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ZAVITZ, B.B.A., EXFBRIHBNTAUST. fUBZISMBD BT THB DBFABTMBITT OF AGBIOULTUBB Deermber tS, 1H99. TORONTO PRINTED BY WARWICK c^ SONS MINI8TBB OF AQBIODLTUBB Hon. John Dryden, Toronto. Ontario Agricultural GoUeii^e and Experimental Farm, Guelph, under control of the Minister of Agrieulture. ilirn t it t ( I >■ I I it I 1 )■ t t 1 ! " ! J '', Wjip! ,1 >iL i'ifji' ••nK f - -' -if, - h£!r''ii.l l.t IUI.J R a Itl Ji "m™!!-*! t mm-' !!«-. reap' " " » 'ij-n- ,i,= J ' ' Cti' .V,.- "11 1 ' . 'l[ H , l!„ fcy-'v Li.; ", ' Z-'S Jamks MiLU, M.A. President Thomas Shaw Professor of Agrionltnre Mid FMrm Saperintendenl. I A. E. Shuttlkwobth, B.A. So. Professor of Ohemistry, J. HoTiB Panton, M^., F.G.S. Professor of Natural History and Geology.! F. 0. Gbknsidk, V.S. Professor of Veterinary Ssienoe.! H. H. Dkan, B.a a. Professor of Dairy Husbandiyj B. Lawbinoi Huir«, B. A . . Assistant Resident and Mathematical MasterJ Oaftain Wautib Glabki Instmotor in Drill and GymnasticaJ O. A. Zavitz, B,S.A. . Experimentalist] H. B. Shabman, B.S.A Assistant Ohe A. MoGallum. BonvJ AD7ISOBT BOABD. O. 0. Jamis, M. a, Seotttarjf Jomr L HoBSON, Okairmun Depaty Minister of Agrionltore, Toront . Mosboroogh, Gonaty of Wc BULLETIN LXXXIV. EXPERIMENTS WITH SPRING GRAINS. {I4O Varietias grown aide hy side for four years.) The great difference in point of yield of different varieties of grain I of the same species has been observed by farmers everywhere. The I wisdom of growing only the best varieties at all times will also be I generally conceded, and more especially in times when prices rule Vm and margins are close, will such a line of action be in a sense jimperative. in former years the husbandman was restricted in his Ichoice to but few varieties, but now through the work of the Agri- icdtural Experiment Stations, the best varieties that can be obtained I are being made easily accessible to every one. This Bulletin relates to spring grains, foreign and native, grown lander similar conditions for the past four years, and it gives impor- jtiQt comparisons with reference to them. These comparisons relate, [{1) to the yield of grain per acre ; (2) weight of grain per measured Ibashel ; (3) weight of straw per a^re ; (4) date of maturity ; (5) litrebgth of straw ; (6) length of plant, and {7) calor of grain and Itiiher peculiarities of growth. Impsrtant particulars are also given lin reference to results obtained from sowing various kinds of grain lit different dates. As rust prevailed to a considerable extent, we jkaTe taken it into account when speaking of spring wheat and oats. iDaring 1892, 67 varieties of barley, 63 of spring wheat, 116 of oats liad 61 of peas, were grown upon the station grounds and under the liame conditions. Full particulars relating to these will be found in he Annual Report. The information contained in the bulletin has Ibeen obtained from tests made with 37 varieties of bjtrley, 22 of pring wheat, and 81 of oats. These have been grown side by side or the past four years and under similar conditions. It also in- vades the results obtained from 6 leading varieties of peas, out of So varieties grown for two years. The plots varied from one fiftieth I one-hundredth of an acre in the different years. In the tables given below, the yields of grain per acre are esti- nated from the yields per plot. The standard weight per measured ushel was used with the diff'arent classes of grains, and when this alletin is compared with the corresponding one of last year, viz., it will be observed that some varieties in the list for 1891 ave dropped out and others have taken their places. It wiQ also noticed that the remarks on the different varieties vary slightly, ^ving to a diffSarenoe in behavior, caused doubtless by variations in oil and climate. •*■"■ Oat». Table i relates to the ten yarieties of oats which have given the highest yields for the four years ending with 1892. Variety. Joanette Black.. .. Chenailles Black . . . Black Etampes Siberian Houdan Black Danebrog Oderbruoker 7mproved Be^thorne ^robsteier... ;.. PringleVProgreBB. . . Black « White. Black . White. t «< II "5 ii None i< 11 SliRht !.".'.'.' None Very slight Sli;,ht Very slight Average... Slight "A"* o H I in. 41.0 44.0 40.8 64.0 41.8 54.8 49.( 50.3 53.8 47.3 Au^. 6 7 6 6 8 7 8 8 4 CO ^ lb. 35.8 36.8 36.4 86.7 36.4 33.7 80.2 33.6 33.0 30.1 The varieties growu in 1889 and 1890 were sown April 22nd, those grown in 1891, April 29th, and those grown in 1892, April I8th. It should be borne in mind that all the loading varieties, except tbe last mentioned, that is Pringle's Progress, are foreign. They were imported for our station from Europe in 1889. Of the 81 varieties grown during the four years mentioned, 15 only were from a Cana- dian source, and these include nearly all the old varieties. The Joanette Black, Ohenailles Black, Black Etampes and Houdan Black, are very much the same in all essential characteristics. So much so that the three first mentioned appear to be one and the same variety, though probably grown for some time past in different localities in France. These varieties are therefore more suitable for sowing on good rich land. They stand up fairly well, are not coarse, and are almost entirely free from rust tendencies. They are also inclined to shell easily when ripe. The hull is unusually thin, and is easily removed in threshing. . The 81 varieties grown for four years gave an average yield in 1892 of 53 bushels per acre. Of these the 10 which gave the highest yields for four years made an average of 76.9 bushels per acre, and the 10 which gave the lowest yields 44.2 bushels. The fourteen best yielding varieties for the four years have all a spreading head. Of the 27 yarieties grown for two years only, the Golden Giant and Magnet stand first and second respectively. The former gave an average yield of 89 btishels per acre, and the latter 86.4 bushels. Yick's American Banner came third, with an average yield of 86.3 bushels per acre. Of the 8 newly obtained varieties which have been tested for one year only, the American Beauty stands first It gave 76.7 bushels per acre. ™Bi^!^BIfS^li5P^ Sjyring Wheat. Table ii relates to the varieties of spring wheat Ifbich have given the highest yields for the four years ending 1892. Variety. I Herison Boarded... iFringle's Champion ISaxonka iHolben'a Improved I Bart Trimenia ISummer jUrdinary Bearded March iKonisburff [Odessa Gnirka iNenhert .1 I '8- I o s I w France . . Bearded (lermany Russia. . . Germany 'Bald Greece . .'Bearded Gerntany " France . . Russia. . . Russia. . . Germany Bald in. 40.5 42.2 40.6 41.6 38 5 36.8 38.3 40.5 40.3 43.4 •m > u QQ Medium Medium Medium Strong . Strong . Medium Strong . Strong . Medium Strong . ^ M ^.•^ h >. % U^-l e of aturity. ght pe easured ishel, 3 ^e « Sjj s« 2^^ Aug ^ tons o lb. bush. 11 63.5 1.7 26.0 11 60.8 1.8 23.6 12 60.2 1.5 22 6 16 69.0 1.7 22.0 13 62.8 1.6 21.8 1 11 57.6 1.6 20.1 13 68.1 1.7 20.6 13 62.1 1.5 20.4 14 59.9 1.6 20.2 16 65.0 1.6 18.6 The varieties grown in 1889 were sown April 18th, those in 1890 Dd 1891, April 25th, and those in 1892, April 23rd. While the lerison Bearded comes first in point *of yield, stands, fairly stiff m |ie straw, pnd has been almost entirely free from rust, the club- aped heads are somewhat uneven. Pringle's Champion produces [fairly strong straw, has a well shaped head, is not much liable to 8t, and produces a fine sample of grain. The 22 varieties grown :four years gave an average of 19.2 bushels per acre in 1892. Of m the 5 which gave the highest yields for four years made an erage of 23.2 busheli^ per acre, and the 5 whish gave the lowest ields, 13.1 bushels. Of the 21 varieties grown for three years, the Fern comes first. It has given a yield of 31.4 bushels per acre. I White Russian, with a yield of 28. 7 bushels, comes second. Of 1 10 varieties grown for two years the McCarlin stands first. It I given a yield of 2 9-. 7 bushels per acre. The Bio Grande, with a of 28.4 bushels, comes second. \Hullesa Barley.— ^iis. varieties of HuUess barley have been grown r three years. The average yield per acre for that time has been [8 bushels, of 60 pounds per measured bushel, or 44.78 bushels of {j)oands per bushel. If we compare the three leading varieties I the three best sorts possessed of hull, we find there is an ad van- I in yield of 1 . 3 bushels per acre in favor of the former. The ;e yields respectively, are 54.8 bushels per acre, and 53.5 he!s. The Hungarian, from Hungary, as the name would indi - afands first on the list, and in several respects it is a very Dising variety. 6 \\ Ml Barley. — ^Table iii relates to the ten varieties of barley which! gave the highest yields for the four years ending 1892, and it giveJ the remits obtained from the common six-rowed variety of Ontario! Variety. Mandscheuri French Ohevalier. . EmpresB t-cotch Improved. . , Selected Chevalier, Thanet Improved Oheyne . , Oderbrucker Kalina Hallett'8 Pedigree Common Ontario, 6 rowed J ii Russia . . France . . England. Ontario. . England. Germany Sweden.. Germany i o 6 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 2 Ontario.. 6 •a 5 £ inch. 41.0 36.3 390 39.0 39.5 38.6 39.0 38.8 87.6 36.3 36.3 03 Strong. . Medium Medium Medium Weak . . Weak . . Medium Strong. . Medium Strong. . Medium It July 30 Aug. 3 July 29 Aug. 3 *• 3 " 3 July 29 Aug. 3 July 29 «l Sis. lb. 60.8 62.0 62.0 52.3 51.8 62.0 62.4 62.9 52.6 62.8 63.1 i cc B to dl tons 1.8 1.8 2.0 1.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.3 buBh.l 57.6 54.0 62.8 51.3 50.8 50.5 50.3 49.9 49.9 49 7 46.7 The varieties grown in 1889 were sown April 15 ; those in 1891] and 1892, April' 19, and those in 1891, April 30. It will beob served that the common Ontario six-rowed barley, so universalH grown, has the seventeenth place in the order of yield. Of thl eleven varieties grown for two years, the Oalifomia Brewing stand] first, and it also has first place amid the 63 varieties grown in 1U92 when it yielded 61.5 bushels per acre. The Kinna-Kulla, a twd rowed variety, imported from Sweden four years ago, and whicl possesses the property of standing up well in a remarkable degree, i| constantly improving in yield, insomuch that in 1 892, it gave 58 1 bushels per acre, and stands second in point of yield. The Duel bill, which bears a close resemblance to the Kinna-HuUa, is also stif in the straw. The yield in 1892 was 4-7.8 bushels. PetM. — Table iv relates to the ten varieties of peas which hav given the highest yields during the two years 1890 and 1892. Owing to imperfect germination of the seed in 1891, the resull for that year were considered to be incomplete to be of any speciij value. The varieties grown in 1890 were sown April 24th, an those sown in 1892, April 23. Only two of the imported varietie viz., the Princess Royal and Early Baoehorse, have a prominent placj in the list. The Mummy pea, popular in many parts of Ontari(| gave an average of 33.7 bushels for the two years mentioned, antl average weight of 63.8 pounds. Of the sixty-one varietiQS grqwA |1892, the Princess Royal gave the largest yield, vir-, 46.2 bushels, ad the Early Racehorse the heaviest weight per measured bushel, lit, 62.8 pounds. Variety. IPruaBian Blue I Black Eyed Marrowfat. IPrinoesB Royal I^ite Eyed Marrowfat jUtiltiplien lEarly RaoehorBC Seed of 1890 obtained from. Ontario. , (I England . Ontario . . England Date of maturity. Aug. 11 . ♦• 17.. " 15.. •• 16. . ♦• 21.. •• 12.. lb. 62.7 01.2 60.7 62.1 61.8 63.5 93 tons. 1.94 1.60 1.45 1.82 1.69 1.45 •I u bush. 43.30 39.90 39.15 88.78 87.90 35.89 DtUes of Seeding, — Table v relates to the average results from ling oats, spring wheat, barley and peas at different dates in and 1892. Dates of Seeding. ipril 22nd lay Ist... lay 9th... ay 18th.. ay 26th . Oats. Spring wheats. lb. 33.0 31.9 29.2 27.5 24.4 H •3 2^.^ bush. 52.7 56.9 53.7 41.8 25.3 lb. 60.7 58.8 56.7 54.2 53.0 bush. 14.4 12.2 8.6 5.4 3.9 Barleys. HZ 2 Is lb. 48.7 47. 46.0 42.7 41.9 bush, 26.1 27.9 27.2 18.3 11.8 Peas. 11^ §11 lb. 57.9 59.2 60.7 61.0 61.2 ST bush. 19.5 21.1 21.8 18.5 9.7 ila every instance, except that of the peas, which were grown only ]l892, and of which but two varieties were used, the figures repre- the average of two varieties sown in 1891, and also in 1892, Dce they repra^sent the average results of four experiments with I same kinds of grain. It will be observed (1) that oats, spring eat and barley gave the heaviest weights per measured bushel the first seeding, and there was a gradual decrease in weight each successive se«Hling. With peas the results were exactly I reverse, as the weight of the grain continually increased with seeding. (2) That while in the case of spring wheat, the highest k were obtained from the first seeding, in that of oats and bar- [ these came from the second seeding, and in that of peas from the seeding. But wL\<)n the tests for 1892 only are compared, we 1 that the best yields obtained in every instance came from the I seeding, except with peas. .1; •I .'I it: 8 Hemarks. — The ■oili where these plots were grown mA> be termed al mild clay loam, with a somewhat open sub-soil. The field oontainingl the plots grown in 1889 and 1890 was low lying, and that in which! the plots were grown in 1891 and 1892 was elevated. Concluaiom. 1. That considerably higher yields may be expected from stverall of the foreign varieties of oats, than from the old varieties. 2. That of all the varieties of oats grown for four yearn, the Joanette Black stands first in point of yield among the hiacli varieties and the Siberian among the white varieties. 3. That the Herison Bearded and Pringle's Obampion still retail first and second places in point of yield, among all the varieties ^rown for four years. 4. Thut fifteen imported varieties of barley have given a iargeij yield for four years than the common six-rowed variety. 5. That of all the varieties of barley grown for four years, the Mandsoheuri and French Ohevalier still hold first and second placeal respectively, in point of yield. 6. That of twenty varieties of peas grown for two years th^ Prussian Blue stands at the head of the list in point of yield, and oi sixty* 3ne varieties grown in 1892, the Princess Royal gave the largesj yield per acre, and the Early Racehorse the heaviest weight peJ measured bushel. 7. That while it is important that cereal spring grains should as a rule be sown aa soon as possible after the ground has become 8ui!i| ciently dry in the spring, it is more important relatively in the ca» of spring wheat than in that of oats and barley, while no special advantage seems to follow very early the sowing of nnAs. Distribution of Seed. — Wo have a limited quantity of seed fordi^ tribution, and will supply any of the following varieties at moderati prices, and in the order in which the applications are received, viz Oato-— Joanette Black, Black Etampes, Siberian, Probsteier, Polanj White, Improved Waterloo, Bavarian, White Abundance and Goldej Giant. I^eas — Prussian Blue, Tall White Marrowfat, Canada Clua ter, Prince Albert and D'Auverna Barley — Mandscheuri and Ode^ brucker. Apply to the Professor of Agriculture, Guelph, Oat. Some of the varieties will be distributed in smaller lots, throug. the medium of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Unioij For circulars apply to the Secretary, 0. A. Zavitz, Experimental Sti tion, Guelph. ch irau the acli bam own .rgeil ,ty laced > iU id ol irgesl t peJ lid a( suiHl e caa ipecifti Eordii )derab I, viz Poland Goldej a Clui ,d Olel .t. throuj Unioij Qtal St