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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'cllustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivar.ts apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — »- signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, pisnches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est fiim« d partir de I'angie supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en has, en prenant ie nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 c Fr -0^ j^Wl^ AND THE- CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. jiii- i ^fe-'i — ^^ DOMINION CUSTOM HOU8B. WINNIPEG. DOMINION LAND OFFICE, WINNIPEG. » From fhe Chicago Commorcial Advortisor, August 30, 1877. 1 BY THOMAS DOWSE, ESQ., OF ST. PAUL, MINN., NOBTHTi^ E8TERN EDITOR. ■*«. ■-' .^f ■ " .'.V" i'"'. :!',;, iiSi».,jiv:rsf.„tf>fe l^ ^/79 ma: 11 Oanada ♦«ryo1 waa k OrpiniKi AsHinel ninioi nor Ext CiVil naawatl aiMl • The La riei Oraa«e« Indian landfa nrga- Canad menl ore Manitoba, ', Monntaii Water { •d Fa Hsab tiTH SetUemrat- "TheOrtii tain CIt Telegi GaiiMlii DaiMrtmi Oovarnoi Savlnga kandi From Tho Chicago Gommercial Adyortisor, August 3&, 1877. BY THOMAS DOWSE, OF ST. PAUL, MINN., NORTHWESTRRN EDITOR. aMANITOBA AND THE CANADIAN NOUTHWEST. m NEW Mwmi «aiiada»Hlsiorieal Itama"- Early HIa- *«ry of tha HHdacn Bay Oa., Nerlh- waat Co., Ruparl'a Land, Sll- klrfc'a Sattlamant, Eta. MANITOBA. OrganiKatlon of the ProTince"ConnGil of Assineboia, Dominion Henatoro, Do- minion HoiiHe of Commons, Uorer- nor Horriit, Local LegiHiaturc, Execntive Council, Etc, Etc. CIVIC CRQANIZATION ilk Waawallii, a Raglan «f Lakaa, Paraata and MInarala— Tha Nerthwaat TarrHery— A Ratlen of Parfaatlpii. The Land of Magnificent Pral- ries and Qreat Rivers. Oradt OacI Plalda— Oeld and Iran- Indian TItiaa— OllmaMo— 9raan, landio OMrrant— Olaolarai Dal- ■rca— da|Mn«*o Straam, Cte. Canttdlan Form of Ooveru- ment— Fonn.atio]i~Ten- nre of Of&oe, Etc., £to. Manitoba, Ita Topography, Birin, Laku aai Moontaing— DawioQ Rnto— Wood and Watar Snpply— Soil, Prodnotiona, Mix- ad Farming— Saoret of Sneossifol Hnibasdrj— Stook Raiting, Na- tiT» Oattis and Hbrwa— flraat Haoun £xpniment. Settlement — The Hennonitfii— The leeUnden — TheOreat &t~-ervMi--UairBre«dH-Honn- taln City— Popalation— Narigatlon-- Telegraph--Ked Letter Year, Kte. GaitMliaii Pacific Railway. Oapartmanf Offlaaa of tha DominPon Oovarnmant ^ Raaalvar Oanarcl, •avinga Rank, Audi*. Ouafoma, Land Off ioa, »»eat Off ioa Rua- iff Stafff KtOaff Kt0« ECCLESIASTIC AHB EDUCATIOHiL Catholic and Proteatrnt—St. Boniface, St. Johns and Manitoba Colleges— Univer- sily of Manitoba — Catholic Church of England, Presbyterian and Metho- dist Churches — Their Work and Mission, Etc., Etc. Manitoba and \ht Nortliwast Territory, tiia Only Section Undor tlio Britioh Flag Offforing Freo Pralrlo Homes and Earldomt to Her Subjects. CITY OF WINNIPEG. Her Mercantile Development, CItr GoTframeBt—Pabllc BalldiBK«--8tor««, K»a- tdences, Kte~TliA Great Trade Center— Tha fo- ul Paint of This (Irekt N«ction~The Com- Us ChicafO of the M >rthnest--tlot«a «f Her Mtnafketorera, Baelneu Men. Ktc., Kte— Natiral CoaeUiioai. BT THB MOBTHWESTEIW XDITOB. [To which la added the Speech ov His EXCBIiIiENOT, LOBD DUFFEBIN, GOVBB- MOB Gensbaij of Canada, given at Wln- nlpesr, Manitoba, Sept, 29tb, 1877.] Trusting that a bett«r knowledge of our neighboring government, T/hich exteude entirely aorosa the continent to the north of . us and which occupies an nrea larger than our own, will beget a better understanding, a better acquain- tance, a better frleudbhlp and a fuller sympathy In the hearts of the Advbb- tisbb'b many thousani readers In the States — especially as they are heart and hand with us in extending civilization and good Oovemment— I make bold to quote a portion of an article entitled "The arBt Decade of the Dominion," piibilshed in the Manitoba Ji^ee Press of July 7th, On tlie History of Canada as a Whole. ''Oaniula was tint diEoovered in 1497 by Sebaa- ttau (Jabut ; out tiie first settlement moile by ! Enropeans was in 1en, bemg 6$ I from each section of the I'rovinoe, a Cabinet I responsible to the Legislature, and a UoTomor- Qeneral appo'nted by tha Queen. The flrat uni- ted Parliament met at Kingston in Tune, 1841, but In 1844 the Goverumuut ramove<^ to Muntieal. In 1819, however, the I'arliameut buildings there were destroyed by a mob, and the seat of gov- ernment was accordingly removed to Toronto. Then was made the arrangement under which the sessions of Parliament were to be held for four years alternately in Toronto ai.d Quebec, This system being found very inconvenient, Parliaiueiit resolvecl oa a permanent site; but, being unable to agree as to its I'jcation, the selec- tion was left to tlie Queen, and h>r Majesty in 1856 fixed upon Ottawa, formerly known as By- town. About this time port" government l>eoame well nigh Impossible, fu tlie suooeasive eleo- tlons which had been held during the preceding years, the hostile majo*-ity from other Provinces in Parliament had increased rather than dimin- ished. In 1864 the feeling of antagonism came to u crisis, but tho outcome of this situution waa the dawning of an altr.-'8,--*»■ than another thousand along great lakes and a Buc^jession of smaller lakeo; a thousand miles across roUiiiK Prairies, and another thousand through woods and over mountains, and you have traveled from ocean to ocean through Canada. And this country is a single oolony of the British Empire; autl this oolony ifl to-day dreaming msgnifinent dreams of a future when It shall l>e the "Qrcjater Britain," and the highway, across which the fabrics and products of Asia shall be carried to the eastern aa well as the western side of the At- lADtlC." THB HISTOBIOAL PABT of these middle two thousand miles commenced with the organization of the Hudson Bay, in 1670, during the reign of CharlfS XL, to trafilo on the shores of Hudson's Bay and the streams flowing therein, in a section then called Bupert's Land, In honor of Prince Ru- pert, a brother, I think, of the king. THKIR CIIABTEK, as viim the custom of those days, was exclusive, really giving them this ter- ritory in vassalage to the Cro^vn, with lights to make laws and carry on a form of government, of course to be approved oy the <>own, and the con- trol of any trade therein— at least thev have claimed this, and b<> acted, which action bas at least been tacitly admit- ted by thfe Imperial Government. For nearly one hundred and fifty vears they confined Iheiiiweives to the shores of that bay, not pushing their trading posts into the interior, or at least not Into the Rod or Saskatchewaa valleys, or what is now known as the NORTHWEST TERBITORY AND BRITISH COLUMBIA. Varennee de la Verandrye, with an expedition fitted out by himself in Lower Canada, in 1734, came up the St. Lawrence and the lakes to Thunder Bay, on the north shore of Lake Supe- rior, and from there by the rivers and lakes of what is now known as the "Dawson Route," to' Bed river. He landed here, and on the south bank of the Assinnebolu, built a fort at the polntof its juncture witu the Red River neaily opposite the present FortfJarry, which is ou the north bank of tbe Assinnebolu. He called this post Fort la Rougo, and it was doubtlesa the tho name of this Red Fort on Its b>*nks, that in early days gave the name of Red River to a stream whose waters and cl'ty subsoil of its banks are most docidediy whitish. (For flirther ex- plorations of De la Verandrye, see notes on St. Boniface, hereafter). Following these first white men in this valley, came others, until, as early as 1762. Fort La Rouge was known as an established trading post, frequented by the Coureura den bois from the French establishment at Mackinac. Lake Michigan, who came here to trade with the Omahas and Assinneboins. Although by the Ver- sailles treaty, in 1763, the Freni h were obliged to give up their North Ameri- can possessions to England, they still, with otherH then British subjects in Montreal continued in increasing num- ben, their trade in this seciionjcomlng by their old original route, via Thunder Bay, and also via La Folnte, on Mada- liue Island, near Bayfield, soutb shore of Lake Superior, and up past what is now Duluth, to the head of St. Lou s Bay at Fond du Lac, and so across joinmg the Thunder Bay route on Rainy River. These adventurers, how ever— belonging to individual enterpri- ses—pushing their trade north, came in contact with the employes of the Hudson Bay Company. This condition of affkirs continued, the French or Canadians, still in- creasing their trade for some twenty years, when these, until then, individ- ual traders, or the principal of them, in 17^'^, formed a powerful combination, called THE NORTHWEST COMPANY. This was not a chartered but a private c rporation. They increased very largely their previous area of trade, ex- tending even through to the Pacific. Their trading boats loadetl with goods or furs traversed the continent in every direction through the connected rivers and lakes from Montreal to Pu- get's Sound on tbe Pacific. Some idea of the extent to which the Northwest Company have pushed their trade may be seen in the foot that; in 1845 they had some sixty trad ng posts in this region, principally in the valleys of the Red Saskatcheiwhn, Athahasoa, etc. This condition of trade and occupancy of th^s stMtlon, continued undisputed, at least so far as the Red River wat< concerned until 1811 when, at the aollcitatioD of Lord 8 Ikirk, one of the stockholders of the Hudson Bay Company, that company laid claim to the exclusive jurisdiction, under their cbaiter, over thia Immense region and In 1812 they eatablished their first Fort and Trading post on Ued River nfar this place. Coming thus Into so close daily competition tho state of afiairs went from bad to worse, resulting in great Injury to both com- panies, and finally bloodshed. In one of their nfftuya the commanding oifi- cer of tbe H. B. Company was killed. The result of this regular battle brou ht both companies to their senses, and soon after in 1821 these two competi- tors formed a coalition continuing un- d(4' the chartered name of the Hudson Bay Company. The company so con- solidated, continued in undisputed pos- session until 1868 when they sold their right to their exclusive trade and juris- diction claimed under their old charter over this entire portion of British America and British Columbia, receiv ing some $1,500,000 cash, and one-twen- tieth of the land with especial resetva- tures about some of their posts, fully 50,000, acres. So this great Northwebtern area, hitherto known as Rupert's Land or Hudson Bay Territory has really been open to settlement, ooc.upancy and general trade only since 1871, as I be- lieve the terms of relinquishment were not fully complete auJ made practical until that time. THE SILKIRK SETTLEMENT. In 1806, Lord Silkirk, a visionary but kind hearted Scotchman and a m'im- ber of tho H. B. Company, penetrated in his wanderings from the company'H forts on Hudson Bay, as far as tne valley of the Red River. He was so charmed with the country that he jonceived the idea jf starting colonies here. In 1811 he succeeded in obtain- ing a grant of land for that purpose, from the H. B. Company along this river, and in the Autumn of 1812 be reached here via Hudson B-fy and I.iake Winnipeg with a small party of Highland Scotchmen. They at once I comm^ need building, but were stnppeiiH by the H. B. Company's competitors, the Northwest Company, were driven away ail In tend south turned which ber W' where tl ter, retui By 8ef some tw and call! after thd^ the sprli upon tt broken nor arre. satisfacti der the J they sta] 't»l 9t BO far as ued until la of Lord iders of th« t compai y urisdictioii, is immeuse eetabliabed ng post on ,. Coming petition tho ^a to worse, both corn- ed. In one landing oiH- was killed, ttle brou ht senses, and /o competl- itinuing un- the Hudson )any so con- isputed poe- ey sold their de and jurte- r old charter of British mbia, recelv jd one-twen- Boial reseivar posts, fully efetern area. .rt's Land or M reaUy been upancy and 1871, as I be- ishment were lade practical LKMBHT. visionary but 1 and a mom- y, penetrated he company'B as far as the r. He was so ntry that he irtlng colonies jded in obtain- that purpose, ny along this mn of 1812 ht dson Buy and small party of They at once it were stopped competitors, were driven A HAST SIDE MAIN &TAEET, IjOOKING NORTH. 8ee Page 24. ..- »->-»S"*«r(tP'"" WEST SIDE MAIN STBEET, LOOKING NOBTH. See Page S4. away and obliged to spend the winter in tents at Pembina, some 70 miles south. The following spring they re- turned and after putting in a crop, which was maturing finely, In Septem- ber w-re Hgain driven to Pembina, where they remained the second win- ter, returning again the nex^ spring. By September 1814 they i rabered some two hundred. They bunt houses and called their settlement Kildonan, after their old Parish, in licotl md. In the spring of 1815, trouble again came upon them. Their storeliouses wrre brolten open and robbed ; their Gover- nor arrested and sent to Montreal; dis- satisfaction became so general, that un- der the guidance of friendly Indians, they started in June of that year for Lake Winnipeg, intending to return to Scotland, but meeting officers of the H. B. Company, tMey were Induced to return the following apriuir, under the especial care of t hat company. In 1810 Lord Silkirk accompanied by more emigrants reached the settlement and by Ills presence and prompt action in arresting some of tlie aggressive North- west Company's leaders and sending them to Montreal, restored the colony to peace. The next year he returned to Scotland, but the crops of that year were insufficient and they were obliged to hunt Buffalo to gel. through the winter. In 1818 and 1819 their crops were badly damaged by grasshoppers (tbeir first visitation here) and in the winter ot 1819 and 1820, a party was obliged to go on snow 8hoe<« to the near- est settlement, across Minnesota to Prairie du Chlen on the Mississippi river nearly to the north line of Illinois a full thousand miles, for seeds to plant the coming spring. They obtained three Mackinaw boat loads, and on the 1 5th of April, 1820. started homewards up the Mississippi river to the mouth of the Minnesota river, just above where St. Paul now is,, up tliat river to Big Stone Lake, then across a small portage to Lake Traverse, the source of the lied River and down that stream, reaching Pembina on the 3d of June. This was the bt ginning cf the COMUERCE WITH THE STATES. In the following year, 1821, the two 1 r 1 n . ;- ! ; .'■ t '■ TTTi [O grMttradlnK'CoDjpanlmftmalganiKtfil iHoctherland. Mr. Boutherland waa and pMU!« at last caiun to ihose h irdy born In the north of Heotland, but has pioneers. I < annot l«arn that their renlded here 8luce 1821. Like hlH (x>l- numbera were much Increased bv any , league he ha8 held several provincial ■ubaequent emlgratloa. A few Hwias < offlceH, and havinn been IdenMlied with watohaaaker* came out In 1821, but by Manitoba almotit from the tlmt, his 182H they hnd mostly left for various point a along the Mlssltslpnl Valley, In the (States. Home opened r irms on the g resent site of Ht. Paul aid also at Fort nelling, (since built at the Juncture of ; Hooorabl the Minnesota with the Mississippi ; A. Smith, river) then an unbroken wild, other Betilem< nt not coming in there at all until some 20 or 26 years after. The settlement along the Red River Increas- ed slowly, by natural growth, l)y dis- charged and retiring fniployes i,fthe two oonsulldHied- companies, the cum ing in of a few emigrants from the selection seems most wise. Both men were appointed In 1871. Tlie meinl)ers for Mnuitolia In the Dominion Hou«e of Commons, are the I John C. Sohult/., Donald Andrew O. B. Hannatyne, and Joseph O. C. Ryan. The two flrst were elected at the flrst general election In the Province in 1871, and have both been twire re-elected. The two latter are servinn their Hr-t term. Mentally they are a strong delegation, a unit in advi eating tbe interests of Manitoba and the Northwest, and though they States and the settling alwut them of! are small in numbers in comparison the half breeds, In 1651 Qov. Ramsey, who then vis- ited the settlement, found them so abundantly supplied with all the pra du ts of their labors, for which iney with the large delegations in that body from some of the other Provinces, thejy are untiring workers, and Manitoba's influence In the House, Is not by any means In proportion to the numl)er of bad but a very limited mariter, that he I her represent tives. They are men reported them on his return to 8t. "Paul I not only familiar with the capaci ies to be " metaphorically smothering in their own fat.'' Some time pa.«eu un- til the formation of the Cauadian Dj- minion in 1867, and the measures to ex- tinguish the H. B. Company's exclu- sive adminlstiutive and ti adlng privi- leges in 1868. begHn to turn attention I to thii section. But it was not until i 1871 or 1872, that emigi'ation began to { oome here to any extent. i But to rf sume the historical, I would i say, that up tu the extinguishment ot ' the H. B. Company's title, Rupert's i Land was not a part of Canada, but be- longed to tbe Imperial or Eugllfeti Crown, under the H. B. Con-nany. It i waa acquired by Canada in 1870, 1 through the arrangements before spoken of; tbrouoli an arrangement; with the j3. B. Campany releasing their proprietary lights and by Imps-' rial Legislation in I8(t8 authorizing the i same. By the terms prrvlously named t the bargain between Canada and thai H. B. Company with the Imperial \ Qo\emiuent. Canada made the cash and wants of this section, Imt fully comprehend its vast opportunities aud wonderiul future. TUB LOCAL LEGISLATUBE originally consisted of two branches The Legislative Assembly (e ectlve) of twenty- four members, and the Legis- lative Council (nominative) of seven meml)eis. In 1870 the latter council was abolished. In 1872 G. v. Archi- bald retired and was succteded by HON. ALEXANDER MOKBIS, who is still in office.* Gov. Morris was born at Perth. Ontario, in 1826; edu- cated at the Universities of Glasgow, Scotland, and McGIll, of Moi treal ; was admitted to tl e bar of Upper and Lower Canada in 1851 and the Manitoba bar in 1873; is the author of m»ny standard works on Canada; was commissioner in the formation of th' Dominion and an active advocate of the construction of the Intercolonial and Pariflc Rail- ways ; was ft member of tbe Canadian Purlinment from 1861 to 1872: was a payment and the Imperial Govern- j mtmber of the Queen's Privy Council ment the necessary legislation toeecure tbe H. B. Company's title to the lands as agreed, by the approval of the Crown. At tbe time and previous to this transfer, there had been a kind of local government In existence, organ- ized over a smaller portion of Rupert's Land than what is now known as Manitoba, which was known an the OOtJNCIL OF AS8INEBOIA. In 1869 the Government of Canada for the Dominion, holding the iffice of Minister cf Internal Revenue, from 1860 to 1872, when he was appointed Chief Justice of the Court of Queens Bench of Manitoba, being the flist Chief Justice and judge of that court. He was appointed to his present offloe in December of the same year. He was ■' Ibo commissioner of Indian affairs for Manitoba and the Northwest Ter- itories. taking part as commissionerin sent Hon. WilliHm McDougall out to , ^^e Indian treatlM of 1873 7 V oovern this cm.ntrv «s«i"tP.i hv t ' !^Jl«'?.^y J^t!',,"."®.^" *^ *.u ?'r^^ " Fei tile Belt " in the Northwest Ter- govern this country, assieted by a Council, but some of" the people olject ing, Qov. McDougall never entered tt.e Province but returned. Subsequently in the Cana'ilan Parliament of 1870, a pottion of Rupert's Land was erected Into the Province of Manitoba, with a Representative form of Government, That year Hon. Adam Georpe Archl- b»'d w)r pub- lic works; Hon. James McKay, presi- dent of council and minister of agri- culture. MR. DA via, the Premier, carries in his present re- sp)nstble potitlon the came cool, cau- tious mind and self-posset-sed dignity, whli'h in private life vave him the financial success he attained in busi- ness, and the tutluencu with the people of the Province, that In time of excite- ment and difficulty caused him to be called to the premlerehip of Gov. Moi> ris' Council. Mr. Davis is a native of the Province of Quebec, and came to Manitoba in 1870. MK. ROYAL, the provincial secretary and attorney senerai. is also from the Province of Qoebec. was called to the bar of Lower Canada In 1864, and of Mriuitobaln 1871. As a iav/yer he has iMren ergaged as I dvocale in many notable aid impor- tant cases. His univei sity, and partic- ularly his legal education, weieobtalu- ed under unusually favorable opportu- nities. He WHS a prominent writer for many years on the French Cnuadian newspaper and periodiral pre^s, and has fllle w^^nm^mimfF oyal, provln- ley general ; iKt' r or pub- [(^Kay, preBi- iater uf agri- n present re- me cool, cau- Med dtguity, ave him the ined iu buai- th the people Ime of exolte- ed him to be of Gov. Mor- la a native of and came to and attorney s Province of bar lit Lower nitobainl871. 1 ergased as eai d Impor- [y, and partic- , wereobtaiu- ■able opportu- ent wrlttr for loh C»Dadian il prePS, and iir Blnioet un- , whicl) has BO fe i acuities — is enabled to place of high .tee and people is always ac- , when guidtrd broadness and enable its pos* 'B naiu ill, as md vexations, ntest a mind, noLe, with Y, I, is a native of ucaled at Bt. took a srhular- ser of the ex- t a short Irter- itlon in 1871, nition of mem- h and board of [f public wirks re. He is a r a raturally ch is ever kept 1 with perfect moil and Dain-< B born at Ed- tchewan, was /e council fome ly was letirfd, ifEtioned— has xecutive coun- e exception of I, and has filled e Province and cool, coi rect integrity, have 1th acceptance a the Province with Us topo- Ihat of the Ter- over this whole on. In all lu- ority, and reli- Interest. In rith executive lompoEed, wth the cultivated •e of the older ound common miliar acquali- ce possessed bv ^mmmi^f^^^mimm mfimm^miimf. '"*?v^ve mentioned, up to the eastern boundary of Manitoba and a:oug to the north of it to the one hundredth pHrallel of longitude (west of Gre»-Dwich) ajd north to the Arctic. This region was made a district iu '76, with the present governor of Manitoba as ex-offlcio goverr.or. As yet it ha^ no located seat of goverum* nt, but Its governmental business is transacted at Winnipeg. This is a region of XiAKES, FOBESTS ANI> MXNEBALS, with but little prairie or table lands. All the rel^t of this great section lying west of Keewatic and Manitola, and extending west to the eastern boundary of British Columbia, 2b embraced In the NORTHWEST TEESITORY, in which a government was organized last year, with Hon. David Laird as Lieut. Governor. He, with his coun- cil, will reside at the new seat of gov- ernment at Battleford, which is charm- inely located at the junction of Battle River with the north branch of the Saskatchewan. Here 8"me twenty government buildiigH are beine erected besides, of course, many buihiings be- longing to private individualK, stores, dwell' ngs. etc. Branches of the differ- ent church missionary establishments will be established tliere. The govern ment will be removed there this fall, as all of their bu*ldink swill be finished then. The government is at present temporarily located at Fort Pelley, some 250 miles west from here and 200 miles east of Battleford. FortPrliey is the headquarters of the territorial mounted police, a very efficient semi- military ortr^nization, that are sta- tioned at diffieient posts along the national boundary and through the various Indian tribes along the frontier. The country embraced in this territory may be truthfully called the REGION OF PERFECTION. With a pure atmosphere, a genial, healthful climate of early springtimes and soft, hazy autumns; witli dry and steady winters and light snow falls ; with streams and springs of the purest water ; with no m-iiaria, becaul^e there i-i nothing to develope it. The earth, sky, watr rand altitude are ah conser- vatory ot health, insuring new com rs, fnim distant lands even, against the acclimating sickness attendant upon Iher coming into more southern and le?s perfectly situated sections, whild bei e m this health-iiiving air — summer or winter— their strength continues and impro'.es, from their arrival. 'Ihis great territory is also TUB LAND OF MAGNIFICENT PRAIRIES and gn at rlver-i, with fine navigation Irom the eastern almost to the further western aud north westeelt should continue, an it alieadv has become— nearly up to the boundary line— the great highway alon^ which tlie homes, farms, towns and "cities will stretch continuously across the isontlnent; and to further ex- plain, what may cause debat") or be oondemued without examination, this aotualfaot wants to be borne In mind, i. U that the great > MIDDLE BKLT On ZOKTB In which Is found most of the lntellat masses of Ice do not easily lose their momenture, hut go on into the Gulf stream and across it into inld-ooean un- til they xre crumbled away by the mild air and the heavy seaa of the Atlantic. The European coast has no such Arc- tic current, or at least none of such magnitude. Tne Pacific Ocean has no Arctic cur- rent, but the Kr^'at Japanese stream sweeping Its mighty current, four times the size of the Qulf stream north from the Pkiuator, past the Chinese and Japanese coasts, .^u cut Into the PhcIAc until In its north vard course, It reaches the curved line of the Aleutian Islands that stretch away out from our Russian purchase of Alaska, nearly across to the Asiatic coast, off Kamskatka, causes this mighty Oceanic river, with its rapid current of four miles per hour and its accompanying trade winds, to deflect to the east, striking the i'aclflc coast of this continent to the north of the 60th parallel of latitude, while the low altitude aud narrower area (from east to west) of the ranges of moun- tains allow these WARM TRADE WINDB to come over into the valleys of the Peace, Athabaska, Saskatchewan and Red rivers, with an elevation of less than one-third of that of the United States, directly south along the line of the present great Union and Central Pacific Railway. Aud it further ex- plains the fact, well known to all residents here, that spring comes to Manitoba from the nortuwest, and why cool weather in the fall is earlier in that : Province than in the above named valleys. Again, about in a north 1 iue from the Easteru part of the State of Ohio, or I Colliugwood, Ontario, the cold waters I of the frozen Arctic Sea come down In- I to the country through Hudson's Bay as far south aa latitude 51, while the i norUi line of Minnesota Is only 49. It I is from this cause, doubtless, that the cold northerly winds of winter cause the depression of the thermal line south of the great lakes in those mouths, and that the warm TRADB WINDS OF THE PACIFIC which come down through the river valleys heretofore namfd, do not go easterly, near the Atlantic coast, but deflect southwardly into the Htates. Once more we fiud as we go west- ward over the present railway fTcm Chicago to San Francisco, Cal., that there is a gradual rise in the surface of the country after passing the MIsb's- slppl river towards the Paclflo, until In the western part of Nebraska it reaches an altitude of 3,800 feet, (a point several hundred feet higher than the highest point on the Caiiadla Pa- clUc Itallway). A short distance be- yond the Uockv Monnt<ight (many constantly snow-oapped, for the alti- tudes above given are merely those of the passes through them) and t'lr'r great extent east acd west, in the o . a case, proves the popularly beHove' large «■«, witl those 111 land out raugsK like tho whiih, I in the m fact tha on, it la from ami talna. But en again re nidd thoi Paclflo whole of f Nebraslta it 3,800 feet, (a et higher than he Caiiadia Pa- rt distance be- ntiiiis proper, 1200 miles, IF MOUHTAIHE 9 present Union Iway, at eleva- feet, 6,118 fei>t, , going west, m that altitude It is easy o middle zont )f run with ^e mtio and ac.* w rn OceftDr. It s ionstantly flow- ice in the one reat ranges of height (many i(i, for thtt alti- nierely those of em) and t'j'-'r est, in the o . > ularly beM _ of the cloud. Ing ovei then MTtloalwrty wh«n (har« U Mldcd « nfth wall or mountains skirting thn linm«4liat^ <«Mt of the I'uollio, railed tliiif'oait iUnge. Whatever m Ixture there Is In the breezee from that ithty (M»aii of rest, well called the IV- inn, is corupletely taken out of ihcni Iw/ore they set anv distance In the lutenor. ftetildee, It Is well known, that In the Htate of (California Itself, (t never ralus from May to November, hen( e. these oaus'w account for the entire absence of large (or for that matter,small) rlv- rn, with bordering fertile valleys like those In the uorinwest, and n>r the land out ^t the immediate mountain rangae l)elng dry, arid, alkali plains, like those of the lIuml>oldt, a stream which, as most of them do, loHt-s Itself in the sand. They aUo account fur the fact that, where cultivation Is carried on, it Is only aialntalne'i by irrigation ftrom small streams Just from the muun'- tains. But enough >n this section, and to again return t<> the Japanese mream. I Hald there wsl Arcio cui rent In the Pacitlc The cause of thJH Ih, that the whole of the Japane 'e stream does not 'M>n;e to our western oosst, but a por- tion of it I hat flows beyona the Aleu- tian Islands, keeps on in its course as laid down by the Almighty, and being gathered into a narroweDfederiition, as formed at present, consists (^*tbe Proviiioee of Ontario (formerly Upper Canada), Quebec ( formerly lower Can- ada), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edwards Island, the Northwest Terri- tory—just organized— and Territory of Kertwatiu, uuorgaiiiised ; the latter be- ing as yet under the charge of the gov- ernor of Manitoba. - The Confederation was formed in 1867 by the uuion of the first four named proviuctrs, Mnnttoba entering in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward's Island in 187.S. New Poundla .d is the only province that is still out of the Union, which Is known as the Dominion of Cdua^a, at the head of which is the Governor General, who is appointed by the Queen for five years, at a salary fixed by the Domic- , [J ) ton ItMlf, of tfiOiOOO per annum. The senators, who at prese't numlier eighty-one, hold their office for life At file time of the formation of the \)onfeers of the cabinet, which seWjtlons are made both from the Henate and House, with a majority from the latter bohat of the mini*, try. Huch sulmrdlnaie apimlntmenta both In the head depbrtnienls as well M lu the Provincee being MADE FOR LIFE, or during goe'° to such de- partment, or he may di(»8olve the en- tire cabinet. All measures for parlia- mentary action are usually introduced by the mlulater of the department from which it would be proper to ema- nate, and whenever U.e government falia of support lu the House In any of its measures, It is usually ex pec led they win resign ; or if a direct vote of want of coiitldence In them is given hy tlie Ilouue— which is usually followed by a petition t j the Governor General to name a new Premier who h usually the leader of the opposition in the House— vpou such a vote the Premier 'and Council so dtfeated resign their I commissions, which are accepted, and I the new Pr^-mler and Council take I their places ; those from the House go- ing before the people for re-election as at first. THE PBOVimaAI. eOVERNORS are appointed by ; he Governor General tnd Council, with the approval of the I t^ueen, wltli the title of L'eutenank Gov rnor, such appointment being fo" five year In the Provincial Parlia- ments ttit re are no senators, the body l>eing compoaed of the Legislative Council, appointed by the Lieut. Gov- ernor and > IB Council for life, and the Legislative Assembly elected for four years. The Lieut. Governor namew a Premier, woo selects with theGovet- nor, a cabinet which is called i he £x> jutlve Council ; it being selected an«D .governed by the same rules as the Privy ouncil in the Dominion govemmeal. riubordluate provincial officers are for life, the same as in the Dominion,. Three of the provinces h«ve done a way with the nominative body or legislci,- tlve council and have only one, the- elective or legislative assembly. 1 nis b >dy with the executive council, per- ' forms the provincial {roverumeutal functions. "The provinces having only ihe one are Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia. The DofRinion of Canada does not pay one cent of tribute or taxes to the English or home government, in any way whatever. On the contrary she charges her Just the same customs tariff on her merchandise, etc., coming into Canada, as upon that coming from the United Statrs or any other country. Again, all the public lands in Britii>n America (which has a much larger area than the|United Htatex) belong to the Dominion, and lol to England. I Canada has also its own sysi em of in- I teriial revenue. In fact, her resouices I are the same ss the National Govern- I mei t of the United titatee. Ttiere are I no British tn ops in the Dominion, hw '[ I, I I t i I i!f Sl^ ii [B] ,. ^4ome in thu different provinces, though I cannot say that It is not uui- form. Buu this limltuion, small as it may be, is a most wouderfui safeguard ti that greatest of pollcjcal privileges, the bnllot. If thvee hurried POLITICAL NOa'BS «re given with sutdcient oiaarnen, our many readers aiay l> able to better Judge which of the two governments, that of Canada or tbe United Siates, is reall> .he best ind freest, and which oontatus the eleuiuuts of the greitnot present and future strength. They, peinapM, may be able to decide whether we cannut em^nxly in our 01. u govern- mental machinery aotue g;^ k) thing.}, from even so young^a govurnmeut as ' tbat of Canada. MANITOBA. On fhe eastern limit, or mure prop- erly speaking, the soutbe&iittiru curntr of this great prairie tract of m re than one th<'uaaud miles in extent, spoken of in Mr. Grant's "Ocean to Ocean," i» the luk/rftl'-n of tUia little province, with an area of unlv soma 14 34U square mites, being abr^ut 120 miles frum east to west, by 100 miles north and south, and containing about 10,- OuO.OOO acres. Coming just within her eastern borders is that VAST IOPE8T REaiON, th«t ext«nds away east warily through tbe old^/ provinces to the Atlantic, wnile coimngin from tiiesoutb is tbat great prairie couatry trom the Ur ited U^, or which more properly speak- ing, stretches away from the head waters of the Saekatchewau through Manitoba, south tbrousth Minnesota, Dakota, Iowh, Illinois, Missouri, Kan- sas, tbe Indian Territory and Texas, to the Gulf of Mexico, more than two thousand miles from the southern boundary of Manitoba. In this latter prairio Bed and Assinneboino valleys proper, while to the west it is nigher and more rolling. Alorg the northern boundary line near the northeast cor- ner the waters of LAKK WINNIFEQ come down into the Province some fifteen miles. This lake is some 8O0 miles long from the mouth of tbe Red river to its outlet intc the Hudsons Bay, near Norway House. Its course is directly north. Following along this same northern boundary line some forty m'kj from the western shore of Lake Winnipeg, LaKS MANITOBA come* down into th<* Province some 26 miles. It runs n( .h someiac mi'es when it is terminated 3y a marshy DEER L0D0S—RS8IDEN0K OF HON. JAB. MoKAV. Bee Pag* 31. and jSaskU the wes leifio. which west . lakes at theLak of oontj np the : theLak road go Garry, to-day I place of vovBjfer differen Ing roac Meary. thro s :vXO tanneU lastetly ineU or .ract of e rine S milM I of this d miles lit way irn pro- be west. otne its ?ro'ince b'a west, ro-thirds ilv two west oor- 1 a high }untains, iiso until Ithe A3- liles wide Qugh the he south lu ftttain- ) or three incing in is known ts Province kdin« the Tince Into east being if thfa Bed s proper, igher and northern theast oor- ince some 9 some 800 of the Bed B Hudsons Its course 'ing along ida^y line le westeru rince some aeiacml'es a marshy ragt 31. •eetion through Trhioh runs a narrow channel a mile or two into UIKK WINNEVEGOSIS. This lake rans north another 120 uilles, having an outlet through a small lake called Cedar Lake, which is really an enlargement oZ the Saskatchewan, a short distance above its mouth, and so th3 waters of tunse two lakod realty flow into Lake Winnipeg through the channel or mouth of that rivo/. To- gether these two lakes are two hun- dred and twenty miles from north to «outb with many beautiful bays a.'d sik aller connecting lakes. The great;- ee* breadth of Lake Man'toba is twenty-four miles and of Lake Winn- epegosis, twenty miles. Uninterrup- ted navigation is obtainable between these two lakes. Soma twenty Qve miles down the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg at l<'ort Alexander the WINNIPEG RIVEK enters the lake. This if a large stream, it being the outlet of Rainy Lako, LL.ke of the Woods, in fact the entire country nearfy through to Thunder Bay on Lake Superior and embraces in its basis nearly all the waters of the Southern part of the .territory of Keewatin, the greatest watered portion of the entire contluenl save only that of the great lakea them- selves. Ite scenery is grand and pio- turesqne. It is a stream of cascades and waterfalls, fallinr during its course of 129 to 150 miles from the Lake of the Woods aearly 600 feet. This river with the lakes and streams connected with it was the highway or water way over which those hardy French Canadian voyagers for more than 100 years carried on their traffic between the waters of Lake Superior and their trading posts on ttie Bod, Saskctitbewan and other stream? to the west and south through to the Pa- eiiic. They form to-day a part of the DAWtJON BOUTE which begins at x'hunder Bay going west over the same aeries of (.^null lakes and streams to the west shore of the Lake of the Woods, where inetead of oontinuInK oown Winnipeg river, np the lake and no Bed river, it leaves the Lake of the Woods and by wagon road goes direct to Winnipeg or Ft. Oarry, 126 miles distant. On this roule to-day elfven small steamers take the place of the batteaux of those early vovsgers in the waters between the di£Rsrent portages, while good connect- ing roads have been built where nec- essary. This route was opened thro gh by the Canadian government In 18iO and has since been kept in op- eration by tLe government, open to travel and transportation generally. Though 'tis perhaps but natural to ex- pect, it never has become a much pat- ronized route, as against continuing on Lake Superior to Duluth, the North- ern Fttciuo to the Bad and fine steam- ers down that stream. Still the oppor- tunity has existed and at low rates Cxed by the Canadian government, which is to-day expending large amounts in building locks in Rainy River for steamers to still further im- inrove it. Again, through this same Mott > the Canadian I'dciflc Railway has Its line loc&ted and most of it un- der contract, with somo IGO miles , graded and the iron down at least 50 miles of It, while at Thunder Bay and Winnipeg is piled np tho steel rails, Osh plates, bolts and spikes enonsh for the entire distance. So that soon the whistle of the locomotive will be heard through those wilds thAt for thv 'J^ last 760 years knew only the songs and shouts of the "Coureurs des hols." But returiilng to Manitoba asain, I would sav, that between Lake Winni- peg, Manitoba and Winn ^pegosis, the country is generally a forest, as it is generally around the shores of all these lakes, also a'ong the streams en- tering into them. Along the Assinnebolne are hbavy timber beits, especially on Its south bank which,wi6h that along the Red, already spoken of, and the generally timbered uplands of the Riding and Pembina mountains, need only protection against prairie fires t? increase it largely; while coal is known to exist la the Bidintc and Pembina mountaina. So it will be seen thai the TVQOD AND WATEB 80PPLT is ample for all present and future wants of the Province— while as yet Manitoba is drawing but little on her own fuel resources as most at present is rafted down the Bed rivur from tbe States. THE SOIL of the Province being mainly of the rich black alluvium of the Bed and Assin- nebolne Valleys, from fo>ir to eight and even twelve feet deep, in unsurpassed in fertility even by that of the famous Yallerof the Kile, while that of its feiitle uplands in of a quick rich loam, n fact, I do nut believe there is a single acre of poor land in this Prov- ince. THE PBODTTCTIOSS. of this countiy are large and varied enongh to show *bat it possesses un- usual wealth of soil. From the returns of last years croua made simultane- ously in 34 diffiiront settlements, the following showing vas reached, al- though lesB'^ned by various cause from that ot previous years, some of which were local and some general, but mostly peculiar to that year. Ami ne these wre the very heavy rains thiit caught tbe wheat Just as it was ripening. The fdllowing yields per acre was the showing made as above named: Wheat from 25 to 35 bushels, aversve 32^ be; Barley 40 to 45, avevajje 42>^ bn.; Oats 40 to 60, average 51 bu. ; Peas 25 to 85, average 32}^ bu. ; Potatoes average 229 bu. ; Turnips 662 bu. Though these 34 reports may all be true, I am satisfied that on wheat at least, tbey iiretuo high fcr a full aver- age of the Pro^?nce, for they had very bad weather for their wheat harvest, Mud Ironi a ireneral inquiry made per- srtnally, I judge 20 bushels as nearer a Provincial wheat average, though I have nothing tending to reduce the nverage of the other grains and deem that they may be correct, as they ma- ture rather earlier than wheat. The rest average I predict rather unaer than over the usual yield. Aside from the above enumerations. Individual cases are not rare in this same cec^ion of wheat yielding 60 bushels trom one bushel of seed ; 100 bushels of oats to the ere have also been raieed, and bailey as high w* 00 bushels, weighing from rtO to 55 pounds to the bus lel. This 1 am ready to believe, for all of these grains are of great weight. Po- tatoes have yie'ded as high as 000 bushels to bLe acre and of a quality unsurpassed, a% are all tbe root crop^. Turnips have yielded as high as lOOC bufhefs per acre, :>00 to 700 being quite common. Corp does very well here though not made much of a crop. Flax and hemp do well here, but tbe^e being as yet no market, either for home use or export, owing to present high freights, but little is raised. TAME OBA88ES do splendidly, particularly timothf and herdsgrnss, though tbe native grass is go.id enough, either for feed~ ing or lawi. purpt ses. In fact the light autnmn rains do not soak out the nutritive properties of the native grass, and in winter the cnttle will turn from the hey ricks to eat the naturally ripened grans unut-rneath the light snow-falls of this section. Cabbages grow to an enormous tlee and mature quickly, so do cauli- i'ower and celery; the latter being large, white tmd fine- flavored. Cucum- bers, onions and rhubarb attain great perfection and jield. Lettuce grows with a crispness unsurpassed. Melons and tomatoes do well, particularly the latter. Wild hops grow Jn profusioa about the lakes and streams, are i;^ geueval use among the settlers and have also been successfully used by the local brewers . But of the products of the soil WHEAT 18 KINO. Tbe amount raised in the Province last year was about 460 000 bushels, of a general average of 68 pounds to the bushel, while large fields were raised in which tha averaj^e weight was even moie than thib. Oae field had a straight average of 08 pounds to the bushel and another field of 2,000 I: UBheis averaged 66 pounds, producing 40 and 42} pounds of flour to the busheL The wheat, bushel for bnshel.pruduoeB a much larger per cent of middlings or "patent process" than the wheat of Minnesota. This is the peculiar prop- erty of the Minnesota spring wheat, which has already given the Cour of that State the supremacy in the eastern States and on the Loudon market, making it in that city in price the peer of the flour of &ny country or mills that are brought to that g-reat OBNTEAL MARKET OF THE WORLD. Large as was the amount produced last year, considering the agricultural age and entire absence of « xport facil- ities, save to the surrounding and newer portions west, it is enough to go a good ways towards supplying the home demand; but tbe increased acreage and present fine prospects go to show a large increase over h .. I years produc^. The same may be said of other crops. Though only a f.'W small shipments of wheat and flour have yet been made kO the Canadian markets from Manitoba, still they have been Hutficlent to give established quoi,* tions over the wheat from an:' other section and they will readily take any surplus this Province may have in the coming years. Though it Is seeming- ly cut off from the marketn of the States, by the foulish tariff put on by the United States of ~0 cents per bu., gold, still its great weight and superi- ority have attracted the attention of the Chicago and Milwaukee wheat dealers to "grHde up" the poorer wheat it mare Southern localities that comos CO those cities for a market. So there is no '*oubt but that as the proper rail- way and other shlppifrg facilules are opened (for Manitoba is nenrer lake navigation ut Duluth than Kansas is to ChicHgo) the whe«t of Manitoba will Ko largely to those maikots in the States, even though this high and 'tin- just tariff 18 not done away with. It would seem that THE POLITICIANS of both the Dominion and the States ought to see thac thia unjust burden k i ■ < !!;', '; ! '; 'i ■4! •Li ' ( of 20 canta p«r bu«he1, put upon the produc«is of one sectloa and the oon- 81 mera of another, is done away with, and that they shotild at on'M do all In their power to carry out what is now consiaered the real duties of t'e rulers >^f anv section, particularly iu the United Stbtea, viz: to furiiish a kov «mment of the people, by the peopU for the people, bnd not for the eapecial benefit of those holding governmental places from the highest down, as the Old idea of (rovernment used to be. Why this great tax is put upon the two gTbat fundamental portions of any country — the producers of one section and the conpumTSof other— is a ques- - tion that ought ta be satisfactorily and at once answered by the political rep resentatives of the two parties at in- terest. The wheat producers of the United States are not afraid of the competition, neither do the consum- ers there demand its retention. But, while according so much space to wheat, enouch has been given to •iiow that MIZB.^ FARHIHG is f ally remunerative, thM all kinds of cereals are sure, while vegutaolHS yield almost fabulously and of unsur- rasdea ejiisellence. Data enough have been givem and are easily attainable to show that "le need not fear to plant i'" this gencTOus soil anp cereal or veg- itable crop, as the general suooess is nn4oubtM. There is no section where ((rains of all kinds yield so bountiful- ly, and the crops, year af tar year, so n^ortnly full. Herein lies the great SBOBEf OF snOOESSFUL HUSBANDRY. I'rofitable amounts raised every year. The crop products heretofore spoken of have oeen those raiB>)d in Manitoba, krot this fact wants to be borne in mind : that the further westward you OKI up the valley of the Saskatchewiin, the earlier are the apiings and longer the seasons, 'jettlements that have already gone in that section sustain this assertion, while the productive- oess of the soil tlieie is unquestioned. It is a question if STOCK RAISING is nov as legitimate a farming crop ats cereals and not a special branch as many aaem to think. It is the uniform recoid of all the grasshopper stricken uections in the newer parts of the west that those f4rmei8 who were possessed of a few head of co*s, swint-, etc., esc ped much of tb-, privation, hardship and destitution thiit was the portion of their neighbors, who had conf Jed their la- bors to the raiKing of crops only. In fiust it is a Question whether in a few years it will not be proved the KEA.L WEALTH of what are now the frontier settle- ments in the Htates, has not been in- creased and made more perm nent by - and through the visitation of this ■uourge and the lessons that have been taught, showing conclusively to the I aettlers, the great lack of practical wis- dom in placing their whole dependence upon an/ one kind of products. It is ihe well known common error of most pioneers, and for that matter of oUier «ettler8, too, to make wheat their main stay, when it is especially sensitive to any of the many dangf^rs of climate, seasons, etc., that ai'e Hfound tlie path cf ne«- nnmorc i.i erery section. While 7.a this climate and Province, and away through the great Nortljwest l)eyond here, 8TOOK mAISINO U A CERTAINTY. There is one fact about one of the most [WJ sensitive.delicate domestic animals the farmer gathers about him, viz, the sheep. It is now, over 40 years since sheep were first brought to the Ked River, anown, while their wool is of a very fine quali- ty, yielding from six to eight pound tleeceti from v/eathers and Irom two to three and one half pounds from ewos. Bwine present the same record of healthful ue«9s here. While the report of the Htatistician of the United States Department of Agri-julture, in Wash- ington, made the 29th of May last, shows that loesee of swine by disease in the 'J. 8. during the previous 13 months, wete 4,000,000 of all ages, and of a money value of more than |20,0()0.00o, the same being equivalent to one third of the sum of the exports of pork pro- ducts of that year, and I do not kn'>w that it was an unusually sickly year among them either. THE NATIVE CATTLE one spes here, particularly the Beef Cat- tle are very fine and large, the Steers being a full half larger than those of Texas' and fully up to the size of those in the older Stales and Provinces. They are very hardy and are used generally on the road, instead of horses, in draw- ing the trains that g^ out all throngh the great Saskatchewan and Peace River district, 1000 to 1500 miles. They are much quicker walkers than horses, and their feet being larg«r, they arelcHs liuble to mire in crossing streams and sloughs. They require less c»re and have more strength ; easily draw- ing loads of 1000 pounds each, day after day. They are never yoked together, but each harnessed singly, draw the li.^bt Bed Biver carts which are made without a particle of iron. When used by the farmers for agricultural purposes they are sometimes yokfjd together, but the great mass of them are used for travelling, which they do with no feed brt the wild grass. During their whole lives they do not know the taste of any kind of grain, while In Winter they are seldom shelteied or fed except when there are extra heavy snow falls, though they do then require more or less feed- ing and some shelter. THE HOUSES that know the inside v>f a stable during winter except in the larger settlements, are very few, iu fact it is so near the •ustom, that it is but the truth to say that they are never fed the winter through, bi.t stable and boaid them- selves. They are not as one would naturnlly suppose ' little rats of tbinvts," like those of New Mexico, and the Southwest gen- erally, but good fair sized horses. I have seen th^m coming into Winnipeg in Trader's Trains that have been con- tinually on the road for 72 days, yet have never seen a really poor noi.'se among them. They too, like the ox have no feed but the wild grass ; no grain in any form being fed them. Tue uorses and cattle of this section are NOT A HONOBEIi BACE as it would seem natural from their lo- cation they would be, for m.y. and never sin-e then has the Province beKU without Sires of the best beef and liurse blood jbtainable any where. I saw only five miles fh>m WionlpM at Silver Hjlghts on the stock fartn of the Hon. James MiKay, [of whom more hereafter) a herd of 140 Qeldlngs, mareu and ooltn, sired by as flue a(id clear, straight blooded stallions as can be found in the whole Misslssinpl val- ley, f^om its source to the sea, that nev- er yet in winter have seen the Inside of a stable or received a measure or forh- full of feed. The same is the case rUt all the trading poets and smaller set- tlements from Winnipeg to the Rocky Mountains, and up in the great and magnificent valleys of the /.thabasca and Peace rivers extending to the Northwest, up to and beyond latitude 68 north anU longitude I'iO west from Greenwich. OREAT HUMAN EX- PERIMENT. How do these facts taJ^v wi h the universally claimed assertion of those kind hearted, well posted ones who say if you want to raise stock >ou must go south ; but not to this section ? They will BO patronizingly laugh at any one who diners with them and Tay, why my dear sir, the trouble is, you will have to ft ed them so long in winter that they wi 1 eat their beads off. Well, gentleoien, I do not hesitate to predict, tliat when in after years, this great Northwest becomes better known to you, you wi 11 find 1 hat this will then be generally admitted, as a fundamen- ml law of animal nature, that wh^e man thrives in the greatest vigor ainl reaches the highest pnyslcal and men- tal excell'jnce, there will the animals created by an All Wise Creator, for man's use and assistance, reach their greatest natural perfect:cn.* If, in 1 these coming years, it should be found { that In a BILIOUS AND PULMONARY SOriTU tais sought-for Eden of man, shonld I be found why then you might be rigb*. but in the meantime, while this grand human experiment is oelng tried, it would seem to be wisest for the present at least, to feel that a section where I ague, consumption, and most of the| great human destroying fevers are un- known, will do very well to come to, bringing your families, stock, or if I empty handed, youi hopes and enej^g; I and hero, if one cannot in *?he meaii-| timesatlsfv himself by his own judg [ ment, patiently wait the issues others | may make in the Southern latitude^. SETTLEMENT came into the Province slowly, as aforesaid, until 1872. Since then it bai every year been increasing. Tie first sel'iers being French Canadians, brought with them from Lower Cana da, their peculiar form of divldin land in laying out their Bettl«m«nt8. which they alvrays made along sotue water course. The water frontage was divided in to so many hundreds of feet to «0cli family, but running back two nila making a specific title i' two milet *It li well knoTn rthat a tew year* ginoa, great war the Ions and wide spread the diseast introducud in the Weetorn and Northern Siatt by the pasnago through them of Texai oatti that by many of ttieir Htat? leKialaturee lay were paiiaed prohibiting the tranaportatio throusli tliDS'i Htat*s of (tattle from Texas, oxcop unilor very strinKeut reguiatiutm. Ohio ?a» of the HUitee ptufliiig this oattle law. She In thia guuiiiiFr and In now (Nov. lut) aaflerln); losH of thotiHaiHla of dollnrH by dUeaae, whic they are unable to Buppreas, introduoed byi dn>v« of Texas tattle, which in tranitt throiiii that State were allowed or took priTllecat permitted by law in this 'Organize Departn There w tending Red rlvi its mou the sam bolne. down fn Agatfae, face; John, Ki south Peter. Koing . James, Francois Point, E Prairie, river ne« Peter thickly L tlements the Assir contin-do Abthe tlement were res< 000 acres breed cli «ome, th- land for -'HI it) C0D8ld< vince as i the centr Jiot thliJ but ft, w- (riven, bu fl|?ures, a ^etxta ar ^^^^^^^^ n Wionlpw ick fotta of [of whom 40 Geldings, as flue a(id lUons M can Blssippl val- ea, thatnev- thelnaldftgf jure or fom- the case jUt smaller sifitr to tbe Rooky ,e Kreat and e J.thabasca ding to the ond latitude ^ west from rT. jjly wi h the rtlonof those ones who say tc >ou niustRi) >ction? They gh at any one and Tay, why e is, you will jng lo winter )lr heads off. lot hesitate to ft«»r years, this a better known ,t this will tnen j8 a fundanaen- re, that wh^e atcst vigor «Ji special arrangement with the government, be sec apart to -t I { I* ini ■ ^i^ settling communitiM. 80 thai the argument often made that the best lands in this section are locked up in resfrvefi, falls to the ({round. All ih*- half breed claims in the entire North- west are pxtingulstied by the reserve made in Manitoba. TnB nAL^-BREBDa. A few kind words i.re due the Half Brefds, of which there are many thou- «auds scattered through this section, the large portion of course being in this Province. They are as a class very p<<. mother, the othr^r more naturally fol- lowing the civilized ins incts of the r fathijis; the former becoming hunter.-', voyagHfs, etc., the latter preterr.ng the more settled wajs of civilization. It is very seldom that they are cruel and harsh, though they may be im provident Oa the contrary they a' e all of them usually very mild man- nered. There is no reason to doubt but that the success of British and Canadian Government In tlieir Indian management, both iu the old as well as thu new Provinces, la due to the friendly offices and Influence of these half-breeds, for almost to a man, when it c jmes down to a choice between In- dian or Whites, they are for the whites every time. Tbe United States has never iu Us Indian management had the friendly influence o' this large favorable intermediate cIrss, speaking both the Indian and civilized langu- ages, but it has had to meet and treat with the Indians through agents, who were neither familiar with their lan- guage or habits, hence their disadvan- tifige and consequent trouble in com- parison with the English Government and Canada. I am not prepared to admit that the G tvernment of the Un'ted States as a government, has been a whit behind tbe British in lib- erality or good faith to the Indians, but I do admit, that aa a Government it has been, as well as the Indian, swindled outrageously, by the forced employment of agents, who were true to neither party or interest; false to the Indian oecause of ignorance, and to the Government, because of such general ignorance they had a chance, tnd farther because they Intended to be unfaithful to begin with. Useful as these half breeds have been to civi- lizition in the past and present, they have still a future mission, which they will fulfill equally as well, and that is as frontiersmen ; the "avant c^ureurs" of human progress in its march up the great Valleys to the Mountains, and oiwn the sunny western slopes to the Pacific. A knowledge of the existence of such a trusty vanguard, gives me faith to bi-lieve that this march will ?:o steadily and continuously forward, ree from the great, retarding influence the States have here had to meet in carrying westward tbe STAnOKCIVIWZKD EMPIRE. But to return to the settlement question, besides these old setiit-ments that were in existence In '73, there have been others made In the province since, such as Sunny Side, Springfield, Orassmere, Bmerc>oo, etc, etc The IJ^ latter, a new town laid out some two years since, is on the east bank of the river, on sections immediately on the south boundary line. At this place Is tiie southern terminus of the Pembina branch, so called, of the Gansdian Pa- cific Railway, running from WinBlpeg south to the boundary llvie, which rill here meet the Pembina branch of the St. Paul and Pacific Railway, which crosses the Northern Pacific of the States, running north from the crossing to this point The latter is graded nearly ,0 the line and Iron laid nearly as far as graded; While the branch from Winnipeg is only graded, the iron to complete it now laying at the last named place and only waits the completion of the unfinished link in the States to be put down, thus makinir a through railway connection from Winnipeg with the railway sys- tem of the United Stater. There has also been a new town laid out this summer, called MOUNTAIN CITY, in township two, north of the bound- ary line and range six we^t. It is right in the centre of the fine table and grove lands of the Pembina Moun LYONS STORE. See Page 14, tains, and on the northern boundary line of the western Mennocite Reserve, towards which settlement has been going so briskly Lbe past year, while a large portion cf tbe gene''al emigra- tion within the province has been steadily moving in the same direction. The proprietors of tMs town site having secured a central point, within four quite thrifty townships, have, at the request of the settlers, decided to survey and lay out what is destined to be, a County town of the southwestern part of Manitoba. Lots here are now being offered to actual settlers on most liberal terms. Geological purveys, made by the Dominion Government, have demonstrated tbe existence of COAL in these mountains,and steps will soon be takeu to deveiope this treasure in the imm»>diate vicinity of Mountain City. The proprietors, in view of the present and rapidly Incrrasing surplus of grain in the surrounding country, would Invite the attention of MILL MKN to the unusually fine opening pre- sented for building and profitably oi>erating a grist and tt uT mill at this point. While the enterprise would be without doubt, remunerative from tbe start, the pro[irietors are prepared to grant an unusually liberal bonus to any solid man who will Improve the chance thus offered of erecting the first mill there. Tbe geatlemen who have started this town being men of well known stability, any statements which they make can be relied upon. Pull particulars can be obtained con- ceroing this new town. Its npoortuni- ties, t)tr., by addressing F. T. Bradley, Esq., Deputy Collector, 11. M. Cus- toms, Emerson, Manitoba. Besides these settlements in Mani- toba, there are many new ones starting up at the (government and H. B, Com- pany's posts, and other naturally good points along tbe Saskatchewan and its tributaries, as well as at interior points. At present there are. Battle- ford, the new capital of tbe north- western territory. Forts Carlton Pitt, and Edmonton, also St. Albert, all on the Saskatchewan. At the latter a fine steam saw, flour and grist mill is proving a perfect mine of wealth to its owner. THH POPLLATION OF MANITOBA may be safely put down at 35.000 to 40,000. No census having been taken fur several years, it is bard to say with accuracy ; but it is not less than the first, nor more than tbe second num- ber. NAVIOATIONr The modern advance of civilization differs in many respects from the old in requiring some avenue of entrance and communication in which steam can be employed as the advancing and home connecting power, in fact, no settlement now a-da;s becomes a fixed fact, a real subduing force, until, like tbe Altar fires of the ancients, the !efore his ideas can reach a near or even distant fruition that he is apt to give it up as impoHsible, if he did not see ana feel that tbe untiring friend of all his hopes whs near him and his. There Is not a whistle of a locomotive or a steamboat that sounds xcross the prairies or thrjugh the fciestsof the land, but tb8',< cheers some seemingly lonely boui wltli its Inspiring sound; telling him to hurry, for cl(«e behind, come neighbors, schools, churches and markets for al: be can produce, which will secure him Independence and fulfillment of that desir [18] dMire natui-al to the hearts of all true men, Tiz; complete tel^ownerahip There 1b not a single click of the tele- graph in any of the little wayside sta- tions, even in the most seemingly out of the way places that does not enter into and become a part of the pulsa- tion of progress. It was truly said centuries ago that man does not live and develope by bread alone. Of no class Is thid more true than the Pio- neer. This great fact was truly shovvn in the iievelopment of this Province. For 50 years and more all the progress that had been made, was only advanc- ed to the semi-nomadic or hunting state, or at most, to a partially pastoral condition. Although the All-Wise had laid out the great water coursei", the ready highways of naviga'.ion, all through this great northwrai, it was not until the summer of 1850 that the civilizing a I gel EMBODIED IN STEAM flrst vislt^'d the Province, coming down the Red River from the States, in the shape of the steamboat " Annon North up.'' The only motive power invoked heretofore to aid man, was wind mills. The engines and machin- ery for this boat were brought across the ijtate of Minnesota the previous winter from the Upper Mississippi above the Falls of St. Anthony, whure Minneapolis now is. The lumber for her hull and upper works was sawed out by cue of her engines where she was built on the banks of the Red River in Minnesota. A GREAT BOUND OF JOY filled the heart of the settlers, both half breeds and whites at her appear ance. The great want of the human heart anrt mind was satistlbd and a desire flllea the hearts of both the civilized white and the semi-civilized half breed, to be connected with the great, progressive, civilized world of mankind, developed a yearning that never was satisfied, until the after years gave them a regular communi- cation with the pulsations of that greater, higher and better world from which they had so lone; been separated and so desired to know. Although that boat continued to make ii regular trips that season, she was accidentally sunk the following year. Steam navi- f nation on this river lacked a connect- ng link, at that time, of nearly 800 mfles. The boat was never raised and repaired, but her engines and machin- ery were taken out and one of her engines was put in a mill that is still dofug good service in the Province. It was not until 1872 when this missing lin^ was supplied, by the building of the Northern Pacific R'iilway from Duluth on Lake Superior, to the Red River, that steam navigation began to ran with much regularity. Since then the number of boats has steadily increased un'il there are now, in the watvrs of the Province and its tributary trade. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAV QFTICES CANADIAN PACIFIC BAIL WA 1' OFFICE. See Page 14. A FLEET.OF THIRTEEN STEAMERS, They are the "International,'' "Dako- ta," "Manitoba," "Alpha," "Selkirk," "Minnesota," and "Cheyenne" of t'le Kittson or Red River Transportation Company, which runs up to the Stat s connecting Willi the Northern Pacific Railway at Monrhead and the St. Paul and F»i Iflc Railway (I'embina branch) at Fisher's Laridlngnn Red Lake River the largest eastern tributary of the Red River. While the "Swallow," 'Prince Rupert," and "Keewatin," ran in the Bed River below the boundary Hue and up the Assinuebolne Biver. For some good reason the Kittson Line, be- ing American, can run down into the Province, while ihe three latter named being Canadian boats cannot run into the SUles. "Why this is thus," 1 can- not say, but such I know '.s the fact, and I presume the law. At Winnipeg these iioats connect with the new and powerful H. B. Compiny's FROPELLOR "COLVILLH," that runs up I>ake Winnipeg to their various posts and forms a connection at the mouth of the Saskatchewan with their two river steamers the "North- cote," built last yeHr, and a new iron hull lK>at just lieing finished, whose name I do not remember. These two (mats are the beginning of a regular line up the latter river. Beside the above named Iraats two other boats fasve l>een built, one for the Bed Biver called the "Maggie," now used as a bcri|;e and the "Chief Commissioner," for the lake trade ; the latter's moJel being defective, she is now doing duty as a river wharf boat. So that in all there are and have been some 16 steata- ers in th^se waters. The regular pas- senger steamers of the Kittson Line are models of beauty, speed and comfort, with ofHoe»w whoBre^««ntl»?mena8weM liS thorough and experienced boat- men. The Red River has 600 miles of con- tinuous navigaiinn, though by land direct, such being the tortuous course of that strtMim, the terminal points could be made in about 300 milea. Brailles there are some 76 miles navi- gation the season through up the Red Lake River. Below the j motion of these two streams there are no obstruc- tions to the navigation of the Bed River, except at extremely low water, there iieing one or two tniublesome places above Winnipeg and two below. These places being all in the Province and easily remedied, they will no doubt soon receive the attention of the Dominion Government. Un the Red Hiver abovp the Red Lake River are a fi^vv places troubl'»ome at low water but as the United-States Government is already at work removing these difficulties, it is oi ly a matter of short time, when navigation on this river from the Northern Pacific railway ctoseing, down into the Province at any rate, will tie f ' ee fiom any obstruc- tion at any stage of water yet known in the rivoi. As said elsewhere the course of the A8SINNEB0INE through th** Province is to the west and so continues for some distance be* yond Its borders on and into the North" west Territory, when it turns almos' dirf'ctly north. Its entire length is some 600 miles. There c uld very eaoily be made some 300 miles of navigation through I he season on this stream with som very sligiit improvements. The in '( .: ! .i Pi ■M dlffloalt pUtra is SO mtlee up from Its Juncture with the Red lUver, which can bto easily and cheaply remedied, so that navigation nould be carried up 8ome 800 mllee of river distance, as It doM now during tLe high or spring stage of water. This improvement '•ould greatly benefit the Province, as the settlements are almost continuous for the first 100 miles from its mouth. In its Northwest course through the Province it makes a shtrp bend to the North, so that wi'h some 9 miles of easy canallng, navigation could bf» opened by this River and Canal through lAkes Manitoba and Wiunpevoes to Uie Haskatohewan, above the Rapids and so to the Rooky Mountains. That this will be done, is only a queetion of time. About 76 miles up from where the Assinnebolne turns to the N&rth, the Qu'Appelle River enters it; its course is mostly westerly and extends almosi to the South branch of the Sas- katchewan. The project of uniting these two streams is already broached (the distance between th^m oeing only a few miles,) and entirely feasible. The Qu'Appelle must be fully as long as the Assinnebolne. Its valley is one of great beauty and fertility, and quite well woodea most of its lengt b. It fre- quently enlarges into considerable j lakes, which are filled with the finest fish, among which are found the choice white fish in grcHt numtiers. At or very near the mouth of ttie Saskatchewan, are rapids known as the "Grand Rapids," that extend some two and a half to three miles with a totai tall of 43} feet. These are not continuous but in series or seot'ons, heU'te easy of improvement by a sys- tem of locks, which will doubtless in a few years l>e built by the Canadian Government, as the stretch of naviga- tian above them in this river is too con- siderable, aggregating over 2,000 miles. T'is »arge loads of the iron rails on their way thence, so that I know from my own knowledge that this work is already going on.* As yet the H. B company's steamers on the lake and the Saskatchewan carry only the ofBoials or tlie employes of that company and their own freight, but I think 1 hazard notiilog in saying that the great additional outlay in buiidiug this railway, putting on cars, etc , is not simply lor the transporta- tion of tbeir own business, large as it is, but is rather preliminary to the OPENING OF "KtAT B0LTK to general travel and transportation, which cannot fail of rapidly growing to a trade of great profit. 1 his river as its name implies, vis: "Rapid Kun- ning River," is not to he compared with that of the Mississippi or Ked Rivers. For betv. een the iiead of un- interrupted navigation of the Missis- sippi at St. Paul and the Gulf of Mexico — a river distance of 2,200 milts— the fall Is only 800 feet, and of the Red from the Northern I^acittc to Winnipeg, a channel distance of 500 miles, the faU is hut 170 feet ; while in the Saskatche wan from Edmondton to Lak? Winni- peg, 1 ':XK) miles by river the fall is 1,783 wet, or three times the rapidity of the Miss seippi or Red K ver currents. The Missouri River is more like it, still in *Bliioe oompleted. [14] the upper Misaonri, above Bismark, the present western terminus of the North- ern Pacific, the nnost rapid point of that river and up the Yellowstone River, TWKNTY-SBVKN STEAHBRS have been regularly running this sea- son, so there is no doubt but that both branches of the Saskatchewan will Booji be open to navigation as the north or lesser branch now is. I neglected to say that this river is one stream for some 450 miles from its mouth before it divides into its two branches. To give a better comprehensive idea of the sir? of this stream, I would say that taking the length of the main stream and its two branches together it is only some '^50 miles shorter than the NUe. A word as to the steamers on this IlIVBR AND LAKE ROUTE from Winnipeg. The ColviUe is a new and very staunch propeller, built more like an immense tug or small ocean steamer, than like the pronellorf of the great lake'<. Her usual time from Orand Rapids, at the Saskatchewan, some 60 miles south of the foot or out- let of the Inke to the " lower fort," some 20 miles below "Winnipeg, a fUli 275 miles including all stoppages at the H. B Comptmy's po-^ts on the lake, is 30 hours. The " Northcote" made her first run this spring from above the I Grand Rapids to Fort Edmonton and I return, with a ftill cargo both ways in I 30 days, a full river distance of 2.600 miles. This I presume was only day- 1 light runnmg. It was my good fortune to he one of a largo excursion party on the steamer " Manitoba," that left Winnipeg on the evening of the 3d of July, went down Red lilver to Lake Winnipeg, and returned next moinlng. The Manitoba was the first pussenger boat (hat ever entered its waters. I will waive saying anything he e of the thoughts that filled my mind during the time > spent. It was also my privilege to see a few days after, THE FIRST REOATTA ever held in the waters of the Province, i under the especial patiouaue of the ' Hon. Mrs. Morris, of the (joverument ; House, a lady evf-r ready to enc urage I by her presence and i ssistance every effort made by the people of this young I Provincial Capital, that will increase I their soc'.^i pleasure or assist their I charitable duties. The starting and i winning stakes wer->on the south bank { of the As8innel>oiueatitB Junction with the Rec* River, the site of old Fort La Rouge. It too, like the excursion was a success. Kimultaneously with the connection I of the Province with the outer world i by steam, came also the connection by j telegraph. Fort E Imontou is now in C' Diie>-tion with New York, London and Paris by telegraph. Thus was 1872 made a i RED LETTER YEAR ! in the annals of Manitoba. The great- I est practical, and the subtilest foi ces in human conirol, the annihlliitors of Hpace and time, came with many other ! assisting influences that year, to mark j it at the especial one in which, full harnessed in the train of human pro- { gress, Manitoba and her dependencies I entered the arena of progi-t;-£lre, civi- lized life, to engiwe heimeforth with the most favcred of her competitors in the STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE. Soon Manitoba will l.e the oentral gpidly built f y/ia both rn terminus route above Urd Inlet is [nlet, 2600 , the most le waters of Bay. almost lialte from tlieru shore, uth, by the 1 its eastern lary of tlie wm connect ttc Railway, tlie North- fa the St. P. lies south of D Pacific be by system of sof thisral- ftlready been 5et the very ute, the sur- )Ugh. From ys in 1871, to ) been nearly observations ng me»-»ured ally ioca'ed. t determined e, 2,a00 miles o the Priciflc, ton the line )e only 3,646 I theBummit Pacific Line g west, four 85 feet, 6,118 Dtively. The adiau Pacific svatlou than P. or C. P. I Platte to a little east of Saorameato, Califr>raia; with an average of only 2,200 feet for the same dl-'tanoe oa the U. P. & C. P. line in the States. The 1,200 miles firom Thunder Bay to Edmonton on the Saskatchewan and the branch South to the 8t. Paul and Pacific Kailway in the States is officially located. 310 miles o,f this are under contract. al>out 150 miles being ready for the iron, with cars running on about 40 milvs at the 1 bunder Bay end; 496 miles of sieel rails with the necessary fish plates, bolts and spikes are already paid for and delivered at Thunder Bay and Winnipeg, I)e8ide8 a considerable quantity of die same, has been delivered on the Paciflo coast. THE WORK OF CON8TKCCTION was b<>gun during the summer of 1875, at Thunder Bay and Winnijieg, both gradinx and track laying. The latter bei g just begun from Winnipeg east, is now being pushed forward from both these points, a fo'ceof some 1,200 men being now so employed.* The line from Winnipeg south to the States is all graded, and the track will be laid in sixty days from the time work is l>egun on the St. Paul and Pacific Railway toward closing u,) the gap in their line necessa'y to maKe a through connec- tion. Th€ delay on the part of th& St. P. & P. is caused by difficulty between the bond and stockholders of that line. It is to be hoped this will soon l>e sat- isfactorily ad^u^ted.t so that the work of its completion can go on. The road is also graded some 50 miles east irom Winnipeg. From the end of this grade through to Thunder Bay, the work embraces a great deal of rock cut- ting and bridging, in fact it is the most difficult part of the entire line save por- tions in the Rocky Mountains. The construction of this railway also car- ries with, and as a part of It <;. ,. A LINE OF TELBORAPH, Which is all under contract and con- struction, from Thunder Bay through to the PK east, and some 700 from the latter place to Fort Eaminiun west, are now in operation ; while the work on the rem under of the Line, and on the Railway is being pushed as nt>ver before. The Telegraph will be through to Thunder Bay this fall. A word here as to the construction of the Tele- graph, may give a better idea of what a work it is when it is known that a part of the contract of building the Line, is to cut down and burn all tim- ber, when it passes through timber, to the width of 132 feet. It is mainly a timber country aiontr the line from Winnipeg tj Thunder Bay. This Railway is backed by a large Land Grant and a very liberal Gov- ernment subsidy. Does any one doubt, that In this nineteenth century, a Railway ot such easy grades, through a country combining cither such fertile soil or mineral wealth along its entire extent, will ever be built— on a line too, probably the most •A locomotive and a auantlty of oars have r^tnoe been received at Winnipeg and trooli laid a ooniiiderable distance eaat. It vrill be open to tba XI. S. iKiiindKry line goutfa at F.mcrscc by . lit ot July next, am: through to Dnluth and St. Paul by Sept. 1, 1878. Time from either of these points vllf then be only 34 hours tbroagb to WinnlpeK. tl« now, November '. 1877, adjusted and work will go on at once. " [15] perfectly surveyed of mny yet at- tempted ; or that it can be operated at a profit, when the heavy grades, great snow fall &c., of that successful won- der, the Union and Cential Pacific Railway are, and have been paying so largely ? THE SIX OOVERNMENT OFFICES. of so many different departments of the Dominion Government as are rep- resented in the province, make the following exhibits, all of which show a cheering increase from year to year. A word of explanation, I would here give in regard to the Dominion Savings Ubnk and that is that there are none save at such points as they have Deputy Receiver Generals, which are usually in connection with the Dominion land ofBces. I would also here take the opportunity to note what a diflereiice it makes .00 i,ssr7,8a6.oo 1,785,427.00 Duty themm. »47,8S9J0 i8,0T4,4S e7,47S.a7 171,430,88 To 30th June, 7S, 8 years,. To 30th June, 78, 1 year, . To 80th June, It , 1 year . . To 80th June, 75, 1 year , . To SOth June, 70,1 year.. . . The aiiove is exclusive of dut.v p id on goods received from the other Prov- inces of the dominion which may safe- ly be estimated (at leakt) at one-third more in value. United States Consulate, ) Winnipeg, July 20, 1877. f The records of the consulatt^ show that the exports of this consulate for the last five years via Prjf the Post Office business for Manitoba: The postal service in Manitoba was assimilated with the postal service in the other provinces of the Domi<\ion in the year 1871. There are now in Manitoba 44 post offices which are supplied by 388 miles of m»tl route, the annual travel of the mail being 84.488 ciilen. The cost of this service is $11,845.67. The postal revenue 1b about 810,000 per annum of which $7,500 is collected in Winnipeg. Closed bags are made up dally and received daily from Ontario, Canada. Malls are also exchanged daily with Pembina, D. T., which is Che distribu- ting office for all mail matter passing to and from the United States. The money orders issued in Winni- peg yearly amount to about $85,000: and the money orders paid to about $30,000. The total issued and paid being about $66,000. The staff of the Winnipeg post office consists of John McDougu, Foatmaa- ter; William Hargrave, Assistant; J. O. Foitias, Charles Desermier, L. O. Bowget, Clerks. Besides the above there is a mail once in every three weeks lietween Winnipeg and Edmonton, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, a dititance of 942 miles, which supplies six post offices in the Northwest Territory- The service which was established in Augost, 1870, has been performed by the contractor, the Hon. James Mo- Kay, with great regularity. The trip from Winnipeg to Edmonton and back occupies about six weeks. The bags are carried by wagon in sum- mer and dog trains in winter. A very large corraspondence is carried over this route. By this contract for the present, at least, will tbe official cor- respondence for the new government offices at Battleford have to be car- ried. A special and more frequent route from W innipeg to that place will doubtless soon be let. THE RECEIVER GENRRAL has his Headquarters at Ottawa, and office at Winnipeg, in the postoffioe building. The local Staff is G. M. McMicken. Ass't Rec. Gen'l and Dominion Audi- tor; H. M. Dnimmond, Chief Clerk. These same gentlemen are also offl- oera of the Audit and Savings Bank Department, all of which are carried on in the same office. The Receiving Offlre is for the isso- anoe and redemption of Dominion PEG. io, CanaiU. daily with le distriba- «r passing tes. in Wlnni- at'»85,00O; to about and paid C post office l,ToBtmas- 8i8tant; J. mler, L. O. e ia a mail ■jB between , at the foot dltitance of e six post irritonr- eetabllBhed performed . James Mo- r. The trip onton ana reeks. The on in sum- »r. Avery srried over act for the official cor- {overnment e tobe car- re frequent It place will RRAL Ottawa, and [« postoffioe MoMioken, Inion Audi- ief Clerk, ire also offl- iTinga Bank are oarried for the iasQ- Dominion notee, like the U. B. Oreenbaoks— also for the receiving and payment of Do- minion moneys In this official depart- ment, for construction of the Canada Paoiflc Railway, and other sovern- ment expenses, such as salaries, etc. The money received amouDting to about $760,000 from customs, sales of Dominion lands, etc., and the payment, an above, amountlug to some 91,000,000 per annum. The AODIT OmOK is for the auditing of all government payments in Manitoba and the North- west Terriiorv. The SAVINGS BANK DEPARTMENT receives moneys from private individ- uals, on wliioh it allows interest at the rate of f per cent, per annum, subject to call. Tbe statement below shows the amount done in this department for the last four years, and though it shows a steady diminution, it mav be accounted for by the fact, that slnoe the establishment of this bank by the Government, two other leading banks of the Dominion have established branches in Winnipeg, which allow Ave per cent, on small sums and six per cent, on large amounts, and who have, it must be admitted, large savings ac- oounts; still the old parent Govern- ment Savings Bank Is so far, over last year, showing a large increase. i f'i 5332 SSS: S8S# ssas ri<>i°«» assjs 88S£ Stncoen sssss I 58 TmS EGCLESIASTIG.AKD ED- UCATIONAL privilijges of this Province are a matter of surprise to most visitors. The work of tbe church here, both Catholic and Protestant is especially apparent, and the showing of successful results, is an index that it is and has been In judicious and energetic hands. The foundation of both the Church and Sdiool are laid surprisingly broad for so young a Province, as the following list and exhibit of work done will show. The first church represented here was the Catholic, they having started rwj a mission here as early as 1818, al- though priestsof that church had been here somn 75 years before. Their tlrst Cathedral, which bad two towers or spires, was burned but has been re- built of much larger size, but with only a central tower. Some 20 years since, John G. Whtttier, the Quaker poet of Massachusetts, visKec: thii- mission, and its peaceful, quiet sur- roundings, seemed to have impressed him much as it did me, as over it thf Angel of Rest of a better and truer life seems constantly to spread her pinions. After his return he wrote the following lines, in part suggested by its beautiful chime of t)ells which it still has : "Out In the river !■ winding The liniii of it« long, red ebain, Through belts of dnskv pine-land Ard gnaty leoguei of plain. Only, at timae, a amoke wreath With the drifting oloud-raok joint,— The smoke of the bunting lodgei Of the T ' 1 Asilnc inst Drearily blows th ) nr.rtb-wlnd Prom the land of ice apd snow ; The eyes that look are vreary, And heavy the banaa that row. And with one foot on the water. And one upon the shore, The Ansel of Shadow gives warning That day sbaU be no more. Is it the elang of wUd geasa 7 la it the Indian's yell. That lends t(> the voioe of tbe north-wind The tones of a far-off belir The Toyagenr smUes as be Ustens To tbe sound thatgrows apaoe ; WeU be knows the ringing Of the bells of St. Bonltaoe. The bella of the Roman Mission, That flail from their turrets twain, To tbe boatman on the river. To tbe hunter on the plain t Even so in our mortal journey The bitter north-winds blow, And thus upon life's Hed Biver Our hearts, as oanmen, row, And when the Angel of Shadow Rests his feet on wave and shore. And our eyes grow dim with watching. And our hearts faint at the osur, Happy ia he who heareth * The aignal of bis releaa* In the beUs of tbe Holy City, The oMmes of eternal paaoe I Of Bishop Tache, th'j Archbishop of this great domain, who resides at this Mission, much, very much might be said. His travels, labors and ministry have been extens've, and acceptable, still a few words o' the Psalmist, will better express him as he is, than any words of mine. " The steps of a good man are ordered by the Lord ; and he delighteth in his way. Mark the per- fect man, and behold the upright; for the end of that man is peace.'' And so it seems to be with him, in the peaceful air of this Mission, which, with his kindly, genial way, seems to make the above quoted words, partic- ularly appropriate, and to cause one to sincerely wish that "his days may be long in the land, which the Lord his God hath given him." NOTES ON ST. BONIFAOK. The Red River country. Province of Manitoba, was discovered by French Canadians. Sieur Varennes de la Yer- andrye, born at Three Rivers, Lower Canada, organized an expedition, at his own expense, in 1884, and travekd through tne country, from Lake Superior to Rainy Lake, thence to the Lake of the Woods knd down Winni- p^ River, to the lake of the ^me name ; up the river to the mouth of the Assinneboine, where he built Fort Rouge, on the point south of the river Aaainneboioe, almoet opposite to tb* actual Fort Garry. Mon. de la Verandrye,like all the dis- coverers of tbe time, had a missionary with him, and Rev. Father Messager was the first minister of the gospel known as having visited this part of our continent Mon.de la Verandrye was aooompaap ied by three of h<« sons. One of tnem was murdered w..,h his partv and their missionary. Rev. Father Arnaud, by the Sioux, on Lake St. Croix, between Rainy Lake and Lake Superior. Two other sons of the old gentleman dis>- covered tbe upper Missouri, from the Yellowstone. Accompanied by two servants, they crossed the country and were tbe Orat white men who saw and ascended the Rocky Mountains, north of the Missouri. The same gentlemen discovered the north branch of the Saskatchewan in its full length. The conquest of Canada by England, r t a stop, for a long period, to a n*' ular French Canadian expedition in KNGINK AND HOOK AND LADDES HOUSE. See Page 23. the wilderness of the northwest. The missionaries theip-xnlves, had to aban- don the country, i le work of the Ro- man Catholic missionaries was re-as- sumed in .818. Lord Selkirk, anxious to secure for his colony of Asslnue- boine, the co-operation of the French Canadians disseminated in the coun- try, requested of the Bishop of Que- bec, the services of two priests. The Rev. J. N. Provenoher and Severe Dn- moulin, both French Canadian priests of the diocese of Quebec, were asked bv their Bishopfor the important and difiiculttasl^'^ey willingly accepted the proposal, staitisd in birch canoes from Montrealjand landed at Point Douglas, now Winnipeg, on the lOtb of July, 1818. They soon after crossed' the river, and began the settlement of St. Boniface. Tbe name, that of the Apostle cf Germany, was givea to the settlement as a compliment to the Cath- olic German soldiers who had aocom- panied Lord Selkirk, and who were lo- cated around Point St. Boniface. Rev. Mr. Dumoulin went to Pembi- na, where there was, at tbe time, a large settlement of Frennb Canadian half-breeds, who left in 1824, to estab- lish the settlement of St. Francois Xav'.er, on the Assinneboine river. Rev. Mr. Frovencher remained in St. Boniface until his death, which oo- cured on the 7th of June, 1808. He was consecrated bishop in 1828, and, conse- quently, was thirty-three years Bishop \'i T^ of St. BoDifao«. IleBflntmlaalonariM to the 8MkRtcht^w»n ooontry, to Ath- abaska, British Columbia and Oregon. The eetabltihment of St Bonlfaoe aay be ooiuldered aa the mothtir of many miasiona, the head-<|narteni of the im- menae flela which extendi to the Faol- flc and Arotio oceans. Kishop Provencher began the Col- lege of 8t. Boniface in his own house, and be, himself, all hla lifetime, uni- ted the teaching of children with hlB numerous and important occupations. The same bishop eatablished the oon- vent of 8t. Boniface occupied by Sis- t«rB of Charity, generally known as the Grey Nuns of Montreal. The foundress of their order, Madame D' Youvtlle, began the for jaittlon of her oomrounity at tbA same time that her uncle, Mon. de la \Cerandrye made the discovery of the country In which four of her Sisters arrived In 1844. Although they were called upon chiefly for the instruction of youth, the sisters have constantly exercised corporal works of mercy ; take charge of the ag«^, infirm and orphans ; visit and attend the sick. In the course of time several branch- es of the same establishment were formed, and some extend to the Sas- katchewan, and even to the banks of McKenzie's river, over 3,000 miles from St Boniface. After ihe death of Bishop Proven- cher, Bishop Tache, who had been his coadjutor, succeeded him to the See cf St. Boniface. The diocese of St. Boniface, at first, comprehended an immense extent of territory ; it is now divided, and was created as an Arch- diocese In 1871. Bishop Tache was, at the same time, named Archbishop. The new eccleBiastioal province of St. Boniface comprehends the arch i- oceee of the same "ly of the Province of Manitoba, and Mr. Thomas Sp«-nce, clerk of the Legisla- tive Assembly, and at present agent of emiiratiun at Duluch. OHUKOH or ENGLAND. Justouteide the northern limits of the city is Bishop's Court the residence of the Bishop of Ruperts L%Dd,the Me- tropolitan of the Church of England Ecclesiastical Province of Ruperts- land. Near the Bishop's residence are St. John's Cathedral ; St. John's College which is one of the culleges of the University of Manitoba; St John's College School, for boys ; and St. John's College Ladies' School, which is now being built. Connected with these Institutions, is a valuable block of nearly one thousand acres. The first clergyman of the English Chnrch, the Rev. John West came in 1820, and made here the commence ment of the flrst church and the first school. From this beginning mainly through the efforts of the C. M 8. for the Indian tribes, aided latterly by the help of Ens'.ish Colonial Societies, the Church has grown so that now it con- sists of four Dioceses under the Bishop of Ruperts Land, Mevosnee, Saskatch- ewan and Athabasca. In the Diocese of Ruperts Land there are now 27 clergymen, of whom 21 are in the Province of Manitoba. There are also 7 oi 8 Missions in the Interior of the Diocese in charge of cat*chistfl. There are two Church Parishes in Winnipeg— Holy Trinitv, under the Rev. O. Fortin, B A., as Rf ctor, which has a large new church and is self supporting; and Christ Church which has also a new church BT. JOES' a COLLaeE—BOYB &CMOOL. but small under the Rev. Canon Oris- dale, B. D., one of the clergy of the mothei parish. Fart of the extreme west of the city lies In the pari<4h of St. James, which is under the Rev. D. C. Pinkham, the church being without the city. Part of the extreme North still remains in the Mother Cathedra* Parish of 8t John. St John's Catl dral is a Collegiate Church under a corporation consisting at present of a Dean and Six Canons, but of these only two of the Canons have at present the required endowments. The Bish- op is Dean and the endowments of other two Canonies had been com- menced. The school commenced by the Rev. John West rose to importance under an able master the Rev. John Mac- allum, M. A., and after various vicis- situdes has reached its present growth as St. John's College with its various schools. There are a limited number of rooms for Theological students, but no rooms nt present for general university stu- dents, excepting for< those that have been in St. John's College School. But as soon as all burdens are remov- ed from St. John's College School for boys, and the St. John's College Ladles' School, there will be an effort made to erect buildings for the Theological and University Students of St. John's College. The St John's College School for boys, receives between 60 and (10 board- ers and has also some day pupils, but the applications for admission for boarders have for two or three years been considerable more than could he met. It has a full staff of teachers every town being under a separate teacher, so that if there are rooms for boarders,it could receive at least double the prment number of boys. St. John's College with St. John's College .School, ia governed by a coun- cil under statutes given by the Bishop and sanctioned by the Synod. It is a chief meterological station for the Do- minion of Canada, superintending a number of stations in the Northwest Territories. The St. John's College Ladies' Sch-.iol is a new institution. The flchool is under Miss Hart Davins as principal, and will have a staff of governesses and masters as may be required. It is at present being car- ried on in St. Andrews, some miles | from the city, till the new bnlldingla at for occupation.* The following is adescripthn of this building : It will be built of solid brick, with stone foundation, in a har- monious combination of Swiss, Eng- lish, and American Gothic, with man- sard roof, having four floors, finished throughout; the size will be 4Sx54 ft, with projections on four sidee; the stone work will be "broken ashler," and brick work In the "American bond style," with projecting caps and quoins finished in imitation of "Ohio sandstone ." The windows and doors will be all in Gothic style: the dormitories finish- ed with pinnaolies and neat gilded t > ' mlnals . The main entrance will be under • - very imposing tower, with belfry and spire finishedln the same general de- sign, with an observatory from which an excellent view of the city and sur- rounding country can be obtained . The internal arrangements are com- ' plete in every respect, the whole building being heated by hot air on the latest improved system, one pat- ented by the architect. There is also , a complete system of water works supplying the dormitories and closets ^ throughout. This will also be a safe- guard against fire, as a hose can be at> ', tached on each floor . It will have accommodation for 80, pupils and four lady assistants . Each , floor is provided with the necessary , closets and bath-rooms, flsed wash- , stands, etc. The Church of England is mainly , indebted for tbisfine School to a very , generous contribution by a clergyman ^ in England ; but over $3 000 has yet to ^ be raised, before the building can b« , built, furnished and the grounds laid > off. ^ By means of the endowments that ^ have been secured, the charges at ■]. these institutions are much less than ^ at such first-class institutions gener- ~r ally in America. The following for example, are the charges, per term at the St. John's College School. The term lasts for 20 weeks — there being two in the year. Fee for Tuition In English, ClasBics, Math- ematics, tncluilinK Surveylni! and Mathe- matical UrawinK,Fronub and Vocal HueictlS 00 Instrtmiciital Mualo 6 00 Bobool Library 50 Boarding for Boys nnd<.7l6 80 flO Boarding for Boyi orer 16 W 00 *Juit oompleted and opened, Feb. 1, 1878, I ' l-ii f»»] ' a ST. JOHB'S COLLKQS-LADIXa aCHOOL. It ne«d scarcely be added that the reiBing of these Institutions in this young couiitrv, is the result of great k&d continued effort. With some ad- ditional help they oovld be made very efficient. The Bishop is particularly anxious that scholarships should be founded at them, both to encourage deserving and promising students, and eapeoialiy for the beneflt of the sons and daughters of the clergy . A comparatively small sum given in this way would matenally strengthen the Church, and cheer the Missionary in his struggles to build up the church In new districts, where the people can do little. UNIVKRSITT OF MANITOBA. There is now a University of Mani- toba ooHsistiug of three colleges, St. John's, St Boniface and Manitoba, and likel" i>f« and bye to have more eonaecte' S it- The University to be gc V a council consisting ofaO Vice Chancellor of He. for each of the Coll^p -resentatives elect- ed by tu« ,ion of Graduates, and two F natives of the Board of Educaw . The Bishop of Ru- perts Land has been appointed Chan- cellor, the Hon. J. Boyal, Vice Chan- oellor, and the otHfiF m-^mbers of Senate are now being elected. Degrees in arts, sciences, law and medicine will be given by the united universi- ty, but power has Ireen given to the several colleges, with the consent of the religious bodies they are connec- ted with, to establish separate socie- ties of theology. The Council of St. John's College has accordingly under this act, with the sanction of the Di- ocese Synod of Rupert's Land, estab- lishes a Faculty for the examination of candidates for the degrees of B. D. and D. D. THE PRE8BTTEBIAN OHTTHOH IN CAN- ADA. This chuy h is represented in the northwest by the Presbytery of Mani- toba. Ttie territory occupied by t> is presbytery is very extensive, emb .ao- Ing the whole Canadian northwest. There are, connected with the presby- tety, thirteen ministers, and three catechists. Th) number of C3ngrega- tions with settled pastors, is four; of vacant congregations, also four; of mission stations, twenty-two; making in all, forty-three places where servic- es are regularly held. The number of families connected with the congrega- tions and mission stations of the church, exclusive of Indians, is about eight hundred; of memlwrs in full communion, about seven hundred and flfty. There are also four Indian schools connected with the presbytery. The most Important etiucational agency of the church in the north- west is MANITOBA OOLLBGB. This institution is situated in the city of Winnipeg. It was established in 1871. Since tnat time, it has made steady and pubstantial progress. The number of students in attendance last session was forty-three. The course of instruction, while preparing for or- dinary commercial and professional life, fits also for passing the Junior and senior matriculation examinations in the principal Canadian universities; for matiiculation in law or medicine, as well as for entrance on the courses of agriculture and civil engineering, and for beginning theology in any of the Cansdian colTegee. There is also, a complete course given in theology and its cognate subjects, to young men studying for the ministry ui the church. It is intended also, to adopt the course of instruction in the college to the curriculum of the University of Manitoba, just established. While the college buildings at pres- ent occupied, are sufficiently commo- dious for immediate necessities, they are intended to serve merely a tempo- rary purpose. It is the intention of the college board to erect, as soon as possible, permanent bulldiugs, for which a suitable site has been alrwdy .cured. For this purpose it will be necessary for the nriendj of the col- lege to come to the assistance of the board with their subscript ons. The HupDort r joorded In the paat has l)een of the most generous and liberal dee- orlpllon; but the growing attendance i.t the eollem will soon render greater Booommodatlons absolutely neoeasarv. and call for greater efforts from all who desire to oromite the Intereateof the church and the cause of higher ed- ucation In the northwest. G«org« Rtnff nf liutmctori in Mali- Itoba Colhg»—tt*>r. (leorge Bryce, M. A., Prnfrtssor of Science and Litera- ture; Rev. Thomas Hart, M. A., Pro- t-iMOT of Classics and French ; Ilev. .lames K>>bertson, Lecturer on Mvste- inattc Theology; Unv. .lolin Hiack, D. !>., Lecturer on lllbllcal CrlMclS'u ; Ur. .\lexander F.irguson, Elementary Tn- lor. Offloeri qf the Hoard q/ Manafft- merU.— Hoa. A. G. B Bannotyne. li. P., Chairman ; Rhv. Professor Hart, M. A.., Secretary ; Duncan Macarthur, I'lsq., Treasurer. 'Jollege Se»a<«.— Rev. Professor Bryoe M. A.,(/liairman; Uttv. ProfeHsor Hart, M. A., Secretary ; liev. John Black, D. I>.; Rrtv. James Itubertson; llov. Al- exander Matheson. It may be added that while the col- lege Is connected with the Presbyteri- an Church It if, in its regular and com- mercial oources, perfectly unseotarian in character. METHODIST ciirncn of oanada Has tifteen ministers and one native assistant,' about 2,000 meinbf-rs In good standing, 70differcut preaching places, 24 sabbath schools, about 9''i0,0U0 ex- pended during the year ending May 187(1, by the missionary society in sus- taining missionaries, furnishing schools &c. The report for year end- ing May 1877 has not yet come to hard. Several more missiuanrles have been asked for this year. The work is divided into two districts. One em- braces the province of Manitoba and Kewatin and several missions in the north and Is called Red River district. The other called the Saskatchewan district, embraces our work in the N. W. Territories. Each district Is pre- sided over by a chairman. The chair- man of Red River district resides in Winnipeg and the chairman of Sa»- katchewan at Bow Mill, N. W. T. "The president of the conference Is shortly expected in Winnipeg from Toronto to ordain the candidates for the ministry in this province. PEACE RIVER. Before closing my remarks about the resources of Manitoba and the Northweat I would add that Professor John Ma(»un, the government bota- nist, who has crossed the continent twice expressly to make inquiries into the floral and geological formation of the Northwest, especially in the Peace river district, which is to the north and northwest of the Saskatchewan, beyond the Athabasca river and east of the Rocky Mountains, was examined at great length by the Parliamentary committee on immigration. During the examination he gave such prooB of his knowledge that none doubted the truth of his assertions. This val- ley is between latitude 55 and 50 and longitude 116 a'ld 122 west from Green- wich. The Professor found that the, entire district along the Peace river for a distance of 700 MILBS in a belt 150 on each side, was ss anite- ble for the cultivation of grain as that of the province of Ontario (or Upper Canada.) He has brought samples of wheat weighing 08 pounds ts tltebnsh- mm ["J CESTRAL SCHOOL, WINNIPKO, MANITOIiA. See Page n. el and of barley weifrhinir 56 ponnda to the bo«hel. The climate "vas even more auitable than in Ontario for there were no wet autumns or frost to kill the vouDK grain. The plants that be found in that region were the same as TIIOSB ON ].AKE ERIE, and further discoveries satisfied him that the two areas were similar in ev- ery respect. The ice In the river broke up in April. Stock raising was not difficult becauBO the grass remain- ed fresh and green up to the very open- ing of winter. He had seen thousands of acres of It three t>ud four feet long on levels 200 feet above Peace river. He had tested the temperature, and showed by figures that the average summer heat, throughout thatentiro district and way to the north of the Peace river valley, was similar to that of Toronto and Montreal and much higher than that of Halifax. He was positive that the climate was uncom- monly suitable for agriculture. Be- 8id»^s the peculiar excellence of the country for eereals he had found thousands of acres of crystali7,ed salt, so pure that it was used in its natural state by the Hudson Bay Go. COAL abounded in the richest veins and was so inter-stratlued with hermatele or iron ore yielding 50 per cent, no looal- itv could be better for manufacturing. Thousands of acres of OOAL OIL FIELDS were fonn>« found his brood of aonw (lO breeding mares, a large quantltv of horned stock and some tame bufTaloa. (n his stable at, bunSng was for many years bis legitimate business, he keep- ing out large numbers of hunters, though not always with them himself. He was the man that carried the first mail between Winnipeg and Ht. Paul, making, during theee years to '65, some S7 trips as mail carrier summer and winter to Bt. Paul, across this most dangerous border Inr'tan country, It being a del>atable or lighting ground between tlie Biouxsof the Great Plains and the Chlppewas of the Great Lake Forest eeot Ion to the east. Since 1866 Mr. McKay has been almost constantly Ifi public life. As a man, whilo quiet, he is still most geiial and kind, and a man who haa yet to have the first drop of liquor or beer or tobacco i i any form to oroaa his lips. This is wo"derful, conaidaring Mm I [M] t the life he has led, where the pipe uid bottle ud oonaidered the DOoeaMry p*rt of tbo dur.p outfit. During these vari- ous nuntlny aud traveling tripe hb has often been of assistance to unfortunate onee oui on these great plains. In 1868 he obtained the release of three white men and brought them ove. 1000 miles to Wimiipeg, furnishing th-sm witiK means to return to their homes in the Htatee. Some time before he had brought i young white girl from tlie Indians, educated her, and she U now marriM to a gei^tiemaa of fine position in the Province. It is onneoeaaary to say that the writer t&ksa no stock in any of the rumors connecting his name with the Indian trv/Ublee in the Htates in 1862-3, but rather uelleves it will, in ik.'ter years, hi the .pleasure of some one tc write of him a reor>rd of a life of use- fulness. WHO SHOUIJ> COME into this oountry is a very important question, and I do not knew that any tniug I may say, will biwe much in- fluence oqe way or another, but sup- pose emlgntion will continue to run •t least aa it has— still there is this truth, that it will do noharTR to stfrte; at in no place is capital as psfely re- 1. atacTativn, as in decided aad dxed new sectiond. There is ev«ry thing to be done and the jpeople there can, MANITOBA COLLEGE, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA. See page 29. do and will pay higher rateeof inter- , than in older pactions. it^Uts want co do is to come out, look at Cte country, Qnd what plases are flxMhatarbl points and sure of a pros- perbns growtn, then settle themselves and QulMly watch their opportunities. In tee mean time keep a close mouth ac to 'xbether they Lave any money or net, iu other words keep their busi- neu to ther^Belvea, and opportunities perffectly satisfying to them will sron older sections that show no openings except clerkships &c. To those who, on reaching here will have nothing left but their hands, if , they will bear in mind that to oreate What cap- 1 ^ visible something, from an invisible nothing, is a divine power, and that the odds are against them though not as largely as in the old sections ; and will accept and bear the dl . Ivanta- ?es they labor upder, be oheeri al, hop«- ui, industrious and prove themselves reliable— snoh men are wantod every- where and in no plac^ more than in the new settlements. In such pla- ces this kind of men never fail 5?.^?!2!!^„_^L?°.^?^? '^?*"^ 9^ i this but tew of them do so, h«nce the _ _>__-_. ^ . ^ . , ijorthwest is not to-day short of good fcr nothings, but men of the latter kinJ coming out here will find most discouraging competition in that line. pottnnltiei? for learning the true in wardhesa of any place wiH be increas- ed and tihey will save thcmsel' es much anhoyancto that they will otherwise be tarcnbled wjth. 9ut the class that new sections really present the BEST OFBNINGS FOB are those men who i!.re comfortably fixed themselves, who Lave e growing fan41y particularly of tioyn, and vho wirtt to have Iheir families grow up come betp. and secure, in point of do- main, au oarld'^m. Now, why don't they come? It must be because of tlieir ignorsnce uf the above fact. New Zealand gives every man that pays his own passage 40 acres, while if he wants anv more it costs him a pound, or five dollars an acre. The Province of Victoria cffera lands, first at auction at an upseo or starting price of on^ pound per acre. Australia offers to any one having a lease frcm the government of a she«p run, the privilege of making a pre- emption of 040 acres, ' v which their buildings and other rmprovements may be, at the expiration of their loa;*e, but he must pay the one pound per acre at the expiration of his pre- emption. While nere he has his homest«ad right to 160 acres, free, his pre-emption right of 160 acrei», his tree planting rlehtto another 160 acres free, while if he wants uny more, he can t$et it at four shillings or one dol- "of at MANUFAOTCri^KS of all kinds will be wantt.ll out his high priced land, come to the new sec- tion, take up the cheap acres, home- steads &C., enough for all his boys, and thus enable them to grow up about thabojvie nest; this is wiser and bet- tei -.or all, than for the sake of a few years more of piesent comfort to find themnelves alone in middle li^e or old age with more or less of theii sons drifting about away from them. While for the daughters there is no comparison between the two sections in the ciiances they will have to get husbands that can give them homes of the more custly and nice, as they grow older. As all the people come from old , j well settled and well furnished homes, I so, too, will they have about them here, ail those little home luxur]<» they ] once had, such possesolon aud purchase being only a matter of t'-:iie. But thoee who come thinking to live by their wits, I care not into what new dfction they may go, will find some there ahead of them who in that worthless employment can double dis count them. For perrons of delicatf' !Oor health, there is proper amount of postage stamps, and see if these things are not so. For sheep raising, Australia bears no com- parison to this section.ln healthful ess of the animal or fineness of the wool, and nearness to the markets of the world. While one dues not have tc ran »n> '■f the dangers of isolation that he dues in thi/se distant Pacific sections. It is only 15 days from Liv- erpool to Winnipeij. Repeated quan- tities of freight have come through this season in 23 days. While by tele- no°nVnce"or thU 'irTeen'^rth' w^^ ««« ^^ Winnipeg can connect no place on this green oarin wRwe ! » j^j; ^.^ j^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^ British Isles or on the continent any hour, and for that such poHsesslons give them and theirs. Such men should come out and see if these things are not so. Ed- ucational facilities are attainable any- where, if not, it is largely the fault of the settlers for the mutiiticence of the school gr&nt of Manitoba is ample enouRh for all, if rightly managed. Again the sons growing up with such si:rrounding8 and settled prospects, will escape much more of the foppery and unsettled views of life, than in they will live out ali their days sui here. Tt does seem strarw to me, that Manitoba and '^'lis i,r*ini northwest doea not till up with greater rapidity their own, and all the independence than il does, when this fact is known ; Uis thi otdv section under t/i? B.-itiah Hag, in which frm prairie hotn^ in the healthiest climate that flag wax)e* over, are gif>en A ROYAL GIFT to actual settlers. There are surely that mattxr, so be can fur a thousand miles west of Winnipeg. The climate here is a perfect SANITARIUM OF HEALTH. Acclimating diseases need not \i% feared, t)ecause they do not exist, {joys of 18 years old have homestead and pre-emption rights, so do married women who are tiiu sole heads of fam- ilies. What liberal chances are thus given to the British subject to obtain thousands in Great Britain, sons of homes, under the same old flag their wealthy farmers and tradesmen, sec- { fathers and their forefathers have ond and younger sons of the nobility lived under. It is far more liberal as weil aa young Canadians who can ' and the lands are cheaper than in the wwm [«a] This brings me to the United St«[«t. subject or THK GROWIKi^ SOAROIVY of cultlvatable public, or goTern- ment limda in the United States. Mnoh bM been said on this snbjoot, bat the following is a short extract from a long article on this same subject from the Ne^ York Tribune, which speaks for itself and sooner or later it is a truth, the people of the United States will have to face and admit. The Tribune has alwAys been n western oremmigrating paper, though published in New York City. Its founder, Horacs Greeley, was a man who in his day, was more familiar with the West and its resources and opportunity, than uny other eastern editor. He was a moRt philauthropic man, and when applieol to by the young mt-n of the crowded east, as he ▼ery often was, was apt to give tbem tlie following advice, which has since grown to an axiom. "Go West, youug. man, and grow up with the country. 'The days of cheap, fertile tannB tor all who like to till thoin are very nearly over. The un- oooupied lauds of the Dominion are nov* the best on the oontiLent, and the regions In which these ar* to be found are l>y far th' nil that are left for the straggUne millions flocmg west- ward and still weiitward for more rocm. It wlU take some time for those fertile regions to be ■1*0 mied up, but no such long period that it would be impossible to oalculate when it will liaTepcMBed. In the States the question la aLreac'y a living one and pasBOH fcr an answer; "What is to bo done witn the evi>r-growing population, with no new lands to whioh the suriilus may always mcve?' By the end of tills century the popula- tion of t'le Btatei will be far on to ei^ty miUious , and these will oisoupy snbstantially the same Itretota' of oultivataDle 3elds which the present forty miUions do.' THE ROUTES to Manitoba from the States. Where an all rail route is desired to Moorhead or Fisher's Ijandlug, on the Red River, take any of the railway Hues c :rr«!ng to Bt. Paui. Minneiota, theu either by the Nortrern Pacific Hallway to Moor- head or Glvndon, and from Qlyndon to Fisher's Landing (the !atter plitce being the preeenr, northern tt^rminus of the St. Paul & Pacific Rail way. 80 mUey uorthof Glyndon, though it will be fin- ished through to the bouiMiary line of Manitoba, taere connectuig with a southern branch of the Canadian Pa- cific Railway to Winnipeg by Ist of October, 1878) ; or by the St. Paul & Pacific Railway to Fisher's liaiidlnit via Qlyndou (Glyndon Iteiug the sta- tion on the Nor nerii Pacific where the 8t P. & P. crosses th^t railway). A' Fisher's Landing the heuer class of Red River Transpor a ion Company's St er ■ .•'rs connect, through boars run frcm Moorhead, or one can take the Wisconsin Central Railway at Chicago or Milwaukee to Lak)> Superior at A-^n- land, and then by Iwat, cIoho connec* tion being always made, TO miles to Duluth, there connecting with the Northern Pacifl'! westward to Glyndon or Motirhead. Those from the 8 »i e' desiring to go by lake, can take a dally line of sVamerR from But*alo, that call at Erie, Weveland, Dei rolt, Hault St. Mary, Marquette, etc., to Dulutb, or by Canadian Lalie Steamers also u> Du- luth. The Canadians desiring nil rail would take the Tnteruatlnnal and Grand Trunk Hallways to Toronto at least, and then take the choice of either continu- ing on the Grand Trunk or take the ■flUICT it' MARKMT AND CITl HALL, WINNIPEO. Great Western Rai'way via Hamilton and the many beautiful cities and towns to Detroit, where the Grand Trunk also runs, lioth railways from j there going to Chicago over that "l)08s" ! railway of the S a' es, the Michigan i Central, and so to St. Paul and Fisher's Landing. Or,CanadiHn8 desiring to go by lake can, at Toronto, take the 1 Northern Railwav to CoUiugwood, 80 miles, end th.are ooats through to Du- lutb; though they can make connec- tions wit h either ano her Canadian \ line or the American lines fiT>m De- 1 trolt or Samia by either the Grand j Trunk or Great Western Railways as i libove. But, by taking the Colling- j wood boats bad weaihe.r on Lake Hu- j ron is obviated and mu(ib fine scenery : obtained, as the latter line runs! through the bavs and among the isl- 1 ! ands tb&t lay along the eastern and ; I northern shores of Lake Huron Instead ' I of running one Iqto and through the ! middle of the lake as the boats of the other lines do. THE CITY OF WINNI- PEG vvas incorporated by act of Parliament on the 8th of November 1873. The first election for Ma^ or and Aldermen was I held on the 6th of January 1874 j Francis Evans Cornish was elected the ! first mayor. The present Mayor, Capt ! Thomas Scott was elected last January, : as were also the following Aldermen : i Willlnm '-. Fonseca, Alex. Logan, John i B. More, William F. Allerway, A. W. j Burrows, E. G. Conklin, Duncan Sln- I clalr, H. G. McMicken, Alex. Brown, i S. J. Jackson, Archibald McNee, Jas. I Rice. The present efflolent city clerk, Mr. A. M. Brown, was the first regular city cleric, he having been appointed on the 2d of February 1C74. The sound condition of the city, ita teaoe and good order, show thU' its management is in good hands, and that its police is not excelled by any city In the States or old rrovinces. Ic Is in fact something wonderful when we consider the great numbers of tradt-rs, their assistants and drivers, that oulv come in where the dissipations of civi- lised life are obtainable once in one or more years. Puriug the nearly ■seven weeks of my viHlt, right In the heighth of their dlfeiant trading season, I never saw a filngle street fight or knew of a single drop of blood being shed. The City GoTemment is divided into the foUomng DBPA11TMKNT8. Finance, board of works, markets, licenses and poUee, fire, water and lights, tire inspecter, board of healtib, cemetery committee. His Worship the Mayor is ex ofilcio member of all the committees, and be looks afte*: tbem well. The department I noticed with the greatest pleasure was ttat of fire, water and lights, having in charge the Fire Department, which is very ffflcient, consisting of two fine Silsbee Steamers, four hose reels, 2,000 feet of the best 3-ply rubber hoseu a hook aad ladder truck complete. The brigade consists of 45 men. The two engi- neers are constantly on duty as well as the horses. Sovmi large tanks are scattered about its bosinesa streets, beside their never failing riv- er supplies. These tanks are kept constantly filled and are never allowed to get low or empty. Figktlng lire with them is a vital business and they provide themselves accordingly. Their business streets are now besoming very much protected from any ex- tended flies, by the frequent erection of substantial orlok blocks, of which we give quite a number of vievs, though not aJl by any means. We give an engraving of the beautiful new en- gine house, over a part of v?hich the flrst and sciond eagiaeers will reside. Few more complete fire department buildings than this, are to be found In any 3ity. The public schools 01 Winnipeg are an honor to her. I see by tho last City Auditor's report that there was paid nearly $6,000 for their support in 1876, while this year they are building two very flue school buildings, of one of which we give a fine view. It has a fine four-acre lot. The luMding itself is of brick, and will cost seme $0,000. Its architecture and interior arrangement are very fine. They are also building another smaller one that has a nice playgroun''. of half an acre. This building will cost some •4,000. It is of the same fln>i archi- tecture. The distance which the people of Winnipeg at present feel Ihemselvos to be from the old- established educational Institutions of the East, and a desire to have their children educated at home, make l\wva unusually live to tho early providing of this great privilege. These city schools are free, and it should be borne In mind are In addi- tion to the colleges heretofore spoken of, views of which we also give oui' I [«*] ^ readers. Tlie city churohmi are nu- merooB, and though '^s yet of rather plain architecture, as became the roewnf of those who bnilt them, are still neat and in xood repair, and what is mere, are well filled, all having quite ikonrishing Sunday schools. The peo- ple of Winnipeg are great cburch- Sers, and do old city shows a better bbath observance. The population of Winnipeg in 1870 was, according to i census then taken, 868; iu 1U7S it was some 2,200; it now ha^ a plump 8.000. Since I was there in 1878 I ste a wonderful growth in every way. Then there were but two brick buildings; now thiyfeare scores of them, and of fine qnality. Buiok in ordinary seasons ie cheaper than lumber. One evidence of this was the great number of small or cheaper dwellings that I saw bnilt of them, l>e8ides the numer- ous business and public buildings. The Dominion government has built here some very fine brick buildiDgs, of which we gi^e some views. The cus- tom houBi, th<) land office, the post- offico, would ornament the streets of any metropolitan city. T''. » city hall and market, of which we irive a view, is a fine, substantial brick baildin^, that cost some 966,000. The lower floor is used for the council room, city offices, lock-up and market, while the second floor has a verv fine hall, also rooms of the Young Men's Christian associations. Few young cities are so well and liberally side and cross- walked. The street views of to-day, which we give our readers, particularly, when eompared with a view of tb. sawe ipcue taken in 1871, will show better than any words of mine the wonderful growth of this marvelous young GATE CI TY or TEE NORTHWEST. Then there are the closely-built blocks of business houses. The largest dealers are of course the Hudson Bay Company, who have their main depot of supplies in i.his city, the same being at the head of Main street, looking south, and in Fort Garry on the north or city side of the Asslneboine river. Their t: ade govs up into the millions, though far more is done in ihe aggre- gate by THE :f>RIVAT?3 MER- CHANTS. ,,IBnonsii lont the firm of HIOGINS A TOUMe are most prominent, occupying as they d' three large stores for their > erent departrntnt^'. The large tnree-story bricii, with fine base- meni^ is uccd for their dry goods, mil- linery, etc., of which thfy carry \ ery ifarge and full stocks ; also ready-made clothing, with a merchant tailoring department, in charge of a most com- petent foreman. Mr. 8 ''. J:»ck8on is a partner, in chargo of this entire building, which is parked full, from basement to roof. He is a man thor- oughly oonveisant with all themsul fold details of this department. ^lis lobbing trade in the goods in bis hc^ is a surprise t > the visitor. The next two-story store is their grocery de- mutmenl,whlch is also full, hatb tloors. They do a very fine city as well as wholesale trade. Their next store is for boots and dhoes. In this they carry K full retail and jobbing stock in that L*Qe. In the grocery department are tho offices 'if the two firms— Higgins, Young & laoksos, dry goods, etckud PACIFIC HOTEL, WINNIPEO, MANITOBA. Hee Page 27. Higgins & Young, groceries and boots and shoes. The offices bx^ presided over by Mr. David Young, the mana- ger and partner in both firms. Mr. John Higgins, the head of the firm, is taking life a little easier than formerly, though be is constantly about the stores. Mr. Higgins is one of the old pioneer merchants of the city, and the Eioneerdry goods merchant. Coming ere in 1862, beginning with a general stock, he kept at itibuildiieup his trade and good name until 1871, when Mr. Young joined him and took the more activepart in the business man- ageu:(!int. The trade at once took a gx-eat Si'art, and they were obliged to leave their old store for larger quar- ters, the sam^ oush, anergy, good ] udg- ment and gikl management being continued wif'iout any let up, until they occupy thtiir present stores,whicb are already getting small for them. Mr. Young was admitted a p&rtner in 1875, and Mr. Jackson, in the dry goods <*epartment, in 1877. This business has been built up against heavy competing influences, until they are the peers of any of the private flrma in the city. They have built broad and solidly, their yearly trade refxhing $260,000. The engraving of the flne three- story and basement brick store of A. a. B. BANNATYNE shows only a portion of the premise] occupied by him for his wholesale gro- cery business, its be hHs four waie- houoes besides, two bjing l)onded, where he keeps his importied goods, paying the customs on the goods as withdrawn for his trade. This brick store is full from bottom up. The base- ment is used for liquors of which he carries a very large stock ; the first floor the offices and salesroom, both retail knd whol'uiale, while the two upper floors ai. stored with bulky goods and thotie requiring careful dry storEtge. Mr. Bannatyne i; a Scotch- man, being a native of the Orkney j'slands. He came to Manitoba in 1848 ai an employe of the K ^dsoA Bay Company, w^tn whom he remained u.itil 1851, wl.en he left tliem and be- ga.^ a general business, bcin^ one of the i:, and irealthj man r« by far the ,tfl owners in tyne is difier- al holders of i no man in 3 spirited and w movement eut Mr. B.i8 and if It has aid is always libeTally giv- ind residence, give our read- er stores and a faith in his e if not lead- ements. For has been con- } local public lembei of the trliament for Ob a. A more ubiio spirited lasur? to meet rbost) modest , was born in and came here unknown," in ands and a de- igan a trade in went into gen- which he con- he went into Dceries, which creasing large- ids from Fort It, to Ft. Fran- north as far Jeing a man of loves the little his persistent d witQ success, is much larger 10x85. and with 20x100 and the of two others es a storage oa- pacity that at all times be keeps full and active. He has never been in public life, but has stuck right to bus- iness, though no one is more prompt to respond to any public movement. He if square, prompt and energetic in busfness. quick in trade and all busi- ness actions. He stHnds on the tbresb- bold of a magnificent trade, favored w4th a strong physique, of a genial, even nature and is a man that will wear well and always win and hold friends, which is the one great secret of mercantile success. In passing down Main atrpet, the most prominent business block that meets the eye of the stranger is the fine brick store of J. H. A8E30WN, who is the pioneer by some cwo years in the hardware, stove and tin busi- ness, which he started in a small way in I860. He came by the old trait from Ut. Paul, Minnesota, nnarly 600 miles, bringing his stock in U»d river ox carts, then the only means of trau'<- portatlon for the entire distance. He was 30 days on the route, walking nearly the entire distance. Shortly after commencing business, he built a large frame store of two stories. Sticking right to business, without a partner, suc^ was his succnss that in '75 he built bis present floe block which will in another year bA double 1. He occupies this entire building, his old store at his side, two large sepa- rate warehouses and two vacnnt lots cohered with reapers, mowers, horoe ri^es and plows, while ^he buildings are filled wi'h every tniog in tools, hardware, iron, naMs, naval stores, pain's, oils, stoves &o. The sales room and offices on the first floor of his brick block are nicniy fitted up and convey a correct impression of the immense business done by him. Ttie baeement is filled with extra stoves and nails, the second f onr with sheir hardware in stock, the third floor with tin and sheet iron stock, also an work shop for making stove pipe and stove trimmioffs and tin ware generuUv, of which ills sales are very large tor both family and camp use. The old store Is used as a sales roim for his stove and tin ware department Mr. Ashdown, though still youn;, being urider 35 and in possession of ver/ xmple rapltal and fine health, feels as though be was on- ly just getting well started, has <>s- ohewfd active politics, never specula- ted in reil estate or any thing outside, butaooumulated his c^ipttal and trade by a very conservative aud sttictad- hierenos to his legitimate busiueas. KEW, 8T0BART A CO. were originally started h<>re as a com- mission agency for the private traders here, of the London house ot F. E. Kew So Ck). Mr. KbW first visited this prov- ince in 1863, though he bad previously been doing a large order and commls slon business for the tradarc in the northwest. To facilitate his business transactions, be that year established an agency in St. Paul, M^mesota, but in 1870 he removed It to Winnipeg. Ip 16'it Mr D. W, Stobart became a res'- i ^M partner here, and they enlarged ttjeir business to drv gouds uiid other fur trading gttods. lliiti same year Mr. Stobiirt t'Hjk charge of a large tradinf; expedition through tte west, esiat)- listied several trading posts, with heaflouarters un theSMkatchewan. In 1875 thHy bought out the retail trading snd out >u ting business of Owen Huahes Co., who fi;id previously piirchtisetl ''is same depaitment from the old-eaiaulished house of A. U.B. Bannfi^^yne. Mr. Hughea was em- ASHDOWN S BLOCK, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA. ployed by this firm to proceed north to establish trading posts to the north of Lake Winnipeg, along the Nelson riv- er to Hnds&n bay, which he did, fixing his headquarters at Cross Lake, on Nelson river. In 1876 Mr. A. F.Eden took charge of the general manage- mert of the Winnipeg house. This firm now has an immense trade through the above sections, being the largest fur dealers in the Trovince outside of the Hudson Bay Company, while their genert;.! wboledale and retail trade at Winnii.eg Is very heavy. They still keep up their ship- ping and commission London agency under the charge of Mr. Kew who has always continued to reside there. Among the drv goods establishments of che city, the firm of R. QEBBIB A 00. occupies a leading posit'on, as the on- ly exclusively dry goods firm In Win- nipeg, with a charact^er and business second to none In toe Province; while their success and rapidly Increasing trade is another example of what tact, enterprise and enerfiy can do in a new country, supplemented with a due share of Scotch caution and shrewd- ness. With a business record extending over fifteen years, ample capital, and a first-cUsB credit la Europe aad the United Spates, they have been enabled to develop a large wholesale business, and to ODmpete successfully in prices with eastern houses— a result which can be readily understood w^.oa one looks on their daily large (-..rrivala of direct foreign shipments, which fr^ quently reach her« in 25 days from date of shipment. With a great ex- pansion ofwhich the country is capa- ble, it is safe to predict for this firm s prosperous career and brilliant future. H. 8. DONALDBON * BHOTHBR, Mr. H. 8. coming here in 1864, and was joined by his 1 roth^r, J. N., in 1871. They have since '71 largely increased their trade until quite a considerable amount of it is wholesale. They oc- cupy bath floors for their sales-rooms and stock. Besides books, stationery, etc., they are large dealers in wall pa- pers, musical instruments, jewelry, and general fancy goods. A practical watcnmake>' is kept cor.stantly at work in repairs, etc. Two very gen- tlemanly clerks, low prices and full assortment make it a mom genial, and pleasant place of trade. Their business location is fine. All the latest publications, both popular and standard, wi i all the latest mag- :izine8 and newspapers, both Eu- ropean, Canadian and A.iner)can, la« eluding this ADvr.uTisEK, will be tound upon their slielves uiid counters. \. view of their store with McMickeu & Taylor's, next door. Is herewith given our readers. Perhars the greatest necessity for successful business enterprise, mer- cantile particularly. In eilf'er an old or new trade centre, is proper bank facilities. For so young a city, Win- nipeg la remarkably fortunate in this : .' 1 MERCHANTS' BANK OF CANADA. WINNIPEG, MANITOBA. resMci^ having two solid and sabstan- tialbanks already. Thb leading one is a branch of the HEBCHANTS BANK OF CANADA. Occupying u prominent position in the very center of the town, stands the handsome cxlifice belonaing to the MerehwitB' Bank of Canada, an insti- tution which was organized about 18 years ago. by Sir Hugh Allan, with whom ^aa asso<»• partment. THU ONTARIO BANK Has a capital of 13,000,000 with a re- serve fund of 1625,000; its head office 's in Toronto; D. Fisher Esq., is the general manager. It is the agent for the Quvernment of Ontario, and has agencies in London, New York and Boston, and is also a correa- pondsnt of the Merchants' National Bank of St. Fuul. It, was organised about 23 years since— the present gen- eral manager having occupied that position from the date of its organi- zation. The branch here was estab- lished in June 1816, with Qeorge Brown Esq., as manager. It is the Dominion Government Agency here, this bank paying out all moneys on its account in the Northwest, and also the agent here of the Bank of Montreat From the b«>ginning, this branch bias, under Mr. Brown's management, been very successful in both its regular and saving departments. Its ofRoe is in the fine two story brick banking office originally built and occupied as McMlcken's Bank. Its present local officers are Qeorge Brown Esq.. mana- fer; E Hughes, accountant; A. W. 'owell, teller ; E. Armstrong, olerk ; and R. F. Lookhart, book keeper. A. W. BURBOW8. The land business of the Province out- side the Dominion Laud Office, is now mainly concentrated in the goneral land office established in 1873. by Mr. Burrows. His lists embrace lauds In every Parish and settlement. For several years prior to his beginning business on his own account, ne was the Agent or du- perintendent of the Dominion Land Department here. The experience, information and individual acquain- tance thus made, is to him and his customers now of great value. Having unlimited faith in his adopt- ed Province, hebas liot, and does not, hesitate to advertise Its merits freely. He publishes a "Real Estate Register" each montb.whlch he distributes gratu- itously. During inyvisit he exhausted hit' ." - JsMlPfS!^!^'*" BUBINESS BLOCK, WrNNIPEO, MANITOBA. [J7] Bank I>»- .-dVn't' with a re- bead office isq., is the the agent Ontario, don, N.ew a corree- National organised esent sen- pi ed that its organl- ras estab- li Qeorge It is the ency here, neys on its ad also the Montreal, ranch has, tnent.been s retcular its offloe is k. banking locupiad as «Bent looal Ssq., mana- it; A, W. ong, olerk; eper. ovlnc«out- fice, is now h« general 873, by Mr. race lands Bettiement. r to his his own mt or du- [nion Land experience, U acquain- Im and bis lat value. 1 bis adopt- d does not, srits freely. « Register" butesgratu- i exhausted his June issue of this large „ _ ,„ paper of 6.000 copies, and issued his July number, an entirely new jum- ber of 3,500, and these were rapidly SoingoS to his many correspondents. Ir. Burrows is a splendid specimen of new Canadt), having all the dash and dare of the Western American. Bis knowledge of real estate law is practical and full, his valuations are standard and his familiarity with titles, eome of which in the old Tarishes are intricate, is complt^te. His free reading room does not exist on his sign only, but is the largest and most complete reading room in the Province. He gensrously keeps it open every day and evenings and Sundays, j The great numbers frequent- ing it, show how generally it is ap- preciated by the class it is designed for, vU: strangers. Those visiting Winnipeg, either for information or investment will save time and trouble by calling on him flrst.and at once. One thing that provoked me much, was to occasionly see those who cannot ap- pr themselves, but from their excessively brilliant; ideas of smart- ness. 0. A. BARBER, the architect of Winnipeg, is a native of tlie province of Ontario. He serv- ed his full five years apprenticeetilp with a firm of architects and builders, of hifrh reputation in Borne, New York, and has since had the superin- tendency of large railway works and several of the finest bulidingo in the States and Carada. He carae to this section early in 1876, principally for his health. In this he was successful and be iutpnds to stay By showing that he practically un'lerstanda the art of architecture and building he has already acquired a standing and r>"^u- tation that places himself at the head of his proiesslon in the province. He is the architect of the cen- tral and north ward school houses, la die's school of St. Johns college, and several of the finest private residences now building. This is a busy year with him. There are ten steam flour mUls in the province, also some dozen wind grist mills, but the latter are no w almost en- tirely out of repair. There is also a fine bteam flour and grir.v mill at St. Al- bert, some 5()o miles up the Saskatche- wan. The largest and finest mill in the Province is that of J. W. UOLANE. We .ive a view of this mill, which is 68 foec long, 38 feet wide and 60 fe«t to the rldgp, and In very strongly built of oak. Tlif engine house of white brick is 38x44, engine iW horse power (it being the largest engine north of Minneapolis, Minnesota) and the mill has at present four run of stone, though two more will be added this yaar. Its present capacity is 100 bar- rels per day. Its muchiuery has all the lat'St improvements, including a middlings purifler, and no mill in the States or Canada can turn out finer new process flour. His brands, "North- ern Light' and "Belle of Winnipeg'" have driven out all this kind of lluur that used to come here from the States. He also makex the regular "Straight" and "Baker's" brands. The elevator and warehouse adjointi.g, on the im- mediate bank of the river have a stor- McLANE'S FLOUR MILL. age capacity of 36,000 bushels, besides i holding a large amount of flour. Mr. McLane is an old flour man, perfectly familiar with all the best Minnesota makes and aims in his manufacturing not only at profit but standard excel- lence. Samples of his patent process were sent to Toronto and |on the Ex- change of that city were surp.x6£<>d by but one brand of Canadian flo-jr ard that was manufactured expressly for exhibition at thePblladelphiuCenten nial. This mill will soon ne mcreased to a 10-run mill. THOHA? LTJSTED, came here in 1867. He at once began bis present business, making the flrst wago:>s, buggies and sleighs made in the Province, from lumber cut by his own hand from the log. He ncfr employs 10 men the year through and in the busy season more. Ail of the necessary smithing and iron work, painting &c., in ma- king a carriage compiete is done in his factory. In establisliing his business be has hs'^ many obstacles to over- come, beside those incident to pioneer manufacturing anywhere. But in his line the |,..^ent customs tarifll works much to his d sadvantage in that be is charged just the same rate of duty on raw or half flnisbed material that he imports for his use as on wagons Ac, complete. But hlseniTtfy and the reliability of his work have built up for him, wimt really is the largest manifacturing establish- ment in the Province, outside of the lumber trade. Manitobians. if you would build up manufacturing in your midst and keep all your money circu- lating here, you should always, when you have a chance.patronlze your home j manufacturers. I This year he has added many of the | leading makes of agricultural imple- ! menta and machinery to his stock uf wagons &c., alt of which he sells at the i lowest living figures. He is a man of j verv quiet ways, but of great energy i and persistence and trusis bv another : year to so rebuild and enlarge bis | works that they will be an ornament ' among the indostrial institutions of the city. M'KEOHNIE, M'MILLAN lb CO. are the foundry, machine, and black- smithing firm of the city. They have a large engine, a good foundry, and a large amount of the necessary ma- chinery, much of it suited to heavy work. At present their business is mostly repairing, of which they do a large amount, employing constantly some eight men beside themselves. They do engine, mill and grioultural implement work. They were making a quantity of small cars for Mr. Wbite- lead, the contractor on the Canadian IPacific Railway, ^hen I visited their rorks. They are both practical skilled nechanics, of the best habits, workers of the hardest kind, and with ample capital will keep pace with the growth of the Province. The hotels of the city aro both nu- merous and vary good ; but the PAOIFIO HOTEL is the one last built and furnished,and is the best. It takes the flrst-class travel every time. STEWART * VERY •wtablished themselves here in 1873, and do a fine drug and chemical trade. The increase of THE CABEYINO TRADE ^ of Mani;^obamiy beseen by the fol- lowing statement of tonnage .^rom season of 1873 by Red River steam- boats : 1873— 23,013,036 : 1874— 37.6a«,- 200; 1875— 76,078,fl8O. This is but the dawning light of the future trade here when railways have added their de- veloping influeuce.H. Mo^t ot the mer- chants here who import direct from Europe— and there are many of thera who buy there largely— now ship their purchases on through bills of lading atlthrough freight rates to Winnipmr and receive them usually in from SB to 25 days from date of shipment- THE DISTANCE that trade comes to this city can hardly be appreciated by the stranger. I have seen and talked with traders from away up in the Arc- [18] Ibi! ii 7 i tio eirels, from inlands near the moutb of tbe McKenzi« Blver, where it taknt I nine and a half months to make the | trip one vay. and where the days are three months long. Also from Ed monton. Bow Biver, Athabasca, and Peaoe River— 0, 12 and 1,500 miles dis- tant—besides from away down th«- Nelson River to Hudson's Bay. Ovei 4,000 Red River carts will- be loadeo here thip season to e a focal point ot suoh immenae areas of trade as this same city of Winniptg. AS INDICES OP CIVILIZATION in this Provi'^io^, I would say thai there are 43 Protestant school dis- tricts with 1,600 enrolled children. There are 47 churches— 10 EpiHCopal. 12 Catholic, 8 Presbyterian, Metho- dist, 2 Baptist. There are 7 lodgea of Masons, 8 of Odd Fellows, Q Temperance lodges, 2 Base Ball, 2 Cricket, and 2 LaCrosse clubs, 8 dramatic and literary societiea (the latter several years old), 4 social and charitable societ lea, such as St. An- drew's, St. Jean Baptiste, etc., and the Y. M. C. A., and several boating clubs. The Manitoba Club is a very select associution of 83 members, organized in 1874. Their club house is one of the moat conspicuous buildings on Main street. It cost $6,500. Its mem- bers are very courteous and hospitable to strangers. THB NEWSPAPER FBE88 of this northwest consists of the Frte Press, btandard and Le Metis. The two former are English and are pub- lished in Winnipeg. The latter is French and is published at St. Boni- face. The Free Press issues a daily and weekly edition. Its office is run by steam and is the most complete printing ofBce west or northwest of Minneapolis. The Standard is an eight page weekly and is the out- Ewth of the Manitobian, which was un jn 1870. Its office has a very I ontQt of type, presses, etc. Among the latter is rae first printing Sress brought to the Province. The ■e Metis, a weekly, is the organ of the -French speaking population of the northwest. They number at least 26,- 000. It has a complete job office at- tachedjto it. Space alone prevents my speaking of them all as I would like to. Where the attentions extended to your northwestern editor, from all of these ( fflces, were so kind, generous and delicate, it would hardly \m in good taste to particularize. Sufficient 1 say, they were suoh that their BURROWS' LAND OFFICE. Cee Page 26 memories will ever be cherished and pleasant, ar.d his wish is sincere that the prosperous business which they p.cviu tc have, l>e as continued as it is merited. NATURAI. CONCLU- SIONS. The great work and effort in start ing a new community, in planting eiv ilization in a distant wild, as this place was four years since, is largely over- come by the time it has a flxed and permanent population of 8,500 which Winnipeg now has. So has it now here churches, social, educational, commer- cial and mercantile facilities, capable of eaby enlargement to accommodate ten or twenty times the present popu- lation. !n brief, the great work, pri- vation, hopes and fears, doubts and uncertainties, have been largely over- come in thn building of a city of 50 000 or ICO.OOO here, in the already established and provided for popula- tion of 8 500, so that those hereafter casting their lot here, will be largely relieved from the varied demands, and wear and tettr of brain, that in the years now past, were so constantly at- tendant upon those who carried the many and heavier burdens of pioneer life. This city is able to offer most of the conveniences of old commonitiee to those, and I believe they will be many the coming season who wiU come and build their homes and busi- ness here. TO TO J, SONS OF OIJ> BNeLANS, OT YOUNS CANADA and of the United States, who are ready to take a man's part in life's real and remunerative actu- alities here, I know that many of vou will come to make homes in this beautiful Manitoba, (The "Spirit Straits" of the Indians) or perhaps still beyond her holders, in this real TTEW NORTHWEST. At: :Ad«i -i. l£Jh t «e here«tt«r ,11 be largaly lemands, and that in the lonstactly at- I carried the IB of pioneer offer moet of commnnitieB they will be »n who will nes and busi- »{ei.AMD, or }A States, who Ein'a part in rative actu- lat many of bomes in this (The "Spirit ) or p«>rnapB I, in tbia reail WEST. tliua-fi wm Speech of the Governor GeneraL The following 1b a report of the apeeoh of His Sxoellency, the Eacij of Dcffbb- □I, Oovemor Oeneral of Canada, at a Vi- ietmw, at WInnlpecr, Manitoba, on Sep- tember 29tb, 1877, in reply to the toast, "the Oovemor Oeneral of Canada," ooupled with the name of Lady Dufferln. His Excellency In rising to reply was re- ceived with loud and prolonged cheering. He said: Mr. Mayor, Tour Honor, Ladita and Gentlemen : In rising to express my acknowledge- menta to the citizens of Winnipeg for thus crowning the friendly reception I have received throughout the length and breadth of Manitoba by so noble an entertainment, I am painfully op- pressed by the consideration of the many respects in which my thanks are due to yon, and to so many other per- sons in the Province. From oi;r first landing on your quays until the pres- ent moment, my progress through the country has been one continual delight, nor has the slightest bitch or incongru- ous incident marred the satisfaction of my visit. I have to thank you for tbe hoepittlities I have enjoyed at the bands of your individual citizens, as well as of a multiiude of independent communities, for the tasteful and in- genious decorations which adorned my route, for the quarter of a mile of ev- enly-yoked oxen tuat drew our tri- umphal car, [applause] for the univer- sal proofs of your loyalty to the Throne and the Mother Country, and for your personal good-will towards Her Majesty's representative, Above all, I have to thank you for the evi- dences produced on either hand along our march of your prosperous condi- ttoD, of your perfect contentment, of your happy confidence in your future fortunes,— for I need not tell you that to any one in my sitnation, smiling cornfields, cosy homesteads, the joyful faceo of prosperous men and women, and the laughter of healthy children, are the best of all triumphal decora- tions. [Great applause.] But there are other thicgs for which I ought to be obliged to yon, and not the least for the beautiful weather you have takfn the precaution to provide us with dur- ing some six weeks of perpetual camping out, for which attention I have received Lady Duflerin's special orders to render you her personal thanks— an attention which the unu- sual pbrncmenon of a casual water- spout enabled us only the better to ap- preciate; and lastly, though certainly not least, for not having generated amongst you that fearful entity, "a Pacific Railway question"— at all events not in thorn dire and tragic proportions in which I have encoun- tered 'I elsewhere. [Loud applause-J Of course, I know a certain phase of the question is agitating even this community, but it has assumed the mild character of a domestic rather than of an intnr-Provincial contro- versy. Two diatinguished members, moreover, of my present Government have been lately amongst you, and have doubtless acquainted themselves with your views and wishes. It is not necessary, therefore, that 1 should mar the hilarious character of the present festival by any untimely allusions to so grave a matter. Well then, ladies tend gentlemen, what am I to say and do to you in return for all the pleasure and satisfaction I have received at your hands ? I fear there is very little vhat I can say, and scarcely anything that I can do, commensurate with my obligations. Stay— there is one thing at all events I think I have already done, for which I am entitled to claiii> your thanks. You are doubtless aware ^oat a great political contro- versy aas for some time raged between the two great parties of the state as to which one of them is responsible for the visitation of that terror of two continents— the Colorado bug. [Great laughter.] The one side is disposed to assert that if their opponents had never acceded to power, the Colorado bug would never have come to Canada. [Benewed laughter.] I have reason to believe, however, though I know not whether .any substantial evidence has been adduced in support of their asser- tion, that my Government deny and repudiate having had any sort of con- cert or understanding with that irre- pressible invader. [Boars of laughter.] It would be highly unconstitutional for me, who am bound to bold a per- fectly impartial balance between the two great factions of the state, to pro- nounce an opinion upon this moment- ous question. [Benewed and long-con- tinued laughter.] But however dis- putable a point may be the prime and original authorship of the Colorado bug, there is one fact no one will ques tion, namely, that to the presence of the Governor General in Manitoba Is to be attributed the sadden, total, oth erwise unaccountable, and, I trust, per- manent disappearance, not only from this Province, but from the whole Northwest of the infamous and un- mentionable "hopper," [loud laughter] whose frequent visitations for the last few years have proved so distressing to the agricultural interests of the en- tire region. But apart from being the fortunate instrument of conferring this benefit upon you, I fear the only further return in my power ii to h- sure you of my great sympathy with you in your endeavors to do justice to the material advantages with which your Province has been so richly en- dowed by the hands of Provider^ue. [Applause.] From Its geographical position, and its peculiar character- istics, KAMITOBA may be regarded as the keystone of that mighty aroh of sister provinces which spans the entire continenu from the Atlantic to th« Pacific. [Loud cheering.] It waa here that Canada, emerging from her woods and forests, first gazed upon her rolling prairicj and unexplored North- west, and learned, as by an unexpected revelation, that her historical territor- ies of the Canadas, her eastern sea- boards of New Brunswick, Labrador, Nova Scotia, her Laurentian lakes and valleys, comlands and pastures, though themselves more extensive than half » dozen European Kingdoms, [tremen- dous applause] were but the vestibules and antechambers to that, till then, un-dreamt-of Dominion, whose illim- itable dimensions aliSie confound the arithmetic of the surveyor, and the verification of the explorer. [Contin- ued applause.] It was hence that, counting her part achievements as but the preface and prelude to her future exertions and expanding destinies, she took a fresh departun), received the afflatus of a more Imperial inspiration,, and felt herself no 'ionger a mere settler along the banka o'C a single river, but the owner of half a continent, and, in the amplitude of ber possession, in the we&'th of her resources, in the sinews of her material might, the peer of any power on the earth. [Qreat cheering.] In a recently remarkably wittjK speech the Marqaia of Salisburv alluded to the OEOanAFHIOAL MIBCOi EPTION often engtad^!Ml by ihe small- nesB of the maps upon which the figure of the world Is depicted, To this cause is probably to be attributed the inadequate idea entertuined by the best educated persons of the extent of Her Majesty's North American possessions. Perhaps the best way of correcting such a universal mis- apprehension would be by a summary of the rivers which flow through them, for we know that as a poor man cannot afford to live in a big house so a small country cannot support a big river. [Applause.] Now to an Eng- lishman or a Frenchman the Severn or the Thames, the Seine or the Bhone, would appear considerable streams, but in the Ottawa, a mere affluent of II. m the St. Lawrenee, an afflnent, more- ovar, ifbiob reaches the parent itream six bandred milea from its mouth, we have a river foar hunlred and fifty miles long and foar times as big as any of them ; bat even after having ascended the St. Lawrence itself to Lake Ontario, and parsaed its course across Lake Huron, the Niagara, the St. Clair, and Lake Superior to Thunder Bay, a distance of one thou- sand five hundred miles, where are we? In the estimation of the peison who has made the journey, at the end of all things, [laughter,] but to us who know better, scarcely at the com- mencement of the great fluvial systems of the Dominion; for from that spot, that disadvantage in these respecfts you m:ist not undeiate the capacity of your new fellow oovntrymeB. They are endowed with a great deal ot Intellectual ability, and a qwMi intelll- Igenoft. They are well educated. I scarcely entered a hovel at Oi4ilU which did not posseas a library. They are well conducted, r^igious and peao- able> Above all things tney are do- cile and anxious to learn. [Applaos^ Nor, considering the difficulty that prevails in this country in proourli^g women servants, will the aeoea- sion of some htmdrsds of bright, good-humored, though perhaps awk- ward, yet willing, lo^andic girls, anx- ious for employramt, be found a dl»- advantage by the resident ladles of tha country. [Hear, hear]. Should the dispersion of these young ladies lead in course of time to the forma- tion of more temperate and tenderer ties than those of mere neighborhooplause,] and whose statues and degrees are to be regulated and dis- pensed under the joint auspices of a government body, in which all the land will be represented. An acheive- ment of this kind speaks volumes in favor of wisdom, liberality, and the Gbristain charity of these devoted men by whom in this distant land, the oonsoienoes of the population are led and enlightened; long may they, be spared to see the eflecH of their exertions and magottiimous aaorifloefl in the good conduct and grateful devotion of their respective flocks. [Loud applause.] Nor, I am happy to thmk, is this good fellowship upon which I have so much cause to congratulate you, confined either within the lim- its of the Province or those of the Dominion. Nothing struck me more on my way through St Paul, in THE UNITED STATES, than the sympathetio manner in which the inhabitan<(a of that flourishing city alluded to the pro- gi-ess and prospects of Canada and the northwest [great applause] and on arriving here I was equally struck by finding even a more exuberant counter- part of those friendly sentiments. [Renewed applause.] The reason is not far to seek. Quif <« independently of the genial intercourw promoted by neighborhood, and the intergrowth ol commercial relations, a bond of sym- pathy uetween the two populations it created by the consciousness that they are both engaged in an enterprise of vrerld-wide importance, that they are JMI[ both organized corps in the ranks of humanity, and the wings of a great army, marching in line on a level front, that. they are both engaged In advancing the standard of civilisation westwardH [applausej, that for many a year to come they will bn asaociated In the task of ooiiverting the breadths of prairie that stretch between them and the setting sun into one vast paradise of interna' lonal peace, of domestic happiness, and material plenty. Between two communities thus occupied it is impoaalble but thai amity and loving kindness should be begotten. [Applause.] Bui perhaps it will be asked how can I, who am the natural and olBoial guardian of Canada's virtue, mark with satisfaction such dangerously sentimental' procllvites towards her seductive neighbor I I will reply by appealing to those experienced matrons and chaperones I see around me- They will tell you that! when a young lady expresses her frank admiration for a man, when she welcomes his approach with unponstrained pleasure, crosses the room to sit down beside him, presses him to Join her picnic, praises him to her friends, there is not the slightest fear cf her affections having been surreptitiously entrapped by the gay deceiver. [Great laughter.] On the contrary, it is when she can scarcely be brought to mention his name— [renewed laughter]— when she avoids bis society, when she alludes to him with malice and disparagement, that real danger is to be apprehended. [Uproarious laughter and applause*] No, no! Canada both loves and admires the United States, but it is with the friendly, frank aff<-ction which a heart-whole maiden feels for some bf3, boisterous, young cousin, fresh from school, and elate with animal spirits and good nature. [Laughter.] She knows he is stronger and more muscular than herself, has lots of pocket money, can smoke cigars and loai around in public places in ui ostentatious manner forbidden to the decorum of her own situation. [Orea laughter.] She admires him for his bigiess and strength, and prosperity, she likee to hear of hia punching the heada of other boys [renewed laughter] she anticipates and vrill be proud of his future success in life, she love8 him for hia affectionate and loyal friendship for herself, Knd perhaps a llttie laughs at him for the patronizing air with which he expresses It. [roars of lajghter]. But of no nearer connection does she dream, nor does his bulky Image for a moment disturb her virginal meditations. In a world apart, secluded from all extraneous Influenceft, nestling at the feet of her majeatic mother, Can- ada, dreama her dream, and forbodea her deatiny— a dream of ever-bloom- ing harveats, multiplyHg towns and villages, and expanding pastures; of constitutional selfgovf«rnment, and a confederated empire; of page after page of honorable history, added as her contribution to the annals of the mother country, and to the glories of the British race [tremendous ap- plause,] of a perpetuation for all time upon this continent of that temperate and well-balanced system of monarch- ical government, which combines in one mighty whole as the eternal pos- session of all Englishmen, thcj brilliant history and traditions of the past, with the freest and most untrammelled lib- ertv of action in the fui/ure. [Long ooiidnued applause and cheers.] L»> dies and gentlemen, I hare now done. I have to thank you for the patience with which yon have listened to me, and once again for the many kindaeas- es you have done Lady Dufferin and myself during our stay amongst yoo. Most heartily do I congratulate yon upon all that you are dclns, and upon the glorious prospect of prosperity which is opening out on every side of you. [A.pplause.] Though elsewhere In the Dominion stagnation of trade and commerce has checked for a year or two the general advance of Canada, here at least yon have escaped the ef- fects of such sinister incidents, for your welfare being based upon the most solid of all foundations, the cul- tivation of the soil, you are in a po- sition to pursue the even tenor of your way untroubled by those alterations of fortune which disturb the world of trade and manufacture. You have been blessed with an abundant harvest and soon I trust will a railway come to carry to those who need it the sur- plus of your produce, now, as my own eyes have witnessed— Imprisoned in your storehouses for want of the means of transport May the expand- ing finances of the country soon place the Ctovernment in a potltion to grat- ify your just and natural expectations. [Loud cheers and applause.] mmmmmmmmmitif^ ■BBSPHHii^ presses It. lotion does ills bulky b disturb B. In s from all iMtling at other. Can- i forbodea iver.bloom- towns and astures; of nent, and a page after r, added as nals of the a glories of mdons ap- for all time t temperate it monarch- ombines in eternal pos- bbc brilliant le past, with nmelled 11b- ure. [Long beers.] La- ) now done, be patience ened to me, ly kindoeea- ufferin and mongst yoo. atulate you IS, and upon prosperity ivery side of rh elsewhere on of trade d for a year e of Canada, aped theef- icidents, for d upon the ons, the eul- re In a po- enor of your I alterations the world of You have daatharyest illway come )d it the sur- r, as my own iprisoned In rant of the the expand- :y soon place Ition to gtmtr ixpectatlons. e.] .>S 'p. 4 i» IH