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-0^

j^Wl^

AND THE-

CANADIAN NORTH-WEST.

jiii- i ^fe-'i — ^^

DOMINION CUSTOM HOU8B. WINNIPEG.

DOMINION LAND OFFICE, WINNIPEG. »

From fhe Chicago Commorcial Advortisor, August 30, 1877.

1 BY THOMAS DOWSE, ESQ., OF ST. PAUL, MINN., NOBTHTi^ E8TERN EDITOR.

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From Tho Chicago Gommercial Adyortisor, August 3&, 1877.

BY THOMAS DOWSE, OF ST. PAUL, MINN., NORTHWESTRRN EDITOR.

aMANITOBA AND THE CANADIAN NOUTHWEST.

m NEW Mwmi

«aiiada»Hlsiorieal Itama"- Early HIa-

*«ry of tha HHdacn Bay Oa., Nerlh-

waat Co., Ruparl'a Land, Sll-

klrfc'a Sattlamant, Eta.

MANITOBA.

OrganiKatlon of the ProTince"ConnGil of
Assineboia, Dominion Henatoro, Do-
minion HoiiHe of Commons, Uorer-
nor Horriit, Local LegiHiaturc,
Execntive Council, Etc, Etc.

CIVIC CRQANIZATION

ilk

Waawallii, a Raglan «f Lakaa, Paraata

and MInarala— Tha Nerthwaat

TarrHery— A Ratlen of

Parfaatlpii.

The Land of Magnificent Pral-
ries and Qreat Rivers.

Oradt OacI Plalda— Oeld and Iran-
Indian TItiaa— OllmaMo— 9raan,
landio OMrrant— Olaolarai Dal-
■rca— da|Mn«*o Straam, Cte.

Canttdlan Form of Ooveru-

ment— Fonn.atio]i~Ten-

nre of Of&oe, Etc., £to.

Manitoba, Ita Topography, Birin, Laku aai
Moontaing— DawioQ Rnto— Wood and
Watar Snpply— Soil, Prodnotiona, Mix-
ad Farming— Saoret of Sneossifol
Hnibasdrj— Stook Raiting, Na-
tiT» Oattis and Hbrwa— flraat
Haoun £xpniment.

Settlement — The Hennonitfii— The leeUnden

— TheOreat &t~-ervMi--UairBre«dH-Honn-

taln City— Popalation— Narigatlon--

Telegraph--Ked Letter Year, Kte.

GaitMliaii Pacific Railway.

Oapartmanf Offlaaa of tha DominPon

Oovarnmant ^ Raaalvar Oanarcl,

•avinga Rank, Audi*. Ouafoma,

Land Off ioa, »»eat Off ioa Rua-

iff Stafff KtOaff Kt0«

ECCLESIASTIC AHB EDUCATIOHiL

Catholic and Proteatrnt—St. Boniface, St.
Johns and Manitoba Colleges— Univer-
sily of Manitoba — Catholic Church of
England, Presbyterian and Metho-
dist Churches — Their Work and
Mission, Etc., Etc.

Manitoba and \ht Nortliwast

Territory, tiia Only Section

Undor tlio Britioh Flag

Offforing Freo Pralrlo

Homes and Earldomt

to Her Subjects.

CITY OF WINNIPEG.

Her Mercantile Development,

CItr GoTframeBt—Pabllc BalldiBK«--8tor««, K»a-
tdences, Kte~TliA Great Trade Center— Tha fo-
ul Paint of This (Irekt N«ction~The Com-
Us ChicafO of the M >rthnest--tlot«a
«f Her Mtnafketorera, Baelneu
Men. Ktc., Kte— Natiral
CoaeUiioai.

BT THB MOBTHWESTEIW XDITOB.

[To which la added the Speech ov His

EXCBIiIiENOT, LOBD DUFFEBIN, GOVBB-

MOB Gensbaij of Canada, given at Wln-
nlpesr, Manitoba, Sept, 29tb, 1877.]

Trusting that a bett«r knowledge
of our neighboring government, T/hich
exteude entirely aorosa the continent to
the north of . us and which occupies an
nrea larger than our own, will beget a
better understanding, a better acquain-
tance, a better frleudbhlp and a fuller
sympathy In the hearts of the Advbb-
tisbb'b many thousani readers In the
States — especially as they are heart and
hand with us in extending civilization
and good Oovemment— I make bold to
quote a portion of an article entitled
"The arBt Decade of the Dominion,"
piibilshed in the Manitoba Ji^ee Press
of July 7th,

On tlie History of Canada as a Whole.

''Oaniula was tint diEoovered in 1497 by Sebaa-
ttau (Jabut ; out tiie first settlement moile by !
Enropeans was in 1<V)S, at Port Royal, Acadia i
(now Annapolis, Nova Scot'a) . In 16U8 a periua- |
n«nt settlement was miule by CImmplain upon
the preneut site of Cjuobec. Caniula then beirg
callmt New France ; and the mode of colonization
Whs semi-religious. Between 1(114 and l?lll
Acadia was several times taken by tha British
and »«aiu restored to France, but in the last
named year it finally became a British posses-
sion, togeiiier with Newfoundland. 'Xha first
I<eglslature of Nova Scotia met in 1758. In the
following year the illustriuus Wolfe oa;<tured
Queb<*c, and the country whs then for a quarter
of a century governed by military rule. In 1774
a Legis^alive Council, consisting of twenty-
three members, was appointed to assist the QoV'
eruor. After the revolt of the American ccloules
now forming the United tJtates, an army of reb-
els invaded the country, but received a check at
Quebec, where Montgomery fall in 177.5. In 1784
the pres(!nt limits of New Hrunswlok were rtiv'd-
ad frum tlicso of Nova Sootia auil erected into a
•eparata Provinoe by a special constitutional
charter, the administration of which was oou-
Aded to Oovornor Oarleton. Jn ITSI Quebec was
divided into two Provlnoei, and repreaeutatlva
goTamnwntlatowtaoail, an evwat wnidi, tbongb

I far from tatlifyliitt the Frenoh Canadian paity,

I was nevertheless a step in that diruvtlon. 'Ilia
! first Legislaiure iif i^ower Canaila met In 17»L
I that of t'piwr Canada in 171^. In Uiii England
had another war witli the United Htatea, but at
I its close Canailn stilt remained In uloaa aunexa-
j tion with the Motlier Country.

We now come to the Intermediate period of
I Canada's history. In l»ja a project for reuniting
j Upper and Ijower Canada was started. At-
I tempts were made to render tue advisers of tha
Oovemors responsible to the popular Urauch of
the Legislature, aud the Keform party oAitated
antlringly to attain their and. In lti»7 the ex-
oitaumut produced by the struggle culminated
in Otiei) violence and several engagements ensued
between the Insurgents and the royalists. Ihree
years inttir trangullity was reHture<t, th\ two
Uanadas being united in 184 ', by an I iierial
Act, under one administration, responsiuiu gov-
ernment beiiu,' definitely establtsheU m 1841.
There were Oieii k Legislative Council, to which
the elective prmi ijilu was applied, a Legislative
I Assembly comimsed of 13o mem)>en, bemg 6$
I from each section of the I'rovinoe, a Cabinet
I responsible to the Legislature, and a UoTomor-
Qeneral appo'nted by tha Queen. The flrat uni-
ted Parliament met at Kingston in Tune, 1841,
but In 1844 the Goverumuut ramove<^ to Muntieal.
In 1819, however, the I'arliameut buildings there
were destroyed by a mob, and the seat of gov-
ernment was accordingly removed to Toronto.
Then was made the arrangement under which
the sessions of Parliament were to be held for
four years alternately in Toronto ai.d Quebec,
This system being found very inconvenient,
Parliaiueiit resolvecl oa a permanent site; but,
being unable to agree as to its I'jcation, the selec-
tion was left to tlie Queen, and h>r Majesty in
1856 fixed upon Ottawa, formerly known as By-
town.

About this time port" government l>eoame
well nigh Impossible, fu tlie suooeasive eleo-
tlons which had been held during the preceding
years, the hostile majo*-ity from other Provinces
in Parliament had increased rather than dimin-
ished. In 1864 the feeling of antagonism came
to u crisis, but tho outcome of this situution waa
the dawning of an alt<igetber brighter era. As a
remedy for the existing dithculties the Hefurm
leaders made overtures to Sir John Haodonald,
suggesting the adoption of a federative system.
These overtures were cordially received, and a
Coalition Uovernment was formed, pledged tj
the Introduction of such a scheme. By a fortu-
nate coincidence, within a month after the for-
mation of this Ministry, a conference was t)e-
ing arranged at Cbarlrttetown to discuss the ez-
iiedienoyof a union of the Provinces of Nova
baotia. New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Isl-
and under a single government and legialatnre.
The Canadian Government askod permission to
send delegates. Their request was grantfid, and
they duly met the Maritime df <egates. The oon-
ference had met to discuss u legishttlve union— a
question with which the Canadian delegates had
no authority tc. deal. The proposal to unite the
Maritime Provinces was looked upon as iraprao-
tlca'ole ; but the delegates were unaninmusly of
op'nion that a union on a larger basis might be
erfc^'ed. On the proposition of the Canadian
delegates a further conference was Agreed on, jO
consider the possibility of accompllsning a fed-
eral union. It met at Quebec on the appointed
day, aud after a session of eighteen days the
soheme of Confederation was placed before tha
public. After a time it was ('.ul,r accepted suo-
oessively by the legislaturi o of Nova Kcotia,
Newfoundland and I'rince Edward Island. Del-
egates were next sent to England, the Union
Act was submitted to the Imperial Parliament,
passed that Imdy on the 99U) of March, lMi7, and
on theXiio! M.'.y Hi.- Majesty's pi-oclamation
wah issued that the Dominion of Canada should
come into existence on the 1st of July, 18B7.
By the terms of the Act. old Canada was divided
into the two Provinces of Ontario and Quebee
tor the purjioses of local legislation. In 1870 the
Oovemment of ilie Dominion was extended over
the Northwest Territories, out of which the
Province of Manitoba was erected ; in 1871, over
British Columbia ; and in )8;s over Pririce Ed-
waril Island Newfoundland still chooses to re-
main out in the cold for the present, but the ten-
dency of events Is dec de<lly in favor of her
shortly coming into the confederncv, for the
vexMl question of the treaty rights uf the Frenoh
in respect of the fliiberleB aud sevtral other rea-
sons )M)int to the consummation of this policy at
no distfi lit date."

As T>r.-'8<lng much more teraoiy and
deari. ^hac I can, the

OBRAT KXTFONT

of the territory of this govemmpnt to
the north of the Unlt«d States, I take
the fallowing from Mr. Grant's viiluabla
work, "Ocean to Ocean:" "Travel a
thouaand milaa up a groat river; mora

■ft

.i,,, ^.:j .

■a

[»]

VIJ3W OP WINNIPEO, MANITOBA, SPBINO OF 1871. See Page 28.

..^H..
>,--*»■

than another thousand along great
lakes and a Buc^jession of smaller lakeo;
a thousand miles across roUiiiK Prairies,
and another thousand through woods
and over mountains, and you have
traveled from ocean to ocean through
Canada. And this country is a single
oolony of the British Empire; autl this
oolony ifl to-day dreaming msgnifinent
dreams of a future when It shall l>e the
"Qrcjater Britain," and the highway,
across which the fabrics and products
of Asia shall be carried to the eastern
aa well as the western side of the At-

lADtlC."

THB HISTOBIOAL PABT

of these middle two thousand miles
commenced with the organization of
the Hudson Bay, in 1670, during the
reign of CharlfS XL, to trafilo on the
shores of Hudson's Bay and the streams
flowing therein, in a section then called
Bupert's Land, In honor of Prince Ru-
pert, a brother, I think, of the king.

THKIR CIIABTEK,

as viim the custom of those days, was
exclusive, really giving them this ter-
ritory in vassalage to the Cro^vn, with
lights to make laws and carry on a
form of government, of course to be
approved oy the <>own, and the con-
trol of any trade therein— at least thev
have claimed this, and b<> acted, which
action bas at least been tacitly admit-
ted by thfe Imperial Government. For
nearly one hundred and fifty vears
they confined Iheiiiweives to the shores
of that bay, not pushing their trading
posts into the interior, or at least not
Into the Rod or Saskatchewaa valleys,
or what is now known as the

NORTHWEST TERBITORY AND BRITISH
COLUMBIA.

Varennee de la Verandrye, with an
expedition fitted out by himself in
Lower Canada, in 1734, came up the
St. Lawrence and the lakes to Thunder
Bay, on the north shore of Lake Supe-
rior, and from there by the rivers and
lakes of what is now known as the
"Dawson Route," to' Bed river. He
landed here, and on the south bank of
the Assinnebolu, built a fort at the
polntof its juncture witu the Red River
neaily opposite the present FortfJarry,
which is ou the north bank of tbe
Assinnebolu. He called this post Fort
la Rougo, and it was doubtlesa the

tho name of this Red Fort on Its b>*nks,
that in early days gave the name of
Red River to a stream whose waters
and cl'ty subsoil of its banks are most
docidediy whitish. (For flirther ex-
plorations of De la Verandrye, see
notes on St. Boniface, hereafter).

Following these first white men in
this valley, came others, until, as
early as 1762. Fort La Rouge was
known as an established trading post,
frequented by the Coureura den bois
from the French establishment at
Mackinac. Lake Michigan, who came
here to trade with the Omahas and
Assinneboins. Although by the Ver-
sailles treaty, in 1763, the Freni h were
obliged to give up their North Ameri-
can possessions to England, they still,
with otherH then British subjects in
Montreal continued in increasing num-
ben, their trade in this seciionjcomlng
by their old original route, via Thunder
Bay, and also via La Folnte, on Mada-
liue Island, near Bayfield, soutb shore
of Lake Superior, and up past what is
now Duluth, to the head of St. Lou s
Bay at Fond du Lac, and so across
joinmg the Thunder Bay route on
Rainy River. These adventurers, how
ever— belonging to individual enterpri-
ses—pushing their trade north, came
in contact with the employes of the
Hudson Bay Company.

This condition of affkirs continued,
the French or Canadians, still in-
creasing their trade for some twenty
years, when these, until then, individ-
ual traders, or the principal of them, in
17^'^, formed a powerful combination,
called

THE NORTHWEST COMPANY.

This was not a chartered but a private
c rporation. They increased very
largely their previous area of trade, ex-
tending even through to the Pacific.
Their trading boats loadetl with goods
or furs traversed the continent in
every direction through the connected
rivers and lakes from Montreal to Pu-
get's Sound on tbe Pacific.

Some idea of the extent to which the
Northwest Company have pushed
their trade may be seen in the foot that;
in 1845 they had some sixty trad ng
posts in this region, principally in the
valleys of the Red Saskatcheiwhn,
Athahasoa, etc. This condition of
trade and occupancy of th^s stMtlon,

continued undisputed, at least so far as
the Red River wat< concerned until
1811 when, at the aollcitatioD of Lord
8 Ikirk, one of the stockholders of the
Hudson Bay Company, that company
laid claim to the exclusive jurisdiction,
under their cbaiter, over thia Immense
region and In 1812 they eatablished
their first Fort and Trading post on
Ued River nfar this place. Coming
thus Into so close daily competition tho
state of afiairs went from bad to worse,
resulting in great Injury to both com-
panies, and finally bloodshed. In one
of their nfftuya the commanding oifi-
cer of tbe H. B. Company was killed.
The result of this regular battle brou ht
both companies to their senses, and
soon after in 1821 these two competi-
tors formed a coalition continuing un-
d(4' the chartered name of the Hudson
Bay Company. The company so con-
solidated, continued in undisputed pos-
session until 1868 when they sold their
right to their exclusive trade and juris-
diction claimed under their old charter
over this entire portion of British
America and British Columbia, receiv
ing some $1,500,000 cash, and one-twen-
tieth of the land with especial resetva-
tures about some of their posts, fully
50,000, acres.

So this great Northwebtern area,
hitherto known as Rupert's Land or
Hudson Bay Territory has really been
open to settlement, ooc.upancy and
general trade only since 1871, as I be-
lieve the terms of relinquishment were
not fully complete auJ made practical
until that time.

THE SILKIRK SETTLEMENT.

In 1806, Lord Silkirk, a visionary but
kind hearted Scotchman and a m'im-
ber of tho H. B. Company, penetrated
in his wanderings from the company'H
forts on Hudson Bay, as far as tne
valley of the Red River. He was so
charmed with the country that he
jonceived the idea jf starting colonies
here. In 1811 he succeeded in obtain-
ing a grant of land for that purpose,
from the H. B. Company along this
river, and in the Autumn of 1812 be
reached here via Hudson B-fy and
I.iake Winnipeg with a small party of
Highland Scotchmen. They at once I
comm^ need building, but were stnppeiiH
by the H. B. Company's competitors,
the Northwest Company, were driven

away ail

In tend
south
turned
which
ber W'
where tl
ter, retui
By 8ef
some tw
and call!
after thd^
the sprli
upon tt
broken
nor arre.
satisfacti
der the J
they sta]

't»l

9t BO far as
ued until
la of Lord
iders of th«
t compai y
urisdictioii,
is immeuse
eetabliabed
ng post on
,. Coming
petition tho
^a to worse,
both corn-
ed. In one
landing oiH-
was killed,
ttle brou ht
senses, and
/o competl-
itinuing un-
the Hudson
)any so con-
isputed poe-
ey sold their
de and jurte-
r old charter

of British
mbia, recelv
jd one-twen-
Boial reseivar

posts, fully

efetern area.
.rt's Land or
M reaUy been
upancy and
1871, as I be-
ishment were
lade practical

LKMBHT.

visionary but
1 and a mom-
y, penetrated
he company'B
as far as the
r. He was so
ntry that he
irtlng colonies
jded in obtain-
that purpose,
ny along this
mn of 1812 ht
dson Buy and
small party of
They at once
it were stopped
competitors,
were driven

HAST SIDE MAIN &TAEET, IjOOKING NORTH. 8ee Page 24.

..- »->-»S"*«r(tP'""

WEST SIDE MAIN STBEET, LOOKING NOBTH. See Page S4.

away and obliged to spend the winter
in tents at Pembina, some 70 miles
south. The following spring they re-
turned and after putting in a crop,
which was maturing finely, In Septem-
ber w-re Hgain driven to Pembina,
where they remained the second win-
ter, returning again the nex^ spring.
By September 1814 they i rabered
some two hundred. They bunt houses
and called their settlement Kildonan,
after their old Parish, in licotl md. In
the spring of 1815, trouble again came
upon them. Their storeliouses wrre
brolten open and robbed ; their Gover-
nor arrested and sent to Montreal; dis-
satisfaction became so general, that un-
der the guidance of friendly Indians,
they started in June of that year for

Lake Winnipeg, intending to return to
Scotland, but meeting officers of the
H. B. Company, tMey were Induced to
return the following apriuir, under the
especial care of t hat company. In 1810
Lord Silkirk accompanied by more
emigrants reached the settlement and
by Ills presence and prompt action in
arresting some of tlie aggressive North-
west Company's leaders and sending
them to Montreal, restored the colony
to peace. The next year he returned to
Scotland, but the crops of that year
were insufficient and they were obliged
to hunt Buffalo to gel. through the
winter. In 1818 and 1819 their crops
were badly damaged by grasshoppers
(tbeir first visitation here) and in the
winter ot 1819 and 1820, a party was

obliged to go on snow 8hoe<« to the near-
est settlement, across Minnesota to
Prairie du Chlen on the Mississippi
river nearly to the north line of Illinois
a full thousand miles, for seeds to plant
the coming spring. They obtained
three Mackinaw boat loads, and on the
1 5th of April, 1820. started homewards
up the Mississippi river to the mouth
of the Minnesota river, just above
where St. Paul now is,, up tliat river to
Big Stone Lake, then across a small
portage to Lake Traverse, the source of
the lied River and down that stream,
reaching Pembina on the 3d of June.
This was the bt ginning cf the

COMUERCE WITH THE STATES.

In the following year, 1821, the two

. ;-

! ;

.'■ t '■

TTTi

grMttradlnK'CoDjpanlmftmalganiKtfil iHoctherland. Mr. Boutherland waa
and pMU!« at last caiun to ihose h irdy born In the north of Heotland, but has
pioneers. I < annot l«arn that their renlded here 8luce 1821. Like hlH (x>l-
numbera were much Increased bv any , league he ha8 held several provincial
■ubaequent emlgratloa. A few Hwias < offlceH, and havinn been IdenMlied with
watohaaaker* came out In 1821, but by Manitoba almotit from the tlmt, his

182H they hnd mostly left for various
point a along the Mlssltslpnl Valley, In
the (States. Home opened r irms on the

g resent site of Ht. Paul aid also at Fort
nelling, (since built at the Juncture of ; Hooorabl
the Minnesota with the Mississippi ; A. Smith,
river) then an unbroken wild, other
Betilem< nt not coming in there at all
until some 20 or 26 years after. The
settlement along the Red River Increas-
ed slowly, by natural growth, l)y dis-
charged and retiring fniployes i,fthe
two oonsulldHied- companies, the cum
ing in of a few emigrants from the

selection seems most wise. Both men
were appointed In 1871.

Tlie meinl)ers for Mnuitolia In the
Dominion Hou«e of Commons, are the
I John C. Sohult/., Donald
Andrew O. B. Hannatyne,
and Joseph O. C. Ryan. The two flrst
were elected at the flrst general election
In the Province in 1871, and have both
been twire re-elected. The two latter
are servinn their Hr-t term. Mentally
they are a strong delegation, a unit in
advi eating tbe interests of Manitoba
and the Northwest, and though they

States and the settling alwut them of! are small in numbers in comparison

the half breeds,

In 1651 Qov. Ramsey, who then vis-
ited the settlement, found them so
abundantly supplied with all the pra
du ts of their labors, for which iney

with the large delegations in that body
from some of the other Provinces, thejy
are untiring workers, and Manitoba's
influence In the House, Is not by any
means In proportion to the numl)er of

bad but a very limited mariter, that he I her represent tives. They are men
reported them on his return to 8t. "Paul I not only familiar with the capaci ies

to be " metaphorically smothering in
their own fat.'' Some time pa.«eu un-
til the formation of the Cauadian Dj-
minion in 1867, and the measures to ex-
tinguish the H. B. Company's exclu-
sive adminlstiutive and ti adlng privi-
leges in 1868. begHn to turn attention I
to thii section. But it was not until i
1871 or 1872, that emigi'ation began to {
oome here to any extent. i

But to rf sume the historical, I would i
say, that up tu the extinguishment ot '
the H. B. Company's title, Rupert's i
Land was not a part of Canada, but be-
longed to tbe Imperial or Eugllfeti
Crown, under the H. B. Con-nany. It i
waa acquired by Canada in 1870, 1
through the arrangements before
spoken of; tbrouoli an arrangement;
with the j3. B. Campany releasing
their proprietary lights and by Imps-'
rial Legislation in I8(t8 authorizing the i
same. By the terms prrvlously named t
the bargain between Canada and thai
H. B. Company with the Imperial \
Qo\emiuent. Canada made the cash

and wants of this section, Imt fully
comprehend its vast opportunities aud
wonderiul future.

TUB LOCAL LEGISLATUBE

originally consisted of two branches
The Legislative Assembly (e ectlve)
of twenty- four members, and the Legis-
lative Council (nominative) of seven
meml)eis. In 1870 the latter council
was abolished. In 1872 G. v. Archi-
bald retired and was succteded by

HON. ALEXANDER MOKBIS,

who is still in office.* Gov. Morris was
born at Perth. Ontario, in 1826; edu-
cated at the Universities of Glasgow,
Scotland, and McGIll, of Moi treal ; was
admitted to tl e bar of Upper and Lower
Canada in 1851 and the Manitoba bar
in 1873; is the author of m»ny standard
works on Canada; was commissioner
in the formation of th' Dominion and
an active advocate of the construction
of the Intercolonial and Pariflc Rail-
ways ; was ft member of tbe Canadian
Purlinment from 1861 to 1872: was a

payment and the Imperial Govern- j mtmber of the Queen's Privy Council

ment the necessary legislation toeecure
tbe H. B. Company's title to the lands
as agreed, by the approval of the
Crown. At tbe time and previous to
this transfer, there had been a kind of
local government In existence, organ-
ized over a smaller portion of Rupert's
Land than what is now known as
Manitoba, which was known an the

OOtJNCIL OF AS8INEBOIA.

In 1869 the Government of Canada

for the Dominion, holding the iffice of
Minister cf Internal Revenue, from
1860 to 1872, when he was appointed
Chief Justice of the Court of Queens
Bench of Manitoba, being the flist
Chief Justice and judge of that court.
He was appointed to his present offloe
in December of the same year. He
was ■' Ibo commissioner of Indian affairs
for Manitoba and the Northwest Ter-

itories. taking part as commissionerin
sent Hon. WilliHm McDougall out to , ^^e Indian treatlM of 1873 7 V

oovern this cm.ntrv «s«i"tP.i hv t ' !^Jl«'?.^y J^t!',,"."®.^" *^ *.u ?'r^^

" Fei tile Belt " in the Northwest Ter-

govern this country, assieted by a
Council, but some of" the people olject
ing, Qov. McDougall never entered tt.e
Province but returned. Subsequently
in the Cana'ilan Parliament of 1870, a
pottion of Rupert's Land was erected
Into the Province of Manitoba, with a
Representative form of Government,
That year Hon. Adam Georpe Archl-
b»'d w)<s sent out as Lieut. Governor
of the Province of Manitoba and tbe
Northwest Territories, being assisted
in the government of the latter Tei ri-

rltories was extinguished, but that part
isstil claimed by the Blsckfeet. In
executing bis various official duties he
has traveled very extensively over this
great section, and knows well, fiom
Lis own observation, not only Manitoba
but the Gnat Northwest Territories
which be was also sent out to govern.
His administration shows a record of
uninterrupted pnigress, in provincial
and territorial matters and in satisfao

tones b-y an especial advisory Council, ; "«" V} ^% Sf A^ff'"""^'^' '^^'^
nominated for that special purpose by | formation of his present

E.VECUTIVB COUNCIL

was made in 1874. It consists of Hnn.
R. A. Davis, premier and provincial

the Queen

THE DOMINION 8ENATOK8 (

are tbe Hon. Marc Amable Glrard, a |
lawyer, a native of tbe Province of i
Quebec— born inl822,camehere in 1870, '
has held an very acceptably till d many ;
of the Provincial and Territorial offices.

Andaman of very genial nature, ana ^_ _^ ^ _

flue personal presence— and Hon. John or MiilTe'tryas'biBirreduceeHor.j'

*Ia December 1877, Oov, Monia was suooeeded
by Liout Col. Hon. Joseph Edonard Cauohon,
wbo was Dominion Minister oi Internal Kevenuv
and President of the Queen's Privy Counoll (or
Canada, at the time o( bis appolDtment. Oct.
Cauclion retains the xame Ezoontlve CouncU

treasurer; Hon* Joseph Royal, provin-
cial secretary r.nd attorney general;
Hon. John Not quay, m r.lst* r (>r pub-
lic works; Hon. James McKay, presi-
dent of council and minister of agri-
culture.

MR. DA via,
the Premier, carries in his present re-
sp)nstble potitlon the came cool, cau-
tious mind and self-posset-sed dignity,
whli'h in private life vave him the
financial success he attained in busi-
ness, and the tutluencu with the people
of the Province, that In time of excite-
ment and difficulty caused him to be
called to the premlerehip of Gov. Moi>
ris' Council. Mr. Davis is a native of
the Province of Quebec, and came to
Manitoba in 1870.

MK. ROYAL,

the provincial secretary and attorney
senerai. is also from the Province of
Qoebec. was called to the bar of Lower
Canada In 1864, and of Mriuitobaln 1871.
As a iav/yer he has iMren ergaged as
I dvocale in many notable aid impor-
tant cases. His univei sity, and partic-
ularly his legal education, weieobtalu-
ed under unusually favorable opportu-
nities. He WHS a prominent writer for
many years on the French Cnuadian
newspaper and periodiral pre^s, and
has fllle<l an editorial chair almost un-
li teiruptedlv since 1867, whi( h has so
quickened his lerceptive faculties —
naturally great— that he Js enabled to
obtain and retain, that place of high
esteem among his associates and people
of the Province, which is always ac-
corded educated intellect, when guided
and influenced by that broadness and
comprehensiveness that enable its pos-
iBStsor to tivercome life's natunl^ as
well as active obstacles and vexations,
bringing out of the contest a mind,
"with malice towards noLe, with
charity lor all."

MB. NOBQUAY,

minlFter of public woils, is a native of
the Provirce; waft rducaled at St.
Job ns College, where he took a sohclar-
ship, has been a men ber of the ex-
ecutive council, with lut a fhort irter-
mUsion, since its foimation in 1871,
having also held the position of mem-
ber of the board of health and hoard of
eoucation.also minister tf public wirks
and board of agriculture. He Is a
quiet, decided man of a raturally
strong, active mind, which is ever kept
under control and guided with perfect
coolne: 8.

MK. MC'KAY,

the president of the council and min-
ister of agriculture, was born at £d-
monto.i, on tbe Bashatchewan, was
president of tbe legiflative council «^ome
three years — which body was retired,
in 1876 ts prevh usly mentioned— has
been a member of the executive coun-
cil since 1873, with tbe exeeptlon of
fr-xe six months in 1875, and has filled
many other offices ii) the Province and
Terri'ories, which his cool, coirect
judgment xnd perfect iniegritjf, have
eiatiled him to fll with acceptance
and honor. No man in the Province
Is go well acquainted with its tono-
graphy, or in fact with that of tbe Ter-
ritories, he having beenoverthiswbole
section in every direction. In all In-
dian matters he is authority, and reli
able to both parties at interest. In
fact, Gov. Morris, with executive
nounoil as at pr^-sent compoeed, w:tb
two nr.embers uniting the cultivated
and polished experience of the older
Provinces, with the sound common
sense, practical and (amiliar acquali-
tancG with the Province possessed b>

w^^nm^mimfF

oyal, provln-
ley general ;
iKt' r or pub-
[(^Kay, preBi-
iater uf agri-

n present re-
me cool, cau-
Med dtguity,
ave him the
ined iu buai-
th the people
Ime of exolte-
ed him to be
of Gov. Mor-
la a native of
and came to

and attorney
s Province of
bar lit Lower
nitobainl871.
1 ergased as
eai d Impor-
[y, and partic-
, wereobtaiu-
■able opportu-
ent wrlttr for
loh C»Dadian
il prePS, and
iir Blnioet un-
, whicl) has BO
fe i acuities —
is enabled to
place of high
.tee and people
is always ac-
, when guidtrd
broadness and
enable its pos*
'B naiu ill, as
md vexations,
ntest a mind,
noLe, with

I, is a native of
ucaled at Bt.
took a srhular-
ser of the ex-
t a short Irter-
itlon in 1871,
nition of mem-
h and board of
[f public wirks
re. He is a
r a raturally
ch is ever kept
1 with perfect

moil and Dain-<
B born at Ed-
tchewan, was
/e council fome
ly was letirfd,
ifEtioned— has
xecutive coun-
e exception of
I, and has filled
e Province and

cool, coi rect
integrity, have
1th acceptance
a the Province
with Us topo-
Ihat of the Ter-
over this whole
on. In all lu-
ority, and reli-

Interest. In
rith executive
lompoEed, wth

the cultivated
•e of the older
ound common
miliar acquali-
ce possessed bv

^mmmi^f^^^mimm

mfimm^miimf.

'"*?v^<ipvp'M!Pn<fipiiiP

IS]

I ' 1 ■ ' Mil l' " ' . i H ii i J j-

VIEW OF MAIN STREET, LOOKISQ SOUTH. See Page 2*.

ita native members, it la but a simply
natural result that Iiis administration
is the success it is.

CIVIC ORGANIZATION.

Immediately upon the extinguish
merit of the Ii B. Company's title, the
Canadian government, to etteot a civil
organization for that part of this im-
mense area of some 1,000,000 square
miles lying west from the lx)undary of
the Province of Ontario, about midway
of the north line of Lake Superior and
about !0O miles west of Thunder Bay,
and go ng west along the northern
bound <rv lire of the United States to
British Columbia, Id longitude 120 west
of Greenwich, thence north to the
Arctic Ocean, has fir the purpose of
orgaiiizing a Oumir<lc<u governmental
supervisiun, been divided into

TUREB DEPAKTMENTS.

The oldest and smallest of these is the
Province of Manitoba, the merest frac-
tion of ti is great space — only some 14,-
840 square mil«8— being about 120
nailes east and west, by lUO miles north
and south. Then comej tlie district
of

KEEWATIN,

which extends from the western boun-
daries of Ontario, alx>ve mentioned, up
to the eastern boundary of Manitoba
and a:oug to the north of it to the one
hundredth pHrallel of longitude (west
of Gre»-Dwich) ajd north to the Arctic.
This region was made a district iu '76,
with the present governor of Manitoba
as ex-offlcio goverr.or. As yet it ha^
no located seat of goverum* nt, but Its
governmental business is transacted at
Winnipeg. This is a region of

XiAKES, FOBESTS ANI> MXNEBALS,

with but little prairie or table lands.
All the rel^t of this great section lying
west of Keewatic and Manitola, and
extending west to the eastern boundary
of British Columbia, 2b embraced In
the

NORTHWEST TEESITORY,

in which a government was organized
last year, with Hon. David Laird as

Lieut. Governor. He, with his coun-
cil, will reside at the new seat of gov-
ernment at Battleford, which is charm-
inely located at the junction of Battle
River with the north branch of the
Saskatchewan. Here 8"me twenty
government buildiigH are beine erected
besides, of course, many buihiings be-
longing to private individualK, stores,
dwell' ngs. etc. Branches of the differ-
ent church missionary establishments
will be established tliere. The govern
ment will be removed there this fall,
as all of their bu*ldink swill be finished
then. The government is at present
temporarily located at Fort Pelley,
some 250 miles west from here and 200
miles east of Battleford. FortPrliey
is the headquarters of the territorial
mounted police, a very efficient semi-
military ortr^nization, that are sta-
tioned at diffieient posts along the
national boundary and through the
various Indian tribes along the frontier.
The country embraced in this territory
may be truthfully called the

REGION OF PERFECTION.

With a pure atmosphere, a genial,
healthful climate of early springtimes
and soft, hazy autumns; witli dry and
steady winters and light snow falls ;
with streams and springs of the purest
water ; with no m-iiaria, becaul^e there
i-i nothing to develope it. The earth,
sky, watr rand altitude are ah conser-
vatory ot health, insuring new com rs,
fnim distant lands even, against the
acclimating sickness attendant upon
Iher coming into more southern and
le?s perfectly situated sections, whild
bei e m this health-iiiving air — summer
or winter— their strength continues and
impro'.es, from their arrival.
'Ihis great territory is also

TUB LAND OF MAGNIFICENT PRAIRIES

and gn at rlver-i, with fine navigation
Irom the eastern almost to the further
western aud north weste<n boundaries,
by the Saskatchewan with the Peace,
Athaba.-ca and McKeusle, whose navi-
gable waters, ruuuiuK through ihe
northwest and center to the weiitern
Arctic, fut nish ready routesof trauspor-
atlun. Two steamers are now running

< n the Saskatchewan and another one
IsonthewayforlheAthaiascii. These
boats of cour-e are but the pioneers, the
haif-awaKening dreams, i receding a
soon coming, actual fleet that w.ll tra-
verse these rivers. With the already
ttnlshed telegraph line across it, and
ofllcially loc-ted and soon to be built
railway, oivi izatlon— already chere in
a measure— will soou enter more large-
ly, being already suppled with ever?
modern means of communication and
tran;:it into this

GREAT NATOBAI, aAHDEN,

with great forest traots along its east
ern, western and northern borders and
another great b dy turough almost its
centre, between ihe Saskatchewan aud
Athabasca; while a hberal growth of
timber bkirts the scores of lesser
streams, wii h valleys of ; rop trtionate
and even greater beauty and fertility.
There are .'

GREAT OOAl. FIELDS

also In this Territory. Explorations
have shown that north of the 59th par-
allel there are Ailly 500,000 square
milee underlaid by true coal, while on
Ihe north and south branches of the
Saskatchewan, Battle River, Red, Deer
and streams iu i s middle and southern
part, are extensive deposits of coal in
strat I of from two and a half to twelve
feet thick.

GOLD AJID IRON,

and other mineral deposits of great ex-
tent and richntss, are a so known to
exist there. The richness of the wld
fields along the eastern as well as west-
ern part of the Itoeky Mountains, from
latitude 50 to 05, is well establish, dad
long Itnown.

THE INDIAN TITLE,

or c'alDDs to all this section, as has been
before mentioned, have all ueen satis-
factorily purchased or settled-exceut
a small tract In ttie southwest corner—
and 1 undei stand the terms for the
settlement of this have already been
made and only await the gathering of
the tiibe lor the fall hunt to be ratified.
1 he unlf. rm jiood faith kept by the
Briti hand Canadian governments i u

I ••

■

•U of tbelr trMtlM with the Indians

luuK 1x^*1 M honorably malntaiiimi by
(hMM) fitr^l uhlhlren, an<l I have yet to
learn <4 the flrat instaiioe of tbelr ever
ooinmlttinK any outrage upon peane*
•bly <ilHpose<l penon*. On the con-
trary, tlieir n-cord of kindneea and aa-
fliatance to Hullering white men la large
and instam^a uumeroiiH. These trea-
tJfH were matie with the Indlani in
thia section In 1871, 72, '78, '74, '75 and
'7ti, are known an treatlee one to
alx, ri'Npectlvt^ly , and were moatly made
under the preeeut governor.

j CLIMATIC.

, -'■ Id view of the statements alieady
■nade and the flsots that follow oonceru-
inCthla

OREAT FBRTILB BKT.T

that comes sweeping down throdgh
this gr«al Meetlon and Province, and
south inU) the HUtes, aa will be shown
hereafter, I deem It best that the
reasons should be given right here, why
this so-call ;d l>elt should continue, an
it alieadv has become— nearly up to
the boundary line— the great highway
alon^ which tlie homes, farms, towns
and "cities will stretch continuously
across the isontlnent; and to further ex-
plain, what may cause debat") or be
oondemued without examination, this
aotualfaot wants to be borne In mind,
i. U that the great

> MIDDLE BKLT On ZOKTB

In which Is found most of the lntell<iOt,
aud that crowning result of the hlgh-
e«t civilisation, progretB, does notj
follow the

LINKS OF LATITUDB.

For, starting In Europe, we And It
between the -iSth aud 60th parallel, In
which ik embraced most of France, all
of England, Ireland, Bcotland.Belglum, |
Holbuid, Oormany, Denmark, the,
southern part of Sweden aud Norway, i
•ate. That liie same climate. In cross-
ing the Atlantic, drojM from the 60th |
degree as a north Hue, to— at a very |
Uberal estimate— as low aa the 48th In
Amertea, which line would take In the I
imoat, if not all of Nova Scotia or i
Maine, the same line forming the north |
ttoundary of New Hamphhire, Vermont ;
and New York, while the Houthern |
limit, would at least no aa far south as i
the 35th parallel, which 1h the northern
■boundary line of North Cai-ollaa, and I ■,
.tbiak it should go even to the 30th. '
Sut these boundaries do not hold good
from the Atlantic to the valley of the I
Mississippi river even, the north Hue— j
particularly in winter— fiilliog nearly \
south of the lakes. But, after passing |
the great lakes, the same climate rises
rapidly to tht ■■ r'.i'. ' 'lutil at the!
. Pacific coast it is fully iLo dame as in !
Europe, viz: +5th aud 60,h parallel.'
The causes of these deflections are sim-
ple and natural, when properly under- \
jitood. First the strong Arctic currents i
l^kbat (low south along both coasts of
if? Greenland, composed of the ley waters
of that Kreat frigid sea around the
North Pole, bearing in ' n those
■ mighty mas.'ies of ice, oallei jbergaor
mountains, down past the c ..vat of La-
.1^ brador, and so along until this current
maets the warm water of the gulf
stream en the banks of Newfoundland
— which here turn the waters of that
tropical stream to the northeast, caus-
ing it to pass near to the shores of Ire-
land and east of Iceland— and so o;i
until its force and warmth are lost in
tiie freezing waters of Nova Zembla.
Tb* waters of this Greenlaudlc current
are in turn deflected and thrown to the
right, along the eastern shores of the

POST OFFICE AND DOMINION GOVERNMENT SA VINOS BANK.

Dominion &Tid the New England
States of the Union. But those gr«>at
masses of Ice do not easily lose their
momenture, hut go on into the Gulf
stream and across it into inld-ooean un-
til they xre crumbled away by the mild
air and the heavy seaa of the Atlantic.
The European coast has no such Arc-
tic current, or at least none of such
magnitude.

Tne Pacific Ocean has no Arctic cur-
rent, but the Kr^'at Japanese stream
sweeping Its mighty current, four times
the size of the Qulf stream north from
the Pkiuator, past the Chinese and
Japanese coasts, .^u cut Into the PhcIAc
until In its north vard course, It reaches
the curved line of the Aleutian Islands
that stretch away out from our Russian
purchase of Alaska, nearly across to
the Asiatic coast, off Kamskatka, causes
this mighty Oceanic river, with its
rapid current of four miles per hour
and its accompanying trade winds, to
deflect to the east, striking the i'aclflc
coast of this continent to the north of
the 60th parallel of latitude, while the
low altitude aud narrower area (from
east to west) of the ranges of moun-
tains allow these

WARM TRADE WINDB

to come over into the valleys of the
Peace, Athabaska, Saskatchewan and
Red rivers, with an elevation of less
than one-third of that of the United
States, directly south along the line of
the present great Union and Central
Pacific Railway. Aud it further ex-
plains the fact, well known to all
residents here, that spring comes to
Manitoba from the nortuwest, and why
cool weather in the fall is earlier in that
: Province than in the above named
valleys.

Again, about in a north 1 iue from the
Easteru part of the State of Ohio, or
I Colliugwood, Ontario, the cold waters
I of the frozen Arctic Sea come down In-
I to the country through Hudson's Bay
as far south aa latitude 51, while the
i norUi line of Minnesota Is only 49. It
I is from this cause, doubtless, that the

cold northerly winds of winter cause
the depression of the thermal line south
of the great lakes in those mouths, and
that the warm

TRADB WINDS OF THE PACIFIC

which come down through the river
valleys heretofore namfd, do not go
easterly, near the Atlantic coast, but
deflect southwardly into the Htates.

Once more we fiud as we go west-
ward over the present railway fTcm
Chicago to San Francisco, Cal., that
there is a gradual rise in the surface of
the country after passing the MIsb's-
slppl river towards the Paclflo, until
In the western part of Nebraska it
reaches an altitude of 3,800 feet, (a
point several hundred feet higher than
the highest point on the Caiiadla Pa-
clUc Itallway). A short distance be-
yond the Uockv Monnt<<ins proper,
begins, and for the next 1200 miles,

FOUR ORBAT RANQES OF MOITNTAXNe

have to l)e crossed by the present Union
and Central Paciflc Railway, at eleva-
tions of 8 242 feet, 7,8.S5 feet, 6,118 feot,
7,017 feet respectively, going west.
Now, as it is well known that altitude
is equivalent to latitude. It is easy io
be seen why the great middle zone )f
temperature does not run with 'e
'atitude across the Atlantic and ac.-i m
the States to the Western Ocean. It s
because It can't.

The Arctic currents, constantly flow-
ing from an eternity of ice in tne one
case, and the four great ranges of
mountains of immense hF>ight (many
constantly snow-oapped, for the alti-
tudes above given are merely those of
the passes through them) and t'lr'r
great extent east acd west, in the o . a
case, proves the popularly beHove<l
theory of wise emigration, " kt sp In
your native latitude," to be incorrect.

Of course, here and there, between
these mountain rangra. are wurme:
valleys, but these grana and might)
formations of the Divine Archit'^ct, act
as so many condensers of the cloud,
and mulst winds passing ovet then

ptrtlonl
fifth wi
lrame<li
the f 'oa
there Is

0<!«'aTI o

coriiplel
tht-y gel
Besicfts
Stats of
from Mi
oan^a
<>' large
«■«, witl
those 111
land out
raugsK
like tho
whiih, I
in the m
fact tha
on, it la
from ami
talna.

But en
again re
nidd thoi
Paclflo
whole of
<!ome to
tion of It
tian Islai
laid dow
gathered
current I
of the Ihi
rsoeive ;
Btralta li
Goean. '
that sea f
no icebe
coast; it
in moviu
cold into
very Inje
for the I'a
tlon does
keeping i
great

li, in g

simply ol

Advekti

tenuatioE

honestly

their pen

haps, ma

absurdlMi

persons h

facta of

For the

TIBER'S

as well I
the

CAirJ

may be of
as forme<
Province*
Canada),
ada), Ne
Manitoba
Edwards
tory— Jusl
Keewatii]
ing as yet
erhorof 1
The C(
1867 by
named p
in 1870,
Prince Bi
Foundla
still out o
as the
head of w
who is ap
years, at i

fS BANK.

r winter cause
rmal line aouth
ie mouths, and

[B r ACirio
lu^h the river
fd, do not go
itic ooMt, but
the States.

8 we go west-
railwav trcm

SCO, Cal., thitt
I the surface of
ng the Mii»8"8-
1 Paciflo, until
>f Nebraslta it
3,800 feet, (a
et higher than
he Caiiadia Pa-
rt distance be-
ntiiiis proper,
1200 miles,

IF MOUHTAIHE

9 present Union
Iway, at eleva-
feet, 6,118 fei>t,
, going west,
m that altitude

It is easy o

middle zont )f

run with ^e

mtio and ac.* w

rn OceftDr. It s

ionstantly flow-
ice in the one
reat ranges of
height (many
i(i, for thtt alti-
nierely those of
em) and t'j'-'r
est, in the o . >
ularly beM<jve<l
ktion, " kt ap in
to be incoireot.
there, betweer
98, are W'U'me:
ad and intBhty
le Archit;ct,ac>
_ of the cloud.
Ing ovei then

MTtloalwrty wh«n (har« U Mldcd «
nfth wall or mountains skirting thn

linm«4liat^ <«Mt of the I'uollio, railed
tliiif'oait iUnge. Whatever m Ixture
there Is In the breezee from that ithty
(M»aii of rest, well called the IV- inn, is
corupletely taken out of ihcni Iw/ore
they set anv distance In the lutenor.
ftetildee, It Is well known, that In the
Htate of (California Itself, (t never ralus
from May to November, hen( e. these
oaus'w account for the entire absence
of large (or for that matter,small) rlv-
rn, with bordering fertile valleys like
those In the uorinwest, and n>r the
land out ^t the immediate mountain
rangae l)elng dry, arid, alkali plains,
like those of the lIuml>oldt, a stream
which, as most of them do, loHt-s Itself
in the sand. They aUo account fur the
fact that, where cultivation Is carried
on, it Is only aialntalne'i by irrigation
ftrom small streams Just from the muun'-
tains.

But enough >n this section, and to
again return t<> the Japanese mream. I
Hald there wsl Arcio cui rent In the
Pacitlc The cause of thJH Ih, that the
whole of the Japane 'e stream does not
'M>n;e to our western oosst, but a por-
tion of it I hat flows beyona the Aleu-
tian Islands, keeps on in its course as
laid down by the Almighty, and being
gathered into a narrowe<l and stronger
current by the converging of ihe coast
of the Inrge b«y, opening southward to
::ecelve it, pouin through IVshrlog
Btralts iu groat volume into the Arctic
Ocean. This keeps the western part of
that sea so open and li. the reason why
no icebergs are seen oft' our WfSteru
coast ; it also doubtless has lis Intluerice
In moving out that mercile^ stream of
cold into I he Atlantic. Perhnpj this
very injected warm current accounts
for the liaot that ice In that dismal sec-
tion doee not Increase from year to year,
keeping ua m uonstaut (ear of another
great

aiiAOIEBCAIi OBLUQK.

I^ in giving so much space to these
simply oUmatic facts, I have tired the
Advektjskh's readers, 1 would in ex-
tenuation but simply say, that I do so
honestly believing them worthy uf
their perusal. They also explali, per-
haps, many of the seeming self-evident
absurdlMee. that various writers and
persons have'gtven in stating truihfiU
facts of

THE NBW NORTHWEST.

For the information of the Adver-
tiser's readers in the United Utatos,
as w«U as elsewhere, a few wordd on
the

CANADIAN FORM OF
GOVERNMENT

may be of Interest TbeCk>Dfederiition,
as formed at present, consists (^*tbe
Proviiioee of Ontario (formerly Upper
Canada), Quebec ( formerly lower Can-
ada), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince
Edwards Island, the Northwest Terri-
tory—just organized— and Territory of
Kertwatiu, uuorgaiiiised ; the latter be-
ing as yet under the charge of the gov-
ernor of Manitoba. -

The Confederation was formed in
1867 by the uuion of the first four
named proviuctrs, Mnnttoba entering
in 1870, British Columbia in 1871,
Prince Edward's Island in 187.S. New
Poundla .d is the only province that is
still out of the Union, which Is known
as the Dominion of Cdua^a, at the
head of which is the Governor General,
who is appointed by the Queen for five
years, at a salary fixed by the Domic-

, [J )

ton ItMlf, of tfiOiOOO per annum. The
senators, who at prese't numlier
eighty-one, hold their office for life
At file time of the formation of the
\)onfe<lerHtlon their numtier was seven-
ty-two, they Udng appointed by the
Queen dlre<-,t. Huliwiiuent stlditions
and vacancies olace occurring arx (illed
by nominationM made by the (governor
ueneral and ('ouncil, which uomlna
tions are oontirroed by the Queen, who
Issues theiroommisHonHtotbem direct.
Vacanelea may ocinir by de«< h, reslgna
tlon, absence for two consecutive ses-
sions, bftokt-uptcy or oon\iotlon of
Infamous ortmee.

TUB II0I7HE or COMMONB

now consists of about two hundred
memb,<r8. They are elect e<l by the
people, on a bMis of ;x)pulatton and are
chosen for five years. Kesldence. is
not a requisite for a candliate lu the
district in which he roay choose to
" stand," but he may represent a dis-
trict other than the one in which he
resides.

Associated with the Gotrrnor Gen-
eral is a cabinet or ministry of thirteen
members, known as the

queen's PBIVY council, fob CANADA,

who hold the portfolios of the different
departments under ihe title of minis
tersof customs. Interior, etc. The for-
mation of tills cabinet Is made by the
Governor General asking the recog-
nized leader (In the Mouse) of the
political party 'n majority, to confer
with him in naming the meml>ers of
the cabinet, which seWjtlons are made
both from the Henate and House, with
a majority from the latter bo<ly. The
Memiiuis of tlie Housq, so named. If
they accept, at once resign and again
go before the people of their own or
any of! •- Uoas^ constituency that
may be ant if they so dMi^, for re-
election to the House ; wht^n if re-
elected, they take tnlftir place In the
cabinet. This is done to assure a fuh
accord between the minlsti y and the
pi-ople. If the member so named fails
of rf-eleotiou, he is out of both house
and cabli.et, but he is not dt^harred from
runuiug again for the house only, if
any of the originally named members
fail In their re-elect ion, another is
named until the number is complete.
The senatoiB, being for life, do not re-
quire re-election, neither do they lose
tlieir seats in any event. The member
of the House originally called by th^
Governor (ieneral to aid in forming
the council, 1m called the Premier, or
in the Dominion government

THE PRIME HINIBTER,

and the goV' rnmeut so formed la usu-
ally known by his name. As in the
case of the present Prime Minister,
Hon. Alexander Mackensie, the gov-
ernment is called the

MACKENZIE OOVERNHBNT.

When the organization is oompieted,
I the Queen issues thsir commissions to
j them as Her councillors. To tiiese
! ministers is generally Recorded the

E' riviiege of making appoint mfnts to
11 any vacancirs iu the b^me or head
department among their immediate
deputies or clerks, or in any of the Do-
minion offloes in any of the Provinces ;
though the Governor General Iu re
sponsible for all such officers and has a
right to name them. Utill he ueually
waives the right and confirms the ap
pointments of bis ministers. The
courtesy of naming the candidates for
I any of the Provincial vacancies is usu
I ally accorded by the minister of wfaat-
I evcr deputment it may be in, to the
I member of that Province Whose poli-

tloi Is In accord with >hat of the mini*,
try. Huch sulmrdlnaie apimlntmenta
both In the head depbrtnienls as well
M lu the Provincee being

MADE FOR LIFE,

or during go<xl behavior. The reolpl-
e;it Is supposed to thereafter keep him*
self clear of all political queetionay
either by his vote or otherwise : thev
being expe<;te<l to know only theur
official duties and to make their future
reputation or advancement by ilielr
efficiency and courtesy. For, thoush
the ministry and political party under
which they were appolnU-d, may lose
position and powrr. It does not eflVot
them, the same holding good with the
deputies, etc. In the department home
offlce In Ottawa. Changes In the min-
istry put out of position only the min-
isters themselves.

But to resume. The Governor Gen-
eral hcM the privilege of calling upon
any of his ministers to resign, and of
calling another meml>e'° to such de-
partment, or he may di(»8olve the en-
tire cabinet. All measures for parlia-
mentary action are usually introduced
by the mlulater of the department
from which it would be proper to ema-
nate, and whenever U.e government
falia of support lu the House In any of
its measures, It is usually ex pec led
they win resign ; or if a direct vote of
want of coiitldence In them is given hy
tlie Ilouue— which is usually followed
by a petition t j the Governor General
to name a new Premier who h usually
the leader of the opposition in the
House— vpou such a vote the Premier
'and Council so dtfeated resign their
I commissions, which are accepted, and
I the new Pr^-mler and Council take
I their places ; those from the House go-
ing before the people for re-election as
at first.

THE PBOVimaAI. eOVERNORS

are appointed by ;

he Governor General

tnd Council, with the approval of the
I t^ueen, wltli the title of L'eutenank
Gov rnor, such appointment being fo"
five year In the Provincial Parlia-
ments ttit re are no senators, the body
l>eing compoaed of the Legislative
Council, appointed by the Lieut. Gov-
ernor and > IB Council for life, and the
Legislative Assembly elected for four
years. The Lieut. Governor namew a
Premier, woo selects with theGovet-
nor, a cabinet which is called i he £x>
jutlve Council ; it being selected an«D
.governed by the same rules as the Privy
ouncil in the Dominion govemmeal.
riubordluate provincial officers are for
life, the same as in the Dominion,.
Three of the provinces h«ve done a way
with the nominative body or legislci,-
tlve council and have only one, the-
elective or legislative assembly. 1 nis
b >dy with the executive council, per- '
forms the provincial {roverumeutal
functions. "The provinces having only
ihe one are Ontario, Manitoba and
British Columbia.

The DofRinion of Canada does not

pay one cent of tribute or taxes to the

English or home government, in any

way whatever. On the contrary she

charges her Just the same customs

tariff on her merchandise, etc., coming

into Canada, as upon that coming from

the United Statrs or any other country.

Again, all the public lands in Britii>n

America (which has a much larger

area than the|United Htatex) belong to

the Dominion, and lol to England.

I Canada has also its own sysi em of in-

I teriial revenue. In fact, her resouices

I are the same ss the National Govern-

I mei t of the United titatee. Ttiere are

I no British tn ops in the Dominion, hw

I I

i!f

Sl^

[B]

,.<eCi'!JP5E

RESIDENCE OF HON. A. O. B. BANNATYNE. See Page 24.

forte being EaTlsoned by her own sol-
diers under her own control, though, as
sfKres-iid, soDQe of her governuieu'al
off) ers are nominaly understood as be
tog named by the Queen ; she eeems to
^aivo that right wiih the single excep-
tion of the G«veriior General ; aodeven
to his case, she would not uamn or re
iftlu any one that was obnoxious to
them. All cominissione and legal docu-
ments emanating from and undei the
Dominion, acli nu« iadgj Her Majesty's
aovereiguty, und light afi her lugal hold
epon them e^ems, 1 very much doubt If
to FoKJand even, she has more raalW
)oyal subjbcts than are the Canadians
to-day.

VOTINQ IN CANADA,

fat members ef Parliament, etc,, is free
(o all (but IndUns) exc^^t a small nrop-
*/ty qualifl'Mtiou, which amount'may
-Tar> ^4ome in thu different provinces,
though I cannot say that It is not uui-
form. Buu this limltuion, small as it
may be, is a most wouderfui safeguard
ti that greatest of pollcjcal privileges,
the bnllot.
If thvee hurried

POLITICAL NOa'BS

«re given with sutdcient oiaarnen, our
many readers aiay l> able to better
Judge which of the two governments,
that of Canada or tbe United Siates, is
reall> .he best ind freest, and which
oontatus the eleuiuuts of the greitnot
present and future strength. They,
peinapM, may be able to decide whether
we cannut em^nxly in our 01. u govern-
mental machinery aotue g;^ k) thing.},
from even so young^a govurnmeut as
' tbat of Canada.

MANITOBA.

On fhe eastern limit, or mure prop-
erly speaking, the soutbe&iittiru curntr
of this great prairie tract of m re than
one th<'uaaud miles in extent, spoken
of in Mr. Grant's "Ocean to Ocean," i»
the luk/rftl'-n of tUia little province,
with an area of unlv soma 14 34U
square mites, being abr^ut 120 miles
frum east to west, by 100 miles north
and south, and containing about 10,-
OuO.OOO acres. Coming just within her
eastern borders is that

VAST IOPE8T REaiON,

th«t ext«nds away east warily through
tbe old^/ provinces to the Atlantic,
wnile coimngin from tiiesoutb is tbat

great prairie couatry trom the Ur ited
U^, or which more properly speak-

ing, stretches away from the head
waters of the Saekatchewau through
Manitoba, south tbrousth Minnesota,
Dakota, Iowh, Illinois, Missouri, Kan-
sas, tbe Indian Territory and Texas,
to the Gulf of Mexico, more than two
thousand miles from the southern
boundary of Manitoba. In this latter
prairio <act, away on the south line
of tbe Stat« of Minnesota, rises the
Bed River, which, runring almost due
north of the States into and across this
proviDoe, empties into Lake Winni
peg, some forty miles north of its
capital city of Winnipeg. As this
stream pursues its course northward
through this great prairie, its valley
widens from a few miles to fully 40
milea on the west to the Pembina
Mouatains, and 60 miles east, hut the
eastern forest section gradually begins
to close in shortly after tbe river
enters the province, in a circular line,
until it comes up to and crosses the
river about 20 miles above its mv^uth.
Along its western bank, after entering
the province, are Mattered belts of
timber with some on its western trib-
utariofl ; but its ettstem bank is gener-
ally linM with a timber oelt of fully
one mile in width, while streams
coming in from tbe east are both more
numerous and larger, with correspond-
ingly heavy boderlngs of forest. The

Red Blver in crossinK Manitoba,
leaves about one-thiid of the prov'isce
to the east. This river empties nto
La'ie Winnipeg through four channels
or mouths; the first, or more easterly
being the best. All of its channels or
mouths run through a large tract of
grassy marsh, extending some rine
miles north and south, and IS miles
Kaat and west, aloog the head of this
great lake some three hundred miles
long. A little more than half way
from the south to the northern pro-
vincial boundaries the

ASSINNEBOINB

empties into the Red from the west.
Following up the Assinnebuine its
general course through the Province
to its Western limit is totbo west,
thus dividing the Western two-thirds
of the Pro v* nee into neailv two
equal parts. Near tbe north west cor-
ner of the Province comes in a high
piateau called the Riding Mountains,
which run in a southeast couise until
broken by the broad valleyof the Aa-
sinneboine, here some fifty miles wide
tbe river flowing nearly through the
middle of this valley. To the south
of this vallny this same plateau Attain-
ing an elevation of soma two or three
hundred feet again rises, runring in
the same general course but is known
as the

PEMBINA MOUNTAINS

which extend on out of tbe Province
into the States, thus dividing the
western portion of the Province into
two parte, tbat laying to the east being
generally t°.:e level prairie of tht> Bed
and Assinneboino valleys proper,
while to the west it is nigher and
more rolling. Alorg the northern
boundary line near the northeast cor-
ner the waters of

LAKK WINNIFEQ

come down into the Province some
fifteen miles. This lake is some 8O0
miles long from the mouth of tbe Red
river to its outlet intc the Hudsons
Bay, near Norway House. Its course
is directly north. Following along
this same northern boundary line
some forty m'kj from the western
shore of Lake Winnipeg,

LaKS MANITOBA

come* down into th<* Province some
26 miles. It runs n( .h someiac mi'es
when it is terminated 3y a marshy

DEER L0D0S—RS8IDEN0K OF HON. JAB. MoKAV. Bee Pag* 31.

and
jSaskU

the wes
leifio.

which
west .
lakes at
theLak
of oontj
np the :
theLak
road go
Garry,
to-day I
place of
vovBjfer
differen
Ing roac
Meary.
thro <gb
in 18.a 1
erntion
travel
Though
pect, It 1
ronired
Lake 81
•rnPtooi
ers dowi
tanity
fixed b
which
amounti

I Blver fo
prove
•eoti i_
, has its ij
'der con
graded a
miles of
Wlnnlp*
fiah piati
the entti
whistle
heard th

nltobs,

:0v'!306

>s :vXO
tanneU
lastetly
ineU or
.ract of
e rine
S milM
I of this
d miles
lit way
irn pro-

be west.
otne its
?ro'ince
b'a west,
ro-thirds
ilv two
west oor-
1 a high
}untains,
iiso until
Ithe A3-
liles wide
Qugh the
he south
lu ftttain-
) or three
incing in
is known

Province
kdin« the
Tince Into
east being
if thfa Bed
s proper,
igher and
northern
theast oor-

ince some
9 some 800
of the Bed
B Hudsons
Its course
'ing along
ida^y line
le westeru

rince some

aeiacml'es

a marshy

ragt 31.

•eetion through Trhioh runs a narrow
channel a mile or two into

UIKK WINNEVEGOSIS.

This lake rans north another 120 uilles,
having an outlet through a small lake
called Cedar Lake, which is really an
enlargement oZ the Saskatchewan, a
short distance above its mouth, and so
th3 waters of tunse two lakod realty
flow into Lake Winnipeg through the
channel or mouth of that rivo/. To-
gether these two lakes are two hun-
dred and twenty miles from north to
«outb with many beautiful bays a.'d
sik aller connecting lakes. The great;-
ee* breadth of Lake Man'toba is
twenty-four miles and of Lake Winn-
epegosis, twenty miles. Uninterrup-
ted navigation is obtainable between
these two lakes. Soma twenty Qve
miles down the eastern shore of Lake
Winnipeg at l<'ort Alexander the

WINNIPEG RIVEK

enters the lake. This if a large
stream, it being the outlet of Rainy
Lako, LL.ke of the Woods, in fact the
entire country nearfy through to
Thunder Bay on Lake Superior and
embraces in its basis nearly all the
waters of the Southern part of the
.territory of Keewatin, the greatest
watered portion of the entire contluenl
save only that of the great lakea them-
selves. Ite scenery is grand and pio-
turesqne. It is a stream of cascades
and waterfalls, fallinr during its
course of 129 to 150 miles from the
Lake of the Woods aearly 600 feet.
This river with the lakes and streams
connected with it was the highway or
water way over which those hardy
French Canadian voyagers for more
than 100 years carried on their traffic
between the waters of Lake Superior
and their trading posts on ttie Bod,
Saskctitbewan and other stream? to
the west and south through to the Pa-
eiiic. They form to-day a part of the

DAWtJON BOUTE

which begins at x'hunder Bay going
west over the same aeries of (.^null
lakes and streams to the west shore of
the Lake of the Woods, where inetead
of oontinuInK oown Winnipeg river,
np the lake and no Bed river, it leaves
the Lake of the Woods and by wagon
road goes direct to Winnipeg or Ft.
Oarry, 126 miles distant. On this roule
to-day elfven small steamers take the
place of the batteaux of those early
vovsgers in the waters between the
di£Rsrent portages, while good connect-
ing roads have been built where nec-
essary. This route was opened
thro gh by the Canadian government
In 18iO and has since been kept in op-
eration by tLe government, open to
travel and transportation generally.
Though 'tis perhaps but natural to ex-
pect, it never has become a much pat-
ronized route, as against continuing on
Lake Superior to Duluth, the North-
ern Fttciuo to the Bad and fine steam-
ers down that stream. Still the oppor-
tunity has existed and at low rates
Cxed by the Canadian government,
which is to-day expending large
amounts in building locks in Rainy
River for steamers to still further im-
inrove it. Again, through this same
Mott > the Canadian I'dciflc Railway
has Its line loc&ted and most of it un-
der contract, with somo IGO miles
, graded and the iron down at least 50
miles of It, while at Thunder Bay and
Winnipeg is piled np tho steel rails,
Osh plates, bolts and spikes enonsh for
the entire distance. So that soon the
whistle of the locomotive will be
heard through those wilds thAt for thv

'J^

last 760 years knew only the songs and
shouts of the "Coureurs des hols."

But returiilng to Manitoba asain, I
would sav, that between Lake Winni-
peg, Manitoba and Winn ^pegosis, the
country is generally a forest, as it is
generally around the shores of all
these lakes, also a'ong the streams en-
tering into them. Along the
Assinnebolne are hbavy timber beits,
especially on Its south bank which,wi6h
that along the Red, already spoken of,
and the generally timbered uplands of
the Riding and Pembina mountains,
need only protection against prairie
fires t? increase it largely; while
coal is known to exist la the Bidintc
and Pembina mountaina. So it will be
seen thai the

TVQOD AND WATEB 80PPLT

is ample for all present and future
wants of the Province— while as yet
Manitoba is drawing but little on her
own fuel resources as most at present
is rafted down the Bed rivur from tbe
States.

THE SOIL

of the Province being mainly of the rich
black alluvium of the Bed and Assin-
nebolne Valleys, from fo>ir to eight and
even twelve feet deep, in unsurpassed
in fertility even by that of the famous
Yallerof the Kile, while that of its

feiitle uplands in of a quick rich loam,
n fact, I do nut believe there is a
single acre of poor land in this Prov-
ince.

THE PBODTTCTIOSS.

of this countiy are large and varied
enongh to show *bat it possesses un-
usual wealth of soil. From the returns
of last years croua made simultane-
ously in 34 diffiiront settlements, the
following showing vas reached, al-
though lesB'^ned by various cause
from that ot previous years, some of
which were local and some general,
but mostly peculiar to that year.
Ami ne these wre the very heavy
rains thiit caught tbe wheat Just as it
was ripening. The fdllowing yields
per acre was the showing made as
above named: Wheat from 25 to 35
bushels, aversve 32^ be; Barley 40 to
45, avevajje 42>^ bn.; Oats 40 to 60,
average 51 bu. ; Peas 25 to 85, average
32}^ bu. ; Potatoes average 229 bu. ;
Turnips 662 bu.

Though these 34 reports may all be
true, I am satisfied that on wheat at
least, tbey iiretuo high fcr a full aver-
age of the Pro^?nce, for they had very
bad weather for their wheat harvest,
Mud Ironi a ireneral inquiry made per-
srtnally, I judge 20 bushels as nearer a
Provincial wheat average, though I
have nothing tending to reduce the
nverage of the other grains and deem
that they may be correct, as they ma-
ture rather earlier than wheat. The
rest average I predict rather unaer
than over the usual yield. Aside from
the above enumerations. Individual
cases are not rare in this same cec^ion
of wheat yielding 60 bushels trom one
bushel of seed ; 100 bushels of oats to
the ere have also been raieed, and
bailey as high w* 00 bushels, weighing
from rtO to 55 pounds to the bus lel.
This 1 am ready to believe, for all of
these grains are of great weight. Po-
tatoes have yie'ded as high as 000
bushels to bLe acre and of a quality
unsurpassed, a% are all tbe root crop^.
Turnips have yielded as high as lOOC
bufhefs per acre, :>00 to 700 being quite
common. Corp does very well here
though not made much of a crop.
Flax and hemp do well here, but tbe^e
being as yet no market, either for

home use or export, owing to present
high freights, but little is raised.

TAME OBA88ES

do splendidly, particularly timothf
and herdsgrnss, though tbe native
grass is go.id enough, either for feed~
ing or lawi. purpt ses. In fact the
light autnmn rains do not soak out the
nutritive properties of the native
grass, and in winter the cnttle will
turn from the hey ricks to eat the
naturally ripened grans unut-rneath
the light snow-falls of this section.
Cabbages grow to an enormous tlee
and mature quickly, so do cauli-
i'ower and celery; the latter being
large, white tmd fine- flavored. Cucum-
bers, onions and rhubarb attain great
perfection and jield. Lettuce grows
with a crispness unsurpassed. Melons
and tomatoes do well, particularly the
latter. Wild hops grow Jn profusioa
about the lakes and streams, are i;^
geueval use among the settlers and
have also been successfully used by
the local brewers . But of the products
of the soil

WHEAT 18 KINO.

Tbe amount raised in the Province
last year was about 460 000 bushels,
of a general average of 68 pounds to
the bushel, while large fields were
raised in which tha averaj^e weight
was even moie than thib. Oae field
had a straight average of 08 pounds to
the bushel and another field of 2,000
I: UBheis averaged 66 pounds, producing
40 and 42} pounds of flour to the busheL
The wheat, bushel for bnshel.pruduoeB
a much larger per cent of middlings
or "patent process" than the wheat of
Minnesota. This is the peculiar prop-
erty of the Minnesota spring wheat,
which has already given the Cour of
that State the supremacy in the eastern
States and on the Loudon market,
making it in that city in price the peer
of the flour of &ny country or mills
that are brought to that g-reat

OBNTEAL MARKET OF THE WORLD.

Large as was the amount produced
last year, considering the agricultural
age and entire absence of « xport facil-
ities, save to the surrounding and
newer portions west, it is enough to go
a good ways towards supplying the
home demand; but tbe increased
acreage and present fine prospects go
to show a large increase over h .. I years
produc^. The same may be said of
other crops. Though only a f.'W small
shipments of wheat and flour have yet
been made kO the Canadian markets
from Manitoba, still they have been
Hutficlent to give established quoi,*
tions over the wheat from an:' other
section and they will readily take any
surplus this Province may have in the
coming years. Though it Is seeming-
ly cut off from the marketn of the
States, by the foulish tariff put on by
the United States of ~0 cents per bu.,
gold, still its great weight and superi-
ority have attracted the attention of
the Chicago and Milwaukee wheat
dealers to "grHde up" the poorer wheat
it mare Southern localities that comos
CO those cities for a market. So there
is no '*oubt but that as the proper rail-
way and other shlppifrg facilules are
opened (for Manitoba is nenrer lake
navigation ut Duluth than Kansas is
to ChicHgo) the whe«t of Manitoba will
Ko largely to those maikots in the
States, even though this high and 'tin-
just tariff 18 not done away with.
It would seem that

THE POLITICIANS

of both the Dominion and the States
ought to see thac thia unjust burden

■ <

!!;',

! ';

■4!

•Li ' (

of 20 canta p«r bu«he1, put upon the
produc«is of one sectloa and the oon-
81 mera of another, is done away with,
and that they shotild at on'M do all In
their power to carry out what is now
consiaered the real duties of t'e rulers
>^f anv section, particularly iu the
United Stbtea, viz: to furiiish a kov
«mment of the people, by the peopU
for the people, bnd not for the eapecial
benefit of those holding governmental
places from the highest down, as the
Old idea of (rovernment used to be.
Why this great tax is put upon the
two gTbat fundamental portions of any
country — the producers of one section
and the conpumTSof other— is a ques-
- tion that ought ta be satisfactorily and
at once answered by the political rep
resentatives of the two parties at in-
terest. The wheat producers of the
United States are not afraid of the
competition, neither do the consum-
ers there demand its retention.

But, while according so much space
to wheat, enouch has been given to
•iiow that

MIZB.^ FARHIHG

is f ally remunerative, thM all kinds of
cereals are sure, while vegutaolHS
yield almost fabulously and of unsur-
rasdea ejiisellence. Data enough have
been givem and are easily attainable to
show that "le need not fear to plant
i'" this gencTOus soil anp cereal or veg-
itable crop, as the general suooess is
nn4oubtM. There is no section where
((rains of all kinds yield so bountiful-
ly, and the crops, year af tar year, so
n^ortnly full. Herein lies the great

SBOBEf OF snOOESSFUL HUSBANDRY.

I'rofitable amounts raised every year.
The crop products heretofore spoken
of have oeen those raiB>)d in Manitoba,
krot this fact wants to be borne in
mind : that the further westward you
OKI up the valley of the Saskatchewiin,
the earlier are the apiings and longer
the seasons, 'jettlements that have
already gone in that section sustain
this assertion, while the productive-
oess of the soil tlieie is unquestioned.
It is a question if

STOCK RAISING

is nov as legitimate a farming crop ats
cereals and not a special branch as many
aaem to think. It is the uniform recoid
of all the grasshopper stricken uections
in the newer parts of the west that
those f4rmei8 who were possessed of a
few head of co*s, swint-, etc., esc ped
much of tb-, privation, hardship and
destitution thiit was the portion of their
neighbors, who had conf Jed their la-
bors to the raiKing of crops only. In
fiust it is a Question whether in a few
years it will not be proved the

KEA.L WEALTH

of what are now the frontier settle-
ments in the Htates, has not been in-
creased and made more perm nent by

- and through the visitation of this
■uourge and the lessons that have been
taught, showing conclusively to the

I aettlers, the great lack of practical wis-
dom in placing their whole dependence
upon an/ one kind of products. It is
ihe well known common error of most
pioneers, and for that matter of oUier
«ettler8, too, to make wheat their main
stay, when it is especially sensitive to
any of the many dangf^rs of climate,
seasons, etc., that ai'e Hfound tlie path
cf ne«- nnmorc i.i erery section. While
7.a this climate and Province, and away
through the great Nortljwest l)eyond
here,

8TOOK mAISINO U A CERTAINTY.

There is one fact about one of the most

[WJ

sensitive.delicate domestic animals the
farmer gathers about him, viz, the
sheep. It is now, over 40 years since
sheep were first brought to the Ked
River, an<l as yet no case of disease at-
tacking them, has ever been ki>own,
while their wool is of a very fine quali-
ty, yielding from six to eight pound
tleeceti from v/eathers and Irom two to
three and one half pounds from ewos.
Bwine present the same record of
healthful ue«9s here. While the report
of the Htatistician of the United States
Department of Agri-julture, in Wash-
ington, made the 29th of May last,
shows that loesee of swine by disease in
the 'J. 8. during the previous 13 months,
wete 4,000,000 of all ages, and of a
money value of more than |20,0()0.00o,
the same being equivalent to one third
of the sum of the exports of pork pro-
ducts of that year, and I do not kn'>w
that it was an unusually sickly year
among them either.

THE NATIVE CATTLE

one spes here, particularly the Beef Cat-
tle are very fine and large, the Steers
being a full half larger than those of
Texas' and fully up to the size of those
in the older Stales and Provinces. They
are very hardy and are used generally
on the road, instead of horses, in draw-
ing the trains that g^ out all throngh
the great Saskatchewan and Peace
River district, 1000 to 1500 miles.

They are much quicker walkers than
horses, and their feet being larg«r, they
arelcHs liuble to mire in crossing streams
and sloughs. They require less c»re
and have more strength ; easily draw-
ing loads of 1000 pounds each, day after
day. They are never yoked together,
but each harnessed singly, draw the
li.^bt Bed Biver carts which are made
without a particle of iron. When used
by the farmers for agricultural purposes
they are sometimes yokfjd together, but
the great mass of them are used for
travelling, which they do with no feed
brt the wild grass. During their whole
lives they do not know the taste of any
kind of grain, while In Winter they are
seldom shelteied or fed except when
there are extra heavy snow falls, though
they do then require more or less feed-
ing and some shelter.

THE HOUSES

that know the inside v>f a stable during
winter except in the larger settlements,
are very few, iu fact it is so near the
•ustom, that it is but the truth to say
that they are never fed the winter
through, bi.t stable and boaid them-
selves.

They are not as one would naturnlly
suppose ' little rats of tbinvts," like those
of New Mexico, and the Southwest gen-
erally, but good fair sized horses. I
have seen th^m coming into Winnipeg
in Trader's Trains that have been con-
tinually on the road for 72 days, yet
have never seen a really poor noi.'se
among them. They too, like the ox
have no feed but the wild grass ; no
grain in any form being fed them. Tue
uorses and cattle of this section are

NOT A HONOBEIi BACE

as it would seem natural from their lo-
cation they would be, for m<ire than
fifty years ago stallions of the best blood
then known in England were imported
here, by the way of Hudson Bay, Nel-
son Biver, and Lake Winnip. g, at a
cost and expense of as high as 910,0(X).
Fine Durham i^ulls were also brought
the same w»>.y. and never sin-e then has
the Province beKU without Sires of the
best beef and liurse blood jbtainable
any where.

I saw only five miles fh>m WionlpM
at Silver Hjlghts on the stock fartn of
the Hon. James MiKay, [of whom
more hereafter) a herd of 140 Qeldlngs,
mareu and ooltn, sired by as flue a(id
clear, straight blooded stallions as can
be found in the whole Misslssinpl val-
ley, f^om its source to the sea, that nev-
er yet in winter have seen the Inside of
a stable or received a measure or forh-
full of feed. The same is the case rUt
all the trading poets and smaller set-
tlements from Winnipeg to the Rocky
Mountains, and up in the great and
magnificent valleys of the /.thabasca
and Peace rivers extending to the
Northwest, up to and beyond latitude
68 north anU longitude I'iO west from
Greenwich.

OREAT HUMAN EX-
PERIMENT.

How do these facts taJ^v wi h the
universally claimed assertion of those
kind hearted, well posted ones who say
if you want to raise stock >ou must go
south ; but not to this section ? They
will BO patronizingly laugh at any one
who diners with them and Tay, why
my dear sir, the trouble is, you will
have to ft ed them so long in winter
that they wi 1 eat their beads off.
Well, gentleoien, I do not hesitate to
predict, tliat when in after years, this
great Northwest becomes better known
to you, you wi 11 find 1 hat this will then
be generally admitted, as a fundamen-
ml law of animal nature, that wh^e
man thrives in the greatest vigor ainl
reaches the highest pnyslcal and men-
tal excell'jnce, there will the animals
created by an All Wise Creator, for
man's use and assistance, reach their
greatest natural perfect:cn.* If, in 1
these coming years, it should be found {
that In a

BILIOUS AND PULMONARY SOriTU

tais sought-for Eden of man, shonld I
be found why then you might be rigb*.
but in the meantime, while this grand
human experiment is oelng tried, it
would seem to be wisest for the present
at least, to feel that a section where I
ague, consumption, and most of the|
great human destroying fevers are un-
known, will do very well to come to,
bringing your families, stock, or if I
empty handed, youi hopes and enej^g; I
and hero, if one cannot in *?he meaii-|
timesatlsfv himself by his own judg [
ment, patiently wait the issues others |
may make in the Southern latitude^.

SETTLEMENT

came into the Province slowly, as
aforesaid, until 1872. Since then it bai
every year been increasing. Tie first
sel'iers being French Canadians,
brought with them from Lower Cana
da, their peculiar form of divldin
land in laying out their Bettl«m«nt8.
which they alvrays made along sotue
water course.

The water frontage was divided in
to so many hundreds of feet to «0cli
family, but running back two nila
making a specific title i' two milet

*It li well knoTn rthat a tew year* ginoa,
great war the Ions and wide spread the diseast
introducud in the Weetorn and Northern Siatt
by the pasnago through them of Texai oatti
that by many of ttieir Htat? leKialaturee lay
were paiiaed prohibiting the tranaportatio
throusli tliDS'i Htat*s of (tattle from Texas, oxcop
unilor very strinKeut reguiatiutm. Ohio ?a»
of the HUitee ptufliiig this oattle law. She In
thia guuiiiiFr and In now (Nov. lut) aaflerln);
losH of thotiHaiHla of dollnrH by dUeaae, whic
they are unable to Buppreas, introduoed byi
dn>v« of Texas tattle, which in tranitt throiiii
that State were allowed or took priTllecat
permitted by law

in this
'Organize
Departn
There w
tending
Red rlvi
its mou
the sam
bolne.
down fn
Agatfae,
face;
John, Ki
south
Peter.
Koing .
James,
Francois
Point, E
Prairie,
river ne«
Peter
thickly L
tlements
the Assir
contin-do
Abthe
tlement
were res<
000 acres
breed cli
«ome, th-
land for

-'HI
it) C0D8ld<

vince as i
the centr
Jiot thliJ
but ft, w-
(riven, bu
fl|?ures, a
^etxta ar

^^^^^^^^

n Wionlpw
ick fotta of

[of whom
40 Geldings,
as flue a(id
lUons M can
Blssippl val-
ea, thatnev-
thelnaldftgf
jure or fom-

the case jUt
smaller sifitr
to tbe Rooky
,e Kreat and
e J.thabasca
ding to the
ond latitude
^ west from

rT.

jjly wi h the
rtlonof those
ones who say
tc >ou niustRi)
>ction? They
gh at any one
and Tay, why
e is, you will
jng lo winter
)lr heads off.
lot hesitate to
ft«»r years, this
a better known
,t this will tnen
j8 a fundanaen-
re, that wh^e
atcst vigor «Ji<i
rsical and men-
ill th«i animals
se Creator, for
ice, reach their
c^cnT If, in
jhonld be found ]

(NABY BOTTrH

of man, should
might be righ*,
vhlle this grand
oeing tried, it
t for the present
, section wnerel
id most of the]
ig fevers are un-
irell to come t<),
e«, stock, or ill
opes and enejigyl
Dtin <ftie meAuf
)y hisownjudg
he issues otlwsrs I
Lern latitude*-

SENT

Icce slowly, as]
ilnoe then it hat
asing. Tte Oisl
nch CauadianB.
om Lower Oapa
oTVDi of di^tdjps
lelr aettltOMOts,
lade along some

I was divided in-
of feet to Wicb
back two iaU«

le *..<' two mill*

a u<v yoart slnos, -
e spread the(lii«»6«
1 and Northern Stow
hem of TexM o»ttt
at:) legislatures 1a«
the Wanaportatio
tie from Texas, excop
atiutm. Ohio was c-c
cattle law. Bte li«
(Nov. lilt) suflertBS
ars by disease, whit
res8, introduoed by
oh in transit throiK
)r took prlylleges -^

VIEW OF HIG0IN8, YOUNG <t JACKSOaVS BLOCK. Bee Page U.

back and a claim or privilege of two
mil^ more or a continuons debth of
f oar tailea. Such was the form of

liANO TIT.LES

in this Province at the time of the
organization of the Dominion Land
Department for the Province in 1873.
There were Parish organizations ex-
tending most of the way along the
Red river from the States, nearly to
its mouth, some 75 miles and about
the same distauce up the Assinne-
boine. Those on the Bed river goinK
down from the south, north were St.
Agatha, St. Njrbet, St. Vital, St. Boni-
face; ^ast and west Winnipeg, St.
John, Kildonan, St. Paul, St. Andrew ;
south and north St. Clements and 8t.
Peter. Those on the Assinneboine,
going flrom the east, west being St.
.James. St. Charles, Headinplv, St.
Francois Xavier, BHi« St. Paul, Poplar
Point, High Bluff, and Portage La
Prairie. From Winnipeg down the
river nearly through the Parish of St.
Peter some ^5 miles it was quite
thiokJy settled, while up the river set-
tlements were more scattered. Up
the Assinneboine they are now almost
continuous.

At the same time that these old set-
tlement claims were allowed, there
were reservations amounting to 1,400,-
000 acres set apart to fcxlinguish half
breed claims of various kinds. By
Home, the setting apart of bo ^ucb
land for

.'HE HALF-BRBED GRANTS

is considered a drawback to the Pro-
vince HH they werecl'o'oe lands and in
the central purtof the Province. I do
not thibk so; rather the reverse, as
but fbw of them retain the lands so
given, but sell them at mere nominal
figures, as fast as the various allot-
ments are made personally to them,

as their right or title to their portion
of the reservation are passed upon by
the gcvernment. It is now but a little
over a year since the allotments were
m^de. As they have continued to be
made every month or two, it is found
that nearly all sell them. In very rare
cases some one retains his drawings.
Generally thoy not only sell them at
once but offer those of tbsir children,
or minor claims as they are called.
These claims have been and are now a
favorite form of investment and spec-
ulation, as the prices at which they are
sold make the land cost much less per
acre not only than the Dominion bill
of one dollar, but also below that of
railroad lands in the United States
which have been purchased in such
large blocks by means cf their depre-
ciated bonds which the railroads take
in payment for their lands. There Is
a great deal of money being made in
these half-breed claims.

THE INDTTCEHBNTS .].,. " f','

which the Dominion goveirnment
offers to settlers coming in colonies,
are very .nuch more liberal than can
be made by the United States govern-
ment, 1-8 the States have but one price
$1.26 ir not within a railroad grant,
and 82.C0 per acre if within a grant.
The extra inducements offered by the
Dominion government have beec im-
proved by

t.Xmennonites
(German Quakers from Southern Rus-
sia) who took a granr of eight town-
ships on the east of Red River, begin-
ning some 18 milea from the south
line of the province. This is known
as the Rat River settlement. They
have hlso l.tken another grant of 17
townships on the v» est side of the Re<l
river, seven oi th<i townships being
directly on the suuth boundary line.

Some 8,000 of these peaceable, thriftj
working people have already reached
this province and are settled in thdr
own homes. They are all workers,
m^n, women and children : no dronee
among them. Leing of theise thrifty
working habits it Is but natural thai
thoiy succeed. They are the most de-
sirable foreigners that have come to
this country in years. Most of them
have more or less money and some are
qui ;^o wealthy. Two years since a
delegation visited thip province

FROM ICELAND

and made selections b^ special ar-
rangement with the Dominion govern-
ment, of several townships on the
west side of Lake Winnipeg. Last
I year some l.QOO of them came out to
Manitoba, and now in their own
homes are thriving as they never did
in their native island.

TH1;H. B. COMPANY, ^'

according to the terms of their sale
are allowed two sections of 640 acres
each, in every township. A township
consists of 36 sections or a tract of
land six miles Bquare; the plnns of
land surveys in Manitoba uud the
Northwest being the same as the pub-
lic lands in tie United States. Besides
the two secti ons to the H. B. Company,
two section a are set upart in each
township foi' public school purposes,
the same as in the United States.
These are all

THE GREAT RESERVES

set apart in the province of Manitoba
that many, unfavorably disposed, nse
as arguments agsiiist the chance of
getting good lands there. Outside ot
Manitobw. chere are none of these re-
serves, except the H. B. Company's
and the school lands, or such as may
hereafter, b> special arrangement
with the government, be sec apart to

-t

I {

ini ■

^i^

settling communitiM. 80 thai the
argument often made that the best
lands in this section are locked up in
resfrvefi, falls to the ({round. All ih*-
half breed claims in the entire North-
west are pxtingulstied by the reserve
made in Manitoba.

TnB nAL^-BREBDa.

A few kind words i.re due the Half
Brefds, of which there are many thou-
«auds scattered through this section,
the large portion of course being in
this Province. They are as a class
very p<<<u;eable and reliable. Many of
them are well educated and hold h'trh
positions. Th«y are proverbially
trusty. Many of their daughters are
well married to gentlemen in good
bunlness and ufBcial plaoeb. Some are
of great bnauty, and iu tUeir marriage
relations are coutrolled by as finesense
of duty as their wbi^e sisters of the
same nccial position, to say tha least.
Tuere seem to be two kinds of
half breeds, one inheriting the
roving disposition of their Indiai>.
mother, the othr^r more naturally fol-
lowing the civilized ins incts of the r
fathijis; the former becoming hunter.-',
voyagHfs, etc., the latter preterr.ng
the more settled wajs of civilization.
It is very seldom that they are cruel
and harsh, though they may be im
provident Oa the contrary they a' e
all of them usually very mild man-
nered. There is no reason to doubt
but that the success of British and
Canadian Government In tlieir Indian
management, both iu the old as well
as thu new Provinces, la due to the
friendly offices and Influence of these
half-breeds, for almost to a man, when
it c jmes down to a choice between In-
dian or Whites, they are for the whites
every time. Tbe United States has
never iu Us Indian management had
the friendly influence o' this large
favorable intermediate cIrss, speaking
both the Indian and civilized langu-
ages, but it has had to meet and treat
with the Indians through agents, who
were neither familiar with their lan-
guage or habits, hence their disadvan-
tifige and consequent trouble in com-
parison with the English Government
and Canada. I am not prepared to
admit that the G tvernment of the
Un'ted States as a government, has
been a whit behind tbe British in lib-
erality or good faith to the Indians,
but I do admit, that aa a Government
it has been, as well as the Indian,
swindled outrageously, by the forced
employment of agents, who were true
to neither party or interest; false to
the Indian oecause of ignorance, and
to the Government, because of such
general ignorance they had a chance,
tnd farther because they Intended to
be unfaithful to begin with. Useful
as these half breeds have been to civi-
lizition in the past and present, they
have still a future mission, which they
will fulfill equally as well, and that is
as frontiersmen ; the "avant c^ureurs"
of human progress in its march up the
great Valleys to the Mountains, and
oiwn the sunny western slopes to the
Pacific. A knowledge of the existence
of such a trusty vanguard, gives me
faith to bi-lieve that this march will

?:o steadily and continuously forward,
ree from the great, retarding influence
the States have here had to meet in
carrying westward tbe

STAnOKCIVIWZKD EMPIRE.

But to return to the settlement
question, besides these old setiit-ments
that were in existence In '73, there
have been others made In the province
since, such as Sunny Side, Springfield,
Orassmere, Bmerc>oo, etc, etc The

IJ^

latter, a new town laid out some two
years since, is on the east bank of the
river, on sections immediately on the
south boundary line. At this place Is
tiie southern terminus of the Pembina
branch, so called, of the Gansdian Pa-
cific Railway, running from WinBlpeg
south to the boundary llvie, which
rill here meet the Pembina branch of
the St. Paul and Pacific Railway,
which crosses the Northern Pacific of
the States, running north from the
crossing to this point The latter is
graded nearly ,0 the line and Iron laid
nearly as far as graded; While the
branch from Winnipeg is only graded,
the iron to complete it now laying at
the last named place and only waits
the completion of the unfinished link
in the States to be put down, thus
makinir a through railway connection
from Winnipeg with the railway sys-
tem of the United Stater. There has
also been a new town laid out this
summer, called

MOUNTAIN CITY,

in township two, north of the bound-
ary line and range six we^t. It is
right in the centre of the fine table
and grove lands of the Pembina Moun

LYONS STORE. See Page 14,

tains, and on the northern boundary
line of the western Mennocite Reserve,
towards which settlement has been
going so briskly Lbe past year, while a
large portion cf tbe gene''al emigra-
tion within the province has been
steadily moving in the same direction.
The proprietors of tMs town site
having secured a central point, within
four quite thrifty townships, have, at
the request of the settlers, decided to
survey and lay out what is destined to
be, a County town of the southwestern
part of Manitoba. Lots here are now
being offered to actual settlers on most
liberal terms. Geological purveys,
made by the Dominion Government,
have demonstrated tbe existence of

COAL

in these mountains,and steps will soon
be takeu to deveiope this treasure in
the imm»>diate vicinity of Mountain
City. The proprietors, in view of the
present and rapidly Incrrasing surplus
of grain in the surrounding country,
would Invite the attention of

MILL MKN

to the unusually fine opening pre-
sented for building and profitably
oi>erating a grist and tt uT mill at this
point. While the enterprise would be
without doubt, remunerative from tbe
start, the pro[irietors are prepared to
grant an unusually liberal bonus to
any solid man who will Improve the
chance thus offered of erecting the

first mill there. Tbe geatlemen who
have started this town being men of
well known stability, any statements
which they make can be relied upon.
Pull particulars can be obtained con-
ceroing this new town. Its npoortuni-
ties, t)tr., by addressing F. T. Bradley,
Esq., Deputy Collector, 11. M. Cus-
toms, Emerson, Manitoba.

Besides these settlements in Mani-
toba, there are many new ones starting
up at the (government and H. B, Com-
pany's posts, and other naturally good
points along tbe Saskatchewan and its
tributaries, as well as at interior
points. At present there are. Battle-
ford, the new capital of tbe north-
western territory. Forts Carlton Pitt,
and Edmonton, also St. Albert, all on
the Saskatchewan. At the latter a
fine steam saw, flour and grist mill is
proving a perfect mine of wealth to
its owner.

THH POPLLATION OF MANITOBA

may be safely put down at 35.000 to
40,000. No census having been taken
fur several years, it is bard to say with
accuracy ; but it is not less than the
first, nor more than tbe second num-
ber.

NAVIOATIONr

The modern advance of civilization
differs in many respects from the old
in requiring some avenue of entrance
and communication in which steam
can be employed as the advancing and
home connecting power, in fact, no
settlement now a-da;s becomes a fixed
fact, a real subduing force, until, like
tbe Altar fires of the ancients, the
!<moke and breath and the loud toned
voice of the steam engine is seen and
heard by the pioneer like the voice of
T he good angel, tbe echoes of the far
off homeland. Its companionship has
become a necessity to the settler. He
must see and feel the inspiiing influ-
ence of its great strong untiring aid,
either in the mill, locomotive or steam-
boat, else his sen so of ibolalion will
depress him. Euergy, enterprise and
rosy hope will lose their inspiring in-
fluence the very moment his simplest
physical necessities are supplied, un-
less he can receive his daily inspiration
which the knowledge of the near pres-
ence of this great fiery

ANOBL or PROORESS

gives him. He must have it either
trom some mill in sight 01 see the fly-
ing locomotive or switt gliding steam-
boat in its season. In some way he
must feel its presence and in his lone-
liness have its cjmpanionship. Plain,
monotonous and almost stolid as— to
the uninitiated— the frontier settler's
life may 3eem, he is really tbe most
imaginative of men. By his isolation
from neighoorsor active communities
he is left largely to bis own thoughts,
and the opportunities which his very
-surroundings give him suggest im-
provements and give birth to plans of
future developments. But he sees so
much to do, so much that must be
done l>efore his ideas can reach a near
or even distant fruition that he is apt
to give it up as impoHsible, if he did
not see ana feel that tbe untiring
friend of all his hopes whs near him
and his. There Is not a whistle of a
locomotive or a steamboat that sounds
xcross the prairies or thrjugh the
fciestsof the land, but tb8',< cheers
some seemingly lonely boui wltli its
Inspiring sound; telling him to hurry,
for cl(«e behind, come neighbors,
schools, churches and markets for al:
be can produce, which will secure him
Independence and fulfillment of that

desir

[18]

dMire natui-al to the hearts of all true
men, Tiz; complete tel^ownerahip
There 1b not a single click of the tele-
graph in any of the little wayside sta-
tions, even in the most seemingly out
of the way places that does not enter
into and become a part of the pulsa-
tion of progress. It was truly said
centuries ago that man does not live
and develope by bread alone. Of no
class Is thid more true than the Pio-
neer. This great fact was truly shovvn
in the iievelopment of this Province.
For 50 years and more all the progress
that had been made, was only advanc-
ed to the semi-nomadic or hunting
state, or at most, to a partially pastoral
condition. Although the All-Wise
had laid out the great water coursei",
the ready highways of naviga'.ion, all
through this great northwrai, it was
not until the summer of 1850 that the
civilizing a I gel

EMBODIED IN STEAM

flrst vislt^'d the Province, coming
down the Red River from the States,
in the shape of the steamboat " Annon
North up.'' The only motive power
invoked heretofore to aid man, was
wind mills. The engines and machin-
ery for this boat were brought across
the ijtate of Minnesota the previous
winter from the Upper Mississippi
above the Falls of St. Anthony, whure
Minneapolis now is. The lumber for
her hull and upper works was sawed
out by cue of her engines where she
was built on the banks of the Red
River in Minnesota.

A GREAT BOUND OF JOY

filled the heart of the settlers, both
half breeds and whites at her appear
ance. The great want of the human
heart anrt mind was satistlbd and a
desire flllea the hearts of both the
civilized white and the semi-civilized
half breed, to be connected with the
great, progressive, civilized world of
mankind, developed a yearning that
never was satisfied, until the after
years gave them a regular communi-
cation with the pulsations of that
greater, higher and better world from
which they had so lone; been separated
and so desired to know. Although
that boat continued to make ii regular
trips that season, she was accidentally
sunk the following year. Steam navi-

f nation on this river lacked a connect-
ng link, at that time, of nearly 800
mfles. The boat was never raised and
repaired, but her engines and machin-
ery were taken out and one of her
engines was put in a mill that is still
dofug good service in the Province.
It was not until 1872 when this missing
lin^ was supplied, by the building of
the Northern Pacific R'iilway from
Duluth on Lake Superior, to the Red
River, that steam navigation began to
ran with much regularity.

Since then the number of boats has
steadily increased un'il there are now,
in the watvrs of the Province and its
tributary trade.

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAV QFTICES

CANADIAN PACIFIC BAIL WA 1' OFFICE. See Page 14.

A FLEET.OF THIRTEEN STEAMERS,

They are the "International,'' "Dako-
ta," "Manitoba," "Alpha," "Selkirk,"
"Minnesota," and "Cheyenne" of t'le
Kittson or Red River Transportation
Company, which runs up to the Stat s
connecting Willi the Northern Pacific
Railway at Monrhead and the St. Paul
and F»i Iflc Railway (I'embina branch)
at Fisher's Laridlngnn Red Lake River
the largest eastern tributary of the Red
River. While the "Swallow," 'Prince
Rupert," and "Keewatin," ran in the
Bed River below the boundary Hue
and up the Assinuebolne Biver. For
some good reason the Kittson Line, be-

ing American, can run down into the
Province, while ihe three latter named
being Canadian boats cannot run into
the SUles. "Why this is thus," 1 can-
not say, but such I know '.s the fact,
and I presume the law. At Winnipeg
these iioats connect with the new and
powerful H. B. Compiny's

FROPELLOR "COLVILLH,"

that runs up I>ake Winnipeg to their
various posts and forms a connection at
the mouth of the Saskatchewan with
their two river steamers the "North-
cote," built last yeHr, and a new iron
hull lK>at just lieing finished, whose
name I do not remember. These two
(mats are the beginning of a regular
line up the latter river. Beside the
above named Iraats two other boats
fasve l>een built, one for the Bed Biver
called the "Maggie," now used as a
bcri|;e and the "Chief Commissioner,"
for the lake trade ; the latter's moJel
being defective, she is now doing duty
as a river wharf boat. So that in all
there are and have been some 16 steata-
ers in th^se waters. The regular pas-
senger steamers of the Kittson Line are
models of beauty, speed and comfort,
with ofHoe»w whoBre^««ntl»?mena8weM
liS thorough and experienced boat-
men.

The Red River has 600 miles of con-
tinuous navigaiinn, though by land
direct, such being the tortuous course
of that strtMim, the terminal points

could be made in about 300 milea.
Brailles there are some 76 miles navi-
gation the season through up the Red
Lake River. Below the j motion of
these two streams there are no obstruc-
tions to the navigation of the Bed
River, except at extremely low water,
there iieing one or two tniublesome
places above Winnipeg and two below.
These places being all in the Province
and easily remedied, they will no
doubt soon receive the attention of the
Dominion Government. Un the Red
Hiver abovp the Red Lake River are a
fi^vv places troubl'»ome at low water
but as the United-States Government
is already at work removing these
difficulties, it is oi ly a matter of short
time, when navigation on this river
from the Northern Pacific railway
ctoseing, down into the Province at
any rate, will tie f ' ee fiom any obstruc-
tion at any stage of water yet known
in the rivoi.
As said elsewhere the course of the

A8SINNEB0INE

through th** Province is to the west
and so continues for some distance be*
yond Its borders on and into the North"
west Territory, when it turns almos'
dirf'ctly north. Its entire length is
some 600 miles.

There c uld very eaoily be made
some 300 miles of navigation through
I he season on this stream with som
very sligiit improvements. The in

.: !

■M

dlffloalt pUtra is SO mtlee up from Its
Juncture with the Red lUver, which
can bto easily and cheaply remedied, so
that navigation nould be carried up
8ome 800 mllee of river distance, as It
doM now during tLe high or spring
stage of water. This improvement
'•ould greatly benefit the Province, as
the settlements are almost continuous
for the first 100 miles from its mouth.
In its Northwest course through the
Province it makes a shtrp bend to the
North, so that wi'h some 9 miles of
easy canallng, navigation could bf»
opened by this River and Canal through
lAkes Manitoba and Wiunpevoes to
Uie Haskatohewan, above the Rapids
and so to the Rooky Mountains. That
this will be done, is only a queetion of
time. About 76 miles up from where
the Assinnebolne turns to the N&rth,
the Qu'Appelle River enters it; its
course is mostly westerly and extends
almosi to the South branch of the Sas-
katchewan. The project of uniting
these two streams is already broached
(the distance between th^m oeing only
a few miles,) and entirely feasible. The
Qu'Appelle must be fully as long as
the Assinnebolne. Its valley is one of
great beauty and fertility, and quite
well woodea most of its lengt b. It fre-
quently enlarges into considerable j
lakes, which are filled with the finest
fish, among which are found the choice
white fish in grcHt numtiers.

At or very near the mouth of ttie
Saskatchewan, are rapids known as the
"Grand Rapids," that extend some
two and a half to three miles with a
totai tall of 43} feet. These are not
continuous but in series or seot'ons,
heU'te easy of improvement by a sys-
tem of locks, which will doubtless in
a few years l>e built by the Canadian
Government, as the stretch of naviga-
tian above them in this river is too con-
siderable, aggregating over 2,000 miles.

T'is »<easou, the H. B. Company are
building a Bail way some four miles in
lengt h around tuese rapids. It was my
privilege to meet Mr. Mober'y, the dls
tinguitihed engineer on his way up to
take charge of these improvements. I
also saw several l>arge loads of the iron
rails on their way thence, so that I
know from my own knowledge that
this work is already going on.* As yet
the

H. B company's steamers

on the lake and the Saskatchewan
carry only the ofBoials or tlie employes
of that company and their own freight,
but I think 1 hazard notiilog in saying
that the great additional outlay in
buiidiug this railway, putting on cars,
etc , is not simply lor the transporta-
tion of tbeir own business, large as it
is, but is rather preliminary to the

OPENING OF "KtAT B0LTK

to general travel and transportation,
which cannot fail of rapidly growing
to a trade of great profit. 1 his river as
its name implies, vis: "Rapid Kun-
ning River," is not to he compared
with that of the Mississippi or Ked
Rivers. For betv. een the iiead of un-
interrupted navigation of the Missis-
sippi at St. Paul and the Gulf of Mexico
— a river distance of 2,200 milts— the
fall Is only 800 feet, and of the Red from
the Northern I^acittc to Winnipeg, a
channel distance of 500 miles, the faU
is hut 170 feet ; while in the Saskatche
wan from Edmondton to Lak? Winni-
peg, 1 ':XK) miles by river the fall is 1,783
wet, or three times the rapidity of the
Miss seippi or Red K ver currents. The
Missouri River is more like it, still in

*Bliioe oompleted.

[14]

the upper Misaonri, above Bismark, the
present western terminus of the North-
ern Pacific, the nnost rapid point of that
river and up the Yellowstone River,

TWKNTY-SBVKN STEAHBRS

have been regularly running this sea-
son, so there is no doubt but that both
branches of the Saskatchewan will
Booji be open to navigation as the north
or lesser branch now is. I neglected to
say that this river is one stream for
some 450 miles from its mouth before
it divides into its two branches. To
give a better comprehensive idea of the
sir? of this stream, I would say that
taking the length of the main stream
and its two branches together it is only
some '^50 miles shorter than the NUe.
A word as to the steamers on this

IlIVBR AND LAKE ROUTE

from Winnipeg. The ColviUe is a new
and very staunch propeller, built more
like an immense tug or small ocean
steamer, than like the pronellorf of the
great lake'<. Her usual time from
Orand Rapids, at the Saskatchewan,
some 60 miles south of the foot or out-
let of the Inke to the " lower fort," some
20 miles below "Winnipeg, a fUli 275
miles including all stoppages at the H.
B Comptmy's po-^ts on the lake, is 30
hours. The " Northcote" made her
first run this spring from above the
I Grand Rapids to Fort Edmonton and
I return, with a ftill cargo both ways in
I 30 days, a full river distance of 2.600
miles. This I presume was only day- 1
light runnmg.

It was my good fortune to he one of a
largo excursion party on the steamer
" Manitoba," that left Winnipeg on
the evening of the 3d of July, went
down Red lilver to Lake Winnipeg,
and returned next moinlng. The
Manitoba was the first pussenger boat
(hat ever entered its waters. I will
waive saying anything he e of the
thoughts that filled my mind during
the time > spent. It was also my
privilege to see a few days after,

THE FIRST REOATTA

ever held in the waters of the Province,
i under the especial patiouaue of the
' Hon. Mrs. Morris, of the (joverument
; House, a lady evf-r ready to enc urage
I by her presence and i ssistance every

effort made by the people of this young
I Provincial Capital, that will increase
I their soc'.^i pleasure or assist their
I charitable duties. The starting and
i winning stakes wer->on the south bank
{ of the As8innel>oiueatitB Junction with

the Rec* River, the site of old Fort La

Rouge. It too, like the excursion was

a success.

Kimultaneously with the connection
I of the Province with the outer world
i by steam, came also the connection by
j telegraph. Fort E Imontou is now in

C' Diie>-tion with New York, London

and Paris by telegraph.
Thus was 1872 made a

i RED LETTER YEAR

! in the annals of Manitoba. The great-
I est practical, and the subtilest foi ces in
human conirol, the annihlliitors of
Hpace and time, came with many other
! assisting influences that year, to mark
j it at the especial one in which, full
harnessed in the train of human pro-
{ gress, Manitoba and her dependencies
I entered the arena of progi-t;-£lre, civi-
lized life, to engiwe heimeforth with
the most favcred of her competitors in
the

STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE.

Soon Manitoba will l.e the oentral
g<im In the developed States or l^rovin-

OM, that will be stiung along the line
of the

CANADIAN PAOrFIC

RAILWAY.

From information kindly given me
by James H. Rowan Esq., the engi-
neer in charge of the Central o'flces and
construction In Winnipeg, and from
the report on the surveys, etc., by the
Chief Engineer, Sandford Fleming Fjsq.,
to the Dominion Parliament up to Jan-
uary 1877, 1 obtain the following items
of this

GREAT enterprise:

The first money appropriated by the
Dominion Parliament f.r the surveys
etc., was in the session of 187L Tne
eastern terminus of the line is fixed at
Lake Nipiasing, the source of French
River, situated about east «rom the
northeast comer of Lake Huron, Into
which French River empties. From
Lake Nipissing west, the line is pro-
jected to go north of Lake Superior,
crossing uie Red River at or near Win-
nipeg, passing Into and up the valley
of the north branch of the Saskatche-
wan, past Battleford and Fort Edmon-
ton, through the yellow head pass at
Jasper House and so down the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific, either at Bute
or Burrard Inlet. From

LAKE NIPISblNG EAST, ^'i

connection will be made by the Cane-
dian Central Railway (a subsidized
line) to Ottawa, Montreal, etc , and by
a railway noith from Toronto. Both
of these lines are being r.'.pidly' built
and during the year tney will both
I doubtless reach their western terminus
at Lake Nipissing.

I THE DISTANCE

from Lake Niplssiog by the route above
given to the Pacific at Burrard Inlet is
2,600 miles, or to Bute Inlet, 26C0
m les.

THE MAIN LINE

has two b'snches or spurs; the most
easterly being sou'h to the waters of
Lake Bupei lor at Thunder Bay. almost
half the distance of that I^ake from
east to west and on its northern shore.
The second being also south, by the
valley of the Rec* River on its eastern
side (o the north Ixiundary of the
United States, where it will connect
with the St. Paul and Pacific Railway,
and by this Kailway, and the North-
ern Pacific R ilway which the St. P.
& P. crosses some 160 miles south of
the line, will the Canadian Pacific be
connected w.th the railway system of
the btates. On the surveys of this ra 1-
way some $3,000,000 have already been
expended. Desiring to get the very
i)est location over this route, the sur-
veys have been most thorough. From
the time of the first surveys in 1871, to
December 1876, there have been nearly
46,000 m les of survey Pud observations
made, over 11,600 mllfc« being mea-<ured
yard by yard.

THE WnOLB LXNK

may be said to be practically ioca' ed.
though not ollicially as yet determined
on. The profile of the lii.e, 2,200 miles
west from Thunder Bay to the PAciflc,
shows the greatest summit on the line
at Yellowhead Pass, to be only 3,64ft
feet above the sea. While the summit
on the Union and Central Pacific Line
in the states, shows goi< g west, four
summlta of 8.242 feet, 7,88o feet, 6,118
feet, and 7.017 teet, respectively. The
highest point on the Canadian Pacific
Railway Is of aluwt^r elevation than
from any point on the U. P. or C. P.
Railway, from the North Platte to a

: the line
iFIC

Kiven me
ftie engi-
tmceaand
uid flrom
c, by the
nlDs"K8q.,
jpto Jan-
Ing items

ted by the
le surveys
[871- The
is fixed at
of French
trom the
:uron, into
ies. From
Ine is pro-
Buperlor,
uear Win-
tlie valley
Sastcatche-
irt Edmon-
iHd pass at
the Bocky
her at Bute

.8T, ■■" '

f the CanK,-
suhsidized
etc , and by
jnto. BotD
■>pidly built
f y/ia both
rn terminus

route above
Urd Inlet is
[nlet, 2600

, the most
le waters of
Bay. almost
lialte from
tlieru shore,
uth, by the
1 its eastern
lary of tlie
wm connect
ttc Railway,
tlie North-
fa the St. P.
lies south of
D Pacific be
by system of
sof thisral-
ftlready been
5et the very
ute, the sur-
)Ugh. From
ys in 1871, to
) been nearly
observations
ng me»-»ured

ally ioca'ed.

t determined

e, 2,a00 miles

o the Priciflc,

ton the line

)e only 3,646

I theBummit

Pacific Line

g west, four

85 feet, 6,118

Dtively. The

adiau Pacific

svatlou than

P. or C. P.

I Platte to a

little east of Saorameato, Califr>raia;
with an average of only 2,200 feet for
the same dl-'tanoe oa the U. P. & C. P.
line in the States.

The 1,200 miles firom Thunder Bay
to Edmonton on the Saskatchewan
and the branch South to the 8t. Paul
and Pacific Kailway in the States is
officially located. 310 miles o,f this are
under contract. al>out 150 miles being
ready for the iron, with cars running
on about 40 milvs at the 1 bunder Bay
end; 496 miles of sieel rails with the
necessary fish plates, bolts and spikes
are already paid for and delivered at
Thunder Bay and Winnipeg, I)e8ide8 a
considerable quantity of die same, has
been delivered on the Paciflo coast.

THE WORK OF CON8TKCCTION

was b<>gun during the summer of 1875,
at Thunder Bay and Winnijieg, both
gradinx and track laying. The latter
bei g just begun from Winnipeg east,
is now being pushed forward from both
these points, a fo'ceof some 1,200 men
being now so employed.* The line
from Winnipeg south to the States is
all graded, and the track will be laid in
sixty days from the time work is l>egun
on the St. Paul and Pacific Railway
toward closing u,) the gap in their line
necessa'y to maKe a through connec-
tion.

Th€ delay on the part of th& St. P.
& P. is caused by difficulty between the
bond and stockholders of that line.
It is to be hoped this will soon l>e sat-
isfactorily ad^u^ted.t so that the work
of its completion can go on. The road
is also graded some 50 miles east irom
Winnipeg. From the end of this
grade through to Thunder Bay, the
work embraces a great deal of rock cut-
ting and bridging, in fact it is the most
difficult part of the entire line save por-
tions in the Rocky Mountains. The
construction of this railway also car-
ries with, and as a part of It

<;. ,. A LINE OF TELBORAPH,

Which is all under contract and con-
struction, from Thunder Bay through
to the P<u;iflc. The wire is all fur-
nished, paid for and delivered. lOO
miles of It are now finished from
Thuudei Biy west, about 140 from
Winnip°>K east, and some 700 from the
latter place to Fort Eaminiun west, are
now in operation ; while the work on
the rem under of the Line, and on the
Railway is being pushed as nt>ver
before.

The Telegraph will be through to
Thunder Bay this fall. A word here
as to the construction of the Tele-
graph, may give a better idea of what
a work it is when it is known that a
part of the contract of building the
Line, is to cut down and burn all tim-
ber, when it passes through timber,
to the width of 132 feet. It is mainly
a timber country aiontr the line from
Winnipeg tj Thunder Bay.

This Railway is backed by a large
Land Grant and a very liberal Gov-
ernment subsidy. Does any one
doubt, that In this nineteenth century,
a Railway ot such easy grades,
through a country combining cither
such fertile soil or mineral wealth
along its entire extent, will ever be
built— on a line too, probably the most

•A locomotive and a auantlty of oars have
r^tnoe been received at Winnipeg and trooli laid
a ooniiiderable distance eaat. It vrill be open to
tba XI. S. iKiiindKry line goutfa at F.mcrscc by
. lit ot July next, am: through to Dnluth and St.
Paul by Sept. 1, 1878. Time from either of these
points vllf then be only 34 hours tbroagb to
WinnlpeK.

tl« now, November '. 1877, adjusted and work
will go on at once.

" [15]

perfectly surveyed of mny yet at-
tempted ; or that it can be operated at
a profit, when the heavy grades, great
snow fall &c., of that successful won-
der, the Union and Cential Pacific
Railway are, and have been paying
so largely ?

THE SIX OOVERNMENT

OFFICES.

of so many different departments of
the Dominion Government as are rep-
resented in the province, make the
following exhibits, all of which show
a cheering increase from year to year.
A word of explanation, I would
here give in regard to the Dominion
Savings Ubnk and that is that there
are none save at such points as they
have Deputy Receiver Generals,
which are usually in connection with
the Dominion land ofBces. I would

also here take the opportunity to note
what a diflereiice it makes <n public
officers, whether their contt ace in
such ofilce is for an uncertum time,
depending upon the re-election of
their member of congress or senator,
or the influence he may have after he
gets there. Aa in the United States,
where appointments are made wholly
for political masons, or as it is in Can-
ada, where they are made for life or
arood behaviour, and where efficiency,
diligence and courtesy form the
r«'a8nns for their continued retention
and advancement. I have yet to owt
the first Dnmluion or Provlncisl offic-

ial, who WM not at leHt i-'^Ocially »

geDtl*mtl11.

THT Oi78TOMS DEPARTMENT

of Man r « makes the following ex-
hibit, a. that of the United States
Consulatt if the fur trade :

"Manitt' a was admitted Into the
confederation of the Don-inicn of Oan-
ada on the 15th o, July, 1870. The new
Custom House was completed in the
autumn of 1875 and occupied in April
following. The followinjt are the
present officers: G. B. Spencer, collect-
or John Emslee, G. H. Young, C. N.
Bell, chief clerks; C. C. LlndsKv, ap-
praiser ; R. J. Jones, G. D. Mc Vicar,
II, I, Hosklns, E. G. Simcox, landing
wftitfOrs

Out-post at North Pembina, F, T.
Bradley, deputy collector; Wm. Mills,
landing waiter an<I clerk.

Out-Dost at York Factory, Hudson
Bav, Joseph Fortescue, deputy col-
lector.

Out-post opposite Smuggler Point
D. T,, W. P. Leslie, preventive oflicer.

The above out-^o^ts are under the
survey of the collector of customs.
Port of Winnipeg. The old Assinne-
boine tariff of 4 percent ad valorem,
and 25 i ents per gallon on ale, wine
and Bpirits, was continued in force till
the 30ch June, 1874, subsequent t^i that
date the Dominion tariff of 17i per
cent, ad valoiem, on general goods
and on spirits of $1^ per imperial
gallon etc., has been ' . lorce. All
goods impormi from Great Britain,
pHy the same rate of duty as from any
foreign country.

Below find statement of the ad va-
lorem value of goods annually import-
ed into this Province, and the duty
collected thereon, between the 15th
July 1870 and the 30th June 1872, and
e»ch subsequent year except that of
1877:

Foreign
good:
.Sl,413,SaS.OO
.. 1,0x0,130.00
l,96S,«t>.00

i,ssr7,8a6.oo

1,785,427.00

Duty
themm.

»47,8S9J0
i8,0T4,4S
e7,47S.a7

171,430,88

To 30th June, 7S, 8 years,.
To 30th June, 78, 1 year, .
To 80th June, It , 1 year . .
To 80th June, 75, 1 year , .
To SOth June, 70,1 year.. . .

The aiiove is exclusive of dut.v p id
on goods received from the other Prov-
inces of the dominion which may safe-
ly be estimated (at leakt) at one-third
more in value.

United States Consulate, )
Winnipeg, July 20, 1877. f

The records of the consulatt^ show
that the exports of this consulate for
the last five years via Pr<mbinaan(l
the United Stales have bten as foU
lows:

Buffalo

robu.

•92,047 ae

85,222 87

87,141 88

118,487 10

129^70 50

100,16& 4S

Vndrentd

fun.
•34,078 S6
900,218 83
140,!^ St
842,114 92
411,1168 64
548,927 81

Tear. Total.

1871 •78,289 80

1878 99B,4ia77

1873 288324 99

1874 485,828 86

1875 687,5r7 11

1876 672,886 12

For th* 5esri876 I observe that the
exports of undressed furs, reported by
the Canadian collector at WinnipM,
were $750,777. This doos not include
what was sent to Canada via Pembina,
but inciudci the shipment to England
via Hudson Bay.

[This latter amount is the value at
York Factory, Hudson Bay which is
doubtless not a very high priced fur
market— N. W. Ed ]

I am, Sir, yours, etc..

J. W. TAYLOR,
U. /». Oonaut.

The following is a statement of the
business, officers, and opportunities
offered by the

dominion land department,
in Manitoba and the Northwest:

The Dominion land office. Winnipeg',
WHS erected in the sumiuer of 1875 for

[16]

■

DOMINION CUSTOM 10V8E, WINNIPEG.

DOMINION LAND OFFICZ, WINNIPEG.

■

It I

■ S

the aeeomodation of tbe goTernment
offioesfor tbesnrv6/uad grant' n({ of
tbfl lands in tta^ Northwest Tt tor-
ies.

Tbese lands are under the control of
a special branch of the Department of
the Interior. The Hoc. David Mills,
Minister of the Interior, belns thn re-
sponsible head, and Lieut. Col. J. S.
Dennis, 8u /veyor Genera!, chief of the
bi inch, charged with the survey, set-
tlement and management of all lands
vested in the Dominion Govbrnment.

The oflBce at Winnipeg, with branch
ofiBc B at Emerson, Portage La Prairie
and Fort Francis, District of Keewat-
in. is charged with the disposal of
these lands and is in charge of an agent
•and the following staff:

Donald Codd, agent of Dom. Lands,
Winnipeg; Rjger Gouiet, local agent,
do; AiiguHtus Mills, do, Portaj^H La
Prairie ; George Newcomb, do, Emer-
son jArrhur Nesblt, do, Fort Francis ;
F. F. Newcomb, timber inspector,
Winnipeg; B. H. Hunter, accountant,
Winnipeg; F. L. Belch, William 8in-
Bluir. M Wood, A. SaMne, A. E. Fish-
er and R Sicotte, clerks, Winnipeg;
H Powell, messenger, Winnipeg.

The survey office, also accommoda-
ted in the same building, is in charge
of Mr. A. D. Whitcher. D. L. S inspec-
tor of surveys, assisted by i). D. Rich-
ards, and S Austin, drauehtaman.

The Dominion Land OflBce was cre-
ated by act of ParliAment passed on
the 14th of April, 1872 and the office
at Winnipeg was opened in the follow-
ing rummer. HInce tiiMt rime the fol-
low' ng lands have been t»ken up:

B/ lale »t SI .00 per acre 148,864

By boznwtoad (free grant) I!e6,9l!0

By pre-emption (tl.Ou per acre payable on
oompletton of Homestead duties or ex-

(Imtlon of three years) 140,800

By If Ultary bounty warranta lM,'2iO

For foreit tree OQltore (free grant) 1,980

Total I,isa44

When it is considered that the total
an* of the lands known to be flt fcr

cultivation is estimated at 8',t),184,000
acres, of which 10,660,390 acres are al-
ready surveyed, it will be seen that the
amount t^en up is comparativt .y tri-
fling.

The Domiuion Homestead law Is of
the most liberal character. Every ac-
tual settler is entitled to.entor one quar-
ter section of 160 acres as a homestead,
for which he receives a patent on
proof of three years residence and cul-
tivation.

He may at the same time enter
by pre-emption, any adjacent quarter
section, the patent for which will is-
sue to him on payment of $1 00 per
acre, when he has completed his home-
stead duties and he may enter a quart-
er section tor forei4t tree cultivation
and obtain a Tree Patent for it at the
expiration of six years, on proof of
having planted eight acres of trees for
four vears subsequent to tje year of
entiy, or 32 acres in all.

Evoii more liberal terms than the
Hbove can be made with the approval
of the Minister of the Interior in case
of immigrants who come in communi-
ties, or under the auspices of societies,

&(!. &C.

The ordinary Dominion Lands are
open for sale at tbe rate of one dollar
per acre, r ayable in cash, sciipt or mil-
itary bounty warrants.

POST OFFICE

The followicg is an exhibit >jf the
Post Office business for Manitoba:

The postal service in Manitoba was
assimilated with the postal service in
the other provinces of the Domi<\ion
in the year 1871.

There are now in Manitoba 44 post
offices which are supplied by 388 miles
of m»tl route, the annual travel of the
mail being 84.488 ciilen. The cost of
this service is $11,845.67.

The postal revenue 1b about 810,000
per annum of which $7,500 is collected
in Winnipeg.

Closed bags are made up dally and

received daily from Ontario, Canada.
Malls are also exchanged daily with
Pembina, D. T., which is Che distribu-
ting office for all mail matter passing
to and from the United States.

The money orders issued in Winni-
peg yearly amount to about $85,000:
and the money orders paid to about
$30,000. The total issued and paid
being about $66,000.

The staff of the Winnipeg post office
consists of John McDougu, Foatmaa-
ter; William Hargrave, Assistant; J.
O. Foitias, Charles Desermier, L. O.
Bowget, Clerks.

Besides the above there is a mail
once in every three weeks lietween
Winnipeg and Edmonton, at the foot
of the Rocky Mountains, a dititance of
942 miles, which supplies six post
offices in the Northwest Territory-

The service which was established
in Augost, 1870, has been performed
by the contractor, the Hon. James Mo-
Kay, with great regularity. The trip
from Winnipeg to Edmonton and
back occupies about six weeks. The
bags are carried by wagon in sum-
mer and dog trains in winter. A very
large corraspondence is carried over
this route. By this contract for the
present, at least, will tbe official cor-
respondence for the new government
offices at Battleford have to be car-
ried. A special and more frequent
route from W innipeg to that place will
doubtless soon be let.

THE RECEIVER GENRRAL

has his Headquarters at Ottawa, and
office at Winnipeg, in the postoffioe
building.

The local Staff is G. M. McMicken.
Ass't Rec. Gen'l and Dominion Audi-
tor; H. M. Dnimmond, Chief Clerk.

These same gentlemen are also offl-
oera of the Audit and Savings Bank
Department, all of which are carried
on in the same office.

The Receiving Offlre is for the isso-
anoe and redemption of Dominion

PEG.

io, CanaiU.
daily with
le distriba-
«r passing
tes.

in Wlnni-

at'»85,00O;

to about

and paid

C post office
l,ToBtmas-
8i8tant; J.
mler, L. O.

e ia a mail
■jB between
, at the foot
dltitance of
e six post
irritonr-
eetabllBhed
performed
. James Mo-
r. The trip
onton ana
reeks. The
on in sum-
»r. Avery
srried over
act for the
official cor-
{overnment
e tobe car-
re frequent
It place will

RRAL

Ottawa, and
[« postoffioe

MoMioken,
Inion Audi-
ief Clerk,
ire also offl-
iTinga Bank

are oarried

for the iasQ-
Dominion

notee, like the U. B. Oreenbaoks— also
for the receiving and payment of Do-
minion moneys In this official depart-
ment, for construction of the Canada
Paoiflc Railway, and other sovern-
ment expenses, such as salaries, etc.
The money received amouDting to
about $760,000 from customs, sales of
Dominion lands, etc., and the payment,
an above, amountlug to some 91,000,000
per annum.
The

AODIT OmOK

is for the auditing of all government
payments in Manitoba and the North-
west Terriiorv.
The

SAVINGS BANK DEPARTMENT

receives moneys from private individ-
uals, on wliioh it allows interest at the
rate of f per cent, per annum, subject
to call. Tbe statement below shows
the amount done in this department
for the last four years, and though it
shows a steady diminution, it mav be
accounted for by the fact, that slnoe
the establishment of this bank by the
Government, two other leading banks
of the Dominion have established
branches in Winnipeg, which allow Ave
per cent, on small sums and six per
cent, on large amounts, and who have,
it must be admitted, large savings ac-
oounts; still the old parent Govern-
ment Savings Bank Is so far, over last
year, showing a large increase.

f'i

5332

SSS:

S8S#

ssas

ri<>i°«»

assjs

88S£

Stncoen

sssss

TmS EGCLESIASTIG.AKD ED-
UCATIONAL

privilijges of this Province are a matter
of surprise to most visitors. The
work of tbe church here, both Catholic
and Protestant is especially apparent,
and the showing of successful results,
is an index that it is and has been
In judicious and energetic hands. The
foundation of both the Church and
Sdiool are laid surprisingly broad for
so young a Province, as the following
list and exhibit of work done will
show.

The first church represented here
was the Catholic, they having started

rwj

a mission here as early as 1818, al-
though priestsof that church had been
here somn 75 years before. Their tlrst
Cathedral, which bad two towers or
spires, was burned but has been re-
built of much larger size, but with
only a central tower. Some 20 years
since, John G. Whtttier, the Quaker
poet of Massachusetts, visKec: thii-
mission, and its peaceful, quiet sur-
roundings, seemed to have impressed
him much as it did me, as over it thf
Angel of Rest of a better and truer
life seems constantly to spread her
pinions. After his return he wrote
the following lines, in part suggested
by its beautiful chime of t)ells which
it still has :

"Out In the river !■ winding
The liniii of it« long, red ebain,

Through belts of dnskv pine-land
Ard gnaty leoguei of plain.

Only, at timae, a amoke wreath
With the drifting oloud-raok joint,—

The smoke of the bunting lodgei
Of the T ' 1 Asilnc inst

Drearily blows th ) nr.rtb-wlnd
Prom the land of ice apd snow ;

The eyes that look are vreary,
And heavy the banaa that row.

And with one foot on the water.

And one upon the shore,
The Ansel of Shadow gives warning

That day sbaU be no more.

Is it the elang of wUd geasa 7

la it the Indian's yell.
That lends t(> the voioe of tbe north-wind
The tones of a far-off belir

The Toyagenr smUes as be Ustens
To tbe sound thatgrows apaoe ;

WeU be knows the ringing
Of the bells of St. Bonltaoe.

The bella of the Roman Mission,
That flail from their turrets twain,

To tbe boatman on the river.
To tbe hunter on the plain t

Even so in our mortal journey
The bitter north-winds blow,

And thus upon life's Hed Biver
Our hearts, as oanmen, row,

And when the Angel of Shadow
Rests his feet on wave and shore.

And our eyes grow dim with watching.
And our hearts faint at the osur,

Happy ia he who heareth *

The aignal of bis releaa*
In the beUs of tbe Holy City,

The oMmes of eternal paaoe I

Of Bishop Tache, th'j Archbishop of
this great domain, who resides at this
Mission, much, very much might be
said. His travels, labors and ministry
have been extens've, and acceptable,
still a few words o' the Psalmist, will
better express him as he is, than any
words of mine. " The steps of a good
man are ordered by the Lord ; and he
delighteth in his way. Mark the per-
fect man, and behold the upright; for
the end of that man is peace.'' And
so it seems to be with him, in the
peaceful air of this Mission, which,
with his kindly, genial way, seems to
make the above quoted words, partic-
ularly appropriate, and to cause one
to sincerely wish that "his days may
be long in the land, which the Lord
his God hath given him."

NOTES ON ST. BONIFAOK.

The Red River country. Province of
Manitoba, was discovered by French
Canadians. Sieur Varennes de la Yer-
andrye, born at Three Rivers, Lower
Canada, organized an expedition, at
his own expense, in 1884, and travekd
through tne country, from Lake
Superior to Rainy Lake, thence to the
Lake of the Woods knd down Winni-
p^ River, to the lake of the ^me
name ; up the river to the mouth of
the Assinneboine, where he built Fort
Rouge, on the point south of the river

Aaainneboioe, almoet opposite to tb*
actual Fort Garry.

Mon. de la Verandrye,like all the dis-
coverers of tbe time, had a missionary
with him, and Rev. Father Messager
was the first minister of the gospel
known as having visited this part of
our continent

Mon.de la Verandrye was aooompaap
ied by three of h<« sons. One of tnem
was murdered w..,h his partv and their
missionary. Rev. Father Arnaud, by
the Sioux, on Lake St. Croix, between
Rainy Lake and Lake Superior. Two
other sons of the old gentleman dis>-
covered tbe upper Missouri, from the
Yellowstone. Accompanied by two
servants, they crossed the country and
were tbe Orat white men who saw and
ascended the Rocky Mountains, north
of the Missouri. The same gentlemen
discovered the north branch of the
Saskatchewan in its full length.

The conquest of Canada by England,
r t a stop, for a long period, to a n*'
ular French Canadian expedition in

KNGINK AND HOOK AND LADDES
HOUSE. See Page 23.

the wilderness of the northwest. The
missionaries theip-xnlves, had to aban-
don the country, i le work of the Ro-
man Catholic missionaries was re-as-
sumed in .818. Lord Selkirk, anxious
to secure for his colony of Asslnue-
boine, the co-operation of the French
Canadians disseminated in the coun-
try, requested of the Bishop of Que-
bec, the services of two priests. The
Rev. J. N. Provenoher and Severe Dn-
moulin, both French Canadian priests
of the diocese of Quebec, were asked
bv their Bishopfor the important and
difiiculttasl^'^ey willingly accepted
the proposal, staitisd in birch canoes
from Montrealjand landed at Point
Douglas, now Winnipeg, on the lOtb
of July, 1818. They soon after crossed'
the river, and began the settlement of
St. Boniface. Tbe name, that of the
Apostle cf Germany, was givea to the
settlement as a compliment to the Cath-
olic German soldiers who had aocom-
panied Lord Selkirk, and who were lo-
cated around Point St. Boniface.

Rev. Mr. Dumoulin went to Pembi-
na, where there was, at tbe time, a
large settlement of Frennb Canadian
half-breeds, who left in 1824, to estab-
lish the settlement of St. Francois
Xav'.er, on the Assinneboine river.

Rev. Mr. Frovencher remained in
St. Boniface until his death, which oo-
cured on the 7th of June, 1808. He was
consecrated bishop in 1828, and, conse-
quently, was thirty-three years Bishop

\'i

of St. BoDifao«. IleBflntmlaalonariM
to the 8MkRtcht^w»n ooontry, to Ath-
abaska, British Columbia and Oregon.
The eetabltihment of St Bonlfaoe aay
be ooiuldered aa the mothtir of many
miasiona, the head-<|narteni of the im-
menae flela which extendi to the Faol-
flc and Arotio oceans.

Kishop Provencher began the Col-
lege of 8t. Boniface in his own house,
and be, himself, all hla lifetime, uni-
ted the teaching of children with hlB
numerous and important occupations.
The same bishop eatablished the oon-
vent of 8t. Boniface occupied by Sis-
t«rB of Charity, generally known as
the Grey Nuns of Montreal. The
foundress of their order, Madame D'
Youvtlle, began the for jaittlon of her
oomrounity at tbA same time that her
uncle, Mon. de la \Cerandrye made the
discovery of the country In which four
of her Sisters arrived In 1844.

Although they were called upon
chiefly for the instruction of youth,
the sisters have constantly exercised
corporal works of mercy ; take charge
of the ag«^, infirm and orphans ; visit
and attend the sick.
In the course of time several branch-
es of the same establishment were
formed, and some extend to the Sas-
katchewan, and even to the banks of
McKenzie's river, over 3,000 miles from
St Boniface.

After ihe death of Bishop Proven-
cher, Bishop Tache, who had been his
coadjutor, succeeded him to the See
cf St. Boniface. The diocese of St.
Boniface, at first, comprehended an
immense extent of territory ; it is now
divided, and was created as an Arch-
diocese In 1871. Bishop Tache was, at
the same time, named Archbishop.

The new eccleBiastioal province of
St. Boniface comprehends the arch i-
oceee of the same "<ame, the diocese of
St. Albert, on the Saskatchewan, pre-
sided over by Bishop Qrandln; the
districts of Athabaska and McKenzie,
under Bishops Farand and Clut, and
British Columbia under Bishops
d'Herbomer and Durieux.

Archbishop Tache has been in the
country for 82 years, partly among the
Indians of the far north and partly at
St. Boniface. It is a queer circum
stance that Archbishop Tache, who is
by his mother, a great grand-nephew to
the sixth generation of Mr. Yarennes
de la Yerandrye, who discovered lied
Biver, Is also, by his father, great

Sand-son to the sixth gfneration of
r. Joliette, the celebrated discoverer
of the Mississippi.

St. Boniface is nicely situated, nn
the east side of the Bed Biver, oppo-
site the Asslnueboine and facing Win-
nipeg, which affords, from St. Boni-
fMe, a pleasant view of the rivers and
of the citv.

The religious ediSmz of the locality
all in a row, parallel to the river, pre-
sent a pleasing sosne, complete and
comfortable, whether viewed from a
passing steamer, the opposite shore, or
the immediate passer-by. These edifi-
ces are six in number ; the t^rat is the
college of St. Boniface, surmounted
with Its nice cupola, and In which 60
boys receive good education, not only
in English and French, but even In
classics.

The second edifice Is the Archbish-
op's residence; a good dwelling-hquse,
built of stone, having in front, walks
planted with trees. Then comes the
Cathedral; a building of beautiful
stone and fine design • far superior to
any church northwest of St. Paul. The
organ is really a beautiful instrument
and such as to astonish, at such a dis-
tance from what is generally termed
the limit of civilization. The organ

[1»)

4,'

WM bnllt In MontnaL by Mr. Mitoh
«11. purcha«ed by frlenda of ArohbUh-
op TBohis, in Lower (Canada, and pr«-
sented tu him two years ago, on the
afitb annlvenuury of bit option oa
blabop.

The fourth ediflce. to the aouth on
the row, ia 8t. Bonlfaoe Academy, for
young ladles. This estabUabment i^
conducted by the Siatera of Charity, In
wbich there are over thii .y boarders,
and an aggregate number of eighty
pupils.

Kext oomea the Convent of St. Bon-
lfaoe, where the Sisters support some
kindly orphans or pour gtrls, aged and
inflrui women, whence they vtslt the
slok at home and perform a conaider-
able amount of other charitable and
useful work.

At a few hundred yards from their
residence the Sisters have jnst pur-
chased a nice house, where they will
have their hospital, which is just now
a small building adjacent to the con-
vent

fhls new acquisition completes for
St Boniface a i;ull set of educational
and oharltable Institutions, all direct-
ed and mostly supported by the Arch-
bishop assigned by his clergy and the
Slaters of Charity.

It is evident that the Roman Catho-
lic church has done a great deal of
work here, and that its staff spared
nothing in their power fur the ad-
vanoement an«i the comfort of those
within their reach.

The college boys have a splendid
band of their own and the young
ladles from the Academy, in the pub-
lic concerts, give evidence of their
good training in music.

Among the principal citizeno of the
beautiful village of St. HuuifL^ce are
the Honorable M. A Girard, senator
of the Dominion of Canada, the Hon-
orable J. Royal, attorney general and
secretary of State for the Trovlnce of
Manitoba, the ilonorable .7. Dubnc,
speaker of the Legislative As8emy>ly
of the Province of Manitoba, and Mr.
Thomas Sp«-nce, clerk of the Legisla-
tive Assembly, and at present agent of
emiiratiun at Duluch.

OHUKOH or ENGLAND.

Justouteide the northern limits of the
city is Bishop's Court the residence
of the Bishop of Ruperts L%Dd,the Me-
tropolitan of the Church of England
Ecclesiastical Province of Ruperts-
land. Near the Bishop's residence are
St. John's Cathedral ; St. John's College
which is one of the culleges of the
University of Manitoba; St John's
College School, for boys ; and St. John's
College Ladies' School, which is now
being built. Connected with these
Institutions, is a valuable block of
nearly one thousand acres.

The first clergyman of the English
Chnrch, the Rev. John West came in
1820, and made here the commence
ment of the flrst church and the first
school. From this beginning mainly
through the efforts of the C. M 8. for
the Indian tribes, aided latterly by the
help of Ens'.ish Colonial Societies, the
Church has grown so that now it con-
sists of four Dioceses under the Bishop
of Ruperts Land, Mevosnee, Saskatch-
ewan and Athabasca.

In the Diocese of Ruperts Land
there are now 27 clergymen, of whom
21 are in the Province of Manitoba.
There are also 7 oi 8 Missions in the
Interior of the Diocese in charge of
cat*chistfl. There are two Church
Parishes in Winnipeg— Holy Trinitv,
under the Rev. O. Fortin, B A., as
Rf ctor, which has a large new church
and is self supporting; and Christ
Church which has also a new church

BT. JOES' a COLLaeE—BOYB &CMOOL.

but small under the Rev. Canon Oris-
dale, B. D., one of the clergy of the
mothei parish. Fart of the extreme
west of the city lies In the pari<4h of
St. James, which is under the Rev. D.
C. Pinkham, the church being without
the city. Part of the extreme North
still remains in the Mother Cathedra*
Parish of 8t John. St John's Catl
dral is a Collegiate Church under a
corporation consisting at present of a
Dean and Six Canons, but of these
only two of the Canons have at present
the required endowments. The Bish-
op is Dean and the endowments of
other two Canonies had been com-
menced.

The school commenced by the Rev.
John West rose to importance under
an able master the Rev. John Mac-
allum, M. A., and after various vicis-
situdes has reached its present growth
as St. John's College with its various
schools.

There are a limited number of rooms
for Theological students, but no rooms
nt present for general university stu-
dents, excepting for< those that have
been in St. John's College School.
But as soon as all burdens are remov-
ed from St. John's College School for
boys, and the St. John's College Ladles'
School, there will be an effort made to
erect buildings for the Theological
and University Students of St. John's
College.

The St John's College School for
boys, receives between 60 and (10 board-
ers and has also some day pupils, but
the applications for admission for
boarders have for two or three years
been considerable more than could
he met. It has a full staff of teachers
every town being under a separate
teacher, so that if there are rooms for
boarders,it could receive at least double
the prment number of boys.

St. John's College with St. John's
College .School, ia governed by a coun-
cil under statutes given by the Bishop
and sanctioned by the Synod. It is a
chief meterological station for the Do-
minion of Canada, superintending a
number of stations in the Northwest
Territories.

The St. John's College Ladies'
Sch-.iol is a new institution. The
flchool is under Miss Hart Davins as
principal, and will have a staff of
governesses and masters as may be
required. It is at present being car-
ried on in St. Andrews, some miles |

from the city, till the new bnlldingla
at for occupation.*

The following is adescripthn of
this building : It will be built of solid
brick, with stone foundation, in a har-
monious combination of Swiss, Eng-
lish, and American Gothic, with man-
sard roof, having four floors, finished
throughout; the size will be 4Sx54 ft,
with projections on four sidee; the
stone work will be "broken ashler,"
and brick work In the "American
bond style," with projecting caps and
quoins finished in imitation of "Ohio
sandstone ."

The windows and doors will be all
in Gothic style: the dormitories finish-
ed with pinnaolies and neat gilded t > '
mlnals .

The main entrance will be under • -
very imposing tower, with belfry and
spire finishedln the same general de-
sign, with an observatory from which
an excellent view of the city and sur-
rounding country can be obtained .

The internal arrangements are com- '
plete in every respect, the whole
building being heated by hot air on
the latest improved system, one pat-
ented by the architect. There is also ,
a complete system of water works
supplying the dormitories and closets ^
throughout. This will also be a safe-
guard against fire, as a hose can be at> ',
tached on each floor .

It will have accommodation for 80,
pupils and four lady assistants . Each ,
floor is provided with the necessary ,
closets and bath-rooms, flsed wash- ,
stands, etc.

The Church of England is mainly ,
indebted for tbisfine School to a very ,
generous contribution by a clergyman ^
in England ; but over $3 000 has yet to ^
be raised, before the building can b« ,
built, furnished and the grounds laid >
off. ^

By means of the endowments that ^
have been secured, the charges at ■].
these institutions are much less than ^
at such first-class institutions gener- ~r
ally in America.

The following for example, are the
charges, per term at the St. John's
College School. The term lasts for 20
weeks — there being two in the year.

Fee for Tuition In English, ClasBics, Math-
ematics, tncluilinK Surveylni! and Mathe-
matical UrawinK,Fronub and Vocal HueictlS 00

Instrtmiciital Mualo 6 00

Bobool Library 50

Boarding for Boys nnd<.7l6 80 flO

Boarding for Boyi orer 16 W 00

*Juit oompleted and opened, Feb. 1, 1878,

I '

l-ii

f»»]

ST. JOHB'S COLLKQS-LADIXa aCHOOL.

It ne«d scarcely be added that the
reiBing of these Institutions in this
young couiitrv, is the result of great
k&d continued effort. With some ad-
ditional help they oovld be made very
efficient. The Bishop is particularly
anxious that scholarships should be
founded at them, both to encourage
deserving and promising students, and
eapeoialiy for the beneflt of the sons
and daughters of the clergy .

A comparatively small sum given in
this way would matenally strengthen
the Church, and cheer the Missionary
in his struggles to build up the church
In new districts, where the people can
do little.

UNIVKRSITT OF MANITOBA.

There is now a University of Mani-
toba ooHsistiug of three colleges, St.
John's, St Boniface and Manitoba,
and likel" i>f« and bye to have more
eonaecte' S it- The University
to be gc V a council consisting

ofaO Vice Chancellor

of He. for each of the

Coll^p -resentatives elect-

ed by tu« ,ion of Graduates,

and two F natives of the Board

of Educaw . The Bishop of Ru-
perts Land has been appointed Chan-
cellor, the Hon. J. Boyal, Vice Chan-
oellor, and the otHfiF m-^mbers of
Senate are now being elected. Degrees
in arts, sciences, law and medicine
will be given by the united universi-
ty, but power has Ireen given to the
several colleges, with the consent of
the religious bodies they are connec-
ted with, to establish separate socie-
ties of theology. The Council of St.
John's College has accordingly under
this act, with the sanction of the Di-
ocese Synod of Rupert's Land, estab-
lishes a Faculty for the examination
of candidates for the degrees of B. D.
and D. D.

THE PRE8BTTEBIAN OHTTHOH IN CAN-
ADA.

This chuy h is represented in the
northwest by the Presbytery of Mani-
toba. Ttie territory occupied by t> is
presbytery is very extensive, emb .ao-

Ing the whole Canadian northwest.
There are, connected with the presby-
tety, thirteen ministers, and three
catechists. Th) number of C3ngrega-
tions with settled pastors, is four; of
vacant congregations, also four; of
mission stations, twenty-two; making
in all, forty-three places where servic-
es are regularly held. The number of
families connected with the congrega-
tions and mission stations of the
church, exclusive of Indians, is about
eight hundred; of memlwrs in full
communion, about seven hundred and
flfty. There are also four Indian
schools connected with the presbytery.
The most Important etiucational
agency of the church in the north-
west is

MANITOBA OOLLBGB.

This institution is situated in the
city of Winnipeg. It was established
in 1871. Since tnat time, it has made
steady and pubstantial progress. The
number of students in attendance last
session was forty-three. The course
of instruction, while preparing for or-
dinary commercial and professional
life, fits also for passing the Junior and
senior matriculation examinations in
the principal Canadian universities;
for matiiculation in law or medicine,
as well as for entrance on the courses
of agriculture and civil engineering,
and for beginning theology in any of
the Cansdian colTegee. There is also,
a complete course given in theology
and its cognate subjects, to young men
studying for the ministry ui the
church. It is intended also, to adopt
the course of instruction in the college
to the curriculum of the University of
Manitoba, just established.

While the college buildings at pres-
ent occupied, are sufficiently commo-
dious for immediate necessities, they
are intended to serve merely a tempo-
rary purpose. It is the intention of
the college board to erect, as soon as
possible, permanent bulldiugs, for
which a suitable site has been alrwdy
.cured. For this purpose it will be
necessary for the nriendj of the col-
lege to come to the assistance of the

board with their subscript ons. The
HupDort r joorded In the paat has l)een
of the most generous and liberal dee-
orlpllon; but the growing attendance
i.t the eollem will soon render greater
Booommodatlons absolutely neoeasarv.
and call for greater efforts from all
who desire to oromite the Intereateof
the church and the cause of higher ed-
ucation In the northwest.

G«org« Rtnff nf liutmctori in Mali-
Itoba Colhg»—tt*>r. (leorge Bryce, M.
A., Prnfrtssor of Science and Litera-
ture; Rev. Thomas Hart, M. A., Pro-
t-iMOT of Classics and French ; Ilev.
.lames K>>bertson, Lecturer on Mvste-
inattc Theology; Unv. .lolin Hiack, D.
!>., Lecturer on lllbllcal CrlMclS'u ; Ur.
.\lexander F.irguson, Elementary Tn-
lor.

Offloeri qf the Hoard q/ Manafft-
merU.— Hoa. A. G. B Bannotyne. li.
P., Chairman ; Rhv. Professor Hart, M.
A.., Secretary ; Duncan Macarthur,
I'lsq., Treasurer.

'Jollege Se»a<«.— Rev. Professor Bryoe
M. A.,(/liairman; Uttv. ProfeHsor Hart,
M. A., Secretary ; liev. John Black, D.
I>.; Rrtv. James Itubertson; llov. Al-
exander Matheson.

It may be added that while the col-
lege Is connected with the Presbyteri-
an Church It if, in its regular and com-
mercial oources, perfectly unseotarian
in character.

METHODIST ciirncn of oanada

Has tifteen ministers and one native
assistant,' about 2,000 meinbf-rs In good
standing, 70differcut preaching places,
24 sabbath schools, about 9''i0,0U0 ex-
pended during the year ending May
187(1, by the missionary society in sus-
taining missionaries, furnishing
schools &c. The report for year end-
ing May 1877 has not yet come to
hard. Several more missiuanrles have
been asked for this year. The work is
divided into two districts. One em-
braces the province of Manitoba and
Kewatin and several missions in the
north and Is called Red River district.
The other called the Saskatchewan
district, embraces our work in the N.
W. Territories. Each district Is pre-
sided over by a chairman. The chair-
man of Red River district resides in
Winnipeg and the chairman of Sa»-
katchewan at Bow Mill, N. W. T.

"The president of the conference Is
shortly expected in Winnipeg from
Toronto to ordain the candidates for
the ministry in this province.

PEACE RIVER.

Before closing my remarks about
the resources of Manitoba and the
Northweat I would add that Professor
John Ma(»un, the government bota-
nist, who has crossed the continent
twice expressly to make inquiries into
the floral and geological formation of
the Northwest, especially in the Peace
river district, which is to the north
and northwest of the Saskatchewan,
beyond the Athabasca river and east of
the Rocky Mountains, was examined
at great length by the Parliamentary
committee on immigration. During
the examination he gave such prooB
of his knowledge that none doubted
the truth of his assertions. This val-
ley is between latitude 55 and 50 and
longitude 116 a'ld 122 west from Green-
wich. The Professor found that the,
entire district along the Peace river
for a distance of

700 MILBS

in a belt 150 on each side, was ss anite-
ble for the cultivation of grain as that
of the province of Ontario (or Upper
Canada.) He has brought samples of
wheat weighing 08 pounds ts tltebnsh-

["J

CESTRAL SCHOOL, WINNIPKO, MANITOIiA. See Page n.

el and of barley weifrhinir 56 ponnda
to the bo«hel. The climate "vas even
more auitable than in Ontario for
there were no wet autumns or frost to
kill the vouDK grain. The plants that
be found in that region were the same
as

TIIOSB ON ].AKE ERIE,

and further discoveries satisfied him
that the two areas were similar in ev-
ery respect. The ice In the river
broke up in April. Stock raising was
not difficult becauBO the grass remain-
ed fresh and green up to the very open-
ing of winter. He had seen thousands
of acres of It three t>ud four feet long
on levels 200 feet above Peace river.
He had tested the temperature, and
showed by figures that the average
summer heat, throughout thatentiro
district and way to the north of the
Peace river valley, was similar to that
of Toronto and Montreal and much
higher than that of Halifax. He was
positive that the climate was uncom-
monly suitable for agriculture. Be-
8id»^s the peculiar excellence of the
country for eereals he had found
thousands of acres of crystali7,ed salt,
so pure that it was used in its natural
state by the Hudson Bay Go.

COAL

abounded in the richest veins and was
so inter-stratlued with hermatele or
iron ore yielding 50 per cent, no looal-
itv could be better for manufacturing.
Thousands of acres of

OOAL OIL FIELDS

were fonn<i, the tar lying on the
groan' being ankle deep, miles and
miles of the purest gypsum beds
cropped out of the river beds; coal
beds abound along the east<'rn slopes
of the R()cky Mountains and exteiid
In large seams throui^hout the coun-
try. In short, Prof. Miicoun believed
the northwest to be the richest part ol
Canada, prophesied that it would yet
become the homes of millions of peo-

Ele, prosperous and bappv. It might
BWfll tj) st*t*, that this committee
was not made up entirely of believers
of the human sustaining resources ot
that section or the northwest gener-
ally, by any means, but the ^roressor

sabmltted ancta a very fnll oolleotion
of the

FAUNA, FLORA, MINBRAI4, SOILS,

etc., etu„ of that section, with such
'ull data, that bt^lief took the place of
doubt. I am informed that this, with
other simi'itir collectiuns.can be found
in the proper deoartment at Ottavra.
In speaking of salt I would say that
previous to the connection of Manito-
ba by steam with the states and Cana-
'a, all the salt they used was made
near Lake Manitoba, but their appli-
ances being rude, ar: I distance consid-
erable. Its manufacture is not at pres-
ent continued, though salt springs of
remunerwtive st length still exist
there, and soon its manufacture mav
be recommenced with the cheaper fa-
cilities of modern pnd complete con-
veniences.
Manitoba has a very fine

AGRTCnLTURAX SO-
CIETY.

I have before me the prize list for the
Third Annual Exhibition, which was
held last October. The premiums
amounted to about fn.OOO, and compe-
tition being opened to the entire Can-
adian northwedt, the display was
very full and gratifying to all inter-
estfd, and was a pleasant surprise in
th» quality, as well as quantity of ar-
ticles exhibited.

DEER LODGE.

No one Interested in agriculture or
stock breeding, particularly horses,
should fail visiting Deer Ijodge, the
r«-sidence of Hon. James McKay, on
the Aasineboine some five milos from
Winnipeg. It is a beautiful spot; the
viRitnr nan scarcely believe that he is
in :he 1(1 'aly, distant and frigid Mani-
•oha. In the larjre and finely kept gar-
''en whl be found all the vMetables,
floweri and shrubs of central Minae-
sooa. The gruunds attached to the
Lodge are spacious and finely kept by
a proffssiona! English gardener. The
Lodge Is much more spacious than the
view herewith shows. It is profusely
decorated with inimense deer horns,
trophies of Mr. McKay's various bunts.

The interior It finely famtibed with
rich English furniture, noat of which
was brought from Kogland, via. Hud-
ion Hoy, the river Nelson and lake
Winnipeg, at the Lodge was built and
fumlaned in IMl Twelve mtlea be-
*ond at hia atoek farm of Buffalo
Park will >>« found his brood of aonw
(lO breeding mares, a large quantltv of
horned stock and some tame bufTaloa.
(n his stable a<jrosa the highway from
h'' lodge will be found, beaidra his oar-
rl It andaaddle boraea for family uae,
'<) -) of the flneat and atrktghtest pwd-
igree and blooded atalliuns and mures
'o be found in Hie States, for one of
which he paid •nooo in gold, a Gold-
lust stallion that ^aa a oolt at lime
of Durohaae.
An autobiography of Mr. MoKav's

Fiast experlenoe, tnough still In middle
Ife, would be a mine to a Croper or
any writer of Indian experience orfron-
llerllfe. Hv was born at Edmonton,
a Fort 1000 mlleo went of his preneni
home, In 1H28, bis fttber Iwing a
Hcotohman, in the employ of rlie II. B.
Co. at that Pont. Between his eleventh
and fifteen th year he was In what Is
now Winnipeg, at school. Boon after
leaving stthtmlhe became a hunter, voy-
ageur and guidr-, thus acquiring an »z-
tensive knowletlge of theoouuTry, nos-
sei<8e<i by few if any of the civlllzea in-
bab'tantfl of the Province. He also mo-
qulre<l a perfect knowledge of the In-
diana, their various languageH, &o., and
their perfect confldeiice. No man to-
day in the entire northwest poeH cn o c a
that infinence with the Indians that
Mr. McKay does. His presence haa
been and Im a prime necpssity In mak-
ing Indian treaties. For 25 yean his
Umo was mostly spent in this nomadic
life, though for some 10 yeart he was in
thecoufldentlal employ of the H. B.
Co., receiving a commission as chief
factor, which ho shortly after resigued
and left the company. During these
25 yean, his services were sought aa
chief guide, interpreter, voyageur and
hunter fur various mission, huutins,
trading and exploring parties. He
having at various timee served as such
to Bishop Anderson In his travels to
English liivtr, Hudson Bay, etc.: Sir
George Simpson in his travelH; Oapt.
Pdlllser in his explorations for ('anada
Pacific Railway; Hon. John Wlufleld •
Molcom, member of Imperial Parlia-
ment and his party on ahunt; Hlr
Frederick Johnson, Dr. Rae and Hon.
JobnH. Chaplin also on ahunt; Qot.
Dallas on bis travels: Lord Dunmore
and Col. Cooper's bunting pariiea;
Archpishop Tache on his travels.
It was on the Utter trip— in 186S—
that be aocldentally shot bimselt
which made him an invalid mom
of that year. Beeidee these he
was with many other parties aud
expeditions, beeidea being a chief hunt-
er. In fM>t, bunSng was for many
years bis legitimate business, he keep-
ing out large numbers of hunters,
though not always with them himself.
He was the man that carried the first
mail between Winnipeg and Ht. Paul,
making, during theee years to '65, some
S7 trips as mail carrier summer and
winter to Bt. Paul, across this most
dangerous border Inr'tan country, It
being a del>atable or lighting ground
between tlie Biouxsof the Great Plains
and the Chlppewas of the Great Lake
Forest eeot Ion to the east. Since 1866
Mr. McKay has been almost constantly
Ifi public life. As a man, whilo quiet,
he is still most geiial and kind,
and a man who haa yet to
have the first drop of liquor
or beer or tobacco i i any form to oroaa
his lips. This is wo"derful, conaidaring

[M]

the life he has led, where the pipe uid
bottle ud oonaidered the DOoeaMry p*rt
of tbo dur.p outfit. During these vari-
ous nuntlny aud traveling tripe hb has
often been of assistance to unfortunate
onee oui on these great plains. In 1868
he obtained the release of three white
men and brought them ove. 1000 miles
to Wimiipeg, furnishing th-sm witiK
means to return to their homes in the
Htatee. Some time before he had
brought i young white girl from tlie
Indians, educated her, and she U now
marriM to a gei^tiemaa of fine position
in the Province. It is onneoeaaary to
say that the writer t&ksa no stock in
any of the rumors connecting his name
with the Indian trv/Ublee in the Htates
in 1862-3, but rather uelleves it will, in
ik.'ter years, hi the .pleasure of some one
tc write of him a reor>rd of a life of use-
fulness.

WHO SHOUIJ> COME

into this oountry is a very important
question, and I do not knew that any
tniug I may say, will biwe much in-
fluence oqe way or another, but sup-
pose emlgntion will continue to run
•t least aa it has— still there is this
truth, that it will do noharTR to stfrte;
at in no place is capital as psfely re-
1. atacTativn, as in decided aad dxed
new sectiond. There is ev«ry thing
to be done and the jpeople there can,

MANITOBA COLLEGE, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA. See page 29.

do and will pay higher rateeof inter-
, than in older pactions.

it^Uts want co do is to come out, look
at Cte country, Qnd what plases are
flxMhatarbl points and sure of a pros-
perbns growtn, then settle themselves
and QulMly watch their opportunities.
In tee mean time keep a close mouth
ac to 'xbether they Lave any money or
net, iu other words keep their busi-
neu to ther^Belvea, and opportunities
perffectly satisfying to them will sron

older sections that show no openings
except clerkships &c.

To those who, on reaching here will

have nothing left but their hands, if

, they will bear in mind that to oreate

What cap- 1 ^ visible something, from an invisible

nothing, is a divine power, and that
the odds are against them though not
as largely as in the old sections ; and
will accept and bear the dl . Ivanta-

?es they labor upder, be oheeri al, hop«-
ui, industrious and prove themselves
reliable— snoh men are wantod every-
where and in no plac^ more than in
the new settlements. In such pla-
ces this kind of men never fail

5?.^?!2!!^„_^L?°.^?^? '^?*"^ 9^ i this but tew of them do so, h«nce the
_ _>__-_. ^ . ^ . , ijorthwest is not to-day short of good

fcr nothings, but men of the latter
kinJ coming out here will find most
discouraging competition in that line.

pottnnltiei? for learning the true in
wardhesa of any place wiH be increas-
ed and tihey will save thcmsel' es much
anhoyancto that they will otherwise be
tarcnbled wjth. 9ut the class that new
sections really present the

BEST OFBNINGS FOB

are those men who i!.re comfortably
fixed themselves, who Lave e growing
fan41y particularly of tioyn, and vho
wirtt to have Iheir families grow up

come betp. and secure, in point of do-
main, au oarld'^m.

Now, why don't they come? It
must be because of tlieir ignorsnce uf
the above fact. New Zealand gives
every man that pays his own passage
40 acres, while if he wants anv more
it costs him a pound, or five dollars an
acre. The Province of Victoria cffera
lands, first at auction at an upseo or
starting price of on^ pound per acre.
Australia offers to any one having a
lease frcm the government of a she«p
run, the privilege of making a pre-
emption of 040 acres, ' v which their
buildings and other rmprovements
may be, at the expiration of their
loa;*e, but he must pay the one pound
per acre at the expiration of his pre-
emption. While nere he has his
homest«ad right to 160 acres, free, his
pre-emption right of 160 acrei», his
tree planting rlehtto another 160 acres
free, while if he wants uny more, he
can t$et it at four shillings or one dol-

"of

MANUFAOTCri^KS

of all kinds will be wantt.<l, and will

have the great cost of transportion ■ - t^r ,^ ^ -it.

from present manufacturing centers, ! ^r per acre. Write to the c«|^nt

the customs, duties etc., as extra aids. ; Dominion Land. Donald Codd, E»o,.

The moreprimarvorBimplewaDtswill I Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, lor a

and ^ttle about them, which "iM i -d^Bupp^.n the new aections_«.d ; ^J^^^t^^^^ !?7esK"ifca

is natural to all parents. Now a ^ays
in old sections it is almost cartalii
that the bovs will stray awav %nd mosi.
of them to the west. Now, it is much
better for the father to s<>ll out his
high priced land, come to the new sec-
tion, take up the cheap acres, home-
steads &C., enough for all his boys, and
thus enable them to grow up about
thabojvie nest; this is wiser and bet-
tei -.or all, than for the sake of a few
years more of piesent comfort to
find themnelves alone in middle li^e
or old age with more or less of theii
sons drifting about away from them.
While for the daughters there is no
comparison between the two sections
in the ciiances they will have to get
husbands that can give them homes of

the more custly and nice, as they grow
older. As all the people come from old , j
well settled and well furnished homes, I
so, too, will they have about them here,
ail those little home luxur]<» they ]
once had, such possesolon aud purchase
being only a matter of t'-:iie. But
thoee who come thinking to live by
their wits, I care not into what new
dfction they may go, will find some
there ahead of them who in that
worthless employment can double dis
count them. For perrons of delicatf'
!Oor health, there is

proper amount of postage stamps, and
see if these things are not so. For
sheep raising, Australia bears no com-
parison to this section.ln healthful ess
of the animal or fineness of the wool,
and nearness to the markets of the
world. While one dues not have tc
ran »n> '■f the dangers of isolation
that he dues in thi/se distant Pacific
sections. It is only 15 days from Liv-
erpool to Winnipeij. Repeated quan-
tities of freight have come through
this season in 23 days. While by tele-

no°nVnce"or thU 'irTeen'^rth' w^^ ««« ^^ Winnipeg can connect

no place on this green oarin wRwe ! » j^j; ^.^ j^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^ British Isles or

on the continent any hour, and for

that such poHsesslons give them and
theirs. Such men should come out
and see if these things are not so. Ed-
ucational facilities are attainable any-
where, if not, it is largely the fault of
the settlers for the mutiiticence of the
school gr&nt of Manitoba is ample
enouRh for all, if rightly managed.
Again the sons growing up with such
si:rrounding8 and settled prospects,
will escape much more of the foppery
and unsettled views of life, than in

they will live out ali their days sui here.

Tt does seem strarw to me, that

Manitoba and '^'lis i,r*ini northwest

doea not till up with greater rapidity

their own, and all the independence than il does, when this fact is known ;

Uis thi otdv section under t/i? B.-itiah
Hag, in which frm prairie hotn^ in
the healthiest climate that flag wax)e*
over, are gif>en

A ROYAL GIFT

to actual settlers. There are surely

that mattxr, so be can fur a thousand
miles west of Winnipeg.
The climate here is a perfect

SANITARIUM OF HEALTH.

Acclimating diseases need not \i%
feared, t)ecause they do not exist,
{joys of 18 years old have homestead
and pre-emption rights, so do married
women who are tiiu sole heads of fam-
ilies. What liberal chances are thus
given to the British subject to obtain

thousands in Great Britain, sons of homes, under the same old flag their
wealthy farmers and tradesmen, sec- { fathers and their forefathers have
ond and younger sons of the nobility lived under. It is far more liberal
as weil aa young Canadians who can ' and the lands are cheaper than in the

wwm

[«a]

This brings me to the

United St«[«t.
subject or

THK GROWIKi^ SOAROIVY

of cultlvatable public, or goTern-
ment limda in the United States.
Mnoh bM been said on this
snbjoot, bat the following is a
short extract from a long article
on this same subject from the Ne^
York Tribune, which speaks for itself
and sooner or later it is a truth, the
people of the United States will have
to face and admit.

The Tribune has alwAys been n
western oremmigrating paper, though
published in New York City. Its
founder, Horacs Greeley, was a man
who in his day, was more familiar
with the West and its resources and
opportunity, than uny other eastern
editor. He was a moRt philauthropic
man, and when applieol to by the
young mt-n of the crowded east, as he
▼ery often was, was apt to give tbem
tlie following advice, which has since
grown to an axiom. "Go West, youug.
man, and grow up with the country.

'The days of cheap, fertile tannB tor all who
like to till thoin are very nearly over. The un-
oooupied lauds of the Dominion are nov* the best
on the oontiLent, and the regions In which these
ar* to be found are l>y far th<i most healthful and
•ttraotive. The ollmato of the south and south-
west is too hot, and, in many places, unhealthy
for tho fall development of Anglo-Saznns, wheth-
er in physique or In mental energy t .id power.
The Ti^ley of the Elaskatohevau, and tli» regions
beyond to the noilliweBt, will soon )>' nil that
are left for the straggUne millions flocmg west-
ward and still weiitward for more rocm. It wlU
take some time for those fertile regions to be
■1*0 mied up, but no such long period that it
would be impossible to oalculate when it will
liaTepcMBed.

In the States the question la aLreac'y a living
one and pasBOH fcr an answer; "What is to bo
done witn the evi>r-growing population, with no
new lands to whioh the suriilus may always
mcve?' By the end of tills century the popula-
tion of t'le Btatei will be far on to ei^ty miUious ,
and these will oisoupy snbstantially the same
Itretota' of oultivataDle 3elds which the present
forty miUions do.'

THE ROUTES

to Manitoba from the States. Where
an all rail route is desired to Moorhead
or Fisher's Ijandlug, on the Red River,
take any of the railway Hues c :rr«!ng to
Bt. Paui. Minneiota, theu either by
the Nortrern Pacific Hallway to Moor-
head or Glvndon, and from Qlyndon
to Fisher's Landing (the !atter plitce
being the preeenr, northern tt^rminus of
the St. Paul & Pacific Rail way. 80 mUey
uorthof Glyndon, though it will be fin-
ished through to the bouiMiary line of
Manitoba, taere connectuig with a
southern branch of the Canadian Pa-
cific Railway to Winnipeg by Ist of
October, 1878) ; or by the St. Paul &
Pacific Railway to Fisher's liaiidlnit
via Qlyndou (Glyndon Iteiug the sta-
tion on the Nor nerii Pacific where the
8t P. & P. crosses th^t railway). A'
Fisher's Landing the heuer class of
Red River Transpor a ion Company's
St er ■ .•'rs connect, through boars run
frcm Moorhead, or one can take the
Wisconsin Central Railway at Chicago
or Milwaukee to Lak)> Superior at A-^n-
land, and then by Iwat, cIoho connec*
tion being always made, TO miles to
Duluth, there connecting with the
Northern Pacifl'! westward to Glyndon
or Motirhead. Those from the 8 »i e'
desiring to go by lake, can take a dally
line of sVamerR from But*alo, that call
at Erie, Weveland, Dei rolt, Hault St.
Mary, Marquette, etc., to Dulutb, or by
Canadian Lalie Steamers also u> Du-
luth.

The Canadians desiring nil rail would
take the Tnteruatlnnal and Grand
Trunk Hallways to Toronto at least, and
then take the choice of either continu-
ing on the Grand Trunk or take the

■flUICT

it'

MARKMT AND CITl HALL, WINNIPEO.

Great Western Rai'way via Hamilton
and the many beautiful cities and
towns to Detroit, where the Grand
Trunk also runs, lioth railways from
j there going to Chicago over that "l)08s"
! railway of the S a' es, the Michigan
i Central, and so to St. Paul and Fisher's
Landing. Or,CanadiHn8 desiring to go
by lake can, at Toronto, take the
1 Northern Railwav to CoUiugwood, 80
miles, end th.are ooats through to Du-
lutb; though they can make connec-
tions wit h either ano her Canadian \
line or the American lines fiT>m De- 1
trolt or Samia by either the Grand j
Trunk or Great Western Railways as i
libove. But, by taking the Colling- j
wood boats bad weaihe.r on Lake Hu- j
ron is obviated and mu(ib fine scenery :
obtained, as the latter line runs!
through the bavs and among the isl- 1
! ands tb&t lay along the eastern and ;
I northern shores of Lake Huron Instead '
I of running one Iqto and through the
! middle of the lake as the boats of the
other lines do.

THE CITY OF WINNI-
PEG

vvas incorporated by act of Parliament
on the 8th of November 1873. The first
election for Ma^ or and Aldermen was
I held on the 6th of January 1874
j Francis Evans Cornish was elected the
! first mayor. The present Mayor, Capt
! Thomas Scott was elected last January,
: as were also the following Aldermen :
i Willlnm '-. Fonseca, Alex. Logan, John
i B. More, William F. Allerway, A. W.
j Burrows, E. G. Conklin, Duncan Sln-
I clalr, H. G. McMicken, Alex. Brown,
i S. J. Jackson, Archibald McNee, Jas.
I Rice.

The present efflolent city clerk, Mr.
A. M. Brown, was the first regular city
cleric, he having been appointed on the
2d of February 1C74. The sound
condition of the city, ita teaoe
and good order, show thU' its
management is in good hands, and
that its police is not excelled by any city
In the States or old rrovinces. Ic Is
in fact something wonderful when we
consider the great numbers of tradt-rs,
their assistants and drivers, that oulv
come in where the dissipations of civi-
lised life are obtainable once in one or
more years. Puriug the nearly ■seven
weeks of my viHlt, right In the heighth
of their dlfeiant trading season, I never
saw a filngle street fight or knew of a
single drop of blood being shed.

The City GoTemment is divided into
the foUomng

DBPA11TMKNT8.

Finance, board of works, markets,
licenses and poUee, fire, water and
lights, tire inspecter, board of healtib,
cemetery committee. His Worship the
Mayor is ex ofilcio member of all the
committees, and be looks afte*: tbem
well. The department I noticed with
the greatest pleasure was ttat of fire,
water and lights, having in charge
the Fire Department, which is very
ffflcient, consisting of two fine Silsbee
Steamers, four hose reels, 2,000 feet of
the best 3-ply rubber hoseu a hook aad
ladder truck complete. The brigade
consists of 45 men. The two engi-
neers are constantly on duty as well
as the horses. Sovmi large tanks
are scattered about its bosinesa
streets, beside their never failing riv-
er supplies. These tanks are kept
constantly filled and are never allowed
to get low or empty. Figktlng lire
with them is a vital business and they
provide themselves accordingly. Their
business streets are now besoming
very much protected from any ex-
tended flies, by the frequent erection
of substantial orlok blocks, of which
we give quite a number of vievs,
though not aJl by any means. We give
an engraving of the beautiful new en-
gine house, over a part of v?hich the
flrst and sciond eagiaeers will reside.
Few more complete fire department
buildings than this, are to be
found In any 3ity. The public schools
01 Winnipeg are an honor to her. I
see by tho last City Auditor's report
that there was paid nearly $6,000 for
their support in 1876, while this year
they are building two very flue school
buildings, of one of which we give a
fine view. It has a fine four-acre lot.
The luMding itself is of brick, and will
cost seme $0,000. Its architecture and
interior arrangement are very fine.
They are also building another smaller
one that has a nice playgroun''. of half
an acre. This building will cost some
•4,000. It is of the same fln>i archi-
tecture. The distance which the
people of Winnipeg at present feel
Ihemselvos to be from the old-
established educational Institutions of
the East, and a desire to have their
children educated at home, make
l\wva unusually live to tho early
providing of this great privilege.
These city schools are free, and it
should be borne In mind are In addi-
tion to the colleges heretofore spoken
of, views of which we also give oui'

[«*]

readers. Tlie city churohmi are nu-
merooB, and though '^s yet of rather
plain architecture, as became the
roewnf of those who bnilt them, are
still neat and in xood repair, and what
is mere, are well filled, all having quite
ikonrishing Sunday schools. The peo-
ple of Winnipeg are great cburch-
Sers, and do old city shows a better
bbath observance.

The population of Winnipeg in 1870
was, according to i census then taken,
868; iu 1U7S it was some 2,200; it now
ha^ a plump 8.000. Since I was there
in 1878 I ste a wonderful growth in
every way. Then there were but two
brick buildings; now thiyfeare scores
of them, and of fine qnality.
Buiok in ordinary seasons
ie cheaper than lumber. One
evidence of this was the great number
of small or cheaper dwellings that I
saw bnilt of them, l>e8ides the numer-
ous business and public buildings.
The Dominion government has built
here some very fine brick buildiDgs, of
which we gi^e some views. The cus-
tom houBi, th<) land office, the post-
offico, would ornament the streets of
any metropolitan city. T''. » city hall
and market, of which we irive a view,
is a fine, substantial brick baildin^,
that cost some 966,000. The lower
floor is used for the council room, city
offices, lock-up and market, while the
second floor has a verv fine hall, also
rooms of the Young Men's Christian
associations. Few young cities are so
well and liberally side and cross-
walked.

The street views of to-day, which we
give our readers, particularly, when
eompared with a view of tb. sawe
ipcue taken in 1871, will show better
than any words of mine the wonderful
growth of this marvelous young

GATE CI TY or TEE
NORTHWEST.

Then there are the closely-built
blocks of business houses. The largest
dealers are of course the Hudson Bay
Company, who have their main depot
of supplies in i.his city, the same being
at the head of Main street, looking
south, and in Fort Garry on the north
or city side of the Asslneboine river.
Their t: ade govs up into the millions,
though far more is done in ihe aggre-
gate by

THE :f>RIVAT?3 MER-
CHANTS.

,,IBnonsii lont the firm of

HIOGINS A TOUMe

are most prominent, occupying as
they d' three large stores for
their > erent departrntnt^'. The
large tnree-story bricii, with fine base-
meni^ is uccd for their dry goods, mil-
linery, etc., of which thfy carry \ ery
ifarge and full stocks ; also ready-made
clothing, with a merchant tailoring
department, in charge of a most com-
petent foreman. Mr. 8 ''. J:»ck8on is
a partner, in chargo of this entire
building, which is parked full, from
basement to roof. He is a man thor-
oughly oonveisant with all themsul
fold details of this department. ^lis
lobbing trade in the goods in bis hc^
is a surprise t > the visitor. The next
two-story store is their grocery de-
mutmenl,whlch is also full, hatb tloors.
They do a very fine city as well as
wholesale trade. Their next store is
for boots and dhoes. In this they carry
K full retail and jobbing stock in that
L*Qe. In the grocery department are
tho offices 'if the two firms— Higgins,
Young & laoksos, dry goods, etckud

PACIFIC HOTEL, WINNIPEO, MANITOBA. Hee Page 27.

Higgins & Young, groceries and boots
and shoes. The offices bx^ presided
over by Mr. David Young, the mana-
ger and partner in both firms. Mr.
John Higgins, the head of the firm, is
taking life a little easier than formerly,
though be is constantly about the
stores. Mr. Higgins is one of the old
pioneer merchants of the city, and the

Eioneerdry goods merchant. Coming
ere in 1862, beginning with a general
stock, he kept at itibuildiieup his
trade and good name until 1871, when
Mr. Young joined him and took the
more activepart in the business man-
ageu:(!int. The trade at once took a
gx-eat Si'art, and they were obliged to
leave their old store for larger quar-
ters, the sam^ oush, anergy, good ] udg-
ment and gikl management being
continued wif'iout any let up, until
they occupy thtiir present stores,whicb
are already getting small for them.
Mr. Young was admitted a p&rtner in
1875, and Mr. Jackson, in the dry goods
<*epartment, in 1877. This business has
been built up against heavy competing
influences, until they are the peers of
any of the private flrma in the city.
They have built broad and solidly,
their yearly trade refxhing $260,000.

The engraving of the flne three-
story and basement brick store of

A. a. B. BANNATYNE

shows only a portion of the premise]
occupied by him for his wholesale gro-
cery business, its be hHs four waie-
houoes besides, two bjing l)onded,
where he keeps his importied goods,
paying the customs on the goods as
withdrawn for his trade. This brick
store is full from bottom up. The base-
ment is used for liquors of which he
carries a very large stock ; the first
floor the offices and salesroom, both
retail knd whol'uiale, while the two
upper floors ai. stored with bulky
goods and thotie requiring careful dry
storEtge. Mr. Bannatyne i; a Scotch-
man, being a native of the Orkney
j'slands. He came to Manitoba in 1848
ai an employe of the K ^dsoA Bay
Company, w^tn whom he remained
u.itil 1851, wl.en he left tliem and be-
ga.^ a general business, bcin^ one of
the i<r7'^ '*r.<lng spirits to begin a trade
in furs in opposition to the H. B. Co.
Ho continued in this trade until 1878,
when selling out his dry iroods depart-
ment, he confined his trade to groceries

which he has bnilt up to qui''e a quar-
ter of a million of dollars. In 1870
when real estate had little or no value
or sale, he foresaw the future of Win-
nipeg and Manitoba and began to buy
up large or small quantities
when offered to him at prices that
suited him, with his father-in-law,
Andrew McDermot Esq., who came
here in 1818 with Lord Selkir);, and
who is today the most wealthv man
in the province. They are by far the
largest private resi estate owners In
the provinc9. Mr. Bannatyne is differ-
ent from many large local holders of
real estate in th*i, that no man in
Winnipeg is more public spirited and
enterprlslns. In any new movement
for the public advanoemeut Mr. B. is
the first man appealed to and if it has
any practical merit, bis aid is always
promptly, modeatly and libeTally giv-
en. Beside his fine store and residence,
views ol Hoth of which we give our read-
ert, he owns several other stores and
dwellings, thus showing a faith in his
property by keeping paoe if not lead-
ing in building improvements. For
the past fifteen years he has been con-
stantly called to various local public
offices besides being a member of the
Dominion House of Parliament for
the county of Provonoha. A more
geoial gentleman and public spirited
citizen it was not my pleasure to meet
while in Winnipeg.

w. H. r.TON,

wholesale grocer, of wbosw modest
store we present a view, was born in
the state of New York, and came here
"to fortune and fame unknown," in
1859, bringing willing hands and a de-
termined mind. He began a trade in
'u's in 1860 and in 1868 went into gen-
eral merchandising, in which he con-
tinued until 1877, wfaon he went into
exclusive wholesale groceries, which
business he looks to increasing large-
ly. It at present extends from Fort
McCloud laOO miles west, to Ft. Fran-
cis 2S0 miles eist apd north as far
.. any private U^ 'S. Being a man of
strong HttachmeLi^, he loves the little
store under whose roof his persistent
7:z. k has been crowned witn success.
This store, by the way is much larger
than it anpeaJrs, being 80x80. and with
two warisnouaes, one 20.t100 and the
other 40x88, with parts of two other*
on the river banks ocakes a storage oa-

^^M^

^^J

27.

•^

[26]

axii'-e « qiiai-
irs. In 1870
B or no value
ture of Win-
began to buy
quantities
T)rlce3 that
ather-in-law,
., who came
SelkiT>:, and
irealthj man
r« by far the
,tfl owners in
tyne is difier-
al holders of
i no man in
3 spirited and
w movement
eut Mr. B.i8
and if It has
aid is always
libeTally giv-
ind residence,
give our read-
er stores and
a faith in his
e if not lead-
ements. For
has been con-
} local public
lembei of the
trliament for
Ob a. A more
ubiio spirited
lasur? to meet

rbost) modest
, was born in
and came here
unknown," in
ands and a de-
igan a trade in
went into gen-
which he con-
he went into
Dceries, which
creasing large-
ids from Fort
It, to Ft. Fran-
north as far
Jeing a man of
loves the little
his persistent
d witQ success,
is much larger
10x85. and with
20x100 and the
of two others
es a storage oa-

pacity that at all times be keeps full
and active. He has never been in
public life, but has stuck right to bus-
iness, though no one is more prompt
to respond to any public movement.
He if square, prompt and energetic in
busfness. quick in trade and all busi-
ness actions. He stHnds on the tbresb-
bold of a magnificent trade, favored
w4th a strong physique, of a genial,
even nature and is a man that will
wear well and always win and hold
friends, which is the one great secret
of mercantile success.

In passing down Main atrpet, the
most prominent business block that
meets the eye of the stranger is the
fine brick store of

J. H. A8E30WN,

who is the pioneer by some cwo years
in the hardware, stove and tin busi-
ness, which he started in a small way
in I860. He came by the old trait
from Ut. Paul, Minnesota, nnarly 600
miles, bringing his stock in U»d river
ox carts, then the only means of trau'<-
portatlon for the entire distance. He
was 30 days on the route, walking
nearly the entire distance. Shortly
after commencing business, he built a
large frame store of two stories.
Sticking right to business, without a
partner, suc^ was his succnss that in
'75 he built bis present floe block
which will in another year bA double 1.
He occupies this entire building, his
old store at his side, two large sepa-
rate warehouses and two vacnnt lots
cohered with reapers, mowers, horoe
ri^es and plows, while ^he
buildings are filled wi'h every tniog
in tools, hardware, iron, naMs, naval
stores, pain's, oils, stoves &o. The
sales room and offices on the first floor
of his brick block are nicniy fitted up
and convey a correct impression of the
immense business done by him. Ttie
baeement is filled with extra stoves
and nails, the second f onr with sheir
hardware in stock, the third floor with
tin and sheet iron stock, also an work
shop for making stove pipe and stove
trimmioffs and tin ware generuUv, of
which ills sales are very large tor both
family and camp use. The old store Is
used as a sales roim for his stove and
tin ware department Mr. Ashdown,
though still youn;, being urider 35 and
in possession of ver/ xmple rapltal and
fine health, feels as though be was on-
ly just getting well started, has <>s-
ohewfd active politics, never specula-
ted in reil estate or any thing outside,
butaooumulated his c^ipttal and trade
by a very conservative aud sttictad-
hierenos to his legitimate busiueas.

KEW, 8T0BART A CO.

were originally started h<>re as a com-
mission agency for the private traders
here, of the London house ot F. E. Kew
So Ck). Mr. KbW first visited this prov-
ince in 1863, though he bad previously
been doing a large order and commls
slon business for the tradarc in the
northwest. To facilitate his business
transactions, be that year established
an agency in St. Paul, M^mesota, but
in 1870 he removed It to Winnipeg. Ip
16'it Mr D. W, Stobart became a res'-
i ^M partner here, and they enlarged
ttjeir business to drv gouds uiid other
fur trading gttods. lliiti same year Mr.
Stobiirt t'Hjk charge of a large tradinf;
expedition through tte west, esiat)-
listied several trading posts, with
heaflouarters un theSMkatchewan. In
1875 thHy bought out the retail trading
snd out >u ting business of Owen
Huahes Co., who fi;id previously
piirchtisetl ''is same depaitment from
the old-eaiaulished house of A. U.B.
Bannfi^^yne. Mr. Hughea was em-

ASHDOWN S BLOCK, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.

ployed by this firm to proceed north to
establish trading posts to the north of
Lake Winnipeg, along the Nelson riv-
er to Hnds&n bay, which he did, fixing
his headquarters at Cross Lake, on
Nelson river. In 1876 Mr. A. F.Eden
took charge of the general manage-
mert of the Winnipeg house. This
firm now has an immense trade
through the above sections, being the
largest fur dealers in the Trovince
outside of the Hudson Bay Company,
while their genert;.! wboledale and
retail trade at Winnii.eg Is very
heavy. They still keep up their ship-
ping and commission London agency
under the charge of Mr. Kew who
has always continued to reside there.

Among the drv goods establishments
of che city, the firm of

R. QEBBIB A 00.

occupies a leading posit'on, as the on-
ly exclusively dry goods firm In Win-
nipeg, with a charact^er and business
second to none In toe Province; while
their success and rapidly Increasing
trade is another example of what tact,
enterprise and enerfiy can do in a new
country, supplemented with a due
share of Scotch caution and shrewd-
ness.

With a business record extending
over fifteen years, ample capital, and
a first-cUsB credit la Europe aad the
United Spates, they have been enabled
to develop a large wholesale business,
and to ODmpete successfully in prices
with eastern houses— a result which
can be readily understood w^.oa one
looks on their daily large (-..rrivala of

direct foreign shipments, which fr^
quently reach her« in 25 days from
date of shipment. With a great ex-
pansion ofwhich the country is capa-
ble, it is safe to predict for this firm s
prosperous career and brilliant future.

H. 8. DONALDBON * BHOTHBR,

Mr. H. 8. coming here in 1864, and was
joined by his 1 roth^r, J. N., in 1871.
They have since '71 largely increased
their trade until quite a considerable
amount of it is wholesale. They oc-
cupy bath floors for their sales-rooms
and stock. Besides books, stationery,
etc., they are large dealers in wall pa-
pers, musical instruments, jewelry,
and general fancy goods. A practical
watcnmake>' is kept cor.stantly at
work in repairs, etc. Two very gen-
tlemanly clerks, low prices and full
assortment make it a mom genial,
and pleasant place of trade.
Their business location is fine. All
the latest publications, both popular
and standard, wi i all the latest mag-
:izine8 and newspapers, both Eu-
ropean, Canadian and A.iner)can, la«
eluding this ADvr.uTisEK, will be
tound upon their slielves uiid counters.
\. view of their store with McMickeu
& Taylor's, next door. Is herewith
given our readers.

Perhars the greatest necessity for
successful business enterprise, mer-
cantile particularly. In eilf'er an old
or new trade centre, is proper bank
facilities. For so young a city, Win-
nipeg la remarkably fortunate in this

MERCHANTS' BANK OF CANADA. WINNIPEG, MANITOBA.

resMci^ having two solid and sabstan-
tialbanks already. Thb leading one
is a branch of the

HEBCHANTS BANK OF CANADA.

Occupying u prominent position in the
very center of the town, stands the
handsome cxlifice belonaing to the
MerehwitB' Bank of Canada, an insti-
tution which was organized about 18
years ago. by Sir Hugh Allan, with
whom ^aa asso<<!iai!ea Jaeksea Bae
Esq., whe-'Htas general manager of
this iuMtitiition for upwards of 12
years. Mr. AIIet is the eminent steam-
ship owner of Montreal, whose mag- '
nMcent line of ocean steam ships have
acquired a world-wide fane, and to
whoAe indomitable perseverance and
indefatigable energy, Canada oweb
more as regards her material prosper-
ity, than to any other man living.
This bank ranks in size and impor-
tance immediately nuiter thd B-nk of
Montreal, being the second largest
btuik in iihe Dominion, ,and h«ving
some 40 branches, l)eSide8 agencies
in'NewYork and London. The bead
office is in Montreal. Tho general
K onager is George Hague Esq.. a
banker of very high reputation. Ttie
Merchants' Bank was th(< ilrst char-
tered monetary institution in Canada,
which established a branch in the
northwest,havingoraanize^ its branch
in Winnipeg in 1872. under the man-
agement olT Duncnn Macarthur, Esq.,
foimerlv of the financial department
of the Hudson Bay Company in Mon-
treal, and its ent jprise has fairly
earned the large and increasing busi-
ness which it does, and the high rep-
atation which it has acquired, not only
in the Province of Manitoba, but
throughout ^e contiguous Western
States.

Tha officers stationed at Winnipeg
i\re Donald Macarther, manager; C.
B. Daly. account<^nt; H. T. Champion,
teller; A. B. J. Bar<natyne,, assistant;
Frank H. Morice, ledger keeper;
Alfred Hespeler. derkt Thomas Fee-

ble, accountant, Savings Btok !>»•
partment.

THU ONTARIO BANK

Has a capital of 13,000,000 with a re-
serve fund of 1625,000; its head office
's in Toronto; D. Fisher Esq., is the
general manager. It is the agent
for the Quvernment of Ontario,
and has agencies in London, New
York and Boston, and is also a correa-
pondsnt of the Merchants' National
Bank of St. Fuul. It, was organised
about 23 years since— the present gen-
eral manager having occupied that
position from the date of its organi-
zation. The branch here was estab-
lished in June 1816, with Qeorge
Brown Esq., as manager. It is the
Dominion Government Agency here,
this bank paying out all moneys on its
account in the Northwest, and also the
agent here of the Bank of Montreat
From the b«>ginning, this branch bias,
under Mr. Brown's management, been
very successful in both its regular
and saving departments. Its ofRoe is
in the fine two story brick banking
office originally built and occupied as
McMlcken's Bank. Its present local
officers are Qeorge Brown Esq.. mana-

fer; E Hughes, accountant; A. W.
'owell, teller ; E. Armstrong, olerk ;
and R. F. Lookhart, book keeper.

A. W. BURBOW8.

The land business of the Province out-
side the Dominion Laud Office, is now
mainly concentrated in the goneral
land office established in 1873. by Mr.
Burrows. His lists embrace lauds
In every Parish and settlement.
For several years prior to his
beginning business on his own
account, ne was the Agent or du-
perintendent of the Dominion Land
Department here. The experience,
information and individual acquain-
tance thus made, is to him and his
customers now of great value.
Having unlimited faith in his adopt-
ed Province, hebas liot, and does not,
hesitate to advertise Its merits freely.
He publishes a "Real Estate Register"
each montb.whlch he distributes gratu-
itously. During inyvisit he exhausted

hit' ." - JsMlPfS!^!^'*"

BUBINESS BLOCK, WrNNIPEO, MANITOBA.

[J7]

Bank I>»-

.-dVn't'

with a re-
bead office
isq., is the
the agent
Ontario,
don, N.ew

a corree-
National

organised
esent sen-
pi ed that
its organl-
ras estab-
li Qeorge

It is the
ency here,
neys on its
ad also the

Montreal,
ranch has,
tnent.been
s retcular
its offloe is
k. banking
locupiad as
«Bent looal
Ssq., mana-
it; A, W.
ong, olerk;
eper.

ovlnc«out-
fice, is now
h« general
873, by Mr.
race lands
Bettiement.
r to his
his own
mt or du-
[nion Land
experience,
U acquain-
Im and bis
lat value.

1 bis adopt-
d does not,
srits freely.
« Register"
butesgratu-
i exhausted

his June issue of this large „ _ ,„
paper of 6.000 copies, and issued his
July number, an entirely new jum-
ber of 3,500, and these were rapidly

SoingoS to his many correspondents.
Ir. Burrows is a splendid specimen
of new Canadt), having all the dash
and dare of the Western American.
Bis knowledge of real estate
law is practical and full, his valuations
are standard and his familiarity with
titles, eome of which in the old
Tarishes are intricate, is complt^te.
His free reading room does not
exist on his sign only, but
is the largest and most complete
reading room in the Province. He
gensrously keeps it open every day
and evenings and Sundays, j
The great numbers frequent-
ing it, show how generally it is ap-
preciated by the class it is designed
for, vU: strangers. Those visiting
Winnipeg, either for information or
investment will save time and trouble
by calling on him flrst.and at once. One
thing that provoked me much, was to
occasionly see those who cannot ap-
pr<KSlate gentlemanly treatment, try
to play such small games to defraud i
him of fees, that are as legitimately
bis due, as those of the lawyer, or
doctor, without the same being of
b«ieflt vi> themselves, but from their
excessively brilliant; ideas of smart-
ness.

0. A. BARBER,

the architect of Winnipeg, is a native
of tlie province of Ontario. He serv-
ed his full five years apprenticeetilp
with a firm of architects and builders,
of hifrh reputation in Borne, New
York, and has since had the superin-
tendency of large railway works and
several of the finest bulidingo in the
States and Carada. He carae to this
section early in 1876, principally for
his health. In this he was successful
and be iutpnds to stay By showing
that he practically un'lerstanda the art
of architecture and building he has
already acquired a standing and r>"^u-
tation that places himself at the head
of his proiesslon in the province.
He is the architect of the cen-
tral and north ward school houses, la
die's school of St. Johns college, and
several of the finest private residences
now building. This is a busy year
with him.

There are ten steam flour mUls in the
province, also some dozen wind grist
mills, but the latter are no w almost en-
tirely out of repair. There is also a
fine bteam flour and grir.v mill at St. Al-
bert, some 5()o miles up the Saskatche-
wan. The largest and finest mill in
the Province is that of

J. W. UOLANE.

We .ive a view of this mill, which
is 68 foec long, 38 feet wide and 60 fe«t
to the rldgp, and In very strongly built
of oak. Tlif engine house of white
brick is 38x44, engine iW horse power
(it being the largest engine north of
Minneapolis, Minnesota) and the mill
has at present four run of stone,
though two more will be added this
yaar. Its present capacity is 100 bar-
rels per day. Its muchiuery has all
the lat'St improvements, including a
middlings purifler, and no mill in the
States or Canada can turn out finer
new process flour. His brands, "North-
ern Light' and "Belle of Winnipeg'"
have driven out all this kind of lluur
that used to come here from the States.
He also makex the regular "Straight"
and "Baker's" brands. The elevator
and warehouse adjointi.g, on the im-
mediate bank of the river have a stor-

McLANE'S FLOUR MILL.

age capacity of 36,000 bushels, besides i
holding a large amount of flour. Mr.
McLane is an old flour man, perfectly
familiar with all the best Minnesota
makes and aims in his manufacturing
not only at profit but standard excel-
lence. Samples of his patent process
were sent to Toronto and |on the Ex-
change of that city were surp.x6£<>d by
but one brand of Canadian flo-jr ard
that was manufactured expressly for
exhibition at thePblladelphiuCenten
nial. This mill will soon ne mcreased
to a 10-run mill.

THOHA? LTJSTED,

came here in 1867. He at once began
bis present business, making the flrst
wago:>s, buggies and sleighs made in
the Province, from lumber cut by
his own hand from the log. He
ncfr employs 10 men the year
through and in the busy season
more. Ail of the necessary smithing
and iron work, painting &c., in ma-
king a carriage compiete is done in his
factory. In establisliing his business
be has hs'^ many obstacles to over-
come, beside those incident to pioneer
manufacturing anywhere. But in his
line the |,..^ent customs tarifll works
much to his d sadvantage in that
be is charged just the same
rate of duty on raw or half
flnisbed material that he imports
for his use as on wagons Ac, complete.
But hlseniTtfy and the reliability of his
work have built up for him, wimt really
is the largest manifacturing establish-
ment in the Province, outside of the
lumber trade. Manitobians. if you
would build up manufacturing in your
midst and keep all your money circu-
lating here, you should always, when
you have a chance.patronlze your home j
manufacturers. I

This year he has added many of the |
leading makes of agricultural imple- !
menta and machinery to his stock uf
wagons &c., alt of which he sells at the i
lowest living figures. He is a man of j
verv quiet ways, but of great energy i
and persistence and trusis bv another :
year to so rebuild and enlarge bis |
works that they will be an ornament '

among the indostrial institutions of

the city.

M'KEOHNIE, M'MILLAN lb CO.

are the foundry, machine, and black-
smithing firm of the city. They have
a large engine, a good foundry, and a
large amount of the necessary ma-
chinery, much of it suited to heavy
work. At present their business is
mostly repairing, of which they do a
large amount, employing constantly
some eight men beside themselves.
They do engine, mill and grioultural
implement work. They were making a
quantity of small cars for Mr. Wbite-
lead, the contractor on the Canadian
IPacific Railway, ^hen I visited their
rorks. They are both practical skilled
nechanics, of the best habits, workers
of the hardest kind, and with ample
capital will keep pace with the growth
of the Province.

The hotels of the city aro both nu-
merous and vary good ; but the

PAOIFIO HOTEL

is the one last built and furnished,and
is the best. It takes the flrst-class
travel every time.

STEWART * VERY

•wtablished themselves here in 1873,
and do a fine drug and chemical trade.
The increase of

THE CABEYINO TRADE ^

of Mani;^obamiy beseen by the fol-
lowing statement of tonnage .^rom
season of 1873 by Red River steam-
boats : 1873— 23,013,036 : 1874— 37.6a«,-
200; 1875— 76,078,fl8O. This is but the
dawning light of the future trade here
when railways have added their de-
veloping influeuce.H. Mo^t ot the mer-
chants here who import direct from
Europe— and there are many of thera
who buy there largely— now ship their
purchases on through bills of lading
atlthrough freight rates to Winnipmr
and receive them usually in from SB
to 25 days from date of shipment-

THE DISTANCE

that trade comes to this city can
hardly be appreciated by the
stranger. I have seen and talked
with traders from away up in the Arc-

[18]

Ibi!

7 i

tio eirels, from inlands near the moutb
of tbe McKenzi« Blver, where it taknt I
nine and a half months to make the |
trip one vay. and where the days are
three months long. Also from Ed
monton. Bow Biver, Athabasca, and
Peaoe River— 0, 12 and 1,500 miles dis-
tant—besides from away down th«-
Nelson River to Hudson's Bay. Ovei
4,000 Red River carts will- be loadeo
here thip season to e<upply this trade
It seems as thooRli this fact alone. '
without mentioning any of the other
items herein given, Is enough to cod-
oluBively showtha^. no young city ever
was started that it> a focal point ot
suoh immenae areas of trade as this
same city of Winniptg.

AS INDICES OP CIVILIZATION

in this Provi'^io^, I would say thai
there are 43 Protestant school dis-
tricts with 1,600 enrolled children.
There are 47 churches— 10 EpiHCopal.
12 Catholic, 8 Presbyterian, Metho-
dist, 2 Baptist. There are 7 lodgea
of Masons, 8 of Odd Fellows, Q
Temperance lodges, 2 Base Ball,
2 Cricket, and 2 LaCrosse clubs,
8 dramatic and literary societiea (the
latter several years old), 4 social and
charitable societ lea, such as St. An-
drew's, St. Jean Baptiste, etc., and the
Y. M. C. A., and several boating clubs.
The Manitoba Club is a very select
associution of 83 members, organized
in 1874. Their club house is one of
the moat conspicuous buildings on
Main street. It cost $6,500. Its mem-
bers are very courteous and hospitable
to strangers.

THB NEWSPAPER FBE88

of this northwest consists of the Frte
Press, btandard and Le Metis. The
two former are English and are pub-
lished in Winnipeg. The latter is
French and is published at St. Boni-
face. The Free Press issues a daily
and weekly edition. Its office is run
by steam and is the most complete
printing ofBce west or northwest of
Minneapolis. The Standard is an
eight page weekly and is the out-

Ewth of the Manitobian, which was
un jn 1870. Its office has a very
I ontQt of type, presses, etc.
Among the latter is rae first printing

Sress brought to the Province. The
■e Metis, a weekly, is the organ of the
-French speaking population of the
northwest. They number at least 26,-
000. It has a complete job office at-
tachedjto it. Space alone prevents my
speaking of them all as I would like
to. Where the attentions extended to
your northwestern editor, from all of
these ( fflces, were so kind, generous
and delicate, it would hardly \m in

good taste to particularize. Sufficient
1 say, they were suoh that their

BURROWS' LAND OFFICE. Cee Page 26

memories will ever be cherished and
pleasant, ar.d his wish is sincere that
the prosperous business which they
p.cviu tc have, l>e as continued as it is
merited.

NATURAI. CONCLU-
SIONS.

The great work and effort in start
ing a new community, in planting eiv
ilization in a distant wild, as this place
was four years since, is largely over-
come by the time it has a flxed and
permanent population of 8,500 which
Winnipeg now has. So has it now here
churches, social, educational, commer-
cial and mercantile facilities, capable
of eaby enlargement to accommodate
ten or twenty times the present popu-
lation. !n brief, the great work, pri-
vation, hopes and fears, doubts and
uncertainties, have been largely over-
come in thn building of a city of
50 000 or ICO.OOO here, in the already
established and provided for popula-

tion of 8 500, so that those hereafter
casting their lot here, will be largely
relieved from the varied demands, and
wear and tettr of brain, that in the
years now past, were so constantly at-
tendant upon those who carried the
many and heavier burdens of pioneer
life. This city is able to offer most of
the conveniences of old commonitiee
to those, and I believe they will be
many the coming season who wiU
come and build their homes and busi-
ness here.

TO TO J, SONS OF OIJ> BNeLANS, OT
YOUNS CANADA

and of the United States, who
are ready to take a man's part in
life's real and remunerative actu-
alities here, I know that many of
vou will come to make homes in this
beautiful Manitoba, (The "Spirit
Straits" of the Indians) or perhaps
still beyond her holders, in this real

TTEW NORTHWEST.

At:

:Ad«i -i.

l£Jh

«e here«tt«r
,11 be largaly
lemands, and
that in the
lonstactly at-
I carried the
IB of pioneer
offer moet of
commnnitieB
they will be
»n who will
nes and busi-

»{ei.AMD, or

States, who
Ein'a part in
rative actu-
lat many of
bomes in this
(The "Spirit
) or p«>rnapB
I, in tbia reail

WEST.

tliua-fi

Speech of the Governor GeneraL

The following 1b a report of the apeeoh
of His Sxoellency, the Eacij of Dcffbb-
□I, Oovemor Oeneral of Canada, at a Vi-
ietmw, at WInnlpecr, Manitoba, on Sep-
tember 29tb, 1877, in reply to the toast,
"the Oovemor Oeneral of Canada,"
ooupled with the name of Lady Dufferln.
His Excellency In rising to reply was re-
ceived with loud and prolonged cheering.
He said:

Mr. Mayor, Tour Honor, Ladita and
Gentlemen :

In rising to express my acknowledge-
menta to the citizens of Winnipeg for
thus crowning the friendly reception
I have received throughout the length
and breadth of Manitoba by so noble
an entertainment, I am painfully op-
pressed by the consideration of the
many respects in which my thanks are
due to yon, and to so many other per-
sons in the Province. From oi;r first
landing on your quays until the pres-
ent moment, my progress through the
country has been one continual delight,
nor has the slightest bitch or incongru-
ous incident marred the satisfaction of
my visit. I have to thank you for
tbe hoepittlities I have enjoyed at the
bands of your individual citizens, as
well as of a multiiude of independent
communities, for the tasteful and in-
genious decorations which adorned my
route, for the quarter of a mile of ev-
enly-yoked oxen tuat drew our tri-
umphal car, [applause] for the univer-
sal proofs of your loyalty to the
Throne and the Mother Country, and
for your personal good-will towards
Her Majesty's representative, Above
all, I have to thank you for the evi-
dences produced on either hand along
our march of your prosperous condi-
ttoD, of your perfect contentment, of
your happy confidence in your future
fortunes,— for I need not tell you that
to any one in my sitnation, smiling
cornfields, cosy homesteads, the joyful
faceo of prosperous men and women,
and the laughter of healthy children,
are the best of all triumphal decora-
tions. [Great applause.]

But there are other thicgs for
which I ought to be obliged to
yon, and not the least for the
beautiful weather you have takfn
the precaution to provide us with dur-
ing some six weeks of perpetual
camping out, for which attention I
have received Lady Duflerin's special
orders to render you her personal
thanks— an attention which the unu-
sual pbrncmenon of a casual water-
spout enabled us only the better to ap-
preciate; and lastly, though certainly
not least, for not having generated
amongst you that fearful entity, "a
Pacific Railway question"— at all

events not in thorn dire and tragic
proportions in which I have encoun-
tered 'I elsewhere. [Loud applause-J
Of course, I know a certain phase of
the question is agitating even this
community, but it has assumed the
mild character of a domestic rather
than of an intnr-Provincial contro-
versy. Two diatinguished members,
moreover, of my present Government
have been lately amongst you, and
have doubtless acquainted themselves
with your views and wishes. It is not
necessary, therefore, that 1 should mar
the hilarious character of the present
festival by any untimely allusions to
so grave a matter. Well then, ladies
tend gentlemen, what am I to say and do
to you in return for all the pleasure
and satisfaction I have received at
your hands ? I fear there is very little
vhat I can say, and scarcely anything
that I can do, commensurate with my
obligations. Stay— there is one thing
at all events I think I have already
done, for which I am entitled to claiii>
your thanks. You are doubtless
aware ^oat a great political contro-
versy aas for some time raged between
the two great parties of the state as to
which one of them is responsible for
the visitation of that terror of two
continents— the Colorado bug. [Great
laughter.] The one side is disposed
to assert that if their opponents had
never acceded to power, the Colorado
bug would never have come to Canada.
[Benewed laughter.] I have reason to
believe, however, though I know not
whether .any substantial evidence has
been adduced in support of their asser-
tion, that my Government deny and
repudiate having had any sort of con-
cert or understanding with that irre-
pressible invader. [Boars of laughter.]
It would be highly unconstitutional
for me, who am bound to bold a per-
fectly impartial balance between the
two great factions of the state, to pro-
nounce an opinion upon this moment-
ous question. [Benewed and long-con-
tinued laughter.] But however dis-
putable a point may be the prime and
original authorship of the Colorado
bug, there is one fact no one will ques
tion, namely, that to the presence of
the Governor General in Manitoba Is
to be attributed the sadden, total, oth
erwise unaccountable, and, I trust, per-
manent disappearance, not only from
this Province, but from the whole
Northwest of the infamous and un-
mentionable "hopper," [loud laughter]
whose frequent visitations for the last
few years have proved so distressing
to the agricultural interests of the en-
tire region.

But apart from being the
fortunate instrument of conferring
this benefit upon you, I fear the only

further return in my power ii to h-
sure you of my great sympathy with
you in your endeavors to do justice to
the material advantages with which
your Province has been so richly en-
dowed by the hands of Provider^ue.
[Applause.] From Its geographical
position, and its peculiar character-
istics,

KAMITOBA

may be regarded as the keystone
of that mighty aroh of sister
provinces which spans the entire
continenu from the Atlantic to th«
Pacific. [Loud cheering.] It waa
here that Canada, emerging from her
woods and forests, first gazed upon her
rolling prairicj and unexplored North-
west, and learned, as by an unexpected
revelation, that her historical territor-
ies of the Canadas, her eastern sea-
boards of New Brunswick, Labrador,
Nova Scotia, her Laurentian lakes and
valleys, comlands and pastures, though
themselves more extensive than half »
dozen European Kingdoms, [tremen-
dous applause] were but the vestibules
and antechambers to that, till then,
un-dreamt-of Dominion, whose illim-
itable dimensions aliSie confound the
arithmetic of the surveyor, and the
verification of the explorer. [Contin-
ued applause.] It was hence that,
counting her part achievements as but
the preface and prelude to her future
exertions and expanding destinies, she
took a fresh departun), received the
afflatus of a more Imperial inspiration,,
and felt herself no 'ionger a mere settler
along the banka o'C a single river, but
the owner of half a continent, and, in
the amplitude of ber possession, in
the we&'th of her resources, in the
sinews of her material might, the peer
of any power on the earth. [Qreat
cheering.]

In a recently remarkably wittjK
speech the Marqaia of Salisburv
alluded to the

OEOanAFHIOAL MIBCOi

EPTION

often engtad^!Ml by ihe small-
nesB of the maps upon which the
figure of the world Is depicted, To
this cause is probably to be attributed
the inadequate idea entertuined by the
best educated persons of the extent of
Her Majesty's North American
possessions. Perhaps the best way of
correcting such a universal mis-
apprehension would be by a summary
of the rivers which flow through
them, for we know that as a poor man
cannot afford to live in a big house so
a small country cannot support a big
river. [Applause.] Now to an Eng-
lishman or a Frenchman the Severn
or the Thames, the Seine or the Bhone,
would appear considerable streams,
but in the Ottawa, a mere affluent of

II.

the St. Lawrenee, an afflnent, more-
ovar, ifbiob reaches the parent itream
six bandred milea from its mouth, we
have a river foar hunlred and fifty
miles long and foar times as big as
any of them ; bat even after having
ascended the St. Lawrence itself to
Lake Ontario, and parsaed its course
across Lake Huron, the Niagara, the
St. Clair, and Lake Superior to
Thunder Bay, a distance of one thou-
sand five hundred miles, where are
we? In the estimation of the peison
who has made the journey, at the end
of all things, [laughter,] but to us who
know better, scarcely at the com-
mencement of the great fluvial
systems of the Dominion; for from
that spot, that <s to say from Thunder
Bay, we are able to ship our
astonished traveller on to the Kam.
inistiquia, a river some hundred miles
long. Thence almost in a straight
line we launch him on the Lake
Shebandowan and Balny Lake and
River— whose proper name by the bye
Is "Rene," after the uian who dis-
covered it— amagnlfloentst. )am three
bandred yards broad and a couple of
hundred miles long, down whose
tranquil bosom he floats into the Lake
of the Woods, where he finds himself on
a sheet of water which, though diminu-
tive as compared with the inland seas
he has left behind him, will probably
be found sufficiently extensive to
render him fearfully seasick [loud
laughter] during his passage across it.
For the last eighty miles of Lis
voyage, however, he will be consoled
by sailing through a succession of
land-locked channels, the beauty of
whose scenery, while it resembles,
certainly excels the far-famed Thou-
sand Islands of ths St. Lawrence-
[Great applause.] From this lacus-
trian paradise ot sylvan beauty we are
able at once to transfer our friend to
the Winnipeg, a river whose exi«*ence
in the very heart of the continent is in
itself one of Nature's most extra,
ordinary miracles, [applause,] so beau-
tiful and varied are its rocky banks-
its tufted islands, so broad, so deep, so
fervid is the volume of its waters, the
extent of their lake-like expansions,
and the tremendous-^wer of their
rapids. [Loud cheering.] A t last let
us suppose we have landed oar
traveller at the town of Winnipeg, the
half-way house of the continent, the
capital of the Prairie Province, and I
trust the future "umbilicus" of the
Dominion. [Long co'jtinued ap-
plause.]

Having had so much of water, having
now reached the home of the buffalo,
like the extenuated FalstafT, he nat-
urally "babbles of green fields,'*
[laughter and cheers] and careers in
imagination over the primeval grasses
of the prairie. Not at all. Escorted
by Mr. Mayor and his town council we
take him down to your quay and ask

[W]

him which he will ascend first, the
P.«d river or the Assiniboine, the one
'Jve bandred milee long, the other four
hundred and eighty, which so happily
' mingle their waters within your city
I limits. [Cheering.] After having
j ^iven him a preliminary canter up
! these respective rivers we take him
off to Lake Winnipeg, an inland sea
three hundred miles long and upwards
of sixty broad, during the navigation
of which, for many a weary hour, he
will find himself out of sight of land,
and probably a good deal more sea-
sick than ever he was on the Atlantic.
[Loud laughter.] At the northwest
angle of Lake Winnipeg he hits upon
the :(iouth of the Saskatchewan, the
gateway and high road to the North-
west, and the starting point to another
fifteen hundred miles of navigable
water, fiowing nearly due east between
its alluvial banks, [Great applause.]
Hsving now reached the Rocky
Mountains our "ancient mariner," for
by this time he will be quite entitled
to such an appellation, [laughter]
knowing that water cannot run up
hill, feels certain his aquatic experi-
ences are concluded. He was never
more mistaken. [Laughter.] We im-
mediately launch him upon the Atha-
b»ska and Mackenzie rivers, and start
him on a longer trip than any he has
yet undertaken, the navigation of the
Mackenzie river alone exceeding two
thousand five hundred miles. If he
survives this last experience [laugh-
ter] we wind up his peregrinations by
a concluding voyage of one thousand
four hundred miles down the Frazer,
or if he prefers it the Thompson river
to Victoria, iu Vancouver, whence
having previously provided him with
a return ticket for that pbrpose, be
will probably prefer getting home via
the Canadian Pacific. Now in the enu-
umeration, those who are acquainted
with the country are aware that for
the sake of brevity I have omitted
thousands of miles of other lakea and
rivers, which water various regions of
the Northwest, the Qu'Appelle river,
the Beliy river, Lake Manitoba, Lake
WinnipegooeiB, Shoal lake, etc., etc.,
along whose interminable banks I
might have dragged, and finally exter-
minated our way worn guest, [laugh-
ter] but the sketeh I have given is
more than sufficient for ray purpose,
and when it is further remembered
that the most of these streams flow
for their entire length through al vavial
plains of the richest description,
where year after year wheat can be
raised without manure, or any sensible
diminution in its yield, and where the
soil everywhere presents the appear-
ance of a highly cultivated suburban
kitchen garden in England, enough
haj been said to display the agricul-
tural riches of the territories I have
referred to, and the capabilities they
possess of affording happy and pros-

perous homes to millions of the human
raoe. [Deafening applause.]

But in contemplating the vistai thus
opened to our imagination, we must
not forget that there ensues a corres-
ponding expansion of our obligations.
For Instance, unless great care is taken,
we shall find as we move westwards,
that the exigencies of civilization
may clash injuriously with the
prejudices and traditional habits of
oar Indian fellow-subjects. [Hear,
hear.] As long as Canada was in
the woods,

THE INDIAN FBOBLEH

was comparatively easy, the progress of
settlement was slow enough to give
ample time and opportunity for arriv-
ing at an amicable and mutually con-
venient arrangement with- each tribe
with whoui we successively came into
contact, but once out upon the plains
colonization will advance with far
more rapid and ungovernable strides,
and it cannot fall eventually to inter-
fere with the by no means inex-
haustible supply of buffalo upon
which so many of the Indian tribes
are now dependent. Against this
contingency it will be|oar most argent
and imperative duty to take timely
precautions by enabling the red man
not b? any undue pressure, or hasty or
ill-considered interferences, but by
precept, example, and suasion, by gifts
of cattle, and other encouragements,
to exchange the precarious life of a
hunter for that of a pastoral and
eventually that of an agricultural
people. [Hear, hear and applause.]
Happily in no part of her Majesty's
dominions are the relations existing
between the white settler and the
original natives and masters of the
land so well understood or so gener-
ously and humanely Interpreted as
in Canada, and as a consequence
instead of being a cause of an anxiety
and disturbance, the Indian tribes of
the Dominion are regarded as a valu-
able adjunct to our strength and
Industry. Wherever I have gone in
the Province— and since I have been
here, I have travelled nearly a
thousand miles within your borders
—I have fonnd the Indians upon
their several reserves, pretermitting a
few pretty grievances of a local
character they thought themselves
justified in preferring, contented and
satisfied, upon the most f-iendly
terms with their white neighbors, and
implicitly confiding in the good faith
and paternal solicitude of the Ctovem-
ment. [Applause.]

In some districts I have learnt with
pleasure that the Sioux, who some
years since entered our territory
under such sinister circum-
stances— I do not of course
refer to the recent visit of Sitting
Bull and his people— | laughter] are
not only perfectly peaceable and well

r the human

i Tlita*] thns
1, we mnst
IB a oorres-
obligationB.
tare is taken,
westwards,
ciylllzatlon
with the
kl habits of
Bts. [Hear,
Etda was In

ILBM

,e progress of
ugh to give
ty for aTriv-
utuaily con-
h- each tribe
ily came into
)n the plains
;e with far
lable strides,
»lly to inter-
ueans inex-
affalo upon
Indian tribes
Against this
' most urgent
take timely

the red man
e, or hasty or
ices, but by
sion, by gifts
Duragements,
ous life of a
pastoral and

agricultural
id applause.]
lier Majesty's
iions existing
ler and the
asters of the

or so gener-
aterpreted as

consequence
of an anxiety
dian tribes of
led as a valu-
Btreagth and
have gone in
) I have been
ad nearly a
your borders
[ndians upon
retermitting a

of a local
it themselves
contented and
ost friendly
aeighbors, and
bbe good faith
at the Qovem-

,ve leamt with
IX, who some
our territory
iter circum-
of course
sit of Sitting
[laughter] are
eable and well

behaved but have turned into useful
and hardworking laborers and
harvestmen, [hear, hear] while in the
more distant settlements, the less
domesticated bands of natives,
whether as hunters, voyageura, guides,
purveyors of our furs and game, prove
an appreciably advantageous element
in the economical structure of the
colony. [Applause.] Thcxe is no
doubt that a great deal of the good
feeling thus subsisting among the red
men and ourselves la due to the in-
fluence and Interposition of that In-
valuable class of men the half-breed,
settlers and pioneers of Manitoba
[tremendous applause] who, com-
bining as they do the hardihood, the
endurance ana love of enterprise
generated by the strain of Indian
blood within their veins, with the
civilization, the instruction, and the
intellectual power derived from their
fathers have preached the gospel of
peace and good will, and mutual
respect, with equally beneQcent
results, to the Indian chieftain In his
lodge, and the British settler in his
shanty. [Benewcd applause.] They
have been the embassadors between
the Bast and the West, the Inter-
preters of civilization, and its exigen-
deo, to the dwellers on the prairie, as
well as the exponents to the white
man of the consideration Justly due to
the susceptibilities, the sensitive self-
respec*:, the prejudices, the Innate crav-
ing far justice of the Indian race.
[C!octinued applause.] In fact, they
have done for the colony what other-
wise would have been left un-
aooon^llshed, and have Introduced
between the white population and
the red man a traditional fetling of
amity and friendships, which, but for
them, it might have been Impossible
to establish. [Cheers.]

Nor can I pass by the humane,
kindly, and considerate atten-
tion, which has ever dis-
tinguished the Hudson Bh; Com-
pany in its dealings with the native
population. [Applause,] But though
giving credjit to these fortunate Influ-
ences amongst the causes which are
conducing to produce and preserve
this happy result, the place of honor
must be adjuged to that honorable and
generous policy which has been pur-
sued by successive Qovernments of
Canada tow&rds the Indian, which at
this moment Is being superintended
and carried out with so much tact,dis-
creilon and ability by your present
Lieutenant-Governor, [cheers] under
which the extinction of the Indian
title upon liberal terms has invaria-
bly been recognized as a necessary pre-
liminary to the occupation of a single
square yard of native territory. But
our friends and neighbors are by on
means the only alien communities in
Manitoba which demand the solicitude
of the Government and excite our

1«J

sympathy and curlocity. In close
proximity to Winnipeg, two other
commualtles, the

UKNN0NITK8 AND lOELAMDERS,

starting from opposite ends of
Europe, without either concert or
communication, have sought fresh
homes within our territory, the one of
Russian extraction, though German
race, moved by a desire to escape from
the obligations of law which was re-
pulsive to their conscience, the other
bred amid the snows and ashes of an
arctic volcano, by the hope of better-
ing their material condition. Al-
though I have witnessed many sights
to cause me pleasure during my
various progresses through the Do-
minion, seldom have I beheld any
spectacle uMre pregnant with proph-
ecy, more fraught with promise of an
nstonishing future than the Mennonite
settlement. [Great applause.] When
I visited theee iuteresting people they
had only been two years in the
Province, and yet in a long ride I took
across the prairie, which but yester-
day was absolutely bare, desolate and
untenanted, the home of the wolf, the
badger and the eagle I passed village
after village, homestead after home-
stead, furnished with all the conveni-
ences and Incidents of European com-
fort, and a sclentiflc agriculture, while
on either side the road cornfields al-
ready ripe for harvest, and pastures
populous with herds of cattle,
stretched away to the horizon. [Great
cheering.]

Even on this continent the pecu-
liar theatre ot rapiu change and
progress, there has nowhere, I im-
agine, taken place so marvelous a
transformation, [renewed cheers] and
yet when in your name and in the
name of the Queen of England I bade
these people welcome to their new
homes, it was not the Improvement In
their material fortunes that pre-occu-
pled my thoughts. Qlad as I was of
having the power of applotting them
so ample a portion of o'lr teeming soil,
which seems to blossom at a touch,
[continued applause] and which they
were cultivating to such manifest ad-
vantage, I felt infinitely prouder in be-
ing able to throw over them the ffigls
of the British constitution [loud cheer-
ing], and in bidding them freely share
with us our unrivaled political Insti-
tutions, our untranuneled personal
liberty. [Renewed cheers. We our-
selves are so accustomed to ^^'wthe
the atmosphere of freedom that it
scarcely occurs to cs to consider or
appreciate our advantages In this re-
spect. It is only when we are remind-
ed by such incidents as that to which
I refer, of the small extent of the
world's surface over which the princi-
ples of parliamentary government can
be said to work smoothly and harmon-
iously, that we are led to consider the

excepMonal happiness of our position.
[Hear, bear.] Nor was my visit to the
Icelandic community less satisfactory
than that to our Menominite fellow-
subjects. From accidental circum-
stances I have been long led to take
an Interest in the history and
literature of the Scandinavian raoe,
and the kindness I once experienced
at the hands of the Ictlandic people in
their own island induced me to take •
deep interest in the welfare Of this new
immigration- [Applause.] When we
take into account the secluded position
of the Icelandic nation for the last
thousand years, the unfavorable con-
ditions of their ;ollmatic and geograph-
ical situ-^tiou, It woula oe unreason-
able to expect that a colony from
thence should exhibit the same atti-
tude for agricultural enterprise and
Bettlem(.nt as would be possessed by a
people freeh from intimate contact
with thr higher civilization of Europe,
xn Iceland there are neither trees nor
cornfield, nor hiifhways. You eannot
therefoie expect an loidander to exhi-
bit an iaspirad proficiency in felling
tress, ploughing land, or making roads,
yet unfortunately these are tbe three
acompUshments most necessary to a
oolonls'<; m Canada. But though start-
ing at f> disadvantage in these respecfts
you m:ist not undeiate the capacity
of your new fellow oovntrymeB.
They are endowed with a great deal ot
Intellectual ability, and a qwMi intelll-
Igenoft. They are well educated. I
scarcely entered a hovel at Oi4ilU
which did not posseas a library. They
are well conducted, r^igious and peao-
able> Above all things tney are do-
cile and anxious to learn. [Applaos^
Nor, considering the difficulty that
prevails in this country in proourli^g
women servants, will the aeoea-
sion of some htmdrsds of bright,
good-humored, though perhaps awk-
ward, yet willing, lo^andic girls, anx-
ious for employramt, be found a dl»-
advantage by the resident ladles of
tha country. [Hear, hear]. Should
the dispersion of these young ladies
lead in course of time to the forma-
tion of more temperate and tenderer
ties than those of mere neighborhoo<i
between the ()«a«dlan and the Ice
landic colony, I "ic. safe in predicting
that it will not pirove a matter of re-
gret on the one side or the other.
[Laughter and applause.] And, gen-
tlemen, in reference to this point, 1
cannot help remarking with satisfao-
tlon the extent to which a commun-
ity of Interests, the sense of being en-
gaged in a common undertaking, the
obvious d^^ree In which the prosper-
ity of any one man is a gain to his
neighbors, has amalgamated the var-
ious sections of the population of this
Fro vince, originally so diveiM in race,
origin and religion. Into a patriotic,
closely welded and united whole. [ Ap
plauserfmd cheering.] In no part of

mmmi

■

OAQida luve I foand « better feeUoR
between all olMsea and aeotioni of the
oommunity. [Cheers.] It la in a
great measure owing to this wide
spread sentiment of brotherhood that
on a recent oooaaion great troubles
have bee') averted, while at the pres-
ent moment it is Bading its crowning
and most triumphant expression in
the eetablisbment of h university un-
der conditions which here been found
Impossible of application In any other
Province of Canada— I may say In any
other country in the world— for no-
whereelse, either in Europe or on this
continent, as far as I am aware, have
the bishops and beads of the various
religious communities into which the
Christian world is so unhappily divld-
ed,^combined to erect an alma mater
to which all the denominational col
leges of the Province are to be sflSilla-
ed [great I4>plause,] and whose statues
and degrees are to be regulated and dis-
pensed under the joint auspices of a
government body, in which all the
land will be represented. An acheive-
ment of this kind speaks volumes in
favor of wisdom, liberality, and the
Gbristain charity of these devoted
men by whom in this distant land, the
oonsoienoes of the population
are led and enlightened; long
may they, be spared to see
the eflecH of their exertions
and magottiimous aaorifloefl in the
good conduct and grateful devotion of
their respective flocks. [Loud
applause.]

Nor, I am happy to thmk, is this
good fellowship upon which I have
so much cause to congratulate
you, confined either within the lim-
its of the Province or those of
the Dominion. Nothing struck me
more on my way through St Paul, in

THE UNITED STATES,

than the sympathetio manner in
which the inhabitan<(a of that
flourishing city alluded to the pro-
gi-ess and prospects of Canada and
the northwest [great applause] and on
arriving here I was equally struck by
finding even a more exuberant counter-
part of those friendly sentiments.
[Renewed applause.] The reason is
not far to seek. Quif <« independently
of the genial intercourw promoted by
neighborhood, and the intergrowth ol
commercial relations, a bond of sym-
pathy uetween the two populations it
created by the consciousness that they
are both engaged in an enterprise of
vrerld-wide importance, that they are

JMI[

both organized corps in the ranks of
humanity, and the wings of a great
army, marching in line on a level
front, that. they are both engaged In
advancing the standard of civilisation
westwardH [applausej, that for many
a year to come they will bn asaociated
In the task of ooiiverting the breadths
of prairie that stretch between them
and the setting sun into one vast
paradise of interna' lonal peace, of
domestic happiness, and material
plenty. Between two communities
thus occupied it is impoaalble but thai
amity and loving kindness should be
begotten. [Applause.]

Bui perhaps it will be asked how
can I, who am the natural and
olBoial guardian of Canada's virtue,
mark with satisfaction such
dangerously sentimental' procllvites
towards her seductive neighbor I
I will reply by appealing to
those experienced matrons and
chaperones I see around me- They
will tell you that! when a young lady
expresses her frank admiration for a
man, when she welcomes his approach
with unponstrained pleasure, crosses
the room to sit down beside him,
presses him to Join her picnic, praises
him to her friends, there is not the
slightest fear cf her affections having
been surreptitiously entrapped by the
gay deceiver. [Great laughter.] On
the contrary, it is when she can
scarcely be brought to mention his
name— [renewed laughter]— when she
avoids bis society, when she alludes to
him with malice and disparagement,
that real danger is to be apprehended.
[Uproarious laughter and applause*]
No, no! Canada both loves and
admires the United States, but it is
with the friendly, frank aff<-ction
which a heart-whole maiden feels for
some bf3, boisterous, young cousin,
fresh from school, and elate with
animal spirits and good nature.
[Laughter.] She knows he is stronger
and more muscular than herself, has
lots of pocket money, can smoke cigars
and loai around in public places in ui
ostentatious manner forbidden to the
decorum of her own situation. [Orea
laughter.] She admires him for his
bigiess and strength, and prosperity,
she likee to hear of hia punching the
heada of other boys [renewed laughter]
she anticipates and vrill be proud of
his future success in life, she love8
him for hia affectionate and loyal
friendship for herself, Knd perhaps a
llttie laughs at him for the patronizing

air with which he expresses It.
[roars of lajghter].

But of no nearer connection does
she dream, nor does his bulky
Image for a moment disturb
her virginal meditations. In a
world apart, secluded from all
extraneous Influenceft, nestling at
the feet of her majeatic mother, Can-
ada, dreama her dream, and forbodea
her deatiny— a dream of ever-bloom-
ing harveats, multiplyHg towns and
villages, and expanding pastures; of
constitutional selfgovf«rnment, and a
confederated empire; of page after
page of honorable history, added as
her contribution to the annals of the
mother country, and to the glories of
the British race [tremendous ap-
plause,] of a perpetuation for all time
upon this continent of that temperate
and well-balanced system of monarch-
ical government, which combines in
one mighty whole as the eternal pos-
session of all Englishmen, thcj brilliant
history and traditions of the past, with
the freest and most untrammelled lib-
ertv of action in the fui/ure. [Long
ooiidnued applause and cheers.] L»>
dies and gentlemen, I hare now done.
I have to thank you for the patience
with which yon have listened to me,
and once again for the many kindaeas-
es you have done Lady Dufferin and
myself during our stay amongst yoo.
Most heartily do I congratulate yon
upon all that you are dclns, and upon
the glorious prospect of prosperity
which is opening out on every side of
you. [A.pplause.] Though elsewhere
In the Dominion stagnation of trade
and commerce has checked for a year
or two the general advance of Canada,
here at least yon have escaped the ef-
fects of such sinister incidents, for
your welfare being based upon the
most solid of all foundations, the cul-
tivation of the soil, you are in a po-
sition to pursue the even tenor of your
way untroubled by those alterations
of fortune which disturb the world of
trade and manufacture. You have
been blessed with an abundant harvest
and soon I trust will a railway come
to carry to those who need it the sur-
plus of your produce, now, as my own
eyes have witnessed— Imprisoned in
your storehouses for want of the
means of transport May the expand-
ing finances of the country soon place
the Ctovernment in a potltion to grat-
ify your just and natural expectations.
[Loud cheers and applause.]

mmmmmmmmmitif^

■BBSPHHii^

presses It.

lotion does
ills bulky
b disturb
B. In s

from all
iMtling at
other. Can-
i forbodea
iver.bloom-
towns and
astures; of
nent, and a

page after
r, added as
nals of the
a glories of
mdons ap-
for all time
t temperate
it monarch-
ombines in
eternal pos-
bbc brilliant
le past, with
nmelled 11b-
ure. [Long
beers.] La-
) now done,
be patience
ened to me,
ly kindoeea-
ufferin and
mongst yoo.
atulate you
IS, and upon
prosperity
ivery side of
rh elsewhere
on of trade
d for a year
e of Canada,
aped theef-
icidents, for
d upon the
ons, the eul-
re In a po-
enor of your
I alterations
the world of

You have
daatharyest
illway come
)d it the sur-
r, as my own
iprisoned In
rant of the

the expand-
:y soon place
Ition to gtmtr
ixpectatlons.
e.]

.>S 'p.
4 i»