiiirrmtif tbtJlraMy #f .Ulr^ Iv^ppMH^. 
 
 JnM ann^UMi— iftfcawi. to AQHilli IfllO tfaeideilMMMt 
 
 fiMMPfb . ^. ipu «|Mi. iwMM tud wiib moit of 
 the fUbir Js^ods captured l^ lIcJiMchiiltfae 
 late war, apdjDWtored with the rest 
 
 Nothing therefore jrenoaina but to furnish 
 the fvader with an account <^f its present state 
 in respect >of culfiiv^tio^ pKoductions, and ex- 
 
 Montserrp^,i(i^ about tfarff >l«gpes in.lengUH 
 and as^ pgnny jn^ breadth, and is supposed to. 
 cOQjtf|j|, abpi^ ttyrt^ ^tbopspd acr^ ^ lapid> 
 
 !WP^ J^ji'^^y) !»f^ The Ijuid ipi cpHi- ^ 
 vat|qji| |# .appfOj^nated pear^« aa follows. I9 
 sug|r,^/^ thoH^ai^ aQKef^ k^ ootloi^ pcovih 
 sioi^^^ (l^il^turage, two ^housi^id oaci^ Nooe 
 othf^^^ tj^i^ tfopic^l^ staple a^ raised. In 
 a¥efagj^,frQj^.fpi?9i.^734 txk\7^^^.y^^rm%7^ 
 hop^i^ (^ fugfur of sixteen. buMlipf^ ip^ 
 
 \ 
 
 vol. I. 
 
 K K 
 
(«M 
 
 yumvr^'Viiz 
 
 4MtoK HvlOVipmclMonr of moi, tdl t75 baleic of eot- 
 ^tJ^HL"*^' '<«lii»««iporU of t7t7^ ttiAithtir ftlot tt 
 i4hf '4oiMloiy marktl^' will to «Ma in a tibtof an- 
 iittwed to thii chapMr. Tbi^f am praduead > by 
 V the labour of ooB tbouand lhf«»hi]iiiired whUM, 
 i«iid abode tan ikouiMd nagroaii ii^i- i^i^i 
 u M. The g o w c r nmaiit it admiaiMercd in lMi» as 
 ifl Ui» dtbir islanda, by a lagftlfttttw of Hi own, 
 t^aadar'tbacaptaiii geneial. Tba ooimcil eonsists 
 of MK nDaaibar% lukl ihe aiMaibly of eigM» two 
 -^tem eaeb of tba Ibur ^Kttricta ioto wliieb it is 
 difiM; and tba pvoportian wbich BfMitMrrat 
 x^MDtribaMt to Ibe aalary of tba oaptib geiieral 
 n 4O01. per mmum, i%«^>' 
 
 / 
 
 :« 
 
 
 '■.Jin? ■ 
 
 Ji* r ii) < fr, .yaw swi ' g^cf tOK V. ' ''•^*^ *"^ 
 
 ^^ VIRGIN islands: *^^^ 
 
 Ot tha Virgin Islands Ibava so few tMH^- 
 lirs to comibtini^ate, thit I fear tba tMer 
 will accuse me df inattention or idlenesi&b'^y 
 researebes. I have, however, solicited infondna- 
 don of those who I tbouf^t wer6 most lil^ely 
 10' drord it; but if toy inquiries wcli^ ibot 
 slighted, my expectations were not gratified. 
 £veB m a late historical accent bjr Mr. 'Suck- 
 ling, tbeehkf jusiicfe! of thes^ islands, I find but 
 
Httte U mhkhl Jew avmI mjmi^ Itforaiitet 
 mfi pwllmilwrft;icoQ«BrttiBf iMft^cKint, Ihtir 
 Oikifttiaiv or tbeir ooninMr^ Kit lileatai 
 lohttie'MiintMr of their pieMDt Eogliih inhabi- 
 Itais. ~Th» MMhAr ii ercft misinfonned ai to 
 the origb of their preient imndm; ibr he mik 
 lioiet thel it wa» bestowed epon them in 1580^ 
 4)y.Sir FianoU Dreke^ in hoUNir of Queen Eii^ 
 •oibeth; but the hci ie^ thet these islands were 
 oaoMd ^ Las Vifgjbesb by Columbus ' hnnsel^ 
 who discovered then in 1499^ and gave thean 
 this appellation in allusion to the well-known 
 l^giQd in the Jtomisb ritual of the 11^000 
 vii]gins. 'f!A i. ■'■ 
 
 The Spaniards of those days, however, 
 thooght them unworthy of further notice. A 
 century afterwards (1596) they were visited by 
 the Earl of Cumberland,, in his way to the at- 
 tack of Porto-Rico; and the historian of that 
 ^yHPt ^Immo narrative is preserved in Hak- 
 luytfs collection, calls them ** a knot of little 
 islahds wholly uninhabited, sandy, barren, 
 and craggy." The whole group may com- 
 prctNind about forty islands, islets, and keys, 
 ,fnd they are.diyided at present between tiie 
 JSoglishy the Spaniards, and Danes. The 
 En^Ush hold Tortola, and Virgin Gorda,* 
 
 * Tbtt last is UkewiM a«U«d PennUton, and emrruptly 
 Spanish-Town. It has two vcrj good Jtarboun. 
 
 K K 2 
 
(09 
 
 mmms or. toe 
 
 «QQK io8«u Bykea, )Oiibi» Itl% Jkef •ani lltttdi 
 *" Islands, Aneg^ ^iGkait^ Brioidgr Btwi, Gtr 
 mana'a, Ginger, )Goopcr^ 5aU IiAimmI, Dctei's 
 -Idknd, land iiflverdl otben of Iktie value. The 
 J^aaes possess ^Sanla Cmz/P &. /QuDlDnas^with 
 «|xMit Aweke smatter asba^s idaiiendeBt thereon, 
 ind SitJobai, iwiuch last is of impontancB ap 
 having tb^ best iharhour of mj island to the lea- 
 ivafd-Af, Antigua, and Abe Stpaniands daiiD Cnb 
 island, the Gneen or Serpent Island, Jbe Tfopic 
 Keys, and Gvataad little I^asaagB. 
 
 Tbe ifirst possessors of such of thes^ klands 
 «s wm Jbdong to the Bntish governiaent) n^ene 
 a party of Dutch Bucaniers, who fixed tb^- 
 seWfis at TovtoWk about the yioar 164A, and 
 ibuilt ft fori tfiere u>r their protection. In 1^6, 
 Ibey <«ere driven out by la strong part^ of 
 4be same adventurers, who, caUiog themtelves. 
 Ebgtisb, pnetended to take posacssion for «he 
 4^9wn pf fia^and ; and liie ?&n|^ish mfinaiich, 
 if lie did Mt /comnission Ibe enterprise, made 
 m MTuple to claim the benefit of at; 6ir Tar- 
 tfda and its dependencies mem soon ftfterwaids 
 annelid to the I«eward Ifsiand govemnm^ i> 
 
 * Ste. Cioix, or Saata Cmz, bdloaged drigltaany to 
 tlM Freneb, alMl wm lold bj tiMn (to tho Danctf, in 1790, 
 for ilM >ui9 of 75«ooQ<. ]t9 wbabitantf aro chif% J|^|;- 
 lbh« aad the lands being exceedingly fertile, the produce 
 of this little island (most of which I believe is ian^leA 
 into Oseat Britain as the prodoce of Tortola) ik Very con- 
 lideraUe, particularly sugar. 
 
mosTiiimiSi 
 
 fWV 
 
 * edinmiiiwoA gniBlfe4i% Kiog Ch^rlos IL to cumf. 
 Sir William Steplc|fmi» tt)d> X beliewe that tlie '^^' 
 fiogUsht Ikle faui MenkQUi^ uQiin|)e«(ched froqa 
 Ihut time lcr|lM9^ 'i lit r?^ 
 
 nh It lie Ddtcl) hfld made, but litlle progresBin 
 cuHWatift^ t|i# eouRtry wl)tn tliey were expelled 
 Irbm Tonlolai; /ftiidt'lbe chief merit of its sub- 
 fiet^ent i»ptad«tetQekitsr was veserved for some 
 Elfish settlers' firopfe tlie^iittleisla^ ofAnguilla, 
 wbo^iflbput. a centaey past^. embarked with their 
 lMmlie9* aad settled in the Vif^n Islands. Their 
 wants wei^ few,, and their goverament; simple 
 m^ MAexf^ensivetv The deputy governor,, with a 
 flOJUi^oil nominated ftom among.themselves^ exen- 
 eifie4 Mtk the legislative and judicial authority, 
 detenaainingb >&' n summary Biaimer^. without a 
 jni^allquestioBf belweeu sut^eot. and subject; 
 and as to taxes, there seem < to have been none 
 laid;, when- money was absolutely necessaiy for 
 ^ublie«ii8e( it waft raised, I believe; by voluntary 
 cOBtribulioni 
 
 ' Undecsufihiai system, it was impossible that 
 Ilia colony could attain to much importance. 
 It want^df the advantage of English capitals; 
 but eindit is sparingly given where payment 
 cannot easily be enforced* The inhabitanti 
 thwefore, M^^se. numbers in 17^6 amounted 
 tn. 1,236^ whites* and 6, IS 1 bUoks, reasonably 
 hoped to be put on the same footing widi the 
 
SitM 
 
 mtmmtWfkB 
 
 BOttk dsiritlindsVbytbeestiblM^iaaeiir^a^^^^ 
 civil J^vemmeht, dnd c&aHdiiafJ^nt^'Wmt of 
 justice atinong tfaciiiii btitiiithiii exp«ctatibfi tli^ 
 were not gratified until the year' f77S. to that 
 year they presiebted aik humble petitioil to the 
 captain-general bf the Leimstd Island )|i9¥ern- 
 inetit, requcRitbg his excellency ti» iMilile with 
 ihem in an ap^^cation tGl his MajeMy, for per- 
 misrion to elect an assentMy of represefttathres 
 oat ol the freeholders and planters, in drder that 
 such assembly, with the governor and Cdiincil, 
 ihight frame proper laws for then* peace, welfare, 
 and good government; pledgit^ themsehoes, in 
 that case, tc grata to his Mt^esty, his HetrSfOnd 
 successors f an impost of four and a half per cef^tah, 
 in ^lecie, upon ail goods and commodities thegrtimth 
 of these islands, similar to that which was paid in 
 the other Leeward Islands. 
 
 Their application (thus sweetenedj jjroved 
 suecessful. It was signified to them thiit' his 
 Majesty, fully considering the persons, cir- 
 cumstances, and condition of his said Virgin 
 Islands, and the necessity there was, from tiie 
 then state of their culture and inhabitancy, 
 that some adequate and perfect form of civil go- 
 vernment should be established therein ; " and 
 " finally trusting that his faithful subjects, 
 " in his said Virgin Islands, who should com- 
 " pose the new assembly, would, as the first 
 
WBST INBI88. ii 
 
 Utt 
 
 "aot>ofl«giilatioo, cheerfully ONike good, the 
 '^engagameat xif granting to his Majmty, hin 
 "heirs end successors, the impost of four and a 
 " halfj^er (xnt$mt on all the produceof the Virgin 
 " Islands, to be niised and paid in the sane 
 " manner as the four und a half /)er cen/MW is 
 " made payable in the other Leeward Itiambf* 
 did cause bis royal pleasure to be sigm^ed to lite 
 governor in chief, that he should issue writs in 
 his Majesty's name, for convemng an assembly 
 or boiMe of representatives, who, togrther with a 
 council to be composed of twelve persons, to be 
 f^;>pointed by the governor for that purpose, 
 might frame and pass such laws as should bQ 
 necessary for the welftire and good government 
 of the said Islands. 
 
 Accordingly, on the 30th of November 1773, 
 the governor in chief of the Leeward Islands, 
 in obedience to his Majesty's orders, issued a 
 proclamation for convening an assembly or house 
 of representatives of the Virgin Islands, who mm 
 on the 1st of February following, and very 
 himourably complied with their engagement to 
 the crown ; the very first act passed by them 
 being the grant before mentioned of foqr and a 
 half jErer centum, on the produce of the colony for 
 ever. They afterwards passed a grant of 400/. 
 currMicy per armum, as their proportion towards 
 the salary of the governor-general. 
 
 Such was the price atwhich the Virgin Islands 
 
 OHMV' 
 
 IV, 
 
im 
 
 HI«V«T« OlfiHB 
 
 Iflgjilvllini, If it bB 4iffieiiit ta f ecottsU^ ibU 
 pniedent with IM doetrines wkich have iliMhi 
 nuiilktaiDod IB (be 4118^:^ Greo^dh, it:>ai»yi|Mr^ 
 hapi be said (ai I Mitve tbeiact wa>)..that tilie 
 iababitants of these islaoMls were untppriiad of 
 the ligMs wbieh <!hey iaheiited as firiti»h wb^ 
 jeets, when tbe^ valuntarily propoied to aolject 
 themselves and their posterity to the tax in 
 question for pcf mission to enjoy them; and 
 their posterity may perhaps dispute the au^ 
 tbority which their foieiathers exercised on this 
 oceasion. 
 
 The chief, and alnvost the only staple pro- 
 diielions of these islands are sugar and cotton. 
 Of the quantity of land appropriated to the 
 cultimtion of either I have no account, nor can 
 I venture even to guess at the quantity of unim> 
 proved land which may yet be brought into cuK 
 tivation : Xoi^<^ itself is not more than fifteen 
 mike long and six miles broad ; the exports of 
 If ^7 will presently be givoi, and I have only to 
 add that they were raised by the kbour of about 
 one thousand two hundred whites, and nine thou^ 
 sand Uachs. 
 
 Havipg so far treated of the several islands 
 which coi^tu^te what ia calkd tjbe Leeward 
 Island GovernoNHitv, u the^ sland dis^oct 
 
mer cases, with tQ«,«»itlMNitk TaU» <)l ibetr 
 lUtptfns for 1787; after whichi I shall, as pr^- 
 ]M9«(lr4)fir »lew obsefv»tiaoa4» circttiosUMMia 
 «|fii|:b arp i.'oininoa to them fill. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! JliiJ j.'^* 
 
 <f 
 
 (WW 
 
 
 Ji ■ 
 
500 
 
 mSKOBX iOtWBE 
 
 BOOK}/ 
 111. 
 
 *.,> 
 
 i# A/QCOUMT of.tl^ K«ii«bw of 1fmmi», Mc tlwt have 
 Antigiw, Ktnrts« wad the l^rgin lalandi, bcCWMn th« 5th Janamry, 
 Guigon, and tlM Value <" 
 
 i%f 
 
 ■a"r» 
 
 St. CHRIS. 
 
 WytherbMnd. 
 
 sHmpiRo: ' 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 Bum. 
 
 
 TtOrmtBfMa . . . 
 
 IrIumI • • • • 
 
 AHCfflOMft AMMM • • • 
 
 BritnliGohniMbAania . 
 fbnieuW<M Indie* . 
 
 N9. 
 
 tl 
 
 19 
 
 10« 
 
 rMMM Mm 
 
 ttjmi 7M 
 
 saal 90 
 
 %/U9 140 
 1.901 110 
 MM S46 
 
 CmL fr. iM. 
 
 931.997 t Ifi 
 
 S»099 - . 
 
 980 . - 
 
 646 • • 
 
 - . . 
 
 r»,Wf 
 
 6,bOO 
 
 167,740 
 
 6&,00«l 
 
 15,070 
 
 
 Tata)firamSt.ClMMtap)H(^ 
 
 900 
 
 9S>15s| M90| 9M.S8S 9 13 
 
 904^609 
 
 
 AN. 
 
 InhBd 
 
 AnanuHiSMm . 
 BrinHi CoHBln io AnMrint 
 «DnigBW«tInliM . 
 
 Total finm Atuigw . 
 
 71 
 94 
 47 
 
 999 
 
 651 19.906 
 iq 1J09 
 9,981 
 9.197 
 9.S40 
 
 98.669 
 
 159 
 599 
 
 177 
 959 
 
 9/)48 
 
 ISCSfTTiif 
 
 99.995 . 
 6.779. 
 
 99 
 
 99iA96 1 18 
 
 198,996 
 
 97.400 
 
 375.150 
 
 109.990 
 
 5.740 
 
 716.546 
 
 MONTSERRAT 
 
 lo Gfwt Britaiti . , 
 Amerioni Statm . 
 Britith CokoiM ia Amarin 
 Ponim West Indk« 
 Afiin . . 
 
 T'jtei from Moatanmt and V'^tl 
 
 ToQtmtWSm' I T 
 American Statet . . 
 Britiah t itouiea in AoMriea 
 Foreign Wm Indka 
 
 Total boa tlie Virgin Uands 
 
 GnaKO ToTAi. 
 
 991 
 90 
 
 7 
 71 
 
 1 
 
 5.971 
 
 1.850 
 
 979 
 
 9.085 
 
 lot 
 
 lf» 10^787 
 
 198 
 
 40 
 
 977 
 
 8 
 
 904 
 
 ISK^.^lj 4.406[ 
 
 13»5 
 64 
 
 110J84 . 91 
 
 lf9,71( 
 
 |1.900| 
 140,66 
 
 989,076 
 
 VIRGIN 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 59^ 
 
 ssas 
 
 5.isr 
 
 57« 
 996 
 
 581 
 
 40 6.516 
 
 69491 4,978 
 
 944 
 
 91 
 90 
 51 
 
 496 
 
 78,749 1 61 
 
 91 . 
 
 969 - 
 
 79.909 1 6 
 
 709,549 9 1 
 
 617 
 
 19,900 
 
 7,000 
 
 tl,417 
 
 1.361.648 
 
 cleai%(llout«M 
 1787,^aiidth« 
 
 •TOFHBR'S. 
 
 ■et. 
 
 lodigo. 
 
 GaUf 
 8,104 
 
 8,1 iM 9f8 
 
 tti. 
 918 
 
 ■ITOUA, 
 "wis 
 
 1,700 
 700 
 
 16 
 
 9,910 26 
 
 AMD NEVld. 
 
 1.919 140 
 
 1419 140 
 
 ISLANDS 
 
 
 9/)ll 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 2,011 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 17,38il 
 
 43i 
 
 1 
 
 %k 
 
WSST INDIBS. I! 
 
 wr 
 
 cleaiMI outfMm^ ftom th« lalandt ofStChriftopfew's, MoBtitmk, ^g^ 
 178?i)and the 5t.N January 1788; together with an Accoant of their iv. ' 
 
 I 
 
 
 TOPHBR'S. 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 
 MoIm. 
 
 Mt. , 
 
 Indigo. 
 
 CdNon. 
 
 "tVSr* 
 
 MiMcllMMOM 
 
 Article* in 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 K 
 
 Gdii. 
 8,104 
 
 Ik. 
 318 
 
 m 
 
 At. 
 484b64ir 
 
 • 
 
 L. t. 
 5,8X4 1 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 1«5 • 
 
 d. 
 
 « 
 
 • 
 
 L. ». d. 
 83,145 te 10 
 
 to 10 • 
 r 186 10 . 
 
 19 • . 
 
 15 16 
 
 IL $. d, 
 
 480.178 15 5 
 
 6,03* 6 • 
 
 15,^t« 18 . 
 
 6,78H 10 . 
 r,4!J8»4 - 
 
 
 
 8.11N 
 
 3« 
 
 4«4tM0 
 
 5*989 1 
 
 6 
 
 SS,4»6 19 4 
 
 510,014 .. 5 
 
 *- 1 
 
 -tlOUA. 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 9.51(11 
 
 1,700 
 700 
 
 m 
 
 26 
 
 ISMMO 
 99.500 
 
 l.74t 6 
 £.400 - 
 
 6 
 
 46.466 18 d 
 
 43 ■ ■ 
 
 407 5 > 
 
 U 7 . 
 
 1,075 - . 
 
 4*4.480 19 6 
 
 ^076a 16 8 
 
 44.679 19 3 
 
 11.0:)l 15 4 
 
 1.632 5 - 
 
 ' 1 
 
 5.910 
 
 26 1 160.510 
 
 4,148 
 
 6 
 
 48.006 10 3 
 
 592.596 15 8 
 
 • 
 
 ' 1 
 
 J 
 
 iMD NEVIS. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1.S13 
 
 14d 
 
 91,978 
 
 'soo 
 
 Si*! r 
 
 6 
 
 1,162 S 2 
 70 10 - 
 
 4: 6 3 
 89 4 - 
 
 185.709 10 11 
 
 13.981 18 6 
 
 «.0.53 14 3 
 
 12.396 19 - 
 
 1.S1S 
 
 140 
 
 9t.47t 
 
 853 7 
 
 6 
 
 1,368 3 5 
 
 214.141 16 8 
 
 ISLANDS 
 
 
 
 
 9 fin 
 
 « 
 
 887,577 
 1,500 
 
 6,561 t 
 
 at m 
 
 90 - 
 
 6 
 
 «,3t3 18 6 
 
 6 4 - 
 
 10 5 - 
 
 10 11 • 
 
 lb4,lttt 17 6 
 
 1,499 9 - 
 
 'i.«3«> 15 - 
 
 10 11 - 
 
 2,011 
 
 - 
 
 «89.07r 
 
 6,651 S 
 
 6 
 
 2.340 18 S 
 
 166,9->9 IX 6 
 
 17,38J 
 
 48* 
 
 1.0«6.69S 
 
 > 17,134 la 
 
 ■ 1 85,147 11 5 
 
 1.483,712 5 3 
 
\<»' 
 
 uisnom or Tim 
 
 
 ^jj»^ Mfi/ . 
 
 !-;. 
 
 ''M' 'm^ 
 
 , ( lAflll-*"-! 
 
 BOOK 
 lU. 
 
 in sunreying these isli:tids| collectively, the 
 
 dCwUSiMnlieo- IBvv nrK' BPeseBflT'lttOiT tO* I1O(1C0 Hr 
 
 ikefauflheBof tha lour and a kilf ^ aantwk oa 
 ibeir exported pniduce, to which they are al! 
 aml^yacit equally with Barbadoes, aJnd which, 
 though, grantedi hy their own- aieemfcliie^ was in 
 most other cases, as well as the VrrgTn Tsrahds, 
 the price of a constitutional legislature, and a 
 ccOiBHinicfttion of the comiDon privileges off 
 3ritl«h suljectp. 
 
 ft would without didukt be saUifactor]^ to the 
 reacfer to be fimii'sftecE with irn aocount of thff 
 produce of this duty, and the particulars of itft/ 
 ditposal ; btti Be> saeb^ i afofmaitioB », to- ,^ 
 faiowledgei has' of late years heed giveni Xa the 
 pdbiie. Ihe last" retam that I am possessed 
 of^ iS'datsdl sty hnti^i^goivth^je8r'17'9i^> From- 
 thence tt' appeanr, that nie mhoK .money' coI<" 
 lected OD this account, both in Barbadoes ahid' 
 the Leeward Islafl^, intwieiirt^ne ]^raft, (^6p 
 ChrMlmas I7¥3 tb Christmas 1734) arqounted 
 
 cO tHtvy^xS^ Sv> oyt: StenMfc Or wniCn- K IS 
 
 sbameftil ^ r a kto that Be mese^ than 140,032/, 
 19fi 6k^ nanpMd intft: tha BotiBfat Excbrqpaer;. 
 upwards of 80,000/. having been retained in 
 
the ifikmdt for the char^ of oolleetkig> aM cm. 
 105,000/. more, ^vpeaM^ m Qteat Britain la 
 the paynneot ef freight, duties, oonmnBakMls, icea 
 t»f office, and ot|ier claima and dediictioiia<* ' - 
 '' From the net money paid iaio the «ichec|uer 
 the Governor GeneHal of llieae isfcnda fecenres a 
 salary of 1/100/. 8terliiig»exchi8tve of the several 
 auoit granted hiqi kj tke tolonial ataeaabliesyt 
 and I believe that salaries are alloived from the 
 same fund to the Li«atenaiit Cknand, and the 
 several Lieutenant Governors. I have been Wi- 
 formed toe, ifaat liie Governors of the Bahama 
 and Bermudas Islands are likewise paid out of 
 iMs duty. The balance which remains, after 
 these and some other dedqetions we made, is 
 wholly at the king's dbposal. i ^k* 
 
 But it is impossible not to observe, that aU 
 most all the islands within this government, at 
 weU as BarbadocB, have been, for many yean 
 past, progressively on the decline : and it is 
 therefore probable that the present net prodte^e 
 
 * Some years after this, a new mode of collecting the 
 duties was, I belierc, adopted, wbich rendered the tax 
 uiorc prodvetivt to gwrernmeot. 
 
 t Thmc graotf are m follow t Antigua and St. Chriitiv 
 pher'i 1,000/. currepcjr each, Neris400f. Montfctrat 
 400<. Virgin Islands 400i. The usual rate of exchange 
 is 185 per cent. These sums therefore, added to 1,900/. 
 attding, paid oatef (be Bncliequw!. imk* bis whole salary 
 2^000/. sterling (wr amncii. 
 
joQK df tfv* i4«lly i»<iio| oMre Until fluffi0«|[^|o ■Mtn.y 
 ^ levMd iiKwiiibr«90«i with wMi U it low!- 
 ed^ TbeJifgroti indeed b«ve been kept up, wd 
 ereo augpnented* by purchase, because, aathe 
 lands have bepORae impDveriabed^ they have re- 
 quired a graaler expenie of^kbeur to make them 
 any way productive; but as. the returns have 
 not increased in the same degree nothing 
 could have sAved the planters from ruin*. but 
 Ihe advanced price of sugar in the markeMt of 
 Europe. . . ir imi-j s 
 
 : It appears from authentic accounta Ifiid be- 
 fore parliament, that the import of sugar into 
 G^eat Britain from all the British West In- 
 . dies (.Lucaica excepted) has deoreased^ in. the 
 cdurge of twenty yenis from 3,76fi,tt04 cwt to 
 %563;/M cwt* The diffivence in value, at 
 a medium price, cannot be less than 400,000/. 
 starling, and it will be found to have fallen 
 chiofly on those islands which are subject to 
 the duty in question ; to the effects of winch, 
 therefi>re, the deficiency must be chiefly attri- 
 -buted ; fpr ^jsiiig laid, not on the land, but on 
 the produce of the land, it operates as a tax on 
 industry, and a penalty which fiills heaviest on 
 the man who contributes most to augments the 
 wealth, commerce, navigation, and revenues 
 
 * Bdng th« avwige <»f two periodic tlM fint from 
 1773 to 1775, the Moond from 1718 to 179t. 
 
of thto motkmHioahtrf, It ktooMtMbj the 
 plAnmri M «i|oil tatmptr am. on fSmmt pit- 
 dttco of Uieir cttatn for Ofcr. Under sucb-^ 
 MinkcD, which, while it o^presMi the colonies, 
 ^Idt A profit of no greet eoniidenittr .o the 
 crown, they have been oneble to atari in 
 
 petition with the British planters in 
 inlands, and have been depressed stHI more by 
 the rapid growth and extensive opulenee of the 
 French colonies in their neig^boorhood. Thiis 
 a check has been pven to the spirit of improvie- 
 ■len^ and much of that land, which though some- 
 what impoverished by long coltivationj would 
 'Still, with the aid of manure, contribute greatly to 
 the general reu.ai, is abandoned, because the 
 produce of the f ^rest soil is taxed as high as 
 that of the most lertile. ^ ^i : 
 
 Ui' Xb the loss arising from a decrease of pro- 
 duce, aceompenie^'f with an increase of Oon- 
 tingent expenses, must be added the ralnoos 
 eflfects of capture m the late American war. The 
 damages sustained iii St. Christopher's alone, 
 by De Gram^t invasion in 1789, from the de- 
 struction of negroes and cattle, and the bom- 
 ing of the canes, were estimated at 160,000/. 
 stei^i^ which sum was made up to the suffer- 
 ers by a poll-tax on the slaves, of no less than 
 forty shillings. The annual taxes for defraying 
 the: 'Current charges of their internal govern- 
 ments, in all the islands, are riso exceedingly 
 
 «M 
 
 ^ 
 

 *. 
 
 sy- • ^-Au 
 
 <s. 
 
 .T&> 
 
 > 
 
 .IT 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 l^iu 1^ 
 
 1.1 
 
 : la 120 
 
 liiilU |L6 
 
 lll^^aa^^i^iM IIIH^^^^^^B M^^^^HIB 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 V' 
 
 .** 
 
 Sdenoes 
 Corporation 
 
 
 i\ 
 
 ^. 
 
 'T*^ 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 ^. 
 
 as WIST MAIN STRHT 
 
 WnSTM,N.Y. 14SW 
 
 (716)t7a-4S03 
 
 ^ ■ 
 
 v\ 
 

 
^/m^iimm mH^mM i^-ki^m M m^iimX 
 
 #'fciilf,,,QPii....,«>iAj|,itikiftj i^opt ^^Wf ill^'li^ N>l^- 
 
 the present returns froiq^llmPiifll^ilieyiftp 
 ^m HnrbpeiNi |i0s9«iM»ri;/ or JiilNlt >>!;; «ffi)^ 
 
 fll|.<iiMiD«l9d4|Ui9ltri^ tlp|»j^Fl|49P «Uil!r' 
 Tl» ir9t Jgngj&ili a4f(P«WPi WiP WifCM 
 
 lion Has «ft9li^ol5,9QiPl(i»r^l|^ tbe.ii^ 
 tiOQt mv^ ^mm^mfA 9f 4po>oiiis)i»«,fi«d |he 
 fiitieft iMiiH* fiboUf 9f ii^9t» o£ 044* JM)> 
 wewtefkreniii of QMi F^olyisbir^ M Gil- 
 
hr 
 
 irt-I 
 
 m 
 
 M iBknoiiledgB tM goldHMid Mlvce hMe «% 
 ao anUicMil umI raktive y»li»ei tbal iaduaHy 
 attM:4i liMd fveakh, and thai «grieultiii#raiid 
 mmmitce are tbe grettj^Munees ^nmitioiwl 
 
 of ittift wine' to the inotbaf-country^ kmiMi at 
 an ti^ptaie to tlie jtiiHivator, wbidi perhaps k 
 not equalMia ally otiier pursuit^ in ai^ oountiy 
 oi'tiM globe. It itt an expense too, that k 
 pihoanent and certoio; while the returiift«v«pa 
 nddie ▼amble and- floctdating than any. other ; 
 owhigto calaimties, to which these countriet aie 
 eiposed, both from die bands of €rod and mami 
 and' it is immrnful toadd) that the selfirii or nii-^ 
 takte policy of man is sooictifnes nore destrac' 
 tivt^'than even the anger of Omnipotenee ! 
 
 At die dne that I write diis (1791% the> 
 homaiifty of the British nalion is trembUngly 
 aU«e to the real or fictitious distresses of thft 
 African labourers in these and the odier islands 
 ofthiWestindies: and the holders and employers 
 of those ^^petfpte seem to be marked out to the 
 pulillc indigiiatfon for proscription and'min. So 
 strong and universal a sympathy aUows noroom 
 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 L L 
 
st« 
 
 msiMrovTflB 
 
 Iff. 
 
 thit iheMQMditiM of that OBfcr-. 
 ^TMihf oil the oonditioii 
 
 UMPtvdi tli» principal^ ivni bo Mt wHiidoiiMe 
 fcioe ^ hb 4e|MMbiiili|^ itui tbo blow tbat 
 wombithoiMtler wil^ eattnttiiNite the tltfe. 
 "^ lltt^lJMOprietf oftlMieitiMits^i^ 
 iPMbtoquent poirfB of' n^ iMirk, when i^ooiiie 
 in coone to treat of the slafe trade and jlsveiy ; 
 and to oonaider the oommiKial syatem of Great 
 Britain towaida her West Indian dependenoiesy 
 of wfaieh I ha^o now cooipletBd the catalognei 
 Here then I mig^t doae the third book of my: 
 histOTf; but it has probably occurred to the 
 reader, that I have omitted the two goverO'* 
 ments of BftWrna and Bammtku;* to wliich> 
 indeed it was my intention, when I began my 
 woric, to a p pr o priate a distinct chapter. An> 
 examinatioii of my materiab has induced me to 
 alter my purpose; finding myself ; used of 
 scarce any memorials concerning 4« oiril hi8'< 
 tory of those islands, that are not giiren in the 
 numeroos geographical treatises with which the 
 shelves of the booksellers are loaded. Of the 
 
 * I luKv««lio pMMd ovtr MBoliMd tke oimII idMMb 
 of Ai^iiilla uMl BHboda. M bting of too Uttto imporiMm 
 to OMril putienhr dcKr^aioii. Tho foniMr bciongt to 
 the Lwwaid Isbuid goTerament} tholtMcrii the private 
 property of the Codringtan fiunily. 
 
WS8IMIIDB8.ni 
 
 6M 
 
 prmeni ^afbktt of the BMnatrittoi^:! mad iiot 
 lM/aili8iiiod te idmowtodge gj^ ignorapoef'^itoii 
 aamick uo efeii^tbe^kirdt .«f the committee ojh 
 couacil im-ithe d&iii >ol timde end pUmtetioiit: 
 wen iiEiable to «btahi eatiffactary iiriinlisalion' 
 coiieeroinfl it. To their iioDdships' jaqviiiat^' 
 ill 17^, as to the extent ' «f < territory in thoie 
 isiandSf-^r-r^he quantity of lahd in tultifation,-i<^ 
 the ntUnher of white inhahitant%r^prodoQtioMi 
 and eaport8,i&04 the oolyeaamrer that ;could be' 
 obtaioed^ from the tgovemor was this^ /Aa# tTicMt' 
 ai that time impouibk to ascertain amf ef thate 
 partiaUare. It appears however from > tho tes- 
 timoi^ of other persons, that these islands in; 
 general are rodcy and barren; that the only; 
 article cjyltivated for exportation is cotton, of 
 which the medium export is fifteen hundred 
 bagi of; two cwt; that the inhabitants (who 
 in 1779 oonsbted of two thousand and fi%.tiso 
 whites^ and two thousand two hundred and 
 forty-one blacks) have been of late years con- 
 siderably augmented by emigrants from North 
 America; but of their present numbers no pre- 
 doe account is given^* 
 
 • The Bahama itlands, oomprchending thoie which 
 either firom their smallnew, the barrenneM of the soil, orthe 
 want of water* are aniahaUted, are some hundrede in nom- 
 ber. Thej are dtuated between the 93d and S3d degraea 
 of north latltnde. The principal of them are PiovJdenoe 
 (twfaty-Hiren miles long and eleven broad)« Bah^um, Aba- 
 ci^ Harbour Iiland, Sluthera^ Ssnma, St. Salvadore. Long 
 
 Vf. 
 
 niy , 
 
 L'L fl 
 
urn 
 
 in* 
 
 OF TBB 
 
 Goocemu^ Bflraiud«i» Governor Brown is 
 miora^KpUdt F«oinli»«ii8wcntotbeirIxird- 
 shipt* queriM, it Appcan that Hoey oontiiii ftom 
 iwdm to thirtoeo thouaand acret of very poor 
 laoctof wliiqh nine pastt in ten are either on- 
 IniUtva^ or reserved.in woods for tho supply- 
 ing^of timber for building small ships, sloops, 
 an4^shiiUopib for sale; this being in troth the 
 pnodpal occupation and employment of the in- 
 hihftants; and the vesseb which they fomish, 
 hciogibuilt of cedar, are light, buoyant, and on- 
 eipensive. 
 
 QlT the land in cultivation, no part was ap- 
 propriated to any other purpose than that of 
 raising Indian com, and esculent roots and ve- 
 getables (of which a considerable supplj^ is sent 
 to the West Indian Islands) until the year 1785, 
 when the growth of cotton was attempted, but 
 with no great sticcess, there not being at present 
 more than two hundred acres applied in this line 
 of culture. 
 
 The number of white people of all ages hi 
 Bermudas is five thousand four hundred and 
 sixty-two ; of blacks four thousand nine •hundred 
 ^0 nio^tiBen.* 
 
 ItUad, AndrM« BUniai, fto. Th* mt of govcrantent is 
 •I th« town of Nawu in Provideiioe. Vid. n/Llp.f. 
 
 * It were u act of great l^ottiee totheinlisbitmattof 
 Bermudas, to omit tlie Teiy iiononrable tettimoiqr wliicli 
 Governor Brown has transmitted togoremmeat, eonoem- 
 ing the treatment of their n^;ro stares. *' Nothing (he 
 
5ir 
 
 ■'>?>;-. 
 
 Thus it appears tfaftt the landibeocmie less fer- chap. 
 tOe $s ir#ir0i^iibr ton the tropics, and wete there 
 iiQt».ai.ihi[i^iaB^^ is, an unaccountaUe pro- 
 pesiity in the gmmpltf^ of npfiidady to^nMiK 
 rate what they haVe in actaal possession, it woold 
 nqtakid but little eHbrt ta cQotvince liifr pidilie ol ^ ; ^ 
 the ^'ast importance of our West Indian depen- 
 dencies ; of which the p<\'>|Ressive growth has now 
 been traced firdih the fi^r^t^fey^^i 1^ 
 mAins is to convey that conviction to the j^ng^sb 
 reader. This then, #er talcing a cursory soirvey 
 for the gratification of curiosity, of the present in* 
 habitiMAts and the system of agriculture, 1 shall 
 endeavour to accomplish in the next voluqae. 
 
 re^* • 
 
 obwrvw) am batter riiew the etele ojpitevery ia B^vdai 
 Ibeii the bdMvionr of tlie UadBi itt Ihe late war. Thera 
 were at<nM time between fifteen aad twenty |iriveleen 
 fitted oatiifoin henoc, which were pertly menaed bf ntgfo 
 aiatwrn, who behaved both as aayom and marioM iire- 
 proechably } and whenever they were c^itnred, alwi^ re- 
 tomedyif it was ia their power. There were sereml ia- 
 staaces wherdn they had been eondemaed with the Tessd 
 aad soldt and aft e r w ar ds fcand means to eseqie j atid 
 Ibvaoi^JBenydiaealties and hardsUpe returned to thdr 
 mesters' strrice. In the ship Regulator, a privateer, them 
 wen seventy slaves. She was taken and carried into Boil- 
 ton. Sixty of them retomed in a flag of trace diitefty to 
 Beraradai. Nine others returned by the way of New York. 
 One only was missing, who dtod in the emixe, or in o^ 
 tiviCy."— >AqBorl of the Priof CmmcU <m the Skne Trade, 
 Partttl 
 
51« 
 
 histoii¥t0f jm 
 
 
 SiAcriilt'fiMieiiittiirbr (ii« iUrai«rBattllMi!4if ililalir<iA««» 
 
 bliK)wn,non> ' ' li '' -- • 
 
 Jn A(Xhmf^^tkri^iif'9ttf HM • tk^pn CbalM. «Hri^f 
 
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 D'it nl .i'jf 
 
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 1795 
 1796 
 
 rQ,«9o it r,4W o nn^ttot uirrjgn • 9 
 
 w I i i il.i ( irnii II I I I 
 
 Total 
 
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 iMpwtw MM £■■• Qi nMlii CoIm. Accih 
 AJcdiiK Hiutaod of ate JDMty ^ 44 pw Cint 
 
no 
 
 HIMNMIYOr IHB 
 
 Am account of th* Mftral CkaifM ipoii Ifae Fun d, umiig 
 by the Dutiw of Four Poimb ud Om Hiilf #Mbd ^er 
 GkR<tMi, dtfiif the Y«tn 17H 179ft» Mtlfl^pMi ■t'Ae 
 
 ■jfti 
 
 SALAUIiMdPINtlOIIS 
 
 
 
 TbI«|» 
 
 ' ' ' StViacmlli . 
 
 lieut. OovamonorLwwMd lahnds 
 
 AonMi 
 
 Omadt . 
 
 Doadnics 
 
 
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 Q^JiatiMofyigbijUiiQii . 
 
 Oovenmr of iIm BabuM Unda to) 
 make up the OeMMKiM «r bh tan > 
 •tSOOi^Aaam I 
 
 GoTotiiorofBariMdoaaftrUaSiivieaa . 
 
 Ooveraor of Maitiniqpw fcr Ua Oalit 
 
 Comteia Dmvafer of 
 Xari of ChShaiB. 
 Hononrable YlW^m 
 their Uaaa asatnl^ 
 aifdj 
 
 Repnanitativca of Ob Eari of KlMwri 
 (Petpatntj) . 
 
 ChtfhOT, Joha^ 
 and tha %it# 
 
 • • • i/ 
 
 } 
 
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 17^ 
 
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 ntU at tbAH^OIMI'. 
 
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 Ummj tuntktjt Kiq. kto Secrataiy to 
 the OmbbIuIhi fw nrtorini PMMia 
 
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 1794. 
 
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 JoMltapy^ Cbidwii of the")' 
 ^J^ f {-I W^ lteti%f 
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 r 
 
 £3 
 
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 itmi 
 
 
 EM(.bt«» 
 
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 nuebTWIur 
 
 NChiUnnof 
 
 } 
 
 OeofieBr 
 
 vei«,Siq. 
 
 Gov. of I 
 
 jMM^ C^W pi r i l, Eaq. lite Qqmmar of 
 
 He 
 
 Iia«.Q«*. 
 
 Sir 
 
 900 
 
 100 
 
 too 
 
 >«0 
 
 150 
 
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 761 
 
 40 
 90 
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 1796. 
 
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 K,rat fl 91 
 
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 100 
 
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 150 
 
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 Umamiwm^-Oii dw fl4di Di^ of FcbraMy. 17M. the »m 0llA4lbfiOO km dt. 
 
 '[jNrCeati^ 
 OowcnnMoti 
 
 nctwi to be iMwd oat of tte 4i p« Ceati^tBwvds diA^ni <i»ClMa|H nd 
 MtpnmafUkiUjtitftCkfii 
 
 Gforf* JtoM. 
 
 IVtMory CliHBben» WUtebMl* 
 
 myc 
 STili 
 
 April, 1708. 
 
YUM 
 
 Hismmr or the 
 
 !< 
 
 .U, 
 
 APPENDIX TO VOL. I. 
 
 ^i 
 
 No. 9. 
 
 ObtenaHmu on tk« Duptkium, CkmmM^, Mmmtn, 
 oW VahUt of Life, ^ lAt Mmnm N^r^^tke 
 ItUmd of Jamaka; dtd m Dtiml if tk* Ofigm, 
 ProgretM, and T«nmMli0ii ^H» kU War ^iiiiiii 
 thou Peopio mid lAe Wkitt MMtmh: Jlnt ptA^- 
 Kihedt^furat9fyml70f. 
 
 i 
 
 •utsi' 
 
 DIZ. 
 
 SBCI^ON 1.' 
 
 Anraoi. J4kKAi^A, as we hftve Meii,^WM conqvovd (raw Ike 
 SpaniardRi duiing the prote^toiiti ol CwmWtll, in 
 tiM jear 1655, by en annai^t under tiiecplnaMiitf 
 of Admiral Penn aod Oen^ Venablet. The Spaoiah 
 mbabitanta are aaid to haite posseaaed, before die at- 
 tack, about llKX) enshiv^Ml A^ricaaa, m^t of whom, 
 on the amrender of theur mastera, rifraated tb the 
 mountahis, from whence' di^ made ftdquent eicnr- 
 ipona to haraaa the Engfi^. Major-geoeral Sec^ 
 irick, one of ^ Bntirii oficeia, ma letter to Seopetaiy 
 Iniwloe (1656) predkta, mat these bUcks would proive 
 a duMn in die sides of ^e English. He adds, that 
 diej gave no quarter to his men, but destroyed them 
 whenever ^y firand opportmi^ ; scarce a week paas- 
 ing without dieur mutdirmg one^iw more of diem; 
 and is die soldiers became mme confident and careless, 
 the negroes grew m<Nre enteipriring ud bloody-mind- 
 ed. " Havmg no moni sense," eoolimiei^e, " and 
 
liWiar IMDIB8. 
 
 ^ Ml tndanlMdiDf nlMt the imn Md caHoM of 
 '^•i^mtkmi'mftmk ««!Iumnv mH how to nmifliti «r 
 -■ ImlwMi M17 of IhMB. Bat bo aMurMlllMy mitt 
 * iiliM W d Mt foy« 4 or fanoghl fai^ opoo toino toraM 
 ; o« oliolbqfi Mill provo • groot 4Mourago- 
 to tho itttlinf tho coMtty.** What lio liMro> 
 cooM to pan.; .At tho hitter part of tfio 
 7oar(iAAfi).tho anngr gimod sooie trifling aii^ 
 Ihon; hot ihio waa inmodiataly afliiw 
 •everelj retaliated hy tho ihMightar of forty 
 out off aa thoy w«ra.cafahMlly raoibttng from 
 
 ia^fonuit of tho aoaoiy, which oaaM up with and 
 
 hiHail'iaoteo or oi|^t of thorn; hot thoy still fouod 
 
 atoiM to hold oulf until being hard preaied the year 
 
 by Colonel, D*Oylcy, who, by his final ove»> 
 
 <fw»lho : S pa ni arda» had taken from tfiem all hope 
 
 ^iMnmwKOomr from their ancieal maatera, they bo> 
 
 oMto ^91^ mnch atraightaned for want of provisioni 
 
 •aid nmmunitaaa* Tho jaain body, under die eom* 
 
 mand of n negro named Jww d$ Boiat (whose plaoe 
 
 of ralrtatiiiilho.panib of Clarendon atill retaina hb 
 
 jeam) al* length aolicitod for peace, and aurrcndered 
 
 toidwJBnglirii on 'isRnn of pardon and freedom* A 
 
 liiga parfty, howO«et^(<tHto had now ac^nired die name 
 
 of >4fkraoosf) jemaiaod lin. their rOtreats widiin the 
 
 • •. • .'I lo wiMJH". • ill ni Hisi \(tftit'nil ' ' f 
 
 * Tbe i»wi i% n iiii i—nHU SfmUtt AmeAeum, ■eporcfag to Mr. 
 hm^-lhtlmwtttti the nMfa aboandhv «Uh the «ltd liuir. and Ok 
 
 iMuffuoaiKBktnlimfaMh, Ce tcrnie virnt <faa not 
 Hm raider 
 
 AIPBM- 
 BIX. 
 
 liciB let phn iraSbiltte (car nHwt.' 
 
 wUl acoapt vUQh of 
 
6S4 
 
 HISTbRT OF raS 
 
 APFgV. 
 DO. 
 
 moimtuntV wliCK thtfy hot onlj ragoliMited dieir 
 nuittben by mtdnl ncreMe^ bnt^ after ihe nlnd btf- 
 came tUcker lown witii plantatianf, they wen 4i«^ 
 ^ufliidy rebfer^ by fagoiw diirea. At Mbglfr'^ay 
 grow conident enoagb of their IbrcetonndeMdcadi^ 
 soenta ^pon their inteiior planten, many 6t whom they 
 murdered, fiom time to tioMy without the leait pn»^ 
 •caticm; abd !^ dieir barbaritiet and dutragM aatSBi- 
 4thd die whitei irom fantntin|; to any co niiteible 
 diitance frDHii tfi^ ie»coaat o<^^'.< 
 
 In 1 669 the Ideutahant^veinor, Sir Charia* C)ft. 
 telton, and his co«i«il, iaaoed a proclamatido) ottl^ 
 a fiili pardon, twenty aerea of land, and freedom ftoni 
 ill maimer of datarjr, to «a«l» of diem who •hbuUl' liiit 
 render. But I do not find that any of ^NAnr^aiib iiE^ 
 clined to a<H:lepl the terma <iS^, or qiut theb- iavi^ 
 wvf of life. On the contiary, th^ were be^ pliJi^ 
 widi die more am|^ rai^ Ai#f poaaemed m diawiMi^ 
 where their hunting grounda were nofc yet encroadtad 
 upon by settlemeptt. They took ^fettuaT oare, in^ 
 deedi that no aetdement should be eatablished near 
 them; for they buitehered a«ery idiile lilmily that ten^ 
 tared to aeat itself any conndairable distanco hibnd. 
 When die governor percoved diit die prodamation 
 wrought no efface Juan de B<^ rho was vow made 
 G>!ejd of the Bhck Refpmen^ waaaent to endaivottr 
 didr redttctkm; but in die prosecution of this senate 
 he fell into an ambuscade, and was cut to pieces. In 
 March, 1664, Captain Colbeck, of die* white niiH|^ 
 was emi^kiyed for die same purpose. He went by sea 
 to die north side ; and, hairang gained aome advabt^(<68 
 over die Maroons, he returtlidwid^ oUe who preteiilddd 
 to. treat for the rest. This embaasy, howaver^ ivas only 
 calculated to amuse die whites, and gain some respite; 
 
i WEST INDIES. 
 
 89ft 
 
 lor the MaraiQBft no MMner foand tfaeoMclvM m • con« 
 <fiiaMioa£^^fM|.Att whits inhabittato USkA kilo ■»- 
 curkjr, 4ian tkcj ly«gni to rentw hottUitiet, nmrdttinf , 
 M Mmc, OTtvy whitiB pcnon^ wilhoiit dittiiictioii of 
 aqi i|r age, who caiM withia tfi«r ritch. 
 
 ^^Ii tfut wigj^f they contiBued to cUstroMliie uhad for 
 Upiinusb of forty, yean, during wUeh timt forty*fottr 
 act» of AsMBihly were pane^ nd «t leait 940,000/. 
 WI0M. for dieir anpiNretnon. la 1790, i^bny were 
 grown io fonnidable, under a very able general, named 
 Qma^ duit il wai found expedieat to itreagdien die 
 Hfiil^ •ganat them by two regunentp of n^nlar troop*, 
 idnf^jfvere afkerwardt .fonned into mdepeadeiit ccmd* 
 piiwii and epployfd^ with mother hired parties, fuid 
 the wkif^ body of iiiilitia» in their lediictioo. in the 
 j^>473f« Captain Stoddart, who cominanded one 
 eC^ljlMNie iiiMrtiei, prelected, and executed with great 
 miDsm, W> ettack of riie Maroon wbdtvard town, called 
 I(ji0lliy^ sijkuate on cme of the highest mountains m die 
 sdfHid. . Hayh^^ provided some portaUe swivel guns, 
 he fUently approached, and reached within a small 
 dialeniW; of jdieir quarters undiscovmned. After haltmg 
 fgp; jP9>me time, he bqpn to ascend by the only path 
 leading to thdr town. He found it steef^ rocky, and 
 ^iflBiCuIt, and not wide enough to admit the passage of 
 tW9 p^rifgie abreast. However, he surmounted these 
 obstacles; a^d having gained a small emineoce, coip- 
 manding the huts in which die negroes were asleep, 
 he .fixed his little, triqn of artillery to the. best advaiH 
 tage, and fired upon them so briskly, diat many were 
 slain in their habitations, and several threw themselves 
 headlipng down the prec^e. Captain Stoddart pup* 
 sued the adviQtag«i ; killed numbers, took many pri- 
 soners, ai}d in short so completely destroyed, or routed 
 
 APPBNr 
 
Mie 
 
 HISaSBXi (M THE 
 
 Afvfgfr. tlMwk)liW4r^iliiit 
 
 ^^ feet 9^ nterpiiw of 
 Mand* 
 
 MjUl ,f ■•{.'!«.! 
 
 
 of the* 
 
 ... About tlMiMffB:tinftiMHilhfr'p«ity off Ifaft Moiachii- 
 having p«rceived>dMit>« bocty of UtoniiUtia, ttftamm^ 
 at the,barnidb:ofi Bi^pnel^o^AkilMVin Sli'lifa«|'iipft> 
 nik», ttodor ibo cooMBMnulef CokiM^ Clutfltbo, itmyed 
 hoodlctiijt IrMfe tfacv qputen, and k^ieob ordar, 
 formed a!prO)ect l»cut them off»> and whilst >tli^iiffiea(i> 
 were at diB«ei^ attended by a veiy fo# of ittMriaMn* 
 tbo BtinMNia<raibedniddMiiyfiom the adjaetet^vfpdo 
 and attaekod; tdiemw > iSf vera! pia^ wereidiediapgad,* 
 die ffiepmt of-jniueh abuteed the mUitia^iwhoiniiiiBdKr 
 ata[^i!an>te!.tiMvMiB%«ndic»iia>iip^a^ nmvmy 
 
 AioroffieeraiiMp deatruetioow •iW Marooaa wera^ 
 repulaed^ and forced tolako ihidter ia the #i>ddl, tot 
 4w militia did jQot think. fit to pursue Uiem* Somo* 
 rlMMMira of tbiiraldrmithi reached S^Nnish Toim, urindi 
 iadiatairt from the spot about thirty myev; ond) aaall 
 tim dfoumataniiea wen not bnowtt^ Ihe iniialMtaAti 
 iVera thrown into the most dreadful alarms from appr»» 
 henaions that tho Maroent bad defeated Charlton^ mmI 
 Weio in iiiU 'march ^to- attack tbe town. Ayseeugby^ 
 tben commander im chiefs participating' in the gauen^ 
 panici ordered die tmmpets to sound, die drwsis>^to> 
 bea^ and in a few hours coUeOted a body of borse and 
 foot wbo went to meet the enemy. On the setond 
 day after dieir departure, they came to a place wheve, • 
 by die fires which remained uneatinguiBhed, they'Sup^ 
 posed die Maroons bad lodged the preceding night 
 Tlwy therefore followed die track, and soon aftergot 
 sigbtof them. Captain Edmucda, who commiMted 
 Ae detachment disposed his men for action ; but the 
 Maraons decfined engaging, a-«d fled different ways 
 
'tinisf iNsntt. 
 
 «n 
 
 Sef6inl «r tlMi% ho/mmif^ ^utm slab in tk« putfitiil^ afpiii. 
 ■ttd OtilMt 'lIliiilF piriMMMM > llMto °^' 
 
 Aieed" tinr ilredgiii,' M<l filed Jltetti.iirltli M oittdi 
 tttrtrAM dM)r aevir aflenMHii ippcttMd m mf «o». 
 iiawMibody^'WBr dttfed to nAii aiir iiwd ; In4e«d, 
 ftmb lb* oOtaMflttCMMBt of lli»wur. till tint p«rid(l, they 
 hid not onet f«iktor^ « pifekad JNttfe^ bM «ktilkcd 
 ^dNnU'tiiO'fkirti of ran<^ pbiniMiMi, Mupniing Mnif- 
 gkf^'Mid nniffderitig tiMilriiitM bytwo oip tlunee tt« 
 tiMM)^ or ^«n A^>iv«re!too f(^ tomake iqy umIi^' 
 attco* Bynigbiidwy niied the liMoiMlU» oi»poiiiiiity 
 thM d«(teiKt^gtt« tiMttiy of -ilMlidlff Intv tlM'Mitle* 
 nriitijifMwMlli^'MtiMto^aae^fiekbiindoii^^ 
 lilllid'Kllltl«> caitle tbey eoiild tMf «nd canwd tiie 
 rfif^ iMb' ci^tivitjr^ By Huideitiraijr method iif 
 condttietlig ike mwt, they^ did infinite nditkief to die 
 wkitety uridiMHlt nMieh es|^6«ttig their own penons to 
 denger, far di«y alwnys «niitiMlbly'«voidM fightings 
 except ividt • unniber io'ditpropoiiionally inferior to 
 thiMMelves/ni to tfiord tiiieni« ^ntttty snreexpeetitien 
 of lictory; < Thiqr knew e««ry iecret tvenne of the 
 conntry; M> tknttkey could oidier conceal theniMl¥e8 
 ftnniipnnint, or shift didr intigee from place to phMie^ 
 at drcnnittincee rtqnired. Sack were the many di»- 
 adfantagei under which die Eng^irii had to deal with 
 dMte desultory fbet; who were not i^educible by any 
 regnlir pliU of attack ; wko possessed no plunder to 
 atture or reward die assaUants $ nor had any thing to 
 lose, except life, and a wild and sarage freedom. 
 
 PreiQotts to die succestes above mentioned, tho 
 distress into whidi the phlnters were dirown, may be 
 oottected from die sense which die legislature of Ja- 
 maica expraasad in some of their acts. In dM year 
 177S, diey set fordi, diat ** die Maroons had, widiin 
 
HISmSTLpllJliE 
 
 ■i mIw atjMid.Wii ooHMiM^ «i4 «Me 1^ of, 
 l«r tMr mff f^ im |p^^?p4|iv #t %y >» 
 
 •lid iSp«%w«iim.dM^ th^ iaMr ^ Ai fi^ 
 tfjiior of Im )i«jwty'a wdgeteta «.ti|OMi|iirt«^«^ Imh| 
 gnady laiimd bj dw Ikcniieiit rolMwH nmrdeii, 
 nd dspfedttlioiis coMwiW aJ Jbythno) tlHit mthopf 
 iiibM of dmndoQ, Sl Aia, ^t* ClimMI|» ^9^^ 
 MOil«M^ Hwo««r» maA^Jmm\ii9fm9n f;^^, 
 danfcfy MM l t i p liej^ md M luge wrteBWp^ *<r|S)m 
 tiw ■ww o Hiii, v4 IcMt «ccep<iM» yrtf ; ir)hB|(||^ 
 phnderadjA MoviditlMn^ Mid ^t/md, awflnpiljf^ip^ 
 
 ■iMy vahnblo |nc|» of fawi^ <iroi|i.^||«|q|^««l^p^, to 
 dw giwK pvepadice nfl dpiijwidoo of Ip 
 WfttUM, M wdl as of ^.tiodv1M'RSfiMM|^ .u^ 
 toiptino of Biiliili ■■wnflrUufj} .Mpd.lo jfce^ tpywh 
 fieat wadtcting, and |M iof w6ug iSbm ftiidiar laofOji^ of! 
 
 laam fipon iMOca^ what extenavojliudiMlf majf be |iaih. 
 paliated by Ae moal das^eabla and, co«aidly ftwp|y« 
 Ilia AaaeaBbly, paroaiviag Jbat, iba ampl^aifit., 9^ 
 parties bad proirad inai^^iiidj Jby die leiigth^ 
 oiaichea, dM dBfiodty of ^ibsistii^ diep in. % 
 woods lor so long a doM as die service re^^MipBd^oild 
 dM facili^ widi wbidi die Maroons eluded ihm. pur* 
 soi^ ordered aeverd defesnUe houses, or barraoJkfi 
 foidfied widi bastioos, to be erected in d^^^roit part% 
 as near as posnble to the enemy's most /ayottrite 
 bannts : in each of diese they placed a atn^ig gfrri* 
 ao% and roads of commnnicadoo were opened from 
 one to dw odm-. These ipuniMps were co^pofed of 
 white and black shot and baggage negroes, who were 
 
Wttf 
 
 Di 
 
 
 c# mar; ind dM i«Me tMdjf put. m 
 
 «iM# frtm of iliitf» n Mottti bt^ thi liw; ^uto |i> 
 
 iiNi>iaoaiitMni»<aiid dctlMy'tbe pn^ 
 
 «w»t»Mi0^r^liiMdki|*^iiie ««rM/ilH^%«i«<iii^itliiM 
 i*1Mk»lUSfy diys jbovmoii wkhiaiem;!)!!^^^^^ 
 
 rupeetiie patithti: it being foreseen that dMte' iiiih 
 niA i*mM pvMW eirtiibiely Nr^e^ Mt <mljr in 
 fiMpifinf i^|i0<Mf Mij>rtJ(ei t)»tAe n^ilrJ'btttinlnHikiBg 
 
 ^mii* trrtttgeiAttit wm the iblMt' jildidoiifrlattMo 
 dtnlntdl for dliir effMtMt Mdttiellon ; ifivr so 'ibn^ 
 loviliMMi, s^afibned in tbo' ttiry «MtM oif iheir oilftia 
 MlnNiii^ i*dl luppttMJl wfh «4(Bf;f veieeMMryl l^ve tii« 
 If aioMife s conftaat' and vigwous iaiioyanee, aiid In 
 dMirt bccine the chief medni of bringing on that treaty 
 tiMeh albeifwardt put an end to thb tafesome war. 
 i ^ About the year 1737) the Assembly resolvdl on 
 takhig two bundved of the Modquito luidians into their 
 pay, lb baisten Hm suppression of the Maroons^ Thsy 
 paiifed an act for rendering free Negroes^ Mulatloes, 
 and Iwfians, more useful, and forming diem into com- 
 panias, %ifitb pn^per encouragement. Som4» slocks 
 wan daspitdwd to the Musquito ihore ; alld that 
 VOL. I. MM 
 
im 
 
 HI9a»Kf jQf^HB 
 
 -tlMODE |»)||iei«lHmi7WAfidtaie7 gMis pNtofi of giwt m- 
 |M^i»tlii»^li^.. ItvitlliiirprMlimtftwbMm 
 
 .quMtera,} •iMi.irlHHl tfccgp Ni once hit upon • IMnk, 
 diey wii« fiim to jJMe9V«r Hie bmnt <to wMdk ttini 
 jTb^; 0g ^ted .jcwuidenitilt Mrvicliy^nid iraf«»'iBdta4 . 
 .llifiiiNMti^mpfBr troopw to be MBpkjdi in tiait ipMMft 
 i of jictipQf whidi; u JHlomi in iAqNtiokfbgr itiiefinne «€ 
 ^NiA ^S(^^lti»g*i th^ men well wiiFariM for^^their 
 gfilHt .fiMMilie^* elMl efterwerda diioisttod to^Aiir o«n 
 eoiii»67» wlieii Uie p«d6catioa took . pbioe \<willrn|lie 
 
 lor in |738> Ooveraor^^IVBlftwB^^ bjr tiw/^«^^ 
 ollNe(piW«Mlimt)enieii,of Ibe i^ 
 tures of peace with the Maroon chiefs. B^pai^ 
 
 ^^;<|Keiii;||oif,jciowii hetiitMy ireineAoiit.^ibi8 «^8 
 > fWMMkifit ,;Pfs,:vfi>i|eiQhlbilHMawidMdfefieflf^^ 
 
 .ionoff.of ^oqtiwua latimii^jthe hanUkip o^ mililaiy 
 
 ^^(7r|n4 )i^ wMeiKUe burthea fif< niiataiiiiigtte 
 •nny* . !)(%o |if iMKHNia iwere iiofc leaa saabiii 4i»«k ifc- 
 
 vClvn^O^Mion.:,^ were heniiiedu» and idoiiljRk^ 
 on all fM^f ; tkeir provwioiM deatinpred^ and Hienialllies 
 ,r)e#|iced ^ «o mitemble a condition, by AunimMidin. 
 
 ...cefi^t alta^lMb thitCu^oe aflariirMdaideclBi^sliiit 
 if peac^ jbad jpot been oiered> them, tbeyvbiv|i»o 
 ^mff. leh but eilher to be starved^ lay vitdanl hptds 
 on^emselves, or surrender to the EagUsbatdisoietHiii. 
 
 ..The extremity of thevr cas^ however^ wu aot ot tbat 
 
 Jme known to jthe white inhabitants».and.their number 
 
 4-^7' 
 
inymaMmB^ 
 
 m 
 
 «liMAy and fifteen hundred ectes of . Ifffd ^fipgneid tft 
 one liody of tlie»»^ and one diousand acres to anodier, 
 ^JMh die Ifgiilatiiie tecured^ IhimitaiMltillieir |»o«Mh 
 rily m pMTpetuitj.- The Aaselnhljr> fcjK tabaaqitent laws, 
 Mgnented the preofium allowed ^ei ^aroons for ap- 
 ffRlwofdvif fugildve. slavey to three poMUiis per |iead ; 
 aad they passed many Mher rc^ula^ns; for tl|eir better 
 govirnment and- protection, fpr preventing their pur* 
 chanig; nid harbouiii^ n^pq sla^^, and fo|^ 4i'«cidng 
 kk^nibat manner they, should be, tried in the case of 
 Monyy«nd other crimes, committed against,the whites^*)* 
 
 ■^^ 'SWi- 
 
 Wtd 
 
 * Tlib WM the bodj tbat wttid in Trehwnej IVnm, uij ii« tU 
 
 «f Hmm mtn hm lately takeit up ■ntas. 'HMTothw. Me- 
 
 cMHWS wm^liim of Afloonppog Town, Cmwibcd Tom^ 
 
 If TDun, to caeh of which kade weie illotted. The 
 
 irt5» WPS ehoat 1<00 mfO, mmm and cUMrow . 
 t pa connlaint inade, oo oath, to ai jnUke of peaoc^ or 
 '^j, ifDDberjr* or otMr «liHMe whatMW*«>, hwri 
 
 ngmea. he u nqnifed to nanta warraat. Id w- 
 IwCand to ka«s aU oMtaa h^ritt htftka hb^ 
 (SrwalselMr jnrtta^ tbn vngbe fm«ie9.:«ail,ii^ iWao 
 k apiMn thai l&ere utt i^btlbd* te piiblie t(H tMt 
 nit *a MetMd. nolai^ th» eteoe, be W , . 
 
 •He*. They are to- be tried when the qearter _ _ 
 wheaaMHMeUal bkuiatts ii «Mn% ' toniacM, Jo tlia 
 !— Imi jaatioe ia to call ia two other jwtioea (who 
 i,oi fe(M imeltj pendd* eseh) aad dwy are to hubbub 
 iMiBeyeriaai, •nohaveravmallyiiniipnodiedMMrva «o j«riei|,to ap< 
 M«r ft a •peraled tiaie, who forfeit five poondt eadi if they a^gledL 
 ThWeSmtbetea dqp between the eoaiflaiat itod the tHai. ;Ot the 
 IIImp peraooa anmninned,' the fint twelve who appear .am to oom- 
 tM • jwy. If the MiMtn be fiMAd gidlty, the jnMlcet EMy ghre 
 4lBtpem- Mew^ *o hiVf of death, ttaatpdrtatioo. pohbe wlup- 
 flii^' otf confinaneot to inM labour ibr oot more thair twehe 
 lamiha, ■aecutiaii of hobmh lAb ohild ii to be letplted ualU a 
 ■S^paalili!! te^ after delivery ; aad wheie wnteDce of death or traay- 
 IMHMhai ihBil he paned (teoepi far retalUMW tooapinwialO eaeca- 
 ti«a k to be retpited undl the ticmrnor'i pteamra be niniiadi the 
 jiufioea nury alio respite the eie^timi of any other' lentcaoc dll Ua 
 |lHWim he kovwa, if thiw tea came. Where apveral an capitally 
 oaovictod far the taate omaoe, one only i» to MiAr death, ooept 
 .iWnarte or ffibriBip. '. 
 
 M M £ 
 

 HiMW^WiHlB 
 
 tiitf ifty w Md'^it ■! Iei^{di l iif Hi ay m » lUi 
 iMBMn no I Milium coomcj ■ cu bi bh wnn^ 'whr- 
 nii90y ncBMo 10 ponnHi iiwiiBig m> ami im ran 
 df <Imi whole coloQjr. 
 
 Mtuntt tf ftKKfitotihi&ii with tk§ 
 
 Tamhcmekided Hank the Jim, ifm, < 
 
 In tbe name of'C^ Amoi. Wherets Cap^ CJudl- 
 J4My Cai^uii Accompcng, (jaj^tam Jfolnny)!" ^ptnn 
 t!«mee^' 'dapfun Qaaco, an^ aevenil biker' l^egroes 
 ihen 'depewKoits and adherents, have ^een m a tiiie of 
 war and hotDUtjr, lor aeveral jrean pas^ NP>*>*^ ^^ 
 •overei|n lord die ^ng, tnd ^e JntwItMiaiili oJf'diM 
 island; and whereas peace and Men^ldluqp iw^ 
 mankind, and die prerentinc die etibsian of tblood, 
 IS agrseahle to God, consooant to reason, and deured 
 i>j, eVer;r foodl man; aii^ wluireas j^ Iklajei^^ Sjb^ 
 George di(B Second, tSag htOtiait Bnlain, l^inmte, 
 and Irehu^ of Jamaica Lord, I>efaider of die J^iiidi, 
 ftc^ has '^]|r Itts 1^?rs paient, dated Feliiiuay dis 
 tiri^ty-^Nilrdi^' ' ane " i^iisand seven hunifiped 
 
 dm^-eight, in die tweUtt yeur of his foaaa, pf^^^ 
 fiili power and audibiity to John (Siidiiie'aiid Fratnas 
 Siuller, BSsqimfes,' to negociate anil^finaflj conttiije.a 
 trealty bf j^ace and Inendahip witti tbeliforenid C&p> 
 tain Cudgoe, and die rest of hu ci^tain^ adh«renl^ «ad 
 others his moi ; iftey mutually, dncardj,andamic»Uy 
 hi|ve'igjreed t^ the following aijllcl^ ^ 1^^ '^^^ «! 
 hostility shall cease on both sides lor eter. Secoiidly, 
 That die said Captain Cudjoe, die rest of Ins ci^itaans^ 
 Adherents, and' men, shslU he for ever herdifier in' a 
 perfect state of freedom and liberty, exceptmg diose 
 who have been taken by diem, or fled to them, wi^ 
 
WB9T IN01BS»>t' 
 
 499 
 
 t«»yMi9iMtpaat^iffMliarawiUiBftoratun^tMr A|ra|l* 
 nM MMteif nd owners, with Ml pwdon and jniton ''^ 
 a^f fipovidiMr nidniMlirs or owners for what it pMi; 
 profkled alwajs, diat if thej are not wiUiBg tQiaturny 
 thagr dtall resMin in subjection to Captam Cudjoe and 
 anvAienddiiii widi ns» accoidhig to the lorm and tenor 
 of diis Iraaly. Thkdlj, Thai diey shall enjoy and 
 p oaaei^ for diemselves and posterity for ever, all the 
 hmda atuate and lyii^ between Trelawney Town and 
 die CSockpitSy to the amount of fifteen hundred mim, 
 bearing noitb-west Irom the said Trebwney Town. 
 Fourddy, Tha^diey shall have liberty to pMt the said 
 lands widi cofiee, oocoa, ginger, tobacco, and cotton, 
 and to breed cattle^ hogs, goats, or any other slod, 
 and dispose of die produce or mcrease of the said com- 
 npiodities to die inhabitants of dus isbmd; provided 
 always, that when they bring the said c<Miiniodfoies 
 to maihet^ th^ shall apply first to die custos, or aniy 
 odMT magistrate of die respecdve paridies whtfo di^ 
 expose dieir goods to salei, for a licence to vend 
 the same. Fifttdy, That Captahi Cudjoe, and all die 
 Captain's adherents, and peo|de now in subjection 
 to him, shall wH live togeAer widiin bounds of TVe- 
 iawney Town, and that diey have liberty to hunt 
 .where diey shall diink fil^ except widim duee ndlfes 
 of any setdonent^ crawl, or pen; provided always^ 
 dMt in case die hunters of Captam Cudjoe and diose 
 (rfodier setdements mee^ dien die hogs to be equalty 
 difided between bodi partin. Sixdily, That die 
 said CiqitBin Cudjoe, and his suecessmr^ do use diair 
 best endeavours to take, kill, sup|H^es^ w destroy, 
 either by themselves, or jointly widi any odier numbor 
 ^ inen, commanded on dpat service by M* Excdlency 
 die Governor, or Commander in Chief for dm time 
 
UlsnmT OF THE 
 
 ^ 
 
 biidf, ^ rebeii ivkiitto«v«r tlMjr bt, tin o uglwl tMs 
 MMkI, wUiBM thmy tutaiit to the mom torm of ( 
 nodatioii gmiled to Cipttin Cudjoe, md lui 
 MMort. S^veBtMy, That in cm« thw nInMi b« in- 
 mM hymaj fonign enemy, the Mkl Giptua Cwi^ 
 ind hie etfeeenore hcrdntHer MOMd or to Iw op* 
 pointed* M\ ^ieii» upon notieo givcn» innncdiotily 
 Npair to any place the Ooremor for Hie tioM bcaif 
 shall appoint, in oi^er to Mpel tfie said infnden wA 
 llti or their ntmost A*co» md to aabmit to th« ordM 
 »f tli^ GoiOmand^r in Chief on that oceaiiOn. Bigli6iiy, 
 Thattf aay white man shall do any mannerbf hkjiiiy 
 to Oiptiin Cudjoe, his siiccesiott, oT any of Mil Or 
 their people, they shaH apply to any commandiii^{ 
 ofllMr <»r magistrate in the n^ighboiirhood fbr'j><ilitf00; 
 mtdin ease Ctqtiain Cn/^oe, or my ofkuptopH; tktUi 
 do tmy ittfwr^ to wny wkite pen&it, ktikali mAmii Mm- 
 $Uf, or Mker 19) tuth ojmitts ^jusHee, Ninthly, 
 That if any negro shaH hereafter ron a#ay frow dUdr 
 master! or owners, and Ml into Csptahi Cndjo^ 
 htdods, they shill immediately be sent back- to Ae 
 chief magiitrate of tiie next parish where they a^ 
 taltten ; and those ttat bring them are to be iiti&fied 
 'ibridieir ttouble, as Ate iegishtMre shall^appoint^*^ 
 Tenth, That sill ne((ioeS taken, sfalbellldT^isttigoftys 
 piurty b^</aptaita Cwj^oe's people^ shall immediately 
 be retimied. Eleventh, Hiat Captain Cudjoe, and 
 bis pttcoessors, ihiN wait on bis Exoelleiicyi or Ik 
 COmnNtader in Chief ftyr the tkne being, every year, if 
 thereunto required. Twellth> Thsg Captam Cudjoe, 
 .during hia U^aptf thb^capteins succeeding 
 
 •|iiOa;iJf; 
 
 K Hff'W 
 
 .!..",,- 
 
 * The AmbIIj leased • 
 limJi l M i L WtBnBdttlih 
 
 w toiitj tihilBiigi ftr Mdi <h^ 
 
W«8(r I1I1MB8. 
 
 hftv* fuB power to inflict Mijf pwiiAiint ihqr lluRk AffiN^ 
 pmpar for crioMt connittad by thmr latn ipiof ^^ 
 tlnamlft, dMth okly aseitpiMli in which cnit^ if 
 th« Cnptain thinks they dtMrvt dMth, he thall b« 
 iihUliil'to brinftiMai ktttmmty jtMdct •! iht«p«Mi4 
 wlM ihdl^ oidir proMcdingi <» tfaor trini cqlml «» 
 thoMofolhcrfiiMncgroct. TbiiilMnlh, Thnt Gtplidal 
 Oi^oc^ with hia people, Ml eiil^ dew, and bcq^ 
 opcB, hHf* Md ocoveniMl Mmde fiNW Trohmtaif 
 iWn to WMtiMilHNl tnd Stk JwMi'NyWd if poMUp 
 to»S>i Biitrtcth^ VoiiitcHMlh»llMtlwo<whitoBMi^toi 
 bo Miflunntailliv hie BscallMlcfwor^liM'-GoaiaMHdhi ix 
 Oiifiwthotinto btiPt, Aallconttintly liwro Md wilte 
 Willi €#aptaia Gudjoo tnd hit McccMon, in order to 
 oiaiBlun a Mendly eon«i|N)MlcBoa tHth the iidiabife- 
 anto of this idand. Fifteenth, llial Captain Cn4pd# 
 «hall»>danif hulife, be Chief Gowmander in Tblhw^ 
 n^ IPown : after hia dciecMt tho oomnHUid to devolve 
 oB^lde bMdmr Cqitaito Aeoeapong; and in ca«e #i 
 hii<ideoeaae» on hii mat bvotJier CiqplBm Johmyi 
 and, ftttting him. Captain Cuffeeihall fttoceed-; who 
 it to be t u c c eeded by Cqitun Qiiaco f and after all 
 their.^tMiet^ dM Oovemor, or Goaumand^r in Chief 
 for. dm tinto- bciog^ thall appoint fiom tmio to thn^ 
 
 In tealiBUiiqr, fcc« £lc« 
 
 '»*■■ ■. ■ •• 
 
 ■ ■■...- •. ( 
 
IBP 
 
 HUMiMrwnn 
 
 jt>..%>7 -/ . hi'tL, >!' SBGTIOII Itm ju Villi. 
 
 ^^*^WP*^'l^ ^^ifl^P ^^P^ W^^w. .A- (I^PImHII^V WP »^Py > JPwW^ 
 
 fiMeslid a iiltk aaltH^id to inililv fiartun 
 ilancc* Juki trmirtion^ ; of. i • wkiob ; .tonpli 
 
 ^;.«tlBoliM iM IwrMfttTiiUi |Mud4.ii«IathB>aBt»- 
 ii)uK<l ■MltAt.iiy.Mtdicnmkim li» w^iUlilMii 
 
 |4iiQC»i.nigPQ|ii» ■n4lhm tniiPt lU>uiiiMo€tliitir 
 lalAir^volttoiitt^ongiQ* Ml ^ sm, Mft^'j «»iiH ^tuiMi: v<« 
 Tlw clpii«e MLliie .tM%>. bgi^ivliGh iImm 4Mt|il* 
 
 Un jptimf , couiUiy, •p«ii|«ftoi»:yi /9ilwr niBiw»iw— 
 fouoded, piplwbLj»ii«ii.|)i« ApiprdicBnM likiil> ky^ti^ 
 feivig thMA lo. jii|inn» with the negroM m tSmwy, 
 ^e e^aniple which they would thereby contkuially pre- 
 sent of •ttcceiaful hottUity». might prove contegi<Hi»» 
 and create in the minds of the shves an impitkiKii. nf 
 siih9n|infition» ipd a disposition for ravolt} but time 
 has abundantly j^r^yed that it was an iU*jiidgedf and a 
 fatal rqpilation. The Maroons, instead of bekig est»> 
 

 my) 
 
S3S 
 
 HISTORY OF THE 
 
 Agmu wealneaM»of ' our feUow^^mtiite* to di« promcSoik of 
 ^^'"^ thdr Inppinen. Tbe Chrutitti is not onl] tholwat 
 sjniein of'^oKgioo cakidbtod for the aMumncBto^tbat' 
 end^ biit^ by Inidii^ tiie mnul to the kaowledgO'of tnrtii 
 and kilaMrtality, contribntet more Iban any 6th«r t» 
 amend die heart, and eaalt dto bnauui charaeter. 
 V^Of tiib high and important trudi I hope diat I am 
 ftiHy nmible ; yet I cannot suppress the opinioni wfaidi' 
 I hava hn^ since entertained, that the comvemoD) of 
 arnngimm, from a Kfeof barbarity totbelinoiHedge 
 andpvaetiGe of Christiani^^ is a>woph of mnch greattor 
 diffieidty dmn>i many pious 'and eiwcUent peraowiiit 
 Oesat Britain seemfisMUy to imagine. -tuu^t ;^^j 
 
 Concerning die Marocms, theyarein geoeralignet^' 
 canlof our knguage, and all of them attached t» the 
 gloomy superstitions of Africa derived from dieira»> 
 cestois) with such cnthusiastie seal and reverantial 
 aadouiv ■• I dunk can oidy be eradieated with theit 
 live^' Hie Gentooa of Inldia araoo^ I colicesvry 
 more sineere in their faith dnmi the negroes of Gniaeaj 
 in hdievii^ the prii««ften<KO of Obi,* and the super* 
 natural power of their 06eaA nm. Obstacles like 
 tbeaie> accompanied widi *he fierce and sordid maiK 
 ners which I shaft presendy describe^ lew cleifyman; 
 wouk^ I thinks be plcaaed to encounter, lest diejii 
 might eatpevicnoeall die: suftringSyf widiout ac^pming 
 
 thBgk)ityofaMir^r>d<»»« ..< . m 
 
 Uadsr disadvuatsges of suchmagnitudf/ was found* 
 ed the first legal establishment of our Maroon alliesiin 
 Jamaicar Imired»fiir ai<loBgaerieaQfyearB| to a life 
 o£ wacfiiro>wilfain<ll|eiislinftiifeis • mattes of aatoniibr 
 
 M»ll.M,l,('->(ti;»'. (<>■ '.» • 
 
 ■■}f.\i Kt .'»!(?'*■ 
 
 .. sr* 
 
 
'K^S!riiii>iE8. m 
 
 liient tfM they iabittittdt» for any lenglli of tHMy id any APPtii- 
 syMmii of MbordihfetiMNk or government whttMaf; *h ^^^ 
 wpto^^Mthaf yrtie chiefly induced to rcAiin qfritl 
 b*^the greit eneottMgeiment that -«»«• held oat to dMn 
 for Ihe ap|»rehettdm|g' fogitive ila««9, and being afc* 
 lowed to range over the uncultivated country widiout 
 interruption, possessing an immense wilderness for 
 their hunting grounds. These pursuius gave ftiH em^ 
 ploynient to the restless and turbulent among them. 
 Thefar game wift the wild boar, which abounds in die 
 interior parts of JatMsica; and dt« Maro<Mis bad • 
 methdd of cuiing'the flesh^ wHhont salting; it iTbit 
 c<mmiodity they Ihe^ently lm>nght to market in 'the 
 towiia; and, with 'the money arising from the sale, 
 and die rewards which they received for die delivery 
 to their owners of runaway slaves, they purchaatd 
 saWed beef, SpirituOtte liquors, tobacco, fire-arm^ and 
 ammwd^on, sMting ttttle or no account on clodung 
 of any kind, and regaiding as superfluous and usetesa 
 molt of those ^dimgswhich everypeople, in the lowest 
 degMe of dviKiation, would connder as ahnost d»so> 
 Itttely tteeesstiiry to human existence. m 
 
 Their language was a baribarous cUiSon«M» of the 
 AfAtVb dialescts, wadi a mixture of Spanish and broken 
 English; and dieir thoughta and attention seemed 
 wholly' engrossed by >dieir< present pursuits, andothe 
 objects immediately around diem^ without any reflect 
 tions on the pas^ or solicitude for the futnra. In 
 oonmion with aU the nations of Africa, they bclievod^ 
 however, as 1 have observed^ in tlm prevalcace olQkit 
 and^e audiority which such of their bid men a* had 
 the reputation of wizards or Obtah^men^ ' possessed 
 over diem, was* sometimes verf isn«iBeesfotty> empfoyed 
 in keeping them in subovdinnlieif to tkuir chiefih. > 
 
^Hw 
 
 HiamuiY or thb 
 
 ' ^kKBtt 
 
 . (. Hi^iJBgt in Af Niotticw that Iwve iMea u.^«vH«ny 
 t^ iBfPQftAf prociUMg food for their daily support, 
 thaj Jwd no. inelinatiMi..for the puniiittiof aober in- 
 dttHiy* Their repugnance, to the lahciur qf .tilling, the 
 enrtli m» rentarhaWe. In aome of theiic, .villages I 
 never could peroeive any vestige of cultv^ ;^ but the 
 fituation of their towns, hi such cases, was generally 
 inihe neighbourhood of plantations belonging to the 
 l<phites,;.|ifom tfie provi«on grounds of wlueh Jiejr 
 eithef fwrchased, or stole, yams, phm^unsi corn, 
 wid o^khef escu^nts. When they had no .supply pf 
 ttii kind, I have sometinies observed small patches 
 of.Indisn cmn and yams, and perhaps a few strag- 
 1^^ idantain trees, near thw halntatpcKQa;.. but the 
 ground was always in a shocking state <tf neglect and 
 
 . . .The labours of the field, however,^ such u they 
 Unare (ju well as every other species of drudgeiyX wena 
 performed by die, women, wlio had no Other means 
 of clearing the ground .of die vast and heavy woocte 
 widi which it is overy where encumbered, than hy 
 placing fire round die trunks of the trees till they 
 were consumed m the midcU^ .and foil by tlieir own 
 weig^ It was a stfvice of danger ; hut die Maroons, 
 liha all oAet savage natimis, regarded their wives ns 
 so.nnny beasts of burthen; and folt no more c<mcem 
 at the loss of one of diem, dian. a white planter would 
 have fote at the loss of a bullock. Polygamy toc^ 
 vrilh their other African customs, prevailed among die 
 Maroons univwaally. Some of dieir principal men 
 claimed from two. to, six wives> and the .miseiiet pf 
 dieir. situation left these po<Hr creatures neither leisuie 
 norrJBfBlinatkMi to quanrel with each other* 
 ^ This spiiit of bralalii^ wlndi dw Maioenf. always 
 
gree to thei)r children. The pafernil •ttfhoi'!t|^ ifil 
 «t all'tiitfesMtttt hirihtylMterted^ baf Mm^ et)[i^ki1iy 
 t6%iNb the f^malet.' I hive liMil aisttlf^, thM It 
 fnu Adi ad/ fmcommon drcumitlitiri for i firth^ir, lb 
 m fit df rt|^ ^r drunkenness, to leize his '«r#tt infiuit, 
 whidii had offended l^ni by ci^g; aiid dibh It 
 ijliainit a rbA, with a d%«e of ^ol^ce ttat dft^ 
 prbved fiital. Thii' he did wfthdiit aiiy «|>pfehetei6ii 
 of punisKitefilt; for the superintendaiit, 66 stich 6^ 
 cisidiif, gen^ndfy foiiHd it pmdint'ii^ kkepiS» diif^ 
 tai^ce, 6r ^b^ sitiiit Nothing cin more sfr^Mliy ^ 
 nMMHi die foriorn'^d abject conditidn df ttt«ifi^ti|( 
 Wtfnito amdnl die M*roons, than die cir6u(tiifttaiidl^ 
 which «it«^ gend^maii; inrho has vilited thieihoWfei- 
 tiTe occasions, or for the gratifiication of cuHdiAtf, 
 ktidwsto'bfef tl^^lth^ olftrtng thdr owA dau|hters, 
 by di«'fiM ttibn aiiibrig dibiii, t6 dieir viiiitb^; iUd 
 bHngingth^ p6ot |;irls fohfi^ard, %ith or withdiit dieir 
 cdti]i«ne/fol' di«>uk<|^se of prokVittidon. ' va.i ^m^. 4» 
 VSiits of thii kind were indeM but tod a'ckptidbfe 
 bdth to th6 Maroons and diefa> daughter^ : fdr dlrc^ 
 ginerilljr and<^ in drunkenness and riot. The ^1- 
 ttif^ tdo'^i«%re ndt only fleeced of thehr mbney, bUt 
 #ere likewise obliged tofkrnish the f tasty it being ifel- 
 di^pensably necessary, on su(:h dccasions, tb seiidbe^ 
 fMthand MFine and provisions of all kinds; and if the 
 gotits expedted to sleep on beds and in lihen, diey 
 nidst pttt^de those articles also for themselves. The 
 Maroons, however, if die party consisted of persioiiis 
 oC tonseqnenee, would condder themselves as iiq;hly 
 honoured, and woufd supply wild-boar, land-trate, 
 pigeons, and 'fish, and entertain their guests with a 
 hearty and bofatefdui kind of hospitality, irhicih had 
 
 lift 
 
 SIX. 
 
m 
 
 ma/mmY or the 
 
 
 4 pan oCtiM wlnrtiipaieB^ t M|^ l«oiig 1m» gitii^the 
 IMIofriq; dtwriptiQii off • nemn of dw kind, which 
 wn uakSbkad I9 Ihf^ IWawr •y-Town M aroom^ in 
 (Ihe p w wca of the Gownor, ia I764>. '<lCoiooiiar 
 0M o h a we i ) , did tha horn MMind tl|a signal, than they 
 aUjoiMd ia a most hidaons yell, or wamhoofp, and 
 bonndad into actMo. With aaiaiiBg agi^itf tbay ran, 
 or nHher loUad, thiongh tliair varioaa firingp j^mI 
 avofastiona. This part , of thair exereisa, indaad, oMca 
 jnO^ dsss w a s to ha ftyM cfolafioii tha» anj^wtis 
 
 fsactiasd hf tha rasalar troops r ^ thajriiraf ttoo^ 
 iaf ahnaat to 4ia ^nry ground; and no sbsiMlr are 
 Ihair asuskata dischaigad, than they throw thamselvas 
 into a t hon s a nd antic gastnres^ and tnmUe over and 
 oaar, ao as to ba continodly shifting didr plaaa; die 
 intonlian of which is to dnde dw shot, as wel! at to 
 the aim of Amt advarsaiies, whidi didr imn- 
 ilmost inalmtaaeQaa change of positiov ren- 
 ,dars extremdy nncertain. When, this part af Aair 
 anercise was over, they drew thwr swordsj and wind- 
 iag thdr honi sfun, bafui, in wiM end 'warlike 
 gestures, to advance towarde his ExceHency/ endear 
 WMMting to dirow as much savi^ fivyMnto their 
 leaks as posnble. On approaching neas him, some 
 waved iktk rusty Uades over his head, dien gently 
 laid them npon it; vriiilst others clashed their arms 
 together in honid concert. They neat brought dieir 
 mndcets, and piled diem up in heaps at his f^t, 
 ftcftc/* 
 
 With an due seoning fury and affected bravery, 
 however, I suspect dat they are for below the whites 
 
1WB8T. mUKBim 
 
 tumnJiitp, (I fHiU/na^ iiUk td t aftimllwl iiMliiAiqwlMM 
 •|qi»«»i tbmigll it jliipl»]ri«ll» pnol.isf c<Minige^)«iabr 
 .ii h it tl jr f!«iclinil«i iM; IIm «mitt«if . I Mfeve tk it tk» 
 nmUwiiln immI* 9f .attftck .ttd dftfien«e (. «od llwl ihe 
 pnwIiM pC oiien inMP» among cifiKfed iiai^oiis» k; wtii- 
 cwl Mid ieiiiikcdb i.Ilb nOliMrfironi.tbeir ftlKMamtble 
 4nd Iwibteui •cnwl^ t to Ihoir «aptiv«t» umI Mlkuft «H 
 ,0 WQineQMid cbildrcOf and from the ihodaagmM' 
 imitiiM >whioli.|tlMy pniclMii:.«». tho«4iod ibodiwiof 
 ;tbfl»<ett«mMfl» that I iiite tlMidifidtM 
 ffOAM t in thfi > f ktoft of • brut ooungft.. la. dmir tmnl^ 
 AMiMt of,fiigitivejtlayoi» thej mimifeM * blaodwdiini- 
 4iew»ACdiBpoiitioQ» which if othorwite uoaecoiiitiMf ; 
 for, although their vigilance ia itimulatid ihy the pid*- 
 ^ptQlLointmmedt thaycanhaya no poasibla moftiveii of 
 ^iieveng*.or{ QaUce , towanja the imfoftunata , ol^ta of 
 ithj^^piiriiut: yat it it notonontly truoy'that tkf^tmtk 
 i«r /nothing more diao a piwlaica to put^thOr^MioIr 
 4nnelchat ito daath> frequently maiming them mtboNt 
 IMOvocaliaii ; ja»d, witil mile^non^ waa allowed.:>by 
 theiagislaturey oftentimes bringing home the bead of 
 ^ fiigitbe, initaad of the liwiog man } making the p|«a 
 lof imistance an excuse for their barbanty. 
 
 , In the year 1760* an occasion occurred of puttwg 
 .die courage, fidelity, and humanity of diese people 
 to the teat. The Koromaotyn skyesi in die parish of 
 Si. Mary, rose into rebellion, and the Maroons ware 
 oidled upon» according to treaty, to co-operate in ,thmr 
 , auppression.. A. party, of them aecor<tingly arrived 
 at the scene of action, die second or diird day after 
 Iha jrebelUon^ bad bnMcMi out. The whites had ahready 
 defsatad.the insuigents, in a pitchad batde, at Hty- 
 
msmmfK^tWE 
 
 ^^^ dmoA'^W MMiMiir into #e woodt. TWMinmw 
 wtNh.oaUMd t»* p i ut» m tlMOk^ ■ihd'iiii^Mte 'prairiMMi'A 
 «arMb 'mmmd h/trndk mM iiMty'tariglit'liill'of'iriM 
 pri wi w , Thty^ aceowJingly jwnhitd kite'llw WBflii^ 
 wd afttr ifubbyng «teiit fMr'v^^dfty or tini|) njlwiml 
 iMdr«iOoHeetioii of hmMn canii which ikeyprnkmiad 
 lii.httvo cutoff firom the hcwlt of f>ebehi>«rtiicb thiBy 
 IhmI 41am hi biMlo^ tho pnticulw* of whicliih«]r>iiii>> 
 fliMi^ vriatMl. llMir<rfport «n» bolioiiM^ nid they 
 meMfml tiMTinoMy alipalMed «o li»'p«kl' theatff ^y«t 
 kimmmtitnrwtdM ibuott thai they hftd< not' liilM>li 
 '^Mrtao enpgooMMit ba(l-'taka»pfawe; • 
 vMch diqp htd pi«d«Md^' hai haan^ 
 ftaaa^llM^dead Negraaa ivbich>lMui iamaabiUMd** 
 
 SoBM few dayi after thi%a8<'4i* M ar oona aai a 
 dalaakaMat of the y4th ragiawiit, wara> i tati opad at 
 a «alitavy places •urraunded by deep wood% caHad 
 Baum'e Cove, the detachment was aoddealy attacked 
 mtfaaoiaddle of tho«igfat by the rebela. The w&aA^. 
 ■ebiweM ahoty and the huts in which the 8oUiaf»wni 
 Oodged, were set m lire, l^ie light of the 4anas, 
 while k ex|NMMd die. troops, served to conceal the 
 rebels, who peored in a showee of nraskel^ from. all 
 qaarters, wad many of the soldiers were sUiat^' Mi9or 
 Fonydi who conamMided the detadunen^ fsnaed/his 
 men into a square, and by keeping up a brisk fire from 
 all sides, at lengdi compelled the enemy to retire. 
 During the whole of this affair the Maroons were not 
 to be found, and Fursyth, for some time, suspected 
 diat th^ were themselves the assaUaiits. It was (ha- 
 covered, however, that, imosediately On die attadi, 
 Ae whole body of diem ba| thrown thmnsdves flat on 
 
-''iillilsnr msiKKi 
 
 'm 
 
 yt httt itumti 6, without iWwy or i i iii iii i ii g ai^ot ' h 
 'M>,Jltfmtf>o^^kmaiinAetdt liM aAenranbthe oMrit 
 <Al HMrit o^ iviiioh they iMidly btiH^M^killing llw 
 lMri«e'Of<^e(«ebd«r .He was • 'young •liegro «f llw 
 liMMMmt^'^nalioii) iniBed> TiMkcy^: and it wilt nU 
 fc li d'l iaw i oihee eoadition^ and evania chieftanv ■» 
 AMcM i Hiif unfortttaate miii, hanng «e«B moit of 
 hM'-ooinpttrioin •laH|^tered» was diatevcrMl nmdar* 
 ifgijb <tbeiv«od» withottt arms or isloibing^-and waftiM* 
 williplily^punBMd byt<llM< MavoJansiiim fiUi tUtjfv T!ki$ 
 cliiiaii w ■■ipf not toagt duwiriott^rilio waa abdlitfuoiiib 
 llwilMli; anditiispiinfttltdffBlale^ihvtiiio^eaiiaiialllf 
 tMi^ Aat^hia aviga><|MNrsiiara,tilia«uig) ^MoUalad ikH 
 ktAfy^m-'brikrto pteBervolthe-baad as thattnfiliymif 
 vi^ovy, roaated and aetutdfy devwred ike kaoHfrnii^' 
 
 CMMMp M()f na'flpPCflBAM VUXIVH t~ n 
 
 -m Utt^mueondttct ofi:dieie: people in thit whittwi 
 pRMeediagifroib oowandioaor tfeachery,<waa^ 
 ■V ofe^kwkfld# liviog aeekided ftom tbetnMI 
 of <liw conimnm^y diey were snppoaed to havo wk 
 iHMmMgf oldMtndea and restraintaitD whidbdl»«dMH» 
 cUmea «f -tbe inhalntanta were aab^acli; iaad> thei«igip>. 
 Janee of jmtice (notwidiataadnigiwliat! bat recently 
 hiypancd) iddom piiniied them, even for ofiences of* 
 thomeit atiociotts nature^ 
 
 Ittlrotl^ it dwayc seeditd to mn, that the wbttaa^ 
 
 * Hw diouMtMioeilbak tluve ntated concendng the coudoct sf th^. 
 Muooai* in the rebeUkm c^ 1760, are partlj founded on my own know* 
 M|e Mikf 'pmen4l ofadetfttiod kt Ae dinie (luviog been mygelf pveMnt) 
 er iNttt'^ Wthnooy of «ye>i»itnwiei, ntm of choMler and pnMty. 
 Tb» akonk^ %pt |«Mt, laentignid ww «tt«lted^by pnvenl idAw pfMpiaw 
 and muipt attfppptai to be 4p«aed,or ooDGcdfd b^ tt^, ^ftm«»^1lmar 
 
 ir- 
 
 ■elfes. Ihqr MCHMd indeed to make it tlie ubjcct «f boudug and 
 
 trioiiq^. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 NN 
 
M6 
 
 HlffTORTOrVHE 
 
 MX. 
 
 IB' UnW MMBimMO HI OpMOII Ol ow amwMtw <■ 
 
 Ae MirooBi^ wfakh bo put of thdr cob4«cI^«I«ii^ 
 oae periody coBfinnodv— Potnbly ^tmr penoaal ap- 
 pMurtnce contributed, in MNBe degree, to p roi erf e Ae 
 delimon; tor, Mvage at they were in 
 <ditpontion, dwir mod^ of living and daily 
 undovbtedly ftrangthencd the frame, and aenrad to 
 exalt tbem to great bodily perfection. Sndi fine per- 
 MMM as are .leldoai brteU amoi^t any odiet; daw of 
 African or native bbeka. Tbeir demeanor it iofty» 
 th^ walk &tt, and Adr pereons erect Ewy 
 Uon ^pkqn a combination ot ito e ngth and 
 Tho ramolea (tteiliier hidden nor deprened by cloih- 
 ii^) are veiy prominebt, and atfonf^ mofted. 
 ^ht vrkhal is woadarfidly aent^ and (iMir 
 iemirirkaMy quidc. Thmn diaracteriitics, however, 
 are commmi, I bdieve, to all mvage mitions,^ in 
 vMrihtt' and tempemte climates; and, like other sa. 
 viges, the Maroons have only tfioae senses perfect 
 #hich are kept in contant exerdse. Their smeH ia 
 obtuse, and thdr taste so depraved, Aat I have been 
 thett drink new nun fredi from Ae still, in prefinsnce 
 to vrine wlndi I o^Bred them: and I lemembw , at a 
 grtot fosdvd m one of Adr towns, which I ittended, 
 diat tfieir highest .luxury, in point of food, waa some 
 rotten beef, which had been originally salted in Ire^ 
 land, and which was probabty presented to diem, by 
 some person who knew thdr taste, beanue U aWf 
 
 3ucl> was die situatiMi of the Maroon negroes of 
 Janmica, previous to their late revolt; and die pk- 
 tttle which I have drawn of thdr dnuracto' and maiH' 
 n^, v(ras delineated from ^ life, aftnr loi^; experi- 
 ence anc( observati(». Of ihat revdt I shall iww pro- 
 
f^BBT INDIES. 
 
 w 
 
 ceid,l» dMColie the omim^ f^ffniff^m^ vA termiiMtiM; ACTMI. 
 •■d, if I know nijiplf, without partially or pnywUce. ^^ 
 
 
 »«5 >r«^' 
 
 SECTION in. 
 
 In die month of Julj, 1795, two li^uroons from Tre. 
 lewney Town, havin|; committed « fdony in stealinf 
 tome |ugi, were apprdiended, sent to Monlego Beji 
 wd tfiere tried for die offence, according to law. 
 Having been found guilty by iiak jury, die mi^iftrales 
 oidered each of them to recdve diirty4iine ladi|et on 
 die bare back. iThe sentence was%xecuted accord- 
 ing^. Hiey were whipped in the workhouae, by die 
 blacli oveneer of the workhouae negroet; the peraon 
 iriioie office it b to inflict punidiment on such occa> 
 Mons. The offeiiden w<^ then immedial^fy dia- 
 chafged; and diey ifent off, widi some of their oom- 
 panVy% «bnipng and insulting every white paraopt 
 whom diey met in die road. . 
 
 On dieir r^ura to Trel^wney Town, and ipving an 
 account of what had passed, the who^ body of jBif%> 
 rpons immecBately assembled; pnd after violent de- 
 bailies and altercations among diemselves, a party of 
 diam repaired toi Captain Craskell, the superintendent 
 and ordered him, m the name of iknb whole, to quit 
 the town forthwidi^ under pam of death. He retired 
 to Vaii|^ian*s field, a plantation in die neighboriiood; 
 and e:|erted himself by friendly messages and other- 
 vrut^ to pacify the Maroons; but widiput effect. Thej 
 aent a mritten d^fifuice to the magutrates of Montego 
 Bay, declaring their intention to meet the while people 
 in arm*, and direateuing to attack the town on the flOdi 
 
 N N 2 
 

 HlSTOmr 6t tHB 
 
 ofihtt month (July.) 14 the 'riMmiiMte te i(i«ikkt»t 
 wM oMde on Cnpttin Crukoll** life, ind ho very nih^ 
 fowly oiCBpod* 
 
 Alanned by the receipt of thii letter, and the in- 
 telligence which wu received of tho temper end dispo- 
 liCion of the Marooni, th^ mtgiltratet applied to 0«> 
 nend Palmer, reqoeiting him to call out tiie mUitia ; 
 which waa done; and the General lent an expren to 
 llie Carl of Balcarrei, in Spanith Town, praying his 
 tiOrdahip to send down a detachmtet of tfie Jamaica 
 dragooni. ^hty men were accordingly len^' well 
 accoutred and mounted. 
 
 The militia uaembled on the 19th of July, to the 
 number of four hundred ; and wlule diey wer^ wai^i^ 
 for orden, one of die Maroons, armed widi a 1^^)^, 
 made his appearance, and informed die conunandSng 
 ofl^cer, diat Aey wished to have a conferer.ce in Tre- 
 lawney Town, with John Tharp, Esq. (die Custos and 
 Chief Magistrate of Trelawney), Meiisrs. ^tewaort' (md 
 Hodges, the Members in the i^seml^ly, and^S^lurvis 
 Oallimore, Esq. Colonel of the Militia. 
 
 As diis message seemed to manifest a ^sincfination, 
 on the part of the chief body of die Maroons, to pro- 
 ceed to hostilities, die gentlemen above named very 
 readily accepted die invitation, and proceeded to me 
 town the nest day (the £Oth). They were accompa- 
 nied by Colonel Thomas Reed, of die St. Jameses mi- 
 fitia, a very ^stinguished and gallant oflScer, and a 
 msn of the highest honour and character; by odier 
 persons of consideration ; and also by Major Jfames, 
 whose son had formerly acted as superintendent of die 
 town, who was himself superintendoit-general of all 
 the Maroon towns m the island, and was supposed to 
 have more weight, and to possess greater influence. 
 
wiUi.ihe Miii9P9v <hu> wy oth«r nun in die qonn* ai 
 
 The Mvoont leceived dieni under annt. Tbiaie 
 appffpred about du^hundrad fble men, ell of whom 
 hfd painted dpeir fiipet fi|>r batUe, fmd teemed ready 
 for action ;aud they behaTed widi to much inaolenoey 
 that the gende^im were at firat exceedingly ahMrme^ 
 for dieir own tafety. A conference however enaued: jn 
 which it wat obtervable that die Maroont compfaUnefl 
 — Hi^t of.tha injuidce or teronty of the punithment 
 which l^ad been inflicted on two of their compapioiit ; 
 but— of die di^fface which they innated the ni9|p> 
 8fffi|tet of Mont^ppBay had put on di«br whole body* 
 by ordering, the punishment to be, inflicted in the wpfk;* 
 hpiitebythe bbck oyerteer.or driver, and in the pr»- 
 t^<UB of fugitive and. f^Um negro alavet, many of whom 
 diay had themtelvet appKfeihended*. They concluded 
 by demanding repivatipn for thia indignity; aa aadir 
 ti9B, to tlie landftjdiey poafeiped} the ditautooii of 
 Pyptaiiii CratheU* ;>9d the appointment of Mr^ garnet, 
 diMr former tuperin^ndiuit. 
 
 ,, ^ The gendemai had certainly no authority to agree 
 to any of theM requititioiit } they pfomited however to 
 ttate dieir gnevancet to the comoMuider-iii-chief, and 
 |i^ recpipiiieDd to die Jegiafaiture to grant diem an. ad- 
 dition of land, i In die meanwhile, they astured the 
 Maroona they, would requettthe Governor to provide 
 odierwise for Capt CraakeU, their snperintendaut, a^ 
 to, re*appomt in hit room their favourite Mr. Jamet* 
 Wit^ diete ataurancet the Maro<mt teemed pacified, 
 
 * It ccrtainlj is to be wished, that some Kttle attention bdl'iieeir 
 paid , bj th« iMiiitarates, to the pride o^ the -prejotfoes of the Muoont 
 in tliis respect. The kw howerer is whpUjr silent on this heed, and the 
 court haid a right to exerdse its discretion. 
 
 M* 
 
 'St 
 
SlK> 
 
 'tfiP' 
 
 tndfiadSrii tlivy iMil BotUng flktiwf toaik; iadlit 
 gcatiemai, h«nnp diitribated • coonderaUe raai of 
 dMMMy amongst tiiein, retomed to Montego Bay. 
 
 It MOD appeared, huwever, ibit tAie Maroons, iii de- 
 lving diw conferenoe, were actuated adidy by mod^ea 
 of treaehery. They were aftpikad that a fleet of 180 
 abipa was to tail for Great Brham on the momh^ of 
 the t0di; and they hnew that tery few Britiah troops 
 rMMuned m die island, ex^t die 89d rq(inien^ and 
 dliat diis very regiiiiaht^#as, at thil jnocture, aider 
 oirdch to eniibark foi' St Doiiiing6^ diey hopM diei«- 
 fbre»bylhe si>etioiu and d^tosivii ' Aj^pearanlce Of d^ 
 sirmg a conferei^» to tfoiti soipiclMi, nntil the Jidy 
 flMt was sailed, and the rei|titeni Airly departed. In 
 . die meanwhile, they pleased diettilelrM wiA diie 1Ui|^ 
 of piienifing on the negro slalret throi^oat the iHbiad 
 to join them : and By riabg vH a mass; to etiaMo dMin 
 to exterminate tlie whMes at a blow. .■•'■■>■■' 
 
 The tery dajf di^ Conference urai 'held, tfaej^'be|;im 
 tampering widi die tt^proes on tli# nullierous ailid"<te- 
 tensive plantations in die n^hbbiftood of MobM^ 
 Bay*. On some of tlwse (iTantations lh«ir emiiiiarics 
 ^ere confially reeel^wd and secretod : on odiera,' die 
 stcvee themselves voluntarily apprised dieh- ^inen^nn, 
 iiiki die Maroons were endoavormg ^ sdliicil diem 
 from dieir allqpance. InformalSfoik' iof t^ nature waa 
 transn^tted from many respectable' ^^aftert ; but moit 
 of the geudemen who had visited the Marooni midie 
 90lh, were so confident of their,/£JMii/y'and affkHfm, 
 tiiat the (3t&9trtiQit, dbbtiieving tho chirgel agahist 
 them, was prevailed on to let the troops embarii as 
 Qciginally intended, and they actually sailed from 
 
 * tnbcmtmj 'J'ovni it ihmlBd widOn tmafj wOmti At tumu mi 
 kuboor of Mdnt^go Bay. 
 
BoflBoyil M dm nqnaw of t^ iOth, awkr ooovogr 
 •Ith* SkicftM ftifite. 
 
 . IMi* cowM of tiiM» and iIm Hio Micc«edBf dq^ 
 r, muk bleUiftiiee mt nceivwl at the OoMm- 
 koiiM^ •• left M p o i^ e room to donltt iIm 
 
 dM fiul of Bikaneei wiib tlmt promptitude and do- 
 cMiB which diitingttih hie eharacter, determiiMd op 
 • liDeofcoBduct adapted to the ioikportance of tfieoc* 
 cMkm. The ooune firom Port Rojal to St. DomiifO 
 (a* die reader b perhape informed) if altogedier againet 
 Aa wind^ and thoe ii eomerimea a etrong lee current i 
 Ml was fortnn^ly the caie at thii juncture. These 
 woro favourable circomstancesy and affwded the Go» 
 tenor room to hope that the transports which con* 
 viqflpd the troops might possiUy be overtaken at sea» 
 hgra ftistreailing boat, from die east end of the island, 
 fiunished with pars for rowing in die night. Hia 
 JLprdship was not mistak. i; die boat which was pro< 
 VWhBd cme up with them on the 2d of August^ off the 
 Qorthfiaat end of Jamaica, and delivered orders to 
 jCiiptain Pigot of ^e Success fnthwith to change his 
 coune^ and proceed with the transports down die north 
 ikie of die island to Montego Bay. Captain Pigot 
 .inimediatelv ed» and it is probable diat by this 
 .Jiappyacc at .e country was saved. 
 
 The 85. Aliment, consisting of upwards of one 
 thousand effoctive men, commanded by Colonel Fitch; 
 landed at Montego Bay on Tuesday the 4di of Au* 
 gust At this moment althouf^ the militia of diis 
 part of the coiintry wcjre under arms, and had been 
 joined by the detachment of light drago<His, the ut> 
 most anxiety was visible in every countenance. The 
 JfolDr Ami w«i aatfadiind di^ certainty diat die Map 
 
 B 
 
5» 
 
 UlSipJIII Of ^HHE 
 
 4mN- Tooni bad coUctM'gMit ,^qpw«tttia^of srlniti^ 
 ^^ munitidn f: — that they had beeo tBqBfiering ' wiUi tbt 
 •lanwa^'Vad the UBoertiuitf of < the sucom* aiid«dktent 
 <rf dunr niachihatioiia, had ca«|:» gluain .oii:d>&*fiMW 
 of evierjr man v aud while ryiiuNiiii of plol•^aMd;ooll^ 
 qiirfcic^ distraetcd the uiada of, th« i^oraotyuinaaf 
 amoi^ the most dipiightfol and c^Mdcrate^ttdtki- 
 patediall thekoiTorsof Sti^Ddmiogo^ aiidiBunagm»> 
 (100 iilrtedy Ibeheld their honses ■ and plantations, in 
 Anies, and their wiv«« and qhildien bleeding undwlke 
 sword* of themost merciless of nssasainii. -'*i^M^' 
 
 c hi.J^ts sudden and unexpected arrival of so powerful 
 a leihforcement, iu the most critical uiomeot, inuHN 
 diatelycliangfed the scene. But fvrtber measures were 
 adopted. By the advice of a councfl of war^ composadi 
 chie6y of members of the Asfembly, th^ Goveraok' put 
 the ' whole island under martial law. A f^irtlier > raisN 
 fo^cement of ISO weU^nounted dragoona undMriidiOL 
 command of Coloudl Sandford, and a detachment' of 
 106 men of the 62d re^ment, were sent down 4>tt die 
 Sd: €olonei Walpole/with 1 50 dismounted dragooaa^. 
 embarked at the same time for Black RaveH lo ddtt^ 
 mand the forces of St. Elizabeth and WcBtmo relan dji' 
 aiiid on the momjng of die fourth, the Governor himdrtf 
 1^ Spanish town for Montegb Bay.; detefetttined^'to 
 command on the scene of actioti iki pevsoti. <.^4^ 
 
 'The Vender will easily conccivfv 'diat measures of 
 such extent and magnitude were not adopted aoMyW 
 the belief diat die Maroons «lone were concerned. It 
 must b« repeated, that the most certain and abundant; 
 proofs had been transmitted to die commander in 'chicf^ 
 of their attempts to creiite a general' revolt of<1|ie'6ii*. 
 slaved n^roes, and it was impoisibb to fo re s e e -the 
 result. The situatioa of (he atavesi uwlar pienifti^ 
 
 Wi 
 fttl 
 ei 
 
^1vss7 mDissi> 
 
 9^ 
 
 .> reqjttiroit tbe Inott tehow atteDQDtt. 
 With die're<!eiita«n^le beftmre .dieir eyes of the drtaAw 
 fill knurrectiRSt m St. DomibgOi Arey had b^n' i6- 
 cMilbtnad, for the prececKng ievea yo»n, ^ heir o|P 
 notlttBglliut'Mn Wilbfrforeei tad hit ^oitt to servft 
 dMlii*b' Oreet^ Britain. Means of information' were 
 noiwantinilj Instnictors weie <:onstantl^ found among 
 the^Macfc aarmtlts oOntinuallj retoming from "Ba^ 
 land ; and I have not the smallest doubt that die ni^' 
 groes on eVeiy^MiMitiOiilk Ibe WettfiicK^ wiere taught" 
 to believe thattheirmaatera wtre|;enerallj conlidered 
 in die mother-comittjr» -as a set of Octtous and ab<lnun- 
 aUe^iHacKiuiISi whom it was kiudable to massacre ! 
 
 The wisdom, decision, and activity of the Earl of 
 Bilearrel^on the present occasion, defeated their pre**^' 
 jecti^'fl^eeflSsct of his Lohiship's conduct thenicclbni" 
 ward^ on die minds of the enslaved negroes tiiroughout 
 die<<wh<ri»*couiitryy^ was wondeHiil.^ Submission^' train' ' 
 quiUiQr, and good order, prevailed Imivcmlly amon|; 
 diem^ ' l^e cirtnmitfance attendii^; the return of the 
 SS^vegimettt^ induced them to belieVe tlwt HeaVen it" 
 self<h«d declared in finrour of the whites, and that all 
 attempts at resistance were unavailing and impiomu 
 
 'IPbe^Maroonk thempdves became ^vided in their 
 councils. '■ '- ' Many Of ^e • old and experienced among 
 diem, even in Treliwney Town, th«. headquarters of 
 sedidon, recommended peace ; imd advised dieir com- 
 pamons to poatpone their vcn^peance to 4 better oppor- 
 tunity ; and the whole of the jlcon^KMilf people detlared; 
 in fivvottrof thelfrhites. ' It was determined, however/ 
 by a^very great majori^ ofthe TrelawneyMai'oonSt <» 
 Jight the ^BueNm (meaning (henrhile peopte> ;. The vio- 
 lent '«aiuiieihr'of(th^ yottngtr part of dieir comCltmity 
 prevttilMl; most ii€ wfaxmi wek^ inflaine#iinth a degree 
 
 \ i ■'. 
 
ft54 
 
 nimmroif 
 
 
 «Uc«mM4ei«tkMif of prailenceand poiicj!.) ■)s>{"ft • 
 Tli« ^omnaodw ill chief) kowevflf, pvevMa»toi«ii|! 
 Ilostikr ino^emen^ dcteraiiD«dl to Irf onoe nbro tto effset 
 M aeeoinoMidfttkNi. As^ si wat eviient/tlie MiibiMw 
 Gooiultod MMue penon wivb could iwd and wfite, faii 
 liOMMup^ «B tN S«b of Augttft^ MDtiBio ikmtvmkm 
 mkm netsagv^r iwnqiibM inthe foUofwniK iroidirt . 
 
 <«Yov have attlered into « moit iiiipnovokad>)«ii«i 
 l^atofiily and most dangarout rabelKon. 
 
 1* Yoit have dimn away the auperintandanl plaead 
 over']r<^bythelaw|ofdHacountr<fw . 
 
 « You have tiealMt hiafr, yow ComnMnde^^ imth 
 md^ty and oontemp^ Ytw have aBuABSveared to 
 laaMiMsra^Uni.^'^ 
 
 <* You have put die Magutrates of die oouotrif^ and: 
 
 •II 'liw M^ite'people^ at defiance. ^^m^ ff'^-^' ■ ^^Mm*^ 
 
 >r « Yon have chaHwii^iaad offBfed«the» battle*£ml' 
 
 << Yoa baive forced Ihe couitfiyy whick has ioAg' 
 oheiiriied and foatered you as its cluldratt^ toiconiidiK 
 jFOU as an enony* . ^ - ,^- '^^mr 
 
 ** Martkl hw has m cmaeqnence been {Nroclaitoed. 
 1^'^ Evevy pass to ybw town hasbeecoccupied^ and 
 fj^uuided 1^^ mitt^ and legiilar forces. 
 
 <<i Yon are surrounded by dumsanda. v«<#> ^m v >^v 
 ^«. fjjooh at Mentego Bay, and you will afftlhe iim» 
 
 << I have issued n proclafnatkai'ioffining a rewwd 
 for ymur Iwac^} diat terrible edict will notvbe put b 
 feMe before T|uir|di^, the 19th day of August . i 
 
 M<f>^o nvett dieaeiHroceedingi^ I adinw i«dtcon»- 
 naiid evei^^ Ifaroon of Trelawnay Tourai^ cpptble of 
 
3iirft^i!f»ffli^ 
 
 m 
 
 bMring *mMti&tpf9at tiefore me *« Moiititgd Bay, AMf* 
 on Wedli^ay tll« ntfi daj of - AugnM kiitlM; Wid ^^ 
 tiUfM^irt^ tbeiliselves to hk MijMty's litiMty^ 
 bf<tMOiiMi4<nti|, yoa win ei<»|M the efieets oflh^ 
 AiWMil- tfoMiMiid, ordelrdl to be pat in eze«iilita dh 
 Thundtf^/'tlte 19th diy of Aogugt ; on iHiich Aiy; fai 
 ft^WNer of ydof obedience to Ihit sttrtimont, yoiii' town 
 shall be "bufttC to the ground^ and for ever destroyed.' -^ 
 ** And whereas it appears diat other negroet, bUsideli 
 the MatoMs of IVehmney Town, Were tliere tinder 
 aMM'oit the day that town 'wai'vislted by John Thaip, 
 Bsq. and several* other niagistnites of the parish of 
 TMiMMMy^ yba are strictly eonmandcd and enjoined 
 to bring Mch stranger negroeeto Montego Bay, as 
 prisoners, M or before the befor«i>nientioned We<dnes- 
 dayjtthe f«h 4ay «f Angoit instant '' nmtnmd 
 
 " BALCAttttiS.'^ 
 
 ' AppfehMMrive, hoiiiefer,'^hrt^ tins sumntons ^twM 
 hi#^4H» B tltef dftt ^ <he Qofiarttor it the samel thiie gave 
 flIHiBrttNaf the iregnlMsHindmiftttt ilhould take posses^ 
 s^ of idi the kitown piihi leading tol^iehiwney'To^n 
 fioni'the aurroiinding parishes; and ibli Itoop^ arrived 
 at^dril^ tespecftiVe sfatibrts variy on thfe 9th. 
 
 "Oh the morning bf the If ^, thhf^ueight of the 
 TVdairhey MaroiiAis, being dhlefly bid men, kuivendeis. 
 ed tfiemselves to the Oovi^irnot^ merey, at Vatqjihan's- 
 iMa; atfd'lHihkrjr d^cliMd/Oiit; with regard to the rest 
 of die town, they were determined on wiir. " The dbei/y 
 mf teid, hdd ifpt Mo them,** m^ ikfduag but supe^ 
 iM^dff&reei^uld'bitogthlemto'rei^ ^ 
 
 Two '6Fth^ tlurty^i^ht w<>fe, bb^evisf, ileikt ba<il: to 
 itft Wm^taOt dn%; if iMbuarfdn %bhld avi^ • but 
 the^Wyt^ diitihiM bjrtlie i^st, whb, having seeielMI 
 
SM 
 
 HlflQRT Of fVB 
 
 Mid duyna* JMMiA 1A>< JKiiAifiML ~ thi iiiii 
 piif «iiliV fcfl^ wiling lira. thwwelvM to,tN»l tiwpv 
 and i i iB p mi a ri ^ g Iwtlilitiot oalha outpoiti <if ttlmAraiyir 
 12ll»>at|Mk fdl <ibN^ on llM.St Jiwetrt «pinpraf of 
 IvM^ptopItt «f eolwr^of ^irlMMn two wtft JkMM*i«i m 
 
 : The Ma. jona iw a di i t w ly Mmm^ ^ namhk^ m 
 
 T««ai, liehind wUok inpa difiv pmviiiovk |popidi«— 
 Oalka aftanouo of the ](|tti,oi!d0raMi«w» given ^^ 
 I , lirp t i pB Bl -Colepni Sapdfoid ta nwrah^^nrithiaimMi^: 
 ■Mm of the 18th and, iflOlli. jdngooo%^and> a. ptttt^ 
 the hoiae nulitia, end lake p p n o M i onvof thoeftgnNinfi* 
 the nupe evoeing; ithainf ihw G otetnoi^^ inteitiwi' >» 
 attad^therManMDa at Iheoanw tiaMy«iraMt..XMBii«l 
 Sendfoiu proceeded* aeo(MNfan|^yy eecenpaMed^tbjKrtfi* 
 hodhnof jgohnteen v 'hot havhur heen infonned that die 
 Marodoa had ledwed to die raias of dwir old town, he 
 WW, petaipd^d, inalendiof fvfailing at bit poatlw.^ilElher 
 onkn fircMn the Qoifniov^ piopM«h^P«^|M»Jiaulfy: 
 and |o pmb afler the ftHBOfi a nioet lufoiiuaetefMd 
 fitfai'delenninelion, to iriiich thia galhmt offiiocr», ind 
 MMf: vduahle omo, fell a' aacpfice. The retceat of «|hf 
 MarooM fnm. the .New Tonuy-waa a foiat to draw^the 
 ifhitaa into ao anbwcad^ tiAieh. a>faiwnali«l]|{ fne- 
 caoded The rood between the new and, oUtowna^ras 
 very aad and verj narrow; and the troops had marohed, 
 about hatf>wi^, the rq^uhura in fron^ the jnBitia in ther 
 oentie^ and the ypliuileera. m die rear, when a bef^vy, 
 fire «Maed fro«i the hnahea. .Clonal SandlipHnd pus 
 among die fint diet M^ and widi him perished Quarter 
 Master M'Biide^ six privates of die SOdi, and eight of 
 die 18lh fig|it dn^tpqjBs. Of dw i^i^^ durtaep were 
 dam.outrj^^ and^ among dm rest, dm cf»wpnaipding 
 
^^mifttmm. 
 
 m 
 
 oMi^^Ottloik€HflHiiidt«v«igliti^ *^^ 
 
 w«w kilM/ aiid'iiiiiijr 0f ill d««ctlplhHi»«%«iiadi4 
 Tlii^%ttopf^ hoiv<e¥er, pushed forwwd, nMl drovt IIm 
 Mttmm iWmt ^eir hidnii^ placMi tnd «f%6r « niglit 
 of^iM^OTilMMl^iMiidihipi the iurtrivoift got baek «5 
 Vaughaiifi4ii6Miiif thenioraiftg^Mid ImH^ wHh itrnn 
 ttfOM'ofihdrlRfiMiidied'compMnoM ' 
 
 ^ Thus tMiniiMlted'lhit diMUftrotis Mid Moody cw^ 
 fliet; in ^hidiit^was never knowti #idi eertttntnf/that 
 vsiiil^MiMKNitoit his life. Their trHim^ dieveftnre 
 %M»9Peit/ ^and iiMuiy of idie boiir kiferined eMoig ^e 
 fdiMtn, <ia ixiiiMqwn igtin «intiei|MMMl JdM 
 
 moet drettdM 'in^^nding caliniitMii. - Stf gwettt iMk 
 die idantty'tkirtrito governor thought itvecessarf, mm. 
 firadiiDation ^vhids he issued Un die occadbu, to nndie 
 f>ttbK« du^ orders he hstd f^ven to Colond Sandford, 
 uttd to^declere n espreHs terms, diet if die detadiment 
 noder diat offieerV command had remained at die post 
 wUdi it'^as' ;<ttrteted to dceupy, die Maroons, ia all 
 ^ndMb^ffV would liave been eompelled to sunender 
 dMi»selveA prisoners of war^ *' SoldierswW lean htm 
 «hi8 fetal i^ii!Son (adds hit Liordship most truly) die in- 
 idispenss^«e' n^tcessity of stricdy adhering to orders. 
 ^iii'<exeesb of ardour is often as prejudickl to the ec- 
 eomplMunent of any military enterprise, as cowardiee 
 ilseWM-^Tlie truth was, that the whole detachment 
 j-"!A V ^ ■■ - ■ >m 
 
 * A^«(iif (be oOcen of Uw militifi wlw ttifUftd oa this oocatioo, ww 
 
 ID 
 
 ly late excellent and lamented friend GwrgtOoadiM BtrreU. He was 
 •tteoScd on that daj by a layourite negro serraat ; of Whom it b Mlated 
 tliM, diutng the fint attai^, perodvbig a Mamoo ttom beMad a tree {tVe- 
 t mux h» pm at bit betowd naatcr, be buuuMy rmhed forward to pioteot 
 bini, by iBtefpoM^ j«» own |>erKn ; and actually received tbe *hat bi Jilt 
 breast. I rejoice to add, that tbe wound was not aiortal ; and that the 
 poor mlow has been rewarded as he deterred, for swh an hutaoce of 
 - nennc wieniy as mHory nas senoni ieuuiuea> 
 
m 
 
 KMMMiy Of 3'UE 
 
 lieU:^ ^fHW^iii' loo gpaat ecmteniqil.. Tliey naidifd 
 liMihrb th^, <;<wfideQce of certkiW:^ imd mm 
 
 btmNg hwA fmjF,c|xperieiice ol the Maroopi' ipodt of 
 ligMiogt disregarded the advice of aope fiuthAilufgro 
 •ttendtatiy who fH>pi(iie4 tliem of it. ila|p|iily tiw^clan 
 of pjBople OP wlioai tlpe Maiopp* r«li^ fbvev^poity r»> 
 nained peaceaUy di»p9<wi| ,; npy did W/ingtaDce occur 
 tQ^ niee a doul|iit of their contiQuing to do io, 
 
 Bj the deadi of Sandford» the command, in ttw 6o<- 
 vimor'i abvence^ devolved on Colonel Fit«h»«n <#cer 
 ffrhoie general deportment and character exciled gnat 
 eg p eciati o n} but the Mafooni found meani todludt 
 hi« ligilbnce^ Thi^ b«d now eatnUivhed their bead 
 f irartera^at a place in the hrtepior couBtiy* ,of moat dif- 
 ficult «cce«iy caUod tlio CneipUii a aort of vall^or 
 dell».aui»o«9(|od hy^teop precif^ces, and brohen rocki» 
 and 1^. mountamt of prodigious height ; hi the caverns 
 ^.'Wbioh tfmy bad secreted dmr women and duMien, 
 and dep^isited Ib^ amnmnitinn. Erom. diis retreat 
 (almost inaccesable to any but themselves) dMy sent 
 outemall parties of tfieir ablest and BM»st enterpciiii^ 
 young meUf some of whidi nrare amfrfoyed in proisling 
 about the oountiy In search of piovisiopsy andodtefs 
 insettii^ fire by ni|^t to. such houses and plantntiens 
 as were unprovided with a sufficient goard.. In dm bop 
 ginning of September, they bumt die baW tation and 
 setdement of Mr. George Gordon, called Kenmure; 
 and soon afterwards the dwelling-house andbuildings 
 of axoffee plantation, called Lapland ; the propiietor 
 too sustained the still greater loss of thirty valuable 
 nqproesy whom the ACaroons conqielled to go with 
 tbem, loaded with phuider. Another phmtadoo, called 
 Catadupa, was destroyed by them k die same.manner> 
 and ten of die n^roes canicd off. About the same 
 
 ■ ■^•.'i 
 
^WSSf INDIBft 
 
 H 
 
 lifli% tlwy INimt Ik»fnp9ny of John Shiwi E«^ ; • Avnoh 
 MUlttiMtlC belMigjof ilo Meam. SImmm md Benuid, ''^ 
 Ik i^nlttiM odled Baadon, a hpuae of a Mr. Lewit, 
 and TMOos oAeiti 
 
 ',: At thcMii^taoM Mvenil wMte |MO|rie ottfortuntely 
 flitt into tlMir^'b•lMl■, all of whon were «ttniered in 
 eoM Woody without any diitioctioo of lex, or regerd 
 to age. £ven women in ehildbe^ and infonta at tbto 
 btea«^ weve alike indiscriaMnately tiai^shtered by tbis 
 ■awge ^kumy-i >«i tiie ihrieki of tbe aniemUefio> 
 tiin% mtach were diitinGdy heard at ^ ^oets of tbe 
 Britiili detadHnenH^ fre^nantly conveyed the irit 90> 
 ticei. that the Maroow were n die OMghbonriaoodk 
 <^v^ Hio lata oi Mr. Gowdie, a reepectid>le and veOen* 
 ahlo^ planter who lived within a few miles oi Trelawney 
 Town^ WM r e mai faMe . Thie gentteman having « 
 betftiv oj^aion of the Muoons than they deserved, had 
 employed ime of thdr chief men to act as the overseer 
 or superinteBdaat of his phmtatiqiOr whom he treated 
 with siBgttlar fcmdness, and allowed ham the same wagts 
 as would have been paid to a white person in the samo 
 oi^neily* ^AMonghyontheoommencementof bostyii* 
 tie^dusauoi had jomed the inswgentSf Mr. Gow^fie 
 oontinoed to place a Altai dependence on his idelity, 
 and was induced to visit 4us own plantation as often as 
 his necessary attendance on military duty would allow. 
 He had the most perfect confidence diat bis Maroon 
 overseer would interfere to protect him from danger) 
 yet did thu barbarous villain come himsetf to the house 
 of hn henefectori at ih9 head of a band of savagesi and 
 having coolly mformed Mr. Gowdie, that the Maroons 
 had taken an oath, after their manner, to murder all the 
 whites without itistinction, hw massacred both him and 
 lHS<aephew^ (Ae only whke person with him) without 
 coropunctaon or remorse. 
 
••D 
 
 HlflWiy 0»TH« 
 
 BUL 
 
 niit BOit wmMmmM wsr ckoMu '|pMMr' ungMlMtMi 
 or HMkMMd vMi« gMWtvl fjilHyMlhyfthMi *• dMrtlt of 
 CoIomI Fiteb, who, notwithitaa^ itm veeMt vk^ 
 miH^'lif OikNNl flMMbvdri Alto, pttMiod iietely in 
 theaaai^jMnMr MlhitimfbifClimile dicer iMd^lotte) 
 biif like hha garpriitd by tn ettainy in l u i fc i i i l i* 'On 
 tlM Mill «r S^ptonber IM irent out with m d^tadilneiit 
 ov inM ' 89a renimflB^ ikMNMBig' of tnittjlr'tivo nieil, to 
 raKevo oomo diiMBt ootiibtls ; tt one of wlaeli iM' Ml 
 o-giMNi^MMl piooae^Md onwiidt with tho rett of his 
 JOMt 4ba»'Wler gMiBg iilMMit'llalf ti ttiiio Ibitlieir, hh 
 wu iMadu^by m toHiiy t(»f mnskeliy IM«i tHe VittlMe, 
 ■BdnMited')* fronnd n-Hio MoiH #ilii'Mbii he 
 ifOf/L After expresaitag e iriih^ and reedtiBg>^Mtiiw 
 noe^ tlMt he ihoald not lUl •liire'into the htnds of the 
 ■ e rcil e M wngM^ he riised himeelf op ; iR^enlntolfaer 
 bell took pleeo in hie fiMreheed> "wUeh instantly pot en 
 end to his life. A corporal and tiiree privates of due 
 aaiy and' two n e g ir o servetotij were also kfiMj and 
 ripjain Leigh and nhw of lh« patty wdnndMl ; «Mi if 
 theignard, which had boen Ml behind, had not pHtriNid 
 fciiraid to their assistance, iminedtatelj on heaiin| tb^ 
 firiigy «ot one of the whole detachUMnt woaM iMMie 
 escaped with life^ tw« of them act^slly Ml into' flio 
 hand* of iho enemy, and were put to deatfi with «^ 
 cumstances of okiirageoiis baibarity, and Capt. L^[(h 
 aftaiwarda Aed of his wounds. The oiisibrtone of dib 
 day Was aggfanrled too by a drcumetance, whidi, 
 thoagh^^ooking to rebtte, most not be Omitted, as it 
 strongly maikt the base and fhrockms character of tfa* ' 
 Mu^KHM. When the remain^ of Cohmel Fitd: wei« 
 iMttdh « daybr twoifterwmds, by a party sent to gi«o 
 
befd had bean m^pibM from iIm bq^ aad nat ea- 
 
 4^ It now iMcame «Tid«it^ that U wofM ppove a woik 
 pf gnatvr diftcultj than waa imaginfid, to itop (Im 
 dapvedationa which wera daily and honily coamaittad 
 bj Ibe horde of aavagea ; and it waa allowad tint ea- 
 traordinaiy meaauraa were necaaaaiy, m oidar to cowh 
 taract tfaor coottant practice of phnting ambnahea. 
 Ndtfier ihe courage nor conduct of die beat diadpttned 
 troppa in the worid could always atail against many 
 whpk lurking in secret likedie tigera <^ Africa, (dwn- 
 aelvea unseen) had no object but nuirder. The lagialai 
 tive bodies of the isfamd wen aooa to meet, and the hopea 
 of die whde commpmity rested on their counsels. 
 
 OlX. 
 
 SKCnON IV. 
 
 '«-*r^ 
 
 T«B Oeaaral Aasembly waa oonfened dw latlnr 
 <^ Sq^lamber, and didt first deliberatfama wore i 
 to 1^ aubject of the Maroon rebeUioD, with a 
 tude equal to ita importance. On tfaia occaaion it 
 ngkuiil to recur to the experience <^ former dmes^ and 
 inqppe into ^ measures that had, been soccesafid^ 
 adopted in the long and bloody wa;, which, pranoua 
 lo the trea^ of 1738, had been canied on againat tha 
 aanaa enemy. The expedient which had then bnaftt^ 
 raaoi^4 to, of employiiig dogs to discofcr the ooncaal- 
 meait of ^ ^Maroons, and prefent die frUal electa 
 wUch reaulted from dieir mode of fighting m ambuar, 
 cadi^^ waa recommended ap a Jit example to be tot^ 
 lowjpd in the present conjvmctnre ; and it bang, known 
 that the Spanish Amancans pomt^saed a certain specietr. 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 oo 
 
HISTORY OF THE 
 
 APfVH- of (hole animili, which it wai jik%«d woldd be pro- 
 per for such t tertice, the asfemblj reiolved to Mttd 
 to the w\tMi of Cube for oae hundred of diem, and to 
 engage a sufficient number of the Spanish huntsmen, to 
 attend and direct their operations. Hie employment 
 to which these dogs are generally put by the Spaniards^ 
 it the pursuit of wBd bullocks, which they slaughter lor 
 the hides ; and the great use of the dog is, to drive fhe 
 cattle from such heights and recesses in the mountain- 
 ous parts of the country, as are least accesuUe to tfie 
 hunters* 
 
 The Assembly were not unapprised tiiat the mea- 
 •ure of csdlmg m such auxiliaries, anid wging die 
 canine species to die pursuit of human behgs, would 
 probably give rise to much observati(m and animad- 
 ▼ersioo in die modier-countiy. Painful experience 
 on other occasions had tal^(ht diem, diat their con- 
 duct, to die present casf, wonld bt.scrutiniaed ¥rith all 
 die rigid and jealous circumspection which ^;norance 
 ttkd hatted, and envy and mafice, and pretended hu- 
 inanitjt, and ^aticism, could exercise. The horrible 
 enormities of the Spaniards in die conquest of die new 
 worid would be brought again to remembrance. It is 
 mournfully true that dogs were used by diose christian 
 barbarians against die peaceful and moffensive Ameri- 
 cans, and the just ind%nation of all mankbd has ever 
 rince branded, and will contbue to brand, die Spanish 
 nation with infamy for such atrocitiei* It was ibreseen, 
 and strongly Urged as an argument against recuiridg t6 
 die same weapon m the present case, diat the preju- 
 dices of party and the virulent seal of fiiction and 
 bigotry, would place the proceedmgs of the Assemibly 
 on diis occasion, in a point of view equally bdious wi^ 
 (h« conduct of Spain on die feame blood-ilamed theatie. 
 
DUL 
 
 in timei, !»««$. No rmapnt^k fHhw^n^ W9ul4 h» Aum. 
 Hfu^ for tN wndo diffwenc* ejMiting l^tveca ^ two 
 ipMe^, Somo gentlemtn even tliought t)i9t tl^e cfe 
 ppcnition of 4og« witli Britiili trpopt, woiil4 give iipt 
 Ofilj « praiel, >i)t «lio ft very dMtvdly conplewMi to 
 tf» prooef^iof • of govenimeot. 
 
 To ih9ae, epd limiUur ol^ectioiUy i| WM tmwvn^, 
 4^t (!»<• Mfety of the ukad, ^nd the lives of the in- 
 h«bit«p^ wer^ not to he Mcrific^d to penrenM mpir 
 fwoa^ii9,^ or vilfiU xmngn^fat9f^^ m M m^l^ 
 country. |t vm maiptiMpefl lh»t the groimdf of Ih^ 
 
 neMuri? f?#k4. oi^ tP !>« fuUx iwi>iM intiv M 
 fairly fta^d,, I9 induce »U reMoniible men to Oflatit i^ 
 flOpriet;y ard oeqessity. To hold it as f pfiqoiploy th«t 
 it is fw apt oi' .<;r(ielty or cowardice in nu^ to # wploy 
 o^er ^imi^ as in9truinem9 of wfur, is a pos^iom jcoo- 
 tnidtp^d by th^ practice of nU nations. The 4#ii^ 
 have ey^ M9e4 «lephlitM iil lijh«ir battles ; if Uom an^ 
 tjgiers possessed the docility qf the elephfo)^, m 99fi 
 cw doubt that Ibet? idso wo^ld b9 mad? to yssiijt ihf 
 Qiiljl^ry op<^tiow of man iu tho>ie xfgipnf of yi^M 
 th(^ ^M jiiih9bit^9t9. Even f^ use. of cwrplry, f^ 
 «lt«h)ishod f^iDoijig the moft fiirilviad fnd pol^M n**- 
 tjiqns of J^iirppof mus^ l>e r^«9^«i if thi» p>wdpl* h? 
 l4ipi^ ; for wherei|g|» i^ yr^, a^ked, 4oes the humfiity 
 o/thivt jlpqiniiii; cofiwl^ wH^ch yVowy *e emp)oymep$ 
 ^f froops of horfje > the purmiit of #comfil!^ iw4 
 (|y^g infanfiyi y^^ shrifika a| the prfvje^tive mea^ur^ 
 oJT wy^ th^l^fltttfion of hun^ui bloo4» My tmciug irith 
 hiOjVKEU^O ^wm^ of vyr^^r^, ynd rou^iing b^m MPfir 
 ^^8h,^vag«Jl nigre ff rocioiu afi4 ht«pd4hirs)ty than II19 
 
 ««|f^ |Mii^r^fll^,tl^ 
 
 The merits of the quefetion, it was said^ depended 
 altogether on th^ ori|;i^ an^ c||^.yf Ihe war and the 
 
 00 2 
 
M 
 
 HltrORYOVTIIS 
 
 *sr 
 
 obJMtttooglittotebbttiMdbyilioootiBMdM; «id 
 oM Miuionty of nw ant wnton on ftuMc nw ww m- 
 dileed in rapport of thb coMlneAim, ** If the CMue 
 ■Ml «nd of WW (nyi Pdey*) li|e JMtifiaMe, aU Ibc 
 OMtM tbftt ap|te«r necMMury to tl^l rad av« jintifiaUe 
 dao. Tim k tbo principle wUcli deiendt tboee e»- 
 ttemitiM to whieh the violence of ww nraelly pro- 
 ceeds: for nnce war b a contest by forae betwee^ 
 paitiii who acknowledge no common supeiior, and 
 •bee it indodea not in itt idea the rapposilion of any 
 convention which ihouhl phee limits to the operations 
 of force, it has naturally no boundary buldMt in which 
 <force terminates; the destruction otflhe life agMuat 
 whieh tile force is darected." It was allowed (with 
 the same andior) diat gratuitous baibaritiea bonrow no 
 eicttse ilrom Ucenee of war, of which kind is every 
 craclty and every insult diat serves ody to exasperate 
 tiie rafferings» or to incense the hatred of an enemy* 
 widiont weakenrog his strsngdi, or in any manner tend- 
 htg to procure his mbndssion; rach u the slaug^ter^ 
 c^itives, the rabjectbg them to indignities or torture, 
 dM viotetion of women, and in general die destniction 
 or defacii^ of works diat conduce nothmg to annoy- 
 ance or defence. These enormities are prohibited not 
 only by die practice of civibaed nations, but by die faiw 
 of nature itsdf ; as havii^; no proper tendency to ac- 
 cirierate the termmatioii or accomplish die object of 
 war: and as containing tlmt which in peaM and war is 
 equally unjustifiable, naniely, utaimati mid grahnimu 
 mjuckkf. Now all these veiy enormities were prac- 
 tised» not by die Whites i^punst dlie Maroons, but hf 
 dm Maroons themselves against die Whites. Huoauiity 
 
 «.» 
 
 • Mpnl miBMpky, wL & ^ 4ir. 
 
n 
 
 1VMT nwiBs. 
 
 linnkn, kuM Mid, wm bo my coac w ad k Ik* AlfVb 
 : Of cipMiMil oil wM propotsoy oi* tny ooMr, B{y 
 ••di Ml MMMiy could iBOft ipotdily be «il»> 
 Tbtjr w«r« not an vnanMd, ianoccn^ and do* 
 laco of aaB, Hko Um mdant AnMikanat 
 bat • baadilli of MiMdnt; and tandemaM towaidi 
 inch an anamy waa cnwlty to all die ratt of dio eom- 
 
 Happttj, in- tha intanral batwean dM dataminadon 
 of dM AiaaMMy to ptocwa tha Spaniih do|i^ ^nd tba 
 aimal of dioaa aniiliaiiaa torn Cuba, ancb 
 nva fonnad aa proouaad to randar tbair aa- 
 af naoaaaaiy. On dia daadi of Colonal 
 Fitch, tba chief conduct of tba war, in the abionca of 
 dM Oovaraor/ waa entnnted t|0 Higov-genenl Wal* 
 p«b»^ an oficer whoae indafetifal^ aanl and alaciity, 
 idMNo pllanliy,«irauniapaction, and actif itj, in a vwj 
 ihoffttima gave a. nam atpact to affun» and reduced 
 the enemy to the hit estianiity. AHhongh the conn* 
 try to which die Movoona retired, woa peihapa di* 
 i t wwg ee t apid moat impracticable of any on dw Ace of 
 dm eardi, it waa oUirely dettitnto of sprinfi and*rivei9. 
 AD die If alar which dw mine had left in die hoHowa 
 of ^ rod» waa e»hauited, and the anemy*! only re- 
 aoniee was in the leaves of the mikt-pim; a wondipifiil 
 cenlfivanoe, by wUch Divine Pkovidenco has rsndercd 
 die sterile and rpfky deserts of die torrid aone in some 
 dqpwe habilable;* but even dns resource was at 
 
 * TW htm kd wmmh J W rn M * ma ri m a . Ukm/tffnfi^wfmk>- 
 iaf» « ftcft k« • sImm; wMA iaa» itMir and takM not oo the beij of • 
 txm, rifwlj h «k> ibtk <f lU pmm hichw «f the wild coUwi tm. 
 ,BjdwcsaiinaidaD«fitol«VMk H wwfcw wad maim mttm ftw way 
 dtoMir. tmA \mi mcablct a ^m^ and teaa ak to baaa a nataial 
 ir, vAkb caaniBi abovt a qoaft of pan water, wbera it 
 

 Himm dwmiE 
 
 dM \itbbpil Hn^ litdM ^ th«i^ pM^<« W dttiiei* pab of 
 In spite of all these precautions, however, ii'i^bd 
 
 9ik^'w 4M\ "Atmmt^tit'm it[iita)riht«y'Ukis 
 
 iHkdtttkHM ih' tMt A^ lli^li^t^ i^t«Mi)^ 
 
 W«# ^k^^t t}f% hiU3Ml<^n dft Mf:'Bf 'JEMMikl, #hOl^ 
 ' Mi|ftftdttl^ i'^Mr/'flaMiy^/IM|^«r'^^^^ 
 
 Intlciied tb nntilMilnKe' ' xh^ ^Href^ Inraiiio tmibr* 
 
 mi^iiif it» bjr « ttiMkei 1M>, iktt^ tti6 Mtti thotihi 
 
 HttMolV d^il'that lirM it, %JM^iMctf Us tivbttlttfea 
 ^'^^i^mt^the WarmA l^i«^'k^iri»eaV ^ 
 
 tiii^MliMMgif td the gf^tttii*, Mid kHlM'Mirb ^hfte ra^. 
 TM^ teft, lMNir)e«^#^ a tHkite Wonitfi and he^ into tittf. 
 iMMd$ luid ifc ^l» wft« tile i^t 1^ 
 iii«b«tAi«Wii%lhetf^b«l» to WMMlm <«KiiFdii^^ it^itt 
 iMijpwHId ¥allh)el^'t!0\ ni^' c^MisuOkiBMiAh or n<nr ' iiiklffliiy 
 fey >«bittilitte • m iH^i ik& tm' lidjMii 6f getting htHtkt 
 Wfm %ik 'ik'^tMH^ Vjf tli^ iJNit itf 1ili%; ftite t6 aHy 
 iftaM^itt1h«ik-dis^ttidlf. .liin.i > .' 
 
 T%e Earl of Balcarres, at soon as the business of 
 tha Al ti Pih ly -wbtld aMow hiai t6 Im^bwirt fitito the 
 ibi^Mtluy I'^ttnUM^ lit p^f MM to mt idetfe of iiCtidik, aiAa 
 
 .'i • ■ I ",'■■.'1 ' :.' . . '1(1; iv; ' ■■' ' ' '! 7 ''.•.«';_• 'all !■> 'i! 'i ' .'• ' ■ ■ 
 
 imiM'^bmi^*limk,1S6!itii^ ^im 1^ ttie ton; jlekUng t«. 
 VNAMtMt to We thinigr liftiittct &> ^Imm wlim imtw b notvlhnwiM 
 tb be procifrtd* 
 
WRST INPISS. 
 
 i^^ ii iqiipp«n|)le to 9pe«k t>f hid, and GeQeral Walpoli;*s . ABfW- 
 we^i^at, ill, terms of uiffic^pt approbation, or to eoa- ^J^^T , 
 vey «>y just idea of tbe fatigues and hardships which 
 ^ jtaroops underwent, without cintering into a copious 
 Retail of iIm various enterpruees and skinnishes that 
 enined, spd the difficulties they had to encounter from 
 1ii« nature of the country. /P^^ line of 0P®i^<^ ox- 
 tended upwards of twenty miles in length, through 
 tracks and shades of which the military term difik 
 giiees no adequate conception. The caves in which • 
 ^ Maroons concealed their ammunition and provi- 
 sions, and i|e<iufed theur women and children, were m- 
 accessible to the Whites. The place caUed die Coeh- 
 pi$t before mentioned, could be reached only by a padi 
 dqiwn a steep rock 150 feet ii| ahnost perpendicuhur 
 hpight, 3trange as it may ^p^ar, this obstacle was 
 surmounted by the Maroons without difl^culty. Habi* 
 tnated to ev^'gliof their naked feet with, singi^ effecj^ 
 inclinDbii^g up trees and preqpices, they had acquired 
 a dexterity in. j^ie praiptice, which to British troops was 
 altK^ther astonishing and wholly inimitable. On the 
 other handy all the officers, and privates, both of the 
 n^idars and militia, from a well-founded confijclence in 
 their chief commanders, seem to have felt a noble 
 emulation which should tfxoat distinguish themselves 
 for xeal in the cause, obedience to orders, and a cheer* 
 fttl alacrity in puslnng forward mi every service of 
 difficulty and danger; sustaining without a murmur 
 many extraordinary hardships; among which distress 
 for want of water, and thirst even to extremity, were 
 mme of tbye least. 
 
 It was easily foreseen that a perseverance in the 
 same line of conduct must ultimately prove successful ; 
 and intimations were at leng& received, by means of 
 
in 
 
 HISTORY OF THB 
 
 tttlXm 
 
 kualMid iMgMMi whom tii« Maiooni had forced into 
 dieir iiervicd, tiid purpoMly dinmiMe^ dwt dwj irere 
 eilmn^ delihmt of «i ■ccouiiiiodatioa/ oni iny 
 tormi sboirt of capilid punidiraent, or trmportHMtai 
 fr(Mn die country. Hiey eifiresied a wiHingneii^ it 
 was taidy to deliver op dwir arms, and tSi die A^dve 
 fllavei diat h^ joined tilem, to rarrender tbdrlanda, 
 and'interniiz with die fenera! body of liree blacks, in 
 atidr parts of die country as the colonial govemnient 
 Aould approve. Aldiongh diese overtnrw wereen- 
 drady dictated by deprecation and despair, it was die 
 opinion of numy wise and wordiy men amonj^ the in* 
 habitants, that ihej ought to be accepted; and it wu 
 Mid that Genera) Walpole himself eoncnrred in die 
 .saniie aendment. It was urged that die war, if cdn- 
 tinned on die only principle by which it conld he 
 nwrintained, flinst be a war of eztenninatioii. Sotne 
 few of' the Maroons, however would probably ehide 
 the bst pursuit of vengeance; and tbese wonld form a 
 'central point to which die runaway negroes would 
 resort. Thus hosdfidJes would be perpetuated for 
 ever; audit was observed that a single Marobn, in die 
 season of crop, widi no other weapon dian a firebrand, 
 m^t destroy die cane-fields of opulent pariihes, and 
 consume in a few hours property of immense value. 
 To these considehttidns, was to be added die vast 
 expense of condnning die war. The country had al- 
 ready expended 500,000/., exclusive of the loss which 
 was sustained by individual proprietors consequent on 
 the removal from dieir plantations of all the white 
 servants, to attend military duty. In the meanwhite, 
 caltivataon was suspended, the courts of law had long 
 bseii ihttt up; and die island at large seoned mwe 
 like a gteriioo, under die power of the law^^aartnl. 
 
WEST imitSi 
 
 ftW 
 
 thai • cowitiyof i^iriedtttie and eonuBeroe) of a«3 AlViM^ 
 jttdicatiirey indiurtrj, «Dd protperity. ''^ 
 
 On the otiwr hand, it waa loudly declared that a 
 compromise with a lawleaa faan^tti, who bad alaug^ 
 terad M> many excellent men, and had murdered in 
 cold blood even wooMn in childbed, and infimti at die 
 branst, was a shameful sacrtfce of the puUic honour; 
 a total disregard to the dictates (^justice, an enooii- 
 ragement to d'e test of the Maroons to commit simikur 
 outrages, and a dreadfol example to die negroes in 
 servitude; tending to impress on dieir minds an idea 
 not of die 1c 'Jf oi &e Whites, but of dieir inalNli^ So 
 punidi SMCii V . ) <is offimdov. It was alleged withal^ 
 that die rebt < '^)oiis were not diemsdves serioiidy 
 dMurous <^ such an accommodation. Tlidr oniy pur* 
 posewas to gain tune, and procure an of^portuaity to 
 get into better quarters; judfpng per^ps that the 
 ndlitia of die country, a large proportion of whom were 
 at the distance <^ one hundred miles from their place 
 of rendoice, would soon be tired of the contest. Many 
 facts w«re indeed related, and smne strong circum- 
 stances adduced, which gave a colour to this jchaige ; 
 aiid proved that the Maroons had not altogether relin- 
 quished their hopes of creating a general revolt among 
 the enslaved negroes. Such an event was not likely 
 to happen, while the country con^ued in amis. The 
 dumisnon of the troops, on the (ftUaciotts idea of an 
 accommodation widi die Maroons, would alone, it was 
 said, realixe the dang«;r. 
 
 Fortunately for all parti««, &is unnatural and de- 
 structive revolt r/as broujg^t to a hiqipy terminadon 
 much sooner than might have been apprehended* On 
 the 14tb f^Pecember, ^e commissioner who #ent to 
 the Havamah for assistance, arrived at Mont^o Bay 
 
im 
 
 HISXQRV Of tHS 
 
 
 #Hb ktty e k n m tun or Sp«iiidi himtera (chiefly. p^i^Ie 
 of colour) and about o«« hundred Spfiniah dogs. Such 
 extraordinary accounts were ioinaediately spread of the 
 tenific appearance, and savage natnre of ^e«« aniaab, 
 as nMMle an impressiwi on the minds of the negroes 
 that was equally surfwikiBg .and unexj^ted*'!'' / , 
 
 Whether diese rcporta were ^opifated through 
 folly or design^ they had certainly a powerful Und very 
 sriotaiy offset on Uie isars of tho rebd Marows, a 
 luge party «f whom now displayed strmg and mr 
 dnbitaMo erri dcn c es of tefror, httmyiation> and mjh* 
 ai8|ion»'and renewed ^eir soUcitation»,f(Hr pe««e, widi 
 grant earaestneas and anxiefrf. Anegociation wtoi at 
 kiq^di opened^ and a tre^y concluded on the Slstof 
 December, of which the chief articles were/ J st. That 
 tfie Marooaa should, on thdr knees, ask the King's 
 pnrd«» i «dly. inM ikitf dioidd. .fix thmr futvurat resi- 
 dence in such port of the island atT the legislfi^nro 
 aiMHdd point <Mit : Ami Jdfy. That they should deliver 
 np in thefagitivo negto 4la«es thet had joinod th#m. 
 On ttl^se oenditiaM k was stipulated and agreed, diat 
 their fives should be granted them, and that Ifaey 
 dionkl not be transported from the isUnd; fndthey 
 1MM allowed ten days to collect their fiurtilif s ami per- 
 fsrai the treaty. 
 
 ^So gNM tiowevor was the terror of tfaeie wretched 
 peoi^j nrismg from tbi conscioasness ci their enoi^ 
 
 • Tlwagh thew dofi an not in feneral krger this Ae thepherd^ 
 dofp in OiMt Britdn, (whidi in tnidi tiwy irach iMolM) A^ «W« 
 fepKMMM « «|«ri to the OmmV Hi biriit. to tiM biritdof in^«^^ 
 dm Vkwi hmna ki «m, mi to the gnj^hoand in «fUitj. If jntife 
 cnOk had htm^mn to tiie dacription that wm tnunmitted tluoui^ the 
 awotn «r dds cstfMctiia^y aidoMi. it night have been MpiMMed th«t the 
 SpvMs had obtabed d« aMtatf elid teidM bi«ed «r OMevM bi»- 
 ada(;(heSMtj4Miidedi 
 
i^^^t iMmB«. 
 
 m 
 
 mHI«i, or lfa«Sr lunccotoiitiMe mftttuafion, that onlt AFnM^> 
 twenty-one of their number surrendered by th« time 
 Ifaftli^t «nd thirteen others thre« dajrs iifterwards. 
 ^'0n thb )4th of Jfl(iMite)r,^erefore, oi<d«t« w«re Um. 
 •u«d frbm th« cOflinriih^ in chief to GeHoml WaW 
 pOte, to inkit;h withoiit ftirtlwr delay dgtinitUie.rabels. 
 Th^M dtdetnimt ^Uflitmilly obeyed; but^ from re« 
 gatd to fiuniaiiiti^^ th« S^Ssh dogi were ordered m 
 die Hear of th(i ai*my. Thfe dfeet) howtveH was im- 
 liiid^; ^hMiemt Wal)»ol« had advanced but a ifaort 
 i»iy in the WOOdft, when a tttpplication for mvrey waa 
 btt»ttght1^ fh)m the eneiwy, «ttd 88&of tbom ioon 
 aflerwiiirda iidmnidered mm &tket- ctmiMoH thm m 
 ptiMUiiiif their Htis. It is pl«adng to obaerve, that 
 not ft dk-Op dfblood mttt tpiAt after the dogs anived in 
 thtisHmd. 
 
 SOnMe of Ihe ^dg ttttif, hoKirevWi still MeMovt^ 
 Mfdit wai «ot utilil ther middle of Maneh^tlm die le* 
 k^fiOA "vi^ «tttit«1y ex^ngtuShed by die surrandef of 
 th«<*#hOle%iody: mp^mhikeu, ortttdr^iinukefiffti 
 were any of the fugitive mi^oeithtlt hetd j6imd ikem 
 it^imeivip. : ^^mxi. ^ ;■■■; >■. 
 
 ItYHlig^ h« supposed #it^fe#^, that no queatiMB 
 cOttM'lM*(^ti a^s^n wiitfdMN* «h« treaty was observed or 
 Mit, Oil the ^^rt of the MaroOns. NefertbeleM it did 
 So IhaplMM, theft dOubtsMlbis head were suggested ob 
 S^idi nsipecttbl^ 9Hithoi4ty,asindiMed the commander 
 jb^iief, with ^e(t prudence and pfopriet^> to leave 
 ifta Whol« 'itiatt6i"to tb« iftvestigatkMft and detornMH 
 tioik «f thtt^'OMM^ niM AiMembly/w^ appointed a 
 joittt and i6ti^ tbinmittek to t«oeiiw etidiDnce «wd w- 
 port 'Oil di6 facts before them. 
 
 Ott the'i^piort t»f this Oomttatteii tlie i^moimM^ by 
 
ftW 
 
 HISTORT OP THB 
 
 XHX. 
 
 mrmjwtf of tl to Id, camo to the foOowiBf rtiolii- 
 tkmiy amoBf otiMri, nt. 
 
 ** That wB the Manxns who •untndMod allar tfw 
 first of Januaiy, not having oo«i|^lied widi dM tarnii 
 of the treaty, are not entitled to die beneilt^ dwiaof, 
 and ought to be shipped off the iibmd i hot diat they 
 ought to he sent to a eountey in which they will be 
 free, and tueh at any be beet calcnlated, by atiiation, 
 to necure die ialand againit die danger of dunr retnm ; 
 diat they ought to be provided w^ suitalde dothiag 
 and neceataries for the voyage, and maintaioad at the 
 public eipeote of diia bknd for a iaasonable 4ilM 
 after dieir arrival at dift<pkce of their destinadon. «% 
 iNr/< Tbatk b the Opinion of thia Honae, diat aalhefn 
 iriay4»e aoMNig the rebels a fow who, by their vepeni- 
 •nce, services, and good bdiaviour, Mnee their sor* 
 render^ bate meriled protection and fr(vour,itbe re- 
 commendad to the Ueutenant'goveraor to permit aoeh 
 to remna in the island, together with their wives and 
 diiklren; and to distinginsh them by any odier muikB 
 of fiivour he may think proper*" 
 
 Of the policy of rid<&ig die country of sncb an 
 cBemy (admUthig die justice of Ae war on dra; part 
 oi the Whites) diere coaM have been, I should have 
 though^ but one opinion. After sucb a war, carried 
 on in such a manner, it is impossible to believe, that 
 » cordial reconciliatioa between the white inhabitants 
 and the Maroons . could ever have taken |dace. The 
 latter woidd {HrobaUy have continued a sulloi, subjiK 
 gated people, employed only in sedudi^ the enslaved 
 negroes from their fidelity, and ready to revolt diran- 
 selves whatever occasion should ctfer. " No country 
 on earth,** says Rutherford, ** would suffer a body of 
 
WB8T INDIBS. 
 
 •IS 
 
 mm to Uve widim hi ttnitoriei, anlett they woiiM affSH* 
 i^ree to be accountable to its laws, as fiur as tfie gaiMnil ^^ 
 ateuritjr requires." To expect such conduct frmn the 
 Mavooos, was to maaifest a total ignovanee of their 
 dispoMtion. The determination dierefore of the lefps- 
 latnre of the colony to transport diese people from the 
 island being thus fixed, it remabs only to point out in 
 what manner it was enforced. 
 
 In the begimiag of June, 1796, his Majesty's ship 
 the Dover, with two transports in company, having on 
 board ^ Trekwaey Maroons (m number abont nx 
 hundred) |W»vided with all manner of necessaries, as 
 well far tiaeir aceommodatioo at sea, as for die. change 
 of efimate, sailed from Bine-fields in Jammca, for 
 Halifax in North America. They were accompanied 
 by WiUiam Dawes Quarrell, and Alexander Ouchter* 
 lony> Esquires, commissimwrs .appmated by the As- 
 sembly, with audiority and instructions (subject to bis 
 Majesty's approbation and lurdier orders) to purchase 
 lands in Nova Sootia, Lower Canada, or where dae 
 his Majesty should please to ^point, for the future 
 establishment and subsistence of diose Maroons, as a 
 free people. The commissioners had orders withal^ to 
 profide them the means of n comfortable maintenance^ 
 unA diey were habituated to die country and climate. 
 The sum of 85,000/. was allowed by die Assembly for 
 diose purposes. They antived at Halifax in the mondi 
 of July; and die following letter from Sir John WtaU 
 woittk, Bart, the goveroor of die provmce, to a friend 
 in London, dated the lOdi of November, 1796, will 
 coikvey to the reader the clearest and most satisfactory 
 account of their reception in the provmce, and of the 
 measures happily adopted for their foture establish- 
 raent and improvement. Wi^ diis letter, which I 
 
 I 
 
HMROnr OV THB 
 
 on. 
 
 have bMo iMrauMed to copy firom iIm origintl, I iImU 
 eloN vj kocoiiat. 
 
 <* Th« Manwni we n^w comforlihly Nitfad, wd 
 Adr ntiMlMm will be daily unpronog. They we 
 hilharto qviet, orderiy, wid oovlHited. I Imte lei^ 
 kad expericpca uaefiil for thia oceaaioii, and hata wH a 
 doubts that dieie will be an happy and usafiil people, 
 in this country they can do no harm ; nor do ^ay aeem 
 diapoied to do any. They are exceedingly attached to 
 me. I have appointed a miwionaiy and chaplain^ with 
 anaiMtant teadier^to perform die lervke of dm cbnich 
 of England; to inalract than in Qiriitiaqitf, awl to 
 toaeh the yootii and chfldranto^readf write, and ^phar. 
 Laat Sunday I attended public wmahip in dieir ^Mpel» 
 at opening the church. The Maroona wen portklip 
 laily attentive, decent, wid moat exceedingly d^gbtadb 
 Mext Sunday many are to Jbe baptized, and th^ re» 
 maindw in due course. Tliey are aolicitouB for tfaia 
 dui^, and q>pew deairoua of inatruction, from iriienee 
 etvilisation will naturally result. The c&nate ii and 
 will be. salutary to dmm. Hie chiMren were ema^ 
 atad, and moat of die adults worn down by ww, inlif* 
 priaonment, and sea-sichiiem: diey are now healthy^ 
 strong, and as hearty aa any wdiito people m dm pro* 
 vinoe. They are therefore, and I have no d^nbt will 
 continue to be, infinitely benefited by their removal to 
 Nova Scotia; and the nuMt judidous and sensible 
 among them are perfectly satisfied, and happy in dieir 
 fotum pioapecls." 
 
 -H«^fe(»#y 
 
 rti 
 
 ml 
 
 
WBOT n^IBS. 
 
 •It 
 
 I-'U 
 
 TV/^'f^flNff ^otaf ani ProctaJtingi of tk* J$$emhljft are 
 
 HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY, 
 #Hrfoy, April 99, 1790. 
 
 RB90LVBD, mm. am. That the Receiver-General 
 do remit die sum of seven hundred guincts to the agoit 
 of die bland, for the purpose of purchasing a sword, 
 to be presented to di« R%ht Hon. Albxandbb Earl 
 of Ba|.cabrbs, as a testimony of the grateful sense 
 which die House entertain of his distinguished services, 
 ^.isplayed bodi in the field and cabinet; and under 
 whose auspices, by the blessing of Divme Providence, 
 a happy and complete termination has been put to a 
 most dangerous rebellion of die Trelawney-Town Mb- 
 roops, whereby die general value of property, as well as 
 security of the island, have been h^Uy augmented. 
 
 Ordered, That a copy of die above resolution b(6 
 sent to his honour the Ldeutenant-Govemor. 
 
 Resolved, nan. am. That Mr. Speaker be re- 
 quested to present die dienks of die House io the Hon. 
 If ^r-General Walpo&, for tiie signal services per- 
 formed by him to tkus island, in the late rebellion of 
 die Trelawney-Town Maroons. 
 
 Resplved, nem. am. That die Receiver-G«ieral do 
 remit to the agent of this island, five hundred guineas, 
 for the purpose of purchasing a sword, to be presented 
 fb the Hon. Major-Oeneral Walpolb ; as a testi- 
 mony of die glateftil sense which dw House entertain 
 of hii Impoitani services and distinguished meri^ in the 
 
 APPEN- 
 DIX. 
 
i9« 
 
 HMIDRY Of TUB 
 
 APPtN. 
 on. 
 
 ■np p i mi oa of tke lale rabeOioo of the Trelawney- 
 
 lUaolrfld, iwiii. eon. That Mr. Spaalrar be ra- 
 q itte d to five tiM thankt of the Homo to tht brave 
 Ofleen mtd Priratet of the regdan aad milita, for 
 their gtllMU fenrioee to the hhud, during the kte re- 
 bellion of the tVdMmejr-TowB Meroont; nnd that 
 the ComnaadeMB-Chiefy widar whoae aonpices thej 
 fought, be requested by Mr. Spaaher* to coMmuuicato 
 die high aenw whieh the Hoiiae eutartain of dMir dit- 
 
 A Motion bong nuide^ diat a Graunittee be ap- 
 pointed to inquire and report to die Home die nanes 
 of luch persons as have Mleoin battle during dw kte 
 rebellion, diat a moBUBient may be erected to per- 
 Mtuate dieir memories, and iAe gratitude of dib cpun- 
 pTf for their eminent services ; 
 
 Ordered, That Mr. Fitch, Bfr. Vaughan, Mr. 
 Madiison, Mr. Stewart, and Mr. Hodges, be a C6n»- 
 mittee for that purpose. 
 
 Saturday, jfyril 50. 
 
 * *^The LieutenantpGovamoi's answer to die message 
 from the House, widi die resokition of die 88d inst. 
 
 Mr, Speaker f and Gentlemem (^ the H<mu (if 
 
 The present you have made me, by your unanimous 
 resolution of the 92d instant^ in inestimable. 
 
 A soIdier^s honour, with emblem and emphasisi is 
 
WBSTINIXDM. 
 
 m 
 
 placad n hit iword; ind I ibaU tnaraut yom pnci- aftw. 
 oM^gill to my.poiterity, u la evcrlaiting maik of Hm '*''* 
 rtfiMMe, the ■ttarhnwnt, and the gratitudei I hear to 
 thtMbod of Jamuau 
 
 .Baloaimii. 
 
 The following address was this day presented to his 
 honour the Lieotenaiit>Govemor : . 
 
 Wb, his Majesty's dutiful and loyal suhjectSi the As- 
 sembly of Jamuca, beg leaTe to offer to your honour 
 our most snicere mmI cord*^' coqgratulationt on ^e 
 happy and consplete temunation of the rebellion of the 
 Trelawney-Town Maroons. 
 
 This great and important event must be productive 
 of iubatantial benefits and salutary consequences to the 
 eomtif, in oveiy p<Nnt of view in which it can be 
 contemplated : tranquillity and die enjoymmt of our 
 civil ri|^ are restored ; public credit^ so fssential 
 to die support of government and to the prosperitjy 
 if not to the very existence of the country^ is re-estab- 
 lished, and our internal security peady increased and 
 confirmed* 
 
 From all diese inestimable advantages, we look for- 
 ward with confidence to die augmentation of die value 
 of propertyi which is likely to take place ; and which, 
 in time, we trust, will compensate all the losses and 
 expenditiice of U«asure unavoidably iBCiured in the 
 prosecution of the war. 
 
 It is with peculiar sadsfactitMi and gratitude we ac- 
 knowledge the lively impression made on us by the 
 
 * 
 
 vol.. I. 
 
 pp 
 
wm 
 
 HISVORTOFm 
 
 I 
 
 cMifjr HtflkyA by yMr LofdUu^ k dMknIt 'opw»- 
 
 IMN'OT WW| WwCb WfBKWUB VM BMC CmVWCBI|| pIQOly 
 
 tkit tM kaik iMkMtf* tiid MtMlf aitnftitod kt 'i&u 
 milhwj conduct, have only bcai oqddlMl' fey Uto 
 •ottml ^oHtfy; ndl dcdrive mMiunf, which marked 
 the wiadom of your couniels. 
 
 HIS K&ffOOm'f ANIWM. 
 
 Mr, Speaker, and Geaikmtm cf thtHoauof 
 
 YovB addrett excitea in my boiom every lenrntion of 
 pleaaure, the mind of man b capable of receiving. 
 
 The picture you have drawn of idie future proepe- 
 rity of die laland ii ftrong and impreiiive. 
 
 '>r Milker conttm|datiiig die unavoidable edhniiticli of 
 war, •'•entiniaBi ariiea^ grateful and soodiing to i ftel- 
 vw hoarti -*i,*^'^ ^^^* 
 
 t - Thai, dnring your contest widi an ^nemy the most 
 fei^idioQa that «ve# diigrBoed the annals of histttry: 
 
 • That^' dniilig your contest with an army of wtingu. 
 Who have indiscriminately massacred eveiy prisoner 
 whom the fortune of war had placed in their power- 
 no baribarity, nor a smgte act of retalsition, haS sullied 
 the brightness of your arms. 
 
 I pray that the energy, Ae vigour, and die hhi- 
 manitjr, which you have so honourably displayed, may 
 descend 16 your childfen r and secure to diem for ever, 
 those blessings which you have hitherto enjoyed, under 
 die mild' aiid hlsppy gbvemment' of Ae iUustribus 
 House of Himover. 
 
WB8T1MDTB8. 
 
 ^ It oiMt not be omitted (theogh I lewiion it 
 with fleet ceacen) thet MejofwOeneiel Welpeli^ beiag 
 diiietiHIed with the reiolutioB of the Le^tnra to 
 tieMport the MeitKMW fitom tibe country, dtdieed the 
 acceptence of the swonl voted by dw AtfOBbly* 
 
 ft7» 
 
 DDL 
 
 SND or TOL. I. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
T. MUkr, Prhtur, NMe Street, Chetftide.