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TflK 
 
 LAST FRENCH POST 
 
 THE VALLIiV 01' THE ITFEIi JHSSISSIPI'I, 
 
 NEAR FKONTENAC, MINN.; 
 
 WITH NOTICES OF ITS COMMANDAIVTS. 
 
 BV 
 
 EDWARD D. NEILL. 
 
 SAINT I'ALL. .\irx\.: 
 
 TlIK I'lCKKKK PhK-S C'OMl'ANV. • 
 
 1887. V 
 
"They who make researches into an- 
 tiquity may hv said to pasd often through 
 many dark lobbies and dusky places, be- 
 fore they come to the Aula Imlx, the great 
 hall of light; they muHt repair to old 
 archives, and peruse many moulded and 
 moth-eaten records, and so bring light as it 
 wore fron-. darkness, to inform the present 
 world what the former did, and make us 
 see truth through our ancestors" eyes."— 
 Hi)\v"*!I,i.'.s " Londinopolis," London, A. D. 
 
• FRENCH POST, 
 
 Laki: I'ki'in, Minnksota. 
 
 TUi' ivit'iit ilis(( ivory of two cannon balls, one of six-pound and 
 the otlit'T ol' toiii- pound (•jilil)re. at Krontcnac station, noar Lako 
 I'cpin, Minn., ivudors dosii-abk' a notifn of the !ast Krencdi ostablrHli- 
 nifiil in tiic valley of tlio upper Mississippi river. 
 
 The department of trade callefl '• fia Haye " included all the 
 |-'ivn(di posis l>et\ve»-n (ireen Hay and the Falls of Saint Anthony. 
 Bellin, the distintfuished i>;eoi:;rii])her in •• Reniarfjues sur la carte de 
 l"Anteri(|ue Septentiionale." piii)lished in 17")."). at Paris, refi-rs to those 
 on the shores of the river Mississippi and its tributaries, and men- 
 tions •• Fort St. Nicholas at t!" imuth of the Wisconsin;" a small 
 foi-t at tlu' I'utnuice of Lake Pe;>ii; one above, on the opposite^ side 
 of the lake; and another on the iuri^est isle just above the lake, built 
 in 1C95, l»y T^e Stieur. Nicholas Pcrrot. when commandant of the 
 'La Have' district, in the autumn of KlSf). ascended the Mississippi 
 and |)a^sed the winter at • .Montai:;ne (pii tri'Uips dans I'cau,' just be- 
 yond Black river, accordinji" to Fran(|uelin's map. and subsequently 
 built the fort on the east side of the lake, oti the same juap marked 
 •' Fort St. Antoiiu'." In IGSl* Le Sue\u' was one of his assoi-iates at 
 l>ake*l'epin, and Hoisii-uillnl, lor a time in chari^e at .Muckinavv, then 
 at the ])v)st on the M ississij)pi just, alxn e the mouth of the W'iseonsin. 
 
 The first calliiii:; of the lake, as Pepin ap|)ears in the jourmil of liO 
 Sueur in ITOO. and was pei'haps yiven to the sheet of watri- in com- 
 pliment to Monsieur Pepin' u iio, in ltI7!>. was with l)u l^iUlh on the 
 shores of Lake Superior, or some other nuMuber of that Canadian 
 family. 
 
 1. Slephf - IVpin, the Sieiir de la V'ond, m;irrit'(l .Mario Itouclier, the aunt of the Sleiir di' la 
 I'erricre. 
 
At'tci" the yi)iiv ITc."!, owiiiu" t') tlif lii)>tilit_v of tin- llfiianls (Fox 
 Iinliiiiis). the Kri'iicli iil):iiiili»iu'<l all their cxisiiiii:; |mis|s in tlio " Lu 
 Have" (liHti'icl ol'tlii' ii|ii)t'i' Mississippi, and. with tlio oxci'ptioti ot 
 a low lawless voyaiffiii's k-fl the <'(iiintry. By tlic treaty of I'trt'clit. 
 in 171.'{. l-'raiKi' yicldcfl to (iiviil Bi-itaiii all llu- coimtry aroiiii'l Hml- 
 hon's hay. ami after tliis tlu" foniit r ])(>w( r turned its altenlinn lu the 
 I'lii^ion west of I<ai<e Superior and the discovei'y of a route to the 
 Western ocean. In July, 1717. I/ieulenant La None' wa> ordered to 
 e.stal)lish a post at the exti'einity of Lake Superior, and lo exploi-e 
 the chain of lakes vvestwar(|. and ('a|»tain Vaul Saint Pieri-e-' in 
 ITL'^. was ordered to ( 'ha^ouaniinon hay an<l Lake Superior. I'a- 
 <hot. an ensi<fn, at the same time was sent to the Sioux to persuade 
 I hem to make ])eaee with the Cristinaux. Soon after Pa(diot'8 return 
 to Saint IMerro'H post at ("haijouamij^on, tin- Si(tux attacked tlu- In- 
 dians near Kamanistii^ouya'' and killed seventeen. whi(rh so alarnu'd 
 t he Saidleurs (Ojihways) of rhaL!'ouan)ii;-on hji.y that they heijun to 
 prepare logo to war airainst the Sioux. Saint Pierre directe(.' the 
 ortici'i's. l'a(diot and Liuctot. to visit the Sioux and censure ihem lor 
 their hostility to tiie Cristinaux, l»ut (hev found that they had 
 iormed an alliance with the Henards (Foxes), and were implacable. 
 
 Paidiot in a letter to the French jjovornment, dated (^ueiiec. Oct. 
 27, 1722. suiji^estod that as the Sioux wei-e hostile to the Lake Supe 
 rior tribes, a trading post foi- tlu'ir lu'iietit should he established near 
 the Falls of St. Anthony, atid thai the otlieer of the ]»ost with the 
 traders' canoes slu)uld first ])roceed to Chagouamigon bay, anil then 
 lo the Neouissakouete (Hois Hrule) river. At that pei'iod the "Outa- 
 liatonha," or "Scioux <d'the Rivers." dwelt in the valU-y of the Saint 
 (yroix river, titleen leagues below Snake river, (."harlevoix. a learned 
 Jesuit, in 1721. undei- the aus])ices of the Fri'nch g(n'erument, visited 
 ('ana<la and Louisiana, an<l upon his return urged the establishment 
 of a trading |)ost and sending two missionaries among the Sioux to 
 leai'ii the language, in the belief that through their count ly a route 
 to the Pacific ocean could lie discovered, lli.s suj'irestions were tavor- 
 
 1. Killed ill IT:i4, liy ii lianii of IrAfiuois. 
 
 2. (.'aiitiiip I'iuil Li'KiiriicMir, Si.int I'lorre wusUie.soii of J. Uuptiste l.ciianiiiir, who mi llii" 
 ek'veDtli of .Inly, Ki.iii, ninrrieil Maij;iit'rlte, tlio daiinhfcr of the hrave explorer, .lean Nicolet, the 
 first wlille man who in lii:it-.T visited (ireen Hay and vicinity in Wisconsin. 
 
 3. Also wi-itlen (iamaiittyxoya and Kiiiiiani'li({oya. Itaiag.i in his Ojiliway dictionary de- 
 fines iS'ingitawitigweiag as tlie iiliiee wlieie a river divides into several hiaiicliea. 
 
Oct. 
 
 I tho 
 tlu-n 
 
 OlUU- 
 
 Siiiiit 
 ■ariKMl 
 
 IllU'llt 
 
 lUX to 
 
 rditf 
 
 tiivur- 
 
 ,0 nil tin" 
 coIpI, the 
 
 iimrv (le- 
 
 iildy coiisidt'i'.'il luil delay ousiinl in cjinyinif out (lir |in»j«'((. I>y tlic 
 lioxtilitv 1)1' lilt' I'ciKii'iU. wlio lia<l Uill«'(l Hiv»!nvl Kiviiclinu'ii. aiid also 
 I'ct'iist'd to allow iradi'i'M to |ia->s to the Sioux tlirotiLcli llioir coiintry. 
 I)e IjiifiH'ry was t liofi ti)i'i' dispatcluMl. in l7-!(i. to coutL-r with tl\i' 
 trilu's lu'ar ( ii'con Uay. and on tlu' scventii of . runt' uuidi- a tri'aty 
 witli tli(f chic'I's ot'tlu! lu'iiai'ds (FoxtN), SaUis (Sauks) and I'lians 
 ■( \Viiiiu'l»a:i;o»'s). ^ t 
 
 'IMio way now lii'iiii; opcncii. a fonipaiiy to ti'ado with the Sioux was 
 I'oi'nu'd. and anir,i)i; th«' associati-s weiv .lean Uaptisti' 15ou(di('i-. lh«' 
 Sicur do Moiitl'i'uii. Ffaurois lioucdur dt.' Montlpfuii. and l-'raiicois 
 < 'antiK'aii. ('ainju-au was a i)la(l<sniitli and afniorcr and in tlu- arii 
 cU's ol' ai:;rc't'int'hl it was provided thai upon thi; payment of t'oui' 
 hundi'i'd livre-* in coin oi' peltriis ho I'oidd work tor any who nii<r|il 
 wish his scrvjet's. 
 
 The conuuandanl appointed to eoii(|uct tlie expeilition was Ui'tu' 
 lioucdior, llie Sleui' de la l'erii-'i-e.' ami a tvlaliv*' of two of the tradirii;- 
 eompany. Tin; ehaplaiiis attaehed were tlie.lesnits I.onis Iu;nalii!s 
 (iuin"nasand hedonor. I'hey Kl'l .Montreal on the sixteenth of.luiie. 
 1727. and on the seventet-nlh oi' Srpteniher reaidicd th«' oidari;emcnt 
 of llie Mississippi, the- pieturesque Laki- I'epiii. Immedialely Koiie 
 Houeiier. the Sieur de la Perriere. selected a site upon a low point, 
 about the mid<Ile of the lake >hore. opposite MaJdeu's l{o(d< au<l 
 ordered the ei'ection (>f a s|o(dva<le of pick(ds, each twelve feet in 
 lenii;th. formiui' a s(|uare of one hundred feet, with two hastions. 
 Within tlie encdosure was a Iolj house for the commandant, a re>^i- 
 denee for the missionaries, and a storehouse. ■ all of whicdi hv the hift 
 
 1. Tlip IViiiclior fdiiiily was one of lln' iiio«t ili-iliiij^iiinlu'cl in ('ariailii, 
 f'/tihireii of (fnxfiiird, llie hnmiiinin/: 
 I'it'rrt", governor 1)1' Tlircc liivers. 
 Marii-, wife of stephrn IVpiii. 
 Children of I'ierre of Three Rivers: 
 Pierre, lioru A. O. \{'t'<\. 
 
 Marie, " " liVVi; imrrieil IUm!>'- (Jualliir Vareiiiu'.s. 
 
 .lean, " " lii()7 ; Sieiir .Moiit'.jnui. 
 
 Rene, " " KKIS; " ile la IVrriere. 
 
 .1. HaptistP, ■' " ir.,;i; " 'le Nivervillo, 
 Chiliiren o/ Jieni-: 
 THiiguuy gives a.-i cliililren of llcne: 
 lienO, liiirn .Ian. li>, ir,'.):!. 
 
 .lean liapli.sle, liorn Aiif. in, 1700. ''■' 
 
 Franc;ois, tiorii .Uily H, I7(H. 
 2 Tlie liouses were all sixteen feet in wiilili. <■)!»■ was tweniy-five fei'l.one Uiirly feet, ami the 
 ttiirJ, thirty-eiglit feet long. 
 
 -) 
 
 \ 
 
of OclMltcr wuH coniplctod. 'J'ho tort was iiaim-il " Mt'iinliai'nois, " in 
 coniplinurit to tlio ^oviM'iior <tt' Cuiih'Iu; and tlie niissionarifs «ulKi| 
 thoir niiHHion '-St. Micliuol (lie Ardiaii/^ol." Katbcr Gui<TnnM in a k't- 
 tor (Voin tip- I'ort writoH;' " The fourth of ( lie nxjiith of Novomher 
 wo (lid not, for<j;Tt that it was tho Saint's Day of the ^om-ral. The 
 holy mass was said for hin) in th»' niorniiit;. and they wcrr well pir- 
 jtai'fil to tudt'hratt' in t he evi-niuii', hnl the slowni'ss of tlu' ]pynite(dinists 
 and the variahleness of the weather led to the |)ost|ioiienient of the 
 oelohration to the fourteenth of the same mnnili. when they shot off 
 some very heautiful I'oeUets. and made the air re*^ound with a hun- 
 dred shouts of '\'ive le lioy" and of • N'ive (."harles de Beaiiharnois.' 
 * * * ='■ That which contriliuted a irreat ileal to thi' merry 
 n\alvinj; was the tVit^ht of houh^ Indians, When these, poor people 
 saw the tirewoi'Ics in the air, and the stars fall frouj tin' sky. the 
 women and childi'eii tied, an<i the more coiiiae'eijiis of tlie men erii'd 
 lor mercy, and earni'sily hei^n'cd that we woidd stop the astonishing; 
 play of that terrible medicine (medecin)," 
 
 (.)n the fifteenth of April, 17-'^, tin- water ro-ie so hii;h in the lake that 
 for several weeks it was necessary to ahandon the fort, I)urin<r the 
 spring the commaiidanl asceuded the Mississip))i, foi- sixty lea<j;ues, 
 hut found no Sioux, as they hail y-onc to war au;ainst the Mahas 
 towai'd the Missouri. The niissionaiy l)c (ionor left at this time, 
 and when he rea(died Mackinaw on his way to Monti'cal. found there 
 Pierre (iualtier Varenncs.'^ the Sieur W'l-endrye ' \'erandrie). who had 
 hocn in comnumd at Lake Nepiicon and desiivd to seek for tlie west- 
 ern ocean liy way of Lake Winnipeii;. 
 
 A year after the expedition of Sieur de la Perriere, o»i the fifth ot 
 June. 1728, the Sii'ur de Liyiici'v left Montreal with a force to ])unish 
 iho IJeiuirds (Foxes), who continued to molest traders. Dui'ini:- the 
 nii^ht of the seventeenth of Auui;ust lu' reatdied (Ireen Hay, and the 
 next day at midnii;dit arrived at the mouth of Kox i-iver, where l'^»rt 
 St. Francis' was situated. The IJenards fled at the ap|»roach of the 
 
 I. Margry, Vol, VI. 
 
 ■J. His mol'.uT was a .■'istcr of lintu'lipr de lii I'rrricrf. Ilo wan a cailt't in li'OT, ami in 1704 
 surved in an expeilillDM to N(!w i;nt,'!un<I, aniUlie next year was in New I'oiiiiJl.inil. IVsirou.s '>f' 
 diHtinelioM, lie went to France anil was ('onneeled '.vitli a lireta^;np regiment. Me attiaelid atten- 
 tion by hii* bravery at Mal|)la<iiiet, in ."^eptenilier, ITilO, wlicire the Duke of Marlliorougli difealed 
 tlie Krencli. After he returned to Canada be bad tlie rank of ensign. 
 
 3. J'ort St. Krancis is tho iiauie given in Cresiiel's V'.i/agrs. 
 
jumy, uliuixloiiirig ovorytljin^ in lln'ii" villiiifOH, iind rotreiitiiii; to the 
 t'Diintry of tho Aioiics (lowuy). Imyoml tlu> MiKsissippi. On tlu« 
 Iwi'iity loiirtli of the nioiitli he rt'iicliud tlu' villiitji' of tlu; I'lmtis 
 (\Viiiii*'li;i^o('s), wlio liHil i\Un run uw:iy. Upon liis rt-turn ho Imrni^d 
 Fort St. Fnincis, li'»i the JJonards shouM rotni'n. taUo poHHession, imd 
 •make war u])on ll'o Follcs Avoincs, who wrri' allii's ol' tlio I'^ronch. 
 l)c lituiijc'ii was the second in conitnuiid of tliin oxpi-dition, and was 
 not satinfu'd with l><' l/ij^n-sry's condiut. 
 
 On ut'c-nurit of tin- ho,>-iility c^f tin.- Indians, tho post on LaUo I't'pin, 
 in Octohcr. ITiiS. was it-ft in char^^o of u youth twenty years ohi. 
 Christopher DutVost.' the Sii-nr do hi .leineraye; and twelve persons, 
 iiinontf whom weri- the Siciir de Hou.'herville, .Fean IJajttiste Boucher, 
 the Sieur Monthfuii. and tlie Jesuit (JuiLcnns, eniharlved witii their 
 j^oods, in eanoes, \\>v Montreal, hy way of the Illinois river, as tho 
 Jiostility of the Foxes prevented the route hy tho Wisconsin. ()n the 
 twelfth of the montli, twonty-two leagues ahove tho Illinois river, 
 they were captun'd l)y the .Mascoutons and Kickapoos. who were 
 allies of tho Foxes. 
 
 An.ong the niannscrijtt in the Farliainont lihrary of (.'anada. at 
 (Ottawa, there is a ('()iiiiuunication of Ue Tilly, dated .\pril 'I'.K 172!». 
 "which mentions that -eleven Frenchmen and Father (iuii;;nase hav- 
 lU'ff loft the l''ort Fcpin to ile>ci'iid I he liver Mississippi as far as thi' 
 Illinois, and to i^o from ihenco to ( 'anada, were capturt;d l)y the Mas- 
 I'oiiteiis and t^iiicapous, and hroiinht to the Itiviere an lioeuf. with 
 the intention to di'liver them to the Uenar<ls, and that the .Siour dc 
 .Montlirun and his hrother, with another Fivih hmaii, escaped I'roni 
 llieir hands the niiflit liei'ore ilu'V were to lie surrendered to these In- 
 dians. The Siour de Monthrun left his lirothor sick amonic the 
 Tamaroidos.- and hroui^ht the intelligonce to M. le General, avoiding 
 certain posts on the way to isca|)e tho Mascoutens and (^uica])ous." 
 
 (iovernor Beauharnois, on tlu; twenty-ninth of Octoiier, wrote lothe 
 l''rench (Jovornment : "I have the hoinu' to rc]>ort, upon what has 
 passed upon the jtart of ilii" lvicka|)oos and .Nfascoutons who arrested 
 tht> French coming fnnn tlie post of tho Sioux, and the enterprise ol 
 Siour tlo .Montbrun, after his l•^(■ap(• Iron) the village of the savages 
 
 \ 
 
 I. He was the 8011 uC u naval oflicor who in li)9>* was in coraniniul at Fort Kronti-nar. Hi.s 
 111 illior's maliivn naiup was Marie (Itialtier, and on I)oi\ 7, 1707, he was horn. 
 2- The Taiuarols wore a baml ol' ilio Illinois Imimns. 
 
.,1 
 
 I 
 
 8 
 
 It) liiiii:^ us I lie iH'Ws of till' allaii'. Ilf is u |M't.~<)ri ztiilons in tlir 
 Mi'i'vio' ol' liis iiiajt'sly. iiii'l I ijiii lud ii'I'ms»- tin' i('(|iu'si In- has jiuiih' to 
 writ*' (<) Villi to |irii(un' liis |ti'i>iii(>liiiii, lie is caili't of ilic troop unil 
 
 U llKti^t CXwIlt'llI otliciT. I 
 
 'I'lu' Sifiir <lf la .Ifiiifrayi". wlio rfiiiaiiifi aitioni; tlic Si(»iix with 
 HoiiK! l"'n'ii(liMU'ii. U'lt Fnikt' I'l'pin an<l l»roiii;lit tin- I{fii!ir<|s' cliict' to 
 till' I'ivcr Si, .loscph- also dcscrvos yoiir pro|(<lioii." 
 
 Hoiicln'rvillc aixl (iuii;uas iH-iiiaiin'il prisoticrs for scvrrul inoiitlis. 
 and I lie foriiu'i' lii'l not ifacii l)<ii'oit until .1 nin', I7l'!I. 'I'Iu' arcoiint 
 of cxpi-nfliliiros niaijc diii'iiii^ liis caiitivity is intt'ivstili^ as showini;- 
 the value of nu'riliHiiiiise at that tinu'. It rfads as follows : 
 
 '• Miinorainliini of the y;()o(|s that MonsitMir do HoiulieivilK' wuh 
 ohliirod to furnish in tho stTvico of tlu' kin^j, from the tinio of hiw do- 
 lent ion anion;;' the Ki(dvapo()s, on the twclttli of < )(|ol)i'r, 17-^. until his 
 ri'tiini to Dctriiit. in llu- year 17-!*, in the nioiitli of. lime < 'n arriv- 
 ing:; at I lie !\icUupoo villa^re, he maile a |n*cseiit to t he yoiiiiii' men to se- 
 <'iire llu'ir opposition to some evil minded old warriors — 
 Two liarrels of powder. ea(di fifty pounds at Montrt'ul price. 
 
 valued al the sum of I'td liv. 
 
 One hundred pounds ot' lead and halls inaUiiii;' the sum of .')() liv. 
 
 I'Viiir pounds of vermilion, a't lli fraiK-s the pound ISlr. 
 
 Four coats, hi-aiiied. at twenty tVanes SdlV. 
 
 Si\ dozen kni\(s at four francs the dozen .• 24fi'. 
 
 l''our hundred flints, one hundred ijunworinH, two huiidi-od 
 
 ramrods and oiu' hundred and filty tiles, the total at the 
 
 milker's prices IHMiv. 
 
 After the Kickapoos refiist!<l to ileliver thom to tlu- lU'nard> (I'oxe.s) 
 thoy wished some favors, and I was obliged to give them the following 
 which would allow thorn to weep over and cover their dead: 
 
 Two braided coats @ 20 fr. each •. 40fr. 
 
 Two woolen blankets @ 15 fr ;iO 
 
 One hundred ])ounds of powder (T/;, HO sous 75 
 
 One hundred pounds of lead (ft> 10 sous 25 
 
 Two pouniis of vermilion Qn 12 fr 24 
 
 1. Governor Hfauliariiois, in :» coiiimdnicntlor'. dated May f'., I7:!i), ftlliidi's to the defeat of tlie 
 Ucnards by the alllfd Menuiiionee.s, Ojibways ".ikI Winiiebntjos, and writos: " It is al80 confiiuieil 
 by tlie journey taken since tltls last adventure by tlie great chief ff tlie Renards to tin- Klver St. 
 Joaepli." 
 
 2. In Michigan. 
 
9 
 
 Mon'KVcr. ^ivi-n |i> tin- llt-tuiriiH \i< <uvri' Hicir dmil iiinl pre- 
 
 |mro them tor poucn, Hliy |(i»unilH ol powdrr, miiUipj^ 75lr. 
 
 One liiiniln-fl |)(>iiii(U ot' loail ('i, 1<> houh 50 
 
 Two iioimkIh (if vcnniliori (" 12 tV 24 
 
 Dui'iiiL' tlu' wiiiior u (((MMiiliTiiljlo puriy wan sent to rtiriku huihis 
 with tlio Illinois, (riven at lluit time: 
 
 Two bluoliiunketH @ 15 tV ;{0 
 
 Four Tuon's whirts (^>) t'r 24 
 
 l''oiir pail*-* of lori;^-n»'i-|<»'(l hottlcs (/i. (» t'r 24 
 
 l-'oiir (lozi-n of knives ('f I fr... 1(5 
 
 (Jiin-wornis. tilos. raniroilH. and tliiUN. t-siinnitrd 40 
 
 (tivt'n to »Mif;a<;» tin' Ivickaitoos t;> cstablisli tlionistih • upon u 
 noii^hborini; islf, to prolcft from tlic li-carliury ot the Ucm^M-,-— 
 
 Kotir IdankotH fr l.'ifr... <)0f. 
 
 Two pairs of l.ottlos.dtr... 24 
 
 Two |»onndH of vermilion, 12fr 24 
 
 Kour dozon liutch'iv 'nivos, (Ifr 24 
 
 T^vo woolen hlankols (n] l.'-'r 30 
 
 Kour pairh h' liottlos (3 fifi 24 
 
 Kour Hhiits Oh t'dV 24 
 
 Kour dozen <>t i;nives (a\ 4fr It! 
 
 The Ilenards having hetruyed and killed their brothers, the Kicka 
 ))00s, I seizecl the I'avorablo opportunity, and to eucoura^ce tin. latter 
 to aven^o themHolvoa. I j.^ave — 
 
 Twenty-rtve pounds of powder, (^ '50 sous .37f.l0s. 
 
 Twenty rive pounds of had, f^ lOs 12f.l0H. 
 
 Two ouns at .'!() li\iTs each (JOf. 
 
 One-half pound of Vermillion Cf, 
 
 Klints, <iU]is, worms and knives 20f. 
 
 The Illinois eoinin<j; to the Ivikapoos villair*', 1 su[)ported them 
 at my expense, and <^«ve (hem powder, halU and shirts val- 
 ued-it 50f 
 
 Jn departinii;*from the Ki(d<apoos village. 1 gave them the 
 
 rest of the goods for their good heatmont. estimated at 80f. 
 
 In dispatches sent to Krane*', in October, 1729, by the Canadian 
 
 gvornmcnt, the following referenee is made to F\)rt Beauharnois : 
 
 "They agree that the tort built among tlu- Seioux, on the border of 
 
 Lake Pepin, apjtearB to be btvdiy situateii on account of the freshets, 
 
 *2 
 
mm 
 
 10 
 
 luit Mic Indians nsHurc that (he water rose liiuhei' tlian it ovim- did 
 lii'loi'c, and this is crcdiljlc iiiii-Jtiiiirh as it di(' not readi the tort this 
 _vear[l7:i0]. When Sicur dc hi I'cn-iere hx'uted it at that place it was 
 on I he iiHSurance of tlic Indian^ that tht; waters did not lisoso hij^h ; 
 however, he could not h)catf it more advanta^eouHly in rcirai'd hoth to 
 the (|uantity of hind nuitabh' for cultivation, and to the iihundanc<' of 
 ^ar.ie. * ■'■'• ••'• As the water nnixh' ]iossil)ly rise as liiyh. this foil 
 could l)e removed four or five arj)ents from the hUce shoni without ]>rej- 
 iidi(^o to I lie vii'ws enterlaiiii'd in hiiildiuij; it on its ]»rcs^nt site. 
 
 ■• It is very tni<' that these Indians did leave shortly after on a hunt- 
 insf excursion, as they are in the hahit of doini^;, for their own support 
 and that of their families, who have only that means of lividiliood, as 
 they do not eiiltivate the s(mI at all. M. de Betuiharnois has Just hecii 
 infornied that I heir ahseiici- was occasi<ine(l only l»y havinij'fallen in 
 while hunting; witli^i niimlier of jtrairie Scionx. hy whom they were 
 invited to aceoin]ianfy t.hem on a war expedition a<^ainst the Mahas, 
 which invitation tijrey ui'cepted, and returned "ul}' in the month of 
 .1 Illy tbllowinir. ^ 
 
 "The intorc-sts of reli^-ioii, of (he service, and of the colon}', are in- 
 volved in the maintenance of (his esiahlislnnent, which has been the 
 inor(> necessary as there is no dould hut the Foxes, w hen routed, 
 would have lound an asylum amon^ the Scioux luul iu)t the French 
 been settled there, an<l the docility an<l suhiiiission jnanilested !>y the 
 Foxes can not he atlrihuled to an}' cause except tlu' attention enter- 
 taine<l \<y the Scioux lor the l-'rench, and the offei's which the former 
 madelhe latter, of which the I'oxes were fnlly cftgnizant. 
 
 ''it is necessary to relaiii theSeioux ic these favoralde dispositions, 
 in order to keep the l''oxes in (dieid<. and counlei'act the measui'cs they 
 miii;ht adopt to train over the Scioux, who will invariahly rejei-t their 
 propositions so loui;- as I he French remain in the country, an<l their 
 tra<iin<:; ]>ost shall contiiuie there. But. des|)ite all these a(lvanta;.res 
 and the ini|iortaiice of pre-in-viiiL!; that estahlishment. M. de Beauhar- 
 nois can not take any slejts until he has news of the French who 
 asked his jiermiss'on this summer to i;-o up there with a canoe load ol 
 i;-oo<ls, an<l iiniil assured (hat those who wintered there Iiavtt not dis- 
 mantled the fort, and ( hat the Scioux continue in the same sentinu'nts. 
 Besiiles. it does not seem very easy, in tlu' })rt\sent conjiuicture to 
 juaintain that post unless there is a solid peace with the Foxes; on 
 
11 
 
 [itions, 
 
 tlu'y 
 
 'lirir 
 
 I lifir 
 
 t [i/jjes 
 
 luiliai'- 
 
 |i wlio 
 
 ilUll ot 
 
 |)l ili.s- 
 lurils. 
 Ire to 
 \s, oil 
 
 
 the other haii'l. tlio greatest portion oi the tnulers who a|)j)Iieil in 
 1727 for the osral)iishnieiit ul" th;it post hii\e wiliidrawn :ui'l will not 
 .sen<! tliither any more, as thtv rupture witli tlie Foxes, throui^h whose 
 country it is neecssaiy tu pass in order to reach the Sciou.x in canot;. 
 has led them lo abandon the ich'a. Hut tlie one and the oilier east; 
 might bo remedied. The Foxoh will, in all ]»rol>altiiit y. come or send 
 next yeur to sue tor peace; therefore, if it be granted to them on ad 
 vaniageons conditions, there neeil be no appreben>ion when going to 
 the Scloux, and another company cuuid be foi-med, less numerous tliaii 
 the lirst. through whom, or some responsible merchants al>le to afford 
 the <tutrtt. a new I reaty could lie made, whereby these dilHcidlies would 
 be soon obviated. One only trouidc remain^, and thai is. to send a <'oni- 
 manding and sub-o(tieer and some soldier.>- tip tber", whicb are abso- 
 luteh' necessary foi' the maintenance of good order at that post; the 
 missionaries would not go there without a conimandaut This article, 
 which regards the service, ami the i-xpciisc of whicb must be on his 
 nuijesty's account, obliges them to apply foi- oivbfs. They will, as far 
 as lies in their power, induce the (radir> to meet thai expense, which 
 will possibly amount \i> l.OOti livresor 1.50(1 livresayear l'oi-tln' <'(»m- 
 mundant, and in ]»roj)ortion for the ollieer under him: liut. as iu the 
 beginning of an establishment the expenses exceed the profits, it is 
 iniprobable that any company of mei-chants will assume the outlay, 
 and in this case they demanil orders on this point, as well :is bis nui- 
 jesty's oj)inion as to the necessity of ]>resci'ving so usel'ul a post, and 
 a nation which iias already allbrded proofs of its fidelity and attach- 
 ment." 
 
 TIh\ Canadian authorities determined to send ati expedition against 
 the insolent Renai'ds and their allies, in Mairb. 17.'!(l. the Sieur Marin 
 then in conimand among tin I'olles .\voine8 (Menomon<es). with a 
 niiml)ei' of friendly lndian>. niovi'd against the K'cnards and had 
 un engagement of the '-warmest (duuiu-ter." huring the iiontb of 
 Sej>tendter of the same year a force under Sieur ile \'illic-rs vanijin'-hed 
 the tribe, and the I'rencdi u'ovei'nmeiit was infornu-d that "two Imn- 
 dred oi' their warriors Inive iieeu killed on the spot, or burned afti'r 
 having been taken as slaves, and six hundred women and <'bildren 
 were destroyed." 
 
 After tiie victory over the Kenards steps were taken to rebuild the 
 pOHt on a nioi'e elevated spot neai' the lirst ite on l^ake I'epin. In 
 
12 
 
 .Tune, 17'^l.Siour Linct(jt wan ii^tpoiiitcfl cDiiiiuarKlMnt. an<I SiourPort- 
 neuf wuH tlio next olHcor in rank. Aiiioiiij; tlioHi' now iiitertsted in ti'iide 
 witli tl)(^ Sioux were Fnincis ('ainpeau, Josejili and Piei're Le Duo, 
 and tlic son ol linctot, a (^adel. A new sto<i<;'.de was ordered to bo 
 constructed niie liiindtvd nnd twenty I'ect s(|ua/-e, with four li'.istions, 
 and acconiiuodalioiiH within forthi: C(»uimund;iiit. 
 
 liinclot pasrted the winter ot IT.'ll-L* at l*cirot's Hrst entalilishinent 
 '• Montai:;nc ([iii ti'einpe (hins luau." In iht sprini!; lie asti'n(U'<l to the 
 site of the |>(>st on Saiidy Point, where he lound :i hu'<fe numl)er of 
 Sionx who rxpresscd satisfaclion ut the ri;tnrn of tiie French. 
 
 Upon the sixteeriln of Se|ileinl)i'i'. 17.">.">. the Renards ( Koxes) and 
 SalviH (Saul<K) a|)peai'ed at (li'een 15ay. l>ut were put to flij^lit hy the 
 Hon of >'ieur de V'iiliers. 'I'h*- Sioux ami Ayouai.s ( loway) i-efused to 
 ]iroteet them and they were ohii<>-ed to descend the •'Oua[>si[»iJick-atn" 
 river, whiidi flows into the Mississippi altove liock Island. 
 
 iilack Hawk, the ceU'lirattMl Sauk chief ea|)ture(| in 18)^2, told bis 
 l)ioo;nvpiH r that his peo[)le inovi^d to thai vicinity about one hundred 
 years hc-foi-e, and that in 17<I8 he was born. 
 
 At the rc<|uesl ol ihe elder I.inctot he was relieved of tlie coniniand 
 opposite Maiden Rock, Lake Pepin, and in IT.'io. lietcai'deur Saint 
 Pici're took coniniand. In ;i (•oniuiiiui( at ion dated twelftli of October, 
 173(5, l>y till' Caiuidiaii aulhoritic'-i, is the folIc)win^': 'In regard to 
 the Seioux, Saint Pierri!, who coinnumded at that post, and Father 
 (ruignas. the nd^-sionary. liavi' written to Sieur de Heauharnois on the 
 ti'utli and eleveidh of last A|)ril. that these Jndians apiieai"e<l well in- 
 tctitioned toward the I-'reuch. and had no other tear than that of bein_j,( 
 al)andoned by thcni, Sieur di' Heauharnois annexes an extract of 
 these letters, and althoujili tli^^" Seioux seem very friendly, the result 
 only can tell whethei- this fidelity is to be absolutedy depended upon, 
 for the unrestrained and inconsistent spirit which comi)OHes the Indian 
 character may easily (diange it. They luivenot come over this summer 
 as yet, but .M. de la St. Pieire is to i^et them to do so next } ear, and 
 to hav*^ an eye on theii- pro(H>edings." 
 
 Upon the sixth of May, 17:>ft. one hundred and forty Sionx arrived 
 at, tlu! fort, and said they were takiuir back to the Ptians a slave who 
 Innl Hed to them. Saint Pierre tojil them thai he thought it was a 
 large guard for one woman, and they then alleged that they were 
 going to hunt turkeys to obtain feathers lor their arrows. Contin- 
 
l.*^ 
 
 Ill 
 
 (1 1<> 
 
 the 
 
 iii- 
 
 •l of 
 
 I'esult 
 
 ipon, 
 
 uliali 
 
 iiinor 
 
 and 
 
 uij'f^ their journey ilown the Mississij)])!, llioy mot and scalped two 
 Frenchmen. When Saint Tierre was on a visit u\< ihe river to nee 
 about buildinif another post, the hiwless party returned, and for four 
 days (hinced the scalp ihmce in the vicinity of the fort. 
 
 Two canoes of Sault«'aux (Ojihways) arrived from Jia I'ointe, Lake 
 Superior, on tlie twenty-third of August with letters fi-oni Nolan, 
 Logros and iiourassa. ccmi'. cyiiii;- the startling news that the Sioux of 
 tlie Woods with a few of tlu^ Sioux of the I'rairies had killed a num- 
 ber of V^ereiidrye's exploring party, at the fiaUe ot the Woods. 
 
 On the tifticnth ol' .\ugust. 17i>l, ari'ived at the CJrand Portage, 
 near Pigeon i-iver, the nortiieastern extremity of Minnesota, on the 
 (shore of Jjake Superior. Pierre (iiudtier V'areni\es. tha Sieur Voren- 
 drye (Verandrie), with an expedition in search of a route to the Pa- 
 cific ocean. The s(!cond in eoniiiiand was his nephew, the l>ravo 
 youth Christopher Dutrost, the Sieur de la .lemerayt', who for a time 
 was in charge ot Foi-i Beauharnois. l)uring the autumn, by ditiicult 
 portages the Sieur de la.linieraye and two sons of Vereiidrye reached 
 Uainy Ijake, and established a trading |)ost, calle<l Fort St. Pierre. 
 
 About, tlie middle of .luly. 17;{2, Fort St. Pierre was left, and the ex- 
 plorers ascended to the Lake* of the Woods, where they erected Fort 
 St. ( /harles. l)ui-ing the yeai' \7'->^i. tiie Sieur de la .l<'meray<? went to 
 Montrtud to atteml to his uncle's business, and in the beginning of 
 March a l>arty, conducted by the eldest son of Vereudrye, moved 
 westward and established F<u't .Maurepiiw, near the entrance to Lake 
 Winnipeg, which in Sejitember. 173.'). was in eharge of Sieur de la 
 .lemoraje, who had returned, and during the following winter two 
 sons ot Vereiidrye remained there. During the spring of 1736 .leme- 
 rayedied at the post. IJi>on thi' eighth of.luiie Auneau, the chajdain, 
 and one of the soils of \ Cri'iidrye, with some voyageurs, left the jiost 
 on the shore ot the Lake of the Woods to go to Maclciiiaw, and while 
 encamped upon an islaiil in i he lake seven leagues triuu Fort St. 
 Charles, they were sui'prised by the Sioux, and the who'" party of 
 twenty-one killed. Some days after, live voyageurs stopped at the 
 island, and found the Jesuit chaplain, .\uneau. with an arrow in his 
 l^rain. The son of Veremlrye was lying upon his b;uk. and his Hesh 
 hacked In' tomahawks. His head had been removed and was orna- 
 mented with garters and bracelets of jiorcupine (piills. 
 
 The sixteenth of September there came to the Lake Pe])in jiost ten 
 
■< 
 
 u 
 
 three chiefs, and two yoiinj^ shives, brin;;in<^ n i(iiunlity of 
 8kiiis, which they diilivcred to Saint Pierre as a |»l«<i^f(! of 
 
 TndianH 
 heav 
 
 friendship, an<l de(;hircHl that they iiad no part in tht* atta<'lv at the 
 Fiake of tfie Woods. They were tiien aski-d as to their knowledire of 
 the killing of two Frenchmen on tiie Mississippi. The next day a 
 eliief came witii three younu; men, one of wiioni wort^ in his eai- a 
 silver pendant. When asked by Saint I'ierre how he obtained the 
 ornament, ho smiled l)nt would not answer. The captain tort; it from 
 his ear, and fonnd it was similar to thosi; sold by the traders, and 
 placed him nndi'r ifuard. 
 
 Thirty six men and their families, on the eii^hteeiith of I)ocend)er 
 arrived and |)assin^ the Fort, visited son)e l*uans ( Winneba^'oes) en- 
 cami)e(l in the vicinity. Ouakantape ( Wall kan-tah-jtay) was the 
 chief and tpiite insolent, and some of the party burned tiie piekels 
 aroiin<l the garden (d" Father (iuii;iias. the chaplain. 
 
 The ifates of the post were o|)ened about eij^ht o'clock of the morn- 
 ing of the twenty-fourtli of January 1737, to admit a wood carl, 
 when some of tlie Sioux pushed in and deiiantly i)ehaved. Upon the 
 twentieth of .March thirty Sioux appeared from I'ond du i.ae Supe- 
 rior where they had scalped an Ojibway, his wile and (duld. The next 
 May a war party ol' Ojibways came and wished the Ftuiiis to unite 
 with them against the Sioux. While they weiv jiarleyiiig, live Sitjux 
 came to the P'ort to ti'ade, ami wee protectivl until night, when they 
 were permitted to leave. An Ojibway lying in an ambush, who s))oke 
 Sioux, arose and asked •• Who are y(^u ?", when the Sioux tired and 
 escaped. In view of the hostility of the Indians. Saint Pierre, after 
 conferring with Sieur Linctot tlus second in couimand. Fathi'r (luig- 
 nas, !Uid some others, on the thirteenth of May 1737, burned the post, 
 and descended the Mississippi. 
 
 Upon the eighteenth of June, 173S. the Sieur Verendrye i»'ft Mon- 
 treal to continue his discoveries, lie arrived at Fort Maurej)as on 
 twenty-third of Septemlter, and pushed on throtigh Lake Winnipeg, 
 to the mouth of the Assiniboine liiver, ascending which sixty leagues, 
 on the third of October stopjied anil built Fort La Heine. A lit- 
 tle while before, theeldestson of Veiendrye' built a ])ost at the ujonth 
 of the Assiniboine and Red Hivei- of the North, which was so m al)an- 
 doned. On !i map of (he tribes. I'iveis and lakes west of Lake Supe- 
 
 1. For an aci-oiint of a tour to the Uo(^ky Mountnins by tho sons nf Verondrye, sen ApiteruHr. 
 
IB 
 
 pii- 
 
 ■ir 
 .-ii 
 
 Ilt- 
 |tl> 
 
 III- 
 
 rlor, ill 1737. a|»po:irs I'oil Liil<t> of Miinu'sota, \hv licil Itivi'i-. iiiid tho 
 '• H()'\H Foi't.' iIk' liii^ Woods. 
 
 A few (lays after Fort hn Iteino was cstaltlisliod, llio Siour do lu 
 Manpn'. wliose t'atnily name was .Miiriii. arrived witli his brother de- 
 siring to visit the country of the Maiidaiis. 
 
 Tiio F'oxes ill 1740 au;aiii liecanu; trouhiesonic. and th(^]ios( on Lake 
 Pepin was for a time ah mdoned \>y the French. A dispateh in 1741 
 uses tliis hmi^uai^e: "The Marquis du Beauhaitioia" opinion respect- 
 injj; the war against tin' Foxes, has heon the inorc^ readil}' apjiroved by 
 the Baron de Longeuil, Messieurs De la Chassaigne, liii Corno. de Lig- 
 nory, La None, and ])u|ilessi8-Fahert. wliom he had assemhled at his 
 house, as it ajipears from all tlu^ letters that the Count has written tor 
 several years, that he has nothing so nuieh at heart as the destrue- 
 ' .on of that Indian nation, wlii'di can not he prevailed on by the 
 px'osents and the good treatment of the French, to live in ])eace, not- 
 withstanding all its i>roini8es. 
 
 " Besides, it is n<vtorious that the Foxes have a secret understand- 
 ing with tlie iiTMpiois. to .secure a retreat among the lattei", in case 
 they he oldiged to abandon their villages. They have one already se- 
 cure<l among the Sioux of the prairies, with whom they are allied ; so 
 that, should they be advised bet<)rehand of the di-sigii of the French 
 to wage war against them, it would be easy t'o:- them to retire to the 
 one or the other before t heir pas.sage could be intt'i'sected or them- 
 selves attacked in their villages.' 
 
 in the sumiii(>r of 1748. a deputation ot the Sioii.\ came ilowii to 
 (^uebi'c, to a^l< that trade might be resiiini'd. Three yeai's after this, 
 four Sioux chiefs came to (Quebec, and wished that a commandant 
 might be sent to Fort Heauburnois; whi(d> was not granted. 
 
 DnriiiLr the winter of 174r>-li, \)v Lusignan visiti'(l the Sioux coun- 
 ti'_\'. onleri^d by the goViu'iiment to hunt up the "coureiirs des hois." 
 and withdraw them from tin- c()iiiit ry. They started to return with 
 him. but learning that they would be arrested at ^^ackinaw, for vio- 
 lation of law. th'^y ran away. While at the villages of the Sioux of 
 the lake.s and plains, the chiefs brought to this officer nineteen of their 
 young men, bound with cords, who had killed three Fiemdunen, at 
 the Illinois. While he remained with them they made peace with the 
 Ojibways of La I'ointe. with wh(jm they had been at war for some 
 time. On his ivtiirn. four (hiefs accompanied him to Montreal, to 
 solicit pardon for their young braves. 
 
 ,4 >l 
 
 f 
 
 I ' 
 
 M 
 
16 
 
 Tlio loflHoofl of the tnv<linL( post losi many of lluit- jKltcifs ihiit 
 winter in coiiserjuonfe (d" a tire 
 
 In N()V('tnl)Of. 174.'). Lt'iranliiir do Saint i'ionv. St. Liicdc la ( 'orne, 
 Mjirin and liis son Kit Monii-ciil to attack the Knj,HiHli HotlU-tniMitH in 
 iNcw York. PsL-^sini.; Fort St. Froirrirk, at (>"i'own I'oint, on tho tliir- 
 tuontli ol'tlu' nionili, l)y tho twnuty-si venth, tho FriMvIi and Indians 
 wri'c at Fort }"'d ward. On tho next day thoy oro.sHod Fisli crook, a trilt- 
 utary of the Hudson, and tho c'on)hincd forces iindor tho older Marin. 
 attacked tiio Hcttloin<Mit of Sarato/i;;i. killod ('apt. I'hilip Schuylor 
 and nniny others, took .-^ixty pris<inors, and liurnod nearly all the 
 houses. Tiiey then rotracod thoir stop> and on the si'voiith of \h\- 
 cornl'Or retiirnt:d to Montreal. Upon the thirtieth of tho sanie mouth 
 Saint lMen\! was sent aijain to (/rown Point nith a lai'f^e force to 
 surprise tho froidier settlements of Xew York and Now Englatid. 
 Ho passed the wintcM- in alarming the Kui^lish. and in April was again 
 in ^fontroal. hui-ing the lattoi- part of the riexi year he was sent to 
 Mackinaw, wliithei- he was acconi|tanied liy hi.s lu'other Jjouis iiO- 
 gardeur, the (Mievalier do Hepentigny. 
 
 In 1749 t he .Sioux earnest ly out real ed tin elder Marin ' to use his 
 influence with the governor of Canada to re-estal»lisli the jiost at 
 Lake I'opin. The next year .Maiin was sunt to the Sioux, and La.lon- 
 (|uiore, the govei'iioi- of ('anada, direcie<l him to procei.'d to the source 
 of tho Mississippi river to se<' if .-ome stream could not l)(* discovero<l, 
 at the height ol lands. wln(di tlowed toward tho western ocean. Ma- 
 rin's son. known as the ('lu>valier and cajjtain of the military order 
 of St. Louis, the same year that his fathei- wont to fjake Pojiin, was 
 ordered to " i^a Point<' i\t' Chagouamigon " ol' Lake Superior and re- 
 mained two years, and in 17.")2 (iovernoi- La ,lon<|uiore directed hinv 
 to relieve, his father at the Lak»' Pepin post, and ti> prosecutes discov- 
 eries. He remained here for two years, and on foot journeyed many 
 leagues hoth in winter and sumni(;r. Saint Pieire had been active in 
 tho servici' from the time that he ','vacuated the post at Jjake Pepin. 
 After the (hath of .Sieur Verendrye, in l>ecomher. 1749, ho was (com- 
 missioned l»y tho governor of Canada to continue the explorations 
 toward the western ocean. Ho left Montreal in June. 1V50, and on 
 
 1. I'ii'rro i'a\il, "on of Cusiir Alarin, and liis will!, wlii wius tho iliuightcr nf l)e C'iilli«>res, gov- 
 eroor of <'aoa<l:i, whs born Maioli I'.i, Ki'.i'i, and from Mis youth was (Hstiiigiilshed for liis 'lolduesa 
 and energy, lie was Uiurried March il, 1V18, to Marie (iuyon. 
 
17 
 
 lilt' t went \ -iiiiit li III' S.-|i(rinlifi' ri'inlicil l\'aiiiy lake, ami in a coiit'iT 
 I'lirc witli lln' < 'risdiaiix lolil thciii tlial tlir yiiiin<;-i'r Maiiii liail 
 lii'cii soiit t" tlu' Sioux, ami llial lie now liopid tlif war ln'turcn tin* 
 t wo trilirs would ccasi'. . 
 
 i>urinn' t 111' winter ot IT.')] lie was at I'orl La Ht'ino on tin Assini- 
 Itoiiic river, on I lie t went y-niiitli of May of that year, sent Boucher 
 (le Nivevville. with two canoes and ten men, to ascend tlieSaskatehewnn 
 and htiild a post near the Rot-ky neiunlains which was <all''d La .Ion-, 
 quiere. The lattci- jiari of this year the ,\ssinihoines and other ti'ilie> 
 toward the Jloeky mountains showed hostilities to the Ki-ench. and 
 Saint Pierre declai'ed that dnrinif lh(^ thirty-six yeai's he had heeu 
 anntnu: Indiiuis, lu' had nevei- witnessed i^reater pertidy, 
 
 I'lion the twenty-second of l'\'liiauirv, 17.')2, two hunilii-d .\ssini- 
 hiiincs ai)peare<l at l''ort La Keine, passed its gates, took ])08Session of 
 the i^nard house, and showed a disposition to kill Saint Pierre, I'nr- 
 iuii-thc summer he ahamloned llu' fort, and on the twiMity-tifth of .'niy 
 ari'ived at thelii'and Portairi' of I;ake Superior, south ol Pi^jeon Rix'or- 
 The next winter he passed in the valley of the l{r({ river, wlu'ri- hunl- 
 ini^ w as irood. ()n the twenty-ninth of Keliruary. 175)5. he rcccivi'd 
 a letter from Marin's son, who wi'ote that the .Sioux cf the rixci's and 
 lakes de]>lored the atta<dv of the Sioux of the prairies ujion the Cris- 
 tinaux the year hefore. and they would he pleased to hold a confer- 
 ence at Mackinaw, This letter was not received hy lieixardeur Saint 
 Pieri'e until the twenty-sixth of May, at the lower part of the ri\cr 
 0\inepik (Wiiinipeii;),and on the twenty cin'hth of .Inly In- and Honeher 
 de Niverville came to (irand Portaii'e. helow i'ii!;eon river. Lake Su- 
 jierior. The month helbre. the elder .^L\rin who had retnrned from 
 the Sioux country, arrived at Pres(iue Isle. Lake Hrie. with an army 
 of French and Indians to prevent the a<lvariee of the Kiiiflish into the 
 valley of the Ohio river. Cuttinu' a I'oad ihiouu-h the wo(»ds of North- 
 western Pennsvlvania to a hi'anch of the .\u Hieiif. called hy the 
 Hnglish French creek, he in Auiiust. built a stockade, with ]iit'kets 
 twelve leet hi^';h, and placeil before the i^ate a four pound cannon, 
 and in the bastions six-poundei-s. Dui'ini;- the fall he was attacked 
 with d^'^sentery, and while sick a mcs8en<fer came from Montri-al. 
 bearing for him tlu' decoratioJi ot' the cross f)f the military ordei- of 
 Saint Louis, lie was too ill to wear it, and on the twenty-ninth of 
 October, died. 
 
 ( ( 
 
 I 
 
'I 
 
 18 » 
 
 Tlio tbllowiiifj; i-fconl' has ln'oii j)resorvecl: -'In tlic year ono tliou 
 •sand seven hundred uiid liCty-throe, on the tvvonty-niiitli iluy ot' Ooto- 
 h<;i', at I'oiir and a haU in iho oxonin;;, at 'rJiviere aux Hceiif'.' ealled 
 ■Saiiif l^etor, Monsieur Pierre I'aid, Kstj., Sieur de iMarin, (dievalier ot 
 royal niilitai\v order of Sairit liouis. eaptain general, and in eomniand 
 of the army ut I'clle IJiviere (Oliio). at the a<,'e of sixty-thri'e years, 
 all*'!' Iia\ini^ reeeivod the sacraments (d penanee, extreme unction, 
 and the vialirum. His remains were iiitfri'i'd in the cemeteiy ot 
 said t'oi't. and.durini;- tiii^ cunipaiun of the iitdie Kivieiv. Tiiere wen- 
 ])reserii at Ids interment >[onsieur liepenti^ny, eomniamh'r of tlie 
 aiiove-nicnbloned army; Messieurs du Muy. lieutenant of infantry; 
 Honois, lieutenant of infantry ; (It! Simlilin, major of ijie above-men- 
 tioned fort; Laforee, guard ol' the magazine." 
 
 The regislei- is signed hy a priest ol' the IJer-ollect Franciscans, 
 chajjlain of llu' fort Fr. heiiys ]iaron. 
 
 Saint Pierr^; arrived ut Montreal from the distant west on the 
 SL'venth day of (^t-toher. and oti tin; third of .Vovemher the Marquis 
 <lu (^hiesiie wrote to the .Minister of wai' in I'' ranee that he had serit 
 the Sieiii" de Saint I'ieri't^ to su''ceed .M:u'in in the command of the 
 Arm}' of the Ohio. He did not reacdi the stoclcade at ^'rencdi crtudv 
 imtil the first week in Decemher. and seven days atti'r his arrival, 
 <'amt^ young (ieorge Washington with a letter from (iovei'iior |)in- 
 widdie, of Virginia. After courteous treatment fi'om Saint Pierre tor 
 several days he was sent hack with the following note: 
 
 '■Sir: As I have the honor to he here the conunaiider-in-chie}', M- 
 Washington <K'livered to me the letter whi(di you wrote to tlu' com- 
 mandant of the Frencdi ti'oops. 1 shouhl havi.' heen ])leased that yon 
 had. given him oi-der. oi- thai 1k' had heen disposed to go to Canada to 
 see our (ieneral to whom it hetti'r helongs, than to me. to sbt t'orth 
 the evidence of tlm in con test a hie rights of the King, my master, to the 
 lands along the Ohio, and to refute the pretentions of the King of 
 <Jreat Bidtain thereto. I shall transmit your letter to M. the Mav([uis 
 du ((Juesne. His reply will he law to me. and if he shall order me to 
 communicate with you, you may be assured that I shall not fail to act 
 jiromptly. 
 
 As to the summons you send nie to I'etire, 1 do not thiid< 1 am 
 obliged to ol»ey. Whatev*'r may be your instructions, [ am here by 
 ordei' of my general, and I beg you not to doubt foi" a moment but 
 that I am detei'inined to conform with the exactness and j-esolutioji 
 
 1. l.ambin)('9 Foil DitijiiPsne Registem. 
 
10 
 
 \vliicli hc.coincrt a <;oo(l ofllocr. 1 do not know lluil in the prof^ross of 
 lliis canipiiif^n nn>'tliin<^ bus |>asso(l wliich ciiii lio ii'^aivlcd un act of 
 hostility, or conlraiy to tho troatioH hftworn the two crowns, the con- 
 tinuation of wliich plruHcs MS as much us it does the Kn^lisii. If you 
 hud hecii pleased to enter into particulars us to the facts wiiicli cuused 
 your coin))luini, 1 should have been hononwl to _t;ive as tull and satis- 
 factory reply as ])o>sili|(', 
 
 I have made it a dul>- to ri'ceive M. Wushinijton with the distinc- 
 tion due on u<eo»uit of your disunity. an<] his |)ersonul worth. I have 
 tlu' honor l(» he, Monsieur, your very humlile and \ cry (il)e<lient ser- 
 ^■aIlt, liKOAKUKi a \)e Saint I'ikkkk. 
 
 .\t the Foil of the iJiveraux Bfeufs, the l") l)eceml)er, 17").''.. 
 
 » 
 
 Ki^hl weeks after the defeat of Hraddoek. in 17.")r>. commeiieed 
 iinother stru^^Ie hetween the troojis of Kni^land and I'lance. In 
 the advance of the lattei', at the head of the Indian adies was I^e- 
 ^ardeur de Saint Piei're. On the eiirhtli of Se|)teinher a I'at tie took 
 ]>lace near the bottom of Lake (Jeor^'e. TIm' eontlicl was desj)erate, 
 on the side of the Kui^lish fell Col. Hphruiin W illiams. the tl)Uiider of 
 Williams college, Massa(diusetts; while u|ion the part of the Freixdi 
 Jie_ij;ardeur de Saint Pierre was fatally vvoiindeij. His la-t words were :^ 
 ^' Fight on boys, this is Johnson not Braddock." 
 
 Tn 1755, Marin, the son of the comniand(.'r who died at French 
 <;reek, I'ennsylvaiiia, was aiiuiii sent by (iovernor Di (^uesne to com- 
 mand thedepartment ' [iU Baye." Tlu' next year, with sixty Indians, 
 ho was tiii'litino; the I'lnglish in New Yoi'k. and in 1757 was engaired in 
 the capture of Foil William Henry, und atta(d<ed with i.:,reat bold- 
 ness Fort I'Mward. lie was also present in 1758, ut 'riconderogu. 
 
 Louis Leirardeur the Chevalier do Repentigny was the brother ot 
 Ouptuin Saint Pierre, und, iii 1741). an officer under him at .Mackinaw. 
 In 1750 he built a trading establishment one hundred and ivu feet 
 square, at his own expense at Suult Ste. Marie, and also begun a farm. 
 In 1755. he served with his brotbei- at the time of his death, and in 
 1758 was with Montcalm ut (Quebec. At the battle ol' SiHery. 17»!(>. 
 lie was at the head of the i'^rench centre, and with his brigade resisted 
 the Knglish. the only brigade In-fore whom the toe did not gain an 
 inch. He was taken ])risoner in 17tJ2. and two years later visited 
 France. From 17(i9 to 1778 he was connnandant at Isle ot Hhe, and 
 then for four years at Cuadeloupi'. After this he was governor of 
 
 I. .stone's sir Will. Jolinson, vol 1, page 51i). ■ . 
 
•'0 
 
 Sciu'ical. Ati'ica. and mi tlir niiitii olOrtolicr, 17>i<i.<lii tl in l':ifi> \'. Iiilr 
 on t'iii'lniit:li. 
 
 , St. l-uc <l( la ('iMiK' (o()l< cliarii;!' nl' tin' posts Itcyoiul l,!i!<«' Su])t'rior, 
 alU-f SainI I'ii-nv was !•(•( alU-il. ami on tin- thiril of Sciiti'iiilnM'. IT')!, 
 niarrii'il Muric lli'' wiilow of lii> iii'ciK'ci-ssoi'. 
 
 IhirinLC t lie war of ( ho Knulish colonii's Cur iii'U'pfiiiJrnci'. I, a ('iirnc. 
 was ill t 111- stTvi<H' of I III' Ilritisli kiiiL!:. 'I'll una-* .IctVi-rsdii. in a Irticr 
 to .I'll 11) I'.il;-!'. Ill N'ii'n'inia. dalrd l'liilailil|iliia, < ''t. l.'l. 1 IT."), allinli's to 
 liiin: " I >oaf I'aifc W'r liavu notliiiii^ now tVuni Kiiirland, or t In cainii 
 lii'loi'O I'ostoii. \\y a |H'ivatt' hi tcr t his day to a u'l'iil Irniaii of <-<>n- 
 iijrt'ss from (icnciMJ MuiitiioiiKM'y wv Irani that our forci's lirt'urc .St . 
 .lohii's a IT I (Mill ill iiiinilM-r, lnsidi's ."»(l(l ( 'aiiailiaiis, i he ialtci' nt w liom 
 have ri'|»clli'd with u'rcat in! irpidit y t href ditVcrmt attai'i<s Iroiii llu- 
 fori. 
 
 • W'v a)i|iri'ht'iid ii will not hold out much h)iii:;or. as Moiisiour St. 
 Jiiic dr la Corin-. and several otlu>r |iriiici)»al iiihahitants of Montreal, 
 who have hi'cii iiiir tin-at fiicmics. h;v\e otVereil to iiiaUf tfi'ius. Tlii-^ 
 St. I, lie is a unreal Si-ii^-iieur anioiiNt the Canadians, and alniu.si al>so- 
 lut<' with the Indians. He has heeii our most hitter eneiii\. llf is 
 a<'l\nowk'<l,<j!;ed to ho the i^roatost of all scoundrels. To he assured of 
 this I neod only to mention to yon that lie is the rutfian who, durins;' 
 ihe lato war. when Fort William 1 1 eniy was surrendered to the h'reiiidi 
 and [mlians oneomlition ofsavinu' the lives of the garrise)ii, had eviiiy 
 soul •■ miirdefed ill eold Mood.'' 
 
 .\ descendant of one of the commandantH at fyaUo I'epin. however, 
 adhered to ihe .Vmerieans. hepeysier. the British eoiuiiiander a' 
 .Mackinaw, umler date of April 12. ITSl. wrote to the Delawai'i; In- 
 dians: •• Send me that little liahhliiii;- {'"ivtHdiiiian named .Monsieur 
 Linctot, he who poisons your ears, one of those who says he I'un 
 amuse y.)U with words: only send him tome. (U' he the means of i;-et- 
 tinjx him. and I will thou put coiiHdence in you. '^ * -•■ ■'■ '^ 
 If 3-011 have not the opportunity to hrinii; mo the little I'Vremdiman, 
 yon may hriiiir nic some Vivijjinia prisoners. 1 am pleased when I 
 see what you I'uU live meat, because I can speak to il and get infur- 
 niation." 
 
 The i.ost opposite Maiden's Jlook, I,jvke Pepin, was never occupiofl 
 after the surrender (d (^anada to the Britisli. The first Knt>-lish 
 troops entered Minnesota hy way of lji\ke Supi-rior. Major Thomp- 
 
21 
 
 sun Muxni'll. in Ins jniiiMiiil. im-iiliniis fluit in May. ITUL.'. In' afrivcil ii» 
 <iraiiil I'DiliiLtt'. ni'w in M innt-sota, willi a few soldiiT-*. us a L'naril ti> 
 llif ^ooiU ot' (riidors. (.'u|)taiii .loiiatlian Carvi-r, lln' tii««l Hiilisli 
 truvclvr in Minni'soia, in 17(H!. uhsi-rvt'd •• lIu' niins ul a l''r«'n<li I'ur- 
 loi'v wlu'rc. il is said. < apt. St. I'icirc rcsidod. and curried on a very 
 iri'i-at tradr wiili llic NiiniiowossicH ludi)!'*' the riMlnctioii «)l'( 'anada' 
 
 liitMit. '/,. .\I. I'iivc. till' first oflicei' of t lie V . S. .\rniy to pass tliriinu;li 
 lialvt' I'cpin. in Isii,'*. rcacdii'd • Point du Saldc" o- Sandy I'oint. im llic 
 saini' day of tlic sanu' inonlli as I, a IV-rriero iw 1727 arrived, lie 
 writes •• Tlie Krenili, under the ^ovi'i'imieiil of )i. Ki'oiitenae. drove 
 the I^i'vnaivls oi- ( )tta<|nainies from tlie Wiscriisin. and jmrsned tlu'Mi 
 np the .Mississippi, and as a harrier built a stocktKle on Lake i*ipin. 
 on the \v('st shori' just helow I'oinI dn Salile. ami. as was i;enerall\ 
 
 1] 
 
 1 I 
 
 the case with that nation blended tlie military and mci'cantile prot'es- 
 sioris by makin<r their fort a facloi-y tor the ."^ioux." 
 
 The point in tlu; en<^ravin<;- without a house is Sandy I'()int. \ 
 short distance from the point, neai' the month of what Pike on 
 his map calls Sandy Point creek, there is an elevated jilati'au iVom 
 which there is an extensive view. There is evidence that ihi-re has 
 
'-»'> 
 
 been \ouii 'W «v '■I'-iirini; mudo thoro, and nn it i« tho most suitablo 
 rtpot ill tlu' vicinity lor ii HtocUiiii*', and vinil)l(> to any <»no roniinir in 
 a canuL' fioin iliu ilii'i'( lidii of \A\kv C'itv, it was |)i'r)l)iil(|\' iIk- wile ot" 
 a l-'rcncli poHt. The Indian trail t<i tlm lioad of tlu- Salu' ran tlii-oiiyli 
 the valloy of tho crrolv and panstMl Kruritonac station, whi-ro the two 
 caiiiion biillrt woro roccntly found. Thoy may liavc ln'cii Imricd by 
 tlu" I ndiariH as " vvakan" or Hn]u'rnaturul. 
 
 APrExnix. 
 
 I'l 
 
 i I 
 
 
 I ; 1 
 
 "XJhi an article, I'niin the |n'ti of the wi'itcr upon Siciir WMvndryc and 
 
 so 
 
 )ns, ]tul>lislicd in 1>^7"). tlicro were some erroneous inlereiues. 
 
 ^inco 
 
 tlien the itinerary <i|' N'ercndrye'H hoiih of thoir Journey to the Rocky 
 mountains lias been !)nl)lished, and it is now more easN- td tiaee the 
 route of t lie explorers. 
 
 On the tt^ntli of April. 17.'>!>. W-rendrye sent bi.s son, the Chevalier, 
 to looU out lor a site for a tilth post, north of lia Heine, at the Lake 
 of the I'l'airitH, which was built and called Kctrt Dauphin, and ut u 
 iatei' period a si.\th pnst was established at tlu' Saskatchewan (I'as- 
 koyae) river, ami named Fort liotirbon. The father pasr^jd the sum- 
 mer of 1740 at .Montreal and (Quebec, but on the thiiteeiilh ofOetobei*^ 
 returned to l'\)rt T^a Heine. 
 
 The two sons of Vi'r.mlrye left Kort La JJeine on an I'xploratioii 
 towai'd the Ko< ky mountains on the twenty-ninth of April, 1742, and 
 on the twenty-tirst <.'l' May reached the Mandan villai^es, on the banks 
 ot the .Missouri river. Hero they restevj two months, ami fi-om thence 
 traveled for twenty days west-southwest. |)robaI>ly in the valley of 
 the Yellowstone river. Movin<^ south-southwesterly about the mid- 
 dle of September they arrived in a villa<:;e of Beaux llomnies, and re- 
 mained with them until the ninth of Xovi-mbi'r, when aiiain proceed- 
 ing Houth-Houth westerly, on the twelHh day they came to a village of 
 Petite Cei'ise. I'rom thence they marched to a I'ioya village, and con- 
 tinuing southwesterly arrived at a village of the •(Jensdes ('hevaux," 
 whi(di had been destr()yed by the Snake Indians. Here guides were 
 obtained to lead them to the "Gens de I'Arc," and on the ei<rhteenth 
 
 I M 
 
23 
 
 ol Novomhfi' tlicy iviiclieti ii vllliiyo ot'-'tri'iiM do lu Ik'lk' liiviiTo,'*' 
 Ufi.l thriM' (luyis \ntv.y toiintl the ArcH. 
 
 From thiw poiiit thny j<'uriK'_vt'<l ^ciu'iully in ii sDiitliwtHtvi'ly ♦•<»ur«o, 
 hut soiiu'tinu's iiKnM'd TKirtliwcstorly. (.)n tin- HrHt of .Iiiiiuury, 174.^, 
 \\n' Hi'Hl vit^w <it' tlu' iiioiiiitaius wftM oliluiiu'il UikIit (lie i^iiidaiu-o 
 of ill) Arc chief they iiuirchid, iiikI on thi; twelfth day halted aiiion^ 
 the inoiiiilaiiis, art the Acch were un\\illiii^ to procood further <)win|{ 
 to I lie hostility of tlie Siiaku IiidiaiiH. 
 
 ('o(|uar(i, a priest who had heeuusHociated with W-reudrye, mentions 
 I hat his sons found falls ot" water, pr<»halily the Yellowstone Falls, and 
 that thirty leagues heyond (an dessus i, they lound a nai-row pa!~s ; also- 
 between the mountain-^ ami the Missoui'i (^YellowHtono trihulary ?) 
 there is the outlet of a lake. 
 
 Houirainvillo wrote that southwest of the ri\«'r Waliick or La 
 Co(juilo, on the hanks of La tJruisse river are the llaetanes. oi- Snako 
 tfihe who f>tr(!teh to the l)asi' of a chain of mountains which has a 
 northeasterly trend and tliat south of this is tin- Karoskioii river or 
 ("orise I'eleu, vvdiich Hows t(»ward Calitoi-nia. 
 
 An examination of any ^ood mudei'n niap will show that the li<'ad 
 \vaters of (Jreen I'iver. a hraiicli of the t'olorado which empties into 
 the (Julf of ('alitornia. rise near Fremont's I'eak. Sotiu' of llic Suaki^ 
 Indians in Texas are still called Hictans. 
 
 IJeturnini!; from tlm U'ockv .Mountains, the W-rtudrve hrothers on 
 the ninth of Fehruary, 174i>. <aim' to the firstoftho Are villai^es. and 
 on the tifU'cnth of .March liny met soiue of the I'etile ('umm' trihe, 
 and on the nineteenth ai-rived at their j)t)st on the haid^s ot' theMis- 
 souri. r|)()n an enunence in tlu- vicinity tiiey ])lace<| a lead plate 
 with llie arms of the kiiu;- of France, and over it stones in the loim 
 of a pyramid in honor of the Li'overnor of ( 'anada. L'ursuin^ ;i coursi* 
 j;"enerally to the northea->l. (Ip y I'ciu-hed the .Mandan country on the 
 
 eiifhteciil h of .\hi\'. and ou the twcnl\- 
 
 seventh passed the lUiltc in 
 
 the .Assinihoiuc reii;ion. To the joy of their father, the sons i-eai-hcd 
 Fort La L'einu on tlu' second ot' .lid v.