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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustretion et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants appa<attra sur la dernlAre imege de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbo'e ▼ signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bes, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■■ ^ ' I K mm f ft y y' t iiym^i '■ a f m Ohio Valley Historical Series. BOUQUET'S Expedition against the Ohio Indians. <«'■■'.«».—•• ■^^^ IT':^.'-,,^,^-,, r-f . < > J Mk mmm HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, IN 17 64. WITH PREFACE BY FRANCIS PARKMAN, Author of "Conspiracy of Pontiac" etc. AND A TRANSLATION OF DUMAS' BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF GENERAL BOUaUET. CINCINNATI, O. ROBERT CLARKE & CO. 1868. "■■« >?>■'" -fM ^ S66 OHIO VALLEY PRESS, BOSEBT OLABKB A CO. CINCINNATI, O. 1^ m^m^HKHim PUBLISHERS' A'OTICF. IN offering to our patrons the Account of General Bou- quet's Expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1764, as the first of the reprints of the Ohio Valley Historical Series, we may premise that we have been urged thereto by the rarity of the volume and its intrinsic value as an authentic and reliable narrative of one of the earliest British military expeditions into the Territory North- JVest of the Ohio River. This work was published at Philadelphia in 1765, reprinted at London the following year ; and an edition in French, by C. G. F. Dumas, was issued ai Amsterdam in 1769. Mr. Francis Parkman has kindly furnished us with a few prefatory words. The proper introduction, how- ever. VI Publishers' Notice. however, to this work, and indeed to all the fragmentary accounts of the later struggles of the white and Indian races in the Central West, is his " History of the Con- spiracy of Pontiac," of which this expedition was one of the results. We can not too earnestly recommend its perusal to our readers. His wonderfully clear and exact knowledge of Indian character, and its faithful portrayal in his introductory chapters, together with his minute accounts of their tribal divisions, their internal differences, their modes of warfare, the nature of their governments, and his general review of the " situation," can not fail to be of great service in attaining an intelligent understanding of the story of the Indian wars in the West, and the trials and hardships of the sturdy pioneers, whose bloody strug- gles and anxious labors laid the foundation of the present prosperity of this region. Mr. Parkman has also translated for us M. Dumas' biographical sketch of General Bouquet prefixed to the French edition. We regret that we are, at present, unable to give a more detailed history of his transactions in this country, the most active and interesting period of his life, concerning which M. Dumas' sketch is very meagre, passing over in silence his important services as one of the commanders of the Royal American Corpsy his connection with the former expedition against Fort Du- quesne^ * For particulars of this controversy, see Craig's " Olden Time," Vol. I, published at I'ittsburgh in 1846, and Sparks' "Life and Writings of Wash- ington," Vol. II. J Publishers' Notice. VM Du^uesne^ in lys^t under General Forbes, and his cel- ebrated controversy with General — then Colonel — Wash- ington as to the route which that expedition should take from Car/islf to Fort Duqutsne.* The one urgently advo- cated by General Bouquet, through Raystown^ now Bedford^ and Loyal Hanna^ was adopted, and the marked advantage of this road in subsequent military operations, and in encouraging the settlement of fVtstern Pennsylvania^ evinced his practical wisdom and forethought. We would call the attention of our readers to the suc- cessful manner in which, by the *' Osborne Process " the American Photo-Lithographic Company have reproduced the map, plans, and the two plates by Benjamin West, \n facsimile of the originals. For facility of reference, an index has been added. / <*J'*S B,l, . -.1 » I'lm TP* '■•* • ■ CONTENTS. PAGE xi xvii Prefatory, By Francis Parkman . . Biographical Sketch of Henry Bouquet . Ti*- iu^ion 3 Hijiorical Account of the Expedition . • ^9 Reflexions c^ the JVar with the Savages of N. A. 93 Appendix I — ConftruEiion of Forts . . . -137 Appendix II — French Forts ceded to Great Britain . 141 Appendix III — Route from Philadelphia to Fort Pitt 148 Appendix IV — Indian 'Towns on the Ohio River . 149 Appendix V — Indicn Nations of North America . 1 53 M :fei /X iiui iti ti#-\ - **ir PREFATORY. THE peace of 1763 was the beginning of a new epoch in the history of this continent. The vast region from the Allcghanies to the Rocky Moun- tains had been explored, mapped out, and, in good measure, occupied by the French. Their forts, mis- sions, and trading posts — the centers, in some cases, of little colonies — were scattered throughout the Valley of the Mississippi and on the borders of all the Great Lakes. They had gained a controlling influence over the Indians, and by the right of discovery and of colonization they regarded the country as their own. When Wolfe and Amherst conquered Canada, the vast but frail fabric of French empire in the West crumbled to the dust. An industrial democracy, not a military monarchy married to the hierarchy of Rome, was thenceforth to assume the mighty task of conquering this rich wilderness for civilization. To -^1 xu Prefatory. To the Indian tribes, its natural owners, the change was nothing but a disaster. They had held, in a cer- tain sense, the balance of power between the rival colonies of France and England. Both had bid for their friendship, and both competed for the trade with them. The French had been the more successful. Their influence was predominant among all the in- terior tribes, while many of the border Indians, old allies of the English, had of late abandoned them in favor of their rivals. While the French had usually gained the good will, often the ardent attachment, of the tribes with whom they came in contact, the English, for the most part, had inspired only jealousy and dislike. This dislike was soon changed to the most intense hatred. Lawless traders and equally lawless speculators preyed on the Indians; swarms of squatters invaded the lands of the border tribes, and crowded them from their homes. No race on earth has a more intense and unyield- ing individuality than the Indians. To the weakness and vices inseparable from all low degrees of human development, he joins a peculiar reserve and pride. He will not coalesce with superior races, and will not imitate them. When enslaved he dies, kills himself, kills W" Prefatory. Xlll kills his master, or runs away. It has been his lot to be often hated, but seldom thoroughly despised. His race has never received a nickname, and he has never served as a subject of amusement. There is some humor in him, but he is too grim a figure to be laughed at. One is almost constrained to admire the inflexible obstinacy with which he clings to his own personality, rejects the advances of civilization, and prefers to die as he has lived. Such, indeed, is the alternative ; and it was after the peace of 1763 that this inexorable sentence of civilization or destruction wrs first proclaimed over the continent in tones no longer doubtful. That the Indians understood the crisis it would be rash to affirm ; but they felt it without fully under- standing it. The result was the great Indian war under Pontiac. The tribes leagued together and rose to drive the English into the sea. All the small posts of the interior were captured from the '-English, itnd the frontiers swept with fire. The two great forts, Detroit and Fort Pitt, alone withstood the assailants, and both were reduced to extremity, Pontiac him- self, with the tribes of the Lakes, beleaguered Detroit, while XIV Prefatory. while tht. Dt'lawares and Shawanees, with some of the Wyandottes, laid siege, in their barbarous way, to Fort Pitt, or Pittsburgh. Other bands of the same tribes meanwhile ravaged the frontiers of Pennsylvania, burn- ing houses, murdering settlers, laying waste whole dis- tricts, and producing an indescribable distress and con- sternation. This is the point where the ensuing narrative begins. Happily for the distracted borders and the distressed garrison, a gallant Swiss officer, Henry BoucijJET, then commanded at Philadelphia, and he was ordered to march, with what troops he could collect, to the relief of Fort Pitt. A similar attempt had been made, with greater means and with fewer obstacles, to relieve Detroit, and the result had been a deplorable defeat ; but Bouf^jKr, an experienced officer, a man of science and a man of sense, proved himself in every way equal to the emergency. The story of this almost desperate attempt is given in the introductory part of the following nanative. The events recounted in the body of the book belong to the succeeding year. The Indians defeated by Bouquet at Bushy Run, and foiled by Gladwyn before Detroit, had lost heart and hope. General Bradstreet led a body of ,,, ■'*;^'^'«- . ■?'^'WW?,''ifS^?^*-' Prefatory. XV of troops up the lakes to force them to a substantial and permanent peace ; while Bouquet, with a similar object, marched into the untrodden wilderness of Ohio. Bradstreet's share of the combined expedition was ill-managed, and ^ at partially successful •, yet, while failing to do his own part thoroughly, he took it upon himself to accomplish that assigned to his brother commander. Bouquet rejected his interfer- ence, disregarded the unauthorized treaties he had ■made, and pursued his march with results which the narrative itself will show. I have examined the orig- inal documents on which it is based, and can testify that they have been faithfully followed. The authorship of the "Historical Account of the Expedition against the Ohio Indians,'' has been as- cribed, by Rich, Allibone, and others, to Fhomas Hutchins, at that time Geographer of the United States, who supplied the map , but the following extract from a letter of Dr. William Smith, Provost of rhe College of Philadelphia, dated January 13, 1766, seems a suf- ficient proof that the credit belongs to him. "il/r. Croghan" he writes to Sir William John- son, ^^ set out the day before I expected he uould, else I ^■^ proposed sending you a copy of ' Bouquet's Expedition " to Aiuskingum^* which I drew up from some papers he ^^ favored ^i XVI Prefatory. ^'favored me with, and which is reprinted in England^ " and has had a very favorable reception.'' Mr. A. R. SpofFord, the intelligent cusiodian of the Library of Congress, first made this contemporary evi- dence known, having discovered the letter in the Force collection of papers, lately acquired by that Library. Francis Parkman. Boston, August y 1868. i..J/--w'^4.f.tt,-,*^v-i..«.«", -iiNf^-ffi^rf.^ ,4 pm ■■*., ■ • ^ 'fc... mm BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF HENRY BOUQUET. TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH EDITION OF THIS WORK PUBLISHED AT AMSTERDAM IN 176.; BV C. G. F. DUMAS. TTENRY BOUQUET was a man of a fine A X person, a superior understanding, and a feeling heart. He made no claim to the good opinion of others, neither did he solicit it. All were compelled to esteem him, and hence there were many of his profession who thought they could dispense with loving him. Firmness, intrepidity, calmness, presence of mind in the greatest dangers, virtues so essential in a com- mander, were natural to him. His presence inspired confidence and impressed respect, encouraged his friends and confounded his foes. He xvin Biographical Sketch of He was born at Rolle,* in the canton of Berne, in Switzerland. In 1736, being then seventeen years old, he was received as a cadet in the Regiment of Con- stant, in the service of LL. HH. ??.,i and in 1738 he obtained the commission of ensign in the same regi- ment. Thence he passed into that of Roguin, in the service of the King of Sardinia, and distinguished himself first as first lieutenant, and afterward as adju- tant, in the memorable and ably-conducted campaigns of the wars which that great prince sustained against the combined forces of France and Spain. At the battle of Cony, being ordered to occupy a piece of ground at the brink of a precipice, he led his men thither in such a way that not one of them saw that they were within two steps of destruction should the enemy force the position. Meanwhile, calmly watch- ing the movements of both armies, he made his soldiers observe, in order to distract their attention, that these movements could be seen much better by the light of the moon than in broad daylight. * Rolle is a small town in the canton of Vaud. Together with the greater part of the Vaudois territory, it was formerly under the govern- ment of Berne, and regarded as a part of that canton. It 'is on the northern borders of the Lake of Geneva. — F. P. k f Lturt Hautet Puistanct$ — /. *., The States General of Holland. — F. P. The ■kJSSil" Henry Bouquet. XIX The accounts, no less exact than interesting, which he sent to Holland of the operations of these cam- paigns, came to the knowledge of His Serene High- ness, the late Prince of Orange, and induced him to engage this officer in the service of the Republic. In consequence, Mr. Bouquet entered as captain commandant, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, into the regiment of Swiss Guards, newly formed at the Hague, in 1748, and was immediately chosen to go, jointly with Generals Burmannia and Cornabk, to receive from the French the places in the Low Countries which they were about to evacuate, and to arrange the return of the prisoners of war which France gave up to the Republic in conformity with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. A few months after, Lord Middleton invited him to accompany him in his travels in France and Italy. On his return to the Hague, he devoted every moment which his regimental duties allowed to the careful study of the military art, and above all of mathematics, which are the foundation of it. The intimate relations which he formed with Professors Hemsterhuis, IConig, and Allamand, and with sev- eral other learned men in every branch of science, greatly XX Biographical Sketch of greatly facilitated his acquisition of the thorough knowl- edge which afterward gave him a yet higher distinc- tion, and caused him to appear with such advantage in the vast theater of the war kindled between France and England in 1754.* As this war ob'iged England to send troops to America, it was proposed to raise a corps, under the name of Royal Americans, formed of three bat- talions under one commander, the officers of which were to be indifferently either Americans or foreign- ers, but in all cases men of capacity and experience. f This plan, favored by the Duke of Cumberland, was carried into execution, though altered and muti- lated by an opposing faction. Mr. Bouquet and * Bou(iyKT always retained his fondness for the society of men of sci- ence. When in command at Philadelphia, he formed an intimacy with the botanist Bertram. — F. P. f The " Royal American Regiment " was to consist of four battalions of one thousand men each, the ranks to be filled in great measure from the German and other continental settlers of Pennsylvania and Maryland. Fifty of the officers might be foreign Protestants, but the colonel must be a natural-born subject. See " Act to enable His Majesty to grant com- missions to a certain number of foreign Protestants," 29 George II., c. V. The first colonel was John, Earl of Loudoun, but Colonels J. Stanwix, JosiFH DussAuv, C. JifrERiYs, and James Provost, commanded the four battalions respectively. See "Army List." The Royal American Regi- ment is now the Sixtieth Rifles. — F. P. his ! •<)l Henry Bouquet, XXI 1 « his intimate friend, Mr. Haldimand, were the first to whom those charged with it turned their eyes, and they were urged to serve in this brigade as lieutenant colonels. Both had already reached that rank at :he Hague, and by a singular freak of fortune, the officer who was to command them in America was their in- I ferior in Europe. This made them hesitate for some time. Nevertheless, at the urgent persuasion of Sir Joseph Yorke, and upon a promise being made them that they should be placed immediately, as colonels commandant, on a footing of equality with the colonel- in-chief of the brigade, they were induced to accept the commissions offered them. As soon as their reso- lution was taken, thev were charged to attract into the corps a sufficient number of good officers, both for the engineer and the artillery service. There was no reason to regret that this matter was entrusted to them. Most of these officers were drawn from the armies of the Republic, and they have answered the expecta- tions of those who chose them in a manner which has done honor to both. his I have not entered into a detailed account of the plan which called into existence the brigade of which I have just spoken, for this would have led me too far. sSiMft,^,. rtAi J t^ U* ill tMliwjii n I ■*■ .^ifc— «ii xxii Biographical Sketch of far. I shall content myself with saying, that its origin, and the favor with which it was received, were due to pure accident ; but that its happy executi<jn is solely to be ascribed to the discernment of Sir Joseph Yorke, and to his zeal for his country. It is chiefly, then, to him, that the British Empire owes the distin- guished services which these brave officers have ren- dered it.* To return to Mr. Bou(^»f.t : On his arrival in America, his integrity, as well as his g-^eat capacity, soon acquired for him a great credit in the Colonies, especially in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Respected by the soldiers, in credit with all who had a share in the internal government of these provinces, universally esteemed and loved, he had but to ask, and he ob- tained ill that it was possible to grant, because it was believed that he asked nothing but what was necessary and proper, and that all would be faithfully employed for the services of the king and t*>e provinces. This good understanding between the civil and military '"' Major General Sm Josefh Yorke was appointed Brirish Plenipoten- tiary to the States General in 1751. He had been aid -de-camp to the Duke or Cumberland at the battle of Fontenuy. In 1788 he was raised tu the peerage as Baron Dover. He died without issue in 1791- F. P. authorities Henry Bouc/ui't. XXllI authorities contributed to his success quite t . niuch as his ability. Immediatelv after the conclu ion o{ peace with the Indians, the king made him brigadier general and com- mandant of his troops in all the Southern C\tlonics of British America. He died at Pensacola * lamented by his friends and universally regretted. I wish that the Coloni s, which I sincerely love, may have a long succession of such defenders. The young officers who read this, will permit me to propose him as a model for their imitation, and an example well fitted to excite in them a noble emulation. It is to his honor that I have undertaken this translation, and it is to his mem- ory that I dedicate it. [*His death must Juve occurred in the autumn of 1765, not long tfttr his return trom thit " Expedition against the Obic Indiam,' for, in the Gintliman'i Ma: aaine (London) for January, 1766, we find the following among tiie pron <tions in the British army. " ^ug. Provott, £sy., Lieut. Col. of the 6c)th Reg., in room of H. Boutiui'i, dec."] ■;*>i<JmKwm,^M-^ ■/>< •• aS|||B(g|»|B^«S(i;:W»awi»s^ ^ii^mH^fmmimm ■tiittttllWlilbwteWUt . -; IWn IFSS Scalr of Miles. ,<■ /• 770P» r'T, AP.KI t CO. TuMishers , CINCINNATI u<^ J' '^^. ^n. of the COUNTRY on tlie ^ Oliio KrMnfkiinJimi Rivers Kfhemin^ theSfUuttton oftJke IIOJIAJVTOW^A' iPt'tft o/' C'olr>nelB o«ji|i.«t ThofHutcAm^^f/.r.^M<f inert', MARYXAmJ V I R G I X I -A. ■^^^Jl^^^^^^^^^fes.. A. .V ''^ *' ^*Va:» ^ .:% L>«le A Survey Colo ,.tt-i., B oiitatiftt ASiAant EafioMr. Tffjtr.: ««£: Scale or Miles. ,< /• fj" Am.Photo-Litho^raphic Cki. N.Y ! Osborns's fVoce.is; ti*n.wMi.;'J-'JlWlfc|ilc WB^ 1 ■)<^ tt/ •mmm^ AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE EXPEDITION AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, IN THE YEAR MDCCLXIV. UNDER THE COMMAND OF HENRY BOUQUET, ESQ. COLONEL OF FOOT, AND NOW BRIGADIER GENERAL IN AMERICA. Including his Tranfaftions with the INDIANS, Relative to the DELIVERY of their PRISONERS, And the PRELIMINARIES of PEACE. With an introductory account of the Preceding CAMPAIGN, And BATTLE at BUSHY-RUN. To which are annexed MILITARY PAPERS, CONTAINING Refleftions on the War with the Savages; a Method of forming Frontier Settlements ; fome Account of the INDIAN Country ; with a Lift of Nations, Fighting Men, Towns, Diftances, and different Routs. The whole illuftrated with a MAP and COPPER-PLATES. Publilhed, from authentic Documents, by a Lover of his Country. PHILADELPHIA. PRINTED: LONDON, Re-printed for T. JEFFERIES, Geographer to his MAJESTY, at Charing Crofs. MDCCLXVI. T "*»■ ^wra/VSTTa-*^-** ' ■T^'J!?f *f*W'Ww^^'M*7l«^V''!T?f''V«i. mf-HF"^ „^. .J,. ^««.»l>.^ INTRODUCTION. THE general peace, concluded between Great- Britain, France and Spain, in the year 1762, although viewed in different lights by perlbns varioufly afFeded in the mother country, was nev- erthelefs univerfally confidered as a moft happy event in America. To behold the French, who had fo long infti- gated and fupported the Indians, in the moft de- ftrudive wars and cruel depredations on our fron- tier fettlements, at laft compelled to cede all Canada, and reftrided to the weftern fide of Miffifippi, was what we had lotig wifhed, but fcarcely hoped an accomplifhmeiit of in our own days. The pre- cifion with which our boundaries were expreffed, admitted of no ground for future difputes, and was matter of exultation to every one who under- ftood and regarded the intereft of thefe colonies. We had now the pleafing profped of "entire* * The leveral quotations in this introdudlion are taken from the Annual Regiiler, 1763, which is written with great elegance and truth, fo far as the author appears to have been furniflied with materials. " fecurity 4 Introdu^ion. "fecurity tVom all moleftation of the Indians, (ince " French intrigues could no longer be employed ■'to feduce, or French force to fupport them." " Unhappily, however, we were difappointed in this expedation. Our danger arofe from that very quarter, in which we imagined ourfehes in the moft perfecfl fecurity; and juft at the time when we concluded the Indians to be entirely awed, and almoft fubjeded by our power, they fuddenly fell upon the frontiers of our moft val- uable fettlements, and upon all our out-lying forts, with fuch unanimity in the deAgn, and with fuch favage fury in the attack, as we had not experienced, even in the hotteft times of any former war." Several reafons have been aftigned for this per- fidious condud on their part ; fuch as an omiifion of the ufual prefents, and fome fettlements made on lands not yet purchafed from them. But thefe caufes, if true, could only afFed a few tribes, and never could have formed fo general a combination againft us. The true reafon feems to have been a jealoufy of our growing power, heightened by their feeing the French almoft wholly driven out of Amer- ica, and a number of forts now poflTefled by us, which ■,'.^J:)-;j*.4;4;'^">*!.;:.i"£-i0.a-.':i..'i:.i lntrodu£iion. $ which commanded the great lakes and rivers com- municating with them, and awed the whole Indian country. They probably imagined that they be- held *' in every little garrifon the germ of a future "colony," and thought it . xcumbent on them to make one general and timely effort to crufh our power in the birth. By the papers in the Appendix, a general idea may be formed of the ftrength of the different Indian nations furrounding our fettlements, and their fituation with refped to each other. The Shawanefe, Delawares and other Ohio tribes, took the lead in this war, and feem to have begun it rather too precipitately, before the other tribes in confederacy with them, were ready for adion. Their fcheme appears to have been projeded with much deliberate mifchief in the intention, and more than ufual fkill in the fyftem of execu- tion. They were to make one general and fudden attack upon our frontier fettlements in the time of harveft, to deftroy our men, corn, cattle, &c. as far as they could penetrate, and to ftarve our out- pofts, by cutting off their fupplies, and all com- munication with the inhabitants of the Provinces. In ~~_ 6 Introduffion. In purfuance of this bold and bloody projedl, they fell fuddenly upon our traders whom they had invited into their country, murdered many of them, and made one general plunder of their effedls, to an immenfe value. The frontiers of Pennfylvania, Maryland and Virginia, were immediately over-run with fcalping parties, marking their way with blood and devafta- tion wherever they came, and all thofe examples of favage cruelty, which never fail to accompany an Indian war. All our out-forts, even at the remoteft diftances, were attacked about the fame time,- and the fol- lowing ones foon feli into the enemies hands — viz. Le Boeuf, Venango, Prefqu' Ifle, on and near lake Erie; La Bay upon lake Michigan; St. Jofeph's, upon the rive- of that name; Miamis upon the Miamis river ; Ouachtanon upon the Ouabache ; Sanduiky upon lake Junundat; and Michilimack- inac. Being but weakly garrifoned, trufting to the fecurity of a general peace fo lately eftabliihed, unable to obtain the leaft intelligence from the colonies, or from each other, and being feparately perfuaded maamrnmmsmgmm^amasamm mmmm^ Introduction. "j perfuaded by their treacherous and favage aflailants that they had carried every other place before them, it could not be expec'ted that thefe frnail pofts could hold out long ; and the fate of their garrifons is terrible to relate. The news of their furrender, and the continued ravages of the enemy, ftruck all America with con- fternation, and depopulated a great part of our frontiers. We now faw moft of thofe pofts, fud- denly wrefted from us, which had been the great objedl of the late war, and one of the principal advantages acquired by the peace. Only the forts of Niagara, the Detroit and Kort-Pitt, remained in our hands, of all that had been purchafed with fo much blood and treafure. But thefe were places of confequence, and we hope it ever will remain an argument of their importance, and of the attention that n-iould be paid to their future fupport, that they alone continued to awe the whole power of the Indians, and balanced the fate of the war be- tween them and us ! These forts, being larger, were better garrifoned and fupplied to ftar I a fiege of fome length, than the places that fell. Niagara was not attacked, the enemy judging it too ftrong. The 8 Introiiu^ion. The officers who commanded the other two deferved the highell honour for the firmnefs with which they defended them, and the hardfhips they fuftained rather than deliver up places ot' fuch im- portance. Major (jladwin, in particuhir, who commanded at the Detroit, had to wiihftand the united and vigorous attacks of all the nations living upon the Lakes. The defign of this publication, and the materials in my hands, lead me more immediately to fpeak of the defence and relief of Fort Pitt. The Indians had early furrounded that place, and cut off all communication from it, even by meffage. Tho* they had no cannon, nor under- ftood the methods of a regular fiege, yet, with in- credible boldnefs, they polled rhemfelves under the banks of both riverst by the walls of the fort, and continued as it were buried there, from day to day, with aftonifhing patience; pouring in an inceflant ftorm of mufquetry and fire arrows ; hoping at length, by famine, by fire, or by harrafTuig out the garrifon, to carry their point. t The Ohio and Monongahela, at the jundlion of which Hand* Fort Pitt. Captain Introciufiion. 9 Captain Fauver, who commanded thtre, tho' he wanted feveral neccflaries for fuftaining a fiege, and the fortifications had been greatly damaged by the floods, took all the precautions which art and judgment could fugp^eft for the repair of the place, and repulfing the enemy. His garrilon, joined by the inhabitants, and furviving traders who had taken refuge there, feconded his ertbrts with refo- lution. Their fituation was alarming, being re- mote from all immediate aififtance, and having to deal with an enemy from whom they had no mercy to exped. General Amherst, the commander in chief, not being able to provide in time for the fafety of the remote ports, bent his chief attention to the relief of the Detroit, Niagara, and Fort-Pitt. The communication with the two former was chiefly by water, from the province of New- York ; and it was on that account the more eafy to throw fuccours into them. The detachment fent to the Detroit arrived there on the '29th of July, 176J ; but Captain Dalyell, who commanded that detach- ment, and feventy of his men, loft their lives in a rencounter with the Indians near the fort. Pre- vious to this difafter he had paiTed thro' Niagara, and left a reinforcement there. Fort M, lO IntroduLfton. Fort Pitt remained all this while in a nioft critical iituarion. No account could be obtained from the garrifon, nor any relief fent to it, but by a long and tedious land march of near 200 miles beyond the fettlements ; and through thofe dan- gerous pafles where the fate of Braddock and others ftill rifes on the imac;ination. i CoL. Bouquet was appointed to march to the relief of this fort, with a large quantity of military ftores and proviiions, efcorted by the fhattered re- mainder of the 42d and 77th regiments, lately re- turned in a difnial condition from the Well-Indies, and far from being recovered of their fatigues at the (iege of the Havannah. General Amherft, having at that time no other troops to fpare, was obliged to employ them in a fervice which would have required men of the ftrongeft conftitution and vigour. E,ARLY orders had been given to prepare a con- voy of proviiions on the frontiers of Fennfyl- vatiia, but fuch were the univerfal terror and con- fternation of the inhabitants, that when Col. Bou- quet arrived at Carlifle, nothing had yet been done. A great number of the plantations had been plundet'^d and burnt, by the favages ; many of IntroduSlion. II of the mills deftroyed, and the /ull-ripe crops flood waving in the field, ready for the fickle, bur the reapers were not to be found 1 The greateft part of the county of Cumberland, thro' which the army had to pafs, was deferted, and the roads were covered with diftrefTed families, flying from their fettlements, and deftitute of all the necefTaries of life. In the midft of that general confufion, the fup- plies necefiary for the expedition became very pre- carious, nor was it lefs diiticult to procure horfes and carriages for the ufe of the troops. The commander found that, inftead of exped- ing fuch fupplies from a miferable people, he him- felf was called by tht voice of humanity to beftow on them fome (bare of his own provifions to relieve their prefent exigency. However, in i 8 days after his arrival at Carlifie, by the prudent and adive meafures which he purfued, joined to his knowl- edge of the counttA, and the diligence of the per fons he employed, the convoy and carriages were procured with the al?iftance of the interior parts of the country, and the army proceeded. Their iBjBl^ . i jg .. ' .^^. . 12 Introduiiion. Their march did not abate the fears of the de- jefted inhabitants. They "...new the ftrength and ferocity of the enemy. They remembered the former defeats even of our beft troops, and were full of diffidence and apprehenfions on beholding the fmall number and fickly ftate of the regulars employed in this expedition. Without *-'~- leaft hopes, therefore, of fuccefs, they feemed ^nly to wait for the fatal event, which they dreaded, to abandon all the country beyond the Sufque- hannah. In fuch defpondency of mind, it is not urprif- ing, that tho' their whole was at ftalce, ai d de- pended intirely upon the fate of this little army, none of them offered to affift in the defence of the country, by joining the expedition ; in which they would have been of infinite fervice, being in gen- eral well acquainted with the woods, and excellent markfmen. It cannot be contefted that the defeat of the regular troops on this occafion, would have left the province of Pennfylvania in particular, expofed to the moft imminent danger, from a victorious, daring, and barbarous enemy; for (excepting the frontier people of Cumberland county) the bulk of amsBomim ItttroduSiion. »3 of its induftrious inhabitants is compofed of mer- chants, tradefmen and farmers, unaccuftomed to arms, and without a militia law. The legiflature ordered, indeed, 700 men to be raifed for the protedlion of the frontiers during the harveft ; but what dependence could be placed in raw troops, newly raifed and undifciplined ? Under fo many difcouraging circumftances, the Colonel (deprived of all affiftance from the prov- inces, and having none to expert from the Gen- eral, who had fent him the laft man that could be removed from the hofpitals) had nothing elfe to truft to, but about 500 foldiers of approved cour- age and refolution indeed, but infirm, and intire ftrangers to the woods, and to this new kind of war. A number of them were even fo weak, as not to be able to march, and fixty were carried in waggons to reinforce the garrifoiis of the fmall ports on the communication. Meanwhile Fort-Ligonier, fituated beyond the Allegheny-Mountains, was in the greateft danger of falling into the hands of the enemy, before the army could reach it. The ftockade being very bad, and the garrifon extremely weak, thev had at- tacked it vigoroufly, but had been repulfed by the bravery W: H Intruduthon. bravery and good condudl of Lieutenant Biane who commanded there. The prefervation of that poft was of the utmoft confequence, on account of its fituation and the quantity of military llores it contained, which if the enemy could have got pofTeiruDn of, would have enabled them to continue their attack upon Fort Pitt, and reduced the army to the greateft ftreights. For an objed of that importance, every rifk was to be run ; and the Colonel determined to fend through the woods, with proper guides, a party of thirty men to join that garrifon. Fhey fucceeded bv forced marches in that hazardous attempt, not having been difcovered by the enemy till thev came within fight of the Fort, into which thev threw themfeivcs, after receiving feme running fliot. Previous to that reinforcement of regulars, 2C voluntu-rs, all good woodfmcn. had been lent to I^ort- Ligonier by Capt. Ourry, who commanded at b ort- Bedford another very confiderable maga- zine o\ provifions, and military ftores, the princi- pal and centrical flage between Carlifle and Fort Pitt, being about loo miles dirtance from each. This tort was alfo in a ruinous condition, and very weakly garrifoned, although the two finall intermediate -'^PIP" ' IntroduElion. tS intermediate pofts, at the crofTings of the Juniata and of Stony Creek, had been abandoned to ftrengthen it. Here the diftrefled families, fcattered for 12 or 15 miles round, fled for protedion, leaving moft of their effeds a prey to the favages. All the neceffary precautions were taken bv the commanding officer, to prevent furprize, and repel open force, as alfo tc render ineffedual the enemies fire arrows. He armed all the fighting men, who formed two companies of voluntiers, and did duty with the garrifon till the arrival of two companies of light infantry, detached as foon as poffible from Colonel Bouquet's little army. These two magazines being fecured, the Colonel advanced to the remoteft verge of our fettlements, where he .could receive no fort of intelligence of :he number, pofition, or motions of the enemy. Not even at Fort-Bedford, where he arrived with his whole convoy on the 25th of July, for tho' the Indians did not attempt to attack the fort, they had by this time killed, fcalped, and taken eighteen perfons in that neighborhood, and their fculking parties were fo fpread, that at laft no exprefs could efcape lb Introduction. efcape them. " This" (want of intelligence) " is '* often a very embarralTing circumftance in the con- *' dud of a campaign in America. The Indians '* had better intelligence, and no fooner were thev " informed of the march of our Army, than they " broke up the fiege of Fort-Pitt, and took the ** rout by which they knew we were to proceed, " refolved to take the firft advantageous oppor- " tunity of an attack on the march." In this uncertainty of intelligence under which the Colonel laboured, he marched from Fort Bed- ford the 28th of July, and as foon as he reached Fort-Ligonier, he determined very prudently to leave his waggons at that poft, and to proceed only with the pack horfes. Thus difburdened, the army continued their rout. Before them lay a dangerous defile at Turtle Creek, feveral miles in length, commanded the whole way by high and craggy hills. This defile he intended to have pafTed the enfuing night, by a double or forced march; there- by, if poflible, to elude the vigilance of fo elert an enemy, propofing only to make a (hort halt in his way, to refrefti the Troops, at Bu(hy-Run. When they came within half a mile of that place, about one in the afternoon, (Auguft 5th, 1763) after Introdu^ton. 17 after an harrafling march of feventeen miles, and juft as they were expeding to relax from their fa- tigue, they were fuddenly attacked by the Indians, on their advanced guard ; which being fpeedily and firmly fupported, the enemy was beat off, and even purfued to a confiderable diftance. *f But the flight of thefe barbarians muft often be confidered as a part of the engagement, (if we may ufe the expreffion) rather than a derelidion of the field. The moment the purfuit ended, they returned with renewed vigour to the attack. Several other parties, who had been in ambufh in fome high grounds which lay along the flanks of the army, now ftarted up at once, and falling with a refolution equal to that of their companions, galled our troops with a moft obftinate fire. ' It was neceflary to make a general charge with * the whole line to diflodge them from thefe heights. * This charge fucceeded ; but ftill the fuccefs pro- ' duced no decifive advantage ; for as foon as the I The above quotation is from the writer already mentioned, and feems lb accurately and elegantly drawn up, from the account of this engagement, fent to his Majelly's minifters, that nothing better can be inferted in its room. There are but one or two fmall midakes in it, which are here correfted. * favages i8 Introdu5fion. ' favages were driven from one poft, they ftill ap- ' peared on another, till by conftant reinforcements ' they were at length able to furround the whole ' detachment, and attack the convoy which had ' been left in the rear. 'This manoeuvre obliged the main body to fall back in order to protedl it. The adlion, which grew every moment hotter and hotter, now became general. Our troops were attacked on every fide ; the favages fupported their fpirit throughout ; but the fteady behaviour of the Englifh troops, who were not thrown in the leaft confufion by the very difcouraging nature of this fervice, in the end prevailed ; they repulfed the enemy, and drove them from all their pofts with fixed bayonets. ' The engagement ended only with the day, ' having continued from one without any inter- ' miflion. ' The ground, on which the adion ended, was 'not altogether inconvenient for an encampment. ' The convoy and the wounded were in the middle, ' and the troops, difpofed in a circle, incompafled * the whole. In this manner, and with little ' repofe, i Hni «l l «>t l )iii l >'it f i r ill O llii>i iJn i mjM ii 'M i IntroduSlion. 19 'repofe, they pafled an anxious night, obliged to *the ftridleft vigilance by an enterprizing enemy * who had furrounded them. * Those who have only experienced the feverities and dangers of a campaign in Europe, can fcarcelv form an idea of what is to be done and endured in an American war. To ad in a country cul- tivated and inhabited, where roads are made, magazines are eftablillied, and hofpitals provided; where there are good towns to retreat to in cafe of misfortune; or, at the worft, a generous enemv to yield to, from whom no confolation, but the honour of vidory, can be wanting; this may be conlidered as the exercife of a fpirited and adven- turous mind, rather than a rigid conteft where all is at ftake, and mutual deftrudion the objed: and as a contention between rivals for glory, rather than a real ftruggle between fanguinary enemies. But in an American campaign every thing is terrible; the face of the country, the climate, the enemy. There is no refrcfhment fo r the healthy, nor relief for the ficlc. I'V vaft un- hofpitable defart, unfafe and treacherous, fur- rounds them, where vidories are not decifive, but defeats are ruinous; and fimple death is the leaft misfortune which can happen to them. This ' forms 20 Introdu^ion. 'forms a Tervice truly critical, in which all the * firmnefs of the body and mind is put to the fe- ' vereft trial ; and all the exertions of courage and *addrefs are called out. If the adlions of thefe ' rude campaigns are of lefs dignity, the adven- ' tures in them are more interefting to the heart, * and more amufing to the imagination, than the ' events of a regular war. 'But to return to the party of Englifti, whom ' we left in the woods. At the firft dawn of light ' the favages began to declare themfelves, all about ' the camp, at the diftance of about 500 yards; and ' by fhouting and yelling in the moil horrid man- ' ner, quite round that extenfive circumference, en- ' deavoured to ftrike terror by an oftentation of * their numbers, and their ferocity. * After this alarming preparative, they attacked our forces, and, under the favour of an inceflant fire, made feveral bold attempts to penetrate into the camp. They were repulfed in every attempt, but by no means difcouraged from new ones. Our troops, continually vidorious, were contin- ually in danger. They were befides extremely fatigued with a long march, and with the equally long adion, of the preceding day ; and they were • diftreflTed Jntroduthon. 21 ' diftreiTed to the laft degree by a rotal want of vv.iter, * much more intolerable than the enemy's fire. 'Tied to their convoy, they could not lofe light 'of it for a moment, without expoling, not only ' that interefting objed, but their wounded men, ' to fall a prey to the favages, who )>refled them on 'every fide. To move was imprac'licable. Many 'of the horfes were loft, and many of the drivers, ' ftupefied by their fears, hid themO'lves in the 'buflies, and were incapable of hearing or obeying ^ orders. * Their fituation became extnmely critical and 'perplexing, having experienced ihat the moft ' lively efforts made no impreffion upon an enemy, ' who always gave way when prefled ; but who, the ' moment the purfuit was over, returned with as * much alacrity as ever to the attack. Befieged * rather than engaged; attacked without interrup- ' tion, and without decifion ; able neither to ad ' vance nor to retreat, they (aw before them the ' moft melancholy profped of crumbl'.ig awav by ' degrees, and entirely perifhing without revenge 'or honour, in the midft of thofe dreadful defarts. The fate of Braddock was every moment before ^ their eyes ; but they were more ably conduced. 'The 4 % 22 Introdutlion. ' The conunaiulcr was fenfible that everything ' depciiiicd upon bringing the lavages to a dole ' enc^a^ement, .;;.u ro ftand their ground when ar- * tacked. Their audacioufnels, which had incrcal'eil * with their luccefs, Teemed favourable to this * delign. He endeavoured, therefore, to increafc * their confidence as much as polVible. ' For that pvirpofe he contrived the following ' ftratatiem. Our troops were ported on an emi- ' nence, and formed a circle round their convoy * from the preceding night, which order they llill ' retained. Col. Bouyur/r gave directions, that ' two companies of his troops, who had been 'ported in the mort advanced fituations, rtiould 'fall within the circle; the troops on the right 'and left immediately opened their files, and filled * up the vacant fpace, that they might feem to 'cover their retreat. Another company of light ' infantry, with one of grenadiers, were ordered ' " to lie in ambufcade," to fupport the two ' firft companies of grenadiers, who moved on * the feigned retreat, and were intended to begi" ' the real attack. The difpofitions were wt ' made, and the plan executed without the lealt ' confufion. 'Thf. Introfiuffion. 23 ' The favages gave entirely into the fnare. The ' thin line of" troops, which took pofleiVion of the ' ground which the two companies of light foot had ' left, being brought in nearer to the center of the 'circle, the barbarians miftook thofe motions for a ' retreat, abandoned the •.v'oods which covered them, ' hurried headlong on, and advancing vvith the moft 'daring intrepidity, galled the Englirti troops with 'their heavy fire, but at the very moment when, 'certain of fuccefs, they thought themfelves mafters 'of the camp, the two firft companies made a fud- 'den turn, and fallying out from a part of the hill, 'which could not be obferved, tell furioufly upon ' their right flank. ' The favages, though they found themfelves * difappointed and expofed, preferved their recol- ' ledion, and refolutely retun..,v: the fire which ' they had received. Then it was the fuperiority ' of combined ftrength and difcipline appeared. ' On the fecond charge they could no longer fuftain ' the irrefiftible fbock of the regular troops, who ' rufhing upon them, killed many, and put the reft * to flight. 'At the inftant when the favages betook them- ■"felves to flight, the other two companies, which 'had ■i^mmmtmiii>»;i vitm • c> ■•:«i',ii,ti(*fi;rM' •/- 1 24 Introdutlion, ' had been ordered to iupport the firft, rofe *'from * *' ambufcade," marched to the enemy, and g? e *them their full fire. This accomplifhed their de- *feat. The four companies now united, did not 'give them time to look behind them, but purfued 'the enemy till they were totally difperfed. 'The other bodies of the favages attempted ' nothing. They were kept in awe during the 'engagement by the reft of the Britilli troops, who 'were fo ported as to be ready to fall on them 'upon the leaft motion. Having been witnefles 'to the defeat of their companions, without any 'effort to fupport or affift them, they at length ' followed their example and fled. ; ' This judicious and fuccefsful manceuvie refcued the party from the moft imminent danger. The vidory lecured the field, and cleared all the adja- cent woods. But ftill the march was fo difficult, and the army had fuffer^-d fo much, and fo many horfes were loft, that before they were able to pro- ceed, they were reluftantly obliged to deftroy fuch part of their convoy of provifions as they could not carry with them for want of horfes. Being lightened by this facrifice, they proceeded to Bufny-Ruii, where finding water, they encamped,' A Ki*!alMyMMi:S.i Plan Delaware^ ,Shawai ^ . // ■//-. ■■Jt». ^ ^•■wv- -f^ ,W- t.. «t ft' . ' ■ .y "ROBtGhAhi<i:t.(;o lYiUlalil I Plan of the Battle near B u SHY-RUiSr, Delawares , Shawanefe, Mingoes ^V^^aadots , Moliikons , Miaiuics , ScO ttawas ; ( f^^/?w///^TllofHlltchirlS,/Z^>/.//^////rv//^ ' ^^ pxi [:»r-lJ»i'«A ^aJ^*^ tj^. .. »,«-.«. J . JSitetn/ioM-Jfen < -AM "ROB! CLAKKE t-i.'O. Pul.lislien .CINCINNATI Am I'll. in-Ltt.u^raphicGo NY ( Osl.orne's Process , ^ammm^iss^^' " I i •^mimimm^^ Introduction, •5 A PLAN of this engagement is annexed, and it was thought the more necefl"ary here to inlerr a particular account of it, as the new manaaivresf and (kdful condurt of the commander, ieem to have been the principal means, not only ot pre- ferving his army in the moft critical fituation, but likewife of enfuring them a complear vidlory. The enemy loft about fixty men on this occa- fion, fome of them their chief warriors; which they reputed a very fevere ftroke. They had likewile many wounded in the purfuit. The Knglifti loft about fifty men and had about fixry wounded. The favages, thus fignally defeated m all their attempts to cut off this reinfccement upon its march, began to retreat with rhe utmoft precipita- tion to their remote fettlements, wholly giving up their deftgns againft Fort Pitt ; at which place Col. Bouquet arrived iafe with his convoy, four t Another reaf'on fpr being io particular in tliis account, is that the military papers anncyed to this work, and the plan tor carry- ing on any future wai with the Indians, were compoled wyon the experience of this engagement, by an officer long emploved in the iervice he defcrii)es. His own improvement was hi- princi pal motive in the compofition of them ; but being told that they might convey many uleful hints to others, and be of much ler- vice it laid before the public, he was pleafed, upon mv requeft, freely to communicate them to me "or that purpofe. davs mmmmam 26 Introduflion. days after theadion; receiving no Further molefta- tion on the road, except a few fcattered ihot from a diflieartened and flying enemy. Here the Colonel was obliged to put an end to the operations of this campaign, not having a fuf- ficienr force to purfue the enemy beyond the Ohio and take advantage of the vidory obtained over them ; nor having any reafon to exped a timely reinforcement from the provinces in their diftrefled fituation. He was therefore forced to content him.<elf with fupplying Fort-Pitt, and other places on the communication, with provifions, ammuni- tion, and {lores; Rationing his fmall armv to the beil advantage he could, againft the approach of winter. The tranfaclions of the fucceeding campaign, will be the fubjed of the following work, and we fhall conclude this iniroduC'Hon, by fliewing the fenfe which his Majeih was pleafed to entertain, of the conduA and bravery of the officers and army, o;i this trying occafion. I-Iead Quarters, ■■ •wjsm Introduf-hon. 27 Ht^D-QuARrfcRs, New-York, Jan. 5, 1764. ORDERS, '• 1__T IS Majeftv htis been gracioufly pleiiled to " * -^ fignify to the commander in cluef, his " royal approbation of the condud and bravery of "Col, Bou<^uET, and the officers and troops under *'his command, in tlic t>Ao actions of the 5th and *' 6th of Auguil ; tn which, notwithftanding the ** many circumftances of diffictdty and dillreis they "laboured under, and the unufuai fpirit and refo- " lution of the Indians, they repelled and defeated " the repeated attacks of the Savages, and con " duded their convov (x\<: to Port- Pit;:. Miinec: M O N t: [*, K I i- Major of Brigade. To Colonel BotfQUET, or officer comma adins ir F ort 'irt. AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS IN THE YEAR 1:64. TN the preceding introdudion, feme account -■- hath been given of the fudden, treacherous and unprovoked attack, made by the Indians upon the frontiers of Pennfylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, foon after the publication of thi general Peace, at a time when we were but juft beginning to refpire from our former calamities, and locked for an approach of quiet on every fide. The principal tranfadions of the campaign 1763 have likewife been briefly recapitulated, and the reader informed by what means the editor became poflefTed mtrni 3^ Hijlorkal Account of portefTed of the valuable papers, which have en- abled him to bring the hiftory of this Indian war to a conclufion, and furnifhed the materials of the following fheets. Colonel Bouquet, as before mentioned, not having a fufficient number of troops to garrifon the different polls, under his command, and at the fame time to crofs the Ohio and take advantage of the dejedion into which he had thrown the enemy, by the defeat at Buihy-Run,was obliged to reftrain his operations to the fupplying the forts with pro- vilions, ammunition and other neceflfaries. In the execution of this fervice, he received no annoyance from the enemy, for they now faw them- felves not only forced to give up their defigns againft Fort-Pitt ; but, retreating beyond the Ohio, they deferted their former towns, and aban- doned all the country between Prefque-Ifle and Sanduflci ; not thinking themfelves fafe till they arrived at Mufkingam. Here they began to form new fettlements, and remained quiet during the winter. But, in the mean time, having fupplied themfelves with pow- der, &:. from the French traders, (and now flattering Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 31 flattering themfelves that the great diftance of their fettlements would render them inacceflible to our troops) the enfuing fpring 1764 prefented thefe ravage enemies afrefh on our frontiers ; ravaging and murdering with their ufual barbaritv. To chaftife them for their perfidy, General Gage refolved to attack them on two different fides, and to force them from our frontiers ; by carrying the war into the heart of their own country. With this view, he deftined a corps of troops to proceed under Col. Bradftreet, to a<fl againft the Wiandots, Ottawas, Chipwas and other nations, living upon or near the lakes ; while another corps, under the command of Col. Bouquet, fhould attack the Delawares, Shawanefe, Mingoes, Mohickons, and other nations, between the Ohio and the lakes. These two corps were to ad in concert ; and as that of Col. Bradftreet could be ready much fooner than the other, he was to proceed to Detroit, Michilimackinac and other places. On his return he was to encamp and remain at Sandufki, to awe, by that pofition, the numerous tribes of weftern Indians, fo as to prevent their fending any aftift- ance to the Ohio Indians, while Colonel Bouquet ftiould 32 Uijlorical Account of fhould execute his plan of attacking them in the heart of their fettlements. Col. Bouquet's expedition was to proceed alto- gether by land, and was on that account attended with great difficulties. His men were to penetrate through a continued depth of woods, and a favage unexplored country; without roads, without pofts, and without a retreat if they failed of fuccefs. When once engaged in thefe deferts, thev had no convoy, nor any kind of affiftance to exped. Every thing was to be carried with them — their ammunition, baggage, tools, ftores, and provifions neceflary for the troops during the whole expedi- tion. And befides, thev were liable to many embarrafments, and difficulties which no prudence could forefee, fcarce any caution prevent; fo that, in this account, fundry things, which, in the ufual method of conducing military operations, might not be thought worthy of detail, may neverthelefs be found highly ferviceable to thofe who may afterwards be employed in this fpecies of war, which is new to Europeans, who muft fubmit to be inftrudled in it by experience, and in many articles even by the favages themfelves. Part of the 42d and 6oth regiments were ordered 'JL =!'.'■.-. .',Ji^ ,.;.■-_,; Colonel Boui^uet's Expedition. zz ordered on this expedition, and were ro he joined by rwo hundred friendly Indians, and the troops required of Virginia and I'ennfv Ivania. The Indians never came, ami the Virginians pleaded their inability to raife men, having already in pav about 700 militia for the defence of their (^wn frontier. In Pennfylvania, a bill for raifing 1000 men was pafTed May 30th; but, with the utmoft diligence that could be ufed, the number could not be compleated till the beginning of Auguft. On the (jth of that month, the men being afl'embled at Carlille, one hundred and eighteen miles to the weftward of Philadelphia, Governor Penn, who had accompanied Col, Bouquet to that place, acquainted the two Pennfylvania battalions with the neceffity we were laid under of chaftifing the Indians " for their repeated and unprovoked " barbarities on the inhabitants of the Province ; **a juft refentment of which, added to a remem- *' brance of the loyalty and courage of our pro- " vincial troops on former occaltons, he did not " doubt, would animate them to do honour to " their country; and that they could not but hope *' to be crowned with fuccefs, as they vvere to be *' united with the fame regular troops, and under the " fame iiilllillM 34 liitiorical Account of " fame able commandfr, who had by themselves, " on that very day, the memorable 5th of Au^uft " in the preceding year, fuftained the repeated " attacks of the favages, and obtained a conipleat "vidory over them." — He alfo reminded them " of the exemplary punilliments that would be '• inflided on the grievous crime of defertion, if ''any of them were capable of fo far forgetting " their folemn oath and duty to their king and " country, ?s to be involved in it. " CoL. Boi'<^)>.ET then affumed the command of the regular and provincial troops; and the four following days were fpent in the neceffary prep- arations for their march; the Colonel giving the moft exprefs orders to the officers and men to obferve ftnct difcipline, and not to commit the ieaft violation of the civil rights or peace of the inhabitants.— He, at the fame time, made the mofl prudent regulations for a fafe and commo dious carriage of the baggage, taking care to rid himlelt of all unneceffary incumbrances. The (jth of Auguft this fmall army got to Fort Loudoun ; but notwithstanding all the precau tions taken to prevtnt defertion, the Pennfylvania troops & * tk a i8!..*<;g«i».4a g .. vu> .Mti^«>* a K % ^ ft )i a i ^ .i^ Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 35 troops were now reduced to about 700 men. The Colonel was therefore under a neceffity to apply to the government of that province to enable him to compieat their number to the ful' complement ; which was generoufly granted by a refolve of the Governor and Commiffioners Auguft 16th; and the army advancing now beyond fhe fettled parts of Pennfylvania, he made applic;.tIon to the col- ony of Virginia, where (under the countenance of Governor Fauquier) the men wanted were foon raifed, and joined the army at Pittlburg, about the latter end of September. Nothing material happened in their march, from Fort Loudoun to Fort Pitt, (formerly Fort Du Quefne) on the Ohio, three hundred and twenty miles weft from Philadelphia ; at which place Col. Bouquet arrived the 17th ot September. During thio iiK-^rval, feveral large convoys were forwarded uiiJer ftrong efcorts ; and though rhe enemy continued their ravages all that time on the frontiers, they durft not attack any of thofe convoys, which all arrived fafe at Fort Pitt. While Col. Bouquet was at Fort Loudoun, he received ' H'ljiorical Account of received difpatches by exprefs from Colonel Brad- ftreet, dated from Prefque-lfie Auguft 14th, ac- quainting him that he (Colonel Bradrtreet) had concluded a peace with the Delawares and Sha- wanefe; but Colonel Bouquet perceiving clearly that they were not lincere in their intentions, as they continued their murders and depredations, he determined to profecute his plan without remiifion, till he fhould receive further inftru'tiions from General Gage ; who, upon the fame principles, retufed to ratify the treaty, and renewed his orders to both armies to attack the enemy. Aboi T the time of Colonel Bouquet's arrival at Fort Pitt, ten Indians appeared on the north fide of the Ohio, defiring a conference ; which ftratagem the favages had made ufe of before, to obtain in- telligence of our numbers and intentions. Three ot the party confented, though with apparent relud- ance, to come over to the Fort ; and as they could give no fatisfadory reafon for their vifit, thev were detained as fpies, and their affociates fled back to their towns. On the 20th of September Colonel Bouquet fent one of the above three Indians after them with Colonel Bouquet' s Exp edition. 31 with a meflage, in fubftance as follows — " I have " received an account from Colonel Bradftreet '' that your nations had begged for peace, which he " had confented to grant, upon alTurance that vou " had recalled all your warriors from our frontiers ; "and in confequence thereof, I would not have "proceeded againft your towns, if I had not heard " that, in open violation of your engagements, vou "have fince murdered feveral of our people. "As foon as the reft of the armv ioins me, 'which I exped immediately, I was therefore de- ' termined to have attacked you, as a people whofe 'promifes can no more be relied on. But I will ' put it once more in your power to fave your- ' felves and your families from total deftrudion, by 'giving us fatisfadion for the hoftilities committed ' againft us. And firft you are to leave the path ' open for my exprefles from hence to Detroit ; ' and as I am now to fend two men with difpatchcs 'to Colonel Bradftreet who commands on the ' lakes, 1 defire to know whether you will fend two ' ot your people with them to bring them fafe 'back with an anfwer? And if they receive any ' injury either in going or coming, or if the letters *are taken from them, I will immediately put the " Indians 38 Hijiorical Account of " Indians now in my power to death, and will (hew ** no mercy for the future to any of your nations " that fhall fall into my hands. I allow you ten " days to have my letters delivered at Detroit, and "ten days to bring me back an answer." He added "that he had lately had it in his " power, while they remained on the other fide of " the river, to have put their whole party to death, "which punilhment they had deferved by their " former treachery ; and that if they did not " improve the clemency now offered to them, by " returning back as foon as polTible with all their " pnfoners, they might exped to teel the fuli "weight of a juft vengeance and refenrment." — We have been the more particular in our ac- count of this firft tranfadion with the Indians; becaufe the Colonel's firm and determined conduiil in opening the campaign, had happy effeds in the profecution of it, and Ihews by what methods thefc faithlefs favages are to be beft reduced to reafon. On the iff of Oelober, nvo of the Six Nation tribes, an Onondago and Oneida Indian, came to Forr Pitt, and under colour of our ancient friendff\i^ Colonel Bou(fuef s Expedition. 39 I friendship with them, and their pretended regard to the Englifh, endeavored to difTuade the Colonel from proceeding with the army. They told him that his force was not fufficient to withftand the power of the numerous nations through whofe country he was to pafs, and afluretl him that if he would wait a little, they would all come and make peace with him; at the fame time recommending it particularly to him to fend hack the two Indians detained as fpies. Thefe little arts being clearly made uk of to fpin out the feafontill the approach of winter fhould render it impoflihle to proceed, rhey made but little impreflion- He told them hat he could not depend on the promifes of the Delawares and Shawanefe ; and was determined to proceed to Tufcarowas, where, if rhey had my thing to fay, he would hear them. In the mean time, he was ufintr the utmoft dili- gence to prepare for his march, and was obliged to enforce the feverert difcipline. Dne woman belonging to each corps, and f\\o nurfes for the general ho pital, were all thit were permitted to follow the .rinv. The other women in the camp, and thofe unncelTarv in the garrifon, were ordered immediatel) down the country into the fettlements. I wo r 40 Hijlorkal Account of Two Ibldiers were fhor for delertion ; an example which became ahlblutelv neceflary to rupprels a crime which, in iuch an expedition, would have been attended with fatal confequences, by weaken ing an army already too fmall. Coi.ONEi. Bouquet, having at length, with great difficulty, collected his troops, formed his mag- azines, and provided for the fafety of the potb he was to leave l)ehind him, was readv on the id ot October to proceed from Kort Pitt, with about 1500 men, including drivers and other neceflary followers of the army. As a juft idea of the condud of this expedition, and the great caution taken to prevent furpri/.e, will be bell obtained from the order of march, we fhall here infert it, with a Copper Plate for the illuftration <if it, and an accurate Draught, taken trom adual furveys, o\ the road and adjacent country, through which the army palTed. The Colonel, expreffing the greateft confidence in the bravery of the troops, told them, " he did " not doubt but this war would foon be ended "under God, to tiieir own honor, and the " future I Colonel Bouquet' s Expedition. 41 "future Hifety of their country, provided the men "were itndly obedient to orders, and guarded "againft the furprizes and hidden attacks of a *' treacherous enemy, who never dared to face Britifh " troops in an open field ; that the diftance of the "enemy's towns, and the clearing roads to them, "muft neceflarily require a confulerable time; that " the troops in thofe dei'crts, had no other (upplies "to exped but the ammunition and provifions " they carried with them ; and that therefore the " utmoft care and frugality would be neceffary in " the ufe of them." He puhlifhed the levereft penalties againft thofe who iTiould be found guilty of ftealing or embezzling any part of them, and ordered his March in the following manner. — A CORPS of Virginia '•• volunteers advanced be- fore the whole ; detaching three fcouting parties. One of them, furnifhed with a guide, marched in the center path, which the army was to follow. The other two extended themfelvea in a line a-breail, on the right and left of the aforefaid party, to reconnoitre the woods. *Thel'e wen the men railed in Virginia to compleat the Pennlylvania ttoops, and were in tlie pay of the lail men tioned province. Under [»JJ_^lXJJL^JiHM^>i>iKSi 42 Hifiorical Account of Unuer cover of this corps, the ax-men, confill- ing of all the artificers, and two companies o light infantry, r'ollowed in three divifions, under the diredion of the chief engineer, to clear three different paths, in which the troops and the con- vov followed, viz. — The front-face of the fqaare, compofed o^ part of the 42d regiment, marched in a column, two deep, in the center path. The righ; face of the fquare, compofed of the remainder of the 42d and of the 60th regiment, marched in a fingle file in the right-hand path. The firft battalion of Pennfylvanians compofed the left face, marching in like manner in the path to the left of the center. The corps de referve, compofed of two platoons of grenadiers, followed the right and left faces of the fcpjare. The 2d battalion of Pennfylvanians formed the rear face of the fquare, and followed the corps de referve, each in a fingle file, on the right and left hand -—'"•— I jrmlintMhnfii --■'"■ --'"-■*■ -*- Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 43 hand paths ; all thefe troops covering the convoy, which mov^ed in the center path. A PARTY of light horfe-men inarched behind the rear-face of the fquare, followed by another corps of Virginia volunteers, forming the rear- guard. The Pennfylvania volunteers, dividing them- felves equally, and marching in a fingle file, at a proper diftance, flanked the right and left faces of the fquare. This was the general order of march. Nor was lefs attention paid to particular matters of a fub- ordinate nature. The ammunition and tools were placed in the rear of the firil column, or front face of the fquare, followed by the officers' baggage, and tents. The oxen and flieep came after the baggage, in feparate droves, properly guarded. The provifions came next to the baggage, in four divisions, or brigades of pack-horfes, each con- duced bv a horfe mailer. The troops were ordered to obferve the mofl profound filence, and the men to march at two yards diftance from one another. When the line or 44 Hijlorical .Account of or any part of it halted, the whole were to face outwards; and if attacked on their march, they were to halt immediately, ready to form the fquare when ordered. The light horfe were then to march into the fijuare, with the cattle, provifions, ammunition and baggage. Proper difpofitions were likewife made in cafe of an attack in the night; and for encampments, guards, communi- cations between the centries, fignals, and the like. Things being thus fettled, the army decamped from Fort- Pitt on Wednefday Odober jd, and marched about one mile and an half over a rich level country, with (lately timber, to camp No. 2. a ftrong piece of ground, pleafantly fituated, with plenty of water and food for cattle. Thursdav Ocflober 4th, having proceeded about two miles, they came to the Ohio, at the begin- ning of the narrows, and from thence followed the courfe of the river along a flat gravelly beech, about fix miles and a quarter; with two iflands on their left, the lowerrnoft about fix miles long, with a rifing ground running acrofs, and gently Hoping on both fides to its banks, which are high and upright. At the lower end of this ifland, the army left the river, marching through good Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 45 good land, broken with Imall hollows to camp No. J ; this day's march being nine miles and a quarter. — Friday Odober 5th. In this day's march the army pafled through Loggs-rown, fituated feven- teen miles and an half, fifty feven perches, by the path, from Fort- Pitt. This place was noted be- fore the laft war for the great trade carried on there by the Englifh and French ; but its inhabitants, the Shawanefe and Delawares, abandoned it in the year 1750. The lower town extended about fixty perches over a rich bottom to the foot of a low fteep ridge, on the fummit of which, near the de- clivity, ftood the upper town, commanding a moft agreeable profped over the lower, and quite acrofs the Ohio, which is about 500 yards wide here, and by its majeftic eafy current adds much to the beauty of the place. Proceeding beyond Logg's- town, through a fine country, Jnrerfperfed with hills and rich valleys, watered bv many rivulets, and covered with ftately timber, they came to camp No. 4 ; on a level piece of ground, with a thicket in the rear, a fmali precipice round the front, with a run of water at the foot, and good food for cattle. This day's march was nine miles, one half, and fifty three perches. Saturday ^ ^f^^- o ^- *^:^^ ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 II 1.1 11.25 m HI u L° 12.0 WMU u 1^ 6" Fhotographic Sciences Corporation H>- \ 4 \ ;\ 29 WeST MAIN STMIT WnSTM,N.Y. USM (716)I72-4S03 4r wmmm^^^ It III 46 Hijiorical Account of Saturday Odober 6th, at about three miles diftance from this camp, they came again to the Ohio, purfuing its courfe half a mile farther, and then turning off, over a fteep ridge, they croffed Big Beaver-creek, which is twenty perches wide, the ford ftony and pretty deep. It runs through a rich vale, with a pretty ftrong current, its banks high, the upland adjoining it very good, the timber tall and young. About a mile be- low its confluence with the Ohio, flood formerly a large town, on a fleep bank, built by the French of fquare logs, with flone chimneys, for fome of the Shawanefe, Delaware and Mingo tribes, who abandoned it in the year 1758, when the French deferted Fort Du Quefne. Near the fording of Beaver-creek alfo flood about feven houfes, which were deferted and deflroyed by the Indians, after their defeat at Bufhy-run, when they forfook all their remaining fettlements in this part of the country, as has been mentioned above. About two miles before the army came to Bea- ver-creek, one of our people who had been made prifoner by fix Delawares about a week before, near Fort Bedford, having made his efcape from them, came and informed the Colonel that thefe Indians had S,'W!<Sfc!ift/|«f«94 Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 47 had the day before fallen in with the army, hut kept themfelves concealed, being furprifed at our numbers. Two miles beyond Beaver- creek, by two fmall fprings, was feen the fcull of a child, that had been fixed on a pole by the Indians. The Trads of 15 Indians were this day difcovered. The camp No. 5 is feven miles one quarter and fifty feven perches from big Beaver-creek; the whole march of this day being about twelve miles. SuNDAV 7th Oaober, pafllng a high ridge, they had a fine profped of an extenfive country to the right, which in general appeared level, with abund- ance of tall timber. The camp No. 6 lies at the foot of a fteep defcent, in a rich valley, on a ftrong ground, three fides thereof furrounded by a hollow, and on the fourth fide a fmall hill, which was occu- pied by a detached guard. This day's march was fix miles fixty five perches. Monday 8th Odober, the army eroded little Beaver-creek, and one of its branches. This creek is eight perches wide, with a good ford, the country about it interfperfed with hills, rivulets and rich valleys, like that defcribed above. Camp No. 7 lies by a fmall run on the fide of a hill, commanding the 48 Hijiorical Account of the ground about it, and is diilant eleven miles one quarter and forty nine perches from the lalt encampment. Tuesday Odober 9th. In this day's march, the path divided into two branches, that to the fouthweft leading to the lower towns upon the Mufkingham. In the forks of the path ftand feveral trees painted by the Indians, in a hiero- glyphic manner, denoting the number of wars in which they have been engaged, and the particulars of their fuccefs in prifoners and fcalps. The camp No. 8. lies on a run, and level piece of ground, with Yellow-creek clofe on the left, and a rifing ground near the rear of the right face. The path after the army left the forks was fo brufhy and entangled, that they were obliged to cut all the way before them, and alfo to lay feveral bridges, in order to make it paflable for the horfes ; fo that this day they proceeded only five miles, three quarters and feventy perches. Wednesdav 10th. Marched one mile with Yellow-creek on the left at a fmall diftance all the way, and crofled it at a good ford fifty feet wide ; proceeding through an alternate fucceflion of fmall hills and rich vales, finely watered with rivulets, ..,^,,.,.^,...»li#^».* . Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 49 rivulets, to camp No. 9. feven miles and fixty perches in the whole. Thursday i ith. Crofled a branch of Mufking- ham river about fifty feet wide, the country much the fame as that defer i bed above, difcovering a good deal of free-ftone. The camp No. 10. had this branch of the river parallel to its left face, and lies ten miles one quarter and forty perches from the former encampment. Friday 12th. Keeping the aforefaid creek on their left, they marched through much fine land, watered with fmall rivers and fprings ; proceed- ing likewife through feveral favannahs or cleared fpots, which are by nature extremely beautiful ; the fecond which they pafled being, in particular, one continued plain of near two miles, with a fine rifing ground forming a femicircle round the right hand fide, and a pleafant Itream of water at about a quarter of a mile diftant on the left. The camp No. II. has the abovementioned branch of Muik- ingham on the left, and is diftant ten miles and three quarters from the laft encainpment. Saturday 13th. Crofl'ed Nemenfhehelas creek, about fifty feet wide, a little above where it empties itfelf < \t k: 50 Hijlorical Account of itfelf into the aforefaid branch of Mufkingham, having in their way a pleafant profped over a large plain, for near two miles on the left. A lit- tle further, they came to another fmall river which they crolTed about fifty perches above where it empties into the faid branch of Mufkingham. Here a high ridge on the right, and the creek clofe on the left, form a narrow defile about feventy perches long. Pafllng afterwards over a very rich bottom, they came to the main branch of Muflcing- ham, about feventy yards wide, with a good ford. A little below and above the forks of this river is Tufcarowas, a place exceedingly beautiful by fit- uation, the lands rich on both fides of the river; the country on the north weft fide being an entire level plain, upwards of five miles in circumfer- ence. From the ruined houfes appearing here, the Indians who inhabited the place and are now with the Delawares, are fuppofed to have had about one hundred and fifty warriors. This camp No. 12. is diftant eight miles nineteen perches from the former. Sunday 14th. The army remained in camp; and two men who had been difpatched by Colonel Bouquet from Fort- Pitt, with letters for Colonel Bradftreet, returned and reported — '^That, within *'a few Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 51 *'a few miles of this place, they had been made *' prifoners by the Delawares, and carried to one " of their towns fixteen miles from hence, where ** they were kept, till the favages, knowing of the ''arrival of the army here, fet them at liberty, "ordering them to acquaint the Colonel that the •' head men of the Delawares and Shawanefe were "coming as foon as poffible to treat of peace *' with him." . MoNDAV 15th. The army moved two miles forty perches further down the Mufkingham to camp No. 13, fituated on a very high bank, with the river at the foot of it, which is upwards of 100 yards wide at this place, with a fine level country at fome diftance from its banks, producing {lately timber, free from underwood, and plenty of food for cattle. The day following, fix Indians came to inform the Colonel that all their chiefs were aflembled about eight miles from the camp, and were ready to treat with him of peace, which they were earn- eftly defirous of obtaining. He returned for anfwer that he would meet them the next day in a bower at fome diftance from the camp. In the mean time, he ordered a fmall ftockaded fort to '■>«»»"»WlJj*,V 52 Hijiorical Account of to be built to depofite provifions for the ufe of the troops on their return ; and to lighten the convoy. As feveral large bodies of Indians were now within a few miles of the camp, whofe former inftances of treachery, although they now declared they came for peace, made it prudent to truft nothing to their intentions, the ftridleft orders were repeated to prevent a furprife. Wednesday 17th. The Colonel, with moft of the regular troops, Virginia volunteers and light horfe, marched from the camp to the bower eredled for the congrefs. And foon after the troops were ftationed, fo as to appear to the beft advantage, the Indians arrived, and were conducted to the bower. Being feated, they began, in a fhort time, to fmoak their pipe or calumet, agreeable to their cuflom. This ceremony being over, their fpeakers laid down their pipes, and opened their pouches, where- in were their firings and belts of wampum. The Indians prefent were, Senegas. Kiyafhuta, chief with 15 warriors. Delawares. 'i Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. S3 Delawares. Cuftaloga, chief of the Wolfe-tribe, Beaver, chief of the Turky-tribe, with 20 warriors. Shawanese. Keiflinautchtha, a chief, and 6 warriors. Kiyafhuta, Turtle-Heart, Cuftaloga and Beaver, were the fpeakers. The general subftance *of what they had to offer, confifted in excufes for their late treachery and mifcondud, throwing the blame on the rafti- nefs of their young men and the nations living to the weftward of them, fuing for peace in the moft abjed manner, and promifing feverally to deliver up all their prifoners. After they had concluded, the Colonel promifed to give them an anfwer the next day, and then difmifled them, the army returning to the camp. — The badnefs of the weather, however, prevented his meeting them again till the 20th, when he fpoke to them in fubftance as follows, viz. "That their pretences to palliate their guilt "by throwing the blame on the weftern nations, " and the raftinefs of their young men, were weak "and S.Wis^utv Srf^ttum^/hii^. t^ / t-noi ■ROB! CLAWj. tCO. Tublishers .CINCINNATI Am Photo- Lithosraphtc Co. NY (0»bome'sProce»».) 54 Hiftmcal Account of "and frivolous, as it was in our power to have " protedled them againft all thefe nations, if they " had folicited our afliftance, and that it was their "own duty to have chaftifed their young men "when they did wrong, and not to fufFer them- " felves to be direded by them." ■^ He recapitulated to them many inftances of their former perfidy — "their killing or captivat- "ing the traders who had been fent among them "at their own requeft, and plundering their efFedls; " — their attacking Fort Pitt, which had been built "with their exprefs confent; their murdering four "men that had been fent on a public meflage to "them, thereby violating the cuftoms held facred "among all nations, however barbarous; their "attacking the King's troops laft year in the woods, "and after being defeated in that attempt, falling "upon our frontiers, where they had continued to "murder our people to this day, &c." He told them how treacherously they had vio- lated even their late engagements with Colonel Bradftreet, to whom they had promifed to deliver up their prifoners by the loth of September laft, and to recall all their warriors from the frontiers, which they had been fo far from complying with, that Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. SS that the prifoners ftill remained in their cuftody, and fome of their people were even now continu- ing their depredations; adding, that thele things which he had mentioned, were only *'a fmall part "of their numberlefs murders and breaches of "faith; and that their condud had always been "equally perfidious. You have, faid he, prom- "ifed at every former treaty, as you do now, that "you would deliver up all your prifoners, and "have received every time, on that account, "confiderable prefents, but have never complied "with that or any other engagement. I am now "ro tell you, therefore, that we will be no longer "impofed upon by your promifes. This army "(ball not leave vour country till vou have fully "complied with every condition that is to precede "my treaty with you. "I HAVE brought uith me the relations of the "people you have maiTacred, or taken prifoners. "They are impatient for revenge; and it is with "areat difficulty that 1 can proted you againft "their juft refentment, which is only reftramed by "the aflurances given them that no peace Hiall "ever be concluded till you have given us full "fatisfadion." — "Your 56 Hiftorical Account of "Your former allies, the Ottawas, Chipwas, "Wyandots, and others, have made their peace "with us. The Six Nations have joined us againft "you. We now furround you, having poflTelTion "of all the waters of the Ohio, the Miflifippi, the "Miamis, and the lakes. All the French living "in thofe parts are now fubjeds of Great-Britain, "and dare no longer afTift you. It is therefore in "our power totally to extirpate you from being a "people But the Englifh are a merciful and "generous nation, averfe to fhed the blood, even "of their moil cruel enemies; and if it was polfi- "ble that vou could convince us, that vou fincerelv "repent of your part perfidy, and that we could "depend on your good behavior for the future, "you might yet hope for mercy and peace If "I find that you faithfully execute the following "preliminary conditions, I will not treat you with "the feverity you deferve. " I GIVE you twelve days from this date to "deliver into my hands at Wakatamake all the "prifoners in vour pofTefTion, without any ex- "ception; Englifhmen, Frenchmen, women and "children; whether adopted in your tribes, mar- "ried, or living amongft you under any denomi- " nation and pretence whatfoever, together with "all 1?v|^^'!f^^^'" Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 5: "all negroes. And you are to furnifh the faid "prifoners with cloathing, provlfions, and horfes, **to carry them to Fort Pitt, "When you have fully complied with thefe " conditions, you (Kail then know on what terms "you may obtain the peace you fue for." — This fpeech made an imprelTion on the minds of the favages, which, it is hoped, will not foon be eradicated. The firm and determined fpirit with which the Colonel delivered himfelf, their con- fcioufnefs of the aggravated injuries they had done us, and the view of the fame commander and army that had fo feverely chaftifed them at Bufhy-Run the preceding year, now advanced into the v^ery heart of their remote fettlements, after penetrating through wildernelTes which they had deemed im- paffable by regular troops all thefe things contributed to bend the haughty temper of the favages to the loweft degree of abafement; fo that even their fpeeches feem to exhibit but few fpeci- mens of that ftrong and ferocious eloquence, which their inflexible fpirit of independency has on for- mer occafions infpired. And though it is not to be doubted, if an opportunity had oflTered, but they would have fallen upon our army with their ufual »*Aii<ipi;iii<iiiWiiitii' 51 Htjiorical Account of ufual fiercenefs, yet when they faw the vigilance and fpirit of our troops were fuch, that they could neither be attacked nor furprized with any prolpe«5l of fuccefs, their fpirits feemed to revolt from the one extreme of infolent boldnefs, to the other of abjed timidity. And happy will it be for them and for us, if the inftances of our humanity and mercy, which they experienced in that critical fit- uation, (hall make as lafting imprertions on their fiwage difpofitions, as it is believed the inftances of our bravery and power have done; fo that they jnay come to unite, with their fear of the latter, a love of the former; and have their minds gradu- ally opened, by fuch examples, to the mild dilates of pcc.ce and civility. The reader, it is to be hoped, will readily excufe this digrelfion, if it lliould be thought one. I now refume our narrative. Ihe two Delaware chiefs, at the clofe of their fpeech on the 17th, delivered eighteen white prifoners, and eighty-three fmall fticks, exprelTing the number of other prifoners which they had in their poflelTion, and promifed to bring in as foon as poflible. None of the Shawanefe Kings appeared at the congrefs, and Keiflinautchtha their deputy declined fpeaking until the Colonel had anfwered the Delawares, and then ' Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 59 then with a dejeded fullennefs he promifed, in behalf of his nation, that they would fubmit to the terms prefcribed to the other tribes. The Colonel however, determined to march farther into their country, knowing that the prefence of his army would be the beft fecurity for the performance of their promifes ; and re- quired fome of each nation to attend him in his march. KiYASHUTA addreffed the feveral nations, before their departure, "defiring them to be ftrong in "complying with their engagements, that they "might wipe away the reproach of their former "breach of faith, and convince their brothers the "Englifti that they could fpeak the truth; adding "that he would condud the army to the place "appointed for receiving the prifoners." Monday Odober 22d. The army, attended by the Indian deputies, marched nine miles to camp No. 14. crofling Margaret's creek about fifty feet wide The day following, they pro- ceeded fixteen miles one quarter and feventy feven perches farther to camp No. 15. and halted there one day. Thursday Mi. 60 Hijlorical Account of Thursday 25. They marched fix miles, one half and fixteen perches to camp No. 16, fituated within a mile of the Forks of Mufkingham ; and this place was fixed upon inftead of Wakautamike, as the moft central and convenient place to receive the prifoners; for the principal Indian towns now lay around them, diftant from feven to twenty miles; excepting only the lower Shawanefe town fituated on Scioto river, which was about eighty miles; fo that from this place the army had it in their power to awe all the enemy's fettlements and deftroy their towns, if they fhould not punctually fulfil the engagements they had entered into. Four redoubts were built here oppofite to the four angles of the camp; the ground in the front was cleared, a ftore-houfe for the provifions ereded, and likewife a houfe to receive, and treat of peace with, the Indians, when they (hould return. Three houfes with feparate apartments were alfo raifed for the reception of the captives of the refpedive provinces, and proper oflicers appointed to take charge of them, with a matron to attend the wo- men and children ; fo that with the officers mefs houfes, ovens, &c. this camp had the appearance of a little town in which the greateft order and regularity were obferved. On Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 6i On Saturday 27th. A meflenger arrived from king Cuftaloga, infc-ming that he was on his way with his prifoners, and alio a mefTenger from the lower Shawanefe towns of the like import. The Colonel however, having no reafon to fufped the latter nation of backwardnefs, fent one of their own people, defiring them — " to be pundual as " to the time fixed; to provide a fufficient quantity "of provifions to fubfift the prifoners; to bring " the letters wrote to him laft winter by the French "commandant at Fort Chartres, which fome of "their people had (lopped ever fince ; " adding that, " as their nation had expreffed fome un- " eafinefs at our not fhaking hands with them, " they were to know that the Englifh never took " their enemies by the hand, before peace was " finally concluded." The day following, the Shawanefe meflengir returned, faying that when he had proceeded as far as Wakautamike, the chief of that town un- dertook to proceed with the meflage himfelf, and defired ihe other to return and acquaint the F^nglifh that all his prifoners were ready, and he was going to the lower towns to haften theirs. October 62 Hijlorkal Account of October 28th. Peter the Caughnawaga chief, and twenty Indians of that nation arrived from Sandufki, with a letter from Colonel Bradftreet, in anfwer to one which Colonel Bouquet had fent to him from Fort-Pitt, by two of the Indians who firft fpoke to him in favour of the Shawanefe, as hath been already mentioned. The fubftance of Colonel Bradftreet's letter was '*that he had fettled " nothing with the Shawanefe and Delawares, nor •' received any prifoners from them. — That he '* had acquainted all the Indian nations, as far as "the Uinois, the bay, &c. with the inftrudions " he had received from General Gage, refpeAing ** the peace he had lately made ; that he had been *' in Sandufki-lake and up the river, as far as "navigable for Indian canoes, for near a month; " but that he found it impoflibie to ftay longer in " thefe parts ; abfolute neceflity obliging him to "turn off the other way," &c. Colonel Bradstreet, without doubt, did all which circumftances would permit, in his depart- ment ; but his not being able to remain at San- dufki agreeable to the original plan, till matters were finally fettled with the Ohio Indians, would have been an unfavourable incident, if Colonel Bouquet had not now had the chiefs of fundry tribes kl I III iiipv iinii I i| I. |i fill II III; M iTn^^— ^^^avr^^^^^^OTf Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 63 tribes with him, and was fo far advanced into the Indian country, that they thought it advife- able to fubmit to the conditions impofed upon them. The Caughnawagas reported that the Indians on the lakes had delivered but few of their prif- oners ; that the Ottawas had killed a great part of theirs, and the other nations had either done the fame, or elfe kept them. From this time to November 9th, was chiefly fpent in fending and receiving mefTages to and from the Indian towns, relative to the prifoners, who were now coming into the camp one day after another in fmall parties, as the different nations arrived in whofe poffeflion they had been. The Colonel kept fo ftedfaftly to this article of having every prifoner delivered, that when the Delaware kings, Beaver and Cuftaloga, had brought in all theirs except twelve, which they promifed to bring in a few days, he refufed to (hake hands or have the lead talk with them, while a fingle captive remained among them. By the 9th of November, moft of the prifoners were arrived that could be expeded this feafon, amounting 64 Hijlorical Account of amounting to 206 * in the whole; befides about 100 more in poflelfioa of the Shawanefe, which they promifed to deliver the following fpring. Mr. Smallman, formerly a major in the Pennfyl- vania troops, who had been taken laft fummer near Detroit by the Wyandots, and delivered to the Shawanefe, was among the number of thofe whom they now brought in, and informed the Colonel that the reafon of their not bringing the remainder of their prifoners, was that many of their principal men, to whom they belonged, were gone to trade with the French, and would not return for fix weeks ; but that every one of their nation who were at home, had either brought or fent theirs. He further faid that, on the army's firft coming into the country, it had been reported among the Shawanefe that our intention was to deftroy them all, on which they had refolved to kill their prifoners and fight us ; that a French trader who was with them, and had many barrels of powder and ball, made them a prefent of the * Virginians .... Males, 32 Females and Children, 58 Pennfylvanians, Males, 49 Females and Children, 67 1.. Iti all 206 whole, Colonvl Bouf/uet's F.xpedition' 65 whole, as loon a> they had coaie to tins relolurion ; b\it that, happily for the poor captives, juft as rhe Shawanefe were preparitig 10 execute ^his tragedy, they received the Colonel's ttielTuge, informing rt.em that his intentions were only to receive the prif- oners and to make peace with them on the fame terms he fhould give fo the Delaware's. On this intelligence thev fufpended their cruel purpofe, and began to collect as many of the prif- oners as they had power to deliver; but hearing immediately afterwards that one of our foidiers had been killed near the camp at MulVingham, and that fome of their nation were fufpected as guilty of the murder, thev again imagined they would fall under our refentment, and therefore determined once more to tland out againft us. For which purpofe, after having brought their prifoners as far as Wakautamike, where they heard this news, they colleded them all into a field and were going to kill them, when a fecond exprefs providentially arrived from Colonel Bouquet, who afTured them that their nation was not even fufpeded ol' having any concern in the aforefaid murder ; upon which they proceeded to the camp to deliver up the captives, who had thus twice fo narrowly efcaped becoming the vi<flims of their barbarity. On 66 Ilijioricai /Iccount of On Friday, November 9th, the Colonel, at- tended by moft of the principal officers, went to the cont'erence-houfe. The Senecas and Delawares were firft treated with. Kiyaftiuta and ten warriors reprefented the former. Cul^aloga and twenty warriors the latter. KiYASHUTA fpoke "With this ftring of wampum, we wipe the tears from your eyes — we deliver you thefe three prifoners, which are the laft of your flefh and blood that remained among the Senecas and Cuftaloga's tribe of Delawares, we gather together and bury with this beltf all the bones of the people that have been killed during this unhappy war, which the Evil Spirit occaiioned among us. We cover the bones that have been buried, that they may never more be remembered — We again cover their place with leaves that it may be no more feen. — As we have been long aftray, and tl.e path between you and us flopped, we extend this belt that it may be again cleared, and we may travel in peace to fee our brethren as our anceltors for- merly did. While you hold it faft by one end, and we by the other, we (hall always be able to t A belt or ftring is always delivered when thus mentioned. "difcover Colonel 'Bouquet's Expedition. 67 ^'difcover any thing that may dirturb our friend- ''ihip.'* — The Colonel anfwered t >at "he had heard them "with pleafure; that he received thefe three lall- "prifoners they had to deliver, and joined in "burying the bones of thole who had fallen in "the war, fo that their place might be no more " k ov^n. The peace you a(k for, you fhall now " have. The king, my mailer and your father, "has appointed me only to make war; but he has " other fervants who are employed in the work of "peace. Sir William Johnfon is empowered for "that purpofe. To him you are to apply; but "before I give you leave to go, two things are to " be fettled. 1. "As peace cannot be finally concluded here, " you will deliver me two hoftages for the Senecas, "and two for Cuftaloga's tribe, to remain in our "hands at Fort Pitt, as a fecurity, that you fhall "commit no further hoftilities or violence againft "any of his majefty's fubjeds ; and when the "peace is concluded thefe hoftages fhall be deliv- " ered fafe back to you. 2. "The deputies you are to fend to Sir William "Johnfon, 68 Hijloricai .Account of "Johnfon, muft be fully empowered to treat for "your tribes, and you ihall engage to abide by ever they ftipulate. In that treaty, every w hat " thing concerning trade and other matters will be "fettled by Sir William, to render the peace ever- " lafting; and the deputies you are to fend to him, "as well as the hoftages to be delivered to me, "are to be named and prefented to me for my " approbation." The Colonel, after promifing to deliver back two of their people, Capt. Pipe, and Capt. John, whom he had detained at F<'ort-Pitt, took he chiefs by the hand for the Hrft time, whicli gave them great jo v. The next conference was on Novembei loth, with the Turky and Turtle tribes of Delawares, King Beaver their chief and thirty warriors rep- refenting the former; and Kelappama brother to their chief '■'■ with twenty-five warriors the latter. The Senecas and Cuftaloga's tribe of Delawares were alfo prefent. Their fpeech and the anfwer given, were much the fame as above; excepting * The Chief of the Turtle-tribe, for fomc rcafon, chofc to abfent hiinfelf. that Li Colonel Bouquet' i Expedition. 69 that the Colonel infifted on their delivering up an EnglilViman, wlio had murdered one of our people on the frontiers and brought the fcalp to them ; and that they fhould appoint the fame number of deputie. and deliver the fame number of hoftages, for each of their tribes, as had been ftipulated for Cuftaloga's tribe. November 11. King Beaver prefented fix hoft- ages to remain with Col. Bouquet, and five deputies to treat with Sir William Johnfon, who were approved of. This day he acquainted the chiefs prefent that as he had great reafon to be diflatisfitd with the condud of Nettovvhatways, the chief of the Turtle tribe who had not ap- peared, he therefore depofed him; and that tribe were to chufe and prefent another for his appro- baticj. This they did a few days afterwards — Smile not, reader, at this tranfartion ; for though it may not be attended with fo many fplendid and flattering circumftances to a commander, as the depofing an Eaft Indian Nabob or chief; yet to penetrate into the wilderneffes where thofe ftern Weft Indian Chieftains hold their fway, and to frown them from their throne; though but com- pofed of the unhewn log, will be found to require both refolution and firmnefs ; and their fubmitting to ■■■■ 70 Hijiorical Account of to it clearly fhews to what degree of humiliation they were reduced. But to proceed. The Shawanefe ftill remained to be treated with, and though this nation faw themfelves under the neceffity of yielding to the fame conditions with the other tribes, yet there had appeared a dilatorinefs and fullen haughtinefs in all their condud, which rendered it very fufpicious. The nth of November was appointed for the conference with them; which was laanaged on their part by Keiffinautchtha and Nimwha their chiefs, with the Red Hawke, Laviflimo, Benfivafica, E.weecunwee, Keigleighque, and forty warriors ; the Caughnawaga, Seneca and Delaware chiefs, with about fixty warriors, being alfo prefent. The Red Hawke was their fpeaker, and as he delivered himfelf with a ftrange mixture of fierce pride, and humble fubmiflion, I fhall add a paf- fage or two from his fpeech. (( Brother, " You will liften to us your younger brothers ; ** and as we difcover fomething in your eyes that " looks diflatisfadlion with us, we now wipe away (( every Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 71 "every thing bad between us that you may clearly "fee — You have heard many bad ftories of us — "We clean vour ears that vou mav hear — We " remove every thing bad from your heart, that " it may be like the heart of your anceftors, when "they thought of nothing but good." [Hcrt he gave a firing.] 1 " Brother ; when we faw you coming this road, "you advanced towards us with a tomahawk in " your hand; but we your younger brothers take it " out of your hands and throw it up to God f to " difpofe of as he pleafes ; by which means we " hope never to fee it more. And now, brother, "we beg leave that you who are a warrior, will "take hold of this chain (giving a ftring) of " friendfliip, and receive it from us, who are alfo " warriors, and let us think no more of war, in "pity to our old men, women and children" — Intimating, by this laft exprefllon, that it was mere compaflion to them, and not inability to fight, that made their nation defire peace. t Their ufual figure for making peace is burying the hatchet ; but as fuch hatchets may be dug up again, perhaps he thought this new expreffion of "fending it up to God, or the Good Spirit," a much ftronger emblem of the permanency and ftedfaftnefs of the peace now to be made. He 72 Hiftorical Account of He then produced a treaty held with the gov- ernment of Pennfylvania 1701, and three meflages or letters from that government of different dates , and concluded thus — " Now, Brother, I beg We who are warriors " may forget our difputes, and renew the friend- " fhip which appears by thefe papers to have fub- ** fifted between our fathers." — He promifed, in behalf of the reft of their nation, who were gone to a great diftance to hunt, and could not have notice to attend the treaty, that they fhould cer- tainly come to Fort-Pitt in the fpring, and bring the remainder of the prifoners with them. As the feafon was far advanced, and the Colonel could not ftay long in thefe remote parts, he was obliged to reft fatisfied with the prifoners the Sha- wanefe had brought ; taking hoftages, and laying them under the ftrongeft obligations, for the de- livery of the reft ; knowing that no other efFedual method could at prefent be purfued. He expoftulated with them on account of their paft condud, and told them — "^ that the fpeech *' they had delivered would have been agreeable to " him, if their adtions had correfponded with their *' words. 1 Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 73 I words. You have fpolcen, faid he, much of peace, but have negleded to comply with the only condition, upon which you can obtain it. Keiffinautchtha, one of your chiefs, met me a month ago at Tufcarawas, and accepted the fame terms of peace for your nation, that were pre- fcribed to the Senecas and Deiawares ; promifing in cen days from that time to meet me here with all your prifoners — After waiting for you til! now, you are come at laft, only with a part of them, and propofe putting off the delivery of the reft till the fpring. — What right have you to expe<ft different terms from thofe granted to the Deiawares, &c. who have given me entire ratisfa(5tion by their ready fubmiffion to every thing required of them ? But I will cut this matter ftiort with you ; and before I explain myfelf further, I infift on your immediate anfwer to the following queftions — I ft. "Will you forthwith colled and deliver up "all the prifoners yet in your pofleflion, and the ** French living among you, with all the Negroes " you have taken from us in this or any other "war; and that without any exception or evafion " whatfoever ? " 2d. "Will 74 Hijiorical Account of 2d. " Will you deliver fix hoftages into my '* hands as a fecurity for your pundual perform- " ance of the above article, and t-hat your nations " lliall commit no farther hoftiiities againft the " perfons or property of his majefty's fubjeds?" (( (( C( Benevissico replied that "they agreed to give the hoftages required, and faid that he himfelf would immediately return to their lower towns and colled all our fleih and blood that remained among them, and that we ihould fee t^ m at Fort-Pittfas foon as poflible. — That, as to the i<""rench, they had no power over them. They were fubjeds to the king of England. We might do with them what we pleafed ; though he believed they were all returned before this time to their own country." — . They then delivered their hoftages, and the Colonel told them " that though he had brought "a Tomahawk in his hand, yet as they had now '* fubmitted, he would not let it fall on their heads, " but let it drop to the ground, no more to be **feen. He exhorted them to exercife kindnefs to t It will appear, by the poftfcript to this account, that the Shawanefe have fulfilled this engagement. " the Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. IS " the captives, and look upon them now as brothers " and no longer prifoners ; adding, that he intended " to fend fome of their relations along with the ** Indians, to fee their friends colleded and brought *• to Fort-Pitt. He promifed to give them letters *• to Sir William Johnfon, to facilitate a final "peace, and defired them to be ftrong in perform- '* ing every thing ftipulated." The Caughnawagas, the Delawares and Senecas, feverally addrefTed the Shawanefe, as grandchildren and nephews, *' to perform their promifes, and to "be ftrong in doing good, that this peace might " be everlafting." — And here I am to enter on a fcene, referved on purpofe for this place, that the thread of the foregoing narrative might not be interrupted — a fcene, which language indeed can but weakly defcribe ; and to which the Poet or Painter might have repaired to enrich their higheft colourings of the variety of human paflions; the Philofopher to find ample fubjed for his moft ferious reflec- tions; and the Man to exercife all the tender and fympathetic feelings of the foul. The fcene I mean, was the arrival of the prifoners 76 Hijlorical Account of prifoners in the camp ; where were to be feen fathers and mothers recognizing and clafping their once-loft babes; hufbands hanging round the necks of their newly-recovered wives; fifters and brothers unexpedlediy meeting together after long fepa- ration, fcarce able to fpeak the fame language, or, for fome time, to be fure that they were children of the fame parents! In all thefe interviews, joy and rapture inexpreflible were feen, while feelings of a very different nature were painted in the looks of others; — flying from place to place in eager enquiries after relatives not found! tremb- ling to receive an anfwer to their queftions! dif- tradled with doubts, hopes and fears, on obtain- ing no account oi thofe they fought for ! or ftifFened into living monuments of horror and woe, on learning their unhappy fate ! The Indians too, as if wholly forgetting their ufual favagenefs, bore a capital part in heightening this moft afFeding fcene. They delivered up their beloved captives with the utmoft reluiftance ; ftied torrents of tears over them, recommending them to the care and protection of the commanding officer. Their regard to them continued all the time they remained in camp. They vifited them from day to day; and brought them what corn, fkins, Wi rmn,,, mmm Colonel Bouquet* s Expedition. 11 flcins, horfes and other matters, they had beftowed on them, while in their families; accompanied with other prefents, and all the marks of the mod fincere and tender affeftion. Nay, they did not ftop here, but, when the army marched, fome of the Indians folicited and obtained leave to accom- pany their former captives all the way to Fort- Pitt, and employed themfelves in hunting and bringing provifions for them on the road. A young Mingo carried this ftill further, and gave an inftance of love which would make a figure even in romance. A young woman of Virginia was among the captives, to whom he had formed fo ftrong an attachment, as to call her his wife. Againft all remonftrances of the imminent danger to which he expofed himfeif by approaching to the frontiers, he perftfted in following her, at the rifk of being killed by the furviving relations of many unfortunate perfons, who had been capti- vated or fcalped by thofe of his nation. Those qualities in favages challenge our juft efteem. They fhould make us charitably confider their barbarities as the effeds of wrong education, and falfe notions of bravery and heroifm; while we fhould look on their virtues as fure marks that nature has made them fit fubjeds of cultivation as il*'^l;' 78 Hijtortcal Account of as well as us ; and that we are called by our fupe rior advantages to yield them all the helps we can in this way. Cruel and unniercitul as they are, by habit and long example, in war, yet when- ever they tome to give way to the native didates of humanity, they exercife virtues which Chriftians need not blufti to imitate. When they once de- termine to give life, they give every thing with it, which, in their apprehenfion, belongs, lo it. From every enquiry that has been made, it appears — that no woman thus faved is prelerved from bafe motives, or need fear the violation of her honour. No child is otherwife treated by the perfons adopt- ing it than the children of their own body. The perpetvial flavery of thofe captivated in war, is a notion which even their barbarity has not yet fug- gelled to them. Every captive whom their affec- tion, their caprice, or whatever elfe, leads them to fave, is foon incorporated with them, and fares alike with themfelves. These inftances of Indian tendernefs and hu- manity were thought worthy of particular notice. The like inftances among our own people will not feem ftrange ; and therefore I fhail only mention one, out of a multitude that might be given on this occafion. Among w*-*- "•■xaaMaaawnn xinxt /M* \l ^^>^^*-''^- It Colonel Bourjuet's Expedition. 79 Among the captives, a wc»man was brought into the camp at Mufkinghain, with a hahe about three months old at her breaft. One of the Virginia- volunteers Toon knew her to be his wife, who had been taken by the Indians about fix months before. She was im mediate! v delivered to her overjoyed hufband. He flew with her to his rent, and doathed her and his child in proper apparel. Hut their ]<.' after the f\\\\ tranfports, was foon damped by the reflertion that another dear child of about two years old, captivated with the mother, and feparated from her, was ftill mirting, altho' many children had been brought in. A FEW days afterwards, a number of other prifoners were brought to the camp, among whom were feveral more children. The woman was fent for, and one, fuppofed to be hers, was produced to her. At firft fight fhe was uncertain, but viewing the child with great earneftnefs, fhe foon recolledled its features; and was fo overcome with joy, that literally forgetting her fucking child fhe dropt it from her arms, and catching up the new found child i 1 an extafy, prefled it to her breaft, and burfting i »to tears carried it ofi^, unable to fpeak for joy. Tie father feizing up the babe fhe had let fall, fc lowed her in no lefs tranfport and affedion. Among /ne^ CTt^Ui^ C^^/it^^J /p/t^4P^t^/^&€t^/4i/] yfte^fl/f, f^e -^-n^JVtfrtlbjdfftienca.^ft^ ylm^r-/'. 4^64 ■rob! CLARKE t CO. TuMteh«M .CINCINNATI Am.Photo-LUhoJraphlo Co NY (0«borne'sProceil) .Vi'l!...Ki,V:*i^'.,'»l(' ^,,i ^ Wal^'■t^^ ^ - ^■'^^''.g': J» ' ^:|l ! ^> ! W. ' '' l ^^i '' iw i ;" ^ ' W» ' Ww»w riwii-- mwa i 80 Ilijlorical Account of Among the children who had been carried oif young, and had long lived with the Indians, it is not to be expeded that any marks of joy would appear on being reftored to their parents or rela- tives. Having been accuftomed to look upon the Indians as the only connexions they had, having been tenderly treated by them, and Ipeaking their language, it is no wonder that they coniidered their new ftate in the light of a captivity, and parted from the favages v/ith tears. But it muft not be denied that there were even fome grown perfons who (hewed an unwiilmgnefs to return. The Shawanefe were obliged to bind fev- eral of their prifoners and force them along to the camp; and fome women, who had been delivered up, afterwards found means to efcape and run back to the Indian towns. Some, who could not make their efcape, clung to their favage acquaint- ance at parting, and continued many days in bitter lamentations, even refuftng fuftenance. For the honour of humanity, we would fuppofe thofe perfons to have been of the loweft rank, either bred up in ignorance and diftrefling penury, or who had lived fo long with the Indians as to forget all their former conned:ions. For, eafy and unconftrained i n n ii » i - Wi>i 1 ^ 1— — » ■' WWly r i i "^t i' T ' -"r '• !■ .■ I..T li mm i ti i iiii..! Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 8i unconftrained as the fayage life is, certainly it could never be put in competition with the bleffings of improved life and the light of religion, by any perfons who have had the happinefs of enjoying, and the capacity of difcerning, them. Every thing being now fettled with the Indians, the army decamped on Sunday i8th November, and marched for Fort-Pitt, where it arrived on the 28th. The regular troops were immediately fent to garrifon the different polls on the communi- cation, and the provincial troops, with the cap- tives, to their feveral provinces. Here ended this expedition, in which it is remarkable that, not- withftanding the many difficulties attending it, the troops were never in want of any neceflaries; continuing perfectly healthy during ""e whole campaign; in which no life w^s loft, except the man mentioned to have been killed at Mulkingham. In the beginning of January 1765, Colonel Bouquet arrived at Philadelphia, receiving, where- ever he came, every polfible mark of gratitude and efteem from the people in general; and partic- ularly from the overjoyed relations of the captives, whom he had fo happily, and without bloodfhed, reftored to their country and friends. Nor was the ^ ■ 1 - I 'ateiiit i l iii M iii ■r i ji ii TiiM i xn i ijtfe i W i '^ i : ■' " ri;vfMrlilBiii» Vfc^>t« i t i rnir, i a'f ii r i ilt;i , ;i i a «i toi i. l , T»; , tfnifit i riV ' » i ti l ft' 'ii> ^ 82 Hijlorical Account of the legiflative part of the provinces lefs fenfible of his important fervices. The alTembly of Pennfyl vania, at their firft fitting, unanimoufly voted hiui the following addrefs. In ASSEMBLY, January 15, 1765, A. M. To v,i lourable HENRY BOUQUET, Efq; Commander in Chief of His M A J E S T Y's Forces in the Southern Department of AMERICA, The Addrefs of the Reprefentatives of the Free- men of the Province of Pennfylvania, in General Affembly met. SIR, TH E reprefentatives of the freemen of the province of Pennfylvania, in general affem- bly met, being informed that you intend ftiortly to embark for England, and moved with a due fenfe of the important fervices you have rendered to his majefty, his northern colonies in general, and to this province in particular, during our late wars with the French and barbarous Indians, in the remarkable vidory over the favage enemy, united to oppofe you, near Bufhy-Run, in Auguft * 1763, ^? Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 83 ' 1 763, when on your march for the relief of Pitts- *burg, owing, under God, to your intrepidity 'and fuperior flcill in command, together with the •bravery of your officers and little army; as alfb ' in your late march to the country of the fava^e * nations, with the troops under your diredion ; 'thereby ftriking terror through the numerous * Indian tribes around you; laying a foundation 'for a lafting as well as honourable peace with 'them; and refcuing, from favage captivity, up- ' wards of two hundred of our chriftian brethren, 'prifoners among them: thefe eminent fervices, 'and your conftant attention to the civil rights of 'his majefty's fubjeds in this province, demand, ' Sir, the grateful tributt of thanks from all good 'men ; and therefore we, the reprefentatives of the 'freemen of Pennfylvania, unanimoufly for our- 'felves, and in behalf of all the people of this 'province, do return you our moft fincere and ' hearty thanks for thefe your great fervices, wifh- 'ing you a fafe and pleafant voyage to England, 'with a kind and gracious reception frojn his ' majefty. 'Signed, by order of the Houfe, 'JOSEPH FOX, Speaker.' The 84 Hijlorkal .'Account of The Coloners Anfwer was as follows, viz. To the Honourable the Representatives of the Freemen of the province of Pennfyivania, in General Aflemblv met. * Gentlemen, WI T H a heart imprefled with the moft lively fenfe of gratitude, I return you my humble and fincere thanks, for the honour you have done me in your polite addrefs of the 15th or January, tranfmitted me to New- York by vour fpeaker. * Next to the approbation of His Sacred Maj- * efty, and my fuperiour" officers, nothing could * afford iue higher pleafure than your favour- ' able opinion of my condud, in the difcharge of ' thcfe military commands with which I have been * intrufted. * Gratitude as well as juilice demand of me * to acknowlege, that the aids granted by the leg- ' iflature of this province, and the conftant affift- ' ance and fupport afforded me by the honourable * the Governor and Commiffioners in the late * expedition, have enabled me to recover fo many ' of his Majefty's fubjeds from a cruel capdvity, *and Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 85 'and be the happy inftrument of reftorlnt^ them 'to freedom and liberty: To ycu therefore, gen- 'tlemen, is the greater fh?re of that merit due, ' which you are generoufly pleafed on this occafion ' to impute to my fervices. ' Your kind teftimony of my conftant attention 'to the civil rights of his majefty's fubjeds in this ' Province, does me finguJar honour, and calls for * the return of my warmeft acknowledgments. 'Permit me to take this public oppor unity of 'doing juftice to the officers of the regular and 'provincial troops, and the volunteers, who have * ferved with me, by declaring that, under Divine ' Providence, the repeated fuccefles of his Majefty's 'arms againft a favage enemy, are principally to be 'afcribed to their courage and refolution, and to ' their perfeverance under the fevereft hardlliips * and fatigue. ' I SINCERELY wifh profperity and happinefs to ' the province, and have the honour to be, with * the greateft refped, Gentlemen, ' Your moft obedient, and moft humble fervant, 'HENRY BOU(2UET.' February 4, 1765. Soon 86 Hijiorical Account of Soon afterwards the Colonel received a very polite and afFedlionate letter from Governor Fau- quier, dated 25th of December, inclofing refolves of the honourable members of his Majefty's Coun- cil, and of the houfe of Burged'es, for the colony and dominion of Virginia. Those refpedable bodies unanimoufly returned their thanks to him for the adivity, fpirit and zeal, with which he had reduced the Indians to terms of peace, and compelled thofe favages to deliver up fo many of his Majefty's fubjeds whom they had in captivity. They further requefted the Governor to recommend him to his Majefty's minifters, as an officer of diftinguiftied merit, in this and every former fervice in which he has been engaged. The Colo; el, in his anfwer, acknowledged the ready afliftance and countenance which he had always received from the Governor and colony of Virginia in carrying on the King's fervice ; and mentioned his particular obligations to Col. Lewis, for his zeal and good conduft during the campaign. The honours thus beftowed on him, his own modefty -^ Colonel Bouquet^ s Expedition. 87 rnodefty made him defirous of transferring to the officers and army under his command; and indeed the mutual confidence and harmony fubfifting between him and the-i, highly redound to the reputation of both. He has taken every occafion of doing juftice to the pa'-ticular merit of Colonel Reii) who was fecond in command ; and alfo to all the officers who ferved in the expedition, regulars as well as provincials '\'. The reader will obferve that the public bodies who prefented thefe addrcfles to the Colonel, not only wifhed to exprefs their own gratitude, but likewife to be inftrumental in recommending him to the advancement his fervices mented. And furely it is a happy circumilance to obtain promo- tion, not only unenvied, but even with the general approbation and good wifhes, of the public. It ought, however, to be mentioned, that on the firft account his Majefty received of this expedition, and long before thofe teftimonies could reach Eng- land, he was gracioufly pleafed of his own royal goodnefs and as a reward of the Colonel's merit, to promote him to the rank of Brigadier Gen- t The Pennlylvania troops were commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Francis, and Lieutenant Colonel Clayton. ERAL 88 Hijhrical Account of ERAL, and to the command of the fouthern diftrid of America. And as he is rendered as dear, by his private virtues, to thofe who have the honour of his more intimate acquaintance, as he is by his military fervices to the public, it is hoped he may long continue among us ; where his expe- rienced abilities will enable him, and his love of the Englifti conftitution entitle him, to fill any future truft to which his Majefty mav be pleafed to call him. POSTSCRI PT. IT was mentioned in the jid page of this account, that the Shawanefe brought only a part of their prifoners with them to Col. Bouquet at Mufkingham, in November lad; and that, as the feafon was far advanced, he was obliged to reft fatisfied with taking hoftages for the delivery of the remainder at Fort-Pitt, in the enfuing fpring. The efcape of thofe hoftages foon afterwards, as well as the former equivocal condud of their nation, had given reafon to doubt the fmcerity of their intentions with refpedl to the performance of Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 89 of their proniiles. But we have the fatisfadion to find that they pundually have fulfilled them. Ten of their chiefs, and about fifty of their warriors, attended with many of their women and children, met George Croghan, Efq ; deputy agent to Sir William Johnson, at Fort- Pitt, the 9th of lall May ; together with a large body of Delawares, Senecas, Sandufky and Munfy Indians; where they delivered the remainder of their prifoners, bright- ened the chain of friendfhip, and gave every afTurance of their firm intentions to preierve the peace inviolable for ever. There is fomething remarkable in the appella- tion they gave to the EnglilTi on this occa.'ion ; calling them Fathers inftead of Brethren. Lawaugh^ua, the Shawanefe fpeaker, delivered himfelf in the following terms. "Fathers, for fo we will call you henceforward; ** liften to what we are going to fay to vou. " It gave us great pleafure yefterday to be called "the children of the great King of England; and ''convinces us your intentions towards us are " upright, as we know a Father will be tender of '* his iMttMH^ 90 P oft script. *' his children, and they are mot'* ready to obey " him than a Brother. Therefore we hope our '* Father will now take better care of his children, "than has heretofore been done. "You put us ill mind of our promife to Col. "Bouquet; which was to bring your flefh and "blood to be delivered at this place. Father, "you have not fpoke in vain — you fee we have " brought them with us, — except a few that were "out with our hunting parties, which will be "brought here as foon as they return. "Thev have been all united to vis by adoption; " and altho' we now deliver them up to you, we "will always look upon them as our relations, "whenever the Great Spirit is pleafed that we may " vifit them. " Father, We have taken as much care of them, *'as if they were our own flefh and blood. They " are now become unacquainted with your cuftoms "and manners; and therefore, we requeft you will " ufe them tenderly and kindly, which will induce " them to live contentedly with you. "Here is a belt with the figure of ou.- Father "the Pojhcript. 9> "the King of (jreut-Britain at one end, and the *' Chief of our nation at the other. It reprefents "them holding the chain of friendfhip ; and we " hope neither fide will flip their hands from it, fo " long as the Sun and Moon give liirht." The reader will further remember that one of the engagements which the difterent Indian Tribes entered into with Colonel Bouquet, was to fend deputies to conclude a peace with Sir William Johnson. This has alfo been pundually fulfilled; and we are affured that Sir Willi.\m "has finiihed " his congrefs greatly to his fatisfadtion, and even " beyond his expedations." Thus everv good confequence has enfued from this important ex- pedition, which our fondeft wiflies could have induced us to exped from the known valour and fpirit of the able commander who had the condud of it; and we now have the pleafure once more to behold the temple of Janus ftiut, in this weftern world ! REFLECTIONS ON THE WAR WITH 1' H E SAVAGES O F NORTH-AMERICA. THE long continued ravages ot the Indians on the frontiers of the Britifh colonies in America, and the fatal overthrows which they have Ibmetimes given our beft difciplined troops, efpecially in the beginning of the late war, have rendered them an objed of our confideration, even in their military capacity. And as but few offi- cers, who may he employed aijainft thtm, can have opportunities t(~ obferve the true caul'es of their advantages over European troops in the woods, it is with the utmoft pleafure that I now proceed to lay before the public the following valuable papers, which I mentionedf to have been communicated f See ihe introduftion. to tf ii $U i ' i»«i p fa W t l iiii i frit Uw 94 Reflections on the IVar to me by an officer of great abilities ana long experience, in our wars with the Indians. As icarce any Jiing has yet been pubiiftied on a fubjea now become of the higheil importance § to our colonies, thefe papers will undoub' "y he an acceptable prefent to the reader, and the remarks contained in them may be more and more im- proved by the future care and attention of able men, till perhaps a compleat fyftem is at length formed for the condud of this particular fpecies of war. §It will appear by the account of Indian tribes and town* annexed to thefe papers, that rhe enemies we have to deal with are neither contemptible in numbers or Itrength. s fc; C T I O N '^ JVith the Savages of North America. 95 SECTION L OF TWE TEMPER AND GENIUS OF THE InDIANS, The love of liberty is innate in the favage; and feems the ruling paflion of the ftate of nature. His defires and wants, being few, are eafily grati- fied, and leave him much time to fpare, which he would fpend in idlenefs, if hunger did not force him to hunt. That exercife makes him ftrong, adive and bold, raifes his courage, and fits him for war, in which he ufes the fame ftratagems and cruelty as againfl the wild beafts; making no fcruple to employ treachery and perfidy to van- quifh his enemy. Jealous of his independency and of his prop- erty, he will not fuffer the leaft encroachment on either; and upon the flighted fufpicion, fired with refentment, he becomes an implacable enemy, and flies to arms to vindicate his right, or revenge an injury. The 9« RefleSlions on the War The advantages of thefe favages over civilized nations are both natural and acquired. Thev are tall and well limbed, remarkable tor their activity, and have a piercing eye and quick ear, which are or great (ervice to them in the woods. Like beafts of prey, they are patient, deceitful, and rendered by habit almoft infenfible to the common feelings of humanity. Their barbarous cuftom of fcdiping their enemies, in the heat of adion ; the exquifite torments often inflided by them on thofe referved for a more deliberate fate ; their general ferocity of manners, and the fuccefles wherewith they have often been fluflied, have con- fpired to render their name terrible, and fome times to ftrike a pannic even into our braved and beft difciplined troops. Their acquired advantages are, that they have been inured to bear the extremes of heat and cold ; and from their infancy, in winter and fummer, to plunge themfelves in cold ftreams, and to go almoft naked, expofed to the fcorching fun or nip- ping frofts, till they arrive to the ftate of manhood. Some of them deftroy the fenfation of the (kin by fcratching it with the fhort and fharp teeth of fome animal, difpofed in the form of a curry-comb, which liflii AHI With the Savages of North-America. 97 which makes them regardlefs of briars and thorns in running thro' thickets. Rivers are no obftacles to them in their wild excurfions. They either fwim over, or crofs them on rafts or canoes, of an eafy and ready conftrudlion. In their expeditions they live chiefly by hunt- ing, or on wild fruits and roots, with which the woods fupply them almoft every where. They can bear hunger and thirft for feveral days, without flackening, on that account, their perfeverance in any propofed enterprize. By conftant pradice in hunting, the^ learn to fhoot with great fkill, either with bows, or fire- arms; and to ileal unperceived upon their prey, purfuing the trads of men and beafts, which would be imperceptible to an European. They can run for a whole day without halting, when flying from an enemy, or when fent on any mefl"age. They fteer, as if by inftind, thro' tracklefs woods, and with aftonifliing patience can lie whole days mo- tionlefs in ambufli to furprife an enemy, efl;eem- ing no labour or perfeverance too painful to obtain their ends. They 98 Refte^lions on the War Thev befmear their bodies with bear's greafe, which defends them againft rains and damps, as well as againft the ftings of Mufkitoes and Gnats. It likewife fupples their limbs, and makes them as flippery as the antient gladiators, who could not be held faft when feized in fight. Plain food, conftant exercife, and living in the open air, preferve them healthy and vigorous. They are powerfully excited to war by the cuftom eftablifhed among them, of paying diftin- guifhed honours to warriors. They fight only when they think to have the advantage, but cannot be forced to it, being fure by their fpeed to elude the moft eager purfuit. Their drefs confifts of the fkins of fome wild beaft, or a blanket, a fhirt either of linen, or of dreflfed fkins, a breech clout, leggins, reaching half way up the thigh, and faftened to a belt, with mokawfons on their feet. They ufe no liga- tures that might obftrud: the circulation of their blood, or agility of their limbs. They ihave their head, referving only a fmall tuft of hair on the top; and flit the outer part of the ears, to which, by weights. ^ With the Savages of North-America. 99 weights, they give a circular form, extending it down to their (houlders. They adorn themfelves with ear and nofe rings, bracelets of filver and wampum, and paint their faces with various colours. When they prepare for an engagement they paint themfelves black, and fight naked. Their arms are a fufil, or rifle, a powder horn, a fhot pouch, a tomahawk, and a fcalping knife hanging to their neck. When they are in want of firearms, they fupply them by a bow, a fpear, or a death hammer, which * is a fhort club made of hard wood. Their ufual utenfils are a kettle, a fpoon, a look- ing glafs, an awl, a ileel to ftrike fire, fome paint, a pipe and tobacco-pouch. For want of tobacco, they fmoke fome particular leaves, or the bark of a willow; which is almoft their continual occupation. Thus lightly equipped do the favages lie in wait to attack, at fome difficult pafs, the European foldier, heavily accoutred, harafled by a tedious march, and encumbered with an unwieldy convoy. Experience Wmi k iUd; ... lOO Refle£lions on the War Experience has convinced us that it is not our intereft to be at war with them; but if, after having tried all means to avoid it, they force us to it, (which in all probability v/ill often happen) we (hould endeavour to fight them upon more equal terms, and regulate our raanceuvres upon thofe of the enemy we are to engage, and the nature of the country we are to a6t in. It does not appear from our accounts of Indian wars, that the favages were as brave formerly as we have found them of late ; which muft be imputed to their unexpedled fuccefTes againft our troops on fome occafions, particularly in 1755; and from the little refiftance they have fince met with from defencelefs inhabitants. It is certain that even at this day, they feldom expofe their perfons to danger, and depend entirely upon their dexterity in concealing themfelves dur- ing an engagement, never appearing openly, unlefs they have ftruck their enemies with terror, and have thereby rendered them incapable of defence. From whence it may be inferred that, if they were beat two or three times, they would lofe that confidence infpired by fuccefs, and be lefs inclined to engage in wars which might end fatally for ^ fVith the Savages of North-America. loi for them. But this cannot reafonably be expeded, till we have troops trained to fight them in their own way, with the additional advantage of Euro- pean courage and difcipline. Any deviation from our eftabliftied military fyftem would be needlefs, if valour, zeal, order and good condudt, were fufficient to fubdue this light-footed enemy. Thefe qualities are confpicu- ous in our troops ; but they are too heavy, and indeed too valuable, to be employed alone in a deftruftive fervice for which they were never in- tended. They require the afliftance of lighter corps, whofe drefs, arms and exercifes, fhould be adapted to this new kind of war. This opinion is fupported by the example of many warlike nations, of which 1 beg leave to mention the following. The learned Jefuitf who has obliged the world with a treatife on the military affairs of the ancient Romans, tells us, from Salluft§, that this wife nation fVid. Joannis Antonii Valtrini Lbr, de re milit, Vet. Rom. §Neque enim Romanis fuperbia unquam obflitit, quo minus aliena inftituta, Ji modo proba fuifTent, imitarentur ; et quod ub^que I02 Reflections on the War nation, our mafters in the art of war, were never hindered even by the pride of empire, from imita- ting any foreign maxim or inftitution, provided it was good ; and that they carefully adopted into their own practice whatever they found iifeful in that of their allies or enemies; fo that by receiving fome things from one, and fome from another, they greatly improved a fyftem even originally excellent. The defeat of Antony and Craflus by the Par- thians, of Curio by the Numidians, and many other inftances, convinced the Romans that their legions, who had conquered fo many nations, were not fit to engage light-troops, which, harraifing them continuallv, evaded all their endeavours to bring them to a clofe engagement ; and it is prob- able that if Julius Cfefar had not been afTaflinated, when he was preparing to march againft the fame Parthians, to wipe off the reproach of the former defeats, he would have added to his legions a greater number of light troops, formed upon the principles and method of that nation, and have left us ufeful leflbns for the conduct of a war againft our favages. ubique apud focios vel holies idoneum vifum eiret, cum lludio domi exfequerentur. — Aliaque ab aliis accepta. ipfi longe fatere meliora quse quidem digna tlatuifl'ent. That fVith the Savages of North-America. 103 That he did not think the attack of irregular troops contemptible, appears clearly in feveral parts of his commentaries, and particularly in the African war. The various embarralTments he met with from the enemy he had then to deal with, neceflarily call to our mind many fimilar circum- ftances in the courfe of our wars with the Indians ; and the pains he took to inftrud his foldiers to ftand and repel the fkirmifhes of the nimble Afri- cans, may furniih inftrudion to us in our military operations againft the favage Americans. We are told that while Caefar was on his march "to Scipio's"'' quarters, the enemy's horfe and "light-armed infantry, rifing all at once from an " ambufcade, appeared upon the hills, and attacked "his *Labienus, Afraniufque cum omni equitatu, levique armatura, ex infidiis adorti agmini Caefaris extremo fe offerunt, atque ex collibus primis exfirtunt. — Primo impetu legionum equitatus, levis armatura hoflium nui!o negotio loco pulfa et dejedla eft de colle. Quum jam Caelar exiilnnaffet hoftes pulfos deterritolque finem laceffendi fafturos, et iter coeptum pergere coepifler ; iterum celeriter ex proximis collibus erumpunt ; i. que in Caefaris legion- arios impetum faciunt Numids, levilque armaturae mirabili veloci- tate przediti ; qui inter equites pugnabant, et una pariterque cum equitibus accurere et refugere comfueverant. Hoc fepius, facerent, &c. — Caefaris autem non ampliustres, aut quatuor milites veterani, 1i fe convertiflent, et pila viribus contorta in Numidas infertos conjeciffent, amplius duorum millium numero ad unum terga vertebant ; •■I.llllfcl — » ^ 104 Reflexions on the War his rear. His legions forming themfelves, foon beat the enemy from the higher ground. And now chinking all fafe, he begins to purfue his march. But immediately the enemy break forth from the neighbouring hills ; and the Numidians, with their light-armed foot, who are wonderfully nimble, always mixing and keeping equal pace with the cavalry in charging or retiring, fall afrefh on the Roman foot. Thus they fre- quently renewed the charge, and ftill retired when he endeavoured to bring them to clofe engage- ment. If but two or three of his veterans faced about and caft their piles with vigour, two thou- fand of the enemy would fly, then returning rally again, making it their bufinefs to harrafs his march, and tc prefs upon his rear, following vertcbant; ac rurfus ad aciem paflim, convcrfis equis, f"e col- ligebant, atque in ipatio consequebantur, et jaciila in Lcgionarios conjiciebant. Casar contra ejusmodi hoftium genera copias fuas, non ut imperator exercitum veteranum, viftoremque maximis rebus geftis, fed ut lanifta tirones gladiatores condocefacerc : quo pede ieff reciperent ab hofte, &c. — Mirifice enim hoiUum levis ai 'ni anxiutn exercitum ejus atque follicitum habebat ; quia .cs deterrebat prcelium inirc, propter equorum intcrritum , i eos jaculis interficiebat ; et legionarium militcm defatigabat, j pter relocitatcm. Gravis enim armatura miles iimul atque ab his in feflatus conftiterat, in eofque impetum fecerat, illi vcloci curfu facile periculum vitabant. at fVith the Savages of North-America. 105 " at fome diftance and throwing their darts at the ** legions. "C/ESAR, having fo fubtil an enemy to deal "with, inftruded liis foldiers, not like a general **who had been vidorious in the moft arduous •'exploits, but as a fencing-mafterf would inftruCt "his fcholars; teaching them with what pace to " retreat from the enemy, and how to return to " the charge ; how far to advance, and how far to " retire; and likewife in what place and manner to "caft their piles. For their light-armed infantry "gave him the greateft uneafinefs, deterring his " troopers from meeting them, by killing their "horfes with their javelins, and wearying his "legions by their fwiftnefs. For whenever his " heavy-arm(|4 foot faced -Lout, and endeavoured "to return their charge, they quickly avoided the "danger by flight." But without going back to the ancients, we have feen this maxim adopted in our days. Mar- fhal de Saxe finding the French army harrafled by the HufTars and other Auftrian light troops, formed alfo feveral corps of them of different fLanitta, in Latin, is an inftruftor of gladiators, which in Englidi can only be tranflated a •« Fencing-mafler." kinds ; io6 Reflexions on the War kinds ; and the king of Pruflia in his fir(* ^ar in- troduced them into his army, and has augmented and employed them ever fince with fuccefs. We have ourfelves made ufe of them in the two laft wars in Europe : But the light troops wanted in America muft be trained on different principles. The enemies we have to deal with, are infinitely more aftive and dangerous than the Huffars and Pandours ; or even the Africans above-mentioned. For the American favages, after their rapid incur- fions, retreat to their towns, at a great diftance from our fettlements, through thickety woods almoft im- penetrable to our heavy and unwieldy corps, com- pofed of foldiers loaded with cloaths, baggage and provifions, who, when fatigued by a long march, muft be a very unequal match to engage the nimble favage in woods, which are his native eltinent. Another unavoidable incumbrance, in our ex- peditions, arifes from the provifions and baggage of the army, for which a road muft be opened, and bridges thrown ov^r rivers and fwamps. This creates great labour, retards and weakens the line of march, and keeps the troops tied to a convoy which they cannot lofe fight of, without expofing it to become a prey to a vigilant enemy, continu- ally hovering about to feize every advantage. An IVith the Savages of North- America. 107 An European, to be a proper judge of this kind of war, muft have lived fome time in the vaft forefts of America ; otherwife he will hardly be able to conceive a continuity of woods without end. In fpite of his endeavours, his imagination will betray him into an expertation of open and clear grounds, and he will be apt to calculate his manoeuvres accordingly, too much upon the prin- ciples of war in Europe. Let us fuppofe a perfon, who is entirely unac- quainted with the nature of this fervice, to be put at the head of an expedition in America. We will further fuppofe that he has made the difpofitions ufual in Europe for a march, or to receive an enemy ; and that he is then attacked by the favages. He cannot difcover them, tho' from every tree, log or bufh, he receives an incelTant fire, and ob- ferves that few of their fhot are loft. He will not hefitate to charge thofe invifible enemies, but he will charge in vain. For they are as cautious to avoid a clofe engagement, as indefatigable in har- rafling his troops; and notwithftanding all his endeavours, he will ftill find himfelf furrounded by a circle of fire, which, like an artificial horizon, follows him every where. Unable 1 08 Refle£fions on the War Unable to rid himfelf of an enemy who never ftands his attacks, and flies when prefixed, only to return upon him again with equal agility and vigour; he will fee the courage of his heavy troops droop, and their ftrength at lafl: fail them by repeated and ineffedual efforts. He muft therefore think of a retreat, unlefs he can force his way thro' the enemy. But how is this to be effefted? his baggage and provifions are unloaded and fcattered, part of his horfes and drivers killed, others difperfed by fear, and his wounded to be carried by foldiers already fainting under the fatigue of a long adion. The enemy, encou raided by his diftrefs, will not fail to encreafe the diforder, by prefling upon him on every fide, with redoubled fury and favage bowlings. He will probably form a circle or a fquare, to keep off fo daring an enemy, ready at the leaft opening to fall upon him with the deftruftive tomahawk : but thefe difpofitions, tho' a tolerable fhift for defence, are neither proper for an attack, nor a march thro' the woods. This is not an imaginary fuppofition, but the true ftate of an engagement with the Indians, experienced With the Savages of North- America. 109 experienced by the troops who have fought againfl them. Neither is there any thing new or extraor- dinary in this way of fighting, which feems to have been common to moft Barbarians f. What is then to be done to extricate our little army from impending dettrudion? This is a problem which I do not pretend to refolve. But as every man would, in fimilar cir- cumftances, determine himfelf fome way or other, I will propofe my own fentiments, founded upon fome obfervations which 1 believe invariable in all engagements with favages. The firft, that their general maxim is to fur- round their enemy. The fecond, that they fight fcattered, and never in a compadt body. The third, that they never ftand their ground when attacked, but immediately give way, to re- turn to the charge. t Vid. Cael. Comm. lib. V. dc bcUo Gallico, et lib, II de bello civili. ,,, These 1 lO Refletlions on the War These principles being admitted, it foliows- ift. That the troops deftined to engage Indians, muft be lightly cloathed, armed, and accoutred. 2d. That having no refiftance to encounter in the attack, or defence, they are not to be drawn up in clofe order, which would only expofe them with- out neceflity to a greater lofs. And, laftly, that all their evolutions muft be performed with great rapidity; and the men ena- bled by exercife to purfue the enemy clofely, when put to flight, and not give them time to rally. These remarks will explain the reafons of the alterations propofed in the formation of a corps of troops, for the fervice of the woods. It is not, however, to be expeded that this method will re- move all obftacles, or that thofe light troops can equal the favages in patience, and adivity; but, with difcipline and praftice, they may in a great meafure fupply the want of thefe advantages, and by keeping the enemy at a diftance afford great relief and fecurity to the main body. SECTION JVith the Savages of North- America. t 1 1 SECTION II. GENERAL IDEA OF AN ESTABLISHMENT OF LIGHT TROOPS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE WOODS. I SHALL only venture a few notions fuggefted by experience upon this fubjed, chiefly with a view to recommend it to the confideration of perfons capable of propofing a proper method of forming fuch an eftablifliment: and, in order to be better underftood, I will fuppofe a corps of 500 men to be raifed and difciplined for the woods, befrdes two troops of light horfe, to which a company of arti fleers might be added. The fitteft men for that fervice would be the natives of America bred upon the frontiers, and inlifl:ed between the age of 15 and 20 years, to be difcharged between 30 and 35. C L O A T H I N G . The cloathing of a foldier for the campaign might confift of a ftiort coat of brown cloth, lap- pelled, and without plaits; a fl:rong tanned (hirt, (hort 112 Refle£lions on the l^^ar Ihort trowfers, leggins, mokawrons or (hoe packs, a Tailor's hat, a blanket, a knapfack for provifions, and an oiled furtoufj- againft the rain. To this might be added, in winter quarters or time of peace, three white Oiirts and ftocks, with a flannel waidcoat. ARMS. I The following Watch-coat was contrived by an officer, whofe name 1 do not remember. But inrtead of the oiled linen to be put under tl\c hat, a cap might perhaps anfwer better. He writes as follows, viz. •'As the Indian war will require frequent incurfions into a " wild country, where a man fick or wounded, is in feveral refpefts '■ more detrimental to the fervice than a man killed, everv thing " that may contribute to the health of the men is of moment. •In this view, I propolc a iort of furtout, to preferve men, in '• a great meafure, both from wet and cold. " Take a large checked fhirt, of about half a crown ilerling "per yard, for it (hould be pretty fine; cut off the wriil-band.s, "and continue the opening of the breail down to the bottom; '• few up the fides from the gullets downwards ; rip out the gath- •' ers in the fore parts of the collar as far as the ftioulder llrap>, "and refew it plain to the collar. •' The fliirt will then become a fort of watch-coat like a bed- -gown, with very wide (leeves. " Take a quantity ot linfced oil, and boil it gently till one half " is dimiflied, to which put a fmall quantity of litharge of gold, '• and when it is well incorporated with the oil, lay it on with a " brulli upon the watch coat, lo that it fliall be every where " equally wet. "I fuppolc the watcii-coat, hung in a garret, or other covered '" place, and io fufpended by crooked pins and pack threads in the " extremities of the (leeves and edges of the collar, that one part '■ niall PS fVith the Savages of North-America. 113 ARMS. Their arms, the beft that could be made, fhould be fliort fufils and fome rifles, with bayonets in the form of a dirk, to ferve for a knife; with powder horns and fliot pouches, fmall hatchets and leathern bottles for water. (hall not touch another. In a (hort time, if the weather is good, it will be dry; when a fecond mixture of the fame kind fhould be laid on with a brulh as before. When the fecond coat of painting is dry, the greafe will not come off, and the furtout is an effeflual prefervative from rain ; it is very light to carry, and being pretty full on the back, will not only keep the man dry, but alfo his pack and ammunition. " The fleeves are left long and wide, to receive the butt end of a firelock (fecured) and to cover it below the lock. The coat is double breafted to be lapped over, according to which fide the rain drives. A man will be kept dry by one of thefe fur- touts as far as the knees. If, from the vicinity of the enemy, it is improper to make fires at night, he may place his pack on a ftone, and, fitting upon it, change his flioes and leggins, and, if he pleafes, wrap his blanket round his legs and feet, then draw- ing the watch-coat clofe to his body, it will keep him warm, as no air can pafs through it, and, leaning againft the trunk of a tree, he may pafs a tolerable night, both warm and dry " It would be of fervice to have a fmall piece of the fame oiled linen to put under the hat or cap to carry the rain down to the watchcoat or furtout, otherwife whatever wet foaks through the hat or cap, will run down the neck, and thereby, in fome mcafure, defeat the defign of the watch-coat. "Perhaps it might be useful to mix fome dark or greenilh colour with the oil of the fecond coating, to make the watch coat lefs remarkable in the woods." EXERCISES. 114 Reflexions on the War EXERCISES. The foldiers being raifed, cloathed, and formed into companies under proper officers, muft, before they are armed, be taught to keep themfelves clean, and to drefs in a foldier-like manner. This will raife in them a becoming fpirit, give them a favour- able opinion of their profeflion, and preferve their health. The firft thing they are to learn is to Walk well, afterwards to Run; and, in order to excite emulation, fmall premiums might from time to time be given to thofe who diftinguifli them felves. They muft then run in ranks, with open files, and wheel in that order, at firft flowly, and by degrees increafe their fpeed: this evolution is difficult, but of the utmoft confequence to fall unexpededly upon the flank of the enemy. They are to difperfe and rally at given fignals; and par- ticular colours ftiould be given to each company, for them to rally by ; the men muft be ufed to leap f over logs and ditches, and to carry burthens proportioned to their ftrength. Whfv "}■ Vegetius j»ives an account of many fimilar exercifes, which the Romans found neceffary to eftabli(h among their military. Miles fylvam caedebat, aeftivis temporibus natabat, ad palum dim?- cabat, faltabat, currebat. Exempla hujus exercitationis crebra funt apud Livium. Sic ilk de Scipione Africano, 3 decad. lib. VI. H'^ith the Savages of North-America. 1 1 5 When the young foldlers are perfedt in thefe cxercifes, they may receive their arms, with which they are to perform the former evolutions in all forts of grounds. They will next be taught to handle their arms with dexterity ; and, without lofing time upon trifles, to load and fire very quick, (landing, kneeling, or lying on the ground. They are to fire at a mark without a reft, and not fufFered to be too long in taking aim. Hunting and fmall premiums will foon make them expert markfmen. They ought to learn to fwim, pufhing at the fame time their cloaths, arms, and ammunition before them, on a fmall raft; and to make ufe of fnow ftioes. They muft then be fet to work, and be taught to throw up an intrenchment, open a trench, make fafcines, clays and gabions ; likewife to fall trees, fquare logs, faw planks, make canoes, carts, ploughs, hand and wheel barrows, fliingles and clap-boards, cafks, batteaus and bridges, and to build log houfes, ovens, &c. VI. " Primo die legiones in arinis IV. millium fpatio decurre- " runt. Secundo die arma curare et tergere ante tentoria juflit. " Tertio die fudibus inter Ift in rnodutn juftae pugnae concurrerent, " prapilatisque milGlibus jaculati funt. Quarto die quies data, "Quinto iterum in armis decurfum eft," — Quibua porro modis obviam catur elephantis. Veget. lib. III. cap. 24. By ii6 Reflexions on the War By example and practice, the moft ingenious among them will foon become tolerable good car- penters, joyners, wheelwrights, coopers, armourers, fmiths, mafons, brickmakers, faddlers, taylors, butchers, bakers, fhoemakers, curriers, &c. LIGHT HORSE and DOGS. I SAID that, to compleat this eftablifhment. ♦•hey ftiould have two troops of light horfe, fuppofed of 50 men each, officers included. The men are to perform the fame exercifes as the foot, and afterwards be taught to ride, and particularly to be very alert at mounting and difmounting with their arms in their hands, to gallop through the woods, up and down hills, and leap over logs and ditches. The horfes ought to be bought up on the frontiers, where they are bred and ufed to feed in the woods, and are ftrong and hardy. They are to be thoroughly broke, made to (land fire, to fwim over rivers, &c. their faddles and accoutre- ments very fimple, ftrong and light. The number of horfes might be reduced to one half, in time of peace, tho' they would be ot little expence, as they might be bred and maintained without charge in the IVith the Savages of North- America. 1 1 7 the military fettlement. This corps fliould be equipped as the foot, having only a Ihort rifle in lieu of a fufil, and a battle ax with a long handle, the only fort of arms they fhould make ufe of in the charge. Every light horfe man ought to be provided with a Blood-hound, which would be ufeful to find out the enemies ambufhes, and to follow their tradls; they would feize the naked favages, or at leaft give time to the horfe men to come up with them ; they would add to the fafety of the camp at night by difcovering any attempt to furprize it. ARTIFICERS. The company of artificers fhould be compofed of the moft ufeful tradefmen, and ought to be maintained at all times for the inftrudion of the foldiers, the ufe of the fettlement, or the fervice of the army, during the campaign. It will now be time to draw forth this military colony and re- movt- them to the ground laid out for that ufe in the woods, and at a good diftance from the inhab- itants, rho r.ature of this fettlement will here- after he more particularly defcribed. Necessity ■^" Ii8 RefieEiions on the War Necessity creating induftry, our young Coldiers will foon provide themfelves with the moil ufeful articles, and in a couple of years be able to raife proviftons for themfelves. While the greateft part would be employed in clearing the ground, fencing, ploughing, fowing, planting, building and making utenfils and houfe- hold furniture, others might hunt with their offi- cers, and remain a fortnight or a month out of the camp, without other provifions than a little flour, and what they could procure by hunting and fifh- ing : then to be relieved, and the whole trained up in that way. The military exercifes muft ftill be kept un and pradkiced, and great care taken to inculcate and pre- ferve purity of manners, obedience, order and decen- cy among the men, which will be found much eafier in the woods than in the neighbourhood of towns. In order to make this military eftablifhment more generally ufeful ; I would propofe that the fol- diers (hould only receive a very fmall part of their pay ; leaving the remainder in the military cheft. Their accounts fhould be fettled every year, and IVith the Savages of North- America. 119 and when their fervices fhould intitlc them to their difcharge, I could wifh that each of them had 200 acres of land given him, in a diftrift appropriated for that purpofe ; and receiving then the whole ballance of pay due them, they would then be enabled to compleat their fettlement. This infti- tution appears not only prafticable, but eafy, if attended to with patience, affiduity and firmnefs. The plan I would propofe is as follows. Method of forming fuch Settlements upon the Frontiers, as might fupport themfelves during an Indian War. Let us fuppofe a fettlement to be formed for one hundred families, compofed of five perfons each, upon an average. Lay out upon a river or creek, if it can be found conveniently, a square of one thoufand kwtn hundred and fixty yards, or a mile for each fide. That Square will contain - - 640 acres Allowing for ftreets and public ufes 40' To half an acre for every houfe - 50 To one hundred lotts at five and half acres - - - 55°. > 64O acres The .,%ia.fe-<. 1 20 Reflexions on the War The four fides of the fquare meafure 7040 yards, which gives to each houfe about 70 yards front to ftockade, and the ground allowed for building will be 210 feet front, and about 100 feet deep. An acre of ground will produce at leaft 30 buihels of Indian corn. Therefore, two acres are fufficient to fupply five perfons, at the rate ot twelve >^vifhels each perfon. Two other acres will be a pafture for cows and (heep, another acre for hay, to be fown with red clover. The remaining half acre may be laid out for a garden. Round the town are the commons, of three miles fquare, containing, exclufive of the lots abovementioned, 5120 acres. On three fides of the town, five other Squares will be laid out of three fquare miles, containing 5760 acres each, one of which is referved for wood for the ufe of the Settlement ; the other four to be divided into 25 out-lotts or plantations, of about 230 acres each, fo that in the four Squares, there will be one hundred fuch plantations, for the 100 families. Another townftiip may be laid out joining this, upon the fame plan, and as many more as you please upon the fame line, without lofing any ground. The With the Savages of North-America, 121 n 1 1^ I Ottso acre D acre for t own A *^ Tow tn -*, =r '^ 3 ni 1 1 ^ Commons 1 '^%%%%'i^ 1 1 '73 >m 1 * 1 1 i 1 > • Commons hJ Commons ^^^^^^M-iOifg t X Vi i CO i ; to > o"' ^;«;?^K?^5^^ i i O 1 ^ o" Commons 1 t ^ j 3" w 3-^ ' T3 aq o VI Vi od for Town B Ki i 1 pc 1 1 c crq \— - , 1 j >-> ^ Ui Tow (7) f-t r, 3- : 1 3 o : ? •^l Commons rt- w S^ O ^ Oo i 'T3 n o Commons | i ft Commons j » ^ ^ i +« c 5 "^ .' ^' ii^3i.^iji*.?^R ' O 1 Commons | 1 -3 •► c ? 5^ 1 = ^ i Thus ■ll(< < i'V' l •« 'fW i i f il 'n > i ! » ■ ' ■ 122 Reflexions on the War Thus the town, A, has its commons, its wood- land, and its 4 fquares marked No. i. each con- taining 25 plantations of 230 acres, as propofed above. In like manner, the other towns, B, C, D, have their appurtenances refpedively marked. Let us now fuppofe this plan accomplifhed, and fuch corps as thefe fully fettled, trained and difci- plined, in the manner abovenientioned ; I would a(k whether any officer, entrufted with an expedition againft the favages, would not chufe to have them in his army? I may fafely anfwer for all thofe who have been employed in that fervice, that they would prefer them to double the number of the beft European troops. And when they had ferved the time limited, namely from their 15th to their 35th year, what vaft fatisfartion would it be to pay over to them their fhare of favings from the public cheft ; and, as a reward of their faithtul toils, to veft them and their heirs with their feveral plantations, which they would now be enabled to cultivate as their own ? This profpedl would engage many people to enter their fons, in luch corps ; and thofe veterans, when thus difcharged, would not only be the means of forming and animating others by their example, but in cafe of a war would ftill bravely maintain the property they fVith Ihe Savages of North-America. 123 thev had fo honorably acquired, and be the greateft fecuntv of the frontier where thev are fettled. Preparations for an expedition in the woods At.AINSr SAVAGES. It is not pradicable to employ large bodies ot" troops againft Indians; the convoys neceiTary for their fupport would be too cumberfonie, and could neither be moved with eafe, nor proterted. It would be better to fit out feveral fmall expeditions^ than one too unwieldy: I will therefore fuppofe that a corps intended to ad offenfively ft\all not exceed the following proportions. Two regiments of foot - - - - One battalion of hunters - - - Two troops of light horfe - - - One company of artificers Drivers and neceflarv followers - - 900 500 100 20 280 In all 1800 Thk firft article to provide is the provifions, and next the carriages. The daily ration of a foldier in the woods (hould confift of one pound and a half of meat (which 124 Reflexions on the War (which requires no carriage) and one pound of flour, with a t^ill of fait per week. Upon that allowance 1800 men will require for fix months or 182 days - - ALLOWfNG one fourth for accident - - - - - ■ For fix months 327,600 lb. Flour. 81,900 409,500 lb. Flour,, Meat for the fame time' with a fourth part more forf ' ,^ 614,400 lb. Meat. accidents, or 2048 beeves atv 300 lb. each Salt for 26 weeks 182 Buft\els. The above quantity would ferve the whole cam- paign, bat one half would be fufficient to pene- trate from the laft depofite into the heart of the enemy's country: therefore we '^all compute the carriages for this Kill quantity only. Every hor^^ carries about 150 lb. neat weight, therefore, to carry flour for three months or 204,- 750 lb. will require 1365 horfes. Horses With the Savages of North- America. 125 " Horses for flour brought forward - - 1365 For 91 buihels of fait - - 46 Ammunition .. - - - 50 Tents _ - - - - 50 Tools _ . _ . - 50 Hofpital - - - - - 20 Officers baggage and ftafF - 150 i73« To reduce this exorbitant number of horfes, and the great expence 'attending it, I would propole, for fuch parts of the country as would admit of it, to make ufe of carts, drawn each by four oxen, and carrying about 1300 lb. or fix barrels of flour. The above quantity of 204,750 lb. will then be carried by 160 carts drawn by - - - 640 oxen Spare oxen with the army - - - • 384 The number of oxen wanted 1024 This method would not be as expeditious as the carnage by horfes, and would require more time and attention in cutting the road, and bridging the fwampy places, &c. but, on tht other hand, what an expence would be faved' and by killing the oxen ui proportion as the flour is ufed, :»nd abandoning ■s»- 126 Refletlions on the War abandoning the rarfs, the convoy is daily reduced, and the grais near the encampment will not be lo foon confumed, which is not the cale with horles, which muft equally be fed though unloaded. This is an objed of confequence, particularly near the end of the campaign, when the fcarcity of fodder obliges to move the camps every day, and to place them in low and difadvantageous grounds. 1 WOULD therefore incline for the ufe of carts, and they could he made before hand by the hunt- ers and their artificers. The oxen Ihould be bought in the provinces where the farmers make ufc of them in their works. One or two foldiers would drive the cart and take charge of the four oxen. There are few rivers in North- America deep m fummer, and which thefe carts with high and broad wheels, could not ford ; but if the contrary fhould happen, the carts, provifions and bagp^age, may be rafted over, or a bridge built. In a country full of timber, and with troops accuftomed to work, no river will ftop an army for a long time. By the above method, j or 400 horfes would be fufficient * » ii#JlW>»Wl»S' "^" " V e fo 'his the tiler ilace irts, ant nces )rks. and ;p m •road oulii ly be rftiH /ork. IdSf icient <i/tf r/ ///a'ii/t e^A/V. 1 1 a \ i \ >tjfiWi«lMltaigW|rWiW»t. Pf^ith the Savages of North- America. 127 fufficient to carry the baggage, ammunition, tents, tools, &c. EXPLANATION of the four PLANS, I Plate IL Reprefenting the different pofitions of our army in the woods. ENCAMPMENT. The camp (Fig. i) forms a parallellogram, of one thoufand by fix hundred feet. Eight hund- red men of the regular troops (i) encamp on the four fides, which gives twenty four feet to each tent, containing fix men. The light-horfe (j) encamp within the parallellogram. The refcrve (7) in the center. The provifions, ammunition, tools and ftores (8^ and the cattle (9) are placed between the two troops of light-horfe and the referve. The hunters (2) encamp on the outfide dtagonally at the tour angles, being covered by redoubts (5) formed with kegs and bags of flour or fafcines. Befides thefe four redoubts, another is placed to the front, one f See this Plate before Pag. 40. to »'.H»'^. mma ml' .'• O /M'// i.f y ■ . « J S k\'' fAff/. / \ ■iiMiiwr. mill igt^HT^L^SE? 8 1 ^ ' \</ .V "■-••V- '~.>- ■1^ ^ ; crsa5^;i^=3 i=^afa!3aa 0< ff^rf/ ^//^(W^ S3 (31 C9 ca (2 ^ C -i' a;, a: a gsl cd tad tsri C2tf cb c:^ : '; d^ isiiLj ^il ^ ^ '• •" r..-.:..-- J Q Its, pat psj M « W .ci .,■ ■ ba' '.9 tai J=a is "^'^vis ■•«a;5W:WV^^^^^''* >'-.» I ^ ^ f^ fs' 1 i I y y i \ a fl / 7 I j;8i7 1 i I I i '■" i B K y J-: Jt K 'V r /■: s . ,4.yirtt/iiX'/:>. I -/ii.nn'f j ^o lirtt/e "ROB! CLARKE tCO.Tubltshars .CINCINNATI Am Photo- Lilhojraphic Co. NY (Osbornes Process.) IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 UitU |25 ■it liii |Z2 £ U£ 12.0 lu IIPII|J^IJ4 ^ 6" ^ >* ^ > .^ ^^ ^ '/ HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporalion IS mil MAIN STRin WnSTliS, iJ.Y. MSM (716)t7a-4»03 ^^^^ iplp 128 Reflections on the War to the rear, and two before each of the long fices of the camp, making in all ten advanced guards of 11 men each, and 7 centries, covered if poflible by breaft works of fafcines or provifions. Before the army lay down their arms, the ground is to be reconnoitred, and the guards pofted, who will immediately open a communication from one to the other to relieve the centries, and facilitate the pafTage of rounds. The centries upon the ammunition, provifions, head quarters, and all others in the infide of the camp are furnifhed from the referve. The officers, except the ftaffand commanders of corps, encamp on the line with their men. The fires are made between the guards and camp, and put out in cafe of an attack in the night. LINE of MARCH, Plate II. Fig. II. Part of the hunters (2) in three divifions detaching fmall parties (5, 6) to their front and to their right and left, to fearch the woods and difcover the enemy. The ■'^"^^M!MI'i!^ift^5pWMWW^'5Bl|BKtflW*IK ^mmmmmsmm ., ■»ii<»»i».>-t '-*' I -*■>' 'Tti i1ifiiff*i PTith the Savages of North- America. 129 The artificers and ax-men (4) to cut a road for the convoy, and two paths on the right and left for the troops. One hundred and fifty of the regular troops (i) in two files, who are to form the front of the fquare ; thefe march in the center road. Two hundred and fifty regulars (i) in one file by the right hand path; and 250 (i) by the left hand path, are to form the long faces. These are followed by 150 regulars (1) in two files, who are to form the rear of the fquare. The referve (7) compofed of 100 regulars in two files. The reft of the hunters (2) in two files. The light horfe (3.) The rear guard (5) compofed of hunters, fol- lows the convoy at fome diftance and clofes the march. The fcouting parties (6) who flank the line of march, are taken from the hunters and light horfe, and pofted as in plan (Fig. 2), fome orderly light -■Awifcil J i iM ' ii r . i«rt.awi—Mt>iW 130 RefleSlions on the War light horfe men, attend the General and field offi- cers who command the grand divifions, to carry their orders. Two guards of light horfe take charge of the cattle (9.) The convoy (8) proceeds in the following order. The tools and ammunition following the front column. The baggage. The cattle. The provifions. The whole divided into Brigades, and the horfes two a breafl. DEFILES. In cafe of a defile, the v/hole halt until the ground is reconnoitred, and the hunters have taken poflefTion of the heights. The center col- umn then enters into the defile, followed by the right face; after them the convoy; then the left and rear face, with the refcrvc, the light horfe, and the rear guard. The ■yn MMMMMHI mm wm H^ith the Savages of North-America. 131 The whole to form again as foon as the ground permits. Disposition to receive the enemv, Fig. (3). The whole halt to form the fquare or parallello- gram, which is done thus. The two firft men of the center column (land faft at two yards diftance. The two men following them, ftep forward and port themfelves at two yards on the right and left. The others come to the front in the fame manner, till the two files have formed a rank, which is the front of the fquare. The rear face is formed by the two file-leaders turning to the center road, where having placed themfelves at two yards diftance, they face out- wards, and are followed by their fiies, each man porting himfelf on their right or left, and facing towards the enemy the moment he comes to his poft. As foon as the front and rear are extended and formed, the two long faces, who have in the mean time faced outwards, join now the extremities of the two fronts and clofe the fquare f. t Thefe evolutions muft be performed with celerity. To ■iBiiili ■IHUiiiiliiii ilBiM ^mmm m 1^2 Refiethons on the tVur To REDUCE I'HK SyUARE. The right and left of the front, face to the center, where the two center men ftand faft. Upon the word "march" thefe ftep forward and are re- placed by the two next, who follow them, and fo on ; by which means, that front becomes again a column. The rear goes to the right about, and each of the two center men leads again to the fide paths followed by the reft. While the troops form, the light horfe and each divifion of the convoy take the ground aftigned to them within the fquare, as if they were to encamp; and the horfes being unloaded, two parallel lines will be formed, with the bags and kegs of provi- fions, to cover the wounded and the men unfit for a(5tion. The hunters take port on the moft advan- tageous ground on the out fide, and Ikirmifti with the enemy, till the fquare is formed; when, upon receiving their orders, they retire within the fquare, where they take their poft as in Fig. (3). The fmall parties of rangers (5) who have flanked the line of march, remain on the outfide, to keep off the enemy and obferve their motions. When fSSSlMW^' fVith the Savages of North-America. 133 When the firing begins the troops will have orders to fall on their knees, to be lefs expofed till it is thought proper to attack. Thc four faces, formed by the regular troops, are divided into platoons chequered. One half, com- pofed of the heft and moft adive foldiers, is called the firft Firing, and the other half the fecond Firing. The eight platoons at the angles are of the fecond Firing, in order to preferve the form of the fquare during the attack. It is evident that, by this difpofition, the con- voy is well covered, and the light troops, deftined for the charge, remain concealed; and as all unex- peded events during an engagement are apt to ftrike terror, and create confufion, among the enemy, it is natural to exped that the favages will be greatly difconcerted at the fudden and unfore- ktn eruption, that will foon pour upon them from the infide of the fquare; and that, being vigor- oufly attacked in front and flank at the fame time, they will neither be able to refill, nor, when once broke, have time to rally, fo as to make another ftand. This may be effeded in the following manner. GENERAL '34 ReAe^lions on the War GENERAL ATTACK, Fig. IV. The Regulars (i) ftand faft. Thc hunters (2) faily out, in four columns, thro' the intervals of the front and rear of the fquare, followed by the light horfe (3) with their bloodhounds. The intervals of the two columns who attack in the front, and of thofe who attack in the rear, will be clofed by the little parties of rangers (5) polled at the angles of the fquare, each attack forming in that manner, three fides of a parallelogram. In that order they run to the enemy (X) and having forced their way through their circle, fall upon their flanks; by wheeling to their right and left, and charging with impetuofity. The moment they take the enemy in flank, the Firfl Firing of the regular troops march out briflcly and attack the enemy in front. The platoons detached in that manner from the two Ihort faces, proceed only about one hundred yards to their front, where they halt to cover the fquare, while the reft of the troops who have attacked purfue the enemy, till they are totally difperfed, not giving them time to recover themfelves. The fVith the Savages of North- America. \ 3 5 The ficlc and wounded, unable to march or ride, are tranfported in litters made of flour bags, through which two long poles are pafled, and kept afunder by two flicks, tied acrofs beyond the head and feet to ftretch the bag. Each litter is carried by two horfes These remarks might have been extended to many other cafes that may occur in the courfe of a campaign or of an engagement, but it is hoped this fketch will be fufficient to evince the neceffity of fome alteration in our ordinary method of proceeding in an Indian war. ntii'wawu APPENDIX I . CONSTRUCTION OF FORTS AGAINST INDIANS. A S we have not to guard here againft cannon, ^ ^ the fyftem of European fortifications may- be laid afide, as expend ve, and not anfwering the purpofe. Forts againft Indians, being commonly remote from our fettlements, require a great deal of room to lodge a fufficient quantity of ftores and provifions, and at the fame time ought to be defenfible with one half of their compleat garri- fons, in cafe of detachments or convoys. I AM therefore of opinion that a fquare or pen- tagon, with a block-houfe of brick or (lone* at every angle, joined by a wall flanked by the biock- houfes, would be the beft defence againft fuch Experience has demonftrated that fortifications made of wood decay very foon, and are on that account of ccnfiderable expence. enemies. 138 Appendix I. enemies. A ditch from feven to eight feet deep might be added, with loop holes in the cellars of the block-houfes fix feet from the ground, to de- fend the ditch. Along the infide of the curtains the traders might build houfes and ftores, covered as well as the block-houfes with tiles, or flate, to guard againft fire arrows. There will remain a fpacious area for free air and ufe, in which as well as in the ditch, gardens might be made ind wells dug. The powder magazines might be placed in the center of the area, keeping only a fmall quantity of cartridges in each block-houfe for prefent ufe. The garrifons of fuch forts would be free from furprizes, even if they had no centries, for nothing can get at them, while the doors are well bolted and barred. Some reasons for keeping possession of our LARGE forts IN THE InDIAN COUNTRY, As thefe forts have been one of the caufes of the J aft war and are a great eye-fore to the favages, they have bent their chief efforts againft them; and Appendix I. M9 and therefore, while thus employed, they have been lefs able to diftrefs our fettlements. Our torts keep the Indian towns at a great diftance from us. Fort-Pitt has effedually driven them beyond the Ohio, and made them remove their fettlements at leaft 60 miles further weftward. Was it not for thefe forts, they would fettle clofe on our borders, and in time of war infeft us evoy day in -ch numbers as would over-power the thin inhabitimts fcattered on our extenfive frontier. T'.' farmer unablr t;, fow or reap would foon fall back on wur chief towns, or qjit the country for want o< biead. In eithe'- cafe, what would be the fate o\ the huge towns burthened with the whole country, and de- prived of fubfiftance and of the materials of trade and export ? The deftrudion of thefe forts being, in time of war, the chief aim of the favages, they gather about them to diftrefs the garrifons, and to attack the convoys ; thereby giving us an opportunity to fight them in a body, and to ftrike a heavy blow, which otherwife they would never put in our power, as their advantage lies in furprizes, which are heft effeded by fmall numbers. Experience has con- vinced them that it is not in th'^ir power to break thofe fhackles, and therefore it is not probable that I40 Appendix I. that they will renew the attempt ; and our pofts will continue a check upon them, and fave the difficulty and expence of taking poft again in their country. Our forts are likewife the proper places for trade, which being clofely infpeded, it will be eafy for us to limit their fupplies, to fuch com- modities as they cannot turn againft us, and to put a fpeedy flop to all juft caufes of complaints, by giving inynediate redrefs. A FEW forts, with ftrong gorrifons, I fhould judge to be of more fervice than a greater number weakly guarded. In the laft war we loft all our fmall pofts ; but our more confiderable ones, Detroit and Fort-Pitt, refifted all the efforts of the favages, by the ftrength of their garrifons. APPENDIX APPENDIX 11. ^ I^HE following Paper was written by an Officer -■■ well acquainted with the places he defcribes ; and is thought worthy of a place here, as every thing is material which can encreafe our knowledge of the vaft countries ceded to us and of the vari- ous nations that inhabit them. Account of the French forts ceded to Great Britain in Louisiana. The fettlement of the Illinois being in 40 degrees of latitude, is 500 leagues from Ne Orleans by water and 350 by land. w- The moft proper time of the year for going there, is the beginning of February. The waters of the Miffifippi are then high, and the country being overflowed, there is lefs to fear from the favages, who are hunting in that feafon. The 142 Appendix TI. The encampments fhould be on the left of the river, as the enemies are on the right, and cannot have a fufficient number of crafts to crofs if their party is large. They generally attack at day-break, or at the time of embarking. The inhabitants might bring provifions half way, if they were allowed good pay. The Delawares and Shawanefe lie near Fort Du Quefne,t which is about 500 leagues from the Illinois. The Wiandots and Ottawas, (who are at the Detroit) are about 250 leagues from the Illi- nois by land. And the Miamis about 200 by land Nevertheless as intelligence is carried very fill by the Savages, and as all the nations with whom we are at war, can come by the Ohio, J we mull be vigilant to prevent a furprize. The ■j" So the French formerly called what is now Fort Pitt. J Part of the navigation of the Ohio, from Fort-Pitt is de fcribed as follows, viz. That the difficult part of the river is from Fort-Pitt about 50 or 60 miles downwards. There are 52 iflands between Fort-Pitt and the lower Shawanefe town on Scioto ; and none of them difficult Appendix 11, 143 The mouth of the Ohio, in the MilTifippi, is 35 leagues from the Illinois. Thirteen leagues from the Miffifippi, on the left of the Ohio, is Fort Maffiac, or Aflumption, built in 1757, a little below the mouth of the river Cherokeef. It is only a ftockade, with four baftions and eight pieces of cannon. It may con- tain 100 men. In four days one may go by land, from this fort to the Illinois. It is of confequence for the Englifti to preferve it, as it fecures the communication between the Illinois and Fort-Pitt. Fort Vincennes, which is the laft poft belonging to Louifiana, is upon the river OuabacheJ, 60 difficult to pafs in the night, but one at the mouth of Muf- kingham, occafioned by a number of trees lying in the channel. From the lower Shawanefe Town to the falls, there are but 8 or 9 iflands. At the falls, the river is very broad, with only one paf- fage on the eaft fide, in which there is water enough at all feafons of the year to pafs without difficulty. Below the falls, the navi- gation is every way clear down to the Miffifippi. t River Cherokee falls into the Ohio about 800 miles below Fort-Pitt. This river is in general wide and Ihoal up to the fouth mountain, paflable only with bark canoes, after which it grows very fmall. |Ouabache or Wabafli empties itfelf into the Ohio about 60 miles above the Cherokee river, on the oppoftte or well fide. leagues 144 Appendix II. leagues from its conflux with the Ohio. It is a fmall ftockade fort, in which there may be about 20 foidiers. There are alfo a few inhabitants. The foil is extremely fertile, and produces plenty of corn and tobacco. The diftance from this fort to the Illinois, is 155 leagues by water. And it may be travelled by land in fix days. Tne nation of favages living at this pofl: is called Pianquicha. It can furnifti 60 warriors. Altho' we do not occupy Fort Vincennes at prefent, yet it would be of the utmoft confe- quence for us to fettle it, as there is a communi- cation from it with Canada, by going up the Ouabache. From this poft to the Ouachtanons is 60 leagues, and from thence to the Miamis (ftill going up the Ouabache) is 60 leagues further ; then there is a portage of fix leagues to the river Miamis, and you go down that river 24 leagues to Lake Erie. Mr. Daurby went by that route in 1759 from the Appendix II. '45 the Illinois to Venango ||, with above 400 men, and two hundred thoufand weight of flour. Thirty-five leagues from the mouth of the Ohio, in going up the MiHiftppi, on the right, is the river Kafkafquias. Two leagues up this river, on the left, is the fettlement of the Kalkalquias, which is the mort vonfiderabie of the Illinois. river There is a fort built upon the height on the other fide of the river, over againft Kaf]<afquias, ][ By the above paper the rout is given up the Miflifippi. part of the Ohio, and up the Ouahache to Fort Viiicenncs, and like- wife to the Illinois. Again from Vincennes and the Ouachta- nons by water, on the wefterly communicarion to the Mianii-. portage, then by water down that river by the eallerly rout into Lake Erie, proceeding as far as Prclqu' Ifle, then by the 15 m. portage into Buffalo or Beef river, lately called French creek, then down the fame to Venango on the Ohio. Ivi order, there- fore, to carry this rout IHU further, we fhal! continue it trom Venango to the mouth of Juniata in Sufqueiianiiah, which brings it within the fettled parts of Pennfylvania, viz. From Venango to Licking creek, 10 miles. To Tobv's creek, 13. To a fmall creek, i. To the parting of the road, 5 To a large run, 3. To Lcycaumevhoning, 9. To Pine creek, 7. To Chuckcaughting, 8. To Weeling creek, 4. To the croffing of ditto, 4. To a mi: fwamp, 8. To the head cf Sufquehanna, 10. To Mevtauning creek, 18. To Clear Field creek, 6. To the top of Allegheny, i. To the other fid; ditto, 6. To fieaver dams, 5. To Franks town, 5. To the Canoe place, 6. To the mouth of Juniatta, wo. Total 239 miles. which, 14.6 Appendix II. which, as the river is narrow, commands and protecfls the town. I don't know how many guns there may be, nor how many men it may contain. There may be about 400 inhabitants. The Illinois Indians, called Kaikafquias, are fettled half a league from the town; and are able to turn out 100 warriors. They are very lazy and great drunkards. Six leagues from Kaikafquias, on the bank of the Miflifippi, is Fort Chartres, built of ftone, and can contain 300 foldiers. There may be 20 cannon at mod, and about 100 inhabitants round Chartres. The Illinois Indians at that place, who are called Metchis, can furnilli 40 warriors. Between the Kaikafquias, and Fort Chartres, is a fmall village, called La prairie du Rocher (the Rock Meadow) containing about 50 white inhabitants; but there is neither fort nor favages. Near Fort Chartres is a little village, in which is Appendix II. H7 are is about a fcore of inhabitants. Here are neither (avages nor fort. Fifteen leagues from Fort Chartres, going up the Miflifippi, is the village of the Cafquiars. There is a fmall ftockade fort; I don't know if there is any cannon. There may be about ico inhabitants. The Illinois Indians living near this village are called Cafquiars, and can turn out 60 warriors. I COMPUTE that there are about 300 Negroes at the Illinois. The country of the Illinois is fertile, producing good wheat and corn. All kinds of European fruits fucceed there furprizingly well, and they have wild grapes with which they make tolerable wine. Their beer is pretty good. There are mines of lead, and fome fait. They make fugar of maple, and there are ftone quarries. APPENDIX 148 Appendix III. APPENDIX III. ROUT from Philadelphia to Fort-Pitt. Froiii Philadelphia to Lancailer to Carlifle to Shipper) iturgh to Fort Loudoun to Fort Littleton to the crofling of the Juniata to Fort Bedford to the croffing of Stonev creek to Fort fyigonier to Fort Pitt 1 Milea firs. 66 55 22 24 3 17 3 18 3 i '^ 3 29 20 I ' 56 324 ' 2 Per. 38 00 00 00 00 00 00 39 43 00 40 APPENDIX Appendix IF. 149 APPENDIX I \ . Per. Number of Indian Towns, fifiiated on nmi near the Ohio River, and its branches, with their diftances from Fort-Pitt, and the dillaiuts of the principal branches from each other ;it their conflux with the Ohio. 00 00 39 43 00 j Diftancf I DiiUniir , from one ■ tio'ii I another. Fort-Pitt. First ROUT about N. N. W. i Miles 1 M.lcs From Fort Pitt to KufhkufkiesTown on | Mig Beavci-Creek up the eait branch ofBea- , ver-Creek to Shaningo j J up ditto to Peniaiuning! to Mohoning on the \ Welt branch ol" Bea- j ver Creek up the branch to Salt Lick to Cayahoga River to Ottawas town on Cayahoga 15 12 32 10 3^1 101 45 60 104. 114 146 .56 Second ISO Appendix IV. Second ROUT W. N. W. From PoRi Pitt to the mouth of Big Beaver-Creek to Tufcarawas to Mohickon John's Town to Junumlat or Wyan- dot town to Sandull^y to Junqueindundeh Diftame Diftancc from one ; from another, | Fort-Pitt Miles Miles 9' 25 116 5^5 166 46 4 24 l\2 21O 240 Thfrd rout about W. S. W. from Fort Pitt to the Forks of the Mufkingham to Bullet's Town on Mufkingham to Waukatamike to King Beaver's Town on the heads of the Hockhocking to the lower Shawanefe Town on Sioto River to the Salt Lick town on the heads of Sioto to the Miamis Fort 6 10 27 j 40; i 25! 190 i 128 134 144 i;' 2ir 236 429 Fourth appendix IV. '51 Miles 25 i66 212 2l6 240 128 '34 144 I"' 2ir 236 429 Fourth ROUT down the Ohio; general courfe about S. W. By water from Fort Pitt to the mouth of Big Beaver Creek to the mouth of Little Beaver Creek to the mouth of Yellow Creek to the two Creeks to Weeling to Pipe Hill to the long Reach to the foot of the Reach to the mouth of Muf- kingham River to the little Canhawa river to the mouth of Hock- hocking river to the mouth of Letort's creek to Kiflceminetas to the mouth of big Canhawa or new river to the mouth of big Sandy creek to the mouth of Sioto river to the mouth of big Salt Lick river to the Ifland i Diftance Diftancc I from one tVum another. Fort-Pitt. Miles Mil 12 cs 39 10 49 18 67 6 73 12 «5 30 115 18 133 30 '63 12 '75 '3 188 40 228 33 261 8 269 40 309 40 349 30 379 20 399 to the 152 Appendix ly. Dilbncr Diltantc from one \ tVom another. Fort-Pitt Miles ! Miles 55 454 30 484 20 504 55 559 50 6oq 131 740 60 800 40 840 to the mouth of little Mineamie or Miam- mce t liver to big Mrammce or Rocky river to the 6ig Bones J to Kentucky River to the Falls of the Ohio to the Wabalh, or Oua- bache to Cherokee River to the Milfifippi N. B. The places mentioned in the three firft Routs are delineated in the foregoing map, by an officer who has an adual knowledge of moft of them, and has long ferved againft the Indians. The Fourth Rout down the Ohio was given by an Indian trader, who has often pafled from Fort-Pitt to the Flails ; and the diftances he gives of the mouths of the feveral rivers that fall into the Ohio may be pretty certainly depended on. Our maps hitherto publifhed are very erroneous in placing feme of thofe rivers. fThefe rivers, called Little and Great Mineamie or Mianimee, fall into the Ohio between Sioto and the Ouabache, and are different from the Miamis river, which runs into the weft end ot lake Erie, below the Miamis fort. X So called from Elephant's bones faid to be found there. APPENDIX Appendix V. '53 APPENDIX V. 454 484 504 559 6oq 740 800 840 Names of different Indian Nations in North- America, with the Numbers of their Fighting Men; referred to in the Note, page 94. THE jollowing lift was drawn up by a French trader, a perfon of confuierable note, who has refided many years among the Indians, and ftill continues at Detroit, having taken the oaths of allegiance to the King of Great Britain. His account may be depended on, fo far as matters of this kind can be brought near the truth; a great part of it being delivered from his own perfonal knowlege. Warriors Conawag)irunas, near the falls of St. Louis - - 200 Abenaquis, "] 35° Michmacs, c t t i- 7°° * A^ in. l-St. Lawrence Indians ' -, * Amaliftes, ( 55° ♦Chalas, J 13° Nipiflins, )'.ivir.g towards the heads of the 400 Algonquins, J Ottawa river 3^^° Les Tctes de Boule, or Round Heads, near the above 2500 Six Nations, on the frontiers of New- York, &c. - 1550 Wiandots, near lake Erie -------- 300 oJtaw^s' I ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Superior and Michigan 5^°° Meflefagues, 154 Appendix V. Warriors Meffefagues, or River Indians, being wandering tribes, on the lakes Huron and Superior, - - - - 2000 Powtewatamis, near St. Jofeph's and Detroit - - 350 Les Puans, ) o u 7o6 r II • \xT\y r\ t j- > near ruans bay ' rolle avoine, or Wild-Oat Indians ) ^ 350 * Mechecouakis, ^ 250 Sakis, V South of Puans bay 400 Mafcoutens, j 500 Ouifconfins, on a river of that name, falling into the Miffifippi on the eaft-fide ------- 550 Chriftir.aux, 1 far north, near the lakes 3000 Afiinaboes, or Affinipouals / of the fame name 1500 Blancsf Barbus, or White Indians with Beards - 1500 Sioux, of the meadows 1 towards the heads of 2500 Sioux, of the woods J Miffifippi 1800 Miflburi, on the river of that name ----- 3000 ♦Grandes Eaux ----------- 1000 Ofages, ^ 600 Canfes, 1600 Panis blancs, > fouth of Miflburi 2000 Panis piques, 1700 Padoucas, 5°° Ajoues, north of the fame - - - - - -- 11 00 Arkanfes, on the river that bears their name, falling into Miffifippi on the weft fide 2000 Alibamous, a tribe of the Creeks ----- 600 * Ouanakina ^ 300 * Chiakanefl'ou Unknown, unlefs the author has put 35° * Machecous > 1 ri fL/-<i ooo lYxa ic^ U9 ^ ^^^^ ^ xx\\iG% of the Creeks * Caouitas 700 * Souikilas I 200 Miamis, upon the river of that name, falling into Lake Erie, 350 f They live to the northweft, and the French, when they firll faw them, took them for Spaniards. Delawares iVarriors )es, - 2000 .ay 706 ^ 350 250 400 500 he - 550 ;s 3000 1500 1500 2500 1800 - 3000 - 1000 600 1600 2000 1700 500 1 1 00 2000 600 300 t 350 800 700 200 o 350 appendix V. j ^ , Warriors Uelawares (les Loups) on the Ohio 600 Shawanefe on Sioto ,^^ Kickapoos ) ' " ' " ^00 Ouachtanons Von the Ouabache ^qq Peanquichas j \ Kaflcafquias, or Illinois in general, on the Illinois . river __ ,^^ *rianna ..._ __ g Catawbas, on the frontiers of North-Carolina - - i co Cherokees, behind South-Carolina 2^00 Chickafaws^ -.^ Natchez l Mobile and Miffifippi j^o Chaaaws J 4^00 56.500 The above lift confifts chiefly of fuch Indians as the French were conneded with in Canada and Louifiana. Wherever we knew the names by which the different nations are diftinguiftied by the Englifli, we have inferted them. But the orthography is yet very unfettled, and the feveral nations marked with an * afterifm are unknown to us, and therefore they are left as they ftand in the original lift. So large a number of fighting men may ftartle us at firft fight; but the account feems no where exaggerated, excepting only that the Catawba nation is now almoft extind. In fome nations which ,56 Appendix V. which we are acquainted with, the account falls even (hort of their numbers ; and fome others do not appear to be mentioned at all, or at leaft not by any name known to us. Such, for inftance, are the Lower Creeks, of whom we have a lift according to their towns. In this lift their warriors or gunfmen are 1180, and their inhabitants about 6000. Thus a compara- tive judgment may be formed of the nations above-mentioned; the number of whofe inhab- itants will (in this proportion to their warriors, viz. 5 to i) be about 283,000 THE END. I '^ I ND EX. Amherll, Genl., Commander-in-Chief, 9. Armsfuitable for Indian warfare, 113. Artificers, organization of 117. Attack, mode of general, 134. Beaver, chief of the Turky Tribe of Delawares, 53, 63. Benfivafica, a Shawanefe chief, 70 ; fpeech, 74. Big Beaver Creek, Bouquet croffes, 46. Bouquet, Henry. Biographical Sketch. Charader, xvii ; enters the service of the King of Sardinia ; battle of Cony, xviii ; ferves the Prince of Orange; accompanies Lord Middlcton to Italy; lludies military art, xix ; appointed to command in Royal American Corps, xxi; arrives in America, xxii ; his death at Penfacola, xxiii ; fent to the relief of Fort Pitt, 10; arrives at Carlide, 10 ; at Fort Bedford, 15; at Fort Ligonier, 16; Battle of Bufhy Run, 16-25; arrives at Fort Pitt. 25; Moncrief's " Orders," 27 ; Expedition againll the Ohio In- dians, 1-81 (fee under Expedition); return to Fort Pitt; to Philadelphia, 81 ; addrefs of the Pennfylvania General Af- fembly, 82; Bouquet's anfwer, 84; refolves of Houfe of Bur- geffes of Virginia, Bouquet's reply, 86 ; promoted, 87. Bradftreet's Expedition, xv, 31 ; treaty with Indians, 36; dif- approved by Genl. Gage, 36 ; defpatchcs to Bouquet, 62. Buftiy Run, Battle of, 16-25. Carlide, 158 Index. Carlifle, Penn., Bouquet arrives at, 10. Gafquair's Village and Tribe, 147. Cherokee River, 143. Clayton, Lieut. Col. Pennfylvania troops, 87. Clothing fuitable for foldiers, iii. Croghan, George, deputy of Sir W. Johnfon, treats with the Shawanefe, 89. Cumberland, Duke of, xx. Gustaloga, chief of the Wolfe-tribe of Delawares, 53, 63. Dalyell, Capt., sent to relieve Detroit, 9. Daurby, Mrs. 144. Defiles compaiTed, 130. Difpofition to receive the enemy, 131. Detroit befieged, 8. Diftanccs from Fort Pitt to Cuyahoga, 149. *' " " " Junqucindundeh, 150. «« *' " " Miamis Fort, 150. *» " " " Miffifippi, 151. " «♦ Philadelphia to Fort Pitt, 148. «« '« Venango to Juniatta, 145. Dogs, ufe of, in Indian warfare, 1 16. Duffaux, Col. Jofeph, of Royal Americans, xx. Ecuyer, Capt., commands at Fort Pitt, 9. Encampment, plan of an, 127. Eweccunwee, a Shawanefe chief, 70. Exercifcs of foldiers, 114. Expedition againft the Ohio Indians 1-81 ; Bouquet arrives at Fort Loudoun, 34; at Fort Pitt, 35; fends meffage to the Indians, 37 ; prepares to march into Ohio, 39 ; addrefs to troops, 40; order of march, 41; leaves Fort Pitt, 44; at Loggftown, Index. 159 Loggftown, 4s; crolTes Big Beaver Creek, 46; erodes Little Beaver Creek, 47; at Yellow Creek. 48; at Nemenfliehelas Creek, 49; at Mufkingum River. 90 ; couriers to Bradilreet obliged to return, 50 ; treats with the Indians, 52; fpeech tc them, ?3; delivery of prifoners, 58; reiumes march, croffes Margaret Creek, 59 ; encamps at forks of Mufkingum and for- tifies, 60; meffengers from the Indians. 61 ; defpatches from Col. Bradlbeet, 62 ; treats with the Senecas and Delawares, Kiyaihutas' fpeech. 66, Bouquet'-s anfwer, 67 ; treats with Turky and Turtle Tribes, 63 : depofes Nettowhatways, 69 ; treats with Shawanefe ; Red Hawke's fpe?ch, 70; Bouquet's anfwer, 72; BeneviHico's fpeech, and the anfwer, 74; arrival of prifoners in camp, 76 ; return to Fort Pitt. 81. Fort Afi'umption, 143. Fort Bedford reinforced, 14; Bouquet arrives at, 15. Fort Chartres, 146. Fort Ligonier attacked. 13; reinforced, 14; Bouquet arrives at, i6. Fort Loudoun, Bouquet arrives at, ^. Fort Pitt befieged, 8. Forts, conftruftion of, againft Jndian.s, 137. Forty-fecond regiment, 10, 32. Fox, Jofeph, Speaker of Pennfylvania General Aifembly, 83. Francis, Lieut. Col. of Pennfylvania troops, 87. French ceflion of Canada, etc., 3. French Forts in Louifiana ceded, \\i Frontiers over-run by the Indians, 6. Gage, Genl., Commander-in-Chief, 51; refufes to ratify Brad- ftreet's treaty, 36. Gladwin, Major, at Detroit, xiv, 8. Great Mineamic or Miammee River, 152. Hutchins, ___ 1 i6o Index. Hutchins, Thomas, xv. Illinois River, 143, Indian charad^er, xii ; temper and genius, 95. Indian nations, names of, and number of warriors, 153. Indian towns on or near the Onio River, 149. Indian tribes — Cafquairs, 147. Caughnawagas, 63, 75. Chipwas, 31, 56. Delawares, 5, 31, 36, 39, 45, 46, 51, 58, 62, 65, 66, 68, 73, 7;, 89, 142. Kafkafqiiais, 146. Metches, 146. Mingoes, 31, 46. Mohiekons, 31. Ottawas, 31, 56, 63. Pianquichas, 144. Senecas. 52, 66, 73, 75, 89, 142. Shawanefe, 5, 31, 36, 39, 45, 46, 51, $8, 62, 64, 65, 68, 70, 75,88, 142. Six Nations, 38. 56. Wiandots, 31, 56, 64, 142. JefFereys, Col. C, of the Royal Americans, xx. John, Capt. (Indian), prifoner at Fort Pitt, 6S, Johnfon, Sir William, empowered to make peace with the In- dians, 67, 91. Kafkafquias River and Tribe, 145. Keigleighquc, a Shawanefe chief, 70. Keiffinautchtha, a Shawanefe chief, 53, 70. Kelappama, brother of the Turtle chief, 68. K.iya(huta, chief of the Senecas 52; fpeech, 66. La Bay, ■■!?pS!?,'iS?'' 'WU i6i 70, Index. La Bay, Fort, captured, 6. La Prairie du Rocher, 146. Lavifiimo, a Shawanefe chief, 70. Lawaughqua, a Shawanefe chief, fpeech, 89. Le Boeuf, Fort, captured, 6. Light troops for fervice in the woods, in, 116. Line of march in Indian warfare, 128. Little Beaver Creek, 47. Little Mineamie or Miammee River, 152. Loggllown, Bouquet arrives at, 46. Miamis, Fort, captured, 6. Miamis River, 1 52. Michilimackinac, Fort, captured, 6. Miflifippi River, 152. Moncrief, Major, '-orders" to Col. Bouquet, 27. Mufeingum, Indians retreat to, 30 ; Bouquet arrives at, 50, Negroes in Illinois, 147. Nettowhatways. chief of the Turtle tribe of Delawares, de- pofed, 69, Nimvvha, a Shawanefe chief, 70. Ohio Indians, expedition againft, I-81. Ouabache River, 143. Ouachtanon, Fort, captured, 6. Ourry, Capt., commands at Fort Bedford, 14. Parkman, Francis, prefatory remarks, xi. Peace of 1763, xi ; effedl on the Indians, xii. Penn, Governor, addrels to the volunteers, 33. Pennfylvania General Aflenibly, addrefs to Bouquet, 82. Peter, chief of Caughnawagas, 62. Pipe. wmm TE 162 Index. Pipe, Capt. (Indian), prifoner at Fort Pitt, 48. Pontiac's confpiracy, xiii. Preparations neceffary for Indian warfare, 123. Prefqu' Ifle, Fort, captured, 6. Prevoft, Lt. Col. Aug., 6oth Regt., xxiii. Prevoft, Col. James, of Royal Americans, xx. Prifoners, arrival at camp, aSeding fcenes, 75. Prifoners delivered to Bouquet, 58, 63, 64, 72. Red Hawke, a Shawanefe chief, fpeech, 70. Reflexions on the war with the favages, 93. Reid, Col., fecond in command. 87. Rock Meadow, 146. Roman method of warfare adapted to Indian warfare, 102. Royal American corps organized, xx. St. Jofephs, Fort, captured, 6. Sanduflty, Fort, captured, 6. Settlements, method of forcing, on the frontiers, 119; plan of, 121. Seventy-feventh regiment. 10. Sixtieth regiment, 32. Smallman, Mr., delivered up by the Indians, 64. Smith, William, author of this work, xv. Square, to reduce the, 132. Stanwix, Col. J., of Royal Americans, xx. Venango, Fort, captured. 6. Vincennes, Fort, 143. Virginia Houfe of Burgefles, refolves to Bouquet, 86. Wabafti River, 143. Yellow Creek, Bouquet at, 48. Yorke, Sir Joseph, xxi. [02. 19; plan "m^i i,ii^ )" 41*". I,. J ■ ' • n.'ti p^p-^mpnn^^^^ SJA.