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TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 
 
 I 
 
 OF SUCH PARtS OF 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 ASARE CONTAINED IN 
 
 THE (annexed) map 
 
 O F THE 
 
 MIDDLE BRITISH COLONIES, &c. 
 
 t I* 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Bv T, P O W N A L L, M. 7\ 
 
 LATE GOVERNOR, &C.&C. OF HIS MAJESTY'S PROVINCES OF MASSACHUSETTS 
 BAY AND SOUTH CAROLINA, AND LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR OF NEW 
 JERSEY. 
 
 :l 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for J. ALMON, oppofite Burlington House, in Piccadilly, 
 
 MDCCLXXVr. 
 
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 '.}Vnn'. 
 
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I 
 
 t H E 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 T^ ^ J**L !'^"u *!l' ur^''^"j accompany, and which they tre intended to expltln.' 
 IS prefcnted to the Public, when a longer Time was indeed neceflkry to h«vTS*S 
 Ik the Degree of Correanef, that w.. Intended it> But the ^t^C^SuTe of 
 AfFwr. In Amen. ,, and the generous Affiftanc; of the Aflembly of PennfvjianU h«I 
 b,«jght it teUght when the Awic will, ic i, hoped, i^^ive AdvL2L„'f^^^^ 
 render an Apotogy for ,tt pnemature PubRration nccdlef.j and thinlTS worthy the EncwH 
 ragerocnt of a Body who demote the PoWic Money to the PubUc Service. ' 
 
 It totnprins fuch an Eutent, a. is connfeftrd with that very valuable Country on the 
 
 both Nation. iMdier. The Lake Ontario is cqraBy open to both j to the One by the Riycr 
 Sr Uwrenct , to the ««h«rfcy the River, Hu3fon; Mohocki. and SenaSi L7the VS ' 
 liavinc. 30 Yeari ago, fined themWres on the Streights of Niaaani. by bul5^ FrJtr!Jr« 
 
 Tho'^iSiStntlftcS.''* '"^r" %• w^he'c^ut'rv^rft:;^^ 
 
 ihofc m rtowcr toe at laftits Confeqwince, and arc projea ng the Recovery of u- and witfi 
 8«« Judgment, for that Purpofe. arc cftablilhing a ^jival force o. jS^^oi^rb, « Te^ 
 jccefliry m the Recovery and fec«rtng of it. fhe IITue of this Enterprize wm hive grew 
 Influence on our Affairs, and of al! Thing, it becomes the Colonics to pulh it on with Vilou? 
 
 The tngliih have fevcral Wtys to Ohioj bqc far the bift is by Potomack 
 
 fiy «»fon of the litde AttiU«;«ih« ««i Public his with thefe remoter Parts, where the 
 S°""'^L1^w"^''^"l''''J"^ theNccemty of knowing the Way, of tJavelliT there! 
 cfpecully by Water, K, Ae Map h pointed out riit Nature Sf the fcveJa! Strca,^ a^s wheS 
 Mpid, geiHle or obfVrufted with Falh, a.d confcquently more or lefs fitted foTlnlandN,! 
 
 ITZ One rTv^ C^''^ 'iT '''^'^^L'''' «here the Portages are made at the Falls 
 or from One River, Creek or Lake to anothtr. And for dimngui/hing the Extent of the 
 
 ^"i'^S;!'?.?*''' 'tr'^Vi*'''^" ^*^= '"^''-»» i" 'he fcvefal Rivers, arrpofnted out 
 And m theib Sheets, both the Marine and Inland Navigation arc treated of at Length 
 
 T ^A ^'Nature of thrSoilnnd Stream, depend upon the Elevation and Depreffion of the 
 Land. I have particularly cxplabed here the difftrenVstages that it is divided ?n It were 
 to be wilhed, that we had hke Accounts of all Countries j a. fuch would difcover to i^. great 
 ^X^^\ ''^?"" '"?""!* ^^'^'^ ^o"W imagine there was nothing but ConTufion 
 *nd at the fame Time explam the CIrmatrti. the Healthir^fs. the Produce, !nd Convenience^ 
 for Habitations, Commerce, and Military Expeditions, .. i judicbus Reader b^fewSr 
 better than Volumes of Remarks on Places, drawn without thefe DiftaidUons. ^ 
 
 Ta render th« Map ufeful in Commerce, and in afccrtaining the Boundaries of Lands the 
 T^rne of High Water at the Full and Change of the Moon, and the ViKiacion of the M g- 
 netjal Needle, are laid down. But as thefe dtferve particular Explanations. I have, for waSc 
 of Room, concluded to trc« of them at large in a feparate Eflay. 
 
 Along the Wcftern Margin of the Map is drawn a Line reprefcntina the createft Lencth* 
 of Days and Nights (without Allowance ?or the Refraftion/whicr^iS anfrTravellerf h 
 foraing fome Judgment of the Latitude of Places, by the Help of their Watches only. 
 
 * nS5' 
 
 Though 
 
Iv 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 M 
 
 Though m.ny of thffe Article, are almoft peculiar to the Author'i Map, they arc of nO 
 kU Importance tU ,ny TUg ,h., h., yec M. FUrc amtJnall Geographer J But wait 
 of Room ,n the Plate ha, obl.grd mc to leave out »h« would have veVy much afflltrd my 
 r--xpUnat.on of the Face of the Country. I mean a Setlion of it in feverTl kiredfon S 
 would have exhibited the R.nng andPalling of the Gr^Lnd. and " el^ aedX^rhe 
 Surface of the Sea , what Part, are level, what ruiged » where the Mountain, rile, a^d how 
 ar they fpreud Nor « thi, all that a perpendicuUr SeA.on might be made "o reprefen^T 
 fur a, on the fuperficul Line, the Elcv«ion^ Deprrmon,. ouce? Appearances andName 
 of Pace, may be laid down, l« within the Area oUc Sc«ion. the N^urc ol the Soil sT- 
 tiu^n fi P?""^'^'" **""''» "'«y •'«= "P«ft. It wan with Regret I wa, obliged to o^uc U. 
 But in fome future Map. of Icparate Colonle.. 1 hope to be furn.fhed with more Room •. 
 
 The prernf. I»tc. and antient Scats of thfe original Inhibftant, are rrfprened in the Maoi 
 
 anc^ though .' might be .magi««1 ihat feveral N*.ion, are <H«itted. whicK ere mentioned bJ 
 
 Author,. It may ^remarked, that Author,, for want of Knowledge in Indian Affair, have 
 
 h^r: . "" '"'^Society for a (eparatc Nation ; wherea. chey are not truly more in NumJI? 
 
 m heV 1.^? -r'''""*'''u^'r ^'""?' '*'*"'^' whatever i. their,, i. exprel.ly acceded 
 to the hiigluh by Treaty with the French. • J v *«.ccucu 
 
 Pbi/adfipiit, jfeg. g^ 1755, 
 
 T II E Wcftern Dlvillor, of;il}i|-prerent Map wa, compofed and. pu'bh.hed ac the Com- 
 mrncrmrnt of the late Waf^in America. It wa, found by tl^ Qffic rMwr Scrvnn^^^Tf 
 the Crown to have that Degree of Precifion. tljat it wa, ufed b^ thrn Mth n E^flUnd anS t 
 America, and n-rvedeVery pfaftiCalPurpofc durinc the War T' T,L ha^ . . ? 
 travelled in America. .ha7e V few OcJaHon, of Lrea^^g^u ."o: th tnt " luS:^' 
 nefs a, far a, a general Map meap, to go. a, far aa a Map on :hi, fmall Scat c"«ld^ 
 has getierally been confirmed by Experience on the Spot. In any Tran Sn. fW ^hJ w^ * 
 where localJPrecffron haabeen WLy. rtiis Map ha^been rcf«Vd nSJl'^^ 
 but public iiar^faaions, filch as the great Indian Purchafc and Cfffinn t/.- pa ^ ^ 
 
 i" ^^ ^'; 1*''"*': ^'"^ Publication of this Map, the Part, within VirKinia were conied frnm 
 Jry and JefFerfon', Map of that Province, a Work of great Merit fimnoS S /^^ 
 
 M^mra'tio".' ''am' '' ^'^?l VP'^ '' ''' i" this ESC^m^^^^^^^^^^ 
 Informations A Map engraved by Jefferys. and called, ' A n^w and accurate Mao of Virw 
 g.nia, by John Henry,' was publifhed .770. I was in Hope, to have cler.ve5 InfSrm.tio„ 
 from this, but upon Examination of ir, it appears to me to be a very inac(ira e Spiu" 
 tion, defeftiyc m Topography j and not verj attentive even to GeographyTthe DmZrf 
 n.an or the Engraver has totally omitted the'South Branch of Potimlk Ri e NorTtha 
 curious and mtcrefling Piece of Informatbn. the Communication between: the Watm of Vir 
 giniu and the Waters of the Ohio, whi<h were known when thi, w^s publifted. marked in t 
 1 his Map of Mr. Henry has indeed the Divifion Lines of the Counties of the PrS d Jwn 
 
 aJ ;.cv VrtV "^>''^ f'''"' ''t' 'T'^"^^ ^'" '-"Provement: But whil. I doubt the 
 Accuracy vf the: Geography, I cannot be afiy.^; <-•' iK-ic., ^ , ..„.= -v^" I L 
 
 _ Ir theiebeany Map of Maryland publj ;,:),^ Uii of Evan,',, I have never fecn fuch 
 
 llZT S ft ^^"'^ ?""''^'':" ^"'^ "''"y '"'P'o-ement, made in that Coun J Hnc ' 
 this Map was publif^ied : I have applied to Quarters whence. I did fuppoli:, ihc« mUt^hl 
 derived Information in rhefc Matters, but without Succcfs. .^>ru> ". l^/ nS? 
 
 Mr. Scull in 1770. publifhed a new Edition of hi, Uncle Nlc SfuH', Map of PennfvJ 
 
 bv"M/N f S '\l'^' ^'- ?/'"" '" ^''' ^^'"'^ E^"'°" °f ^^ Map was gCly a 
 by Mu N. Scull. The weftern Parts of thi, Province were in EvansVMap'*done J ha 
 
 ^7 ' -n'T''^' ""^''^ ^ ^^ ""^'^'''^ '^'^ "=^ M^P "" '"X -h^^ c/TenSally corTea o? 
 ^m..d. Ihc Names of new Counties, Settlements, and Townfhips, ereded fince die Firfl 
 i^ubhcation, arc in this Edition added from the new Map of 1770. ^ ' ''^^ ^^^ ^"^^ 
 
 I »9 
 
 ^ 
 
 t', 
 
PREFACE. y 
 
 I to not kn«w of tny prlneeri Map of Nrw Jeifkf in particular. A Proie^ion of that 
 
 have b«« run by .a«.l Som-y, i„ rhr Cnirfr of .be feveral D,(piK« r« whi h tSroviS^ 
 rilT'^'r^.'^r'" «hc F^^ .„d Wrlkm. the El,r.b.th Town, and mher P^pSwS! 
 M .Ifo with the Frofince New York, w. my obl.g.ngly copied to, and a^vcn w ^1 hi 
 
 tW. «Z[ K ^ ; Ju ^;"^^"y '••"* be«*'« t^w IWmcc and New York was drawn on 
 WW Nbp by Capt. Holland, who waa employed to run it. 
 
 .u^K?**' ?C,^'* ^°''* •"*' New Jerfey, published by T. JcffVrvs to which Putdi««iv, 
 a »»,-^; ,„ i.iuic i afia tontaincd in Evanii Map, or, if not a Conv a Comnil«ii«n f,„«, 
 Dkrr„L''*"''"°"^'"r '"'^ '•■"''°"' -V elrcn.i7An;nd'Lnt. wit Lr^ 
 cf r^T^; T^' '" .!''* ^°""'y °^ ^"'•"'^' '^""^'^^ f"'" • Map uf that County which 
 Capt, II«„and comr for me .n 1756, from Draugh:. o» Mr. BJceckcr, D.puty s" JeroMn 
 
 l^^^H'^Ir J H n ' ?'" ^°«'"^»U" **^ ^"P- "'"' P"bli(hcd by Jeftcrvl! wh7'h we " 
 -^S L% r "2"l"^ r; " ''^ ^'"'^'8' "^ ''''^ ""^i^""'" Hiver through £ Sabian', 
 and the Part, on the Banks from Vilkiil to Croton's R\vn " a DiftanieTahn?,, ,?S ' 
 
 KirTi:1^u!r{''''Tf'' '"•o°'"'««' ^^ "o^ice^h;t°fmtk^:etftM^^^ 
 Kock. The Boundary Linei of the great Patents and Manors i ol fome of the CounliJ. ! t 
 
 to co|le«a any Improvement in it either as to Top.»araphv or Gcoffranh. Th!. r 
 Jcfferys is. as I underftand. in Poffefllon of an eitcdlKau«h7onhe^?^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Or New England there has been no new Map publifhed Hnce that bv Dp r.>„»i.- j 
 Khodc inand. So tar as that went it was compofed from aftual Survi>., nf ri!! n ' 1 
 
 iTtl^'''' 'rS' ^°''""'* ^°'°"'"' «""»'^-"d To-'H'" ^hrc'^Jf /of the^Kitr^ 
 and the remarkable Mountains were traced and fixed with Btcat Care and Artln ;«„ vJu 
 
 there was wanting to a complcat Map of New England U now added from U^^^^^^^^ f^^^*^ 
 tion and from later Draught, and Survey, depoHtcVa^l^l Zd of T^^^^^^ 
 of Dartmouth permitted me to have copied for the Benefi of \he Publir Th r \f'"^ 
 »4|ich 1 have added are plotted down in the Form in whi?h I thfnk e;erv M "7 J "" 
 offer to give the Face of the Country Ihould be dr wn? aci L tLe Fe.mres^J^it'' al^ ''" 
 •n Default of that, filling up the Map with Writing. I nfteaS 0? WritinRrhave nut ;?/°' 
 cfRefmnce, and the Writing is put u, the Margin and in other blaj Places ^ti, T" 
 vey, which give this Map its Accuracy in the Maritime Parts orNcwFnJllnH" ^''\S"/- 
 made by Capt. Holland, or by his Deputies under hrDireSon ^'""'^ ""'' '^''^^ 
 
 Many Trafts which the Geographer will fee marked on Evans's Map in the wrfl^m n 
 
 '^£:Xr' *'" " "" ^^^P"^"'^^'^. -- Indian or TrS Pat7hX?"£ 
 
 "; per avia qu5 Sola nunquam 
 
 Trita rotis . 
 
 9Xt now In the Courfe of a very few Years become great Waggon Roads. 
 
 Et modo quae fucrat Semita, fafla via. 
 
 Many Indian Sittlements, being merely » ColUltion of mzwams or Cabins mnft nno, u 
 marked as County Towns. Many other Particulars mak^ in »hl m * a "°*^, ^^ \ 
 the original Analylis, which were. 20 Years ago Ee^of ora^Ll 5 ?^'P' '""* """^'^ '" 
 to the Service, ceVing, F^haps, ^ow to K^'Stmly^t' e "^^^^^^^^ ' 
 
 cunous Anuqutty. become fo at this early Period. It ^.il be JuriousTa few Ye^ a?rh{ 
 face of the Country changes and is totally akered, to view in this Map, and to read in t >i! 
 Defcription, what it was m ts natural State, and how the S^ rfli.«,-n« k , "*'^ 
 
 had extended ihemfelves in to Years. the Settlements b?gan to expand, and 
 
 e Advertifement publifhed by Capt. Holland " Nor hav« r .. . ... t- li./i . 
 
 publifhioK of Jy Plan. Mip. ii Surv™ «°.. r*»! t' "/I'Tf. P"''''"'^'^ " Siven my Confent 
 
 SAM. HOLLAND." 
 
 " ▼ide Advertifement 
 " to the —'-•^"-- -'- 
 
 J 
 
 A PIR 
 
 ATFD 
 
vi 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 .f 1 
 
 H 
 
 
 A PIRATED Copy of this Map, foon after it came to England, was in a moft audacious 
 Manner publifhed by the late Thomas Jefferys, under a falfe Pretence of Improvements, 
 Lewis Evans's Name was put to it ; and this Plagiarifm was falfely fold as Evans's Map 
 improved -, by which that very laborious and ingenious, but poor Man, was deprived of the 
 Benefit of his Work. The Engraver was fo totally ignorant of the Principles on which the 
 Original was formed, that although he traced the Lines of the Rivers and Roads in the ufuai 
 Way, yet it can fcarce be called a Copy. The Mountains in America, which give the real 
 Features to the Face of it, run in Ridges of a fpecific Diredion, do in Places here and there 
 run up into Peaks-, do in others end abruptly in Knobs and BluiF-points -, do interlock and 
 have Gaps ; all which Particulars were in the Original with a fcrupulous Attention plotted 
 and fet down i as alfo the Parts where thefe Ridges fpread into hilly Land. The Officer ,- 
 the Geographer will look in vain for this Precifion in the pirated Copy. The blunder' ,g 
 Copyift thought, that the filling the PI ices where he happened to meet with the Word Moan- 
 tains, with the Engraver's common Marks fcratched in at random, was doing the Bufinels, 
 by which he has put Mountains where they are not} and has converted great Swamps into 
 Mounuins i and in other Parts has totally omitted the Marks of high Ground, becaufe he 
 did not underftand thofe Marks which were ufed to exprefs fuch high Ground, without pre- 
 fuming to give the Range and Form, where that was not yet known. So far as refpefts the 
 Face of the Country, this Thing of Jefferys might as well be a Map of the Face of the Moon. 
 Further, in the Original there was obferved a fcrupulous Caution not to deceive ; ths Parts 
 which were drawn from Report and Computation, and coilefted from Journals, are in the 
 Original engraved in a (lighter Manner, and very differently from thofe Parts which are laid 
 down from aftual Surveys ; neither the Eye, the Ideas, nor the Spirit of the Copyitl went to 
 the Marking this ; and all Parts fland equal in Authority in his falfe Copy. 
 
 The Plate of this blundering Copy has, in the Courfe of Trade, by Purchafe, fallen into 
 the Hands of Mr. Sayer of Fleet-ftreet, a Man of Reputation in a very exrenfive Line of 
 Bufinefs. He very honourably tcld me, that if the Plate flood as a fingle Article in his Shop, 
 he would deftroy it directly ; but that it made Part of an Atlas already pubuihed by him ; 
 and was alfo Part of another very foon to be publilhed by him, which coft many thoufand 
 Pounds } and that he did not know how to take it out of thefe CoUeftions. I can only fay, 
 it will difgrace any Colleftion in which it itands, and that I am forry it is to difgrace any 
 foming from a Shop in which there are fo many valuable Maps and Charts. 
 
 4lbmark-Jireett Nov. 22, 17 73. 
 
 Neither this improved Map nor the following Sheets are publifhed with any View oF 
 I'rofic to THE Editor ; if any fhouKl accrue, it will be given to Mr. Evans's Dauj,hier or 
 Jicr Children. 
 
 I 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIO 
 
 N 
 
 OF SUCHPARTS O 
 
 NORTH AMERICA 
 
 AS ARE CONTAINED IN 
 
 THE M A P. 
 
 f^The Parts of this Work marked with inverted Comma, are reprinted from Mr. Lewis Ev.ns-; 
 ^>:.»Apnnted in Philadelphia ^Jy,, the other Parts afc by Governor Powlrt 
 
 i 
 
 
 A^ 
 
 • fcription as (he Nature of the Subieft will admit «h?^h ^ ? S ^"""S f^li » Dc- 
 
 • Confcquence as the niceft SurveyitelSL'tTlhis aZ^u^I" *'" ^'""' '' "' '' ">-'> 
 
 * T H E Britifli Settlements are done, for the prcai-pr p,r^ r r»_ , « 
 
 Latitudes of many Places taken with Cd Inftruments «nH'i™T ^'^^^ Surveys. The 
 phia and Bofton/obferved by dincrenflSrons; aXdl at^^^^^^^^ ^^P*?''^^;'- 
 
 the Projeabn of i' ^ Map. And as Phiiariplnhi; ,• « f.l^ '"I' S'^e a Foundation for 
 the Bri^ilh Dominions on^this Conti ^nc td , :ithe?iH?' f^""''' "^'Y ^''^ ^^"'^^ °f 
 or Number of Houles, or not, it far excels "in fh^ Protef '? 1^°' '° ^'" '" ^"'^'^' 
 the public Spirit of its Inhabitants ; I though? .hi Reafn fuffiH."'? ' '"''^•'"''^. '^"^' ^"'^ 
 ticular Diftin'dtion of making it the firft MerlSran of CrTr And a^S^ j^ ''f ^''; 
 thought the more neceffary, that we may determine rC c ^ J^f ^'^n here I 
 
 Places by Menfuration ; aWchod far exc'elh^Te beft aftro. omicaTobf^ ^ ^°"S""^^ '^ 
 we may be led into feveral Errors bv alwavf r^rl w r Obfervations ; and as 
 
 who have only feen the Pl^nTZ^ZpsP^^^^^^ ^hofe 
 
 of them Credit, for it extends only on^ he Weft S £ S DhL i°"'u "°' '" 8'^« '"V 
 Half in Length, and about Half a Mile in t^ie Ir^^^^^^^ 
 tremity .s the Statehoufe, the Spot propofed t ^'^.^S^t be^^n th^ofgr "^^ 
 
 Latitudes.' 
 Longitude of 
 Bofton and 
 Philadelphia 
 agree. 
 
 Philadelphia 
 made the Arii 
 Meridiati. 
 
 I"i„^?°l^"'l^ '^^^^ I°P ■' co-^^PUted from Philadelphia ; at B 
 
 
 "om fr 
 
 ^ -_.^.j,_.»^ -.v/..j^ iiiuaucipilia ; au tl, ►om frnm rfi'-'l — 
 
 KOM.S ouuFREv-s Obfcrvations and my c^nat Phil;5elphia: 
 
 * This was written in 
 
 A 
 
 •75S' 
 
 Longitude 
 computed 
 from Phiia> 
 dclphia to 
 London. 
 
 I 
 
 And 
 
Latitudes ob* 
 ferved, 
 
 [ ^ ] 
 
 And I was induced to give thefe the Preference to that made at New York by Mr. Bor- 
 NET, becaufe of their Agreement with Mr. Th. Robie's Obfcrvations at Bofton. The 
 Diftancefrom Philadelphia to Conohaflct, at the Mouth of Bound Brodc. on MaflCichufec 
 .Ba/,.has, the. far greater -Part, -been mejtfurcd in long Lines, on pubHc Occafions, and 
 the Reft is fupplied by Surveys f of particular Trafts of Land and Roads. And if Bound 
 Brook is 19 or 20 Miles Eaftward of the Meridian of Bofton, as I imagine it is, there is 
 no fenfiblc DifFerence between the Obfcrvations, but what arifes from the Difference of 4* 
 between the Two Places, as laid down. 
 
 * The principal Obfcrvations of Latitude are thefe, 
 ' Bofton, 
 
 * iVew York, 
 
 * N. Station Point, 
 
 * Philadelphia, 
 
 * Shamokin, 
 
 * Owege, 
 
 ' Onondaga, ... 
 ' Ofwego, 
 
 ' Sandy Hook, - - 
 ' Ray's own, 
 ' Sharioppen's-Town, - 
 ' S. Side of S. St. Louis, 
 ' Ville Marie, 
 
 ut. 
 
 42 
 
 i^ 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 43 
 40 
 
 39. 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 45 
 
 25 
 
 ll^ Py Qpvg-nfir Burnett. 
 
 ► By L. Evans. 
 
 42 
 
 40 By the Jerfey and N. York Commiflioners 1 7 1 9, 
 
 40 
 
 ■55' 
 
 55 
 
 17 
 
 2g 
 
 il'l^y Col. F^y, 
 
 18 By Champlain, in 1603. 
 27 
 
 The Author's 
 former Map. 
 
 Its Errors 
 now reftified. 
 
 Capes ofDe- 
 
 Jaware. 
 
 "Hd 
 
 Iti 
 
 ^lt 
 
 * Though there havcibeen .maoy other Ohfcry^uons made in feveral Places in the Settle- 
 
 • ments, I have always chofcn to adjuft their Situations by adual Menfurations j becaufe 
 
 • many of the Inftruments yet ufcd are not fufficiently accurate to determine the Latitude 
 
 • of PJacts with Nicety.' 
 
 Many very accurate Obfcrvations of the Latitude and Longitude of many Places have 
 been fince made, which chiefly confirm the Pofitions in this prefent Map— where they 
 dilFered materially it has been correfted by them, 
 
 * A Map 1 pubiiflied of P EN NSTLVAN lA, NEfV JERSET, NEW rORK, 
 and DELAIVARE%, in 1749, is reduced to a fmaller Scale in this, and forms thofe 
 Four Colonies. Thp Errors jrc reftified, the principal of which were, Albany placed too 
 far North, Shamokin too far Weft, and all the Route thence to Ofwego Five Miles alto- 
 gether too much North ; befides feveral Imperfcftions in Places which later Obfcrvations 
 and Difcoveries have given us Knowledge of. In the firft Imprefllon of my former Map I 
 committed fome Miftakes in the Names of Places near the Entrance of Delaware Bay on 
 the Weft Side''|, and in p?y Attempt to redify them, in the fecond Edition, did but add 
 
 * to the ConfujQon. 1 have fince h^d an Oppprtunity of making a thorough Enquiry into 
 
 * this Afrair, qind concfiide, that the Names which the Places thereabouts are now called by, 
 
 * and ai:e the fame as laid down in my general Map, are the only Names they ever had, and 
 
 * ftill retain aipongft thofe acqq^inted with them; as Lewes, Whorckill Road, Cape Hin- 
 
 * lopen, Falfe Cape, and Fenwick's Ifland: Excepting, that Mr. William Penn called 
 
 * Cape Hinlopen by the Name of Cape James; and Whorekill Lewes, on his firft Arrival in 
 ' if ^^ ' ^^^ forrper is Icarce known at this Day, and the Name Lewes is confined to the 
 
 * Towo> vyhile jhe Creek ftill retains the Name of 'The JVhorekill. 
 
 * I^\.L muft admit ^at the prelent Namps are rightly laid down; but what is related in 
 ' regard CO the antient Names muft be upderftood as only my Opinion. There are others 
 ' who think, op'^iolers Qpportunity of forming a Judgment, that Cape Hinlopen was for- 
 ' nierly called tape Cornelius ; and that fenwick's Ifland was the Falfe Cape, or Cape Hin- 
 
 * tqpenoi (be Dutch, and others, till the Arrival of the Englilh in thofc Parts under Mr. Penn. 
 
 f ' Wc call nothing S.ui-vtyi biU actual Menfuraiions with a Chain, and the Coiicfe taken with a good furveying 
 ' Inllniment. CouiCes w'iih a Pockfit rloinpafs and co!))p'itecl Diiiaiics we call Comfutations. 
 
 \' So the Three Lo'wer Counties of Neti,callle, Kent', and c-i^ix, upon Delavsare, Nvert; cail-d befoic they were an- 
 ' nexed to Pennfylvania, whtn this N?me was ;>iven in Coniradillinilior. to ihi 'ThreeVppir Counties of Ctitller, 
 
 * Philadelphia, and Hucks. Z^' this Name excctu:, in Lt.n;,th and Barbarity all the Savage Ones in my ritle 
 
 * put together, I have reljored the Coiony its old ^^ww o\ Dtlanunre. 
 
 X UpOT) this firrt Reference, by Letters in tiie Margin, it may be proper to acquaint the Reader, that ths Re- 
 ference i? to the Letters H and d in the Margin of the Map. The Capit.ilj arc on the eaftcrn Margin between 
 the Parallels of Latitudes ; the fmall Letters in the upper Margin between the IVJeridjani of Longitude. Tliey 
 are meant to dircft the Header (witbput perpetually rc;)ea!ing Degrees and Minutes of Latitude and Longitude) to 
 u ready lylanner of finding any Place meniinned in tliyfe Sheets, For inllancCi in 'hi' fidl Cafe : Look for H !n 
 the ealfcrn Margin, and f6r d in the N'oithern j and in the Square where the Parallrl i Latitude between vvhicU 
 H is, interltcl with the Meridians of Lon^i(ude betvyeen which J is, the Readw will find th; J'lace referred to. 
 
 *To 
 
 

 f 3 ] 
 
 the^JL^K Ri'lf "■■ ^""I'l °' ^"""J'; '" ^'^ ^"i*' ■ "««•'" ""l"l« CouMT <"> A"*"!"" 
 mLi!^j 1: f '■ " °="°a«i ""d «ndtred mort pcrfta in its Tupogfapby, from a '« *='«<• 
 Map laid down by t John R„ls, Blbeck.r, Depuey >o{h= Surveyor of .hVprTi^wWch iS"" «" 
 
 / jqurnais or tlic Otwego Traders, and of this, Deputy Surtcyor'himfclf. Witiun. 
 
 fromTD^ZhfoTth^r'p P'°'"'' Wood Greek, and the DroW^icd Lands arc correfted 
 he Figures on rfr I Tf K'T'° '"^ ^^ ""^ ^""'^ t^*^ '«»*^ ^'^ William Johnsoh,, 
 as alSo rL A ^ t''^^^' ^'^''■'"" ''^ the Names written in a vacant Pare of the Map. 
 
 ' et^^C I S an nZI h" K^f u^'7 "^ " J" '^^ Dcfcription, as there ^as not room to wriS 
 for S ce whi^T '^ " ^.'''u ^"'"' ^"'=' '^"'= ''"'= '"^''''^d ; this Draught was made 
 Scout Lv 1 '°T'"i'''^ u''"f ' ^"^ '''« °" ^' «'• ^"^^ '"d*«" P-^ths and Tracks of the 
 ThTc 'of ih fT 11 ''^ " '"^ '^' •■^°"':"»'^ °^ ^'^^^ Scouts which I have by me. ' Two or ' Vid« Ar 
 Par s . I hwe ^I'o .?,^ """7* '' ^1"^'^' ^'^ ^''°""^ °f '»''« P"*'^^ °f the Country m thofe P"du. ^' 
 but fi'nd nmhin; wKvL'"'''' '^^'^hth'. Surveys, fince made, which lie at the Board of Trade. 
 cLo unic^tfoni I Li 'u'' V" topography. The River St. Francis, andth^ 
 
 d^^Tn n rh ref^nr M. f "" ""!' ^/"" '"^ ^''^ ^•^^'" Conne^icut. is correfted and laid 
 made "yfclr.fhrs Spue" '''"' ^-vey given tome by ifCapt. Hol^.kd. It was 
 
 in ZT^\^c!nlZ''\!'^^''^f "'' northerly Projeaion of fome Parts, in his Mappublifhed 
 by Ord^'r of he rnt '^rl \^T' ^^ ''/ ^•''^ f "°^ '^ '^^"^^""^ ^y ^'^'^ Obfervadons fi.ade 
 P^r^ of rh. H H^ p ""I ^'^ ^^^''''^ '" ^*^- 42° 36'. He omitted to bring down the 
 ^r ol tm^n fp 'L'-f''"''^ '^"'""y* ^y ^^'^f' '^""^ ^J'^ Diftance betwixt Albany and Cc 
 a M S S T K ^"' '^.'''t^"° 8'^^^' ""'^ ^h« Diftance betwixt Saratoga and Fort Edward 
 
 L^v y i .ch Co7'4' 'f "^ 
 
 Mnn L , ^"''^^•; """/ortunaiely coincided with my Friend Sir William JohnsoJi's 
 
 ,iv^ n?ftl • u Lake George, are laid down by Mr. Grant who ran them. The rela! 
 
 lalVo lT r" ^^T-^^^t.^ I' 8'cat Exaftnefs ; but the Whole of this MapTn thefe Pam 
 
 o th No?fh tt; S^'h r"^/ ^^rr^^ '■^'"^'"'"g ft'" P'^i'^'^ "*=«^ ^^'"^ Mile, too mSch 
 
 L New York ObS'?- "'^ ,°^ ^''^t ^'^°'"g^ '^ ^''°"' ^hree Miles more Northward than 
 
 Light-houfe at Sandy-hook 
 
 New york Fort 
 
 Albany 
 
 South End of Lake George 
 
 Crown Point 
 
 Windmill Point 
 
 Point au Pines 
 
 Moor's Point 
 
 40 27 40 
 
 40 41 50 
 
 42 36 o 
 33 16 12 
 
 43 50 7 
 
 44 59 «8 
 
 44 58 48 
 
 45 o o 
 
 «=*. 
 
 * ni^vrh!L'^,i7f "^f ''^^^T'^'^l'"'' *^ '^'^'''- Mr. Clap favoured me with Authoritic, 
 
 uy meiiiLurs Helm, Kellog, and Chandler, amongiT: which is an entire one of Con. 
 
 nctot K>verfu,m N04. to the North Side of ConnWut Colort^ given m^^^^ rpb 
 
 ««« ii^rtH/i^i of the IMS, and DtJiaKces of Places, contribute to give thcfc Parts a great 
 niJlI';;l^r..l'!'5 T D-"Eht'"'n-^n. Capt. Holland drew the Map for me at Albany in .,cfi. I. u,.. .^.. «.a 
 
 - :; - •""■■c :ii .•i;:irric,;. " • — "" "•■- 
 
 * a!' or l^""^'''' " ^f ^'"=>"' B'^""^' "f Canada, and of the northern Diftrifl of Americii 
 ^^ ^^^eco.i,„g ,. ,„ o.!av..:o„ „udc t, Monfi.ur G.il.on. Montreal i. in North™ ^"'45 .7. Variation 
 
 3 ! Degree 
 
1 
 
 .1 , 
 
 f ill. 
 
 
 ( ! 
 
 t 4 ] 
 
 * Degree of Exaftnefs. Nftr am 1 obliged, in thcfe Parts alone, to this Gentleman, but for 
 
 * the Correftions of many Articles, which had efcaped me in the former Map, and for fonic 
 
 * other valuable Papers he procured me.' 
 
 Authorities Xhe Remainder of Connefticut River to Its Spring Head is now firft publidied and added 
 
 p"rt of"h" *° ''"'* '^^P ' ^^ '^ '^"^ down from an aftual Survey made of it by Mr. Grant, one of Capt. 
 
 Mupaa now Holland's Deputies, which is depofited at the Board of Trade, a Work of great Labour 
 
 extended. and Merit. 
 
 The Provinces Maffachufet's Bay and New Hampfhire are now firft added to this Map, 
 The Parts contained within the Old Province, and within the Colony of Plymouth, are laid 
 down from Dr. Douglas's Map, ccrredtcd by myfelf from particular Surveys and other local 
 Informations which came to my Knowledge during my Refulence therein. Capt. Holland's 
 Surveys do not extend to thele Parts. Dr. Douglas's original Map is the fond for the In- 
 terior Parts of New Hampfliire. Capt. Holland's Surveys of thofe i'atts correct this, and 
 give it its Accuracy. I'he Maritime Parts of New England from Rhode Ifland to Kenebacg 
 River, and from Penobfkacg River to Paffam-aquada are copied in Fart from Surveys made 
 by Order of Governor Bernard, and in Part Irom Capt. Holland's Survey, a Work of 
 the very higheft Degree of Merit. 
 
 The Kenebacg and Penobflcaeg Rivers, with the Country contained between them, are 
 plotted down from Journals of the Officers of the Scouting Parties, and from the Draughts of 
 Surveyors fent out by me to examine and make a rough Survey of thofe Parts. 
 
 The Earl of Dartmouth, in a Manner mod obliging, permitted me to have Captain 
 Holland's Surveys, lying at the Board of Trade, copied, that the Public might Profit of 
 the Knowledge which they give. Mr. Lewis, a Clerk ut the Board of Trade, made the 
 Copies i as he is an exceedingly neat and accurate Draughtfman they will be found to have, 
 although on fo fmall a Scale, a Degre of Precifion and Accuracy which many larger Maps 
 will not pretend to. 
 
 The following Obfervations of Latitudes were made by Capt. Holland in the Years 1773 
 and 1774, in the Courfe of this Work; 
 
 The moft foutherly Part of Mount Defert Ifland 
 
 Fort Pownall on Penofbcot River 
 
 Pemaquid Point 
 
 Cape Elizabeth 
 
 Cape Porpoife 
 
 Cape Neddock 
 
 Thatcher's Ifland Lights 
 
 Capp Ann Harbour Eafl: Point ' 
 
 Cape Cod moft northerly Point 
 
 In Addition to the Topographical Notices which thefe Surveys give, I have been able, 
 by putting Figures of Reference inftead of writing the Names of Towns and Places, to fill 
 up the interior Parts with a Delineation of the Face of the Country, fuch as will be fought 
 for in vain in the great Maps of the largeft Scale hitherto publiftitd, iuch perhaps for the 
 Future will be inferred *. The Ranges of the Mountains and the Bearings of the high Pikes 
 in them are pretty accurately laid down from Obfervations begun long a go by Dr. Douglas, 
 and from others made by myfelf: The Returns made to the Inftruftions I gave for that Pur- 
 pofe by the Officers of the Scouting Parties, which I kept as a Guard ranging on the back 
 Parts of the Province during the Whole of the late War 5 as alfo by Surveyors which I lent: 
 out to fearch and examin>; the Routs which the Country offered, and particularly that by 
 Kenebeag ; as alfo to examine the Eaft Branches thereof, and the Interlocking of thofe with 
 the Weft Branches of Penobfceag are the Authorities for the reft. The Defcription given of 
 the Face of the Country will be found in the following Parts; accurate and detailed as this 
 Map is, it ftiould always hi accompanied by this Defcription in the Hands of thofe who wilh 
 to have a praftical Knowledge of the Country. 
 
 • The greateft Part oi VIRGINIA is compofed with the Afliftance of Meflieurs Frv 
 
 * and Jefferson's Map of it, and as this had the Afliftance of aftual Surveys of the Divifion 
 ' Line with Carolina, and of the Rivers Rapnhannock ami Potomack from their Entrances to 
 
 * their Heads, joined to the Experience of Two fKiiful Pcrfons, it would have been Affcc- 
 
 * tation to have omitted the Advantage of it. But however, an aflual Survey from Philadelphia 
 
 * £0 the Mouiiuiiib, near uw great Bent of Putuauck, by the renuryivaniaSuiveyoisia i/^yj 
 
 • I (hould not have ventured to have inferted liiefe in this Map, had I not found them to coincide with thofe 
 Parts of Capt. Holland's Surveys, wherein any Notice is taken of the Mountains, thefe are indeed very few, 
 bat ihe Coincidence is a corroboratiog Autboiity which julliflea nie. 
 
 4 * enabled 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 44 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 43 
 
 4« 
 
 15 
 
 43 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 o 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 Kry and Jef- 
 
 ferfon's Map 
 of Virginia. 
 
C 5 ] 
 
 • Pofition fomethmg liCnt a1 fhl P. f ^'^^ .^°*°'"»<='*. '"'d 'he whole Country, a 
 » inrerfe:e as little af pS e wUhIt : and ol^^^^^ •'''"*^''' ' •^°"'"^=d '"'"^ '° 
 
 • Seats that it contains, to gL^ room for 1 Re d. T r ^^""'? ^"^ A""""""^ Gentlemen, 
 « Seats of fome Half a' Dolen Z^l^ctno^^tl:'^^^^^^^^ ^°""-^°"^"' ""^ ''^^ 
 
 Hay from Annapohs to the Head I L^ iL ^k ^ ^"^ Settlements m mine, yet the imperiedt. 
 as to meafure the Ifthmus acrofs from th^ t^^f^^ Opportunity of adjuftingj as well 
 M.les below Newcaftle There TconSd-abf F ^"^-'^ ^^''^"^ «'^^^' ^^""^ Three 
 T>me enough to my Knowled J to h?rn.n.- A""' '"u '"X General Map, which came ■ 
 that is, I m°ke the Breadth o^^^he P^^^^ *!."'' '^^i't "°i '° ^= "'^"^"^ '' «"d 
 
 Little Choptank 65 Miles, wheeas Mr P.- .nTn "l"^ 'c '^'"'^ '° ^''^ S""''' ^ide of 
 acrofs. informs me', that ittoufd We be^n ^o/ '' ^'^^ Purveyors, who ran the Line 
 
 Ian7aT; Wytr,%ut^^^^^^ "t^ ^'- ^-'^^ 'he Province,, Mary. 
 
 Road of any Confequence cromZ kithl crrl '^?""'''": '"'^''y ^'''^' "'"' «"d 
 Survey made by Authority, aSfnaraJecbv ^ f ^'^ ""' ^'°'"' *'''''' ''''= »'^"''* 
 
 of this' Line where it (hould become hrBou^n/;rvr''""'v?'''" ^'^^'^ •" ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^"» 
 yet unfettled and a difpuicd S, ^ "" "■^'"'' '""^ Pcnnfylvania remain 
 
 • r^^rll^liX^'.^l.^^^^^^^^^ °f ^ ?-'«= 0^,- Miles Radius. „,_, 
 
 • Colony, by the late Mr. Thomas NoxoV ^'"'"""°" ^^ ^''^ whole Length of the Colo„;.' 
 
 « bee?favrd wlth'fn thTSmlS'ntf m"f ^''^^'^ -d general Line, that I have Th. .o.Hor. 
 « a Part of this, would be cn^dlT Bur I L^/ ^Z""" ^f' ""^''^^ "^^^es fo confiderable Acknow- 
 ; my Thanks not only for ^ltt;ol:' L^G^^^^^^^^^ SE"^ 
 
 ' (hewed m affifting in a Dcfign intended for public SvTc.tTIS t ^hearfu nefs they give. him. 
 
 • polTible to have fuccecded in the ComnnrS ? f I '^°"''^ ^^''^ ^^«" ^^'"oft 'i"" 
 
 • my perfonal Knowledge alfo of almoTalf hrcr„rT >^'''^'"^ ^" ^'^^''^ "^'P*' «''''^°"^ 
 » Miftakes in it arofe Lm my Zna from K^n^^I ^ I '°"'f Tu''^- P"' ^^ '^' g^^^^^ 
 « Skipper deceived me in the Dift!n e/ ^ P fSe o^f the ir ''"^.^^ ^^''u^' "'^'^^ ^''^ 
 is in this Edition correfted bv Caot Ho r .„.» n ^! l ^^ ^^'^" ^'"'""S'^ '*»« Highlands 
 River to Vi(h.kill : The reft .WrSedtv the r""°r''' ' ^u- ^T^"^ '^'^' l'^«« from Croton 
 .cviled. in my P^ffages upL^down this River " "'^''^ ^ "°'"^' ^"^ '"^'^ ''»''" -"Cc 
 
 S E C T. L 
 
 Of tie Face of fie Country. 
 
 This Globe, the Earth which we inhabit, is in if« nafnroi c. » • 
 of Exficcation, and is univerfally. wherever he Waters d^^nr'^,^^ ^'-^S'-^f- 
 
 fo that viewing this great Conti;;nt AmerTcf as y^ ^ew WoT to tiw"^ j'' T°°'^ 
 Europe) we fee it a Country of Woods and Lakes or Riv/rT p j'"" ^and-workers of 
 
 to the Bone, and nothing remains on the SuHceb.b re Rocks ?vL:s';? ''" "^l"' " "°''° 
 hath Its i^cuhar Cloathing of Trees or Shrubs. There are SnorJ? ' 7? '^' P°°''^' 
 over the Face of this Country, which, feen amongft he Wnr<= f ' "S.l^"^ ^""^'•^^ 
 though they were Plains of clear'd L nd, hut hefe are coJIr.? T c °'.^''""' ^''"^ « 
 Shrub Oak which grows about the Height of a Man's ShouL? ""^\ ' ^P'"" °<^ ^"""^ ^r 
 There are alio in many, I might fay moft Places befweenth; R I'^'l T^ ^ood Acorns. 
 Hills or Mountains through which fhele Rivm run El f ?L°^ j''' ^'^^" '"^ '^e 
 Trees ; this peculiar State is owing to the Innual TnnnH.r-^ f "ch Meadow Land clear of 
 with, and to a conftant Accretion oVsc^^l whicr s left t ^ '''^^, ''^^^^eadows are covered 
 thefe the Settlers call, by a very expreffJe f^^aL W^^^^^ '[''' '^' Waters retire ; 
 
 the Mohawt anH r — iA:.... Z... S !. /^^me, Merval Lands. In fome Parts no «.! 
 
 may be"tille;].lbm;"hav;i;en;iSSn?rf;?' ^lirn "'" °' ' ^°'' '^ richth^t^the; 
 rich as th. Vale of Egypt itfc.f. I l.no;r ^o^^c ^^0^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^oT T^^cf 
 
 and 
 
 I 
 
i« 
 
 r 
 
 fii 
 
 n 
 
 [ 6 ] 
 
 and that is a Trafl of Land upon Long Idand, in New York Province, called Jamaica or 
 HampRead Plain, on which a Ihrubby Kind of Heath only grows. 
 
 The particular Kind of Tree v xh grows in each Traft is always determined by the pe- 
 culiar Soil or Nidus which is fuiteu .o produce It in l' eference to other Species. This does 
 not exclude other Species alfo growing at the fame Time, but fome one Species always pre- 
 dominates in each Trad ; the Soil therefore is bcft known and always dclcribcd by the European 
 Settlers from its peculiar Vegetation, as Oak Land, Birch, Beech, or Chcfnut Land ; Pine- 
 Barren, Maple Swamps, Csdar Swamps. Walnut or Hickory, Firs, White .ind Red Elm,' 
 Magnolias, LociiUs, Saflafras, and various other Trees are mixed with all thefe. 
 
 The Fruits which grow wild, as far as my Obfcrvations went, I here fet down from my 
 Journah. The Wild Vine of different Sorts, which in general produce a very fmall four thick- 
 Ikin'd Grape, but the Vines are in their Growth luxuriant beyond the Conception of thofe 
 who have not fcen them. The Wild Cherry, a Tree of which I faw near Seenetfady, ap- 
 peared to me One of the largcft Trees I ever faw. Mulberry Red and White, but thcfc latter 
 are fcarce. Hickory or Walnuts of feveral Sorts, Hazel, Wild Prune or Plumb, Chefnuts of 
 different Sorts, Wild Pear and Crab, a Sort of Cerviceor Medlar, Bilberry, Goofeberry, and 
 Strawberry. The individual Trees of thofe Woods grow up, have their Youth, their old Age, 
 and a Period to their Life, and die as we Men do : You will fee many a Sapling growing 
 up, many an old Tree tottering to its Fall, and many fallen and rotting away, while they are 
 fucceeded by others of their Kind, juft as the Race of Man is: By this Succcffion of Vege- 
 tation this Wildernefs is kept cloathed with Woods juft as the human 'necies keeps the 
 Earth peopkd by its continuing SuccefTion of Generations. As it happe s to Man in the 
 Courfe of Fate that fometimes epidemic Diftcmpers, Deluges, or Famine have fwept whole 
 Nations off at once, fo here, by a like Fate, Epidemic Diftempers, to which even the Forefts 
 are liable. Fire and Hurricane, have deftroyed whole Trafe of Woods at once. Wherever 
 this at any Time hath happened, one fees a new Generation bearing all the Appearance of 
 an European new Plantation growing up. If the Soil has fuffered no great Change, Woods 
 of the fame Genus arile ; if it hath undergone any Change, cither for the ^better or for the 
 worfe, then, as from a Nidus, prepared from a new Brood, from a new Power of Vce- 
 tation, we fee Woods of a different Species, which before appeared rarely, and as Aliens in 
 the Place, now fpringing up and pcfielBng the Land as the predominant Wood. 
 
 If here I fliould attempt to defcribe the Colouring of thefe Woods, I fliould be at a Lofs 
 what Stafon of the Year to choofe, whether the fobcr Harmony of Greens that the Woods in 
 all their various Tints give in Summer; or whether the flaunting Blulh of Spring, when the 
 Woods glow with a thoufand Tints that the * flowering Trees and Shrubs throw out. If I 
 fhould perfuade the Painter to attempt the giving a real and llridf Portrait of thefe Wooes in 
 Autumn, he muft mix in upon his Canvafs all the Colours of the Rainbow, in order to 
 copy the various and varied Dyes which the Leaver at the Fall alTume ; the Red, the Scarlet, 
 the bright and the deep Yell w, the warm Brown, the White, which he mull ule, would 
 give a piifmatic inotiey Patch- work that the Eye would turn away from, and that the Judg- 
 mrnt would not liear ; and yet the Woods in this embroidered Garb have in real Nature a 
 Rich:u :"s of Ap; earifce beyond Conception. But this is not the only Inftance, there are 
 many which 1, who havt uf d myfelf to draw from Nature, have obferved, wherein Nature 
 will not bear a Portrait, and whtrcin flie is never lefs imitated than when (he is attempted to 
 be literally copied. 
 
 Some few Obfervations in thefe Matters, corredfed on Enquiry, which I noted and fet 
 down, although thfy be thole of a very unfkilful Naturalift, may yet luggeft fome Hints to 
 thofe who know how to derive Advantages from the meerefl Trifles. 
 
 The Grapes of the European Vines which are tranfplanted to America do not fo well bear 
 the fudden Changes of the Weather, nor the Extreams of the Dry and Wet which the Climate 
 is liable to as the native Grapes. If there be much Thunder, and that attended with heavy 
 Showers, and followed by cxccfljve Gleams of Heat, at the Time that the Exotic Grapes are 
 growing to their Maturity, fuch Grapes are apt to burft ; whereas the thick Skin of the native 
 Grapes preferve them againft this Mifchief : When therefore I have feen Vi'.ih what abundant 
 Luxuriancy thcle native Vines grow, and have been taught that the coarfefl Fruits by Cultivation 
 may be meliorated even into Sorts which are delicious : When I have read how Change of Soil 
 and Cultivation have fucceeded, I have always thought that the American Settlers would do more 
 wifely in trying to cultivate and meliorate their native Vines, fmall and four as their Grapes may 
 
 • 1 am no Botanill, but I will here tranfcribe from my Journal the Names of fome of the flowering Trees 
 and Shrubs which I find infcrted there; the Red Floweiing MapL', the Saffufra3,_ the locull, the Tulip Tree, 
 Chciiiut, tii^ \\ iiu Ciierry, Prune, Ciali. i)ioc. Pc.ii, Uogwuoii, ilawliiorii, Eim, Lcaiiicr 'i r'.f, a 5ort of Giider 
 Rofe, Swamp Laurel or IVlagnclia Honeyfuckle; there were Multitudes of Fioweri Vr'hi';li 1 faw la the Pine- 
 bitrcnj ar.d Swamps, but which 1 know not the Names of. 
 
 appear 
 
tt 
 
 (C 
 
 [ 7 ] 
 
 appear at prefcnf, than by endeavouring to force the Nature of the foreign Vine It take* 
 always a great Time to accommodate an Exotic to a foreign Clime, and docs not alwuva 
 fucceed ulaft; the Native, whofe Nature is already affim-fated to Us o.TuZ rlh 
 
 St;; '^n 0:1;.':":;"°^'" ^''""'' "" '""'''''' ''''" ''' '-^-' ^- -^^'-S 
 
 Mr. Gist, in his Journal [vide Appendix N" VI.] fay^ that in f-Tie of the PJain.c' the Onii- 
 no s^ountry a Speces of fV.U Rye grows fpontaneoufly. that .t . .oots in Winter lo as to ap- 
 
 TneiZ^ri ""^ \ ^"T' "^""^^T^° ^^"' deep ; 1 have heard the fame from others bit 
 as ne.thc they nor I were Botamfts, never was able to alcertain what this Plant fo called 
 was. I he very firft and molt learned of Botanifti in England never heard any Thine of 
 It. 1 have oftentimes, on the lame Principles as above, wifhed that Experiments were 
 made as to the Cultivation and Melioration of it. The Wheat Plant, which Z in its cJl- 
 tivated btatc gives Bread to great Part of the human Species, was moft likely brouaht to this 
 
 carls' fT "^■'^ C"iVr""' ^"" '"'^'"^ '''' '^""'^'^ ^'"^^'«"'= It is f "gulr Ld " 
 curious taa, that no Hiftory gives us any Account of the native Place of this Plant as 
 indigenous. 
 
 Since the Paragraph above was written I have received from Lieut. Governor Mercer 
 a Native of Virginia, who has feen the Plant growing, and has eaten the Seed of i7 the foU 
 owing Account : .' The Wild Rye. which grows every where m the Ohio Coumry i a 
 Species of the Rye which is cultivated by the Europrans. It has the fame bearded Ear 
 and produces a farinaceous Gram, The Ear and Gram, in the wild State of this Plant 
 are lels and the Beard of the Ear is longer than tholb of the cultivated Rye, whi^h makes 
 this wid Plant refemble more the Rye-grals in its Appearance ; but it dfcrs in'no oth 
 Kelpea from the Rye, and it Ihoots m us fpontaneuus Vegetation about the Middle of 
 " November as the cultivated Rye doth." The Fait alcertained as above, that there is fa 
 this Part of the World a Plant of fpontaneous Growth which produces Bread-corn lead me 
 to int^uire a little more into the Hiftory of the Plant called /Vheat, hitherto, as I faid a^^e 
 unnoticed and unknown ; and I founJ in Diodorus Siculus a Traditwnary Piece of HiZr J 
 which almoft gives the Form of a Fadt to what I had before put down merely as an On^ninn^ 
 he lays, t "That Ifis was the Difcoverer to Mankind of the Fruit of wLat and S ' 
 " (P":?"S perchance amongft the other wild Plants of the Earth unknown to Men) and 
 that Ofiris taught them the Manner of cultivating this to Ule." But Polyhiftor fas Quoted 
 by Lulebius) giving an Account, which he took from Berofus, of the ancient natural Sta^e 
 ^Mefopotamia where Babylon was built, fays, that in the earliell Times it abounded wth 
 IVtid meat [11.^^5 <i^f,«j] amongft the other indigenous Plants. Theie Two Fafts arifino in 
 Places, though fomewhat fimilar in Situation, yet in fuch remote Parts of the Earth and in 
 fuch diftant Periods of Time, throw a Kind of Light of Truth upon each other 
 
 From the Accounts I ha^e had of the Indian wild Hemp, from the Specimens I have fe^n 
 from the Juc^ment which fome of our Ropemakers of the firft Clafs here in England have 
 given of It, I have perluaded myfelf that fomething more might be done in America by 
 the Cultivation of the Native than by the tranfplanting of a foreign Species. ^"'^"^^^ D/ 
 
 The Bark of the Bafs or Leather Tree, with a little more Attention than is at orefent eiv^n 
 to It. might be applied to all the ordinary Purpofes of Country CEconomy with great Benefit" 
 
 There is a Sweet Maple, from the Juice of which, extrafled from the Tree, the Indians 
 and Back Sett ers make a Sugar, and from which many of the German Settlers make a rich 
 \:7T'- f n '"' Y^ " conliderable auantity of this Sugar, it is very fweet, and even in its 
 f^rft State of Granulation has, though a peculiar, yet no unpleafing Tafte • fhefe Trees nrn 
 p,Tly cultivated, and the Sugar carefully manufadtured and refined, would fupply that Article 
 of Confumption. *^*^ ' -finH-jc 
 
 My Friend Mr. Pratt, than whom there was not a wifer or n-ore knowing Man in the 
 Country, was always of Opinion, that the Juice which can be drawn, by Incifion from th^ 
 Poilon Vine is that Material which the Chinefe and Japonefe make their We with 
 
 He alfo recommended it to his Countrymen, that inftead of attempting to breed the Silk 
 
 "^r": °! "^^'i'- i'^'^y ^'"'^' "''^' "^^"y "^"^'^'^ «" ^^"°"* Spe^i" ot%i^nlng worn wkb 
 which the Woods in America abound. His necelTary Attention to his Bufincfs as a Lawyer, 
 
 at *Ph];:d:ifhu.''vou'! '"''■"''^'''"" °" '^^ ^"''"^ *»f '»«' ^me in the Tranfaflion, of the Philofophical Society 
 t Diodorus Sic. Lib. I. 5 I. Ei/pijcroii,: uii, 'Ui^n. x„'. ^. ^S ^,,,2 .^ _-. ...a- _ ,. , . . 
 
 and 
 
ill 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 I 
 
 [ 8 ] 
 and his very difrntcreftcd meritorious Labours in the public Service, did not permit him t. 
 follow his Burs to the Study of Nature; but he ufcd to tell mc, that from Trials he had 
 made he was fure a native Silk-worm would fome Day or other be found in Amtrica ; fuch 
 When tound, he faid, might turn to practical Account, whereas the Thunder, the boiftcrous 
 and fudden Changes of Weather, under the prefent State of tlu: Climate of America, dif- 
 turbcd the foreign Silk-worm, fo as that it would never be cultivatal to any Advantaoe 
 equal to what the native Silk-worm might be. At the Time that thele Ihings were with us in 
 iNcw Lngland a Subjeft of Speculation, they were, by the Experiments made by Madanv 
 Hubert, a Provencal lettled in Louifiana, become aftual Fafts ; this Lady made many com- 
 parative Lxpermjents on the native and foreign Silk-worm, fed on different Leaves of dif- 
 ferent Mulberry Trees j the native Worm of America, though larger and flronger, yet beina 
 wild and not fettled like the domiciliated Worm of Europe, did not produce an equal Quan- 
 tity ot Silk ; but (he imputed this wholly to its wild unfettied Nature ; their Silk, ahhoueh 
 ,. .^ , coarfe, was ftrong and thick. Since the Remark above was fet done, I have been informed 
 
 C — that lo ooo Weight of Cocoons of the native Silk-worm of America was laid in 1771 at 
 
 the public Filature in Philadelphia, and that the Silk produced from them was of a good 
 ., r . ^.^\ ^"^ (a Sample being Jent to England) was much approved of in London. Tfind 
 K«z H>ft de 're u 'lJ?'^l°r °^ '^'^ American Philofophical Society held at Philadelphia, printed 
 
 Louifuna,' '",'7^8. that Mr. Moses Bertram had made many curious Experiments on the native 
 Liv. z, th. 2. Silk-worm. 
 
 The fine foft Hair which grows on the Bunch of the Buffalo is of that woolly or rather 
 filken Texture, which from the Corruption of a Dutch Word we call Mebaire. Mrs. Wright, 
 a Woman of very uncommon Ingenuity, and poffeffing an uncommon Share of Science,' 
 one of a Quaker Family, that lived and had a fine Farm at the Ferry on Sufquahanna River 
 which bears their Name, gave me, when 1 was at their Houfe, a Pair of Muffeties, and 
 fhevved me a Pair of Stockings, which Ihe had fpun and knit of it. This Manufafture made 
 of thefe Materials as much exceeded in Pliability, Softncfs, and Warmth any Woollen or 
 Cotton, as the Eaft Indian Fabrick called the Shaul doth Silk. The fineft and mqft luxu- 
 rious f abricks might be made of this. 
 
 Asbestos is very common in America ; and this fame Gentlewoman had contrived a 
 Method of fpmning the Thread like Fibres of this Stone into a continued confiftent Thread, 
 - of which (lie made a Purfe } (he mingled and, in the Spinning, twilled it in with Flax, and 
 of the 1 hread fo fpun knitted or netted her Work. The Whole, when finifhed, was thrown 
 into the I-irc, the Flax b'lrnt away, the Fabrick remained firm and wholly of Albcftos. I 
 mention this merely as a Cu iofity, becaufe it has been a Kind of Defideratum with the An- 
 tiquarians how the Cloth of Afbjftos, ufcd by the Ancients, was fabricated. 
 
 From the Nature of the Surface and interior Contexture of this American Part of our 
 Earth, the Mountains, as we in our relative Language call them, do all run in Ridges, with 
 almoft even Tops in parallel Li es ; thole to the Weft of Hudfon's River N. E, and S. W. 
 thofe to the Eaftward of it nearly N. and S. between which, In like parallel Lines, run the 
 great Rivers. 
 
 As the general Surface of the Land (lopes to the S. E. and as the Heights of the Tops 
 of the Mountains dccreafe gradually on the Eaftern Side, fo the general Flow of the orcat 
 Rivers have a Courfe which luch a Fare of Country naturally gives : While they continue to 
 run in any one Vale their Courfe is S. W. whenever through the Gaps or Interlectioni of the 
 Mountains they c^n force a Way Eaftward they do, tumbling over Rocks, Rilts, and Pre- 
 cipices in continual Falls and Catarafts South Eafterly, and fo along each Sta^e, and (o 
 from one Stage to another, is their Courle in great Zigzags S. W. and S. E. Such is the 
 Courfe (fpeaking generally) of the Delaware, Sufquehanna, and Potomack Rivers. The Icffer 
 Rivers, which run only from olf the Eaftern .' ope of thefe Mountains (fuch as Rapahanoch, 
 James River, Roanoch. and the other Rivers 01 the Carolina's) urge their Courfe in all Ways 
 and Windings to the Sea at S. E. 
 
 The Vales between the Ridges of thefe Mountains have all one and the fame general 
 Appearance, that ot an Amphitheatre cnclofing, as it were, an Ocean of Woods fwelled and 
 deprelTed with a waving Surface like that of the great Ocean itfelf: Though the RiHgcs of 
 the Mountains run, as I have faid, in nearly parallel Lines, y ;t at Times, by the Means of 
 Branchings and Spurs of Mountains, they every here and there feem to dole, and where 
 they do fo, the Land of the Vale alfo rifcs in irregular hilly Land, which is the Circumftancc 
 that gives this general Appearance of an Amphitheatre to thele Vales, when from any of 
 the Mountains above one looks down into them. If the Spectator hath gotten a Stand on 
 fome high Mountain fo as to look acrofs any Number of the Ridges which may be lefs high 
 than that he {lands on, he then fees a icpeaicU Succciiion of Blue and Purple paral el waving 
 Lines behind each other, with here and there a Breaking-ofF or Gap in them ; here and there 
 
 fuddeo 
 
t 9 ] 
 fuddcn Endings of them in perpendicuUf bluff Points and Knobs, as they arc by the PeopJe 
 caUcd i and here and there high elevated Peaks » all which, together with the genera I Ui- 
 reflion of the Ridges, arc Points which mark the Geography cf the Country to the Indians 
 and even in a very lufficient praftical Way the general Bearings to the Geographical Sur' 
 veyor. In like Manner the Courfcs and the Currents of the grmt River-., with their atten- 
 dant Streams and Rivulets, by the Line of their Courfe, and by the Nature of the Current 
 with which they flow, mark tnc Height of the Land, the Declination of its Sides, and its 
 abrupt Defcents or level Plains. Thofc who have attentively ftudicd this Subie«ft, and who 
 iiive accuftomed themfelves to apply tlic Knowledge, which it gives, to Cafes in Fa<ff, will 
 loon derive from it fuch Information relpeding a Country as will anfwer every Purpofe of 
 Praflicc I and very often fuch a Precifion of Acquaintance with the Face of the Country 
 as will aftonilh even thofc who have refided in it : To give this Knowlcd'^e, as far as Infor* 
 mation went at the Time that the Firft Edition of this Map was publinied, to thofc whofc 
 Duty It was to know thcfe Matters, the Ranges of the Mountains, the Gaps in them and 
 the Knobs where they eiJ, are laid down with great Attention, and, where it could be 
 obtained, with great Precifion by the Compafs. The Point to which the Tide flows on the 
 Rivers, the fwitt Currents, the Rifts, the Falls, the ftUl Water or the Howly flowing' Courfe, 
 are either marked in the Map or dcfcribed in the following Shet s. As the f^eneral, and I 
 had almoft faid, the only Way of travelling this Country in its natural State is "by the'Rivcrs 
 and Lakes, the Portages or Carrying-places from one Water to another, or along the Shorcii 
 where the Navigation is obftrufted by Rifts or Falls in the fame River, are particularly and 
 pretty exadlly marked and fet down. The general Face of the Country, when one travels 
 It along the Rivers through P.-rts not yet fettled, exhibits the moft pidturefque Landfcapes 
 that Imagination can conceive, in a Variety of the nobleft, richcll Groupes of Wood, Water 
 and Mountains. As the Eye is lead on from Reach to Reach, at each Turning of the Courfcs! 
 the Imagination is in a perpetual Alternative of curious Sufpenfc and new Delight, not know- 
 ing at any Point, and not bein^j able to difcovcr where the Way is to open ntxt until it 
 does open, and captivates like Enchantment. 
 
 Ignotas tentarc Vias, atque inter opacunri 
 
 Allabi nemus— — 
 
 Olh Remigio Nodtemque Diemque fatigant, 
 
 Et longos i'uperant Flcxus, variilquc teguntur, 
 
 Arboribus viridalque fccant placido vEquore Sylvas. 
 
 But while the Eye is thus catching new Pleafures from the Landfcapr, with what an ovei'- 
 flowing Joy does the Heart melt, while one views the Banks where rifing Farms, new Fields, 
 or flowering Orchards begin to illuminate this Face of Nature } nothing can be mce de- 
 lightful to the Eye, nothing go with more penetrating Senfation to the Heart. To any one 
 that has the Habit of Di awing from Nature, the making Sketches of thefe pidfurefque 
 Scenes would be ample Employment : Some are fo aftonifhingiy great, that none but thofe 
 who have made the Trial ki.ow how difficult it is to bring up the Scale of the ordinary Objefts 
 to this, which is (at it were) beyond the Garb of Nature. I made many Draucrhts and 
 Sketches! fome few, which were characteriftlc, I let the Public have in Engravings :°I have 
 feen fince many fine Drawings do: our Officers and Engineers, a Collcdion^of Engrav- 
 
 ings from all which got together w . ,iJ furely be curious, and not unufeful: So much for 
 the Coup d' Oc'il ol the Pailage of this Country. But purfuing the Line which I laid down 
 of a pradical Knowledge ot i., we muft proceed in another Train of Ideas. 
 
 When we proceed to a more exafl: Detail of this Country, fo as to examine it in its Parts, 
 we mull obfcrvc, that as the Country in general is divided into difi^erent Stages, fo the general 
 Face of it contained in this Map is divided into Two diftindl and very difl'erent Trads of 
 Country, viz. Into that Part which lies W. and S. W. of Hudfon's River, and that which 
 rs E. and N. E. of Hudfon's River and Lake Champlain. This fpecific Diff^erence will be 
 marked in the Defcriptions which I fliall give of each Part. It will be fufficient here to fay, 
 that the Mountains of the Wcftern Divifion, beginning from an immenfe high TraftofLand 
 lying in the Angle formed by the Mohawks and Hudfon's Rivers, go off in an Angle from 
 K'jdfon's River in one general Trending in parallel and uniform Ranges of Ridges South 
 Weitcrly to Weft Florida and Louifiana. The Mountains of the other Divifion on the Eafl: 
 Side of the River run in like uniform Ranges, but in a Diredlion almoft due North and South 
 parallel to the River, and end in fteep Ridges and bluff Heads at or near the Coaft on Long 
 Ifland Sound : And in the Latitude 45 or thereabouts, turning Eaftward run away to the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Hudfon's River, and the Lakes George and Champlain, and 
 the River Sorel form the very peculiar Line of this Divifion of the Country. The Bed of the 
 
 TheTwodir- 
 tindl Trafls 
 of this Con- 
 tir:nt. 
 
 Dc 
 
 The very par. 
 ticular Na- 
 ture of this 
 Divifiun. 
 
 n .._ 
 
 OUntfy uy its 
 
 Hudfon's Rivpr /'as if ir were a orpat Hppn PJiafm fnriTi*>f1 in tU^ n^A„ „/ .u„ 
 
 being Iplit down to the Level of the Sea) is a ftrait deep Channel running (to fpeak generally) 
 North and South betwixt Two Trafts of very high Land, and admits, amidft and through 
 immenfe high Mountains, the Flow of the Tide more than 180 Miles up it. Where it lies 
 
 C thus 
 
 I 
 
Hudfon'i 
 Biv«r Mo. 
 hawjv Bunch, 
 
 
 D c Coboes 
 Fall. 
 
 h ■■ 
 
 '\ 
 
 [ 'o ] 
 thui (r8o M:;ei from th Ocean) on a Level wiih the Flow of the Tide, the Rivrrs which 
 have their Sources in the high Lands on each Side of it, the Delaware and Sufquehanna Rivers 
 particularly, which arc very great Rivers, run tu nbling with a precipitate Courfe over Riftj 
 and Falls for nnany hundred Miles S. and S. E. before they reach the fame Level; even the 
 Conneaicut Hivcr runs with many a Swift and over many Falls near loo Miles South before 
 U reaches the fame Level. 
 
 Thk Northern Part of this peculiar DiviHon of the main Continent is formed by a Sue 
 ccfTion of deep Lakes, the Lakes George and Champlain, which iffuc the Wafte if their 
 Waters through the little River Sorel into Canada kiver ; the Bed of thcfc Lake, i, like. 
 
 cT^trine^Vl"e^a&:^i:r^ °^ ^^"^' '"""'"« ^^^'^ -' ^°-^' " --"^"S 
 
 The Hudfon's River arifes from Two main Sources derived by Two Branches which 
 meet about Ten Miles above Albany, the one called the Mohawk's River (rififtK in a flic 
 level Tradt of Country, at the very Top or ficighc of the Land to Wcflward) comes awav 
 i^. and i, L. at the toot, on the North Sides of the Moimtains. which the Indians call bl 
 a Name Hgnifying the Endlefs Mountains. It runs in a Vale, which it fecms to have WorJ 
 itfelf, with interval La.nds on each Side, for about loo Miles •. it falls over many Rifrs wWch 
 interrupt its Navigation , and a lit.le below Seeckneftady. b.ing near Two Furlongs bmd 
 It falls over a Ledge of Rocks 75 Feet perpendicular in one Fall ; thefe Falls the Indians call 
 by the txprefTivc Name Cohoes : This is lo fingular an Objett, that I will here infcrt a De 
 fcriptton as I take it from my Journal noted down on the Spot. 
 
 I WENT Twice to view this } the firft Time there was but little Water in the River and 
 what came over the Falls ran in the Cliffs and Gullies of the Rocks in Three or Four diffe 
 rent Channels. The View of them in this State given in Mr. Calm's Account of America 
 would have been pretty cxaft, had the Draughtfnian in the Comporttion known how to hav^ 
 given a Scale to them i as it is. they appear to have a Magnitude not much more than that 
 of a Mul-dam. "'*^ 
 
 Upon a great Flood coming down the River on the 25th of June, I went a fecond Time 
 to view thefe talb j they were then a moll tremendous Objeft, the Torrent, which came oZ 
 filled the whole Space from Side to Side ; before it reached the Edge of the Fall it ha7ar 
 quired a Velocity which the Eye could fcarcc follow; and although at the Fall the Stream 
 tumbled in one great Cataraft, yet it did not appear like a Sheet of Water ; it was a tumul 
 tuous Conglomeration ot Waves foaming, and at Intervals burfting into Clouds of Vapour 
 which fly ofl^ -n rolling Edd.es like the Smoak of great Guns. In that Part of the Fall 
 where the large Rock fhoots forward, the Torrent as it falls into the An<>le formed bv r 
 fcems to lole the Property of Water j if the Eye tries to purfue it in its Fait the Head will 
 turn giddy -, the great and ponderous Mais with which it ingulfs itfelf makes the Weiehr 
 of It (one tnay almoft fay) vifible, however it makes itfelf felt by keeping the whole BodJ 
 of the Earth on the Banks on each Side in a continued Tremulation i after having fliot down as 
 though It would pierce to the Center, it rebounds again with aftonifliing Recoil in laree I^f, 
 and Columns of Water to the very Height from which it fell, ^ '' 
 
 — — — — 'Ter Gurgite vaflios 
 
 Sorbet in abruptum Fludus, rurfufque fub auras 
 
 Erigit alternos 
 
 This is not Poetry but Fa£b. and a natural Operation. In other Parts, where it fhoots over in 
 a Sheet of Water, there is a peculiar Circumltance which ftruck me, and which I will enil 
 vour to explain ; there are every now and then violent Explofions of Air which burft throuoh 
 the Surface of the Torrent, and as I confidered it attentively on the Spot, I explained it a, 
 follows to myfelf J the Air which is contained and pent in between the Rock and the Arch 
 of the Torrent which /hoots over it muft, by the violent Motion of this Torrenr be 
 heated and rarefied, and if fo, will of courfe break out in Explofions ; however the FaA 
 was as I ftate it, and better Philofophers than I pretend to be may give better Accounts of it. 
 
 The Vapours which fly off from this Fall difperfe themfelves and fall in heavy Showers for 
 near Half a Mi e round the P ace. Whenever the Spedlator can gain a Pofition in a proper 
 Angle between the Falls and the Sun, he will always fee it refledted in a Rainbow. ^ 
 
 While we were contemplai.ng this Objedt, there came on a moft violent Thunder Storm • 
 Any one who has been in America knows how exceeding loud the Sound of thefe Exolofinn^ 
 ot the Thunder are : let 10 iiuiuioa were wc with the inceliant hoarfeRoar of this Cataradt 
 that we were totally mfenfible to it. *-'»i<tracc 
 
 w 
 
 I MADS 
 
I r 
 
 proper Sale. Mr F. Sanbv made ;• -.----''-"-' /^""^'* '^ .^"""d .n g.ving it a 
 n«s been made after it and publilhcd. 
 
 Foper Sale. Mr. F. Sanbv made a coloured Draw.ng for mc from thi,77ndani;n8;^v?ng 
 
 ^„mJf r M L r "y ''"'^ ^"'"'' ""«^ Sf"'"» '^'1 into this Branch I thofc which 
 
 I- V f ^f • ' L Ti ,"^ . '"' ^'■"'" =' ^''fl^ '" which this Creek falls loo Feet Srhoharv 
 
 thirhrJlhr. '^T^''\^''^"^°"^'^ '• -^"" ^--""^ ^he Mouth) with Rifts and FaU 
 th.it the Inhabitants do not ufc even Canoes. As the Mountains which cloie in this Vale arc 
 very high, the Settlements are confined to the Interval Land : Thefe Settlers hac no Com 
 munication with Hudlon's River but by Albany, and this was b LLrovc "h^^^^^^^^^ 
 in Winter l,me only w,th Sledges. When I was there they had propolk to m..kfa new 
 Road from a Point about 40 Miles up the River to a Point on the SomI Line S" R^nflS 
 SvIdU ' "' "' '' ^"" ^'"'"" '"'^"^ ""^'■""•^ ^'^'" ftrike. the River cabled 
 
 talI"oVcouXhTw7oThtw^"'^°';'^j' "^^ ^"''^'^" '"■" ^'"""^ ^'^" '" 'h*^ I^-""- ■^"-^•'S» 
 \m^ <jrOiutlachragc to the Weft of Ijike Champlain, and is called Sicondaga River- l^'-"'^''- 
 
 VmT [T \^°"^ ^'^'' ^direft fouthern Courfc till it comes wichin .a nIiL orthe 
 t Mohawk Branch, then turns fliort back to the North, till it comes with n f^ 7 or s?' 
 Miles of the South End of Lake George, and then winds round to the South til t mee» 
 the Weftern or Mohawk Branch. Where this River, about Four Miles above For Edward 
 defcends from the Oak- anH Ti-«fl> ^^ »i,- d:_- i.-j .l ., ,. » "'<• x-uwara. 
 
 ~V. ; ;. , -,. • -,;' ^^^J:^"- ^"waru. m tms ncna is included the 1 rait of Cour v 
 
 f H u ' T ''^[^'^''^''°^^\^^' From the Jundion of thefe Branches, under he nL le 
 of Hudfon s River. ,c runs ne..rly South, and paffing what is called the Narrowst.tw a 
 Long inand and St.ten Ifland. runs out to Sea by Sandy Hook; in its Couric i pa^fes bj 
 
 hLm V f ^'"y* "".^ '^? ""^'" '^' """" '^""^ of 'he Kaafs-kill Mountains and the 
 Highlands of 'Sopos ; b.-c the extraordinary and very lingular Pafe v hich it has i through 
 a Ranee of verv hich ant n^nllnr.^ mr.,,c r ,n,i„ „k-.;.. .r ^^M_ -^ r ... . '... v'^^^b" 
 
 Ec 
 
 -. ... .^ „.,j, ,^^ ,1^ ,^ piiics in a Geep ui Lhanne near a Mi e broad wirh 
 
 Hinc atque hinc vr.fta= Rupes, geminique minantur 
 Jn Loslum Scopuli : quorum fub vertice late 
 iEquora tuta filent: turn Sylvis fcena corufcis 
 Dcfuper. 
 
 Just after having entrred into this Pafs, a very peculiar Rock called MaNkr', Rock 
 projefts from the Laft Side into the River; and at the Foot of thefe immenftly S 
 Mountains although it is as high as a Sloop's Maft. looks like a Wharf or Mole^ The 
 Eddy which this occafions m the Current, and the Wind which is always flittering here 
 makes this a puzzled Pafs. This I find marked down in my Journal 17^,, (Sog-r/,' 
 as a Spot on which a Fort placed would have great Command of this Pafs ; and I underftand 
 now, 1775, that the Americans have taken poft and built a Fort upon it. "' """"''"""^ 
 
 After emerging out of this Pafs, it fpreads itfelf in the Form of a great Lake i. Mile, r 
 by one Way of Reckoning • and by another 20, and about Four Miles°b oad. and if c^Ied ' 
 the 1 opang Sea : The weftern Banks are perpendicular rocky Cliffs of an immenfe Height, 
 
 + Bituminous (jprings here. 
 
 X I find in niy /ourn.l of 17-,^ the following Obfervation, written down from Sir William Tohnfon', rnf«. 
 mauonontheSpot. A convenient and advantageous Communication mav be on.nJn h"rJ^K. ".1.^"!^ 
 =r.u aa-.^r-aaga crancil Dy Cuti.ng a Kuad of only Seven Miles trom Johnfon'-hall to Sacondaga Cr<.Vk .'Vhr'H.'if 
 
 the Bottom, Maple.. There is wod Navicra.ion (r.^lJrlulTT ^."n* .r f'^S", Beech and feme Oak. „» 
 
 • This IS .«koning Haverftraw Bay as Pare, ".vimajj*. 
 
 i 
 
 covcretl 
 
t c New 
 Yurk ItlitnO. 
 
 1 
 
 »Fe 
 »- Dc 
 
 Hudfon'i Ri- 
 ver navigable 
 with Sloops 
 to Albany. 
 
 ' Page 1 9, 
 inland Navi- 
 gation from 
 Albany to 
 Ofwego. 
 "• Dc 
 ' Dc 
 ■"Cd 
 
 • The Drag- 
 plat C d 
 
 •Ce 
 
 . [ u ) 
 
 ^mcd with Wooch at the Top ,vhich from the great Height of the Cliff fcem like Shrubs. 
 
 V.Ltf r" h°t "^- r'"^ Jl.* S"»>y ^ifi"g Country, Hill behind . Hill, of fruitful 
 vegetation : It then again for ao Miles more or thcreabouti lakei the Form of a River, but 
 above a Mile and Half broad, and paiTi:, by New V<,rk. The Reader may imuRine that 
 Ihefe Scenri murt exhibit fomc of the fineft Landlcapcs in the World v I thought fo, and 
 made many Sketchc, of the different Scenes, particularly of Windy Gate, the Knuanre of the 
 Highlands, with a View of Martler's Rock, and of others which the Paflage through the Hiijh. 
 Unds gives. Fhc Iflands which may be faid to lie at the Mouth of this great River, are fint 
 IVew York inand, about ii Miles long and fcarcc Two broad in the greatell Breadth of it. 
 lying -n the Courfe of the River North and South, it is fiuarated from the Continent 
 wfuch forms the eaftcrn Banks of the River by a very narrow Channel, through which 
 tfie I Ides flow with great Rapidity i there is a Hridgc built over it, • a Toll-bridge, of 
 private Propcity : Ihis Irtand .s in general of a rocky llony Texture, with a light Soil, fcarcc 
 enough to cover the Rocks, and yet from rich Buttoms "'hicf, there are in it, and from a 
 certain Moifture which Stones retain in the Soil amidll which they lie, it U of a very kindly 
 \cgetation. There is remarkable fine Water in many Parts of this little Ifland, from its 
 icitc and lofition it rather may be delcribed as lorminK the eaftcrn Banks of this lower P.irt 
 of the River, than thu it can be faiH to lie in the Mouth of it. Alter paaiii" by this llland 
 and the fouthcrn Point of it, at which the City of New York ftands, the River opens aaain 
 into a wulc Bay lo ori2 Miles broad, with Two or Three little Klunds in it, and then pafT- 
 ing between Long IQand an.! Staatcn Idand, through a Straight called the Narrows i it 
 then forms a fecond Bay, and thrncc ifTues out between Sandy Hook and Long llland to Sea. 
 
 Staaten inand is included within the Province of New York, and is of itfdfone of the 
 Counties of that Province called Richmond : This Ifland is about 12 Miles long, and about 
 Six Miles broad, it is high, dry, and hiljy, plcafant and fruitful i the County lown Rich- 
 mond lies near the Center of it. 
 
 Long Ifland, feparated from New York by the Eaft River of Half a Mile Breadth, over 
 which IS a Ferry, is included within the Province of New York, and contains Three Coun- 
 ties, viz. King's, Queen's, and Suffolk Counties : This Ifland lies nearly Ead and Weft, is 
 more than 100 Miles long, and taking one Place with anoiher at a Medium about 16 Miles 
 broad. When Lewis Evans deli:ribes this Ifland as formed by and confifting of Sand only, 
 he was not apprized that a Ridge of Hills beginning from the Ferry at the Narrows runs 
 rounding acrofs the Weft End of the Ifland to the North Side, and continues in a Range 
 along that Side almoft to the End : This Ridge forms the fubftantial Part of the Ifland j ic 
 IS faid that there is a Straum of Coal in this Ifland; The South Side of it is indeed a level 
 Plain formed by the Accretion of Silt and Sand at the Foot of this more elevated Ridge ; 
 this Plain extends with a long Slope to the Ocean, but has (as Land thus formed always 
 has) a high Beach or Bar in the Front of it, a little below Low Water Mark. 
 
 « Hi;dson's River, at whofc Entrance ftands the City of New York", has good Depth of 
 Water for Sloops, and the Tide extended above Albany '-, more than 1 80 Miles into the Up- 
 land. While all the Rivers, from thence South-wcftward, are navigable with Sea Veflels in 
 the Lower Flats only, this opens Communications with the Inland Parts of the Continent, 
 of the utmoft Importance to the Britifti Intereft. The Communication between Albany 
 and Montreal' is defcribed below. A Route of no lefs Importance in the immediate 
 Afl'airs of the Englifli opens from Albany weftward into the Heart of the Continent, and 
 IS performed commonly in light flat-bottomed Boats. To avoid a great Cataraft of 75 
 Feet, in the Mohocks River S they carry all th.- Goods, deftined for the Inland Trade 
 1 16 Miles over Land to Skeneftady ' in W^aggons. There they embark on the Mohocks 
 River, which in general is pretty rapid and fliallow, and proceed to the Long Fall '^ 
 where they are obliged to carry their Boats and Goods a Mile over Land. The fame River 
 conduds them again to the Great Carrying-place", where, according as the Seafon is wet 
 or dry, they are obliged to carry over Land Four or Eight Miles to Wood Creek. This 
 Creek is very gentle and crooked, and, together with Onoyda Lake and Onondaga River% 
 furniOies an eaiy PaflTage to the Seneca River; which at 12 Miles above Ofwego" has a 
 Fall, where they carry their Boats about 100 Feet, and Goods liable to damage by wet 
 near a Mile and a Half ; befides Three very bad Rifts, and feveral fmall ones in other 
 Places. The Whole is performed in a Week. 
 
 Iflwi 
 
 • A free Bridge has been built at the Public's Expence fince I was there. 
 
 + The Soil of the Land through which this Road goes is Sand for the firft Seven Miles, the Tim!>;r nothing 
 but Pitch Pine, the Underwood Fern in great Quantities, fome Shumack and Dwarf Oak, Four Miles more the 
 fame ; a wet Bottom crofTes the Land here of about a Mile ; the Wood Birch, Afpin, Chefnut, Oak ; the re- 
 maining Five Miles much the fame again as before. I obferved in the Woods many Flowers, ai the Heart's.caCe. 
 the Blue Lupin, and Lonvoivoiies j and in the fwampy Bottoms, the Orarge Lilly, and the Iris. 
 
 But 
 
 I 
 
But 
 
 f 13 ^ 
 
 * But if you intend to 00 to rh* n^^^j- 
 
 • to dilcover wh.ch Way it runs.' ^ "^' " " "^'Y ^^'P. ""d fo gCntlr a, fcarce «'»"• ' 
 
 * A FordCt 
 
 another I the Lan5 between thcfe Mountan. /^ 'J** D'««n'•^of 16 Milei one Place with 
 Soil, the Timber Whuc and Black ^k on trcAifl.H- u* '''"■^' .^""^ »"'^ ^ut indirtJcnt 
 Of Afh. "^ ^^^ o" '"« H.li5, Hickory ,n the Valley,, with Swampt 
 
 : ^"o:^^^^^ or Shalop... for it i. truly but . 
 
 ' Two Series already mentioned.' * "' "" ^°""""/ ^"^^ ^'''J Well of it afford thofe 
 
 D^cpr .i::?'^^ {;^^t IJ^-Hhe 0>..ry i, ^^med by . Succemon of 
 •nd South. • 7 8 in acep Chafn)s, that have the fame Direction North 
 
 Between the northern Part of the HM,ir«». «• . 
 
 •nd Drowned Land is the Heiaht of the S '. 'u" ""'^ "'= '°""'^'" ?«" of the Lakct 
 the Water, r.n different Way fpar to the 1° K "'iS'" '^ ""* '^''" Breadth, whence 
 to Lake George i. a Waggon Road! ^"'''' ^^" '^ '^' North » over this Portl^c 
 
 Thk Country between the Drowne 1 t rl 
 rop«,n Scouts both French and Englilh defcribe ir Mr' ^'°T' " '^'^ J*'"'""*'* of the Eu- vidc A„ 
 the Induns g.ve of it is a very imp^aSeCounv '''?.' "l,''^ '^'- Information which p'^ndi'^v.n 
 and abrupt i and the Vales filled with deep lX^J^d'^' J^"" Mountains arc high, rteeo. ^'^*i^'* 
 ^hjch the Wood Creek creep,, i. a mSc be l.n r ?k"e " J5= ^"P "«-«- Vafe t'hrou^h i--'- 
 Vale or rather Ch.fm is an intire Lake, the L ke Ge^jL' "2^ ^^^^'"P" ^he great werte?n 
 both Sides to the Water', t.dge with cxcecdinc hiah m«^ ' .'^"P' """o^. and bounded on 
 up .nto a fwampy Cove between Tw"RidBef f, ^^"" "'"'• Kankufker Bay inde.d run 
 obflrufted at its northern Emb..uchurbyTRid«e ^r L^ T ^'^T^ ''''' ^'^' ^^^^^j' 
 plus Iffue of Its Waters falls. Here is\ SL I m^' °^^°^''' °^''^ ""^'"^ '^e fur- 
 
 Thi Navigation from hence to Crown P t i 
 • River, the Narrows between thefe PointV wlch fn °'^ k''?"'^ " uninterrupted through 
 the Indians call Teck-ya-dough Nigareer The p "" "" ^"''''"" '"'» Lake ChamHafn 
 .K,t. as has been vulga?iy ima|inedfc fw„ JJ t Ic i '?l "^''^ /"" ^^^'^"'^'^ ft^"'^' » 
 Dutch CrunPunt by the French, Point" Jla ci ' .' ^P^^^^ ^'0'"^ fo called by the 
 Scalpmg commuted there : The Point on which th.r^n* *?"" f remarkable Aftion of 
 Comparifon of the Mountains which fiTroum il •" '^'"'^'' " ''"'g ^^^'nt. and low in 
 
 the Ean and a narrow Bay which run u^So'ti 'toZ 'w ,/'" ^^'^^' "^^^'"S ''^'^ R-cT to 
 ; \^l-"'\%^:;'"y*"S-placetotheRiJ^r;Tuc^^^^^^^^^ «* at the South Head of 
 
 by the.rench Indians and Traders in ^heir rm:g^;S:r ^w^l^^^^^^ 
 
 Lake Champlam, as the French call iV. pnri 
 its Indian Name, Caniaderi Guarunte lies in , ?*"' ^' ''^ °""''' "" '^' but according to 
 up to the Water's Edge with fleep Moun ainVo^''^ ""T ^^'^"^ "^ ^^e Land. boundS 
 to bound it as far as Cumberland W° the R^n. "^^r*^"^^" Shore, which cont nue thus 
 Weft, and the Shore i, Jow and in'^ m nl P- r ^^ ' Mountains then trend off NorJh 
 Times iffuean Abundance of W«ers,f7imothrPJ' ^1"^ ^""'"^> fom« whkh"t 
 «ot be called Rivers ; they are rnere Ca Us anS' r 2 ' "T 'K"^'^ ^''^'' ^^' '^ey can- 
 no Entrance to them. v-ataraits. and fo barred with Rocks and Sand there is 
 
 at the oSance" of atour', 2°MUesE'5 VhTs3Jof thJPf^ ' '^' '^°""^^"'"* '^^^'P ^^^ " ^'^» ^^P^' 
 in many Places 60, 70, and «o, and in fome fSr ?^. ^^^.'''l^^'^e are very deep in general ,""'''" '"<^ 
 confiderable Streams fall into the Lake on ?h. fV°c° ^'^^°"'- ^^^^ «'•«= Three or Fo y»"«t-k» 
 
 derable ; an Account of which yo'u'liave ?n"c ;tab Hot 's T ^rV' ^ "^'^ ^^^^ ^' '' 
 
 *--iiwjn noBBs a Journal in the Appendix. q ^ 
 
 nomenoni 
 
 
 7. 
 
 m 
 
ill 
 
 rl 
 
 JW-C: 
 
 ■i 
 
 !;j; 
 
 \\f 
 
 m 
 
 Bed 
 
 iimtittion, tt would have been lingular were it othcrwife than it is. the IfTue of no River 
 bears any Proportion to the Mafe of Water which feems to flow in all the Parts of it. 
 
 Before I proceed to the Defcription of the Two principal Divifions of the Country, I 
 rauft juft paffing (rather to. mi»ik my Ignorance than prefuming to give Information) obfcrve, 
 that the Country, lying to the V'ett of thefc Lakes, bounded on the North Weft by Canada 
 River, and on the South by the Mohawks River, called by the Indians Couxfachrage, which 
 ligmfies the Difmal Wildernefs, is a. triangular, high, mountainous Traa* very little known 
 to the Europeans ; and although a hunting Ground of the Indians, yet either not much 
 known to them, or, if known, very wifely by them kept from the Knowledge of the Eu- 
 ropeans. It is faid to be a broken unpradicabk Traft j I own I could never learn any Thina 
 about ir. ' ° 
 
 S E C T. II. 
 Eastern Division. 
 
 EROM a Review of this Divifion, colkaed from a thou&nd Pardculars, we may herd 
 begin by faying, that the great Portion of this Country which lies Eaft of Hudfon's 
 it and Lake Champlain, lies in the Form of a Lunet or the Quarter of a Circle. The 
 Firft Parr, beginning at Long IQand Sound, runs nearly North and South, and then in about 
 North Lat. 45, curves away Eaftward to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It confifts of a high, 
 hilly, and in fome Part mountainous, Traft of Land, running in Ranges which follow "the 
 general Courfe of the main Land, and in general keep nearly parallel to each other ; it is 
 from 180 to 200 Miles acrofs : It is divided into feveral principal or main Ranges, each 
 confifting of a JVIultitude of parallel RWges, each alfo having many Spurs and Branches 
 deviating from the Courfe of the general Range, which Branches arc fometimcs broken into 
 irregular hilly Land. 
 
 The higheft Part of this Traft of Mountains may be defined by a Line drawn North 
 wefterly from rhc White Hills (which will be hereafter defcribed) to the 45th Parallel of 
 North Lat 
 
 it 
 1' •< 
 
 f» If 
 
 ^. a I. ^ Beginnino from this Point in Lat. 45, and tracing this Tradt to Long Ifland Sound, 
 
 it is found to be divided into Two Parts by a great Vale through which Connefticut (or 
 Long River, as its Indian N me fignifies) flows ; this Vale is from 1 2 to 20 Miles, in fome 
 Parts, broad. One of the main Ranges runs between Hudfon's River, Wood Creek, 
 Lake Champlain, and Connefticut River : Between Wood Creek, Lake Champlain, and 
 Connedicut River it trends North North Eaft, and afterwards North Eaft. It confifts 
 of One high Range only with hilly Lands, and not Ridges on each Side, fuited for very 
 H^hK'S*'*'" ^^^ Settlements =. Capt. Holland has fince the War run a Line from Connefticut River 
 naMnthe A^' *° ^^'^' ^°^^^ o^ ^t. Francis River, 90 Miles. The Topography of his Survey gives 
 pendix. the fame Account. On each Side of this great long Vale, at the Diftance of about 100 
 
 Miles from Long Ifland Sound, the Two main Ranges which form its Boundaries are again 
 fijb-divided into Two Parts, each by a Vale of near 100 Miles long; that on the Weft by 
 the Vale through which the Hoofatonick or Weftonhoek River runs, paffing to Sea by 
 Milford, bounded on the Weft by the Taconick, and on the Eaft by Hoofatonick Moun- 
 tains, which alfo make the weftern Bound on the Vale of Connedicut. The moft ealtern 
 Ridge of this main Range ends in a Blufi^-head at Meridon : A Second ends in like Manner 
 at Walingford : A Third at New Haven : Where thefc Ridges terminate, the Face of the 
 Country breaks into irregular hilly Ground. The Range on the eaftern Side is Subdivided 
 by the Vale, beginning near the South of the great Ouatchufet, through which the River 
 that hath acquired the Name of the Thames runs, paffing to Sea by New London. This 
 Vale is bordered on the Weft by a Range of the Chicab^ Mountains, thefe terminate a 
 little below Eaft Hadham, and the Face of the Country fpreads in Hke Manner into hilly 
 Land (which alfo form the Eaft Boundary of the Vale of Connedicut) and on the Eaft by 
 One of the Ranges of the Ouatchufet Mountain continuing South to Stonington. Going from 
 the fame Line in Lat. 45, of the greatcft Height of thefe Range of Mountains, and following 
 them to the Eaft northerly : They all feem to range as united until again divided by the Bay 
 of Chaleurs, an Arm of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 All the Rivers which have their Sources amidft the northern Ridges of this great Range 
 fall into Canada or St. Lawrence River, as the St. Francis, Chaudiere, and many others. 
 All which have their Sources amidft the fouthern Ridges fall into the Bay of Fundc or into 
 the main Ocean ; their Rife are almoft univerfally from Lakes and Ponds, great Parr of their 
 firft Courfes lie in the Valleys amidft the mountainous Ridges in the Forms of drowned 
 fwampy Lands, or a Succeffion of Ponds, and while they do fo their Courfes arc generally, 
 
 * I might 
 
 
 i: i 
 1 
 
f »5 J 
 
 I taight fay uhiverfalJy, from Weft to Eaft : Whenever through Gaps or Interfeaions they 
 tan get away Southward they do fo. tumbling over almoft continued Falls acrofs the Ranges 
 » they happen to find a Courfe along the Side of any Spur or Branch which runs South, it 
 is othtrwife, and their Courfes are free. But the other Circumftance being that which forms 
 in general their charadlcriftic Naiure ; thefe Rivers in general are very little capable of Marine 
 Navigation to any Length of Courfe within the Country; St. John's River in Nova Scotii 
 
 CXCCpCCu* 
 
 COiSTArECr/Cyr river, this River rifes in Korth Lat. 45* ,0', at the 
 Height of theLand, m Long. 4, Eaft of the Meridian of Philadelphia. It hath its Birth 
 m a fWampy Cove at the Height of the Land j after having flept for Eight or 10 Miles 
 in this State of Infancy, it leaves the Place of its Birth by tumbling over Four feparate 
 Falls i It then turns to the Welt, and keeps clofe under the Hills which form the northern 
 Boundary of the Vale in which it runs j and in 10 Miles further Courfe runs under the Little 
 Monadnar^g Mountains for about Four Miles, at the End it turns round a high fharo 
 Point, and for about a Mile runs North Weft, till coming under a high Hill it turns aeain 
 to the South Weft ; at Two Miles and a Half Diftancc from hence a little River called 
 Leack s Stream falls into it, coming down a Valley from the North Weft * This 
 Stream interlocks with fome of the Heads of St. Francis's Waters, ar,J has been formerly 
 an Indian Road. From hence, running under the Hills of the weftern Boundary of the 
 Vale, It comes m Six or Seven Miles Courfe to the Grand Monadnaeg Mountains on the 
 p ac*^"' "f "^"n* E'ghtor 10 Miles further Courfe, it approrches the Mountains on the 
 t-att bKte ot the Vale, and runs under rocky Mountains on the Eaft. Almoft oppofite to 
 this, in a flat wampy Interval on the Weft Shore, there is a Mineral Spring. About Eight 
 Miles bek)w this is the Beginning of a new Settlement, the Firft in the Couril of this River • 
 about Foiir Mites lower, oppofite to Amanufeag River, which falls inco it from the Eaft' 
 are Two more Settlements. Three Miles lower there is a Fall in the River. Here, oncefoj 
 !r r ^. 0W«ve, that thefe Ledges of Rocks over which the Rivers fall, ferve in Nature 
 ^l 'T^ J^'P*^?' T.^""^ ''"'■ ^^^^^ '*'« ^'^ "^^^ acrofs our Rivers, are meant to ferve 
 They hold up the Waters, and akl alfo the Navigation by caufing Still Water above them' 
 
 Three Miles below this Fall there is a very confideraWe Settlement begun by BuR«f' 
 
 SIDE, Efqj Five Miles below :his Settlement Capt. Page's Settlements lie on the Intervals 
 amidft the Windings of the River, untler a high Hill on the Weft ; on the Eaft Ifrael's River 
 comes in, and Two Miles lower are federal Settlements on the Intervals called Cahafs the 
 Upper or Lefler Cahafs: The River keeps its Courfe South wefterly, and then quitting the 
 Hills on the Eaft, and the Vale in which it hath hitherto ran, croflcs the weftern Ranee and 
 tumbles with a Courfe South Weft for 15 MUes together over Rifts and Ledges of Rocks 
 till It meets the high Unds on the Weft Side •. and then, under the Foot of thefe, refumes 
 Its old Courfe South-wefterly, in a Secot«J Vale, or rather Second Stage of the fame Vale 
 JJcre again on the Interval Lands are feveral n Settlements begun. In about Two 
 Miks further Courle the River gets again under th. Hills on the eaftern Side where comes 
 in Hurds River, and running under them for about Two Miles falls Four Feet over a 
 Ledge of Rocks which run acrofs its Bed. Four Miles below this it pafles a Strait be- 
 twixt 1 wo Rocks After this the New Settlements are found pretty thick upon the Mea- 
 dows and Intervals of the Lower or Great Cohafs. Townfhips are fetdin| very faft on 
 the Banks on both Sides Running along the Townftiip of Lebanon, under high fteep 
 Hi.ls, on the Weft, called Cunney Mountain, the River tumbles over feveral Falls. In 
 P^ainfieid Townlhip a Ledge of Rocks about Three Feet high croflcs its Courfe: in Eight 
 Miles further Courle it runs clofe under the Afcutney Mountains which rife hi^.i on the Weft 
 nnlr rL q ;k'p"**! runs undcr the Cafowetchawege Mountains on the frme Side, clofe VMtQi^u 
 under the South Point of which a Road goes off Weft to Crown Point. About Eight Miles ""^b-, Jour- 
 further vvith a ftill deep Courfe the River pafles by Charles Town, late a Garrifon Numb-r ± "•'''Appendix. 
 a little above which comes in Black River from ti.e North Weft. About Seven or Eight 
 Miles below this the River runs under a very high Mountain, rifing on the Eaft Shore op- 
 pofite to Rockingharri Townlhip : Here are the great Falls, in palTing which the River fhoots 
 with great Rapidity between Two Rocks fcarce 30 Feet afunder, and then extends itfelf into 
 a wide Bafon. The River continuing to run nearly the fame Courfe in the fame Kind 
 w a u- *'"!?>? ^J^e^'ke new Settlements for Two or Three Miles, then runs under the 
 \\ eft River Mountains, fo called being oppofit-: to a confiderable River called Weft River 
 which runs from the North Weft j thefe Mountains are on the Eaft Side the Vale In thefe 
 Mountams there is the Appearance of there having been fome Eruption or Volcano. In i r 
 Miles more making a great Bend diredly South Weft, and Ihort back a^ain North Faft 
 the River comes to the Boundary Line between the Provinces MafTachufet's Bay and New 
 York i a little to the North of which Line the Afiiewelot River coming from the Eaft falls 
 into itv Its Courfe then through Northfield Townlhip is for Two-thirds of it South-eafterlyi 
 
 "Here the RoiU by Land from St. Francis's River, not 30 Miles, comes info the Connefticut River accord, 
 ing to the Survey given to me by Capt. H.ll.nd Jan. 1776, which confirm, what I had above not.d 
 
 for 
 
II 
 
 ft 
 
 .:*!!! 
 
 ± 
 
 hi 
 
 y- 
 
 f 
 
 ■;} 
 
 tor the l-ciTiaining Third South wefterly •, it continues windirig trt the fame Courfe throueh 
 Tart of Decrfield* till it comes to where Miller's River falls into it from the Eaft i the 
 River then turns Ihort to the Weft, and in a rinuous Courfe coines to a Fall, which from a Battle 
 fought with the Indians there, is called 'The Fighting Falls ', it hence turns South-wcfterly 
 and tumbles over Deerfield Falls, which Falls are impaflable for Navigation. Above thtfr 
 Falls the River is wide and the Current (low. A little below thefe Falls Deerfield River corri-' 
 ing from the Weft and making a Turn Northward falls into Connefticut from the South 
 Hence running in a broad and ftiU Current between Deerfield and Sunderland Townlhips it 
 paffes juft above Sunderland Meeting-houfe between Two Peaks of Mountains, Mount Tobv 
 on the Eaft, and the Sugar Loaves on the Weft: It then runs South through Hatfield and 
 Hadley Townftiips, and juft oppofite to Hadley Meeting-houfe makes a great weftern Bend 
 returning to the Eaft it theii runs South-wefterly along under a high Ridge of Mountains 
 called the Holy Oaks, which are on the Eaft Side of the Vale, and making, juft below 
 Hampton Meeting-houfe, a great Bend to the Weft, returns again Eaft direftfy aeainft the 
 l-oot of thefe Mountains, and pafles between that and a high Peak called Mount Tom over 
 a very bad Rift ; hence it runs South, and then taking a South-caftern Courfe tumble! over 
 Two Falls, the one called Hampton Upper Falls, the Lower one called the Fifhine Falls 
 both thefe are paflable. Thefe Falls are about a Mile and Half afunder, and the River be* 
 tween is broad and deep. Two or Three Milts below, the Chicabee River, fo called as 
 coining from the Chicabee Ridge of Mountains which form here the Eaft Boundary of the 
 Vale, a pretty large Stream runs into it on the Eaft Side. There is another Rift lower down 
 the River juft above Enfield Meeting-houfe, but pafTable. The River runs hence by SulFeild 
 Simlbury, and Windfor in a ftrait South Courfe, with an eafy though pretty auick Currrnr* 
 .2 Miles to Hertford, The Tide flows up very near, but Lt quke^to AeTtford Town' 
 The River, where it is a Tide River, is faid to be rilled up from the Soil which is brought 
 down by the Frefties mixing with the Silt which is roiled up by the Tide. But this I iDm-> 
 hend not to be the true Caule, becaufe this Cafe being common to all Tide Rivers kmuH 
 equally operate in all, which is not fo. The River here ceafes to run throueh a flonin» 
 decided Valley. The Land of the Bed of the Valley rifes here in broken WLly cfound ^ nd 
 the River ceafing to have the fame Slope as above, runs more upon a Level and more crooked • 
 ■Wherever this happens, the Soil ;hich was before kept fufpended by the fwifter Current 
 always begins firft to fubfide where that Current is firft checked. Hence for 2/: or 36 Mn^« 
 running by Weathersfield,Kenfington, Middleton, Haddam, and Durham on its Wdl 
 Banks ; Glaflenbury and Windham on its Eaft Banks, it pafTes between Seabrook and Lyme 
 to Sea, that is, into Long Ifland Sound. . *"/"'= 
 
 To defcribe now the Ranges of this Eaftern Divifion, which lie between Connedicut Valfl 
 
 f"i !i ,r xf "'u°"' u"''^'"^^'"t"l'^^'r '* ^' '" ^P*"'°" f°™^d from a Multitude of col- 
 leded Fadts, that this Trad, which is from 50 to 60 Miles, or higher North even more 
 broad, confifts of Three principal Ranges; the Firft is that which with its many fubordinate 
 Ridges forms the eaftern Boundary of the Vale of Connedicut, running generally North and 
 fometimes to the Eaftward <f North from Eaft Hadham in Conneltfcut Colony to the 
 Head of the Vale: The Middle Range runs from Stonington in the fame Colony alone the 
 great Ouatchuflt Mountains, and lo away Northerly (as fhall be particularly delcribedfin a 
 Direction nearly parallel to the former. The Third riling in the Townlhips of Hookinton 
 Hollifton, and Medford, in MafTachufet's Province runs North in a like Direftion bv Wa 
 tertown and Concord acrofs the Mcrrimaeg River at Pantookaeg fall away to the White Hills" 
 
 The Firft Ridge of the wefternmoft Range keeps in the Maffachufet's Provincea bout m 
 or 12 Miles from Connefticut River; and the eafternmoft Ridge of the eaftern Range runs 
 jn a Meridian about 1, Miles Weft of Bofton. forming a Trad about 60 Miles acrT 
 Thefe Ranges do not keep the fame Height, but are in fome Parts deprefled and lowererl 
 gready ; m others again they run up into high Peaks of Mountains, or high mountamou* 
 Trads. They are fometimes broken and dilcontinucd, but take up a^ain rancine in thtTrnl 
 Diredlion. Within the Bounds of the MafTachufet's Province the middle Se^by he hi.h 
 mountainous Traft called Great Watchufets, is the higheft. In New Hampf re^fovincf 
 about 20 Miles North of the Boundary Line, the weftern Range, by means of the hiS 
 Peaks of Monadneag, is the higheft. In Lat. 44, within the fL'e Provide , the e^fn 
 Range, by means ot the fFhte Htlls, is beyond all comparifon the higheft. 
 
 To give now fome Defcription of each of thefe Ranges. The Weftern one, which as T 
 fa.d begins in Eaft Hadhani, in the Colony of Connefticut, forms the Eaft l^ounda-y of 
 Connecticut Vale; in this Colony, and in the Province Maffachufet, it was called the Cw! 
 cabee, though the River which runs from and falls into Conncdicut River at Springfiek feem, 
 ?r 'I 'If^ Wopnated that Name to itfelf alone; it is not very high whK r n„" 
 througli thefe Provinces, but after it hath pafTed the Boundary Line between mZZ"^'' 
 ucw ..ampinire about 20 Miies, it runs up into a very hi^h Peak called Monadn7ia' "rZ 
 R.dge m which Monadneag rifcs feems hereto be diinnued, but th^cxt Weft^^^^^^^^ 
 
 in 
 
 
In the fame llange keeps on, and in about Lar. 43" 20' runs up Into aftotlier liigfi M' 
 callcdSunapeeMountams on the Weft of which is Sunapee Ponds it comiiues on? and iri 
 Lat. 44 rifes again into a high traft called Moofcodg Mountain : beyond tliis mV Infor- 
 mation docs not go. » ' / *"'"» 
 
 The Middle Range may be taken ^s rifirig ibout Slonington, in the CoJon^ of Con- 
 « ' n!J !i'^^°""'' ' " """"e" 'le"" North-eaftcrly, and in Rutland Diftrift, in the 
 
 I rovincc Maffachufet, runs up into a very high Tradt of Land c d the Great Watchufet; 
 this IS the higheft Land in all this Traft of Country : From the Suuth Side of it fprings the 
 Kivcr which finally acquires the Name of the Thames i from the Weft Side the Chicabeei 
 from the North Laft Side the Nafliaweag River, which runs away North Eaft to Merrimac 
 Riven from the South Eaft Side, the principal Branch of the River, afterward called Nara- 
 ganlet River, which runs into Naragaplec Bay by Rhode Ifland. Ranging ftiU North it rifcj 
 again jull at the Boundary Line into another high Moun',ain called Wadadeag; keeping the 
 lame ^ourfc it lowers its Creft, and alternately rifes again in Peaks Three or Four limes 
 and at length in about the Lat. 43" 25' runs up into a high Peak called Cowefawaskooel 
 Here my Information ftops. ^ 
 
 The Eaftern Rahgc begins-by an humbfc lowly Birth about Hopkmgton, HoinftonVor Med- 
 fordi the eaftern Ridge of this keeps a Courfe North by Concord, and runs acrofs the River 
 Merritnac at I'antookaeg Falls; it begins to grow more confiderable in the Province New 
 Hamplhirc, and runs up into a high Ridge called Tower Hill •, it iii deprefled again, and a^ain 
 rifcs into rather a higher Ridge called Saddle-back Mountain : It fubfides, but foon again Wfes 
 in what IS caLed Packer's Hill, it tbenranges along the Eaft of Winipimocket Pond, and at the 
 North Eaft Bay of that runs up into very high Mountains called Ofllpee Hills i k continues then 
 the fame northern Courfe, and in Lat. 44 rifes into the higheft Mountains of this whole eaftern 
 Div.fion called the White Hills, the Peak or Top of which being bare Rocks of a white The Whit* 
 Grit and Talk, and bleached by the eternal Beating of the Weather, has a very uncommon H»il» B a 
 Appearance: 1 hcfe Hills j although more than 70 Miles, within Land, are fcen many Leagues 
 ctT at Sea*, and always appear like an exceeding bright Cloud in the Horizon. A Ridse of 
 the fame Range, the next to the Weft ward, running on the Weft Side Winipifflocket Pond 
 runs up at the North Weft Bay into a high Mountain of red ftielly Land, and is called the 
 Red Hill or Mountain ; this Range falls alfo in with the White Hills. A Range running 
 hence croffes the Eaft Bound; / Line of New Hampfliire in Lat. 44!, and trending North 
 Eaft forms the Height of the Land between Kencbaeg and Chaudiere Rivers : Of the Nature 
 and Courle of this high Land in thefe Pans { am totally uninformed i and the Map in thefe 
 Parts is fo engraved as not to afllime any great Authority. 
 
 All tjie Rivers in the eaftern Parts of New England, arifing amldft the South and South- 
 eaitern Ridges of this high Range, generally fpring from Lakes, great Ponds, x)r boeev 
 Swamps m the Vales: While they run or rather creep along the Courfe of thefe Vales their 
 Beds are broad and leem rather like a Succefliori of Ponds than the Channels of Rivers • but 
 ^s the fouthern Ridges are much lower than the Northern ones, thefe Rivers get away South 
 Ihrough the fii-ft Gap or Interlocking, or along the firft Spur which fets olF, and tumble 
 acrois the feveral Strata in broken Currents over Rifts and Catarads almoft to their Mouths 
 1 hey are from this Circumftance capable of admitting Marine Navigation but a very little 
 Way within Land. It is generally ftopt at about 20 or 30 Miles by Falls. The Proieftion 
 of the Rivers in this Part of the Map may be depended upon, being laid down from adual 
 Surveys. Of each ot thefe Rivers and of the Coaft I ftiall fpeak feparately. 
 
 All the Rivers which arife amidft the northern kidges fall into St. Lawrence River the 
 Heads of thefe Two Sets of Waters interlock with each other, knd in the traveliini thii 
 Country in its natural Wildernefs State, which is conduced by means of and alona thefe 
 Waters, very ftiort Pottages over Land form the Communication. 
 
 iv>,'? u'''?''**^^l^^^^"T°^•i'''' '"8'' '^'■'''^'" "' "°'""^«''" R^"S<= tlirough the Provinces BCD* 
 MalTachuiet and New Hampftiire, one finds a numberlefs Multitude of Lakes and Ponds 
 amidft the Ridges, whence fpring a Multitude of Streams and Rivers, all interlocking in 
 every Direftion with each other ; thofe of the weftern Side fall into the River Cbnnefticut 
 thofe which run Eaft into the Merrimac River. * 
 
 Between this high mountainous Trafl and the Ocean, both in its northern arijl in its eaftern Piedmont or 
 Range, there is a Piedmont of irregularly broken hilly Land. Of that in the eaftern Parts of T"« toward* 
 New England, efpecially Eaft oi Penobfceag, I can fay nothing with Accuracy, and will "** ^'""• 
 
 • Nobody has been at the SummiUf thefe Hills, the craggy Tops are perpendicular , fome Peoole impute this 
 fngu a, Appearance to the.r being always covered with Snow ; but by what I learnt from Mr. Grant, who paffcd 
 
 4'Vowo ^ '' ^ ^^' °"^ ' """^ ^^^^ ^"''^''' ' ""^ •"'*""<* *° •'''•P' 'he Op^inion 
 
 E therefore 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
A B a4 
 
 • Vide Van 
 Stralenberg's 
 Account of 
 Siberia, &c, 
 
 D a I Con- 
 cord River, 
 
 D a 2 Ipf- 
 wich River. 
 
 ' ' 
 
 
 !!.! 
 
 i 
 
 [ i8 ] 
 
 dtt" ^. tZ whence I IZ' S:rLT. fo o^d "l^^T? t ^^^ ?'"^ ^'''^'' ^ ^-n^ 
 too much ad libitm. I wi 1 not in thefc Pa m ZS t" * ^"^^f 'r^ 't^^ ^^^^ '^'^ 'J^'^" 
 within the Line of my ScTu inT Par 167^^ pZhf ^'^ '?" l^"^'' ""^'^ ""'''''> ""P^ 
 
 njy own Knowl.,e. Wd ty^£f ^0^^^^^^ 
 
 I^dTa^h^^15rTcS^^;^^^^^^^^^ l^- t- caned by rhe 
 
 ^W. /^* //,//.. It doth not rtnll rEs but ll r- ",^' ki.'"''^.' ^^' ^'""''^ "» '^'"^ 
 The Rivers 'vjthin tliis S wLh rfn in , i vv =" '"'^S"'^^ ^!"y' 'hough not high Land. 
 Firft. Concord iSver* whid; rTfe t On' \ ^r?'""'' T'^' '^''^ '^ '^'' ^ye had not. 
 Two others from amidft th eatrn Rid^^^^ ^^''u S^'""^ " Framingha'm. and i„ 
 
 along the Eaft Side at the fL o the eaftfrnmoA^^ '^T Marlborough, runs 
 
 belo. Pantucket Falls. MySk and MeS R^'f onT '^onnTBoZ^' t"'^ 
 run from the North to the South • acrof« th^-.r h«,^. .u t r • P ... ^0"°" Harbour 
 mi„gco„. i„ .he Counr, o\'alCtfE:ft'^:2';h;i^rl5t^S;''""« '" «"' 
 
 The Hills of Roxbury and Dorchcfter arc no° R dKefanS are conlVn ? ^f °" "^[^our. 
 of Mother Brook; (he Part of this Piedlnt7on\he Weft and South^wn- ^^^ 
 Bay, is divided by an elevated Traft of Land, whofe aencral D.reainn m Y'^ f .Jofton 
 a Line drawn from Squantum Neck to Mount HopeT'he H ad nfN^ be defcnbed by 
 the Back of Milton and Braintree it runs up To S Peaks of HiS ^' 
 
 Blue Mountains. The main Drain of the Diftrift ?n the Eaft Side k' I I't"' '^^ 
 Taunton River, which runs nearly a ftraighVS^fe S u h Weft nder th^F J P^ '' 
 to T.verton on Naraganfet Bay, all the sfreams which al in^tL No h Weft Side^of !•' 
 
 SoS^r^cTlSS ^^n^r^r^r^iS'^^iJ^rS.^^^^^^^ P^- of many 
 many Sorts. Red. Black: and White ; Beech. Birch Maple and Hal \T ' ?'^' °^ 
 both Black and White ; Walnut, Hickory. HoS.\n^tdltct^^\^^^^^ 
 Spec.es of Wood predominate in each Place the Soil may be pfonoTnced to t of t^''??' 
 loomy and moift, ftony or fandy, light or ftiff. pronounced to be of Mould, 
 
 In Tillage it produces Maize. Rye. Barley, Buck-wheat, and Pulfe well- ther^ « c 
 thing in the Sod (at leaft as the New England Farmers hufband it) which does no? uT 
 meat; it .s chiefly a grazing Country, and feeds immenfe Nurn W Sheeo °id O^^ 
 and many Horfcs. Apples thrive in it to a great Dc-ree Peaches a f° u "^ ^"^ °f "' 
 what they do more to t*K Southward. Connelicut grows ; great Ouad;y of Fkx f3t i" 
 which caufcs a confiderable Export from thence. & '•'Vi'antityori'laxforSeed. 
 
 The Fiihcries on the Coaft : The Icffer Fiftieries in thofe Rivers, amongft which ar. Sh.^ 
 Sturgeon, and Salmon m the Seafon: The Ship Timber, the Maftins th^ J n!^l i S'^^l 
 Stores, andof late Pot Afh. are its peculiar ^and nar ve Stades^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Detailed and tedious as the Remarks above will feem and Drove in rhe v., a- l 
 alway, appeared „ mc neceffar, to be obferved b, any IholS; J VweX"'i »>. 
 
 2 Suubury River, a Branch ot Concord River, rife, in Weftborough. 
 
 t There arc feme few F«r. ; I have met with fome black i'ox Skin, from the Parts .b.uc Poncbfkaeg. 
 
 to 
 
which i found 
 ven laid down 
 remain, except 
 n the Back of 
 one which iiesr 
 xcurary, from 
 and others on 
 
 :alled by the 
 'ountry on this 
 ot high Land. 
 Eye had not. 
 gham, and in 
 »orough, runs 
 River, a little 
 [ton Harbour 
 fing in Will 
 
 ^^^^^S:[^^^J^ ^l^ -^ '° ^-- ^He Subjea and ehe 
 required Attention to this Poin^ T ' ^ "'°"e''' '^^ Situation in which I was emnlnJ.^ 
 f my own Contrivance? frrak„/S.r''''f S''^"^ "^ ^^^ and ali tJ?K 
 from Nature, my Eye c^uld m rk fn Anl '""'; r '^t" '^''^ ^"-^"^ "" Habit of Drawinl 
 very particular in obibr.ing and no i.f^ nor I ^?"^"'='^ ^'^'''"' ^°' Praftice iTaf 
 purveys, where fuch were projefled wftB C ^ ^h ^T ""^ ^^ Obfervations but from 
 I alio marked the Seahns which their nt ^'r '''^««"g" of the Hills artd MountaTn? 
 tliP Peaks. I was particuir^, fv oH "^'''"'f' "^° '^' ^"°''' °^ Bluff end^SeJ'nd* 
 oy he Currents of 'the feveralRr Jrs i^d^S! ^^ ^f '« T "'^ ^ourfes andlJ'ature 
 The Panes «nd Gaps in the Mountains 11 r ^'^'u^' l^''^''" ' ^^'d Opportunity! 
 -■ght S.V. a Command in the S ry The R:?/.?''^ 'J' ^'^"'' ^'^"^ l^^^' A'^^d 
 madt of this Knowledge f fuch as it w,./-'^ i o r" ""^^ '^'^ ^ ve» early Ufe which F 
 
 late Duke «/ Cumberl^ndrtl Y 17, 1' • ^^^tate of the Service. wh7h I dlJew uptrte 
 by 1 fewis Evans, which gavrc fome add^don.l t '" "'^"'"^^^^y O^fcrvations refer?cd to 
 this Map in , y^^. ^ '°"'' ^'^'""O"^' Topographical Merit to the Firft Edi ion of 
 
 )kin|ton and 
 North round 
 nuous Coorfe 
 lUed Mother 
 apoog, which 
 : Blue Hills } 
 harles River, 
 
 South Weft 
 'North Eaft 
 on Harbour. 
 ■ Northward 
 t of Bofton 
 defcribed by 
 :t Bay. Ac 
 
 Sailors, the 
 gh Traft is 
 ft Foot of it 
 Side of this 
 ee. and the 
 
 ne of many 
 : ; Oaks of 
 and Elm, 
 fe different 
 of Mould, 
 
 re is fome- 
 ot well for 
 and Oxen, 
 t ecjual to 
 K for Seed, 
 
 are Shad, 
 the Naval 
 ts of Maf- 
 )Wards the 
 light have 
 well nigh 
 
 ing, they 
 ty it was. 
 
 ikaeg. 
 
 to 
 
 .m..cuanupoited Accounts would have proved anon rr-r '""7 own Province; fuch 
 
 an artificial Jtournal cooked up by the ScEg Pa^Sf ''' °" '^ UnfaithfuJnefs of many 
 Joi^xiaU. and making fuch R^emarks, woulTi^e [nT'''°'''' '^' "^'''^"^ '^<-'^P'"g f"cb 
 
 the laft War in America. The Amcriranc i, ^/ ^^^^^ "'^* evinced in the Events of 
 
 alwap have amongtt ,heir Otort™"d P ,S,''.","J"';!; f " 'H'V*""' ^^T "m 
 
 ■ng, as m»ft of she Iron which is fo,g"d if New E ..1 /' '^'"" ,"= °<" «'■'' *e Work- 
 vnces ,n P,gs. And none of ,he Cogir Mte! Stortd ™"*'" '""" "" ''""^"- P™" 
 
 T„.. is g„a. Cand, of Bo,i,o, which is „red fo. C.«.„.e«, and i, .„ch e^e^ed; 
 
 Ton raifing and 8, ^ r Tn„ r/«^'" '*'l' ^''"» "^^ ^evv England Bed ^ The SnlUK o'"'' "'"'"' '^ ^^'l" ' E b 
 
 on the Bank. Mr Levinofo„\;,' ^ °"'' *"'' i'- Cartage from the River All a "l*/""*" 'isfve the 
 clear the CaftTne room k",^'"*' 'L^""''^ ""^ ^'""»« *hile he fleeps The l„hh°" ^"u*" ^'S'' "'^'^ fi'"*" 
 
 the Forge, making Bar. iron from the Pics /l n.. -r ^ , ''• ^"' generally on an Average 20 Ton. 
 
 iror, ,n P,gs ,ell in New Yo7k ■aVsrcJ^rene'V Id'^'i 'l^l^'^P*""''' ,^'°" ^"^'i «nd a^^H^irorJo^lT" Th* 
 ponio^;Sir^-----ddow„. .,,, .,s....^^ 
 
 nion 
 
v«r«, St. 
 Croix, a ge- 
 neral Ad- 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 ''SPI 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 J ^ 
 
 [ 2b ] 
 
 hfen with which I always received the Account, There may be, tor ought I know, a Speciei 
 of Bog-iron, which is peculiarly adapted to the Proce's by which Steel is ' jrmcd from Iron, 
 and which more readily receives that Temper. I always underftood, however, that Steel is 
 hot Native but Artificial. 
 
 Havinc) thus given a Defcription of the Interior of the Country, I (hall now defcribe the 
 Coafts and Rivers which run into the Ocean as far as falls within this Map. 
 
 R45 a6 The River Pafam-Aquada, or Poffam-Accya, which runs into .1 i5ay fo called, is the 
 
 flf^Tnd fif^ Ajppofed eaftern Boundary of New England j to the Eaft of this begins Aquida or Nova 
 ay an i- g^^^j^ . ^^ incertaia River St. Croix is the nominal Boundary. But as the French, according 
 to their Mode of taking Poffcflion, always fixed a Crofs in every River ihey Came to, ainioft 
 every River on this Coaft of Sagadahoc has in its Turn been deemed by them La Riviere dc 
 St. Croix, Under Equivocation of this general Appellative they have amufed our Negoti- 
 ators on every Occafion, 
 
 The Source of Pafam-Aquada River is formed by a Succeffion of Lakes and Swamps 
 running Eaft 42 TVIfl!''.'! •, it then takes the Form of a River and runs Eaft North Eaft Eight 
 Miles and an Hir ; r(^en South and by Eaft 12 Miles j then makes a Bend of about 10 
 Miles Courfe, run . < r, round by South, till it returns to the fame Parallel at the Diftance of 
 Five Miles and an Half Eaft •, it turns then to the South, and here are the great Falls where 
 Marine Navigation ends j hence it runs South Eaft Six Miles, and then South and by Eaft 
 Six more to its Mouth. 
 
 In and off Pafam-Aquada Bay are many fine Iflands, as Grand Manan. 
 
 All the Land lying between Pafam-Aquada and Penobfkaeg is White Pine Land, a 
 ftrong rnoift Soil, with fome Mixtures of Oaks, White A(h, Birch, and other Trees, and in 
 the upper Inland Parts has almoft generally Beech Ridges. 
 
 6 a 5 Mount Defert is a little Ifland of very high Land, which being covered on the South 
 
 with a String of little Iflands forms a very fine and fafe Harbour. The Entrance is from 
 
 I the Eaftward ; I went into it in my own Province 20 Gun Ship, the King George, and 
 
 found fufficient Depth ; however there i^ a Middle Ground at the Entrance, of which the 
 
 Navigator muft take Cognizance. 
 
 Pen6bikeag Behind this Ifland, which lies near the ^hore, is a very large Opening that forms the 
 Bay. Mouth or Bay of Mount Defert River. 
 
 To the Eaft of this the Land advances South in Form of a Promontory, on the Front 
 of which are Four large Iflands and a Multitude of little ones •, the large ones are, Deer 
 Ifland, the Two Foxes Iflands, and Holt Ifland ; thefe, with the Promontory, form the Eaft 
 Side of Penobfkeag Bay. 
 
 ^ * < Monhagon Ifland, which lies between Three and Four Leagues South South Weft from 
 
 Duck Harbour, may be faid to form the Weft Point of Penobflceiig Bay -, Duck Harbour 
 forms the South Point of the Weft Side on the main Land j hence the Shore trends North 
 Eaft Five Miles to Tcrrant's Harbour j the Land a pretty high Ridge ; hence North North 
 Eaft Four Miles, then rounding Four Miles more fo as to make a North Courfe. 
 
 Here the Ridges of the Land rife higher and continue to range hence about Three Miles 
 and an Half to Owl's Head, fo called from a Bluff Point which the Sailors imagine to 
 bear fome Refcmblance to an Owl's Head •, round this Poini is Madom-bedeag Bay, about 
 Two Miles and an Half broad, lying at the Foot of Madom-bedeiig Hill, a high Ridge 
 which goes off North : Behind this is another Ridge running further North, called Ma- 
 gunticoog 5 about here begins the South Point of an Ifland, which lies Length-ways in the 
 Middle of the Bay, is about 12 Miles long, and is called Long Ifland : The North Point, 
 from the Shape in which it makes from Sea exaftly refembling a Turtle, we called Turtle 
 Head. If I had, as I once intended, annexed any Drawings to this Defcription, I fliould 
 here have given Scdions of Out-lines of the Forms of all the Ranges and Heads as they 
 prefent themfclves to the Eye out at Sea. From the North Eaft Point of Madombcikiig the 
 Shore trends North Eaft and by North, about 15 Miles to Pafaoumkcag (or Pumpking) 
 Point, which forms the Weft Point of the Mouth of Penobflccag River, as Peguoit or Cape 
 Hazier does the Eaftern. The River at this Entrance is about point blank Shot over. 
 
 Passing up between thefe Two Points, one finds the River opening on the Weft intoa circu- 
 
 - 1 lar Bay •, to the Eaft is another Bay, called, by the French, Pentagoat or Pentooflccag, where I 
 
 faw the Ruins of a French Scttkment, which from the Scite and Nature of the Houfes, and the 
 
 ■ Remains 
 
V, a Species 
 
 from Iron, 
 
 hat Steel is 
 
 dcfcribe the 
 
 illcd, is the 
 la or Nova 
 I, according 
 : to, aitnoil 
 1 Riviere dc 
 lur Negoti- 
 
 nd Swampa 
 Eaft Eight 
 * about lo 
 Diftance of 
 Falls where 
 nd by Eaft 
 
 le Land, a 
 ees, and in 
 
 1 the South 
 :e is from 
 eorge, and 
 " which the 
 
 forms the 
 
 the Front 
 > are, Deer 
 m the Eaft 
 
 Weft from 
 k Harbour 
 ;nds North 
 arth North 
 
 'hree Mifes- 
 magine to 
 Bay, about 
 ligh Ridge 
 called Ma- 
 lays in the 
 jrth Point, 
 lied Turtle 
 1, I (hould 
 ids as they 
 bcikiig the 
 t'umpking) 
 )it or Cape 
 over. 
 
 ntoacircu* 
 
 ig, where I 
 
 fes, and the 
 
 Remains 
 
 Remains of Fields and Orchards /,:.,IJ, ^' 
 
 row that it had ever been d'eftroyed.'^ ^"'^ '"'' * P'^-'"^"' ^^^'^^^^on , one's Heart kit Sor- , 
 
 Parl^'l^d'VectfnVltd.^h^^^^^ of the River above thi. h . 
 
 ^Sf^'^rJ'-^^'^^ which at 
 
 armed Sloop, th. MafTachufet and ft. rl ' S°^ ^''^ ^^^^"^ ^f High Water in a I, J- 
 
 Sc e of fh?^'^'' f ^ "''0 ^^"t up the 1 iver w ^m^^K • HoLtowEtr.. who commanded . 
 
 Water, the 7 uie running down Five Knots °'^ '"°''' '^'•" ^ Fathom above^hc 
 
 For Nine Miles above the Ft lie ru d- 
 «.de lying North and South, and Hna'^Trn" ^''^ ^PP"-"^"" of a Lake Two Mil^- 
 ftoocl at the Bottom of this at the HeZf L t^i^H^ ^"^^jd Pen^bfket Indiln -^^t' 
 
 SebacgPond, the main One f^^X^C"? ''"^?'"" ^^^^ ^^^ "^out^TS tm 
 IS Ma-ada-6uamkeag Indi.n Town he River ^'\> ^'^ ^'^""'^ ^^^ Six mT] s hisher 
 
 from fome Ponds whence it takes its Sou/ce " '" '*'" ^^^'^ ^'^'^ Eaft aboutrdSe, 
 
 This River and Diflri'T- of p» i n •■ 
 who had P^<<'b.„,MnlJu"dtl^, Tt^ ''" ^"'^ '" ^'"^"^''^ "f "'= Natives 
 
 At the Diflance of abou* T r 
 River, near a Mile wide at th^- Mo°^l -^"^ .^'^^""ortherly is the Mouth nF ^t r 
 
 the Narrows; from the Head of this Cove there Lp ^''" '" ^'"^'^^ ^^^^koned from 
 
 i'l 
 
 Ij 
 
 ll 
 
 r- J 
 
 Broao 
 
Ca 
 
 
 ABCa} 
 
 Kenebaeg 
 River. 
 
 N 
 
 r 
 
 p- 
 
 i^ 
 
 J ^' 
 
 II 
 
 ill 
 
 I 
 
 fe'i 
 
 t 2^ ] 
 
 Broad Bay runs up lo Miles, and carries a Breadtli from Two Miles to Ore Mile and 
 a Half: Two Branches fall into it at the Head, the Eaft one is flopped by a Fall at Two 
 Miles and a Quarter, called Ma-adamtig Falls: The other at Five Miles has Falls, called 
 Cheouanasag. 
 
 There ere Three little Rivers betwixt Broad Bay and Kencbacg River, Pemequid, 
 Damarilcotta, and Sheepfcut, all having Falls jn them. 
 
 As the River Kenebaec has been now rendered famous as a Pafs, by a March of fome 
 Spirit and Entcrprize made by the Americans, following its Courfe, acrols the Land to St. 
 Lawrence or Canada River, I fliall here give a more particular and detailed Dcfcription of ic 
 than 1 fliould otherwife have entered into. 
 
 This River, in the Year 1754 and 1755, was talked of as a Rout by which an Army might 
 pafs, the bcft and fliorteft Way to attack Canada and Quebec. The Rout was fuppolcd to be by 
 an Indian Path and Carrying-place, which going off from Kencbacg about Eight or 10 Miles 
 above Noridgewacg, in a North Weft Courfe of Six or Seven Miles, came to a Pond which 
 iffued into the River Chaudiere. Some luch Information had been given to Government; ic 
 wa? of the utmoft Importance that Government (houkl not be milled. In the Year 1 756, I 
 had an Opportunity a\ inquiring into this Matter by llrutinizing a Journal given to me, and 
 ligned by Capt. Hobbs and Lieut. Kenedy, and by examining the Journalills themfelves 
 as to the Authority of the Particulars. I found enough to be convined that this (uppofed 
 Pafs was mere Conjedure, taken upon truft of Bartholemon an Indian, who was found to 
 be falle and a Spy, and was in 1755 ftiot by our own People as he was attempting to dcfert. 
 Government therefore was early cautioned againft this Mifinformation. When I was Governor 
 of the Province of Maflachufet's Bay, I had this Rout particularly inveftigated, by Enfign Ho- 
 ward a Country Surveyor, under the Diredtion of Capt. Nicholls who commanded at Fort 
 Frederick. Inftcad of a Ihort Pafs of fome Eight or to Miles of cafy Portage, this Indian Path 
 turned out to be a Rout, on a Line as the Bird flies, of near 50 Miles over Land, impraSiicable 
 to an Army that hath a Train of Artillery and heavy Baggage. It appeared however that (al- 
 j though a difficult and very laborious Rout) it was pradicable to any Body of Men who Ihould 
 I go light armed, as a Scouting Party, either to reconnoitre or to break up Settlements. The 
 Sort of March which Arnold and his People cxperier.ced, has confirmed this Account given 
 17 or 1 8 Years ago. After taking Pofltffion of the Penobfltacg Country, I had all the 
 > eaftern Branches of this River traced to their Sources, and the Communications between them 
 and the Waters of Penobflcacg fcrutinized by conftant Scouting Parties. A general Map 
 which I had plotted down from thcfe Routs and Journals, together with Surveys of the Rive'"^ 
 is the Authority to this Map in thelc Parts. 
 
 This River Kenebaeg, to begin from its principal Branch, may be defcribed as rifing on 
 the Height of the Land in North Lat. 45° 20', and in Eaft Longitude, from Philadelphia, 
 A a 3 5° >o' or thereabouts •, its Source is from a little Pond,' and the firft Courfes of its Birth a 
 
 Succefllon of Ponds or drowned Lands, Swamps, and Falls. Its firft general Courfe is 30 
 Miles South Eaft, it then makes a great Bow whofe String (lying Eaft and by South and 
 Weft and by North) is 12 Miles. It then runs North-eaftcrly Nine Miles and an Half, and 
 then tumbling over Falls North Eaft 10 Miles, joins the North Branch. The North Branch 
 is faid (I fpeak not here from the fame Degree of Authority) to arife in and ifl"ue from a little 
 Pond about 16 Miles North of this Crotch, fiom whence (it is likewife faid) there is a Car- 
 rying-place of 13 or 14 Miles to an eaftern Branch of the Chaudiere River. This was re- 
 prcfented to me as the fliorteft Rout to Canada, but I do not find in my Journals that I have 
 kt thi3 down as confirmed or fufiiciently authenticated. After thefe Two Branches join, they 
 run South-eafterly about Three Miles, when a fmall River tumbling over Falls, and' run- 
 ning between high perpendicular rocky Banks for Sev^n Miles and an Half, and ifluing 
 from a great Pond full of Iflandsf, called Sebaim, or by fome fuch Name, North Eaft 12 
 Miles diftant comes into the Kenebaeg. This Stream is impra<flicable for any Navicration at 
 thefe Falls, but there is a Carrying-place on the Eaft Side fro.'-j a Cove to the Heacf of the 
 Falls. From the Jundtion of this Stream the River has its Courle South-wefterly 12 Miles, when 
 one comes to the Place whence the Indian Path goes off to the North Wtft, as fliall be here- 
 after defcribed. Hence with many Windings the River keeps its fcuthcrn Courfe to No- 
 ridgewacg, where it has the Appearance of a Lake full of Iflands. On the Banks of this was 
 the Indian Dwelling of the Tribe of that Name. A little below are the Falls. The River 
 then runs in a winding Courfe Five Miles Eaft, and at the Point where it turns again South 
 the River Weflcronfacg comes in from the North Eaft. Keeping on the fame Courfe 12 or 
 14 Miles more it comes to Tachonaeg Falls, below which Sebaftoocooa comes into it, from 
 a Pond bearing North Ealt, and diltant about 25 Miles : In the Fork between thefe Two 
 
 t From chis Lakt there '■ a Communication by a (hort Portage to the One of the Sources of Penobfkacg, and 
 I have been told wi h an eaftern Branch of Chaudiere alfo; but I do not give tbi» laft as from Authoriiy. ' 
 
 Streams 
 
f 2J ] 
 StfMtTJS Mr. Shiriev built Fori- n,i:r •- 
 
 wcftcrly -7 Milc.coCufl,noog;h " Itttl/Hru "r* '''n ^T ^""' '" ' Courfe Soutli- 
 Cufhnoog is the He:.d of 1 ule Wat r Vs ooo of ^"''"'1*'''^ ^'^"''' ^hc Fall at 
 Sea, which, if the River is reckoned to qm^t ^ 1°"' ^"'■"''=" "'"'^ "P hither from 
 i. in general narrow, and contrnTd b° weTn hLrfianK^'v"' ^° '^''" ?"^"^- Thi. RwT, 
 h.ily Country , about Five or Six Mi es hiw r.i * "/""» ff"-°"gh a ridgy rather than 
 from the Weft, running out of a iC of rtV^ 1^°''^ the Stream CobcfTironti come, in 
 W.ft of Kcncbacg. Ac ktve in the (am. r ^""n'n ^"" °^ '"'""''''' '^'"g ^'^^ Miles 
 lower, co,nes to Swan Ifland, juftal.ove wtch onfp^"^"""^'^?^; a^'^ht or^Nine Mile, 
 is a Blockhoufc called R.chmoid Fort Trom tl?i^ P 1"'.°" u' ^'^, ^'^' "f" '^' ^'''"* 
 mectins Bay is Four Miles. ' *" "'" ^"'"' ''^ '^c North Point of Merry- 
 
 Kenebacg. i>agadahoc (Amm.;relcoggin or Pejepfchacg) with the River 
 
 ^^^^^'^^^Z^^i&2^T ^"^'?^'" 'K'^' ^^-"'^ ^-^- 
 
 Miles from Small i>omt. Fron. th^ce o l^,''Vf'l,"/ '° ^^T^ ^^"'' ^^^^^^ ?° Miles 
 W.ggon Road. Thence a ce tairo/er Lf S,v '^''''/'^f'^''""'*^^'*'''' '7 M.lcs. is a 
 interrupted by Falls and Rapids Mow ^Norl^!!|"'7 ^^ ^f.f "^ ^^k« I^'^ce. which is 
 agam carried over L.nd, where a Wa^fon RoJ m^;hr h'' . ?'" "" ^'^g^gc muft be 
 K.vcr. Half a Mile above NoriclRewfefrhere il^^ n, '"l^"; ^"wcen the Hills and the 
 Road might be made quite up to the^i., r ''^z ""P f.'"' ^"^ '^'' '' ^"^^ Waggon 
 
 Weft from the R.vcr 'over Snd abo^t F^.^Sf /T "m"?? '"'^ '"'^'^" ^^^'^ goef ofF 
 Quarters of a Mile long; a good WaeBon rLh u u "" ""'^ '» a Pond about Three 
 bee. fo,.,d to ifFue its fvater^ in^ theTneb "' Se^h '"p'^.'^"= = ^'^''' ^'^^ ^°"d has 
 Weft-northerly about a Mile, and come to a fccS^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Waters into Sagadahoc River. Hence over thTu^.r a ^ ^ 1 ^^/" ^°""^ '« '^Tue its 
 Mile mo.-e. it comes to a * Third Pond whJh ffL^'v/ w '^ '" '^', ^'^"'^ ^""'"''^ ^^ouc a 
 into a River which runs North-eafterlr eavrriffrf. Jr'T' '° -''^^ ^°"''' «"d falling 
 Rout to Canada by Chaudiere , bu the'RiJIr which t ^'^'f°'"'''^°'} /hat here went the 
 be the Kenebacg, which m this iWruns NWh eafttll f tW^'^^ '"^° '« ^"""d to 
 northerly near Four Miles, and ftril es tL fourheri' n°"^ '^'' •^"'^ '^' ^''^ ^""« Weft- 
 baeg ; up this Stream the^e may be n lerJeft Navlatinn 1 "V^"^''" ^'''''^ °^ ^'^^^ 
 Hunters, fome what better in the Time onKm;. iClT f""" Indians, and Traders, or 
 travelling between high Ranges of iiTuntains and'in f '^ '^ Navigation is bad and the 
 to Individuals, very arduouf, and alZft ^r St bll ^^^ l'^'' ^^^^ troublefome 
 
 higher towards the Source of the River, vo^come to . rf "r"p ^?- ^'^^" y°" 8^' 
 Navigation better, but this is interrupted S, Fa is F?om X' I ^°"?\^hich makes The 
 btream which falls into Agaruuntaeg Pond s a Carrv^n.^ l^'t °^ t' ^^''''' '" « ^'"le 
 
 IS the Indian Carrying-place. but 1 appSend thn^R* f' f ^^ °"' ^°"'" ^ That 
 
 Baggage which requires T Depth of wSSe k t ' i^ I t ^"l ^ "'^' ''"'^P°'' «"/ 
 or near to, the Lake, about^ to M.le ThiTL^ is th?H n'^^'f r.^"^"S^ "^"" ^' '°' 
 IS about40 Mile, .buve the prcltnt Settlements of the anadia"" '^^^'''^'"' ^i^". «"J 
 
 th^«;;^SSIlo;i::;r^^S"' - f^^^ac. which propWy fpea^ng is but s d . . 
 
 in NewHampft^re, not fl f"^r L o'c^^nnS^c^^^^^ 
 
 Lake called Umbagoog. Two or Three nrh.r ^"""'^'^"^"t River ; it has its Source in a B a 2 
 
 Eaft of .his join it°atte°r it 1 a^^un South at '.I'm !'""' ''?"^ *^""^ ""'^ P°"ds o the 
 
 Miles, and „,eets a Second main So^ce rinnrf om a^ IV I '^'" 'r^ ^'^^ ^""f' ^aft 60 
 
 waeg. Thefe Two Streams after the WeftfrnZe ^'^^ ^ '^ ^'1" Weft of Noridge- 
 
 and the Eaftcrn One about 34 Miles S^u'h Sn nH I "■"" '"u^'n'^ ^''« ^aft South Eaft 
 
 In thisCourfe it runs within' VrM^oVre WaCoa^^^ 
 
 and runs over a Fall called Pejepfkaee into Me-r„ nV ' d ''^1 '"■■"' ^°« about North 
 
 this Rive, unue, this lo.es its^N^an^f "d tt^^ R ^ rS^S '" '''^ ^'^ KenebaegTnd 
 
 about five or Six Miles to its Mouth in which .rfr" continues its South Courfe 
 
 Kefkcgon. If S.aU-j>ci„, be reckoned "o b he MouTh" ot^'he'?i'"°' •"«'"'> """^'^'^ ""^ 
 
 ins 1 6 or , 7 Miles Irom Merry-meeting Bay to irMourh ^'^f.^'^Y' '"Af ^ of Five or Six 
 
 IS a deep Bay with a large Illand in it called Sebalidaoxin LiuIh "k ^""^^t'''" ^° '^' ^'^ 
 
 Merr.conaeg Neck. This Neck is about 1 Mit lo^. tl k''""'^T ^°"g-r^«<^h and 
 
 Mile broad. It was in my Time incorporated nto a Dife and I I^''^ ^"^"^" °f « 
 
 the Seat ol my old Friend Mr. Wichcot nf r"n,.lT"'^'J"'^ ^"^"^.^d it Harpfwei/, from 
 
 liuhUay when a .chool-boy. This ^^c^^V';.r;Zi^,::^^i:Z.:rL^7.;, ^Z 
 i.. :;;:: ^il*^;;? .^^,S:^ St^^:^ "-^ ^^^^ ^'- Ch^d... a„d ^ .. down i„ » Map p.,h.,, 
 
 84 
 
 
 I 
 
C a J 
 Ctlco Bay. 
 
 '^.. 
 
 > )^» 
 
 Cai 
 
 Saco River. 
 
 a 2 
 
 Ba. 
 
 CAScoBay: This Bay, if rcckoncil from Cape Flizaberh ro c:„.ii p 
 wide, and about 14 deep » it is a moft beautiful rIJ It 1 ? . > ,n . ^°'"'' " '5 Milfl 
 at the North Eaft Cove oi JndHmour a fwt^M l^^,^^^^^^^ ^"'"^'•' ^""'■*'^'« »«"'•» 
 on a hilly Neck of Land at the SoutrWeft knX c 7'^^^?; n" " '""^ ^'^"^^""' ^^•'^' 
 my Journal dcfcribe what Falmouth wu In ., ! k t ' '* """^ "" '^"'■*'' ^ will from 
 
 of 600 Families fettled in UreeTrin^ Neyclt,^'"" :'' [''"^^'^'"^ '^°^"'^'P ^°"fi't«J 
 of the Town fur Jcvatcd on a Nerk nf I , ? n u ' ^'•J'°^<^««^'«' ^nd Stroud Water : 'Ihe Body 
 
 ing a kind of Mole to a little Cove wi^n it '^ThuV"' ^'V^T ?^°"^ ^'''"' ^"^ ^o""^' 
 houfe (thi, being a Country^Wn )"L "aLt u Hou^^T if T "-"""' "f'^;^"*"- 
 l.ots forming Two Streets parallel to the Harbour .n if . J } °7 '^•'' ''''' «"« '" 
 bitants were (etcling and buHding faft on thelfSs 1 hrH* h^''' '^"«''-"' '" ^'^^'" -^ ^"^a- 
 and commodious ; Malls and N^al Stor werelide. h r^"' Th'' " ""'^""^'^ ""'' '«^8^' 
 ricd from hence dirctlly to the Weft InX. i^i '"^^"'„^"^; Jhcrc was much Trade car- 
 Kind. Many Ships we e alfo h ik het itZ^l'- ^°'"'^' ^- "'"V^"'' ^'"^ "^ '^^ '"'^" 
 mouth, and Jhe Prefumflce'g r in« n Gre!! rih I T ""° '^'-' ^'" " N°"'' ^ar- 
 Stroud Water running E if on h? Back S rh^ fe f p 1 '""'u '"/° " ^^ ^ew Cafco. 
 
 olhcr Pigwaktt River. Tiefe Ib/n unte 1,1 ,1,.^ ^ ^ '''' """ """< OI^P". the 
 Coorfc for about 60 or 70 Mil « rZ tawli l^'h ' ^l'^'"? i" 8"'"l » Soutlwaftcm 
 
 Saco Bay by Win.er HaLuT '"la „c N riT,if„"LXSd "ll "^S' «'' ^"""^'^ '""> 
 Mouth of it by Saco l-'alls. "iv Ration is uoppcd in t|„, k,v„ ,„y ^j^j. ^^^ 
 
 or bXS? ^^°7^;icS;;;^^-^^^^^ ''^'^ cape and Cape Nedock 
 
 Lovcls Ponds in Lat. 43' 53'. '' *'"''' *"*' '" ^^^''^ '" 'he Northemmoft of 
 
 BBTWEEJi Cape Nedock and PIfcatua River is York Harbour. 
 
 Ne'j\^:m;i.ifj?;ov?^ 
 
 am enabled to do with any Degree of Ce^S^tylT^^Rt^^fiJ: Ss^inl^U' 
 
 S.^iJ:J^T.:'L^^^^^^^^^ °f Scouting Partieson the Back of the 
 
 the Nature of the^Land ;' and "s' tlefc ScT^LTZ'o^ Po?rr ""^^'^^ ''''' '"^^'^'"S 
 Country, extended to that River, the Ret" of the Offirer, "^ ""r°^ '''' Penoblceai 
 anfwer my Defien as to this Point I m n„ ^ ! • > ? '""' '" '^"^^' '"i-'" degree 
 
 are White' Pineland T /u^pe^ iSor^^^^ 'T ""'"^^ ^^^ ^oaS 
 
 Birch in the Vales J thefc Vales are aTmori"^^^^^^^^ ^''tf^'g'"' thenut Ridges, having 
 
 Lakes. There is a' CornmunVcatrn between "ISf! ^;.^T ^^""^^ '^^ '*"'? 
 ■ihort Portages from Fort Pown 1 to F^rHall fL t'^a^s', ,/rf '"1'^P '',""^' "'^'^ ^"^ 
 toocoog River. There is a hke Communicat^orof a ftiif ftor ' r " "r ^"^'' '"^^ ''^ ^ebaf- 
 of thefe Rivers at their Heads. The7e is hkewi? I viL.r ''"''' ^''^'''' '^' ^""'^h" 
 Kaft Branches of Penobfceag and The W^TrPaVI^Vul R.^r'^'^" '"^«" '*^« 
 
 .=^d^:s^f^^S;?s:Srin^^^^ 
 
 ^J''^ T- -d --.to the Eaft of l^oTt" Eaft.^ Tlf tt HJSrAi^:'^'''".^-^ 
 ft-a.g. «.u . .uum-aquada K.ver are on the Height of the Land runnTng E^ftNo^S Eaft''^" 
 
 4 
 
 riSCATUA 
 
^ourlc for Ships of any Burthen or N n m^ ^"*"" ^"'*^'- '« is navigable up the K S 
 navgablc for Sloop , LT£' 'l^p?a f^'' ^'^ "^^ '^' "^'^^ Branch to ZZ in 
 ^rmgs from the fouthcrnmort" tjt^.f ^1"""'^^ ?' '"'"".'*'-" '» 'he K,IU. 1^^ R 
 Name of Salmon R.vcr an I r„„Z c u *' f o 'I'nibling over fbveral Falls unclr rh. 
 
 ^kcparc called PifS;:::* *run"e"rw„Xhiot^Th-'H':;^^i''' '"^° cii" It; o: ! 
 
 Boundary of the Province of Quebec i, th^Ho ^T "'''' ""^ ''"* '^'^^ ''" it meets the 
 [achulet and New llamolhire In?h^'n r Boundary betwixt the Two Provinces of S 
 
 the Indian Natne Oftr.naoftaflVt. The eaftern' pT. ? r"' '' ^^''^ •"""* ^^'"" 'l^'^ South be.rl 
 Lake; the Dimenlions and Shape of thT. ar. ^'^'"'\^P['"fV" O^'n'^mockct or RichmoL 
 farther Explanation. Between t^helb Two Ponds orT I '"^ 'T I" "^'^ '^"P. -d Td ,o 
 
 Branch which joins it. Its Courfe from LncrtothTri^ °I""/j'"'' '' '""^ "><= «^^ft-r" 
 Hampfhire. and the North of M,(r.chnf.r. o l . *'"''' ^'*'''^" «he South of NrJ 
 
 «mu)ft which ,t runs. There arcnK r ??'.'' '"o^^'ng to the Courfe of the i.l 
 the Welt, all which rife L'm'.it" Ss'lnd'si^mor'", ° v'r ? -^'^'^ -"into it" J^^ 
 ^he firft princip.. Stream which ruVsLil is th/r IV' n" °^ «« g^ 
 
 below where this Stream entpr. rh^D- '"^ Conticoog Branch from the VVefV r a 
 
 Ridge, a little StreaJc I eds"'w^o^^^^^^^ 'rlf\''^ -°'^« through Pneco^L 
 
 coming alio from the NorthrfZ^ pTn^S^'o? 0^'?^^'^?^ ^'^-^'^-^b^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Haifa Mile, at the Narrows the Channel ,1 . ''o* f'"' "?• 'P'"'^ '« the Breadth of 
 bling over Ledges of Rocks, a the Narro' ' fc ^° ^"'^ ^"u^'"^' '^'^'^ Stream aft tu^ 
 
 E^'"' • K.^^°"^ T'^^^<=MTbefo e hcrot^^ to Pantucket or Paat<Loog 
 
 which I t()ok Notice of before as arinna on the ^iJ f J'fe" ^'"'^» ^'^= Nafhawaeg River 
 runs into it from the Weft. At thefc Fdh the R '^' Watchufet and Wadadea| Peal!s 
 
 noticed ranging North, abo^e t t p I s the RLr"'"' ^f' '""^ "orf.s a RidgU te 
 rocky Ledge of the Fall, is Slate ;the?e are Two P ? '^"''' '^ '^' ^^''^ narrJw ; the 
 
 Oft or at leaft fpoiled i^ fl^oJZhe S efo^'' f ' "u'^r'""? ^^'"^^''^ timber, havelen 
 I had, when I wiTcovemor, fevfral Profefts lnA% ^ 'r ?'^ °! Amaificeag and P;ntoocoSr 
 nelsat thofe Falls, through S theCftr an^T'^''^ '^'^^ 
 Befides the Difficulty of the Meafur« nrnlr J^'^ ^\'"^" '"'8''^ ^e fhot without Danai 
 
 which Che River muft^uftainelSreby^K^^^^ Apprehenfion of the Damfgc 
 
 Cecd, I had ot,.^r Reafons for JZZ21 f„."S.drained_ofF too low if the Meafure diTn.! 
 
 te^U «. this great Naval M^^^'i^l^^^^^J^^^i^^l^^J^^^^ 
 
 for 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
m 
 
 l! 
 
 Di, 
 
 E.J 
 
 a a 
 
 Eat 
 
 rhe Wedern 
 bviics. 
 
 » Fc 
 
 Firft Stage, or 
 Lower Plains. 
 
 A Vein of 
 
 Clay, 
 
 [ a6 ] 
 
 for Wtnr of common Attention to Rfgulations which h«d been repe«cdHf ptopafrA to Mi- 
 niftcri, and which would have coft nothing but Attmtion, I did not wdh tO|)io|»<)(c a Jobb 
 that would have expended Four or Five Thoufaml Pound*, and not have mended (h« Mat(er 
 Fronri Haverhill the River runs winding along a picafant rich Vale of Interval*, and pamnc 
 between Newberry and Salifburjr runi to Sea. 
 
 Imwich ii the next River Southwartl on this Coaft > that 1 have already taken Notice of. 
 
 Hekci rounding Cape Ann to the Weft, one enteri the Bav of Bofton, and fo by the Har- 
 ^ur«. Cape Ann, Sairm, and Marblcheail, between Nahant and Alderton Points, into 
 Bofton Harbour. It is fufficient here to f-y, that this Harbour is full of Iflands, thrcadin* 
 ■midtt which the Ship Channel runs. * 
 
 To the Southward of Cape Ann, a long Hook of a Promontory called Capi Cod 
 takes up again the Line of Coaft. This has been formed by the Coil and Recoil of the 
 Tides, rolling up Silt and Sand at the Thread of their Icaft Force. In the Barb (if I may fo 
 exprcfs myfelf ) of this Hook, is Cape-Cod Harbour. This Promontory forms One of the 
 Counties of the Province Maffachuffets, and is called Btrnfiablt County. It circumfcribes Barn- 
 ftablc-Bay. Many and various Alterations have been made, and are continually making on 
 the Eaft Coaft at the Back ot this Promontory : And a long Point of Sand has been formed 
 Into fohd Marfti ! ^rA within thefe Forty Years, at the South Point of it. Let thole who 
 ■re curious in the Procels of the Operations of Nature, watch the Progrefs of George's 
 ?and. From the Inquiries I made, and the Anfwers I got, I think that will in fome Years 
 and perhaps not many hence, form into another Sable Iftand. Its fbuthem Poiht is now at 
 Low Water dry. 
 
 GoiNO round this Promontory South, and then Weft, the Iflands NANtt;ciCETT and 
 Marthas Vineyard prefent themfelves. The Firft is a Settlement of Whalers and 
 Fifhers. on a hilly, fandy, bare Ifland, which could give Subfiftance to no other Species of 
 Being. So improved, it fwarms with Inhabitants -, and is become fo confiderable in in In 
 tf reft and Property, as to form One of the Counties of the Maflkhufetts Province, bv th<i 
 HtmtoiNantuckett County. ' ' ^ 
 
 Martha's Vineyard is a very peculiar Spot of Grotind, a triangular Plain of fine Mea^ 
 dow Land, hemmed in North Weft and North Eaft by two hilly rocky Sides This 
 alio fwarms with Inhabitants, and is a Settlement of Conlideration fufficient to have beert 
 formed into One of the Counties of the fame Province, by the Name of Dtikt's County. 
 
 Hence rounding to the North, and paffing by Elizabeth's Iflands and Buzzard's Bay. 
 on the North Eaft, one comes to Naragenfct Bay and Rhode Ifland, the Diftrift of New 
 England which forms the united Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantation 
 The Land round this Bay is high and hilly j and through the Middle of Rhodc-ldand. from 
 South to North, runs a hilly elevated Ridge. 
 
 SECT. in. 
 
 Of the Wejiern Divijion. 
 
 * T^ H E Land, South-weftward of Hudfon's River, may be confidered as divided 
 t,A- '"'?, * Number of Stages. The firft Objed worthy Regard, in this Part, is . 
 
 . 1^' °' Xn" ?' ''*''''' °*^ '^"^ "^^"^y ^' llinglafTy Kind, fome Two or Three, or Halt 
 a Dozen Miles broad ; rifing generally fome fmall Matter higher than the adjoining Land , 
 and extending from New- York City, South-wcfterly by the Lower Falls of Delaware? Schuvl- 
 kill, Sulquehanna, Gun- Powder, Patapfco, Potomack, Rapahannock, James River, and 
 Konoak. This was the antient maritime Boundary of America, and forms a very re- 
 
 ' gular Curve. Tlie Land between this Rief and the Sea, and from the Navefink Hills 
 ^ bouth.weftward as f.tr as this Map extends, and probably to the Extremity of Gcoreia. 
 
 ' may be deno-i mated the Lower Plains, and confifts of Soil walbed down from above. !nd 
 Sand accumulated from the Ocean. Where theie Plains arc not penetrated by Rivers, thcv 
 are a white Sea-Sand, about 20 Feet deep, and perfeftly barren, as no Mixture of Soil 
 helps to enrich them. But the Borders of the Rivers, which defccnd from the Uplands 
 are rendered fertile by the Soil walhed down with the Floods, and mixed witli thrSand 
 gathered trom the Sea. The Subftratum of Sea Mud, Shells, and other foreign SubiecTs. 
 IS a pcrfeft Confirmation of this Suppofition. And hence it is, that for 40 or 50 Miles 
 
 . lu w ^""J '" ^^t ^T^y, ^'T/''*' Navefinks to Cape Florida, all is a perfecl Barren, where 
 
 and Defiles have not furnilhed proper Support for the Growth of White Cedars. There 
 IS commonly a Vein of Clay feaward of the Ifinglafly Rief, fome Three or Four Miles 
 wide; which is a coarfe Fullers Earth, and excellently fitted, with a proper Portion of 
 ' Loom, to make Bricks of. *^ 
 
 • From 
 
F«OM thii RiWof Rocki. 
 
 [ »7 ] 
 
 Ground, ulh^ (cn(ibfy m you •dvatr^f LXr vJi ^^ ^ * ''^ '^'''* <'*^ ^'^'X ""'•"'^ »' "'« tp. 
 
 • in Length » and m (omc I'h „ oS^ , l"!?' ""^ "^'fl^*:''"' '^»'"; '^^««' • ''Vl.lV, 
 peculiar Stutum of S.,il run. i„ ,Z t ?v ll '' '^"'8" «"^ '-hams of Hi||,.» There » ., 
 Popic of .he Country 0^^^%':?//^;;?^^^^^ ««« through chi. Sage. Th 
 
 Marl, althouBh where it i» d .1 ..^ '^ "«'"" *" *"« ^ be a Specie, of red 
 
 L-mina, and'.eem ' to /'"fc fVol'd.I "^ "'V''l'''°"B^' « "<*" '" '^^ K'"'! o? 
 Whcr, it h« been t.lled for m^I^y Years (otllrl Z '^" ^"l T"^ '" "^'"'^"» '^'''••" '""d. 
 bandman let. I,„ Pb-juh « iS deetir f,?..! ^^"" '" ^^' '" '" *''''^'"y. *f the Huf- 
 old worn Top. g.vcs frefS Power orVe^'caJcin" T^ " '""^ '^•^"' *"' ^"'«' ^""^ ^'^'^ 
 
 ancc of it is on the Wtll '^Z T*^.u c\^* '"""'"« '" * ^«'"' the Firft Appetr- 
 
 Connccticut Hive ,and l^milln^ a He«?«^f "^ '^°'*!:^r* ^■*'''*» ^"" "" "^<^ E-^ S.de of 
 S.X M.Ie. Weft to ^t.Zn Tfen S«h w;ftT th°e m'^' 'T'' "^"^ '" ^*'"'"e^«'"- ''''" 
 
 ©vcr the high Uidgcon which Frinre Tnln rt? J . ' ""^^P'^^'ig goe« acrols the Jerfcys 
 Dire^ion aU pL.ylv.ti '"ujrhL^^S.tVarTorXrr ^" ^^* ^'""^ «^""*' 
 
 fce^ciai dX" /h\t'r HSn;t;::;Vft':*'* •" "^ ""^^ ''^"* °' ^^^ ^^s.. a„d h « the 
 
 6col""'h.c!; S ::„:'"' '^''"''"^ °' ^'"•^'^ •'^ ^^-^^^^y. •" exceeding good Fire 
 t,f Th",%»g?. ""^ " '"""' ^'^'^^ ^'^^ ^«'^--« River ; and the Afbeftos in t.,ny Parts 
 
 Titn.: a worfe Perplexity ab^J .^Tifcfince hi Selhtl »' ^^'^'ll? ^^ " ^°' ^^nie 
 Was faid that there w« SilverTwd in wUh t^i. Or, ' t ""i ^7?!^ '" '^'"S worked. It 
 The other is at Mr. SxH.rKS ZtlT, vZ^'^'l^ '^^ %\^: ^^ « '^ f-« ''^■cc 
 then little Grains of natiye pure GoldTourtd In rhiJ^ iT' l 5T " *^«"a'^ly "ow and 
 ^ 60,. and 6... Sterlino a^T^n in°'75rSc;;J^.^^^fo/r^^^^^^ ™' ^^.d 
 
 Uo^^'^Tl^^'\:^^^^^ y« found on H,e S6uth 6r Eaft Side th. 
 
 I^adMineinthecSin!Isciu«^"''^^^^ The French worked a 
 
 « ^^'^^l^'^^^Zt^^Z^^^^^^ -^^ «"^vio1.nt Guftsof 
 
 • Rivers in the Lof^lpuS Thefe* l^^c^Z'!^ 1°? 't,' Soil to enrich the Borders of the 
 
 • of Culture, and impovS it, whercS tp" i^^^^^ '^'u'^Tl''' ^ "^^ "P^^'^ 
 
 • richer Mould that covers the f urTace ^ * ''"^*'' '"^ ^"'^y ^•'^'"S awaf the 
 
 • MUe. in Biradth.' It runs n mj? reS Ridirrf, 1' v"'* "• °"'"' ^P'"^» '"'^vcral 
 the Blue Ridge Pignut and South Mo3^ atr^?h«Tal d^hf mV^'.' ''V^'"^ °f 
 more regular Hills! the North Ridges of whichTenLe N^of h for nJ?? "'^V.'' '^"^» '" 
 near to the Kittati«ny Ridge » but refun^ng a^i; thi ml Sul L Hil^ ^d". Woach 
 tarn range along between Yellow Breeches and ConawegrcSk. to rh^R^^^^^^ '^*^""- 
 oppfue to the Mouth ol Swatatx) Creek, tfnd ctmtimTe Nnrih K V , ^'^er Juiquehanna 
 
 Ridge, and it is called MeSpic^g r^^^^^^^^ -^o *«^ Form of a 
 
 lu. .aoie V ale is a g«.at Swamp or d«,mKd L.n^. " MoneVaS ^^ '"^^n '^'.Ji^g'Tor 
 
 t ao called from the innumerable f lig Jo/xudiJ, « let! * 
 
 the 
 
•HK 
 
 '=F( 
 
 Fourth StagCi 
 or thtEndlcfs 
 Mountains, 
 
 'Jk 
 
 Allegeny 
 Mountains, 
 ' Fh 
 'Dc 
 
 «Ja 
 
 h C d 
 *Bde 
 
 M 
 
 V' 
 
 give to Peace and L bertv Mv H^^^^^^^^ 'H' ^'°P'''y ^"'^^^^"^y ^""^^ 
 
 • hasyetoblainednoB.neral NaT b,7i.J'' """^y'""". M"yi«"<l. "nd Virginia. It 
 
 • enriched .it/, Lime Stone." ' * ^""^ ^»"''> '■"» ^""'y « ""y «!>"« 
 
 Sal7sp„„gs. On ,he wAs^lXi S'Twemy^te '''*' " ''"'"^'' ""■ "° 
 
 • "nTparalTelS J. r/ /^oH'°' S' Allegeny Ridge of Mountains ■, Iceeps moftlf 
 
 M^e H^d o1 1 k^^tf Ri:^,r''^ri;;r ?,r7?-\*°"' «" 
 
 Thev certainly do end to the Northward and North Eaft at th<- h ir.,r. vii ^/r 
 
 Sri'nll^iZ'lTrS'oP-S^^^^^^ 
 
 ranee RVers anrf r at^ rha\l • ^oucniackrage, lying between the Mohawks and St. Law- 
 
 sr^^^n's^t^dS^Ri^^fo/^rr °" ''' """'"' ""^°° 
 
 • ledg""ig",rj 6.|SVeverS%te'f.''?r'"'- '"'""'■ '" "'>■ "™ "> ""^ Kno^" 
 are infeted in the prefent Editta Bort't """ '" """^"P- Pe'eral of thefe 
 ' ferve that mrh rh,-„ , r« Jf ■ '" " "" are acquainted wth them, we ob. 
 
 ' Snecies Snm^ nf fj,» rkv ""^ ^apprenenlive of this, and omitted enumerat ng their 
 
 • Slope on theother" and the fti JrThX "f ^ °" "'" ^ '*'' ""'' ""="''^"8 «* » '""g 
 
 ^ ^■arsrb^a5t;ir;.£h^^e"^--r^L":s^^^^^^^ 
 
 t One at the Falls of J,\mes River. 
 
 Manv 
 
will become 
 rough New 
 
 Hills into 
 to a Breadth 
 :h otiicr by 
 lanna to the 
 
 The Lands 
 the dreffing 
 ovcred with 
 i which the 
 the iVIiddle 
 uns flaming 
 '^aliey which 
 :nce it con* 
 na. Thefc 
 Landfcapes. 
 iianry, not 
 le Orchards 
 Jenty copld 
 he Sight of 
 'hain of the 
 bme Places 
 )n)e Eight, 
 ;he Englifh 
 r'^irginia. It 
 /, from its 
 very where 
 
 imef, but 
 js, but no 
 
 :.nring that 
 >fty Peaks 
 ile perpen- 
 e of their 
 Ronoalc'', 
 I iittli on, 
 : firft pre- 
 ps moftly 
 jround at 
 in fuither 
 'ptand and 
 i-weltcrly 
 in feveral 
 elicve> of 
 
 ill Moun- 
 
 er. The 
 
 St. Law- 
 
 Hudfon 
 
 y Knov7- 
 of thefc 
 we ob- 
 nt from 
 n learn, 
 ig their 
 : Ipread 
 ii a long 
 ■y where 
 
 ► U- C- 
 
 II!C lUt- 
 
 iaces are 
 
 Many 
 
 [ 2^ J 
 
 Many of thefe Chains confirt of fevej-alK!H„.. . ^ 
 
 Chrf TTl ^'^'^ --8"'-S«t^^ anda^iumberofie(rer 
 
 Chains fo fpread, they meet and fomet.mes craft LrK u ''''=/^'«- Where any of thofe 
 
 %.. «... „„. uo. ,ke ..„ Kias4'ra?J;,-^;tv.I;-st;^/;t» - 
 
 • In the Way to Ohio, bv France T/».„„ r 
 ■ the G™„„d i, rough in n,an, pTS.,„d 'cooler".';' ^f S' '^"'«"''' Mouh.aW. Eh 
 
 : -V-oft W.«„„. „„.h. Wea Branch °?Tieh!l'l:X;:rf^'XtS .,h 
 
 : 'i'f^^!pS^^^^'fj:^,T^'^-^^ I Y """ ^-^ ^-^ ■"' — .. 
 
 ut "0*,^™'"'^d by the Rivers wearing Channels ?h?ouJ^^ J' ^^T'^^ '" browned Land, 
 ' held up the Waters at each rcfpeftivc Fall.' ^ ^^^ ^°'^'^^' «''''ch, like Dams, 
 
 Amidst the Detail of thefe dry DefcriDtlon^ iV «,,.. l 
 to infert here fome Obfervations and Op S 2^!^?? ^^''T '"'''''" '"^ ^'""'"^ '^^ Reader 
 Etans's Journal. 'Jp'nions which I found in and extrafted from Mr- 
 
 c 
 
 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 « 
 
 < 
 
 « 
 
 « 
 c 
 « 
 
 « 
 ( 
 ( 
 ( 
 c 
 c 
 
 >Ef 
 
 I . 
 
 Which I faw her., in a Bcq of Soil more than ,» Feet und.r ^^\P'^^' of the Sort?, 
 
 fervations alfo which I had an Opportunitv of ml- ""''^ ^^0""^ '" Virginia. The 0> 
 
 in Maryland, fhewed me how S gb ? anv^utj^fd? '^^^^ VMill near\ondon Tow , 
 
 the Sea Side, the Earth had been dug^K an adTiinf R w ^^^^^'''^ '^ "°^ f^r fro.n 
 
 found the Shells mixed with a loofe Sand raJThreJ Tl p ^'^ ^'"•^*'" '" « ^^e Top I 
 
 a fandy Clay -. and at Four or Five Feet deewr the rl ^"^ ^^f P '^'y ^'^^ inciofed in 
 
 Kind of Stone, in which were mixed She Is^S^at ??emT,r ^''t''c^ ^"'^'''''^ '"^° » ^oof, 
 
 before Ob erved in the Mountains. This InCe of th^ s'^^^^^^^ ^?'^'=''"'"^ ^^ich we had 
 
 Icofe Sand to an indifferent Stone in the Soace of FlU. hardening by Degrees from a 
 
 Doubt but that the Shells were genu ne, and wSerettsl;)" ^'"' l^"' '^''''^^^^^ be no 
 
 as thofe which I had obferved in The Mountains convLH T' f "'"'y °^ '^' ^^-^^ ^rt 
 
 tains were real, and had been mixed withanTlinairrn. ^'^''^'^'1°'*=^'^^"^°^ ''>« Moun- 
 
 found. by the fame Procefs as here ap^ared in^S gII^^^^^^^ ^''"'^ ^^^^ ^-^ 
 
 * Various Syftcms and Theories of thp n^pCr^r p .u l . 
 
 for 'his Ph^nLenon. One S fem tp? t hat" he wLI'' V'S"!^'' '" ''''' '' --""' 
 Mountains thcmfelves, as they now appeal were form.rl^ h . ','"' Continent, the higheft 
 a CO .fiderable Slant towards the Sea ; that tWs has hT^ °"' ^-'^^ ^'''"' "'^lining with 
 Ridges, with Vales between them, brthcRL^'^^^HT '"'° ''^^^^^^^^ 
 wafhing away the Soil from the upper Par's '^ rL ^^T' '"^ ^^'«" "? «he Earth 
 
 Soil thus carried down and lodged in various PiarlhlTK-"" c '^°'"' Z" Seawards. That the 
 Plains of the Jerfeys. Pennfylvania, Ma Zd ^^^^^^^^ ^8" f^^^^^d the lower 
 
 tcrial Arguments to fupport this Hypothefis are thST' t^ Caroh«as. The moft ma- 
 weftern Ide, though iSSch high^Xn Lrbofde in ' Z'IhIT ^^^'^f.^-^-s on the 
 extraordinary rich Land, but That towards our SidTrh?^oi r pg'''^ P^'^' confilt yet of 
 the Mountains is thin and ftony, and the Rc^k almoft h, ""^'PV'iy ^»'" ^« w'^" as of 
 away oflf from them. The Downfall of WaTers frZ .S^'L'', '^ '^"^ F"'''^ ^'"^ ^ecn fwepc 
 and the fwollen Springs i, fuch amo gft tXouS/ .^''l'"^^^^ ?' ^"°^' '^' R»5"^» 
 great, that the Frelhel on the Sufqufhanna Wve? Sr. f-'*"' S-f^'l^g'^ ^^"^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 though they are difcharged with a 4lent and pSit^tc Cu'i^:'^^ riVpl "'"' ^° ^*=«* 
 with them immcnfe Quantities of Soil which thTv hlarn " 5'' ^'^'^'^Freflies carry down 
 
 I 
 
 • I will here tranfcribe an Extraft from a Letter of Monfi.„, v ^ •, . extCnGvc 
 
 on 
 
rt'i li 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 • " , ! 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ri 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 M 
 
 f 3^ 1 
 may chat long continued nTngc^ of Tat SncryTficJ TheS T/'''' 1?"? 'J'"' '''''^ 
 
 which are found on the lower Plaininf Am-.;^, r k ^ r/ » ? **" '"^ peculiarities 
 Csdar Swamps and Pine Bogs, which are perfedt MinlsTTinS?! ^^^^^^''^ ^^^ ^''•^ 
 
 irenfe Body of WatertltS? ' the"^" faL" t thTxroVT r°" ^''' ^" '•"" 
 this IS damm'd and held up by Ridacs of Rocks • I e?„c r , ^p of the Country, and that 
 by any natural Accident. Sr t'hft ^ bg^^^fe of Ag^ Tp^l^^^^^^^^ ^-'^^ ^-^ 
 them the Space occupied by the Water would be dfa ned Thf, P V f T'" "''""S'* 
 burthened of lUch a Load of Waters wonlH nf 1„^» r ' J" ^^" of America, dif- 
 ihiftingof the Center of GravitvS,rT^°^'°"'^'^ "'"'^f the immediate Effcdl of the 
 
 ingly a^s the OperSn of f^h llien had E^e? on'Z r^ "^'^"-^^^ T^"^ "^ ^'"•^' ^^o'^! 
 of the Earth would, as Part of the fame Iff I Hnk l?h ^^f ^^'^^''^ ^PP^^^^ ^'^'^ 
 be ddugcd without any aplentLfordifcov^lh^^^^ ^^ '«ble to 
 
 is nopoubt but tha/mf'y fuch AcdSelfX^^^^^^^ 
 
 fettled ,n its prefent Condition and State. That ther- have haoMned ?oi cTl' ^f^""" 
 by which the general Body of the Land of Am/r r= hlllv "^PP*?^^° 'o^ie fuch Accidents, 
 coUea from thi Chinefe Choroiaphy caL a^a vn l: w?' '^^r T '^^ve Reafon to 
 Corea. winch is now divided fro°m U l^^y th tuterXong'S^^^ I^'^^'"'^ >" 
 
 fo much that the Mountain Kieflielhanfe which was formerfj Vlll II ^* ^^ encroached 
 near 500 Leagues off at Sea UthTrJci^f r i?- *°f '"^'^^^ ^"^ °^ ^he Continent, is now 
 Chanle of the Center of Gra;ity of the^arlh thnf^'p ^'71 '''"' "''"'^ ^'P'<^«<^^ by the 
 oppofite Meridian would be eiuaSytaiffd^^N^^^^^^^^ "^"^^'v i^ aa 
 
 from fuch Caufes. the ReafoTof Xh for wanS K^l^^^ ^u "§P ''^^^ '' ^ned 
 oppofite Side of the Globe. ToM never be explained SZl r^Vr^^'' ^'^ P^^'^ °» «he 
 gradually and advanced by fuch QoTSeg^ees ^Thai 'J^pJa^ ?"".^'' ""'^ ^''^ <=°"'« 
 be perceptible, Hiftory tLefore TouKe^o itle ofS^^^ "''"' ""^^ "''"^^ ""^ 
 
 « a'nd'^howtiT ^S ?p a^f'rthe Am^^^^ ^ f'^^^% ^-"'^ ^'»- the Pacific, 
 
 « Mexico, driven thithe? b? the TradlXds anS Attr2^ nn J!J"'1r^''°'' "^ ^''^ ^ulf of 
 
 • Ocean would rilb ; the Center of Gr vTt v of the Ear^h IZTfh^Pr '^' ^''^ ^^ ''' ' ^'^'^^^ 
 
 • Places on the Earth but what would i^Jccvc the Ef^^^^^ '^''' would be fc«r 
 y conceive the Caufe, that did not S^ the nartkuiL F ^ none would be able to 
 « ooened.' Suppofe now that the Shama and CaKe ina.Hr"' °^ ''"^ ^'^'^' ^^^"8 
 tainly appear to be) an Ifthmus (Ukethlt and ^^aribbee Idands were once (which they cer- 
 MountS and the ^-a-Bahra cSr^ ^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^'^^ ^^t'l ^' ''' ""P^"'^^^ 
 cxtenfive Plain, and that fome fuch aL dL ., ; k r ^"'P'' °^ '^^''"'^o was a moft 
 
 by the Breaking of the Sea rrLghth^cLano?^ '''* f^'^''^ ^«PP^" 
 
 that Part of the Globe aftually befom^a dcrelTed the oZr? p ""^ "°^ '^' ^^"^ G^lf. 
 
 ; have mentioned, .lays Evansf thefrdKriy^em as Z t:urr'?tr"" "" "''"*^- ' ^ 
 
 various Phenomena which meet our Eye in the Mouma ns fS iS ""' °" ?*^*'"g '^■ 
 
 • are curious in enquiring into the Svftem of our Wn^w h* *°i^ ^''c ^"formation of thoib who 
 
 • veftigation with that A^n don. nor e^^^^^^^^^ the In^ 
 
 • might have done had I been ntereS about th^^^^^^ 
 
 « '"a^e Choice of that HypothefisXh he £llftT^^,Kf ''''a^°'' beg the Reader to 
 
 • Part I can conclude on neither fineli' The En^l»K '"'''. r°?P^°^^^'^' ^'' '"X own 
 Uwts Ev.., hath left it, and add oJe moTe HyJhefis ^Th ''^^ "? '^'' Subjec/wherc 
 tne Learned have been amufed. "ypothcfis or Theory to the many with which 
 
 «« hath been T^«/„no the Space of," W niore and more re.fed by the Accretion of Soli" 
 
 Viewing 
 
 i 
 « 
 
 c ' 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 « 
 
 c 
 
 ( 
 
 c 
 
 < 
 
 ( 
 
 ( 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 « 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
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 c 
 
 c 
 
I) and thui at 
 ng this Coaft 
 :d the Lovoir 
 diatcly at the 
 lidity, and to 
 latural. This 
 : Peculiarities 
 fercnt Layers 
 It 30 and 40 
 :ial(y for the 
 
 for the Situ- 
 
 pofitively to 
 what an im- 
 ry. and that 
 >rokcn down 
 orn through 
 merica, dif- 
 ffcd of the 
 ttle, accord- 
 ppofite Part 
 nd liable to 
 ngc. There 
 e it becatnc 
 » Accidents, 
 : Reafon ro 
 »aoflanas in 
 encroached 
 'cnt, is now 
 iffed by the 
 learly in an 
 e happened 
 fled on the 
 have come 
 would not 
 
 JC Pacific, 
 •e Gulf of 
 in. Let us 
 bme other 
 lis Height 
 f Florida; 
 i e Pacific 
 lid be icvr 
 3e able to 
 ge being 
 they cer- 
 palachian 
 asamoft 
 ' happen 
 eat Gulf, 
 ifcd. « I 
 wing the 
 fioie who 
 i the In- 
 ; which I 
 cadcr to 
 my own 
 ct where 
 h which 
 
 >• I ant 
 
 I of Soil; 
 
 lEWING 
 
 [ 3^ ] 
 ^^V^^^l^'f ''■ " ''' "°f '' •"'■"'^^ Theorifts fuppofe it fhould have been of 
 
 encrcafing upon the Waters of th; rTlT f,^ ^ c a . ^ '^'^ ^^""^ ^'^^^ been continually 
 to the Viewing i in ThrPi^ft Stale of^r/pv^ff '^ Appearance. I traced back my Ideas 
 
 above the Face S the Watm bef 'nt ^ , f^^ll' '?'' ."' '°°" '"' " *"' '^^' '^'""gcd 
 
 man Race was brouRki into gcino- at )i,ft^ »I,c ; J .,?'''' ^'^""' "1' Hu- 
 tlms purtad this Th°o,r(fer I cfli it „„ „,h. -T' 'fT"' "^ '''= W""''- ".viiig 
 
 byheaftual Account which our Holy Sctiptu^' gi,„ 3 i, ' •''°'"'' "'"»™™« 
 
 Creation was the Exficcation of this aqueous Planet fo thl a f 7^^ "extProgrels of 
 called Earth. The next is. that t^^: E^h began t\ta^ Tr".''' "' "^i 
 
 Trees next, whofe Seed were in themfelves As thefe wJi.. J u ^^ ^t'"''' ""^' 3"^* 
 for Reception and Suftenance of th^ reMivf Inhab^^^^^ l"''^ ^T P."?^'"^^ 
 
 dantly the moving Creature that ha h T Sf. rh/ k« i ir ' ^''^^f^^" brought forth abun- 
 
 Thin^on theEaSlT/r Beaftnex af^ hstind T^^^^^ '^^ T^^ ^'^^P'"8 
 
 vine Creator allotted to the Produaion of Ma. m' J u ^"^' °^ '^'' ^'°''^ ^^e Di! 
 and .very Tree in JuhU Frl^tZeo ^mforM^r H.T'r'^ Herk tearing Seed. 
 
 cf S Pi/n'et liSdt'?i;£t:^ 'ji'S'r ^^'^r' i'"^ ^^^^"-« e^'««- 
 :f1h;^rtei!:^:;^-^^ 
 
 Separation. I never was ft^^prizeff TtL ght i a y^Kordina;:"cfr:''"fi'^ '' VT'' 
 quired the Suppofuion of lome extraordinafy C ufe to accoujf ?or^it hT^^^^^^^^^^ "i m ■"' 
 Skeletons fhouid be found on the higheft Wunta ns I Sid rli t ^'"' *^^^ 
 rather be furprized if they were not. ^ If you wil iTuft Nature or hS '' V'T"^'''''y ^"^ 
 will find that they have been from the Creadon and are a pLf « , 7A ^^'P'"'," y°". 
 the Truth of the^philofophic Account of ^cU^n gfv^n "il ^/c^^^^^^^ '^^ '' 
 
 But to return from this Digreffion of , Amufement and Speculation to Bufinefs th. 
 
 .£|f^;xrtSfc^j;;;:;:trf^^^s\y?K/j.^;^:rJJSr 
 
 in Five great Lakes ; the Lands and Country bordcrine on thlfri iSc no , ' ^''^^ 
 
 and many Streams run hence into, themf Lakes Qope gently towards, 
 
 • Ontario or Cataraqui, or 7"*^ ieaufi/ul Lake, is a Mafs of frefh Water verv d^^n onA u t u r^ 
 ; amoderate fteep Bank and gravelly Shore aIong\he South SidfT?;fSvr"^^^^^^^^^ '^*''-°'"' 
 
 - K arc apt to Dc iuu.ci.mcs barred at the Entrances. This, like the Mediterra'nMn" ',u^ n7 
 • p«, and othct large invafatcd Water,, ha. afaall Rif^ and Faltg'rf™ wifcrS 
 
 • I .m told that ibc Wo,d uW In th. Otigin.l Sg„i|i„ „, D™ but A„W. 
 
 .' Tide», 
 
 ^ 
 
 Vide Me- 
 moireprefent- 
 ed to the D. 
 of Cumber, 
 lane), Appen- 
 dix to Adtni. 
 nidration of 
 the Coloniet. 
 
 - ■ a "i 
 
 I 
 
t\ • 
 
 Its Tides. 
 
 llflSiMli 
 
 
 m 
 
 r 30 
 
 ! Tides, fome 12 or 18 Inches perpendicular f, occafioncd by the Changes in the State of the 
 Atmofphcre -, nfjng higher, as the Weight of the incumbent Air is Icfs, and falhne as it 
 b«o"ies greater. This Lake is beft fitted for the Paffagc of Batteaux ^nd Canoe^^W 
 the South bide, the other having feveral Rocks near the Surface of the Water ; but rh^ 
 Middle IS every where fafe for Shipping. The Snow is deeper on the South Side of thit 
 Lake than any other Place .n thefe Parts, but the Lake does not freeze in th. levere t 
 Winter out of Sight of Land. The Streight oi Oghnidgara^ between the Lake On a'ia 
 and Ene ,s eafily paflable fome Five or Six IVIiles with any Ships, or ,0 Mile, in all w h 
 
 Si '' i r" ''' ""''^''^ '° "'''^' ' ^°"'S^ "P Three pretty fharp Hills about fS 
 Miles, where there ,s now cur a pretty good Cartway. This Portage i, made to avoid t! 
 ftupendous Fall of Oghniagara $, which in one Plaa. precipitates headlong 25 or 26 FaXm. 
 r m" p""/°' ^'V: Seven Miles more to tumble in. little Falls. and\un with incon* 
 T.'^' ^"^cf^' ^"^ '"'^"'^ the Streight for a Mile or Two is fo rapid above h Fall" 
 that It 1* not fafe venturing near it. They embark again at the Fifhing Battery and th.nr: 
 to Lake Ene it is ,8 Miles, and the Stream fo fwitf, that the ftiffeft GaleTsVc"rce r"ffi 
 
 T'rl" %T " ' • ', ?'P ■'• ?"'. '' •' ''J'^y P'^'^ '" C"""^^' ^'^"^ »he Current he c a^ i n 
 all other Places, is lefs rapid along the Shore. * ^ '" 
 
 ^oliSn . * Lake Erie' has a fandy Shore on the North Side, and in many Placets fiirh «n ... 
 D£j.,.„o o,her, efpecially towards the South Eaft Part. The Weather and cLtelf this i t 
 more moderate than that of Ontario.' On account of the Sands the NaviLln r Jn;l„ 
 amidft crooked Channels is perplex'd and difficult. ^^-vjnation r.mn.n^ 
 
 The Streight 
 of Niagara 
 •CDi 
 Portage. 
 
 Falls. 
 
 Jt eight of 
 St. Clair. 
 «CDo 
 
 the Navigation running 
 
 * The Streight St. Clair S as far as Fort Pontchartrain, is paffable in a Ship with a orettu 
 moderate Gale but from the upper Side of the Little Lake to Lake Huron ^thT Channel?, 
 intricate, but deep enough, and the Stream to be ftemm'd with a ftifF Gale 
 
 -^MiffiS;"."" . *.J"^ ^^^l ""'■°" communicates with Lake Michigan or Illinois by a Streight- that J, 
 kinack. , ^'•de, and the Current runn.ng fometimes in, and fometimes out. by reafon of the fm.f 
 Runs which fall into this latter Lake, fcarcc fupplying what is diffip^ted in Exhalations 
 
 «E? 'ew . *MiNEAM, Rivers W«^f,C^^«i.^^ . andC^^r^^,", fine Rivers, navigable a Mod 
 River, on the Way with Shallops, fall into the South Side of Lake Er^. Though the Bank on tl^,^s^5 
 
 South Side of • is about Eieht or Ten Fei-f h;rrh o„^ ^.., „ u : n. «.. ^ ' incnanK on this Side 
 
 lake Erie. 
 
 better Channels made to drain it. 
 
 on the way with Shallops, fall into the South Side of Lake Er^. Though the Bank on th^,sT 
 ;idecf js about Eight or Ten Feet high, and dry enough in moft Places ; the Land a "it wfv 
 
 : bJtXn^ellVadetfet!''^ '^^^^" °' '''''^''"' ^'^^^ ^"^-- ^^'^^ 
 
 On the South 
 of Lake On- 
 tario. 
 'CeCg 
 
 Meffadippi 
 River. 
 
 lii^ i' 
 
 . c '^Pc5'"r^,"'^, ^'"'^ ^'"'^^ ^'^^^*' ^'^ ^^'^ '"Oft confiderable Waters that fall inf« ^^. 
 
 South Side of Lake Ontario, but neither navigable with Shallops, Le ^out h1 f " mJ^ 
 « in the former, and Two or Three Miles in the latter. Their Falls ovVr ,h.i^ % 
 ; the elevated l^ains. are the Caufes of thefe Obftruaions. B^S^ftefyoTa etn^t thi 
 
 Little Seneca River above the Three Falls, and the Great Seneca River, about Half a Mile 
 
 Jbove the Mouth of Onondaga River, they are both very fiow and deep The latter ! 
 
 beft l-aid down m the Map, for I have had an Opportunity of viewing k mvfe f^i,^ 
 
 iJ"'l P^"" ^f W^^«"' ^^' but one Embouchure through the Canada River and rf,^ 
 inue of itis a Stream which bears no Proportion to the immeafurable Mafs of Water/ 
 Thele Lakes are found to have retired from Parts which feem to have been their formi* 
 Shores, and decreaie. There may be, in the Courfe of N.ature Accident »h;l , 
 
 fome of thefe Lakes quite dry, when they would become great plains! ^ ^ """^ ^'^ 
 
 The fouthern Parts of this upper Stage lie as one cxtenfivc broad Bofom of a Vale mnr^ 
 than 1500 Miles long, containing a Wildcincfs of Waters, which all fall in^^ ^ T 
 through the Channel of the River Meflachibee, which fSes 1; i^!, A 7^ ^."'" 
 
 the Gulf of Mexico -, the Eaft Side of this gre'at Vale defc d, f omVhe EnlffS' 1"'^ 
 in gently Iwelling Hills: The Parts of this Country to the North Eaft of the Kinf "' 
 
 C«ek we.-^ when the Firft Edition of this Map wis publin.ed.verylt5e known n^^^^^^^^^ 
 I learn that they are much more at prefent unlefs to fome Land-jobbers, whoftTnt'creft it 2 
 to keep their Knowledge fecret. I have however an Opponun ty of iivina the K .! J 
 pretty accurate Account of that Part or it which is contained between the^S! Rivera, di,« 
 Allegehenny Mountains on the North Weft and South Eaft, and the Mononeaheir/nTr 
 Kanawa Rivers North Eaft and South Weft. I extradl it fi^n the JournaToTa tond %T 
 made by Mr. Gist in 1761. for the exprefs Purpofe of examining thefe Landl 
 
 t Partially alfo at the Wind fetts. 
 
 t Vide Peter Calm's Account of it, publiihed at the End of Bartram's Journal. 
 
 To 
 
State of the 
 falling, as it 
 mocs, along 
 tcr ; but the 
 Side of this 
 the leverelt 
 iike Ontario 
 • in ail with 
 about Eiglic 
 o avoid that 
 16 Fathoms, 
 with incon- 
 )ve the Fall, 
 . and thence 
 ' Scarce fufli- 
 t here, as in 
 
 fuch on the 
 f this is far 
 ion running 
 
 ith a pretty 
 Channel is 
 
 ^f that is 
 f the fmall 
 
 lations. 
 
 ble a good 
 n this Side 
 little Way 
 5e<"':cnt, or 
 
 ill into the 
 alf a Mile 
 f Edge of 
 )ne up the 
 alf a Mile 
 le latter is 
 Yi'elf from 
 vations of 
 
 and the 
 
 Waters. 
 
 ir former 
 
 may lay 
 
 ale more 
 nd drain 
 TJ, into 
 ountains 
 imenitas 
 nor can 
 reft it is 
 leader a 
 and the 
 d Great 
 d Tour 
 
 To 
 
 i^^^ 
 
 ^ fa. th;MlJdi;TS?:;r S: -^^^=^e Valle^ffii^^ 
 
 Pj,8°2'^/x'""'"8 ^^"'^ 0" the Hills abou X la ift^H ' u"' '^'' ^^' "^^^ 2009 Acr?s 
 h.n. the Undergrowth towards and ter this Hiinffn T^'J"' -\ «"<3PP^P.«9|>^s Lawrcl- 
 Traveler muft ciu his Way throurh them Thi I I""?'"!' V" ^'*^^^ Wets that the 
 Yough.ogeny runs are broken andXny but Ih .^1 ,f "'f ^"""^^y through which the 
 a Creek called Lawrel Creek. rockVlnd l^'^^ ^ well t.mbered , i. lbn,e Pares, as on 
 
 G h 
 
 'J :.uh 
 
 ,Tf. 
 
 '^I$il^:::t^^^^ Line^;^;s.V Rout, the' 
 
 and Htckory. The fame Kino of Lami hoWs Wh ?' ^""^""^ ' '''^ Timber White Oak 
 River 10 Miles, and about the fame Diftance No"^ ^^ the upper Branches or Forks of chi. 
 chc Lands for about Eight Miles aLneihef^^^^ to where thej oughiogeny falls in.o k; 
 h'lly, are richer and better timbered the GrnSS w?'^' "f '^' ^^" ^" each Side, though 
 or Sweet Maple. The Botmrm or nterv^rr. rK"''' ^'""^^ ^°P'^"' ^^'^ ^''g^'" T^Ss ' 
 fomeFlaces Two Miles. Forfeve alMil' If. /''^^ 
 
 teryals are very rich, and a Mi e S Th« Tjnb t^V'^f ^'''' °" '^' ^'^ Side the In- 
 M.les Eaff. extraordinary rich nd we ,\imberVd^^"^^^^^^^^ "^'"'"'^'^ f'^^ Eight orio 
 
 above 100 Yards wide ; the Uplan^on Ss sli ^ Jp ^"'"u"'' "" '^' "^'^ ^ide are not ^ 
 and full of the Sugar Tree. ^ "'^ ^^^ ^'**'^' ■ ^""'^ "P and down it, rich Soil 
 
 CoSfe."fi',Ju7by foml'S^^^^^ «^°r-g> 50 fpeak generally, a South Weft G k and 
 
 Rivers .vhich run^in^the Oh o",! he tS^kX^^^ ,?"'^' '"'^''''^ ^'^^ "^^^^^ °f ''--^1 " ' 
 in general hilly but rich, rocky in fomc Places ver nT u* ^-^^ = ^^ f^""^ '^-e ^^nd 
 
 Sugar Trees. The Intervals on he Borde s of T. ^r'^'l '^' 7'""^' ^^'""^' ^Ih, and 
 others a Quarterof a Mile broad? wKe caL w.h t' '" ^°T,'. ^^^'='^* ^°° Yards, in 
 
 He went from the Kanawa on a Weft North W^ft r^. r l , 
 returned up the South Eaft Side nf fh.7R • u xt^""'"'^ °'" thereabout to the Ohio, and 
 Little Kanlwa, or BuffJo Qei ° p^^^^ ^'""''^y ^ North Eaft Courfe by Le Fort's Creek 
 Two Upper Qeekf. ad SSEafttdVourf?^^^^^ "^f?^^ Weeli'ng Creek ; an?th 
 • The Borders or Intervals on the Ohio a MHe t? ^^ ^''o'^ ^'""^ °" '^' Monongah^l.. 
 Land rich and good, but th Upland in ^en^ the 
 
 feme Places. He examined the Lndup°rCeekfr r^^^ h'-^.! "'."'" ^vith Coal in 
 Rivers, art called, and found the Face of^hl rn„r .r''"'^'' •^''"'^ ^^ ^°"'d think great 
 ingLand on the Uplands. TO who^e Co,nr^[^^^^ '^^ B"°d ifrm- 
 
 Turkeys. and in one Place he killed a black Fox ""^ ^'"^'' '' ^'''* ^^^' ^^^^^ 
 
 This Country is now fettling faft, and will foon be better known. 
 
 ^^^Sii^ATullE^^^^^^^ g-t V, 3nd between the Mimfllppi, 
 
 the fineft Spot of Earth upon the Globe fwefe^ "r!^'^' /''' ^^""'^^ °^ '^' '"'""i^. • 
 watered by the fineft R.vers. and of the ml d J2n rr'^"'"'^' "^"^' ^"^ "« Mountains. 
 
 , M.« Of ..on. cop,., and Le^^t^d^fg^tt^fX f^'oi^^^;- ^'""'= 
 
 • ihan chore among the SeSnr wh.rM °T *"", C<>'"P"<«>ions ano.lKr App.a,a„« 
 
 • d„ ^ deceived ^ an A,,-^fZlX till 1^ w:niSt ^.SLt' '^"- 
 
 c. G.„. J„„™a, and ,he Obfervtra^f^^/LtfL'nrS;^!:?;!^ ''« 
 
 Thb 
 
 tke.ch 
 
lit it I 
 
 ^^hie Author** 
 lloute to Or> 
 wego. 
 
 Latitude of 
 Fort du 
 ■Qoefne. 
 
 Ohio not very 
 vxooked. 
 
 General Situ- 
 ttioni. 
 
 it 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 Alltllaace 
 given the 
 Aathor. 
 
 * Thi rafs througli the Mountains from Pennfylvanla, by Shimdkin to Onondaga sM 
 
 * Ofwego, is from my own Obfervations, and well dcfcrye? Kep?.id ; becaufel had a prctt/ 
 " good InftVuAient for obfcrving the Latitude, and minutely noted all our Courlei, and am 
 
 * well accuftomcd to form a Judgment of travelling Diftance, Mr. William Frahklin's 
 
 * Journal tO Ohio ha? bten my principal .Help in afcertaining the Longitude of the Fork of 
 
 * Ohio and Monauncahela ( but however I muft not omit mentioning that the Latitude of this 
 
 * Fork is laid downTro'trt the Obfcrvation of Colonel If'R v. and is at leaft lo Miles more 
 
 * Northerly than I would otherwife have thought it was. The River from hence downward 
 
 * is agreed by all who have gone down it, to be in general pretty ftraiti nor can its Curves 
 
 * be indeed cbnliderable where it is confined in a Manner by a Chain of little Hills, fromi 
 
 * the laft-mentioned Fork to lo Miles below the Falls. Mr. Joseph Dobson gave me an 
 
 * Account of the Diftances from Ocek to Creek as they fall in, and of the Iflands, Rjfts, 
 
 * and Falls all the Way froth the Fork to Siotoj and Mr. Alexander Maointy and Mr. 
 
 * Alexander Lowry gave me the reft to the Falls, as well as confirmed th« others. The 
 ' River from the Fork upwards is moftly from Mr. John Davjson ) but that Part from 
 
 * Canawagy to the Head is entirely by guefs, for I have no other Information of itj than 
 
 * that it heads with the Cayuga Branch of Sufquehanna. The Routs acrofs the Country, 
 
 * as well as the Situation ol Indian Villages^ trading Places, the Creeks ^hat fall into Lake 
 
 * Erie, and other Affairs relating to Ohio and its Branches, are from a great Number of 
 
 * Informations of Traders and others, and efpecialiy of a very intelligent Indian called Tbg 
 
 * Eagle, who had a good Notion of Diftances, Bearings, and Delineating.' Indeed all the 
 Indians have this Knowledge to a very great Degree of pradical Purpofe. They are 
 very attentive to the Pofitions of the Sun and Stars, and on the Lakes can (leer their 
 Courfe by ihem. The different Afpefts which the Hills exhibit on the North Side, from 
 that which the South has imprefTed on their Eyes, fuggeft, habitually, at the Moment, 
 in every Spot, an almofl: intuitive Knowledge of the Quarters of the Heavens which We, 
 mechanically, mark by the Compafs. This, at the firft Blufh, may appear incredible to 
 fome t but it may be explained even to the mod incredulous. Can any, the moil inat- 
 tentive Obferver, be it a Lofs to pronounce, in a Momenr, which is the North or South 
 Side of any Building in the Country. The fame Difference between the South or North 
 AfpeA of a Mountain or a Hill, or even a Tr,ee,° is equally ftriking to the Attention of 
 fcn Indian } and is much more flronglv marked by ihat Ao jracy with which he views thefc 
 Objects } he fees it inftantly, and has, from Habit, this Impreilion continually on his 
 Mind's Eye, and will mark his Courfes as he runs, more readily than moft Travellers 
 who (I'^fer by the Compafs. The Ranges of the Mountains, the Courfes of the Rivers, 
 the Bearings of the Peaks, the Knobs and Gaps in the Mountains, are all Land Marks, 
 ind picture the Face of the Country on his Mind. The Habit of travelling mark to him 
 the Diftances, and he will exprefs accurately from thele diftindtlmpreflions, by drawing on 
 the Sand a Map which would ftiame many a Thing called a Survey. When I have been 
 among them at Albany, and enquiring of them about the Country, I have fat and feen 
 them draw fuch. ' The Situation of Detroit is chiefly determined by the Computation of 
 ' its Diftance from Fort Niagara by Mr. Maointv, and its Bearing and Diftance from 
 « the Mouth of Sandulky. 
 
 * I MtrsT not omit my Acknowledgment to Mr. WiLLtAM West for feveral valuable 
 Notes about Potomack, the Foiks of Ohio, and Parts adjacent •, nor to Richard Pe- 
 ters, Efqj for the great Chearfulnefs he alTifted me with in this Compofition. As fpr 
 the Branches of Ohio, which head in the New Virginia*, I am particularly obliged to 
 Dr. Thomas Walker, for the Intelligence of what Names they bear, and what Rivers 
 they fall into Northward and Weftward •, but this Gentleman being on a Journey when 
 I happened to fee him, had not his Notes, whereby he might otherwife have rendered thofe 
 Parts more perfect. But the Particulars of thcfe and many other Articles relating to the 
 Situation of Places, t muft defer till I deliver an Account of the feveral Rivers and Creeks, 
 their Navigation, Portages, and Lands thercc.i. 
 
 •J 
 
 A brief Defcriptim of the mojl cohjiderahle Rivers, in //^«;WEstERN Divlsio>f» 
 
 /UtheRiver* ' ^"^ Face of the Country, as already reprefented, determines the Nature of the Rivers, 
 and Creeks * The flat Country (or Lbiver Plains) which lies between the Falls and the Sea, is every where 
 navigable in « interwoven with the moft beautiful Bays, Rivers, and Creeks, navigable for all Sorts of 
 • Vcflels } and is the Reafon of fo many fine Creeks fpreading on every Side, from the Bays 
 
 the Lower 
 Plaini. 
 
 Sketch at beft. We mud wait for Obfervations and Surveys in our fjture Knowledge of this Counicy, in order 
 to give an aCtual Map. There i^ nohe iilch yet : nor are theie any Material) as yet from which any fuch Map 
 can be ccuipiicd, -.vhaievcr may be pretended, in ju.licc to Mr. Lewis Kvans'i ir.cuftry, i vvii'i veniure to fav* 
 none as yet can give a better Idea ef thofe Parts than this Map lias done, not even thofe done by the Stencil 
 while thi-y had PoiTelTion and comiaanded in tnefe Parts. 
 
 • So called for Dillinflionfake, that Part of Virginia .South Eall of the Ouafioto Mountains, and on the 
 Brancbei of Green Briar, New Kivcr, and llolflon River. 
 
 6 I of 
 
t 3S ] 
 'oT Ctiefopcak and Delaware. For, as the f -and has no Declivity, the Fluk and Rcflui 
 of the Sea contribute to fo wide extended Navigation. All the Creeks on Delaware, the 
 Verges of the Sounds, which extend along the Sea-coaft, and fome (jreeks in Virginia, 
 and towards the I lead of Chefopeak on the Weft Side,, are bordered with Salt MarJhes, s^t t/tuttil^ 
 fome a Mile or Two wide. The Firft Settlers pf yVmeric*, for the Sake of the Graft for 
 the Winter Support of their Cattle, Bxing their Habitations along theft Places, being infefted 
 with Mulkitoes and Intermitting Fevers, gave the Foyndation for fuppofing America un- 
 healthy. The Reft of Chelbpcak Bay, and its Branches, is aimoft ^11 a clean, gravelly, 
 fteep, dry Bank j and, were it not for the Scarcity of Frefh Water in fome Parts of the 
 Eaftern Shore, would be at pleafant a Country as Imagination could well reprefent. 
 
 * The Ifinglafs Vein already defcribed, though broken at New- York, to let the I'ldtf 
 
 * through into Hudfon's River, to a far greater Diftance than any other River on this Coaft^ 
 
 * continues ftili North-eaftward, but with lefs Uniformity, over the Weft End of Long- 
 
 * Ifland and the Connecticut Shore, appearing but here and there, by rcalbn of its being 
 
 * overlaid with the Ridges which terminate here. 
 
 Delaware Ri- 
 ver, 
 
 ' D d E d 
 »Bd Fd 
 
 'Ed 
 
 * Legheiwac* 
 fein. £ d 
 
 * ^Delaware River, frorti the Head to Cufhiftuhk », ithouigh hob obftrufted with Falls, 
 has not been improved to any Inland Navigation, by realbn of theThinncfs of the Settle- 
 ments that Way. From Cufhietunk to Trenton Falls'", arc Fourteen confiderable Rifts, 
 yet all paflable in the long flat Boats f ufcd in the Navigation of thefe Parts ; fome car- 
 rying 500 or loo Buflicis of Wheat. The greateft Number of the Rifts are from Eaftoh' 
 downward. And ihofe Fourteen Miles above Eafton, another juft below Wells's Ferry, 
 and that at Trenton, are the worft. The Boats feldom come down but with Frefhes, ef- 
 pecialiy from the Minnennk**': The Freight thence to Philadelphia is 8d. a Bufhcl for 
 Wheat, and js. a Barrel for Flour. From the Forks, and other Places below, 20 s, a 
 a Ton for Pig Iron, 7d. a Bufliel for Wheat, 2 s. 6 d. a Barrel for Flour. This River, 
 above Trenton, has no Branches worth mentioning for Convenicncy of Navigation; Leg- 
 beiwacfein' has not a Hundredth Part fo much Waicr as Delaware has at the Mouth of 
 it. Ihis Creek takes the general Courfe laid down in the Map. But as Mr. Edward 
 Sct7LL, to whom 1 am obliged for many Obfervations in the Courfe of my Map, has 
 lately laid out fome great Trafts of Land on this Creek, and given me an Account of 
 it, fince the Engraving of that Part, 1 ftiall here deliver a few Particulars, to avert fome 
 public Difputes that have been about it. From the Mouth to the Fork the Courfe is S. 7o'» I'» I'ork. 
 W. about Twelve Miles in a ftrait Line, the Creek crooked and rapid. There the Two 
 Branches are nearly of a Bignefs, the Southern one rather the largeft. Half a Mile above 
 the Fo»k, the South Branch, or Wallanpaupack, tumbles about Thirty Feet perpendi- 
 cularly » and a little Way higher arc Two other Falls, not quite fo large. From the Fork 
 to the 7/roprietaries Tradt, it is S. 60 W. Four or Five Miles, the Channel pretty ftrait. 
 Thence for Ten Miles taken in a ftrait Line, the Courfe is S. 56 W. by Compafs, the 
 Stream crooked and very gentle. By the Range of the Hills, this Branch continues 
 much the fame Direftion to its Source. The Northern Branch of Legheiwacfein divides 
 again into Two Branches, at about a Mile and a Quarter above the Mouth, where eaoh 
 is about large enough to turn an under-fhot Grift Mill. Three Quarters of a Mile higher 
 Is a great Pine Swamp, through which both Branches come. Mr. Scxjll thinks that thefe 
 Branches, whofe general Courfe is about N. W. do not at moft extend above Fifteen 
 Miles } and that all the Waters this Way are confined to the lower Side of the great 
 Chains of Mountains, which extend from about ihe Station Point to Safquehanna about 
 Whioming, 
 
 The Southern 
 Branch. 
 Three great 
 Falh. 
 
 The North, 
 em Branch 
 forks agaidt 
 
 * The fVeJi Branch ' of Delaware is but inconfiderable, Compared with the North-eaftern f the Weft 
 
 * Branch, into which it falls at Eafton. Above the Tufcarora Hills at Gnadenhutten it is Branch. Fe 
 
 * divided into little Creeks, and no Part goes North-weftward of the Cuftiietunk Mountains. 
 
 * l>elaware has no other Branches on the Weft Side between the Station Point and Eafton 
 
 * worth the mentioning ■, the Country being drained by little Runs and Creeks^ 
 
 * ScHuviKiLL is a fine Branch, up which the Tide runs Five Miles above Philadelphia j Schuylkill. 
 
 * where there is an impaftable Fall •, and Three Miles higher another not much better. Thence 
 ^ to Reading is a fine gliding Current eafy fet againft, as the Fottom is gravelly and even j 
 
 * and at Seafons not very dry, would furnifli 15 or 16 Inches W?.ter all the Way. 
 
 * Susquehanna River is navigable with Canoes, quite from the Lakes at the Head s to Sufquehanna 
 ^ the Falls at Conewega ^ j nor is there any Fall till that Tliree Miles below * Whioming '» ^'"p' "' "'" 
 
 X Called by the Natives Pttuxat; and by the Dutch Souib Ri<vtr, correlative to that at New York ciiled Norti "'P^'''*' 
 
 ts are itifde like Troughs, fquare above, the Jteada and Sterns (loping a little fore and aft j 
 jtj Feet long. Six or Seven Feet wide, and I'wo I'cet Nint Inches or Three Feet deep, and 
 
 t Thefe Boats 
 generally 40 or ^ 
 'draw 20 or 22 Inchci Water, when ioftden. 
 
 ■ This Place nnd the Dllrift is now feitled by a populous Colony, which fwarmed and came forth from Con- 
 liciiicut. Tlic Tcof le of tonnedicut fay, that their Charter and the Gram of Lamis unBer 1: was prior to chat of 
 
 t.nn. 
 
 'Ff 
 
Ill if 
 
 II 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 1^1 ill 
 
 i c 
 
 ii 
 
 i. 
 
 hi, ^i 
 i : : ^ 
 
 II 
 
 Ii.--, 
 
 i' 
 
 iis' 
 
 I 
 
 f ^ 
 
 t 
 
 
 I 3^ ] 
 
 A Quarter of a Mile below ^efcopcki '' h anAthcr i botfi ptiflTableiip or down with Safet^'. 
 The Water thence to Samokin ' \i generally pretty gentle. Thence to Conewega arc 
 fcveral troublerome Falls, but all paflTable doi*nward with Safety in Frefhcs. Conewega 
 is the only Fall wliich tumbles headlong in this River. Below this are Three or Four 
 others, which are paflTable only with Frediefl. By reafon of fo many bad Falls this RiVer 
 has not yet any Inland Navigation i nor is it indeed capable of any from Conew'ega down- 
 wards. Its confidcrable Branches are, Owege''\ Tohiccon or CayOga, Senaghfe, or Weft 
 Branch, Juniata, Swatara, Conewega, Cottoriis, and Gonftoga. TobiccoH " promifei well 
 for a good Navigation with Canoes to the Head of Ohio River, as it is a fint lafge Branch, 
 and the Stream pretty moderate. The H^e^ Branch " is fhaJlow ahd rapid, and has fcarce' 
 a Fall worth the mentioning, and not one impafljable. It is palTable Only whei\ the Rains 
 raife it ; and then to the Path ■" leading from Franks I'owrt to Ohio, where a Portige of 
 Forty Miles makes this Way a Communication With that Rivef. Juniata % as it Is Ob- 
 ftrufled with (hort Falls, is gentle and pretty deep in the interthc^diate Places, and may be" 
 improved for the Carriage of Goods almoft to Franks Towti. Swatara ', Conewega, 
 Codorui, and Coneftoga, fomc Centuries hence will, nO' Doabt, be improved to gobd' 
 .(Account. 
 
 * CHEsot'EAJi may be juftlyefteemed the Bay of SufquehAnna j and as fuch we m»/ reckon 
 all the Creeks and Rivers from Potomac k unwardsj as fo dany Branches of it. " The 
 many Portages from the Creeks of this Bay to ihofc of Delaware, ire becomd already 
 very ufeful, and in future Ages will be more fo. Several are pointed out in the Map: 
 And it may alfo be obferved here, that the Road at each is extremely level and good j and 
 VclTels of different Magnitudes come up to the Portage*. :. - 
 
 > 4n'>it V . 
 
 • Largs Sloops can come up to Snow Hill on Pokonioke, the Portage is Five MHcs' 
 from thence to Senepuxen Sound, where Ships may come. If the Mary landers ever intend" 
 a dirc(fl Paffage through their own Colony to the Sea, here an Attempt W6uld be moft' 
 
 * likely to lliccc'd. " , 
 
 "From Nan. ' Shallops may go up Nanluoke River, near Twenty Miles into Delaware Cdlo- 
 ilcokc. H e « lony » ; the Portage from this River to Indian River is Thirteen Miles, and to Broad 
 
 • Creek Twelve. 
 
 "Pf 
 
 «Ff 
 
 Concwcqa 
 the only ii^i- 
 pallublc {'Ah, 
 
 "• F. e 
 
 " Tohiccon. 
 £f 
 
 lis confiili-ra. 
 
 ble liranchei. 
 
 'WcllU.aiich 
 
 F »• 
 
 K F h 
 
 'i Juniata. F f 
 
 ' Swatarn, 
 &c. F S 
 
 Chefopeak 
 
 ^Jan/ Port- 
 asfs betvteta 
 its Creeks 
 and thi-lc of 
 
 Portajrs 
 from I'ukn- 
 niukc. He 
 
 "From CI op- 
 tank. G c 
 
 » From Chef- 
 ter and SafTe- 
 I'rai Rivers. 
 
 From Frede- 
 rick ti Bohe- 
 mia to Apo- 
 (juinimy, G e 
 
 From Elk to 
 
 Chrillecn 
 Bridge. G e 
 
 Po to mack 
 Hf 
 
 yQg 
 'Gh 
 
 * Choptank * is navigable with Shaltops to the Bridge, about Six or Sevin Miles within 
 Delaware Colony ; and the Portage thpnce to Mother! '. is Fifteen Miles. 
 
 « From Cbefter River * to Salifbury on Duck Creek, the Portage is Thirteen Miles/ 
 And from SafTcfras there is another Portage iio the fame Place Thirteen Miles alfd. 
 
 « From Frederick, on Saflefras, where good Ships can come^thtre is a Portage toCanyt- 
 wtll's Bridge on Apoquinimy Fourteen Miles. 
 
 « From Bohemia, where large Flats or fmall Shallops can come, there is a Pdrtage of Eight 
 
 * Miles to Cantwell's Bridge. This is the moft frequented of any between the Waters of 
 
 * Delaware and Chefopeak. All thefe Creeks which lead into Delaware will receive large 
 
 ' Shallops, but no larger Veflels. 
 
 ' From the Head of Elk, where Shallops can come, the Portage is Twelve Miles to' 
 
 * Chrifteen Bridge. And it is about the fame Diftance to Omelanden Point, a faft Land- 
 ' ing on Delaware River, Three or Four Miles below Newcaftle. This latter Portage has 
 ' no: been occupied fince thefe Parts came laft under the Dominion of the Englifh. 
 
 ' PoTOMACK is navigable with large Shipping to Alexandria, and for Shallops Fourteerf 
 ' Miles more to the Falls ; the Portage thence is Six Miles by a good Waggon Road. Boats 
 ' fliapqd like thofe of Delaware, and of fomething lefs Dimenfions, may go up to the North 
 ' Mountain without Obftrudion, fave at the Rift, or Falls, in the South Mountain'', which 
 
 * however is paffable. The River runs through the North Mountain without any Fall -, 
 ' and from thence to Wills's Creek % there are Three or Four Rifts paffable with Canoes or 
 
 * Batteaux, when the Water is not very low. The Inland Navigation by this River is fcarce 
 
 * begun i but one may forefee that it will become in Time the moft important in America, 
 
 Pennfylvania ; that the Grant of Lands to them extended within the Latitudes of their Grant (except where 
 pollelled by other Powers at that Time) to the South Seas. They allow New York and Nc\y Jerfey to have been 
 
 Provinces. Mr. Penn, and the People of Pennfylvania who have taken Grajjts under him fay, that this Diftrid 
 is in the very Heart of the Province Pennfylvania. On this Slate of Claims the Two Colonies are in aauallVar, 
 which they have not even remitted againtt each other h«re, although united in Arms againft Great Britain 1775. 
 , ' as 
 
t 31 \ 
 
 \ with Safetf . 
 !oncwcga arc 
 Conewega 
 rtt or Four' 
 Is this River 
 ivy'fga down- 
 hfc, or Weft 
 )romifei well 
 a^ge Branch, 
 nd has f'carce' 
 en the Rains 
 I Fortige of 
 , as it is ob- 
 and may be' 
 Conewega, 
 red to godd* 
 
 ; m«/ reckon 
 of it. The 
 
 ofnd ilready 
 in the Map:' 
 j good } and 
 
 5 Five MHcs' 
 sever intend* 
 uld be moft' 
 
 a^frare Colo- 
 [)d to Broad 
 
 Miles within 
 
 rtecn Miks.' 
 alfo. 
 
 tage to Caitt* 
 
 age of Eight 
 e Waters of 
 receive large 
 
 ve Miles to' 
 a fad Land- 
 Portage has 
 
 ghfli. 
 
 ops Fourteetf 
 Road. Boats 
 to the North 
 itain '', which 
 ut any Fall ; 
 th Canoes or 
 iver is fcarce 
 : in America* 
 
 (except where 
 ey to have been 
 iindarv of thoiis 
 bat this Diftrift' 
 e maSlualfVar, 
 Btiuin 177;. 
 
 ' as 
 
 Portage frott 
 Willi'; Crttk 
 to Voughio* 
 g»ni. 
 
 Ohiopyl4 
 
 Fall!. 
 
 Voiighiogani 
 navigable CO 
 the Falls. 
 
 •s It IS rb y to be the fole Pafluge from Ohio to the Oceiti. the Worth firarfch \i 
 w-!i'.''f t' *'£.^,<^^?°«'^'^y""'l'hcShawanclMckls, Ibme Three or Four Mile, above 
 Wiiss Creek. T'^c 1 orMgc from this Branch to Ohio is yet ur(«tled, by rrnfch of 
 the bad Roads and Mils. But as at this lime-, it may be an Objeft of Enquiry, fome 
 Account of the Cround will not be unacceptable. From Wiljs's Creek the Ground 
 is very ftony for the gre-iter Part of the Allegeny Mountain • , but not fo much fo from 
 the Shawane FicMs. 1 he Mountain, though pretty ftony. may have a good Wacaon 
 Road made over it. On the North Weft Side of thi. Chain of H,II, there is all along 
 a great Deal of fwampy Ground, which is a confide rable Obffruaion to a diredt Paflacc • 
 but yet manageable by taking fome little Compals round. From this Weftward you 
 crofs Two Branches of Youghiogani: the greater, which is the moft WefteHy, at Three 
 Miles above the Joining of the Three Forks, or I'urkey Foot ^ And the Three Forks 
 are T^ree Miles above the Lawrel Hill, through which Youghiogani precipitates by a 
 great tall of near Thirty Feet, and continues to run with great K;>pulity for Two or Three 
 Miles further. At this Time to go from the CrolTing to Youfehiogani below the Falls, 
 they are obliged to go by thr Meadows, there crofs Lawrcl Hill, and return aauin Norrhl 
 ward, and by that Means take near Thirty Miles to reach the navigable Water of this 
 River; whereas if a Road could be made near the Fall, Fifteen or Twenty Miles might 
 be laved m the Way to Port du Quefne. There is a good Ford through Youghiogani, 
 and the Ground all the Way good and Jound ; and a Road may eafily be made along 
 It. Lawrcl Hill, though fmall, is a Ridge very hard to crofs, by reafon of its Steeonef^ • r , „..♦ 
 but at the Meadows is the beft Pafs we\now W yet towards' Virginia" there a Wa^ gol* \,T 
 which would require four Horfes to travel with, may be drawn up by Six Probably a 
 Pafs may alio be found for Wheel Carriages to the North of the Falls ; and if there 
 (lioultl. It would much improve the Portage between Potomack and Youehiocani. 
 and reduce it to titty Miles, whereas ic is now but little (hort of Seventy If we hive 
 the good Fortune of being Mafters of Ohio, the N.ivigation of Youehiocani will be' of 
 Importance, fincc it is paflable with flat bottomed Boats, capable of carrying Four or Five 
 Tons, from the Mouth to the Foot of the Rift below the Falls. A Horle Path may be 
 conduced in Six or Seven Miles, without much Expencc, from tl.e great Croffing to the 
 Head of navigable Water, from this to Fort du Quefne you may go down in a Day. 
 . but Jt requires at leaft Three to return up the Stream. , ' " '* 
 
 The following very curious and very interefting Account of the Communications bctwixc 
 the Waters of the European prefcnt Settlements and the Waters of Ohio, I received from 
 Lieutenant Governor Mercer, which I give to the Reader in his own Words: 
 
 " DtTRiNo the laft War on the Ohio moft of the '.eavy and bulky Commodities were 
 landed at George Town on Potomack River, and convened thence in Waggons to Cono- 
 gochieg, where they were embarked on Batteaux and Canoes, and were landed at Fort Cum- 
 berland -, rom Fort Cumberland they were conveyed in Waggons to the Monongahela at 
 the Mouth of Red Stone Creek, and there put on board Batteaux. which conveyed them to 
 Pitftjurg; the Diftance from Fort Cumberland to the Mouth of Red Stone Creek is 73 Miles 
 and was generally performed in Three Days ; each Waggon with Four Horfes carried 2 2 Cwt! 
 and were allowed 9s. Sterling per Day 5 but it was afterwards known that a good Waggon 
 Road might be made from Fort Cumberland on the North Branch of the Potomack to a 
 Branch of the Youghiogeny, which would not exceed 40 Miles. The Troops left in Gar- 
 rifon at Pitftjurg after the Conclufion of the Indian War received very large Supplies of Pro- 
 vifion, &c. from the Inhabitants of the South Branch of Potomack in Virginia, who cleared 
 a Waggon Road and found a good Pafs through the Mountains to Cheat River, a Branch of u ' 
 the Monongahela, about 50 Miles above the Mouth of Red Stone Creek, and found a good ^ 
 and fpeedy Conveyance thence by Water to Pitfburg. The Diftance from the Waters of the 
 South Branch of the Potomack to Cheat River is only 20 Miles, and Col. Wilson has 
 crcfted good Grift and Saw Mills on Cheat River: 1 hefe Circumftances are known to all 
 the Officers who ferved in that Quarter laft War. And fince the War fome Perfons in Vir- 
 ginia, in particular Mr. Jonn Balleneine, who is a good Mechanick, has explored thefe 
 Waters and the feveral natural Advantages they offer ; and is of Opinion, nay has proved, 
 that for lefs than 40,0001. Locks, &c. might be formed at the Falls both of Potomack and 
 James Rivers, which would render thofe Rivers navigable at all Seafons of the Year for the 
 laigeft Barges now u!ed on the Thames, nay even of Barges of 200 Tons, as from his ge- 
 reral Oblcrvations of thofe Rivers, particularly of Potomack, at the Falls of which he has 
 remarkable fine Mills and a Forge, and was allb Proprietor of a Furnace for Iron Ore near 
 the Mouth of the Shannandoah for many Years, that they never would have lefs than Four 
 Feet Water in the drieft Seafons -, and from an aftual Survey he affures me that the Waters 
 of James River and ot thofe of the Kenluwa are no more than Four Miles diftant, and that 
 the Waters of the Kenhawa are alfo navigable, and together with thole of the South Branch 
 aiight be niadc completely fo for the Ex^iciicc above .mentioned." 
 
 K 
 
 * ThouciI 
 
I 38 \ 
 
 8'>nth Branch * Thoucm in 5e«rch of the Iltad of Potomac, the Kino's and Lord Fairiax'i Cortl- 
 orFoioinic. ' mifTioncrs determined the North to be the main Branch i yet it ia very well known, that 
 
 • the South Branch is navigable 40 Miles up wiih Batjpsax. And as it was not clear to me 
 
 • that the true Head of fotomac was at the Flace thole Gcnllemcn determined it, I have fiO( 
 
 • laid down the wcftern Side of Maryland, which ftiould be a Meridian drawn from the 
 
 • Mead of Potomac to the Pennlylvania Line. If the Affair is candidly examiiietl, it wilt 
 
 • probably be determined, that the South Branch is the moll confidcrab/e. If fo, the Head 
 
 • of the North Branch will not be the weftern Extremity of Maryland, though it now is of 
 
 • Lord Fairfax's Grant. Very hilly and fwampy Ground prevents a Portage by any tole- 
 
 • rabic Road from the South Branch to Monaungahcia \ As thi» latter River is fine and 
 
 • gentle lome Ufe maf in future Times be made of it, either in a Communication with Grctrl 
 ' Briar or Potomac 1 for it is pafTable with Flats a great Way above Red Sronc Cirek, tni 
 
 • interrupted with one impafTuble Fall only. 
 
 • Shanedoui is a fine Branch of Potomac, but Its Inland Navigation is yet inconfidera- 
 
 • bic I but, in future Time, it will no doubt be improved to a good Account. 
 
 * Rapahannock'', Tork River ^\ Malapany^y and Pamdnky^^ though of excellfnt 
 
 • Marine Navigation, are but inconfiderable above the Lower Plains j their Branches 'jcing 
 ' confined below the South Mountain, and impaflible with the flighteft Inland Craft. 
 
 ' James River is fcarce inferior to any in excellent Navigation for Marine as well as In- 
 
 • land Craft. Its lower Falls being near Six Miles long, and tumbling in little (hort Caf- 
 
 • cades, are intircly impaflfable. The River thence upward to an impafTable Fall in the 
 
 • t South Mountain n excellently fitted for large Boats like thofe already defcribcd in Delaware. 
 ' And it is palTablc with lighter Craft much further, and would not require above 40 or c^o 
 
 • Miles Portage to the Branches of Kanhawa River. But this however is not improveable 
 
 • to Ohio 1 for Kanhawa has an impalTabIc Fall in a Ridge, which is impairable for Man 
 
 • or Btaft by Land. But its opening a Paflage to the New Virginia is a very great Ad- 
 
 • vantage. 
 
 • RoANOAK, which fiills into Albemarle Sound, beyond the Bounds of this Map, is barred 
 ' at the Entrance, fo as not to receive fuch large Ships as it would otherwife bear. It is 
 ' pafflible with Shallops to the Fails S From thence upwards it is generally placid and wide, 
 t and in fome Places interrupted with little Rifts and Falls, none of which, that I have heard 
 « of, impafTable. It is liable to very great Frefhes, and has not been yet improved to any 
 
 ej^ « Inland Navigation ; for the People on its Branches, Holftcin River'', Yadkin% and New 
 « River ', turn hitherto all their Commerce into James River. There is no River more 
 « likely to be of Importance in the future Navigation of the Inland Parts this Way than 
 Roanoak, becaufe it huth good Depth of Water, and extends right into the Country. 
 
 * There are many other Creeks snd Rivers in the Settlements that are obfcured by the 
 
 • fuperior Excellence of thefe already defcribed, which would well deferve Defcription, if I 
 
 • were to give a Detail of any particular Colony. 
 
 * Moniun^t- 
 heU. U j 
 
 Shanedore. 
 
 * Rapahan- 
 nock, York 
 River, Mat.1- 
 pany and I'a- 
 munky. J f 
 Jg 
 
 Kanhawa 
 Kiver. 
 
 Roansak Ri- 
 ver. 
 
 <Kk 
 
 <KI 
 'Jk 
 
 w 
 
 
 Ohio. ' The little Acquaintance that the Public has had with the River OHIO, will be a fuf- 
 
 * ficient Apology for my entering into a more minute Detail of it and its Branches than of 
 ' any other already defcribcd. 
 
 i: 
 
 1 ,1 
 
 i -- 
 
 \ 
 
 
 From tlie 
 Head to Ca- 
 nawagunp. 
 8Ej ''Eg 
 Thetice to 
 Chartier's. 
 
 A Sharp be- 
 low Licking 
 Creek. ^ F,j 
 •Fj 
 
 Fordf. 
 " At Char- 
 tier's Old 
 Tp-.vn. F j 
 "Ac Shaiiop- 
 pens. F j 
 
 Navigation 
 from Char- 
 tier's Old 
 
 T'tj'.vii iO Inc 
 
 Falh. "Fi 
 Pjr 
 
 * From the Head s, which interlocks with the Cayuga Branch of Sufquehanna to Cana- 
 wagy '', I have little Knowledge, but fuppofe, from the Evennefs of the Land, that it 
 may afford good Inland Navigation in future Ages, From Canawagy to Chartier's Old 
 Town ', the River is all along fufficicntly moderate, and always deep enough for Canoes 
 and Batieaux, which do not draw above 15 Inches Water j nor is it obflrudled with any 
 remarkable Rifts or Fails, fave at a fharp Bent fome Miles below Licking Creek, where 
 the Water rulhes on a Rock with great Violence ''} and at Toby's Falls ', which is a Rift 
 paffable with Safety on the Weft Side. In this Part of the River are feveral Fording-places, 
 but they are more rare as you come lower down. That at Chartier's Old Town '" is the 
 beft; which, as foon as the Rock appears above Water, is pliable clofe above it. At 
 Shanoppens" is another in, very dry limes, and the loweft down the River. This Parr, 
 which is very crooked, has fcldom been navigated by our People, becaufe the great Num- 
 ber of Horfcs necelTary to carry their Goods to Ohio, ferve alfo to carry them there from 
 Place to Place ; and the little Game that Way makes it but little frequented. 
 
 * The Navigation from Chartier's Old Town", all the Way down to the Falls ', has 
 been hitherto performed in very large wooden Canoes *, which they make of great Length, 
 
 * Generally 30 or 40 Feet long, Three or Four Feet broad, and drawing empty 10 or 1 a Inches Water, and 
 vh'^n loaded about 1 8 Inches. 
 
 f Refer back to the lall I'ajjc. 
 
 3 ' »s 
 
t 35 1 
 
 • ai better fitted to rteer againft a rapid Stream i they are navigated clo*n by two Mcrt dnd 
 upward! by Four at Icalt. Frooi Chartier's to the Lower Shawanc Town, they are in the 
 
 • Spring about hour Diys in going down wich the I-fellxesj for then they let the Canoe 
 
 • drive m the Night i but towardj the End of Summer, when the Water is low and led 
 
 • fwift, they ulUally fpcnd lo or la Dayi i but at moderate .Seasons the FafTage is performed 
 » in Six or Eight. In returning, they take often 30 or 40 Days, though double handed, 
 
 • and feldom Ids than 20. SuppoGng we go down the River tron\ Charticr'i, the Water is SmsllBift. 
 
 • pretty moderate till you come to Sweep Chimney Ifland, between Dicks's and Pine Creek, 
 
 • where it is very rapid. It generally happens that where the Kivcr is confined to narrower 
 
 • Bounds by lOajids it i» more rapid, yet not (b but Canoes may be eafily fc: agalnft it At 
 
 • Fort du Qucfne, at Paul's Kland •, Five Miles lower, and at a Mat between that atjdLogs 
 
 • Town, the Water pretty rapid i as it is alfo at a fnjall Idand between that and Beaver 
 
 • Creek. Thcfe are, however, inconfidcrablej nor are thofe Places juft below Beaver Creek 
 
 • and at a Flat a little above the upper End of the Pipe Hills much more worthy Regard. 
 
 • At Hart's Reck"* the River makes a t|uick Bend round a rocky Point, and a very Iharii 1 Hart'i 
 
 • Rippling, where the Boatmen are obliged to wade and haul up near the Rork the South Rofk. F k 
 
 • EaftSide being full of Qnicklands §. At Weeiing Ifland ', Mufkingum Ifland • (a little 'Fk .Gl 
 
 • Way above a fine Branch of that Name) and at Bcaty's Ifland, the Current is pretty rapid 
 
 • At Three or Four Miles above the big Bent is a confiderablc Ritt called Le Tan'/ Falls \ LeTirt'e 
 
 • where the Water is fo rapid that they arc obliged to huul the Canoes with Ropes in com- *'»"• * " » 
 
 • ing up for near a Furlong alon^ the South EaTt Side. From this to the Lower Shawane 
 
 • Town, at the Mouth of Sioto, is no ObftrudUon worth mentioning.' The Ohio as I le.irii 
 from Cajt. Gordon's Journal of 1766, from 50 Miles above Mufkingum to *thc North 
 of Sk)to, is moft beautiful, and interfperfed with Numbers of lOands covered with the 
 mod ftatcly Timber, with feveral long llraight Reaches, one of which is 16 Miles and an 
 Half long. • And the Stream thence downward to the Falls is ftlll more gentle and better 
 
 • fitted for Vefltls drawing greater Depth of Water.' Thefc Falls don't dclcrve t'hat Name, 
 «sel am taught by Capt. Gordon's Journal, as the Stream on the North Side has no fud,- 
 d n Pitch, but only runs rapid over the Ledge of a Flat Limeftone Rock 1 feveral Boats 
 paffcd it in the drieft Seafon of the Year, unloading One- third of their Freight, they piffed 
 on the North Side, where the Carrying-place is Three Quarters of a Mile long. On the 
 South Eaft Side it is about Half that Diftance, and is reckoned the fafeft PalTage for thofe 
 who are unacquainted, but it is the moft tedious, as during Part of the Summer and Fall 
 
 they drag their Boats over the Hat Rock. ' Tl^e Fall is about Half a Mile rapid Water S c th, f 11 nt 
 vhich however is paflabie, by wading and dragging the Canoe ngainft the Stream, when Ohio J r* 
 ; loweft J and with itiU greater Eafe when the Water is raifcd a little. 
 
 . •* Ohio as the Winter Snows are thawed, by the Warmth or Rains in the Spring, rifes Great Flood, 
 « m valV Floods, m fomc Places exceeding 20 Feet in Height, but fcarce any where over- ^'"^'"'°'"' 
 « flowing Its high and upright Banks. Thefe Floods continue of fome Height for at Icalt a 
 « Month or 1 wo, being guided in the Time by the late or early Breaking up of the Winter 
 
 • The Streani is then too rapid tp be ftcmmed upwards by Sailing or Rowing, and too doeo 
 « for Setting J, but excellently fitted for large VefTels going down. Then Ships of 100 or 
 
 • or 2CO Tons may go from Fort du Quefne to the Sea with Safety ; thefe Floods reducintr 
 
 • the Falls, Rifts, and Shallows to an entire Equality with the rell of the River. " 
 
 * Ohio carries a great Uniformity of Breadth, gradually increafing from Two or Three 
 Furlongs at the Forks '' to near a Mile, as you go lower down; and fpreadine to Two 
 Miles or more, where damm'd by the Rief of Rocks, which make the Falls ^ Thence 
 to MifTifTippi its Breadth, Depth, and eafy Current, equalling any River in Europe, except 
 the Danube, affording there the fineft Navigation for large failing Vcflels ; but however in 
 6^«^f ^ /r.*^'^" " " ^"'^ "P''^ ^"^ ft^"'' without a good Breeze. And there is fcarce any 
 Gale ftjff enough to ftem the Falls, when deep enough to pafs in Freihes. Upon the 
 Whole, the Navigation of this River may be divided mco Four Parts: |. From, Cana- 
 wagy to Chartier's Old Town, in Batteaux, capable of carrying about Three or Four Tons 
 and drawing 12 Inches Water. 2. From Chartier's to the Pig Bent, in Flats, like thofe 
 ufed in Delaware t, or larger; bearing 18 or 20 Tons. Thele Two Parts mult be per- 
 formed in long flat-bottomed Boats, as better fitted for Setting in (hallow Water and rapid 
 Streams. 3. From the Big Bent to the Falls, in Shallops or Schooners of 10 on 5 Tons 
 As thefe are made for failing and working to Windward, they muft have ftiarp Bottoms 
 and deep Keels i and though made broader than the Flats, they will not admit fuch great 
 
 * Here are fome Places mentioned, too inconfiderable to be laid down in this Map. 
 
 S Above this there are Two reniarlcable Creeks, called, by the Traders, the Two Upper Creeks, which like 
 Twms run about 30 Miles parallel to each other, and within Three Miles Diftance, with a very rich Mefopatamia 
 
 ^f I'^fi'''^''""*" ^**' °' '^?«:''jn'"' a Man SiUwg a Boat over a firm hard Botto^ti has twice the Advantage 
 Of .ns .!~K ,-rcr,gt,; efiipio/c-d in R^'^"'Z- In Rs-Mug, the vVaici btiiiig luovcabic, receives Half the iWotion j 
 While iM Seutng, the Boat receives the Whole. , a , , 
 
 * Length?, 
 
 •Jr 
 
 Navigation 
 below the 
 Falls. 
 
 Navigation to 
 Chartier's. F j 
 
 To the Big 
 Bent. Hm 
 f Page 21, 
 
 To the Falls. 
 
t 40 ) 
 
 if 
 
 n M 
 
 To the Mlfli- 
 fippi , 
 
 th«nc« to the 
 8(1. 
 
 * C«n«wagy. 
 
 Porttge to 
 Lkkt Eiic. 
 
 ' Lengths, and therefore not capable of fo large BurJeni. 4. From the Fj!!$ to Mifrfflppi 
 
 • thence to the Sea is only futeU for light Canoes or Batieaux i;ainll the Stream % but for 
 
 • any VelTels downwards, when the Flooils arc not fo high as t^ overflow the adjoining wii'c 
 
 • extended Flats. Ilcnce, in Procef. of Tinic, large Ships may br built upon Ohio, and (tut 
 « off to Sea with the heavy Produce of the Country, and fold with the Cargoes. 
 
 • OH 10 has a great many SnfAchts, whiih furnilh good Navigation to the adjacent 
 
 • Parts i the moft remarkable 1 intend to enumerate. 
 
 * Canawaoy'', when raifed with Frenies, U pafiabic with Bark Canoei, or little Batteatix, 
 
 • to a little Lake at its Mciul i from which there is a Pottage of ao Miles to l-ake Eric, at 
 
 • the Mouth of a little Creek called Jadaghquc. This Portage is but little frequented, be- 
 
 • caufc Cj(nawagy is too (Viullow in the Summer for the lightcft Craft. 
 
 « Bughalocm. • BuoH ALooNs ^ is not n .vigablc, a,nd noted only for large Meadows, as the Word fignifict 
 E j « in the Delaware Indian Language. 
 
 * Riviere lo 
 Bicuf. Ej 
 
 Portage to 
 Lake Etie. 
 Licking 
 Creek, &c. Ej 
 
 Toby's Creek 
 
 Moghutbugh- 
 kicuin. Fj 
 
 Kifhkemine- 
 tai. Fj 
 
 Monaunga- 
 hela. F j 
 
 Yoiigliigani. 
 F,i 
 
 Sorts of Land 
 On Ohio 
 above Fort du 
 Quefne, 
 
 • Beaver 
 Creek. F k 
 
 « ToRANADAOHKOA, Frcnch Creek, or Riviere le Bieuf'', Is noted for its furnifhing the 
 neareft Paflage to Lake Eric. It is navigable with Canoes to the French Fort bv a very 
 crooked Channel, the Portage thence to another Fort on Lake Eric called Pre/qu' Ifle, from 
 an adjoining Peninfula, is 15 Miles j this Way the French come from Canada to Chio. 
 Licking Creek and Lacomick have no Navigation j but the former has Plenty of Coals. 
 
 * Toby's Creek is pafTable with Bark Canoes a good Way up towards the Weft B». :h 
 of Sufquehanna i and a pretty fliort Portage may probably be found between tliem. 
 
 ' MoGHULBuoHKiiuM is pafTable alfo a good Way towards the fame Branch, and will 
 probably furnilh a good Portage alio. 
 
 * KisHKF.MiNETAS is pafTable with Canoes 40 or /;o Miles, and good Portages will pro- 
 bably be found between it and Juniata and Potomac. It has Coal and Salt. 
 
 * MoNAUNOAHELA is 3 Very large Br?nch, at whofe Junftion with Ohio (lands Fort du 
 Quefne. Ir is deep and gentle, and pafTable with large Battcaux beyond Redftone Creek, 
 and dill farther with lighter Craft. At Six Miles from the Mou:h it divides into Two 
 Branches-, the Nonhernmoft Youghiogani, pafiabic with good Batteaux to tht? Foot of the 
 Rift at Lawrel Hill. The Portage from diis to Potamac has been already mentioned. 
 
 * The Soil along thefe Parts of Ohio and its eaftern Branches, though but little broken, 
 with high Mountains, is none of the bed ; cunfifting in general of low dry Ridges of 
 White Oak and Chefnut Land, with very rich interval low Meadow Grounrl. Here and 
 
 ' there are Spots of fine White Pines, and in many Places great Extents of poor Pitch Pines. 
 ' The Land from the back Part of the Endlcfs Mountains, Weftward to Ohio, and from 
 « Fort du Qiiclne upwaid, is of thefe Sorts. The fame little broken Chain of Hills, which 
 ' borders il here, near the River Side, continues Suuth-wefterly, till it ends at lo Miles be- 
 ' low the Falls ; keeping at fome loor 15 Miles from the general Courfe of the River all 
 ' the Way down.' 
 
 Capt. Gordon's Journal gives the following a Defcription of this Part of the Country: 
 From the Falls to about 155 Miles and Three Qiiarters it is very hilly, the Courfe of the River 
 very winding and narrow, and but very few Spots of level Land on the Sides of the River. 
 The Hills are moftly (tony and fteep, but from the great Herds of Buffaloes which wc Hiw 
 on the Beaches of the River, and on the Iflands into which they came, there muft be good 
 Pafture. After this the ridgy Ground ends, the Country then grows fiat, and the River, 
 whofe Bed widens, is divided by Iflands. The Navigation is good from the Falls, but where 
 the flat Country begins Boats muft keep the principal Channel, which is on the Right Hand 
 going down. 
 
 * Beaver Creek'' is navig^ble with Canoes only. At Kifhkufkes, about 16 Miles up, 
 « Two Branches fpread oppofite Ways •, one interlocks with French Creek and Cherage , 
 « the other Weftward with Mufkingum and Cayahoga ; on this are many Salt Springs, about 
 ' 35 Miles above the Forks; it is canoable about ao Miles farther. The eaftern Branch is 
 
 • leVs confiderable, and both arc very Qow, Ijireading through a very rich level Country, full 
 ' of Swamps and Ponds, which prevent a good Portage that might otherwjie be made to 
 
 • Cayahoga •, but will, no doubt, in future Ages, be tit to open a Canal between the Waters 
 
 • of Ohio and Lake Erie. 
 
 * MUSKSNGUM 
 
'MudtingnBtt 
 
 * Portigfl to 
 C'tratioat. 
 
 v{ 
 
 Km 
 
 ii> Confc* 
 
 quence. 
 
 Mulkingtttii, 
 
 ^ Big C«nh«- 
 
 WJ. II ffl 
 
 I 4t 1 
 
 • Mi/iKiNOUM • is « fine gentle River, confined within high Banks th« prevent its Floodi 
 • froQi ilamagmg the furroundmg Land.' It is 950 Vardi wide at its Confluence with the 
 Ohio. ' It IS Hdablc with brgc Battcaux to the Three L-ogi*, and with fmall Ones to « little 
 
 Lake at us Ilcid. without any Obfttudion from Falls or Rifts. From hence r '''»rahoit4 
 is a Fornge * a Mile long. Cayhabcga, the Creek that leads from this Forv^,' • / Lake 
 Erie, IS muddy and middling Iwift, but no wlKrc obftrudlcd with Fulls or Rifts. As this 
 has tine Land, wiilc extended Meadows, loftjr Timber, Oak anl Mulberry fitted for 
 Shipbuilding, Walnut. Chdnut, and I'oplar for domcftic Services, and furniflici the 
 niouvU 2nd bed Fortage between Ohio and Lake F.ric j and its Mouth is fufficient to re- 
 ceive gooil Sloops from the Lake : It will in Tunc become a Flace of Confequence 
 Mufltingum, though fo witlc extended in iti Branch "-cads all in moft exccUcnt Land 
 abounding in good Springs and Convcnicncics, ^ . r'..' .-ly adapted for Settlements re- 
 mote from Marine Navigation, as Coal, Clay, and Fic -Lune. In 1 748 a Coal Mine op- 
 pofitc Lamenlhikola Mouth, took Fire, and kept burning above a I'welve-month, where 
 great Quantities aie (Ull left. Near the faipc ijlace is excellent Whctllone i and about 
 Eight Miles higner up the River it Plenty of 1»hitc and blue Clay fbr Glafs Work'* and 
 Pottery, lliough the Ciiiantity of good Lartd on Ohio, and its Brandies, is vaftly great 
 and the Convciueucics attending it lb likc>- fc i wc may cftccm that on MufkinKum the 
 Flower of it all, ° 
 
 • HocKHocKiNO » is panUblc with Batteaox Seventy or Eighty Miles upj ic has fine rich • llo.khock- 
 Land, and va(t gr.tfly Meadows, high Banks, and fcKlom overflows. It has Coals about '"K- ^ "» 
 Fittecn Miles up, and lomc Knowls of 1-rccftonc. 
 
 ' Big Canhawa '' falls into Ohio on the South Eaft Side, and is To conpderabic a Branch 
 that it ma/, by Ferlbns coning up Ohio oa that Side, be miaaken for the main River' 
 It is flow for Ten Miles, to thc"littlc broken Mills, and the Land very rich j as it is for 
 about the fame Breadth along Ohio, all the Way from the Pipe Hills to the Falls. After 
 Ten Miles up Canhawa, the Land is hilly, the Water pretty rapid, for Fifty or Sixty 
 Miles turthcr-to the Falh, to whieh Boats may go. This is a very remarkable Fall, no: I"FalU im- 
 for Its great Flcighr, but tor coming through a Mountain now thought impiflable for ?»"»'''«• "'" 
 Man or Bcaft, and is iticlf impalTable. Hut no Doubt Foot or Horfe Paths wili be found 
 «rhen a greater Number of People make the Search, and under lefs Inconvenienci than 
 our Travclk . are at prefent. By rcafon ot the Difficulty of paffing the Ouafioto Moun- 
 tains, I thought the.Tj a very natural Boundary between Virginia and Ohio in thcfe Parts 
 and for that Rcalbn made them the Bounds of the Colours (in the coloured Maps) not 
 that there is any DilTcrtnce of Right between one Side and the other. Louifa New 
 River, and Green Briar are fine large Branches of Canhawa ; which in future Times 
 will be of Service for the Inland Navigation of New Virginia, as they interlock with 
 Monaungahela, Potomack, James River, Runoak and the Cuttawa River. 
 
 • ToTTEROv ' falls into Ohio on the fime Side, and is paflable with Boats to the Moun- 
 tains. It is long, and has not miny Uranches, interlocks with Red Creek, or Clinch's 
 River'' (a Branch of Cuttawa). It has below the Mountains, efpecially for Fifteen Miles 
 from the Mouth, very good Land. And here is a vifible Effect of the Difference of 
 Climate from the upper Parts of Ohio. Here the large Reed, or Carolina Cane, crows 
 in Plenty, even upon the Upland, and the Severity of the Winter does not kill them 
 io that Travellers this Way arc not obliged to provide any Winter Support for their 
 I-Iorfes. And the fame holds all the Way down Ohio, eipecially on the South Eaft Side 
 
 to the Falls ' , and thence on both Sides. , , ^ 
 
 • Great Salt Lick Crick Ms remarkable for fine Land, Plenty of Bu.^aloes, Salt ' Great Sale 
 Springs, White Clay, and A.imeftone. Canoes may co.ne up to the CrolTin'T of the War ^ickcreek. 
 Path, or fomething higher, without a Fall. The Salt Springs hurt its Wat°r for Drink- " P 
 
 ing, but the Number of frefh Springs near it make fufficient Amends. 
 
 Its Branchss. 
 
 ■■ Tctteroy. 
 H 1 
 Mn 
 
 t Kentucke. 
 JP 
 
 An impor- 
 
 ' Kentucke Sis larger than the foregoing, has high Clay Banks, abounds in Cane and 
 
 Buffaloes, and has alio Ibme very large Salt Springs. It has no Limeftone yet difcovered, 
 
 but fonie other fie for building. Its Navigation is interrupted with Shoals, but pafTable' 
 
 with Canoes to the Gap, where the War Path goes through the Ouafioto Mountain. This 
 
 Gap 1^ I point out in the Map, as a very important Pals, and it is truly fo, by "reaibn 
 
 of Its being the only Way pafTable with Horfes, from Ohio Southward, for 300 or 400 'antPafstiwo' 
 
 Miles Exxiit. And if the Government has a -Mind to prelerve the Country back of !^'"'''°":' 
 
 Carolina, it Ihould be looked to in Time. Mountain. 
 
 * The Forks a: which the Tuf^droras dwelt Ihould have been placed ir Miles North of the Three Lo"«. 
 
 L « As 
 
I 
 
 m i 
 
 m 
 
 ll'ii . 
 
 m 
 
 k the little 
 Hills Scuth 
 of Ohiov J q 
 toFj 
 
 Sioto. H o 
 
 ( 4M 
 
 * As Wfc go further ddttfft Ohio, the t)iftii1ce fi-om the Ouafioto Mountains to the Rtvef 
 becotnes mbre conficief-ible. T^he Latid, from the little broken Hills to the Mountains* 
 is of ^ middling iRLlnd, artd tohfifts of differcht Veins and Stratas ; and though every 
 where as gbod as any Part Of the Englilh JSettlcmtrtts, falls far (hort of that on the other 
 Side of Ohio, or betWcfen the little Hills and the River. Thefe Hills •> are fmall, and 
 reeiil only the Brink Of a firing Stage of L^nd, and dividing the rich Plains of Ohio 
 frofn the LTpUhd, jofdering on the Ouafioto Mountains. They terminate at Ten Miles 
 below the Falls •, indeed i^ little SpUr ejttended from their Side is that Limeftone Reach 
 that Ohio ripples over &t the Falls. 
 
 • Nov» to teturh to the other Side of Ohio, tiilio is a large gentle River, bordered 
 V'lth rlth Flats, which it overflows in the Spring v fprcading then above Half a Mile 
 ifi Bteadth, thoUgh when confined to its Banks it is fcarcc a turlong wide*. If it 
 floods early, it fcarce retires within its Banks in a Month, or is fordable in a Month 
 or Two more. The Land is fo level, that in the Frefties of Ohio the Back-water runs 
 Eight Miles up. OppofitC the Mouth of this River is the Lower Shawane Town ', re- 
 moved frbnl the oth^f Side, which was One of the moft noted Places of Englifli Trade 
 with the Indians. This River, befides vaft Extents of good Land, is furniJhed with 
 Salt on an Eaftern Branch, and Red Bole on Necunfia Skeintat. The Stream is very gentle, 
 and pafiTabie with large Batteaux a great Way up, and with Canoes near 200 Miles to a 
 Portage neat the Head, where you carry over good Ground Four Miles to Sandufki. San- 
 dujk't^ is a confiderable River, abounding in level rich Land, it: Stream gentle all the Way 
 to the Mouth, where it will receive confiderable Sloops. This River :s an itliportanc 
 Pafs, and the French have fecured it as fuch ; the Northern Indians crofs the Lake here 
 from Iflahd to Ifland ', land at Sandufki, and go by a direft Path to the Lower Shawane 
 Town, and thence tO the Gap of Ouafioto, in their Way to the Cuttawas Country. This 
 will, no Dr .tbi, I i the Way that the French will take from Detroit to MoviiUt unlcfs 
 the Englilh wi.^ ue advifcd to fecure it, now that it is in their Power. 
 
 Little Mi- • LiTTLE MiNEAM! River "" is too fmall to be gone far with Canoes. It has much fine 
 neami River, • Land, and fome Salt Springs 5 its high Banks, and middling Current, prevent its ovcr- 
 • flowing much the furrOUnding Land. , 
 
 ' Lower Sha- 
 wane Town. 
 Ho 
 
 •= Sanduiki, 
 F n, an im- 
 porant Place. 
 
 Ea 
 
 Hp 
 
 « Rocky Ri- 
 ver. G p 
 
 •Hq 
 
 m 
 
 Qu: ">.ghten3 
 River. G r 
 
 Preient State 
 of the We- 
 iinis. 
 
 Mineami Rj 
 ver. E o 
 
 I 
 
 * Great MiMfiAMi Rivet, AfTereniet, or Rocky River", has a very ftony Chanriel, a 
 fwift Stream, but no Falls. It has feverai large Branches, pafllable with Canoes a great 
 
 • Way J one ° extending Weftward towards the Quiaaghtena River j another towards a 
 
 • firanch of Mineami River (which runs into Lake Erie) to which there is a Portagr, and 
 
 • a Third haS a Portage to the Weft Branch of Sanduflci ; befides Mad Creek, where the 
 
 • French haVe lately eftablilhed themftlves. A Vein of elevated Land, hsre and there a 
 
 • little ftony, which begins in the Northern Part of the Peninfula, between the Lakes 
 ' Erie, Huron, and Michigan, extends acrofs the Lake Mineami River, below the 
 
 • Fork, ahd ^ jihward along the Rocky River, to Ohio ; and is the Reafon of this Ri- 
 
 • ver's being ftony, arid the Grounds rifing a little higher than the adjacent Plains. It is, 
 
 • like all the Land on this River, very rich, and would fcarce have been perceived, had 
 
 • not the River worn the Channel down to the Rocks which lie beneath. 
 
 « QtJiAAGHTENA Rivcr, Called by the French Ouaiacb, though that is truly the Name 
 
 • of its South-Eaftern Branch, is very large, and furnilhcs a fine Navigation ; but whether 
 ' interrupted with Rifts or Falls, I am not informed, but probably it is not, as the Lands 
 ' round are fine level Flats, of vaft Extent. The fVeftern League of Indians^ known to 
 
 • thtmfelves by the general Name of fVELiN IS, corruptly called by the French 7//w« 
 
 • (trtquently diftlngUifhed by Us, according to the fcvcral Tribes or Nations that it confifts 
 « of J as the Piancalhas, Wawiaghtas, Piques, Tawightawis, and Mineamis) arc fcated from 
 
 • this River to Sioto ; and were permitted, about Sixteen Vears ago, to fettle thire by the 
 ' exprefs Leave of the Confederates. 
 
 * Into the Weftertl End of Lake Erie falls Mineami River, a confiderable Stream, navi- 
 
 • gable with Canoes to the Portages, which lead to the Quiaaghtena and Rocky River, in- 
 
 • tel-rupted with Three confiderable Rifts below the Forks : But however it is an important 
 
 • River, becaufe of the Pottages it furnilhes South- Wcftward.* 
 
 I SHALL clofe this Account cf the natural State of the Country with fdme Confiderations on 
 
 the Nature of its Climate. 
 
 * The Latitude of its Mouth jg" 12', I have maik-rd the Error of its being placed too high in ;I.ij Map. 
 Mj&ingum is in Evans's Map placed in its general Pun much too far to the \Veft ; 1 have in fame Meafurecor- 
 re^ied it >n this E>lition. 
 
 Tin 
 
r 4j ] 
 
 Tmb Twoptjncipal arcumltdntes on which fingly and corrtbihed the Nature of the Cli- 
 mate or any Country depends, are, the Natafe of the Soil, and Afpca of the given Ho- 
 fizon, as conftmvted and fituated to fecfeivfc and retain the Heat of the Sun: And is the 
 Nature of the Atmolphere wl.ich is in the longeft Continu»n€tf cf Contaft with this Horizon. 
 
 ift. If this Globe of Earth had One uniform plain Surface, the nearer Approach to, or 
 greater Eiongadoft from the Equator which any Country hsld (c^leris parikus) the greater or 
 Jefler Degree of Heat us Chmate would partake of, bccaufe the more diredly, or more obliquely 
 that the Rays of the Son ftrike any Surface, thfc greater or the leffer muft the Reverberation 
 of Heat be, as the Angle of Refledtion is more acute or more obtufe: The more or Icfs alfo 
 will the Atmofphcre in Coniaft with this Land be heated by this Reverberation » but as this 
 Js not the Cafe of the Surface of theEarth» a thoufand other c. liateral Circumftances interfere 
 with ana break this Rule. As the Surface of the Earth is broken with numberlcfs Irregularities, 
 wherever the Inclination of the given Horizon lies different from the genera' Horizon of 
 the Globe, it countcrads this general EfTca: : If o" the North of the Equator it (lopes South- 
 ward, or on the South of the Equator flopes Northward, fo as to extend its general Plain 
 ncar«Sr at right Angles with the Rays of the Sun than the fpherick Plain of its Latitude 
 would have been, it will receive and retain more Heat in proportion than belongs to that 
 Latitude. Hence the intcnfe Heat of the fouthern Parts of Perfia, and of thofe Parts which 
 we call the Eaft Indies. Hence alfo, principally, though other Circumftances may concur in 
 the Caufc, is the Climate of North America hotter than in the fame Latitudes in Europe. 
 Hence alio, in Part it happem, that the Regions in North A.merica, in d.e upper Stages, are 
 r fo liable to Heat as thole in the lower Plains, though in the fame Latitude. If on the 
 cuiitrary the given Horizon flopcs from ihc Sun's Place, the Heat in the lower Latitudes will 
 be more moderate, which is the Cafe of France and Germany compared with the Countries of 
 the fame Latitude in America, and in the higher Latitudes the Country will fuffer more rigo- 
 rous Cold. This latter is the Cafe of Siberia, the Plain of whofe Horizon being in a high 
 North Liititude flopcs from the high Tartar Plains Northward j hence the more than natural 
 Rigour of the Climite ; hence the unfruiuui and inhofpitable Nature of its Soil. 
 
 a. Some Surfaces and fbmS Soils ("other Circumftances remaining dlike) are more formed to 
 create a Reverberatbn of Heat and to rttain it. A fandy Soil foon heats, and alfo refiins 
 its Heats. A Surface uneVen and irregular, HillS and deep Vales, and even that which is 
 broken with Mountains (if thofe be not too high, as expb-ned below; rcflefting the Rays of 
 the Sup a thoufand Ways, and occafioning them to crof tarh other conftantly in all Direc- 
 tions, creates a ftronger Reverberation of local Heat than i^ »oup ^ in any extended Plain. A 
 Country cloathtd With Woods, Which Ihade the Earth from the Action of the Sun, will al- 
 ways (taking in tht whole Region; be colder than a Country cleared of thofe Woods ; and 
 the Air which lies in Conrifl with it, or paffes over it, will be always colder. As ihefe Re- 
 gions become cleared of thcfe Woods, are dried and Cultured, that Part of the Climate which 
 depends oh this Circumftance always mriiorates in Proportion. This has been found to be 
 the Cafe with Gaul and Germany. This EfFed- was fenfibly felt, and very early obferved, by 
 forne of the Firft Sfettlers in North America ; fome of ttte very earlieft written Accounts 
 which I have feen relate this Circumflancc very particularly, and Men of Obfervation in that 
 Country have in every fucceflive Age marked the Progrefs of this Melioration. 
 
 There is another Circumftance, which indeed does not much enter into the Cafe of the 
 Climate of North America, but is amongft theie general Propofitions worth Notice. It 
 is this : 
 
 Trtt longer the Portion is of any given Period of Time, in which the Sun flbines in any 
 Horizon, the hotter in that Seafon will the Region of that Horizon be. Hence the intcnfe 
 Heat of the latter End of SiJmmer in RufTia. 
 
 3. The Air or Atmofphere can be afted upon by the Reverberation of the Sun's Rays, and 
 be heated only in Proportion to its greater Denfity near the Earth, and in Proportion to the 
 Continuity of Cbhtaft which it hath with the heated Parts of the Earth. The Earth alio in 
 Proportibtl to this more continued Contaft amongft its Parts, in the general Level of the 
 Surface, receivfes and retains more Heat than it does in the higher mountainous difcontinued 
 Parts above that Level. From thefe Two Circumftances combined it arifes, that in the 
 very high Mountains, even under the Equator, the Cold is intenfe ; and at a certain Ele- 
 vation above the general Level of the Gtobe, fo rigorous and intenfe as to put a Stop to 
 all Vegetation. 
 
 The Atmofphere will alfo be heated or chilled according to the Nature of the Particles 
 which attraded by it are mixed and fufpended in it, whether they be aqueous, or whether 
 nitrous or iuiphureous Salts, and according to the Fixation, Fermentation, or Precipitation of 
 thefe Particles. 
 
 Twi 
 
 I 
 
I}"i 
 
 \\'\ -i 
 
 ¥ 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 [^'=1 
 
 V 
 
 ii 
 
 \ . •' f ; 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 fliiUi 
 
 ^m,i 
 
 :^V 
 
 i 
 
 I 44 J 
 
 The Regions covered with great Lakes of frefli Water, but more tfpecially the Region 
 of the main Ocean, the component Parts of whofe Mafs are in perpetual Motion, are in general 
 warmer thin, although in hot Seafons and Climates never fo hot as, the Body of the Land : 
 It retains however a more equable Heat while the Heat gf the Land changes from one De- 
 gree of Heat to an oppofne one of Cold. 
 
 The general Currents of the Air, and the Nature of the Vapours which may be 
 mixed with them, muft depend greatly on the Pofition which thcfe different Portions of the 
 Globe have in refpeft of each other in any Region. In Summer, and in other Seafons when 
 the Land is heated, the Winds which blow from Sea muft prevail; in Winter, when the 
 Land is chilled, and while the Sea retains its ufual Warmth, the Wind will blow from Land 
 to Sea, and more or lefs violent in Proportion to the Contraft. The Pofition of thele Regions 
 in refpect to the general Currents of the Atmofphcre and of the Ocean operate greatly in 
 
 forming 
 
 the Gourfcs of the Seafons, and the Nature of the Climate. 
 
 These Principles, thus laid down and explained, I will proceed to ftate the Fadls. The 
 Climate of the Continent at large, or rathtr ot that Portion of North America which is con- 
 tained within the Limits of this Map, may be thus ftated. 
 
 Its Seafons are Summer^ Autumn, or what the Americans more expreffively call Tke Fall, 
 andff^inter. The Tranlition from the Locking up of all Vegetation in Winter to the fudden 
 Burft of it again to Life at the Beginning of the Summer, excludes that progreffive Seafon 
 which in the more moderate CUmate of Europe we call Spring. 
 
 The Seafon begins to break foon after the Fall of the Leaf, and temporary cold Rains and 
 Sleets of Snow fall in November, the North Weft Winds begin, and towards Chriftmas 
 Winter in all its Rigour lets in ; the Ground is covered with Snow, the Froft is fettled, the 
 Sky becomes clear and one continued Expanfe of Azure, with conftant Sunftiine j temporary 
 Blafts and Storms are at Intervals Exceptions to this. Towards April the Currents of the 
 Air begin to chrnge to North, and round to North Eaft, and the Seafon of hazy, foggy, 
 and rainy Squaii '••om North Eaft begin towards the latter End of April in fome Parts, to- 
 wards the Beginning of May in others. The Froft breaks up, the Snow melts, and within 
 a Week or lo Days after, the Woods and the Orchards are in the full Glow of Bloom. 
 About the Middle of Seprember the Mornings and Evenings begin to grow cool, and from 
 that Time to the Beginning of the Winter Seafon it is the Climate of Paradife. 
 
 To give a Defcription of the Climate of New England, which Part is now firft publifhed and 
 added to this Map, I fhall tranfcribe that Account which Dr. Douglas gives, as he, during 
 a long Ri^fidence therein, did with a peculiar fcientific Attention obferve it. " In New 
 England generally tne falhng Weather is from North Eaft to South Eaft in Winter: If the 
 Wind is North of Eaft, Snow ; if South of Eaft, Rain. The North Eaft Storms are of the 
 greateft Continuance •, the South Eaft are the moft violent. A North Weft freezing Wind 
 backing to the South Weft, if reverberated, proves the moft intenfe cold Weather. Our 
 great Rains are in Auguft about Two Months after the Summer Solftice ; and our great 
 Snows about Two Months after the Winter Sollfice. In falling Weather the further the 
 Wind is from the Eaft the finer and drier is the Snow -, the further South from the Eaft the 
 more humid and fleaky. When the Wind gets South o* South Eaft it turns to Rain. The 
 Winds from Weft South Weft to North North Weft are dry Winds, fit for dry curing of 
 Salt'fifli ; further North they are damp and fofc, as coming from the Ocean ; further South are 
 Jiom the hot Latitudes, and Sun-burn the Fifti. Our intenfe hot Days are with the Wind 
 from South to Weft South Weft -, from North to Eaft North Eaft our moft chilly Weather. 
 'I'he dry Winds are from Weft to North North Weft, all other Winds carry more or lefs. 
 From the Middle of Oftober begin, and about the Middle of April leave off, Chamber Fires. 
 Our Scaions as to Temper of the Weather may be reckoned as follows: Winter, from the 
 Winter Solftice to the Spring Equinox : Spring, from laid Equinox to Summer Solftice. 
 Summer, from faid Summer Solftice to Winter Equinox ; and Autumn from thence to 
 Winier Solftice.' 1 have as above ventured io differ from this Divifion of the Doctor's 
 having divided the Sealons into Winter, Summer, and Fall ; in his next Paragraph he feems 
 to be fenfible of this Divifion : " At the End of Auguft the Symptoms of approaching Winter 
 begin to appear, we call it the Fall of the Year," as the Leaves begin to fall. 
 
 WIS Evans, in a Map of fennfylvania, New Jerfey, and New York, which he pub- 
 
 liln. in 1749, fays, " That at Philadelphia, by many Years Obfcrvations, the Extremes of 
 
 ' the Barometer were 28 59 and 30 78. And that by One Year's Obfervation, which was 
 
 ' net re.iiarkable either for Heat or Cold, Farenheit's Pocket Thermometer was from 
 
 14 to 84.* 
 
 The 
 
[ 45 3 
 ' The Courfes and the Nature of the Winds are in -this Region exadly what from the above 
 Principles one might pronounce them to be. In Winter generally, and taking the Year 
 through for near Half the Period, the Land Winds blow, thar is, the Courfe of the Air is 
 from the colder Region of a (haded uncultivated Land, to the milder Region of the Sea : 
 Thefe Land Winds are the Weft and North Weft Winds. Thefe Winds are always dryj 
 and in the Winter Seafon intenfely cold. Thefe Land Winds in very dry Weather are en- 
 dued with a ftrong Power of Attraftion, and abforb the Vapours of the Inland Waters of 
 the Country, and create, as they approach towards the Igwer Plains, very thick Fogs, which 
 intercept the diredl Rays of Light, fo that the luminous Objedt of the Sun appears as red as 
 Blood 5 there are various other Phaenomena attendant on this State of Refradtion. Thefe 
 Vapours are greatly heated by the Sun, and greatly heat the Air j in confcquence of this, 
 when thefe Fogs are dilTipated, the moft intenfe Heat fucceeds them. If they laft till Even- 
 ing before they are dilTipated, they are frequently followed by Thunder Gults. As the 
 Weft and North Weft Winds are fteady and equable, the South Weft are unfettled and 
 fqually. The North Winds are the Carriers of Sleet, both Snow and Rain. The North 
 Eaft when it takes to blow, as it does at the Seafon between the Breaking-up of Winter and 
 the Commencement of Summer, is fettled Cojd, and blows hard, with continued Rains • 
 and to the Northward, as for Example, on the Coafts of Nova Scotia, and often on the 
 Coaft of New England, when it does not bring Rain, it drives in thick and fixed Foos before 
 it. The Eaft Winds are warm, but not fettled under a fixed Charaderiftic as to wet or 
 dry. The South Eaft are warm and wet. 
 
 I CANNOT clofe thefe Obfervations without tranfcribing from Lewis Evans's Map of 
 Pennfylvania, New York, and New Jerfey, printed at Philadelphia 1749, the following 
 curious, at that Time novel and very curious, philofophic Propofitions ; not only as they 
 point to very ingenious Experiments, but as they ftiew what Progrefs He had made in that 
 fmgular Branch of Philofophy, Ele£}ricity, at a Period when even the firft Philofophers were 
 but Empirics in it. 
 
 * All our Storms, fays he, begin to Leeward j thus a North Eaft Storm will be a Day 
 
 * fooner in Virginia than in Bofton. ^ 
 
 « Thunder never happens but by the Meeting of Sea and Land Clouds, the Sea Clouds 
 
 * coming, freighted with EleSiricity, and meeting others lefs fo, the Equilibrium is reftored 
 
 * by Snaps of Lightening ^ and the more oppofite the Winds and the larger and compacter 
 
 * the Clouds, the more dreadful are theie Shocks : The Sea Clouds thus luddcnly bereft of 
 
 * that univerfal Element of Repellancy, contraft, and their Waters gu(h down in Torrents.' 
 
 His Philofophy here is not perfectly juft, though it contains very (hrewd leading Theorems 
 o. which, with a true and painful philofophic Courfe of Experiments, Dr. Franklin elicited* 
 the real Truth. 
 
 I DID intend to have continued this Paper with a Defcription of the original indi- 
 genous Inhabitants, 
 
 Hasc Nemora IndigencT fauni Nymphreque tencbant 
 Genfque Virum truncis et duro robore Nati 
 Quels nee Mos nee Cultus crat , nee jungere Tauros 
 Aut Componere Opes norant, aut parcere parto, 
 Sed Rami atque afper viftu Venatus alebat. 
 
 I (hould have inferted a Lift of the Tribes or Nations both in the northern and fouthern Diftritft 
 marking their Dwellings. This Part would contain a Defcription of their Nature, their Syftem 
 of Life, and Mode of Subriftei>ce j of the Progrefs they have made, and of the Point in which 
 they are found as to Society, Communion, and Government ; as to their Manners in the 
 Individual, the Family, the Tribe j as to the general Spirit by which they regulate themfelvcs 
 when confidered as a Nation. But although I have many Materials, and thefe nearly arrin^^ed, 
 yet I cannot at prefent find either Leifurc or Spirits to undertake this Part. On this Head* 
 therefore I will take the Liberty at prefent to refer the Reader, who may be defirous of fcein"- 
 fomcthing on this Subjed; to thofe Parts of ' the Mminipation cf the^ Colonies w ere theS cv' 1 1 ch - 
 Matters are treated of, fo far as refpeds the general Subjett of that Tre'atife. " * '"'' 
 
 I HAD alfo propofed to have given an Account of this Country in its settled and 
 CULTIVATED State, containing an Account of the L.^de of Settling, and a Detail of the 
 Nature and Progrefs in their feveral Stages, and of the Completion of thefe Settlemenrs 5 of 
 the Produce of this mlrivarefi Cnntinenr in tlif Tlirfp rliftHrpnr \i,,n\r\r\c \,^t,>, .^.v..~\, .1, _ xr,,..,^ 
 
 ,■ , . ,, J ./rr"". r 7 " " '"^ •'"•' T!!!i.ij i.;:c i-s.uure 
 
 of this Iroduce divides itj of the internal fuienfic, and external commercial Value of thefe 
 
 N5 Products i 
 
I 
 
 ( ■- 
 
 i<. .y 
 
 ■lU 
 
 [ 4« ] 
 
 Produflsi of the Nature of the Inhabitancy of the Country, and of the great Towns i of 
 the Spirit and Charafter in Religion, Manners, and Government of each Province and Co- 
 lony : And finally, from my Journals, a portrayed Defcription of the Country as one fees it 
 in travelling through it. The wretched State rf Confufion and Ruin into which it has fallen, 
 compared with the happy State in which 1 faw it. It is, I own, a View that my Eye and 
 Heart turn away from j nor can I bear the Retrofpeft, which the very reading over my Jour- 
 nals opens to me. If I live, and have Leifure, when I may fee their happier Days of Peace 
 and good Government return again> moft likely I fhall infcrt thel'e Matters in fome future 
 Edition of this Work. 
 
 m 
 
 i s 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
i.-'M 
 
 A* 
 
 P E N D 
 
 X. 
 
 
 NUMBER I. 
 
 ^^^f^^^^^^^P^- Anthony Van Schaick of the Ground between 
 Si»*lic EBtrance of Lake Champlain at Crown Point, and the Mouth 
 of Qtu^r Ctcek, 
 
 T Sn1d.mTT ''^''^ Lieutenant Governor Phipps, of the Maflachufct»s Bay. to go to 
 ffirh oJ ?^ exchange and procure the redemption of priVoners. I fet out from Albany on the 
 28th of January. ,752. I have been at Crown Point fix*^feveral Times. I have heafd peopre tllk 
 Tnfeacl^rer heafTn/r. ^T^^.'^"''^ to the oppofite (horc. without any difficuk;?f mak- 
 w S ? A . :. ^"'^ ^ i° *^'"^ '' " ^^ ""Oft 700 yards acrofs. The bay on the weft fide of 
 Fort St Freder.ck does at the upper end trend to the eaftward. fo that from the head of it to /L 
 drowned lands, there .s a (hort carrying-place. over which the Indians carr^wL thev come ?rot 
 Canada w.thfmuggled beaver. From Fort Saint Frederick I went over thl ice it bein? froL, 
 acrofs the lake to a point about two miles on the eaft fide of the lake there I landcd^n thi 
 .cr"of! whirh'f ^""aT^ ''f^^i^ three-fourths of a mile, and ftruck a meadow of about .50 yarS! 
 acrofs which trended in the fame d.redion as the lake to the mouth of Otter Creek. 1 followed thil 
 Meadow wh.ch. as u aoproached to Otter Creek, become ^r<«.«.i /.«i more i^d mo e flc^'cd 
 t^U, as It approached tlic Creek, it became all water, and a river: that the mS of 0«« 
 Creek, where u empties itfe f. is a large bay. To the eaft of this drowned land is a riLof^b; 
 
 ANTHONY VAN SHAICK. 
 
 N U M B E R ir. 
 CAPTAIN ANTHONY VAN SCHAICK's JOURNAL. 1756. 
 
 I to^hJallfon HZt':'Z.i:'^LfT}^^ %^^ -''" ^ -- 
 
 came to the head of the brook wh.ch empies itfelf at Fort Edward-, the foil verv aood rh; 
 ::::^^^tl^^^ ^-^^^-^^-''^ ^he country fun of coves 'and rid^esIYut^^Jf^'tot 
 
 19th, let off about feven o'clock ; travelled one mile and a half M F hv K f^i,» r -i • l l 
 country level; the woods beech in general; turne'labouJL^' miles' L'%':^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 tZlSUVn^'TT' Wood Creek being very low. not above 15 inc es of wateT buf U 
 bank pleafant about 10 feet h,gh, about 20 or 25 feet acrofs. goofcbury bufhes on th; banL 
 
 h,lf „' If ^°".^"" "[''' u" '^'. '""'■"'"g • ^^^^^"^d °"« "^^'' "me lo Fork's Creek abo^t 
 i .L" h ^r '•'?' T''^ '^'''^.^''- ''"'''^^'^ ^°'"' ^°»he mouth, where its cou fe Se bv N 
 tor about half a mile, then turns N. is about 00 feet wide • the coi-ntrv IpvpI X.r ■^ ^j- 
 rich; the wood, maple, beech, bafs wood ; this kind of h'nd abori mi ji 
 another, on each fide ; its banks about 10 feet perpendiclr SedTlrairht^or^^^^ 
 miles; came to the foot of. mountain which rLg^es due north ;ftroe"fgot^i^^^^ 
 ThlTf ' ^",' ''^'^t'" ^'T'^ d.lcouraged. afcended the mountain, then travelled due norJh 
 about fix miles; difcovered two more ridges of mountains ranging the fame courfe with^wo 
 intervals between them, wluch l.emed to be pretty level at the bfttom; it bdnKnearVou m res 
 
 [7of trm^ait b^a ptf^f^" ^""^"^ ^"^'^' "^^ ^ ^^^ c.^Zt^L^^l 
 
 about 50 feet wide; travelled along the Creek about a qv^^ter of M't, ""t^rl: f^^ 
 TZlTrr' 'l""«/'°*'= 1° ^'^VCreek fide, and forms \he banks; but by cutt^r.o larS^ 
 hrough this a road may be made, if thought more convenient. This part of Wood ci^^^^^ 
 1 ;iT^^'!^ fuuation for a bncige, haying good footing foi- the heads of'a b;;Lr°nd l'^± 
 ,,..r m..,. .„an ^u ur 50 rcct acroii, and 11 being good travelling on the eaft fide 'which ~1«S 
 to he place noticed below, the general courfe bemg N. E. by N. Ibout three m He?- fell in S 
 Col. *itch s Tracks, coming from the fouth weft end of Somh Bay. continued oS 'courfcarong 
 
 ^ Wood 
 
Wood Creek five miles more, the ofiffage of the river being flopped up with trees for nbmr k 
 quarter of a mile, felled down by ihe French laft War, forms a kind of dam, which iliuft ba 
 cut before any canoes or batieaux can pafsj came to Montour's river, which ftands intt W«^ 
 Creek out of E. by N. travelled about two mil' more j encamped. •' -^ 
 
 The a 2d, Set off i travelled about two miles and a half, came to the Falls which run l<|*||i«E. 
 where there is a good place for a fort, followed the river for near a mile, tiien turned i»i# to 
 the top of a mountain, between Wood Creek and South Bay, which mountain terminatatH a 
 perpendicular at its north point, beneath which there is a triangle of flat hemlock woedi« of 
 about half a mile wide, at the north point of which there is a triangle of reeds and water weeds 
 of about four acres, then the channel of Wood Creek and South Bay meet. This b tilt Htventh 
 time I have been at South Bay by different ways, and have endeavoured to find a way by which 
 a carriage, or at leaft a horfe might go, but could never find any fuch. ^ 
 
 ANTHONY VAN SCHAICK. 
 
 
 NUMBER III. 
 
 D. b. Captain H o b b s's Account of the Way from No. 4, in New Hampfhirc, to the 
 
 Mouth of Otter Creek. 
 
 ■ A little forti- 
 fied poll on 
 Conncfticut 
 river, 
 bered 
 called. 
 
 "% 
 
 FROM No. 4, up the river, on the eaft fide about a mile, to avoid croffmg Black River j 
 then crofs the river, deep ftill water, good landing on the banks, to the northward of north 
 fomim- ^^^ ^° ^^'^ ^°^^ °^ ' mountam called Afcoudne about two miles, the land white oak and pine, 
 and fandy and of courfc full of gullies, at the foot of the mountain, ftruck into the Indian road, 
 which followed to Otter Creek: left the mountain to the northward; the land much thr fame 
 but more inclined to oak and beech, tolerable level, fleered about W. N. W. four da> . and 
 came to Otter Creek, the land pretty much the lame till I came towards Otter Creek, when it 
 inclined more to beech, and the fugar-maple tree : called it then 60 miles, butdo not think it i"* 
 fo much, thence down the river, on each fide of which interval, land about a mile wide, and 
 continued after this fort to the Great Falls. I am very confident a good waggon road may be made 
 hitherto. I croflfcd below the Falls, the water about knee deep : from the Falls down thi veft 
 fide, to the mouth two days. Rough land, no (harp hills, or pitches nor rocky. The road I 
 kept was between the interval land on Otter Creek, and the fwamp meadow that runs down the eaft 
 fide of i.ake Champlain, upon the up land, which is a ridge, that runs between thefe quite 
 down the lake v the interval land below the Falls being wet rufhy drowned lands. The fecoad 
 time I went down this river, jull before I came to the Falls I turned away eaft, and left a big 
 mountain on the left hand to the weft, followed an Indian path, till I ftruck a river that falls 
 into Otter Creek, then went on the eaft fide. Rough bad ttavelling. 
 
 Albany, Sept. i8th, 1756. HUMPHREY HOBBS. 
 
 ill 
 
 N U M B E R IV. ■ 
 
 Extrads from the Journal of Captain Harry Gordon, Chief Engineer in the 
 Weftcrn Department in North America, who was fent from Fort Pitt on thcRivcr 
 Ohio, down the faid River, &c. to Ilinois, in 1766. 
 
 JUNE the i8th, 1766, embarked at Fort Pitt, on the River Ohio, and arrived at the Mingo 
 Town, 71 miles, on the 19th. The country between thefe two Places is broken, with many 
 high ridges or hills ; the vallies narrow, and the courfe of the river plunged from many high 
 grounds which compofe its banks. When the water is high, you go with moderate rowing from 
 fix to feven miles an hour. 
 
 The a3d, arrived at the mouth of Muikingum River, in latitude 39° 19'. Mufkingum is 
 250 yards wide, at its confluence with the Ohio, and navigable for batteauxs 150 up: it runs 
 through a very pleafant and extremely fertile country. Killed feveral buffaloes between the Mingo 
 Town and Mulkingumj but the firrt we met with were about 100 miles below Fort Pitt, which 
 is diftant from Mulkingum (6.1 miles. 
 
 The a9th, arrived at the mouth of the Scioto 366 miles •, navigation good at all feafons without 
 the Icaft obftrudion from the Mingo Town, 71 miles and a half from Fort Pitt, and indeed very 
 little from the mouth of I^ig Beaver Creek, which is 29 miles and a quarter from Fort Pitt. 
 The Ohio River from .70 miles above Mufkingum to Scioto is moft beautiful, and interfperfed 
 with numbers of iflands ef different fizes, covered with the moft ftately timber j with leveral 
 long reaches, one of which h j6 miles and a half, inclofed with the fineft trees of various ver- 
 durcs, which afford a nobie md inchanting profped. \ glorious villa found on one of thefe 
 ifiands, is terminated by two -Inaii hills, fliaped like fugar-loaves, of very caly alccnt, from whence 
 you may fee all this magnif"" >nt /ariety. 
 
 The rivers Hockhocking and Canhawa, fall into the Ohio in this fpacc, bcfide many others of 
 
 G.m.&H.n. a fnialler fize. Up the Big Cahawa, the weitcrn Indians penetrate into the Chcroket- country. 
 
 it 13 a fine large river, and naviyiiblc by report, lou uuics towards the fyuLhward. ihe country 
 
 on the Ohio, &c. is every where pleafant, with large level (pots of the richelt land, remarkably 
 
 healthy. 
 
 Now Pitf- 
 
 burg. 
 
 F.j. 
 
 G. 1. 
 
 H. n. 
 
I SCHAICK. 
 
 EY HOBBS. 
 
 F.h. 
 
 J. 0. 
 
 H.q. 
 
 H. 
 
 t 3 ] 
 jMihy. One general remark of thi» nature may ferre for the whole traft of the dobe comore- 
 £:SiS"eti:t?hi';[? of the Allegan^ Mountains, beginning at ?orfLi|onier X'n7e 
 
 n!f rflv to thrheVd^ nf K. . *^ ^ ""J" ^P"^" ''^ "'^''^ *"'•"'' then croffing them 
 
 n^ * riy to the heads of ihe rivers that empty themfelves into the Ohioj thence eaft aloL the 
 «dge that leparate. the lakes and Ohio's flreams to French Creek, which i oppofitew the above 
 mentioned F^t L.r )n.er northerly. T)»is country may, from a proper kZ^Sge bl affi^S 
 ^c the moft healthy (as no fort of chronic difoJder ever prevailed in it) the 3 pUafant tJ^ 
 moft commodwu., and moft fertile fpot of earth known to European people. ^ ' 
 
 The Uwude of Scioto is 38' 2a'. Remained here till the 8th of July. 
 fn,uhJrW °N"'y' «:""'"P«J oppofite to the Great Lick, 390 miles j it is five miles diftance 
 
 7 e Oh^n "'"": ^^' l"""' "^ 'H """^y P"" ""f'^' Lick is three-fourths of auac" 
 
 = "'''o continues to be narrov/ from Fort Pitt to within 100 miles of the Falls i its breadth 
 
 I hZh"£:tacl«a'r:?' "' "/'"'^"^'^ by rifi„g g„„,ds. which caufe many " iSs' 
 
 (« has^Ln'^rSSv Zr^'T" ^L"'" '"rV"^' ">*'" l°"g* the lar^ell and moft beautifu 
 oomil«^Jve the^ " ' '^'^Scioto. and is .6 miles arid a half. The Ohio, 
 
 flandT l^e Irnnn f J • • IS"' '° 7,00 yards m many places, and contains a great number of 
 h! K 1, ^ ^^ '^'"""■'^ generally in height, and the country is not fo broken Some of 
 
 \il S' 'T' "' '""'!' °^f^fl°^^'l by frclhesi and the.c is fcarce^ny place from Fort P^ °o 
 ^ifai n *'^'^''':* 8°?^ ^o«d may not be made along the banks of the river, and horfes employed 
 
 L17I^ "P '"'k"'^'" '^'*'"^. "^'^ '""'"♦ which is gentle, except in fr^ftes. The hTphTof 
 Thrrrrr'"^"j''T. '""y. *^"" ;^ ^ '^"^•^^ » »"^ 'f'^y ^^« "«t lubjea to crumble .w^y 
 
 fafroTpo'lhertL^B^'Licr'""" °" ''' '"'"^'' ''"^""^ '" P""'""" ^^^^ ^^•""'^^'^'^> ^"'^ 
 
 n.m!' nrL'^i? "' '^l ^a^' *""' '°* » " ^""^ '^"^ ^"'"'""- They do not, however, d.ferve the 
 IZ nf » fl r'l'' ft' "'"T °" ^K"^"'^ ^'^^ ''''' "° ^"d'^^" P«^h. but only runs rapid over he 
 &rrnl 7^T 'u'^' ^'^"^^ '^' ^'''^°' °f Nature put*^herc to keep up the waters of he 
 
 higher Ohio, and to be the caufe of that beautiful ftiUnefs of the river's courfc above. 
 
 the better of greater refiltance -, but as it is fubjcft to wear, there is enough of it, being two mdes 
 wide, and its length m the country unknown. ^ ' " "& '*» miies 
 
 „„ffjr„'' ^^''P'^fW^' the very drieft feafon of the year, when the waters are at the loweft, bv 
 Zt f ^.r^^'f "* °f '^'" ^'"^^'- ^^'y P'"''^^ °" ^he north-lide, where the carrying-place b 
 three-fourths of a mi^ long; and on the foutheaft fide it is about half that diftance anS s 
 
 I'^^ZIA" ^'^'^P'^f' fr V''"*"^ ^^°''' unacquainted, but it is the moft teiiou as.' dulg 
 pait of the fummer, and fall, they muft drag their hats over the flat rock ^ 
 
 xhe heat by day is by no means intenfe, and the coolnefs of the nights always required a 
 blanket even .n their tents. . Notwithftanding the diftance from Port Pitt is 68 mS tKt tudc 
 18 not much foutherly •, the Falls being 38° 8'. ' latitude 
 
 mTroSo. '"'^ ^""'''•^'^^ ^'"'^^ S^""^»y blow, and will greatly alTift the navigation up the 
 
 iJvvIIVm''^' Falls and encamped the 3ifton a large ifland oppofite to the mouth of For all the «- 
 Fort pS ' ^^ ""'" '"'^ * ^'"'^ ^"^'"^ 'he Falls, and 999 Miles and a half from ""'"ing pan 
 
 i-uii MTiii., of this jour- 
 
 i-rom the F'alls to about half this diftance of 317 miles and a half, the country is very hillv "^' '*'""''" 
 
 ^'th: n?e? ' ThT;[lira7etm V"' ""T^ ^"^ I" l^y ^'^^ 'P°'^ ^'f »-^' landVn^LS.; .11:^' '° 
 «kI u u u ^^^'"°%ft""ty and fteep; but from the great herds of buffalo, veft«chonthe 
 
 cbferved on the beaches of the river and iflands into which they come tor air, and cooWfs in "^" '""'^ "^ 
 the heat ot the day, there muft be good pafturage. cooineis in ^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 The ridgy ground ends 837 miles below'Fort Pitt ; the country then grows flat, and the river 
 whofe bed widens, is often divided by idands. ' 
 
 The navigation is good from the Falls, but where the flat country 'oecins, boats muft keep the 
 principal channel, which is on the right hand going down. -^ w ' ^ccp tne 
 
 The Wabafh is marked by a large ifland, round which boats may go moft times of the year 
 The end of the fork of the two rivers, the Ohio and Wabaft,, is narrow, and overflowed 1 S 
 
 t"hi? coumr"^"' ^'"""'* " *''^''"' '^"^ *"^^ ^^"^' °^ '"■'"''^°" arcfrequcntly'fce^in 
 
 The river Wabafti, at its confluence with the Ohio, is 306 yards wide, and it difch.-rges a 
 great quantity of a muddy kind of water into the Ohio. It h navigable 300 or 400 m les 
 upwards but boats fmaller than 33 feet long and feven feet wide, the flze they then had. fliould 
 be uled on It, as there is no great depth of water in the fummer and fall. Latitude of Wabafli 
 37' 41 . The country between the courfe of this river and rhc Miffifippi is in general flat, 
 open and of a rich luxuriant foil ; that on the banks of tbe Ohio is level, and in m.ny places 
 hereabouts overflows. ' t'i«v.*,» 
 
 R.m^'' ? v"l"*^' '" 'he evening, left Wabafli, flopped next morning near the Saline, or Salt 
 Kun J of which any quantity of good lalt may be made here. 
 
 From hence Indians were Tent to the Ilinois, to notify our intended vifit to that place. 
 .fTh/w h rt, "^"/ '1 halted at Port Mafllac, formerly a French port, .20 miles belcw the mouth 
 f K w ^' r^"u *''^^''" ""'" ''^'°"' 'he mouth of the Cherokee river. The coi.ntry 25 miles 
 
 from the Wabalh begins again to be mountainous, being the north-weft end of the Apalachian 
 mountains, which entirely terminate a fmall diftance from the river northerly. Th^-y are here be- 
 tween 50 and 60 miles acrols and are fcarpt. rocky precipices, below them no more high lands 
 
 ».i u ._ .,„,„,„, ,„^,.,^^,,j^ ^.y^^j-j^yj, j.,j..^^.j..j..jj .^^^^^^^^_ i he French fixed ' 
 
 . poft ncre. to lecurc their traders againft the Chcrokees •. and it would be proper for the Englifi, to 
 have one on the lame Ipot, to prevent an illicit trade being carried on up the Wabafh. 
 
 Hunters 
 
 I 
 

 IMi 
 
 iHiiil 
 
 K 
 
 hi 
 
 ii'ii 
 
 11 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 E 4 ] 
 
 Hunters from this fort, may get any quantity of butTaloes, and fait from the Saline, with very 
 little trouble or expence. 
 
 The river Ohio is here, that is, from the entrance of the Cherokee river, between 700 and 800 
 yards wide. There is no proper fpot for a poft nearer the Cherokee river above, or 011 the Mif- 
 fifippi below, but this-, as the grounds on the banks of the Ohio begin to be very low. The 
 current of the rrver towards the Miflifippi is very ftill, and may be ealily afcended, if affairs ars 
 any ways doubtful at or near the llinois. 
 
 The 7th, we arrived at the fork of the Ohio, in latitude 36° 43'. The gentle Ohio is puftied 
 back by the impetuous ilream of the MifTifippi, where the muddy white water of the latter, is to 
 be fcen above 200 yards up the former. Examined the ground for fcveral miles within the fork : 
 it is an aggregation of mud and dirt, interlpcrfcd with marih, and fomc ponds of water, and is in 
 high times ot the Miflifippi overflowed, which is the cafe with the other fides of both the Ohio 
 and it. The mouth of the Ohio is 1 164 miles from Fort Pitt. 
 
 The 9th and loth of Auguft, (tayed at the mouth of the Ohio. The loth, began to afcend 
 the Miflifippi, whofc rapid llream had broke through the country, and divided it every where with 
 a number of illands. The low lands on each fide continue eight leagues upwards, when it becomes 
 broken, and fmall ridges appear the rcil of the way to Kufkufkics : there are many iflands in this 
 diftancc, fome of which arc entirely rock. 
 
 The iHand of La Tour is fix leagues below the Kufkuikies river, which is 3 1 leagues from the 
 fork of Ohio. 
 
 The principal flream of the Miflifippi is from 500 to 700 yards wide, but it is fcarcely ever 
 to be fcen together, and fome fmall parts are above a mile diftant from one another. The prin- 
 cipal ftream likrwife often fhifts, as well as the depth of the channel, which make the pilotage 
 of the river difHcult, and boats often get aground in afcending, when endeavouring to avoid the 
 rapid current. 
 
 The 19th, in the morning, arrived at the fmall river of the Kufkuflvies, 80 yards v;idc at its 
 mouth } It is deepi carries five feet water up to the village, which is two leagues from the mouth 
 of the river, and is laid to be navigable 50 leagues further up. The high grounds before-men- 
 tioned ikirt along the fouth fide of the Kufkufliies River, come oppofite to the village, and continue 
 along northerly, in a chain nearly parallel to the caft branch of the MilTifippi, at the diltance of 
 two or three miles from it. The fpace between is level, moltly open, and of the richeft kind of 
 foil, in which the inhabitants of the llinois raiic their grain, &c, 
 
 The Kulkufkies village is on the plain j it confifts of Ho houfes, well built, moftly of flone, 
 with gardens, and large lots. The inhabitants generally live well, and have large ftocks of cat- 
 tle and hogs. 
 
 The road to Fort Chartres is along the plain, pafllng in fome places near the chain of rocky 
 height above-mentioned. The diftance to the front is 18 miles. The road paffes through the 
 Indian village of the Ke{kef(quois, of fifteen cabbins ; alfo, through a French one, called Prairi 
 de Roche, in which are 14 families : this lafl is three miles from Fort Chartres •, between which 
 is the village called I'Etabliflement, moAly deferted, and the inhabitants removed to Mifaini, on 
 the weft branch of the river, a little higher up the Kuflcufkies. 
 
 The 20th of Auguft, arrived at Fort Chartres, which is well imagined and finifhed. It has four 
 baftions of ftone mafonry, defigned defenfible againl^ mufquetry. The barracks are alfo of ma- 
 fonry, commodious and elegant. The fort is large enough to contain 400 men, but may be de- 
 fended by one third of that number againft Indians. 
 
 Vifited Kyafhftiic, 45 miles diftant from Fort Chartres, and is the uppermoft fetdement on our 
 fide. In this rout we pafs 1' petit village, live miles from Fort Chartres, formerly inhabited by 
 1 2, but now by one family only. The abandoned houfes are moft of them well built, and are left 
 in good order. The ground is excellent for grain, and a fufHciency cleared for 100 men. 
 
 At Kyaboftiie are 40 families of French, who live well, and lb might three times the number, 
 as there is a great quantity of clear land near it : there are likewife 20 cabbins of the Periorie In- 
 dians left here ; the reft, and beft part of them, are removed to the French fide, two miles below 
 Point Court. Wheat thrives better here than at Kufkufkies, owing, probably, to its being more 
 northerly ^■■y near a degree. 
 
 The village of Point Court ispleafantly fituated on a high bank, which forms the weftern bnk 
 of the Miflifippi ; it is three miles higher up than Kyabofkie, has already 50 families, chiefly fup- 
 portcdfrom thenct;. At this place, found Mr. Le Clef, the principal Indian trader, (he refides 
 here) who takes fuch good meafures, that the whole trade of the Mifl!buri, that of the Miflifippi 
 northward, and that 'of the nations near le Baye, Lake Machigan and Saint Jofepho, by the Ili- 
 onois River, is entirely brought to him. He is fcnfible and clever j has a good education -, is ve- 
 ry aflive, and will give us fome trouble before we get the parts of this trade that belong to us in- 
 to our hands. Our pofleflion of the llinois is only ufcful to us at prcfent in one refpeft; it 
 fliews the Indian nations our fuperiority over the French, to whom they can thence perceive we 
 give law ; this is dearly bought to us, by the expence and inconvenience of fupporting iti The 
 French carry on the trade all around us by land and water. Firft, up the Miflifippi, and to the 
 lakes by Ouifconlia, Foxes, Chicegou and llinois Rivers. Secondly, up the Ohio to the Wabafh 
 Indiai.3 % and even the fmall quantity of fliins and furrs that the Kufkufliies and Picarias (who are 
 alio on our fide) get by hunting, is carried under our nofe to Mifcre and Pain Court. 
 
 A garrifon at the liiunis River, and a port at le Baye, will partly prevent the firft; and one at 
 Mafliac will, as has been faid, ftop their intercourfe with the people on the Wabafti, who confift 
 of feveral nations. 
 
 Cooped up at Fort Chartres only, we make a foolifh figure ; hardly have the dominion of the 
 country, or as much credit with the inhabitants as to induce them to give us any thing for money, 
 while our neighbours have plenty on truft. 
 
 The French have large boats of 20 tons, rowed with 20 oars, which will go in feventy odd days 
 from New Orleans to the llinois. Thefe boats go to the llinois twice a year, and are not half 
 
 loaded 
 
lies from the 
 
 Diilanccs from Fort Pitt in Latitude 40" 26' to tlie Mouth .f tK- nk: • r • 'j 
 
 / JH 
 
 Logg's Town - .^ 
 
 Big Beaver Creek __ . 
 
 ' little Beaver Crccic »». 
 
 Yellow Creek -- . .,. ' 
 
 Mingo Town _ 
 
 Two Creeks «. : „ , 
 
 Long Reach __ 
 
 End of Long Reach 
 
 Mufkingum Run — _ 
 
 Little Kanhawa River — ' ' _ 
 
 Hockhockifig River — . -. ' ^ 
 
 Big Kanhawa River .. __ 
 
 Big Guyandot . __ 
 
 Big Samly Creek 
 
 ' Scioto River ..j, __ 
 
 Big Buffalo Lick, one mile eaftward of the Ohio 
 Large Ifland, divided by a gravelly beach 
 
 Little Mincami River 
 
 Licking Creek 
 
 Great Mineami River _ 
 
 - The place where the elephant's bones were found" 
 
 Kentucke River _ 
 
 The Falls — _ _ 
 
 - "Where the Low Country begins ~. 
 
 Beginning of the Five Idands ». 
 
 Large river on the eaft fide — - ,^. 
 
 Very large-ifland in the middle of the river 
 Wabalh River — _„ 
 
 Big rock and cave on the weft fide — 
 
 Shawana River ■ — . 
 
 Cherokee River ■ • .^ _ 
 
 *ort Maffiac — ^ 
 
 The mouth of the Ohio River ^^ 
 
 Litltade, Miles 
 
 ?9 
 
 " !& 
 
 38" 22' 
 
 10^ 
 I2.J 
 lOi 
 I9I 
 
 5« 
 Hi 
 
 >3t 
 
 '3 
 
 45 
 24 
 
 20i 
 
 8i4 
 
 3^' y 
 
 36° 43' 
 
 8 
 26^ 
 
 • Jil 
 44t 
 7Ti 
 
 •55t 
 
 37i 
 27 
 
 58 
 
 384 
 42^ 
 52t I 
 
 »3 I 
 II I 
 46 1 1 
 
 Milti. 
 
 42 
 
 52' 
 
 7'4- 
 7H 
 '23i 
 138 
 
 161 
 
 172-J 
 
 126 
 
 266^ 
 
 308 
 
 321 
 
 ^66 
 
 390 
 4ioi 
 
 492t 
 500T 
 
 5271- 
 5601. 
 
 6o4t- 
 
 682 
 
 8374 
 875i 
 902^ 
 690^ 
 
 999t 
 042^ 
 094^ 
 107' 
 1184. 
 164 
 
 -'• Ac'i'^ 
 
 NUMBER V. 
 
 - EXTRACT FROM MR. LEWIS EVAN's JOURNAL. 
 
 1743- • 
 
 /^URjoarney from Philadelphia, for about fevcntv miles was thron,*?, ,h. p in. j 
 
 overthfc Flyeing-hills into Tulpohoockirts Vale whSi T.Zr7uL,!-^n' 7u^ ^l ^ "^"^ '°'''^ '" "-e kno»v. 
 tending under different names fmm h3 Jo » ■ *^"'*^'l,'* * X^'^y beautiful and healthy bottom, ex- ledge of thi. 
 
 Hill. »d Flyd„g.hiUs : ia Cnt.he BteR^t'' "■^"P"'""^ > ■» Pennfyl„„ia ,he gley • J'.iou™.! 
 eighty miles to Philadelphia. ^ ^ ^""^ '" ^'"'^ ^P""§ ^"'^ f^" Seventy or fton Ld 
 
 ■fweliTng SlLlof ll'm ap^e r^rat'a'diS' ' 'S ^^^ "'!" ''^^°'^' '^"^^^ '>^''= -^ there with 
 oak. in abou'r X °V, ^JPrAfl '' * '^l.^'"^^ 'i'^^^^'""' 1^"'^. but they are covered with dwarf 
 
 have. Count Zinzindorff'eavrthi?vlL 'tTJ""'"^ Ti^ '^^""T'. ^""^ ^^"^ ^*=" g"" ""^'^ of any we 
 Mn Conrad Weifar termrtotn^ov ^^ G '^r tf ^^^^^^ ^"t '^''°"' ^^ 
 
 ordinary, except on the Swartaro Cr^k . .n^^ J^ ^^^^ pS^cSjIe'rS ^^JSf 
 
 mountain. 
 
 r f 
 
■I^lf • . 
 
 (5*W' 
 
 /J^f? 
 
 mountain, by which it may communicate with the fettled part of the province. The vegetation U 
 at prcfent chiefly of tpruce fir, white oak, and lomc pine : the native wood grafs grows here in 
 great abundance, but this always dies -with the firft fn '. 
 
 In this St, Anthony's Wildcrncfs, we croflcd the branches of the Swartaro Creek. At the con- 
 dnx of two of thefc branches, is a imall Indian fcttlemcnt, of five Delaware families. The wet 
 ternmofl: branch of the Swartaro comes through a ridge of the Ki'cocktinny Moiinuins. Along 
 the callcrn banks of this creek, we paiTed through the firil ridge or thcfe mountaini, and in one- 
 third of a mile more we croft it to the left : we then paffcd upon a llony reach, and over two or 
 three rugged barren mountains, covered with only hurtlcberries, dwarf-oak, and a few pitch- 
 pmesi in fix miles more, wc went down a very ftony deep delcent to Lawrel Creek, « rivulet, 
 which falls into Kind Creek, about eight miles lower down. On the north fides of Lawrrl and 
 Kind Creeks, is a plcafant and fruitful valley two or three miles wide, varies here and there with 
 moft beautiful groves of white-pincs and white oak. This would make a pretty fettlement. 
 
 We came in fifteen miles travel, weft along this valley, to the ftrait by which Kind Creek paflcs 
 to the north, through one of the ridges of the mountains, into another little plealant valley. We 
 pafs along the banks of this creek for four miles more i then leaving this creek on our left hand, 
 the path led us through a narrow pafs between two mountains, where grew the talleft white pinea 
 lb, 1 ever law, I will not hazard my judgment to what height I gucflcd them to be, becaufe ic 
 ; ij incredible. I going out, had time to meafure them, and when I returned I had loft mjr_ 
 laanglc. 
 .A mile beyond this gap wc paffcd by a path, or Indian road, led N. W. diredlly over the moun- 
 tains to Shamokin j but this is little frequented, on account of the great ftceps over which it leads^ 
 Sci'te """sun- Faffing thence three miles, along a continued (lant of fhriib and white-oak, we came to more 
 bury, the ridgcs : our. path led us up fome of thcfe, and alon^ the tops of others for twelve miles •, we then 
 nunty iown came to a cfcek which falls into the Sufquahanna River, and has at its confluence an ifland in the 
 of Northum- ^q^,\^ ^,( .j i\{^^ ^^ctV. is called Moxenay, and hath fome old Indian fields on iu banks, 
 
 berlandcoun- , 
 
 **' '''^5" Wecroffed this creek, and came along a rich border, about two miles to the Sufquahanna Ri- 
 
 ver. This river is here about a mile and a half wide, is full of iflands, and glides with a bright 
 and cafy current over a ftony and gravelly bottom, and may be cafily forded. Faffing up along 
 the caft fide of liiis river, we came under a high peaked mountain, here wc ftruck off to the 
 right, and for twelve months our path led us over feveral ordinary hills, and acrofs feveral vales, 
 not inuch better, to a hill julk above Shamokin : in one of ihefe wefaw the appearance of an iroa 
 mine, Defcending this hill, it was lb fteep, we were obliged to hold the horfe which carried our 
 baggage, both by the head and tail, to prevent his tumbling head-long : at the bottom we croffcd 
 the creek on which Shamokin is, and came to the town. 
 
 This Indian town is a fettlement or dwelling-place of Delaware Indians, fituatc on the conflu- 
 ence of two main branches of the Sufijuahanna River. Its latitude is 40' 45'. Here arc about 
 * * * wigwaums, or Indian huts, lying pretty near together, and many more fcattercd here and 
 there, over a very fruitful fpot of ground, of about levcn or eight hundred acres. This is en- 
 compaffed with the river on one fide, atiJ enclofcd in by the mountains on the other. The freflies 
 of the river, which run with great impetuofity, generally when they come down lay the land under 
 water, although it lies 15 or 20 feet higher than the common furface of the river. 
 
 " 'The cbjervations and reJleSlions which Lewis Evans made in his paffage through theft mountains, 
 «' called by the Indians by a name which imports Endlifs Mountains, to Goqjberryhill, the wefternmoji 
 " ridge of them are either marked in the map or infer ted in the analyftSy where a general defcription of 
 ^* thefe mountains is given." ■ r y , r ■ r , 
 
 From Gooiberry-hill, travelling N. N. E. through a moft beautiful and fruitful country about 
 eight and forty miles, wc reached the firrt town of the Onondaga Indians. This country is varied 
 with plcafant fwelling 'c noils, brooks and little lakes. In its vegitation it abounds with fwect-ma- 
 ple, linden, birch, elm, white pines and Iprucc in fome places j and with goofebcrry under-woods 
 on the north fide of all the hills. 
 
 At twenty-five miles we paffcd between a lake, at the head of one of the leffer branches of 
 the Sujquahanna, and a mountain called by the Indians Onugareckny. From this lake canoes may 
 go down the Sufquahanna to the fettlemeiits of Pennfylvania with a frclh. On this mountain the 
 Indians, as their tradition fays, firft found Indian corn or maize, tobacco, fqualbes and pompions. 
 In 1 8 miles further travel, we paffed over a mountain, which we called Table Mountain. 
 This is the height of the land, for on the other fide of it, the rivers run north and weft, and fall 
 
 into the lakes. ., rj ^ • r-- «r 
 
 In 10 miles further travel down this hill, we came to the great council- relidence of the Ftve Na- 
 tion Confederacy at Onondada. This ftands upon a creek to S. W. of a little b'.ie of the fame name. 
 On the fides of this lake are fait fprings, very ftrongly impregnated with that mineral, fo that 
 bufties on the margins hang glittering with the fait like fplendid icicles. 
 
 This lake, which is about five miles long, and a mile and z half broad, falls at the N. W. into 
 the Seneca River. This river having received the waters of this lake, holds on iu waters in a 
 C. e. Qow ftill ftrcam for about ten miles northerly. The river which comes W. from the Ohcyda Lake 
 joins it, and they hold on in the fame ftill way a little further, and then, with rapids and over-falls, 
 tumble into the great Lake Ontario by Ofwego. 
 C. e. Ofwego is rather a colleftion of trading huts, built for the refidencc of the Indian traders dur- 
 
 ing the mart, or trading feafon, than a fixt habitation of fettlers. It confifts of about fcventy 
 logg-houfes, in two rows, forming a ftrcet, on the weft fliore of the river, at its niouth. The fort 
 ftood at the point next the Lake. The latitude of this place is 43" 2 a'. 
 
 f.f. 
 
 D.e. 
 
 D. e. 
 
 D.e. 
 
 D.e. 
 
 NUMBER 
 
le, becaufe it 
 
 :h. The fort 
 
 N U M B E U VL 
 J O U R N 
 
 t. 
 
 C.lu 
 
 OF Chriftopher Gift's journey, began f-o.n Col. Crefap's, at the old town on Petmatk rrotr^ Old town. 
 Maryland, Oftober3i, 1750, continued ^/ewn /** 0*«tf, within i ^ miUi cf thi FalUtbtrttf i 
 and from thence to Reaniak river inNorib Carolina, where he arrived May 1^, 1751 j undertaken 
 on the account of the Ohio company, and by the inftrudtioniof their committee. 
 
 Instructions given Mr. Chriftopher Gift by the committee of the Ohio company, the nth Oifl'i in(lruaio*i. 
 day of September 1 750. 
 
 You are to go out as foon as pofTible to the weftward of the great mountains, and carry with 
 you fuch a number of men as you think ncceflary, in order to fearch out and difcovcr the lands 
 upon the river Ohio (and other adjoining branches of the Miffifippi) down as low as the great 
 Falls thereof. ' 
 
 You are particularly to obfervc the ways and pafTes through all the mountains you crofs, and 
 take an exadl account of the foil, quality, and produdt of the land \ the width and depth of the 
 rivers, and the feveral falls belonging to them % together with the courfes and bearings of the ri- 
 vers and mountains as near as you conveniently can : You are alfo to obfervc what nations of To dlfcoter the na- 
 InJiaf. inhabit there, their ftrength and numbers, whothcv trade with^ and in what commodities tionioflndiaaa.aiul 
 they deal. their trade. 
 
 When you find a large quantity of good level land, fuch as you think will fuit the company, you 
 are to meafure the breadth of it, in three or four difTcreni places, and take the courfes of the river 
 and mountains on which it binds, in order to judge the quantity \ you are to fix the beginning and 
 bounds in fuch a manner, that they may be eafily found again by your defcription \ the nearer in 
 the land Ues the better, provided it be good and level, but we had rather go quite down the Nf if- 
 fiilppi than take mean broken land. After finding a large body of good level land, you are not Tq examine the n«. 
 to ftop, but proceed farther as low as tiie falls of ;he Ohio, that we may be informed of that na- vigation of the 0> 
 vigation ', and you are to take an exadt account of all the large bodies of good level land in the ^^^° 'o t'>e 'all** 
 fame manner as above diretfled, that the company may the bettcrjudge where it will be moft con- 
 venient for them to take theirs. 
 
 You are to note all the bodies of good land as you go along, though there is not a fufficient To note all the bo- 
 quantity for the Company's grant ; but you need not be lo particular in the menfuration of that, dies of good land, 
 as in the large bodies. 
 
 You are to draw as good a plan as you can of the country you pafs through, and take an exaft to draw a plan of 
 and particular journal of all your proceedings, and make a true report thereof to the Ohio company, the country, and 
 
 keep a journal. 
 
 In compliance with my inftruftions from the committee of the Ohio company, bearing date the n-ni. • ^- ■ 
 1 1th day of September 1750. ncv. 
 
 Wednefday, October 31, 1750. Set out from Col. Crefap's, at the Old Town oh Potomack river, 
 in Maryland, and went along an old Indian path, N. 30 d. E. about 1 1 miles. 
 
 Thurfday, November i. N. i m. N. 30 d. E. 3 m. Here I was taken fick and ftayed 
 all right. 
 
 Friday 2. N. 30 d. E. 6 m. Here I was fo bad that I was not able to proceed any farther that 
 night, but grew better in the morning. 
 
 Saturday 3. N. 3 m. to Juniatta, a large branch of Sufquahanna, where I ftayed all night. 
 
 Sunday 4th. Croflcd Juniatta and went up it S. ^s d. W. about 16 min. 
 
 Monday 5th. Continued the fame courfe S. 55 d. W. 6 m. to the top of a large mountain, called 
 the Allegany Mountain ; here our path turned, and we went N. 45 d. W. 6 m. and encamped. A/iegany 
 
 Tuefday 6, Wednefday 7, and Thurfday 8, had fnow, and fuch bad weather that we couW not «aiii, 
 travel ; but 1 killed a young bear, fo that we had provifion enough. 
 
 Friday 9th. Set outN. 70 d. W. about 8 min. Here I croffed a creek of Sufquahanna, and it 
 raining hard, I went into an old Indian cabbin, where I ftayed all night. 
 
 Saturday, November 10. Rain and fnow all day, but clearednway in the evening. 
 
 Sunday nth. Set out late in '^he morning, N. 70 d. W. 6 m. crofting two forks of a creek of 
 Sufquahanna -, here the way being bad, I encamped and killed a turkey. 
 
 Monday nth. Set out N. 45 d. W. 8 m. and crofted a great Laurel mountain. 
 
 Tuefday 13 th. Rain and fnow. 
 
 "Wednefday 14th. Set outN. 45 d. W. 6 m. to Loylhannon, an old Indian town on a creek of the Loylhannon. 
 Ohio, called Kijieminelas, then N. i m. N. W. i m. to an Indian camp on the faid creek. Kifkeminetas. F. j. 
 
 Thurfday 15. The weather being bad, and I unwell, ftayed here all day. The Indian, to 
 whom this camp belonged, fpoke good Englifti, and diredled me the way to his town, which is 
 called Shanoppin; he faid it was about fixty miles, and a pretty good way. 
 
 Friday 16th. Set out S. 70 d. W. 10 m. 
 
 Saturday 1 7th. The fame courfe (S. 70 d. W.) 1 5 m. to an old Indian camp. 
 
 Sunday i8th. I was very fick, and i'weated inyfelf according to the Indian cuftom, in a fweat- 
 houfe, which gave me eale, and my fever abated. 
 
 Monday 19th, Set out early in the morning the fame courfe, (S. 70 d. W.) travelled very hard p . 
 
 about twenty miles to a fmall Indian town of the Delawares, called Shanoppin, on the S. E.fide 0/ shanoppln's town, 
 the river Ohio, where we refted and got corn for our horfcs. 
 
 Tuefday 20th. I was unwell, and ftayed in this town to recover myfelf. While 1 was here I 
 took an opportunity to fet my compafs privately, and took the diftance acrofs the river; for 1 un- 
 deiuood it wasOangcious tolcta coinpais be iccn : ibeOhtois -jd yules wide here. J licrcaie ab( ut width of the Ohio. 
 twenty families in this town. The land in general from Potomack to this place is mean, ftony, and i^^^^ ^^^^^ 
 iroken, with here and there goodfpots upon the creeks and branches, but no body of it, 
 
 Saturday 24th. Set out from Shanoppin, and fwam our horfes acrofs the Ohio, and went down 
 the river S. 75 d. y^. 4 m. N. 75 d. W. 7 m. W. a m, the land from Shanoppin is good along the Land good. 
 
 river. 
 
 ney. 
 Old town. 
 G. h. 
 
 Juniatta. 
 
 
 Moun- 
 
 F. i. 
 Laurel Mountain. 
 
r.k. 
 
 I.og|t'« Tiwn. 
 Laucl very rich. 
 
 F.k. 
 
 Ureal lii'iivcrCrcek 
 
 Land v«ry good. 
 
 'ir 
 
 F. 1. 
 Elk's E)e Creek. 
 No limber. 
 
 Otuwa's Town. 
 
 ',■'"• • 
 
 Mirgirel's Creek. 
 
 F, m. Murrvingum, 
 Land? broken. 
 WiandotJ divided. 
 
 Talk of a regula- 
 tiun in the trade. 
 
 ChriHm3S.J.iy,G;(l 
 ]iiopoiei 19 read 
 j}[4yerf> 
 
 Inijians attend. 
 
 nvrr^t the bottoms not brojJ : at a didancc .rom thcrivcrlSoJ land for farming, covered with 
 Imall white .»nd rcti oaki, ind tolerable level : fmc i\in» for millj, (dc 
 
 Sund-v 25th. Down the river W. j m. N. W. 5 m. to /.««. TptoH: the Linda for thefe l.ft 
 eight m.fe. very nch. the bottom, above . mile wide, but on the S. E. fide icarcc a mile, the h » , 
 high and rteeo. In the town I found fc.rce any body but * partel of reprobate Indian vrader ! 
 the chief ut the Indian, being out hunting; here I was informed, that George Cronhan and An. 
 drew Mon'our, who were lent upon an embally (rom IV-nniyivania to the Tndi*!..: were oaffcd 
 about a week bdorc me. 1 hr people here enquiring my bulmel, i and, becaulV I dd not riadilv 
 u.foriT. them, began to Julpcfttt • laying.! was come to le.ilc the Indian, land,, and that! 
 Ihould never gq home again fate. 1 toundthi, difcourle wa, like to be of ill conlcqucnce, fo pre- 
 tended to Ojeak very Qighting y of what they had laid, and enquired for Croghan (who i, a rSere 
 Idol among \m countrymen, the Inft. traders) and Andrew Montour, the interpreter for Pennlvl 
 vania •. and told them I had a meifage 10 deliver the Indian, from the king, by order of the Drefi. 
 dent oi Virginia, and lor. that realon wanted to l;c Mr. Montour. 'Ihi, made them all pretty cafv 
 (king afraid tb interrupt the kings meffage) and obtained me quiet and refped am^g them . 
 otherwiie 1 doubt not. they would have contrived Ibme evil againll me. I imJiicdiately wrote to 
 Mr. Crofiiian by oneot the trader, people. ^ ' 
 
 Monday atui,, , i hough 1 wa, unwell^ preferred the wood, to fuch company, and fet out 
 . froirt LogRs Town down the river N. W 6 m. to Grc.; Tit^vtr &»k, where 1 mn one Burny Cu •- 
 ran. a trader lor the Ohio company, and we continued together a, far ^, Mulkinaum. The i" »i • 
 toms upon the river below Lopg, Town arc very rich, bur narrow , the high land pretty good. :>. r 
 not very rich -, the land upon Beaver Creek of the lame kind. From thi, place wr IdftiSc Ci : 
 to the S. h. and travelled acrols the country. 
 
 ^luelday ,27th. ?ct out troin the E. fide of B-avtr Creek, N. W. 6 m. W. 4 m. upon thcic two 
 laft courfcs very good high land, and hot much liroken, tit for farming. 
 
 Wednclday i8th. Rained, and we could not travel; • 
 
 Thurfday 29th. W. 6 m. through good land -, the fame courfe continued 6 m. farther, ihroi 
 very broken land : here Hound mylclt pretty well recovered,, and being in want of provifion weM 
 out and killed a deer, , " fiwTiuwi. wcni 
 
 I'-riday 30. Set out S. 4,^ d. W. .2 m. eroded the lall branch of Beaver Creek, where one of 
 Cutrans mcnandmyleU kdled twelve turkeys. 
 
 Saturday. Ucce; .oerifl N. 45 d. W. 10 m. the land high and tolerable good, 
 of thoS ^^ ^ "'' ''*""' '"" "^ ''"'" ''"' "'" ""^ "wks buftiy, and very fuU 
 
 Monday 3d. Killed a deer, and ftayed in our camp all day. ' 
 
 Tucfday-4th, Set out late S. 45 d. VV. about 4 m. here I killed three fine fat dec^ i fo that tha* 
 we were eleven in company, we had great plcni;y of provifiqns. 
 
 Wedncfday 5th. Set out down the fide of a creek, called Elk's Eye Creek, S. 70 d. W. 6 m eood 
 land, but void ot timber nneadows upon the creek, and fine runs for mills. 
 
 Thurfday 6tli. Rained all day, ,fo that we were obliged to continue in our'camo 
 
 Friday 7th. Set out 5^ W. |^ min. crofTing £/*', EyrCreek to a town of theOtta'uia'u a nation of 
 French Indiansj anold Prenchmanj n?mcd Mark Coonce. who had married an Indian woman of 
 the Six Nations, lived here. I he Indians were all out hunting-, the old man was civil to trict 
 but after 1 was gone to my camp, upon his undcritanding 1 came from Virginia, he called mc the 
 Big Knde. 1 lierc are not above lix or eight families belonging to this town. 
 
 Saturday 8th, Stayed in the town. 
 
 St-nday ^th. Set out down the Elk's Eye Creek S. 45 d. W. 6 m. to Margaret's Creek, a kanch 
 cj litk s Eye Lnek, * » 
 
 .MoiKlay loth. The famecourfe S. 45 d. W. 2 m. to a Urge creek. 
 
 Tuelday nth. The fame couile twelve miles-. kUkd twOdccr. 
 
 Wednefd.iy 1 .ith. 'i he lame courle eight miles ; encamped by the fide of Elk's Eve Creek 
 
 Ihurldayij. KaineJ all day. '^ ' 
 
 Friday i4tii. Set out \V. 5 m. to Mujkin^um, a town of the Wiandots. The land upon Elk*t 
 Eye (reek is in general very broken, the bottoms narrow. The Wiandots or little Mincocs aredi • 
 vided between tlie French and Englilh ; one half of them adhere to the iirft, and the other half ' 
 are hrmly attached to the lat;er: the town of Mulkingum confilts of about one hundred families . ' 
 when we came within fight.of it. we perceived Engliih colours hoiftcd on the king's houfe and at 
 George Crophan's, upon enquiring the reafon. I was informed, that the French had latelV taken 
 fevcral Englifh traders ; and that xMr. Croghan had ordered all the white men to come into this 
 town, and had lent cxprelles to the traders of the lower towns^ and among the Picqualinees » and 
 tne Indians had lent to their people to come to council about it. ' 
 
 .Saturday 15, and Sunday 16. Nothing'remarkablc happened.' 
 
 Monday 17. Two traders belonging to Mr. Croghan came into town, and informed us. that 
 two of ins people were taken by forty Frenchmen, and twenty French Indians, who had carried 
 them with leven horie-loads of ikins, to a new fort that the French were building on one of the 
 branches of Lakefrie. ° ivux-wi mc 
 
 Tuelday iKth I acquainted Mr. Croghan and Andrew Montoiu with my buftncf, with the 
 Indians, and talked much of a regulation of trade, with which they were pleafed, and t ea cd 
 me very well. / r » »'•-"««.« 
 
 VVednefday 19th to Monday a4th. Nothing remarkable. 
 
 Tuelday 25th. This being Chriltmas-day, I intended to read prayers ; but after inviting fome 
 of the wfiite men, they informed each other of my intentions -, and being of feveral different per- 
 
 "nrnr* .'hi 7( ''^'^"1,'"^''"'^^, ^° ^^"^ ^"X go-^J' ''^^X refufed to come: but one Thomas 
 Lurney. a black fmith. who is fettled there, went about and talked to them, and then feveral of 
 them came ; and Andrew Montour invited feveral of the well-dlfpoled Indians who came freely. 
 By tins time the inorning was fpcnt, and I had given over all thoughts of them j but feeing then, 
 come, to oblige all and oRend none, lilood up and faid. Gentlemen, i have no defign oMnte™ 
 tion to give offerice to any particular feft or religion ; but as our kins indulws us all in a liherf„ 
 of comcicncc, and imicicrs nope of you in theexercUb of your religious worihip, fo it would'be 
 unjult in you to endeavour to ftop the propagation of his. The dodlrinc of fafvation, faith and 
 
 goc4 
 
I, covered with 
 
 where one of 
 
 Creeit a hranth 
 
 .... f 9 J 
 good workii, 1. what I only propofe to ^-ttt of, u 1 find it enrafted from the hcmilie. of the 
 church of England, which I then read to them in the beft nunnrr I couhl, and aftc. I had done. Gldrti^, p„r,r,. 
 the interpreter to.d the Indiana what I hrj read, and that it wa, the true tmh which the greal 
 King, and hia church, recommended to hii children : the Indians lecmcd well picafed. andc'me''- """»«•> pl«f. 
 lip tome, ind returned me their thanki, and then invited me to hvc among them and aife me!''' '*•'""'»« !«• 
 a name in their language. Annofannoah : the interpreter told me thii was The na' e of • good "" 
 
 man that had formerly l.ved among them, and their King faid that muU be alway. my name! for 
 which I returned them thanks • but, ai to living among them, I excuied mylelf by faying. I did 
 not know whether fhc goverfior would give me leave i and if he did, the French would come and 
 carry me away, ai they had done the !• nglifh tradm . ,o which they anfwered. I might bring arcat m„ , f„,. ,„ h. 
 guns and make a fort that they ha.l now le.t the IVench, and we, ■ very defirous orbei.ig bS. , ^ 
 
 mftrudled in the princip.-s of Chrillianity, th.t they liked me very well, and wanted me to marry d.f.r. lo b. m.r- 
 tncdi atter tne chiiitian manner, and buntiie t\\r\r cUxXArm, -^..a .h..„ .i._.. i..i .l. i, .„a .— i k._. .w.:. 
 
 them alter the chiillian manner, and baptize their children j and then, they Uid" theV would '''^■»"'ih»^' «•>'"' 
 '''"•""■ '•-'■-— ^ -.---..- ,e near them more, for ^""'''"''•P"""'- 
 
 " — - -....»., »,.v. u.|.....v tiivii ^iiiiuitii, liiiu men, (I 
 
 never defire to trtiirn to the French, or tuflTer them or their prielh u come 
 they loved the FngliOj. but had fcen litUc religion among them. Some of tiieir great men came 
 and wanted me to baptize their children, for as I had read to them, and appeared ro talk about 
 rcligmn, they took me to be a n.iniller of the golpclj upon which I dclired Mr. Montour, the 
 interpreter, to tell them that no mimder c.mld venture to baptize any chiiv.,en, u.iiil thole that 
 werr to be lureties for them, were well inHrudlcd in the f..th themfelves, and that was according 
 to the great King's religion, in which he deiired his children Ihould be inHruiled, and wr dare 
 not da It in any other way than by law ellabliihed i but I hoped, it I could not be admitted to live 
 among them, that the grear King would fend them proper minillirs toexcrcifc that office amonjr 
 them, at which they Iccn.cd well picaled -, and one of them went and brought me his book 
 wiiicii was a kind of «!rrianack contrived for them by the French, in which the days of the week 
 were lo marked. tKat by moving a pin every mormng, they kept a pretty exaft account of 
 the time, to lluw me that he uiidcrllood me, and that he and his family always obfcrved the Sab- 
 bath day. 
 
 Wedr-efda;. 26th. This day a woman who had been long a prifoner. and had deferred, !.eing A woman who wa, 
 retaken, and brought into the town on ChriHinas Evr was put to death in the following r..anner « ?"<■»"" P« «" 
 1 hey earned her without the town, and let her loofe, and when fhc attempted to run awjy the '**'"''•• 
 perlons appointed for that purpofe, purfucd her, and Ibuck htr on the car, on th*- *• lidcof 
 her head, which beat her Hit on her face to rlic ground •, they then ftuck her feverai '.•?•<■ jrouch 
 the back with a dart, to the heart. Icalped her, and threw the icalp in the aii, and another cut 
 oft her head. 1 hus the difmM fpcftade lay till the evening, and then Barney Curran dcfircd leave 
 to bury her, which he and his men, and lomc of the Indinns did, iull at dark 
 
 Thurfday a;th to Thurfday, January 3d, i 77g. Nothing remarkable happened in the town 
 
 Friday 4th, one! aaf. an Indian trader, came to town from near Lake Eric, and info-mcd us 
 that the W landots had ad vifcd him to keep clear of the Outawais (a nation of Indians firmly attached 
 to the French, Jiving near the lakes) and told him that the branches of the lakes were claimed by 
 the F rcnch ; but that all the branches of the Ohio belonged to them, and their brothers the Enalini • -« 
 and that the French had no bufinefs there, and that it was cxpeftcd that the other part of the Wi- 
 andots would delcrt the French, and come over to the Englilh intereft, and join thei; Orcthren oa 
 Elli s Eye Creek, and build a llrong fort and town there. 
 
 .Saturday 5th. The weather ftill continuing bad. 1 ftayed in the town to recruit my horfes i and 
 thoi.^i. corn was very dear among the Indians, 1 was obliged to feed them well, or run the liique 
 of lohng tlien- as I had a great way to travel. 
 
 Wcdnefday ytli. The wind fouthcrly, and the weather Ibmcthing warmer : This day came 
 into town two traders from among the Picqualinnecs (a inbe of the Tawightwis) and brought news 
 that anotlier Englilh trader was alfo taken prifoner by the French, and that three French foldicrs 
 had de crted and come over to the Englilh. and furrendered themfelvcs to Ibme of the traotrs of 
 theFiok tcwn, and that the Indians would have put them to death, to revenge their taking our 
 traders, but as the i-rench had furrendered themlelvcs to the Englilh, they would not let the 
 Indians hurt them ; but had ordered them to be lent under the care of three of our traders, and Trader, protcft 
 delivered at this town to George Croghan. three IVench de- 
 
 1 hurlduy. January the loth. Wind (till at South, and warm. '"«" '""n theln- 
 
 Friday 1 ith. This day came into town an Indian from near the lakes, and confirmed the news '^'"''' 
 we had heard. 
 
 Saturday 12th. We fent away our people towards the lower town, intending to follow them 
 the next morning •, and this evening we went into council in the Wiandot king's houfc : The council 
 had been put offa longtime, expecting fomc of their great men in, but few of them came, and this 
 evening fomc of the king's council being a little difordered with liquor, no bufincts could be done 
 but we were dcfircd to i omc next day. * 
 
 Sunday I grh. No Bulinefs done, 
 
 Monday 14th. This day George Croghan, by the afTiftancc of Andrew Montour, acquainted 
 the king and council of this nation (prelenting ihem four ilrings of wampum) that the great '*'=1"'"'> «•><: I"- 
 Kmg over the water, their Roggony (lather) had fent, under the care of the governor of Virginia. tT !l!!J''''S ^'* 
 their brother a large prefent of goods, which were now landed fafe in Virginia ; and that the fent. and inW^I 
 governor had lent me to inv.te them to come and lee him and partake of their father's charity, 'hem tocomedown 
 to all his children on the branches of Ohio. «o receive it. 
 
 In anfwer to wiiich one of the chiefs flood up and faid. " That their king and all of them, 
 " thanked their brother the crovernor of Virginia, for his care, and me for bringing them the 
 " news i but they could not give an anfwer, until they had a full, or general council of the '"'"'"' *°"''' ""' 
 » l^T'' "u'°"/ ''*,'"^''''"^' «'>'^f^ c°"'J "Ot be till next fpring, and fo the king and council ff^li'^o^^J:"''," 
 " fhaking hands with us, we took our leave." affemble 
 
 Tucfday 15th. We left Mujkingum and went W. 5 m. to ihelVhile Woman's Creek, on which f m 
 IS a .mall town. 1 his white woman was taken away from New Enoland. when (lie was nor ahn«»- whir,' Wnnjin'. 
 icii years Old, Dy the i^rencli Indians. She is now upwards of fifty, has an Indian hufband ?nd Creeic". 
 levcral children, her name is Mary Harr.s . Oie aill remembers they ufed to be very religious 
 in New England, and wonders how the .. •.e mm cen be fo wicked as (he has feen them in 
 thcle woods. 
 
 C Wcdnefday 
 
 >7f/. i^^^-if] 
 
 "■4 
 
HI 
 
 I, 
 
 ,1/ 
 
 ken 
 Saltpondt. 
 
 G. n. 
 
 Hockhocking 
 Town. 
 
 G. n. 
 Maguck To-.vn 
 
 G. n. 
 Hurricai,e Tom's 
 Town. 
 
 Land rich and level. 
 
 H. n. 
 Salt I.ick Creek. 
 Salt lj}riiigs. 
 IndiHiis make fait. 
 
 C 10 ] 
 
 I • i,°' n' t. . y^^^'^f^^y ^^^^' Set out S. W. 85 m. to Licting Cmk, tbe knd from Mv/kitigiim to this ptaa?. 
 
 Jelts'jcku or ponds, farmed ty ItttU jheams er drams of water, ckur, but of 4 hluijb ctloHr, and fait 
 Itfie. tkf trader: and Indians boil their meat in this water, which if poper c«re ie net lokea vtilt 
 fometimes make it ;oo fait to eiit. ' 
 
 Thurfday 1 7th. Set out W. 5 m. S. W, 15 m. to a great iW«np. 
 
 Fr.i(J»y 1 8th. Set out from the great fwaiiip S. W. 15 m. 
 
 Saturday 19th. W. 15 m. to Hockhocking, a fraall town with only four or Brc Delaware 
 families. 
 
 Sunday zbth. The fnow began to grow thin, and the weather warmer. Set out from Hock^ 
 bockmt^ S. 5 m. then W. 5 m. then S. W. 5 m. to Maguck, a little Delaware town of about ten 
 families, by the norrh fide of a plain, or clear field, about fiv« miles in length, N. E. and S W 
 and two milts broad, with a fmall rifing in the middle, which gives* fine profpedt over the whole 
 plain, and a large creek on the north fide of it, called Sioto Creek i «U the way from Lichnr Creek 
 Land very rich, to tins place, is fine, rich, level land, with Urge meadows and fine clover bottoms, with fMcin.ia 
 
 r^li V r"i:,;'"f ?:: ^^T- T''*^ u''^ *"'' '^' •.'?' ^^^ '^'^^^ '"S<= w.lnuts and Uiccorie,. here alul therSd 
 timber. ^"^ popUrs, cherry-trecs, ^.nd fugar-trces. 
 
 Monday 21ft to Wednclday 23d. Stayed in the Maguek town. 
 
 'ihurl^day 24th. Set out Irom A&^«fi /««»«. S. about ,5 m. through fine, rich, Jevcl land 
 to a fmall toxvn called Hmuane TomX ronCfting of about five or fix Delaware Families on the 
 S. W. of Sioto Creek. * 
 
 Friday 25th. The creek being very high, and full of ice, we could noc ford, and vere oblieed 
 to go down It on ti,e S. h. tide. S. H. 4 m. to the Salt Lick Creek ; about a mile up this creek on 
 the fotith/ide ts a very lofgi fait lick, thefireoms which run into this lick are xery fait and though 
 clear, Uave a kluifh fediment : the Indians and traders make fait for their horfes of this water hv ifi' 
 ingit , it has atfirfl a bhifh colour, andfomcwhai bitter tap, but upon being diffolvtd in Mr water 
 and boded the fecond time, it comes to tolerably pure fait. ^ -water, 
 
 Saturday 26th. Set out S. 2 m. S. W. 14 m. 
 
 Syiiday 27th. S. 12 m. to a fmall Delaware town, of about twenty families, on the S E fide 
 ot Hioto Creek. We lodged ac the houie of an Indian, whofe name was Windauchalah 'a areat 
 man. and chief of thjs town, and much in thp LngJiQ, intercftj he entertained us very kindiv 
 and ordered a negro nun that belonged to him, to feed our horfcs well : this aight it fnowed and 
 in the moniiqg, though the fnovi nt^as/ix or f even inches deep, the wild rye appeared very t^rJn ^w 
 yS'f;/'/^/)^ /^w^i^ /•/, and our horfes had very fine feeding. "^^y green and 
 
 Monday 2Sth. We went into council wiih the Indians of this fown, and after the imcrDrprpr 
 had informed them of his wnruftions from the governor of Pennfylvania, and given them fnm^ 
 cautions w regard to the French, they returned for anlwer as follows : The fpwker with fnnr 
 ftriogs of wampum w his hand, ftood up. and addreffing nimfelf to the governor of P^nfvlvania 
 Indians promife to laid, ' BroiJws, we thc Dclaw3/-e5, rcmm you our hearty thanJss for the news vou hL<. (Iz. 
 bci.rmtothcEng.» gc, and we alTure you, we wiii not bear the voice of any other nation; for we are rV k^ 
 " direfted by you. our brothers, the Englift. and by none clfcj we Ihall be very glad to h^ar 
 » whs5 Wir brothers have to fay to us at the ],..ogg's town in the fpriog ; and do affurc you of our 
 "hearty good will and love to our brothers, we prefeni you with ihefc four firings of wampum '' 
 Tnis IS the !»ft town of the Delawares to the wcawi,rd. The Delaware Indians, by the X'ff 
 accounts I could gather, confift of about five hundred fighfijig men, all firmly attached to Vh« 
 hnglilh intereil : mey are not properly a part of the Six Nations, but are fcattcred about amon^ 
 moH oi Jje Indians upon the Ohio, and fome of them among the Six Nations, from whom rl,^5 
 have leave to hunt upon their lands. ' 
 
 Tuefday 29fh. fcet out S. W. 5 m. to tlie mouth oiSioto Creek, oppofite to thc Shawam to^r, 
 - \T r^^'*^ "*"' ?""' ^ ^''^^ ''"' "■''^"^* wfo foon anlwered, and came and ferried us ov7r' 
 The land, about the nwuth oi Siolo Creek, is rich, but broken, fine bottoms upon the river imi 
 Khavvanc town fiiu- crceli. i fae i^hawane town is fituate on both fides of thc Ohio, juft below the mouth of c 
 atcd. contums 300 Cmk, and con:ains about three hundred mm 5 there arc about forty Houfes on the fouth (i.ir^f- 
 "!•■ • the rwer, and abaut a hundred on the north fide, with 3 kind of (late houfc of about ni,». If 
 
 fi2ri::ZC l-f' -•-'- light cover of bark, m which they hold their councils f the Shawanes ar^S p " 
 Engliihproteaed ^^ ^'*^*"' N»tions, bw wert: fo;reefJy at vsriance v/ith them, though now reconciled -. thev are 
 ■ from thc fury f^»' ""^"'^s to the Englilh, whc once protedcd them from the fury of the Six Natink, Iwl 
 ;. Six, ations. they gratefully remember. "^'«. wmcn 
 
 VVilil rye anpeirs 
 green above the 
 inow, which was 
 <) or 7 inches deep, 
 Mell'age from the 
 governor of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Delawares i;rfo 
 lighting men, not 
 part of the Six Na 
 tion;, but have 
 leave to hunt on 
 their lands. 
 
 H. n 
 Shav.'ane town. 
 Land ricli but bro 
 ken. 
 
 I hem 
 
 i' i 
 
 «)f the Six. nations', they gratefully remember. 
 
 Meffages from the Wcdnefday 30th. Wc Were conduced into council, where George Cro^han delivered funHr« 
 
 ,^ver,,ur of Penn- ip,eche3 Kv3 the government of Pcnnjylvania to the chiefs of this nftion ; m which he inf3 
 
 jhem, « That two prifonerj who ha^l been t^kcn by the French, and had made their elclpe fmm 
 
 the French officer at Lake Erie, as he was carrying them toward Caoada, brought news h« 
 
 '!^/f ""^h offered a large fum of money to any who would bring to them the laid CWhan 
 
 and Andrew Montour alive, or it dead, their fcajps ; ,nd that the French alfo threateShof,; 
 
 Indians and th* W.andots w.th war ,n the fpring. The fame perlon farther faid. that they had 
 
 ?'Z ''^.*"'?. J-^^nch canoes, loaded with ftores. for a new fort they defigned on the fS fiS 
 
 •> Lske Eric." Mr. Crqghan alio informed them, that fevera! of our traders had been taken and 
 
 ^c.m.'«. -he I.di. ^i''^^ "-^'T ^"^ ^''7/''«"" '^a"'«f3 at home, until they could fte what the French intended, ^hich 
 
 ;' ;'the king h'd J^'^""^^'^'* "''.'J^"" 'I ^-^P"--, '" '^'^ <P™g- Then Andrew Montour inforn^ed this nation as he 
 
 had done th* W.andots and th. Delawares. '• That the King of Great Britain had lent them a 
 
 large prtfent of goods »n company with the Six Nations, which was under the care of thc^o 
 
 vernor of Virginia, who had lent me out to invite them tg come and fee him, and oartaka of 
 
 » tbeir tath- r s prckot next fummsr." To \yhich we received this anfwcr. Big Hanoahanfi tLir 
 
 fpeaker, tak. - '" his hand the feveral firings of wamj.um, which had beer, given by the EngS 
 
 ffl* M^^^ '^* ^^^ ^P^*^^^ "*"'*'='^ ^"f ^' *"''^'" y^Uf-K'SW men. From the beginnina oTour 
 
 " tri«with.p. id that our brothers the Enslift, have told us has been aood an.i r*. f° ?„u°"' 
 
 " mmmi uw.' hPWty tiapiij -, then taking up four other Urings of wampum in hU 'hand "he 
 
 fold s Brothtfs, I aow ip*ak tJie ki. urents of all our people. When firll our forefathers ,hc 
 
 f »fi^'fl» 'i'^t our brothers, they ^ound wh^t our broihjrs the Englift told them to be true and 
 
 fo have wej we are but a Imall people, but it is not to us only that you fpcak, but to all n"- 
 
 " tions : 
 
 ans the king hsd 
 fcntthcm ap'efcnt 
 
 Indians aqfwcr. 
 
r II ] 
 
 •• ttont : we fli«U be gl.d to hear what our brother, mil fay to us at the Lork's town in the fDrlnir . 
 r a t^ * " t ^"'""""P "^ '■"'»''»'*'"g betwee/u, and our b^rs v Ull ft as C ! 
 ♦he J«i &.n« «r the noon g,v« l.ght. We hope that our children will h^ar and bel eve what 
 our brothers fay to them «s we have ahvay, done ; and to affure you of ourheauy arcKl wilTto 
 
 « ward, you our brothers, we prd-ent you with ticfc four ftriags of wampum/' AftefttTouncil 
 
 wa««ver. they had much talk about fending a guard with uslothc PicqS^nncf town fthefe ar] . 
 
 their k«g being fick. thry came to no determination about it. ^ coniultation, 
 
 Thurfday 14th. The fame courfe about 30 m. 
 
 trkJay 15th. The fame courfe 15 m. we met with nine Shawane Indians cominc from one nf 
 
 them brn^"r.h"7'' "i"' '^'' ^''^ ^•^'=" ■« ^°""=''* '^y '-^^ ^^ there werTleenmoJe of 
 them behmd at the Taw.ghtw. town, waiting for the arrival of the Wawiaghtas (a tribTof the 
 Taw.ghtwis) who were to br.ng with them a Shawant woman and child to deliver to heir men 
 that were behind. This woman, they informed us, was taken orifoner UO- f^li LV c l 
 Wawiaghta warriors through a miftak'e, which was like to have engaged hofc ^ donsl war ' ' 
 
 Sunday 17th. Croffed the liuU Mmami, and altered our courfe S. W. 25 m to the ii. M' ^^ ''""■"' 
 «««, nver. oppofue to the Tawighiwi town. All the land from the 6'^t.;«?/.^« to thi^n^" «• P' 
 (except the Hrft twenty miles, which is broken) is fine rich level land, well timbered ii h t t'^ ^L"""' "^"• 
 walnut, alb, fugar-trees. cherry-trees. &c. well watered with a are^r n mh f i- Y n ^"^'^ Tawghtwi town. 
 and rivulets. fuM of beautiful Ltural meadows, c^'d ^itt w'il J7 , Ze^afs 'a"d%tv\T^ '^"''^«^ 
 and abounds wiih turkeys, deer, elks, and molt forts of game, particu arly buSes thi ^ ' '"''"^"'"^•-"^'y 
 
 Sftotii;V3t.gsiS:tfy'" ^^j^^i •i.f ^,' ' -- P"^ £;7u.ti^titor!i. 
 
 full of fine fifl> of levera. kini.'";arr3y aTo« S^tS^' V ' ^J^l^r^^^^^^^^ ^ '^ ShS '"-"'^ 
 
 not there at a proper feafon. I had not an opportunity of fccin- any of thZ The rrL TJ 
 
 always reckoned u 200 miles from the Si>aZHe Jn ,^x\^^Ta^Lti^i l^th.Z\^^ 
 
 putation. I could make u no more than 150. The Min^ami river be^g JighTwe were^^Sfa^Z" 
 
 make a raft ot Jogs to transport our goods and faddles. and fwim our^ho fcs over after S 
 
 few guns and p.ltols, and fmoaking in the warriors pipe, who came to invke us to'th. ,„ ^ * 
 
 cording to their cuftom of invitingtnd welcoming itrrngers. and gre ? men we enter^T^^"'" ''"°'"'' "■' P'^' "^ 
 
 with Enghft colours before us, and were kindly received bv their lino IV^ !. '^' '***" P""" 
 
 own houfe, and let our colours upon the top of it The fi^L o7,hl^^' ^u ^'''L*^ "' '"^° ''» [' '''"'^'^ "="■■''<» 
 
 of an hour, and then all the wTiit • men Vnd m^Wc ,U, ^1 ^^ ^"'" ^^^^ »'»°"' ^ quarter by the Tawightwi 
 
 /..;«'^. «.«//, thereof., it confifso? about f^urh.ScS^ffmih^s^TL «"V«R.„„,.„„,HeTa. 
 
 accounted one of the ftrongell Indian towns upon this part of he cot^L^^ rrf''^ V' '' "'^'■"'' '°*" ''"'' 
 
 are a very numerous people, confifting of many^ifferenf: bes/iider n'mefo^^^^^^ 
 
 ment } each tribe has a particular chief or kintr nrv n( whi^i! ; u >■ • i^ ™ °^ govern- 
 
 tribe to rule the whole nauon, and's veiled wih^rerra^toritslj^n^ °^ ^"^ 
 
 are accounted the moft powerful nation to the wS d of t rEn^'^^ Sttm n^^ ""'^^ 
 
 luperior to t^^ Six Nations with whom they are now in amity ThekLnih and 'i""" 
 
 not thoroughly known, as they have but lately traded with the EnalilhaS^H ?u "' """ 
 
 liltle trade among them , they deal in much the fame comlditL as the nor"he n InHi ''' T"^ 
 
 are other nations or tnbes dill farther to the weft ward daily com no m to them . l„i > •"' L '^T 
 
 their power and intereft reaches to the wellward of the M Lipp ?f no tacrofT hf • " "'""^ht 
 
 areatprefent very well affeded to the Englilb. and feem 3'^h aLnc™ wUhV^^^^^^^ V''^ 
 
 merly lived on the farther iide of the Wabafh. and were in the Fr nch m^ereft w^^ 
 
 ihcm with fome tew trifles, at a moil exorbitant price -, they were called hv h. p ' *7J"PP''"* 
 
 but they have now revolted from them, and left^hei fSeri^^Ibitl^ont^ for rhe7? ^.'""'?'''' 
 
 with thetnglilh and notwithftanding all the artifices The Wh I- "'^^^^^^^ 
 
 ttu\fnl^[r;f lat'S^o^^SritJira^Se ^^^^^^^ ^'- Monto"u%o.o... .. 
 
 which w. were mvited into I long houT^.S'ilS- ^^^ef ^ p~ I^i^! rS= ^^J ^l^^^^^Z. 
 
 " Brotheri the Tawightwis as we have been hindered by the high waters anH fnr«- k,r r 
 " brother? here, therefore we now prelcnt you with two ftrinorofwan?. ^""""^ our the Tawigh.wh. 
 
 * The eiitw has fcea them of 60 pounds weight. l^lHt^iiT '** ^'^ 
 
 " who 
 
 'TH 
 
w 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 [ 12 ] 
 
 •• who arc trading among you. You made a road for our brothers thr Englifh to come and 
 " trade among you, but it is now Very foul, great logs are fallen acrofs it, and we would have you 
 " be ftrong, like men, and hnve one heart v»ith us, and make the road clear, that our brothers 
 " the Englifli may have freecourfe and rccourle between you and us. In the fincerity of our hearts 
 "we fend you thefe four llrings of wampum." To which they gave their ufual Yo Ho. They then 
 faid they wanted feme tobacco to fmoak with us, and that to-moirow they would fend for their 
 interpreter. 
 
 Monday i8th. We walked about, and viewed the fort, which wanted fomc repairs, and the 
 trader's men helped them to bring logs to line the infide. 
 
 Tuefday 19th. We gave their kings and great men fome cloaths, paint, and ftiirts, and they 
 were bufy drcfling and preparing thcmfclves for the council. The weather grew warm, and 
 the creeks began to lower very faft. 
 
 Wednefday 20th. Ajout twelve o'clock we were informed that fome of the foreign tribej 
 were coming, upon which proper perfons were ordered to meet them, and conduft them to the 
 town, and then we were invited into the long houfe : after we had been fcated about a quarter of 
 an hour, four Indians, two from each tribe, who had been fent before to bring the long pipe, and 
 to inform us that the reft were coming, came in and informed us, that their friends had fent thofe 
 pipes ti. .t we might fmoak the calumet pipe of peace with them, and that they intended to do the 
 iame with us. 
 Croghan delivers a Thurfday 2ift. We were invited again into the long houfe (where Mr, Croghan made them) 
 yreient and mei. with the foreign tribes, a prefent to the value of one hundred pounds Pennfylvania money, and dcli- 
 B • vered all our Ipeeches to them, at which they feemed well plcafed, and faid they would take time 
 
 and conuder well what we had faid to them. 
 Friday 22d. Nothing remarkable happened. 
 
 Saturday 23d. In the afternoon there was an alarm, which caufed great confufion ar^d running 
 about among the Indians ; upon enquiring the reafon of this ftir, they told us, it was occafioned 
 by fix Indians that came to war againft them from the fouthward, three of them Cuttawas, and 
 three Shawanes •, thefe were fome of the Shawanes who had formerly deferred from the other part 
 of the nation, and now lived to the fouthward : towards night there was a report fpread in town,, 
 that tour Indians, and four hundred French, were on their march and juft by the town, but foon 
 after the meffenger who brought the news faid, there were only four French Indians coming to 
 council, and chat they bid him fay To, only to k; how the Englifh would behave themfclves, but 
 as they had behaved themfclves like men, he now told the truth. 
 LTcomrif '"'''■ ^""'^^X' F<:truary 24th. This morning the four French Indians came into town and were kindly- 
 received by the town Indians. They marched in ui.der French colours, and were condufted into 
 the long houfe, and after they had been in about a quarter of an hour, the council fat, and we 
 were fent for, that we might hear what the French had co fay. The Pianka/ha king, who was at 
 that time the principal man, and commander in chief of the Tawigbtwis, faid he would have the 
 tnglifh colours fct up in this council, as well as the French; to which weanfwered he might do 
 French prefent to as he thought fit i after we were feated oppofite to the French ambaffadors, one of them faid he had 
 uie Indians. .., prefent to make them, fo a place was prepared, as they had before done for our prefent, between 
 
 them and us, and then their fpeaker ftood up and laid his hands upon two keggs of brandy that 
 held about leven quarts each, and a roll of Tobacco of about ten pounds weight, then takino- two 
 firings of wampum in his hand, he faid, " Wh=\t he had to deliver them was from their ftthcr 
 " (meaning the French king) and he defired they would hear what he was about to fay." Then 
 p 1, f K ''^ ^^"^ ^^^ '*° ^""^^ °^ wampum upon the keggs, and taking up four other ftrings of black and 
 French ipeech. ^hitc wampum, he laid, " That thei.- father, remembering his children, had fent them two kepgs 
 " of milk, and fome tobacco, and that he had now made a clear road for them, to come and fee 
 " him and his officers, and preffcd them very much to come and fee him." Then he took another 
 ftring of wampum in his hand, and faid, " Their father would now forget all little differences 
 " that had been between them, and defired them not to be of two minds, !)ut to let him know 
 Piankafha king's re- «' their minds freely, for he would fend for them no more." To wh-ch the Fiankafha king replied 
 piy totnei-rcnci,. ., ,j ^35 ^^^^ ^^^-^^ j-^^j^^^ ,^^j ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^-^^^^^j ^.^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^e. ^i^^^ ^^^ 
 
 " underftood it was made foul and bloody, and by them. We, faid he, have cleared a road for 
 " our brothers the Englilh, and your fathers have made it bad, and have taken Ibme of our bro- 
 " thers priloners, which we look upon as done to us," and he turned (hort about, and went out of 
 council. After the French ambalfador had delivered his meffage, he went into one of the 1, ivate 
 houfes, and endeavoured much to prevail on lome Indians there, and was feen to cry and la fient 
 which was, as he laid, for the lofs of that narion. * 
 
 Wawiaghtafpeech. Monday 25th. This day we received a fpeech from the fTawiagbtas and Piankajhas, two i.*is a 
 of the Tawightwis, one of the chiefs of the former fpoke, " Brothers, we have heard what yc i 
 " have faid to us by the interpreter, and we fee you take pity upon our poor wivr; nd children 
 " and have taken us by the hand into the great chain of friendlhip, therefor ; wt nrefent yc» 
 " with thefe two bundles of (kins, to make>o« for your people, and this pipe tr ' .'• in to 
 " alfure you our hearts are good and true towards you our brothers, and we he, .. *t w«! hall 
 *' all continue -n true love and friendlhip with one another, as people witho."': nead anc one 
 •« heart ought to 00. You have pitied us, as you always did the reft of our Indian brother'. We 
 " hope the pity you have always (hewn, will remain a3 long as the fun gives light, and on our fide 
 "you may depend upon fincere and true friendlhip towards you, as long as we have fti ngth." 
 This perfon ftoo J up and fpoke with the air and gelhire of an orator. 
 Tawightwi's reply Tuefday 26th. 1 he r-:«>/if*;wV delivered the following anfwer to the four Indians fent 'y the 
 to the French French, fhc Captain of the warriors Ho<,d up, and taking (bme ftrings of black and white 
 ipeech. wampum in his hand, he fpoke with a fierce tone, and very warlike air: " Brothers the Owta- 
 
 •' wflH, you are always differing with the French yourfclvcs, and yet yuu liften to what th-v 
 " (ay, but we will let you know by thefe four ftrings of wampum that we will not hear any thing 
 " they fay to us, or do any thing they bid us do." Then the fame Ipeakcr, with fix ftrnuds. fv.a 
 matchcoats, and a Itring of black wampum (I underftood the goods were in return for the m-i'k and 
 H.f/relTa'ndTav "'''"^^ ^"^'^'"'^ ^'' 'P^"-"'' '° '^^ ^''''"'^ ''"«^ '""'d' " i-'a'hers you defire that we will fpeak our 
 they have joined '' I"'""* ^'O"' ""■" "«^"s. w^J'^hl am going rodo. You have often defired we (hould go home to you, 
 the Englilh, &c. ! but 1 tell you it is not our home, for we have made a road as far as the fea, to the fun rifing, and 
 
 ." have 
 
epairs, and the 
 
 town, but foon 
 
 [ «3 ] 
 
 u^r '• '"'^ r '"^"^ y°" 'I'" '^ "-^^ '•°'"1 w« will go : and as you threaten us with waJ T,H ,fc,« A, - 
 .. L"e;o;ct'w1i.7c t '/ou' i':i7 "^^^^'i "^ ready co^cce.ve yoi. and re/SJeTo d'ie'he*" Sl't^t^"* 
 
 :: XT.t^°:o^Tu:ht!s.'^^' "" ''" '° ^^- ^"^- '^^ ^"- ' ^- '^« - --^S' aid 
 
 Wcdnefday February 27th. This d?y tlicy took down the French colours, and difmifled the 
 four French Indians, fo they took their leave of the town, and fet off for theFrench fS 
 
 hn.S'^r.^f .K • "'"/ °i '^^ '''*"^ "■"" ^y ^*«' '^'"6''» °^der, and invited us to the long 
 
 houll-, to fee the warnon fmher-danu : it was performed by three dancing mafters who wer^ r .• r . 
 pamtcd all over of varaous colours, with long (licks in their hands, upon the ends of wEh. a e See " 
 faftened long feathers ot fwans, and other birds, neatly woven in the (hape of a fowl's wnj- n 
 h.s d.lgu.fe they performed niany antick tricks, waving their-tticks and feathers about with^ea" 
 k>ll, to >m.tate the fly.ng and fluttering of birds, keeping exaft time with their mufickT fhile 
 they are dancmg, fome of the warriors ftrike a port, upon wh.ch the muf.ck and dancers ceafe 
 and the warrior g.ves an account of his atchicvements in war, and when he has done, throws down 
 tome goods as a recompence to the performers and muf.cians. after which they proceed in their 
 da,Ke as before, t.l another warrior ftrikes the poft, a.d fo on as long as they think fit 
 
 Friday. March ,lh We received the following fpeech from the r,,«;J/^,,. Ihefpeakero^ • . •• r . 
 flood up, and addreffing himfeif a3 to the governor^f Pennfylvania. with two ftrings of wampum wThl .'o*: r?^ "r 
 m h,s hand, he fa.d. " Brothers, our hearts are glad that you have t^ken notice of uT; andTufeT Pe. Jfyl? " 
 brothers, we hope that you w.ll order a fmith to fettle here to mend our guns and hatchets • 
 your kmJnels makes us fo bold as to alk this requeft. You told us our friendfhip Oiould aft 
 as long, and be as the grcateft mountain. We have confidcred well, and all our great kines 
 and wamors are come to a r.folution. never to give heed to what the French fay to us, bu 
 always to hear and bel.eve what you. our brothers, fay to us. Brothers, we are obliged to 
 you tor your kind invitation to receive a prefent at the Logg's town, but as our forei-i. ibes 
 are not yet come, we muft wait for them, but you may depend we will come as foon as our 
 womtn h:<ve p anted corn, to hear what our brothers will fay to us. Brothers, we prefent you 
 with this bundle of flcms. as we are but poor, to be for (hoes L you on the roa J, and we return 
 you our hearty thanks for the cloaths which you have put upon )ur wives and children " 
 We then took our leaves of the kings and chiefs, and they ordered that a fmail nirty of Indians 
 ftould go with us as far as Hockbockhg ; but as I had left my boy and horfcs at inc LoL Sbawale 
 Uwn, I was obliged to go by myfelf. or to go fixty o; feventy miles out of my way. which iTd 
 rot care to do ; io we all came over the Mweami Riser together this evening, but Mr. Cro<.han 
 and Mr. Montour, went over again and lodged in the town, 1 Itayed on this fide at one Robert 
 im.th s a trader, where we had left our horfes. Before th.- French Indians had come into town 4 ,- , . 
 . we had drawn articles of peace and alliance between the Enplilh and IFawiaebtas and PiTJ^Z^ k ''" "{ 1?'* ' 
 I the -dentures were figned, fealed, and delivered on both Idet andTrrfc t^emTttf I "^Z '^^^. 
 '■ ^^^f^ a J "Pf" '''*' ^"""^ Mtneami River is very rich, level, and well timbered, fome of "' ='"d Piankaafas, 
 
 ifrnM k"" 'u " T^:- '^r^ ^"'^'''"'' '"'^ "^^*=" ^^""'^ n^e that it holds as good. and. if r^V^" . 
 pofllblc better, to the weft ward as far as the H^aia/h, which is accounted 100 miles and nnite .m m ""• '■ ' «"*' 
 
 "i?nvercuUeto\^^^^^^^^^ ^Tl -^''^t '^ 'T' "^'1 ^^'"^ ^heVL'jir.^^an'd"' rn"t ^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 iaid river quite o the Ob,o which is reckoned 150 miles. 'Jhe grafs here grows to a ^reat height ^°' '■■"^'' ' ""=^ <>« 
 in the clear helds, of which th.re are a greet number, and the ^ttoms ar? full of wlit cS ^^ "^ TM^' 
 wild rye. and blue gra'j. ^.»"•^.l. Man^ clear field* 
 
 Saturday ad George Croghan. and the reft of our company, came over the river ^ we got Wh'tf dof^.'lliM 
 ou. horics. and travelled about 35 m. to Mad Cr.-ek, this is a place where fome En-lifti traders 'y^' ='■"' blueg.a&. 
 had been taken prifoners by the French. ^'"oMui uaucii 
 
 Sunday 3d. We parted, they for Hoch..cking, and I for the Sbawane town-, and as I was 
 quite alone, and knew that the French Indians had threatened us. and would probably nurfue 
 or he in wait tor us, 1 lett the puh. and wc; to the louthwellward, down the little MV/.^ra/ 
 tivcr ox creek, where 1 had tine travelling, through rich land and beautiful meadows, in ^ 
 cou d fcmetimes <ee forty or fifty i^uffahes fctH.ng at once. The little Mineami river or creek l^^' 
 SS 'T '^Ti'''' "^r*^'^"// fi^' '"-duw. about a mile wide, very clear, like an U^ge herds of buf- 
 old field, and not a bu(h m ;t. 1 could fee the buifaloes in it about two miles off. 1 travelled f^'°«- 
 this day about thirty miles. »»wicu 
 
 Monday 4th. This day T hecr'fev .' jns, but was afraid to ex .mine who fired them, left 
 they rn.ght be iome of the iiench I-i. .... , io 1 travr-!kd through the woods about 00 m iuft 
 at night I killed a fine barun c.w buifaloc, and took out her tongue, and a little of the beft of 
 
 fl'garTrSs. ''' '''"' '"'^ ^'" ''""^"'^ ^'''^ "'^^ ^"'""^' ""^' '"^"l^' and Land very fine and 
 
 1 uefday 5th. I rravelled about 30 u :,^s. 
 
 Wedncfday 6th. t travelled aboiu thirty miles and killed a fat bear. 
 
 Thurfday 7rh. Set out with my horfe load of bear, and travelled about 30 m. This afternoon 
 I met a young man, a trader, and we encamped together that night ; he happened to have fome 
 Dread with him, and I had plersry of meat, fo wc fared very well. 
 
 Friday 8th. Travelled about m. and arrived at night at ihe Shawane town. All the In- 
 di.;.i, as well as the white men, came out to welcome my return to their town, being very olaj 
 that all things wc ^^ ritiuly f :led in the Mineami country ; they fired upwards of ifo Runt in 
 the town, and made an cnt«;,.inmcnt on a ount of the peace with the welfern Indians. On mv 
 return from the Tawi^i'htwi rr., ;;i .^ Shawane town, I did not keep an cxad account of cou.fe or 
 diHance. for as the land tha-,i >Mt was mt h tiic fame, and the fituation f the country was 
 *^l^.T"4?-'l!' " ■ ^.'" '"*' jouri.c, to the Jawigbtwi town, I thought ■'■ an.cciTary, but h?"e. 
 rf.-tTritiuta::u:iig, ia:u aov ." "ly fi'iCK pretty licaiiy 111 my plot. 
 
 ar ^.hTAV ' 'hu ^" ;''\^'^"^«""'' ^"""^ i met with one of the Mingoe ,, who had been down 
 at the falls crOh.a, io that we diu not fee him as wc went up. I infor.nc .lim if the king's prc- 
 lent, and the .nvitation down to Virginia, he told me that there was a party r Freeh Indians 
 
 ^ hunting 
 
 ■^ 
 
 which I ""''.°'! •'"'= '^*- 
 
 neami river very 
 
 well tim'ic ed. 
 
 Shawane town. 
 
 I 
 
 v^m: : 
 
Ohio at the Shaw- 
 ane town i mile 
 wide.very deep, and 
 a gentle current. 
 
 Three very large 
 carcafles of bealis 
 found on the Ohio. 
 
 Rib bones 1 1 feet. 
 
 Scull bone 6 feet 
 
 acrofi. 
 
 Teeth 5 feet long. 
 
 Tooth Gill brought 
 
 above ^ poundt 
 
 weighs. 
 
 Land broken, bot> 
 loms narrow. 
 I. o. 
 
 Lower fait lick ly 
 miles from the falls 
 of the Ohio, 
 J- p. 
 
 Afraid to go to the 
 falls. 
 
 Little Cuttawa ri- 
 
 »er. 
 
 Falls of Ohio de- 
 
 fcribed. 
 
 lom. CO a creek that was {o high thai we could not get over 
 
 400 miles 'rom the 
 falls to the iMifli- 
 fippi. 
 
 Ohio wide. 
 Land I very rich. 
 
 Lands on the Cutu> 
 wa river rich, and 
 level, for a great 
 diftance. 
 
 Great Cuttawa ri- 
 ver. 
 
 Finds a kind of bo- 
 rax. 
 
 C t4 ] 
 hunting at the falls, and if I went ihey would kill or carry m« away prifbner to the French, fat 
 it was certain they would not let me pafs j however as I had a grea: inclination to Ice the Falk, and 
 the lands ^- the eaft fide the Ohio, 1 refolded to venture as l^r as pofTibk. 
 
 Sunday <. .'1. Stayed in- the town and prepared for nny departure. 
 
 Toefday lath. I got my horfes over the river, and alter brfaktaft, my boy and 1 got ferried 
 over. The Ohio is near three quarters of a mile wide at the Shawane town, and is very deep 
 ai.d fmooth. 
 
 Wednefday 13th. We fet out S. 45d. W. down the river, on the S. E. fide 8 m. then S. 10 m. 
 here I met two men belonging to Robert Smith at whol« houlc 1 lodged on this fide the Mineami 
 river, and one Hugh Crawford ; the faid Hobert Smith bad given me an order upon thcfe men, 
 for two of the teeth of a large beaft, which they were bringing from towards the Falls of Ohio, 
 one of which I brought in and delivered to the Ohio company. Robert Smith informed me thai 
 about fcven years ago, thefc teeth, and the bones of three large beafts, oneoF which was fomewhac 
 fmalier than the other two, were ftund in a fall lick orjpring, ttpon a /mail creek, which runs into the 
 fouth fide of the Ohio, about fifteen mtlej behvi the month of the great Mineami river, and twenty 
 above the Fails of Ohio-, he aJTured me that the rib bones of the largeft of thofc beads, were eleven 
 feet long, and the fcuU bone fix feci acrofs the forehead, antl the other bones in proportion, and 
 that there were feveral teeth there, fome of which he called horns, and laid they wctc upwards of 
 five feet long, and as much as a man could welt carry ; that he had hid one in a branch at fonie 
 diftance from the place, left the French Indians Atould carry it away. The tooth which I brought 
 in, for the Ohio company, was a }aw tooth, of better civan four pounds weight, it appeared to be 
 thefarthcft tooth in the jaw, and looked like fine ivory, when the outfids was Icraped oflT. I alio 
 met with four Shavjaneln&ins coming up the river in their canoes, who informed me that there 
 were about fixty French Indians encamped at the Falls. 
 
 Thurfday 14th, 1 went down the river S. 15 m. the land upon this fide the Ohio chiefly broken, 
 and the bottoms but narrow. 
 
 Friday 15th. S. 5 m. S. W. 
 that night. 
 
 Saturday i6ch. S. 45 d. W. about 35 m. 
 
 Sunday 17th. The lamecourle 15 m. then N. 45 d. W. 5 m. ' 
 
 Monday i8th. N. 45 d. W. 5 m. then S. W. 20 m. t» the loxver fait Iki creeky which Robert 
 Smith and the Indians told me was about 15 miles above the Foils of Ohio; the land ftill hilly 
 the fait lick here much the fame with thofe before dcfcribed. This day we heard feveral guns! 
 which made me imagine the French Indians were not moved, but were Ibiil hunting and firing 
 thereabouts i we alfo faw fome traps newly fet, and the footfteps of fome Indians, plain on the 
 ground, as if they had been there the day before. 1 was now much troubled that I could not 
 comply with my inltruAions, and was once refolved to leave the boy and horfes, and go privately 
 on foot to view the Falls ; but the boy being a poor hunter, was afraid he would ftarve if I was 
 long from him, and there was alfo great danger leA the French Indians (hould come upon our horles 
 tracks, or hear their bells, and as I had fecn good I. id enough, I thought perhaps I might be 
 blamed for venturing fo far, in fuch dangerous timcss fo I concluded not to go to the Falls, but 
 travelled away to the fouth ward, till we were over the tittle Cuttawa river. The Falls of Ohio, by 
 the beft information I could get, are not very fteep j on the S. E. fido there is a bar of fand at 
 fome diftance from the fhore, the water between the bar and the Ihore, is not above three feet 
 deep, and the ftream moderately ftrong : the Indians frequently pafs fafely in their canoes 
 through this paflige, but are obliged to take great care as they go down, left the current 
 which is much the ftrongeft on the N. W. Tide, Ihould draw them t!iat way, which would be 
 very dangerous, as the water on that fide runs with great rapidity, over feveral ledges of 
 rocks. The waters below the Falls, as they fay, is about fix fathoms deep, and the river 
 continues without any obftruclion, till it empties itfelt into the Milfifippi, which is accounted 
 upwards of 400 miles. The Ohio, near tite mouth, is faid to be very wide, and the land upon 
 both fides very rich, and in general v.-ry level all the way from the Falls. After I had determined 
 not to go to the Falls, we turned from fait lick creek, to a ridge of mountains that made towards 
 the Cuttawa river, and from the top of the mountain, we law a fine level country S. W. as 
 far as our eyes could behold ; and ic was a very clear day. We then went down the moont'ain 
 and fet out S. 20 d. W. about 5 m. through rich level land, covered with fmall walnut, fugar- 
 trces, red-buds, &c. 
 
 Tuclday 19th. We fet out fouth, and croflicd feveral creeks, all running to the S, W. at 
 about twelve miles came to the Utile Cuttawa river, we were obliged to go up ir about a mile to 
 an ifiand which was the fhoaleft place wc could find to crofs at : wc then continued our courfe 
 in all about thirty miles, through rich level land, except about two mihs, which v.'as broken and 
 indifferent: this level is about thirty five miles broad, and as we came up ^he fide . . it ^-/jrg the 
 branches of the little Cuttawa, wc found it aboot 150 miles long, and how far towards cj c ij. W, 
 we could not tell, but imagined it held as far as iht great Cuttawa river, whicli woukJ L;, upwards 
 of IOC miles more, and appeared much broader that way, than here, as 1 ceuld difcem from the 
 tops of the mountains. 
 
 Wednefday 20th. We did not travel. I went up to the top of a raovmtain to view the 
 country : To the S. E. it looked very broken, and mountainous, bui; to Jlie eaftward and S. W, 
 it appeared very level. 
 
 Thurfday 2 1 ft. Set out S. 45 d. E. 15 m. S. 5 m. here J found a place where the (tones 
 fliined like high coloured brafs j the heat of the fun drewout of tliein a kindof borax,orfalt-petrc, 
 only fomcthing fweetcr, fome of which I brought in to the Ohio Company, though 1 believe it was 
 nothing but a fort of fulphur. 
 
 Friday 22d. S. E. ii m. 1 killed a fat bear, and was taken fick that night 
 
 Saturday 23d. I ftayed here, and fwcited after the Indian manner, which helped mo. 
 . _„... .,_ ,, ^ ,,,. ,,, ,,, ^ .., .. ^ ... ^.^_ ^ ..,_ ^,, ^_ .^ ..._ J^_ ^ J,^ ^.^_ . J..^ 
 
 a. t. 7 m. to a Imall creek, where we encamped, in a place where we had but poor food for our 
 horfes, and both we and they were very much wearied. The reafon of our making lb many 
 fliort courfes was, wc were driven by a branch of the tittU Cuttawa river, whole banks were lo 
 
 exceeding 
 
-: warrior's road 8. i m. S. E. 3 m, S. 2 m. S. E. 3 m. E. 
 f , E. 1 m. S. E. 1 m. S. i ir. W, i m. S. W, i m, S. 
 
 I tm 
 
 t m. 
 
 i.:^t7,ro„,^; !'/„.■;„■;„; IT ^- ■ - '■ *- =■ ^- "•- ^""^ "^^ "^ . 
 
 Saturday 30th. Stayed to relt our horfes. I went on foot, and found a oaffiPe th»n««W ,(,« 
 ««a«.ta,ns. to another creek, or a fork of the far«c creek, .hat we ^ere upon.'^^ "*'' '^' 
 
 tilJJ 1' •>' 'a 'T '""'■''l^- ^- '5 >"• '^'"^'^ ^ buffaloe, and encamped. 
 
 large warrior's camp that would contain ievcnty or ciehtv warriors • th^W c:»^Jr,'. 
 
 uik was the crane, as 1 knew by his pifture or arL painSi'JaTiee ' •""" ' "'""' """ 
 
 I ^mZ:^L maome7pon'^Xi^:i Z^''"-' = ' ^'""^^ ^^" "^ --^^' -^ ^-'^ 
 
 ijnday 5th. Kained, and we Itaid at the warrior's camp. 
 
 S.-cufday 6th. We went air ■ ' 
 
 k tiled a bear. 
 
 Sunday 7th. Set out E. « ,•«. 
 S> E. 2 m. S. I m. 
 
 Monday 8th. S i m. S. E. ^n. E. 3 m. S. E 1 m. E. 3 m. N. E. a ta N j m F 
 N. I m. E. 2 m. and encamped on a fmall laurel creek. -» i». JN. i m. E. 
 
 SaJ^Jis ^ rSUVt''""^'' r"J ''"^'"'^ ^^y' E. 5 m. to a fmall rreek. 
 Sarurday ijth. The fame courfc E. upon a ftraight line j though the wav we v^e- nhV.^.A 
 to travel was near twenty m>le$: here we killed two bears, the way fti 1 roTkv^^d Zf„^ ^^ 
 
 Monday ;5th. We col a palTage through ihe laurd. better than t«o tnifcs- a, I ... Hl„i, „ 
 
 w ^l'**)^. '^'^" , Thunder and rain, in the morning we fet out N. 2/;d E a m 
 Wedncfday 17th. This day I went to the top of a mountain to view the wfv -,„H f^, a • r 
 bad chat I d,d not care to engage in it, but rather chole to go out o^the ^aJ' a„d k^eS dl^ 
 
 Thurfday ,Sth. Set out down the creek's f.de, N. 3 m. then the creek tfrnin^* ISI w i 
 
 up^jiaJg^e'rt: ^" °"' ''°"" ''' '"" ^^ ^^ '"'■^'' "'' •'^- ^^ =» ■"• N- 20 d. E. 2 m. E. 2 m. 
 
 Saturday 20th. Set out S. E. 10 m. E. 4 m. over a fmall creek We had f„rl, k,^ . n- 
 down this creek, that wc had like to have loll one of oiirhorfcT ^ ''*^'"'"^ 
 
 Sundays I It Stayed to reft our horfes. 
 
 Monday 2 ad. Rained all day, wc could not travel. 
 
 1 uefday 23d. Set out E. 8 m. along a ridge oi mountams, then S. E. 5 m. E. * m S E 
 and encamped among very fteep mountains. ^ ^ ^' ^' *^- 
 
 Wedndday .4th. S. E. 4 m. through fteep mountains and thickets. £. 6 m 
 
 kilLff ' ^" ' ™- '• ^' ' "• '*• ^- ' ■"• '■ ^- ^ -• ^- ' ™- 'hen S. a m. E. 
 Friday 26ih. Set out S E. 2 m. here it rained fo hard wc were obliged to ftop. 
 Saturday 27th, to Monday ?,gth. Thcfe three davs it conrin„.d -?„., .JtL 
 
 ! li rn» "''^ ""' T^- u '^" '^' *"y *'°"' ^'■' ^^'^ crceic" to ^h^s place, "the b«nches"of 'th^ 
 .ttlc Cuttawa were lo high tiu- *e could not pafs them, which obliged us to go over the he!ds of 
 ihem. throoghacontmued ledge of almoilinacctffibicmountains, rocks, andlaurel thickets 
 
 4 m. 
 
 t m; 
 
 .1 r 
 
 —filler, lO' 
 
 Tuefday 
 
f 
 
 i6 
 
 1 
 
 '1 
 , } 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 if 
 
 
 1 
 
 1' 
 
 Blue Stone river, 
 J.I. 
 
 Remirl-ible rock. 
 I. 
 
 Sinking Creek. 
 R. Hall the farthefl 
 
 Tiicfday joth. Fair wc. !ier, fct out e!" 3 m. S. E. 8 m. E. a m. to a 7iuU river er freek 
 wl ofdh into the Big Kanhawa, culled Blue Stene, where wc cncampcti and had good feeding for 
 
 Wcdncfday, May ill. Set out N. 75 d. E, 10 m. and killed a buftaloc » then went up a very 
 hiph mountain, upon the top of which was a rocit fixty or fevcnty fcrc hiah, and a cavity ja th' 
 midale, into which I went, and found there was a pafll»<2;( through it, which gradually afccnded 
 to the top, with fcveral holes in the rock, which let in thr light j when I got to the top of this 
 rock, I could fee a prodigious diftance, and could plainly dilcover where the Big Kanhawa river 
 broke through the next high mountain. I then came down and continued my courfc N 7c d 
 E. om. farther, and encamped. • /a • 
 
 Thtjrfday ad, and Friday 3d. Thefc two days it rained, and we ftaid at our camp, to take 
 care of fome provifion we had killed. *^ 
 
 Saturday 4th. This day our horfes ran away, and it was late before we got them, fo we could 
 not travel tars we went N. 75 d. £.4™. 
 
 Sunday 5th. Rained all day. 
 
 Monday 6th. Set out through very bad ways E. 3 m. N. E. 6 m. over a bad laurel creek 
 ii. 4 m. 
 
 Big Kanliawa, or J"«f'^ay 7th. Set out E. lo m. to the % Kanhawa or new river, and eoc over half of it to 
 New River. a large tfiand, where wc lodged all night. 
 
 £., J; X ,„.. . Welnelday 8th. We made a raft of logs, and crolTcd the other half of the river, .nnd went an 
 wfder d„7.^^S " ^- l""' ^i' -^"f*-";- "-^ ««' "ver {by fome called Wood's river) where I crofled it. which 
 many falh.*^ «"» "'">"' ^ight miles above the mouth of the Blue Stone river, is better than 200 yards wide 
 
 Bottom, rich but ""0 P^tty dccp, but full of rocks and falls. The bottoms upon it, and Blue Stone river are verv* 
 narrow: liigh land fich, but narrow; the high land broken. ^ 
 
 roken. J^^'^M 9; ^*« o"' E- '3 m. to a large Indian warrior's camp, where we killed a bear 
 
 asd (laid all night. "^ » 
 
 Friday loth. Set out E. 4. m. S. E. 3 m. S. 3 m. through mountains covered with ivy. and 
 laurel thickets. " 
 
 A^y^^^\ c ^*'";^'^''y ' "^- Set out S. 2 m. S. E. 5 m. to a creek, and a meadow where we let our horfea 
 
 uf a',:ou°n"t^n' '°' ff' '''=" ^ \ ^""i^'' ""• ^^ ^^ '■ ^l '° =* ^"V '"2^ mountain, upon the top of which was a 
 , kc or pond about three quarters of a mile long N. E. and S. W. and a quarter of a mile wide 
 the water frefli and clear, and a clean gravelly (hore about ten yards wide with a fine meadow, and 
 iix fine fprings in Jt \ then S. about 4 m. to a branch of the Kanliawa called Sinking Creek 
 Sunday 12th. Stayed to reft our horlcs, and dry fome meat wc had killed 
 «.„„. w.. ........ Monday 13th. Set out S. E. 2 m. E. i m. S. E. 3 m. S. la m. to one Richard Hall's, in Au- 
 
 fettler to the weft gulta county ; this man is one of the farthefl: fettlers to the weftward up the new river 
 of ne«, river. TueCday 14th. Stayed at Richard Hall's, and wrote to the prefident of Virginia, and the Ohio 
 
 company, to let them know 1 lliould be with them by the 15th day of June 
 K. k. Wednefday 15th. Set out from Richard Hall's S. 1-6 m. ' 
 
 Btaver Wand creek. Thurfday i6th. The fame courfc S. 22 m. and encamped at Beaver IJland Creek, a branch of tbt 
 
 Kanhawa, oppofite to the head of Roanoak. '' 
 
 LinebetweenNorth Friday 17th. Set out S. W. 3 m. then S. 9 m. to the dividing line between Carolina and Vir^i 
 Carolina and Vir- ma, where I flayed all night. The land from Richard Hall's to this place is broken 
 ^rarrive. at his r ^""'^''5' '^d'' S« out S. 20 in. to my own houfe on the Tadkin river; when I came there, I 
 o*n houfe, on the ™""° ^" J^y "™'y g°"<^» ">■■ '^6 Indians has killed five people in the winter near that place whfch 
 Yadkin river. frightened my wife and family away to Roanoak, about 95 miles nearer in amon^ the inhabitants 
 which I was informed of by an old man 1 met near the place. '^ 
 
 Suntday 19th. Set out for Roanoak, and as we had now a path, wc got there the fame night 
 where 1 tound all my family well. "'B'". 
 
 Chriftopher Gift. 
 
 An account of the Feftival at the Shawane Town mentioned in my Journal, page 6 
 
 In the evening a proper officer made a public proclamation, that all liie Indians marriages weredif- 
 folved, and a public teaft was to be held for the three fuccceding days after, in which the women 
 (as their cuftom was) were again to choofe their hufbands. 
 
 The next morning early the Indians breakfafted, and after fpcnt the day in dancing till the 
 eveoing, when a plentiful feaft was prepared ; after fealling, they fpent the night in dancin-r 
 
 The lanie way they paflcd the two next days till the evening, the men dancing by themlelves 
 and then the women 111 turns round fires, and dancing in their manner in the form of the figure 8* 
 about 60 or 70 of them at a time. The women, the whole time they danced, funr- a ibna in 
 their language, the chorus of which was, ' o ■ 6 " 
 
 I am not afraid of my hufloand-, 
 I will choofe what man I pleale. -> 
 
 Singing thofe lines alternately. 
 
 The third day, in the evening, the men. being about 100 in number, danced in a lone ftrine 
 following one another, iometimes at length, at other times in a figure of 8 quite round thf fort 
 and in and out of the long houfe, where they held their councils, the women ftar^mg toeether a'! 
 the iren danced by them j and as any of the women liked a man palTing by, (he tteppetf in, and 
 joined in the dance, taking hold of the man's ftrouJ, whom fhe chole, anU then continued in the 
 dance, till the reft of the women ftepped in, and made their choice in the fame manner 1 ait«r 
 which the dance ended, and they all retired to cor.iummate. 
 
 N. B. This was given tome by colonel Mercer, agent to the Ohio Company, and now lieute- 
 nant governor of North Carolina. '^ 
 
 Shawane feftival. 
 Indians marriages 
 diflblred. 
 
 Indian 
 
 choofe huibands. 
 
 women 
 
 N 
 
lie river or ereek 
 1 good feeding tor 
 
 n went up a very 
 d a cavity ia the 
 adually afccndiid 
 to the top of thi» 
 ig Kanhawa river 
 courfe N, ys <!• 
 
 ur camp, to take 
 
 lem, fo we could 
 
 bad laurel creek 
 
 OTcr half of it to 
 
 er, nnd went up 
 :rofft;d it, which 
 200 yards wide, 
 me river arc very 
 
 ife killed a bear, 
 
 rd with ivy, and 
 
 we let our horfct 
 p of which was a 
 r of a mile wide, 
 ine meadow, and 
 ng Creek, 
 
 i Hail's, in Au- 
 
 river. 
 
 ia, and the Ohio 
 
 :, a braneb of the 
 
 olina and Virgi- 
 en. 
 
 I came there, I 
 hat place, which 
 
 the inhabitants, 
 
 the fame night, 
 
 :hriltopher Gift. 
 
 1, page 6. ' 
 rriages were dif- 
 lich the women 
 
 lancing, till the 
 
 in dancing. 
 
 ; by themiirlvcs, 
 
 of the figure 8, 
 
 fung a fong in 
 
 n a long ftring, 
 round thf forr, 
 iMig together as 
 fteppcd in, and 
 ontinued in the 
 manner 5 aftar 
 
 and now lieute-