IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) UilM |25 US ^^ "^ m m "f 1*0 6" «' I V Photographic Sciences Corporalion 4^ ^ 23 WiST MAM STIHT VVIISTII,N.Y. 14SM (n6)t72-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/iCIVIH de Canadian Inttituta for Historical A^icroraproductiona / institut Canadian da microraproductions hiatoriquaa Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibiiographiques The institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. 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WAfRIHCWOB, O. a In the year 1634, Jean Nicolet, a yoang Norman trained in the Huron mission, poshed through the Straits of Mackinac, visited Green Bay, and opened vp a traffic with the Indians of that region. Betnrning to Three Bivers, he maintained on behalf of the Canadian fur monopoly whose agent he was, an ascendency oyer the remote tribes of Indians who came down from the great lakes to the annual French market. He was drowned in the St. Lawrence in 1648, and left among both the traders and the Jesuits a name honored alike for sagacity and for piety.* A year before Nicolet's death, Medard Ohouart had come from Oharly St. Oyr, France, and had entered the service of the Jesuit missionaries of the Huron mission, f In 1646, Ohouart left the missions to engage in the far • BenJ. Suite, MeUngw d'HtoUdie et de Litteratnra. Oitowft. un. VlmoBt, Balatkm of MS, p. & Wlaoouln HlBtorlcal Oolleotioiu, Vol XI. 8M«itietob|'HeiurlAmui;aB4 blbUogra^iy of JMn Nioolet, by Oonral WUIahIn BattmSeld. t YoTMM of Peter Seprlt BadlHon, betog wn aeoonnt of hie trnvele «a; ■: o me unwarranted. t Farkman's Jesuits in North America, p. 411 ei'- <;q. t Badisson says that he and OroselUlers started northward about the mldr die of the June after his return from Onondaga. For a most ingenlus dis- cussion of the OroselUiers-Badlsson chronology, see an article by H« ••id. artt, that It wm§ the pnotloe of the Indians to divide their parties when going through the old Huroa eountpy, so as to elide the Iroquois and alio to obt*ln food the easier. Hence the date of the arrival ->f one flotllU does not «x the date of the descent of aU the Indians during the given year; secondly. th« vagueness of Lavars report shows that he must have heard of OrotelUlers' travels from a third person; third. Laval meant to say th*t Menard had returned with the Indians and not with Groseilliers. WInsor, Thwaltesand others have faUen into error on this point. Campbell corrects the obvious mistake. 10 MICHIGAN POLITICAL SCIENCE A8aOCIATION[20Si say, our great river St. Lawrence. They found upon its shores the great nation of the Abimsec, who received them with great kindness. This nation is composed of sixty villages." Moreover, the two i'renchmen treated the zealous priest to tales of the number of infants they had baptised, gave him material for moralizing by re- porting the horrible punishments for adultery in vogue among the Sioux, and also contributed to liiu fund of in- formation by the statement that this great people burned coal.* It will be noticed that in these reports there is no mention of the Hudson Bay project. As to the mention of Lake Superior, the Frenchmen might easily have been misunderstood when they said they had passed some time in the Lake Superior country, as they did, and with the people who navigated the lake. Again, while the cor- respondence in the accounts of the Mississippi found in the BdatioM of 1660 and in Radisson's narrative would fix him as one of the Frenchmen, still both references are too indefinite to admit the certain interpretation that he and Groseilliers actually saw the great river. The in- formation in regard to the Sioux might easily have been obtained from prisoners of that nation or from reports. Moreover, the statements of the Frenchmen were not calculated to lead the Jesuits to hasten to those fierce and cruel people. As it happened, however, the Jesuits had already de- termined upon a mission on Lake Superior. When the Indians with whom Groseilliers and Radisson came down were ready to return, on August 28, 1661, they were ac- • In the face of BadlMon's plain •tatement (p. 188) "We had not a* yet aeen the nation NadoneceronoM." It 'must be Inferred that the reports of the Frenchmen were. In this parttoular, of what they had heard, and not of what they had seen. wms [209] THS DISCOVEBElta OF LAKE SVPEBIOB. 11 companied by Father Bene Menard and his assistant, Jean Gnerin. The party took the usual route to Georg- ian Bay, and thence through St. Mary's river and along the south shore of Lake Superior to Keweenaw Bay, where the father started a mission. In the Bdationt of 1662, 1668 and 1664, Jerome Lalemant tells the pitiful story of the first martyr of the Lake Superior missions. Had not Father Menard's heart been so set upon the triumphs of the cross, and had not his frail body been so sensitive to the trials of the wilderness that he could find no words to describe either the beauties or the nat- ural features of the regions he visited, his name might have been associated in history with the discovery of Lake Superior.* He was the first white manf who is known to have sailed on that lake; but his letters recite only the dangers he underwent and the triumphs of his religion. Lost in the woods, he perished while on a missionary journey; and Jean Guerin survived him but a little more than a year. In June, 1661, the month in which Father Menard perished in the forests, Groseilliers and Badisson started secretly on their second journey to the nprth. The reason for this caution is not far to seek, if Groseilliers assumed the right to traffic on his own account, and to •Mr.O«mpbelI,cnrloiulyeiiou8k.ucaM that InMmnch m BadliMnd*- elana he wm the flnt Ohrlttlanto see the Grand Portml. thefefore he miut tasTe been on lAke Superior praTlow to vm, the jear that Menard certainly pawed the Pictured Books. Inasmuch as nobody knew of Menard's Journey until after his death. Badlsson'a statement can be impewshed wlthouta sac- rlBc« of the writer's veracity . But If Badisson Is to be beliered so ImpUdty on this point, why endeavor to make bid out a deliberate falslAer without motive T t It is possible that the Frenchmen, whom Badisson met with the people of the Bault. may have voyaged on lake Superior; and Menard says that he met some Frenchmen near Keweenaw Bay. t It seems to me absurd to attempt to sweep away all of Badlason's clroum- stotttlal narrative of the events that ocottrred between his flrst and second voyages. ■ I i 12 MICHIGAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION. [210] go to the Indian markets without royal permission. Such a thing was never allowed in New France; and it is no wonder that the governor not only insisted upon sending two of his representatives with them, but also stipalated that half the profits should go to him. This concession Qroseilliers would not grant; and as a result the two brothers-in-law had to slip out of the palisade of Three Rivers at night to escape the perfunctory vigilance of the guard. After the usual trials they reached St. Mary's river and ascended that stream to the Sault. From this point to the head of the lake we follow the two explorers in their delightful journey along the grand and beautiful shores. The treasures of copper, the whirling sands of the Grand Sable;* the echoing caverns of the Pictured Rocks; the meadows and then the portage of Keweenaw Point, all these are described in due order and with a zest and a minuteness which prove not alone that the ex- plorers were then on Lake Superior for the first time, but also that they believed no white man had been there be- fore them. Arriving at Chequamegon Bay, they built a small fort, where they spent the winter. The next spring they visited the Sioux and during the summer they ac- complished their original purpose of reaching Hudson's Bay. In 1668, they returned to the St. Lawrence by way of Lake Superior. On their return Qroseilliers was arrested and the two were heavily fined for their temerity in trading with the Indians without a lioense. This action together with their failure to enlist French capital in their pet project of a Hudson Bay establishment led Qroseilliers and Rad- isson to go over to the Euiirlish, under the auspices of • OompkreBadlBson'B descrtptlon of the Grand SaWowltb tbat of Mr. BeU Hubbard to "Memorial of a Half Oentury." for tlmtUrity In Impreaslona. mm kkmmmnmm mmm0r> mmmiii }N. [210] Sach it is no Bending ipnlated icession :he two >f Three ance of jr's river lis point lorers in )eaatiful lands of Pictured iweenaw i with a t the ex- ime, bat there be- y bailt a Kt spring they ac- Sadson's rence by i the two with the her with it project and Rad- spices of [all] THE DISCO VEBSSa OF LAKE 8VPEBI0B. 13 which nation they finally accomplished their purpose, and as a result of their efforts the Hudson's Bay Com- pany was formed. The publication of "Radisson's Voyages" seems to establish the following facts: Qroseilliers and Radisson were the Frenchmen mentioned in the Relations of 1660 as having wintered on the shores of Lake Superior during the winter of 1668-9, but they did not actually reach that lake until 1661; Father Menard was the first white man who is known to have navigated the great lake, but he gave no information of his discoveries, and his acquaint- ance with its shores was limited to less than half the dis- tance of the southern coast; Groseilliers and Radisson were the real discoverers of Lake Superior, having made note of the essential features of the lake from its foot to its head. Such in brief is the order of the discovery of Lake Superior as I have been able to trace it in "Radisson's Travels"; and in reaching the conclusions given above I have gone on the theory that Radisson's own writings are the best evidence as to when and where he went. The mistakes that have been made by other writers seem to have been occasioned either by the fact that Radisson's reports were not available at the time when they wrote; or else because they have preferred rather to follow the information given in the Bdationa And in the Journal of the .;m«»Y«— information professedly obtained at second hand and from persons who have had a motive for con- cealing the facts,— than to take Badisson's narrative and endeavor to explain bis mistakes in the light of present knowledge. tof Mr.BeU preaslona. m *^ ugiaw MP* ^