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< n

Canadian Archeology.

AN ESSAY.

WILLIAM KINGSFORD.

I u

MONTREAL :
WM. DRYSDALE & CO., 232 ST. JAMES STREET.

1886.

Entered according to Act of Parliament, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hun.lred and eighty-six, by Wm. Dkvsdale & Co., in thelottice of tlie.Minister
of Agriculture.

i/'

This Essay, in a different and a less extended form appeared
in a Toronto newspaper last Autumn, with the disadvantage
of having been divided into two parts with an interval of
eighteen days between them. Much of the interest it might
claim was lessened by tliis mode of publication. The present
Essay has been entirely rewritten, and made to embrace a
wider field of examination, and specially to include the con-
sideration of the Archfeology of the Provinces of Quebec and
Ontario. It attempts to place in an accessible form much
information scattered over many volumes, journals and MSS.
Moreover, it brings to public notice the creation of the
important public department of Archives, with some account
of its establishment : a department by which the study of
Canadian History must be greatly advanced, and any inves-
tigation of past events honestly and systematically directed.
It is hoped that the information which the Essay attempts
clearly to set forth may be not without advantage to the
student of our Annals.

Ottawa, W. K.

2nd January, 1886.

Ach Gott ! die Kunst ist lang,

Und kiirz ist un&er Leben.

Mir wird, bei meiiiem kritiHchen Bestreben,

Doch oft um Kopf und Busen bang.

Wie schwer sind niclit die Mittel zu erwerben,

Durch die man zu den Quellen steigt !

Und eh' man nur den halben Weg erreicht

Musz wohl eiii armer Teufel sterben.

Goethe, Faust.
Ah me ! but art ia long
And human life is short.
Oft in the throes of critic thought
Have head and heart ceased to be strong.
How hard the means which in our effort lie
To reach the sources of what mortals know,
But ere a man can half the distance go
Verily, poor devil, nuist he die.

Your home born projects i)rove ever the best ; they are so easy and
familiar ; they put too nuich learning in their things now-a-days.

Bkn Johnson, Bartholomew Fair.

Ist das Licht das Eigenthum der Flamme, wo nicht gar des Ker-

zendochts? Ich enthalte mich jedes Urtheils iiber solche Frage, und

freue mich nur dariiber, dass Ihr dem armen Dochte, der sich brennend

verzehrt, eine kleine Vergiitimg verwilligen wolt fiir sein groszes

gemeinniitziges Beleuchtungsverijienst !

Heine.

Is the light the property of the flame, if it in no way be of the tai)er
wick ? I abstain fi-om any judgment over such a question, and I only
rejoice that you are willing to make some slight amends to the poor
wick, which consumes itself in burning, for its noble, universal, merit-
orious service of enlightenment !

Canadian Archeology.

Few aro aware that in the last decade an important
department has been formed in Ottawa, which in an indirect
way will have no little influence on our political future. A
people become to a great extent what their education makes
them, and education in no small degree consists in the just
appreciation of past experience. Certainly such is the process
of political development. For however fascinating the narra-
tive of history, the profit of its study lies in its teaching.
There is but one mode of assuring historical truth, and that
is by the collection of contemporary documents systematically
arranged and kept in such security that they cannot be tam-
pered with or destroyed.

Archaeology is not an old and established science in the
Dominion. Practically it can trace no remote date in the
Province of Quebec. In Ontario it has had scarcely a quarter
of a century of active life : in the Eastern Provinces it may
claim a somewhat longer existence. ]]ut the study was con-
fined to few, although there have been spasms of effort to
deal with it satisfactorily and systematically. As early as
1787 the matter was repeatedly brought before the Council,
and in 1790 an Ordinance was passed at Quebec for the pres-
ervation of ancient documents ; those which bore upon tho
French regime. A commission was appointed and a report
made to Lord Dorchester on the subject ; a list of the Decrets,
Arrets and Ordou7iances in existence was appended. The
object in view a^ pears to have been the preservation of all
documents bearing upon the history of French Canada.

Little thought was then given to conteniporiiry docunionts of
the period, and it is precisely the epoch of which there is the
least published record. The events of the first twenty years
after the Conquest are even to-day but mistily known. They
are repeated as first narrated by writer after writer without
examination ; or they are somewhat modified by a running
commentary to meet a jirhri conclusions and to aid the
party views of those w'\o make a prosperous efat out of
printed opinions. Possi1)ly many have honestly believed all
they express. They found admitted authorities with a ready-
made collection of facts, antl they had only to follow in the
beaten track. Even where the scei)'ical spirit was aroused
it became crushed or dormant from its want of exercise. The
collection of original documents, like any other collection, is
a matter of slow, careful, and systematic labour. In no place
is there a greater division of positive work. The accumu-
lation of a mass of aay material, say money, and then theo-
rize upwards or downwards as you will, is an art of itself
re(piiring special capacity. When the effort is a collection
of National Archives you have to (establish what is re(iuired,
what is indispensably necijssary, to know where to seek for it,
to take means to obtain it, and to be careful not to pay twice
over for the same commodity. Tiie second stage is to assort
all this matter, to classify it, to place it in such a form ami
to give it such reference that on necessity immediately it can
be found. The third condition is to draw up a calendar of
it, to describe it, and in short to make it available to the
ordinary inquirer. One, therefore, who sees a collection of
any kind brought to the hammer feels a twinge of pain as
he thinks of the enthusiasm, the sustained effort, the fre-
quent sacrifices which have gathered it only by slow degrees.
Among the many monuments of Imperial London none is so
striking, so impressive, as the reading-room and library of the

Uritish Museum, offering to view one of the largest known
printed collections of books and pamphlets, accessible to the
poorest and humblest inhabitant of the realm ; admission to
the room being oidy contingent on good manners and decent
conduct. It is from this great centre tliat much of the im-
petus of thought and intelligence is given, and the sentiment
established as a matter of national faith that in large Pro-
vincial centres, a collection of books is as essential to the well-
being of the people to raise them from mental degradation,
superstition, and extravagance of thouglit, as the air tliey
breathe, and the food they take to strengthen and refresh
their bodies. There is no point on which history so much
repeats itself as in the exhibition of that charlatanism which
urges itself forward without a scruple, without truth, without
principle. And as a community, or more properly perhaps
to speak, the teachers of that community, have the training
and the knowledge to bring past examples of this nefarious
success before the world, so is there the greater or less cer-
tainty of men being warned against the viper, seeking to
secure its nest in the national bosom.

The Historical Society of Quebec is deserving of lionour-
able notice by the publication of many important documents
from time to time issued by its members. It was formed in
1824. Lord Dalhousie, then Governor-General, took a prom-
inent part in its establishment, and presided at the first
meeting held on the 6th January at the Chateau of St. Louis,
when the society was organized. There is an Historical Society
of Montreal ; its fortunes a[)pear, however, to have some-
what waned. It never reached the distinguished position
of that of Quebec, which, undoubtedly, has made many
valuable contributions to our history. But the best well-wisher
and friend of the latter must acknowledge that its operations
have been fitful and uncertain, and of late unimportant.

Moreover, its views and aims embraced general history. It
was not a Canadian Historical Society, and in a social point
of view wisely so. It was institiited in a time when railways
were not even dreamed of. If in those days of rigorous
winter some sanguine entliusiast had prophesied the power
of steam* ; if lie had fon-'tnid that a train would await the
passenger, witli a saloon heated to the attractive atmosphere
of a drawing-room, with a lounge too easy for a practical and

(*; One of the eurlioHt to expresH an opinion with repard to the
influence of Railway.s on thought and life was Heinrich Heine. The
following jinsMage appears in Lutezia, Zweiter Theil, No. 67. Paris,
r) May, 1K4.S : -

The o))ening of the two new liailways, one of which takes us to
Orleans, the otlier to Ko\ien, [7") and 84 miles : Translator] caused here
a coniuiotion with which each individual person sympathizes if he does
not by chance stand on a chair of isolation. The whole po|mlation of
Paris at this moment forms a chain by which one conveys to the other
the electric shock. But while the great crowd, bewildered and con-
founded, stares \ii)on the outward form of the immense motive power,
an awe-creating dread takes possession of the thinker, such as wo feel
when the most prodigi<tu8, the most imheard-of event takes place, the
consequences of which are impenetrable and not to be calculated.
iSimi)ly we perceive that oin* whole existence is to be carried and hurled
along on a new i)ath ; that new relations, joys and vexations await us,
and that the unknown, at once seducing and at the same time torment-
ing us, exercises over us a mysterious fascinatiim. So must it have
come up(m the mind of our ancestors when America was dicovered, as
the invention of gunpowder was annoimced by the first cannon shot^
as the art of Printing sent forth to the world the first proof sheet of
God's Word. The institution of Railways is again such a Providential
event, which creates a new Revolution [Uinsrhivunf/] to humanity, to
change the colour and form of life. A new chapter in the world's his-
tory has commenced, and our generation may congratulate itself that it
has happened in its time. What changes must now step in our modes
of thought and action ! Even the elementary ideas of time and space
have become uncertain. Through the railway is space annihilated
and time alone is left to us. Had we only wealth sufficient the last
decently to destroy ! In three hours and a half we now reach Orleans,
and in the same time we come to Rouen. What will come to pass

earnest student, with an entourage M'liieh courts rather con-
versation, flirting, or somnolency as the case may be, with
all the etceteras of life : what a general titter of unbelief and
of suppressed contempt would have passed through the au-
ilitory accustomeil to hear with the demeanour of a stoic
the most tedious, rambling paper which might date at any
period since the event of the Mosaic cosmogony. The Histori-
cal Society filled a void in Quebec. Few left the city on
a long journey during the winter. It was a matter of ex-
pense, even of sutlering on a small scale, and certainly of
privation. The attempt was then to give wings to the season
of snow and long evenings. In Lowih* Canada of that date
winter was held to begin on the 25th of November — La
Sainte Catherine ! It was considered that what snow fell on
the mountains remained after tl.at day. The season was
accordingly inaugurated on that/'/« ilay by small parties ^^-
sembled ^w?(r /azV« latire^ the pontic expression for molasses
candy, which the initiated well know requires to be pulled
and repuUed till it be twisted into shape. In those halcyon
days, when there Avas more simplicity of taste, good man-
ners were held to be indispensable and slang was uidcnown.
Accordingly, there was a genuine hospitality, which made
Canadian society renowned for its true tone and high breed-
ing. With yoith, high spirits and polished manners these
simple reunions furnished many a happy gathering and many a
joyous laugh. A dance followed, and it was recognized that
winter had commenced. One cannot always /a/re la tire, or
dance, or dine, or sleigh, or — toboggan, although a class of in-

when the lines to Belgium and Germany are carried out, and con-
nected with the lines of those lands ! To nie it is as if the mountains,
and forests of every country advanced upon Paris. Already I scent
the perfume of the German linden, and the Nordsee dashes on the
Bhingle before my door.

dividuals, male and female, are rising up in Montreal, who
by their outre dress, manners, and conversation would convey
the idea that it was the first, the last, and the most important
duty of life. At that date, however, the exhibitions of
female costume were at least restrained at daylight. The
consequence was that the Historical Society was an admitted
necessity. It was a creation of the condition of events, ud
it became replete with life and being. It still exists, bin ita
old glories have departed. The literary world has no longer
to acknowledge the obligations due to the publications made
by the Society. An altered condition of events has given
other fields for energy, and the study of the iiistory of the
country has again fallen into neglect and indifierence. Con-
sequently a few individuals have obtained command of the
sitU'ition, and they have been enabled to lay down the law
on many points bearing upon Canadian events, submissively
to be followed by no few young men more desirous of obtain-
ing reputation and prominence with as little effort as pos-
sible, than calmly and impartially to relate the events which
they claim to record. The study of original authorities, except
with some rare instances, has been passing away and respon-
sibility is avoided by advancing the name of some previous
writer, who, however industrious and respectable, in reality
simply represents his own labours and inc^uiries.

It is mere commonplace to point out that every country
acts with but ordinary prudence and fulfils a simple duty,
when it preserves its archives and the written materials for
its history. So much depends on the fact that history be
honestly and truthfully written. Much of our personal
liberty of the present comes from the consideration of the
past. We are never so wise as when we profit by the teach-
ing of experience. Everything to be permanent must be
slowly and gradually produced. Constitutions may be granted,

but they can alone obtain strength from time and usage.
They grow to maturity. Hence Ave require the means of
studying their advancement, and we best watch the future by
knowing perfectly the trials and difficulties of former days.
History is rarely to be found in one consecutive narrative.
According to the genius and objective nature of the chron-
icler, we have his view of past events and his deductions of
their influence. r)Ut, on the other hand, there must ever be
two classes of minds liy which narrative is related. This
difference may be briefly set forth as the expression of the
tone of thought dictated by the sympathy of the writer. In
every State there are constantly two parties, ■which are antag-
onistic in those principles M'hich they accept as a theory of
conduct : and as one is led by influences of family or teach-
ing to join one side or the other, so insensibly his views, his
feelings, and his mode of viewing events are formed, coloured
and directed. When the sources of original information are
accessible to all, no injury arises from this peculiarity of the
human mind. Rather inquiry is stimulated by it, because
some strong expression of individual or party sentiment leads
to effort in the opposite direction. The subject comes step
by step into the arena of examination, and the historical
student who has the industry to seek out facts, pushes in-
vestigation into the remotest sources. So we finally obtain
the whole mass of facts clearly and plainly submitted to our
intelligence, and we can ourselves form our own theories and
conclusions.

"VVe have the results achieved by the Archive I)ranch be-
fore us in the reports issued by the Department of Agricul-
ture, to which it is attached. These reports appeared in
1872-3-4, ami in 1881-2-3-4. With the exception of 1874,
which is drawn up by tlie Abbe Verrault, of Montreal, the
remainder bear the name of ^[r. Douglas Brymner, the Chief

Archivist, and certainly tlie result shows that if ever man
was in the right place, it is so in this instance. The account
•of the origin of the department is here furnished us. In 1871
a petition was presented to Parliament calling attention to
the subject, and pointing out that it would be advantageous
to establish a system of preserving historical documents, in
the mode adopted in Great Britain, France, and the United
States. It passed through the usual course, with the result
that the matter was referred to the Minister of Agriculture ; on
his report a sum was voted by Parliament in 1872, and an
Archivist appointed.

In limine^ it is well to remark that there has been some
•extraordinary and inexplicable confusion on a very simple
matter, and it should be corrected without the least delay. If
rival Departments are blunderinj^, or if there be a perversion
of meaning of any regulation which on its face is self-
•explanatory. Parliament should set the matter right, although
•one would think an Order in-Council would be sufficient.
There is in each Department a departmental record room, and
its duties ought in no way to clash with that of the Archives.
In every department many letters arc received and sent. In
some of them, it may be said, parenthetically, they have been
■deliberately and ridiculously multiplied to give the Depart-
ment an importance which it does not possess. As years pass
•on these dociiiuents increase, and the space appropriated
becomes crowded. In such case the older papers are re-
moved to the general record room of the Department. All
these papers are indexed on their receipt and they are de-
scribed at length in the Indexes of each particular office. If
reference be necessary in after time to any special paper,
it can be found with ease. It is plain that such a provision
is necessary. But the moment that in the slightest way
there is any departure from the limit arbitrarily imposed

upon its duties, the office assuming tlie custody of other
than its own papers becomes mischievous. No ordinary de-
partment has anything to do with ancient books, papers,,
and records. Its record room is simply a place of deposit
for its own official papers until by lapse of time they can be
allowed to take their place amongst the archives as historical
papers accessible to investigation.

The historical records include all which are not purely
departmental. They should be placed under one respon-
sible head, in a fire-proof building, which under no circum-
stance should they be permitted to leave. The number
of books defaced, lost^ and even stolen from the Parliamentary
library at Ottawa is a matter of notoriety. The Librarians
are helpless to remedy it, for they are powerless. The
national archives must be placed beyond the clutch of be
he who he may.

Care should bo taken that the law is enforced, that all
historical documents be placed in a common centre never to
be removed from it. It is in the jNIuniment room that any
reference should take place. No rule should be more jeal-
ously enforced or more carefully protected against infraction.

No one should be permitted to take from the building
under any pretext whatever a book, or paper, or paiii[)hlet.

The collection was commenced in 1872. "The work"
says the report pithily, " had to be begun oh ovo, not a
single document of any description being in the room set
apart for the custody of the Archives." The first successful
attempt resulted in the receipt of the Canadian Military
Correspondence of the Imperial War Office. It extends
back a century, and numbers 200,000 documents, bound in
1,087 volumes; 197 volumes obtained elsewhere are by their
side. The classification, the arrangement, and the editing
of these documents, must indeed have been a formidable

labour. Johnson in tlie full press of effort of his immortal
work described a lexicographer as a harmless drudge. Did
•any of my readers ever busy him or herself with index-mak-
ing? There requires one of two pressures to persevere in it:
enthusiasm of a high order, which is unflagging, or the
necessity of earning daily bread. And what is indexing to
the separation of 200,000 letters, to be placed in cognate
classes ? Another important duty is the correspondence.
Smith, representing that illustrious family, is reported as
having in his custody all the papers bearing upon their past.
The archivist commences with a timid ai)peal to obtain pos-
session of them. They have passed to Jones, one of the
sons-in-law. The latter has a hi<i;li view of the status of the
family into which he has married. He desires to stick to
€very shred of evidence of its dignitv. And so it goes on.
Finally they are obtained. Then ..ome the classification,
and preparing the calendar of them. And this duty appertains
to all objects of interest, little or great, from a pamphlet to
a collection of documents. The writer of a pamphlet has
now the satisfaction that it will be placed on record. His
labour will not pass away. It ^^ ill not come like shadows,
so depart. His effort will not have been quite in vain. A
time Avill come when party interest will be powerless to
make or unmake a reputation, or to suppress unpleasant
facts. The secret motives of men will be laid bare. There
will be juster views in the apportionment of distinction.
The epitaphs of us all have one day to be written, and as we
are prominent on life's scene or live in retirement, so is the
circle of our judges of the future, narrow or wide. The hour
unfailingly arrives when the great body of their countrymen
have to pronounce on the career of those in prominent posi-
tions. Evidence comes forth from quarters where it was
never looked for, and facts become known, of which it was

i I

believed all trace had been destroyed. Some reputations
will rise superior to every accusation, to every taint cast upon
them by venal writers. On the other hand, revelations will
come to light with their long list of personal and political
iniquities to confer undying disgrace on the perpetrators of
them. This consolation, however, exists, that the men of
worth and merit will live happily, in fame, if in life such was
oiot their fate.

Mr. Brymner went on his mission to L.ondon, M. I'Abbe
Yerrault, the accomplished head of the Normal School at
Montreal, than whom a more devoted student of Canadian
history does not exist, went to Paris. The departments of
state, the Colonial, the Foreign, the War Offices, the Board
•of Trade (formerly the office of the Lords Commissioners
for Trade and Plantations), the Tower of London, the l>ritish
Museum were searched by Mr. Brymner. Some difficulties
at first arose with regard to copying documents. Regula-
tions were enforced which limited the reference ; judicious
enough with regard to individuals, they can scarcely,
Avith justice, be applied to the Dominion with four million
people. After some correspondence these restrictions were
to a great extent removed. The Public Record OtHce, for
instance, had very definite rules. No papers between 1760
and 1802 could be examined witliout special permission.
This regulation indeed is generally ap})lied to all depart-
ments. In order to have these restrictions removed, Mr.
Brymner submitted a memorandum through the High Com-
missioner, and on this representation an order was given by
which information up to 1842 could be obtained. As one
reads Mr. Brymner's Reports one must feel a better opinion
of human nature. Possibly it was no little owing to his
tact and judgment ; but everybody appears to have received
him in the kindest and most genial manner. In Paris. ISIr.

Plunkett, since ai)pointed Ambassador to Japan, was mosfc
obliging. Ho took a personal interest in the success of the
work. Lord Lyont; was absent. ]]ut Lord Grenville had
done all that was necessary on tlie point of accrediting the
Archivist. ^Ir. Marmette, of the Archive department, tells
us how in Paris he was charmed with the French officials,
M. de Rielle and M. Aval. Mr. ]>rymner gives us
a long list of the eminent men in England and Scotland who
aided him with advice, help and sympathy. He seems
indeed to have found the touch of nature which makes the
whole world kin. Why should not we chronicle their
names herd Why should not the renown of their hospit-
able virtues cross the Atlantic 1 The Earl of Derby relaxeil
the stric<-est rules. Mr. Meade, of the Colonial Office, was
unvaryingly courteous. Mr, Vincent, of the Royal Institution,
offered his personal help in obtaining copies of documents.
The distinguished Arabic scholar, Pascual de Gayangoz, " is
happy to help us at Madrid in our researches," and so it
goes on. [Page 16, Report 1883. J Independently of
those above-mentioned there Avere M. Marshall, liibliotheque
National, Paris ; Mr. W. Hardy, Dejjuty Keeper of Records ;
Mr. Alfred Kingston, Public Record Office ; Mr. Garnet, Mr.
Kensington, liritish Museum ; Mr. Overall, Guildhall
Library, London ; Mr. Stair Agnew, Registrar General ;
Mr. T. Dixon, of the Register House, Edinburgh j Dr.
Eraser, Deputy-Keeper of Records of Scotland.

Surely it will not be unpleasant for these gentlemen to
learn that their kindness and expression of sympathy are
known and appreciated throughout the Dominion, and that
they may take from our heart all thankfulness.

But one comes to hold one's breath as we have to record
the magnificence of the Master of the Rolls. He presented
to the Dominion a full set of the State papers published by

the Imperial Governinent — 367 volumes — an act of muni-
ficence whicli needs only to be mentioned in order properly
and worthily to be estimated.

Mr. Brymner vibited the several Provinces in the hope of
obtaining historical ]>apers from public and private sources.
In Montreal he discovered important documents in a damp
vault where examination was a matter of difficulty. The
papers at Quebec were in a cellar under the Court House.
An objectionable temperature was accompanied by the risk
of destruction by fire. Otherwise these documents had been
carefully looked after, and there seems to have been son^e
sense of responsibility as to their value. At Halifax the
public papers had been systematically kept, and in good
order. As late as 1864, 200 volumes of MSS. had been
selected, arranged and bound. In 1869 a volume of Provin-
cial documents was issued, bearing upon the establishment
of Halifax under Cornwallis in 1749. Further, they con-
tained original papers as to the continual French encroach-
ments after the Peace of Utrecht, the siege of Beausejour,
the expatriation of the Acadians in 1755 with the official
correspondence from 1755 to the establishment of Responsible
Government. It was at Halifax that the military papers
from 1779 were deposited. Many are of great value. They
constitute the military correspondence alluded to, transferred
to the Archive Branch.

At Fredericton no papers of importance were found. At
the Seminary of Quebec there are several im rtant historical
documents. They are, however, considered to be private
property. There must be doubtless many valuable archives
equally in the Seminary of Montreal. Ought not copies to
be obtained of such as are of value 1

In London Mr. Brymner commenced his investigation of
the Hudson Bay Company's papers. In the Public Record

Office he found many of the French and English papers written
badly and hard to master. His next visit was to the Record
Koom of the Tower. He came to the conclusion that the
latter contained few papers appertaining to Canada of value.
At the War Office, amid an immense collection ot returns,
orders, remisitions for stores, states of strength, details of
routine, outpost duty, and regimental every day life, there
are many documents of positive historic value. They em-
brace a period from 1756 to 1856. which includes some of
the principal and most striking events of Canadian history,
being marked by the closing events of the Conquest, includ-
ing the miserable proceedings at William Henry at the head
of Lake George and the gross, glaring, blundering of Aber-
crombie at Ticonderoga. We there can penetrate the want
of generalship and the miserable failure of Burgoyne, although
these facts are well known, and the verdict of history has
been long unmistakably pronounced. We gain likewise
additional facts of the War of Independence, and the events
of 1812. Among the memorials of the latter, in the
Archives Office at Ottawa, is the letter written by Gen-
eral Ih'ock a few hours before his death at Queenston
Heights. No Canadian can look upon this paper without
emotion. At the Public Record Office, where, as has been
said, special examination was ])ermitted through the inter-
vention of the Colonial Office, the papers extend from the
earliest period. In the British Museum Mr. Brymner found
the Haldimand and Bouquet papers. The latter, a Swiss
officer in the British service, played a marked part in the
closing campaign on the Ohio. These papers extend from
1757 to 1765. Colonel Bouquet's name frequently appears
in the histories of that date, and his career must be familiar
to the readers of Parkman's two last volumes ; and who has
not read them 1

Sir Frederick HaMimand, a Swiss by birth, was Governor
of Canada from 1778 i 1784. When in 1763 Gage was
transferred to New York, Burton, then Governor of Three
Rivers, was removed to Montreal, and Haldimand took his
place. In 1765 he proceeded to England. In 1766 we hear of
him at Pensacola, Florida. In 1773 he returned to Canada,
and on the retirement of Sir Guy Carleton, afterwards
Lord Dorchester, he was appointed Governor of Canada,
t' Inch office he held until 1784. The Haldimand papers
consist of 232 volumes ; the Bouquet papers of 34.

There are few portions of our history of which we are so
ignorant as that of the years intervening between the Con-
quest and the passage of the Quebec Act in 1774, and of the
further interval to the Constitutional Act of 1791, which
divided the country into Upper and LoAver Canada, and
extended Eepresentative Institutions to the two Provinces.
The first years after the treaty of 1763, was a period of
somewhat arbitrary and uncertain law ; but there is every
ground of belief that attempts were made in good faith to
<'xtend justice and equity to both the old and new subjects.
There is no room for suspicion to detract from the personal
honour, probity or ability of either Murray or Carleton.
There is ground for belief that Burgoyne had no little to do
with Carleton's retirement from the Government, and that
the former endeavoured to throw much of the weight of his
failure on the want of support he had received from Quebec.
The subject is too intricate to enter into in this place. Bur-
goyne himself, agreeable, pleasant, witty, unexceptionable as
a man upon town, with courage and resolution to make him
an excellent sabreur, or to fit him for the leader of a forlorn
hope, was utterly deficient of all the qualities of a general.
He was the last man to send as a leader of such an expedi-
tion which had its only chance of success with a careful,

; (]

'■ !. ' a

thoughtful man, of capacity, enterprise, and judgment, a
born soldier. The one feature which redeems Burgoyne i»
his courage. The creek is still pointed out near Schuyler-
ville, on the Upper Hudson, along the hanks of which
]>urgoyno walked to arrange the terms of surrender with
General Gates, He was scrupulously dressed as if to attend
a royal levee, and he astonished the Provincial officers who
were at the late breakfast given on the occasion, by his
excellent appetite, and the perfect unconcern with which he
accepted the situation ; undoubtedly assumed, for ho was
vain, ambitious, and self-assiirting, and must have felt
keenly his defeat. Like all men of his class, he had every
one to blame but his own want of conduct ; and being a
brother-in-law of my Lord Derby, a great supporter of the
Royal pretensions, and coming within the shade of Royal
fa\'Our, he could strike down better men than himself. It
was after this campaign that Carleton retired, or was re-
called. The Quebec Act of 1774 had then been passed.
Quebec was governed by a Council to enact ordinances for
Government, the inhabitants having authority to tax them-
selves for municipal purposes. Of the Canada from 1764 to
1790 there v.i a groat deal to he learned. Much weight has
been laid on the statements of Du Calvet, a French Protes-
tant. The extent of t'.ie trustworthiness of his statements is
a matter of doubt. He certainly was not marked by judg-
ment, and his political views were by no means warranted
by the situation of events. It is he who has principally
given us our ideas of Haldimand. It must be recollected
that Haldimand succeeded to the Government in a period of
trial during the AVar of Independence with the States. We
know something of these difficulties in the Memoirs of
Madame Riedesel, and the Memoirs of her husband, the
Major-General who commanded the Hessian troops in B\ir-

ii^

goyne's expedition, by Max Von Eking. We learn from the
lady that it had been represented to tlieni that Haldimand
was a man difficult to jj^ct along with, as nobody could please
him. The lively little IJaroiiesa conveys the impression that
lie was an excellent person, kindly in nature, with a high
sense of duty, and resolute in his purpose. Papet, a Hessian
•officer, speaks of Ilis Excellency as one not fond of great
formalities, but liking a good dinner, and ever ready to
smoke a pipe with a friend. Another JJrunsvvick officer
<lescribes him as one of the most deserving officers he ever
knew. He built a house for himself in Quebec, and he
•commenced to form a garden about 1777. He may be
mentioned as one of the earliest scientirtc gardeners and
florists of the country. Madame Riedesel atlmired the garden
•greatly. In return, she tells us, for the civility she received
:she taught Huliliniand, and the Canadians generally, how to
pickle cucumbers. Subsequently, ho built the house at
^lontmorency known as Haldimand House, the summer
s-esidence of Mr. Patterson Hall, yet in perfect condition ;
and, as in his day, still admired for its romantic situation,
overlooking Montmorency Falls, and visited by so many
•travellers. Madame Riedesel conveys to us the most pleasant
impressions of Haldimand, especially as she relates the man-
ner in which he took leave of her and her husband.

In order to understand Haldiraand's position we must
remember that he was responsible to the British Crown for
Canada at a most critical time. The failure of Burgoyne's
•expedition gave the death-stroke to further attempts by the
valley of the Hudson. The struggle in Canada for the
representative of British rule was really limited to keeping
it British. Canada contained its sympathizers with the
United States more or less, the principal of whom was
Cazeau, who had money and influence. He managed to

escape, a ruined man. Others arc named in the same cat(N
gory, but who were not so fortunate. It was after the capit-
uhvtion of Cornwallis, in 1781, that things looked blackest.
No effort was spared to excite the Canadian population tO'
join what was represented as the fortu" te side, and placardf
>vere freely distributed declaring that English rule was at an
end on the continent. The consequence was a system of
espionage throughout the Province. Men sus^KJcted were
watched. If they became or were considered mischievous,
they were imprisoned. Haldimand felt that it was a time
for no superabundant delicacy, and as he held power he-
exercised it. This fact is remembered better than any other
part of his administration ; and doubtless a great many
arrests took place. Haldimand's duties were certainly
marked by great difficulty. He had to i)reserve public tran-
quillity, and at the same time defend the Province froni
United States sympathizers within it. Haldimand's principal
assailant, Du Calvet, had been engaged in the fur trade in
the days of French domination. After the conquest he at
once accepted British rule. It is on the writings of Du
Calvet that the feeling against Haldimand has been created.
There is more than probability that Du Calvet was even an
fictive partisan of the Americans. He was certainly im-
prisoned for treason by Haklimand, and on this ground sued
the latter in a court of law in England. Du Calvet may have
been a patriot or an agitator. It rests for some dispassionate
investigator to determine which. One of the difficulties
under which Haldimand lived was that he seldom received
news from the seat of war. The information which he could
gather was only by means of spies.

No doubt a study of these volumes now being copied for
the Canadian Archives, will give a totally different view of
Haldimand's administration. One fact is undoubted, he
was a man of unblemished personal honour.

One particular point involved in obscurity is known as tlio
"Walker affair. So far as can bo made out, in 1764, no
barracks being in existence, troops were quartered on tho
inhabitants of Montreal. A Captain Frazor, leaving his
billet, a Captain Payne took po.«session of the rooms, by more
or less of force, it would appear, ngainst the protest of tho
landlord. Payne was notified that the rooms wore let, but
he would not give them up. The case came before Mr.
Walker, a magistrate, who ordered Payne to leave the rooms,
and on the latter declining to comply with the warrant, com-
mitted him for contempt. A writ of habeas corpus olitaincd
Payne's release on bail. And now followed the f)rocnoding
which has more or less remained a mystery, with tho addi-
tional doubt which it casts upon tho character of tho society
at that date. Whoever dictated the proceeding, a niimber
of individuals masked, witli blackened faces, and otherwise
disguised, forced themselves into Walker's dwelling, and
personally chastised him so severely as to leave him uncon-
scious. Several parties were arrested, among them some
military men. None were punished. There are statements
of the misconduct and Insolence of the garrison which even
now should be investigated. It may be looked for that the
facts may be found in the papers which are being gathered.
Murray spoke of the event as " that horrid affair." A
strong reproof came from England, addressed to the Cana-
dian garrisons. One Captain Disney, of the 44tli, was
tried ; but his innocence was established — • by an alibi.
French Canadian writers state that ^Eurray was recalled,
owing to the feeling entertaineil against him by the military.
It is to him we owe the first census. He records the jiopu-
lation as 76,725, Indians included. He has loft a remarkable
letter on record, addressed to Lord Slielburne, dated 20th
August, 1766. [Canadian Archives, Haldimand B. 8, p 1.]

It first was made more generally known by its publication
in Lambert's Travels, 1814. Since that period it has
almost been forgotten. He describes the British population
at that date, a few half-pay officers excepted, as: —

"Traders, mechanics and publicans, who reside in the two towns of
Quebec and Montreal. Most of them were followers of the army, of
mean education, or soldiers disbanded at the reduction of the troops.
All have their fortunes to make, and I fear few of them are solicitous
about the means when the end can be obtained. I report them to be
in gener?' " 3 most immoral collection .>{ men I ever knew ; of course,
little ctV ilated to make the new subjects enamoured with our laws,
religion and customs, far less adapted to enforce these laws and to
govern.

. " On the other hand the Canadians, accustomed to ai'bitrarj' and a
sort of military government, are a frugal, industrious, moral race of
men, who from tiie just and mild treatment they met with from His
Majesty's military otficers, who ruled the country four years, until the
establishment of civil government, had greatly got the better of the
natural antipathy thej' had to their conquerors.

"They consist of a noblesse who are numerous, and who pique them-
selves mucli upon the antiquity of tlu'ir families, their own military
glory and that of their ancestors. The noblesse are seigneurs cf the
whole country, and though not rich, are in a situation, in that plentiful
part of the world, where money is scarce and luxury still unknown, to
support tJieir digti^'ty. The inhabitants, their tenaiiciers, who pay only
an annual quit rent of about a dollar for one hundred acres, are at their
^ase and coinfortable. They have been accustomed to respect and
obey their mo^/cs-nc, their tenures being military in the feudal manner.
They have shared with them the dangers of the field, and natural
affection has been increased in proportion to the calamities which have
been common to both from the conquest of their country, as they have
been taught to resjiect their superiors, and not yet intoxicated with the
abuse of liberty, they are shocked at the insults which their noblesse
and the King's officers have received from the English traders and
lawyers since tlie civil Government took place.

It is natural to suppose they are jealous of their religion. They are
very ignorant. It was the policy of the French Government to keep
them 80. Few or none can read. Printing was never permitted in
Canada till we got possession of it. Their veneration for the priesthood
is in proportion to that ignorance. It will probably decrease as they
become enlightened. For the clergy there are very illiterate, and of

mean birth, and as they are now debarred from supplies of ecclesiastics
from France, mat Order of men will become more and more contempti-
ble, provided they are not exposed to persecution

Disorders and divisions from the nature of things could not be
avoided in attempting to establish the Civil Government in Canada,
agreeable to my instructions. The same troops who conquered and
governed the country four years remained in it. They were com-
manded by an officer, who by the civil establishment had been deprived
of the government of half the Province, and who remained in every
respect independent of tlie Civil Government.

Magistrates were to be made and juries to be composed from
four hundred and fifty contemptible sutlers and traders. It is easy to
conceive how the narrow ideas and ignorance of such men must offend
any troops, more especially those who had so long governed them, and
knew the meanness from which they had been elevated.

It would be very unreasonable to suppose that such men would not
be intoxicated with the unexpected power put into their .hands, and
that they would not be eager to show how amply they possessed it.
As there were no barracks in the countrj', the quartering the troops
furnished perpetual opportunity of displaying their importance and
rancour. The Canadian noblcuse were hated because their birth and
behaviour entitled them to respect, and the peasants were abhorred
because they were saved from the oppression they were threatened
with. The presentments of the Grand Jury at Quebec puts the truth of
these remarks beyond a doubt, the silence of the King's servants to the
Governor's remonstrance in consequence of these presentments though
his secretary was sent home on jmrpose to expedite an explanation,
contributed to encourage the disturbers of the peaoe.

The improper choice and the number of the civil officers sent over
from England increased the disquietude of the colony. Instead of men
of genius and untainted morals, the reverse were appointed to the
most important offices, \inder whom it was impossible to communicate
those impressions of the dignity of Government, by which alone man-
kind can be held together in society. The Judge pitched upon to
conciliate the minds of seventy five thousand foreigners to the laws and
government of Great Britain, was taken from a gaol, entirely ignorant
of Civil Law and the language of the people. The Attorney-General,
with regard to the language, was not better qualified. The offices of
the Secretary of the Province, Register, Clerk of the Council, Commis-
sary of Stores and Provisions, Provost Marshal, &c., were given by
patent to men of interest in England, who let them out to the best
bidders, and so little considered the capacity of their representativea

that not one of them understood tha lan^^age of the natives. As no
salary was annexed to these Patent places, the value of them dependedl
upon the Fees, which, by my instructions, I was ordered to establish
equal to those in the richest ancient Colonies. This heavy tax, and the
rapacity of the English lawyers, was severely felt by the poor Cana-
dians. But they patiently submitted ; and though stimulated to
dispute it by some of the licentious traders from New York, they
cheerfully obeyed the Stamp Act, in hopes that their good behaviour
would recommend them to the favour and protection of their Sovereign,

As the Council Books of the Province, and likewise my auswers to
the complaints made against my administration have been laid before
your Lordship, it is needless, I presume, to say anything further on
that subject than that I glory in having been accused of warmth and
firmness in protecting the King's Canaaian subjects, and of doing the
utmost in my power to gain to my royal master the affections of that
brave, hardy people, whose emigration, if ever it should happen, will
be an irreparable loss to this Empire, to prevent which, I declare to
your lordship, I would cheerfully submit to greater calumnies and
indignities — if greater can be devised — than hitherto I had undergone."

We have crude ideas of this period. "We know that what
law was administered immediately after the conquest, was
based on the Koyal proclamation of 1763. ".3 Admiralty
law and English commercial law appear to hav. furnished the
principles on which Justice was administered. There was
great dissatisfaction. Accordingly deputations composed of
British and French Canadians proceeded to the Imperial
Centre, London, to complain of this unsatisfactory condition
of things. The appeal to the Home Government led to the
report of 4th April, 1766, by Yorke, afterwards Lord Hard-
wick, and DeGrey, afterwards Lord AValsingham. This fact
must stand prominently out as a mark of the actual liberty
enjoyed in Canada, and of the desire of the Imperial authori-
ties to act generously and justly. At this date there was no
talk of American independence. The proceeding could only
have its source in the desire to establish a healtliy
syste n of government, and to make Canada prosperous
and happy.

There is much to learn of these clays. There can be no-
more interesting investigation than such a narrative written
temperately and honestly ; not to prove foregone conclu-
sions, but to establish the real and true position taken
towards the people of Canada, coming for the first time-
under British rule. Whatever faults there may have been
in the system, whatever incompetence or misconduct on the
part of individuals, so far as the known documents bear
witness, it is established that the desire on the part of the
Home authorities was to extend to the conquered Provinces-
sound and just principles of government. One point is-
indisputable: the" immediate appreciation by the French
Canadian population of the greater protection extended by
the administration of English criminal law : although it has^
been said that the Seigneurs, with others of the higher class^
accepted with repugnance the Jury system which extended
jurisdiction over th.^ lives and liberties of men in high rank
to those hitherto considered in a humbler position. The main
difficulties existed with regard to the laws bearing upon pro-
perty and the undefined protection granted to civil rights. The
litigous character of the French Canadian is well known. He
has an abstract love of law, and is ready to have recourse
to it on the slightest encouragement. There is no reason ta
think that this spirit was less active a century back than at
present.

Montreal appears at this epoch to have been pre-eminent
in the abuse of what was called the administration of
Justice, in the exaction of unlawful fees, and in having
a race of bailiffs who knew how to charge for their services.
It is said that on each case heard, a demand was made for
rent, for use of the ^Magistrate's rooms. It would be profit-
able precisely to know to what extent these assertions are
based on fact. That the abuses in the administration of

justice were serious is established. It is not equally certain to
what extent the character of them has been exaggerated.

The limits of the Province of Quebec were defined in
1764. There had been disputes as to what constituted its
•extent. With the memory of the war just closed, it could
not be looked for i-hat the British Provinces would abandon
their pretensions to territory which they had hitherto claimed
•and which had to be defined with regard to a conquered
Province. The country from Ticonderoga to Crown Point
•and northward along Lake Champlain had fallen into their
possession before the close of the war. Accordingly the
southern boundary of Canada was established at the 45th
parallel until it touches the St. Lawrence, which it was to
follow westward. An examination of the discussions which
led to this determination would still be of profit.

There is another doubtful point, which would repay exam-
ination. The attack on Fort Detroit in 1764 by Pontiac is well
known. Pontiac hated England with an inexplicable inten-
sity. The attack was foiled by the courage and determination
of the garrison. The Indians abandoned further attempts
on the Fort. Peace was made. During tlio contest 600
French Canadians were enlisted in the district of Quebec.
Their sympathies were called forth by the danger of their
•compatriots of Detroit. When they arrived peace prevailed.
It has been said that their services Avere ill requited. Was
such or not the case 1 Hitherto, little evidence has been
brought forward to sustain this half-made assertion.

The conviction is strongly forced upon all who in any way
refer to original documents, that much of the history of
Canada should be rewritten. The search of Mr. Brymner
in bringing to notice the extraordinary letter of Charles I.
12 June, 1631, throws a perfectly new light on the restitu-
tion of Canada to France at that early period of its history.

Two years previously Champlain capitulated to Kirke. It
is now established that the country was avowedly surren-
dered back by Charles, on condition that France would
immediately pay him the one-half of the marriafje portion of
Henrietta Maria, which he had not received. It is hard to
get over language of this character : " What wee chiefly
understand to put in balance yf not in contract against the-
porceon money is the rendition of Quebec in Canada." We
(juote the letter to Sir Charles Wake, the English ambas-
sador at Paris from the King. This letter is published at
length in the Archive Report of 1884.

Of Kirke, who took Quebec, there have been strange
misapprehensions. Ho is represented by French-Canadian
writers as a renegade Frenchman. He was of an English
family which still exists in Derbyshire. His father had'
commercial relations at Dieppe, and some of his children
were born there. Kirke started from London, one of the-
merchant adventurers, with a patent of Charles I. Quebec
was taken July, 1629, to be returned to France by the
treaty of St. Germaine en Laye, 1632.

There is one point on which it is desirable to lay some
stress, and at the same time express the hope that the matter
will be thoroughly investigated, and that is the career of the
French in Hudson Bay. Undoubtedly it is mixed up with
much fable. One writer has followed the other, and we
have ended by accepting as historical facts what are really
matters of great doubt, and what certainly, in one instance,,
cannot possibly have happened. Charlevoix may be named
as the authority for the assertion that Raddison and Des
Grosseliers passed from Lake Superior to Hudson Bay in
1667. Charlevoix, like any other writer, is simply an
authority for what came within his own knowledge and
experience. What on the other hand, is narrative of a pre-

tIous period, is only of value as it accords with the testimony-
bearing upon that period. A very little examination of dates
will show that any such proceeding was simply an impossi-
"bility. If the journey was made it must have been by
Michipicoten and Moose River. As early as 1641, the
Jesuit::, Jogues and Raymbault, were at the mouth of Lake
Superior, but it was not till 1669 that the mission of the
Sault S'3. Mary was established ; that of La Pointe, the
modern i^>ayfield, in 1670. Within the previous ten years
the country about Lake Superior had been explored. The
•Jesuits' map was given to the world in 1671, and it is evident
by the record of 1667, that at that date no white men had
settled on Lake Superior. It was in 1665 that Tracy reached
Canada ; the date when the French Government commenced
to take a direct part in its history. When he arrived the
country was on the verge of ruin ; its commerce had disap-
peared ; its inhabitants, few and scattered as they were, were
divided, and the country was so subject to the attacks of
Indians, that the daily labourer going to work had to be
guarded. In 1666, Tracy undertook his celebrated expedi-
tion against the Iroquois. It was not until 1668 that the
mission of the Bay of Quinte, near Kingston, was com-
menced, and not until about 1680 that Du Luth constructed
the Fort at the mouth of the Kaministiquia where Fort
William now stands. The Jesuit relations extend from 1635
to 1672. No mention is made of any such expedition up
the Michipicoten. Had there been such an expedition it
could not have escaped their observation, and certainly it
would not have passed out of their control. In 1669, Joliet
was sent by Talon to explore Lake Superior for minerals. In
1673, in company with Marquette, he discovered the Missis-
sippi. In 1682, LaSalle was sent out on his explorations,
which on this occasion ended with the discovery of the Ohio,

and during the whole of these events we hear nothing of a
definite and detailed statement of this expedition from Lake
Superior to James' Bay in 1667. Indeed, hazardous as it is
to assert a negative, the remark may be ventured that it
■could n^ver have taken place. The connection between
Quebec ana Hudson Bay at that date was solely by water,
following tl e St. Lawrence, coasting Labrador, and entering
Hudson's Siiraits. What French writers have been desirous
of proving was that the French held possession of Hudson
Bay prior to Gilliam's voyage in 1667. It was not until
1686 that the party from Montreal under the Chevalier de
Troyes attacked Fort Hayes, on Moose River. Never dream-
ing of an attack its sixteen inmates were in bed. The
expedition proceeded thence to Fort Rupert to repeat the
attack under like conditions. The whole aifair was a sur-
prise. The merit did not lie in taking the fort from a
handful of men, but in the expedition itself, which was
carried out through an untrod wilderness known in its main
•distance only to the Indian. It ascended the River Ottawa
to its head waters, and crossing the height of land, followed
the Abbitibi River to Hudson Bay. It called for endurance,
valour, and determination of no ordinary character.

The Archives Report for 1883 contains, among many
documents of value and interest, " Transactions between
England and France relating to Hudson Bay, dated 1687."
This paper is made public for the first time, having until
now been buried in the Record Office, London.

The Treaty of 1686, by virtue of whicli these negotiations
-were carried on, has long been known, but not the Memo-
randum in question. The claims of England and France are
•elaborately set forth in statement, reply, rejoinder, and co-
rejoinder. Every argument possible is adduced in the
reponse of the French to give weight to their claim to the

lis

II
ii

territory. No such claim is put forth as a discovery of
Hudson Bay waters by the way of Lake Superior. The
names of Raddison and DesGrossehers are mentioned on
three occasions certainly. No claim of such discovery Ly
them is advanced, although their treason to French interest*
and their subsequent pardon are named. What the French
did claim was that in 1656 Jean Bourbon sailed to Hudson
Bay and took possession of it; that in 1661 Per^ Dablon,.
with Sieur do la Valliere, with five soldiers, was sent back,
from Quebec with some Indians who had arrived from the'
Baye du Norde (presumably Hudson Bay) and planted a
cross there ; tliat in 1663 the Sieur Couture, with five
men made the journey from Quebec to the Baye du Nord,
and planted a cross. In 1671, however, St. Lusson, accom-
panied by Nicolas Perrot, as interpreter, went to Sault St.
Mary to meet the Ottawa and Northern Indians to receive
homage from them ; in ^^self presumptive evidence that nO'
overland journey previously had been made from Lake
Superior. The document in question clearly establishes that
at that date there was not even mention of a journey having
been made in 1667 from Lake Superior to Hudson Bay by
Raddisson and DesGrosseliers. This docuiuent is of great
value, and requires to be carefully studied. Nothing appears
to be known of the narratives of La Valliere and Couture.
It is believed that this criticism is now made for the first
time, find it is to be hoped that it will lead to a further in-
vestigation of the career of the French in Hudson Bay,
much of which is given with exaggeration. We almost
seem to be again wondering at the mythical labours of Her-
cules as we read the feats as they are recorded.

In tlius liaving described the present satisfju^tory condition
of our Canadian Archives, we must C(|ually bear in mind
that the early jirojifress of the Province of (Quebec in the palli
of Archaeology claims honourable mention, and tin; iiKjuircr
will meet the names of many engaged in its study command-
ing respect and attention, l^rinting was simply uid<no\vn
in the Frencli regime, but it is an error to sui)pose that
no eftbrt was made for the education of tlui peoj)le.
The fact is clearly established that special provision was
made in Montreal for the education of scliool-masters. Tiie
Institution on which this duty was imposed ceased to exist
about the (bite of the Conquest : L' Hopital General, and
its place was taken by the Sumrs G rises. As early as 1718,*
the freres Charon, so named after th, ir found r, were
lield to nourish and instruct eight pupils as teacliers,
receiving a sul^sidy for that puri)ose from the French
king. As these youth reached manhood they passed to
the country parishes as school-masters, giving instruction
gratuitously. Charlevoixf especially names the attainments

i :ll

*Vide. — Arret du Conseil d'Etat du roi. Donne a Park au inois de
F(5vrier 1718. Quebec Edition, 1854, Vol I, page 390.

Et qn'il seroit trus avantageux pour le bien du diocese do Quebec de
pouvoir former dans cet hointal des niaitres d'ecoles pour les envovcv
dans les paroissesde la cainpagne, etant d'ailleiu's informe que les jeunes
garyons manquent d'instruction dans notre dite colonic de Canada
pendant que les jeunes filles en resolvent par le nioyen des Scjeurs de la
Congregation qui sont etablies dans la i)lus grande partie des cures de
la cauipagne, nous avons resolu en confiruiant I'etablissement du dit
hopital d'autoriser particulifei-ement ceux qui le composent, et le coni-
poseront h. I'avenir a I'inat ruction des jeunes garoons et de donner a cet
hdpital un fonds pourl'entretien d'un certain nombre de maitres d'ecole.

tSans autre ressource que son courage et sa confiance en Dieu elle
f^Iarguerite Bourgeois] entreprit de procurer k toutes les jeunes per-
sonnes de son sexe, quelque pauvres et quelque abandonn^ea qu'ellea
fussent une Education qui n'ont point dans les royaumes les plus polices,
beaucoup de Filles meine de condition ; et elle y a rt^ussi au point qu'on

of tlie feinalo portion of the cominuiiity. The Edict estab-
lisliing these school-masters, s])eaks of the girls being well
cared for. The writer is informed by a reliable authority
who has taken pains to examine into the matter, that at the
beginning of tlie eighteenth century, the number of signa-
tures to the registers of marriages and baptisms, taking the
population relatively, is in excess of those which appeared
ten years ago. A proof — so far as teaching, reading and writ-
ing — that these schools attained this result : that the majority
of Frencli-Canadians at an early date could read and write.
With the higher classes it Avas ol)ligatory to have some
cultivation, even if the taste for letters did not exist ; cer-
tainly there is no trace in the correspondence of that date of
any deficiency of this character, setting orthography aside,
nor can one instance of incompetence and ignorance be
remembered on the part of those who occupied high posi-

voit toiijours avec un iiouvel etonneiuent de.s feimnes juaque dans le
8ein de I'indigeiice et do la luiseie parfaitement instniites de leur reli-
gion qui n^iijitorcnt rien ilc ce qn'cllcs doivent scavoir, pour s'occupcr utile-
meni dans leum Families et (lui par leurs nianiires, leur fagon de s'ex-
])rimer et leur politosse, ne lo cedent point a celles qui parnii nous ont
(it<^ elevt^es avec plus de suin. C'est la justice que rendent aux Fillesde
la Conynyation tons ceux qui ont fait qnelque sejour en Canada.

Chahlkvoix, tome I, p. 343, Liv. VIII, [KwO], Paris, 1744.
[The Italics are the writer's.]

While on the subject of Canadian womanhood, under the French
rcffime, it will not be inappropriate to repeat the remarks of Peter
Kalm, who was in Canada in 174i). Kalm's sympathies were strongly
with French feeling in every respect.

"The difference between the manners and customs of the French in
Montreal and Canada, and those of the Ent/lish in the J.«iencart colo-
nies is as great as that between the manners of those two nations in
Europe. The women in general are handsome here ; they are well-
bred and virtuous, with an innocent and becoming freedom. They
dress out very fine on Sundays, and though on the other days they do
not tai'.G much pains with other parts of their dress, yet they are very
fond ot adorning their heads, the hair of which is always curled and

tions. Printing first took form after tlie Conquest. The
Quohfic Gazdte was published 21st June, 1764. It was
projected in Philadelphia by "William lirown and Thomas
(lilmore. The latter went to England to purchase typo and
press, the former came to Canada to obtain subscribers.
Kvents, however, were not tending to create sympathy with
oilucation. The future was full of difficulty. Tiie United
States, as united Colonies, had learned the strength they
possessed when acting together, and the public men were
impatient of Imperial control. The ^linistry in power in
England, — it is a farce to call them statesmen, — seem in no
way to have known the problem with which they had to
<Ioal. The crisis needed a delicate, if it called for a firm
hand, and selection should have been made of the wisest and
most experienced of public men to cope with the emergency.

i -r

l)owdered, and ornamented with glittering bodkins and aigrettes.
Every day but Sunday they wear a little neat jacket, and a short
petticoat which hardly reaches half the leg, and in this particuhir
they seem to imitate the Indian women. The heels of their shoes
are high and very narrow, and it is surprising how they walk on
them. In their knowledge of economy they greatly surpass the
English women in the plantations, who have indeed taken the
liberty of throwing all the burden of liousekeeping upon their
husbands, and sit in their chairs all day witli folded arms. The
women on the contrary do not spare themselves, es])ecially among
the common people, where they are always in the fields, meadows,
stables, &c., and do not dislike any work whatsoever. However,
they seem rather remiss in regard to the cleaning of the utensils
and apartments ; for sometimes the floors both in the town and
country were hardly cleaned once in six months, which is a dis-
agreeable sight to one who conies from amongst the Dutch and
EtKjlish, where the constant scouring and scrubbing of the floors is
reckoned as important as the exercise of religion itself. To prevent
the thick dust which is thus left on the floor from being noxious to
the health, the women wet it several times a day, which renders it
more consistent, repeating the operation as often as the dust is dry
and rises again. Upon the whole, however, they are not averse to

If any argument be needed to show how powerless Court
control is to meet a national emergency, it is the reign of
George III. Particularly in the early years of the rcign^
when Court favour alone traced the path to distinction. The
fienerals sent to the United States, are to-day remembereil
only by their professional incom])etence, and their want of
military capacity ; the English Ministers by their obstinate
folly and dreary ignorance of statesmanship. It may be
remarked that the principles of Constitutional Colonial
Government were unknown, that they had to be " learned
by suffering." JUit the diihculties with the United States,
in the first instance, could have been overcome by tact, for-
bearance and firmness so to influence the great mass of the

the taking a part in all the business of housekeejiing, and I have
with pleasure seen t lo daughters of the better sort of peoj)le, and
of the Governor liiinself, not too finely dresHed, and going into
kitchens and cellars to look that everything bo done as it ought.
Vol. II. pp. 224-5.

All the women in the country, without exception, wear caps of some-
kind or other. Their jackets are short, and so are their petticoats,
which scarce reacli down to the middle of their legs ; and they have a
silver cross hanging down on the breast. In general, however, they
are very laborious ; however, I saw some who, like the English women
in the colonies, did notliiiig but prattle all the day. When they have
anything to do within doors they (especially the girls) commonly sing
songs in which the words amour and canir are very frequent. In the
country it is usual that when the husband receives a visit from persona
of rank, and dines with them, his wife stands belaud and serves him j
but in the towns the ladies are more distinguished, and would willingly
assume an equal, if not a superior power to their husbands. When
they go out of doors they wear long cloaks, which cover all their other
clothes, and are either grey, brown or blue. The men sometimes make
\ise of them when they are obliged to go in the rain. The women have
the advantage of being in a deshabille under these cloaks without anj'-
body's perceiving it. Vol. II. pp. 244-45.

Travels into North America, &c., &c., by Peter Kalm.

Translated by John Reinhold Forster. London, 1772.

people that they would not hiivo heon dupes to the special
pleiiding of tlie men of the stamp of Jefferson, who wen;
actuated more hy personal ends than by patriotism. It w;is
the blunders of the l£ome Government which gave tliese men
strength. How can any of us in Canada to-day, without in
dignation, read the title of the monstrous Act of 1707 ^
■** For restraining the people of New York from passing anv
Act till they had complied with the Act of Parliament fnr
the furnishing His Majesty's troo[)s with tli? necessaries
required by the Act : and for putting American duties into
the hands of Commissioners." Uefore three years had ex-
pired the troops under Cai)tain l*reston had fired upon the
mob in Boston, and three men had fallen dead. Canadi;ui
sympathy is in a marked degree against New York in this
point of the quarrel. That Province refused *-) furnish bar-
racks to the troops cpiartereil there. How easy might this
paltry dilference have been accommodated with a little
judgment and forbearance !

These events are alluded to, to show what influences were
at work on the continent to direct men's minds to other
views than the Arts of Peace. It is true that at this date
news travelled slowly. ])Ut the communication passed l\v
the same route as when Tracy chastised the Mohawks; by
water from Xew York to Albany, thence along the banks of
the Hudson to Fort Edward, and thence to Lake George.
The portage was made to Ticonderoga, and Lake Champlain
followed to Saint Joim's, for the road to l.)e taken by
Chambly to Longueuil. In 1783, peace was made, Avith the
loss to Great Britain of the southern part of the continent.

It is easy to conceive that for the first thirty years
after the Conquest, literature could take but slight root in
a country passing through such an ordeal as Canada had to
outlive. The early years of British rule were full of ditficulty.

There cannot be a doubt that Murray's description of the
early years of his government must be accepted as the truth.
The problem of government was not only misunderstood
but disregarded in the appointment of the first officials. But
the grievous error of that day was certainly not long con-
tinued or repeated. The men who followed the first comer*
were not only marljed by groat ability, but they were dis-
tinguished by high personal character. Prominent among
them may be mentioned Maseres, Marriott* and Grant ; and
the early establishment of settled institutions by the Canada
Act of 1774 is a proof of the earnest desire of the Imperial
Government to establish an honest and able admin., .atioii
of affairs. It may be easily recognized how the whole
ability of the country was turned to the consideration of the
system of law, and of civil institutions which were to prevail.

*Oneof the earliest books after the conquest is "Plan of a Code of
Laws for the Province of Quebec, reported by an Advocate General.
London, 1774." It is the production of Mr. Marriott, Advocate Greneral.
and was published duriiig the discussions which originated from the-
proposed passage of the Quebec Act. During the first years succeeding
the conquest there was undoubtedly great difference of oi)inion with
regard to the Code of Laws, and tlie princii)les of Government which
should be followed in Canada. The difficulties which arose about this
time in Boston, Philadelphia and New Yt>rk, exercised no little in-
rtuence on the legislation of the new Province. The Archives Report
1883, p. 1), alludes to this "Plan of a Code of Laws," and points out
that several of the Law Reports of the Law officers of the Crown are
missing in the volumes bearing upon Canadian History from the
Conquest to 1774, at the same time suggesting that they may be found
at the Privy Council Office. Mr. Brymncr pertinently remarks, "A»
the various reports and other documents relate to the Quebec Act of
1774, it is very desirable that they should be all accessible here togetlier
with the other papers as bear uiwn the same subject," We are, how-
ever, acquainted with nuich of both Wedderburn's and Thurlow's.
Reports, extended extracts being given in Christie's History, vol. 1. pp.
43, 45, and pp. 40, 03.

The war of Independence followed to throw its gloom
over Canada. The one thought then became to defend llu;
country from aggression. The Peace of Versailles of 1783
first furnished breathing time to the Province. Material
interests alone were thought of, and what mental activity
was called into being, was entirely devoted to the considera-
tion of the political requirements of the hour, the discussions
concerning which, to some extent. Were silenced by tlu;
Quebec Act of 1791.

In 1792, 17th December, the House of Assembly met f(->r
the first time in ]»ritish America, and from that date tin;
literary activity of Canada may be traced. The first produc;-
tion the writer has seen was the " Quebec Magazine or useful
and entertaining Repository of Science, florals. History,
Politics, &c., partici'^arly adapte I for the use of lU'itisli
America, by a society of gentleme.i in Quebec." The lir.st
number appeared 1792, 1st Aug'.ist. The last number seen
by the writer is February, 1794. It forms three volumes,
and was published by Samuel Neilson, Quebec.

Le Godi , :r de Quebec appeared 3rd January, 1807, by
Mr. Young, Quebec. It was published on Wednesdays and
Saturdays. It is not known that it existed for more than
half-a-year. One volume only has been met with.

Le Canadien belongs to this date. Its lirst numb(!r
appeared on tlie 22n(l November, 1801^, tlie last, 14th ^lartli,
1810, Avlien under warrant >f Chief Justice Sewell a i)arty of
soldiers witli a magis^ra^i' i>ii>V possession of tlu; printing
office, presses, type and o.ij "r. It Avas su[i[)r('sse(l. Tlic
prhiter and three mem1)ers of the Assembly Avere arrested
as the owners of a treasonable journal. The oiu; arbitrary,
unprovoked, discreditable act which isa stain on the escutchetju
of r)ritisli rule in Canada.

;Mr. H. jNIeziere commenced VAbe.ill". Canadicnne Journal
de Lifteraiure et des Sciences, 1st August, 1818.

((

Eight journals are spoken of by the editor at that date as
being published in English and French in Canada.

They were as follow to the number of seven : —
Quebec Gazette, established 21st June, 1764.

5th January, 1805.

12th August, 1817.

3rd August, 1795.

1st June, 1813.

19th October, 1811.

1st October, 1816.

((

3Ie7'C7iri/,

La Gazette de Trois Rivieres,

Montreal Gazette,
Spectator,
IL'rald,
Aurore,

The eighth must be left for the examination of the readers
of this essay. Ko trace can be found of it, unless it be the
AJieille itself,

Le Spnctateur Canadien was published by Messrs. C. B,
Pasteur ife Co. The first number appeared on the 1st June,
1813, it was continued until 3rd February, 1821.

It has been said that the Montreal Gazette was first pub-
lished in 1795. There were, however, two unsuccessful
attempts to estal)]ish it ten years previously.

There d(jes not njipear any note when an English printing
press was cstablislied in Montreal. " Bibaud Jeune," in his
Inditations de Vliistoire mentions French printing to have
commenced in 1777, — the Gazette Litteraire* de Fleury
Mesplet ap])eared in 1778.

The various journals and papers of Lower Canada are
marked l)y the s))irit of three epochs, into Avhich the history
of Canada is divided, viz. : — from tlie Conquest and settle-

*L'a]Tivee en Canada de M. Fleury Mesplet impriineur Frangais
qui avait exerco son art h, Philadelphia fmu'nit aux Canadiens Tocca-
sion de faire voir qu'ils n'etaient pa3 auasi strangers h, la litt^rature et
aux sciences, qu'ou Tavaient cru ou feint de le croire. La proposition
qu'il fit de publier une feuille hebdomadaire fut accueillie favorable-
inent et le premier num^ro de la Gazette Litteraire (pour la ville et le

ment of Government on the establishment of the new regime
to the Constitutional Act of 1791 ; from this date until the
events of 1837-38 and to the Union of 1841: thence to
Confederation in 1867. Until the first meeting of the Legis-
lature little can be traced of literary effort. The Quebec
Gazette of 1764 is the one record remaining. From the date
of Parliamentary Government there lias been a continual
increasing political and social literature. The first efforts
are by no means petty or mean. They can be read to-day
with profit. There are few volumes of that date published
in any country superior to the Quebec Magazine of 1792.
Its writers were men of education, and wrote with ability,
and discretion. With a larger public it would have gained
a support permanently to sustain it. It failed, not from
want of ability, but from tlie narrow field of its circulation,

district de Montreal) parut le 3 juin 1778. Plusieurs des essais qui rem-
plirent les colonnes de ce journal jiendant la duree de sa jiublication
qui fut d'une annee font honneur au jugcment et au bon godt de
leurs auteurs.

BiBAUD, Histoire du Canada, II, p. 78.

The first book published in Canada is generally believed to be
CaUchisme da Diocese de Sens imprime a Quebec, chez Brown et Gilmour,
1765. The latter were the proprietors of the Quebec Gazette. A copy
was exhibited at the Caxton celebration, at Montreal, 20-29 June, 1877,
by Mr. Justice Baby. The first book published in Montreal is sup-
posed to be Ileylemt. ( de la Coti/rerie de f Adoration PerpetucUe da
^aint Sacrement et de in Bonne Mort, chez F. Mesplet et C. Berger,
Montreal, 177C. Three copies were exhibited at the Caxton Exhibition
by the Numismatic Society of Montreal, by M. Latourand Mr. Sheriff
Chauveau.

If the date be correct, there was a printing iiress in operation
in 1776.

The second book published in Canada has relation to the Walker
affair, and the o[)inion is forced ujxin the student of our history, that
the publication was dictated by the political exigencies of tlie period.
The very title is suggestive of this theory. "The Trial of Daniel
Desney, Esq., Captain of a company in His Majesty's ■^\i\i Regiment

that it could not possibly be remunerative. It will be felt
by all who turn to these early productions that the tone in
language, style and matter is really of a higher horizon than
the general press writing of to-day. One curious production
of a somewhat later date is the Free Press, published at
Burlington, Vermont. It bears the name of Lewis Luke
^lacculloh. The first number was dated 10th October, 1822,
—No. 47, 4th September, 1823,— No. 48, 24th June, 1824.
It is believed that this number is the last.

Of the same character is the Scribbler, " A series of weekly
Essays published in Montreal, L.C., on Literary, Critical,
Satirical, !Moral and Local sulyects, interspersed with pieces

of Foot, and Town Major of the Garrison at Montreal, at the Session
of the Supreme Court of Judicature holden at Montreal on Saturday,
the 28th day of February, and thence continued by adjotirnments to
Wednesday, the 11th day of March, 17G7, before the Honourable
William Hey, Esq., Chief Justice of the Province of Quebec, \ipon an
indictment containing t\i'o charges, the one for a burglary and felony in
breaking and entering in Mr. Thomas Walker's house, at Montreal, on
the night of the ()th day of December in the year 17C4, with an intention
to murder the said Thcmias Walker ; the other for feloniously and of
malice aforethought, cutting off the right ear of the said Thomas
Walker, with intention thereby to disfigure him, against the form, of the
Statute 22 and 23 Car. II, Cap. I, in that case made and provided.
(Quebec, printed by Brown & CHlmour, 1707." It consists of 46 pages.
!Mr. Francis Masbres prosecuted on i)art of the Crown as Attorney-
( General. Mr. Morrison, Mr. Gregory and Mr. An tell were counsel <"' »•
the prisoner. The prisoner was found not guilty by the Jury, "after
withdrawing for about half an hour." The ojjening address and reply
of Maseres are given in full.

According to Nova Scotian writers, printing was introduced in
Halifax, seven years after its foundation by Cornwallis, 1749. Isaac
Curry estaVilished a printing press in 175(). The first Nova Scotian
newspaper was the Nova Scotia Chronicle or Wcckh/ Gazette, published
January, 1709, by Anthony Henry, edited by Captain Buckley.
Henry subsequently became Queen's Printer, the first apjiointment of
the kind in British America as it is now constituted. He died only
in 1800.

of poetry by Lewis Luke Macculloh, Esq. : published by
James Lane in Montreal, and to be had of the proprietor by
Samuel H. Wilcocke in Burlington, Vermont in 182n." The
writer can find no other trace of Macculloh. It appears,
however, not unusual at that date to have pamphlets pub-
lished in Burlington. The writer is in possession of a short
treatise on the *' jNIetrical Systems of Horace, arranged on a
new and simplified plan by the Rev. F. J. Lundy, S.C.L.,
Late Scholar of University College, Oxford, and Head-master
of the Quebec Classical School, published at Burlington, Vt.,
by Chaunccy Goodrich, 1838."

Le Spedateur Canadien was a weekly paper published
in Montreal by C. B. Pasteur ^ Co. No. 1 appeared 1st
June, 1813 — the last number 3rd February, 1821. James
Lane, publisher ; M. Bibaud, editor. Lane was the pub-
lisher of the Scribbler. Could Lewis L. Macculloh be a
nam cle plume of the versatile elder liibaud !

V Aurore weekly appeared in Montreal in October, 1816,
the last number, 12th September, 1818.

The first Medical journal was published in Quebec in the
latter half of the year 1835, Journal de Medecin de Quebec.
The first editor was Doctor Xavier Tessier.

La Bibliotheque Canadienne, published monthly, extends
to nine volumes, from June, 1825, to 15th June, 1830. It
Ijears the honoured name of Michel Bilxuid. It was followed
by L'Obscrcateu)' ci decant La lUblioflu'(pie Ganadienui'.
The first number appeared 10th July, 1830, the last 2ud
July, 1831.

Le Ma;/ami du Bas Canada Journal Littevaire et Scicn-
tifique consists of two volumes : January to December, 1832.

VEncydopedie Canadienne Journal Littcraire ct ^cienii-
Jique commenced March, 1842, and closed February, 1843-

The Vol. I. seen by the writer bears the additional note of
Mr. Jacques Viger " et unique."

The Canadian Magazine and Literary Repository, Mont-
real, printed by N. Mower, was published in 1823 from
July to December ; six numbers.

The Canadian Revieio and Literary and Historical Journal
consists of four volumes, and extends from July, 1824, until
February, 1826,

These volumes contain much of the political history of
Canada.

Previous to turning to those names which stand out from
the writers of that date reference may Ijo made to the
early histories of Canada. The first historical treatise is the
memorial of Boucher to Colbert in advocacy of the necessity
of retaining Canada by France, after its compicst by Kirke.
It appeared in 1G61. Hixtoire veritable et natnrelle des
mceiirs et i)rodnctions de la nonmlle France vahjairement dit
le Canada. This treatise was translated by the late Mr.
Montizambcrt, of tlio Senate, one of the descendants of
Boucher. It has been published for private circulation In
Memoriam of the translator ; a man held in all respects of
life in the highest estimation.

The ccX^hxAte'l Relations des Jesiiites extend from 1632 to
1672. They were published at various dates in Rouen and
Paris, the last appearing in 1673. Subsecpient additions,
1672 to 1679, which remained in IMS. have been published
by Mr. Shea, of New York. The father of our early history
is Charlevoix, and he has been followed implicitly by most
writers. Charlevoix: wrote with the advantage of knowing
Canada well, and lie had access to many documents which,
with his own observations, enabled him to judge events with
discrimination. He was a man of genius, power and keen
penetration, and as a practised writer his history must ever

occupy a distinguished place in our annals. It has been the
coil around which all subsequent writers have entwined their
narrative.

Of the early days of Canada, up to 1629, we have Chani-
jilain's own remarkable productions, together with the works
of Sagard, 1636, who was present at the surrender of Quebec
to Kirke. L'Escarbot narrates what he gathered together
from other sources, for out of Port Royal he is no direct
authority. There is no responsible historical writer until
1691, Christien LeClerq, whose " Etablissement de la Foi"
was published at that date. There is a story that this work was
suppressed by the. Jesuits, and that only a few copies remain :
some six or seven are named. The work is undoubtedly
scr.rce, but there is nothing in its pages to support this as-
sertion for the destruction of this volume could not do aAvay
with the fact that the Recollets came to the country in 1615^
the Jesuits in 1625. The advent of the latter was not an
agreeable event to any one in French Canada, Champlain
included. Le Clerq tells us how the Recollets were warned
that precedence would be obtained by the new comers,
' erant novissimi primi ' and that P^re Noyrot made '■Houtes
les promisses de reconnaissance et icnion.'^

This history carries us up to 1675, when Bishop Laval
came to Canada, with Duchesneau as Intendent. It gives
also the discoveries of La Salle, of the mouth of the Missis-
sippi, and his death in 1687. It closes with an account of the
repulse of Phipps before Quebec, 1690. It is dedicated to
Frontenac, the best known of French Governors, who died in
Quebec, 1698, 28th December, and whose bones lie in the
Church of the Recollets. His heart, he directed should be
sent back to France, which, it is said, his wife refused to
receive, with the remark that as she did not possess it living,
she could not accept it lifeless. So it was returned to Canada.

lii.

The well-known history of Charlevoix appeared in 1744,
and consists of three volumes.

The History of Canada by M. L'Abbe Belmont, Superior
■of the Seminary, Montreal, between 1713-1724, was pult-
lished, for the first time, among the historical documents
of the Historical Society of Quebec. Tt is mentioned Ijy
Charlevoix. Commencing at the foundation of Quebec in
1603, it is continued till the peace made by M. de Callieres
in 1699. It may be said to close with the death of Fron-
tenac. It is a work without the least pretension, consisting
•of only thirty-six l)ages, and is little more than a mere series
of paragraphic memoranda, probably written as an aido
memoire for himself and the ecclesiastics of *^^he Seminary.

Mention must be made of the missing volume of the
Memoirs of Bishop Laval. The work is known to have con-
sisted of two volumes. It was written by the Abbe Latour,
sometime Vicar-General of Quebec. M. Latour is also known
to have corrected the MS. of the Histuire de V Hotel Dieu
de Quebec, published at Montaubon in 1751. The avowed
author of the latter is the Soeur Juchereau de St. Ignace.

The first volume of the Life of Bishop Laval was published
nominally at Cologne, 1761. The second volume known to
be written has never appeared. The question has often been
asked, Has the book been deliberately suppressed ? If so, who
were interested in the suppression 1 It has been said that
the family of the second Bishop St. Vallier were opposed to
the publication.

The first history after the Conquest is that of Herriott.
*' The History of Canada from its first discovery, comprehend-
ing an account of the original establishment of the Colony of
Louisiana by George Herriott, Esq., Deputy Postmaster-
General of British America, Vol. I. London, 1804."

liook I to VIII takes up the narrative to the death of ^M.
e Vaudreuil.

Book IX to XI is devoted to Louisiana proper.

Little need be said of it beyond tliis description to show
its character.

It was followed by the

" History of Canada from its first discovery to the year
1791. By William Smith, Esq., Clerk of Parliament, and
Master in Chancery of tlie Province of Lower Canada.
John Neilson, Quebec, 1815." This history, so far as
the first volume is concerned, M'as of use to those
who were unable to read the French of Charlevoix.
It contains, however, few new facts, how much soever
the colouring of them may have been varied. The second
volume dwelt on the events following the Conquest, and by
linking them together tended to the preservation of their
record. It is to Mr. Smith we owe the account of the
AValker affair, and to the extraordinary mutiny at Quebec in
1763 j and at that day its production had doubtless no
little influence on historical research. Its appearance, more-
over, was of value in drawing attention to the early history
of the country at a period when the struggle for existence of
Great Britain in the Continental wars of the first years of
the century, with the colossal genius of Napoleon made every
fact subordinate to the thought arising from that struggle.
The book, however, must be regarded rather as a monument
of past than of present service.*

*There is a tradition in the family with which the writer is con-
nected by marriage that Mr. Smith borrowed an important MS. from
Mr. Lindsay, then Collector of Customs at the Port of St. John's on
the Richelieu, on the History of Canada, which, from having been
lost or mislaid was never returned.

,«,iy«ff*

There is another history of Canada, by Mr. Perrault,.
exceedingly unpretending, but of merit, and at this date,
but indilferently remembered. It was published at intervals.
Its title desi ibes its character, Ahrege de Vliistuire du Canada,
Premiere I'artie. Dcpnis m deamvertc jusqu' cl sa amquete
par les Anglais en 1759 et 1760. liedige par Joseph F.
Ferrau/ty Fronotairc, a Vasage des Ecoles Elementaircs.
Quebec, 1831.

The second part was published in 1830 \sic\ From the-
establishment of a Legislative Assembly until 1815.

Part three and four appeared in 1833. From the departure
of General Prevost, to that of Lord Dalhousie.

Part five inl 836. From the departure of Lord Dalhousie ta
the arrival of Lord Gosford and tJie Royal Commission. When
nearly eighty, Mr. Perrault published his Autobiography —
*' written without glasses " — at the request of Lord Aylmer,
to whom it is dedicated. Mr. Perrault's name frequently is
met in the political literature of this date, and mention
of him conveys tlie idea of his being in all respects an hon-
ourable and estimable man.

Mr. Bibaud's history appeared at various intervals. The
first volume in 1837. Histoire du Canada sous la domina-
tion Francaise. The second volume in 1844. Histoire dit
Canada et des Canadiejis sous la domination Anglaise. The
third volume, edited by his son, Dr. Bibaud, in 1878. It
includes the administration of Lord Aylmer and Lord Gosford..

Mr. Bibaud's name, with that of his friend, Mr. Jacques-
Viger, must always occupy the highest place in Canadian
literature ; and with all his multifarious writings, it is on the
second volume of his history that his fame will chiefly rest.
It is, as its title sets forth, a history of Canada and the
Canadians, and we know many facts which he has chronicled
which otherwise might have passed into oblivion ; and he i»

careful to include incidental notices of the progress of tho
country, and much which bears upon the habits and tone of
thought of that period. "Writing of the events whicfi sprung
from the disputes concerning the vote on the revenue fmni
1818 to 1835, he records these events with judgment, temper
and moderation. The motto he a])plied to his history showed
that he did not hold the French-Canadian party as a perfectly
blameless band of patriots, " Iliacos intva muros peccatur et
extra. The italics are the writers. From the judicial tono
of Mr. Bibaud's mind, his memory is not popular with
French-Canadian writers. But his honourable and useful
life furnishes an example, worthy of imitation, to men both
of English and French descent. Mr. Bibaud was born in
1782. He died in 1857. Ho lived in a time when it was
thought something to have the education of a gentleman,
and he attained to the position of a good scholar. He was
early cast into literary pursuits, and ho followed them to the
very last days of liis life. His industry was remarkable.
He literally died in harness, for at the ago of seventy-five, ho
was engaged to translate into French Sir "William Logan's
Geological Reports, a work which could only be performed by
one knowing the subject on which he was writing. Mr.
Bibaud published a volume of poems, and it is really difficult
to say on what subject of the day he did not touch. Ho
was one of the first who desired that French should be writ-
ten in purity in Canada,* and not be a hanjuinage of imported

*En consequence de Tignorance ou de la negligence de nos premiers
traducteurs* nos livres de statuts, nos journaux parlementaires et nos
autres documents officiels sont farcis de termes qui ne sont rien moins
que fran(;ais la oti ils se trouvent. Au lieu de chercher dans un bon
dictionnaire la signification des mots anglais (ju'lls avaient sous lea yeux
ces nonchalants traducteurs se sont laisso guider par la simple ressem-
blance du son ou de I'orthographe. Chez eux lietoiir (traduction litt^rale
de return) signifie rapport officiel; Mappeler (de to repeal) r^voquer,

! i

phrases, and lio ondoavouroAl so to mould his own stylo. Mr.
Jjibiiud's account of tlio Clovernmont of Lord Didliousio,
cxtundin<,' from 1820 to 1828, may bo ranked among the
most valuuhle of his contributions to history.*

^Ir. Christie's history is the only additional work to be
mention(;d within this date.

The hrst volume was published in 18-48 ; the sixth and
last in 1855. It may however with pro[)riety bo included
within the limits of the period ol the histories alluded to,
marked by the character and the tone of the political ethics
which then prevailed. It is little more than the narrative of
events, intcrs[)ersetl with documents of importance. The last

abroger, annuler ; Aitpoiiitvr (do to appohit) noinmer h im eniploi ;
Dimtttre (de to denmiKit) dcstitucr ; Iiixtuiice cxeniplo, occasion, etc.,
vol. II, J). 215. M. Bibiiud, on one occasion, certainly erred in the
oit[)osite direction, " dej.\ pliisiturs belles barques ?i vapeur vaguaient
Hur le Saint Laurent entro (Quebec et Montreal : " (sic) dea pyroscopes de
nioindres dimensions sillonnaient les eaux, etc., p. 217. Mr. Bibaud
evidently disliked the, term bateau H vapeur. So ho turned to the
(in-ak ])nr({\vv) xkaphiniix skill") for a word he could introduce. He gives
a par.agraph shewing the style of that date, " M. Lee et M. Blanchet
out ete pour la liste civile et ont ett^ jmur Ics niesuros pottr la defense de
la province ot (mt ettS pour qu'il filt prit des mesures pour I'education,"
etc., p. 208.

* We are indebted to him that the following is ])laced on record.

La haine que certains journalistes nourrissaient et paraissaient
vouloir inspirer contre Lord Dalhousie, leur faisait accueillir comnie
plaisanteries de bon gofit et du bon ton, des (juolibets ou calembourgs
que sous une impression diffcrente, ils n'auraient pas crus recevables.

En voyant ce matin (12 Novembre) la ceremonie qui a eu lieu a
I'occasion du monument que Ton ^Ibve a Wolfe et Montcalm, j'ai songe
comme suit ; si jiar une figure de rht^toriquo Wolfe et Montcalm reve-
naient en ce monde ne diraient-ils pas ; " Helas ! vanit6 des vanitds, nous
esperions une i)lace parmi les heros, et Ton fait de nous en Canada des
admiratours de patatea, des planteura de choux et des gardes-ldgumes
dang le potager du gouverneur : "

" Jadis dans les combats balan^ant le destin,
Voilh. Wolfe et Montcalm priapes d'un jardin.

A moi la medaille otferte." Vol. II, p. 357.

volume, imletMl the most valuablo of the collection, consists
entirely of public docunionts, which extend from the time of
Mr. Masiires to 1855. They princii)ally relate to the times
of Sir James Craig and Lord J)alhousie. The history is
of value from the information it gives with regard to the
earlier legislation, and the many notes appertaining to pass-
ing events, and fro(|uent minor statistical notices. It also
contains much gtmoral information. Mr. Christie leaves tln»
im]M'ess of his perfect truth and lioncsty of purpose.

Prominent in the list of writers after the Conquest, is
Francis Maseres, for some time A'orney-Cfcneral of Quebec.
lie was of a Huguenot family, and lived to the advanced age
of ninety-three, dying on the 19th May, 1S24. A Cam])riilgi'
man, he was a mathematician of researcli and ability. In
Canada, he is known by his political writings, especially by
the " Freeholder." No one who pretends to write the history of
Canada can ignore the evidence of much which ho records
i\s passing in the Canada of his day. There is a remarkable
essay on the nohlesse of Canada, llis theory was that tlu!
French language should in no way be encouraged, autl that
French institutions should be gradually moulded to the
spirit of the British constitution. Any discussion regarding
these opinions is out of place in this essay, llis works extend
over seven volumes. They were publisluid between 1772-71).

Among the archaeologists of a later date, Dr. Fisher de-
serves marked mention. lie was a man of unusual attain-
ments, and as the author of the well-known epitaph on
AVolfe and ^lontcalm'^ will not soon be forgotten. He Avas a

*Althou<ifh often published it is repeated here :

WOLFK. ]MoNT('Al-\r.

MouTKM Viinrs Commlnkm
Famam Histokia

MONIJMKNTUM roSTElUTAS
DEDTT

A.D. 1827.

^jiJ^k;-'^ V1--.V ■

scholar of undoubtecl merit, a writer of force and power, anJ
of most fascinating manners. He was one of the principal
instruments by which the Quebec Literary and Historical
Society obtained its high reputation. He came to Canada
in 1831, at the instigation of Lord Dalhousie, to edit the
Gazette. He died ;)t sea in 1849, when returning from
England.

But among the archaeologists of Quebec, one name espe-
cially arises, that of Mr. Jaci^ues Viger. If not the father of
Canadian Archseology, his memory will remain in marked
prominence in the list. There Avas a knot of men at that date
who peculiarly made the subject a study. Mr. Bibaud has
been mentioned ; beside him was to be found his friend and
coUahorateur Mr. Viger, but with this distinction that Mr.
Viger was a born collector and antiquarian, Mr. Bibaud a
man of letters.

Of the same character were IMr. Dennis B. Viger, who
moreover played a distinguished part in political life, and
whose career was without a blemish or o taint — si sic semper.
His contributions to literature are not signed, and have no
distinguishing mark ; Mr. Dominique Mondelet, whose con-
tributions to the Bibliotheque Canadienne are marked by the
initials ^. T. ; Dr. Jacques Labrie who signed himself L. ;
Mv. Louis Plamondon, knowii undei the letters S. H. ; Mr.
Jacques Viger signed himself S. 11. These gentlemen have
left many valuable contributions to the political history of
the time. One name, however, must be ranged side by side
Avith that of INIr. Viger, that of Mr. J. B. Faribault. Mv.
Taribault was Deputy Clerk of the House of Commons, and
was an active member of the Historical Society of Quebec.
Most of the introductions to the historical publications of
the Society were written by him, and the majority of the
notes were from hi? pen. In 1837, he published his Cata-

logue of Works on the History of America, particularly with
regard to that of Canada, Louisiana and Acadia, with
biographical, critical and literary notes. The work is difficult
to be obtained. A reprint, with additions up to date, would
be of the highest value. Why cannot such a work be pro-
duced by competent parties 1 Mr. de Celles, of the Parlia-
mentary Library, is perfectly cajmble of undertaking this
duty.

No student of the History of Canada but must own his
■deep obligations to the labours of ^Ir. Faribault.

If mention can be made of ^Ir. Jacques Viger, it is owing
to the great kindness and liberality of the writer's accom-
plished and learned friend the Abbe Ycrrault, one of the
first of Canadian Archaeologists. It is not an exaggeration
to state, that nowhere can such a collection of MSS. and
books bearing upon the History of Canada be found, as in
his library. There are, doubtless, more extensive collections
of books on "America." But this collection of this northern
portion of the History of the Continent is simply unique.
And these books — with rare old editions — blended with
modern works up to date, with fine binding, the MS. as-
sorted, the pamphlets* bound are ranged systematically on

* Those who are collecUng pamphlets may not disdain to be told
that the modern mode of binding is to bind them with the paper cover
bearing the title. The second blank cover is not included. The posses-
sion of this cover commercially adds to the value. A friend of the
writer seeing a rare P^nglish pami)hlet advertised for in the " Book-
seller," and possessing it, offered his copy iov sale, for it was without
his special collection. He received the reply that if it possessed the
-cover it would fetch three times the amount it would otherwise do. It
was without the cover, so he received only sixty shillings instead of a
ii\uch larger sum. In old days binding was a fine art. The works of
•Grolier in France, of Roger Paine in England, yet fetch high prices at
auctions as binding. In Canada it has not kept pace with other arts,
and in our Exhibitions more atteation should be given to the subject,

shelves, indexed and catalogued. What a record of patient
labour does this work present. Any inquiry for a book is
followed immediately by its presence, so admirably and sys-
tematically the whole is arranged.

The Abb6 Verrault was good enough to extend to the writer
a most cordial and kindly welcome, to receive him for some
days as a guest in the institution over which he so devotedly
and worthily presides, and without stint or restraint to admit
reference to these books and MS., and especially to those of
Mr. Jacques Viger. The courtly yet simple grace of Mr.
Verrault's manners, his readiness to impart information, the
extent of his reading, his sound learning, his natural acute-
ness sharpened by travel and intercourse Avith all kinds of
men, made these few days a pleasurable incident in the-
writer's mind not easily to be forgotten. By these means
he is enabled to speak more fully of Mr. Viger. Some-
literary friends of the writer have thought that the oppor-
tunity should not be allowed to pass without special mention
of him, that an essay of this character would be incomplete
without allusion to Mr. Viger's labours. And these results-
must not be judged by the standard of what we know to-day..

especially in the matter of t)idiiiary binding, for even to-day very fin&
binding can be produced at a very high price. The binder is an artist in
many respects. Certainly in keeping a seri'.'S of books of the same size
and not cutting them down \inequally. We have fortunately in Ottawa
a very worthy representative of the art in its best days, Mr. Ruthven,.
of Messrs. Hope & Co. 's establishment, who observes all the minutioe
with the greatest care and attention, while his work is unexceptionable.
It is believed that the earliest ancient binding known is that of a copy
of " Sancti Hieronyni Epistohe ;" the words stamped at the extremity
of the binding towards the edge of the squares are

lUigatus est Anno Domini, 1469.

Per me Johannem.

Richenbach Capellanum,

In Gyslingen.

,55

What is now to be found in the text even of an elementary
•work was in the early days of Mr. Vigor's labours, without
the pale of general attainment. It may perhaps be said that
he left few contributions to literature worthy the name. No
few of Mr. Viger's labours in this direction were made in
connection with Mr. Bibaud. His pseudonym >S. R. is
fre(j^uently met in the Bihliothe<iue Canadiennc, and all he
has written is marked by sense and vigour. He made no
pretensions to produce long historical reviews. Kevertheless
there remains among his INISS. the mark of long continuous
historical labour, especially that portion which dealt with the
status, personal character and private history of the Roman
Catholic clergy. He was also one of the first Editors of the
Quebec CanaJien. Many of the papers preserved by liim
have been ])ublished since his death, and much which is
given to the world was owing to the fact that the documents
had been preserved liy hini. Thus in the Invasion de Canada
by the Abbe Verrault, 1873, that writer remarks : " Almost
all the remaining memoirs were collected by the Commander
Viger, who, thirty years ago, entertained the idea of publish-
ing all that he could bring together on la guerre dcs Boston-
nais, as it is yet called in our country parishes. ... It
Avas at the close of the war of 1812, in which he served with
honour, that Mr. Viger formed the project of commencing
this publication. . . . It is to the Commander Viger
that the principal merit of this publication is due." The
Abbe further tells us that, doubtless, there is much personal
information which Mr. Viger had obtained which he failed
to Avrite down.

The Jesuits' Journal is another case in point. It was
published by ]\Ir. Desbarats, but most of the edition was
destroyed at the fire of his premises in Ottawa. The book
is therefore rare. Its early history is curious. Mr. Cochrane,

■ M
:' i'l

Private Secretary to Sir John Cope Sherbrooke, then Gov-
ernor-G<^neral, found the MSS., with some waste paper,
carelessly placed at the bottom of a cupboard, evidently
designed to furnish matter to light the stove. Mr. Cochrane
saved it from destruction. Mr. Viger carefully copied it and
preserved it. In his day it was indeed a rarity.

Mr. Viger, a man of good family, started life with an
excellent education, and he is one of those men, who in their
career, furnish an answer to the query, What is the use of
learning Latin 1 The influence on him was to make him
careful, exact, painstaking, conscientious and methodical,
moreover to show by his labours that he held perfect correct-
ness to be indispensable to all he did, and that truth was the
first duty of life. His MSS. are deliberately written in a
clear hand, and nearly every copy is attested that it had been
collated with the original. He was born in 1787. The war
of 1812 broke out, and in common with the leading French-
Canadian gentry, he joined the forces raised in tlie Province
to withstand the invasion from the United States. He rose
to be a Commander in the Voltigeurs, and among other
affairs, was present on tiie 27th May, 1813, on the attack on
Sackett's Harbour, marred at the moment of success by the
wretched indecision of the incompetent Prevost. The war
over, he turned to civil life, and was engaged in Montreal to
some extent in his profession as a Surveyor. He was the
first Mayor of ^Montreal, in 1832, and throughout his life
held high position in the community. He married the widow
of Captain Lennox, a near connection of the Duke of Rich-
mond, and was long known as one of the most distinguished
members of Montreal society. A miniature of him being in
the study of the Abbe Y^rrault, it would be a graceful act
for the Corporation of Montreal to hang in their Council

r
i I

Chamber a portrait of their first Mayor,* especially one so
renowned in Canadian history.

The MSS. left by Mr. Viger, now in Mr. V^rrault's pos-
session, extend over several volumes. !Mr. Viger has twenty-
nine volumes, which he calls " via sabei'dache." No one
can suppose an old Voltigeur like Mr. Viger, who had long
carried his sabertaclie attached to his sabre could be ignorant
how to spell the word. For as he uses it, it is neither
French nor English. f Not to speak of the marks of his

*Speaking of the Portraits of Mayors in Montreal ; after Mr. Mc-
Gill's retirement from the position in 1843, his friends subscribed for a
testimonial, which took the form of a portrait, for his services as Mayor.
Mr. Charles Wilson was equally honoured. His portrait also hung in
the Civic Council Chamber. Some days after the Gavazzi riots in 1851.
during which it was iirged against Mr. Wilson that it was he who gave
the command to fire, — a command so disastrously obeyed by the
troops who had been called out— Mr. Sexton, then City Clerk, informed
tlie writer, that some United States ladies of distinction were brought by
a prominent citizen to view the City Hall. Mr. Sexton accompanied
them. A curtain always being drawn for protection before these two
portraits, which were the size of life, Mr. Sexton acting as cicerone
drew back the curtain of the Wilson portrait. He started back aghast.
The frame contained a blank. The astonishment of all present was
extreme, for such a step had never in any way been anticipated. A
close investigation was made to discover the perpetrator of the Vandal-
ism. Every engine of inquiry was set on foot, but those who executed
it remained undiscovered. Shortly after, the portrait of the late Mr.
McGill shared the same fate. The latter certainly was the work of a
Somali knot of men, and was merely an expression of the lax tadonis for
the imiversal respect in which Mr. McGill was held, was a guarantee
that he was without an enemy. It is lamentable that political passion
should condescend to tliese contemptible proceedings, for which the
following generation can only blush for shame.

+The sabretache is a small portable pocket of about nine inches by
four, attached by straps to the sword belt to hang degage by the sabre.
In the Cavalry it is a mark of rank, and is used fnmi the Colonel to the
Corporal. It can contain papers, states, the n)ster. On service, it is
often made to hold a tallow candle for wet boots, a knife and fork, pipe
and tobacco, a corkscrew, a pocket handkerchief, and other luxuries of
the kind on a campaign.

education, and his knowledge of both French and English,
the title itself is suggestive of some pleasantry, and the
orthography he uses is additional proof of some hidden
meaning. Whatever it might have been it is lost. No ex-
planation has been found of it. These volumes contain
many documents yet unpublished bearing upon Canadian
history. As has been remarked some of the collection has-
been made known. ^lany of them bear on the early years of
the eighteenth century, when the struggle for rule on tho
continent between France and England was being fought out r
also much bearing on tho second half century, especially the
writings of Mr. Maseres. The series contains some few
portraits and sketches of old forts, with some water-colour
drawings by Duncan, a Montreal artist of great merit, of a
quarter of a century back. Among other sketches, there i»
one of the celebrated Fort Duijuesne on the Ohio, evidently
a contemporary production, showing where Braddock was-
defeated. There is very much in these volumes which can
be advantageously printed.

There are also 5 volumes of Opuscules of matters edited by
Mr. Viger, with original contributions.

3 volumes of the Journal de Missions 1811-1816.

13
4

((

Annals of the Hotel Dieu, Montreal.

of Private Letters.

of the Clergy of Canada, with jNIS. corrections
of the name, place of birth, and career,
with several folio volumes, containing much information of
the events since the Conquest. One of these gives in full
detail the proceedings of the Committee to which Mr. Yiger
Avas Secretary, to concert means to prevent the passage of tho
bill in tho Imperial Parliament in 1822 to form a Union
of the Canadas known as the '* Canadian Trade Act." A
serious misunderstanding arose relative to the import duties

collected in Lower Canada, Upper Canada claiming a larger
amount than it was receiving, with corresponding arrearages.
The first impulse of Lower Canada was to refuse to recognize
the right of L^pper Canada in any form, as the resolutions of
the 16th of February, 1822, clearly establish. Moreover, the-
difficulties which had arisen since 1818, as to the mode of
voting supplies, had even become more complicated. The
Imperial Parliament brought in this bill, which regulated the-
relations of the two Provinces by forming them into one body.
It was strongly opposed by the French Canadian party iit
Lower Canada, and in Upper Canada received but little-
countenance, the dominant party desiring to see no chai'i:e-
in the political government of the Province. The records of
the proceedings in Montreal, as presented by Mr. Viger, aretO'
be found in this volume.

One curious MS. volume is known as the Chanihre de
Justice de Lomjaenily 1761 to 17G4-

After the conquest, before the organization of the new
Law Covrts, all civil points of dilFerence were referred for
decision to officers of militia. It was considered that those
holding these positions were men of character and intelli-
gence and acquainted with the old laws of the country, and
that under such circumstances substantial justice would be
given in disputes between the "new" subjects. This
volume is a record of the litigation during these years in
the Court of Longueuil, no few being signed by Toussaint
Trudeau, the ancestor of ^Ir. Toussaint Trudeau, the Deputy
Minister of Railways and Canals.

It is not possible to enter at any length into the contents--
of these many volumes. It is anticipated that, as occasion
offers, much of their contents will be given to the world. It
is evident that it can only be produced advantageously by care
being taken that the portions hitherto published are not repro-

lUiced and unnecessary expense incurred. Moreover it is
indispensable that what is published be complete and
iibove criticism.

It is the non-observance of this principle which has led to

.some unpleasantness with regard to the appearance of the

<CoUedion de Mamiscrits contenant lettres, Memoires et mitres

'<locuments Historiqnes relatifs a la noiivalle France^ lately

published by the Quebec Government. These papers ex-

■tend from 1650 to the conquest, with some additional

■matter carried on to 1789. With all the criticism urged

.against the volumes, the Quebec Government, and especially

^Ir. Blanchet, who took a prominent part in the production,

deserve the thanks of every man of letters. When the first

volumes appeared some strange misconception arose concerning

them. It was evident that a great many passages had been

Hirased, and it was stated that the mutilation had been made

at Quebec. This question has been set fully at rest by a

ietter from j\Ir. Parkman, the distinguished historian, ad-

•<lressed to Mr. Blanchet. It appears that the documents in

])Oston, from which the Quebec printed books were taken,

•were copied in France in 1846 by Mr. Perley Poore, who

was employed " to make a collection of French documents

'l)earing directly or indirectly on the early history of that part

■of the country." What omissions are to be found are due to

Mr. Poore, who seems to have considered his labours to l)e

limited to transcribe what appertained to his own State.

Before these documents were printed they had the reputation

•of being of more value than they really are. It has since

Jl)een discovered that many of them were previously well

known, and the incomplete condition in which many appear

detracts greatly from the value of the whole. The mistake

was, in not going direct to Paris and seeking the originals

instead of taking copies from imperfect transcripts. But

1
I

with all this, it is to be said that Mr. Blanchet is entitled to
the public thanks for his zeal in Archseology. Experientia
ilocet.

There can be no doubt of the value of the next publica-
tions promised, Les Ju(/einents de deliberations du Conseil
Souverain de Quebec. It is looked for by Archreologists with
great interest.

This announcement has also led to the inquiry — Avhere are-
the Retjistres de VAncien Conseil which existed before 1G63^
the date at Avhich the Conseil Sitperieur was established. The-
value of these papers will be everywhere conceded, and they
should be preserved. The Dominion Government should
take steps to obtain possession of them, wherever they may
be, and some responsible person should be delegated to seek
for them. They are the property of no private corporation
or individuals. They do not appertain, even to any Province.
That they exist is suggested by the fact that both Abbe
Ferland and Abbe Faillon allude to them as authority im
special notes. They are the property of the Dominion. While-
writing on this subject it may be well to mention the reports,
which are current as to the Registres Civils de la Prevote de
Quebec. It is to the effect that, in place of being put in the
hands of competent men, who can do justice to the worky
which requires special aptitude and care, they are given out
at the request of members of the Legislative Assembly to
such of their constituents who need employment. The-
writer knows nothing of the facts. It will greatly relieve-
the public mind if it be authoritatively announced that such
is not the case ; that the originals are not sent away from
Quebec ; that they are rigorously kept safely ; and that no
risk is incurred by transferring them to a country parish,,
here and there, as the means of gratifying some ^ istling
member. The work is important, and should be given to-

^experienced persons, while the original documents should he
jealously guarded.

The publication of these Rerjistres will be valueless unless
it bo carried out systematically and carefully. What use
will they be to anyone without a perfectly arranged analytical
index 1 The text should be likewise accompanied by notes
•of a learned and able commentator. If this book be issued
to the world, without this careful and necessary editing, the
publication will be simply a waste of public money. Equally
will it prove a literary crime to confer a most unenviable re-
putation on its perpretator. The proofs should at once be
placed in the hands of competent persons to perform tlii.s
■duty. " Laval" can furnish, it safely may be assumed, many
gifted men to perform it. Tlie example so honourably set by
the late Abbe Laverdiure in his edition of Champlain is a
proof what can be done.

There is one distinguished French Canadian, whose fame
in political life and on the Bench would in no way lead to
the belief that his name can claim a marked place in this
•essay : the illustrious Sir llypolito Lafontaine. But the
fact is that he has left much behind him denoting his
devotion to Archreology. In order to give his judgment on
the Seigneurial Tenure question, it is no exaggeration to say
that he studied every document he could possibly lay his
hands on. The fact is denoted l)y the many MS. books
which he left behind him in which these documents are
■copied in his own hand, and the other volumes he hired
scribes to Avrite for him. He had an excellent library him-
self, containincc all the books bearing on Canada which he
could collect, and he possessed the only known complete set
•of the fyles of the Quehec Gazette from its first number.
The MSS. volumes he left behind him are of great value.
His celebrated judgment on the Seigneurial Tenure yet

exists in MS. in the possession of the Abb6 V^rrault. It
consists of ten books, foolscap size, each containing 100
pages. It is written in a clear, legible clerk-like hand, with
scarcely an erasure, in Sir Hypolite's caligraph}', from
beginning to end. He also left behind him 34 thick volumes
•of valuable pamphlets collected by him, about 400 in
number.

A notice of the Archaeology of Quebec would be wanting
in completeness if allusion were not made to the admirable
edition of Champlain's works, brought out under the protec-
tion of Laval University, by the late Abb6 C. X. Laverdiere
The work is not simply an honour to the University under the
auspices of which it appeared, but it reflects credit on the
whole Dominion. The typography, the paper, thafac simile
of the original engravings and mars, the excellent character
of the notes, evincing both honesty and research, the
thorough truth and genuineness with which tlie narrative is
given, all these make the work itself in every way remark-
able. It was published in 1870, entirely without the date
to which the remarks on this branch of Canadian history are
directed. But this edition of Champlain is a matter entirely
of itself, and, dejiling with the first chapters of our annals,
exacts mention, not only from the subject, but from the
admirable manner in which the lamented editor fulfilled his
labours. His reward will be that his name will always take
a first place in Canadian literature.

The remarkable labours of the Abbe Tanguay equally merit
acknowledgment, although he is still engaged on his
Didionnairc Gencalogiquc dcs Families Canadiennes. For
the last twenty-five years he has been occupied in tracing
from the Church registers the family history of French-
Canadian descent, Avith the various foreign elements
which have been engrafted upon it. The fact is that to

spoak of tlio French-Canadian race as a pure and direct
olfspring of France in every respect is scarcely possible.
The majority in the Province, nunierically, from the earliest
days of the present political rule, on all occasions, and as a
consequence, without hindrance or delay, they have absorbed
all the foreign elements which, by marriage, became con-
nected with them. The race to-day is, therefore, as composite
to some extent as the old Saxon race of England, which,
with its union with Danes, Northmen and Xormans, formed
the present English race. The accessions to the French
stock since the Conquest of these outer relationships cannot
have failed to have communicated their impress of lineage.
English, Irish, Scotch, Gennans, have all, in one or twa
generations, become a part of the present French Canadian
population, as many a family name plainly testifies, to what
extent remains yet to be determined. The Abb6 Tanguay
is a case in point. He is of German descent, and, it is-
claimed, that this persevering, unswerving, untiring pursuit
of his system is an inherited gift of his Teutonic blood.

His peculiar task has been to seek in the Parochial registers,.
Notarial acts, and other family papers, all this genealogical
information, which he has embodied in a dictionary, so.
that the whole family connections of French rule during
the century of its activity — indeed, from the early days of
Champlain — can be distinctly made known.

The dictionary includes about a century of this informa-
tion. The volumes about to appear will contain sixty years
additional. A production, in every way remarkable^
without parallel, and marked by conscientious correctness.
M. l'Abb6 Tanguay is equally an accomplished scholar and a-
zealous, sound archaeologist. His numerous friends look
forward to many years continuance of his useful labours.

Tho rogistration which has existed in tlie parishes of
Lower Canada ahnost from tlie very first day of tlieir foun-
dation may be safely said to be without parallel in the world.
These lletjistrn-t tie Veiat civil, as they are called, present a
curious and positive family record of French Canadian Roman
Catholic fan)ily life. The outline of each family relationship
is there distinctly to bo traced. That it is authentic is indis-
putable. Thus the unbroken chain of historical pedigree
runs back from the present hour to the first days of Nev/
France, in the seventeenth century. Identification of a
family is simple in the extreme, for the birth of a child is
affiliated not simply to the father, but e(|ually to the mother
under her maiden name, with the place whence she came.
It is the remarkable industry and power of organization to
systematize and place this information side l)y side to make
it easy of reference, and to apply it to every dny life, which
is the distinguishing feature of the Abbe Tanguay's labour.
There is not a Roman Catholic family in the Province of
Quebec, however humble, which cannc^t trace its lineage to
its first known progenitors in the Dominion,

It seems strange to ns to believe that scarcely a half-
century has passed since steps were taken in England and
"Wales to obtain correct registrafion of births, marriages and
deaths. It was only in 1836 that the better method was in-
troduced by the Act 6 and 7, Will. IV., c. 80. A uniform
mode of proceeding was then established, when much the
same system was followed which had prevailed for iipAvards
of two centuries previously in Canada. At this date the
surname of the mother is equally exacted with that of the
father and all the accessory facts bearing upon the child's
birth. Until that date registration had been left with the
Rectors and Vicars of parishes. By some conscientious men
it was carefully and attentively watched, by others given over

i\ I

to the parish clerks. So every parish register depended on
the character of those who formed it, and in few cases was any
supervision exercised : and, as has been remarked, scarcely
half a century has elapsed since this imperfect and unsatis-
factory mode of proceeding in Imperial England has passed
away.

Would it be entirely out of place for an inquiry to
be made how this f*' • is being performed outside of the
giron of the Roman v^atholic Church throughout the Dom-
inion? No one can doubt the necessity of care, system and
methodical attention. For all recognize the extent to which
important interests are involved by this duty being carefully
performed, and of admitted correctness. Perhaps the great
difficulty in establishing a uniform system throughout the
Dominion is that the registration is under Provincial control.
In any case the question is a very complicated one.

In no way a part of Canadian Archaeology, but having
an intimate connection with it, especially with that of the
Province of Quebec, is the " official" translation of the term
" Dominion." It is rendered by the incorrect, meaningless,
so far as this country is concerned, barbarous word "Pwmawce."
The term receives recognition from no one educated French-
Canadian gentleman of authority in the literary world. It
is adhered to only by men of little intelligence and as a mere
means of preserving political traditions personally useful to
themselves.

The so-called translation originated with the late Sir
George Cartier*, who felt a sensitiveness regarding it which
led many of his friends to avoid all allusion to the word.
Tho death of Sir George Cartier, now nearly thirteen years
back, makes further reticence uncalled for.

The word Dominion was not really applied to Canada for
the first time in 1867. As a term it is of long standing on
this Continent, having been the title of the State of Virginia
early in its history. It has upwards of a century of life in
connection with the Don mion as it exists to-day. In an

* During the first Parliament after Confederation, a Bill was before
the House of Commons in Committee. Mr. Chauveaii, the present
Sheriff of Montreal, who then represented the County of Quebec, and
at the same time was Minister of Public Instruction, and First Minister
of his Province, was the Chairman. When the proceedings had reached
the last stage of adopting the preamble of the Bill, the late Mr. Holton,
member for Chateauguay, rose in his place, and with more than hia
usual blandness commenced his remarks by congratulating the House,
that in view of the question he had to put, one so scholarly and
capable as the Chairman occupied the chair. With some just remarks
to the well-known attainments and reading of Mr. Chauveau, Mr.
Holton proceeded to say that he would call the attention of the
Minister of Public Instruction of the Province of Quebec to what he
thought a very incorrect translation of the word Dominion. It was
rendered by " Puissance," which, in his (Mr. Holton's) opinion, meant
entirely the contrary to Dominion, a view in which he was sustained by
every educated French Canadian he had spoken to on the subject. He
claimed that the House had a right to an expression of opinion from
the learned Chairman. Mr. Chauveau looked steadily before him to
the speaker : whatever his thoughts, they never found expression, for
he had no opportunity for criticism even of the mildest shade. Sir
George Cartier jumped up with more than his usual excitability and in
a sharp angry tone, at the highest key in which he could speak, may
be said to have shrieked: *' Oui, monsieur le President, c'est Puissance,
c'est moi qui ai voulu que cefut Puissance et tant que faurai de la puiS'
sance, ce sera Puissance."

The House burst into a roar of laughter, and a subdued tone of
merriment took the place of debate, during which Mr. Chauveau
quietly declared the preamble carried, and evidently to his delight in

address to the people of Great Britain from the " Delegates
appointed by the several English Colonies of New York,

and South Carolina, to consider of their

grievances in general Congress, at Philadelphia, September
5, 1774," the following passage occurs : —

And by another Act, " <Ae ^Jominion of Canada is to be so extended,
modelled and governed," as tbat by being disunited from us, detached
from our interests by ci' il as well as religious prejudices, that by
their numbers swelling vith Catholic emigrants from Europe, and by
their devotion to administration so friendly to their religion, they
might become fornudabU to us, and on occasion be fit instruments in
the hands of power to ceduce the ancient free Protestant Colonies to
the same state of sk/, ery with themselves.

It has not been possible to find the document whence the
expression " Dominion " is taken. It is not in the Royal
proclamation of 7th (JoL, 1763 ; nor in the Quebec Act of
13th January, 1774, in which the expression used is the
"Territory of Canada;" nor in the Act "to establish a fund
towards furthei defraying the charges of the administration
of justice and support of Civil Government." But wher-
ever the term was then used, it is of ancient date, and in re-
suming it in 18G7, we were only falling back on the designation
of the country, before it was done aAvay with by the Acts of
1774 and 1791.

escaping an embarrassing question — for whatever Mr. Chauveau's
political adherence to Sir George Cartier, there is no reason to sujipose
that he was prepared to defend his literary efforts in this direction —
left the Chair and reported " the Bill as amended." This incident is
not only remarkable for an early protest against the translation with-
out a single word being uttered in its defence : but it is believed to be
the sole instance when Mr. Holton posed before the Houseasa/a?-fCM?\
Sir (Jeorge's amiability of character, and the respect felt for his
memory have, alone sustained his view to this day. It is time that
the House should act as Mr. Chauveau on that occasion, in the reverse
direction, quietly change the word to what it should be. Sir George
Cartier's ground for its preservation, alls to mind a sentence of
Erasmus's, in his Encomium, Moriiv : " Quis cnim me melius exjmmat
quamipsa me ?" It is Moria who speaks.

)se

I be

tur.

his

erse
|>rge
of
\mat

Any student of language knows the word to be perfectly
untranslatable : indeed, in adopting it into French, that
there was only one course to be followed : to retain it,
giving it a character to adapt it to the genius of the language
to which it was transferred. It was Mr. Arthur Euies
who suggested the proper course on this occasion ; to
change the gender which euphony exacts for words with
this termination, which is feminine, and to make it masculine,
calling it Le Dominion. If ever there was a case where the
line of Pope, " the sound should bear an echo to the sense,"
is well applied, it is here. The consequence is that with
educated French-Canadian writers, who are without the
domain of political intrigue and party combinations, the word
^^ puissance" is treated as if it did not exist. It has entirely
lost its associations, and hence its power; correctness it never
possessed. The time has come Avhen French is to be written
in our national state papers with purity and elegance ; and
one of the first steps in this di' non is to do away with
the barbarous word puissance as a French equivalent of
our national designation in the Imperial system of Great
Britain.

Bearing upon the subject, it may be remarked that, for-
tunately, we can refer to a work of unusual merit and
of equal geographical correctness lately issued in Paris. The
frequenter of Parisian salons needs not to be told of the
ability, power and reputation of M. On^sime Reclus. Last
year his work. La Terre a vol cVOiseau was completed. If
anyone is desirous of testing the correctness of the criticism
made in these pages let him turn to tliis book (passim)
especially page 632, he will there find Canada designated as
*7e Dominion."

"With an authority of this character, will our Parliamen-
tary translators be permitted to continue in their evil ways ?

n '

Two works, which were published in England at the
time of the Conquest, and in the years succeeding it, may
with propriety be mentioned. The First " The Natural and
Civil History of the French Dominions in North and South
America, giving a particular account of climate, soil, minerals,
animals, vegetables, manufactures, trade, commerce anil
language ; together with the religion, government, genius,
character, manners and customs of the Indians and other
inhabitants, illustrated by maps and plans of the principal
places, collected from the best authorities, and engraved by
T. Jefferies, geographer to H. R. H. the Prince of Wales.
Part I. A description of Canada and Louisiana. London :
Printed for Thomas Jetferies, at Charing Cross, 1760."

The second work is " The History of the British
Dominions in North America, from the first discovery of that
vast continent by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497, to its present
glorious establishment, as confirmed by the late Treaty of
Peace in 17G3. In fourteen books. London: Printed for
W. Strachan, and T. IJecket & Co., in the Strand, 1773."

This work is attributed to Oldmixon. Little need be
said of it, 2G pages only are devoted to Canada (pp. 194-219).
It describes the geography and climate, and gives some
account of the Indian })opulation, likewise of the natu.'al
history, and products of the country.

Jefterics' is a far more important work. Altliough pub-
lished ininieiliatcly after the taking of Quebec, the book
must have been commenced previous to that date. It is not
impossible that it may have been suggested by the taking of
Louisbourg, in 1758. It gives maps of the operations before
that place, and likewise those of Quebec. It contains, also,
an account of the geography of Canada, as it was then known,
and in a general way records the history of French domina-
tion. At the period when it was published it must have

»-»

been of much value, for it contains many other valuable
maps, and is the source of the information which in this
respect we possess to-day. The account of the taking of
Louisbourg furnishes many details of the siege, and the
despatch of Wolfe from Quebec, of the 2nd September,
1759, with those of Monckton and Townshend, and Admiral
Saunders are given in full.

What adds to the value of the work is the opinion it
expresses of the Canadian population soon to become British
subjects. And with its passing allusion to the public senti-
ment of the then British Colonies to the South, it is evi-
dent that thoughtful men already discerned the seeds of the
future difficulties, which ended in the disseverance of
the relationship. The French Canadian will, however, have
the satisfaction of seeing that it was under no depreciatory
estimate of his character tliat he became incorporated into
the outer British Empire. The following is the opinion
expressed at that date as it is set forth in Jefferies' (p. 9) : —

It is remarked of the Canadians that their conversation is en-
livened by an air of freedom which is natural and peculiar to them ;
that they speak the French in the greatest purity, and without the
least false accent. There are few rich people in that colony, though
they all live well, are er^fremely generous and hospitable, keep very
good tables, and love to dress very finely. They are reckoned well
made and to have an exceeding fine complexion, witty in their conver-
sation, polite in their beliaviour, and most obliging in their manners.
The Canadians have carried the love of arms and of glory ,so natural
to their mother country along with them, for which reason they have
little of the narrow, selfish spirit of the merchant in them, and as they
never entertain any thought of amassing, they have, therefore, little to
lose ; so that war is not only welcome to them, but coveted with
extreme ardour. It is easy to imagine the consequence of such neigh-
bors to the British Colonies, immersed in luxury, and a prey to all the
passions which accompany ease and riches, were the Canadians headed
by such generals as France formerly had, with an ambitious and wise
prince on the throne. Great Britain, therefore, cannot be too watch-
ful and expeditious to prevent the danger, whilst her precautions are of
any moment or avail to her.

t!i'

The literary history of Ontario is so intermingled with
the political agitation which took its rise in the years suc-
ceeding the war of 1812 — to reach its climax in 1836 — that,
to-day, it is only wise to allude to it with moderation and
delicacy. The weapons which were used in those quarrels
are still possessed by the sons and grandsons of the chief
actors : some of the latter, even, have not reached the prime
of life. In instances these arms yet retain their brightness,
and, therefore, they can be brought to the contest of to-day
with the old bitterness of spirit. Is it the duty of history to
revive old feuds with more than old vigour, the narrative of
facts remaining the same 1''' For they have so often been given
to the world that, unless papers are produced which are not
now known, there is little which is new to bo told. It can
be but of slight advantage to refurbish the old narrative.
We must bear in mind that in political turmoil the fault
seldom lies entirely on one side. The truth is peculiarly
apparent in the early years of Upper Canada. The issue at
stake was imperfectly understood. The slightest manifesta-
tion of a Liberal tendency was regarded as a desire to throw
off British allegiance, and hence those who objected to much
which was then practised and experienced, sustained the
existing Government, while they severely criticised it. The
theory also was advanced that monarchical governments were
unprogressive, and it was a proof of the doctrine to point out
the progress of the State of New York in contradistinction
to that of Upper Canada. In judging the conduct of the

*A8 the process of these narratives is now bringing me among my

contemporaries, I begin to feel myself "walking upon ashes under

which the fire is not extinguished," and coming to the time of which it

will be proper rather to say "nothing that is false than all that ig

true." ^

Johnson's Lives of the Poets.

Addison.

- 73

leading men of the Province up to 1830, we ought also to
bear in mind, the condition of the Home Government in the
reign of George IV. The only avenue by which position
could be obtained was through the broad path of extreme
Tory opinion ; and the leading officials in Canada, — certainly
those representing Imperial power — necessarily partook of the
views of those who named them. Especially it was the
case of the military officers formed in the school of the Duke
of Wellington, many of whom could not even apprehend the
political requirements of the hour. The difficulty was to
know the path to follow, and the solution could only be
evolved by time and patience, the latter a virtue which
neither party possessed. One fact is undoubted. The high
personal character, and sense of honour which distinguished
these men. Not one has been accused of intrigue or dereliction
of duty. We had to form and shape our Constitution, and
it was to be determined by events. So far as this genera-
tion can judge, it was not until 1829 that even a glimpse of
the solution of the difficulty appears. It was in that year
that Mr. Stanley, afterwards the celebrated Lord Derby,*
presented a petition to the Imperial Parliament from 3,000
inhabitants, asking for a " local and responsible administra-
tion," but it is a question if the machinery by which thi»
result could be gained was distinctly felt and known. And,
it must be recollected that this event took place in the
Mother Country before the passage of the Reform Bill. The
political impulse given by that measure needs no comment.

The early literary efforts of Upper Canada were purely
political, and it was only as material advance was made that
any development in the higher arts can be looked for.
Hence the first years of Western Canada, devoted mainly to

*The translator of Homer.

i^ ^ i p ti 11 1 , ^1 1 i . iiiiii Mffn

the struggle for existence, can shew little record of high
culture. There was, in these days, but little commerce, in
contradistinction to trade. The only requirement for the
public wants was the ordinary storekeeper. Time had to
develop the higher rank of enterprise.

And what progress has been made in Ontario 1 As we
drive through the busy, active, animated, well-built city of
Toronto,* it seems scarcely possible to believe that

*0n the 6th March, 1834, during the rule of Sir John Colborne,
York was incorporated a city under the name of Toronto. Its extent
was then increased. According to La Hontan at the close of the seven-
teenth century, the large bay extending from the mouth of the River
Severn, discharging from Lake Simcoe, and reaching Penetanguishene,
— the present Matchedash Bay — at that date was known as the Bay of
Toronto. In order to reach Lake Ontario from Lake Huron the port-
ages were made up the Severn to Lake Simcoe, then called Lake
Toronto [une 7'ivi^re qui sort da petit lac da mSme nom] and the waters
of the lake followed to what is now known as Holland River, which
runs from the South. From this river a portage led to the River
Tonaonta — the present Don — and it was at its mouth that Lake Front-
enac — Lake Ontario — was gained. This was the route followed from
the St. Lawrence to Lake Huron. On Charlevoix's Map of 1745, Lake
Simcoe is shown as Lake Toronto.

There cannot be a doubt, Lake Simcoe and its waters discharging
into Georgian Bay, were known originally as Lake and River Toronto,
and the name appears even to have extended to some of the waters
reaching the Bay of (^^linte. The French fort, which was to the West
of the present site of the city, not far from the Humber, and built by
M. do la Jonquiere in 1749, was named Fort Rouill(?, after the French
Colonial Minister.

The application of the name to the present city of Toronto
appears in Smyth's Gazetteer, a work published in London, in
1799. He there gives "Toronto Bay, now called York Harbour," and
the "Toronto River, now called the Humber." He also speaks of the
"Old French Fort" Toronto. In the early French maps, the site of
Toronto is marked as Teiaigou — with some difference of orthography.
Bouchette calls the publislied map of his admirable survey, 12th August,
1815— Plan of York Harbour.

I applied to Mr. Brymner, the learned Director of the Archive
Branch, for such information as the office could furnish on the subject.

DeRochefoucauld, ninety years back, described the place as
a cluster of a few houses round the barracks containing the
Simcoe Rangers. And Toronto is something more than a
large commercial centre. As a city, in the attributes of what
the Romans called urbanity, in its social life, its University,
its culture, its incipient cosmopolitanism it rises above
Buifalo, Cincinnati, and even Chicago, although it may be
inferior to either in wealth and population.

I owe to hia labours the ability to state that, in 1788, the name of
Toronto was, undoubtedly applied to its present site. The fact is
established by the draft instructions to Captain Gother Mann, Royal
Engineers (afterwards Major-General), dated Headquarters, Quebec,
29th May, 1788, unsigned, instructing him to examine the mouth of
French River, that of ths River Matchedash Lake Huron, likewise,
Toronto on Lake Ontario. Further, by two letters of Major Littlehales,
Brigade Major to General Simcoe. Both are dated York, late Toi'onto,
the first, 27th August, 1793 ; the second, 5th September, 1793. More-
over, Le Petit Atlas Maritime par le S. Bcllin, Ingenieur dc la Marine,
1704 (four years after the conquest), shows "Fort Toronto."

Mr. Brymner also writes me " of the fact that the name Toronto was
applied to different places, there is i)roof to be obtained from old maps.
Bellin's map of 1755 gives Lake Ontario, but without a single settlement
to the North ; and it shows Lac Toronto to the south east of Lake
Huron. Another map, by Janson d'Abboville, of lG5l5, gives the same
Lake as Oontaron and the river called Toronto in Bellin's map of 1755
is called Tarontonanerenon. Taronton being, according to the eai'ly
map, the name of the head waters of the Rivi^re des Prairies, falling
into the Ottawa near ^lontreal."

In the documents relating to the Colonial History of New York,
published by the New York Legislature, Vol. x, p. 200, under date 30th
Ajml, 1749, in an "Abstract of desi)atches from Canada," we read of
" Fort built at Toronto,— on the north-west of Lake Ontario, twenty-
five leagues from Niagara, and seventy-five from Fort Frontenac.

It ai)pearsthen that the district extending from Lake Simcoe south-
ward was originally called Toronto, that the Fort was called Fort
Rouille, and was for some time so recognized by the French Government :
that previous to the final struggle the name Toronto was applied to the
site of the present city : and that after the conquest, the locality was
known by that name again to be given to the City of York, when that
city ceased to be so called.

I! ^

"With all its advantages of water communication, and its
connection with the Upper Lakes, there was great hesitation
whether the future capital of Western Canada should be
established on its present site or taken to the River de la
Trenche, now called the Thames. Governor Simcoe's idea
was to establish a city on the banks of this river, the theory
of the present London, although there is nothing to show
that this identical position was selected, for all was wilder-
ness. Toronto, itself, was known as the starting point
of a trail which ran to Holland Landing, thirty miles from the
Lake, which there met the river discharging into Lake Simcoe,
and by the egress of the waters of the Lake, connection
was made with Lake ^uron. It was the route long followed
to Lake Superior, a fact which may account for the late
settlement of the Counties of Bruce and Grey. Lord
Dorchester, then Governor-General, persevered in his view that
Kingston, at the end of Lake Ontario, should be the naval
station of the Lakes, and it was owing to som) want of
accord between Lord Dorchester and Governor Simcoe that
the latter was recalled. Both were men of noble character
and enlarged views, devoted to duty, and with a high sense
of patriotism. The great distance between Quebec and
Newark — the present Niagara — the time exacted to make
the journey, and the difficulty and, perhaps, the expense, in
those days of limited expenditure, may have all prevented
the meeting. Simcoe came to Canada in 1792. He was a
man of fortune and a member of the Imperial Parliament,
and there could have been few personal inducements to lead
him to accept the position. He remained until 1796.
During his day the seat of Government was at Newark, the
present Niagara, and the first broadsheet of a newspaper was
published there in 1793. The Government offices were
removed to Toronto in the administration of the Government
by Mr. Peter Russell.

This first newspaper may be regarded to-day as an admir-
able specimen of typograpliy. It appeared on the 18tli April,
1793, under the title of the Upjvr Cana(fa Gazrtto ; or,
American Oracle. Its first printer was Louis Roy. The
last number printed at Niagara is Vol. VI., No, 187, dated
2.jth August, 1798. No. 188 was brought out at York,
Thursday, 4th October, 1798.

The Constellation took its place in Niagara. It was com-
menced the 20th July, 1799, and was continued until 18th
January, 1800.

The Nia<jara Herald succeeded, and lasted from the 7th
January, 1801 (No. 2. is dated Jan. 24), to 28th August 1802.

The Upjier Canada Gazette, or American Oracle, removed
to York, continued on until 28th March, 1807, when the
last number luider that title was issued. (Vol. XVI., No. 50.)
A'ol. XVI., No. 51, came out as the York Ga^iette, 15th April,
1807, John Cameron, editor. Mr. Tifiany ceasing to direct it,
iJr. Scadding informs us that, in '1817, Dr. Home became
the editor, and called it the Upper Canada Gazette, and that,
in 1821 it was divided into the Upper Canada Gazette and
the Weekly Gazette. Mr. Fothergill, becoming the Govern-
ment printer, named a portion of it IVte Weekly Register.
A speech of Mr. Fothergill, in 1825 — for he was a member of
the House of Assembly — on the Post Office revenue claim-
ing that information concerning it should be laid before the
House, led to his removal from the position by the then
Governor, Sir Peregrine Maitland ; and that there should be
no more mistakes about the i)olitics of the paper — Mr.
Fothergill had shewn strong Liberal tendencies in the House
— Mr. Stanton, who had been appointed Queen's Printer,
called the unofficial portion The U. E. Loyalist. Such is
the history of the first paper established in Upper Canada to
the date named. After his dismissal, Mr. Fothergill started

the Palladium, 1825. The Nvriter can find no evidence of
its duration.

It will with difficulty be believed by those, who to-day
contemplate the important and wealthy Province of Ontario,
that no printed book out of the domain of Statute Law,
and the Parliamentary Journals can be discovered prior to
the year 1832* : only a few years more than half a century
back. The title is " History of the late War between Great
Britain and the United States of America, with a retrospec-
tive view of the causes from whence it originated, collected
from the most authentic sources ; to which is added an appen-
dix containing public documents, etc., relating to the subject.
By David Thompson, late of the Royal Scots, Niagara, U.C.
Printed by T. Sewell, Printer, Bookbinder and Stationer,
Market Square, 1832." It must be remembered that the
first Ontario newspaper Avas issued thirty-nine years i)re-
viously, in 1793. IJuiing this period, exce^jting the years of
the war, there was constant political excitement, and as a
theory the opinion must suggest itself, that some pamphlet
advocating a policy, some defence of personal conduct, must
have been given to the world previous to 1832. So far as
the writer's inquiry determines, not one publication of the
character named has survived as a landmark of the literary
power of that date. In 1824 the population in Ontario was
but a few souls over 150,000. In 1832 it had increased to
263,554.1 The period may be named as the age of newspapers.

* I have in this case to acknowledge my obligations to the Lieut. -
Governor of Ontario, Hon. John Beverley Robinson, who has made great
exertions to learn the first printed book of his province. The answers
to the letters which he was good enough to write, he informs me, supply
no information with regard to any publication anterior to that of
Thompson, named in the text. Mr. Brymner, likewise, is unacquainted
with any book prior to this work.

+ Census of Canada, Ottawa, 1876, Vol. IV., pp. 83 and 112.

\J\

for the population, small as it was, was much scattered.
York had but 5,500 inhabitants. There was little reward
offered to the man of letters. He could become a school-
master or edit a country journal to receive the patronage or
rebuke of some petty local celebrity : tliore was no other
career open to him. lUit in all conditions of society, books
are often published without hope of material benefit. There
iji a class of works which always finds a sale : School Books.
One would fancy that some primer existed^ some early
Reader, that some Canadian Donatus* liad left behind him
a volume of this character : non ; has been found. The first
published book in Toronto, is said to be by the late Bishop,
when Archdeacon Strachan. Its title is, "A letter to the
Congregation of St. James Church, York, Upper Canada,
occasioned by the Hon. John Elmsley's publication of the
Bishop of Strasbourg's observations on the Gth Chapter of

* The Donatus, so called from its editor or compiler, is one of the
first of known books. It is an elementary school grammar printed from
wooden blocks, before the introduction of moveable type. It has been
stated also that a Donatus was the first example of typography of the
date 1450. There is a tradition only to this effect, no copies are known.
The first book with moveable type ivith wood-cuts, bears the date "Am
Sant Valentinus tag 1461." It was printed at Bamberg, by Albert
Pfister. Only one copy is known at the Wolfenbuttel Library, memorable
as having been the place where Lessing acted as Librarian, and where
Luther's Bible is preserved. Napoleon, who knew the impression which
such matters make on the French mind, and who had a respect for all
literary power, whatever form it took, preferring it, however, to be
servile to his own views, carried off this book to Paris. After the cam-
paign of one hundred days, and the surrender of the capital in 1815, this
unique volume was claimed to be returned to the spot whence it had
been taken, as if it had been a cession of territory with many thousand
population. The Bible published at Metz, by Faust and Guttenburg,
known as the Mazarine Bible, was printed either in 1455 or 1456, One
of the " supposed earliest productions" of typography is a letter of indul-
gence, dated 12th August, 1451, by Pope Nicolas V. to Paulin Zappe,
Ambassador of the King A Cyprus. It was probably printed in 1454.

8t. John's Gospel, by John Strachan, D.D., LL.D., Arch-
deacon of York, i^'c, York. Printed by Robert Staunton,
/no date on title page) 1834."* It is to be presumed that the
lU.shop of Strasbourg's observations were printed else where, f

* I have to acknowledge my obligations to Mr. Frank Joseph, of
Toronto, to whom I am indebted for this rare pamphlet.

t The earliest book on Upper Canada known to the writer is "A
i5hort Topographical JJescription oi His Majesty's Province of Upper
Canada, in North America, to which is annexed a Provincial Gazetteer,
Ijondon, 171)!)." The following remarks are appended, " The accom-
panying Notes and Gazetteer were drawn up by David William Smyth,
the very able Surveyor-General of the Province of Up|i)er Canada, at
the desire of Major-Genei'al Simcoe, on the plan of those of the late
Captain Hutchins for the River Ohio and countries adjacent."

This work is invaluable for its statistical information with regard to
the Province at that date. The first edition is rare ; the only one
known to the writer is in the library of the Abbe Verrault. The co2iy
in the Parliamentary Library at Ottawa is the second edition revised
and correct ..d by Francis Gore, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor, &c., &c.
8vo. London, 1813.

At this date another Mr. Smith, (M. ) brought out a volume on the
sanie subject. The title of his first edition, published in Hartford,
Connecticut, 1813, is: "A Geographical View of the Province of
Upjjer Canada and promiscuous remarks on the Government, in two
parts, with an Api>endix. containing a complete description of the
Niagara Falls and remarks relative to the situation of the inhabitants
respecting the war," The second edition, published in Baltimoi'e in
1814, has for title, " A Geographical View of the Brit-sh possessions in
North America comi^rehending Nova Scotia, Nev/ ^^runswick. New
Britain, Lower and Upper Canada, with all the country to the Frozen
Sea to the North, and Pacific Ocean to the West."

Mr. M. Smith tells us in his preface that in 1812 he had obtained
l)ermission of Lieut. -Governor Gore to publish the volume, when war
■was declared by the United States Government, Being a citizen of the
Republic, and not being willing to take the oath of allegiance, he
obtained passports for his own country. His MSS. having been taken
from him before he left Canada, he was driven to supply their place
from his rough notes.

One iii uomewhat puzzled to explain the publication of the volume
under such conditions at this date, unless on the theory that it was felt by

ken

led

Ivav

ItUe

Ikeu

itxce

VnnQ
It by

It is not easy to find precise information as to the actual
dates of many of the early newspapers. These newspapers
are yet to be collected in the Archive Office. The Library at
Ottawa, as well as the Legislative Library at Toronto, is quite
destitute of autliorities. It may be explained with regard to
the Parliamentary Library at Ottawa that much of its contents
of this character was destroyed in tho fire of Montreal during
the Rebellion Losses agitation in 1849, and in the two sub-
sequent fires at Quebec. Works of this character are with
difficulty replaced. The writer can, therefore, only follow on
the beaten track.

According to j\Ir. MacMullen*, the second paper published
was the Upper Canada Guardian, in 1807, whirli was started
in opposition to the Government paper which attacked Judge
Thorpe. The difficulty, to-day, is to understand the merits
of the dispute between himself and Governor Gore. It is
the fashion to trace the difficulty to the influence of the
Family Compact Party.

Mr. Francis Gore arrived in Upper Canada in August,
1808. No one will pretend that any such party, which was
afterwards known as the Family Copipact, in any way then
existed. It is precisely in the case of a matter of this
character that the Archive Office will prove its use. There is
nothing really to show whether Gore or Thorpe was right.
I>ut what would we say, to-day, if some Judge of one of Her
Majesty's Courts of Justice took a prominent part in politics
and became an agitator even in the mildest form. It is true

the publishers that is was necessary ..) give some iiiforination concern-
ing the coiintry to the north so soon to be a prey to the conqueror !
These volumes are curious and not without information. New Britain
it may be said, was the name then given to that part of Labrador be-
tween the 59° and 05° degrees of Longitude.

* History of Canada, BrockviUe, 1868.

there was no law, except that of decency and propriety,

against Judge Thorpe seeking a constituency. One would

think of Burke's description of AVilkes, applying to the

erniined candidate for a seat in Parliament, the Horatian

Ode to rindar (iv. 2.):

numerisqiie f«rtur
Lege solutus ;

Nor was Judge Thorpe fortunate in his editor, Willcocks.
The latter died a colonel in the United States service at the
attack on Fort Eric, having deserted the service of his
country dariiuj tJie loar, for he fought on the Canadian side
at Queenstown.

In 1820, J\rr. John Carey established the Observer at
(York) Toronto. It existed, Dr. Scadding tells us, to about
the year 1830.

The Canadian Freeman was estal)lished by ]Mr. Francis
Collins, in 1825. The editor is named in the political
history of that day as sulFering from imprisonment for libel
on the late Chief Justice Robinson in 1828. After Sir
John Colborne's arrival, in 1829 the Assembly petitioned
him to pardon Collins. Sir John Colborne, who had much
of the military genius of the IJuke, must have felt that his
master's mode of speech was as equally worthy of admiration
as his powers in the field : at least, the words of Lord
Seaton so suggest : " I regret exceedingly that the House of
Assembly should have mnde an ai)plication to me which the
obligation I am under to support the laws and my duty to
society, forbid me to comply Avith." The House, however,
was equal to the occasion, it passed a resolution to the effect
that they merited no such reproof.

These, however, were not the days when the press had
much countenance, for in 1820, Mr. Ferguson, editor of the
Canadian Spectator, was condemned to be imprisoned 18
month s, to stand in the pillory, to pay a fine of £50, to find

ion.

of
lie

to
rer,
feet

I had
the

kiis

find

security for good behaviour for seven years, his own for £500,
and two for £250.

Mr. Lindsey, in his " Life of ]\Liekenzie," gives us full
information of the literary efforts of that extraordinary man.*
His first paper, the Colonial Adfocatc, Avas published at
Queenstown, 18th May and was continued until 18th Nov.,
1824. His opponents accused him of printing it at Lewis-
ton, in the United States, across the river. It re-appeared
in York, 25th ]Nray, 1825. There was no issue from
16th June to 18th December, 1825. It was published
to the 8th June, 182G, wdien the niub destroyed the
types and presses. Mv. jMackenzie sued the parties
who had been prominent in the riot and receiv(;d £625
damages which, to use Mr. Mackenzie's words, re-established
on a permanent footing Thi'- jVJuocaff. press. From the 25th
January, 1827, to 10th January, 1828, Mr. ^Mackenzie
styled himself " Printer to the Honorable House of
Assembly of L^pper Canada." The paper remained under
Mr. Mackenzie's control until 4th of Xovemlicr, 1834.
when the last nundjer of the Coloiti il .4^^<'0('rt^; appeared.

* Durinj< tin? year 188~), the writer frequently mot the late kSir
Francis Hinck.s, whose melanclioly death from small-jxix was so
painfully felt. Among other places, at the well-known publisher's, Mr.
Drysdale, and at the City Club. The void he has left in that circle is
known only to those who attended it, a void so soon to be felt after
that of the late estimable Mr. Thomas Cramp On nearly tlie last
occasion which the writer saw him, 10th A[)ril, the conversatitm turn-
ing upon Sir Francis' lately imblislied book, " Reminiscences of his
Life," he told the writer that, as tlie position of the Toronto I'ost-
master becj'.me vacant, being then in power, he offered it to Mackenzie,
considering ilia*; it would be a respectable provision for his declining
years. Sir Francis adding that whatever criticism might be made upon
Mackenzie, he certainly had not sought to enricli himself. The offer
was declined, Mackenzie entertainhig the feeling that the Government
desired to purchase his silence, as Sir Francis added, " Certainly our
last thought. " The position was given to Mr. Leslie.

The press and type were sold to Dr. O'Grady, a Roman
Catholic ecclesiastic, then resenting some injustice from the
higher authorities of his Church. The Advocate was in-
corporated with The Correspondent and the new journal was
called The Correspondent and Advocate.

Subsequently, Mr. Mackenzie published the first number of
the Constitution on the 10th July, 1837, the last number was
published on the 29th November. Mr. Lindsey tells us :
Vol. I., page 390, " The first and fourth page of the number
for December 6th were printed when at this stage it was
Ijrought to a violent close by the breaking out of the insur-
rection. The forms and type wore broken up by the loyalist
mob."

The labours and career of JNIr. Gourlay were prior to this
date. His letters commenced about 1818, many were
written to the Niagara Spectator and copied into the
Kingston Gazette. His work in Canada, " General Introduc-
tion to the Statistical Account," appeared in London, in 1822.
Subsequently, in ]^)Oston, in 1844, he published the
Neptunian. The writer had seen but four numbers of this
paper, 23 to 26, u]\til he was shown among the Archives,
a bound volume of Nos. 1 to 12 having the author's
autograph. They are without date. Ihit the contents
establish the date, which he has assigned them. In No. 25
Mr. Gourlay gave " Correspondence after leaving Home for
Canada," in which he included many letters (1817 and
1820) to and from his Avifo, which men do not generally
publish themselves, whatever may be done after their
death. It is believed that this publication is ra^e. His
career in Canada was as unfortunate to the reputation of
others as to himself. A Scotchman, he was imprisoned as
an alien, as a seditious person brouglit within the meaning
of a Statute passed in 1804. A writ of habeas corpus

Lis
(of
las

ig
ius

was granted, but bail was refused. The Act which gave the
warrant to these arbitrary and discreditable proceedings was
repealed two years after this event, ^fr. Gourlay's name has
a place in the political, rather tlian the literary history of the
country, although in the latter point of view it can in no way
be justly omitted.

The works by which Mr. Gourlay Mill be known and
remembered are :

General introduction to the statistical accounts of Upper
Canada compiled with a view to a grand system of emigra-
tion, London, 1822.

Statistical Account of Upper Canada, 2 vols, London,
1822.

Among the books published at this date mention may be
made of :

" A View of the Political Situation in the Province of
Upper Canada, in N. A., in which her physical capacity is
stated ; the means of diminisliing her Imrden, increasing
her value, and securing her connection to Great Britain, are
fully considered, by John Mills Jackson, 1809."
By Sir Richard Bonny castle :

"Excursions in Canada, or Canada in 1841," 2 vols.,
1841, London.

"Canada in 1 840," 2 vols.

" Canada as It AVas, Is, and jNIay Bo," edited, with con-
siderable additions, by Sir James Alexander, 1852.

" Canadiana, containing sketches of Ujiper Canada, and
the crisis in its political affairs, by AV. \\. AVolls, 1837."

" The Life of Colonel Talbot, and the Talbot Settlement,"
by Mr. Edward Ermatinger, was published at St. Thomas,
in 1859.

Several newspapers appeared from time to time in dilFerent
parts of the Province, and the infornuition regarding them

'■'■'

can only be iniporfectly given. Many of these journals
have passed away, and are forgotten, except Avhen named
in alhision to some past event. Some few exceptions are
yet in existence. It has been found difficult to meet the
early copies which alone establish the date of commence-
ment. The above dates are given without guarantee for
precision.

The Kingston Gazette, weekly, was established in 1810, by
Mr. :Myles. It was continued until 1818. In 1819 the
paper appeared under the name of the Kingston Chronicle.
It wns afterwards called the CJirojtide and Gazftte. Finally,
in 1840, it became known as the Chronicle and News.

The Kingston, Upper Canada, Herald Avas established
1819, by Mr. Hugh C. Thompson.

The Kingston Watchman appears to Imve been published
between 1822-33.

The Patriot a]ipeared in 1829, under Mr. Dalton. The
number seen is Vol. I., No. 51, 2Gth October, 1830.

The Spectator was published in 1830. It was edited,
at one time, by Dr. Barker.

The Catholic Rrligious WeeJdg Periodical was published
in Kingston, from Oct. 22, 1830, to Oct. 14, 1831, by Vicar-
General JNLcDonald.

The British ITA A/ was established in 1834. It appeared
as a daily })aperin 1849. It was the property of Dr. Barker.

The above are all of Kingston.

At Toronto, the Christian Guardian, the organ of the
]^[ethodists, is still in existence. The first number is dated
13th November, 1829.

The Patriot and Farmers^ Monitor, edited by Mr. Dalton,
commenced in 1829, at Kingston, was subsequently trans-
ported to Toronto. It may be recollected of late years in
connection Avith the Leader.

mmmmm

s-
n

The Courier, edited by Mr. George Gurnet, was com-
menced the beginning of December, 1829. The hist num-
ber appeared in March, 18."}7 ; the date when Mr. Gurnet
M'as elected ^layor of Montreal, and was appointed by Sir
F. B. Head, Clerk of the Peace for the Home District.

The Examiner was established by Sir Francis Hincks at
the commencement of his career, early in July, 1838, and
passed from his hands to the control of Mv. Leslie. In 1857
the subscription list was sold to Mr. Brown, and was merged
in that of the Globe. The lirst number of the Globe, however,
appeared 5th March, 1841.

The BrockiHlle liceorder was started in 1820, and
immediately passed into the hands of ^Ir. Buel, who retained
control of it until 1849, when it was transferred to Mr.
AVylie. In 1883, it became the property of the present
owner, !Mr. J. J. Bell.

The Prescott Telegraph was commenced in 1823 by Mr.
]\ryles who, in 1810, had started the Kifujston Gazette.

The first r>y-town paper was the Independent, started in
1837 by "Jimmy" Johnston, the eccentric member for
Carleton. After a few numbers it became extinct, to pass
into the hands of Dr. A. J. Christie, who re-established it as
the Bytown Gazelle. This paper, after passing through
several ownerships, was finally discontinued in 1862.

The Cornwall Obseriyr was started in 1834.

The Traveller, or Prince Edirard Gazette, appeared at
Pictou in 1836. It lived four years.

The Anglo-Canadian was pul)lishcd at Belleville, in 1831.
The paper was short-lived. It was succeeded by the
Plioinix, wdiichwas published for about a year.

In 1834 the Bellevilh' Intdligencer was established. It
is now in existence.

The Port Hope Telegrajyh was established in 1831.

W I

The Eeformer aipTpesLved in Cobourg in 1832.

The Brantfurd Sentinel was published in 1837. The
first attempt was a failure. It was subsequently successfully
renewed by Mr. Thorpe Holmes.

The Gore Balance was published in Hamilton in 1830.
The Western Mercury in 1831.

The first number of the Saint Catltarines^ Journal
appeared 1st Feb., 1826, published by Hiram Leavenworth.
In 1843 it was transferred to Mr. Thorpe Holmes, who con-
trolled it until 30th June, 1 857. It is still in existence.

Doubtless, there were many attempts more or less suc-
cessful in the line of journalism which remain unrecorded.
There is no attempt in these pages in any way to give a
complete list of such efforts, or even to afiect accuracy as to
dates. Much which has been published on the subject
has often been carelessly put to paper without the least
sense of responsibility, and v/ithout any assurance of correct-
ness of statement. No one could imagine the difficulty of
tracing an early number of a newspaper fifty or sixty years
back until he went in search of it. Such list, no doubt, is
attainable. Possibly the imperfections of what is here
deferentially offered, may lead many young men in the
several cities and towns, correctly to supplement the infor-
mation so imix'rfectly given, and it can best be done
by a division of labour, for the investigations will exact time
and effort.

It would be conceived that Corporations would make it a
matter of duty to gather for reference of the community,
complete fyles of all newspapers published in the locality, to-
gether with all books which have been written to describe
the history and traditions of the place. The commercial and
legal value of such a proceeding must be admitted. The
obligation could be made a special duty attached to the posi-

tion of the city clerk, many of the incumbents of which office
are men of literary ability. The difficulty has hitherto
been, that there has been a general inditterence in this
respect. Frequently, even, it is not possible to obtain a copy
of an old repealed liy-law. No doubt the very idea in keep-
ing this record may be new to many ; nevertheless a little
reflection will show the utility of the proceeding. It is yet
time, in many localities, to sui)ply this defect, with but little
trifling expense a commencement may be made in the collec-
tion of the archives of each municipality. No ^layor ought
to be allowed to divest himself of responsibility in this
respect. It should be a special matter with the city clerk
annually to report on the steps taken during the year.
When the collection has once been established on a proper
basis the expense will be limited to a few dollars to bind
the newspapers received and in purchasing the few books
which annually appear.

So trifling is the whole proceeding that it is a matter of
wonder that it has not been attended to.

The truth must be said that Ontario Archaiology is so
little in its first stage. Of late years it has received no
slight impulse from the ellbrts of Dr. Scadding, whose
"Toronto of Old" is well-known, and who continues his
research with system and care. His endeavour is to ol)taiii
original authorities, to base his narrative on solid evidence,
rejecting that easy and convenient principle of acceptance of
a repeated, unauthenticated fact. AVe are commencing to
recognize the necessity of studying our annals, in order to
penetrate the surface of tradition. A mark(;d cons(!([uence
of this feeling is shown on the walls of Oovernment House.
Within the last few years, with some few exceptions, the
portraits of the Lieut.-Governors of Upper Canada, with the
Administrators of the Government, have been ranged side

i '

by side* and heave attracted the attention of all who have
j)articipated in the hospitalities so gracefully dispen:>ed
<luring the tenure of olfice of the present Lieutenant-
(lovernor. That the wrHer can at all speak of the subject
is due to the kindness of Governor Robinson. Few who look
upon these portraits can form any idea of the patient labour
by which the satisfactory results have been achieved. It
•can be well understood as one sees the many letters which
the search has necessitated. And those portraits which are
absent have l)een among those which have led to the greatest
iimount of correspondence. Mr. Robinson has made a life-
long study of the early history of Ui)per Canada, and, to-
gether with the circumstance that from his early boyhood in
his father's house, he has met the leading actors in our
j)olitics, for some years beyond a half century, he felt that
the opportunity of obtaining sonui record of them should not
be allowed to pass. The proposition made to the head of
the Government, Mv. !Mowat, obtained his warm sympathy
and support. The Council agreed to provide for the expense
■on a reasonable and proper basis, and proceedings were at once
taken to carry out the design. It can easily be understood
that it was one thing to agree to obtain a series of painted
portraits ; and that it is an entirely different matter to carry
out the theory. The last of these portraits, that of Sir
George Arthur, dates nearly half a century back. The first
goes back to beyond nearly double this period. The start-
ing point to be determined is where any particular portrait
■can be found, i\va\ in the second place to obtain permission
to copy it. This multifarious correspondence was carried on

*The original portraits and copies have beieii made with care and
abiUty by Mr. Berthon, known in Toronto as the artist who painted
"the several portraits of tlie Chief Justices and Chancellors in Osgoode
Hall, Toronto. Mr. Bertlion was a pupil of his fatlier, the Court
Painter of the First Napoleon. A portrait of the Emperor, taken from
life by the elder Berthon, still remains in the possession of his son.

d
d

e
't
n

l)y the Licutonant-riovernor with several of the parties to
he addressed. A great extent of tlie necessary investigation
\vas conducted hy his hrother, Colonel Charles Rohinson, of
the Rifle ]>rigado, who has heen indefatigahle in his in-
<luirios, and, as a rule, successful, although it -will he seen
that in some rare instances success is yet to he hoi)ed for.
The Province is under very great ohligations to Colonel
Rohinson fur the zeal and judgment vritli which this service
has heen rendered. Accepting Governor Roliinson as an
authority, the Governors of Ancient Upper Canada are as
follows : —

General Simcoe." 8 July, 1792.

I'eter Russell, President, Administrator. . 21 July, 179G.

General Peter Hunter 17 Aug., 1799.

Alex. Grant, President, Aiffuinistrator. . . 11 Sei)t., 1805.

Francis Gore 25 Aug., 1806.

Sir Isaac Brock, President 30 Sept., 1811.

Sir Roger Hale Shealfe 20 Oct., 1812.

nJaron de RoLtenhurgh 19 June, 1813.

Sir Gordon Drummond (Provisional Lieut.-

Governor.) 13 Dec, 1813.

Sir George Murray 25 April, 1815.

Sir Fred. Philipse Rohinson 1 July, 1815.

Francis Gore 25 Sept., 1815.

CoL Sam. Smith, Administrator 11 June, 1817.

Sir Peregrine jNIaitland 13 Aug., 1818.

Coh Sam, Smitli, Administrator 8 ]\hm;li, 1820.

Sir Peregine Maitland 30 June, 1820.

Sir John Colborne , 5 Nov., 1828.

Sir Francis Bond Head 25 Jan., 1836.

Sir George Arthur March, 1838.

[ Arrived at Quebec, ]

Lord Sydenham ■' 17th Oct., 1839, V 21 Nov., 1839.

I Sworn at Toronto, )

SAi

IMAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

]:ll

Of the above, the portraits not obtained are those of
General Peter Hunter, Alex. Grant, Sir Roger Sheaffe,
Baron de Rottenburgh.

Although the portrait of Sir George Arthur is not yet
upon the walls, full arrangements have been made to obtain
it. The query naturally arises as to the gem ineness of these
portraits. It is an old trick of a class of dealers to christen
an oil painting, especially when the picture is one of merit.
The portrait passing for that of Hampden* is a case in point.

There is no fact of any kind to shew that it is authentic.
Frequently, in good faith, a portrait becomes misnamed.

♦The engraved portraits of Hampden are described in Granger's
Biographical History of England (5th ed., 1824), Vol. iii., p. 5:
"Johannes Hampden, vindex libertatis. Audran Sc. De picta

tabella apud virum illustrem Ricltdrdum Ellys, Baronettum; H. Sh.

In Peck's ' Life of Milton.' "
"John Hamden (sic); in armour Houbraken F 1740, lilust. Head.

This is not from the same picture as the abo ., which represents

him j'ounger."
Mr. Granger adds the following note :

" It does not appear that there is any authentic picture of
Hamden {sic). Sir Richard EUys is said to have bought an old paint-
ing at a stall, and called it by his name. The late Mr. Hdlis told me
that he has made particular inquiry after a genuine portrait of him to
have it engraved, and that he could never find an undoubted original."

In the edition above named, a note on authority of Mr. Bindley,
is added :

"At Hampden House, in Bucks, there is a small bust of him in
ivory, well-executed and supposed to have been done in his life ; it
exhibits a thin, long-visaged man with whiskers." Vol. iv. of the
Literary History of Mr. John Nichols, 1822, is dedicated to the
memory of Mr. Bindley, one of His Majesty's Commissioners of
Stamps, whose portrait is given as a frontispiece. He was a biblio-
grapher, and known collector of great research.

The above statement, the writer humbly conceives, not only justifies,
but dictates the necessity of thoroughly establishing the genuine-
ness of the national p(jrtraits gathered together by the Lieutenant-
Governor of Ontario,

Often there is a lack of evidence to establish authenticity.
A case of this character is now in archaeological circles
attracting some notice. At the close the war of 1812-15,
the Legislature of Upper Canada voted a sword to Colonel
Robinson, no Christian name being given. The late Chief-
Justice Sir John Beverley Robinson was a lieutenant at
Queenstown, honourably mentioned in the General's despatch.
His elder brother was Peter Robinson, who founded Peter-
borough (about 1824) City and County, which are named
after him. He was at Detroit with Brock, and was commis-
sioned to bring General Hull, after the capitulation to Toronto.
He died unmarried. But there is no knowledge of this sword
in his family, nor can the Colonel Robinson be identified.
It has been surmised that it is this Mr. Peter Robinson
who held rank in the Canadian Militia. But no one living
knows anything of the presentation. Nor is there the least
tradition to establish to whom this sabre was given.

Governor Robinson has added to the many obligations
under which he has placed the writer by giving direct
information as to the sources of these several portraits, so
that their genuineness is indisputable.

The portrait of Governor Simcoe is taken from a minia-
ture in oils, presented to Revd. Dr. Scadding, by Captain
Simcoe, son of the General.

The portrait of Peter Russell is taken from the original
life-size given by Mr. Rus'^»^ll, himself, to Dr. Baldwin. It
is now in the possession of Mr. Wilcox Baldwin, son of the
Hon. Robert Baldwin.

No portrait has been obtained of Governor Peter
Hunter, although no little effort ,has been made to gain
information regarding him. Some of the biographies have
attributed to him a relationship to the celebrated surgeon
John Hunter, from the fact that the monument in the

Protestant Cathedral, Quebec, was erected by a doctor of
that name. The family relationship is without foundation.
Dying in Quebec, in 1805, ho is lost to our history. Pos-
sibly these few remarks may attract attention to the fact of
our want of knowledge regarding him. Any one who can
aid in filling this gap in our archives will deserve the public
thanks. The Governors-General at this period were Lord
Dorchester and General Prescott. It is not impossible that
their papers will throw light on the subject.

The portrait of Governor Gore is from a life-size painting
given by him to his god-daughter. Miss Givens, sister to the
Revd. Salter Givens. This lady is still living unmarried.
The original remaining in her possession, it was thought, too,
in view of its being required in the public interest, Miss
Givens, might be induced to part with it, and the
Executive were prepared to recognize its value. A friend
was commissioned to approach the owner with all delicacy.
But a slight allusion to such a proceeding shewed how
extremely distasteful it would prove, and no further steps
were taken.

The portrait of Col. Samuel Smith is copied from the
original in the possession of the family still residing at
Toronto. It is that of a young man in the uniform of the
Rangers. None could be obtained of a later date.

Sir George Murray, one of the most distinguished of the
Peninsular officers, at once left Canada, on hearing that
Napoleon had again entered Franco. His portrait is taken
from tlie portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. The painting
is well-known to collectors from the engraving of Henry
Mayer, published by Welch & Gwynne, in 184L It is
lettered " Major-General George Murray, Quarter-Master
General of the Army in Spain and Portugal."

The portrait of Sir Gordon Drummond is copied by
permission of his daughter, Lady Etfingham, now living in
Eaton Pkice, London. The original was life-size, and her
ladyship most courteously gave every assistance to tho
Province in its endeavour to obtain a copy. Sir Gordon
Drummond spoke of Canada as his native country. He was,
indeed, a native Canadian, having been born either in
Quebec or in Montreal, in 1771, when his father was
Paymaster-General to the forces.

Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson, first cousin of Sir John
Beverley Robinson, was a general officer of great distinction,
and was of a Virginia family. His portrait was obtained
from his daughter, Mrs. Hamilton, now living.

The portrait of Sir Peregrine jSIaitland, is enlarged from
a cabinet picture in the possession of his son. General
Maitland, Governor of the Tower of London.

The portrait of Sir John Colborne is taken from the life-
size picture in the Hall of Upper Canada College, of which
he Avas the founder.

Sir Francis Jjond Head"'*' is taken from the well-known
engraving of him published some years back.

Sir George Arthurs portrait is not yet ol)tained, but
every arrangement has been completed to gain possession of
it through his daughter, Lady Bartle Frere, who fully
acknowledges the desire of the Government to place her
father's memory in the position it can claim. Her letter,

* According to Sir Francis IJoiid Head, the practice of hoisting the
standtardat Govorniiient House, and at the otticial pUice of reception in
town when the Governor is present, originated with him. He tells us
in his extraordinary "Narrative," (London, 1839) p. 110 : "In propor-
tion as the Constitutionalists were observed to rally I'ound the British
flag (which I hoisted for the first time in the history of the Province on
the roof of the Government House), &c., &c.

granting Governor Robinson's request, is a model of feminine
and filial delicacy.

The portrait of Brock has been left to the last, because,
hitherto, it has been considered that it was impossible to
obtain any such memorial. His life was written by his
brother-in-law, Mr. Tupper, as he himself, of an ancient
Guernsey family, and, in speaking of this subject, p. 341,
Mr. Tupper says : —

"The officers of the 49th, subscribed for a portrait of Brock for
their mess room, and instructed their regimental agent to obtain it.
The agent applied to the family for a copy, but, unfortunately, they
possessed no good likeness of the General."

Major Richardson, in his " War of 1812," states, p. 68 :

"As no portrait, public or private, of General Brock seems to
have been preserved in this country, it may not be unimportant hereto
give a slight written sketch of the hero : In person he was tall, stout
and inclining to corimlency ; he was of fair and florid complexion, had
a large forehead, full face, but not prominent features, rather small
greyish-blue eyes, with a very slight cast in one of them, small mouth,
with a pleasing smile and good teeth. In manner he was exceedingly
affable and gentlemanly, of a cheerful and social habit, partial to
dancing, and although never married extremely devoted to female
society. Of the chivalry of his nature and the soundness of his judg-
ment, evidence has been given in the foregoing pages to render all
comment thereon a matter of supererogation."

This fact may explain why the portrait is taken in
profile. It was with tliis discouraging theory that the
Lieutenant-Governor started in his endeavour to obtain
intelligence of a portrait. A large packet of letters is the
evidence of the unflagging enthusiasm and zeal, which led
to success. Never were such qualities more judiciously
exercised, and in this case, as in the others, the Province
is under great obligations to Colonel Robinson, who was
untiring in his labours, for such really they may be called.
Finally, it was known, through Mrs. DeLisle, a niece of
Brock, and the one member of the family surviving who

Lce
ras
led.
of
tYio

WiOS living when he fell, that there were two portraits of
him, one held by Mrs. Huish, and one by Mrs. Tupper,
widow of tlie author of his life, and the daughter of his
sister. Both have been copied for the Government. The
likeness is in profile. There is a theory that there was some
scar or mark on the face which suggested the choice of this
position.

This correspondence has been placed at the disposal of
the writer. There cannot be a doubt that the likeness is a
family picture, genuine, and admitted to be a likeness. As
it often happens, some of the family were displeased
with it, and it is not improbable that such was the case
with Brock himself. There is nothing, however, directly to
warrant this rfnuark, but such is a fair inference from what
is said, especially that it was not considered a good portrait.
Among the letters of this correspondence, there is one from
the daughter of Mrs. Tupper, which throws light on this
point, and which, itself, is of unusual interest.

I trust that it will not be considered a breach of propriety
in making public the following letter, for it is really of
historical importance. The veneration felt in Canada for
the memory of the illustrious Brock, is general in every
sense. His name is a household word with our youth, and
it will be a matter of common satisfaction to know that the
portrait we possess is genuine and undoubted. The reason
that this letter is selected for publication in preference to
many others, will be apparent upon its perusal. It will
strike a chord of sympathy in every Canadian heart, and
the deep feeling which marks the text, the writer of the
letter may be assured, will in no way be vulgarized by its
publication. Tiie letter is published wii" at the permission
of the writer. Unfortunately, there is not the time at our
disposal to ask this permission. It is hoped that the

! k

explaiiiition will be .accepted, and tliat tlio irregularity in
giving to the world this knowledge of lirock will be lost
sight of in the nniver.sal satisfaction with which that which
is so well written will be accepted :

"Guernsey, danuary 25, 1882.
" My cousin, ^Irs. LeCoc(i, brought nie your letter of
January IGth to read, in order that I might help her in
answering your cpiestion. It occurred to my mother and
to myself that you might wish to have a copy of my dear
father's life and correspondence of Sir Isaac Brock, in order
that you may yourself see what is there told relative to the
various points you allude to. My cousin will have been a])le
from the foot-note at p. 341* to explain that the reason
why the 49th Regiment failed to procure a portrait of Sir
Isaac was not that there was no existing likeness, but that
there was no <iood one. She will also have told you
that we never heard of a medal for Queenstown ; that for
Detroit has been for many years in our possession, my father
being the eldest son of the General's eldest sister, not
one of Sir Isaac's nine brothers having left a son. AVe
have also the coat in which he was killed, the luindkerchief
stained with his blood, and, I believe, every scrap of paper
relating to him, for my father was an intense hero
worshipper, and his gallant uncle was his chief hero. From
my cradle I was taught every interesting particular
concerning my great uncle, and Detroit and Queenstown
have always been household words in our home. The last
copy of the " Life " which I gave away was to the late
lamented Dean Stanley, who had made so many inquiries
about Sir Isaac after a visit to Canada, that I ventured,
when he visited Guernsey, to send him the book. He wrote

* Vide page No. 96.

"i.

a much valued noto, saying' that * ever since he saw tho
mouuineiit of Sir Isaac lU'ock oii the Heights of (^uecnstown,
below Niagara Falls, ho had felt great curiosity about iiiiii,
which curiosity would now bo gratilicd.'

" You will see, by my signature, that I am an unworthy
namesake of the " charming girl " of whom Sir Isaac writes,
my dear father's fondly-loved eldest sister.
" Ijelieve me, my dear Sir,

" Truly yours,

" Henrietta TurPEu."

:ies
■ed,
ote

It is evident that the Dominion has finally established
an important department, that of Archives ; that its main-
tenance has become a matter of parliamentary faith, and
that ye.arly a vote of money will lead to its develoi)ment
and increase : One additional reciuirement is now necessary,
to find proper quarters where the treasures which have been
collected will be available. They are now placed in three
fire-proof rooms communicating one Avith the other, in the
basement of the "Western Departmental lUock, Ottawa,
crowded with bookshelves, which have to be multiplied in
the most dexterous, and artistic manner, in order to find
room where the books can })e placed. It is almost an im-
possibility for the historical student to continue his researches
there. Such a spot is unfit for tho jmrposes it luidortakes
to satisfy. What is required is a building apart, carefully
constructed, fire-proof, with a reading-room. A matter of
cost of some .^15,000. To use the slang of the day, the in-
vestment will pay. Strangers visiting Ottawa will include
the Archives-room as one of tho sights, for the Department
is one per et in se, and has ])een prudently made distinct
from the library. No book is permitted out of its precincts, so
it can set at defiance the most enterprising Member of Parlia-

100

ment : and the devastations on the books in the library, and
the losses of valuable volumes, shew what is possible in that
direction. The visitor, seeing the wants and requirements of
this institution, may remember that he may have something
in the shape of an ancient book or a record to contribute,
and thus our Archives will become, day by day, richer and
more complete. This is no dream of a sanguine nature,
hoping against hope. It is the teaching of experience. The
first condition of the Archive Department is to make it
known, to bring it to public notice, and so silently appeal for
support, aid, and encouragement.

One name particularly is deserving of mention in the
establishment of this Institution, it is that of Dr. J. C.
Tach6, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, himself a student
of the ancient remains of Canada, and one who has followed
the history of the Dominion. It was fortunate that the
establishment of this branch took place under his rule.
With literary tastes, a practised writer, one whose life has
l)een passed in investigation, he knew well what is needed
in an organization the object of which is to gather sound
and rcjliable information. No better man could have been
found to have encouraged and to have sustained Mr.
Brymner, in the duties he has so admirably fulfilled, and
Dr. Tach6 has, in this respect, a firm and permanent claim on
public gratitude.

Cai bono — to the benefit of what principle or interest,
says pert and prosperous ignorance, that cursed Old Man of
the Mountain, now astride on the shoulders of Canada,
Old bono — what is all this expenditure of time and money 1
Heaven help us if we are ever to be what we are to-day,
weighed down by the theory that money is everything, the
one be-all and end-all of life, the one excellence of the
Horatian axiom, in comparison with which everything vilio)'

101

al(ia est. We have a youth risiii},' up to maturity among us.
We do not hope to see the mantle of many a sire (Ujacc.nd.
ing on them. We look forward to the acceptance of hroader
and more generous theories of life, to a higher sense of
duty than we hear expounded at this hour, to the sentiment
of some chivalry, to sympathies higher and more catholic
than that which mere sordid self-interest teaches, lieauty is
truth — truth heauty, in the words of Keats, and as wo intro-
duce and make known among these; following us the gcjuer-
ous and nohler instincts of historic truth, and that which
it indicates, the love of truth, we cidlivate a higher order of
morality and a more dignified sense of pulilic duty. As wo
educate and elevate each succeeding generation, so we raiso
them in the standard of a sense of mnidiood and i)ersonal
dignity. We make them men. We do not say that the
Archives Office will evangelize society. l)Ut it may produce
and turn in the right direction many a young mind whoso
honest impulses and lahoiirs hereafter may exercise wide,
lofty, and happy inlluences. It may also produce! many a
prig and may lead disordered vanity to many a sorry exhibi-
tion. The words of Cowper rise to the wriha's mind :
Cowper, whose memory is so dear to every lover of pure,
good English, and whose noble, unselHsh nature has produced
some of the most undying passages of our literature :

ay,

the
the
lior

Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one
Have ofttimes no connection. Knowledge dwells
In heads replete with thoughts of other men ;
Wisdom in minds attentive to their own.
Knowledge a rnde nn profit able mass,
The mere materials with whicli wisdom builds
Till smoothed and scpiarcd and fitted to its place,
Does but encumber wliom it seems to enrich.
Knowledge is j)roud that he has learned so much ;
Wisdom is humble that lie knows no more.

102

It is no oxafj^'fration to liope for tlie most desirable conse-
qumicos in tlio training of our youth, in the inipulao thus
given to our history. The progress niaclo by tlioso olficially
in cliarge of the areliives has Ijeen v(!ry great. The directors
of tli(! institution are in every way deserving of public appro-
bation. What, however, is the principal reciuirenient is a pro-
])er building, as we have pointcfd out, where the application
of our historical wealth may be put to good j)urposes, aud no
step in this brancli of practical economy would be more
welcome than the knowlcclge that a sum had been placed in
the estimates to carry out the design of ju'eserving the
memorials of our history in a lit home. There should be
no haste in hurrying through the compl(;tion of the
building. Every reipiirement of the institution should
be perfectly well considcied, and every want cared for and
supi)lied. The details of its arrangement should be thoroughly
investigated, and the building should be as perfect as
experience and consideration can make it.

NoTK. - The oxplaiiiition tliat Kirke (nee page 2!)) came to
be considered a roiie;;ade Frenchman, is tliat writers have neglected
to refer to the i)roi)er authorities on the subject. Kalm's Travels, pub-
lished in 1772. correctly states the fact :

"In 1<)20, towards the end of July, it (Quebec) was taken by
two Eii;/lishmc)i, Lewis and IViomas Kirk, by capitulation, etc."
Vol. 1., p. 200.]

->H-H

S^m^jC?.

r7^K^

H-<-«-

103

NOTE.

From Bourcos the very oppo8it<>, tlio writer will ondcavotir to pfive an
a.|iproxiinate list of the Ontario newspapers, as they were published in
1S31, In that year, on the pround that the articles which appeared in
I'ke Colonial Advocate were libels on the House of Assembly, Mr. W.
Lyon Mackenzie, then a member, was expelled on a vote of 'J4 to 15.
These "libels " are given by his son-in-law, Mr. Lind^^ey, in the history
of his life. There can only be a feeling of wonder that they should
excite more than i>assing anger ; and it is impossible to avoid admit-
ting the justic' '>f tlie remark so often made that the dominant
party wore determined to crush all opposition which threatened their
tenure of power. It is not, however, in these pages that that subject
can be discussed. In his defence, Mr. Lycm Mackenzie said : " The
iiinvspajjer press of tliis Colony takes different sides in ]>olitical ques-
tions. Four-fifths of the twcntij five Jvarnah puUinhed in this Colony,
Ac, &c."

The question suggests itself, are we to accept this number, in a
general way, as an approximation, or as a precise and definite state-
ment. Anyone who studies Mr. Lyon Mackenzie's career and does
him justice must incline to the latter. Much of his writing and his
tone of argument is m. irked by abruptness, by want of continuity.
Although Mr. Macken.'-i'.), on some occasions, wrote good P3ng!ish, ho
was frequently led to be discursive. Much that he i)ut to paper can
be well described a? coming under the French emphatic word decousu.
But in any mattoi of fact, in any statement, however impulsive Mr.
Mackenzie might be in his anger, and however marked his language,
the impression made upon the writer is that he was guided by a love of
truth, and was even careful in his facts. We, therefore, on his view,
are justified in accepting the number 25 as the actual number of
political journals at that date, not including purely religious dogmatical
publications. This opinion is sustained by the Post Office reports,
which throw light on the subject.

Even in an essay of this character one can speak of the Post Office
•of that date archneologically. For under whatever aspect it may be
considered, it was about as depressing and unsatisfactory an institution
as ever existed. It was under Imjierial control, its local head for many
years setting at defiance all Canadian interference, nearly up to the
time of its transfer, 6th April, 1851 : Mr. James Morris being the

-.jfx

104

11^

first Postmaster-General. It was run to pay. No manager of an itiner-
ant show could have been actuated by more sordid and selfish prin-
ciples, than that which marked its management. We are told in the
* ' Second Report of a Special Comiaittee of the House of Assembly of
the Province of Lower Canada, on the subject of the Post-Office
Department. Session, 1835-1836." *' For the thirteen years, ending
1834 inclusive, the enormous sum of £91,085 8s. 8d. sterling ($446,525),
has been transmitted to England by the Post Office of this Province."
And at the time of the report, the remittance was £10,041 13s. 4d.
(849,433), an annual tax ujion the intelligence of Canada sent out of the
country. 'J t such was the desire of any Imperial Statesman cannot
for a moment be believed. So to consider, is unfair to the mind the least
susceptible of the advance of improvement. The system grew up from
the utter failure of those conducting the establishnient to understand
its responsibilities, and its duties, blended, doubtless, with the senti-
ment that the position of the leading officials was exceedingly lucra-
tive and pleasant. The postage of a letter to and from England ranged,
at one time, from a dollar to ,a dollar and a half. Even to the latest
date of this rule, the Canadian rate was 9d. (15c.) the half oimce im-
mediately reduced under Provincial control to 3d. or live cents. What
we recognise as the public interest, in the early days, in no way cauie
into consideration. No additional post office could be established
without the authority of the Imperial Postmaster-General. The
regulation's regarding new8i)a])ers, almost prevented, certainly very
much limited their circulation. Postage had to be paid in advance,
and the rate was high : an mpedinieut to the discussion of political
questions, which certainly found no di^sfavour with the military
governors formed in the school of the Regency and with the few men
in power clustered around them. Towards the final working of the
sj'stem it became improved. But it is astonishing that it was allowed
to continue so long after tlie vicious cliaracter of the system had been
freely recognized. Lord Durliani, in his celebrated report, gives but a
few lines to the Post Office, recoinnieiulingits immediate tra fer to the
Canadas. The rebellion of lH;{7-8, may exjjlain much of the forgetful-
ness into which the matter passed. Had Lord Sydenham lived, it
would doubtless have been immediately changed. The political diffi-
culties whicli followed his death, engrossed public attenticm to the ex-
clusion of all oihei' matters, and until their settlement no steps were
taken to effect the change called for.

It is proper to remark tliat, even at this date, many acquainted
with the Post Office history, contend that the condition in which the
office was found half a century back was unavoidable. Mr. Stayner,

105

they urge, was an able man, and his integrity above suspicion ; the
fact, indeed, is not disputed. Th«y argue that there was no statute
under which the Post Office could be worked otherwise. The Act
which governed its arrangements was that of Queen Anne for the
plantations, and, moreover, the several Provinces would in no way act
in common to obtain a better system. The excess of revenue, it is con-
tended, was made up to a great extent of the Imperial and Military
Postage, which amounted to a large sum. It is, however, indisputable
that the system was bad and mischievous, that it was controlled
entirely by the Imperial authorities, and that it was in the power of
the Home Government at any time to introduce the necessary reforms
when they held it expedient to do so, and that no changes were made..
The country was indebted to Mr. Mackenzie that, in the first in-
stance, any inquiry was made into its condition. Mr. Lindsey tells us
that Lord Goderich proposed at once to place the Post Office under
Provincial control, and offered the Ontario management to Mr.
Mackenzie. The offer he felt bound to decline. Even, however, to have
compassed such a reform was a sufficient epitaph.

Allusion has been made to a Special Committee of the Lower
Canada House of Assembly in 18;J5-0 in the Post Office. Mr. Stayner
was examined as a witness. The day had gone by when he could defv
a Canadian House of Assembly, Among other matter he presented a
return shewing in detail the postage received on newsimpers during the
five years from 1827-31. By availing ourselves of this information, and
what incidental facts can be elsewhere obtained, it may be concluded
that the following papers were in circulation at that date :

Kingston. — Kitir/ston Chronicle, Upper Canada Herald, Kingstou
Patriot, The Canadian Watchman, The Spectator.

Prescott. —Presco^^ Tehjraph.

BROCKVii.LTS.—Brockville Recorder, Brockvillc Gazette.

Bellevillk. — An'jlo-Canadian.

VEKin.— Perth Examiner.

Pout Hope. — Telegraph.

CoBOuiui. — Cohourg Star.

TouoNTO. — Uptm' Canada Gazette, The Canadian Freeman, Colonial
Advocate, The Christian Guardian, The Courier.

York. — Yo7'k Observer.

Hamilton. — Wcstei'n Mercury, Free Press, Canadian Wesleyan.

Gore.— 6'o)'e Balance, Gore Gazette.

Niagara. - Niagara Gleaner.

St. Catharines.— 6Y. Catharines Journal.

Total, 25»

'■",■.' ■':■■"'.

ii - ■

1' ' "

^ ■ 1 ■

INDEX.

PAGE.

Abeille, Canadienne 39, 40

Abercrombie, General 18

Admiralty Law 26

Agnew, Mr. Stair 16

Alexander, Sir James 85

American Oracle, The 77

Ancieh Conseil, Registrea de. Where are They ? 61

Anglo-American, The Belleville 87

Antell, Mr 42

Archive Branch :

Reports 11

Origin 12

Its Establishment, 100

Its Future Influence, 101

The Requirement of a Proper Building 102

Arret du Conseil, Education 1718 33

Arthur, Sir George. His Portrait 95

Aurore, V 43

Aval, Mr 16

Aylmer, Lord . . 48

Baby, Mr. Justice 41

Baldwin, Mr. "Wilcox 93

Baldwin, Dr .. 93

Bay of Quinte Mission 30

Bell, Mr. I. J 87

Belleville Intelligencer ,. .. 87

Belmont, M. L'Abbe. His History 46

Berthon, M., Painter, Portraits, Toronto 90

Bibaud, Jeune 41

Bibaud, M 43

His History 48

His Career , . 49

Reproof of barguignage 49

Bibliothbque Canadienne, La . . , 43

Binding — 53

Earliest Example 54

108

PACE,

Blanchet, Mr 50

Blanchet, Mr.,1884 60

Board of Trade, London 15

Bonnycastle. Sir Richard. His Works 85

Boucher's Memorial to Colbert 44

Bouquet Papers 18

Bourdon, Jean 32

Bourgeois, Marguerite 33

Brantford Sentinel 88

British Flag, when first raised on Government House . . . . 95

liritish Population aftev Conquest .. 24

British Museum, The 15

British Whig, The 86

Brock, Sir Isaac, General :

His Last Letter 18

His Portrait 96

Brockville Recorder 87

Brynmer, Mr. Douglas 11

In London 15

In Montreal, etc 17, 28

As to Documents relating to Quebec Act 38

Etymology, Toronto 74

Buckley, Captain 42

Buel, Mr 87

Buies, Mr. Arthur, proposes "Le Dominion" 69

Burgoyne, General, Failure of 18

Supposed Influence Injurious to Carleton 19

His Character 19

His Surrender, Saratoga . 19

Bytown Independent, The 87

Calliferes, M. de 46

Canada : Its struggles for existence as a British Province . . 37

Its Condition, 1765 24

Canadian Freeman 82

" Magazine 44

*' Jteview 44

" Spectator 82

" Trade Act, 1822 58

Canadicn, Le 39

Carleton, Sir Guy, Lord Dorchester 19

His Retirement 20

109

PACE.

Cartier, Sir George— Scene House of CommonB 67

Cat^chisme du Diocbae de Sens 41

Catherine, La Sainte 9

Catholic Religious Weekly Periodical 86

Carey, Mr. John 82

Celles, de, Mr 53

Census, First, Murray 23

Chanibre de Justice de Longueuil 59

Champlain 45

Edition of His Works 63

Charles I., Surrender of Canada, 1631 . . . . 28

His Letter to Sir Charles Wake 29

Charlevoix 29, 33

His History 44, 46

Charon Fr^res 33

Chauveau, Mr. Sheriff 41, 67

Christian Guardian 86

Christie's History 50

Christie, Dr. A. J 87

Civil Officers, Improper Choice after Conquest 25

Fault Remedied 38

Cobourg Rcformei' . . 88

Cochrane, Mr 65

Colborne, Sir John, His Reply to an Address 82

His Portrait 95

Collins, Mr. Francis, Imprisoned for Libel 82

Colonial Advocate 83

Colonial Office 15

Intervention to Facilitate Search of Papers . . 15

Commercial Law, English 26

Conseil Souvvjiain de Quebec 61

Constellation, The 77

Constitutional Act, The, 1791 19

Cornwall Observer 87

Cornwallis' Capitulation, 1781 22

Corporations, Duties of, with regard to Local Literature and

Periodicals 88

Courier, The 87

Courier de Quebec, Le 39

Couture, le Sieur 32

Cramp, Mr. Thomas 83

Criminal Law, British, Unpopular with Seigneurs 27

110

PACE.

Dablon, Pbre 32

Dalhousie, Lord 7, 50

Attacks Press Against 59

Decrdts, Arrets, Ordonnances 5

Departmental Room 12

Derby, Lord, 177G 20

" Translator of Homer 73

•* (1883.) 16

Des Grosseliers 29, 32:

Dictionnaire Gmealogique dea Families Canadienncs . . . . 63

Detroit, Fort, Attack in 1764 28

Disney, Capt. 44th Regiment, his trial 23

Pamphlet of trial 41

Dixon, Mr. T 16

Donatus 79

Drummond, Sir Gordon. His Portrait 95

Drysdale, Mr., Publisher 83

Du Calvet, M 20

Possibly United States Partisan 22

Duchesneau, Intendant. 45'

Du Luth, constructed Fort Kaministiquia, 1698 30'

Education, Provision for, previous to Conquest 33"

EncydopMie Canadicniie, L' 43

Epochs Lower Canada History 41

Etablissement de la Foi 45

Examiner, The 87'

Faillon, M. l'Abb.5 61

Faribault, Mr. G. B 52

The importance of his labours 53^

Ferguson, Mr 82

His severe sentence for libel 83

Fees, Law, exorbitant character of 26-

Ferland, M. I'Abb^ 61

First Book published Quebec 41

First Book published Montreal 41

First Book published Ontario 78

Fisher, Dr 51

Fothergill, Mr 77

Frazer, Dr 16-

Frazer, Captain, 1764 2a

Ill

PACE,

Frederickton Papers 17

Free Press 42

French Canadian population :

Describt'd by Murray 24

Dasiiribed by Kalni 34

Present comiiosite in descent 64

View of, in London, 17G0 71

French Canadian Volunteers, Detroit, said to be unjustly

treated 28

Frontenac, Governor 45

Gage, General 11>

Garnet, Mr 16

Gayangoz, Pascual de 16

Gilmore, Thomas 35

Givens, Miss 94

Glohc, The 87

Gore, Mr. Francis, Lieut. -Governor 80,81

His portrait 94

Gore Balance, The 88

Gosford, Iiord 48

Gourlay, Mr. His Works 84

Grant, Mr 38

Gregory. Mr 42

Gurnet, Mr. George 87

Haldimand, Governor, appo'nted 19

His character 22

His difficult duties ; .. 20,22

Haldimand Papers 18,19

Haldimand House 21

Halifax Documents 17

Hall, Mr, Patterson 21

Hampden's Portrait, spurious 92

Hardy, Mr. W 16

Hardwicke, Lord 26

Hayes Fort, Hudson's Bay, Attack on 31

Head, Sir Francis Bond. His Portrait 95

Heine-Heinrich, Early appreciation of the influence of Raj-
ways 8

Henry, Anthony 42

Herriott, History of Canada 46

112

PAGE.

Hey, William, Chief Justice 42

Hincks, Sir Francis, his offer to W. Lyon Mackenzie refused, 83

The Examiner 87

Historical Society, Quebec, formation 7

Historical Society, Montreal 7

Histories of Canada 44

Holmes, Mr. Thorpe 88

Holto->, Mr 67

Home Government, desire to govern justly 26

H6tel Dieu de Quebec, Histoire de 46

House of Assembly, Quebec, First Meeting 39

Hudson Bay — i'rench expedition there, much of the account

fabulous 29

Transactions between England and France, relative to, 1689 31

Hudson's Bay Co. papers 17

Hunter, Cover aor Peter, no portrait can be found. Not related

to celebrated surgeon John Hunter, as stated 93

Jeflferies' History French Dominions 70

Jefferson, Thomas ; 37

Jesuit Relations 30, 44

Jesuit Journals 55

Jogues, Jesuit 30

Johnson, ' ' Jimmy " 87

Joliet, le Sieur 30

Joseph, Mr. Frank 80

Judge, first appointed, taken from jail 25

Juchereau de I'lgnace, la Sceur 46

Kalm, Peter, description Canada Women 34

Kensington, Mr 16

Kingston, Mr. Alfred 16

Kingston Chronicle 86

Kingston Gazette 86

Kingston Upper Canada Herald 86

Kingston Watchman 86

Kirke, an Englishman, not renegade Frenchman 29, 102

Labrie, Dr. Jacques 52

Lambert's Travels 24

Lane, James 43

Latour, Mr 41

Laval, Bishop 45

Memoirs of 46

102

5
6

113

PAGP..

La Fontaine, Sir Hy polite, liis contributions to Archreology . . 62

La Pointe Mission 30

La Salle 30, 45

La Tour, I'Abb^ 46

La VuUil-re 32

La Verdifere, I'Abbd, Editor Champlain's Works 63

Le Clerq, Christien 45

Letter, Mr. Parkman to Mr. Blanchet 60

L'Escarbot 45

Lee, Mr 50

Library, Ottawa, Loss of Boiiks 13

Lieutenant-Governors Upper Canada, List of 91

Lindsay, Mr., of St. Johns, Loss of MS 47

Lindsey, Mr. Charles, Life of Mackenzie 83

Literature, Slow Progress of 37

Lundy, Rev. F. J 43

Lyons, Lord 16

Macculloh, Lewis Luke 42

Mackenzie, W. Lyon — His Newpaper— Refusal Post-
mastership Toronto 83

MiKjasin, Lc, du Bus Canada 43

Magistrates after Conquest, Character of 25

Maitland Sir Peregrine. His Portrait 95

Marniette, Mr 16

Marquette 30

Marriott, Mr. Aavncate-Gcneral 38

Masferes, Mr 38, 42

His Career 51

Marshall, Mr , .. 16

Master of the Rolls 16

Munificent Gift of 17

McGill, Hon. Peter. His Portrait Destroj'ed 57

Menioires Historiques, I'ublished by (Quebec Government . . 00

Meade, Mr 16

Medicine, Journal de, de Quebec 43

Mesplet, Fleury 40

Meziire, Mr. H 39

Michipicoten 30

Military Correspondence, Extent of 13

Mississipjn, Discovery of, 1073 30

Mondelet, Dominique 52

114

PACK.

Montmorency Falls 21

Montreal abusoH Adininifitration of JuHtico 27

" Documents 17

" Aurore 40

" Gazette 40

" Herald 40

" SpectatM' 40

Montizambert, Mr. , IKto of Senate 44

Morrison, Mr 42

Mowat, Mr., First Minister, Ontario 90

Murray, General — 19

On Walker affair 23

His despatch, 20th August, 17GG 23

Description of Government 25

Performance of Duty 20

Myles, Mr 86, 87

Neptunian, The 84

Newspapers, Early, Found with Diffitulty 86

New York Act 1767 37

Nova Scotia Chronicle 42

Nova Scotia Printing 42

Noyrot Pere 45

Numismatic Society, Montreal 41

Observateur, V 43

O'Grady, Dr 84

Ontario Literary History 72

" Impulse given to Archaeology by Portraits Govern-
ment House 90

Ordinance, 1790, Preservation Ancient Docum.ents 4

Overall, Mr 16

Pamphlet Binding 53

Parkman Mr., of Boston, Historian 18, 60

Papet, Hessian Officer 21

Pasteur, C. B., Mr 43

Patriot, The, and Farmers' Monitor 86

Payne, Capt., 1764, Committed for Contempt 23

Perrault, Joseph F. His History 48

Perrot, Nicolas 32

Phipps' Expedition, Repulse of 45

115

PACE.

Plamondon, Louia, Mr 52

Plan of Code of Laws, Marriott 38

Plunkett, Mr 16

Pontiac, Indian Chief 28 ,

Poore, Mr. Perley 00

Port Hope Tc/ef/mM 86

I'ortraits City Hall, Montreal, Political Destruction of . . . . 57
Portraits Lieut. -(jrovernors, Ontario, Record of their genu-
ineness 92

Portraits often Christened by Dealers and Owners 92

Prescott Tehgraiih 87

Preston, Captain 37

Prevot^ de Quebec Civils, Registrcs do la

Are they rigorously kept ? 01

Necessity of rro])er Editing 02

Prince Edward Gazette 87

Printing Unknown French Regime 24

Printing with Movable type, date first books 79

Puissance, not Recognized by Men of Education as Proper

Translation for Dominion 06

Quebec Act, 1774 19

Described 20

Quebec Archeeology 33

" City of, taken by Kirke and restored by Charles I. . . 29

" Documents 17

" Provincial Limits Defined, 1764 28

" Gazette Established 35, 40

♦' Magazine 39,41

" Mercury .. . . . . . . 40

Raddison 29, 32

Asserted expedition from Lake Superior to Hudson's Bay,

1607, an impossibility 29

Raymbault, Jesuit 30

Reclus, Oncsime, Adopts Translation " Le Dominion " .. .. 09

Record Office, London — 15

Few Canadian Dijcuments there 18

Registres de I'Etat Civil 05

Registration, England, till 1830 05

Registration, Dominion 00

R^glement de la Confrerie de I'adoration perpetuelle . . . . 41

h *■'

116

PACE.

Regulations enforced, Itiiperial offices . 15

ReHponsible (loverninent, firHt mention of 73

RichardHon, Major, on CJeneral Bntck'a Portrait 9G

Rkdosel, MajorCienera) 21

Riodesel, Madame, MemoirH 21

Rielle, de, M 16

Robinson, Col. Charles, Rifle Brigade. His efforts in England

to obtain originals of Portraits of Lieut. -(Jovernors .. .. !)l

Robinson, Sir Fred. Philipse, Lieut. -(Jovernor. Hisl'ortrait .. 9.5

Robinson, late .^ir John Beverley 93

Robinson, Hon. John Beverley, Lieut. -(Jovernor, Ontario .. 78

His collected Portraits of Lieut.-iiovernors of U.C 90

His labours on the Collection 91

Robinson, Peter, founder of I'eterborough 93

Robinson, Colonel, received Presentation of Sword, difficult

to trace 93

Rupert, Fort 31

Russell, Peter. Hisi Portrait 93

Ruthven, Mr .'il

Saberdache, Mr. Jacques Viger 57

Sabertache 57

Sagard, his History 45

Saint Catharines Journal 88

Sault St. Mary Mission 30

Meeting of I iidiaiis 32

Scribbler 42

Scadding, Dr., Toronto, of Old 89

Second Book Published, Quebec 42

Seminary, The Montreal 17

Sewell, Chief Justice 39

Spectateur Canadien, Le 43

Spectator, The 82

Shea, Mr.. New York 44

Sherbrooke, Sir John Cojie 56

Simcoe Governor. His Portrait 76, 93

St. Lusson 32

Smith, Mr. M., Geographical View Province U.C., 1813 .. 80

Smith, William, History of Canada 47

Smith, Col. Samuel, His Portrait 94

Smyth, David William, (?tt;c«cc)- Z/.C, 1799 80

Stanton, Mr 77

117

PACE.

Straclian, Bishop, Author Second rublished Book 70

Supoiidr, Lakt', 10(57 30

Tucht^, Dr. J. C, hirt K'><>ti service, KHtabliHhiia'nt of Archive

Branch ^^^

Talon, lo Sieiir . . 30

Tangnay, I'Ahbi?, his Labours <>3, (]."»

TeHsier, Doctor Xavier 43

Thompson, David, History of late War, 1832, First book, Ont. 78

Thorjjp, Jud^jfi '^'

Toronto, its Urban Cliaracter 74

Toronto, Etymology of Name 74

Tory ()i)inion Powerful till 1830 73

Tower, London 18

Tracy's Arrival 30

Trou Birih'es, La Oazdte de 40

Troycs, Chevalier do 31

Trudeau, Touissant, 17(50 50

Trudean, Touissant, Deputy Minister of Kailway, 1S(58 .. .. r»0

Tapper, Mr., (m Sir Isaac Brock's Portrait 0(5

Tiii)per, Miss Henrietta, her Letter 08

United States Sympathisers of 177<5 21

Early Ditficulties with 3(5

Upper Canada Gazette 77

Upper Canada Guardian 81

Verrault, L'Abbe . . 11, 15

His Library 53

His Kindness to Author 54

Viger, .Tac(iues 48, 53

His Labors 54, .^8

His Career 50

His "Saberdache" 57

Viger, Dennis B 52

Vincent, Mr 16

Von Eking Memoir of General Kiedesel 21

Walker Affair, 17(54 23, 42

Walsingham Lord, Report of 2(3

War Office, Imperial 13, 15

Documents of Value 18

118

PAGE.

We\\s,W. B., Canadiana 85

Westa'n Mercury ^^

Wilcocks, Samuel H., killed at Fort Erie 82

William Henry, Lake George ■• •• 18

Wilson, Mayor of Montreal, his portrait 57

Wolfe ^^'^J.

Women, Canadian, French Regime ^3. 34

Wylie, Mr ^^

Young, Mr ^^

-»^^>^H^

51
34