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32 X
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Papers' 1887 H
(RpprinUd from the Annual lUport for IS87.)
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
OF
or THB
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO.
1887.
Ladim and GKNTLBMBW.-Through the courtesy o! the Mayor and Corponitionof
th« city we are enabled this evening to make use of this commodious chamber.* The
' •• I a I.I.. _1.1.«_ nxutt-inna vrniiiri hnVA hAflll fill'
■ecinff Deiore me. inw uiemtuixi, \>w, « *^..o.v....— .^ — o > r . •. # j
^/of the class which our Society particularly strives to reach-to ^t. *»"?«""!
gardeners-mon who are daily brought face to face with the foes or friends, of which our
members make it their special study to investigate the habits.
As there are many here this evening who are not members of the EntomologicJ
Society of Ontario, it is fitting that I should state briefly the nature and f Jec« of that
Society. Previous to 1863 there was no such society in Canada ; but in that year a few
naturalists livinff in different parte of the Provinces, met together in Toronto and
^^^nXTthTn^meoi *e Entomological Society of Canada. Th« "'f^^'-^ip at
fiSt w^only sixteen, and this nuiaber included all those then known to be ^terested in
iillJorUfe ?n Cam«ia. From this small beginning the Society has steadily increased until
S^emteSiip now reaches upwards of 500, and includes all the active workers inNor^
2n"rioa. The work done in the early years of the Society, °°*''^'»»»'*l\°8j^^!.**f* ^^^
thTmembers were widely serrated, was such that it soon became >" J«;««?* ^* Jj'*?
must have «>me means o'f publishing the resulte of their observations or the ben^t^
S«h other and the sciertific world in general. Accordingly in August, 1868, ajpeared
STfirst number of the Canadian Entomologist, a monthly P«"«<l»«f ' ^Jlf '"Satt^
time forward has been regularly published, and was for some years the on^y Pjbha^^on
on the continent of Amerioa devoted solely to this importont branch of «* <^«'*^^»'°!7;
Uh^Zw nearly completed ite nineteenth volume, ^rom the outeet a notac«aWe
characteristic of this marine ha. been, that ite pages have b^n «»*"^ly ^a^^^^J^tk
records of oriffinal work, and during ite existence it has been the means ot dipseminam ,
riTamo^?Stientific knowled^, which has been of benefit f «* ^'^J^nSrto^ S
theworid at larse Tliis organ of the Society is more particular y the scientific record of
wJirdonebyTmembers.*;i^ it also'conteins '"-ny .ill"^*"'^^ «^Tw£l^is^
^D^°Ml)er8 for the benefit of beginners. In addition to this, however, and what is an
SW^nTa" oTour work, a popuSr report of some 75 or 100 pages is PreiJ^'^d .^'""y
uXSurious and beneficial iSte, and the best measures for farmer ami^»;den«^^jj
adopt with regard to them. ThU is publishod every year as P«t «« ^« K^ have
„. " . * »*__.-..ii^ J A ^. «/>.. f ho Pmyincfl of Ontario. Seventeen ot tnese nave
already been iiSued, and have given to the farming commumtv * ^"f *"^?."J';^"^Si
information. Our Pr ovincial Government recognizing the good work which was being
""^e Pre.idont'. «id««s wm delivered in the council chamber of the OtUw. City HaU,o; theevening
of October 36tb.
done by our Society, inoorporated it in 1870, u the Entomological Society of Ontario,
and gave at the same time material aid by allowing an annual grant from the pablio
funds. By this assistance, the usefulness of the Society has been greatly widened, and
the officers have become an advisory board to whom reference can be made whenever
information concerning injurious insects is sought by fanners or others — an advantage
of which the intelligent agriculturists of the Province have not been slow to avail them-
selves.
Of all the important events affecting agriculture in Canada which have happened
during the past year, none can compare for importance with the establishment of the
system of Experimental Farms throughout t!je Dominion, lately organised by the Federal
Government. To no one more than to our members can it be a soutxie of so great
pleasure, that the person chosen for the important and responsible position of Director,
should have been the present incumbent, Prof. William Saunders, who has been for so
many years identified with the prosperity and progress of our Society ; what he has been
to us we all know ; what others consider his value to have been, is well shown by Prof.
A. R Orote, one of the best American entomologists and a highly esteemed and regular
contributor to the Canttdian Entomologist.
When spsaking of that journal in the preface to one of his works, he says : —
" The treatise of Dr. Harris which has become classical on ita subject, did much
'-owards creating a general interest in entomology j but the publication of the Canddian
Entomologist, a journal aided {lecuniarily by the Ontario Government, and owing ita
success chiefly to the unselfish labours of Mr. William Saundera, has assisted the progreM
of entomology in America probably more than any one other similar undertaking." This
statement is not a bit overdrawn. Prof. Saunders— and I speak of him from an intimate
acquaintance extending over a space of many years— is an exceptional man, remarkable
not leaa for the diversity than for the thoroughness of his accomplishments, but above all
fcr his tact and good judgment which have made him an object of respect and have
endeared him to all who have had intercourse with him. Now, above all things, Prof.
Sai'^nders is an entomologist, and to it chiefly he owes his eminence. We congratulate
him upon his appointment and also the Honourable Minister of Agriculture upon the
wisdom of the choice he has made.
It may not be amiss here to say a few words with regard to the work it is
proposed to carry out at these Government experimental stations. In the first place, the
system will consist of a Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa and four other branch farms
divided as follows : the Central farm for Ontario and Quebec, one for the Maritime Pro-
vinces, one for British Columbia, and one each for Manitoba and the North- West Terri-
tories. The officers at the Central Farm will be, the Director, an Entomologist and Botanist
combined, a Chemist, a Horticulturist and an Agriculturist. At the Central Station
there will be a museum for the preservation of objects of interest. These, of course, will
include all the different kinds of grain and other crops, and as well, cabineta for entomo-
logical and botanical specimens. As most of you are aware, I have been appointed to
fill the position of Entomologist and Botanist for the Dominion Experimental Farms. I
trust that I may be able to show before long that this selection was not ill advised. At
any rate, I can assure you that no efforts will be wanting on my part to render the office
one of general utility and a benefit to the farming community. I purpose, as quickly as
possible after the building is finished, to place in the museum a collection showing, under
each of the principal crops, all the insecto hy which it is attacked, so that the farmer or
gardener who finds any of his crops injured by insects can come to the museum and see
for himself, under the head of each plant the injurious insecte known to infest it, and at
the same time learn the most approved methods of treating them.
In addition to the above, there will be a botanical garden on the farm, a plot of
65 acres havirg been appropriated for this purpose. Here native plante of economic value,
as our forest Irees, will be grown in large numbers for distribution and observation under
varyiug oouuiCiMiM, au tM lu note their behaviour under different circumstances. Here; also,
will be cultivated a large collection of plante of interest to the botanist from all parte of the
w^orld, including, of course, all the native species, of which T can obtain roote or seeds. It is
thus hoped that many of the difficult problems will be cleared up which at present trouble the
8
Papers 1887 111
with scMty and imperfect dried materUl. In thU botanical garden and arboretum SeEHl^
remarkable divenitjr of habitat, from open water and an aS^f .philou. Cto ILdJ
^.knd with dl the fntervoning v«ietie.of «>il_rock.ri^^
■and, eta-and I feel confident that a large proportion of our Canaan wild Jant! ca? S
Jfijwn and examined at leiaure. It will be noti!ced that the ti^pSS ofTtomXirand
^taniat have been united I consider thi. wa. a very wiw arran^mentTt «y XuSJu
the work ,n connection with theae two poet. incre.«« V, much a. to make the aJrSntment
attilS to2n rr^- -^^ V^"" T!' i-»P0rt*"t thing. theentomoCt SKve"
** • -i-i° T*'! ^ ^?® "y**"** *° P'*"'" *""» "»»~tB. It acmetimes happen! however thl^
It « difficult to tell at firat the ao.rce of an iinury to vegetation. KttSckror,oml of
S ti^Jl T' °' ^•»*^"' "'" •"** "f inaecuieinft in tfeir effect, very .^Sa^ iTuch
■o that inatonoes wmetime. occur when even careful obwrvei-t unleM SDeciailv informS^
SSK°*'i%"*'^u''"-. ^*°' •°'»«*»»" ^"i'*^^- <»"« to other ^u^ito^^^^^^
•ttobuted to either inaecf or fungi. During the p«it .nmmer. there waTfrS^^^c^!
fh!r^™°? »n the county of Prince Edward on account*of a «,riou. failure in ihe^Z c^
the complaint being that no Med. were formed. In this county pea. are largely cuItfvSed'
on -ome farm, to the exc u«on of all other crop., and the «J V^uSdTof .uch hUA
quality that the beat dealer, in the United States and in Englaid find it SvanS^eou. to
faTrTwt'"; "^ 'r*" t^ ^^'"''- ^'•"y -Wrtion. wefe made to ^^I^X S^
Ind^^j • IT • ' """** r P^"^""* *°/ ^"^ proportion of the community, and iLecS
3m„Kr i^ i^""*' "^f!! 5' °.°** r "•?*• ^' '^°»« P~»*We, however, that he excaSre
drought which prevaUed during the whole .nmmer ^ the .ole cauM. It i. tATthlt
mycelium of fungu. wa. found upon the root, in wme instancea/but thhi W5™
T7Jt" ^tV ^.^'K^^^ •"d wa. de«l at the collar, the fungu. only L^pll^
tb decay of the roote and their tuber.. Thew tuber, on thf> root, of the leguminV«?^
TlS^vH'Sr'"^-.* ^^^""^^ *•*• ^^"^ °' ^~'- W. 0. Farlow. of HarvaTuS^iT^
tnbution to the Knowledge of the Root Tuber, of the Leguminowe." It i. Dubli.hed it,
the T«n«ctiom, of the €h.rm«i Botanical Society of 2nd FebnZ:, 1887 iS for th^
firat time, explain, the um of the«, bodie., the nature of which had firmkny v^re b^^
mi.unden.tood. It would appear that all leguminow bear «>me kind of tubei^ thS
^^Iv 1^'Z^''^ *° '^^ If "**. ^'''^' ««»«« ' ^"' '^'y ^ have t£ «me i2^
^.!^1? ^ " .r*"^?" ''•»•'*• ?°ring the time of active growth, nitrogenou. materiala
wi^^ "P,"*"*'^ Tf"^ *e •"P?'y **»* ^*^ '°»°«»<' ^~««"7 ti fill tSe .eedT tSI
fe!!r J?!I! '*?^°^ 'Sf ^^'^^'^'T *•" "f08«»ou. materiia, leaving them em^.
Now. on the plant, in Pnnce Edward county which I had an op™)rt;umty of exam^M
Sr^^n^K?^**" *' having (da living rtem above, (ii) a vigorou. tuber-bS
root, upon which, however, wme of the tuber, were in a state of decay, and (iH.) artwt
I feel now pretty weU aMured that thi. .tato of aiiain wa. brought about much S^ ^e
following manner : Juat about the time the pea-plant, were coming into fiower, a period of
drought Mtin which cauwd the .tern, to fade and lie over at a time when therS^ not
aaffioient foliage to protect them ; in thi. wav their b«w. were expoMd to the direct heat
KB extent that they codd no longer act a. channel, for the interehange of materiala from
the root to the atom and tnee ver,a. If thi. be the correct view, the exceptional drought
}L^l^ "1"' ^ •^'f?'^..'' *''* *^°'* *°' ^^ »'»°'**8«' •»<* »ot any itUck which i.
likely to give trouble in the future. One noticeable feature about the plants examined
wa. the abundance and large aize of the root tubers, and thU might have been anticipated
had their nature at the time been understood. It points to the fact, however, that althouS
this year the croo in Prince EdwarH «»•»». v .*. ■«,iii u ;- * *.•._'-, »"'*""»"«gn
?*!L"* *'T«'y .'?T" *o helwve that with an ordinary season thU district, so jusU^ <SS.
brated wiU stiU||how that it u without an equal in Ontario as a pea.pr;Kiucing /ouST
There are other injune. the nature of which is apt not to be understood. Amonmt
hese I would specially mention the "club root" in the cabbage, which is produced by a
fungu* (Pla,modiophorabr<unca, Wor.), although by many it ia thought that it ia cauied
by the attacks of a amall beetle. Another injury caused by a fungus, but which haa very
much the appearance of an injury by inaecta is the Plum-leaf Fungus (Septoria ceranrJ,
^) which has the effect of making small holes in the leaves of plum trees as If they had
been perforated by shots from a gun. This has been sent to me during the paat aummer
for information as to the "inwct " which was supposed to be the depredator. Again, the
curious disease called " humble-foot," to which some breeds of poultry are liable is
oooaaionally supposed to be due to the attacks of inaecta. It is probable, however, that
the large swellings on the feet of chiokenn so named, are really abscesaes, due to awra-
vated bruises caused by high perches and a hard floor to the poultry house.
.Thote few inatanoes, however, are auflicient to illustrate the advantage of any
investigator being familiar with at any rate the flrst principles of other branches of study
beaidea hia own specialty, for he will frequently be applied to for information, and,
indeed, will require for hia own work knowledge of allied subjects.
Perhaps one of the greatest aurpriaeH to one who begins «o devote a portion of hii
time to the study of Natural History, is the discovery, which soon forces itself upon him.
that mstead of there being a large number of different sciences, these are merely several
branches, all of which are so intimately related, nay, even dependent upon each other,
that they are merely component parts of one great whole. Nor does any one branch
very much surpass the others in importance, for each one is necessary to the rest. And
the specia^ value of any one study over the others is only in the eyes of those ctudents
who devote to it their particular attention. All are links in one great chain of knowledoe
^grossing to the higliest degree to all who are happy and lucky enough to feel iti
charms, and of enormous importance to the world at large.
*^ In • conMdewtion of this theme we can begk at any one of the links, and, perhaps,
1 f^ : " '°"'« °"»"« *o *>««»« at our o«^ »pec>al subject— Entomology. Most nearly
related to Entomology is Botany, the branch of science which treats of the vegetable
kingdom from which so large a proportion of the insect worid derives its sustenance.
An intimate knowledge of the different species and families of plants is of n-eat
te'^u"** *? *»" ?°*<»°»o'o«^»*- It frequently ocoum that in his studies he requiros to
breed through all its sCAges some insect which feeds naturally upon a plant not to be
obtained in his neighborhood; with a knowledge of the different orders and classes of
plants he IS able to make use of a nearly related species, sometimes even of a different,
but closely a lied genus. There are many instances on record where this has been done :
but by far a larger number where, for want of this knowledge, valuable insects have been
starved from only having improper food offered them. The economic entomologist is
much helped m his investigations by this knowledge. Many of the ii^urious insects
which attack our cultivated crops, especially those of which there are two or three
•anaal broods, subsist during one or more of these on wild plants allied to
thoM cultivated. By a removal of the wild plants many of these pesta are naturally
kent vei-y much m check, for it must never be lost sight of that the great factor which
influenoes the amount of inaect-preaence is the amount of food-supply. Then the
important offices performed by insects in their relations with plants render them objects
of very great intere.it to the botanist; he recognizes in them nature's pruners. which
remove or prevent a too great exuberance of growth; and they perform such a con-
•picuous part m the feniliMtion of the seeds as to have been designated "the marriam
priests of plants, ushering the young seedling into existence ; they also remove it from
the face of nature directly its usefulness and beauty are gone, ao that ita place may be
taken by others. The fact that insects and seeds form the greater part of the food of
M many birds, naturally connects the studies of the ornithologist with the two preced'nir
By the disswjtion and examination of the stomachs of birds, many useful assistants of 'the
larmer and fruit grower have regained a good character of which ignorance had robbed
them. How many thousand of woodpeckers and owU and hawks, which were nobly
doinir mans wnrlm tnr him hava fallan »:/.»:».> »^ «.k: i.:i -« .• *
These remarks will apply equally to several other branches of Zoology.
The next step is to the laboratory of the chemist. Here the entomologist finds the
materials for alluring and preserving the specimens for his cabinet, or is provided with
ueans to
be treated
exact nati
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species in
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Fapors 1887 lit
^Z^"'!!reZZ::^''^k'^Z"'^^:^r'^''' '""•» "n^ue number. « to n-ouire to
trequentJy discovers aquatio plants and inmota nt r.>^f» tu- * "o«i luuKing ror sneiis,
prying everywhere to^iiscove'r the ZtiT^^^l "A au^t "ITT 'uS'^.'thi
dfvtM to^hThtSel^d""' '^r' ?' •?•'"«' » - T:; the"o\hei;. nllu^Ttt
^.?«!Tl2? *''«.!"8'"»' ^««'«'. not only that as much knowledge as f^ssible mav be
•jau^lated m ,t. own domain, bnt al«> f«m the collateral vafueTt S^t^^^^r
?gSS:^Th:'blar5 Itfe' '*" '^'*^*^ **''''"*' P^^*""* °" y-°« -- and^om1n fol
hut St. ■*"**''^ *i """^ ? remembered, -used eduoationally-are essentially not end,
«?i.^2' T"? for producing in the mind exact and caVeful method, of JhouX
of developing the faculties of accurate observation, and above all thin« are imLrUnt m
giving a power to expre«i in a concise and definite* manner whi it il SshS tTeuS It
tobour IS lost ; hiB gtudies are useless to himself and of little value to anyone else
o«»ent^Ztia„^?^;^"'«*'*'L!''\T"'**° *»"*'«"^ ^^ Canada isfarbr^hSat the
wSniw LS?Dnt i^tr'.n^'^ '^'T ^'^ ''^"''•^ °' communicatioS and travel
SeTiJo^i^ fSnSL K ^'™°'*'' ""^^^^t^r^ our predecessors. The result of
J. i!5i^^^ taciUties has been, as a matter of course, a sreat spread of all kinds o#
knowledgjB and entomology U perhaps one of the most bSefiteT ^
value of thf^'-STn^v" 7^^/*^ °' 1?^^*' appreciation amongst farmen and other, of the
bTddiveiJd af ?fjih«;i' f TT^'^'Lr^^ '"^^ «f« "« "k«d 'or to
Tn-«V. If ! Toaohers Institutes, before our Normal Schools, at meetings of Farmers'
£f.^^thTL'Zh"irr^"'^°'V'- . Quite recently the Legislature of BriUsh cS?a
lia. seen the advisability of appointing a Provincial "ntomolo««t. and ->. is -i*k „i»-..:"
T«loraiT.l!lw*&^.'"*TT ^T ^"^ f^*"* ^ -eof our members, theRevVoTw!
layjor, an excellent Naturalist and one who cannot but do cood LmfcuHw evnl^n.'nJ
die^Lt'"r^.'*'T°>^'"'''-°^ '^ *- always reptabTtfo^I^JtTraTte
Societies m all parts of the country, and in The EdLatiorJid Review, a monthly magS
pnblUhed in St. John, N.B., a most exonllent Mriet of illu«trated popular artiole* is
•ppMring from the pen of PrinoipiU A, H. M0IU7, of Piotou, N.8. These are in the
shape of addreHee to an imaginary olaae at " Ferndale School," and from their aimplioitr
and aoouracy will oerUinly be intelligible to all and give much inatruotion.
From tbii it will be aeen that anyone now-a<layi who wiihea to obtain knowledge
oonoerriing ii^uriotu and beneficial iniieote oan do u with very little trouble.
The ease with vvhioh parcels of specimens and books may now be sent by mail and
the low rates of postage, as well as the extensive development of systems of railways in
all the ProvincM of the Dominion, bv which it is now possible to communicate in a few
days with many localities previously inaccessible, bring it within the power of all to
obtain almost any desired information. It is my duty, however, to remind you that these
advantages also bring with them their responsibilities, and I toke the liberty, therefore,
of suggesting certain lines of stody in which I believe more work should be done oy our
members.
Our monthly magazine still maintains its character as a high-class scientifio
maoaiine, and should be, as it doubtless is by most, carefully read by all our members.
I should, however, be glad to soe some new names amongst the contributors. There
are also certain orders of insects which receive little attention at our hands, and the work,
although good, is being done by too small a number of workers. Amongst the lines of
investigation which demand our attention, I would mention, first of all, the clearing up
of the missing links in the life-histories of oar common and conspicuous injurious and
beneficial insects. There is a great deal yet to be done with r-^jard to the common
ii\juriou8 insects, as cutworms, wire- worms, etc. Again the advantages of ewsy
access to the North- West Territories and British Columbia by means of the Canadian
Pacific Railway must not be neglected. By the completion of this great highway, con-
necting the Pacific with the Atlantic it is now possible for us to receive eggs of nearly all
the unknown species of our diurnal lepidoptera. The ease with which these caii be
reared from the egg has been explained in the Canadian Entomolog%$t by our highly
esteemed contributor, Mr. W. H. Edwards. The keen pleasure to be derived from
breeding insects and watching them through all their stages can only be appreciated by
those who have tried it. All I oan say is that I, for my part, have never derived more
true pleasure from any occupation. The excitement of catching the female, the anxiety
to know whether she will lay eggs and whether these will hatch, then watching the small
larv8B through their sucoeesive moults till they are full grown, and the final emergence of
the perfect insect, all are intensely interesting. Now the large number of Canadian
lepidoptera of which the preparatory stages are unknown, but of which we could with
comparative ease obtain eggs, should surely induce some of us to make a great effort to
dear up some of these points. Let us, at any rate, try to have a few of them disposed of
before the next annual meeting.
Another study of enormous importance which might well receive more attention is
that of the dipterous and hymenopterous parasites of injurious insects. Mr. Harrington,
of our Council, has done good work in this line. The Abb^ Provancher, of Quebec, has
also in his excellent little magazine. La Naturali$t« Canadien, published lately much
valuable information concerning both the hymenoptera and the hemiptera.
In this connection I would mention a curious discovery made during the past
summer. In examining the seeds of the common Canada thistle with a view to finding
out the extent of their fertility, I was surprised to find that in nearly every head most of
the seeds had been destroyed by a white dipterous larva, which was generaJly placed head
downwards, only showing a brown disk with two pores on the upper end. It had a
peculiar habit of enveloping itself with tiie pappus of the thistle, which was wrapped
tightly round it, as though the larva had twisted itself round and round and dra n the
silky pappus with it until a. thick wad was formed. This is probably as a protection
during the winter, for most of these larvae were mature, and some which I have in breed-
intr lara remain nuiAt in fhAOA rmvarinam T won n&fniwilv mnoK ;mfo<u>a»«.^ ;~ *u:-
beneficial insect which had suddenly developed in such large numbers ; but my surprise
was great when I found that from upwards of 200 specimens collected, most of them pro-
duced a small parasitic hymenopterous fly of a kind unknown to me. We had then the
somewhat paradoxical result of an insect parasitic upon another insect being noxious ; but
•uch it un
of the fliei
apparentlj
Later in ii
the larvae
of thistle c
as a rule <
parasite hi
Durin
worked dii
Maooun an
Bay J Dr.
Ontario; ]
Regina an<
Seven
them, have
publication
■ion of Ei
Prof. Cook
cations of j
remedies f(
University,
brought hii
good result!
wanted Cls
ose to stad(
Prof. (
is a part of
for coUeotoi
of his work,
for next spi
■ay that it i
i must
ing the past
not suffered
heavy tribul
the best fari
induce them
*he tent cal
during the
stripjwd bar
a tree could
sparrow rec(
they 8uppos(
little usurpe
worry to dea
krva of Cits
unobserved.
The wh(
fine quality.
produced in
drought has
operations
The wire-woi
*It hsa aii;
genus as yet dii
article* is
are in the
•implioitj
knowledge
f mail and
til way* in
) in a few
of all to
that th«w
therefore,
me by our
•oientific
mem ben.
-a. There
the work,
be linea of
learing up
iriouB and
B ooauuon
B of enay
Canadian
iway, con-
nearly all
le can be
>ur highly
ived from
iciated by
ived more
6 anxiety
the amaU
)rgenoe of
Canadian
>uld with
) effort to
iapoeed of
Mention ia
i^rribgton,
lebeo, haa
ely much
the paat
bo finding
d moat of
aoedhead
It had a
wrapped
ra n the
irotection
in breed-
f surprise
them pro-
then the
ious ; but
'^PciPs IU87 1
apparently belong to the TrvDeUoe«i aH tSf «S ^ this troublesome weed (they
Kagina and near Fort MoLeod N W T '^mmwom , ana Mr. N. H. Cowdry, at
<ue to M.d«.U. Hjmenoptor., , ,„,k wbioh will be (omd of tb« gnUM
induce them to"umresoZ.ina-: S.«?,ot fV"^'^ J^'""! -ufficiently abundant to
little usurpers, record that nn flin 9<ifK iir»- i 7 t aJ ""'^•^;"» *" »" lairness to these
Th- "Vn^"'"" r "i^'"^ "^ °''''*'^ '^''*''^ *"" apparent in Nova Scotia and New Brun^winlT
The wire-worm has done its share of destruction, but on the whole thelnr«ry to w^^t
genuVi, y'S Kv^d fa 'SS^eS.'"'"' ^'^'•* ""' ^'- A«hn.ead. and i. the first repre«entativ7^e
bM b«en incoiuidenble. Perhapt the inieot of moat interaat it th« '• Whe«t^t«ra Mag»
got," the l«nr» of • ■mall Ay known to science under the name of Mtromyza Amtrioana.
Thia tnaeot haa been obaerred during the put three ye«ra, but nowhere in very Urg*
numbera, and onlv • few complaints have been received of ita operationa ; but, on the
other hand, it ia found upon enquirr, that it haa been a«en in a great many looalitiea, and,
moreover, it appeara U) be ataadily inoreaaing in numbera. In aome looalitJM in the
OtiAwa diatriot where, however, it moat be atoted moat enquiry haa been made, it ia re-
ported *o have been preaent for yeara. Dr. Ferguaon, M.P. for North Leeda, aUtea that
It ia nlwaya moat prevalent in good aeaaona, and when there ia great drought and a amall
crop the inaecta do not appear in auoh large numbera, but when the growth ia vigoroua and
there ia a good deal of moiature, they appear almoat inva'^bly. Aa thia waa an exoep.
tionally dry year, ahould thia theory be oorreot, I fear we may, in an ordinarily
moiat aeaaon, antioipato a severe attack from thia inaeot. There are two diatinct kinda of
ityuiT committed by thia inaeot. The preaenoe of the larva of the aecond or aummer
brood ia indicated by the top joint of the wheat turning white juat about the time the
wheat ia in bloaaom. Thia character ia very noticeable and haa gained for it the name of
" Bilver-top " in aome looalitiea. The other kind of attack ia that by which the larva
deatroya the young central ahoot of the autumn grown planta of fall wheat
Dr. Ferguaon atatea that the oaual courae amongat farmera in his oonatitnency, baa
been, where they are general, to put the mower in and out the crop. This, however, ia a
aevere remedy to which it haa not often been neoeasary to have reoourae.
Mr. D. Jamea, of Thomhill, in the Oounty of York, atatea that it worka particularly
in the variety known aa " Oooae apring wheat," and aaya, '• It ia three or four timea worao
in my fielda thia year than laat At a rough eatimate about every thirtieth head is
affected, and it may prove more than this."
Thia information ia aufficient to ahow that it ia an object requiring apeoial atndy.
The life history of this inaeot ia briefly aa followa :— The egga are laid on fall wheat
in the autumn— in September and October, theae hatch and paaa the winter in the larval
atate, and in the following apring produce the firat two brooda, in May and June
and in July, the perfect inaeots. It is supposed by Prof. F. M. Webster, of
Purdue University, III, that the latter lay their egga in volunteer wheat, and
that theae again produce the ii^urioua brood which attaoka the autumn fall
wheat Another supiXMition is that the perfect inaecta remain alive until the
fall wheat appeara above ground. Thia, however, aeema hardly likely, and if Mr.
Webster's theory be not correct, it is probable that the gap ia bridged over by the exist-
ence of a brood in aome of the wild graaoes.
Timothy hay has for the laat few years auffered severely from a similar injury, by
which the top shoot is also destroyed, and the records of the two attacks are much
mixed up.
I have failed in my efforts to breed this latter insect to maturity. I am, however, at
present of the opinion that it is no<v the Meromyza. The remedies which suggest them-
selves for Meromyza at the present stage of the investigation are late towing of fall wheat
and clean cultivation, by which all volunteer wheat is destroyed.
From the similarity of the attack bv the autumn brood to that of the Hessian fly,
I feel confident that the two are sometimea confounded by farmers. The larvae and pupa
oases of the two are, however, very different in appeaifmce. The Hessian fly, I am
thankful to say, is not very injurious in Canada at the present time ; but in parts of
Illinois it has lat«ly committed great depredations. The outbreak of this pest, which
ooourred in England last year, has drawn much attention to entomology in that conser-
vative country, and the name of one of oox honorary members. Miss Eleanor A.
Ormerod, is now more than ever a household word, amongst the grateful farmers, whom,
by her prompt action and safe advice, she has put in a position to protect themselves
against this scourge. I am still however of the opinion, notvdthstanding the present
state of affairs, that the Hessian fly will never become a '* first-olaaa peat " in England^
As well as Miss Ormerod, Mr. Whitehead continues to write and' publish ytJuable
advice to the farmers on injurious insects. It is to be hoped that they may be awakened
to see the value of his words and follow the instructions he so plainly gives.
The injury to other grains has been small, and with the exception of the aa yet
unexplain
clover wven
The,
in the aeai
•phis Vi
emulaion.
preferring
of turnips.
Carro
very few
Anthomyii
the past ai
no trouble
Thia remed
been disaol
being boili
I put on
when atim
beds, begin
radishes ar
no effect, <
For cabbag
out gas-lim
well hoed u
waa also fc
extent the a
over the wh
of Auguat
Potato4
however, is
to speak of
The Ir
throughout
destroyed by
the last sev
insect ; but i
seemed to fo
pillars befon
remedies. C
material can
many insect-
a short time
application.
Orchardi
ingoutofthe
of Clisiocamj
strip the folia
reduced to on
of, "thecanki
This latter wi
small shot hoi
the Annapolis
nursery at Oc
ul much usefi
sion that the)>
about forty lit
attack the but
2(P.A.
9
Papers 1887 1
•phi.. When t,4t«d in L« tCL w^e Jl t"?',*'^ ""T""" 'l^^ntitie-W . g,.y
•muLion. Few. however, oodd tl^aauT:iT^"t:k^ti7rl^,^, "?"»[•"« -'^h keroSnJ
ver,'ro^j;;lirw7"^^^^^^^ --).b«t thi.,e„
Anthomyian flie., ,o well known to wr^l!! ^t „':! r T^ ^'^ •"«•»«* ^J
no trouble in growing radiahrTnuSV f,!^ ^^^ \?!^^^^^ treatment, that I had
Thwremedyuaafollowi—Takeonl^llnn # * f*t«w>c "ght through the •ummer
been diMolJed ; into thi. when b:irgCone pTofoVc^^ 'L".^"'^ °' ■"'' »«•? »>-«
being boiled and stirred for a .hort fime T^Thvinllj'^^^t''^ '" P"'' •"'^ *'^'
I put one oupful in . waSa cl'n w^th fiAv l*^ ^*'"" '"•^"'•^ '«' «-
when ^irr«l up*, little i. ready fori J^andlwa^rL Z ^ "' , ~" "•*•'' T**"
beds, beginning three day. after the M<ii U .^^^7^ by mean, of a ro.6 h over the
radishe. are ready for the tabt It ^jj ^terT alToir;;* JT * "**.'' """' '^e
no effect, either on the vegeUtion ^inZtJ^.fj- *'*1 '°'"«* '"'' ^•" ''•'^«
For cabbage, the mo,t .uccLful wVent^Z^^^^ "^ *•>« ^«8«fble.
out ««.lime wa. sprinkled lightly aTround^TJ nl » '*^!L~'^t **•« **"« °' P'»nting
wellloed up round the stems and alTer iSht annltr ^"' ^"'/"'^ '^' «"*»' ^•^
wa. also found very beneficial by Mr E Sll Sttjm''" °"^"' '^^^ ''"''"'*•>»«
e,tent the attack, of the onion mLRo[ InSnl,^^ ' "* P™^?ti"« to a large
over the whole bed-once a fort^^hT frnm li. ^ ■ '""^T" """"y "«htly broadcwt
of August. rortnight,_from the beginnins of the .eaaon until the middle
to .peak of it at grater length ^ ^ ^*"'' ^f"*^" *''*' »' •" °ot neceiTry
throu'gLt^Tl^Lrf „^r:?r^^^^^^^^ comn.,>ted serious injury
destroyed by the fungou. di««i«e known m darh^lT tI "iy"*^V«f tb« J»rv» wero
the la.t «,ven or eijht yeaTfrom the wfilnf -T " ^'^"^ ' ^" "^''""^ '***'
insect ; but this year the caterninTnihavVn? 'ts attacks upon the larv» of thi.
.eemed to force itself upon X^ne's notl^?Ct / ' ' ""''"'' "T*^^"^ ''« P"^"«»
pillars before the epidemic deveC and t w-^n "J"'^. T ^"'^^ ^'^'^ theHO eater-
remedies. Of thes^ without do.ff ?« . was necessary to have recourse to active
material can be mSd with ?our or fiv; S tf wifl. ^f^*^^'*"-) '« '»»« '>««t. iLi.
many insect-guns and a very h'ttle n^tl L . * * °* f"^ ° ^''"'•- '^''h «"« <>' the
i^'r^:!i-t„%r;^p,^r:t!££in^^^^
reduced to one-quarter of the avemae croc IVo li? i ^^ ' T'"'' ^'■°" ^*'''*'"« ''*"««•
of. •• the canker worm" and the^KiXVtrr La "'J"''' V^''" """"^ ««»Plained
This latter was called locallv ^^L ,h.f J^«*'«,^y^*«'-«-* ''»*/'«'•. Fab., {Xyleboruspyri).
small shot holes. lThasdZ\„ufhintut^^^ ^""^ *^' resemblance of its tunnefs t^
the Annapolis Valley, and i;%rk^;ra2istatT»TrE SmIthTf T^"" "1^^°'"
nursery at Oomwallis. N.S./ a clo.<,« anH ., JTlL...':- 'r .;-^™'*''' °^ ^be xVova Scotia
ol much useful knowledire with iv^arrl fr^ il.;! • " ;' "^'' ^ "»^V "°^'* P^'' '"possession
10
in diameter, mostly on the north side of the trees." One specimen of apple wood cut
ft om a branch two inches in diameter and apparently in a living condition, produced, a»
•well as the pear-blight beetle, several specimens of Monarthrum malt, another injurious
species somewhat resembling the above, but even smaller. A noticeable feature of
every specimen of injured wood submitted to me was that the trees from which
they were cut were very badly attacked by the " Oyster-shell bark locse." Opinions
seem to diflfer as to whether these beetles will attack vigorous, healthy trees. Efforts
will be made to induce the Nova Scotia fruit growers to treat their trees for the "Oyster
shell bark louse," which alone, without the assistance of these borers, are sufficient to
rob the trees of much power for bearing fruit. Last spring I was much pleased at receiving
from Mr. A. J. Hill, of New Westminster, B.O., some twigs of apple covered with thia
bar^: louse, which, when enclosed in a breeding jar, produced hundreds of tbe useful
little parasite ApheUnus eupidiotidis. Every scale seemed to be destroyed. After
saving a few specimens for the cabinet I turned the others loose in an infested apple
tree, and hope next year to find tb^t they are established here. In our own Province
by far the worst enemy the orohardist has had to contend with is the codling worm
(Oarpoeapia pommella.) There is now no doubt that the use of arsenical poisons is th©
only practicable remedy for this pest. I refer to it now for a special reason. In the
Canadian Horticulturist for August appeared what I cannot but consider a most injurious
and ill-advised article. In it the writer, who, by the way, does not give his name,
writers of such articles seldom do, makes several bare statements without giving any
proof, warning fruit growers against using arsenic in any form, and draws a vivid pic-
ture of the ills which may come from neglecting his advice. This article will be
answered in full elsewhorej but I wish to draw attention to two of his statements,
▼UE.:
'•That although the mineral arsenic is insoluble in water it is freely soluble in ttie
. acids resulting from decomposition of vegetable matter — and is then readily
taken up by the roots of plants, especisUy by those of the coarser vegetables, as the
potato, etc."
" Similarly also, in applying solutionp. of Paris Green to the apple blossom, it is not
only that the petals are destroyed, but the poison may be absorbed by the fruit—"
Now the injury of this article is this : In the first place the statements are inaccurate
and secondly being published where it is, it will be read by a large class of people who
will not be able to detect the inaccuracy, and who sooner than run any risk will let
their crops be destroyed so as to be on the safe side, and besides this there is no doubt
that it is leas trouble not to make this application, and we all know how easy it is to
take a ready-made excuse for not doing a thing which we know ought to be done ; but if
there is the slightest doubt about the propriety of an action we seldom even need an
excuse to be prepared for us. Now, Entomologists have been for years trying to persuade
fruit growers to save their apples and plums by using these arsenical poisons, and Prof.
Forbes has shown by most careful experiments, that at least 76% m'^*^ of a crop can
be preserved by their use than by leaving the trees alone. Fruit growers were just
beginning to be awakened to the value of these remedies when "0." (of Durham, Ont),
comes out with his injurious article. In answer to it I say— if care be taken to apply
thip remedy aa directed by Entomologists no danger can result from its use. As to its
be' jg absorbed into the potato tubers, " 0," seems to forget that these bodies are not
roots, nor are they filled from the roota They are merely swellings at the ends of under
ground stems, such as are known to botanists as " winter-buds," and are reservoirs for
the storing up of reserve material chiefly taken in by th« foliage for the use of the
next year's growth. Even then were it possible for any appreciable amount of the
„:.. 4.O. »af fn *\ia wu^^a nQr] hn AhnnrbAd bv them, which I verv much doubt, it would
be impossible for it to get into the tubers. Prof. Oook, of the Michigan Agricultural
College, had some very careful analyses made of plants specially treated with arsenic.
Paris green was put on the foliage as strong as possible without killing the plants, and
it was also put on the ground where it would be worked to the roots. Both vines and
tubera wer(
found. Af
until after
the stigmai
arsenic.
Here \
explained ai
* • •
Before
I have to re
removal by
• Bowles, of ]
and was aisc
he always to
His quiet, n
as a natural
a regular co
papers for tl
He pai(
choice coUec'
Mr. Bo^
and three 6.
forth.
Anothei
Mr. Ohapma
art, and has
In closii
exhibited by
some of the [
they are ari
out far bette
11
^^t^'^rs 1887 111
tube™ were analysed by a very careful chemist.
found. "lynTSrT^rd i: Vi^S yttirr "• ^^^ ^^f^^^ ^'^ ^
until after the petals have fallen, nndTL conseau" ^I^ r""" '•'^^"'^ "^* ^ »PP««<*
th^e^stigmatic disk is incapable of absorSg^JE;. 'I'eh - *"" are fertilise^and
less a caustic solution of
.xp.SJf/CS'^-^fu.fXSi'" °'°" ""* '""-' "-^'^ -
applied waa
I havtp^effti"! s^trZ^tr SSeT/*J stLSTnce^^^f^^'^r"* "-«-' *^^^
and was also, at the time of his dSCthe P^ident ^f S"m T^^'x, ^^ *^« C°»»"'.
he always took a keen interest, and in the foSt?on of wJ^^i^T"^^ ?''*"*''^' '"^ ^"ch
HiB quiet, modest manner made hi. SvourUe with afl T^''^ ^'-^"^^ ^"^ ^^^^^^ ^^'
as a naturalist was acknowledged by evtly one Jh* h^l w *«~'»»'««. ^^ile his ability-
a regular contributor to the publicatJoW^he S^Yetv InS Z""' '^ ^^- ^' ''^
papers for the Montr^f^l Branch. »ociety, and also prepared many valuable
He paid particular attention to the lepidontera nf u,K,«i, u u j
choice collections both of Canadian and exotSsSs' ^*'' ^***^'^^« *»<»
,, Another of our members who has passed awav in TVTr rti.» i ni.
Mr. Chapman as well as taking an actVv^terlsT in m». £ • ^ ^^^P"?*"' °^ ^°°<*o'»-
art. and has been styled the f! ther of thV WeTtlVSrfoTrfscI^^^ * P**^°" °'
exhibtfbrSr'5:^^Ttirn^entri:3^^^^^ ^^ ^o^te^
•^meoftheVintsupoHSchlUTp^^kt^U^^^^ 'II'T/h V^'","^' "^" "^"«^«*^
they are arranged, and the neatnew V^th wti^K oil ^^® "«**»«d and care with which
out u. u^xi I ^ ^c'zx^^'.z 7^:::^rJ ^xr^'
JAMES FLETCHER.
J