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■■ ^ ' I K mm f ft y y' t iiym^i '■ a f m 
 
 Ohio Valley Historical Series. 
 
 BOUQUET'S 
 
 Expedition against the Ohio Indians. 
 
 <«'■■'.«».—•• 
 
 
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 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 Bouquet's Expedition 
 
 Against the Ohio Indians, 
 
 IN 17 64. 
 
 WITH PREFACE BY FRANCIS PARKMAN, 
 
 Author of "Conspiracy of Pontiac" etc. 
 
 AND 
 
 A TRANSLATION OF DUMAS' 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF GENERAL BOUaUET. 
 
 CINCINNATI, O. 
 
 ROBERT CLARKE & CO. 
 
 1868. 
 
 "■■« 
 
 >?>■'" 
 
 -fM ^ 
 
S66 
 
 OHIO VALLEY PRESS, 
 
 BOSEBT OLABKB A CO. 
 
 CINCINNATI, O. 
 
 1^ 
 
m^m^HKHim 
 
 PUBLISHERS' A'OTICF. 
 
 IN offering to our patrons the Account of General Bou- 
 quet's Expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1764, as 
 the first of the reprints of the Ohio Valley Historical 
 Series, we may premise that we have been urged thereto 
 by the rarity of the volume and its intrinsic value as an 
 authentic and reliable narrative of one of the earliest 
 British military expeditions into the Territory North- JVest 
 of the Ohio River. 
 
 This work was published at Philadelphia in 1765, 
 reprinted at London the following year ; and an edition in 
 French, by C. G. F. Dumas, was issued ai Amsterdam in 
 1769. 
 
 Mr. Francis Parkman has kindly furnished us with 
 a few prefatory words. The proper introduction, how- 
 ever. 
 
VI 
 
 Publishers' Notice. 
 
 however, to this work, and indeed to all the fragmentary 
 accounts of the later struggles of the white and Indian 
 races in the Central West, is his " History of the Con- 
 spiracy of Pontiac," of which this expedition was one of 
 the results. We can not too earnestly recommend its 
 perusal to our readers. His wonderfully clear and exact 
 knowledge of Indian character, and its faithful portrayal 
 in his introductory chapters, together with his minute 
 accounts of their tribal divisions, their internal differences, 
 their modes of warfare, the nature of their governments, 
 and his general review of the " situation," can not fail to 
 be of great service in attaining an intelligent understanding 
 of the story of the Indian wars in the West, and the trials 
 and hardships of the sturdy pioneers, whose bloody strug- 
 gles and anxious labors laid the foundation of the present 
 prosperity of this region. 
 
 Mr. Parkman has also translated for us M. Dumas' 
 biographical sketch of General Bouquet prefixed to the 
 French edition. We regret that we are, at present, 
 unable to give a more detailed history of his transactions 
 in this country, the most active and interesting period of 
 his life, concerning which M. Dumas' sketch is very 
 meagre, passing over in silence his important services as 
 one of the commanders of the Royal American Corpsy his 
 connection with the former expedition against Fort Du- 
 
 quesne^ 
 
* For particulars of this controversy, see Craig's " Olden Time," Vol. I, 
 published at I'ittsburgh in 1846, and Sparks' "Life and Writings of Wash- 
 ington," Vol. II. 
 
 J 
 
 Publishers' Notice. 
 
 VM 
 
 Du^uesne^ in lys^t under General Forbes, and his cel- 
 ebrated controversy with General — then Colonel — Wash- 
 ington as to the route which that expedition should take 
 from Car/islf to Fort Duqutsne.* The one urgently advo- 
 cated by General Bouquet, through Raystown^ now 
 Bedford^ and Loyal Hanna^ was adopted, and the marked 
 advantage of this road in subsequent military operations, 
 and in encouraging the settlement of fVtstern Pennsylvania^ 
 evinced his practical wisdom and forethought. 
 
 We would call the attention of our readers to the suc- 
 cessful manner in which, by the *' Osborne Process " the 
 American Photo-Lithographic Company have reproduced 
 the map, plans, and the two plates by Benjamin West, 
 \n facsimile of the originals. 
 
 For facility of reference, an index has been added. 
 
 / 
 
 <*J'*S B,l, 
 
. -.1 » I'lm TP* '■•* • ■ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 xi 
 
 xvii 
 
 Prefatory, By Francis Parkman . . 
 Biographical Sketch of Henry Bouquet . 
 
 Ti*- iu^ion 3 
 
 Hijiorical Account of the Expedition . • ^9 
 
 Reflexions c^ the JVar with the Savages of N. A. 93 
 Appendix I — ConftruEiion of Forts . . . -137 
 
 Appendix II — French Forts ceded to Great Britain . 141 
 Appendix III — Route from Philadelphia to Fort 
 
 Pitt 148 
 
 Appendix IV — Indian 'Towns on the Ohio River . 149 
 
 Appendix V — Indicn Nations of North America . 1 53 
 
 M 
 
 :fei 
 
 /X 
 
iiui iti ti#-\ - 
 
 **ir 
 
PREFATORY. 
 
 THE peace of 1763 was the beginning of a new 
 epoch in the history of this continent. The 
 vast region from the Allcghanies to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains had been explored, mapped out, and, in good 
 measure, occupied by the French. Their forts, mis- 
 sions, and trading posts — the centers, in some cases, of 
 little colonies — were scattered throughout the Valley of 
 the Mississippi and on the borders of all the Great 
 Lakes. They had gained a controlling influence over 
 the Indians, and by the right of discovery and of 
 colonization they regarded the country as their own. 
 When Wolfe and Amherst conquered Canada, the 
 vast but frail fabric of French empire in the West 
 crumbled to the dust. An industrial democracy, not 
 a military monarchy married to the hierarchy of 
 Rome, was thenceforth to assume the mighty task of 
 conquering this rich wilderness for civilization. 
 
 To 
 
 -^1 
 
xu 
 
 Prefatory. 
 
 To the Indian tribes, its natural owners, the change 
 was nothing but a disaster. They had held, in a cer- 
 tain sense, the balance of power between the rival 
 colonies of France and England. Both had bid for 
 their friendship, and both competed for the trade with 
 them. The French had been the more successful. 
 Their influence was predominant among all the in- 
 terior tribes, while many of the border Indians, old 
 allies of the English, had of late abandoned them in 
 favor of their rivals. While the French had usually 
 gained the good will, often the ardent attachment, of 
 the tribes with whom they came in contact, the 
 English, for the most part, had inspired only jealousy 
 and dislike. This dislike was soon changed to the 
 most intense hatred. Lawless traders and equally 
 lawless speculators preyed on the Indians; swarms of 
 squatters invaded the lands of the border tribes, and 
 crowded them from their homes. 
 
 
 No race on earth has a more intense and unyield- 
 ing individuality than the Indians. To the weakness 
 and vices inseparable from all low degrees of human 
 development, he joins a peculiar reserve and pride. 
 He will not coalesce with superior races, and will not 
 imitate them. When enslaved he dies, kills himself, 
 
 kills 
 
W" 
 
 Prefatory. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 kills his master, or runs away. It has been his lot to 
 be often hated, but seldom thoroughly despised. His 
 race has never received a nickname, and he has 
 never served as a subject of amusement. There is 
 some humor in him, but he is too grim a figure to 
 be laughed at. One is almost constrained to admire 
 the inflexible obstinacy with which he clings to his 
 own personality, rejects the advances of civilization, 
 and prefers to die as he has lived. 
 
 Such, indeed, is the alternative ; and it was after 
 the peace of 1763 that this inexorable sentence of 
 civilization or destruction wrs first proclaimed over 
 the continent in tones no longer doubtful. 
 
 That the Indians understood the crisis it would be 
 rash to affirm ; but they felt it without fully under- 
 standing it. The result was the great Indian war 
 under Pontiac. The tribes leagued together and rose 
 to drive the English into the sea. All the small posts 
 of the interior were captured from the '-English, itnd 
 the frontiers swept with fire. The two great forts, 
 Detroit and Fort Pitt, alone withstood the assailants, 
 and both were reduced to extremity, Pontiac him- 
 self, with the tribes of the Lakes, beleaguered Detroit, 
 
 while 
 
XIV 
 
 Prefatory. 
 
 while tht. Dt'lawares and Shawanees, with some of the 
 Wyandottes, laid siege, in their barbarous way, to Fort 
 Pitt, or Pittsburgh. Other bands of the same tribes 
 meanwhile ravaged the frontiers of Pennsylvania, burn- 
 ing houses, murdering settlers, laying waste whole dis- 
 tricts, and producing an indescribable distress and con- 
 sternation. 
 
 This is the point where the ensuing narrative begins. 
 Happily for the distracted borders and the distressed 
 garrison, a gallant Swiss officer, Henry BoucijJET, 
 then commanded at Philadelphia, and he was ordered 
 to march, with what troops he could collect, to the 
 relief of Fort Pitt. A similar attempt had been made, 
 with greater means and with fewer obstacles, to relieve 
 Detroit, and the result had been a deplorable defeat ; 
 but Bouf^jKr, an experienced officer, a man of science 
 and a man of sense, proved himself in every way 
 equal to the emergency. The story of this almost 
 desperate attempt is given in the introductory part of 
 the following nanative. The events recounted in the 
 body of the book belong to the succeeding year. 
 The Indians defeated by Bouquet at Bushy Run, 
 and foiled by Gladwyn before Detroit, had lost 
 heart and hope. General Bradstreet led a body 
 
 of 
 
,,, ■'*;^'^'«- 
 
 . ■?'^'WW?,''ifS^?^*-' 
 
 Prefatory. 
 
 XV 
 
 of troops up the lakes to force them to a substantial 
 and permanent peace ; while Bouquet, with a similar 
 object, marched into the untrodden wilderness of Ohio. 
 Bradstreet's share of the combined expedition was 
 ill-managed, and ^ at partially successful •, yet, while 
 failing to do his own part thoroughly, he took it 
 upon himself to accomplish that assigned to his 
 brother commander. Bouquet rejected his interfer- 
 ence, disregarded the unauthorized treaties he had 
 ■made, and pursued his march with results which the 
 narrative itself will show. I have examined the orig- 
 inal documents on which it is based, and can testify 
 that they have been faithfully followed. 
 
 The authorship of the "Historical Account of the 
 Expedition against the Ohio Indians,'' has been as- 
 cribed, by Rich, Allibone, and others, to Fhomas 
 Hutchins, at that time Geographer of the United States, 
 who supplied the map , but the following extract from 
 a letter of Dr. William Smith, Provost of rhe College 
 of Philadelphia, dated January 13, 1766, seems a suf- 
 ficient proof that the credit belongs to him. 
 
 "il/r. Croghan" he writes to Sir William John- 
 son, ^^ set out the day before I expected he uould, else I 
 ^■^ proposed sending you a copy of ' Bouquet's Expedition 
 " to Aiuskingum^* which I drew up from some papers he 
 
 ^^ favored 
 
^i 
 
 XVI 
 
 Prefatory. 
 
 ^'favored me with, and which is reprinted in England^ 
 " and has had a very favorable reception.'' 
 
 Mr. A. R. SpofFord, the intelligent cusiodian of the 
 Library of Congress, first made this contemporary evi- 
 dence known, having discovered the letter in the Force 
 collection of papers, lately acquired by that Library. 
 
 Francis Parkman. 
 
 Boston, 
 
 August y 1868. 
 
 i..J/--w'^4.f.tt,-,*^v-i..«.«", -iiNf^-ffi^rf.^ ,4 
 
pm 
 
 ■■*., ■ • ^ 'fc... 
 
 mm 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 
 
 OF 
 
 HENRY BOUQUET. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH EDITION OF THIS WORK PUBLISHED 
 AT AMSTERDAM IN 176.; BV C. G. F. DUMAS. 
 
 TTENRY BOUQUET was a man of a fine 
 
 A X person, a superior understanding, and a feeling 
 heart. He made no claim to the good opinion of 
 others, neither did he solicit it. All were compelled 
 to esteem him, and hence there were many of his 
 profession who thought they could dispense with loving 
 him. Firmness, intrepidity, calmness, presence of mind 
 in the greatest dangers, virtues so essential in a com- 
 mander, were natural to him. His presence inspired 
 confidence and impressed respect, encouraged his 
 friends and confounded his foes. 
 
 He 
 
xvin 
 
 Biographical Sketch of 
 
 He was born at Rolle,* in the canton of Berne, in 
 Switzerland. In 1736, being then seventeen years old, 
 he was received as a cadet in the Regiment of Con- 
 stant, in the service of LL. HH. ??.,i and in 1738 
 he obtained the commission of ensign in the same regi- 
 ment. Thence he passed into that of Roguin, in the 
 service of the King of Sardinia, and distinguished 
 himself first as first lieutenant, and afterward as adju- 
 tant, in the memorable and ably-conducted campaigns 
 of the wars which that great prince sustained against 
 the combined forces of France and Spain. At the 
 battle of Cony, being ordered to occupy a piece of 
 ground at the brink of a precipice, he led his men 
 thither in such a way that not one of them saw that 
 they were within two steps of destruction should the 
 enemy force the position. Meanwhile, calmly watch- 
 ing the movements of both armies, he made his 
 soldiers observe, in order to distract their attention, 
 that these movements could be seen much better by 
 the light of the moon than in broad daylight. 
 
 * Rolle is a small town in the canton of Vaud. Together with the 
 greater part of the Vaudois territory, it was formerly under the govern- 
 ment of Berne, and regarded as a part of that canton. It 'is on the 
 northern borders of the Lake of Geneva. — F. P. 
 
 k 
 
 f Lturt Hautet Puistanct$ — /. *., The States General of Holland. — F. P. 
 
 The 
 
■kJSSil" 
 
 Henry Bouquet. 
 
 XIX 
 
 The accounts, no less exact than interesting, which 
 he sent to Holland of the operations of these cam- 
 paigns, came to the knowledge of His Serene High- 
 ness, the late Prince of Orange, and induced him 
 to engage this officer in the service of the Republic. 
 In consequence, Mr. Bouquet entered as captain 
 commandant, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, into 
 the regiment of Swiss Guards, newly formed at the 
 Hague, in 1748, and was immediately chosen to go, 
 jointly with Generals Burmannia and Cornabk, to 
 receive from the French the places in the Low 
 Countries which they were about to evacuate, and to 
 arrange the return of the prisoners of war which 
 France gave up to the Republic in conformity with 
 the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. A few months after, 
 Lord Middleton invited him to accompany him in 
 his travels in France and Italy. 
 
 On his return to the Hague, he devoted every 
 moment which his regimental duties allowed to the 
 careful study of the military art, and above all of 
 mathematics, which are the foundation of it. The 
 intimate relations which he formed with Professors 
 Hemsterhuis, IConig, and Allamand, and with sev- 
 eral other learned men in every branch of science, 
 
 greatly 
 
XX 
 
 Biographical Sketch of 
 
 greatly facilitated his acquisition of the thorough knowl- 
 edge which afterward gave him a yet higher distinc- 
 tion, and caused him to appear with such advantage 
 in the vast theater of the war kindled between France 
 and England in 1754.* 
 
 As this war ob'iged England to send troops to 
 America, it was proposed to raise a corps, under the 
 name of Royal Americans, formed of three bat- 
 talions under one commander, the officers of which 
 were to be indifferently either Americans or foreign- 
 ers, but in all cases men of capacity and experience. f 
 This plan, favored by the Duke of Cumberland, 
 was carried into execution, though altered and muti- 
 lated by an opposing faction. Mr. Bouquet and 
 
 * Bou(iyKT always retained his fondness for the society of men of sci- 
 ence. When in command at Philadelphia, he formed an intimacy with 
 the botanist Bertram. — F. P. 
 
 f The " Royal American Regiment " was to consist of four battalions 
 of one thousand men each, the ranks to be filled in great measure from 
 the German and other continental settlers of Pennsylvania and Maryland. 
 Fifty of the officers might be foreign Protestants, but the colonel must 
 be a natural-born subject. See " Act to enable His Majesty to grant com- 
 missions to a certain number of foreign Protestants," 29 George II., c. V. 
 
 The first colonel was John, Earl of Loudoun, but Colonels J. Stanwix, 
 JosiFH DussAuv, C. JifrERiYs, and James Provost, commanded the four 
 battalions respectively. See "Army List." The Royal American Regi- 
 ment is now the Sixtieth Rifles. — F. P. 
 
 his 
 
 ! •<)l 
 
Henry Bouquet, 
 
 XXI 
 
 1 « 
 
 his intimate friend, Mr. Haldimand, were the first 
 to whom those charged with it turned their eyes, and 
 they were urged to serve in this brigade as lieutenant 
 colonels. Both had already reached that rank at :he 
 Hague, and by a singular freak of fortune, the officer 
 who was to command them in America was their in- 
 I ferior in Europe. This made them hesitate for some 
 time. Nevertheless, at the urgent persuasion of Sir 
 Joseph Yorke, and upon a promise being made them 
 that they should be placed immediately, as colonels 
 commandant, on a footing of equality with the colonel- 
 in-chief of the brigade, they were induced to accept 
 the commissions offered them. As soon as their reso- 
 lution was taken, thev were charged to attract into the 
 corps a sufficient number of good officers, both for 
 the engineer and the artillery service. There was no 
 reason to regret that this matter was entrusted to them. 
 Most of these officers were drawn from the armies of 
 the Republic, and they have answered the expecta- 
 tions of those who chose them in a manner which has 
 done honor to both. 
 
 his 
 
 I have not entered into a detailed account of the 
 plan which called into existence the brigade of which 
 I have just spoken, for this would have led me too 
 
 far. 
 
 sSiMft,^,. 
 
rtAi J t^ U* ill tMliwjii n I ■*■ .^ifc— «ii 
 
 xxii 
 
 Biographical Sketch of 
 
 far. I shall content myself with saying, that its origin, 
 and the favor with which it was received, were due to 
 pure accident ; but that its happy executi<jn is solely to 
 be ascribed to the discernment of Sir Joseph Yorke, 
 and to his zeal for his country. It is chiefly, then, 
 to him, that the British Empire owes the distin- 
 guished services which these brave officers have ren- 
 dered it.* 
 
 To return to Mr. Bou(^»f.t : On his arrival in 
 America, his integrity, as well as his g-^eat capacity, 
 soon acquired for him a great credit in the Colonies, 
 especially in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Respected by 
 the soldiers, in credit with all who had a share in the 
 internal government of these provinces, universally 
 esteemed and loved, he had but to ask, and he ob- 
 tained ill that it was possible to grant, because it was 
 believed that he asked nothing but what was necessary 
 and proper, and that all would be faithfully employed 
 for the services of the king and t*>e provinces. This 
 good understanding between the civil and military 
 
 '"' Major General Sm Josefh Yorke was appointed Brirish Plenipoten- 
 tiary to the States General in 1751. He had been aid -de-camp to 
 the Duke or Cumberland at the battle of Fontenuy. In 1788 he was 
 raised tu the peerage as Baron Dover. He died without issue in 
 1791- F. P. 
 
 authorities 
 
Henry Bouc/ui't. 
 
 XXllI 
 
 authorities contributed to his success quite t . niuch 
 as his ability. 
 
 Immediatelv after the conclu ion o{ peace with the 
 Indians, the king made him brigadier general and com- 
 mandant of his troops in all the Southern C\tlonics of 
 British America. He died at Pensacola * lamented by 
 his friends and universally regretted. I wish that the 
 Coloni s, which I sincerely love, may have a long 
 succession of such defenders. The young officers who 
 read this, will permit me to propose him as a model 
 for their imitation, and an example well fitted to excite 
 in them a noble emulation. It is to his honor that I 
 have undertaken this translation, and it is to his mem- 
 ory that I dedicate it. 
 
 [*His death must Juve occurred in the autumn of 1765, not long tfttr 
 his return trom thit " Expedition against the Obic Indiam,' for, in the 
 Gintliman'i Ma: aaine (London) for January, 1766, we find the following 
 among tiie pron <tions in the British army. " ^ug. Provott, £sy., Lieut. Col. 
 of the 6c)th Reg., in room of H. Boutiui'i, dec."] 
 
 
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 OF THE EXPEDITION 
 
 AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS, 
 
 IN THE YEAR MDCCLXIV. 
 
 UNDER THE COMMAND OF 
 
 HENRY BOUQUET, ESQ. 
 
 COLONEL OF FOOT, AND NOW BRIGADIER GENERAL IN AMERICA. 
 
 Including his Tranfaftions with the INDIANS, 
 
 Relative to the DELIVERY of their PRISONERS, 
 
 And the PRELIMINARIES of PEACE. 
 
 With an introductory account of the Preceding CAMPAIGN, 
 
 And BATTLE at BUSHY-RUN. 
 
 To which are annexed 
 
 MILITARY PAPERS, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 Refleftions on the War with the Savages; a Method of forming 
 Frontier Settlements ; fome Account of the INDIAN Country ; 
 with a Lift of Nations, Fighting Men, Towns, Diftances, and 
 
 different Routs. 
 
 The whole illuftrated with a MAP and COPPER-PLATES. 
 
 Publilhed, from authentic Documents, by a Lover of his Country. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. PRINTED: 
 
 LONDON, Re-printed for T. JEFFERIES, Geographer to his 
 
 MAJESTY, at Charing Crofs. MDCCLXVI. 
 
 T 
 
"*»■ ^wra/VSTTa-*^-** ' 
 
 ■T^'J!?f *f*W'Ww^^'M*7l«^V''!T?f''V«i. mf-HF"^ 
 
„^. .J,. ^««.»l>.^ 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE general peace, concluded between Great- 
 Britain, France and Spain, in the year 1762, 
 although viewed in different lights by perlbns 
 varioufly afFeded in the mother country, was nev- 
 erthelefs univerfally confidered as a moft happy 
 event in America. 
 
 To behold the French, who had fo long infti- 
 gated and fupported the Indians, in the moft de- 
 ftrudive wars and cruel depredations on our fron- 
 tier fettlements, at laft compelled to cede all Canada, 
 and reftrided to the weftern fide of Miffifippi, 
 was what we had lotig wifhed, but fcarcely hoped 
 an accomplifhmeiit of in our own days. The pre- 
 cifion with which our boundaries were expreffed, 
 admitted of no ground for future difputes, and 
 was matter of exultation to every one who under- 
 ftood and regarded the intereft of thefe colonies. 
 We had now the pleafing profped of "entire* 
 
 * The leveral quotations in this introdudlion are taken from 
 the Annual Regiiler, 1763, which is written with great elegance 
 and truth, fo far as the author appears to have been furniflied 
 with materials. 
 
 " fecurity 
 
4 Introdu^ion. 
 
 "fecurity tVom all moleftation of the Indians, (ince 
 " French intrigues could no longer be employed 
 ■'to feduce, or French force to fupport them." 
 
 
 
 " Unhappily, however, we were difappointed in 
 this expedation. Our danger arofe from that 
 very quarter, in which we imagined ourfehes in 
 the moft perfecfl fecurity; and juft at the time 
 when we concluded the Indians to be entirely 
 awed, and almoft fubjeded by our power, they 
 fuddenly fell upon the frontiers of our moft val- 
 uable fettlements, and upon all our out-lying 
 forts, with fuch unanimity in the deAgn, and 
 with fuch favage fury in the attack, as we had 
 not experienced, even in the hotteft times of any 
 former war." 
 
 Several reafons have been aftigned for this per- 
 fidious condud on their part ; fuch as an omiifion 
 of the ufual prefents, and fome fettlements made 
 on lands not yet purchafed from them. But thefe 
 caufes, if true, could only afFed a few tribes, and 
 never could have formed fo general a combination 
 againft us. The true reafon feems to have been a 
 jealoufy of our growing power, heightened by their 
 feeing the French almoft wholly driven out of Amer- 
 ica, and a number of forts now poflTefled by us, 
 
 which 
 
 ■,'.^J:)-;j*.4;4;'^">*!.;:.i"£-i0.a-.':i..'i:.i 
 
lntrodu£iion. $ 
 
 which commanded the great lakes and rivers com- 
 municating with them, and awed the whole Indian 
 country. They probably imagined that they be- 
 held *' in every little garrifon the germ of a future 
 "colony," and thought it . xcumbent on them to 
 make one general and timely effort to crufh our 
 power in the birth. 
 
 By the papers in the Appendix, a general idea 
 may be formed of the ftrength of the different 
 Indian nations furrounding our fettlements, and 
 their fituation with refped to each other. 
 
 The Shawanefe, Delawares and other Ohio tribes, 
 took the lead in this war, and feem to have begun 
 it rather too precipitately, before the other tribes 
 in confederacy with them, were ready for adion. 
 
 Their fcheme appears to have been projeded 
 with much deliberate mifchief in the intention, 
 and more than ufual fkill in the fyftem of execu- 
 tion. They were to make one general and fudden 
 attack upon our frontier fettlements in the time 
 of harveft, to deftroy our men, corn, cattle, &c. as 
 far as they could penetrate, and to ftarve our out- 
 pofts, by cutting off their fupplies, and all com- 
 munication with the inhabitants of the Provinces. 
 
 In 
 
 ~~_ 
 
6 Introduffion. 
 
 In purfuance of this bold and bloody projedl, 
 they fell fuddenly upon our traders whom they 
 had invited into their country, murdered many of 
 them, and made one general plunder of their 
 effedls, to an immenfe value. 
 
 The frontiers of Pennfylvania, Maryland and 
 Virginia, were immediately over-run with fcalping 
 parties, marking their way with blood and devafta- 
 tion wherever they came, and all thofe examples of 
 favage cruelty, which never fail to accompany an 
 Indian war. 
 
 All our out-forts, even at the remoteft diftances, 
 were attacked about the fame time,- and the fol- 
 lowing ones foon feli into the enemies hands — viz. 
 Le Boeuf, Venango, Prefqu' Ifle, on and near lake 
 Erie; La Bay upon lake Michigan; St. Jofeph's, 
 upon the rive- of that name; Miamis upon the 
 Miamis river ; Ouachtanon upon the Ouabache ; 
 Sanduiky upon lake Junundat; and Michilimack- 
 inac. 
 
 Being but weakly garrifoned, trufting to the 
 fecurity of a general peace fo lately eftabliihed, 
 unable to obtain the leaft intelligence from the 
 colonies, or from each other, and being feparately 
 
 perfuaded 
 
maamrnmmsmgmm^amasamm 
 
 mmmm^ 
 
 Introduction. "j 
 
 perfuaded by their treacherous and favage aflailants 
 that they had carried every other place before them, 
 it could not be expec'ted that thefe frnail pofts could 
 hold out long ; and the fate of their garrifons is 
 terrible to relate. 
 
 The news of their furrender, and the continued 
 ravages of the enemy, ftruck all America with con- 
 fternation, and depopulated a great part of our 
 frontiers. We now faw moft of thofe pofts, fud- 
 denly wrefted from us, which had been the great 
 objedl of the late war, and one of the principal 
 advantages acquired by the peace. Only the forts 
 of Niagara, the Detroit and Kort-Pitt, remained 
 in our hands, of all that had been purchafed with 
 fo much blood and treafure. But thefe were places 
 of confequence, and we hope it ever will remain an 
 argument of their importance, and of the attention 
 that n-iould be paid to their future fupport, that 
 they alone continued to awe the whole power of 
 the Indians, and balanced the fate of the war be- 
 tween them and us ! 
 
 These forts, being larger, were better garrifoned 
 and fupplied to ftar I a fiege of fome length, than 
 the places that fell. Niagara was not attacked, the 
 enemy judging it too ftrong. 
 
 The 
 
8 
 
 Introiiu^ion. 
 
 The officers who commanded the other two 
 deferved the highell honour for the firmnefs with 
 which they defended them, and the hardfhips they 
 fuftained rather than deliver up places ot' fuch im- 
 portance. 
 
 Major (jladwin, in particuhir, who commanded 
 at the Detroit, had to wiihftand the united and 
 vigorous attacks of all the nations living upon the 
 Lakes. 
 
 The defign of this publication, and the materials 
 in my hands, lead me more immediately to fpeak 
 of the defence and relief of Fort Pitt. 
 
 The Indians had early furrounded that place, 
 and cut off all communication from it, even by 
 meffage. Tho* they had no cannon, nor under- 
 ftood the methods of a regular fiege, yet, with in- 
 credible boldnefs, they polled rhemfelves under the 
 banks of both riverst by the walls of the fort, and 
 continued as it were buried there, from day to day, 
 with aftonifhing patience; pouring in an inceflant 
 ftorm of mufquetry and fire arrows ; hoping at 
 length, by famine, by fire, or by harrafTuig out the 
 garrifon, to carry their point. 
 
 t The Ohio and Monongahela, at the jundlion of which Hand* 
 Fort Pitt. 
 
 Captain 
 
Introciufiion. 9 
 
 Captain Fauver, who commanded thtre, tho' 
 he wanted feveral neccflaries for fuftaining a fiege, 
 and the fortifications had been greatly damaged by 
 the floods, took all the precautions which art and 
 judgment could fugp^eft for the repair of the place, 
 and repulfing the enemy. His garrilon, joined by 
 the inhabitants, and furviving traders who had 
 taken refuge there, feconded his ertbrts with refo- 
 lution. Their fituation was alarming, being re- 
 mote from all immediate aififtance, and having to 
 deal with an enemy from whom they had no mercy 
 to exped. 
 
 General Amherst, the commander in chief, 
 not being able to provide in time for the fafety of 
 the remote ports, bent his chief attention to the 
 relief of the Detroit, Niagara, and Fort-Pitt. 
 The communication with the two former was 
 chiefly by water, from the province of New- York ; 
 and it was on that account the more eafy to throw 
 fuccours into them. The detachment fent to the 
 Detroit arrived there on the '29th of July, 176J ; 
 but Captain Dalyell, who commanded that detach- 
 ment, and feventy of his men, loft their lives in a 
 rencounter with the Indians near the fort. Pre- 
 vious to this difafter he had paiTed thro' Niagara, 
 and left a reinforcement there. 
 
 Fort 
 
M, 
 
 lO 
 
 IntroduLfton. 
 
 Fort Pitt remained all this while in a nioft 
 critical iituarion. No account could be obtained 
 from the garrifon, nor any relief fent to it, but by 
 a long and tedious land march of near 200 miles 
 beyond the fettlements ; and through thofe dan- 
 gerous pafles where the fate of Braddock and others 
 ftill rifes on the imac;ination. 
 
 i 
 
 CoL. Bouquet was appointed to march to the 
 relief of this fort, with a large quantity of military 
 ftores and proviiions, efcorted by the fhattered re- 
 mainder of the 42d and 77th regiments, lately re- 
 turned in a difnial condition from the Well-Indies, 
 and far from being recovered of their fatigues at 
 the (iege of the Havannah. General Amherft, 
 having at that time no other troops to fpare, was 
 obliged to employ them in a fervice which would 
 have required men of the ftrongeft conftitution 
 and vigour. 
 
 E,ARLY orders had been given to prepare a con- 
 voy of proviiions on the frontiers of Fennfyl- 
 vatiia, but fuch were the univerfal terror and con- 
 fternation of the inhabitants, that when Col. Bou- 
 quet arrived at Carlifle, nothing had yet been 
 done. A great number of the plantations had 
 been plundet'^d and burnt, by the favages ; many 
 
 of 
 
IntroduSlion. 
 
 II 
 
 of the mills deftroyed, and the /ull-ripe crops 
 flood waving in the field, ready for the fickle, bur 
 the reapers were not to be found 1 
 
 The greateft part of the county of Cumberland, 
 thro' which the army had to pafs, was deferted, 
 and the roads were covered with diftrefTed families, 
 flying from their fettlements, and deftitute of all 
 the necefTaries of life. 
 
 In the midft of that general confufion, the fup- 
 plies necefiary for the expedition became very pre- 
 carious, nor was it lefs diiticult to procure horfes 
 and carriages for the ufe of the troops. 
 
 The commander found that, inftead of exped- 
 ing fuch fupplies from a miferable people, he him- 
 felf was called by tht voice of humanity to beftow 
 on them fome (bare of his own provifions to relieve 
 their prefent exigency. However, in i 8 days after 
 his arrival at Carlifie, by the prudent and adive 
 meafures which he purfued, joined to his knowl- 
 edge of the counttA, and the diligence of the per 
 fons he employed, the convoy and carriages were 
 procured with the al?iftance of the interior parts of 
 the country, and the army proceeded. 
 
 Their 
 
 iBjBl^ . i jg .. ' .^^. . 
 
12 
 
 Introduiiion. 
 
 Their march did not abate the fears of the de- 
 jefted inhabitants. They "...new the ftrength and 
 ferocity of the enemy. They remembered the 
 former defeats even of our beft troops, and were 
 full of diffidence and apprehenfions on beholding 
 the fmall number and fickly ftate of the regulars 
 employed in this expedition. Without *-'~- leaft 
 hopes, therefore, of fuccefs, they feemed ^nly to 
 wait for the fatal event, which they dreaded, 
 to abandon all the country beyond the Sufque- 
 hannah. 
 
 In fuch defpondency of mind, it is not urprif- 
 ing, that tho' their whole was at ftalce, ai d de- 
 pended intirely upon the fate of this little army, 
 none of them offered to affift in the defence of the 
 country, by joining the expedition ; in which they 
 would have been of infinite fervice, being in gen- 
 eral well acquainted with the woods, and excellent 
 markfmen. 
 
 It cannot be contefted that the defeat of the 
 regular troops on this occafion, would have left 
 the province of Pennfylvania in particular, expofed 
 to the moft imminent danger, from a victorious, 
 daring, and barbarous enemy; for (excepting the 
 frontier people of Cumberland county) the bulk 
 
 of 
 
amsBomim 
 
 ItttroduSiion. 
 
 »3 
 
 of its induftrious inhabitants is compofed of mer- 
 chants, tradefmen and farmers, unaccuftomed to 
 arms, and without a militia law. 
 
 The legiflature ordered, indeed, 700 men to be 
 raifed for the protedlion of the frontiers during 
 the harveft ; but what dependence could be placed 
 in raw troops, newly raifed and undifciplined ? 
 Under fo many difcouraging circumftances, the 
 Colonel (deprived of all affiftance from the prov- 
 inces, and having none to expert from the Gen- 
 eral, who had fent him the laft man that could be 
 removed from the hofpitals) had nothing elfe to 
 truft to, but about 500 foldiers of approved cour- 
 age and refolution indeed, but infirm, and intire 
 ftrangers to the woods, and to this new kind of 
 war. A number of them were even fo weak, as 
 not to be able to march, and fixty were carried in 
 waggons to reinforce the garrifoiis of the fmall 
 ports on the communication. 
 
 Meanwhile Fort-Ligonier, fituated beyond the 
 Allegheny-Mountains, was in the greateft danger 
 of falling into the hands of the enemy, before the 
 army could reach it. The ftockade being very 
 bad, and the garrifon extremely weak, thev had at- 
 tacked it vigoroufly, but had been repulfed by the 
 
 bravery 
 
W: 
 
 H 
 
 Intruduthon. 
 
 bravery and good condudl of Lieutenant Biane 
 who commanded there. 
 
 The prefervation of that poft was of the utmoft 
 confequence, on account of its fituation and the 
 quantity of military llores it contained, which if 
 the enemy could have got pofTeiruDn of, would have 
 enabled them to continue their attack upon Fort 
 Pitt, and reduced the army to the greateft ftreights. 
 For an objed of that importance, every rifk was 
 to be run ; and the Colonel determined to fend 
 through the woods, with proper guides, a party of 
 thirty men to join that garrifon. Fhey fucceeded 
 bv forced marches in that hazardous attempt, not 
 having been difcovered by the enemy till thev came 
 within fight of the Fort, into which thev threw 
 themfeivcs, after receiving feme running fliot. 
 
 Previous to that reinforcement of regulars, 2C 
 voluntu-rs, all good woodfmcn. had been lent to 
 I^ort- Ligonier by Capt. Ourry, who commanded 
 at b ort- Bedford another very confiderable maga- 
 zine o\ provifions, and military ftores, the princi- 
 pal and centrical flage between Carlifle and Fort 
 Pitt, being about loo miles dirtance from each. 
 This tort was alfo in a ruinous condition, and 
 very weakly garrifoned, although the two finall 
 
 intermediate 
 
-'^PIP" ' 
 
 IntroduElion. 
 
 tS 
 
 intermediate pofts, at the crofTings of the Juniata 
 and of Stony Creek, had been abandoned to 
 ftrengthen it. 
 
 Here the diftrefled families, fcattered for 12 or 
 15 miles round, fled for protedion, leaving moft 
 of their effeds a prey to the favages. 
 
 All the neceffary precautions were taken bv the 
 commanding officer, to prevent furprize, and repel 
 open force, as alfo tc render ineffedual the enemies 
 fire arrows. He armed all the fighting men, who 
 formed two companies of voluntiers, and did duty 
 with the garrifon till the arrival of two companies 
 of light infantry, detached as foon as poffible from 
 Colonel Bouquet's little army. 
 
 These two magazines being fecured, the Colonel 
 advanced to the remoteft verge of our fettlements, 
 where he .could receive no fort of intelligence of 
 :he number, pofition, or motions of the enemy. 
 Not even at Fort-Bedford, where he arrived with 
 his whole convoy on the 25th of July, for tho' the 
 Indians did not attempt to attack the fort, they 
 had by this time killed, fcalped, and taken eighteen 
 perfons in that neighborhood, and their fculking 
 parties were fo fpread, that at laft no exprefs could 
 
 efcape 
 
lb 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 efcape them. " This" (want of intelligence) " is 
 '* often a very embarralTing circumftance in the con- 
 *' dud of a campaign in America. The Indians 
 '* had better intelligence, and no fooner were thev 
 " informed of the march of our Army, than they 
 " broke up the fiege of Fort-Pitt, and took the 
 ** rout by which they knew we were to proceed, 
 " refolved to take the firft advantageous oppor- 
 " tunity of an attack on the march." 
 
 In this uncertainty of intelligence under which 
 the Colonel laboured, he marched from Fort Bed- 
 ford the 28th of July, and as foon as he reached 
 Fort-Ligonier, he determined very prudently to 
 leave his waggons at that poft, and to proceed only 
 with the pack horfes. Thus difburdened, the army 
 continued their rout. Before them lay a dangerous 
 defile at Turtle Creek, feveral miles in length, 
 commanded the whole way by high and craggy 
 hills. This defile he intended to have pafTed the 
 enfuing night, by a double or forced march; there- 
 by, if poflible, to elude the vigilance of fo elert an 
 enemy, propofing only to make a (hort halt in his 
 way, to refrefti the Troops, at Bu(hy-Run. 
 
 When they came within half a mile of that place, 
 about one in the afternoon, (Auguft 5th, 1763) 
 
 after 
 
Introdu^ton. 
 
 17 
 
 after an harrafling march of feventeen miles, and 
 juft as they were expeding to relax from their fa- 
 tigue, they were fuddenly attacked by the Indians, 
 on their advanced guard ; which being fpeedily and 
 firmly fupported, the enemy was beat off, and even 
 purfued to a confiderable diftance. 
 
 *f But the flight of thefe barbarians muft often 
 be confidered as a part of the engagement, (if we 
 may ufe the expreffion) rather than a derelidion 
 of the field. The moment the purfuit ended, 
 they returned with renewed vigour to the attack. 
 Several other parties, who had been in ambufh in 
 fome high grounds which lay along the flanks of 
 the army, now ftarted up at once, and falling with 
 a refolution equal to that of their companions, 
 galled our troops with a moft obftinate fire. 
 
 ' It was neceflary to make a general charge with 
 
 * the whole line to diflodge them from thefe heights. 
 
 * This charge fucceeded ; but ftill the fuccefs pro- 
 ' duced no decifive advantage ; for as foon as the 
 
 I The above quotation is from the writer already mentioned, 
 and feems lb accurately and elegantly drawn up, from the account 
 of this engagement, fent to his Majelly's minifters, that nothing 
 better can be inferted in its room. There are but one or two 
 fmall midakes in it, which are here correfted. 
 
 * favages 
 
i8 
 
 Introdu5fion. 
 
 ' favages were driven from one poft, they ftill ap- 
 ' peared on another, till by conftant reinforcements 
 ' they were at length able to furround the whole 
 ' detachment, and attack the convoy which had 
 ' been left in the rear. 
 
 'This manoeuvre obliged the main body to 
 fall back in order to protedl it. The adlion, 
 which grew every moment hotter and hotter, 
 now became general. Our troops were attacked 
 on every fide ; the favages fupported their fpirit 
 throughout ; but the fteady behaviour of the 
 Englifh troops, who were not thrown in the leaft 
 confufion by the very difcouraging nature of this 
 fervice, in the end prevailed ; they repulfed the 
 enemy, and drove them from all their pofts with 
 fixed bayonets. 
 
 ' The engagement ended only with the day, 
 ' having continued from one without any inter- 
 ' miflion. 
 
 ' The ground, on which the adion ended, was 
 'not altogether inconvenient for an encampment. 
 ' The convoy and the wounded were in the middle, 
 ' and the troops, difpofed in a circle, incompafled 
 * the whole. In this manner, and with little 
 
 ' repofe, 
 
i Hni «l l «>t l )iii l >'it f i r ill O llii>i iJn i mjM ii 'M i 
 
 IntroduSlion. 
 
 19 
 
 'repofe, they pafled an anxious night, obliged to 
 *the ftridleft vigilance by an enterprizing enemy 
 * who had furrounded them. 
 
 * Those who have only experienced the feverities 
 and dangers of a campaign in Europe, can fcarcelv 
 form an idea of what is to be done and endured 
 in an American war. To ad in a country cul- 
 tivated and inhabited, where roads are made, 
 magazines are eftablillied, and hofpitals provided; 
 where there are good towns to retreat to in cafe of 
 misfortune; or, at the worft, a generous enemv 
 to yield to, from whom no confolation, but the 
 honour of vidory, can be wanting; this may be 
 conlidered as the exercife of a fpirited and adven- 
 turous mind, rather than a rigid conteft where all 
 is at ftake, and mutual deftrudion the objed: 
 and as a contention between rivals for glory, 
 rather than a real ftruggle between fanguinary 
 enemies. But in an American campaign every 
 thing is terrible; the face of the country, the 
 climate, the enemy. There is no refrcfhment fo r 
 the healthy, nor relief for the ficlc. I'V vaft un- 
 hofpitable defart, unfafe and treacherous, fur- 
 rounds them, where vidories are not decifive, but 
 defeats are ruinous; and fimple death is the leaft 
 misfortune which can happen to them. This 
 
 ' forms 
 
20 
 
 Introdu^ion. 
 
 'forms a Tervice truly critical, in which all the 
 
 * firmnefs of the body and mind is put to the fe- 
 ' vereft trial ; and all the exertions of courage and 
 *addrefs are called out. If the adlions of thefe 
 ' rude campaigns are of lefs dignity, the adven- 
 ' tures in them are more interefting to the heart, 
 
 * and more amufing to the imagination, than the 
 ' events of a regular war. 
 
 'But to return to the party of Englifti, whom 
 ' we left in the woods. At the firft dawn of light 
 ' the favages began to declare themfelves, all about 
 ' the camp, at the diftance of about 500 yards; and 
 ' by fhouting and yelling in the moil horrid man- 
 ' ner, quite round that extenfive circumference, en- 
 ' deavoured to ftrike terror by an oftentation of 
 
 * their numbers, and their ferocity. 
 
 * After this alarming preparative, they attacked 
 our forces, and, under the favour of an inceflant 
 fire, made feveral bold attempts to penetrate into 
 the camp. They were repulfed in every attempt, 
 but by no means difcouraged from new ones. 
 Our troops, continually vidorious, were contin- 
 ually in danger. They were befides extremely 
 fatigued with a long march, and with the equally 
 long adion, of the preceding day ; and they were 
 
 • diftreflTed 
 
Jntroduthon. 
 
 21 
 
 ' diftreiTed to the laft degree by a rotal want of vv.iter, 
 
 * much more intolerable than the enemy's fire. 
 
 'Tied to their convoy, they could not lofe light 
 'of it for a moment, without expoling, not only 
 ' that interefting objed, but their wounded men, 
 ' to fall a prey to the favages, who )>refled them on 
 'every fide. To move was imprac'licable. Many 
 'of the horfes were loft, and many of the drivers, 
 ' ftupefied by their fears, hid themO'lves in the 
 'buflies, and were incapable of hearing or obeying 
 ^ orders. 
 
 * Their fituation became extnmely critical and 
 'perplexing, having experienced ihat the moft 
 ' lively efforts made no impreffion upon an enemy, 
 ' who always gave way when prefled ; but who, the 
 ' moment the purfuit was over, returned with as 
 
 * much alacrity as ever to the attack. Befieged 
 
 * rather than engaged; attacked without interrup- 
 ' tion, and without decifion ; able neither to ad 
 
 ' vance nor to retreat, they (aw before them the 
 ' moft melancholy profped of crumbl'.ig awav by 
 ' degrees, and entirely perifhing without revenge 
 'or honour, in the midft of thofe dreadful defarts. 
 The fate of Braddock was every moment before 
 ^ their eyes ; but they were more ably conduced. 
 
 'The 
 
 4 
 
% 
 
 22 
 
 Introdutlion. 
 
 ' The conunaiulcr was fenfible that everything 
 ' depciiiicd upon bringing the lavages to a dole 
 ' enc^a^ement, .;;.u ro ftand their ground when ar- 
 
 * tacked. Their audacioufnels, which had incrcal'eil 
 
 * with their luccefs, Teemed favourable to this 
 
 * delign. He endeavoured, therefore, to increafc 
 
 * their confidence as much as polVible. 
 
 ' For that pvirpofe he contrived the following 
 ' ftratatiem. Our troops were ported on an emi- 
 ' nence, and formed a circle round their convoy 
 
 * from the preceding night, which order they llill 
 ' retained. Col. Bouyur/r gave directions, that 
 ' two companies of his troops, who had been 
 'ported in the mort advanced fituations, rtiould 
 'fall within the circle; the troops on the right 
 'and left immediately opened their files, and filled 
 
 * up the vacant fpace, that they might feem to 
 'cover their retreat. Another company of light 
 ' infantry, with one of grenadiers, were ordered 
 ' " to lie in ambufcade," to fupport the two 
 ' firft companies of grenadiers, who moved on 
 
 * the feigned retreat, and were intended to begi" 
 ' the real attack. The difpofitions were wt 
 
 ' made, and the plan executed without the lealt 
 ' confufion. 
 
 'Thf. 
 
 
Introfiuffion. 
 
 23 
 
 ' The favages gave entirely into the fnare. The 
 ' thin line of" troops, which took pofleiVion of the 
 ' ground which the two companies of light foot had 
 ' left, being brought in nearer to the center of the 
 'circle, the barbarians miftook thofe motions for a 
 ' retreat, abandoned the •.v'oods which covered them, 
 ' hurried headlong on, and advancing vvith the moft 
 'daring intrepidity, galled the Englirti troops with 
 'their heavy fire, but at the very moment when, 
 'certain of fuccefs, they thought themfelves mafters 
 'of the camp, the two firft companies made a fud- 
 'den turn, and fallying out from a part of the hill, 
 'which could not be obferved, tell furioufly upon 
 ' their right flank. 
 
 ' The favages, though they found themfelves 
 
 * difappointed and expofed, preferved their recol- 
 ' ledion, and refolutely retun..,v: the fire which 
 ' they had received. Then it was the fuperiority 
 ' of combined ftrength and difcipline appeared. 
 ' On the fecond charge they could no longer fuftain 
 ' the irrefiftible fbock of the regular troops, who 
 ' rufhing upon them, killed many, and put the reft 
 
 * to flight. 
 
 'At the inftant when the favages betook them- 
 ■"felves to flight, the other two companies, which 
 
 'had 
 
 ■i^mmmtmiii>»;i 
 
 vitm • c> ■•:«i',ii,ti(*fi;rM' •/- 
 
1 
 
 24 
 
 Introdutlion, 
 
 ' had been ordered to iupport the firft, rofe *'from 
 * *' ambufcade," marched to the enemy, and g? e 
 *them their full fire. This accomplifhed their de- 
 *feat. The four companies now united, did not 
 'give them time to look behind them, but purfued 
 'the enemy till they were totally difperfed. 
 
 'The other bodies of the favages attempted 
 ' nothing. They were kept in awe during the 
 'engagement by the reft of the Britilli troops, who 
 'were fo ported as to be ready to fall on them 
 'upon the leaft motion. Having been witnefles 
 'to the defeat of their companions, without any 
 'effort to fupport or affift them, they at length 
 ' followed their example and fled. 
 
 ; 
 
 ' This judicious and fuccefsful manceuvie refcued 
 the party from the moft imminent danger. The 
 vidory lecured the field, and cleared all the adja- 
 cent woods. But ftill the march was fo difficult, 
 and the army had fuffer^-d fo much, and fo many 
 horfes were loft, that before they were able to pro- 
 ceed, they were reluftantly obliged to deftroy fuch 
 part of their convoy of provifions as they could 
 not carry with them for want of horfes. Being 
 lightened by this facrifice, they proceeded to 
 Bufny-Ruii, where finding water, they encamped,' 
 
 A 
 
 Ki*!alMyMMi:S.i 
 
Plan 
 
 Delaware^ ,Shawai 
 
 ^ . // 
 
 ■//-. 
 
 
 ■■Jt». ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^•■wv- 
 
 
 -f^ 
 
 ,W- t.. «t ft' . ' ■ .y 
 
 "ROBtGhAhi<i:t.(;o lYiUlalil 
 
 I 
 
Plan of the Battle near B u SHY-RUiSr, 
 
 Delawares , Shawanefe, Mingoes ^V^^aadots , Moliikons , Miaiuics , ScO ttawas ; 
 ( f^^/?w///^TllofHlltchirlS,/Z^>/.//^////rv//^ ' ^^ 
 
 pxi 
 
 
 
 [:»r-lJ»i'«A 
 
 
 ^aJ^*^ 
 
 
 tj^. 
 
 
 .. »,«-.«. 
 
 
 
 
 J . JSitetn/ioM-Jfen 
 
 
 < -AM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "ROB! CLAKKE t-i.'O. Pul.lislien .CINCINNATI 
 
 Am I'll. in-Ltt.u^raphicGo NY ( Osl.orne's Process , 
 
 ^ammm^iss^^' 
 

 " I 
 
 i 
 
•^mimimm^^ 
 
 
 Introduction, 
 
 •5 
 
 A PLAN of this engagement is annexed, and it 
 was thought the more necefl"ary here to inlerr a 
 particular account of it, as the new manaaivresf 
 and (kdful condurt of the commander, ieem to 
 have been the principal means, not only ot pre- 
 ferving his army in the moft critical fituation, but 
 likewife of enfuring them a complear vidlory. 
 
 The enemy loft about fixty men on this occa- 
 fion, fome of them their chief warriors; which they 
 reputed a very fevere ftroke. They had likewile 
 many wounded in the purfuit. The Knglifti loft 
 about fifty men and had about fixry wounded. 
 
 The favages, thus fignally defeated m all their 
 attempts to cut off this reinfccement upon its 
 march, began to retreat with rhe utmoft precipita- 
 tion to their remote fettlements, wholly giving up 
 their deftgns againft Fort Pitt ; at which place 
 Col. Bouquet arrived iafe with his convoy, four 
 
 t Another reaf'on fpr being io particular in tliis account, is that 
 the military papers anncyed to this work, and the plan tor carry- 
 ing on any future wai with the Indians, were compoled wyon the 
 experience of this engagement, by an officer long emploved in 
 the iervice he defcrii)es. His own improvement was hi- princi 
 pal motive in the compofition of them ; but being told that they 
 might convey many uleful hints to others, and be of much ler- 
 vice it laid before the public, he was pleafed, upon mv requeft, 
 freely to communicate them to me "or that purpofe. 
 
 davs 
 

 mmmmam 
 
 
 
 26 Introduflion. 
 
 days after theadion; receiving no Further molefta- 
 tion on the road, except a few fcattered ihot from 
 a diflieartened and flying enemy. 
 
 Here the Colonel was obliged to put an end to 
 the operations of this campaign, not having a fuf- 
 ficienr force to purfue the enemy beyond the Ohio 
 and take advantage of the vidory obtained over 
 them ; nor having any reafon to exped a timely 
 reinforcement from the provinces in their diftrefled 
 fituation. He was therefore forced to content 
 him.<elf with fupplying Fort-Pitt, and other places 
 on the communication, with provifions, ammuni- 
 tion, and {lores; Rationing his fmall armv to the 
 beil advantage he could, againft the approach of 
 winter. 
 
 The tranfaclions of the fucceeding campaign, 
 will be the fubjed of the following work, and we 
 fhall conclude this iniroduC'Hon, by fliewing the 
 fenfe which his Majeih was pleafed to entertain, 
 of the conduA and bravery of the officers and 
 army, o;i this trying occafion. 
 
 I-Iead Quarters, 
 
■■ 
 
 •wjsm 
 
 Introduf-hon. 
 
 27 
 
 Ht^D-QuARrfcRs, New-York, Jan. 5, 1764. 
 
 ORDERS, 
 
 '• 1__T IS Majeftv htis been gracioufly pleiiled to 
 " * -^ fignify to the commander in cluef, his 
 " royal approbation of the condud and bravery of 
 "Col, Bou<^uET, and the officers and troops under 
 *'his command, in tlic t>Ao actions of the 5th and 
 *' 6th of Auguil ; tn which, notwithftanding the 
 ** many circumftances of diffictdty and dillreis they 
 "laboured under, and the unufuai fpirit and refo- 
 " lution of the Indians, they repelled and defeated 
 " the repeated attacks of the Savages, and con 
 " duded their convov (x\<: to Port- Pit;:. 
 
 Miinec: 
 
 M 
 
 O N t: [*, K I i- 
 
 Major of Brigade. 
 
 To Colonel BotfQUET, 
 
 or officer comma 
 
 adins 
 
 ir F 
 
 ort 
 
 'irt. 
 
AN 
 
 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 COLONEL BOUQUET'S EXPEDITION 
 
 AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS IN THE YEAR 1:64. 
 
 TN the preceding introdudion, feme account 
 -■- hath been given of the fudden, treacherous 
 and unprovoked attack, made by the Indians 
 upon the frontiers of Pennfylvania, Maryland, 
 and Virginia, foon after the publication of thi 
 general Peace, at a time when we were but juft 
 beginning to refpire from our former calamities, 
 and locked for an approach of quiet on every fide. 
 The principal tranfadions of the campaign 1763 
 have likewife been briefly recapitulated, and the 
 reader informed by what means the editor became 
 
 poflefTed 
 
mtrni 
 
 3^ 
 
 Hijlorkal Account of 
 
 portefTed of the valuable papers, which have en- 
 abled him to bring the hiftory of this Indian war 
 to a conclufion, and furnifhed the materials of the 
 following fheets. 
 
 Colonel Bouquet, as before mentioned, not 
 having a fufficient number of troops to garrifon 
 the different polls, under his command, and at the 
 fame time to crofs the Ohio and take advantage of 
 the dejedion into which he had thrown the enemy, 
 by the defeat at Buihy-Run,was obliged to reftrain 
 his operations to the fupplying the forts with pro- 
 vilions, ammunition and other neceflfaries. 
 
 In the execution of this fervice, he received no 
 annoyance from the enemy, for they now faw them- 
 felves not only forced to give up their defigns 
 againft Fort-Pitt ; but, retreating beyond the 
 Ohio, they deferted their former towns, and aban- 
 doned all the country between Prefque-Ifle and 
 Sanduflci ; not thinking themfelves fafe till they 
 arrived at Mufkingam. 
 
 Here they began to form new fettlements, and 
 remained quiet during the winter. But, in the 
 mean time, having fupplied themfelves with pow- 
 der, &:. from the French traders, (and now 
 
 flattering 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 31 
 
 flattering themfelves that the great diftance of their 
 fettlements would render them inacceflible to our 
 troops) the enfuing fpring 1764 prefented thefe 
 ravage enemies afrefh on our frontiers ; ravaging 
 and murdering with their ufual barbaritv. 
 
 To chaftife them for their perfidy, General Gage 
 refolved to attack them on two different fides, and 
 to force them from our frontiers ; by carrying the 
 war into the heart of their own country. With 
 this view, he deftined a corps of troops to proceed 
 under Col. Bradftreet, to a<fl againft the Wiandots, 
 Ottawas, Chipwas and other nations, living upon 
 or near the lakes ; while another corps, under 
 the command of Col. Bouquet, fhould attack 
 the Delawares, Shawanefe, Mingoes, Mohickons, 
 and other nations, between the Ohio and the 
 lakes. 
 
 These two corps were to ad in concert ; and as 
 that of Col. Bradftreet could be ready much fooner 
 than the other, he was to proceed to Detroit, 
 Michilimackinac and other places. On his return 
 he was to encamp and remain at Sandufki, to awe, 
 by that pofition, the numerous tribes of weftern 
 Indians, fo as to prevent their fending any aftift- 
 ance to the Ohio Indians, while Colonel Bouquet 
 
 ftiould 
 
32 
 
 Uijlorical Account of 
 
 fhould execute his plan of attacking them in the 
 heart of their fettlements. 
 
 Col. Bouquet's expedition was to proceed alto- 
 gether by land, and was on that account attended 
 with great difficulties. His men were to penetrate 
 through a continued depth of woods, and a favage 
 unexplored country; without roads, without pofts, 
 and without a retreat if they failed of fuccefs. 
 When once engaged in thefe deferts, thev had 
 no convoy, nor any kind of affiftance to exped. 
 Every thing was to be carried with them — their 
 ammunition, baggage, tools, ftores, and provifions 
 neceflary for the troops during the whole expedi- 
 tion. And befides, thev were liable to many 
 embarrafments, and difficulties which no prudence 
 could forefee, fcarce any caution prevent; fo that, 
 in this account, fundry things, which, in the ufual 
 method of conducing military operations, might 
 not be thought worthy of detail, may neverthelefs 
 be found highly ferviceable to thofe who may 
 afterwards be employed in this fpecies of war, 
 which is new to Europeans, who muft fubmit to 
 be inftrudled in it by experience, and in many 
 articles even by the favages themfelves. 
 
 Part of the 42d and 6oth regiments were 
 
 ordered 
 
 'JL =!'.'■.-. .',Ji^ ,.;.■-_,; 
 
Colonel Boui^uet's Expedition. 
 
 zz 
 
 ordered on this expedition, and were ro he joined 
 by rwo hundred friendly Indians, and the troops 
 required of Virginia and I'ennfv Ivania. The 
 Indians never came, ami the Virginians pleaded 
 their inability to raife men, having already in pav 
 about 700 militia for the defence of their (^wn 
 frontier. In Pennfylvania, a bill for raifing 1000 
 men was pafTed May 30th; but, with the utmoft 
 diligence that could be ufed, the number could 
 not be compleated till the beginning of Auguft. 
 
 On the (jth of that month, the men being 
 afl'embled at Carlille, one hundred and eighteen 
 miles to the weftward of Philadelphia, Governor 
 Penn, who had accompanied Col, Bouquet to that 
 place, acquainted the two Pennfylvania battalions 
 with the neceffity we were laid under of chaftifing 
 the Indians " for their repeated and unprovoked 
 " barbarities on the inhabitants of the Province ; 
 **a juft refentment of which, added to a remem- 
 *' brance of the loyalty and courage of our pro- 
 " vincial troops on former occaltons, he did not 
 " doubt, would animate them to do honour to 
 " their country; and that they could not but hope 
 *' to be crowned with fuccefs, as they vvere to be 
 *' united with the fame regular troops, and under the 
 
 " fame 
 
 iiilllillM 
 
34 
 
 liitiorical Account of 
 
 " fame able commandfr, who had by themselves, 
 " on that very day, the memorable 5th of Au^uft 
 " in the preceding year, fuftained the repeated 
 " attacks of the favages, and obtained a conipleat 
 "vidory over them." — He alfo reminded them 
 " of the exemplary punilliments that would be 
 '• inflided on the grievous crime of defertion, if 
 ''any of them were capable of fo far forgetting 
 " their folemn oath and duty to their king and 
 " country, ?s to be involved in it. " 
 
 CoL. Boi'<^)>.ET then affumed the command of 
 the regular and provincial troops; and the four 
 following days were fpent in the neceffary prep- 
 arations for their march; the Colonel giving 
 the moft exprefs orders to the officers and men to 
 obferve ftnct difcipline, and not to commit the 
 ieaft violation of the civil rights or peace of the 
 inhabitants.— He, at the fame time, made the 
 mofl prudent regulations for a fafe and commo 
 dious carriage of the baggage, taking care to rid 
 himlelt of all unneceffary incumbrances. 
 
 The (jth of Auguft this fmall army got to 
 Fort Loudoun ; but notwithstanding all the precau 
 tions taken to prevtnt defertion, the Pennfylvania 
 
 troops 
 
& * tk a i8!..*<;g«i».4a g .. vu> .Mti^«>* a K % ^ ft )i a i ^ .i^ 
 
 Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 35 
 
 troops were now reduced to about 700 men. The 
 Colonel was therefore under a neceffity to apply to 
 the government of that province to enable him to 
 compieat their number to the ful' complement ; 
 which was generoufly granted by a refolve of the 
 Governor and Commiffioners Auguft 16th; and 
 the army advancing now beyond fhe fettled parts 
 of Pennfylvania, he made applic;.tIon to the col- 
 ony of Virginia, where (under the countenance of 
 Governor Fauquier) the men wanted were foon 
 raifed, and joined the army at Pittlburg, about the 
 latter end of September. 
 
 Nothing material happened in their march, from 
 Fort Loudoun to Fort Pitt, (formerly Fort Du 
 Quefne) on the Ohio, three hundred and twenty 
 miles weft from Philadelphia ; at which place 
 Col. Bouquet arrived the 17th ot September. 
 
 During thio iiK-^rval, feveral large convoys were 
 forwarded uiiJer ftrong efcorts ; and though rhe 
 enemy continued their ravages all that time on 
 the frontiers, they durft not attack any of thofe 
 convoys, which all arrived fafe at Fort Pitt. 
 
 While Col. Bouquet was at Fort Loudoun, he 
 
 received 
 
' 
 
 H'ljiorical Account of 
 
 received difpatches by exprefs from Colonel Brad- 
 ftreet, dated from Prefque-lfie Auguft 14th, ac- 
 quainting him that he (Colonel Bradrtreet) had 
 concluded a peace with the Delawares and Sha- 
 wanefe; but Colonel Bouquet perceiving clearly 
 that they were not lincere in their intentions, as 
 they continued their murders and depredations, he 
 determined to profecute his plan without remiifion, 
 till he fhould receive further inftru'tiions from 
 General Gage ; who, upon the fame principles, 
 retufed to ratify the treaty, and renewed his orders 
 to both armies to attack the enemy. 
 
 Aboi T the time of Colonel Bouquet's arrival at 
 Fort Pitt, ten Indians appeared on the north fide 
 of the Ohio, defiring a conference ; which ftratagem 
 the favages had made ufe of before, to obtain in- 
 telligence of our numbers and intentions. Three 
 ot the party confented, though with apparent relud- 
 ance, to come over to the Fort ; and as they could 
 give no fatisfadory reafon for their vifit, thev were 
 detained as fpies, and their affociates fled back to 
 their towns. 
 
 On the 20th of September Colonel Bouquet 
 fent one of the above three Indians after them 
 
 with 
 
Colonel Bouquet' s Exp edition. 
 
 31 
 
 with a meflage, in fubftance as follows — " I have 
 " received an account from Colonel Bradftreet 
 '' that your nations had begged for peace, which he 
 " had confented to grant, upon alTurance that vou 
 " had recalled all your warriors from our frontiers ; 
 "and in confequence thereof, I would not have 
 "proceeded againft your towns, if I had not heard 
 " that, in open violation of your engagements, vou 
 "have fince murdered feveral of our people. 
 
 "As foon as the reft of the armv ioins me, 
 'which I exped immediately, I was therefore de- 
 ' termined to have attacked you, as a people whofe 
 'promifes can no more be relied on. But I will 
 ' put it once more in your power to fave your- 
 ' felves and your families from total deftrudion, by 
 'giving us fatisfadion for the hoftilities committed 
 ' againft us. And firft you are to leave the path 
 ' open for my exprefles from hence to Detroit ; 
 ' and as I am now to fend two men with difpatchcs 
 'to Colonel Bradftreet who commands on the 
 ' lakes, 1 defire to know whether you will fend two 
 ' ot your people with them to bring them fafe 
 'back with an anfwer? And if they receive any 
 ' injury either in going or coming, or if the letters 
 *are taken from them, I will immediately put the 
 
 " Indians 
 
38 
 
 Hijiorical Account of 
 
 " Indians now in my power to death, and will (hew 
 ** no mercy for the future to any of your nations 
 " that fhall fall into my hands. I allow you ten 
 " days to have my letters delivered at Detroit, and 
 "ten days to bring me back an answer." 
 
 He added "that he had lately had it in his 
 " power, while they remained on the other fide of 
 " the river, to have put their whole party to death, 
 "which punilhment they had deferved by their 
 " former treachery ; and that if they did not 
 " improve the clemency now offered to them, by 
 " returning back as foon as polTible with all their 
 " pnfoners, they might exped to teel the fuli 
 "weight of a juft vengeance and refenrment." — 
 
 We have been the more particular in our ac- 
 count of this firft tranfadion with the Indians; 
 becaufe the Colonel's firm and determined conduiil 
 in opening the campaign, had happy effeds in the 
 profecution of it, and Ihews by what methods thefc 
 faithlefs favages are to be beft reduced to reafon. 
 
 On the iff of Oelober, nvo of the Six Nation 
 tribes, an Onondago and Oneida Indian, came 
 to Forr Pitt, and under colour of our ancient 
 
 friendff\i^ 
 
Colonel Bou(fuef s Expedition. 
 
 39 
 
 I 
 
 friendship with them, and their pretended regard 
 to the Englifh, endeavored to difTuade the Colonel 
 from proceeding with the army. They told him 
 that his force was not fufficient to withftand the 
 power of the numerous nations through whofe 
 country he was to pafs, and afluretl him that if he 
 would wait a little, they would all come and make 
 peace with him; at the fame time recommending it 
 particularly to him to fend hack the two Indians 
 detained as fpies. Thefe little arts being clearly 
 made uk of to fpin out the feafontill the approach 
 of winter fhould render it impoflihle to proceed, 
 rhey made but little impreflion- He told them 
 hat he could not depend on the promifes of the 
 Delawares and Shawanefe ; and was determined 
 to proceed to Tufcarowas, where, if rhey had my 
 thing to fay, he would hear them. 
 
 In the mean time, he was ufintr the utmoft dili- 
 gence to prepare for his march, and was obliged 
 to enforce the feverert difcipline. Dne woman 
 belonging to each corps, and f\\o nurfes for the 
 general ho pital, were all thit were permitted to 
 follow the .rinv. The other women in the camp, 
 and thofe unncelTarv in the garrifon, were ordered 
 immediatel) down the country into the fettlements. 
 
 I wo 
 
r 
 
 40 
 
 Hijlorkal Account of 
 
 Two Ibldiers were fhor for delertion ; an example 
 which became ahlblutelv neceflary to rupprels a 
 crime which, in iuch an expedition, would have 
 been attended with fatal confequences, by weaken 
 ing an army already too fmall. 
 
 Coi.ONEi. Bouquet, having at length, with great 
 difficulty, collected his troops, formed his mag- 
 azines, and provided for the fafety of the potb 
 he was to leave l)ehind him, was readv on the id 
 ot October to proceed from Kort Pitt, with about 
 1500 men, including drivers and other neceflary 
 followers of the army. 
 
 As a juft idea of the condud of this expedition, 
 and the great caution taken to prevent furpri/.e, 
 will be bell obtained from the order of march, 
 we fhall here infert it, with a Copper Plate for the 
 illuftration <if it, and an accurate Draught, taken 
 trom adual furveys, o\ the road and adjacent 
 country, through which the army palTed. 
 
 The Colonel, expreffing the greateft confidence 
 in the bravery of the troops, told them, " he 
 did " not doubt but this war would foon be 
 ended "under God, to tiieir own honor, and the 
 
 " future 
 
I 
 
 Colonel Bouquet' s Expedition. 
 
 41 
 
 "future Hifety of their country, provided the men 
 "were itndly obedient to orders, and guarded 
 "againft the furprizes and hidden attacks of a 
 *' treacherous enemy, who never dared to face Britifh 
 " troops in an open field ; that the diftance of the 
 "enemy's towns, and the clearing roads to them, 
 "muft neceflarily require a confulerable time; that 
 " the troops in thofe dei'crts, had no other (upplies 
 "to exped but the ammunition and provifions 
 " they carried with them ; and that therefore the 
 " utmoft care and frugality would be neceffary in 
 " the ufe of them." He puhlifhed the levereft 
 penalties againft thofe who iTiould be found guilty 
 of ftealing or embezzling any part of them, and 
 ordered his March in the following manner. — 
 
 A CORPS of Virginia '•• volunteers advanced be- 
 fore the whole ; detaching three fcouting parties. 
 One of them, furnifhed with a guide, marched in 
 the center path, which the army was to follow. 
 The other two extended themfelvea in a line 
 a-breail, on the right and left of the aforefaid party, 
 to reconnoitre the woods. 
 
 *Thel'e wen the men railed in Virginia to compleat the 
 Pennlylvania ttoops, and were in tlie pay of the lail men 
 tioned province. 
 
 Under 
 
[»JJ_^lXJJL^JiHM^>i>iKSi 
 
 42 
 
 Hifiorical Account of 
 
 Unuer cover of this corps, the ax-men, confill- 
 ing of all the artificers, and two companies o 
 light infantry, r'ollowed in three divifions, under 
 the diredion of the chief engineer, to clear three 
 different paths, in which the troops and the con- 
 vov followed, viz. — 
 
 The front-face of the fqaare, compofed o^ part 
 of the 42d regiment, marched in a column, two 
 deep, in the center path. 
 
 The righ; face of the fquare, compofed of the 
 remainder of the 42d and of the 60th regiment, 
 marched in a fingle file in the right-hand path. 
 
 The firft battalion of Pennfylvanians compofed 
 the left face, marching in like manner in the path 
 to the left of the center. 
 
 The corps de referve, compofed of two platoons 
 of grenadiers, followed the right and left faces of 
 the fcpjare. 
 
 The 2d battalion of Pennfylvanians formed the 
 rear face of the fquare, and followed the corps de 
 referve, each in a fingle file, on the right and left 
 
 hand 
 
 -—'"•— I jrmlintMhnfii 
 
 --■'"■ --'"-■*■ -*- 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 43 
 
 hand paths ; all thefe troops covering the convoy, 
 which mov^ed in the center path. 
 
 A PARTY of light horfe-men inarched behind 
 the rear-face of the fquare, followed by another 
 corps of Virginia volunteers, forming the rear- 
 guard. 
 
 The Pennfylvania volunteers, dividing them- 
 felves equally, and marching in a fingle file, at a 
 proper diftance, flanked the right and left faces of 
 the fquare. 
 
 This was the general order of march. Nor was 
 lefs attention paid to particular matters of a fub- 
 ordinate nature. The ammunition and tools were 
 placed in the rear of the firil column, or front face 
 of the fquare, followed by the officers' baggage, 
 and tents. The oxen and flieep came after the 
 baggage, in feparate droves, properly guarded. 
 The provifions came next to the baggage, in four 
 divisions, or brigades of pack-horfes, each con- 
 duced bv a horfe mailer. 
 
 The troops were ordered to obferve the mofl 
 profound filence, and the men to march at two 
 yards diftance from one another. When the line 
 
 or 
 
44 
 
 Hijlorical .Account of 
 
 or any part of it halted, the whole were to face 
 outwards; and if attacked on their march, they 
 were to halt immediately, ready to form the fquare 
 when ordered. The light horfe were then to 
 march into the fijuare, with the cattle, provifions, 
 ammunition and baggage. Proper difpofitions 
 were likewife made in cafe of an attack in the 
 night; and for encampments, guards, communi- 
 cations between the centries, fignals, and the like. 
 
 Things being thus fettled, the army decamped 
 from Fort- Pitt on Wednefday Odober jd, and 
 marched about one mile and an half over a rich 
 level country, with (lately timber, to camp No. 2. 
 a ftrong piece of ground, pleafantly fituated, with 
 plenty of water and food for cattle. 
 
 Thursdav Ocflober 4th, having proceeded about 
 two miles, they came to the Ohio, at the begin- 
 ning of the narrows, and from thence followed the 
 courfe of the river along a flat gravelly beech, 
 about fix miles and a quarter; with two iflands 
 on their left, the lowerrnoft about fix miles long, 
 with a rifing ground running acrofs, and gently 
 Hoping on both fides to its banks, which are 
 high and upright. At the lower end of this 
 ifland, the army left the river, marching through 
 
 good 
 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 45 
 
 good land, broken with Imall hollows to camp 
 No. J ; this day's march being nine miles and a 
 quarter. — 
 
 
 Friday Odober 5th. In this day's march the 
 army pafled through Loggs-rown, fituated feven- 
 teen miles and an half, fifty feven perches, by the 
 path, from Fort- Pitt. This place was noted be- 
 fore the laft war for the great trade carried on there 
 by the Englifh and French ; but its inhabitants, 
 the Shawanefe and Delawares, abandoned it in the 
 year 1750. The lower town extended about fixty 
 perches over a rich bottom to the foot of a low 
 fteep ridge, on the fummit of which, near the de- 
 clivity, ftood the upper town, commanding a moft 
 agreeable profped over the lower, and quite acrofs 
 the Ohio, which is about 500 yards wide here, 
 and by its majeftic eafy current adds much to the 
 beauty of the place. Proceeding beyond Logg's- 
 town, through a fine country, Jnrerfperfed with 
 hills and rich valleys, watered bv many rivulets, 
 and covered with ftately timber, they came to camp 
 No. 4 ; on a level piece of ground, with a thicket 
 in the rear, a fmali precipice round the front, with 
 a run of water at the foot, and good food for 
 cattle. This day's march was nine miles, one half, 
 and fifty three perches. 
 
 Saturday 
 
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 It III 
 
 46 
 
 Hijiorical Account of 
 
 Saturday Odober 6th, at about three miles 
 diftance from this camp, they came again to the 
 Ohio, purfuing its courfe half a mile farther, and 
 then turning off, over a fteep ridge, they croffed 
 Big Beaver-creek, which is twenty perches wide, 
 the ford ftony and pretty deep. It runs through 
 a rich vale, with a pretty ftrong current, its banks 
 high, the upland adjoining it very good, the 
 timber tall and young. About a mile be- 
 low its confluence with the Ohio, flood formerly 
 a large town, on a fleep bank, built by the 
 French of fquare logs, with flone chimneys, for 
 fome of the Shawanefe, Delaware and Mingo 
 tribes, who abandoned it in the year 1758, when 
 the French deferted Fort Du Quefne. Near 
 the fording of Beaver-creek alfo flood about 
 feven houfes, which were deferted and deflroyed 
 by the Indians, after their defeat at Bufhy-run, 
 when they forfook all their remaining fettlements 
 in this part of the country, as has been mentioned 
 above. 
 
 About two miles before the army came to Bea- 
 ver-creek, one of our people who had been made 
 prifoner by fix Delawares about a week before, near 
 Fort Bedford, having made his efcape from them, 
 came and informed the Colonel that thefe Indians 
 
 had 
 
 S,'W!<Sfc!ift/|«f«94 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 47 
 
 had the day before fallen in with the army, hut 
 kept themfelves concealed, being furprifed at our 
 numbers. Two miles beyond Beaver- creek, by 
 two fmall fprings, was feen the fcull of a child, that 
 had been fixed on a pole by the Indians. The 
 Trads of 15 Indians were this day difcovered. 
 The camp No. 5 is feven miles one quarter and 
 fifty feven perches from big Beaver-creek; the 
 whole march of this day being about twelve 
 miles. 
 
 SuNDAV 7th Oaober, pafllng a high ridge, they 
 had a fine profped of an extenfive country to the 
 right, which in general appeared level, with abund- 
 ance of tall timber. The camp No. 6 lies at the 
 foot of a fteep defcent, in a rich valley, on a ftrong 
 ground, three fides thereof furrounded by a hollow, 
 and on the fourth fide a fmall hill, which was occu- 
 pied by a detached guard. This day's march was 
 fix miles fixty five perches. 
 
 Monday 8th Odober, the army eroded little 
 Beaver-creek, and one of its branches. This creek 
 is eight perches wide, with a good ford, the country 
 about it interfperfed with hills, rivulets and rich 
 valleys, like that defcribed above. Camp No. 7 
 lies by a fmall run on the fide of a hill, commanding 
 
 the 
 
48 
 
 Hijiorical Account of 
 
 the ground about it, and is diilant eleven miles 
 one quarter and forty nine perches from the lalt 
 encampment. 
 
 Tuesday Odober 9th. In this day's march, 
 the path divided into two branches, that to the 
 fouthweft leading to the lower towns upon the 
 Mufkingham. In the forks of the path ftand 
 feveral trees painted by the Indians, in a hiero- 
 glyphic manner, denoting the number of wars in 
 which they have been engaged, and the particulars 
 of their fuccefs in prifoners and fcalps. The camp 
 No. 8. lies on a run, and level piece of ground, 
 with Yellow-creek clofe on the left, and a rifing 
 ground near the rear of the right face. The path 
 after the army left the forks was fo brufhy and 
 entangled, that they were obliged to cut all the 
 way before them, and alfo to lay feveral bridges, in 
 order to make it paflable for the horfes ; fo that 
 this day they proceeded only five miles, three 
 quarters and feventy perches. 
 
 Wednesdav 10th. Marched one mile with 
 Yellow-creek on the left at a fmall diftance all 
 the way, and crofled it at a good ford fifty feet 
 wide ; proceeding through an alternate fucceflion 
 of fmall hills and rich vales, finely watered with 
 
 rivulets, 
 
..,^,,.,.^,...»li#^».* . 
 
 
 Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 49 
 
 rivulets, to camp No. 9. feven miles and fixty 
 perches in the whole. 
 
 Thursday i ith. Crofled a branch of Mufking- 
 ham river about fifty feet wide, the country much 
 the fame as that defer i bed above, difcovering a 
 good deal of free-ftone. The camp No. 10. had 
 this branch of the river parallel to its left face, 
 and lies ten miles one quarter and forty perches 
 from the former encampment. 
 
 Friday 12th. Keeping the aforefaid creek on 
 their left, they marched through much fine land, 
 watered with fmall rivers and fprings ; proceed- 
 ing likewife through feveral favannahs or cleared 
 fpots, which are by nature extremely beautiful ; the 
 fecond which they pafled being, in particular, one 
 continued plain of near two miles, with a fine 
 rifing ground forming a femicircle round the right 
 hand fide, and a pleafant Itream of water at about 
 a quarter of a mile diftant on the left. The camp 
 No. II. has the abovementioned branch of Muik- 
 ingham on the left, and is diftant ten miles and 
 three quarters from the laft encainpment. 
 
 Saturday 13th. Crofl'ed Nemenfhehelas creek, 
 about fifty feet wide, a little above where it empties 
 
 itfelf 
 
 < \t 
 
 k: 
 
50 
 
 Hijlorical Account of 
 
 itfelf into the aforefaid branch of Mufkingham, 
 having in their way a pleafant profped over a 
 large plain, for near two miles on the left. A lit- 
 tle further, they came to another fmall river which 
 they crolTed about fifty perches above where it 
 empties into the faid branch of Mufkingham. 
 Here a high ridge on the right, and the creek clofe 
 on the left, form a narrow defile about feventy 
 perches long. Pafllng afterwards over a very rich 
 bottom, they came to the main branch of Muflcing- 
 ham, about feventy yards wide, with a good ford. 
 A little below and above the forks of this river is 
 Tufcarowas, a place exceedingly beautiful by fit- 
 uation, the lands rich on both fides of the river; 
 the country on the north weft fide being an entire 
 level plain, upwards of five miles in circumfer- 
 ence. From the ruined houfes appearing here, the 
 Indians who inhabited the place and are now with 
 the Delawares, are fuppofed to have had about one 
 hundred and fifty warriors. This camp No. 12. 
 is diftant eight miles nineteen perches from the 
 former. 
 
 Sunday 14th. The army remained in camp; 
 and two men who had been difpatched by Colonel 
 Bouquet from Fort- Pitt, with letters for Colonel 
 Bradftreet, returned and reported — '^That, within 
 
 *'a few 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 51 
 
 *'a few miles of this place, they had been made 
 *' prifoners by the Delawares, and carried to one 
 " of their towns fixteen miles from hence, where 
 ** they were kept, till the favages, knowing of the 
 ''arrival of the army here, fet them at liberty, 
 "ordering them to acquaint the Colonel that the 
 •' head men of the Delawares and Shawanefe were 
 "coming as foon as poffible to treat of peace 
 *' with him." 
 
 . 
 
 MoNDAV 15th. The army moved two miles 
 forty perches further down the Mufkingham to 
 camp No. 13, fituated on a very high bank, with 
 the river at the foot of it, which is upwards of 100 
 yards wide at this place, with a fine level country 
 at fome diftance from its banks, producing {lately 
 timber, free from underwood, and plenty of food 
 for cattle. 
 
 The day following, fix Indians came to inform 
 the Colonel that all their chiefs were aflembled 
 about eight miles from the camp, and were ready 
 to treat with him of peace, which they were earn- 
 eftly defirous of obtaining. He returned for 
 anfwer that he would meet them the next day 
 in a bower at fome diftance from the camp. In 
 the mean time, he ordered a fmall ftockaded fort 
 
 to 
 
 '■>«»»"»WlJj*,V 
 
52 
 
 Hijiorical Account of 
 
 to be built to depofite provifions for the ufe of 
 the troops on their return ; and to lighten the 
 convoy. 
 
 As feveral large bodies of Indians were now 
 within a few miles of the camp, whofe former 
 inftances of treachery, although they now declared 
 they came for peace, made it prudent to truft 
 nothing to their intentions, the ftridleft orders 
 were repeated to prevent a furprife. 
 
 Wednesday 17th. The Colonel, with moft of 
 the regular troops, Virginia volunteers and light 
 horfe, marched from the camp to the bower eredled 
 for the congrefs. And foon after the troops were 
 ftationed, fo as to appear to the beft advantage, the 
 Indians arrived, and were conducted to the bower. 
 Being feated, they began, in a fhort time, to fmoak 
 their pipe or calumet, agreeable to their cuflom. 
 This ceremony being over, their fpeakers laid 
 down their pipes, and opened their pouches, where- 
 in were their firings and belts of wampum. The 
 Indians prefent were, 
 
 Senegas. 
 Kiyafhuta, chief with 15 warriors. 
 
 Delawares. 
 
'i 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 S3 
 
 Delawares. 
 
 Cuftaloga, chief of the Wolfe-tribe, Beaver, chief 
 of the Turky-tribe, with 20 warriors. 
 
 Shawanese. 
 Keiflinautchtha, a chief, and 6 warriors. 
 
 Kiyafhuta, Turtle-Heart, Cuftaloga and Beaver, 
 were the fpeakers. 
 
 The general subftance *of what they had to 
 offer, confifted in excufes for their late treachery 
 and mifcondud, throwing the blame on the rafti- 
 nefs of their young men and the nations living to 
 the weftward of them, fuing for peace in the moft 
 abjed manner, and promifing feverally to deliver 
 up all their prifoners. After they had concluded, 
 the Colonel promifed to give them an anfwer 
 the next day, and then difmifled them, the army 
 returning to the camp. — The badnefs of the 
 weather, however, prevented his meeting them 
 again till the 20th, when he fpoke to them in 
 fubftance as follows, viz. 
 
 "That their pretences to palliate their guilt 
 "by throwing the blame on the weftern nations, 
 " and the raftinefs of their young men, were weak 
 
 "and 
 
S.Wis^utv 
 
 Srf^ttum^/hii^. 
 
 
 t^ / 
 
 
 t-noi 
 
 
 ■ROB! CLAWj. tCO. Tublishers .CINCINNATI 
 
 Am Photo- Lithosraphtc Co. NY (0»bome'sProce»».) 
 
54 
 
 Hiftmcal Account of 
 
 "and frivolous, as it was in our power to have 
 " protedled them againft all thefe nations, if they 
 " had folicited our afliftance, and that it was their 
 "own duty to have chaftifed their young men 
 "when they did wrong, and not to fufFer them- 
 " felves to be direded by them." 
 
 ■^ 
 
 He recapitulated to them many inftances of 
 their former perfidy — "their killing or captivat- 
 "ing the traders who had been fent among them 
 "at their own requeft, and plundering their efFedls; 
 " — their attacking Fort Pitt, which had been built 
 "with their exprefs confent; their murdering four 
 "men that had been fent on a public meflage to 
 "them, thereby violating the cuftoms held facred 
 
 "among all nations, however barbarous; their 
 
 "attacking the King's troops laft year in the woods, 
 "and after being defeated in that attempt, falling 
 "upon our frontiers, where they had continued to 
 "murder our people to this day, &c." 
 
 He told them how treacherously they had vio- 
 lated even their late engagements with Colonel 
 Bradftreet, to whom they had promifed to deliver 
 up their prifoners by the loth of September laft, 
 and to recall all their warriors from the frontiers, 
 which they had been fo far from complying with, 
 
 that 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 SS 
 
 that the prifoners ftill remained in their cuftody, 
 and fome of their people were even now continu- 
 ing their depredations; adding, that thele things 
 which he had mentioned, were only *'a fmall part 
 "of their numberlefs murders and breaches of 
 "faith; and that their condud had always been 
 
 "equally perfidious. You have, faid he, prom- 
 
 "ifed at every former treaty, as you do now, that 
 "you would deliver up all your prifoners, and 
 "have received every time, on that account, 
 "confiderable prefents, but have never complied 
 "with that or any other engagement. I am now 
 "ro tell you, therefore, that we will be no longer 
 "impofed upon by your promifes. This army 
 "(ball not leave vour country till vou have fully 
 "complied with every condition that is to precede 
 "my treaty with you. 
 
 "I HAVE brought uith me the relations of the 
 "people you have maiTacred, or taken prifoners. 
 "They are impatient for revenge; and it is with 
 "areat difficulty that 1 can proted you againft 
 "their juft refentment, which is only reftramed by 
 "the aflurances given them that no peace Hiall 
 "ever be concluded till you have given us full 
 "fatisfadion." — 
 
 "Your 
 

 56 
 
 Hiftorical Account of 
 
 "Your former allies, the Ottawas, Chipwas, 
 "Wyandots, and others, have made their peace 
 "with us. The Six Nations have joined us againft 
 "you. We now furround you, having poflTelTion 
 "of all the waters of the Ohio, the Miflifippi, the 
 "Miamis, and the lakes. All the French living 
 "in thofe parts are now fubjeds of Great-Britain, 
 "and dare no longer afTift you. It is therefore in 
 "our power totally to extirpate you from being a 
 
 "people But the Englifh are a merciful and 
 
 "generous nation, averfe to fhed the blood, even 
 "of their moil cruel enemies; and if it was polfi- 
 "ble that vou could convince us, that vou fincerelv 
 "repent of your part perfidy, and that we could 
 "depend on your good behavior for the future, 
 
 "you might yet hope for mercy and peace If 
 
 "I find that you faithfully execute the following 
 "preliminary conditions, I will not treat you with 
 "the feverity you deferve. 
 
 " I GIVE you twelve days from this date to 
 "deliver into my hands at Wakatamake all the 
 "prifoners in vour pofTefTion, without any ex- 
 "ception; Englifhmen, Frenchmen, women and 
 "children; whether adopted in your tribes, mar- 
 "ried, or living amongft you under any denomi- 
 " nation and pretence whatfoever, together with 
 
 "all 
 
 1?v|^^'!f^^^'" 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 5: 
 
 "all negroes. And you are to furnifh the faid 
 "prifoners with cloathing, provlfions, and horfes, 
 **to carry them to Fort Pitt, 
 
 "When you have fully complied with thefe 
 " conditions, you (Kail then know on what terms 
 "you may obtain the peace you fue for." — 
 
 This fpeech made an imprelTion on the minds 
 of the favages, which, it is hoped, will not foon be 
 eradicated. The firm and determined fpirit with 
 which the Colonel delivered himfelf, their con- 
 fcioufnefs of the aggravated injuries they had done 
 us, and the view of the fame commander and army 
 that had fo feverely chaftifed them at Bufhy-Run 
 the preceding year, now advanced into the v^ery 
 heart of their remote fettlements, after penetrating 
 through wildernelTes which they had deemed im- 
 
 paffable by regular troops all thefe things 
 
 contributed to bend the haughty temper of the 
 favages to the loweft degree of abafement; fo that 
 even their fpeeches feem to exhibit but few fpeci- 
 mens of that ftrong and ferocious eloquence, which 
 their inflexible fpirit of independency has on for- 
 mer occafions infpired. And though it is not to 
 be doubted, if an opportunity had oflTered, but 
 they would have fallen upon our army with their 
 
 ufual 
 
»*Aii<ipi;iii<iiiWiiitii' 
 
 51 
 
 Htjiorical Account of 
 
 ufual fiercenefs, yet when they faw the vigilance and 
 fpirit of our troops were fuch, that they could 
 neither be attacked nor furprized with any prolpe«5l 
 of fuccefs, their fpirits feemed to revolt from the 
 one extreme of infolent boldnefs, to the other of 
 abjed timidity. And happy will it be for them 
 and for us, if the inftances of our humanity and 
 mercy, which they experienced in that critical fit- 
 uation, (hall make as lafting imprertions on their 
 fiwage difpofitions, as it is believed the inftances 
 of our bravery and power have done; fo that they 
 jnay come to unite, with their fear of the latter, a 
 love of the former; and have their minds gradu- 
 ally opened, by fuch examples, to the mild dilates 
 of pcc.ce and civility. 
 
 The reader, it is to be hoped, will readily excufe 
 this digrelfion, if it lliould be thought one. I now 
 refume our narrative. Ihe two Delaware chiefs, 
 at the clofe of their fpeech on the 17th, delivered 
 eighteen white prifoners, and eighty-three fmall 
 fticks, exprelTing the number of other prifoners 
 which they had in their poflelTion, and promifed 
 to bring in as foon as poflible. None of the 
 Shawanefe Kings appeared at the congrefs, and 
 Keiflinautchtha their deputy declined fpeaking 
 until the Colonel had anfwered the Delawares, and 
 
 then 
 
 ' 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 59 
 
 then with a dejeded fullennefs he promifed, in 
 behalf of his nation, that they would fubmit to 
 the terms prefcribed to the other tribes. 
 
 The Colonel however, determined to march 
 farther into their country, knowing that the 
 prefence of his army would be the beft fecurity 
 for the performance of their promifes ; and re- 
 quired fome of each nation to attend him in his 
 march. 
 
 
 KiYASHUTA addreffed the feveral nations, before 
 their departure, "defiring them to be ftrong in 
 "complying with their engagements, that they 
 "might wipe away the reproach of their former 
 "breach of faith, and convince their brothers the 
 "Englifti that they could fpeak the truth; adding 
 "that he would condud the army to the place 
 "appointed for receiving the prifoners." 
 
 Monday Odober 22d. The army, attended 
 by the Indian deputies, marched nine miles to 
 camp No. 14. crofling Margaret's creek about 
 fifty feet wide The day following, they pro- 
 ceeded fixteen miles one quarter and feventy feven 
 perches farther to camp No. 15. and halted there 
 
 one day. 
 
 Thursday 
 
Mi. 
 
 60 
 
 Hijlorical Account of 
 
 Thursday 25. They marched fix miles, one 
 half and fixteen perches to camp No. 16, fituated 
 within a mile of the Forks of Mufkingham ; and 
 this place was fixed upon inftead of Wakautamike, 
 as the moft central and convenient place to receive 
 the prifoners; for the principal Indian towns now 
 lay around them, diftant from feven to twenty 
 miles; excepting only the lower Shawanefe town 
 fituated on Scioto river, which was about eighty 
 miles; fo that from this place the army had it in 
 their power to awe all the enemy's fettlements and 
 deftroy their towns, if they fhould not punctually 
 
 fulfil the engagements they had entered into. 
 
 Four redoubts were built here oppofite to the four 
 angles of the camp; the ground in the front was 
 cleared, a ftore-houfe for the provifions ereded, 
 and likewife a houfe to receive, and treat of peace 
 with, the Indians, when they (hould return. Three 
 houfes with feparate apartments were alfo raifed 
 for the reception of the captives of the refpedive 
 provinces, and proper oflicers appointed to take 
 charge of them, with a matron to attend the wo- 
 men and children ; fo that with the officers mefs 
 houfes, ovens, &c. this camp had the appearance 
 of a little town in which the greateft order and 
 regularity were obferved. 
 
 On 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 6i 
 
 On Saturday 27th. A meflenger arrived from 
 king Cuftaloga, infc-ming that he was on his way 
 with his prifoners, and alio a mefTenger from the 
 lower Shawanefe towns of the like import. The 
 Colonel however, having no reafon to fufped the 
 latter nation of backwardnefs, fent one of their 
 own people, defiring them — " to be pundual as 
 " to the time fixed; to provide a fufficient quantity 
 "of provifions to fubfift the prifoners; to bring 
 " the letters wrote to him laft winter by the French 
 "commandant at Fort Chartres, which fome of 
 "their people had (lopped ever fince ; " adding 
 that, " as their nation had expreffed fome un- 
 " eafinefs at our not fhaking hands with them, 
 " they were to know that the Englifh never took 
 " their enemies by the hand, before peace was 
 " finally concluded." 
 
 The day following, the Shawanefe meflengir 
 returned, faying that when he had proceeded as 
 far as Wakautamike, the chief of that town un- 
 dertook to proceed with the meflage himfelf, 
 and defired ihe other to return and acquaint 
 the F^nglifh that all his prifoners were ready, 
 and he was going to the lower towns to haften 
 theirs. 
 
 October 
 
62 
 
 Hijlorkal Account of 
 
 October 28th. Peter the Caughnawaga chief, 
 and twenty Indians of that nation arrived from 
 Sandufki, with a letter from Colonel Bradftreet, in 
 anfwer to one which Colonel Bouquet had fent to 
 him from Fort-Pitt, by two of the Indians who 
 firft fpoke to him in favour of the Shawanefe, as 
 hath been already mentioned. The fubftance of 
 Colonel Bradftreet's letter was '*that he had fettled 
 " nothing with the Shawanefe and Delawares, nor 
 •' received any prifoners from them. — That he 
 '* had acquainted all the Indian nations, as far as 
 "the Uinois, the bay, &c. with the inftrudions 
 " he had received from General Gage, refpeAing 
 ** the peace he had lately made ; that he had been 
 *' in Sandufki-lake and up the river, as far as 
 "navigable for Indian canoes, for near a month; 
 " but that he found it impoflibie to ftay longer in 
 " thefe parts ; abfolute neceflity obliging him to 
 "turn off the other way," &c. 
 
 Colonel Bradstreet, without doubt, did all 
 which circumftances would permit, in his depart- 
 ment ; but his not being able to remain at San- 
 dufki agreeable to the original plan, till matters 
 were finally fettled with the Ohio Indians, would 
 have been an unfavourable incident, if Colonel 
 Bouquet had not now had the chiefs of fundry 
 
 tribes 
 
 kl 
 
I III iiipv iinii I 
 
 i| I. |i fill II III; M iTn^^— ^^^avr^^^^^^OTf 
 
 Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 63 
 
 tribes with him, and was fo far advanced into 
 the Indian country, that they thought it advife- 
 able to fubmit to the conditions impofed upon 
 them. 
 
 The Caughnawagas reported that the Indians 
 on the lakes had delivered but few of their prif- 
 oners ; that the Ottawas had killed a great part of 
 theirs, and the other nations had either done the 
 fame, or elfe kept them. 
 
 From this time to November 9th, was chiefly 
 fpent in fending and receiving mefTages to and 
 from the Indian towns, relative to the prifoners, 
 who were now coming into the camp one day after 
 another in fmall parties, as the different nations 
 arrived in whofe poffeflion they had been. The 
 Colonel kept fo ftedfaftly to this article of having 
 every prifoner delivered, that when the Delaware 
 kings, Beaver and Cuftaloga, had brought in all 
 theirs except twelve, which they promifed to bring 
 in a few days, he refufed to (hake hands or have 
 the lead talk with them, while a fingle captive 
 remained among them. 
 
 By the 9th of November, moft of the prifoners 
 were arrived that could be expeded this feafon, 
 
 amounting 
 
64 
 
 Hijlorical Account of 
 
 amounting to 206 * in the whole; befides about 
 100 more in poflelfioa of the Shawanefe, which 
 they promifed to deliver the following fpring. 
 Mr. Smallman, formerly a major in the Pennfyl- 
 vania troops, who had been taken laft fummer 
 near Detroit by the Wyandots, and delivered to 
 the Shawanefe, was among the number of thofe 
 whom they now brought in, and informed the 
 Colonel that the reafon of their not bringing the 
 remainder of their prifoners, was that many of 
 their principal men, to whom they belonged, were 
 gone to trade with the French, and would not 
 return for fix weeks ; but that every one of their 
 nation who were at home, had either brought or 
 fent theirs. He further faid that, on the army's 
 firft coming into the country, it had been reported 
 among the Shawanefe that our intention was to 
 deftroy them all, on which they had refolved to 
 kill their prifoners and fight us ; that a French 
 trader who was with them, and had many barrels 
 of powder and ball, made them a prefent of the 
 
 * Virginians .... Males, 32 
 
 Females and Children, 58 
 
 Pennfylvanians, Males, 49 
 
 Females and Children, 67 
 
 1.. 
 
 Iti all 206 
 
 whole, 
 
Colonvl Bouf/uet's F.xpedition' 
 
 65 
 
 whole, as loon a> they had coaie to tins relolurion ; 
 b\it that, happily for the poor captives, juft as rhe 
 Shawanefe were preparitig 10 execute ^his tragedy, 
 they received the Colonel's ttielTuge, informing rt.em 
 that his intentions were only to receive the prif- 
 oners and to make peace with them on the fame 
 terms he fhould give fo the Delaware's. 
 
 On this intelligence thev fufpended their cruel 
 purpofe, and began to collect as many of the prif- 
 oners as they had power to deliver; but hearing 
 immediately afterwards that one of our foidiers 
 had been killed near the camp at MulVingham, and 
 that fome of their nation were fufpected as guilty 
 of the murder, thev again imagined they would 
 fall under our refentment, and therefore determined 
 once more to tland out againft us. For which 
 purpofe, after having brought their prifoners as 
 far as Wakautamike, where they heard this news, 
 they colleded them all into a field and were going 
 to kill them, when a fecond exprefs providentially 
 arrived from Colonel Bouquet, who afTured them 
 that their nation was not even fufpeded ol' having 
 any concern in the aforefaid murder ; upon which 
 they proceeded to the camp to deliver up the 
 captives, who had thus twice fo narrowly efcaped 
 becoming the vi<flims of their barbarity. 
 
 On 
 
66 
 
 Ilijioricai /Iccount of 
 
 On Friday, November 9th, the Colonel, at- 
 tended by moft of the principal officers, went to 
 the cont'erence-houfe. The Senecas and Delawares 
 were firft treated with. Kiyaftiuta and ten warriors 
 reprefented the former. Cul^aloga and twenty 
 warriors the latter. 
 
 KiYASHUTA fpoke "With this ftring of 
 
 wampum, we wipe the tears from your eyes — 
 we deliver you thefe three prifoners, which are the 
 laft of your flefh and blood that remained among 
 the Senecas and Cuftaloga's tribe of Delawares, 
 we gather together and bury with this beltf all 
 the bones of the people that have been killed 
 during this unhappy war, which the Evil Spirit 
 occaiioned among us. We cover the bones that 
 have been buried, that they may never more be 
 remembered — We again cover their place with 
 leaves that it may be no more feen. — As we 
 have been long aftray, and tl.e path between 
 you and us flopped, we extend this belt that it 
 may be again cleared, and we may travel in 
 peace to fee our brethren as our anceltors for- 
 merly did. While you hold it faft by one end, 
 and we by the other, we (hall always be able to 
 
 t A belt or ftring is always delivered when thus mentioned. 
 
 "difcover 
 
Colonel 'Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 67 
 
 ^'difcover any thing that may dirturb our friend- 
 ''ihip.'* — 
 
 The Colonel anfwered t >at "he had heard them 
 "with pleafure; that he received thefe three lall- 
 "prifoners they had to deliver, and joined in 
 "burying the bones of thole who had fallen in 
 "the war, fo that their place might be no more 
 " k ov^n. The peace you a(k for, you fhall now 
 " have. The king, my mailer and your father, 
 "has appointed me only to make war; but he has 
 " other fervants who are employed in the work of 
 "peace. Sir William Johnfon is empowered for 
 "that purpofe. To him you are to apply; but 
 "before I give you leave to go, two things are to 
 " be fettled. 
 
 1. "As peace cannot be finally concluded here, 
 " you will deliver me two hoftages for the Senecas, 
 "and two for Cuftaloga's tribe, to remain in our 
 "hands at Fort Pitt, as a fecurity, that you fhall 
 "commit no further hoftilities or violence againft 
 "any of his majefty's fubjeds ; and when the 
 "peace is concluded thefe hoftages fhall be deliv- 
 " ered fafe back to you. 
 
 2. "The deputies you are to fend to Sir William 
 
 "Johnfon, 
 
68 
 
 Hijloricai .Account of 
 
 "Johnfon, muft be fully empowered to treat for 
 "your tribes, and you ihall engage to abide by 
 ever they ftipulate. In that treaty, every 
 
 w 
 
 hat 
 
 " thing concerning trade and other matters will be 
 "fettled by Sir William, to render the peace ever- 
 " lafting; and the deputies you are to fend to him, 
 "as well as the hoftages to be delivered to me, 
 "are to be named and prefented to me for my 
 " approbation." 
 
 The Colonel, after promifing to deliver back 
 two of their people, Capt. Pipe, and Capt. John, 
 whom he had detained at F<'ort-Pitt, took he 
 chiefs by the hand for the Hrft time, whicli gave 
 them great jo v. 
 
 The next conference was on Novembei loth, 
 with the Turky and Turtle tribes of Delawares, 
 King Beaver their chief and thirty warriors rep- 
 refenting the former; and Kelappama brother to 
 their chief '■'■ with twenty-five warriors the latter. 
 The Senecas and Cuftaloga's tribe of Delawares 
 were alfo prefent. Their fpeech and the anfwer 
 given, were much the fame as above; excepting 
 
 * The Chief of the Turtle-tribe, for fomc rcafon, chofc to 
 abfent hiinfelf. 
 
 that 
 
 Li 
 
Colonel Bouquet' i Expedition. 
 
 69 
 
 that the Colonel infifted on their delivering up 
 an EnglilViman, wlio had murdered one of our 
 people on the frontiers and brought the fcalp to 
 them ; and that they fhould appoint the fame 
 number of deputie. and deliver the fame number 
 of hoftages, for each of their tribes, as had been 
 ftipulated for Cuftaloga's tribe. 
 
 November 11. King Beaver prefented fix hoft- 
 ages to remain with Col. Bouquet, and five 
 deputies to treat with Sir William Johnfon, who 
 were approved of. This day he acquainted the 
 chiefs prefent that as he had great reafon to be 
 diflatisfitd with the condud of Nettovvhatways, 
 the chief of the Turtle tribe who had not ap- 
 peared, he therefore depofed him; and that tribe 
 were to chufe and prefent another for his appro- 
 baticj. This they did a few days afterwards — 
 Smile not, reader, at this tranfartion ; for though 
 it may not be attended with fo many fplendid and 
 flattering circumftances to a commander, as the 
 depofing an Eaft Indian Nabob or chief; yet to 
 penetrate into the wilderneffes where thofe ftern 
 Weft Indian Chieftains hold their fway, and to 
 frown them from their throne; though but com- 
 pofed of the unhewn log, will be found to require 
 both refolution and firmnefs ; and their fubmitting 
 
 to 
 
■■■■ 
 
 
 70 
 
 Hijiorical Account of 
 
 to it clearly fhews to what degree of humiliation 
 they were reduced. 
 
 But to proceed. The Shawanefe ftill remained 
 to be treated with, and though this nation faw 
 themfelves under the neceffity of yielding to the 
 fame conditions with the other tribes, yet there had 
 appeared a dilatorinefs and fullen haughtinefs in all 
 their condud, which rendered it very fufpicious. 
 
 The nth of November was appointed for the 
 conference with them; which was laanaged on their 
 part by Keiffinautchtha and Nimwha their chiefs, 
 with the Red Hawke, Laviflimo, Benfivafica, 
 E.weecunwee, Keigleighque, and forty warriors ; 
 the Caughnawaga, Seneca and Delaware chiefs, 
 with about fixty warriors, being alfo prefent. 
 
 The Red Hawke was their fpeaker, and as he 
 delivered himfelf with a ftrange mixture of fierce 
 pride, and humble fubmiflion, I fhall add a paf- 
 fage or two from his fpeech. 
 
 
 (( 
 
 Brother, 
 
 " You will liften to us your younger brothers ; 
 ** and as we difcover fomething in your eyes that 
 " looks diflatisfadlion with us, we now wipe away 
 
 (( 
 
 every 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 71 
 
 "every thing bad between us that you may clearly 
 "fee — You have heard many bad ftories of us — 
 "We clean vour ears that vou mav hear — We 
 " remove every thing bad from your heart, that 
 " it may be like the heart of your anceftors, when 
 "they thought of nothing but good." [Hcrt he 
 gave a firing.] 
 
 1 
 
 " Brother ; when we faw you coming this road, 
 "you advanced towards us with a tomahawk in 
 " your hand; but we your younger brothers take it 
 " out of your hands and throw it up to God f to 
 " difpofe of as he pleafes ; by which means we 
 " hope never to fee it more. And now, brother, 
 "we beg leave that you who are a warrior, will 
 "take hold of this chain (giving a ftring) of 
 " friendfliip, and receive it from us, who are alfo 
 " warriors, and let us think no more of war, in 
 "pity to our old men, women and children" — 
 Intimating, by this laft exprefllon, that it was 
 mere compaflion to them, and not inability to 
 fight, that made their nation defire peace. 
 
 t Their ufual figure for making peace is burying the hatchet ; 
 but as fuch hatchets may be dug up again, perhaps he thought this 
 new expreffion of "fending it up to God, or the Good Spirit," 
 a much ftronger emblem of the permanency and ftedfaftnefs of 
 the peace now to be made. 
 
 He 
 
72 
 
 Hiftorical Account of 
 
 He then produced a treaty held with the gov- 
 ernment of Pennfylvania 1701, and three meflages 
 or letters from that government of different dates , 
 and concluded thus — 
 
 " Now, Brother, I beg We who are warriors 
 " may forget our difputes, and renew the friend- 
 " fhip which appears by thefe papers to have fub- 
 ** fifted between our fathers." — He promifed, in 
 behalf of the reft of their nation, who were gone 
 to a great diftance to hunt, and could not have 
 notice to attend the treaty, that they fhould cer- 
 tainly come to Fort-Pitt in the fpring, and bring 
 the remainder of the prifoners with them. 
 
 As the feafon was far advanced, and the Colonel 
 could not ftay long in thefe remote parts, he was 
 obliged to reft fatisfied with the prifoners the Sha- 
 wanefe had brought ; taking hoftages, and laying 
 them under the ftrongeft obligations, for the de- 
 livery of the reft ; knowing that no other efFedual 
 method could at prefent be purfued. 
 
 He expoftulated with them on account of their 
 paft condud, and told them — "^ that the fpeech 
 *' they had delivered would have been agreeable to 
 " him, if their adtions had correfponded with their 
 
 *' words. 
 
 1 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 73 
 
 I 
 
 words. You have fpolcen, faid he, much of 
 peace, but have negleded to comply with the 
 only condition, upon which you can obtain it. 
 Keiffinautchtha, one of your chiefs, met me a 
 month ago at Tufcarawas, and accepted the fame 
 terms of peace for your nation, that were pre- 
 fcribed to the Senecas and Deiawares ; promifing 
 in cen days from that time to meet me here with 
 all your prifoners — After waiting for you til! 
 now, you are come at laft, only with a part of 
 them, and propofe putting off the delivery of 
 the reft till the fpring. — What right have you 
 to expe<ft different terms from thofe granted to 
 the Deiawares, &c. who have given me entire 
 ratisfa(5tion by their ready fubmiffion to every 
 
 thing required of them ? But I will cut this 
 
 matter ftiort with you ; and before I explain 
 myfelf further, I infift on your immediate anfwer 
 to the following queftions — 
 
 I ft. "Will you forthwith colled and deliver up 
 "all the prifoners yet in your pofleflion, and the 
 ** French living among you, with all the Negroes 
 " you have taken from us in this or any other 
 "war; and that without any exception or evafion 
 " whatfoever ? " 
 
 2d. "Will 
 
74 
 
 Hijiorical Account of 
 
 2d. " Will you deliver fix hoftages into my 
 '* hands as a fecurity for your pundual perform- 
 " ance of the above article, and t-hat your nations 
 
 " lliall commit no farther hoftiiities againft the 
 " perfons or property of his majefty's fubjeds?" 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 C( 
 
 Benevissico replied that "they agreed to give 
 the hoftages required, and faid that he himfelf 
 would immediately return to their lower towns 
 and colled all our fleih and blood that remained 
 among them, and that we ihould fee t^ m at 
 Fort-Pittfas foon as poflible. — That, as to the 
 i<""rench, they had no power over them. They 
 were fubjeds to the king of England. We 
 might do with them what we pleafed ; though 
 he believed they were all returned before this 
 time to their own country." — 
 
 . 
 
 They then delivered their hoftages, and the 
 Colonel told them " that though he had brought 
 "a Tomahawk in his hand, yet as they had now 
 '* fubmitted, he would not let it fall on their heads, 
 " but let it drop to the ground, no more to be 
 **feen. He exhorted them to exercife kindnefs to 
 
 t It will appear, by the poftfcript to this account, that the 
 Shawanefe have fulfilled this engagement. 
 
 " the 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 IS 
 
 " the captives, and look upon them now as brothers 
 " and no longer prifoners ; adding, that he intended 
 " to fend fome of their relations along with the 
 ** Indians, to fee their friends colleded and brought 
 *• to Fort-Pitt. He promifed to give them letters 
 *• to Sir William Johnfon, to facilitate a final 
 "peace, and defired them to be ftrong in perform- 
 '* ing every thing ftipulated." 
 
 The Caughnawagas, the Delawares and Senecas, 
 feverally addrefTed the Shawanefe, as grandchildren 
 and nephews, *' to perform their promifes, and to 
 "be ftrong in doing good, that this peace might 
 " be everlafting." — 
 
 And here I am to enter on a fcene, referved on 
 purpofe for this place, that the thread of the 
 foregoing narrative might not be interrupted — 
 a fcene, which language indeed can but weakly 
 defcribe ; and to which the Poet or Painter might 
 have repaired to enrich their higheft colourings of 
 the variety of human paflions; the Philofopher 
 to find ample fubjed for his moft ferious reflec- 
 tions; and the Man to exercife all the tender and 
 fympathetic feelings of the foul. 
 
 The fcene I mean, was the arrival of the 
 
 prifoners 
 
76 
 
 Hijlorical Account of 
 
 prifoners in the camp ; where were to be feen 
 fathers and mothers recognizing and clafping their 
 once-loft babes; hufbands hanging round the necks 
 of their newly-recovered wives; fifters and brothers 
 unexpedlediy meeting together after long fepa- 
 ration, fcarce able to fpeak the fame language, or, 
 for fome time, to be fure that they were children 
 of the fame parents! In all thefe interviews, joy 
 and rapture inexpreflible were feen, while feelings 
 of a very different nature were painted in the 
 looks of others; — flying from place to place in 
 eager enquiries after relatives not found! tremb- 
 ling to receive an anfwer to their queftions! dif- 
 tradled with doubts, hopes and fears, on obtain- 
 ing no account oi thofe they fought for ! or 
 ftifFened into living monuments of horror and 
 woe, on learning their unhappy fate ! 
 
 
 The Indians too, as if wholly forgetting their 
 ufual favagenefs, bore a capital part in heightening 
 this moft afFeding fcene. They delivered up their 
 beloved captives with the utmoft reluiftance ; ftied 
 torrents of tears over them, recommending them 
 to the care and protection of the commanding 
 officer. Their regard to them continued all the 
 time they remained in camp. They vifited them 
 from day to day; and brought them what corn, 
 
 fkins, 
 
Wi rmn,,, 
 
 mmm 
 
 Colonel Bouquet* s Expedition. 
 
 11 
 
 
 flcins, horfes and other matters, they had beftowed 
 on them, while in their families; accompanied with 
 other prefents, and all the marks of the mod 
 fincere and tender affeftion. Nay, they did not 
 ftop here, but, when the army marched, fome of 
 the Indians folicited and obtained leave to accom- 
 pany their former captives all the way to Fort- 
 Pitt, and employed themfelves in hunting and 
 bringing provifions for them on the road. A 
 young Mingo carried this ftill further, and gave 
 an inftance of love which would make a figure 
 even in romance. A young woman of Virginia 
 was among the captives, to whom he had formed 
 fo ftrong an attachment, as to call her his wife. 
 Againft all remonftrances of the imminent danger 
 to which he expofed himfeif by approaching to 
 the frontiers, he perftfted in following her, at the 
 rifk of being killed by the furviving relations of 
 many unfortunate perfons, who had been capti- 
 vated or fcalped by thofe of his nation. 
 
 Those qualities in favages challenge our juft 
 efteem. They fhould make us charitably confider 
 their barbarities as the effeds of wrong education, 
 and falfe notions of bravery and heroifm; while we 
 fhould look on their virtues as fure marks that 
 nature has made them fit fubjeds of cultivation 
 
 as 
 
 il*'^l;' 
 
78 
 
 Hijtortcal Account of 
 
 as well as us ; and that we are called by our fupe 
 rior advantages to yield them all the helps we 
 can in this way. Cruel and unniercitul as they 
 are, by habit and long example, in war, yet when- 
 ever they tome to give way to the native didates 
 of humanity, they exercife virtues which Chriftians 
 need not blufti to imitate. When they once de- 
 termine to give life, they give every thing with it, 
 which, in their apprehenfion, belongs, lo it. From 
 every enquiry that has been made, it appears — 
 that no woman thus faved is prelerved from bafe 
 motives, or need fear the violation of her honour. 
 No child is otherwife treated by the perfons adopt- 
 ing it than the children of their own body. The 
 perpetvial flavery of thofe captivated in war, is a 
 notion which even their barbarity has not yet fug- 
 gelled to them. Every captive whom their affec- 
 tion, their caprice, or whatever elfe, leads them to 
 fave, is foon incorporated with them, and fares 
 alike with themfelves. 
 
 These inftances of Indian tendernefs and hu- 
 manity were thought worthy of particular notice. 
 The like inftances among our own people will not 
 feem ftrange ; and therefore I fhail only mention 
 one, out of a multitude that might be given on 
 this occafion. 
 
 Among 
 
w*-*- 
 
 
 
 "•■xaaMaaawnn xinxt 
 
/M* 
 
 \l 
 
 
 ^^>^^*-''^- 
 
 
 
It 
 
 Colonel Bourjuet's Expedition. 
 
 79 
 
 Among the captives, a wc»man was brought into 
 the camp at Mufkinghain, with a hahe about three 
 months old at her breaft. One of the Virginia- 
 volunteers Toon knew her to be his wife, who had 
 been taken by the Indians about fix months before. 
 She was im mediate! v delivered to her overjoyed 
 hufband. He flew with her to his rent, and 
 doathed her and his child in proper apparel. Hut 
 their ]<.' after the f\\\\ tranfports, was foon 
 damped by the reflertion that another dear child 
 of about two years old, captivated with the 
 mother, and feparated from her, was ftill mirting, 
 altho' many children had been brought in. 
 
 A FEW days afterwards, a number of other 
 prifoners were brought to the camp, among whom 
 were feveral more children. The woman was fent 
 for, and one, fuppofed to be hers, was produced to 
 her. At firft fight fhe was uncertain, but viewing 
 the child with great earneftnefs, fhe foon recolledled 
 its features; and was fo overcome with joy, that 
 literally forgetting her fucking child fhe dropt it 
 from her arms, and catching up the new found child 
 i 1 an extafy, prefled it to her breaft, and burfting 
 i »to tears carried it ofi^, unable to fpeak for joy. 
 Tie father feizing up the babe fhe had let fall, 
 fc lowed her in no lefs tranfport and affedion. 
 
 Among 
 
/ne^ CTt^Ui^ C^^/it^^J /p/t^4P^t^/^&€t^/4i/] 
 
 yfte^fl/f, 
 
 f^e -^-n^JVtfrtlbjdfftienca.^ft^ ylm^r-/'. 
 
 4^64 
 
 ■rob! CLARKE t CO. TuMteh«M .CINCINNATI 
 
 Am.Photo-LUhoJraphlo Co NY (0«borne'sProceil) 
 
 .Vi'l!...Ki,V:*i^'.,'»l(' 
 
^,,i ^ Wal^'■t^^ ^ - ^■'^^''.g': J» ' ^:|l ! ^> ! W. ' '' l ^^i '' 
 
 iw i ;" ^ ' W» ' Ww»w riwii-- mwa i 
 
 80 
 
 Ilijlorical Account of 
 
 Among the children who had been carried oif 
 young, and had long lived with the Indians, it is 
 not to be expeded that any marks of joy would 
 appear on being reftored to their parents or rela- 
 tives. Having been accuftomed to look upon the 
 Indians as the only connexions they had, having 
 been tenderly treated by them, and Ipeaking their 
 language, it is no wonder that they coniidered 
 their new ftate in the light of a captivity, and 
 parted from the favages v/ith tears. 
 
 But it muft not be denied that there were even 
 fome grown perfons who (hewed an unwiilmgnefs to 
 return. The Shawanefe were obliged to bind fev- 
 eral of their prifoners and force them along to the 
 camp; and fome women, who had been delivered 
 up, afterwards found means to efcape and run 
 back to the Indian towns. Some, who could not 
 make their efcape, clung to their favage acquaint- 
 ance at parting, and continued many days in bitter 
 lamentations, even refuftng fuftenance. 
 
 For the honour of humanity, we would fuppofe 
 thofe perfons to have been of the loweft rank, 
 either bred up in ignorance and diftrefling penury, 
 or who had lived fo long with the Indians as to 
 forget all their former conned:ions. For, eafy and 
 
 unconftrained 
 
i n n ii » i - Wi>i 1 ^ 1— — » ■' 
 
 WWly r i i "^t i' T ' -"r '• !■ .■ I..T li mm i ti i iiii..! 
 
 Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 8i 
 
 unconftrained as the fayage life is, certainly it could 
 never be put in competition with the bleffings of 
 improved life and the light of religion, by any 
 perfons who have had the happinefs of enjoying, 
 and the capacity of difcerning, them. 
 
 Every thing being now fettled with the Indians, 
 the army decamped on Sunday i8th November, 
 and marched for Fort-Pitt, where it arrived on the 
 28th. The regular troops were immediately fent 
 to garrifon the different polls on the communi- 
 cation, and the provincial troops, with the cap- 
 tives, to their feveral provinces. Here ended this 
 expedition, in which it is remarkable that, not- 
 withftanding the many difficulties attending it, 
 the troops were never in want of any neceflaries; 
 continuing perfectly healthy during ""e whole 
 campaign; in which no life w^s loft, except the man 
 mentioned to have been killed at Mulkingham. 
 
 In the beginning of January 1765, Colonel 
 Bouquet arrived at Philadelphia, receiving, where- 
 ever he came, every polfible mark of gratitude 
 and efteem from the people in general; and partic- 
 ularly from the overjoyed relations of the captives, 
 whom he had fo happily, and without bloodfhed, 
 reftored to their country and friends. Nor was 
 
 the 
 
^ ■ 1 - I 'ateiiit i l iii M iii ■r i ji ii TiiM i xn i ijtfe i W i '^ i : ■' " 
 
 ri;vfMrlilBiii» Vfc^>t« i t i rnir, i a'f ii r i ilt;i , ;i i a «i toi i. l , T»; , tfnifit i riV ' » i ti l ft' 'ii> ^ 
 
 82 
 
 Hijlorical Account of 
 
 the legiflative part of the provinces lefs fenfible of 
 his important fervices. The alTembly of Pennfyl 
 vania, at their firft fitting, unanimoufly voted hiui 
 the following addrefs. 
 
 In ASSEMBLY, January 15, 1765, A. M. 
 
 To v,i lourable HENRY BOUQUET, Efq; 
 
 Commander in Chief of His M A J E S T Y's 
 
 Forces in the Southern Department 
 
 of AMERICA, 
 
 The Addrefs of the Reprefentatives of the Free- 
 men of the Province of Pennfylvania, in 
 General Affembly met. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 TH E reprefentatives of the freemen of the 
 province of Pennfylvania, in general affem- 
 bly met, being informed that you intend ftiortly 
 to embark for England, and moved with a due 
 fenfe of the important fervices you have rendered 
 to his majefty, his northern colonies in general, 
 and to this province in particular, during our 
 late wars with the French and barbarous Indians, 
 in the remarkable vidory over the favage enemy, 
 united to oppofe you, near Bufhy-Run, in Auguft 
 
 * 1763, 
 
^? 
 
 Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 83 
 
 ' 1 763, when on your march for the relief of Pitts- 
 *burg, owing, under God, to your intrepidity 
 'and fuperior flcill in command, together with the 
 •bravery of your officers and little army; as alfb 
 ' in your late march to the country of the fava^e 
 
 * nations, with the troops under your diredion ; 
 'thereby ftriking terror through the numerous 
 
 * Indian tribes around you; laying a foundation 
 'for a lafting as well as honourable peace with 
 'them; and refcuing, from favage captivity, up- 
 ' wards of two hundred of our chriftian brethren, 
 'prifoners among them: thefe eminent fervices, 
 'and your conftant attention to the civil rights of 
 'his majefty's fubjeds in this province, demand, 
 ' Sir, the grateful tributt of thanks from all good 
 'men ; and therefore we, the reprefentatives of the 
 'freemen of Pennfylvania, unanimoufly for our- 
 'felves, and in behalf of all the people of this 
 'province, do return you our moft fincere and 
 ' hearty thanks for thefe your great fervices, wifh- 
 'ing you a fafe and pleafant voyage to England, 
 'with a kind and gracious reception frojn his 
 ' majefty. 
 
 'Signed, by order of the Houfe, 
 
 'JOSEPH FOX, Speaker.' 
 
 The 
 
84 
 
 Hijlorkal .'Account of 
 
 The Coloners Anfwer was as follows, viz. 
 
 To the Honourable the Representatives of the 
 Freemen of the province of Pennfyivania, 
 in General Aflemblv met. 
 
 * Gentlemen, 
 
 WI T H a heart imprefled with the moft 
 lively fenfe of gratitude, I return you my 
 humble and fincere thanks, for the honour you 
 have done me in your polite addrefs of the 15th 
 or January, tranfmitted me to New- York by 
 vour fpeaker. 
 
 * Next to the approbation of His Sacred Maj- 
 
 * efty, and my fuperiour" officers, nothing could 
 
 * afford iue higher pleafure than your favour- 
 ' able opinion of my condud, in the difcharge of 
 ' thcfe military commands with which I have been 
 
 * intrufted. 
 
 * Gratitude as well as juilice demand of me 
 
 * to acknowlege, that the aids granted by the leg- 
 ' iflature of this province, and the conftant affift- 
 ' ance and fupport afforded me by the honourable 
 
 * the Governor and Commiffioners in the late 
 
 * expedition, have enabled me to recover fo many 
 ' of his Majefty's fubjeds from a cruel capdvity, 
 
 *and 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 
 
 85 
 
 'and be the happy inftrument of reftorlnt^ them 
 'to freedom and liberty: To ycu therefore, gen- 
 'tlemen, is the greater fh?re of that merit due, 
 ' which you are generoufly pleafed on this occafion 
 ' to impute to my fervices. 
 
 ' Your kind teftimony of my conftant attention 
 'to the civil rights of his majefty's fubjeds in this 
 ' Province, does me finguJar honour, and calls for 
 
 * the return of my warmeft acknowledgments. 
 
 'Permit me to take this public oppor unity of 
 'doing juftice to the officers of the regular and 
 'provincial troops, and the volunteers, who have 
 
 * ferved with me, by declaring that, under Divine 
 ' Providence, the repeated fuccefles of his Majefty's 
 'arms againft a favage enemy, are principally to be 
 'afcribed to their courage and refolution, and to 
 ' their perfeverance under the fevereft hardlliips 
 
 * and fatigue. 
 
 ' I SINCERELY wifh profperity and happinefs to 
 ' the province, and have the honour to be, with 
 * the greateft refped, Gentlemen, 
 
 ' Your moft obedient, and moft humble fervant, 
 
 'HENRY BOU(2UET.' 
 
 February 4, 1765. 
 
 Soon 
 
86 
 
 Hijiorical Account of 
 
 Soon afterwards the Colonel received a very 
 polite and afFedlionate letter from Governor Fau- 
 quier, dated 25th of December, inclofing refolves 
 of the honourable members of his Majefty's Coun- 
 cil, and of the houfe of Burged'es, for the colony 
 and dominion of Virginia. 
 
 Those refpedable bodies unanimoufly returned 
 their thanks to him for the adivity, fpirit and 
 zeal, with which he had reduced the Indians to 
 terms of peace, and compelled thofe favages to 
 deliver up fo many of his Majefty's fubjeds whom 
 they had in captivity. They further requefted the 
 Governor to recommend him to his Majefty's 
 minifters, as an officer of diftinguiftied merit, in 
 this and every former fervice in which he has been 
 engaged. 
 
 The Colo; el, in his anfwer, acknowledged the 
 ready afliftance and countenance which he had 
 always received from the Governor and colony 
 of Virginia in carrying on the King's fervice ; 
 and mentioned his particular obligations to Col. 
 Lewis, for his zeal and good conduft during the 
 campaign. 
 
 The honours thus beftowed on him, his own 
 
 modefty 
 
-^ 
 
 Colonel Bouquet^ s Expedition. 
 
 87 
 
 rnodefty made him defirous of transferring to the 
 officers and army under his command; and indeed 
 the mutual confidence and harmony fubfifting 
 between him and the-i, highly redound to the 
 reputation of both. He has taken every occafion 
 of doing juftice to the pa'-ticular merit of Colonel 
 Reii) who was fecond in command ; and alfo to all 
 the officers who ferved in the expedition, regulars 
 as well as provincials '\'. 
 
 The reader will obferve that the public bodies 
 who prefented thefe addrcfles to the Colonel, not 
 only wifhed to exprefs their own gratitude, but 
 likewife to be inftrumental in recommending him 
 to the advancement his fervices mented. And 
 furely it is a happy circumilance to obtain promo- 
 tion, not only unenvied, but even with the general 
 approbation and good wifhes, of the public. It 
 ought, however, to be mentioned, that on the firft 
 account his Majefty received of this expedition, 
 and long before thofe teftimonies could reach Eng- 
 land, he was gracioufly pleafed of his own royal 
 goodnefs and as a reward of the Colonel's merit, 
 to promote him to the rank of Brigadier Gen- 
 
 t The Pennlylvania troops were commanded by Lieutenant 
 Colonel Francis, and Lieutenant Colonel Clayton. 
 
 ERAL 
 
88 
 
 Hijhrical Account of 
 
 ERAL, and to the command of the fouthern diftrid 
 of America. And as he is rendered as dear, by 
 his private virtues, to thofe who have the honour 
 of his more intimate acquaintance, as he is by 
 his military fervices to the public, it is hoped he 
 may long continue among us ; where his expe- 
 rienced abilities will enable him, and his love of 
 the Englifti conftitution entitle him, to fill any 
 future truft to which his Majefty mav be pleafed 
 to call him. 
 
 POSTSCRI PT. 
 
 IT was mentioned in the jid page of this 
 account, that the Shawanefe brought only a 
 part of their prifoners with them to Col. Bouquet 
 at Mufkingham, in November lad; and that, as 
 the feafon was far advanced, he was obliged to reft 
 fatisfied with taking hoftages for the delivery of 
 the remainder at Fort-Pitt, in the enfuing fpring. 
 
 The efcape of thofe hoftages foon afterwards, 
 as well as the former equivocal condud of their 
 nation, had given reafon to doubt the fmcerity 
 of their intentions with refpedl to the performance 
 
 of 
 
Colonel Bouquet's Expedition. 89 
 
 of their proniiles. But we have the fatisfadion to 
 find that they pundually have fulfilled them. Ten 
 of their chiefs, and about fifty of their warriors, 
 attended with many of their women and children, 
 met George Croghan, Efq ; deputy agent to Sir 
 William Johnson, at Fort- Pitt, the 9th of lall 
 May ; together with a large body of Delawares, 
 Senecas, Sandufky and Munfy Indians; where they 
 delivered the remainder of their prifoners, bright- 
 ened the chain of friendfhip, and gave every 
 afTurance of their firm intentions to preierve the 
 peace inviolable for ever. 
 
 There is fomething remarkable in the appella- 
 tion they gave to the EnglilTi on this occa.'ion ; 
 calling them Fathers inftead of Brethren. 
 
 Lawaugh^ua, the Shawanefe fpeaker, delivered 
 himfelf in the following terms. 
 
 "Fathers, for fo we will call you henceforward; 
 ** liften to what we are going to fay to vou. 
 
 " It gave us great pleafure yefterday to be called 
 "the children of the great King of England; and 
 ''convinces us your intentions towards us are 
 " upright, as we know a Father will be tender of 
 
 '* his 
 
 iMttMH^ 
 
90 
 
 P oft script. 
 
 *' his children, and they are mot'* ready to obey 
 " him than a Brother. Therefore we hope our 
 '* Father will now take better care of his children, 
 "than has heretofore been done. 
 
 "You put us ill mind of our promife to Col. 
 "Bouquet; which was to bring your flefh and 
 "blood to be delivered at this place. Father, 
 "you have not fpoke in vain — you fee we have 
 " brought them with us, — except a few that were 
 "out with our hunting parties, which will be 
 "brought here as foon as they return. 
 
 "Thev have been all united to vis by adoption; 
 " and altho' we now deliver them up to you, we 
 "will always look upon them as our relations, 
 "whenever the Great Spirit is pleafed that we may 
 " vifit them. 
 
 " Father, We have taken as much care of them, 
 *'as if they were our own flefh and blood. They 
 " are now become unacquainted with your cuftoms 
 "and manners; and therefore, we requeft you will 
 " ufe them tenderly and kindly, which will induce 
 " them to live contentedly with you. 
 
 "Here is a belt with the figure of ou.- Father 
 
 "the 
 
Pojhcript. 
 
 9> 
 
 "the King of (jreut-Britain at one end, and the 
 *' Chief of our nation at the other. It reprefents 
 "them holding the chain of friendfhip ; and we 
 " hope neither fide will flip their hands from it, fo 
 " long as the Sun and Moon give liirht." 
 
 The reader will further remember that one of 
 the engagements which the difterent Indian Tribes 
 entered into with Colonel Bouquet, was to fend 
 deputies to conclude a peace with Sir William 
 Johnson. This has alfo been pundually fulfilled; 
 and we are affured that Sir Willi.\m "has finiihed 
 " his congrefs greatly to his fatisfadtion, and even 
 " beyond his expedations." Thus everv good 
 confequence has enfued from this important ex- 
 pedition, which our fondeft wiflies could have 
 induced us to exped from the known valour and 
 fpirit of the able commander who had the condud 
 of it; and we now have the pleafure once more to 
 behold the temple of Janus ftiut, in this weftern 
 world ! 
 
REFLECTIONS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 WAR WITH 1' H E SAVAGES O F 
 NORTH-AMERICA. 
 
 THE long continued ravages ot the Indians 
 on the frontiers of the Britifh colonies in 
 America, and the fatal overthrows which they 
 have Ibmetimes given our beft difciplined troops, 
 efpecially in the beginning of the late war, have 
 rendered them an objed of our confideration, even 
 in their military capacity. And as but few offi- 
 cers, who may he employed aijainft thtm, can have 
 opportunities t(~ obferve the true caul'es of their 
 advantages over European troops in the woods, it 
 is with the utmoft pleafure that I now proceed to 
 lay before the public the following valuable papers, 
 which I mentionedf to have been communicated 
 
 f See ihe introduftion. 
 
 to 
 
tf ii $U i ' i»«i p fa W t l iiii i frit Uw 
 
 94 
 
 Reflections on the IVar 
 
 to me by an officer of great abilities ana long 
 experience, in our wars with the Indians. 
 
 As icarce any Jiing has yet been pubiiftied on a 
 fubjea now become of the higheil importance § to 
 our colonies, thefe papers will undoub' "y he an 
 acceptable prefent to the reader, and the remarks 
 contained in them may be more and more im- 
 proved by the future care and attention of able 
 men, till perhaps a compleat fyftem is at length 
 formed for the condud of this particular fpecies of 
 war. 
 
 §It will appear by the account of Indian tribes and town* 
 annexed to thefe papers, that rhe enemies we have to deal with 
 are neither contemptible in numbers or Itrength. 
 
 s fc; C T I O N 
 
'^ 
 
 JVith the Savages of North America. 95 
 
 SECTION L 
 
 OF TWE TEMPER AND GENIUS OF THE InDIANS, 
 
 The love of liberty is innate in the favage; and 
 feems the ruling paflion of the ftate of nature. 
 His defires and wants, being few, are eafily grati- 
 fied, and leave him much time to fpare, which he 
 would fpend in idlenefs, if hunger did not force 
 him to hunt. That exercife makes him ftrong, 
 adive and bold, raifes his courage, and fits him 
 for war, in which he ufes the fame ftratagems and 
 cruelty as againfl the wild beafts; making no 
 fcruple to employ treachery and perfidy to van- 
 quifh his enemy. 
 
 Jealous of his independency and of his prop- 
 erty, he will not fuffer the leaft encroachment on 
 either; and upon the flighted fufpicion, fired with 
 refentment, he becomes an implacable enemy, and 
 flies to arms to vindicate his right, or revenge an 
 injury. 
 
 The 
 
9« 
 
 RefleSlions on the War 
 
 The advantages of thefe favages over civilized 
 nations are both natural and acquired. Thev are 
 tall and well limbed, remarkable tor their activity, 
 and have a piercing eye and quick ear, which are 
 or great (ervice to them in the woods. 
 
 Like beafts of prey, they are patient, deceitful, 
 and rendered by habit almoft infenfible to the 
 common feelings of humanity. Their barbarous 
 cuftom of fcdiping their enemies, in the heat of 
 adion ; the exquifite torments often inflided by 
 them on thofe referved for a more deliberate fate ; 
 their general ferocity of manners, and the fuccefles 
 wherewith they have often been fluflied, have con- 
 fpired to render their name terrible, and fome 
 times to ftrike a pannic even into our braved and 
 beft difciplined troops. 
 
 Their acquired advantages are, that they have 
 been inured to bear the extremes of heat and cold ; 
 and from their infancy, in winter and fummer, 
 to plunge themfelves in cold ftreams, and to go 
 almoft naked, expofed to the fcorching fun or nip- 
 ping frofts, till they arrive to the ftate of manhood. 
 Some of them deftroy the fenfation of the (kin by 
 fcratching it with the fhort and fharp teeth of fome 
 animal, difpofed in the form of a curry-comb, 
 
 which 
 
 liflii 
 
 AHI 
 
With the Savages of North-America. 97 
 
 which makes them regardlefs of briars and thorns 
 in running thro' thickets. Rivers are no obftacles 
 to them in their wild excurfions. They either 
 fwim over, or crofs them on rafts or canoes, of 
 an eafy and ready conftrudlion. 
 
 In their expeditions they live chiefly by hunt- 
 ing, or on wild fruits and roots, with which the 
 woods fupply them almoft every where. 
 
 They can bear hunger and thirft for feveral 
 days, without flackening, on that account, their 
 perfeverance in any propofed enterprize. 
 
 By conftant pradice in hunting, the^ learn to 
 fhoot with great fkill, either with bows, or fire- 
 arms; and to ileal unperceived upon their prey, 
 purfuing the trads of men and beafts, which would 
 be imperceptible to an European. They can run 
 for a whole day without halting, when flying from 
 an enemy, or when fent on any mefl"age. They 
 fteer, as if by inftind, thro' tracklefs woods, and 
 with aftonifliing patience can lie whole days mo- 
 tionlefs in ambufli to furprife an enemy, efl;eem- 
 ing no labour or perfeverance too painful to obtain 
 their ends. 
 
 They 
 
98 
 
 Refte^lions on the War 
 
 Thev befmear their bodies with bear's greafe, 
 which defends them againft rains and damps, as 
 well as againft the ftings of Mufkitoes and Gnats. 
 It likewife fupples their limbs, and makes them as 
 flippery as the antient gladiators, who could not 
 be held faft when feized in fight. 
 
 Plain food, conftant exercife, and living in the 
 open air, preferve them healthy and vigorous. 
 
 They are powerfully excited to war by the 
 cuftom eftablifhed among them, of paying diftin- 
 guifhed honours to warriors. 
 
 They fight only when they think to have the 
 advantage, but cannot be forced to it, being fure 
 by their fpeed to elude the moft eager purfuit. 
 
 Their drefs confifts of the fkins of fome wild 
 beaft, or a blanket, a fhirt either of linen, or of 
 dreflfed fkins, a breech clout, leggins, reaching 
 half way up the thigh, and faftened to a belt, 
 with mokawfons on their feet. They ufe no liga- 
 tures that might obftrud: the circulation of their 
 blood, or agility of their limbs. They ihave their 
 head, referving only a fmall tuft of hair on the top; 
 and flit the outer part of the ears, to which, by 
 
 weights. 
 
^ 
 
 With the Savages of North-America. 
 
 99 
 
 weights, they give a circular form, extending it 
 down to their (houlders. 
 
 They adorn themfelves with ear and nofe rings, 
 bracelets of filver and wampum, and paint their 
 faces with various colours. When they prepare 
 for an engagement they paint themfelves black, 
 and fight naked. 
 
 Their arms are a fufil, or rifle, a powder horn, 
 a fhot pouch, a tomahawk, and a fcalping knife 
 hanging to their neck. 
 
 When they are in want of firearms, they fupply 
 them by a bow, a fpear, or a death hammer, which 
 * is a fhort club made of hard wood. 
 
 Their ufual utenfils are a kettle, a fpoon, a look- 
 ing glafs, an awl, a ileel to ftrike fire, fome paint, a 
 pipe and tobacco-pouch. For want of tobacco, 
 they fmoke fome particular leaves, or the bark of a 
 willow; which is almoft their continual occupation. 
 
 Thus lightly equipped do the favages lie in 
 wait to attack, at fome difficult pafs, the European 
 foldier, heavily accoutred, harafled by a tedious 
 march, and encumbered with an unwieldy convoy. 
 
 Experience 
 
Wmi k iUd; ... 
 
 lOO 
 
 Refle£lions on the War 
 
 Experience has convinced us that it is not our 
 intereft to be at war with them; but if, after having 
 tried all means to avoid it, they force us to it, 
 (which in all probability v/ill often happen) we 
 (hould endeavour to fight them upon more equal 
 terms, and regulate our raanceuvres upon thofe of 
 the enemy we are to engage, and the nature of the 
 country we are to a6t in. 
 
 It does not appear from our accounts of Indian 
 wars, that the favages were as brave formerly as we 
 have found them of late ; which muft be imputed 
 to their unexpedled fuccefTes againft our troops on 
 fome occafions, particularly in 1755; and from the 
 little refiftance they have fince met with from 
 defencelefs inhabitants. 
 
 It is certain that even at this day, they feldom 
 expofe their perfons to danger, and depend entirely 
 upon their dexterity in concealing themfelves dur- 
 ing an engagement, never appearing openly, unlefs 
 they have ftruck their enemies with terror, and 
 have thereby rendered them incapable of defence. 
 
 From whence it may be inferred that, if 
 
 they were beat two or three times, they would 
 lofe that confidence infpired by fuccefs, and be lefs 
 inclined to engage in wars which might end fatally 
 
 for 
 
^ 
 
 fVith the Savages of North-America. loi 
 
 for them. But this cannot reafonably be expeded, 
 till we have troops trained to fight them in their 
 own way, with the additional advantage of Euro- 
 pean courage and difcipline. 
 
 Any deviation from our eftabliftied military 
 fyftem would be needlefs, if valour, zeal, order 
 and good condudt, were fufficient to fubdue this 
 light-footed enemy. Thefe qualities are confpicu- 
 ous in our troops ; but they are too heavy, and 
 indeed too valuable, to be employed alone in a 
 deftruftive fervice for which they were never in- 
 tended. They require the afliftance of lighter 
 corps, whofe drefs, arms and exercifes, fhould be 
 adapted to this new kind of war. 
 
 This opinion is fupported by the example of 
 many warlike nations, of which 1 beg leave to 
 mention the following. 
 
 The learned Jefuitf who has obliged the world 
 with a treatife on the military affairs of the ancient 
 Romans, tells us, from Salluft§, that this wife 
 
 nation 
 
 fVid. Joannis Antonii Valtrini Lbr, de re milit, Vet. Rom. 
 
 §Neque enim Romanis fuperbia unquam obflitit, quo minus 
 aliena inftituta, Ji modo proba fuifTent, imitarentur ; et quod 
 
 ub^que 
 
I02 
 
 Reflections on the War 
 
 nation, our mafters in the art of war, were never 
 hindered even by the pride of empire, from imita- 
 ting any foreign maxim or inftitution, provided it 
 was good ; and that they carefully adopted into 
 their own practice whatever they found iifeful in 
 that of their allies or enemies; fo that by receiving 
 fome things from one, and fome from another, they 
 greatly improved a fyftem even originally excellent. 
 
 The defeat of Antony and Craflus by the Par- 
 thians, of Curio by the Numidians, and many 
 other inftances, convinced the Romans that their 
 legions, who had conquered fo many nations, were 
 not fit to engage light-troops, which, harraifing 
 them continuallv, evaded all their endeavours to 
 bring them to a clofe engagement ; and it is prob- 
 able that if Julius Cfefar had not been afTaflinated, 
 when he was preparing to march againft the fame 
 Parthians, to wipe off the reproach of the former 
 defeats, he would have added to his legions a 
 greater number of light troops, formed upon the 
 principles and method of that nation, and have 
 left us ufeful leflbns for the conduct of a war 
 againft our favages. 
 
 ubique apud focios vel holies idoneum vifum eiret, cum lludio 
 domi exfequerentur. — Aliaque ab aliis accepta. ipfi longe fatere 
 meliora quse quidem digna tlatuifl'ent. 
 
 That 
 
fVith the Savages of North-America. 103 
 
 That he did not think the attack of irregular 
 troops contemptible, appears clearly in feveral 
 parts of his commentaries, and particularly in the 
 African war. The various embarralTments he met 
 with from the enemy he had then to deal with, 
 neceflarily call to our mind many fimilar circum- 
 ftances in the courfe of our wars with the Indians ; 
 and the pains he took to inftrud his foldiers to 
 ftand and repel the fkirmifhes of the nimble Afri- 
 cans, may furniih inftrudion to us in our military 
 operations againft the favage Americans. 
 
 We are told that while Caefar was on his march 
 "to Scipio's"'' quarters, the enemy's horfe and 
 "light-armed infantry, rifing all at once from an 
 " ambufcade, appeared upon the hills, and attacked 
 
 "his 
 
 *Labienus, Afraniufque cum omni equitatu, levique armatura, 
 ex infidiis adorti agmini Caefaris extremo fe offerunt, atque ex 
 collibus primis exfirtunt. — Primo impetu legionum equitatus, 
 levis armatura hoflium nui!o negotio loco pulfa et dejedla eft de 
 colle. Quum jam Caelar exiilnnaffet hoftes pulfos deterritolque 
 finem laceffendi fafturos, et iter coeptum pergere coepifler ; iterum 
 celeriter ex proximis collibus erumpunt ; i. que in Caefaris legion- 
 arios impetum faciunt Numids, levilque armaturae mirabili veloci- 
 tate przediti ; qui inter equites pugnabant, et una pariterque cum 
 equitibus accurere et refugere comfueverant. Hoc fepius, facerent, 
 &c. — Caefaris autem non ampliustres, aut quatuor milites veterani, 
 1i fe convertiflent, et pila viribus contorta in Numidas infertos 
 conjeciffent, amplius duorum millium numero ad unum terga 
 
 vertebant ; 
 
•■I.llllfcl — » ^ 
 
 104 
 
 Reflexions on the War 
 
 his rear. His legions forming themfelves, foon 
 beat the enemy from the higher ground. And 
 now chinking all fafe, he begins to purfue his 
 march. But immediately the enemy break forth 
 from the neighbouring hills ; and the Numidians, 
 with their light-armed foot, who are wonderfully 
 nimble, always mixing and keeping equal pace 
 with the cavalry in charging or retiring, fall 
 afrefh on the Roman foot. Thus they fre- 
 quently renewed the charge, and ftill retired when 
 he endeavoured to bring them to clofe engage- 
 ment. If but two or three of his veterans faced 
 about and caft their piles with vigour, two thou- 
 fand of the enemy would fly, then returning 
 rally again, making it their bufinefs to harrafs 
 his march, and tc prefs upon his rear, following 
 
 vertcbant; ac rurfus ad aciem paflim, convcrfis equis, f"e col- 
 ligebant, atque in ipatio consequebantur, et jaciila in Lcgionarios 
 conjiciebant. 
 
 Casar contra ejusmodi hoftium genera copias fuas, non ut 
 imperator exercitum veteranum, viftoremque maximis rebus geftis, 
 fed ut lanifta tirones gladiatores condocefacerc : quo pede ieff 
 reciperent ab hofte, &c. — Mirifice enim hoiUum levis ai 'ni 
 anxiutn exercitum ejus atque follicitum habebat ; quia .cs 
 
 deterrebat prcelium inirc, propter equorum intcrritum , i eos 
 
 jaculis interficiebat ; et legionarium militcm defatigabat, j pter 
 relocitatcm. Gravis enim armatura miles iimul atque ab his in 
 feflatus conftiterat, in eofque impetum fecerat, illi vcloci curfu 
 facile periculum vitabant. 
 
 at 
 
fVith the Savages of North-America. 105 
 
 " at fome diftance and throwing their darts at the 
 ** legions. 
 
 "C/ESAR, having fo fubtil an enemy to deal 
 
 "with, inftruded liis foldiers, not like a general 
 
 **who had been vidorious in the moft arduous 
 
 •'exploits, but as a fencing-mafterf would inftruCt 
 
 "his fcholars; teaching them with what pace to 
 
 " retreat from the enemy, and how to return to 
 
 " the charge ; how far to advance, and how far to 
 
 " retire; and likewife in what place and manner to 
 
 "caft their piles. For their light-armed infantry 
 
 "gave him the greateft uneafinefs, deterring his 
 
 " troopers from meeting them, by killing their 
 
 "horfes with their javelins, and wearying his 
 
 "legions by their fwiftnefs. For whenever his 
 
 " heavy-arm(|4 foot faced -Lout, and endeavoured 
 
 "to return their charge, they quickly avoided the 
 
 "danger by flight." 
 
 But without going back to the ancients, we 
 have feen this maxim adopted in our days. Mar- 
 fhal de Saxe finding the French army harrafled by 
 the HufTars and other Auftrian light troops, 
 formed alfo feveral corps of them of different 
 
 fLanitta, in Latin, is an inftruftor of gladiators, which in 
 Englidi can only be tranflated a •« Fencing-mafler." 
 
 kinds ; 
 
io6 
 
 Reflexions on the War 
 
 kinds ; and the king of Pruflia in his fir(* ^ar in- 
 troduced them into his army, and has augmented 
 and employed them ever fince with fuccefs. We 
 have ourfelves made ufe of them in the two laft 
 wars in Europe : But the light troops wanted in 
 America muft be trained on different principles. 
 The enemies we have to deal with, are infinitely 
 more aftive and dangerous than the Huffars and 
 Pandours ; or even the Africans above-mentioned. 
 For the American favages, after their rapid incur- 
 fions, retreat to their towns, at a great diftance from 
 our fettlements, through thickety woods almoft im- 
 penetrable to our heavy and unwieldy corps, com- 
 pofed of foldiers loaded with cloaths, baggage and 
 provifions, who, when fatigued by a long march, 
 muft be a very unequal match to engage the nimble 
 favage in woods, which are his native eltinent. 
 
 Another unavoidable incumbrance, in our ex- 
 peditions, arifes from the provifions and baggage of 
 the army, for which a road muft be opened, and 
 bridges thrown ov^r rivers and fwamps. This 
 creates great labour, retards and weakens the line 
 of march, and keeps the troops tied to a convoy 
 which they cannot lofe fight of, without expofing 
 it to become a prey to a vigilant enemy, continu- 
 ally hovering about to feize every advantage. 
 
 An 
 
IVith the Savages of North- America. 107 
 
 An European, to be a proper judge of this 
 kind of war, muft have lived fome time in the 
 vaft forefts of America ; otherwife he will hardly 
 be able to conceive a continuity of woods without 
 end. In fpite of his endeavours, his imagination 
 will betray him into an expertation of open and 
 clear grounds, and he will be apt to calculate his 
 manoeuvres accordingly, too much upon the prin- 
 ciples of war in Europe. 
 
 Let us fuppofe a perfon, who is entirely unac- 
 quainted with the nature of this fervice, to be put 
 at the head of an expedition in America. We will 
 further fuppofe that he has made the difpofitions 
 ufual in Europe for a march, or to receive an 
 enemy ; and that he is then attacked by the favages. 
 He cannot difcover them, tho' from every tree, 
 log or bufh, he receives an incelTant fire, and ob- 
 ferves that few of their fhot are loft. He will not 
 hefitate to charge thofe invifible enemies, but he 
 will charge in vain. For they are as cautious to 
 avoid a clofe engagement, as indefatigable in har- 
 rafling his troops; and notwithftanding all his 
 endeavours, he will ftill find himfelf furrounded 
 by a circle of fire, which, like an artificial horizon, 
 follows him every where. 
 
 Unable 
 

 1 08 
 
 Refle£fions on the War 
 
 Unable to rid himfelf of an enemy who never 
 ftands his attacks, and flies when prefixed, only to 
 return upon him again with equal agility and 
 vigour; he will fee the courage of his heavy troops 
 droop, and their ftrength at lafl: fail them by 
 repeated and ineffedual efforts. 
 
 He muft therefore think of a retreat, unlefs he 
 can force his way thro' the enemy. But how is 
 this to be effefted? his baggage and provifions are 
 unloaded and fcattered, part of his horfes and 
 drivers killed, others difperfed by fear, and his 
 wounded to be carried by foldiers already fainting 
 under the fatigue of a long adion. The enemy, 
 encou raided by his diftrefs, will not fail to encreafe 
 the diforder, by prefling upon him on every fide, 
 with redoubled fury and favage bowlings. 
 
 He will probably form a circle or a fquare, to 
 keep off fo daring an enemy, ready at the leaft 
 opening to fall upon him with the deftruftive 
 tomahawk : but thefe difpofitions, tho' a tolerable 
 fhift for defence, are neither proper for an attack, 
 nor a march thro' the woods. 
 
 This is not an imaginary fuppofition, but the 
 true ftate of an engagement with the Indians, 
 
 experienced 
 
With the Savages of North- America. 109 
 
 experienced by the troops who have fought againfl 
 them. Neither is there any thing new or extraor- 
 dinary in this way of fighting, which feems to have 
 been common to moft Barbarians f. 
 
 What is then to be done to extricate our little 
 army from impending dettrudion? 
 
 This is a problem which I do not pretend to 
 refolve. But as every man would, in fimilar cir- 
 cumftances, determine himfelf fome way or other, 
 I will propofe my own fentiments, founded upon 
 fome obfervations which 1 believe invariable in all 
 engagements with favages. 
 
 The firft, that their general maxim is to fur- 
 round their enemy. 
 
 The fecond, that they fight fcattered, and never 
 in a compadt body. 
 
 The third, that they never ftand their ground 
 when attacked, but immediately give way, to re- 
 turn to the charge. 
 
 t Vid. Cael. Comm. lib. V. dc bcUo Gallico, et lib, II de 
 
 bello civili. ,,, 
 
 These 
 
1 lO 
 
 Refletlions on the War 
 
 These principles being admitted, it foliows- 
 
 ift. That the troops deftined to engage Indians, 
 muft be lightly cloathed, armed, and accoutred. 
 
 2d. That having no refiftance to encounter in 
 the attack, or defence, they are not to be drawn up 
 in clofe order, which would only expofe them with- 
 out neceflity to a greater lofs. 
 
 And, laftly, that all their evolutions muft be 
 performed with great rapidity; and the men ena- 
 bled by exercife to purfue the enemy clofely, when 
 put to flight, and not give them time to rally. 
 
 These remarks will explain the reafons of the 
 alterations propofed in the formation of a corps of 
 troops, for the fervice of the woods. It is not, 
 however, to be expeded that this method will re- 
 move all obftacles, or that thofe light troops can 
 equal the favages in patience, and adivity; but, 
 with difcipline and praftice, they may in a great 
 meafure fupply the want of thefe advantages, and 
 by keeping the enemy at a diftance afford great 
 relief and fecurity to the main body. 
 
 SECTION 
 
JVith the Savages of North- America. t 1 1 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 GENERAL IDEA OF AN ESTABLISHMENT OF LIGHT 
 TROOPS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE WOODS. 
 
 I SHALL only venture a few notions fuggefted by 
 experience upon this fubjed, chiefly with a view 
 to recommend it to the confideration of perfons 
 capable of propofing a proper method of forming 
 fuch an eftablifliment: and, in order to be better 
 underftood, I will fuppofe a corps of 500 men to 
 be raifed and difciplined for the woods, befrdes two 
 troops of light horfe, to which a company of arti 
 fleers might be added. The fitteft men for that 
 fervice would be the natives of America bred upon 
 the frontiers, and inlifl:ed between the age of 15 
 and 20 years, to be difcharged between 30 and 35. 
 
 C L O A T H I N G . 
 
 The cloathing of a foldier for the campaign 
 might confift of a ftiort coat of brown cloth, lap- 
 pelled, and without plaits; a fl:rong tanned (hirt, 
 
 (hort 
 
112 
 
 Refle£lions on the l^^ar 
 
 Ihort trowfers, leggins, mokawrons or (hoe packs, 
 a Tailor's hat, a blanket, a knapfack for provifions, 
 and an oiled furtoufj- againft the rain. To this 
 might be added, in winter quarters or time of 
 peace, three white Oiirts and ftocks, with a flannel 
 waidcoat. 
 
 ARMS. 
 
 I The following Watch-coat was contrived by an officer, 
 whofe name 1 do not remember. But inrtead of the oiled linen to 
 be put under tl\c hat, a cap might perhaps anfwer better. He 
 writes as follows, viz. 
 
 •'As the Indian war will require frequent incurfions into a 
 " wild country, where a man fick or wounded, is in feveral refpefts 
 '■ more detrimental to the fervice than a man killed, everv thing 
 " that may contribute to the health of the men is of moment. 
 
 •In this view, I propolc a iort of furtout, to preferve men, in 
 '• a great meafure, both from wet and cold. 
 
 " Take a large checked fhirt, of about half a crown ilerling 
 "per yard, for it (hould be pretty fine; cut off the wriil-band.s, 
 "and continue the opening of the breail down to the bottom; 
 '• few up the fides from the gullets downwards ; rip out the gath- 
 •' ers in the fore parts of the collar as far as the ftioulder llrap>, 
 "and refew it plain to the collar. 
 
 •' The fliirt will then become a fort of watch-coat like a bed- 
 -gown, with very wide (leeves. 
 
 " Take a quantity ot linfced oil, and boil it gently till one half 
 " is dimiflied, to which put a fmall quantity of litharge of gold, 
 '• and when it is well incorporated with the oil, lay it on with a 
 " brulli upon the watch coat, lo that it fliall be every where 
 " equally wet. 
 
 "I fuppolc the watcii-coat, hung in a garret, or other covered 
 '" place, and io fufpended by crooked pins and pack threads in the 
 " extremities of the (leeves and edges of the collar, that one part 
 
 '■ niall 
 
 PS 
 
fVith the Savages of North-America. 113 
 
 ARMS. 
 
 Their arms, the beft that could be made, fhould 
 be fliort fufils and fome rifles, with bayonets in the 
 form of a dirk, to ferve for a knife; with powder 
 horns and fliot pouches, fmall hatchets and leathern 
 bottles for water. 
 
 (hall not touch another. In a (hort time, if the weather is 
 good, it will be dry; when a fecond mixture of the fame kind 
 fhould be laid on with a brulh as before. When the fecond 
 coat of painting is dry, the greafe will not come off, and the 
 furtout is an effeflual prefervative from rain ; it is very light to 
 carry, and being pretty full on the back, will not only keep the 
 man dry, but alfo his pack and ammunition. 
 
 " The fleeves are left long and wide, to receive the butt end of 
 a firelock (fecured) and to cover it below the lock. The coat 
 is double breafted to be lapped over, according to which fide 
 the rain drives. A man will be kept dry by one of thefe fur- 
 touts as far as the knees. If, from the vicinity of the enemy, it 
 is improper to make fires at night, he may place his pack on a 
 ftone, and, fitting upon it, change his flioes and leggins, and, if 
 he pleafes, wrap his blanket round his legs and feet, then draw- 
 ing the watch-coat clofe to his body, it will keep him warm, as 
 no air can pafs through it, and, leaning againft the trunk of a 
 tree, he may pafs a tolerable night, both warm and dry 
 
 " It would be of fervice to have a fmall piece of the fame 
 oiled linen to put under the hat or cap to carry the rain down 
 to the watchcoat or furtout, otherwife whatever wet foaks 
 through the hat or cap, will run down the neck, and thereby, 
 in fome mcafure, defeat the defign of the watch-coat. 
 
 "Perhaps it might be useful to mix fome dark or greenilh 
 colour with the oil of the fecond coating, to make the watch 
 coat lefs remarkable in the woods." 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
114 
 
 Reflexions on the War 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 The foldiers being raifed, cloathed, and formed 
 into companies under proper officers, muft, before 
 they are armed, be taught to keep themfelves clean, 
 and to drefs in a foldier-like manner. This will 
 raife in them a becoming fpirit, give them a favour- 
 able opinion of their profeflion, and preferve their 
 health. The firft thing they are to learn is to 
 Walk well, afterwards to Run; and, in order to 
 excite emulation, fmall premiums might from time 
 to time be given to thofe who diftinguifli them 
 felves. They muft then run in ranks, with open 
 files, and wheel in that order, at firft flowly, and 
 by degrees increafe their fpeed: this evolution is 
 difficult, but of the utmoft confequence to fall 
 unexpededly upon the flank of the enemy. They 
 are to difperfe and rally at given fignals; and par- 
 ticular colours ftiould be given to each company, 
 for them to rally by ; the men muft be ufed to 
 leap f over logs and ditches, and to carry burthens 
 
 proportioned to their ftrength. 
 
 Whfv 
 
 "}■ Vegetius j»ives an account of many fimilar exercifes, which 
 the Romans found neceffary to eftabli(h among their military. 
 Miles fylvam caedebat, aeftivis temporibus natabat, ad palum dim?- 
 cabat, faltabat, currebat. Exempla hujus exercitationis crebra 
 funt apud Livium. Sic ilk de Scipione Africano, 3 decad. lib. 
 
 VI. 
 
H'^ith the Savages of North-America. 1 1 5 
 
 When the young foldlers are perfedt in thefe 
 cxercifes, they may receive their arms, with which 
 they are to perform the former evolutions in all 
 forts of grounds. They will next be taught to 
 handle their arms with dexterity ; and, without 
 lofing time upon trifles, to load and fire very 
 quick, (landing, kneeling, or lying on the ground. 
 They are to fire at a mark without a reft, and not 
 fufFered to be too long in taking aim. Hunting 
 and fmall premiums will foon make them expert 
 markfmen. 
 
 They ought to learn to fwim, pufhing at the 
 fame time their cloaths, arms, and ammunition 
 before them, on a fmall raft; and to make ufe of 
 fnow ftioes. They muft then be fet to work, and 
 be taught to throw up an intrenchment, open a 
 trench, make fafcines, clays and gabions ; likewife 
 to fall trees, fquare logs, faw planks, make canoes, 
 carts, ploughs, hand and wheel barrows, fliingles 
 and clap-boards, cafks, batteaus and bridges, and 
 to build log houfes, ovens, &c. 
 
 VI. " Primo die legiones in arinis IV. millium fpatio decurre- 
 " runt. Secundo die arma curare et tergere ante tentoria juflit. 
 " Tertio die fudibus inter Ift in rnodutn juftae pugnae concurrerent, 
 " prapilatisque milGlibus jaculati funt. Quarto die quies data, 
 "Quinto iterum in armis decurfum eft," — Quibua porro modis 
 obviam catur elephantis. Veget. lib. III. cap. 24. 
 
 By 
 
ii6 
 
 Reflexions on the War 
 
 By example and practice, the moft ingenious 
 among them will foon become tolerable good car- 
 penters, joyners, wheelwrights, coopers, armourers, 
 fmiths, mafons, brickmakers, faddlers, taylors, 
 butchers, bakers, fhoemakers, curriers, &c. 
 
 LIGHT HORSE and DOGS. 
 
 I SAID that, to compleat this eftablifhment. ♦•hey 
 ftiould have two troops of light horfe, fuppofed 
 of 50 men each, officers included. The men are 
 to perform the fame exercifes as the foot, and 
 afterwards be taught to ride, and particularly to 
 be very alert at mounting and difmounting with 
 their arms in their hands, to gallop through the 
 woods, up and down hills, and leap over logs and 
 ditches. 
 
 The horfes ought to be bought up on the 
 frontiers, where they are bred and ufed to feed in 
 the woods, and are ftrong and hardy. They are 
 to be thoroughly broke, made to (land fire, to 
 fwim over rivers, &c. their faddles and accoutre- 
 ments very fimple, ftrong and light. The number 
 of horfes might be reduced to one half, in time of 
 peace, tho' they would be ot little expence, as they 
 might be bred and maintained without charge in 
 
 the 
 
IVith the Savages of North- America. 1 1 7 
 
 the military fettlement. This corps fliould be 
 equipped as the foot, having only a Ihort rifle in 
 lieu of a fufil, and a battle ax with a long handle, 
 the only fort of arms they fhould make ufe of in 
 the charge. 
 
 Every light horfe man ought to be provided 
 with a Blood-hound, which would be ufeful to 
 find out the enemies ambufhes, and to follow their 
 tradls; they would feize the naked favages, or at 
 leaft give time to the horfe men to come up with 
 them ; they would add to the fafety of the camp 
 at night by difcovering any attempt to furprize it. 
 
 ARTIFICERS. 
 
 The company of artificers fhould be compofed 
 of the moft ufeful tradefmen, and ought to be 
 maintained at all times for the inftrudion of the 
 foldiers, the ufe of the fettlement, or the fervice 
 of the army, during the campaign. It will now 
 be time to draw forth this military colony and re- 
 movt- them to the ground laid out for that ufe in 
 the woods, and at a good diftance from the inhab- 
 itants, rho r.ature of this fettlement will here- 
 after he more particularly defcribed. 
 
 Necessity 
 
■^" 
 
 Ii8 
 
 RefieEiions on the War 
 
 Necessity creating induftry, our young Coldiers 
 will foon provide themfelves with the moil ufeful 
 articles, and in a couple of years be able to raife 
 proviftons for themfelves. 
 
 While the greateft part would be employed in 
 clearing the ground, fencing, ploughing, fowing, 
 planting, building and making utenfils and houfe- 
 hold furniture, others might hunt with their offi- 
 cers, and remain a fortnight or a month out of the 
 camp, without other provifions than a little flour, 
 and what they could procure by hunting and fifh- 
 ing : then to be relieved, and the whole trained up 
 in that way. 
 
 The military exercifes muft ftill be kept un and 
 pradkiced, and great care taken to inculcate and pre- 
 ferve purity of manners, obedience, order and decen- 
 cy among the men, which will be found much eafier 
 in the woods than in the neighbourhood of towns. 
 
 In order to make this military eftablifhment 
 more generally ufeful ; I would propofe that the fol- 
 diers (hould only receive a very fmall part of their 
 pay ; leaving the remainder in the military cheft. 
 
 Their accounts fhould be fettled every year, 
 
 and 
 
IVith the Savages of North- America. 119 
 
 and when their fervices fhould intitlc them to their 
 difcharge, I could wifh that each of them had 200 
 acres of land given him, in a diftrift appropriated 
 for that purpofe ; and receiving then the whole 
 ballance of pay due them, they would then be 
 enabled to compleat their fettlement. This infti- 
 tution appears not only prafticable, but eafy, if 
 attended to with patience, affiduity and firmnefs. 
 The plan I would propofe is as follows. 
 
 Method of forming fuch Settlements upon the 
 
 Frontiers, as might fupport themfelves 
 
 during an Indian War. 
 
 Let us fuppofe a fettlement to be formed for 
 one hundred families, compofed of five perfons 
 each, upon an average. 
 
 Lay out upon a river or creek, if it can be found 
 conveniently, a square of one thoufand kwtn 
 hundred and fixty yards, or a mile for each fide. 
 
 That Square will contain - - 640 acres 
 Allowing for ftreets and public ufes 40' 
 To half an acre for every houfe - 50 
 To one hundred lotts at five and 
 
 half acres - - - 55°. 
 
 > 64O acres 
 
 The 
 
.,%ia.fe-<. 
 
 1 20 
 
 Reflexions on the War 
 
 The four fides of the fquare meafure 7040 yards, 
 which gives to each houfe about 70 yards front to 
 ftockade, and the ground allowed for building will 
 be 210 feet front, and about 100 feet deep. 
 
 An acre of ground will produce at leaft 30 
 buihels of Indian corn. Therefore, two acres are 
 fufficient to fupply five perfons, at the rate ot 
 twelve >^vifhels each perfon. Two other acres will 
 be a pafture for cows and (heep, another acre for 
 hay, to be fown with red clover. The remaining 
 half acre may be laid out for a garden. 
 
 Round the town are the commons, of three 
 miles fquare, containing, exclufive of the lots 
 abovementioned, 5120 acres. On three fides of 
 the town, five other Squares will be laid out of 
 three fquare miles, containing 5760 acres each, one 
 of which is referved for wood for the ufe of the 
 Settlement ; the other four to be divided into 
 25 out-lotts or plantations, of about 230 acres 
 each, fo that in the four Squares, there will be one 
 hundred fuch plantations, for the 100 families. 
 
 Another townftiip may be laid out joining this, 
 upon the fame plan, and as many more as you please 
 upon the fame line, without lofing any ground. 
 
 The 
 
With the Savages 
 
 of North-America, 
 
 121 
 
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■ll(< < i'V' l •« 'fW i i f il 'n > i ! » ■ ' ■ 
 
 122 
 
 Reflexions on the War 
 
 Thus the town, A, has its commons, its wood- 
 land, and its 4 fquares marked No. i. each con- 
 taining 25 plantations of 230 acres, as propofed 
 above. In like manner, the other towns, B, C, D, 
 have their appurtenances refpedively marked. 
 
 Let us now fuppofe this plan accomplifhed, and 
 fuch corps as thefe fully fettled, trained and difci- 
 plined, in the manner abovenientioned ; I would a(k 
 whether any officer, entrufted with an expedition 
 againft the favages, would not chufe to have them 
 in his army? I may fafely anfwer for all thofe who 
 have been employed in that fervice, that they would 
 prefer them to double the number of the beft 
 European troops. And when they had ferved the 
 time limited, namely from their 15th to their 35th 
 year, what vaft fatisfartion would it be to pay 
 over to them their fhare of favings from the 
 public cheft ; and, as a reward of their faithtul 
 toils, to veft them and their heirs with their feveral 
 plantations, which they would now be enabled to 
 cultivate as their own ? This profpedl would 
 engage many people to enter their fons, in luch 
 corps ; and thofe veterans, when thus difcharged, 
 would not only be the means of forming and 
 animating others by their example, but in cafe 
 of a war would ftill bravely maintain the property 
 
 they 
 
fVith Ihe Savages of North-America. 123 
 
 thev had fo honorably acquired, and be the greateft 
 fecuntv of the frontier where thev are fettled. 
 
 Preparations for an expedition in the woods 
 
 At.AINSr SAVAGES. 
 
 It is not pradicable to employ large bodies ot" 
 troops againft Indians; the convoys neceiTary for 
 their fupport would be too cumberfonie, and could 
 neither be moved with eafe, nor proterted. It 
 would be better to fit out feveral fmall expeditions^ 
 than one too unwieldy: I will therefore fuppofe 
 that a corps intended to ad offenfively ft\all not 
 exceed the following proportions. 
 
 Two regiments of foot - - - - 
 One battalion of hunters - - - 
 Two troops of light horfe - - - 
 One company of artificers 
 Drivers and neceflarv followers - - 
 
 900 
 
 500 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 280 
 
 In all 
 
 1800 
 
 Thk firft article to provide is the provifions, 
 and next the carriages. 
 
 The daily ration of a foldier in the woods 
 (hould confift of one pound and a half of meat 
 
 (which 
 
124 
 
 Reflexions on the War 
 
 (which requires no carriage) and one pound of 
 flour, with a t^ill of fait per week. 
 
 Upon that allowance 1800 
 men will require for fix 
 months or 182 days - - 
 
 ALLOWfNG one fourth for 
 accident - - - - - ■ 
 
 For fix months 
 
 327,600 lb. Flour. 
 
 81,900 
 409,500 lb. Flour,, 
 
 Meat for the fame time' 
 
 with a fourth part more forf 
 
 ' ,^ 614,400 lb. Meat. 
 
 accidents, or 2048 beeves atv 
 
 300 lb. each 
 
 Salt for 26 weeks 
 
 182 Buft\els. 
 
 The above quantity would ferve the whole cam- 
 paign, bat one half would be fufficient to pene- 
 trate from the laft depofite into the heart of the 
 enemy's country: therefore we '^all compute the 
 carriages for this Kill quantity only. 
 
 Every hor^^ carries about 150 lb. neat weight, 
 therefore, to carry flour for three months or 204,- 
 750 lb. will require 1365 horfes. 
 
 Horses 
 
With the Savages of North- America. 125 
 
 " 
 
 
 Horses for flour brought forward - 
 
 - 1365 
 
 For 91 buihels of fait - 
 
 - 46 
 
 Ammunition .. - - - 
 
 50 
 
 Tents _ - - - - 
 
 50 
 
 Tools _ . _ . - 
 
 50 
 
 Hofpital - - - - - 
 
 20 
 
 Officers baggage and ftafF 
 
 - 150 
 
 
 i73« 
 
 To reduce this exorbitant number of horfes, and 
 the great expence 'attending it, I would propole, 
 for fuch parts of the country as would admit of it, 
 to make ufe of carts, drawn each by four oxen, 
 and carrying about 1300 lb. or fix barrels of flour. 
 The above quantity of 204,750 lb. will then be 
 carried by 160 carts drawn by - - - 640 oxen 
 Spare oxen with the army - - - • 384 
 
 The number of oxen wanted 
 
 1024 
 
 This method would not be as expeditious as the 
 carnage by horfes, and would require more time 
 and attention in cutting the road, and bridging 
 the fwampy places, &c. but, on tht other hand, 
 what an expence would be faved' and by killing 
 the oxen ui proportion as the flour is ufed, :»nd 
 
 abandoning 
 
■s»- 
 
 
 126 
 
 Refletlions on the War 
 
 abandoning the rarfs, the convoy is daily reduced, 
 and the grais near the encampment will not be lo 
 foon confumed, which is not the cale with horles, 
 which muft equally be fed though unloaded. This 
 is an objed of confequence, particularly near the 
 end of the campaign, when the fcarcity of fodder 
 obliges to move the camps every day, and to place 
 them in low and difadvantageous grounds. 
 
 1 WOULD therefore incline for the ufe of carts, 
 and they could he made before hand by the hunt- 
 ers and their artificers. 
 
 The oxen Ihould be bought in the provinces 
 where the farmers make ufc of them in their works. 
 One or two foldiers would drive the cart and 
 take charge of the four oxen. 
 
 There are few rivers in North- America deep m 
 fummer, and which thefe carts with high and broad 
 wheels, could not ford ; but if the contrary fhould 
 happen, the carts, provifions and bagp^age, may be 
 rafted over, or a bridge built. In a country full 
 of timber, and with troops accuftomed to work, 
 no river will ftop an army for a long time. 
 
 By the above method, j or 400 horfes would be 
 
 fufficient 
 
* » ii#JlW>»Wl»S' "^" " V 
 
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Pf^ith the Savages of North- America. 127 
 
 fufficient to carry the baggage, ammunition, tents, 
 tools, &c. 
 
 EXPLANATION of the four PLANS, 
 
 I Plate IL 
 
 Reprefenting the different pofitions of 
 
 our army in the woods. 
 
 ENCAMPMENT. 
 
 The camp (Fig. i) forms a parallellogram, of 
 one thoufand by fix hundred feet. Eight hund- 
 red men of the regular troops (i) encamp on the 
 four fides, which gives twenty four feet to each 
 tent, containing fix men. The light-horfe (j) 
 encamp within the parallellogram. The refcrve 
 (7) in the center. 
 
 The provifions, ammunition, tools and ftores 
 (8^ and the cattle (9) are placed between the two 
 troops of light-horfe and the referve. The hunters 
 (2) encamp on the outfide dtagonally at the tour 
 angles, being covered by redoubts (5) formed with 
 kegs and bags of flour or fafcines. Befides thefe 
 four redoubts, another is placed to the front, one 
 
 f See this Plate before Pag. 40. 
 
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 128 
 
 Reflections on the War 
 
 to the rear, and two before each of the long fices 
 of the camp, making in all ten advanced guards of 
 11 men each, and 7 centries, covered if poflible by 
 breaft works of fafcines or provifions. Before the 
 army lay down their arms, the ground is to be 
 reconnoitred, and the guards pofted, who will 
 immediately open a communication from one to 
 the other to relieve the centries, and facilitate the 
 pafTage of rounds. 
 
 The centries upon the ammunition, provifions, 
 head quarters, and all others in the infide of the 
 camp are furnifhed from the referve. The officers, 
 except the ftaffand commanders of corps, encamp 
 on the line with their men. 
 
 The fires are made between the guards and camp, 
 and put out in cafe of an attack in the night. 
 
 LINE of MARCH, Plate II. Fig. II. 
 
 Part of the hunters (2) in three divifions 
 detaching fmall parties (5, 6) to their front and to 
 their right and left, to fearch the woods and difcover 
 the enemy. 
 
 The 
 
 ■'^"^^M!MI'i!^ift^5pWMWW^'5Bl|BKtflW*IK 
 
^mmmmmsmm 
 
 ., ■»ii<»»i».>-t '-*' I -*■>' 'Tti i1ifiiff*i 
 
 PTith the Savages of North- America. 129 
 
 The artificers and ax-men (4) to cut a road for 
 the convoy, and two paths on the right and left 
 for the troops. 
 
 One hundred and fifty of the regular troops (i) 
 in two files, who are to form the front of the 
 fquare ; thefe march in the center road. 
 
 Two hundred and fifty regulars (i) in one file 
 by the right hand path; and 250 (i) by the left 
 hand path, are to form the long faces. 
 
 These are followed by 150 regulars (1) in two 
 files, who are to form the rear of the fquare. 
 
 The referve (7) compofed of 100 regulars in two 
 files. 
 
 The reft of the hunters (2) in two files. 
 
 The light horfe (3.) 
 
 The rear guard (5) compofed of hunters, fol- 
 lows the convoy at fome diftance and clofes the 
 march. The fcouting parties (6) who flank the 
 line of march, are taken from the hunters and light 
 horfe, and pofted as in plan (Fig. 2), fome orderly 
 
 light 
 
-■Awifcil J i iM ' ii r . i«rt.awi—Mt>iW 
 
 130 
 
 RefleSlions on the War 
 
 light horfe men, attend the General and field offi- 
 cers who command the grand divifions, to carry 
 their orders. Two guards of light horfe take 
 charge of the cattle (9.) 
 
 The convoy (8) proceeds in the following order. 
 
 The tools and ammunition following the front 
 column. 
 
 The baggage. 
 
 The cattle. 
 
 The provifions. 
 
 The whole divided into Brigades, and the horfes 
 two a breafl. 
 
 DEFILES. 
 
 In cafe of a defile, the v/hole halt until the 
 ground is reconnoitred, and the hunters have 
 taken poflefTion of the heights. The center col- 
 umn then enters into the defile, followed by the 
 right face; after them the convoy; then the left 
 and rear face, with the refcrvc, the light horfe, and 
 
 the rear guard. 
 
 The 
 
 ■yn 
 
 MMMMMHI 
 
 mm 
 
 wm 
 
H^ith the Savages of North-America. 131 
 
 The whole to form again as foon as the ground 
 permits. 
 
 Disposition to receive the enemv, Fig. (3). 
 
 The whole halt to form the fquare or parallello- 
 gram, which is done thus. The two firft men of 
 the center column (land faft at two yards diftance. 
 The two men following them, ftep forward and 
 port themfelves at two yards on the right and left. 
 The others come to the front in the fame manner, 
 till the two files have formed a rank, which is the 
 front of the fquare. 
 
 The rear face is formed by the two file-leaders 
 turning to the center road, where having placed 
 themfelves at two yards diftance, they face out- 
 wards, and are followed by their fiies, each man 
 porting himfelf on their right or left, and facing 
 towards the enemy the moment he comes to his 
 poft. 
 
 As foon as the front and rear are extended and 
 formed, the two long faces, who have in the mean 
 time faced outwards, join now the extremities of 
 the two fronts and clofe the fquare f. 
 
 t Thefe evolutions muft be performed with celerity. 
 
 To 
 
 ■iBiiili 
 
 ■IHUiiiiliiii 
 
 ilBiM 
 
 ^mmm 
 
 m 
 
1^2 
 
 Refiethons on the tVur 
 
 To REDUCE I'HK SyUARE. 
 
 The right and left of the front, face to the 
 center, where the two center men ftand faft. Upon 
 the word "march" thefe ftep forward and are re- 
 placed by the two next, who follow them, and fo 
 on ; by which means, that front becomes again a 
 column. The rear goes to the right about, and 
 each of the two center men leads again to the fide 
 paths followed by the reft. 
 
 While the troops form, the light horfe and each 
 divifion of the convoy take the ground aftigned to 
 them within the fquare, as if they were to encamp; 
 and the horfes being unloaded, two parallel lines 
 will be formed, with the bags and kegs of provi- 
 fions, to cover the wounded and the men unfit for 
 a(5tion. The hunters take port on the moft advan- 
 tageous ground on the out fide, and Ikirmifti with 
 the enemy, till the fquare is formed; when, upon 
 receiving their orders, they retire within the fquare, 
 where they take their poft as in Fig. (3). 
 
 The fmall parties of rangers (5) who have 
 flanked the line of march, remain on the outfide, 
 to keep off the enemy and obferve their motions. 
 
 When 
 
 fSSSlMW^' 
 
fVith the Savages of North-America. 133 
 
 When the firing begins the troops will have 
 orders to fall on their knees, to be lefs expofed 
 till it is thought proper to attack. 
 
 Thc four faces, formed by the regular troops, are 
 divided into platoons chequered. One half, com- 
 pofed of the heft and moft adive foldiers, is called 
 the firft Firing, and the other half the fecond Firing. 
 
 The eight platoons at the angles are of the 
 fecond Firing, in order to preferve the form of the 
 fquare during the attack. 
 
 It is evident that, by this difpofition, the con- 
 voy is well covered, and the light troops, deftined 
 for the charge, remain concealed; and as all unex- 
 peded events during an engagement are apt to 
 ftrike terror, and create confufion, among the 
 enemy, it is natural to exped that the favages will 
 be greatly difconcerted at the fudden and unfore- 
 ktn eruption, that will foon pour upon them from 
 the infide of the fquare; and that, being vigor- 
 oufly attacked in front and flank at the fame time, 
 they will neither be able to refill, nor, when once 
 broke, have time to rally, fo as to make another 
 ftand. This may be effeded in the following 
 manner. 
 
 GENERAL 
 
'34 
 
 ReAe^lions on the War 
 
 GENERAL ATTACK, Fig. IV. 
 
 The Regulars (i) ftand faft. 
 
 Thc hunters (2) faily out, in four columns, 
 thro' the intervals of the front and rear of the 
 fquare, followed by the light horfe (3) with their 
 bloodhounds. The intervals of the two columns 
 who attack in the front, and of thofe who attack 
 in the rear, will be clofed by the little parties of 
 rangers (5) polled at the angles of the fquare, each 
 attack forming in that manner, three fides of a 
 parallelogram. In that order they run to the 
 enemy (X) and having forced their way through 
 their circle, fall upon their flanks; by wheeling to 
 their right and left, and charging with impetuofity. 
 The moment they take the enemy in flank, the 
 Firfl Firing of the regular troops march out 
 briflcly and attack the enemy in front. The 
 platoons detached in that manner from the two 
 Ihort faces, proceed only about one hundred yards 
 to their front, where they halt to cover the fquare, 
 while the reft of the troops who have attacked 
 purfue the enemy, till they are totally difperfed, 
 not giving them time to recover themfelves. 
 
 The 
 
fVith the Savages of North- America. \ 3 5 
 
 The ficlc and wounded, unable to march or 
 ride, are tranfported in litters made of flour bags, 
 through which two long poles are pafled, and kept 
 afunder by two flicks, tied acrofs beyond the head 
 and feet to ftretch the bag. Each litter is carried 
 by two horfes 
 
 These remarks might have been extended to 
 many other cafes that may occur in the courfe of a 
 campaign or of an engagement, but it is hoped 
 this fketch will be fufficient to evince the neceffity 
 of fome alteration in our ordinary method of 
 proceeding in an Indian war. 
 
ntii'wawu 
 
APPENDIX I . 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF FORTS 
 AGAINST INDIANS. 
 
 A S we have not to guard here againft cannon, 
 ^ ^ the fyftem of European fortifications may- 
 be laid afide, as expend ve, and not anfwering the 
 purpofe. Forts againft Indians, being commonly 
 remote from our fettlements, require a great deal 
 of room to lodge a fufficient quantity of ftores 
 and provifions, and at the fame time ought to be 
 defenfible with one half of their compleat garri- 
 fons, in cafe of detachments or convoys. 
 
 I AM therefore of opinion that a fquare or pen- 
 tagon, with a block-houfe of brick or (lone* at 
 every angle, joined by a wall flanked by the biock- 
 houfes, would be the beft defence againft fuch 
 
 Experience has demonftrated that fortifications made of 
 wood decay very foon, and are on that account of ccnfiderable 
 expence. 
 
 enemies. 
 
138 
 
 Appendix I. 
 
 enemies. A ditch from feven to eight feet deep 
 might be added, with loop holes in the cellars of 
 the block-houfes fix feet from the ground, to de- 
 fend the ditch. 
 
 Along the infide of the curtains the traders 
 might build houfes and ftores, covered as well as 
 the block-houfes with tiles, or flate, to guard 
 againft fire arrows. There will remain a fpacious 
 area for free air and ufe, in which as well as in the 
 ditch, gardens might be made ind wells dug. 
 
 The powder magazines might be placed in the 
 center of the area, keeping only a fmall quantity 
 of cartridges in each block-houfe for prefent ufe. 
 
 The garrifons of fuch forts would be free from 
 furprizes, even if they had no centries, for nothing 
 can get at them, while the doors are well bolted 
 and barred. 
 
 Some reasons for keeping possession of our 
 
 LARGE forts IN THE InDIAN COUNTRY, 
 
 As thefe forts have been one of the caufes of 
 the J aft war and are a great eye-fore to the favages, 
 they have bent their chief efforts againft them; 
 
 and 
 
 
Appendix I. 
 
 M9 
 
 and therefore, while thus employed, they have been 
 lefs able to diftrefs our fettlements. Our torts 
 keep the Indian towns at a great diftance from us. 
 Fort-Pitt has effedually driven them beyond the 
 Ohio, and made them remove their fettlements at 
 leaft 60 miles further weftward. Was it not for 
 thefe forts, they would fettle clofe on our borders, 
 and in time of war infeft us evoy day in -ch 
 numbers as would over-power the thin inhabitimts 
 fcattered on our extenfive frontier. T'.' farmer 
 unablr t;, fow or reap would foon fall back on wur 
 chief towns, or qjit the country for want o< biead. 
 In eithe'- cafe, what would be the fate o\ the huge 
 towns burthened with the whole country, and de- 
 prived of fubfiftance and of the materials of trade 
 and export ? 
 
 The deftrudion of thefe forts being, in time 
 of war, the chief aim of the favages, they gather 
 about them to diftrefs the garrifons, and to attack 
 the convoys ; thereby giving us an opportunity to 
 fight them in a body, and to ftrike a heavy blow, 
 which otherwife they would never put in our power, 
 as their advantage lies in furprizes, which are heft 
 effeded by fmall numbers. Experience has con- 
 vinced them that it is not in th'^ir power to break 
 thofe fhackles, and therefore it is not probable 
 
 that 
 
I40 
 
 Appendix I. 
 
 that they will renew the attempt ; and our pofts 
 will continue a check upon them, and fave the 
 difficulty and expence of taking poft again in their 
 country. Our forts are likewife the proper places 
 for trade, which being clofely infpeded, it will be 
 eafy for us to limit their fupplies, to fuch com- 
 modities as they cannot turn againft us, and to 
 put a fpeedy flop to all juft caufes of complaints, 
 by giving inynediate redrefs. 
 
 A FEW forts, with ftrong gorrifons, I fhould 
 judge to be of more fervice than a greater number 
 weakly guarded. In the laft war we loft all our 
 fmall pofts ; but our more confiderable ones, 
 Detroit and Fort-Pitt, refifted all the efforts of 
 the favages, by the ftrength of their garrifons. 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 
APPENDIX 11. 
 
 ^ I^HE following Paper was written by an Officer 
 -■■ well acquainted with the places he defcribes ; 
 and is thought worthy of a place here, as every 
 thing is material which can encreafe our knowledge 
 of the vaft countries ceded to us and of the vari- 
 ous nations that inhabit them. 
 
 Account of the French forts ceded to Great 
 Britain in Louisiana. 
 
 The fettlement of the Illinois being in 40 
 degrees of latitude, is 500 leagues from Ne 
 Orleans by water and 350 by land. 
 
 w- 
 
 The moft proper time of the year for going 
 there, is the beginning of February. The waters 
 of the Miffifippi are then high, and the country 
 being overflowed, there is lefs to fear from the 
 favages, who are hunting in that feafon. 
 
 The 
 
142 
 
 Appendix TI. 
 
 The encampments fhould be on the left of the 
 river, as the enemies are on the right, and cannot 
 have a fufficient number of crafts to crofs if their 
 party is large. 
 
 They generally attack at day-break, or at the 
 time of embarking. 
 
 The inhabitants might bring provifions half 
 way, if they were allowed good pay. 
 
 The Delawares and Shawanefe lie near Fort Du 
 Quefne,t which is about 500 leagues from the 
 Illinois. The Wiandots and Ottawas, (who are at 
 the Detroit) are about 250 leagues from the Illi- 
 nois by land. And the Miamis about 200 by land 
 
 Nevertheless as intelligence is carried very fill 
 by the Savages, and as all the nations with whom 
 we are at war, can come by the Ohio, J we mull 
 be vigilant to prevent a furprize. 
 
 The 
 
 ■j" So the French formerly called what is now Fort Pitt. 
 
 J Part of the navigation of the Ohio, from Fort-Pitt is de 
 fcribed as follows, viz. 
 
 That the difficult part of the river is from Fort-Pitt about 50 or 
 60 miles downwards. There are 52 iflands between Fort-Pitt 
 and the lower Shawanefe town on Scioto ; and none of them 
 
 difficult 
 
Appendix 11, 
 
 143 
 
 The mouth of the Ohio, in the MilTifippi, is 35 
 leagues from the Illinois. 
 
 Thirteen leagues from the Miffifippi, on the 
 left of the Ohio, is Fort Maffiac, or Aflumption, 
 built in 1757, a little below the mouth of the 
 river Cherokeef. It is only a ftockade, with four 
 baftions and eight pieces of cannon. It may con- 
 tain 100 men. In four days one may go by land, 
 from this fort to the Illinois. 
 
 It is of confequence for the Englifti to preferve 
 it, as it fecures the communication between the 
 Illinois and Fort-Pitt. 
 
 Fort Vincennes, which is the laft poft belonging 
 to Louifiana, is upon the river OuabacheJ, 60 
 
 difficult to pafs in the night, but one at the mouth of Muf- 
 kingham, occafioned by a number of trees lying in the channel. 
 From the lower Shawanefe Town to the falls, there are but 8 or 9 
 iflands. At the falls, the river is very broad, with only one paf- 
 fage on the eaft fide, in which there is water enough at all feafons 
 of the year to pafs without difficulty. Below the falls, the navi- 
 gation is every way clear down to the Miffifippi. 
 
 t River Cherokee falls into the Ohio about 800 miles below 
 Fort-Pitt. This river is in general wide and Ihoal up to the 
 fouth mountain, paflable only with bark canoes, after which it 
 grows very fmall. 
 
 |Ouabache or Wabafli empties itfelf into the Ohio about 60 
 miles above the Cherokee river, on the oppoftte or well fide. 
 
 leagues 
 
144 
 
 Appendix II. 
 
 leagues from its conflux with the Ohio. It is a 
 fmall ftockade fort, in which there may be about 
 20 foidiers. There are alfo a few inhabitants. 
 The foil is extremely fertile, and produces plenty 
 of corn and tobacco. 
 
 The diftance from this fort to the Illinois, is 
 155 leagues by water. And it may be travelled 
 by land in fix days. 
 
 Tne nation of favages living at this pofl: is 
 called Pianquicha. It can furnifti 60 warriors. 
 
 Altho' we do not occupy Fort Vincennes at 
 prefent, yet it would be of the utmoft confe- 
 quence for us to fettle it, as there is a communi- 
 cation from it with Canada, by going up the 
 Ouabache. 
 
 From this poft to the Ouachtanons is 60 
 leagues, and from thence to the Miamis (ftill 
 going up the Ouabache) is 60 leagues further ; 
 then there is a portage of fix leagues to the river 
 Miamis, and you go down that river 24 leagues 
 to Lake Erie. 
 
 Mr. Daurby went by that route in 1759 from 
 
 the 
 
Appendix II. 
 
 '45 
 
 the Illinois to Venango ||, with above 400 men, 
 and two hundred thoufand weight of flour. 
 
 Thirty-five leagues from the mouth of the 
 Ohio, in going up the MiHiftppi, on the right, is 
 the river Kafkafquias. Two leagues up this river, 
 on the left, is the fettlement of the Kalkalquias, 
 which is the mort vonfiderabie of the Illinois. 
 
 river 
 
 There is a fort built upon the height on the 
 other fide of the river, over againft Kaf]<afquias, 
 
 ][ By the above paper the rout is given up the Miflifippi. part 
 of the Ohio, and up the Ouahache to Fort Viiicenncs, and like- 
 wife to the Illinois. Again from Vincennes and the Ouachta- 
 nons by water, on the wefterly communicarion to the Mianii-. 
 portage, then by water down that river by the eallerly rout into 
 Lake Erie, proceeding as far as Prclqu' Ifle, then by the 15 m. 
 portage into Buffalo or Beef river, lately called French creek, 
 then down the fame to Venango on the Ohio. Ivi order, there- 
 fore, to carry this rout IHU further, we fhal! continue it trom 
 Venango to the mouth of Juniata in Sufqueiianiiah, which brings 
 it within the fettled parts of Pennfylvania, viz. 
 
 From Venango to Licking creek, 10 miles. To Tobv's 
 creek, 13. To a fmall creek, i. To the parting of the road, 5 
 To a large run, 3. To Lcycaumevhoning, 9. To Pine creek, 
 7. To Chuckcaughting, 8. To Weeling creek, 4. To the 
 croffing of ditto, 4. To a mi: fwamp, 8. To the head cf 
 Sufquehanna, 10. To Mevtauning creek, 18. To Clear Field 
 creek, 6. To the top of Allegheny, i. To the other fid; 
 ditto, 6. To fieaver dams, 5. To Franks town, 5. To the 
 Canoe place, 6. To the mouth of Juniatta, wo. Total 239 
 miles. 
 
 which, 
 
14.6 
 
 Appendix II. 
 
 which, as the river is narrow, commands and 
 protecfls the town. 
 
 I don't know how many guns there may be, 
 nor how many men it may contain. There may 
 be about 400 inhabitants. 
 
 The Illinois Indians, called Kaikafquias, are 
 fettled half a league from the town; and are able 
 to turn out 100 warriors. They are very lazy and 
 great drunkards. 
 
 Six leagues from Kaikafquias, on the bank of 
 the Miflifippi, is Fort Chartres, built of ftone, 
 and can contain 300 foldiers. There may be 20 
 cannon at mod, and about 100 inhabitants round 
 Chartres. 
 
 The Illinois Indians at that place, who are 
 called Metchis, can furnilli 40 warriors. 
 
 Between the Kaikafquias, and Fort Chartres, 
 is a fmall village, called La prairie du Rocher 
 (the Rock Meadow) containing about 50 white 
 inhabitants; but there is neither fort nor favages. 
 
 Near Fort Chartres is a little village, in which 
 
 is 
 
Appendix II. 
 
 H7 
 
 are 
 
 is about a fcore of inhabitants. Here are neither 
 (avages nor fort. 
 
 Fifteen leagues from Fort Chartres, going up 
 the Miflifippi, is the village of the Cafquiars. 
 There is a fmall ftockade fort; I don't know if 
 there is any cannon. There may be about ico 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The Illinois Indians living near this village are 
 called Cafquiars, and can turn out 60 warriors. 
 
 I COMPUTE that there are about 300 Negroes at 
 the Illinois. 
 
 The country of the Illinois is fertile, producing 
 good wheat and corn. All kinds of European 
 fruits fucceed there furprizingly well, and they 
 have wild grapes with which they make tolerable 
 wine. Their beer is pretty good. 
 
 There are mines of lead, and fome fait. They 
 make fugar of maple, and there are ftone quarries. 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
148 
 
 Appendix III. 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 ROUT from Philadelphia to Fort-Pitt. 
 
 Froiii Philadelphia to Lancailer 
 
 to Carlifle 
 to Shipper) iturgh 
 to Fort Loudoun 
 to Fort Littleton 
 to the crofling of 
 
 the Juniata 
 to Fort Bedford 
 to the croffing of 
 
 Stonev creek 
 to Fort fyigonier 
 to Fort Pitt 
 
 1 Milea 
 
 firs. 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 i '^ 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 I 
 
 ' 56 
 
 
 
 324 ' 
 
 2 
 
 Per. 
 
 38 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 40 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
Appendix IF. 
 
 149 
 
 APPENDIX I \ . 
 
 Per. 
 
 Number of Indian Towns, fifiiated on nmi near 
 the Ohio River, and its branches, with their 
 diftances from Fort-Pitt, and the dillaiuts of 
 the principal branches from each other ;it their 
 conflux with the Ohio. 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 39 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 j Diftancf I DiiUniir 
 , from one ■ tio'ii 
 I another. Fort-Pitt. 
 
 First ROUT about N. N. W. i Miles 1 M.lcs 
 
 From Fort Pitt to KufhkufkiesTown on | 
 
 Mig Beavci-Creek 
 up the eait branch ofBea- , 
 
 ver-Creek to Shaningo j 
 
 J up ditto to Peniaiuning! 
 
 to Mohoning on the \ 
 
 Welt branch ol" Bea- j 
 
 ver Creek 
 up the branch to Salt 
 
 Lick 
 to Cayahoga River 
 to Ottawas town on 
 
 Cayahoga 
 
 15 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 3^1 
 
 101 
 
 45 
 
 60 
 
 104. 
 
 114 
 
 146 
 
 .56 
 
 Second 
 
ISO 
 
 Appendix IV. 
 
 Second ROUT W. N. W. 
 
 From PoRi Pitt to the mouth of Big 
 
 Beaver-Creek 
 to Tufcarawas 
 to Mohickon John's 
 
 Town 
 to Junumlat or Wyan- 
 dot town 
 to Sandull^y 
 to Junqueindundeh 
 
 Diftame Diftancc 
 from one ; from 
 another, | Fort-Pitt 
 
 Miles Miles 
 
 9' 
 
 25 
 116 
 
 5^5 
 
 166 
 
 46 
 
 4 
 24 
 
 l\2 
 21O 
 
 240 
 
 Thfrd rout about W. S. W. 
 
 from Fort Pitt to the Forks of the 
 
 Mufkingham 
 to Bullet's Town on 
 
 Mufkingham 
 to Waukatamike 
 to King Beaver's Town 
 on the heads of the 
 Hockhocking 
 to the lower Shawanefe 
 Town on Sioto River 
 to the Salt Lick town 
 on the heads of Sioto 
 to the Miamis Fort 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 27 j 
 
 40; 
 
 i 
 
 25! 
 190 i 
 
 128 
 
 134 
 
 144 
 
 i;' 
 
 2ir 
 
 236 
 429 
 
 Fourth 
 
appendix IV. 
 
 '51 
 
 Miles 
 
 25 
 
 i66 
 
 212 
 2l6 
 
 240 
 
 128 
 
 '34 
 144 
 
 I"' 
 
 2ir 
 
 236 
 
 429 
 
 Fourth ROUT down the Ohio; 
 general courfe about S. W. 
 
 By water from Fort Pitt to the mouth 
 
 of Big Beaver Creek 
 
 to the mouth of Little 
 
 Beaver Creek 
 to the mouth of Yellow 
 
 Creek 
 to the two Creeks 
 to Weeling 
 to Pipe Hill 
 to the long Reach 
 to the foot of the Reach 
 to the mouth of Muf- 
 
 kingham River 
 to the little Canhawa 
 
 river 
 to the mouth of Hock- 
 hocking river 
 to the mouth of Letort's 
 
 creek 
 to Kiflceminetas 
 to the mouth of big 
 
 Canhawa or new river 
 to the mouth of big 
 
 Sandy creek 
 to the mouth of Sioto 
 
 river 
 to the mouth of big 
 
 Salt Lick river 
 to the Ifland 
 
 i Diftance Diftancc 
 I from one tVum 
 another. Fort-Pitt. 
 
 Miles Mil 
 
 12 
 
 cs 
 
 39 
 
 10 
 
 49 
 
 18 
 
 67 
 
 6 
 
 73 
 
 12 
 
 «5 
 
 30 
 
 115 
 
 18 
 
 133 
 
 30 
 
 '63 
 
 12 
 
 '75 
 
 '3 
 
 188 
 
 40 
 
 228 
 
 33 
 
 261 
 
 8 
 
 269 
 
 40 
 
 309 
 
 40 
 
 349 
 
 30 
 
 379 
 
 20 
 
 399 
 
 
 to the 
 
152 
 
 Appendix ly. 
 
 Dilbncr Diltantc 
 from one \ tVom 
 another. Fort-Pitt 
 
 Miles ! Miles 
 
 55 454 
 
 30 
 
 484 
 
 20 
 
 504 
 
 55 
 
 559 
 
 50 
 
 6oq 
 
 131 
 
 740 
 
 60 
 
 800 
 
 40 
 
 840 
 
 to the mouth of little 
 
 Mineamie or Miam- 
 
 mce t liver 
 to big Mrammce or 
 
 Rocky river 
 to the 6ig Bones J 
 to Kentucky River 
 to the Falls of the Ohio 
 to the Wabalh, or Oua- 
 
 bache 
 to Cherokee River 
 to the Milfifippi 
 
 N. B. The places mentioned in the three firft 
 Routs are delineated in the foregoing map, by an 
 officer who has an adual knowledge of moft of 
 them, and has long ferved againft the Indians. 
 The Fourth Rout down the Ohio was given by an 
 Indian trader, who has often pafled from Fort-Pitt 
 to the Flails ; and the diftances he gives of the 
 mouths of the feveral rivers that fall into the Ohio 
 may be pretty certainly depended on. Our maps 
 hitherto publifhed are very erroneous in placing 
 feme of thofe rivers. 
 
 fThefe rivers, called Little and Great Mineamie or Mianimee, 
 fall into the Ohio between Sioto and the Ouabache, and are 
 different from the Miamis river, which runs into the weft end ot 
 lake Erie, below the Miamis fort. 
 
 X So called from Elephant's bones faid to be found there. 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
Appendix V. 
 
 '53 
 
 APPENDIX V. 
 
 454 
 
 484 
 
 504 
 
 559 
 
 6oq 
 
 740 
 800 
 840 
 
 Names of different Indian Nations in North- 
 America, with the Numbers of their Fighting 
 Men; referred to in the Note, page 94. 
 
 THE jollowing lift was drawn up by a French 
 trader, a perfon of confuierable note, who 
 has refided many years among the Indians, and 
 ftill continues at Detroit, having taken the oaths 
 of allegiance to the King of Great Britain. His 
 account may be depended on, fo far as matters of 
 this kind can be brought near the truth; a great 
 part of it being delivered from his own perfonal 
 knowlege. 
 
 Warriors 
 
 Conawag)irunas, near the falls of St. Louis - - 200 
 Abenaquis, "] 35° 
 
 Michmacs, c t t i- 7°° 
 
 * A^ in. l-St. Lawrence Indians ' -, 
 
 * Amaliftes, ( 55° 
 
 ♦Chalas, J 13° 
 
 Nipiflins, )'.ivir.g towards the heads of the 400 
 
 Algonquins, J Ottawa river 3^^° 
 
 Les Tctes de Boule, or Round Heads, near the above 2500 
 
 Six Nations, on the frontiers of New- York, &c. - 1550 
 
 Wiandots, near lake Erie -------- 300 
 
 oJtaw^s' I ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Superior and Michigan 5^°° 
 
 Meflefagues, 
 
154 
 
 Appendix V. 
 
 Warriors 
 
 Meffefagues, or River Indians, being wandering tribes, 
 
 on the lakes Huron and Superior, - - - - 2000 
 
 Powtewatamis, near St. Jofeph's and Detroit - - 350 
 
 Les Puans, ) o u 7o6 
 
 r II • \xT\y r\ t j- > near ruans bay ' 
 
 rolle avoine, or Wild-Oat Indians ) ^ 350 
 
 * Mechecouakis, ^ 250 
 Sakis, V South of Puans bay 400 
 Mafcoutens, j 500 
 Ouifconfins, on a river of that name, falling into the 
 
 Miffifippi on the eaft-fide ------- 550 
 
 Chriftir.aux, 1 far north, near the lakes 3000 
 
 Afiinaboes, or Affinipouals / of the fame name 1500 
 Blancsf Barbus, or White Indians with Beards - 1500 
 Sioux, of the meadows 1 towards the heads of 2500 
 
 Sioux, of the woods J Miffifippi 1800 
 
 Miflburi, on the river of that name ----- 3000 
 
 ♦Grandes Eaux ----------- 1000 
 
 Ofages, ^ 600 
 
 Canfes, 1600 
 
 Panis blancs, > fouth of Miflburi 2000 
 
 Panis piques, 1700 
 
 Padoucas, 5°° 
 
 Ajoues, north of the fame - - - - - -- 11 00 
 
 Arkanfes, on the river that bears their name, falling 
 
 into Miffifippi on the weft fide 2000 
 
 Alibamous, a tribe of the Creeks ----- 600 
 
 * Ouanakina ^ 300 
 
 * Chiakanefl'ou Unknown, unlefs the author has put 35° 
 
 * Machecous > 1 ri fL/-<i ooo 
 lYxa ic^ U9 ^ ^^^^ ^ xx\\iG% of the Creeks 
 
 * Caouitas 700 
 
 * Souikilas I 200 
 Miamis, upon the river of that name, falling into 
 
 Lake Erie, 
 
 350 
 
 f They live to the northweft, and the French, when they 
 firll faw them, took them for Spaniards. 
 
 Delawares 
 
iVarriors 
 )es, 
 
 - 2000 
 
 .ay 706 
 
 ^ 350 
 
 250 
 
 400 
 
 500 
 
 he 
 
 - 550 
 
 ;s 3000 
 
 1500 
 
 1500 
 
 2500 
 1800 
 
 - 3000 
 
 - 1000 
 
 600 
 1600 
 2000 
 1700 
 
 500 
 
 1 1 00 
 
 2000 
 600 
 300 
 
 t 350 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 200 
 o 
 
 350 
 
 appendix V. j ^ , 
 
 Warriors 
 
 Uelawares (les Loups) on the Ohio 600 
 
 Shawanefe on Sioto ,^^ 
 
 Kickapoos ) ' " ' " ^00 
 
 Ouachtanons Von the Ouabache ^qq 
 
 Peanquichas j \ 
 
 Kaflcafquias, or Illinois in general, on the Illinois 
 
 . river __ ,^^ 
 
 *rianna ..._ __ g 
 
 Catawbas, on the frontiers of North-Carolina - - i co 
 
 Cherokees, behind South-Carolina 2^00 
 
 Chickafaws^ -.^ 
 
 Natchez l Mobile and Miffifippi j^o 
 
 Chaaaws J 4^00 
 
 56.500 
 
 The above lift confifts chiefly of fuch Indians 
 as the French were conneded with in Canada and 
 Louifiana. Wherever we knew the names by 
 which the different nations are diftinguiftied by 
 the Englifli, we have inferted them. But the 
 orthography is yet very unfettled, and the feveral 
 nations marked with an * afterifm are unknown to 
 us, and therefore they are left as they ftand in the 
 original lift. 
 
 So large a number of fighting men may ftartle 
 us at firft fight; but the account feems no where 
 exaggerated, excepting only that the Catawba 
 nation is now almoft extind. In fome nations 
 
 which 
 
,56 
 
 Appendix V. 
 
 which we are acquainted with, the account falls 
 even (hort of their numbers ; and fome others do 
 not appear to be mentioned at all, or at leaft not 
 by any name known to us. 
 
 Such, for inftance, are the Lower Creeks, of 
 whom we have a lift according to their towns. In 
 this lift their warriors or gunfmen are 1180, and 
 their inhabitants about 6000. Thus a compara- 
 tive judgment may be formed of the nations 
 above-mentioned; the number of whofe inhab- 
 itants will (in this proportion to their warriors, 
 viz. 5 to i) be about 283,000 
 
 THE END. 
 I 
 
'^ 
 
 I ND EX. 
 
 Amherll, Genl., Commander-in-Chief, 9. 
 Armsfuitable for Indian warfare, 113. 
 Artificers, organization of 117. 
 Attack, mode of general, 134. 
 
 Beaver, chief of the Turky Tribe of Delawares, 53, 63. 
 
 Benfivafica, a Shawanefe chief, 70 ; fpeech, 74. 
 
 Big Beaver Creek, Bouquet croffes, 46. 
 
 Bouquet, Henry. Biographical Sketch. Charader, xvii ; enters 
 the service of the King of Sardinia ; battle of Cony, xviii ; 
 ferves the Prince of Orange; accompanies Lord Middlcton to 
 Italy; lludies military art, xix ; appointed to command in 
 Royal American Corps, xxi; arrives in America, xxii ; his 
 death at Penfacola, xxiii ; fent to the relief of Fort Pitt, 10; 
 arrives at Carlide, 10 ; at Fort Bedford, 15; at Fort Ligonier, 
 16; Battle of Bufhy Run, 16-25; arrives at Fort Pitt. 25; 
 Moncrief's " Orders," 27 ; Expedition againll the Ohio In- 
 dians, 1-81 (fee under Expedition); return to Fort Pitt; to 
 Philadelphia, 81 ; addrefs of the Pennfylvania General Af- 
 fembly, 82; Bouquet's anfwer, 84; refolves of Houfe of Bur- 
 geffes of Virginia, Bouquet's reply, 86 ; promoted, 87. 
 Bradftreet's Expedition, xv, 31 ; treaty with Indians, 36; dif- 
 
 approved by Genl. Gage, 36 ; defpatchcs to Bouquet, 62. 
 Buftiy Run, Battle of, 16-25. 
 
 Carlide, 
 

 158 
 
 Index. 
 
 Carlifle, Penn., Bouquet arrives at, 10. 
 
 Gafquair's Village and Tribe, 147. 
 
 Cherokee River, 143. 
 
 Clayton, Lieut. Col. Pennfylvania troops, 87. 
 
 Clothing fuitable for foldiers, iii. 
 
 Croghan, George, deputy of Sir W. Johnfon, treats with the 
 
 Shawanefe, 89. 
 Cumberland, Duke of, xx. 
 Gustaloga, chief of the Wolfe-tribe of Delawares, 53, 63. 
 
 Dalyell, Capt., sent to relieve Detroit, 9. 
 
 Daurby, Mrs. 144. 
 
 Defiles compaiTed, 130. 
 
 Difpofition to receive the enemy, 131. 
 
 Detroit befieged, 8. 
 
 Diftanccs from Fort Pitt to Cuyahoga, 149. 
 
 *' " " " Junqucindundeh, 150. 
 
 «« *' " " Miamis Fort, 150. 
 
 *» " " " Miffifippi, 151. 
 
 " «♦ Philadelphia to Fort Pitt, 148. 
 
 «« '« Venango to Juniatta, 145. 
 
 Dogs, ufe of, in Indian warfare, 1 16. 
 Duffaux, Col. Jofeph, of Royal Americans, xx. 
 
 Ecuyer, Capt., commands at Fort Pitt, 9. 
 
 Encampment, plan of an, 127. 
 
 Eweccunwee, a Shawanefe chief, 70. 
 
 Exercifcs of foldiers, 114. 
 
 Expedition againft the Ohio Indians 1-81 ; Bouquet arrives at 
 Fort Loudoun, 34; at Fort Pitt, 35; fends meffage to the 
 Indians, 37 ; prepares to march into Ohio, 39 ; addrefs to 
 troops, 40; order of march, 41; leaves Fort Pitt, 44; at 
 
 Loggftown, 
 
Index. 
 
 159 
 
 Loggftown, 4s; crolTes Big Beaver Creek, 46; erodes Little 
 Beaver Creek, 47; at Yellow Creek. 48; at Nemenfliehelas 
 Creek, 49; at Mufkingum River. 90 ; couriers to Bradilreet 
 obliged to return, 50 ; treats with the Indians, 52; fpeech tc 
 them, ?3; delivery of prifoners, 58; reiumes march, croffes 
 Margaret Creek, 59 ; encamps at forks of Mufkingum and for- 
 tifies, 60; meffengers from the Indians. 61 ; defpatches from 
 Col. Bradlbeet, 62 ; treats with the Senecas and Delawares, 
 Kiyaihutas' fpeech. 66, Bouquet'-s anfwer, 67 ; treats with 
 Turky and Turtle Tribes, 63 : depofes Nettowhatways, 69 ; 
 treats with Shawanefe ; Red Hawke's fpe?ch, 70; Bouquet's 
 anfwer, 72; BeneviHico's fpeech, and the anfwer, 74; arrival 
 of prifoners in camp, 76 ; return to Fort Pitt. 81. 
 
 Fort Afi'umption, 143. 
 
 Fort Bedford reinforced, 14; Bouquet arrives at, 15. 
 
 Fort Chartres, 146. 
 
 Fort Ligonier attacked. 13; reinforced, 14; Bouquet arrives 
 
 at, i6. 
 Fort Loudoun, Bouquet arrives at, ^. 
 Fort Pitt befieged, 8. 
 
 Forts, conftruftion of, againft Jndian.s, 137. 
 Forty-fecond regiment, 10, 32. 
 
 Fox, Jofeph, Speaker of Pennfylvania General Aifembly, 83. 
 Francis, Lieut. Col. of Pennfylvania troops, 87. 
 French ceflion of Canada, etc., 3. 
 French Forts in Louifiana ceded, \\i 
 Frontiers over-run by the Indians, 6. 
 
 Gage, Genl., Commander-in-Chief, 51; refufes to ratify Brad- 
 
 ftreet's treaty, 36. 
 Gladwin, Major, at Detroit, xiv, 8. 
 Great Mineamic or Miammee River, 152. 
 
 Hutchins, 
 
 ___ 
 
1 
 
 i6o 
 
 Index. 
 
 Hutchins, Thomas, xv. 
 
 Illinois River, 143, 
 
 Indian charad^er, xii ; temper and genius, 95. 
 
 Indian nations, names of, and number of warriors, 153. 
 
 Indian towns on or near the Onio River, 149. 
 
 Indian tribes — 
 
 Cafquairs, 147. 
 
 Caughnawagas, 63, 75. 
 
 Chipwas, 31, 56. 
 
 Delawares, 5, 31, 36, 39, 45, 46, 51, 58, 62, 65, 66, 68, 73, 
 7;, 89, 142. 
 
 Kafkafqiiais, 146. 
 
 Metches, 146. 
 
 Mingoes, 31, 46. 
 
 Mohiekons, 31. 
 
 Ottawas, 31, 56, 63. 
 
 Pianquichas, 144. 
 
 Senecas. 52, 66, 73, 75, 89, 142. 
 
 Shawanefe, 5, 31, 36, 39, 45, 46, 51, $8, 62, 64, 65, 68, 70, 
 75,88, 142. 
 
 Six Nations, 38. 56. 
 
 Wiandots, 31, 56, 64, 142. 
 
 JefFereys, Col. C, of the Royal Americans, xx. 
 John, Capt. (Indian), prifoner at Fort Pitt, 6S, 
 Johnfon, Sir William, empowered to make peace with the In- 
 dians, 67, 91. 
 
 Kafkafquias River and Tribe, 145. 
 
 Keigleighquc, a Shawanefe chief, 70. 
 
 Keiffinautchtha, a Shawanefe chief, 53, 70. 
 
 Kelappama, brother of the Turtle chief, 68. 
 
 K.iya(huta, chief of the Senecas 52; fpeech, 66. 
 
 La Bay, 
 
 ■■!?pS!?,'iS?'' 
 
'WU 
 
 i6i 
 
 70, 
 
 Index. 
 
 La Bay, Fort, captured, 6. 
 
 La Prairie du Rocher, 146. 
 
 Lavifiimo, a Shawanefe chief, 70. 
 
 Lawaughqua, a Shawanefe chief, fpeech, 89. 
 
 Le Boeuf, Fort, captured, 6. 
 
 Light troops for fervice in the woods, in, 116. 
 
 Line of march in Indian warfare, 128. 
 
 Little Beaver Creek, 47. 
 
 Little Mineamie or Miammee River, 152. 
 
 Loggllown, Bouquet arrives at, 46. 
 
 Miamis, Fort, captured, 6. 
 
 Miamis River, 1 52. 
 
 Michilimackinac, Fort, captured, 6. 
 
 Miflifippi River, 152. 
 
 Moncrief, Major, '-orders" to Col. Bouquet, 27. 
 
 Mufeingum, Indians retreat to, 30 ; Bouquet arrives at, 50, 
 
 Negroes in Illinois, 147. 
 
 Nettowhatways. chief of the Turtle tribe of Delawares, de- 
 
 pofed, 69, 
 Nimvvha, a Shawanefe chief, 70. 
 
 Ohio Indians, expedition againft, I-81. 
 
 Ouabache River, 143. 
 
 Ouachtanon, Fort, captured, 6. 
 
 Ourry, Capt., commands at Fort Bedford, 14. 
 
 Parkman, Francis, prefatory remarks, xi. 
 Peace of 1763, xi ; effedl on the Indians, xii. 
 Penn, Governor, addrels to the volunteers, 33. 
 Pennfylvania General Aflenibly, addrefs to Bouquet, 82. 
 Peter, chief of Caughnawagas, 62. 
 
 Pipe. 
 
wmm 
 
 TE 
 
 162 
 
 Index. 
 
 Pipe, Capt. (Indian), prifoner at Fort Pitt, 48. 
 
 Pontiac's confpiracy, xiii. 
 
 Preparations neceffary for Indian warfare, 123. 
 
 Prefqu' Ifle, Fort, captured, 6. 
 
 Prevoft, Lt. Col. Aug., 6oth Regt., xxiii. 
 
 Prevoft, Col. James, of Royal Americans, xx. 
 
 Prifoners, arrival at camp, aSeding fcenes, 75. 
 
 Prifoners delivered to Bouquet, 58, 63, 64, 72. 
 
 Red Hawke, a Shawanefe chief, fpeech, 70. 
 
 Reflexions on the war with the favages, 93. 
 
 Reid, Col., fecond in command. 87. 
 
 Rock Meadow, 146. 
 
 Roman method of warfare adapted to Indian warfare, 102. 
 
 Royal American corps organized, xx. 
 
 St. Jofephs, Fort, captured, 6. 
 
 Sanduflty, Fort, captured, 6. 
 
 Settlements, method of forcing, on the frontiers, 119; plan 
 
 of, 121. 
 Seventy-feventh regiment. 10. 
 Sixtieth regiment, 32. 
 
 Smallman, Mr., delivered up by the Indians, 64. 
 Smith, William, author of this work, xv. 
 Square, to reduce the, 132. 
 Stanwix, Col. J., of Royal Americans, xx. 
 
 Venango, Fort, captured. 6. 
 
 Vincennes, Fort, 143. 
 
 Virginia Houfe of Burgefles, refolves to Bouquet, 86. 
 
 Wabafti River, 143. 
 
 Yellow Creek, Bouquet at, 48. 
 Yorke, Sir Joseph, xxi. 
 
[02. 
 
 19; plan 
 
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