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 .^Jn'vla'^i^^p^ 
 
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 [ldEiJ^%w2ME^ i 
 
 
 tm odiiwoii jjiiiteuc saias^ 
 
 
E 
 
Dominion Catholic Series 
 
 OUTLINES 
 
 t 
 
 OF 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 USE OF SCHOOLS 
 
 BY 
 
 A CATHOLIC TEACHER 
 
 [SBCOMD EDITION, BBTISED.] 
 
 JAMES A. SADLIER 
 MONTREAL AND TORONTO 
 
Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, by James A. 
 Sadlier, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture. 
 
 SECOND EDITION, REVISED. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight, by Jambs A. 
 Sadlier, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture. 
 
 I 
 
 « 
 
 
 1 
 
 .4 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 he 
 A. 
 
 he 
 A. 
 
 .« 
 
 It Avill be seen that the following sketch of English 
 History is iJresented on a plan dilfering materially 
 from that in ordinary use. The principal events of 
 eacli period are summarily given in chronological 
 order; the leading topics are briefly discussed in their 
 proper places, and short biographies of eminent persons 
 complete the sketch of the i)eriod. Useful tables are 
 given at the end of the book. No questions are given, 
 as they tend to make the study too mechanical. AU 
 the essential facts are dealt Avith, but necessarily in a 
 brief way, it being left to tlie skill of the earnest 
 teacher to amplify where necessary. 
 
 ;#i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 f 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Britons and Romans, B. C. 5'. to A. D. 449 . . . 6 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Saxon and Danes, A. D. 449 to 1066 8 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Norman Line, A. D. 1066 to 1154 . ... 14 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 HOTTSR OK Piantaoenet, OR Anjou, A. D. 1154 TO 1399 23 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Houses of Lancaster and York, A. D. 1399 to 1485 38 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 House of Tudor, A. D. 1485 ro 1603 48 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 House of Stuart, A. D. 1603 ro 1714 65 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 House of Hanover, A. D. 1714 to Present Time . 87 
 
 AfI'ENDIX 
 
 1. The British Constitution jj^ 
 
 2. Principal Treaties .' 
 
 3. Important Statutes • • ,„., 
 
 4. The Sovereigns of England . . • \" 
 
 5 Pronunciation of Difficult Proiier Names . . . • i^-» 
 
 J-- 
 
 .y 
 
 •3 
 
 I 
 
ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 )9 23 
 
 J5 38 
 
 48 
 
 . 6S 
 
 . 87 
 
 . 117 
 
 . 117 
 . 119 
 . 120 
 . 122 
 . 124 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 BRITONS AND ROMANS. 
 
 B. C. ,15 TO A. D. 440. 
 
 LEADING PEATURES-Roraans conquer Britain and remain in 
 possession nearly four centurie8.-Britons become eiviUzed, but 
 lose their warlike skill. 
 
 Principal Events. Ii.C. 55.— Julius Cfesar, a cel- 
 ebrated Roiniiu oeneral, invades Britain, defeats the 
 natives in several battles, but does not effect a perma- 
 nent conquest. A. J). 43.— The Emperor Claudius 
 lands in Britain with a large army, and leaves a 
 force sufficient to secure a firm foothold i^; the island. 
 A. D. 43 to 61.— Caractacus and Queen Buadicea suc- 
 cessively maintain a gallant but ineffectual struggle 
 against Roman progress. A. D. 78 to 85.— Britain 
 is finally conquered and reduced to a Roman i)rovince 
 by Julius Agricola. Christianity is introduced about 
 the end of the first century, and becomes i)opulai;among 
 the natives. The Pope sends two missionaries to in- 
 struct them. The Christians are severely persecuted 
 by the Romans. St. Alban becomes the first British 
 
c 
 
 EXGUsn HISTOHY. 
 
 inaitvi'. In the fourth c(>ntury, throe liritish bishops 
 go to attend tlu' Conn<;il of Ark's. Tlic Romans re- 
 main in possession of Britain for about 400 years, 
 when th(.' troops are withthawn to (U'fend their own 
 country against foreign invaders. 
 
 The Ancient Britons. —That part of the ishmd of 
 Britain now called lOngland is said to have b(;en 
 l)eopled by a colony fronj (iaui (France), about a thou- 
 sand years 1)efore tlie Christian era. The Ancient 
 IJritons wer(i of the Celtic race, robust, brave, and war- 
 like, but rude and savage in tlieir mole of living. 
 They were divided into a numl)er of independent 
 tribes, but in times of danger they formed confedera- 
 cies for common defence, chiefly against the Picts 
 and .Scots who inhabited Caledonia, the northern part 
 of the island. Tlieir religion was that pagan form 
 called Druidism, from their priests, the Druids, who 
 were also their physicians anil law-givers. In Caesar's 
 time, thick forests covered the western and southern 
 districts, while in the east the land was low and 
 swampy. Mines of copper antl tin were worked to 
 some extent in the south-west, but agriculture and 
 otlier useful arts were little known or practiced. 
 
 What the Romans did for Britain.— They built 
 
 towns, made roads and Ijridges, drained marshes, mised 
 walls in the north to keep back the Picts and Scots,* 
 
 ♦ Ronrnn JFalls.—The priiiciiuil were the Wall of A<lrian, from the Tyne 
 to the Solway Frith, built A. D. IJl, and the Wall of Autoniiie, from the 
 Forth to the Clyde, built A. D. 140. 
 
BHITONS AND ROMANS. J 
 
 .'stal)lish(3a sehoo/.,, iinproveil agriculturo iiii.l hous... 
 
 I)uilcling, ami, <,'oii(.r;illy„ .-iiltivatod in the Urit.ms a 
 ta-sto for the arts of civilized life. liut, in tli.- mean- 
 time, the Dritons lost their aneient skill in warfans 
 and became slothful and timid; so, when the Romans 
 abandoned the island, the native's were n.) Inn-er a 
 match for their hereditary foes, the tierce and hardy 
 Picts and Scots, who ravaged the country at pleasure. 
 
 EMINEXT PERSONS. 
 
 Julius Caesar, born B. C. 100 ; a renowned Roman general, 
 statesman, and writer, and perhaps the ^neatest genius of an.ient 
 times ; he l)ecame virtually the first emperor of Rome ; l.e was 
 assassinated, B. C. 44. 
 
 Caractacus, King of the Silures, a British tiiho in Wah-s ; 
 he oi.pose.J tlie Romans for nine yeai-s, but was ,lefeat.-l an,l 
 capturo.l by the Roman general, Ostorius, who ravvM him to 
 Rome ; his gallant bearing soon won his relea.s«.' from the Em- 
 iwror Claudius ; he died about A. D .')4. 
 
 Boadicea, the brave and warlike British (Jueen of the leeni • 
 desp^^iled of her territory an.l publicly flogged by Roman otti- 
 cers, she gathered an immense army and, for a thne, was suc- 
 cessful ; but was at last comi.letely routed by the Roman gen- 
 eral, Suetonius Paulinus ; she poisoned herself, A. D. 61. 
 ^ Saint Alban was born at Vendam, near the present town of 
 St. Albans. He served seven years in the Roman army. While 
 in Rome he became a scholar of note, and soon after Ids retain 
 to Britain he was converted to Christianity. On refusing tu 
 worship idols, he was put to death during the iMjrsecution of 
 Diocletian, A. D. 303. 
 
Ill 
 
 
 m 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 SAXONS AND DANES. 
 
 A. D. 449 TO 1066. 
 
 XEADING FEATURES.— Britons conquered and almost extermi- 
 nated by Anglo-Saxon tribes — Re-introdnction of Christianity. 
 —Britain becomes England — Struggles with the Danes. 
 
 Principal Events. A. I). 449.— Invited by the 
 Britons, several tribes, principally Angles and Saxons 
 from the north of Germany, land in I'ritain under the 
 command of Hengist and Horsa. These first expel 
 the Picts and Scots ; tlien turning their arms against 
 the Britons tliem.selvos, soon force the latter into 
 Wales and Cornwall, and finally divide the country 
 into seven kingdoms (the Saxon Heptarchy): Kent, 
 Sussex, Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia, and 
 Northumberland. About the end of the sixth century, 
 — A. D. 596 — Christianity (expelled ))y the pagan 
 Saxons) is again introducetl — by St. Augustine in the 
 south-east, and by some Irish monks in the north-M'est, 
 iind gradually spreads over the islantl. 
 
 A. D. 827. — After centuries of warfare among them- 
 selves, the seven kingdoms are at last united by 
 
 I 
 
SAXONS AND DANES. 
 
 Egbert, King of Wessex, who thus becomes the 
 Saxon king of all England. Dnrin" h 
 
 9 
 
 first 
 
 lis rei<'n, the 
 
 into 
 
 Danes begin their inroads and tiirow the country 
 disorder. 
 
 A. D. 870— Alfred the Great, the ablest monarch 
 of his time, virtuous, religious, and wise ; becomes king 
 when the Danes are almost masters of England ; but 
 by his superior skill he rapidly lessens their pow- ^', a„d 
 in the battle of Ethandune completely crushes r,hem. 
 The vanquished Danes, on embracing Christianity, are 
 allowed to settle in England. Alfred soon restores 
 order to the kingdom; frames an excellent code of 
 laws ; divides England into counties ; establishes trial 
 by jury; founds Oxford University and many other 
 schools ; translates several works into English ; rel)uil.l8 
 churches and towns destroyed by the Danes ; liberates 
 many bondsmen ; encourages commerce and all kinds 
 of industries; and makes his country prosperous at 
 home and respected in foreign nations. Besides at- 
 tending to all this, he daily finds time for private study 
 and devotion and the regular practice of Christian 
 duties. He dies in 901, deeply regretted by all classes 
 of his subjects. His gran<ls,m, Athelstan (90.5 to 941), 
 is his ablest successor. He overcomes the Danes, and 
 by his skill and wisdom rules the country in i)eace. 
 
 Ethelred the Unready (998 to 1019), a weak king, 
 levies an annual tax on his people, called the Danegelt,' 
 to bribe tiie Danes to keep away ; causes a massacre of 
 
10 
 
 ENGLISH UISTOKY. 
 
 the Danes settled in England, and tlius provokes a 
 liercer invasion by the Danisli king. 
 
 Danish Period. A. D. 1017 to 1041.— Canute, son 
 of Sweyn, King of Donniaik, coiKiuers England, be- 
 comes a Cliristian, and rules with great ability not 
 only England, but also Denmark, Xorway,and Sweden. 
 There were in all three Danish kings : Canute, and his 
 sons, Harold and Hardicanuto ; the last two, degener- 
 ate monarchs. 
 
 A. D. 1041 to 1065.-0,1 the death of the last 
 Danish king, the Saxon line is restored in the person 
 of the son of Ethelred— Edward, called the Confessor, 
 on account of his piety and virtue. He frames a code 
 of laws (famous in after-ages), providing for the rights 
 of all classes of his sulyects ; aliolishes the Danegelt ; 
 and by his wise and gentle rule makes England happy 
 and prosperous. Edward dying without issue, Harold, 
 a powerful Saxon noble, is proclaimed king. The fol- 
 lowing year, William, Duke of Xormandy, invades 
 England, defeats Harold at the battle of Hastings 
 (Senlac), and seizes the crown (1066). 
 
 The Anglo-Saxons.— The tribes that landed in 
 Britain with Hengist an(! Horsa were of the Teutonic 
 race, brave and hardy, but barbarous and idolatrous. 
 Having conquered the Britons, they effaced all 
 traces of Roman civilization, destroyed the Christian 
 churches, and, by centuries of warfare among them- 
 selves, reduced the country to its primitive savage 
 
SAXON« AND DANES. 
 
 11 
 
 State. But Christianity, introduced once more by 
 St. Augustine, who came to En-land at tlie com- 
 mand of Pope Gregory, soon softened their fierce 
 and cruel nature and made them just and religious 
 Monasteries were l)uilt tlnoughout the inland and be- 
 came institutions of learning. The Saxons, apt to im- 
 prove under able teachers, soon learned from the monks 
 how to build good houses, to drain and cultivate the 
 lands, and many other useful arts. For more than a 
 century after the lauding of 8t. Augustine, the Saxons 
 steaddy advanced in civilization and prosperity • but 
 the dissensions of the kings and the incui-sions of the 
 Danes disturbed this happy state and brought the 
 country to the verge of ruin, from which it was rescued 
 only by the genius and wisdom of such kings as Alfred 
 the Great and Edwaitl the Confessor. Slavery was a 
 wide-spread institution among the Saxons, but its evils 
 were greatly mitigated l)y the influence of the Church. 
 A custom corresponding to the Feudal Svstem also ex- 
 isted, but in a very patriarchal fornj. The free popu- 
 lation was divided into H>rl or noble, and ceorl or igno- 
 ble—the king occupying- the tii-st place. The obHga- 
 tions existing between the loi-d and the vassal were 
 mutual : the vassal served the lord, and the lord pro- 
 tected the vassal. Tlie king was assisted in his gov- 
 ernment by a council or parliament called the AVite- 
 nagemote (Assembly of the AVise), comijosed of repre- 
 sentatives of the nobles and the clergy. During the 
 
12 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Saxon period, Norman architectAire, organs, clocks, and 
 paper were introduced into England. Angles and 
 Saxons both spoke the same language, which they called 
 Enqlish; but the former became the more powerful 
 tribe and gave tlieir name to the whole country— 
 Angle-land, hence England. 
 
 EMINENT PERSONS. 
 
 Gildas, sumamed "the Wise;" a monk and a native of 
 Wales ; he was the first British historian, and wrote an account 
 of tlie Saxon conquest ; he died in 570. 
 
 Caedmon, a monk ; he was the first Anglo-Saxon poet, and 
 wrote the "Paraphrase/' a poetic history of the Creation and 
 
 Fall ; he died in 680. , ^ .^ 
 
 St. Aldhelm, Abboc of Malmesbury ; he was the fii-st Eng- 
 lishman that wrote Latin poetry ; he died about 709. 
 
 St Bede called "the Venemble Bede ;" a priest famed tor 
 his learning' and sanctity; he was the first English historian, 
 and wrote " Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, the 
 most trustworthy authority in that early period ; he died in /35. 
 Alcuin, Abbot of St. Martin of Tours, and one of the most 
 learned men of his age ; he was tutor to Charlemagne, Ku.g of 
 France ; he died in 804. 
 
 Asset, a learned monk and King Alfred's tutor ; he wrote 
 " Life of Alfred the Great ;" he died in 909. 
 
 St Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury and Archbishop ot Can- 
 terbury was one of the ablest ecclesiastics and statesmen of his 
 time. For forty yeai-s, comprising the reigns of Athelstan's suc- 
 cessors, Edmund, Edred, Edwy, Edgar, and Edwar^l the Mar- 
 tyr he admi- istered the affaii^ of the kingdom with consum- 
 mate ability nd success. He was a stern disciplinanan wher- 
 
SAXONS AND DANES. 
 
 13 
 
 ever he held suthority ; he rei.rovecl even kings for their licen- 
 tiousness, and forced King Edgar to do puMic ixjnance for scan- 
 dalous conduct ; he reformed ecclesiastical discipline, and nobly 
 preserved the rights and dignity of the Church in Englan.l ; he 
 promote.1 learning and piety l)y his own example, hy the erection 
 of many monasteries and by the intro<luction of the learned Bene- 
 dictine Order of mo.iks. All this time he was a ,nan of prayer 
 and study, fulfille.l his sacerdotal duties with assiduitv and 
 devotion, ministered to the wants of the poor, and regularly 
 preached the Word of God until the day of his death, 988. He 
 had royal blood in his veins, and was undoubtedly the grandest 
 character in Anglo-Saxon England. 
 
 Among other eminei.t persons were St. Aidan and St. 
 Cuthbert, the former an Irish missionary to Northumbria, and 
 the latter a bishop in the same kingdom. Both lived in the 
 seventh century, and did much to improve the condition and 
 elevate the morals of the i>eople. 
 
 CHIEF DATES OF THE SAXON PERIOD. 
 
 Landing of the Saxons 449 
 
 Heptarchy established 53.2 
 
 Christianity re-introduced 593 
 
 Egbert, king of all Saxon England 827 
 
 Reign of Alfred the Great .! 870-901. 
 
 Era of St Dunstan. 
 
 .948-988. 
 
 Canute, Danish king jqj^ 
 
 Edward the Confessor 1042, 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE NORMAN LINE. 
 
 A. D. 1006 TO 1154. 
 
 LEADING FEATURES.— The Feudal System.— Ornsadet—InTMt* 
 itures.— Ciril Wars.— Rise of Baronial Power. 
 
 William I. (the Conqueror), 1066 to 1087 : the 
 ablest ruler and warrior of his time and remarkable 
 for great physical strength. He is at first mild and 
 just, but soon becomes stern and cruel towards all 
 classes of his subjects ; dispossesses the Saxon nobles 
 and prelates, and substitutes Xormans ; establishes the 
 Feudal System — paying rent of land by military ser- 
 vice, instead of money — (see p. 18) ; compiles the 
 Doomsday-book containing an account of every estate 
 in England ; destroys sixty villages to make himself a 
 hunting-ground, called the Xew Forest ; establishes the 
 Curfew, a bell rung at eight o'clock every night, warn- 
 ing the Saxons to put out their lights ; makes Norman- 
 French the legal language, and establishes the Great 
 Council, in place of the AVitenagemot. He dies from 
 injuries received while besieging a town in France, 
 leaving Normandy to his eldest son Robert, and Eng- 
 land to his second son "William. 
 
THE NORMAN LINE. 
 
 15 
 
 M.— Invest* 
 
 )87: the 
 markable 
 mild and 
 wards all 
 )n nobles 
 lishes the 
 litary ser- 
 piles the 
 Bry estate 
 himself a 
 lishes the 
 ;ht, warn- 
 Norman- 
 ;he Great 
 lies from 
 1 France, 
 and Eng- 
 
 William II. (Rufus), 1087 to 1100: vicious, tyran- 
 nical, and cruel. He aci^uires Normandy by mortgage 
 from his brother Ro])ert, who goes with the Firet Cm. 
 sade(seep. 19); builds "Westminster Hall ; quarrels with 
 the Church about Investitures — appointing bishoi)s to 
 vacant sees ; is killed M'hile hunting in New Forest. 
 
 Henry I. (Beauclepc), 1100 to 1135, (third son of 
 the Conipieror) : energetic, cunning, avaricious, dos))otic. 
 He seizes the treasure and crown of England, to the 
 exclusion of Kobert, the rightful lieir ; marries Matilda, 
 daughter of the Scottish king, and niece of Edgar Atli- 
 eling, heir of Edward the Confessor, thus uniting the 
 Norman and Saxon lines ; invades Normandy, defeats 
 and caj^tures Robert at Tenchebrai, and imprisons him 
 at Cardiff Castle, where he dies twenty-eight years after. 
 Henry revives the question of Investitures, but is suc- 
 cessfully opposed by St. Anselm. He signs a Charter 
 granting certain rights to the people ; establishes the 
 Exchequer court for collecting the revenue, and appoints 
 judges to travel on circuit. He loses his only son Will- 
 iam, who is drowned while crossing from Normandy, and 
 dies of a fever, leaving his daughter Maud, wife of Geof- 
 frey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, heir to the throne. 
 
 Stephen, 1135 to 1154: son of Stephen, Count of 
 Blois, and Adela, daughter of the Conqueror, claims the 
 crown, in opposition to Maud, or Matilda, who engages 
 him in a long and desultory war. His barons defeat 
 King David of Scotland, supporter of Maud, at Nortlial- 
 
16 
 
 ENCIMHU HISTOUY. 
 
 Icrtou (Kattio of the Stand»nl). It .. fina y armngc J 
 treaty that, at his death, the crown shall go to H ur>, 
 Maud's so; by Geoffrey Plantagenet. Stephen allows 
 the harons many i«n»rtant privileges. He was a ,o U 
 and generous prince ; hut his reign was one of turbu- 
 lence and misery. 
 
 GEKEALOOY OF THE NORMAN KINGS. 
 William I., the Conquerob. 
 
 Roltert, 
 Duke of Normandy. 
 
 ~ 71 H..ii'iv T A<lela, 
 
 William II. Hi'iu> 1. married 
 
 Maud, Count of lllois. 
 
 married i 
 
 Geoffrey Plantagenet. btepnen. 
 
 Henry II. 
 
 England under the Nomians.-Tl>e Norn-.an kings 
 and nobles, though .emarkable for exfuordmary b..v. 
 erv and warlike skill, were severe, stern, and despotic 
 ru ers, keeping down by force and frequently opp-ss- 
 ™ « eir Saxon subjects-the mass of the iK.,«,lat.on 
 '^^e Normans were great architects. They bud^ U 
 ™nd churches and massive castles, and hved u the 
 best style the age could afford. The peasantry of the 
 toe- hose by whom the land was cult vated-we^ 
 llled »«:/i or .«,«, attached to the land, and a no^ 
 the nro,»rtv of their lorfs. Their houses and fumi- 
 1' X of the poorest kind. Although this was 
 Iperiod of warfare, bloodshed, and suffering, pe-ice- 
 f„ a"ts were not entirely neglected. Learnmg was 
 
 :i 
 
THE NORMAX LINE. 
 
 17 
 
 rranged hy 
 
 to Henry, 
 
 hen allows 
 
 was a boUl 
 
 of turbu- 
 
 A<lela, 
 
 married 
 
 Count of Blois. 
 
 Stephen. 
 
 )riiian kings 
 dinary brav- 
 mcl despotic 
 ntly oppress- 
 3 population, 
 iiey built up 
 lived in the 
 santry of the 
 ivated— were 
 i, and almost 
 es and furni- 
 ugh this was 
 afering, peace- 
 Learning was 
 
 1 
 
 kept alive by such renowned scholars as Unhanc 
 and St. Anselni, and by tlie encouragement given t(» 
 literary worth by Henry I. and his queen Xfaud 
 Schools opened by a few monks at Cheltenham laid the 
 foundation of Cambridge Tnivorsity. Cloth weavin- 
 was established in the west of England by Flemish 
 imuugmnts, and agriculture was fostenxl all over the 
 country by the monks. Kveu th(, warlike tiistes <,f the 
 Nonnan lords produced gocd effects. They encoura-ed 
 many mechanical trades, such as those of the smith 
 and the miller, an<l built villages and towns around 
 their castles. 
 
 What the Church did fop the People.-She was 
 
 ever the friend of the masses-improving their condi- 
 tion not only by her divine teachings, but also by the 
 practical work of her numerous institutions of learn- 
 ing, piety, and benevolence; and always exercisinc. 
 her power in favor of the oppressed against tyrannical 
 oppression. Siie emancipated the slaves,- or made 
 their l>«rdens bearable. Wlule inculcating the princi- 
 ples of obedience and respect for authority, she taught 
 the people that they had rights and i,rivileges consist- 
 ent with the dignity of manluxxl, and she more than 
 once forced haughty lonls and kings to bow to the 
 just demands of the people. In this military age, she 
 did much CO mitigate the horrors of war. She estab- 
 lished the Treu:/a Dei, which i>rohibited warfare of all 
 kinds during the holy seasons of I^nt and Advent 
 
18 
 
 ENGLISH HIKTOKY. 
 
 a,„l, during the i^st of th. year, tvom every We.l..es. 
 J..y evening until the following Mon.lay morning 
 Under her influence was founde.1 the cele ..-at,., 
 institntion of Chivalry, e„m,.os.Ml of n.any on -rs of 
 noble knights, whose .U.ties wre: t.. succor the .hs- 
 tressed, to defen.l the helpless, to pn.tect rehgion, to 
 be n,erciful and courteous even to their enemies, and 
 U, keep faith ■ .ith CVxl and nmn Such are « few 
 «xa„.ples of the work .lone by the Church for t . 
 pe,.ple, during that eventful peri«l called the M.d.Ue 
 
 The Feudal System. -This famous civd and yM- 
 ieal institution of Euroi«, during the Middle Ages w.« 
 eBtahlished in England in Its full n.aturity by WiUmm 
 the Con,iueror. Tl.e fun.lamenfcd prmcple of the 
 system was that all the lands in the kingdom were 
 held fron. the crown and were originally granted by the 
 kin., to his princiH followers, who, in consideration 
 „f such grants, bound themselves merely t<, render the 
 king military service when required. Those to whom 
 thete grants were made, again parcelled out the.r estates 
 «n similar terms to their dependants, who were called 
 their feudatories, or vassals, as they themselves were 
 called the vassals of the king. The feudal system was 
 in keeping with the military spirit of the age, and, 
 though well calculated for defence, was defective in its 
 provisions for the interior order of society ; because, as 
 every feudal kingdom was thus composed of a mmber 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
THE NOKMAN MXE. 
 
 19 
 
 of in.I(.|K.iul(Mit cliir.ftains, with no oth(M' hoiul bctwoon 
 tli.'iu tlmii tlie obligiitiou of rencU'iin- one l,ea<l chief 
 military service in liis wars, tlie conse-iuences were elis- 
 or.!, turl)uJence, and war. The causes that contrib- 
 uted to its <lecline in Europe were the Crusa(U's, the 
 extension of commerce, and tlie rise of cities. The 
 wholesale destruction of tlie nobles in tlie Wars of the 
 Roses, and the ,.olicy of Henry VII. in limiting the 
 number of each noble s retainers, virtually terminated 
 its existence in En«,dand. 
 
 The Crusades (lOOr, to 1272) were ^p.ilitary expe- 
 ditions under the banner of the Cross, undertaken by 
 the princes of AVestern Europe to <leliver the Holy 
 Liind from the Mahometans who were i)ersecutin<,' resi- 
 dent Christians and i)il;;qims, and desecrating places 
 hallowed by the sufferings of ,mr Redeemer. There 
 were eight of these expeditions in all : but, from a 
 military view-point, the first was the most imj.ortant, 
 as being the only one that fully achieved its objects.' 
 The ftrst Crusade was conducted chiefly by Godfrey, 
 Duke of Boulogne, a knight equally renowned for his 
 Christian virtues and military prowess. Under him 
 the Crusaders won victory after victory over the Sara- 
 cens, and hnally brought the Crusade' to a successful 
 issue by the capture of Jerusalem and the crowning of 
 Duke Godfrey as its first Christian king, A. D. 1099. 
 The next in importance was the Third Crusade, which 
 was undertaken at a time when Saladin, the famous 
 
90 
 
 BXGIJSU HISTORY. 
 
 Saracen sultan, had tak.-n J.rusahmi and nearly al 
 Palestine from the Ginistians. En;.'lan.l, France, and 
 (Jcnnanv took part in this Crusaae, with Richard I. 
 of En-lan.l as its most distin-uished leader. Lhe 
 Crusa<rers made a -ood he^,nnning, but, owing to dis- 
 sensions among their leaders, they were forced to 
 abandon the enterprise., with their object only half 
 achieved The other Crusa.les were, in a nulitary 
 sense, unsuccessful ; and the Mahometans gradually 
 rejfMued their oppressive sway over all Palestine 
 The benefits M the Crusades were innumerable, and 
 nir.iiy of them can be felt even at the present day. 
 They saved Europe from being overrun by Eastern 
 harbarians ; promoted concord among Christian pnnces 
 by uniting them against the <:ommon enemy ; relieved 
 the Feudal System of many <>f its imn'esf^ixe features ; 
 „,ade travelling more easy and secure; awakened a 
 spirit of enterprise ; improved navigation ; gave facili- 
 ties to comm.ire ; and by sustaining communication 
 with (ireece and Syria materially assisted in the spread 
 of literature, art, and science. France took the lead- 
 incr place in the Crusades ; but England was well 
 represented-in the first, by Robert, eldest son of the 
 Conqueror ; in the third, by Richard I., and m the 
 last, by Prince L -vvod, afterwards Edward I. 
 
THE XOFJMAX LINE. 
 
 EMINENT MEN. 
 
 21 
 
 Lanfranc, Arohl.i.sl.oi. of .\,uu.rl.ury i„ the i-eigi, of William 
 the ConqiUTor, .^ ho n..,K...:io.l hun lor his ,,ioty, ability, a,»l 
 groat literary att,iinii...i,ts. an.l ufti-i. cntruste.! him with the 
 direction of the alFairs „f staf. Lanfrai.c iiuprove.! the .lisei- 
 pluie of th. ,aoua.stic- l.u.lies, estahlishe.l .schools, eonvents, 
 and hospitals, Inult chunhe.s a,i,l eathe.lrals, an.l wrote many 
 loarne.1 works. Willie,.. Kufus also «ave Imu the n.anagen.ent 
 of public affairs, and he wius the only one who was able to con- 
 trol the fierce passions of the Red King. He died in 1089. 
 
 St. Anselm, Doctor of the Church, and Archbishoi) of Canter- 
 bury, hved in the reigns of William II. and Henry I., with whom 
 he ha.l several disputes on the 4uestion of lavcstit.rrc,. They 
 lol owing the e.xan.ple of other EuroiK..an monarchs, claimed th^ 
 right to api»oint bishops to vacant sees, and to confer on them 
 the power of exercising their episcopal authority. St. Anselm 
 knowing that a bishop, as a bishop, holds his office from (Jod' 
 and that the Pope, as Vicar of Christ, can alone give him th^ 
 authonty to discharge his spiritual duties, firmly and steadily- 
 refused to acknowledge the king's jurisdiction in the matte;. 
 He was exile.l and otherwise iH;r.secute.l by both William and 
 Henry but he never wavered for an instant in his heroic ,le- 
 fence of the rights of the Church. Henry at last yielded, gave 
 up his c ain to the ri.,^ht of making investitures, and restored 
 • ■ Anselm -, Lis archl-shopric. He was beloved by the peo- 
 ple, not only for his great piety and learning, but also for his 
 bmve and successful resistance to tyiannical assumption. As a 
 religious philosopher, he had no superior in the age in which 
 he lived, and, on that account, he has k-en , ailed "the AuLnis- 
 tine of the Middle Ages. " He died in 1 109. 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, a luonk ; he wrote "History of 
 the Britons," containing the story of Arthur and the Knights 
 01 the Round Table ; he died in 1080. 
 
■■■*^ 
 
 22 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 William of Malmcsbury, a monk and lustorian-caiof..l 
 ana exact in his writings ; he wrote "History of the Enghsh 
 Kings ;" he died in 1138. . t i inin 
 
 Ingulphus, a n.onk and historian; born in London 1030. 
 He was a favored scholar in the court of Edward the Confessor, 
 and became secretary to William I., in whose reign he was ap- 
 iwinted Abbot of Croyland. He died ui 1109. 
 
 CHIEF DATES OF THE NORMAN PERIOD. 
 
 Battle of Hastings J066. 
 
 Feudal System (established) 1085. 
 
 First Crusade J^^^' 
 
 Battle of the Standard l^^*- 
 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, OR ANJOU. 
 
 A. D. 1154 TO 1399. 
 
 LEADING rEATTJRES—Fusion of the rival races, Saxon and 
 Norman.-Baronial power reaches its height and begins to de- 
 cline.-Rise of civil liberty and commerce.-England becomes a 
 great military nation. 
 
 Henry II., 1154 to 1189: an able and powerful 
 monarch, but vicious and deceitful ; the ruler of f:n<'- 
 land and about one-third of the French monarchy 
 He invades Ireland, but with very i)artial success (see 
 p. 30). He causes the enactment of the " Constitutions 
 of Clarendon," designed to make the Church subject 
 to the crown. St. Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, the greatest man of his day, boldly and 
 successfully opposes the king in this measure, and, 
 in consequence, is murdered, at the instigation of 
 Henry. Henry, however, does j)ublic penance at th« 
 tomb of the great archbishop, the champion of religious 
 liberty. Charters are granted to towns, and the courts 
 of Assize and the King's Ueneh established. Henry 
 dies of a broken heart, caused by the rebellions of his 
 sons — Henry, Richard, (Jeotfrey, and John. Only 
 Eicliard and John survive him. 
 
24 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Richard I. (Cobup de Lion), 1189 to 1199 : roman- 
 tic, courageous, siiul passionate. He engages in the 
 Third Crusade and wins sev(^ral victories over the Sul- 
 tan Saladin. On his way home from Palestine, he is 
 imprisoned by the Archduke of Austria, but is soon 
 after ransomed by his subjects. Ho severely persecutes 
 the Jews and imposes heiivy taxes on the people. He 
 is killed, while besieging tlie castle of Chaluz, in France. 
 John (Lackland), 1199 to 1216: cowardly, treach- 
 erous, cruel. He is ssiid to have murdered his nephew 
 Arthur (son of Geoffrey and rightful heir to the crown), 
 and in consequence is forced to fly from France by 
 Philip II., who confiscates all his possessions on the 
 continent. John quarrels with the Pope (Innocent 
 III.) about the appointment of Stephen Langton, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury ; commits various acts of tyranny 
 against all classes of his subjects ; seizes Church prop- 
 erty, and threjitens the general expulsion of the clergy 
 from England. The Pope excommunicates him, and 
 places England under an Interdict by which all offices 
 of the Church cease tliroughout the land. The king 
 finally submits, and swears to make restitution to all 
 whom he wronged, to abolish all illegal customs, and 
 to revive the laws of Edward the Confessor ; but he 
 fails to keep his promises, and so exasj>erates his sub* 
 jects by his perfidy, that the barons, headed by Arch- 
 bishop Langton, rise against him. and force him to sign 
 the Magna Charta (1215), securing important rights 
 
HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, OR ANJOU. 
 
 25 
 
 and privileges to every onler of men in tlie kingilonj.* 
 Thus did Arclibishop Langton and the Catholic barons 
 of England wring from' a tyrannical king the founda- 
 tion upon which tlie liberties of tlie English people 
 have ever since rested. In a war with France the 
 English are defeated at Bouvines, 1214. The kin^' 
 again jn-oves faithless ; and the barons, as a last resort, 
 offer the crown to Louis, son of the French king, who 
 accepts, w'uhn niarclies to oppose him, but dies of a 
 fever on the way. 
 
 Henry III. (son of John), 1216 to 1272 : a good Imt 
 weak monarch, becomes king at tlie age of nine, with 
 the Earl of Pembroke as Protec;tor. Tiie barons turn 
 their arms against Prince Louis, and expel him. The 
 king loses the esteem of his subjects by attaching liim- 
 self to foreign favorites and by refusing to abide by 
 the Provisions of Oxford— rules drawn up in 1258 to 
 control the royal power. The barons,. led by Simon de 
 Montfort, Earl of Leicester, defeat an<i capture the 
 king at Lewes (1264). Montfort summons a council. 
 
 * Ttie princliml article-i -/ Mag a ('/i«/<ft .--Tlie Church was to be free 
 and to enjoy her lilHTties ol' clt -tioii ; no rccmfin was to !« arrested, out- 
 lawed, or otherwise punislie.l, but ))y the judgment of his peers ; no heiress 
 was to be given in marriage against lier will ; freemen were to be fined only 
 according to their offenses ; justice was to Iw no longer sold, and the courts 
 were no longer to follow the king, but Iw made stationary ; no subsidies 
 were to Ihj levied, except in certain cases, witliont tlie consent of the 
 council ; cities and towns weie to preserve their privileges; no man was 
 to be tried on mere suspicion, but on the oath of witnesses ; the privileges 
 enjoyed by the king's vassals were also granted to inferior vassals. Bonds- 
 men alone were- cxchide<l from the iH-nefits of Magiui Charta. The king 
 was not to levy money witiiout the consent of the Great Council. 
 
26 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 not only of nobles, but also of representatives of cities 
 and boroughs (first House of Commons, see p. 80). 
 Montfort's great power rouses the jealousy of the bar- 
 ons, who, making Edward (Henry's son) their leader, 
 defeat and slay Montfort at Evesham, and restore 
 Henry (1265). Prince Edward goes with the last 
 Crusade, but returns on hearing of his father's death. 
 
 Edward J. (Longshanks), 1272 to 1307 : sagacious, 
 warlike, enter[)rising, arbitrary. He confirms the Magna 
 Charta, and frames a wise and liberal code of laws ; 
 conquers Wales * and Scotland (see \). 33) ; severely 
 taxes liis people to raise money to carry on his wars, 
 btit chiefly tlirough the efforts of Archbishop Winchel- 
 sey, a true patriot to whom posterity owes a debt of 
 gratitude, the king at last agrees that no tax be levietl 
 without the consent of the Parliament. He dies, while 
 marching to suppress a rebellion of the Scots ; is suc- 
 ceeded by his son Edward. 
 
 Edward II., 1307 to 1327 : weak and effeminate. 
 He marries Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. of France ; 
 allows himself to l)e ruled l)y foreign favorites, and 
 rouses the anger of his nobles. He is shamefully de- 
 feated by the Scots under King Robert Bruce at Ban- 
 
 • Wales, the dwelling-place of the remnant of the ancient Britons, had 
 hitherto resisted all attempts at subjugation. In the reign of Llewellyn, 
 Prince of Wales, Edwanl I. determined to comiuer it (1279). After a des- 
 perate struggle of five years, Llewellyn was slain and his brother David 
 captiired, and the independence of Wales ceased. Since then, the eldest 
 soti of the Eiiglish sovereign has held the title of Prince of Wales. 
 
HOUSE OF PLANT AGEXET, OH AN'JOU. 
 
 27 
 
 nockburn, 1314 ; is deposed by the Parliiunciit, iuipris- 
 oiied, and cruelly put to death, at the iiisti«ratioii of his 
 Queen Isabella. His son Edward is declared kin<^ 
 
 Edward III., 1327 to 1377 : an able <,'eneral and an 
 accomplished prince, l)ut an impolitic ruler. He in»- 
 prisons his mother Isabella for her cruelties to his 
 father; defeats the; Scots at Halidon Hill, but soon 
 after acknowledges the indei)endence of Scotland; 
 claims the French throne in right of his mother ; in- 
 vades France, wins the great victory of Crecy, 1346, 
 and takes Calais. The Black Plague interrupts the 
 war for a time. His Queen Philii)pa defeats and capt- 
 ures the Scottish king, David Bruce, at Neville's Cross, 
 1346. His son, the lUack Prince, «lefeats the French 
 at Poictiers and captures King John, 1356. Bertrand 
 du Guesclin, a celel)rated French general, gradually re- 
 covers nearly all the conquered territorv from tlie En<^- 
 Iisli. The efforts of Pope Clement Vl. finally produce 
 peace. The Treaty of Bretigny, l)y whicli Edward re. 
 nounces his claim to .the French crown, is signed, 1360. 
 In this and in the succeeding reign, John Wycklitfe, 
 impelled by feelings of wounded vanity, and irritation 
 against his superiors, begins to preach strange and he- 
 retical doctrines, which do not, however, take any hold 
 upon the people. They were, nevertheless, the cause 
 of serious disturbances. Tiie Black Prince dies in 1376. 
 English becomes the legal language. 
 
 Richard II. (son of the Black Prince), 1377 to 1399 : 
 
28 
 
 ENGLISH HISTOHY. 
 
 Hi 
 
 a learned, vain, and arbitrary prince, Ix^comes king, at 
 the age of eleven, under the guardianship of his uncles, 
 the Dukes of Lancaster, York, and Gloucester. A re- 
 bellion of the peasantry under Wat Tyler, owing to the 
 levying of a tax of one shilling on every person over 
 fifteen, and to the passage of the Statute of Laborers 
 n^hich required laborers to work for low wages, is su|>- 
 pressed by the king's address. Richard banishes his 
 cousin, Henry Bolingbroke (son of Duke of Lancaster). 
 Henry soon returns with a large army, dethrones 
 Richard, and becomes king. Richard is imprisoned in 
 Pontefract Castle and is soon after murtlered. Wyck- 
 lifFe recants his erroneous doctrines. The English under 
 Lord Percy are defeated by the Scots under Earl 
 Douglas at Chevy Chase or Otterburn, 1388. 
 
 GENEALOGY OP THE PLANTAGENET LINE. 
 
 Henry II. 
 
 i 
 
 Henry, 
 (lied befiire 
 his father. 
 
 Richard I. 
 
 GeDffrey. 
 
 j 
 
 Arthur, 
 murdered. 
 
 John. 
 
 1 
 
 Henry III. 
 
 I 
 Edward I. 
 
 I 
 Edward II, 
 
 Edward III. 
 
 t 
 
 Edward, the 
 Black Priiice. 
 
 BichaM II. 
 
HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, OR ANJOU. 
 
 29 
 
 Idward II. 
 
 I 
 dw-ard III. 
 
 Condition of England during the Plantagenet 
 Period.— This is ono of tho most iiuportant periods 
 in Euglisli history. The iiiflueiico of the Church, in- 
 culcating Clnistian principles and indicating the ad- 
 vantages of a united nation, softened tlie animosities 
 existing between Saxons and Normans; and the 
 French wars, by developing a national spirit, com- 
 pleted the amalgamation of the rival races. Another 
 good effect of the- wars of this jieriod was the increase 
 of popular lilwrty ; because every grant of money made 
 tc the kings to pay their military expenses was ac- 
 companied by a demand from the people for additions 
 to the rights and privileges already secured by Magna 
 Charta. Nor was war the only business of the age. 
 The progress of learning was stinndated ])y the laljors 
 of the sons of 8t. Dominic and 8t. Francis ; manu- 
 factures, commerce, and shipping made rapid advances, 
 and the industrial cLisses became more numerous and 
 prosperous. Through the influence of the Church 
 thousands of slaves were annually set free, and hospi- 
 tals founded for the beneHt of the poor and the sick. 
 Architecture fostered by the clergy reached a high 
 state of excellence, and towards the end of this period 
 English literature )>egan to flourish. Many useful in- 
 ventions also characterize this era: oil-painting, dis- 
 covery of coal, use of chimneys, candles, gunpowder, 
 cannon (tti-st used at the battle of Crecy), and the magic 
 lantern, nearly all the results of the labors of the 
 
30 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 monks. Towns increased in strength and importance, 
 and the condition of tlie agricultural classes was niucij 
 inijtroved by their l)eing allowed to n-nt the land, in- 
 stead of working it as the men? serfs of their feudal 
 masters. 
 
 Ireland. — Ireland — called hy the natives Erin ; by 
 the Romans, Hibernia — was, like most of the nations 
 of western Euro[)e, anciently peopled by the Celts, a 
 brave, generous, liberty-loving race. It was divided 
 into five kingdoms — Ulster, Leinster, Munster, Con- 
 naught, and Meath — the King of M(iath generally ex- 
 ercising th(^ authority of chief king. Like their rela- 
 tives in Britain, the ancient Irish were Druidic pagans 
 and fond of war ; but, unlike the Britons, the Irish, 
 though enterprising, never came in contact with the 
 coiitpiering legions of pagan Rome. But in the fifth 
 centurv the reli<aous w^elfare of the Irish became an 
 object of solicitude to Christian Rome, and Pope 
 Celestine, in 432, entrusted their conversion to St. Pat- 
 rick, a native of (Jaul. This great apostle successfully 
 accomplished his mission, and then the glories of Ire- 
 land began. For centuries she excelled the rest of 
 Christendom in learning and sanctity, and her scholars 
 and saints became the teachers and evangelizers of 
 western Europe. In the ninth century, the savage 
 Danes began their forays, and for nearly three hundred 
 years a desperate oonflict, fatal to Irish prosperity, con- 
 tinued, until the year 1014, wlien at the battle of 
 
HOUSE OF PLANTA(4ENET, OR ANJOU. 
 
 ;u 
 
 >ortan('»5, 
 as nnu'li 
 laiul, in- 
 ir fi'udiil 
 
 '^rin ; by 
 nations 
 Celts, a 
 divided 
 ;er, Con- 
 rally ex- 
 leir relrt- 
 c pagans 
 le Irish, 
 kvith the 
 the fifth 
 came an 
 id l*ope 
 . St. Pat- 
 cessfully 
 s of Ire- 
 ; rest of 
 scholars 
 lizers of 
 3 sjivage 
 liundred 
 I'ity, con- 
 battle of 
 
 Cloiitarf the celebrated Irish king, Ihian Uorii, with 
 OIK! tremendous blow crushed the power of the Danes 
 forever. Scarcely was Ireland freed from on(; enemy, 
 when another and more jxirsistent foe ai)])eared. 
 Abi.ut the middle of tlie twelfth century, McMunough, 
 King of Leinster, expelled from Ireland for disgracefid 
 conduct by the monarch Roderick O'Connor, in revfjnge 
 sought the aid of Henry II., King of Kngland, who 
 agreed to give k. Accordingly, Stronglxjw, i:arl of 
 Pembfoke, in 1169, and Henry himself, in 1171, lamh'd 
 in Ireland, took iK)s.session of I)u])lin, and received the 
 nominal submission of a few princes. Jinf Iiehtnd 
 was not roiiquf^ml then. For live hundred years th«; 
 Irish maintained a series of struggles against the over- 
 whehning jwwer of England, so determined antl des- 
 perate, that more than once the rule <tf the invadei- was 
 all but overthrown. During that period, the majority 
 of the Irish chieftains, including the princely houses of 
 O'Brian, O'Connor, O'Neill, McCarthy, and McMur- 
 rough, retained their independence, and had they but 
 acted in concert against the connnon enemy, their 
 country might have been free. In the sixteenth cent- 
 ury England became Protestant; Ireland remained 
 Catholic, and for her fidelity to the ancient Faith was 
 bitterly i>ersecuted wherever English sway prevailed, 
 i^ueen Elizabeth and her successors enacted laws that 
 robbed t!ie Catholics of Ireland of their property, 
 excluded them from office, deprived them of their 
 
32 
 
 ENGLISH HI8TORV, 
 
 churches, outlawed tlieir pri(;sts, and forbade them 
 under severe penalties to echicate their cliildren, or 
 practice the exercises of th<.'ir r<'ligi(»n. And tliu.s the 
 story of Irehuid reads " throuj^'ii a^^es of bonda<j[e and 
 slaughter." In the reign of Klizalx'th, the brave 
 chieftains of Ulster math; a gallant attempt to obtain 
 civil and religious liberty, but failed. As a penalty. 
 King -James I. confiscated the greater part of that 
 province and colonized it with his needy subjects of 
 Britain — aliens to the Irish in creed and race. Under 
 the lash of the p(;nal laws, the Irish chieftains in the 
 reign of Charles I. again took up arms ; l)ut, whatever 
 .vere the prospects of success that appeared from their 
 first ettbrts, they were tpiickly dissipated in blood, 
 ruin, and conriscation by the brutal armies of the regi- 
 cide Cromwell. Forty years after, hoping tliat the 
 Stuarts, in spite of their per.idy in the past, would yet 
 grant them some measure of justice, the Irish people 
 espoused the cause of the exiled James II. ; but the 
 English, under their new king, William III., with all 
 the resources of a ])owerful and wealthy nation, once 
 more overmn Ireland, made fresh confiscations of its 
 lands, and completely crushed its military strength. 
 Irelanil was now conquered, hut not tuibdiied. For 
 more than a century after this, the penal laws were 
 cruelly and mercilessly enforced. Then England, 
 ashamed of her own tyranny, foiled in all her efforts to 
 apostatize the nation, and overawed by the unconquer- 
 
HOUHE OF PLANTA«iKXJiT, <»U AX.JOU. 
 
 33 
 
 lo them 
 Idreii, or 
 thus the 
 lji<j[e ami 
 le brav(^ 
 
 obtain 
 penalty, 
 < )f that 
 
 )jeets of 
 
 Under 
 is in the 
 vliatever 
 oni their 
 
 1 blood, 
 the regi- 
 tliat the 
 ould yet 
 1 people 
 but the 
 with all 
 on, once 
 IS of its 
 strength. 
 d. For 
 ws were 
 England, 
 efforts to 
 conquer- 
 
 able 8j)irit of independence ever manifested by the 
 Irish pcoi)le, began to relax hef severity. In 1782, 
 the repeal of IV.ynings' Law (pas.sed in\he resign of 
 Henry VII.), reliove.l the Irish legislature from sul)- 
 jection to the British l»arliament, and was the hrst evi- 
 dence of returning free<lom. A treacherous govern- 
 n.( nt in a few years cancelled this re])eal, and caused 
 the exasperated j.eople to j.lunge into a disa.strous 
 rebellion, in 1798. This rebellion was used by the 
 British government as an excuses for wiping the Irish 
 parliament out of existence— an event which was ef- 
 fected in 1800, by corrui)tion an<l intimidation. Never- 
 theless, it was evident tliat the darkest days of Ireland 
 had passed. As the nineteenth century advanced, 
 "liberal measures "—really, acts of restitution— froni 
 time to time passed th(^ British Parliament, and most 
 of the penal laws were— under pressure— rei>ealed. 
 Xow,the mass of the Irish rK>ople, free in the enjoy- 
 ment of their holy religion— heritage of St. Patrick— 
 for which they suffered for centuries, and jwssessed of 
 a portion of civil rights and privileges, are earnestly 
 watching and working for that not distant day when 
 will be realized the great national wish— the legislative 
 independence of Ireland. (See page 103.) 
 
 Scotland.— The brave and hardy inhabitants of 
 Caledonia (Scotland), who gave so much trouble to the 
 Britons and their Roman masters, were of the Celtic 
 race. In the fifth century, they were forced into tlie 
 
 
34 
 
 EN(JLISII HIHTOHY. 
 
 nortlieni ilistricts by the Anglo-Suxons who took pos- 
 session of the (.'ouiitry south of tlio Cly»U>. In the fol- 
 lowing tciitury, a colony from Ireliunl, also called 
 Scots, con([iun'e(l the western i)art of the island, at the 
 same time introducing Christianity. The new-comers 
 in time hecanu; the dominant race, and in the ninth 
 century their king, Kenneth II., became ruler of all 
 Scotland. After him there were fifteen kings in regu- 
 lar succession to the time of Duncan, in 1040, when 
 tliat monarch was assassinated by his cousin Macbeth, 
 who usurped the thnme for Hfteen years. JMalcolm III., 
 son of Duncan, then became king, and his descendants 
 occupied the throne until the death of Alexander III., 
 in 1295, when the royal line became extinct. In the 
 disputes that followed among rival claimants, Edward I. 
 of England Avas chosen umi)ire, and he decided in favor 
 of John Baliol, a weak and timid prince, who swore 
 fealty to the English king. But the Scottish nobles 
 soon forced Baliol to renounce his allegiance to England. 
 Edward promi)tly marched an army into Scotland, 
 routed the Scots at Dunbar, and brought the kingdom 
 to his feet. The Scottish hero, William Wallace, then 
 ai)peared, and by his skill and daring well nigh deliv- 
 ered his country from the English yoke. He was, at 
 last, defeated at Falkirk, betrayed into Edward's hands, 
 and barbarously put to death. The Scots again re- 
 volted, chose Robert Bruce for their king, won the 
 great victory of Bannockburn, 1314, and finally 
 
H0U8E OF PLAXTA(}ENEr, uh AX.JoU. 
 
 3r> 
 
 achieved tlieir independence. After this, Scotland 
 waged many wars with Enghmd, with varying succeHH. 
 She sustained her most disastrous defeat at Flothlen 
 Field, in ir)U, wlien her king, James IV., and 10,000 
 of her best men were slain. Tiie celebrated, hut un 
 fortunate, House of Stuart— nine members of which 
 ruled Scotland — began with Robert II., in 1370. 
 James IV. married Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. 
 of England,— an event which led to the union of the 
 English and Scottish crowns in the person of Jame.« 
 VI., on the death of Queen Elizabeth, in 1603. In t!ie 
 reign of Mary, the beautiful and accomplished Q.umm. 
 of Scots, mother of Jaux.s VI., the " Reformation '^ 
 broke out, and Scotland, the mother of so many great 
 Catholic saints, and a nation whose noblest deeds were 
 done in Catholic times, became Protestant. ]Maiy, re- 
 fusing to accept the new religion, was driven from'her 
 tlirone by her intolemnt sulyects, and forced to seek 
 refuge from her cousin Elizabeth, who treacherously 
 miprisoned her and afterwards put her to death. The 
 parliamentary union of England and Scotland took 
 place in 1706, and since, that period the history of 
 Scotland has become merged in that of England. 
 
 EMINENT PERSONS. 
 
 St. Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the 
 reign of Henry II. He was one of the most extraor.Hnary men 
 of his time, and rose to that exalted position through the forct^ 
 
36 
 
 ENGIJSH HISTORY. 
 
 of liis own j^rcat abilities. For many years he enjoyed the 
 king's favoi', hut venturing to oppose tlie 'pas-sage of the "Con- 
 stitutions of Clarendon," designed to make the Church the mere 
 tool of the monaroh, he earned Henry's bitterest ennuty. St. 
 Thomas was banished and his pro])erty confiscated by the king, 
 who even saw fit to work vengeance on all the known friends of 
 the archbishop. The i>eoplc esi>ov.sed the cause of St. Thomas, 
 always their friend and benefactor ; the Tope sui)ix)rted the 
 illustrious prelate in his hard struggle for the rights of the 
 Church, and denounced Henry's arbitrary conduct. In con- 
 scijuence, the king was at last forced to restore the arch- 
 bishop to his see. But the defeated monarch lost none of his 
 animosity. He openly expres.sed a desire to be rid of the brave 
 opponent of his tyranny, and one winter's evening four of his 
 knights entered the chapel at Canterbury and murdered the 
 archbishop in his own sanctuary. This event shocked not only 
 England, but all Europe, strengthened the cause for which 
 Becket had fought, and completely crushed Henry's power and 
 influence. During life, the archbishop was remarkable for his 
 piety, abstemiousness, and benevolence ; and after his death, 
 many miracles were wrought at his tomb. 
 
 Nicholas Breakspere, became Pope in 1154 under the title 
 of Adrian IV. ; he was the only English)nan who ever rose to 
 the position of Sovereign Pontiff; he died in 1159. 
 
 Stephen Lang^on, Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign 
 of John, was chiefly instrumental in forcing that king to sign 
 Magna Charta. He was patriotic, pious, and learned ; died in 
 1228. 
 
 Roger Bacon, a Franciscan monk and profound scholar ; 
 he was the most wonderful scientific genius of his time. He 
 invented gunpowder and the magic lantern, and, in his writ- 
 ings, anticipated the telescoiie and other optical instruments. 
 He died in 1292. 
 
HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, OK ANJOU. 
 
 37 
 
 Geoffrey Chaucer, called " the Father of English Poetry ;" 
 lie was the first great writer of English verse, and is classed 
 among the abh^st poets of the Middle Ages. "The Canterburv 
 Tales" is his greatest work. He died in 1400. 
 
 John Gower, contenii.orary with Chaucer and a gentleman 
 of fortune, was, in his time, second only to Chaucer as a writer 
 of poetry ; he died in 1402. 
 
 Other great men of this period were : Simon de Montfort 
 already alluded to ; Edward the Black Prince, son of Ed' 
 ward III., and greatest general of his time ; Matthew Paris 
 monk, great historian ; Sir John Mandeville, famous trav' 
 eller ; first English prose-writer ; died in 1372. 
 
 CHIEF DATES OF THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD. 
 
 Invasion of Ireland 1171 
 
 Third Crusade hqq 
 
 Magna Charta signed 1215. 
 
 Conquest of Wales i282 
 
 Conquest of Scotland 1305. 
 
 Battle of Baunockburn 1314, 
 
 Battle of Crecy 134^ 
 
 Battle of Poictiers 1356. 
 
 Treaty of Bretigny 1360. 
 
 Rebellion of Wat Tyler 138I. 
 
Il 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 HOUSES OF LANCASTER ANDT YORK. 
 
 A. D. 1399 TO 1485. 
 
 XEADING FEATURES Rise and Fall of English Power in 
 
 France Wars of the Roses.— Overthrow cf the Feudal System. 
 
 — Rise of the " New Monarchy." , 
 
 Henry IV., 1399 to 1413 : tlie first Lancastrian, 
 able antl brave, but ambitious and unscrupulous. His 
 nobles, lookin<( on him as a usurper, raise several rebel- 
 lions. Earl Percy of Xortliumberland, Owen Glendower 
 — a Welsh chieftain, and Earl Douglas of Scotland, 
 unite their forces against him, but are defeated at Shrews- 
 bury, where Douglas is captured and Percy slain. The 
 estates of the latter are confiscated. Henry imprisons 
 the P]arl of March, descendant of Lionel, second son of 
 Edward III., and an heir to the crown. James I. of 
 Scotland is accidentally captured and kept prisoner for 
 eighteen years. In this reign, members of Parliament 
 are, for the first time, exempted from arrest. The Or- 
 der of the Bath is instituted. The king deals severely 
 with some of the followers of Wyckliffe, who made 
 themselves obnoxious to many classes of the people 
 by the extravagance of their views. Henry dies while 
 praying in St. Edward's chapel, Westminster, in 1413. 
 
HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 
 
 39 
 
 Tlie hist (lays of his rei^rn were imicli embitterod by 
 tlic profligjite con<luct of liis eldest son— Henry, l^riiice 
 <)f Wales. 
 
 Henry V. (son of Henry lY.), 1413 to 1422 : dissi- 
 pated in his youth, but reforms after liis coronation and 
 beonies a great warrior and statesman. He liberates the 
 Earl of March, and restores the Percy (^states to the 
 legal heir. Henry concedes that no law shall be en- 
 forced until it has received the consent of the Com- 
 mons. He renews the claim to the French crown; 
 makes war on France ; wins tlie great battle of Agin- 
 court, and conijuers the whole country. IJy the treaty 
 of Troyes, he marries the daughter of the French king, 
 Charles VI., and is declaretl Regent of France and heir 
 to its thrr,'ic. The followers of Wyc^kliffe (Lollards), 
 headed by Sir John Oldcastle, cause commotions in 
 the kingdom by their communistic doctrines, but are 
 suppressed and their leader executed. Henry V. is 
 said to have been the first to establish a permanent 
 navy. He dies in France, at the height of his i)ower, 
 of a malady from which he had long suffered. His 
 widow, Catharine, marries Owen Tudor, a Welsh gen- 
 tleman : from them originated the House of Tudor, in 
 the person of Henry VII. 
 
 Henry VI., 1422 to 1461 : gentle, benevolent, vir- 
 tuous and deeply religious ; only nine months old, at 
 his father's death. His uncles, the Dukes of Bedford 
 and Gloucester, are respectively Regent of France and 
 
40 
 
 BN(}LISH HISTORY. 
 
 Protector of England, «luring his minority. He is 
 ci-owned at Paris, 1431, and marries Margaret of Anjou, 
 a spirited, courageous queen, 1447. .Joan of Arc, the 
 heroic " Maid of Orleans," claims to be divinely ap- 
 pointed to rescui France from the English ; she is 
 placed at the head of the French armies and begins a 
 series of successes that terminate in the total overthrow 
 01 English power in France. The English capture Joan 
 of Arc, and burn her alive at Rouen, on a charge of 
 sorcery, 14.H1, England loses all her possessions, ex- 
 cept Calais, 1451. Thus the long struggle for the 
 orown of Fi-Jinoe, calle«l the " Hundred Years' War," 
 ends unsuciMJssfully for England, though the winner 
 of vsovcral ])riUiaut victories. Civil wars, called the 
 " War''. 01 thu Koses," between the Houses of Lancaster 
 and Yorlv', l>egin 1455 (see p. 43). Henry VI. is de- 
 posed, r.ad Edward, son of Richard, Duke of York, is 
 proclaimed king, 1461. One Jack Cade claims the 
 crown and raises a rebellion ; is at first victorious, but 
 is ultimately defeated and slain, 1450. 
 
 Edward IV., first Yorkist king, 1461 to 1483: a 
 good soldier and statesman, but tyrannical and vicious. 
 His most powerful friend, the Earl of Wa^^vick, of- 
 fended at his conduct, joins^the Lancastrians, compels 
 Eilward to fly to Holland, and restores Henry VI. 
 Edwani returns, defeats the Lancastrians at Barnet, 
 where Warwick is killed, and Prince Edward, Henry's 
 son, murtleied. (See p. 43.) Edward now puts num- 
 
HOUSES OF LANCASTEU AND YORK. 
 
 41 
 
 bers of the Ljincastriiiu nol^les to death; imprisons 
 his brother Clureuce ami, it is supposed, causers liim to 
 be drowned. In tliis reign, money is for tlie Hrst time 
 extorted from the people, under the name of " benev- 
 olences."* 
 
 Edward V., 1483, eldest son of Edward IV., is pro- 
 claimed king at the age of thirteen, but is never crowned, 
 and reigns but eleven weeks. His uncle Richard, Duke' 
 of Gloucester, tlie Protector, causes liim and his little 
 brotiier Richard, Duke of York, to be confined in the 
 tower, under the pretense of safe-keeping. Tlie two 
 young princes are soon after smothered to death, by 
 the order of Richard, it i believed, who then causes 
 himself to l)e proclaimed king. 
 
 Richard III., brother of Edwartl IV., and last of 
 the Plantagenets, 1483 to 1485: a most inic^uitous and 
 cruel tyrant. Hastings and other noblemen are accused 
 of treason and executed without a trial. The Duke of 
 Buckingham conspires in favor of Henry Tudor, Earl 
 of Richmond, and is executed. Henry (the last surviv- 
 ing heir of the House of Lancaster) lands at Milfoixl 
 Haven, fights the battle of Bosworth, where Richard 
 is defeated and slain, and Henry proclaimed king 
 1485. 
 
 • So called be<!ause they were aupposed to be given willingly. 
 
 1 I 
 
 If 
 
i i 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 EN(JL1«II HISTOUY. 
 
 ft 
 
 UKNKALOUY OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 
 KowAun in. 
 
 Edward Williaia Lionel, Jolm of Gaunt, Kdnmnd, 
 
 <Blaek Prince), died Duke of Clarence. Duke of IjJincaster. Duke of York, 
 
 I young I I 
 
 Richard II. Pliilipiia, Henry IV. 
 niarrierl 
 Ednmnd Mortimer. 
 
 Roger Mortimer. Henry V. 
 
 I i 
 
 Anne Mortimer, Henry VI. 
 nmrrie<l 
 Ricliard of Cambridge. 
 
 Richard, Prince Edward, 
 
 Duke of York. murdei-ed 
 
 I at barnet. 
 
 Richard, 
 Earl of Cambridge, 
 
 married 
 Anne Mortimer. 
 
 Edward IV. 
 
 I 
 
 Edward V., 
 
 murdered in the Tower. 
 
 I 
 Richard III. 
 
 England in the Fifteenth Century (Lancaster- 
 York Period). — During the early part of this period 
 the Engli.sh peasantry were comfortably situated. Most 
 men could earn good wages; and those wlio could not, 
 found their resource in the hospitality of the monas- 
 teries and the houses of the great. All classes of the 
 people were remarkable for their regular, health-giving 
 habits. They had abundant food, consisting of all 
 kinds of flesh and fish; they were clothetl in good 
 woolen garments, had tolerably comfortable houses, 
 and, generally speaking, every man in England, accord- 
 
HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 
 
 43 
 
 ing to liis rank, enjoyed all those things that con- 
 duce to make life easy and liappy. The Wars of the 
 Roses brought a melanclioly cliangc. The country was 
 devastated, tlie forests were; filled with outlaws, and 
 much misery was spread over the land. Still, com- 
 merce made consideralile progress; and learning, 
 though almost entirely neglected in the great colleges, 
 continued to flourish f(.r the bejujfit of the jjcople in 
 the monasteries, where the monks kej.t uj) their old 
 reputation as lovers and ju-omoters of knowh'dge. As 
 many of the nobles were slain in the wars, the in- 
 fluence of that boily was greatly lessened. Tlie Feudal 
 System was broken uj), serfdom steadily decreased, 
 and, as a consequence, tenant farming extended. The 
 power of the House of Commons increased during the 
 Lancastrian period, althougli in the reign of Henry VI. 
 a bill was passed restricting the number of voters ; but 
 in the reign of Edward lY. the royal power became ab- 
 solute, owing chiefly to the national exhaustion caused 
 by the long civil wars, and the period of the " New 
 Monarchy " began. 
 
 The art of printing, said to have been invented by Ger- 
 man monks, in the early part of this century, was intro- 
 duced into England by W. Caxton, in 1474. Post-horses 
 and stages were introduced in the reign of Richard III. 
 Wars of the Roses, 1455 to 1485.— The Wars of 
 the Roses began in the reign of Henry VI., the last 
 Lancastrian king. His mental incapacity and feeble 
 
44 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 constitution awakened the ambition of Ricliard Plan- 
 tagenet, Duke of York, who was descended bj' his 
 father's side from Edmund, and on his mother's si<le 
 from Lionel — the former the youngest son, and the 
 latter the third son, of Edward III. Henry YI. was 
 descended from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 
 Edward IIL's fourth son. He was subject to occa- 
 sional fits of insanity, during one of which the duke 
 of York was declared Protector. ( )n tlie king's recov- 
 ery, Richard was unwilling to relinciuish his authority, 
 and took up arms to assert his claim as rightful heir to 
 the throne. He was supported by the powerful Earl 
 of Warwick, afterwards called " the Kingmaker." The 
 badge of the House of York was a white rose, that of 
 the House of Lancaster Avas a red rose j hence the 
 title, Wars of the Roses. The first battle was fought 
 at St. Albans, in 1455. The Lancastrians were de- 
 feated and H(;nry taken prisoner ; he was soon released, 
 but recaptured at Northampton by the Yorkists under 
 Warwick. The parliament now declared Richard heir 
 to the crown. But the high-spirited Queen Margaret 
 refuseil to have her son's rights thus set aside, and, 
 collecting a large armj'^, attacked and defeated the 
 Yorkists at Wakefield, where Richard was slain, 1460. 
 At St. Albans, Margaret won another victory and set 
 King Henry free, but was in her turn defeated, at 
 Mortimer's Cross, by Edward, son of Richard. Edward 
 immediately marched to London, was welcomed by the 
 
HOUSES OF LANCASTER AM) YORK. 
 
 45 
 
 people, and proclainiccl king as Edward IV., 1461. 
 Soon after this event, the intrepid Margaret again aj*- 
 peared in the field with an army of 60,000 nit'n. Ed- 
 ward met her with an equal force at Towton, whore 
 the bloodiest battle of the wars took i)lace, entling in 
 the rout of the Lancastrians with a loss of 20,000 mon. 
 After two other defeats, Margaret fled to France, and 
 the unfortunate Henry was once nioi-e consigned to the 
 Tower. Edward's extreme favoritism to his wife's rel- 
 atives angered AVarwick, who felt himself slightetl. 
 He withdrew to France, and formed an alliance with 
 Margaret. He soon returned, caused Edward to fly to 
 Holland, and placed Henry again on his throne. The 
 following year Edward came back, was joined by his 
 old adherents, met the Lancastrians at Barnet, and 
 gained a complete victory, in which battle Warwick was 
 slain, 147L Margaret still bravely upheld her cause, 
 but was hopelessly defeated at Tewkesbury, where she 
 was taken prisoner and her son Edward murdered in 
 cold blood. The death of Henry YI. (murdered, it is 
 thought), not long after, left Edward in complete pos- 
 session of the throne. Queen ;>Lirgaret was ransomed 
 by her father. King Rene of Anjou, and died in France, 
 1490. The Lancastrians made no further ettbrt, until 
 Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, claiming descent from 
 John of Gaunt, raised his standard against Richard III. 
 At the battle of Bosworth, Richard was defeated and 
 slain, and the Earl of Richnmnd crowned king, with 
 
46 
 
 ENGLISH HIHTOIIY, 
 
 tlio title of Henry VII. This was the last battle in 
 the Wars of the Roses, leaving the Red Rose finally 
 triumphant. 
 
 EMIXENT MEX. 
 
 Henry Chicheley, An-hbishoi) of Canterhiuy, fouiHlcr of All 
 Souls' College, Oxford, was i-allod the "Light of the English 
 Church ;" he establishetl many pious foundations ; he died iu 
 1443. 
 
 John Lydgate, a monk of Bury, was the wonder of his 
 age : ho was a mathematician, a theologian, a profound linguist, 
 and a brilliant poet ; he died in 1460. 
 
 Sir John Fortescue was a historian, a philosopher, and a 
 lawyer ; he died about 1485. 
 
 Thomas Walsingham, monk and historian, flourished 
 1440. 
 
 Cardinal Henry Beaufort, half-brother of Henry IV., 
 was a celebrated prelate and statesman, but ambitious and 
 worldly ; he ended his life well, not iu despair as represented 
 by Shakespere. 
 
 William Caxton, a mercer by trade, introduced the first 
 printing-press into England. It was erected in Westminster 
 Abbey, A. D. 1473. The first work printed there was "The 
 Game and Play of Chess, " A. D. 1474, but the first book printed 
 in the English language was a translation made by Caxton of 
 "The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troy," executed' at Bruges, 
 1471. Printing was introduced into Scotland in A. D. 1508, 
 and into Ireland, A. D. 1551. Before this time the price of 
 books had been so enormous that they were the precious posses- 
 sion of the few. 
 
 Neville, Eari of Warwick, called the Kingmaker, took a 
 
HOUSES OF LArCASTEU AM) VORK. 47 
 
 prominent part .luring the Wars of the Roses ; slain at Ha.net 
 m thw reign of Edward IV. 
 
 Sir Richard Whittington, "thri.e lord nrnvor of London " 
 who acquired great wealth by trading in his veJsel, "the Cat'" 
 Hence the story of his wonderful adventures. 
 
 Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, called "The English Achilles •• 
 on account of his bravery. '* 
 
 Owen Glendower. descendant of a Welsh prince, rebelled 
 in favor of the Earl of March ; he was .lefeated near Shrews- 
 bury by Henry IV., 1403. 
 
 Henry Percy, Earl of Xortlunnberland. surname.l Hotspur 
 ^e espoused the cause of the Earl of March. a«d was slain at 
 iiattleheld near Shrewsbury. 1403. 
 
 John Kay, first i.oct laureate, or court poet, was appointei 
 Ity Edward IV. 
 
 CHIEF DATES-LANCASTER AND YORK. 
 
 Battl( of Shrewsbury lAnr 
 
 ^ - 1 405, 
 
 Kattle of Agincourt j , ,- 
 
 Treaty of Troyes ............'..'.[[ 1420! 
 
 Joan d'Arc ajipears j^gj 
 
 Lo.ss of French possessions 1451' 
 
 Rattle of WakefieM-Wars of the Roses.' .....[ U60 
 
 Battle of Towton- ,](,. ,io 146I 
 
 Battle of Barnet- ,lo. ,io. ..!.'.". I471* 
 
 Battle of Tewkesbury— do. do. ...... 1471' 
 
 Printing introduced J4-4* 
 
 Battle of Bosworth-Wars of the Roses. . ." ." .'. .' 1485.' 
 
 i 
 
 ^\ 
 
'i 
 
 ■m 
 
 I. 
 
 ' H 
 
 > I' 
 III . i 
 
 «i 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 A. D. 1485 TO 1608. 
 
 LEADINO FEATURES.-Rise of Maritime Discovery.— Exteniion 
 of Commerce — The <'New Monarchy " becomes a Despotism.— 
 Religious Excitement growing out of the Protestant Heresy. 
 
 Henry VII., 1485 to 1509 (descended by lii.s moth- 
 er's side from Jolin of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster): 
 crafty, clever, avaricious, and arbitrary. He marries 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., thereby uniting 
 the claims of York and Lancaster. He imprisons the 
 young Earl of Warwick (nephew of Edward IV.), who 
 he fears might lay claim to the throne, and after fif- 
 teen years causes him to be put to death. He suj)- 
 presses the rebellions of two impostors — Lambert 
 Simnel (1487), who pretended to he the Earl of 
 Warwick above mentioned, and Perkin Warbeck 
 (1499), who claimed to be Edward IV. 's second son 
 Richanl, said to have been murdered in the Tower. 
 Both are captured ; Simnel is pardoned, but Warbeck 
 is executed. Margaret, Henry's eldest daugliter, mar- 
 ries James IV. of Scotland (1502), an event which 
 leads to the union of the two kingdoms, a century 
 
HOUSE OF TUDOH. 
 
 49 
 
 later. Laws aro pa^sseU -reatly lin.itin- the number of 
 the nobles' retainers. Violating, tlieso laws, tlie nobles 
 are heavily lined, thereby enrichin- the king and break- 
 nig their own power. I'oynings' Kill, subjecting the 
 Irish parliament to that of England, is passed in U95 
 Arthur, prince of Wales (Henry's eldest son), dies in 
 1501. Henry's reign is comparatively peaceful and 
 prosperous. Although of an avaricious disposition his 
 charities ar*- great. He founds three convents of 
 friars, all of which fall victims to the cupidity of his 
 successor. In U97, Vasco de (Jama, a Portuguese, 
 finds a new route to India, around the Cape of 
 Good Hope; in 1492, Christopher Columbus, in the 
 service of Spain, discovers America; aii.l, in U97, 
 Cabot, in the service of Henry VI I., discovers .\ew- 
 foundland and Labrador. 
 
 Henpy VIII., 1509 to 1547, the second son of Henry 
 VII., is at first mild and clement, but soon becomes 
 cruel, tyrannical, and rapacious. He marries Catharine of 
 Arragon, widow of his brother Arthur. He goes to war 
 with France, and wins the battle of the Spurs. James 
 IV. of Scotland invades England, but is defeated aiul 
 slam at Flodden Field, in 151.3, by the English under 
 t^c Earl of Surrey. Cardinal AVolsey becomes Henry's 
 prime minister and favorite (see p. 60). Tlie Protestant 
 heresy is begun in Germany by Martin Luther (see p. 57). 
 Henry writes a book against Luther and is rewarded 
 by the Pope with the title "Defender of the Faith," 
 
' I 
 
 50 
 
 ENGLISH HISTOlti. 
 
 i!il- 
 
 \i 
 
 but soon after quarrels witli the Pope because the lat- 
 ter refuses to grant him a divorce from his wife Catha- 
 rine. By the Act of Supremacy he declares himself 
 liead of the Church in England, with Thomas Cromwell 
 his vicar-general, and by the Bloody Statute makes 
 death the penalty to all who deny his supremacy. He 
 disgraces Wolsey for opposing the divorce, and ele- 
 vates Cranmer to the position of Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. He puts away his lawful wife Catharine and 
 marries Anno Boleyn, whom, within a year, he beheads, 
 and then marries Jane Seymour, who dies in giving 
 birth to a son (Edward VI.). He next marries Anne 
 of Cleves, whom he divorces ; then, Catharine Howard, 
 whom he beheads, and finally, Catharine Parr (his 
 sixth wife), who survives him. Meantime, Henry, ad- 
 vised by Cromwell, suppresses the monasteries, burns 
 their libraries, murders the monks, and seizes their 
 revenues. He then executes Cromwell for heresy, and 
 Sir Thomas More (Lord Chancellor), Fisher, Bishop of 
 Rochester, and many others, for refusing to acknowl- 
 edge him head of the Church. He squanders his 
 father's wealth in criminal pleasures, daily becomes 
 more profligate and blood-thirsty, and by his arbitrary 
 and cruel measures makes the latter part of his reign 
 a period of terror to the English people. He dies in 
 1547. 
 
 Edward VI., 1547 to 1553: becomes king in his 
 tenth year, with his uncle Seymour, created Duke of 
 
 t ! 
 
'\\ 
 
 HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 51 
 
 Somerset, Protector. A war with Scotland ends in tht^ 
 defeat of the Scots at Pinkie, in 1547. Somerset and 
 Cranmer determine to uproot the Catholic Faith. They 
 pull down altars and shrines, rob and destroy the few 
 remaining monasteries, persecute the Catholics, and 
 force the nation with the aid of foreign mercenaries to 
 accept the new religion. Protestantism, as set forth 
 m their Book of Common Prayer (a mangled transla- 
 tion of the Catholic Missal). Somerset's arrocrance 
 brings his ruin, and, in 1551, he is beheaded "on a 
 charge of treason, and the Duke of Northumberland 
 made Protector. Edward, always weak-minded and 
 sickly, IS induced by Northumberland to name as hi» 
 successor La<ly Jane Grey (descended from Henry 
 VII. 's youngest daughter), to the exclusion of hm 
 half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. He dies of consump- 
 tion, in his sixteenth year. 
 
 Mary I., 1553 to 1558: daughter of Henry VIII. 
 by his first wife, Catharine of Arragon. The people 
 espouse her cause, as their lawful sovereign ; Lady 
 Jane Grey and her husband are confined in the Tower,* 
 Northumberland is taken and executed, and Mary 
 proclaimed queen. She restores the Catholic religion 
 
 fort* n^ Hr°""'.f ("'"f " ™' ''""* *'*■ ^""*"' I- '"' «'e «ite o.' a Ronm,, 
 
 tinluh . ''' "" '"'*''' ^""^ * P"«"» f"-- «t*te "Tenders. Many dis^ 
 
 tn gu shed persons suffered death within its walls. In the reign of Elb^- 
 
 mUrr' "!^r"^'' residence, and has since then l^erchiefly^- 
 
!l|> 
 
 .' i- 
 
 M 
 
 u 
 
 52 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 and comin union with the Holy See ; marries Philip II. 
 of Spain, which event leads to a foolhardy rebellion 
 by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is defeated and put to 
 death. This and two other unsuccessful risings cause 
 the government, as a matter of state policy, to execute 
 Lady Jane Grey and her husband. Lord Guilford 
 Dudley — an act which, though legal and politic, was 
 ungenerous. War with Fmnce : the French are de- 
 feated at St. Quentin, but they capture Calais in 1559, 
 after its having been 200 years in English hands. 
 Mary was one of the best of English sovereigns, but the 
 execution of a number of Protestants during her reign 
 leaves the one great stain on her fame. Though the 
 motives of state policy which animated her counsellors 
 in this persecution cannot justify their conduct, still it 
 must be remembered, by way of extenuation, that the 
 " Reformers " throughout the reign were the aggressors 
 by the intriguing and » rebellious spirit which they 
 steadily manifested, and that most of the executions 
 were for political offences. In her private life, Mary 
 was pious, virtuous, clement, and liberal, and her court 
 was a model of respectability for all Europe. Dies 
 without issue. 
 
 Elizabeth, 1558 to 1603 : daughter of Henry VIII. 
 by Anne Boleyn; learned and possessed of singular 
 abilities as a sovereign, but treacherous, despotic, and 
 cruel She takes the coronation oath according to a 
 solemn Catholic ceremony ; but soon declares lierself 
 
 I 
 
 A 
 
HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 53 
 
 opposed to Catholicity. She restores Protestant wor- 
 ship, renews the Act of Supremacy, declares herself 
 head of the Church, and on purely religious principles 
 begins a systematic and bloody persecution of her Cath- 
 olic subjects, and relentlessly continues it to the end of 
 her reign, bringing scores of noble families to utter 
 misery and ruin, and sacrificing hundreds of valuable 
 lives for refusing to abandon the Faith of their fathers. 
 (See Penal Laws, p. 58.) She imjmsons Mary, Queen of 
 Scots, who sought her protection against her own rebell- 
 ious subjects, and after eigl: • ,'n years causes her to be 
 beheaded, 1587 (see p. 62). Philip IL, exasperated by 
 the repeated treacheries of Elizabeth's government, fits 
 out an immense fleet (the Great Armada) to invade Eng- 
 land ; but a terrible storm destroys many of the vessels, 
 and the rest are put to flight by the English fleet under 
 Admiral Howard (a Catholic nobleman), 1588. Hugh 
 O'Neill, Prince of Ulster, and lineal descendant of the 
 ancient Irish kings, forms a confederacy of chieftains 
 to obtain civil and religious freedom for Ireland, 1598 
 By his skill and activity English armies are defeated, 
 strongholds captured, and the Irish for a time become 
 masters ot the whole of their country, except Dublhi 
 and its vicinity. But the English resort to their old 
 artifice of sowing dissensions among the chieftains, 
 which so weakened O'Neill's power that the country 
 is again overrun by the English, and the gallant chief 
 forced to lay down his arms, 1603. The reign of 
 
 <■;■!'■ 
 
' i 
 
 i; 
 
 III 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 54 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Elizabeth is one of the m? 3t important in English 
 hietory. Her private character is stained with many 
 unwomanly and lUKjueenly traits, and her court was 
 the most disreputable in Europe. She ruled for many 
 years without a parliament, and frequently imprisoned 
 members, either for oi)posing bills introduced by the 
 €rown, or for introdui'.ing bills which she did not like. 
 But with all this, she was a successful ruler. She 
 gathered around her some oi England's greatest men, 
 poets, philosophers, statesmen, and commanders (p. 62) ; 
 and raised England from a second rate position to a 
 level with the first nations of Europe. She was never 
 married, and was the last of the Tudors. 
 
 GENEALOGY OF THF HOUSE OP TUDOR. 
 Henry VII. 
 
 Arthur, 
 died before 
 his father. 
 
 Henry VIII. Margaret, Mary, 
 
 married James grandmother to 
 IV. of Scotland. Lady Jane Grey. 
 
 r 
 
 Edward VI. 
 
 Mary. 
 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 -•Koex* 
 
 I « 
 
 EngBand in the Sixteenth Century. — The "New 
 Monarchy." — During the Tudor period, the royal power 
 reached its height and became despotic. The chief 
 causes of this were the breaking up of the Feudal 
 
HOUSE OF TUDOK. 
 
 55 
 
 ^y^tcm, tlie consetiuent dedine of Laroiiial power, the 
 subjection of tlie Churcli to the State, and the personal 
 abilities and arbitrary will of tlie individual Tudor sov- 
 ereigns. Parliaments, seldom called, were but instru- 
 ments for caiTying out the monarch's wishes. 
 ^ In the reign of Henry VIL, the influence of the 
 Church had at last produced the virtual extinction of 
 slavery and villeinage; ],ut tlie destruction of the 
 monasteries and the spoliation of their property in the 
 next reign, brought the lower orders to a state of 
 deplorable destitution which lasted throughout the 
 whole Tudor period. The monasteries were the homes 
 of learning, charity, and religious perfection. In them 
 the children of all classes received free instruction, 
 and from them the lower orders obtained employment 
 in health, and food, slielter, and care, when poor and 
 sick. From the new owners they received no such 
 consideration, and England, in conse<iuence, soon 
 swarmed with paupers and vagabonds, which caused 
 m Elizabeth's reign the passage of the first Poor Law, 
 providing by taxation for the support of the poor. 
 
 The wholesale destruction of tiie vast monastic 
 libraries by the early " Reformers " was an incalculable 
 injury to the literary public, and for a time added 
 general ignorance to general destitution. As the 16th 
 century advanced, classical learning, popularized in 
 Italy in the preceding century, became fashionable 
 with the English gentry ; the universities gradually 
 
I f 
 
 i! it 
 I ! 
 
 t 
 
 III 
 
 !: t 
 
 M 
 
 
 i: 
 
 1 
 
 fill! 
 
 56 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 recovered their aiieieiit fame, and knowledge, aided by 
 the facilities afforded by printing, began to spread 
 with rapidity among the middle classes. The Mercurie, 
 the first English newspaper, appeared in the reign of 
 Elizabetli. As the penal laws forbade the education 
 of Catholics in England, several colleges weie founded 
 by the efforts of exiled clergymen in France, Spain, 
 Portugal, and Italy, to which the Catholic English 
 youth were sent for education. 
 
 Among the inventions and discoveries of this era 
 were watches, telescopes, paper mills, and coaches. 
 Tea was first brought from China, tobacco and potatoes 
 from America, and whale and cod fisheries were estab- 
 lished. In Elizabeth's reign the Royal Exchange was 
 founded and the East India Company formed. Trade 
 in negro slaves was also commenced, and it is said 
 that it was encouraged by Queen Elizabeth. This 
 period saw the last of those celebrated martial sports, 
 called the Tournaments. 
 
 The extraordinary successes of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese navigators aroused the English to maritime 
 exertions. The east coast of North America was ex- 
 plored, a large portion of it claimed for the English 
 crown, and the first English colony in America was 
 begun in Virginia, in 1607. The maritime spirit gave 
 an impetus to commerce, which soon exercised a whole- 
 some influence in creating and promoting other indus- 
 
 The overthrow 
 
 tries throughout the land. 
 
 of King 
 
HOUSE OF TUDOIi. 57 
 
 Pliilip's great Armada cripp^-xl the power of Spain and 
 led to England's ascendanLj ou the ocean. 
 
 The " Refopmation."— During the pontificate of 
 Pope Leo X., early in the sixteenth century, Martin 
 Luther, a German monk of the Augustinian order, 
 jealous because ohe Dominican monks had ])een ajv 
 pointed to perform certain important ecclesiastical 
 commissions in Germany, began to preach against the 
 pnncipal doctrines of the Catholic Church. On being 
 authoritatively warned that his teacliings were lieretical, 
 he agreed to abide by the decision of the Pope. In 
 the meantime his cause was espoused l)y Philip, the 
 landgrave of Hesse, and other G. rman prnices attracted 
 by Luther's loose doctrines, that were well calculated 
 to remove those wholesome restraints which the Cath- 
 olic Church had for centuries held upon the immoral 
 passions of men. The Pope decided against Luther 
 and condemned his writings ; but Luther, emboldened 
 by the support he had received, refused to submit, 
 and proceeded with his heretical work with daily 
 increasing violence and excess. This was the origin 
 of the so-called Reformation, which for generations 
 embroiled Christendom in fierce wars and dissensions, 
 and caused more mischief to the true interests of man- 
 kind than any other event of modem times. 
 
 As we have seen, Henry VIIL at first stoutly op- 
 posed the new doctrines, and the English people were 
 slow to accept them. But when the king broke with 
 
58 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 n 
 
 W. 
 
 i ; I 
 
 i I 
 
 the Pope on the divorce question, heresy began its 
 career in England. For a long time the mass of the 
 people remained true to the ancient Faith, and signified 
 their disapproval of tlie violence of the " Reformers " 
 by frequently taking up arms against them. But 
 foreign mercenaries swept the country with fire anU 
 sword, and every unsuccessful effort for religious free- 
 dom was made the pretence for fresh persecutions. 
 By means of these persecutions— cruel, bloody, sys- 
 tematic, and persistent — Protestantism at last became 
 the religion of England. The Thirty-nine Articles -^f 
 the Church of England were drawn up in their present 
 form in 1562. The "Reformers" were equally suc- 
 cessful in Scotland, establishing Presbyterianism after 
 Queen Mary's imprisonment ; but all their attempts in 
 Ireland resulted in signal failures. 
 
 The English Penal Laws.— During the reigns of 
 Elizabeth and most of her successors down to the time 
 of George III., laws were passed by the British gov- 
 ernment having for their object the extir})ation of 
 Catholicity from British dominions. Persons refusing 
 or failing to comply with the requirements of these 
 laws incurred a penalty of some sort — fine, imprison- 
 ment, exile, or death — hence the name penal laws, of 
 which the following is a brief resum^. According to 
 them — 
 
 Catholics could be fined for absenting themselves 
 from the Protestant service on Sunday, or for attending 
 
 
HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 59 
 
 
 their own, and for acknowledging tlie Pope to be tlu'ii 
 spiritual head. The Catholic clergy were declared 
 outlaws, a price was put upon their heads, and ah who 
 harbored them were made liable to confiscation of 
 property. Catholics were forbidden to be teachers, 
 and the children of Catholics were deprived by law of 
 the means of acquiring an education. Catholics were 
 prohibited from being the guardians of their own chil- 
 dren, and if any of these became Protestants, their 
 parents lost all legal control of their own property. 
 Catholics were made incapable of purchasing property, 
 or of holding leases for a longer period than thirty-one 
 years, and if any Protestant discovered that the farm of 
 a Catholic yielded a greater profit than one-third of this 
 lease value, he could at once take possession of the 
 same. Finally, Catholics were discjualified from hold- 
 ing office and from voting at elections. 
 
 This is a part of the tyrannical code that disgraced 
 the English statute books for centuries. But these 
 cruel laws ultimately failed in their object— Ireland 
 always remained Catholic, and though Catholicity was 
 for a time paralyzed in Great Britain, still the repeal 
 of the penal laws found it possessed of a degree of 
 activity that has since produced wonderful results. 
 Some of the penal laws still remain :— Neither the 
 Monarch, the Eegent, tlie Chief Justice of England, 
 nor the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland can be a Catholic. 
 Nevertheless, it is but just to state that at the present 
 
 ^ki 
 

 I>; 
 
 I. 
 
 ?^l 
 
 60 
 
 ExNGLISH HLSTORY. 
 
 day in no part of the world does Catholicity enjoy 
 greater freedom than under the rule of the once bitterly 
 intolerant British government. 
 
 EMINExVT PERSONS OF THE TUDOR PERIOD. 
 
 Cardinal Thomas Wolsey: horn 1471, died 1530. By 
 his varied talents and admirable addre.ss, lie rose from the 
 lowest rank to the highest i>osition in Churcli and State within 
 the kingdom. In a comparatively short period he became 
 Arelibisliop of York, Chancellor of England, Papal Legate, and 
 Cardinal. His revenues were enormous, and his style of living 
 almost royal ; but he was generous with his wealth, and often 
 ma<le good use of his great influence. For a long time he re- 
 mained the warm favorite of Henry VIII., and was reallv the 
 ruler of England ; brt with all this he was too worldly 'for a 
 Chuichman— too warm in his attachment to an unprincipled 
 king, and more absorbed in political tlian in religious affairs— 
 so that when his end came he could look on the past with little 
 else than feelings of regret. Having opposed, though weakly, 
 Henry's divorce from Queen Catharine, Wolsey incurred the 
 king's displeasure. One by one he was deprived of his dignities, 
 and at last, through the jealousy of his enemies-especially 
 Anne Boleyn— he was accused of high treason. While journey- 
 ing towards London to answer the charge, he died at the Abbey 
 of Leicester, with expressions of piety and devotion. He was 
 one of the most extraordinary men of his time, possesse.l of 
 great learning, and a munificent patron of literature. 
 
 Blessed John Fisher, Cardinal Bishop of Rochester ; born 
 1459, Deheaded 1535 ; a learned, pious, and zealous prelate. He 
 opposed the divorce, and refused to acknowledge the king's 
 supremacy, foi' which he was imprisoned and beheaded. He 
 was beatified in 1886, by Pope Leo XIIL 
 
HOUSE OP TUDOR. 
 
 61 
 
 Cardinal Reginald Pole, l.orn 1500, die.l 1658 ; l.Mrned, 
 holy, and kiiul-heartod. He was related to Heiny VIII but 
 being unwilling to sanction the divorce, or acknowledge' the 
 king hea.1 of the Church, he retired to the continent. On 
 Mary s accession, lie returned to England, and became the last 
 Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 Thomas Cromwell, "Vicar-General" to Henry VIII. ; 
 bold, wicked, and unprincipled. From being a soldier he Wamo' 
 a member of Parliament. By his artful conduct he won favor 
 and prefer.nent, first from Wolsey, and, on the fall of the lat- 
 ter, from the king. He settled the divorce .juestion by boMly 
 advising Henry to throw off papal allegiance. This was done, 
 and the king rewarded him with the v ^v office of Vicar-General,' 
 in which capacity he exercised aim . absolute sway. It wa.s 
 through him that the royal power became a despotism, that the 
 monasteries were robbed and suppressed, that so many hundreds 
 were mercilessly put to <leath, and England kept in a state of 
 terror for ten years. Failing to suit Henry's taste in the clioi(;e 
 of a wife (Anne of Cleves), he was charged with treason, foun.l 
 guilty and executed, 1540. Throughout his life, morality and 
 religion held no restraint on him, and he was accustomed to 
 .say that virtue and vice were nothing but names. 
 
 Thomas Cranmer, bom 1489, died 1556 : the first Prot- 
 estant Archbishop of Canterbury. He rose into prominence 
 through the favor of Anne Boleyn, whose marriage with Henry 
 he had encouraged. He was the most consummate hypocrite 
 mentioned in English history. Though ordained a Catholic 
 priest, he was secretly a Lutheran ; when consecrated Arch- 
 bishop, he freely swore fidelity to the Holy See, but at 
 the same time privately assured witnesses that he would not 
 keep the oath any longer than it suited him. In the reigns 
 of Henry and Edward, he was by turns a Catholic and a 
 Protestant, and by turns took part in sending Catholics and 
 
'! I! I 
 
 m 
 
 Pfi 
 
 62 
 
 ENOLl.sn HISTOHV, 
 
 ii i'ii 
 
 ProtoHtaiits to ho Ininit-.l nii-l holiciKled ; in Mary's roign he 
 ogiiiii tlt'clrti-ed hiiiusclf a rrotestaiit, but was iniprisoiuMl for 
 shnriiig in XortliuinbcrlaiKrs treason, and comlumncil to death. 
 Hopfng to save his life, ho ojK^nly ahjurod I'rotestantism and 
 reunited Ids errors in seven different documents ; but, finding 
 at the last nioinenf that ho eouhl not escape the [wnalty of his 
 crimes, lie once more deelared himself a Protestant, and soon 
 jwrished at the stake. \ -nong the other prominent persons who 
 suffered similarly al... this time was Hugh Latimer, the 
 •' reformed " Bishoi* of Worcester, who thus met the same fato 
 ho assisted in dealing to Friar Forrest in Henry's roign. 
 
 Blessed Thomas More, born 1480, .lied' 1,535; a great 
 orator, writer, and statesman. He became Lord Chancellor at 
 the fall of Wolsey, but, disgusted with Henry's enonnitiea, he 
 soon resigned. He lost the king's friendship by being unfavor- 
 able to the divorce, and, because he refused to acknowledge 
 Henry head of the Church, he was condemned and l)eheaded. 
 Sir Thomas More wijs renowned throughout Europe for his wit, 
 learning, and piety, and was acknowledged a perfect model of 
 the Chriijtian gentleman and philosopher. He wrote " Utopia," 
 a description of an ideal republic where everybody is happy. 
 He was l)eatified in 1886, by Pope Leo XIIL 
 
 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, born 1516, beheaded 1547. 
 He was famous as a soldier, scholar, and poet ; he was the first 
 writer of English blank verse, and among his works is a trans- 
 lation of Virgil. Henry unjustly charged him with treason, and 
 had him beheaded ; he was the tyrant's last victim. 
 
 The Countess of Salisbury (known as "the Maid of the 
 Golden Tresses "), born 1472, executed 1541. She was the last 
 of the Plantagenets, and a near relative of Henry VIIL She 
 may be regarded as a martyr to the Faith, although she was 
 nominally executed for high treason. 
 
 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, born 1542, bidieaded 1587 ; 
 
HOL'.SK OK TLDOH. 
 
 G.'i 
 
 .laughter of Jamos V. of Scotland, an.l tlu- most l.,.a„tiful and 
 accomi.li.sl,e<l i,ri„coH8 of her tinu- Slio was first .uaniod to 
 traucis II. of France, but was left a widow at eighte,..., ; sho 
 then returned to S,.otland, where her undaunted profession of 
 Catholicity drew on her the tierce enmity of the - P ; > M.ers " 
 (at whoso head was the notorious John Knox, an aiK.'uto 
 priest),- who repeatedly conspired against her. H. r ;,, ond h. s- 
 hand, Lord Darnley, was murdered (it is sai.l) by ..e Eai ' of 
 Hothwell, who then seized (^ueen Mary and forcibly -aJe her 
 his wif... Her n.l,ellious subjects soon after imprisoned her, 
 but she escaiH^d, He.l to England and sought r.-fuge of her 
 cousin Elizabeth. Her religious belief and her superior accom- 
 plishments ha.I alrea.ly e.xcite.l the anger an.l jealousy of the 
 English .iueen, who cast her into prison, where she languished 
 for eighteen years. At the instigation of Elizal,eth, documents 
 were forged by Cecil and Walsingham to .lefame Alarv in the 
 eyes of Europe, and by similar forgeries she was accused of 
 conspiracy against Elizabeth's government, and was unjustly 
 condemned and cruelly bchea.led. She met her fate ..iously 
 serenely, and with royal dignity. 
 
 William Shakespere, born 1564, died 1616 ; the great- 
 est English dramatics writer. He wrote thirty-seven plays di- 
 vi.lod into tragedies, comedies, and histories, whicli disi.lay 
 wonderful poetic genius, 
 
 Edmund Spenser, born 1553, died 1599; a celebrated Enr-Iish 
 l>oet. His best work was the "Faerie <^ueen," an allegorical poem 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, born 1552, died 1618 ; navigator 
 author, and scholar. He made several voyages to America, and 
 twice unsuccessfully attempted to found colonies in Virginia. It 
 was he that first introduced tobacco and potatoes into England 
 Convicted of conspiracy against James I., he was imprisoned 
 for thirteen years, and at last executed. He wrote a history of 
 the world, while in prison. 
 
f 
 
 64 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 ! fi 
 
 Sir Philip Sydney, 1554 to 1586 ; aoklier, author, and 
 statesman. His greatest work was the "Arcadia," a romantic 
 fiction. He was killed at the battle of Zutphen, in Holland, 
 while fighting against the Spaniards. 
 
 Sir Francis Bacon, 1561 to 1626 ; distinguished philoso- 
 pher and statesman. He wrote several essays and works on 
 science, the greatest of which was "Novum Organum." He 
 was made Lord Chancellor under James I. , but was degraded 
 and fined for bribery and corruption. 
 
 Various Celebrities: Erasmus and Colet, scholars, in 
 the reign of Henry VIII. ; the two Cabots (John and Seba.s- 
 tian). Sir Francis Dhike, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Martin Fro- 
 bisher, and Lord Howard, navigators and naval commanders ; 
 Sir Robert Devereux (Earl of Essex), and Sir Robert Dudley 
 (Earl of Leicester), both intimate favorites of Elizabeth, though 
 she signed the death warrant of the former. Sir William Cecil 
 (Lord Burleigh), and Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's able 
 but unprincipled ministers ; Sir Thomas Gresham, a wealthy 
 merchant and founder of the Royal Exchange ; Hans Holbein, 
 a celebrated painter ; Edward Campion and Robert Southwell, 
 both Jesuits— (the former a famous scholar, and the latter a poet 
 of fine talent)— executed by Elizabeth on account of their faith. 
 
 CHIEF DATES OF THE TUDOR PERIOD. 
 
 Discovery of America 1492. 
 
 Passage of Poynings' Bill . 1495. 
 
 Battle of Flodden Field 1513. 
 
 Act of Supremacy passed 1534, 
 
 Loss of Calais 1557. 
 
 Execution of Mary Queen of Scots 1587. 
 
 Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588. 
 
 East India Company forme<l 16 JO. 
 
 O'Neill surrenders at Mellifont. 1603, 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 A. D. 1603 TO 1714. 
 
 LEADING rEATURES.-Strnggle. for Ascendancy between the 
 Crown and the Parliament. -Great Civil War.-Decline and PaU 
 of the " New Monarchy." -Establishment of Conrtitntional Free- 
 aom and Hesponsible Government. 
 
 James I., 1603 to 1625: previously James VI. of 
 Scotland, only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and de- 
 scended from Henry VII., whose daughter Margaret 
 had married James IV. of Scotland. James succeeds 
 Elizabeth as her nearest heir, and marries the Princess 
 Anne of Denmark. He enforces the penal laws against 
 Catholics ; discovers the Gunpowder Plot to blow up the 
 Parliament House,* in 1605, and breaks up a conspiracy 
 
 law! h!fliSr« f ^^"i-^^^'y *" "^« ^'^^^ of Ja-nes, one of the penal 
 laws, inflicting a heavy fine on Catholics for not attending Protestant wor- 
 shl^^ was rigorously enforced, and more than 6,000 English gentlenienTd 
 
 tioXnn.^ H ' " r'^ltT: ''^ Northamptonshire, who. driven t.. despera- 
 ttepT "f j'-^^f"! ^l««*fe"' of revenging his wrongs by blowing „p 
 the Parliament House with gunpowder. He secretly secured aUufc a 
 dozen accomplices, among whom was Guy Fawkes, who was entmsteJ 
 
 thi^v tl'vL'"" '""/' *''' P'*"- ^''''''''' ^«'-'*'"g ^y "iKhts. conveyed 
 Parhamr.^"' ' "' P^npowder into some unoccupied vauL lieneath the 
 It^rZl^T"' "''^ r" ^"* ^•'«'Tt»'i>'f: i" readiness. Tresham. one 
 of the conspirators, wishing to save a friend, Lord Monteagle, a member 
 
ill! 
 
 66 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 to place Arabella Stuart, his cousin, on the throne. 
 For sharing in this conspiracy, Sir Walter Raleigh is 
 imprisoned and, after thirteen years, beheaded, 1618. 
 Sir Francis Bacon is degraded for receiving bribes, 
 1621. Henry, eldest son of the king, dies at nine- 
 teen, and Elizabeth, his daughter, marries Frederick, 
 elector palatine of Bavaria, from which marriage the 
 present royal family traces its descent. The Protes- 
 tant version of the Bible in use until recently was 
 translated in 1611. James was learned and eloquent, 
 but vacillating, superstitious, pedantic, and arbitrary. 
 He claimed the divine right of kings, and made the 
 Crown independent of the Parliament, thus originating a 
 course of events that finally led to the overthrow of the 
 Stuart family. Persecuted by the Established Church, 
 many Puritans, subsequently called the " Pilgrim Fa- 
 thers," began to emigrate and form colonies in what is 
 now known as the Xew England States, 1620. 
 
 Charies I., 1625 to 1649 (second son of James I.) : 
 virtuous and accomplished, but very arbitrary ; mar- 
 ries Henrietta Maria, daughter of the French king. 
 War with France in support of rebellious French 
 
 of the Peers, sent him a letter advising him to Iw absent from the House 
 on a certain day. Monteagle showed the letter to Secretary Cecil, who at 
 once suspected danger. The cellars were searched, and Fawkes, with his de- 
 structive materials was discovered, Nov. 5, 1005. The conspirators became 
 known, and were all either killed or captured and executed. This atrocious 
 plot was the deed of a few desperate men only. The Catholics as a body 
 publicly disavowed it ; still it was made the pretence for enacting fresh 
 penal laws against them. 
 
HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 67 
 
 Protestants : the English are driven back, an<l their load- 
 er, the Duke of Buckingham, is soon after assassinate' 
 struggles for ascendancy between Charles and his Par' 
 hament now begin, and continue throughout his reign' 
 bringing on the great Civil War, which results in tlj 
 overthrow of the royal power by the parliament ry 
 troops, chiefly led by Oliver Cromwell, together with 
 the seizure and execution of the king, 1 649. (See p. 76 > 
 Meantime the Scotch Presbyterians form a league and 
 covenant against the Church of England in 1638. 
 Archbishop Laud and Lord Strafford are executed for 
 high treason^ (See pp. 82, 83.) The Irish, under the 
 celebrated Owen O'Neill, make a gallant stand for 
 civd and religious liberty (1641), and are .. fc over- 
 come until the next reign, 1650. 
 
 The Commonwealth, 1649 to 1660: Parliament 
 consisting of the House of Commons only, abolisi: 
 royalty, including the authority of the House of 
 Lor,I , and establish a so-called republic. Episcopacv 
 IS set aside, Presbyterianism becomes the established 
 religion, and Catholics are severely persecuted. Ire- 
 land and Scotland remain loyal and refuse to acknowl- 
 edge the republic. Thereupon Oliver Cromwell, in- 
 vested by Parliament with the title of Lord Deputy 
 crosses into Ireland with his victorious army, and by 
 the aid of treachery crushes all opposition with a 
 merciless hand, principally at Drogheda and Wexford 
 wli.re thousands of defenceless persons are murdered' 
 
€8 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 
 1650. Returning the same year, he completely routs 
 the Scots at Dnnl)ar, and the year following destroys 
 the last hope of the royalists by defeating Prince 
 Charles at Worcester. The prince, after many hair- 
 breadth escapes, reaches France in safety. Cromwell 
 next forcibly dissolves the Long Parliament, 1653, 
 also two others not sufficiently pliant to his wishes, 
 and is declared Lord Protector, with the iiower and all 
 but the title of king. Wars with the Dutch and Span- 
 iards; the En-^lifih under Admiral Blake are successful 
 in both. Cromwell rules tyrannically but with great 
 ability, and makes England feared and resjiected among 
 foreign nations. He dies in 1658, and is succeeded by 
 his son Richard, who resigns within three months. 
 A period of anarchy succeeds, until the influence of 
 the army under General Monk and the force of public 
 opinion cause the restoration of the monarchy in the 
 person of Charles, eldest son of the late king, 1660. 
 
 Charles II., 1660 to 1685; talented, but indolent 
 and profligate ; marries Catharine of Portugal ; makes 
 Clarendon Lord Chancellor; causes several regicides 
 to be executed ; and restores the Church of England 
 worship. The Act of Uniformity, requiring all subjects 
 to conform to the tenets of the English Church, and 
 the Corporation Act, obliging all borough and town 
 officials to be practical members of the same Church, 
 are passed in 1662. A great plague ciirries off 
 100,000 persons in 1665, and the next year a great 
 
HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 61> 
 
 fire burns down 13,000 liouses in Loml.n. War witk 
 tlie Dutch, 1665 to 1067, which, although Xew Am- 
 sterrlam, now Xew York, is taken, and the Duke of 
 York as admiral, greatly distinguishes himself, results 
 mther <liscreditably to England-the Dutch admiral 
 De Ruyter, having sailed triuuii.hantly up the Thames 
 ahnost to London, just l^^fore tlie signing of the Treaty 
 (Breda). Charles forms a secret treaty with the Frencli 
 king, sells him Dunkirk, and agrees for a large bribe to 
 treacherously attack the Dutch, 1670. Th(! Test Act 
 excluding Catholics from all offices, military and civil' 
 13 passed in 1673. Clarendon having been banished 
 on a charge of treason, his place is supplied by the 
 celebrated Cabal ministry. (See p. 86.) The " Popish 
 Plot " is invented by Titus Gates (a Church of Eng- 
 land cleric of infamous reputation), and si -oorted by 
 aie Earl of Shaftesbury, 1680; Gates faLdy sweam 
 away the Iive.s of many distinguished Catholics, in- 
 cluding Gliver Plunket, Archbishop of Armagh. About 
 the same time the Covenanters in Scotland are severely 
 persecuted for refusing to accept the ^enets of the 
 English Church. The Habeas Corpus Act, preventing 
 persons from being kept in prison without a trial is 
 V 3ed, 1679. The Rye House Plot to secure the Crown 
 .0 the Duke of Monmouth (the king's illegitimate 
 ^on), to the exclusion of the king's brother James, Duke 
 of York, the legal heir, is discovered, and Lords Russell 
 and Sydney, leaders of this conspiracy, are executed, 
 
70 
 
 EXOLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Ill 
 
 If 
 
 . 1682. Tlie terms AMiicr and Tory are first u.se.l in this 
 rei^ni.* Cliarles becomes u Catholic on his death-bed. 
 James II., 1685 to 1688, last Catholic monarch of 
 England; generous and well-meaning, bat rash and 
 impolitic. Monmoutli raises a rebelliou and proclaims 
 himself king, but is defeated an.1 taken at Sedgemoor; 
 tried, condemned, and execute.!. fBB;! ; Judgr- Jeffreys' 
 appointed to try the rebels, exercises imdue severity.' 
 James opeidy professes Catliolieity. p id issues a Decla- 
 ration of Indulgence whidi givts liberty of conscience 
 to all classes of his subjects, and suspends the penal 
 laws; causes seven bishops of the Church of England 
 to be arrested for refusing to read the proclamation of 
 liberty of e.siscience in their churches; the bishops 
 are tried and acquitted. All these acts being per- 
 formed solely by iijs own authority, the king is accused 
 of violating the constitution. Protestant zeal is aroused 
 by the toleration given to Catholics, and Dr. Gilbert 
 Burnet, an unprincipled English Church divine, pub- 
 lished a forged memorial in the name of the Prot- 
 estants of England, inviting William, Prince of 
 Orange (husband of King James' eldest daughter, 
 Mary), to assume the government. William, while 
 professing friendship for his father-in-law, decides to 
 accept the invitation. He lands in England ; James, 
 deserted by all, even by his own daughters, is forced 
 to fly to France; William enters Lone- ^ and assunies 
 
 ♦ The Whigs were the opponents and the Tories the frw.mU of James. 
 
HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 71 
 
 the reins of goverimieiit. Jmaes was twice married • 
 his first wife, Lady Anne Hyde, Avas the niotlier of 
 Mary and Ann., and liis second, Mary Beatrice, was 
 the mothtn- of James, afterwards called the Pretender. 
 Wmiam 111. and Mary ||., 1688 to 1702. After 
 t)»e flight of James, a packed assembly called the Con- 
 vention Parliament, declares the throne vacant, pro- 
 claims William and his wife Mary jointly King and 
 Queen of England, and decrees that henceforth the 
 sovereign of England must he a Protestant. It draws 
 up the " Declaration of Rights," afterwards called the 
 "Bill of Rights," stating the extent of the kin<r's 
 power and the liberties of the people.* This completes 
 the English Revolution by which the system of royal 
 government is changed and constitutional freedom 
 finally established. Meanwhile tlie Irish and the 
 , Highlanders (Scotch) remain loyal to James, who 
 Jands in Irelan<l, 1689. He wasles time in besieging 
 Derry, thereby allowing his enemies to gather strength 
 His army is defeated by William's at the battles of the 
 
 * Declamtion {Bill) of Mights-a few of its most important provisions • 
 Catholics were declare.l incapable of wearing the Crown of England • at 
 the coronat. , the sovereign shonl.l abjure Catholicity, and, instead of 
 swearmg to .,a,nta.n the Church, as in the time of Edwanl the Confessor 
 should swear to nmint^un the Pn.testant religion ; levying of n.oney b; 
 the Crown without grant of Parliament was declared illegal; the Crown 
 was declared to have no power of suspending or dispensing laws : standing 
 .-m,es forbidden without the consent of Parliament ; freedom of elections 
 ^nd freedom of debate in Parliament declared to be national rights • free- 
 dom of juries secured ; excessive fines, imprisonments, and cruel pinish- 
 inents declared illegal ; ac-used persons could not be punished until tried 
 and con vi.t..l. With the pasning of this statute the " New Mouard"y ' endS 
 
72 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 
 ii 
 
 Boyne and Aughrini, and Limerick, liis last stronghold, 
 surrenders after a gallant defence by the Irish under 
 General Sarsfield, but on its own terms, 1691. By 
 the Treaty of Limerick, William guarantees the Cath- 
 olics civil and religious liberty, but before a vear goes 
 by he allows the treaty to be shamefully broken by his 
 government. The Highlanders, under Lord CJraham, 
 of Dundee, defeat AVilliam's troops at Killiekrankie, in 
 1689, but Dundee having fallen in the battle, his 
 followers soon disiJerse. William again makes himself 
 infamous by authorizing the treacherous and barbarous 
 massacre of the Clan Macdonald-all Catholics-at 
 Giencoe, 1692. In 1694 Queen Mary dies-an un- 
 natural daughter, little respected. In the same year 
 is passed the Triennial Bill, requiring Parliament to 
 sit no longer than three years. The Act of Settlement 
 IS passed in 1701, declaring that all future monarchs 
 must be Protestants, and that if William, Mary, and 
 Anne die without heirs, the Crown goes to the Prot- 
 estant descendants of the Princess Sophia of Hanover 
 granddaughter of James L A war with France, in 
 which England wins the naval battle of Cape 'La 
 Hogue, but is generally unsuccessful on land, closes 
 with the Treaty of Ryswick, 1697, France acknowl- 
 edging William King of England. William dies in 
 1702. He was an able general, but treacherous and 
 ambitious. His chief desire through life was to 
 humble the power of Louis XIV., of France. 
 
HOU«E OF STUART. 
 
 73 
 
 m 
 
 Anne, 1702 to 1714 ; second (laii<,'hter of James II. ; 
 solicitous for the good of her subjects, but vacillating 
 and ruled by favorites. The Union of the Scottish and 
 the Englisli Parliaments takes place in 1 707.* The War 
 of the Spanish Succession— a glorious career of victory 
 for the English under the Duke of Marlborough— 
 closes with the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713. (See p.°79.) 
 The Penal laws against Catholics are bitterly enforced. 
 Many great men flourish in this reign (see p. 85), but the 
 masses of the people are very ignorant, while vicious 
 and infidel practices prevail in high life. Anne was 
 married to Prince George of Denmark ; but she died 
 without surviving issue. Her deatli was embittered 
 by thoughts of lier unfilial conduct. 
 
 GENEALOGY OF THE HOUSE OF STUART. 
 James I. 
 
 Henry (died young|. Charles I. 
 
 Elizal)eth, married 
 
 — — — _J . Frederic, Elector 
 
 r-u i' TT T ' ,, , I ( Palatine, and King 
 
 Charles II. James II. Mary (married Tliree others. "f Bohemia. 
 
 Wm. of Orange). 
 William III. 
 
 Mary II., wife of 
 William III. 
 
 Anne. 
 
 James (" the Pre- 
 tender," married 
 Prini'ess .Sobieski). 
 
 Sophia, youngest 
 
 daugljter, married 
 
 the Elector of 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 I 
 
 George Louis, 
 
 afterwards 
 
 George I. 
 
 I 
 
 Charles Edward 
 (Young Pretender), 
 
 d. 1788. 
 
 Henry Benedict, 
 
 .'ardinal of York, d. 1S(K*. 
 
 Last of the Stuarts. 
 
 Scotland retained freedom of trade and its own (Presbyterian) Church. 
 
74 
 
 IH 
 
 ^ 'i 
 
 m 
 
 ENGLISH HIHTORV. 
 
 England in the Seventeenth Century. (The Stuart 
 Period.)— Tlie rejection of tlie Ancient Faith, in the 
 Tudor period, was followed by a staK- of religions stnie 
 and confusion that continued almost without ceasing 
 throughout the whole of tliis century. Sect after sect 
 broke off from Henry's stiUe-made English Church; 
 and, while tlie proscribed Kuiiian Catholics, threatened 
 with fines, exile, torture, imprisonment, or death, were 
 thankful to be left unnoticed, the Episcopalians,' Puri- 
 tans, Presbyterians, ftnd Independents fiercely and bit- 
 terly wrangled among themselves for the mastery. In 
 the reigns of the first two Stuarts, the Episcopalians 
 were supreme, and a large body of disgusted Puritans 
 emigrated to America. In the early years of the Com- 
 monwealth, the Presbyterians were in the ascendancy, 
 and made the Episcopalians, in their turn, feel the bit^ 
 terness of persecution. Next came the rule of the 
 Puritans and Independents, during Ci -iwell' time, 
 followed, in Charles II. 's reign, by tiie return to power 
 of the Episcopalians, who then amply revr-a-ad them- 
 selves on everybody. For a year or two, under James 
 XL, there was comparative peace— this Catholic king 
 having declared that all denominations of his subj( ^'^ 
 might worship God as they saw fit; but the access u 
 of William and Mary brought the Church of Englu.id 
 once more to the front, and the reign of Queen Anne 
 saw it in the enjoyment of its palmiest days in Eng- 
 land, while about the same time Presbyterianism be- 
 
HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 76 
 
 came firmly I'stablislied in .Scothiiul. Amid all their 
 contentions the Protestant sects had on.' hond of union 
 —hatred of Catholicity. The least sign of activity, on 
 the part of Hm- old belief, produced a united action 
 among the bmwling sectariuiis i„ crush it; and no 
 matter which sect ruled, the Catholics ah' ys suf- 
 fered. 
 
 The Civil AVar vasted the fairest portions of Eng- 
 land, caused the loss of thousands of useful lives, de- 
 moralized English manners, and for a time retarded 
 I. arning and alj manner of progress. But as the period 
 advanced, literat > and science made considerable ad- 
 vancement, until in the reign of (^ueen Anne we find 
 what has been calh-1 ihe Augustan era of English lit- 
 erature. The state of moi lity, owing to the evil in- 
 fluence of the civil war, the ,)rofligate court of Charles 
 II., and the free-thinking spirit of Anne's period, .still 
 continued low. 
 
 Colonization followed close in tlie wake of discovery. 
 Most of the first settlements in America and else- 
 where were made during this period. Commerce was 
 more than doubled in extent, and branches of manu- 
 facture sprang up, such as silk-weaving, hat-making, 
 glass-l)lowing, and improvements in cutlery and haril- 
 ware. On the other hand, agriculture made little prog- 
 ress. Coffee and sugar began to be imported, chiefly 
 from the West Indies. 
 
 The General i'ost-offici; was established by Croni- 
 
6 
 
 ENGLLSII HISTORY. 
 
 hi'i ' 
 
 Hi 
 
 I III 
 
 r>i I 
 
 well, an.l the Pcm.y-po.st by William and Mary. In the 
 reign of the latter, the Xational l)el)t was commenced, 
 owing to the heavy military exi)enditure, and the 
 Bank of England and ( Jreen wicli Hospital were founded. 
 The Koyal Society for the promotion of science was 
 fornie.1, and Chelsea Hosj.ital founded, in the reign of 
 Charles II. St. Paul's Cathedral was begun in TeOZ, 
 and finislied in 1710. Stage-caches began to run in 
 the reign of James II. A standing army took its origin 
 under the Stuarts. , During this period the classical 
 Btyle of architecture was revived. 
 
 The Great Rebellion, 1642 to 1649. (The Civil War 
 between Charles I. and his Parliament.)— Charles I., 
 like his father, wanted either to have a Parliament sub^ 
 servient to his wishes or to rule without one. But the 
 Parliament would not agree to this. In 1628, it forced 
 him to reluctantly sign the Petition of Right, requiring 
 that no tax be imposed except by I^ulianient,that no man 
 be imprisoned without trial, that no man be tried by mar- 
 tial law in times of peace, and that no soldier or sailor be 
 billeted on private persons against their will. Charles soon 
 after dissolved the Parliament, and for eleven years ruled 
 without one. He enforced taxation by means of a tribunal 
 called the Star Chamber ;* one of the most notorious of 
 these levies was that of ship-money, which was resisted 
 by John Hampden, but the courts decided against him. 
 Want of money obliged Charles, in 1 640, to summon what 
 
 • Established by Henry VU. for the trial of offences against the State. 
 
 Ill 
 
HOU.SE (}V STUAIIT. 
 
 tr 
 
 was known afterwards as tlie Lontj Parliament, as it 
 8iit for thirteen years. Tiiis Parliament abolished ship- 
 money, passed a Triennial Bill, declared that Parlia- 
 ment could be dissolved by itself only, and took away 
 the power of the Star Chamber. Tliese i)roc(;odings 
 angered Charles, who, hoping to coerce the Parliament, 
 ordered the arrest of tive of its most daring members. 
 The citizens of London at once took up arms ; Charles 
 retired to York, and the civil war began. The fol- 
 lowers of the king were called Cavaliers, most of them 
 being mounted gentlemen ; the supporters of the Par- 
 liament were called Roundheads, from their close- 
 shaven heads. The Catholics had suffered severely 
 from both parties, but with their Catholic instinct of 
 allegiance they took the part of the king. 
 
 The parliamentary army was at tirst commanded by 
 the Earl of Essex ; but, as the war went on, such men 
 as Cromwell, Fairfax, Ireton, and Monk came to the 
 front, with Cromwell ultimately taking the most im- 
 portant position. The royal troops were commanded 
 by King Charles and his nephew. Prince Rupert. The 
 first battle was fought at Edge Hill, in Warwickshire, 
 and was indecisive. Soon after this event, the Scottish 
 Parliament joined that of England and stmt ,ui army 
 across the border ; their united forces, commanded by 
 Cromwell, totally defeated the king's troops at Marston 
 Moor, 1644. In the south the king was more success- 
 ful, and in Scotland his cause was supported by the 
 
-"^iiaiF 
 
 F¥ 
 
 78 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORV. 
 
 m 
 
 : 
 
 » 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 i ^^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 '^ 1 
 
 -'!■ 
 
 iiil 
 
 
 
 Duke of Montrose, who gained several victories. The 
 great battle of Xaseby, 1645, in which the royal army 
 was completely routed by Cromwell and Fairfax, de- 
 stroyed the hopes of the king. Charles fled first to 
 Oxford, and then to the Scottish army ; but as he re- 
 fused to yield to the demands of the Presbyterians, the 
 Scots delivered him to the English Parliament for the 
 sum of £400,000. 
 
 Meantime, Cromwell had been appointed lieutenant- 
 general by the Parliament, and his power and influence 
 had become overwhelming, especially with the army. 
 He intimidated the Scots by marching his army as far 
 as Edinburgh. On his return to London, 1648, he pre- 
 vented the Presbyterian members from entering the 
 Parliament, and had it packed with Independents, who 
 formed what is known as the Kump Parliament. Act- 
 ing agreeably to Cromwell's ambitious schemes, this 
 Parliament passed an ordinance for the trial of the 
 king, Charles was accordingly arraigned before a court 
 composed largely of army officers, tried, and condemned 
 as a traitor, notwithstanding that the king denied the 
 jurisdictioa of the court, and that the House of Lords 
 refused to take part in the proceedings. Charles was 
 beheaded at Whitehall Palace, January 30, 1649, meet- 
 ing his fate with firmness and dignity. It is note- 
 Avorthy, that this tragic end of the monarch was not 
 the wish of the people, but the deed of a small faction 
 of bold, ambitious men, who througliout the proceed- 
 
HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 79 
 
 ings had the address to deceive the nation as to their 
 real sentiments. It is true, that his death M-as a warning 
 against arbitrary government, but it has been generally 
 conceded that his punishni(3nt exceeded his offence. 
 
 War of the Spanish Succession.— In the year 
 1700, Charles II. of Spain died without issue, but in 
 his will Philip, grandson of Louis XIV. of France, was 
 appointed heir to his throne. England, Germany, and 
 Holland, dreading the vast increase of power that the 
 accession of Philip would give to Franco, disi)uted 
 the validity of the will, and formed a "grand alliance" 
 against Louis XIV., who sui)i)orted Philip's claims. In 
 the war that followed (1700 to 1713), the allied armies, 
 led by the famous English general, the Duke of Marl- 
 borough, were almost everywhere victorious. The 
 French were defeated at Blenheim, in 1704 ; at Ramil- 
 lies, in 1706; at Oudenarde, in 1708; and at Mal- 
 plaquet, in 1709. The fortress of Gibraltar, in Spain, 
 was captured by Sir George Rooke, in 1704, and has 
 ever since remained in the hands of the English. The 
 war closed, in 1713, with the treaty of Utrecht, by 
 which the gmndson of Louis XIV. was acknowledged 
 King of Spain, with the title of Philip V. The Nether- 
 lands, Naples, Milan, and the island of Sardinia were 
 left in possession of the German Emperor Charles VI., 
 and England obtained Gibraltar, the Hudson Bay Ter- 
 ritory, Newfoundland, and Acadia, besides the recogni- 
 tion of the Protestant Succession. 
 
i i 
 
 80 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Brief History of the British Parliament.— The 
 
 principles of the British Constitution, as they are at 
 present, having been iinaUy established towards the 
 close of the Stuart period, it may be useful to give 
 here a brief sketch of the origin and progress of the 
 English legislature. 
 
 The Saxon kings had their AVitenagemot (Assembly 
 of the Wise), and the Norman rulers their Curia Regis 
 (Court of the King), to assist them in governing the 
 nation; and althopgh these were composed of the nobil- 
 ity alone, yet they contained the germ of the future 
 jjopular assembly. 
 
 Towards the end of John's reign, the Magna Charta 
 provided for a wider representation than that contained 
 in the Curia Regis, but the lower classes were still ex- 
 cluded. In the reign of Henry III., Simon xMontfort 
 having overthrown the king's troops, summoned a Par- 
 liament, composed not only of barons and prelates, but 
 also two knights for each shire (county) and two citizens 
 or hurgf>sses for each city and borough— the first repre- 
 sentatives of the people. This event occurred in 1265, 
 and may be considered the origin of the English House 
 of Commons. The representatives of the cities and 
 boroughs sat and voted with the shire members, and 
 separately from the barons, the latter forming what 
 has since been called the House of Lords. 
 
 In the reigns of tlie other Plantagenet kings, the 
 Commons made great progress— the House taking ad- 
 
 c 
 a 
 i: 
 
 I 
 
 V 
 
 t] 
 11 
 
 V 
 
HOr.SE OF STUART. 
 
 81 
 
 vantage of the king's necessities to accompany each 
 money grant with a petition for redress of grievances-. 
 generally successful. Edward I. agreed that no tax be 
 levied without the consent of Parliament. In the 
 reign of Edward III. it was established that the con- 
 currence of both Houses (Lords and Commons) was 
 necessary to make legislatioji lawfuh and that the Com- 
 mons shoidd have the riglit to inquire into public abuses 
 and to impeach i)ublic servants. In the reign of Rich.,rd 
 II. the Parliauieiit obtained tlie right of regulating the 
 expenditure of all moneys granted. 
 
 Henry IV., on account of his defective title, found 
 It politic to conciliate his Parliament, and gave the 
 Commons the exclusive right of juissing money-bills, 
 without the Lords participating. Tlie power of orh,i. 
 mtiiKj bills resided in the Commons from the earliest 
 days. In the reign of Henry VI., complete statutes 
 under tlie name of Bills took the place of the old peti- 
 tions, and to these the king was obliged to give his 
 consent without alteration. Edward IV. confirmed the 
 ancient privilege of the Commons wliich secured its 
 members and servants from nrrest or imprisonment. 
 
 The Stuart monarchs aimed at absolute authority ; 
 but, as we have seen, ifter a gi-at struggle thJ 
 parliament became the chief power in the state, and 
 the government of England settled into a limited 
 monarciiy. hx the x,^<ra of William HL, the 
 Whigs, advocates of jjopular riglits, and tlie Tories, 
 
82 
 
 ENGLISH IIISTOHY. 
 
 H'i>< 
 
 ■ i. 
 
 ill -f 
 
 1^ 
 
 the aristocratic party, agroed that tlio party whidi had 
 the majority in the House of CoiiiiiioiKs might achiiin- 
 ister the different branches of puhHc affairs, through a 
 body entitled tlio Ministry, or Cabinet, whose leader 
 was called tho Prime Minister. The ministers l)eing 
 principally nuunbers of the House t)f Commons, aml^ 
 therefore, elected by the popular vote, were accounta- 
 ble to the people for their official conduct. Thus was 
 established what is called Kesponsil)le fJovernment. 
 
 From the foregoing it will be seen that, ])eforo the 
 fifteenth century came to a close, the authority of the 
 House of Commons and all its fundamental rights, as 
 now possessed, were fully establishe.l. The despotism 
 of the Tudors and the Stuait doctrine of the divine 
 right of kings, all but enslaved the Parliament for 
 nearly a century and a half ; but, as we have seen, a 
 reaction toolc place in the middle of the seventeenth 
 century, and the ancient privileges of the Commons 
 were once more fixed on a firm basis before the close 
 of the Stuart period. 
 
 KMINEXT PERSONS OF THE STUART PERIOD. 
 
 William Laud, Arolibishop of Canttirbury. honi 1573, died 
 1615. He was the sou of a woaMiy clothier ; received clerical 
 orders in 1611, and rose mpidly into prominence under the 
 patroiiage of the Duke of Buckingham. In 1628, he became 
 Bishop of London ami the confidential adviser of Charles I. in 
 eedeaiastieal atfaii-s. In this capacity, his rigorous and over- 
 
HOUSE OF STUAlir. 
 
 83 
 
 l».m,K co,„l„ct t„w»r,l» all „-l,„ ,lin„,,,l f,„,„ .,,„ ciuuvh of 
 E.^la,„l „a,.„c,. f„,. |,i,„ the i„.„„»,. o,li,„„ ,.f M,e „„hli,... u. 
 
 u^n-M „a„y „tl,o,. „«,»., „„,,„, „,„ „„„.„ J 
 
 Leg Parha,„e„t i,„|«„.|,.„, ,,i,„ f,,,- l.iglHrca.,,,,, a,„l aft ■ 
 
 1641 T f ^'"'"O"* "•"'■'' «'»««"i), born 1593, di„| 
 
 Lau 1. S„o„ after Ins a|,,„arance i„ ,,ul,li, |if„, ^ a „„.„,l».r of 
 
 came lung Charle., „,„st tmsted counseller. He wa., a,,,„i„ted 
 Lor,l rre,„le,,t „f tl,e Council of the North (of England 1^ 
 (.overnor of Ireland, in 1632. In the latter eonntW, l.ba^ 
 
 z;;rr;;,eT ";"•' t- - "-'■ "^ ^^-^ ^^ 
 
 to nuu. tl e king an ab„dnte n.onaid,. The Long rarlian.ent 
 .™,,l.n,ned .n. on a charge of atten,„ti„g to .^,.1, the ^ 
 fes of the |«»,de, an,l he was bel,ea.lcd i„ 1841, Thoniih 
 t^acheron, and generall, nnpri„ci„Ied, he was a ,na„ of g™t 
 ability and nndaniited courage. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, boru im, .lied 16,W; son of an K„gli,h 
 gen l„n,a„ of res,«table descent. His first appeara t „ 
 pubhc hfe was as meu.ter of the Parlianient of 1628. He w» 
 e acted to the Long Parlian.ent in .640, a„d distinguished hL 
 self bya .ealons au,i able discharge of his duties After Z 
 battle of Kdge Hill, when, he showed unusual bravery a a 
 nunor offlcer, he n,a,ie a specialty of ,lrilli;„. a ...ticullr bTdy 
 of sohhcr.,, afterwanls called his "IronsLk ,- i-, ',„.e k II a d 
 d..«3.ph„e eventually brought ruin to the .4.,. a ,V a , 1. 
 the end „verth,.w the Parliament it,,elf His rap,, ^'t, ,1 
 
 " "^' '"■■' "" "•' ■"■'fgatiou of the king's death, hi, horrifr^ 
 
 ".« successes over the Irish, his victories over the .U and 
 
Ill 
 
 ff 
 
 84 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 ^i 
 
 ii 
 
 in: .. a 
 
 Prince Charles, his expulsion of the Long Parliament, and his 
 iron rule as Lord Protector, have already been noticed. He was 
 undoubtedly a man of extraordinary genius as a warrior and a 
 statesman, and he made England res}»et!ted and famous through- 
 out the world. But he was a tyrant greater than any Stuart 
 had ever dared to be— remorselessly trampling on those very 
 principles for which he had pretended to fight— and his great 
 (]ualities were sullied by hypocrisy, cruelty and selfish ambition. 
 Among the other prominent parliamentarians were tiie brave 
 and ])atriotic John Hampden, killed in the early part of the 
 Civil War ; Sir Thonias Fairfax, for a time commander-in-chief ; 
 Henry Ireton, son-in law of Cromwell ; John Pym, one of the 
 most active inembers of the Long Parliament ; the Earl of Es- 
 sex, General Monk, and Admiral Blake. One of the most 
 dis anguished royalist leaders was the king's nephew, the gal- 
 lant, but rash, Prince Riii»ert. John Bradshawe was president 
 of the court that tried and condemned King Charles. 
 
 Sir Edward Coke, attorney-general to James L ; a great 
 jurist, but without any good moral principles ; died 1633. 
 
 Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, born 1650, died 1722, a 
 celebrated general, under whom Great Britain, in the reign of 
 Queen Anne, reached the summit of its military glory. 
 
 John Milton, born 1608, died 1674 ; a poet of extraordinary 
 genius. He was a republican in politics, and held the post of 
 Latin secretary to Cromwell. His most famous work is " Para- 
 dise Lost," one of the best epic poems ever produced. 
 
 John Dryden, born 1631, died 1700 ; one of the greatest of 
 English poets. His varied writings — satirical, lyrical, and 
 dramatical — were at first defaced by the grossness of the age ; 
 but after his conversion to Catholicity, his works, alrea«ly 
 brilliant and powerful, became also morally chaste. Among 
 his best works are "Absalom and Achitophel" (a satire) and 
 "Ode to St. Cecilia" (a lytic). 
 
HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 85 
 
 Alexander Pope, born 1688, .lid 1744. w^stlie ol.ief literary 
 light of the reign of Queen Anne. Among his most important 
 works are the "Essay on Critidsm," the "Essay on Man," his 
 ti-anslation of " Homer's Iliad," an<l a satirical work called the 
 •' Dunciad. " He was a Catholic. 
 
 Joseph Addison, born 1672, died 1719, has been called the 
 greatest of English essayists, and is remarkable for the elegance 
 of his prose writing. With his friend. Sir Richard Steefe, he 
 publLshed the "Tatler," which was succeeded by the "Specta- 
 tor" and the "Guardian," in which publications his principal 
 essays appeared. 
 
 Sir Kenelm Digby, born 1603, died 1665, "the type of a 
 true Christian Knight," has been also called from his varied 
 attainments ' ' the magazine of all the arts. " He became a con- 
 vert to the Catholic faith under Charles II., and on that ac- 
 count suffered loss and exile. He wrote many works on natural 
 philosophy, and others of a religious or polemical character. 
 
 Other Authors : Celebrated Poffe-Abraham Cowley, died 
 1667 ; Michael Drayton, died 1631 ; Samuel Butler, born 1614 
 dietl 1680 ; Sir John Suckling, died 1642 ; Richard Lovelace' 
 died 1658 ; and Thomas Otway, dieil 1685. DramatisU-^^xx. 
 jamin Jonson, died 1637 ; Philip Massinger, dieil 1640 ; James 
 Shirley, died 1666 ; Francis Beaumont, died 1615 ; and John 
 Fletcher, died 1625. Pmv.-«'Wters-Jeremy Taylor, author of 
 ' ' Holy Living and Holy Dying, " died 1667 ; Johli Locke, mental 
 philosopher, author of " Essay on the Human Understanding," 
 died 1701 ; Isaac Newton, philosopher, died 1727 ; John Bunyan, 
 wrote "Pilgrim's Progress,' died 1688 ; Lord Clarendon "(the 
 Chancellor\ author of "History of the Rebellion," died 1674 
 Johnathan Swift, satirist, died 1745 ; King Charles II. was a 
 writer of some ability and a great patron of the fine arts. 
 
 Miscellaneous: Inico Jones. dip.n«ii9 q«(1 «;^ rii,~„4._„i-„^ 
 Wren, died 1723, architects; Sir Peter Lily, a great painter, 
 
86 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1 
 
 
 «liea 1680 ; William Penn, leader of the Quakers (a sect formed 
 about the time of Charles I.), died 1718 ; Lord Peterborougli, a 
 renowuetl general, died 1735 ; James Graham, Marquis of Mon- 
 trose, l)eheaded l»y the Covenanters, 1650 ; Dr. Sacheverell, who 
 made himself popular in Anne's reign, by abusing the Wliig 
 Ministry. 
 
 The " Cabal," the infamous Ministry of Charles II., com- 
 posed of five men notorious for their intrigues— Clittbrd, Ash- 
 ley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. They virtually 
 ruled England for seven years, and with a harsh, cruel, over- 
 bearing sway. Thoiigh talented, they were un[)iincipled, and 
 are said to have accepted biibes from Louis XIV. to serve his 
 interests at the English court. Their own vices and excesses 
 at last wrought their ruin, and the Cabal broke uj), 1674. 
 
 Peter the Great of Russia visited England, in the reign of 
 William III., to learn ship-building, that he might build a 
 fleet for his empiiv. Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I., 
 died 1669 ; James II. died in 1701, and Queen Mary Beatrice, 
 his second wife, died in 1718. Their principal place of refuge 
 was France, wlierc they all died. 
 
 CHIEF DATES OF THE STUART PERIOD. 
 
 Gunpowder Plot 1605. 
 
 Petition of Right 1628. 
 
 Civil War begins I642, 
 
 Battle of Naseby 1645. 
 
 Charles Inheaded 1649. 
 
 The Restoration 1660. 
 
 The Revolution 1688. 
 
 Bill of Rights 1689. 
 
 Act of Settlement 1 701. 
 
 Union of English and Scottish Parliaments 1707. 
 
 Treaty of Utrecht , 1713. 
 
CHAPTER Vlir. 
 
 HOUSE OF HANOVER. 
 
 A. D. 1714 TO PRESENT TIME. 
 
 LEADING FEATURES-Rapid Progress of Industrial, Commer- 
 cial, and Scientific Interests— Growth of Colonial Power.— Ex- 
 tension of Popular Liberty— Predominant Power of the Com- 
 mons — Foreign Wars and Revolutions. 
 
 Chief Events.— George I., 1714 to 1727 : Elector 
 of Hanover, and son of the Princess Sophia, grand- 
 daughter of James I, unites the crowns of Enghuid 
 and Hanover. Is an ignorant, incapable, and heart- 
 less king. A rebellion in Scotland, headed by the 
 Earl of Mar, in support of the claims of the Pre- 
 tender, son of James 11., is speedily suppressed, 1715. 
 The Septennial Bill, by which Parliament gives itself 
 the power of sitting seven years instead of three, is 
 passed in 1715. War of the Quadruple Alliance— Eng- 
 land, France, Holland, and Germany— against Spain, in 
 which the English Admiral P>yng wins several battles 
 over the Spaniards, begins 1719. The South Sea Com- 
 pany undertakes to pay off the National Debt, on being 
 granted a monopoly of trade with the islands of the 
 Pacific ; but the speculation fails, iiu'ivasin<' the Debt. 
 
t: ;|- 
 
 88 
 
 EXfJLIHH HIHTORY. 
 
 I 
 
 Mil 
 
 
 and ruining tlionsands wlio invested their money in it, 
 1720. George dies, Avlule travelling in Hanover. 
 
 George II., 1727 to 17G0 (s„n of the late king) : a 
 brave soldier, but otherwise little to be admired. " The 
 early part of his reign is peaceful. The death of Fred- 
 erick, Prince of Wales, occurs 1737. War with Spain, 
 1739 ; only partially successful AVar of the Austrian 
 Succession begins 1740, chiefly against France; closes 
 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 (see p. 96). 
 Charles Edward, son of tlie Pretender, renews the Stuart 
 claim to the Crown, 1745 ; raises a mbellion in Scotland ; 
 IS at first successful over the king' ii .,ps, Imt is finally 
 defeate<l, at Culloden, by the I>.kv oi Cumberland, son 
 of George II., and escapes to Fran*.;. 1746. The new 
 style of reckoning time (originated by Pope Gregory, 
 m^l582) is introduced into England, 1752. Sir Robert 
 Walpole, is prime minister for fifteen years. Rise of 
 William Pitt, the " Great Commoner," afterwards Earl 
 of Chatham (see p. 111). The Seven Years' War with 
 France begins, 1756 (see p. 97): Conquest of Canada 
 and India. 
 
 George III., 1760 to 1820: son of Frederick, and 
 grandson of George II. ; patriotic and virtuous, but 
 very intolerant. William Pitt, prime minister since 
 1758, retires with the title of Earl of Chatham, 1761. 
 The Seven Years' War closes with tlie treaty of' Paris, 
 1763. The British government forcibly attempts to 
 levy taxes on tlie American colonies, in 1765; the 
 
HOUSE OP HASOVEn. 
 
 89 
 
 colomes rebel, in 1775, and aftnr „ .lesperatc stru^e 
 are (leclare<l indepeiulent, in 1783 (see p. 98) Riot. 
 occur i„ 1780, instigated by Lo.J (ieorge Gordon be- 
 cause the government ,,r„,K>8es to grant some privileges 
 to Cathohe,,. Wars vith France, growing out of tl,e 
 great irj,,.,,, Revolution of 1789, last from 1792 U> 
 1815. Tins perio<l brings to tlie front Xapoleon B,ma. 
 parte, Frencb geneml and Emperor, the greatest mili- 
 tary gemns of modern times, who, after a dmling 
 career of victory, is cou.pletelv overthrown at Water- 
 loo, m 1815, by the English and Prussians, commanded 
 respectively by Wellington and Blneher (see p 100) 
 I-sides Wellington, the other great Euglish Ji 
 mander ,s Admiral .Velson, killed at Trafalgar, 1805 
 War with the United States, 1812-'15 (seep. m). 
 WUham Pitt, son of the Earl of Chatb.n,, is prime 
 n„n,ster, 1783 to 1801. Irish Affairs : Independence 
 of the Irish Parliament acknowledged, in 1782 ■ unsuc 
 cessful rebellion in Ireland, 1798; Union of the Irisl, 
 Par uunent with that of England, 1801 (see p. 103). 
 In 1810, the king becomes insane, and his son, after- 
 wards George IV., is declared Regent. Geome III 
 d.es, at the age of eighty-two. His reign, the longest 
 ". Enghsh history, is remarkable for its numerous im- 
 portant events an,l for the many eminent men it pro- 
 duced (see p. 111). ' 
 
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 90 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 III! 
 
 the Ministers and destroy London, is discovered, and 
 several of tlie conspirators are executed, 1820. A suc- 
 cessful war M'ith Burniah, in Farther India, brink's ac- 
 quisition of territory, 1824. The Enj^lish and French 
 fleets defeat the Turks at the battle of Xavarino and 
 establish tlie independence of CJreece, 1827. The Test 
 and Corporation Acts are repealed in 1828. Tlie 
 Emancipation Bill, passed in 1829, cliiefly by the efforts 
 of Daniel O'Connell, relieves Roman Catholics of many 
 of the restrictions placed on them ])y the penal laws. 
 The king dies without surviving,' issue. 
 
 William IV., 1830 to 1837 (brother of George IV.) : 
 jwssessed of good personal qualities, but without much 
 ability. A Reform Bill is jmssed, in 1832, increasing 
 the number of voters at parliamentary elections, and 
 regulating the rei)resentation, by allowing none to sit 
 m parliament who .lid not r(?present the people, and 
 by allowing towns and cities hei-etofore unrepresented 
 to send members to parliament. Slavery is abolished 
 througiioiit the British doujiiiions, and £20,000,000 
 given as indemnity to the slave-owners, 1833. The 
 king l(;ft no children. 
 
 Victoria, 1837 : daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent 
 the fourth son of George III. Xo woman being al- 
 lowed to wear the crown of Hanover, this kingdon^ is 
 separated from England, an<l falls to the Duke of Cum- 
 berland, George III.'s fifth son. Canadian rebellion, 
 1837-'38 (see j). 106). The queen is married to AHjert 
 
HOUSE OF HANOVER. 
 
 91 
 
 of Saxe-Co},nr-Gotha, in 1840. A ^var in Afghanistan 
 (1839-'4v;), to settle rival claims to the throne of tliat 
 country, ends disastrously to the English ; but in the 
 same period Punjaub and Scinde are added to British 
 India. Three wars with China— 1840, 1856, and 1860 
 —force that country to open several ports to Britisli 
 tmde, and surrender ceitain territory. Chartist riots 
 m connection with demands for radical parliamentary 
 changes, occur at several times between 1838 and 1857. 
 The Corn Laws are repealed, in 1846, thus removing 
 high duties on imported breadstuffs. An unsuccessfu*! 
 rising occurs in Ireland, in 1848. The first Grand 
 International Exhibition is held in London, 1851 
 Great Russian War, 1854-'56 : England and Irance 
 assist Turkey against Russia; closes with tlie Treaty 
 of Paris, 1856 (see p. lOo). Rebellion in India, called 
 the 8epoy Mutiny, 1857 : suppressed after n.uch blood- 
 shed (see p. 105). Jews are admitted to P.lrliament, 
 for^ the first time, in the person of Baron Rothschild,' 
 1858. Albert, the Prince Consort, dies in 1861. Tlie' 
 Fenian Agitation for the liberation of Ireland continues 
 from 1863 to 1868. A second Reform Bill, i)rovidin« 
 for the further extension of the Franchise and increase 
 of representation, is passed, 1867. Dominion of Can- 
 ada formed, the same year (see p. 106). A Avar with 
 Abyssinia, because its king refuses to give up captured 
 British subjects, ends successfully, 1868. The Iii'li 
 Church Bill, disestablishing the English Church in 
 
If 
 
 
 : 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1; 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 . . ■ 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 i 
 
 jj 
 
 ! 
 
 
 u 
 
 I 
 
 j 
 
 
 92 
 
 EXGLLSH HISTORY. 
 
 Ireland, ,s passed, 1869; an.l Laiul Bills, givin. some 
 
 inivileges to Irish tenants, are passed, 1870 and 1884 
 
 An Act authorizing voting by ballot is passed, 1872 
 
 A uar with Zulus of South Africa, for encroaching on 
 
 Lntisli possessions, ends with the defeat and capture of 
 
 their king, Cetewayo, in 1879. Another war with 
 
 Afghanistan, in 1879, ends with the capture of Cabul 
 
 and the dethronement of the Ameer. Egyptian affiiirs 
 
 give the British ^government much trouble, between 
 
 1882 and 1885 (see p. 110). The Franchise Bill of 
 
 1884 greatly extended the right of voting among the 
 
 laboring classes. 
 
 GRNEALOGY OF THE HOCSR OF HAXOVRR, OR 
 
 liRUN'SWlCK. 
 
 Geokhe I., 
 Great-graiKlson of James I 
 
 ^ I 
 George II. 
 
 ^ I 
 Frederick, 
 Prince of Wales, d. 1751, 
 
 Georjje III. 
 
 George IV. 
 
 I 
 
 Charlotte, 
 
 Princess of 
 
 Wales, 
 
 d. 1817. 
 
 Frederick, 
 
 Duke of York, 
 
 d. 1827. 
 
 William IV. Edward, Ernest Augustus, 
 Duke of Kent, King of Hanover 
 d. 1820. d. 1851. 
 
 Victoria, 
 married Albert of Saxe-Coburg. 
 
 Victoria Adelaide, 
 
 married Prince 
 
 Imperial of 
 
 Germany. 
 
 Alliert Edwartl, 
 Prince of Wales, 
 married Princess 
 
 Alexandra of 
 Denmark, 1802. 
 
 Three otlier 
 
 iSons, 
 Four otlier 
 Daughters. 
 
 ->K=Of»~ 
 
IIOVSE OF HAN'OVER. 
 
 93 
 
 England under the House of Hanover. - The 
 
 first two mernhvi's of the new royal family made them- 
 selves unpopular by their unconcealed dislike for every- 
 thing,^ English. Had the Stuart party (the Jacobites) 
 been properly organized, or had the young Pretender 
 Cliarles Edward acted with vigor and promptness, the 
 House of Hanover might have had a brief career. But 
 the genuine British feeling of the other members, first 
 shown by George III., restored among the English 
 ])eople warm an<l lasting sentiments of loyalty. \he 
 establisliment of Constitutional Freedom, refenvd to 
 in the preceding chapter, was complete, an<l tlirough. 
 out the whole of the pres.>nt period the Parliament has 
 retained the ascendency— the Crown making little ef- 
 fort to regain it.; ancient in-erogatives. The i)eoi.le at 
 large have obtained additional influence in public af- 
 fairs by the extension of th.o franchise and tlie more 
 even distribution of tlie privilege of sending membei-s 
 to Parliament, provided for by the Reform Bills of 
 1832 and 1867, and by more recent measures of IVemier 
 Gladstone. Th.- charactpr of the House of Lords has 
 been greatly changed during the present century by 
 the creation of several peers from the middle classe.s, a 
 body hitherto without much representation in Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 (ienerarJons of proscription made the Catholics of 
 England an insignificant body. But if the Iwginnin- 
 of this period witnesse,! their .larkest davs since perse'^ 
 

 [|1 
 
 1 
 
 ■-t 
 
 m 
 
 }:l 
 
 •n 
 
 w 
 
 94 
 
 LNULISII HISTORY. 
 
 cutioii began, tlie middle and latter parts have seen tlio 
 (lawn and progress of better times. Measures of relief 
 were slow in coming : the second quarter of the nine- 
 teenth century had well commenced before j.rejudice 
 was so far sulnUied that the most severe of the penal 
 laws were repealed and Catholics adn.itted to almost full 
 civil ami religious liberty. The Catholic hiemrcliy was 
 restored in England, 1850, and in Scotland, 1878 
 Ireland never lost her hierarchy. In the meantime, 
 1 rotestant sects grew numerous. Year after year Siiw 
 now bodies dissenting from the Established Church, 
 and these .lissenters again breaking up into new denom- 
 inations, until to-day there are no fewer than 160 Protest- 
 ant sects within the limits of the British kingdom alone. 
 The most notable of the new sects is Methodism, 
 founde.l a])out the end of the last century by John Wes- 
 ley, a man who, while advocating freedom" for his own 
 followers, did his best to i>revent tolemtion to Catholics. 
 During this period England has done much for edu- 
 cation, but not as much as might be expected from a 
 nation of such lofty pn^tensions. It is true that she 
 always possessed two of the best universities in the 
 world and many excellent colleges and schools, afford- 
 ing educational opportunities for the children of the 
 upper and middle classes. P„it these schools were 
 maintained by individuals or corporations : the govern- 
 ment made no systematic provision for the education 
 of the people in general. As a consequence, large 
 
 Mr 
 
HOUSE OF HAXOVEU. 
 
 95 
 
 numbers of the lower orders remained ignorant. 
 
 recent return showed that one-Hfth of the a*hilt popu- 
 lation of Kngland could not write their nances In 
 1870 and 1872, Elementary Education IlilLs were 
 passed for Englan.l and Scotlan.l, largely increasin.r 
 tile means for popular education. This plan has been 
 found to work successfully, and may l.ad to the estab- 
 lishment of a comprehensive system of natic.nal instruc- 
 tion, not yet enjoyed by Englan.l. It is worthy of 
 note that Ireland, in the matter of national schools 
 has had the start of England and Scotland by about a 
 quarter of a century. Newspapers and books have mul- 
 tiplied enormously, during this period, and have done 
 a great deal to spread information and promote intelli- 
 gence among the masses. In 1771, reports of parli.v 
 menttiry proceedings began to appear in the newspapers. 
 It was during this period that Great liritain acquired 
 most of her foreign possessions. By her own mis.nan- 
 agement she lost the best of her colonies-tlie United 
 States ; but, in the possession of In.lia, Canada, Aiistm- 
 lia, m^v Zealaml, South Africa, and many smaller 
 places on every ccmtinent, she rules an empire, the 
 most extensive if not the m..st powerful in the world. 
 Agriculture, manufactures, commerce, mining, and other 
 industries, assisted by the many wonderful inventions 
 of the period, have made rai)id progress, contributincr 
 to the greatness of the nation and the wealth and com^ 
 fort of the people. 
 
96 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 If 
 
 I. •' 
 
 1 1 
 
 lHj 
 
 Tiiis is unaoubtedly the age of scientific progress. 
 Among its numerous inventions ami discoveries may be 
 mentioned: Vaccination discovered, 1798; gas, first used 
 m 1802; the first steamboat was run on the Hudson from 
 New York to All)any by Robert Fulton in 1807; the 
 first railway (between Manchester and Liverpool), in 
 1830; the electric telegmph, first used in England in 
 1842; the Penny Post established, 1840; Lord Kosse's 
 great telescope finished, 1843 ; the first World's Fair, 
 m 1851 ; the submarine telegraph between Great 
 Britain and America successfully laid, in 1866; the 
 telephone first commonly used, in 1877. In the reign 
 of George IL, Lord Anson made a voyage around the 
 world— Drake made a similar voyage in the reign of 
 Elizabeth. The first voyage around the world was 
 made by Magellan's crew, 1519-1522. 
 
 In the reigns of the first two Georges, there was a 
 general laxity of morals ; public men were notoriously 
 corrupt, and it seemed to be the aim of the writers of 
 the time, and especially of the novelists, to make vice 
 fashionable. But in the reign of George III. a change 
 for the better commenced. Under the influence of its 
 many great events and of the high character of its 
 statesmen and authors, the manners of all ranks were 
 improved, public taste was reforme.l and literatu-'^ 
 purified. 
 
 War of the Austrian Succession.— Charles VL, 
 
 Emperor of Germany, died in 1740, leaving his hered- 
 
HOUSE OF HANOVER. 
 
 progress. 
 s iiKiy be 
 first used 
 sou from 
 507; the 
 pool), in 
 Inland in 
 I Kosse's 
 I's Fair, 
 n Great 
 66 ; the 
 lie reign 
 md the 
 reign of 
 rid was 
 
 e was a 
 jriouslj 
 •iters of 
 ke vice 
 change 
 e of its 
 of its 
 :s were 
 eratir") 
 
 es VI., 
 hered- 
 
 
 ■v. 
 
 97 
 
 itary <loniinions, the Austrian provinces, t(X his .laugh- 
 ter, Maria Teresa, Queen of Hungarv. V'But Charh'. 
 hleetr.r of Bavaria, set up an oj.poskion claim, as 
 V-emg the next mak^ heir, and a gr|t war ensued. 
 Ihe Elector of Bavaria was sui.ported by France and 
 Prussia, and Maria Teresa by JOngland. The two pri,,. 
 cipnl battles were fought at Dettingen and Fontenoy 
 At the battle of Dettingen, in 1743, George If com- 
 manded in person, and the English were victorious 
 over the Fr.nch. It was the last tiuie an English 
 monarch was under tire. At the battle c,f Fontenoy 
 HI 1745, the Englisji uiuler the Duke of Cumberland' 
 were defeated by th.^ Freiu^h under Marshal Saxe. It 
 is said, that this great victory of the French was cliieHy 
 due to the resistless charge of their Irish brigade The 
 war closed, in 1748, with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 
 by which Maria Teresa and her husban.l Fran Duke 
 of Lorraine, were left in possession of the Austrian 
 • lominions. 
 
 The Seven Years' War, 1756 to 1763.— in 1705, 
 
 France and Austria made an alliance to crush Fredericli- 
 the Great of Prussia. The Hanoverian States havincr ' 
 been invaded by the allies, England joined Prussia" 
 In 1757, the Duke of Cumberlan.l ^as defeated by the ^' 
 French at Hastenbech and forccnlfe'surrender agreat '" 
 part of his father's German terri&iv. In 1 759'' the 
 French were defeated at Mindeii bf'a combined a'rmy 
 of English and Prussians. Hut, if tlie success of Eng- 
 
 '■<v ■.,. ■ .- -■ 
 
 

 I 
 
 ■ I if 
 
 u 
 
 II 
 
 98 
 
 E.VOLISH IIISTOHY. 
 
 land was ,]oul,tful in Kurope, it was not so in otli.-r 
 parts of the mo.M. lu Canada the hitlieito invincible 
 Freneli Marshal Montcaha Ava.s defeat.'d near Quebec 
 m 1/59, by the Engh's], un.ler (Jeneral Wolfe, and 
 Canada virtually conquere.j. Tn this l>attle the nva] 
 commanders were both killed. In hulia (Hindostan) 
 whore France had also nttaine.l great power, the Fn-^- 
 lish, led principally by Lord Clive, were e^•ervwhen. 
 victorious over the French. The l,attle of I>las.ev 
 whore Clive .lefeated the great Indian Xabob Surajali 
 Dowlah, establislied IJritish supremaev in India, 17.-,7 
 By the treaty of Fontainebleau (near Paris), in' 176:?' 
 which cl„se,l the war, England obtained her Cana.liau' 
 and Indian possessions and l)ecame the most powerful 
 nation in Europe. 
 
 The American Revolution.-Duiing the seven- 
 teenth and (^-ghteenth centuries, English settlements 
 were formed along the eastern coast of America and 
 about the time of the Seven Years' AVar, thirteen 
 .colonial governments ha,l l)een established The 
 most important of these were : Virginia and Massa- 
 .^husetts, the two oldest ; Xew York, coiKpiered from 
 the Dutch; Pennsylvania, settled by the Quakers under 
 ^^1n. Penn; and Maryland, first settled by Lord Balti- 
 more, a Catholic nobleman. 
 
 The early history of these colonies is chamcterized 
 l)y numerous conflicts with the native Indians and 
 with tlie rrench colonists in Canada. Nevertheless. 
 
ill otlicr 
 n vincible 
 ' (Quebec, 
 olfo, anil 
 tlic rival 
 iidoistan), 
 the Eng- 
 iiT where 
 Plassey, 
 Surajali 
 
 ia, irnr. 
 
 in 1763, 
 'anadian 
 iuwerful 
 
 ' seven- 
 lenients 
 iea, and 
 thirteen 
 . Tlie 
 ^fiissa- 
 tl from 
 •s under 
 IBalti- 
 
 Jterized 
 IS and 
 ihele.ss. 
 
 JloL'iSK (»l II Ks,,s ii; 
 
 !»!J 
 
 tl 
 
 '•' I'ojMilatioii increased, .mi, I 
 an extent, that the iJiiii.l 
 
 isiieh 
 debt. 
 
 'iiii 
 
 I 'JllV .-III 
 
 on aeeniiiit of its n 
 
 "<••< ]»rosiK'ied to 
 liient, deeply in 
 
 t'» levy diiti( 
 'I'he latter st 
 
 lUii-iM.i. Nv;.iv,. saw tit, ill 17« 
 
 ■^ on certain ; 
 "Utly objected 
 
 < MO. 
 
 .yvennnent in wj«ich they \,„{ 
 f" |>ay the exi>ense 
 
 '" •••'•'atinM. The J}riti.s] 
 
 its U'\ 
 and at 
 
 Ji'-S and the colonisu t..,,!, ,, 
 a eon-ress held at n,;i,Ml,.Ii 
 
 lared themselves indepi 
 
 '••"'•lin,-,' the eulonies. 
 "»-: ''.vpd in ,siipjM)rl a 
 "" '■","'•' 'sen tat iun, and 
 no share 
 persisted ill 
 aniis, ill 177-, . 
 
 i'i'N ill 1776, d..- 
 
 «»f wars u|,i,.i, ||„ y ),.„j 
 
 I ,J"\ ••! Ii||i''!lt 
 
 'enil^'iji 
 
 seven yei 
 
 M :;i' 
 
 a war that lasted 
 
 i''«"swere assiste.1 by the K,. „.|,. h, the! 
 
 as followctl )»y 
 ^hich the Amor- 
 
 tlie Uritish t 
 
 tile Anieri 
 
 I'Oops were Sll(•r■^,...f'i;|. ,,,,1 t) 
 
 X'^liniiioL'. 
 
 .f tl 
 
 cans was ^doomv. I 
 
 lejr general, (ieonxf W 
 'atri 
 
 iri^ 
 
 ic prosjiect for 
 -'"'ill and i)atience 
 
 ■^''•'"i;i"ii, supported bv 
 
 • II! tlH' 
 
 t .0 patnotisru of the peop]... un.lL u-iumpl.cd. The 
 -nu™.,cm.nd,-..ntgou..:..,^ 
 
 -;IefeatedandsiaiuatO.,.l...,. ir;o. In 1777, the 
 ^.ntish ,enend,ru,.^oyne, .:......,,.,,., ^^^^ 
 
 vW.. army to the America...., ...,., After manv 
 
 ' ^."^es of lV,rtnne, the <leci. v.. Ki... .vas at last struek 
 
 ^•^ ^orktown, in Vii^inia. .1...... ,i,. ,nnte<l Kn-neh 
 
 and American forces, comiiu 
 
 '"Mt<»n, stirrounded the Uriti>h 
 ••impelled them to surrend. • 
 saill 
 
 •! '•> (General ^'ash- 
 ""'••'■ Cornwallis, and 
 
 !e.s ( 
 
 near Paris), En-i; 
 
 i'f treat V of \' 
 
 ei'. 
 
 {>*^ndence of the col 
 
 onies. iiM\\- 
 
 !l'i :t<kllMnJed-ed tile inde- 
 k:i'.\Mi as the I'nited 
 
100 
 
 \iM 
 
 1 1 
 
 J! 
 
 ENGI.l.SH HISTOHY. 
 
 states ,.f Anioriea, ]7H'X The triu.npli r.f tli<. 
 AmerieaiKs w„s Imilcl },y tlie ri^l.t-thinkin- nu-n 
 of all countries as a victory over unjust an.l tvnui- 
 nical Icj^'islation. 
 
 Wars with France, -rowin^r out of the great 
 French Revolution of 1789.-Long-continue.l despot- 
 ism on the part of the French government at last pro- 
 voked the people of France into open rebellion. Ihit 
 the revolutionists, under l)lood-thirsty and infidel 
 leaders, .ommitted the most frightful excesses. They 
 guillotined their kind-hearted king, Louis XVI., and 
 his good queen, Marie Antoinette ; almlished the mon- 
 archy, suppressed Christianity, executed thousands of 
 the nohles and clergy, and terrorized the whole nation. 
 Their atrocities at last caused the nionarchs of Europe 
 to unite against thcni, in the interests of public order 
 and religion. 
 
 The war began, in 1793, with an invasion of Fi-ance 
 by the allies. But whatever was their character at 
 home, the revolutionists iwved themselves invincible 
 in the field. They routed tlie allied armies in battle 
 after battle, and drove them beyond the French fron- 
 tiers. Even England was unsuccessful on land, but 
 she maintained her old prestige on the ocean. '(Jne 
 of her greatest victories was that won ]>y Admiral 
 Xelson in the bay of Aboukir, near the mouth of the 
 Xile, in 1798, when the French fleet was destroye.l. 
 At la.t, by tlie treaty of Amiens, in 1802, a short peace 
 
FIOIXR OF HAN'OVEH. 
 
 101 
 
 1 of thu 
 :in<,' men 
 nil tvnui- 
 
 tlie {^Toat 
 <l ilospot- 
 ; last j)ro- 
 ioii. ]5ut 
 il infidel 
 's. They 
 ^VI., and 
 tlie mon- 
 isantls of 
 le nation, 
 f Europe 
 •lie order 
 
 >f France 
 racter at 
 iivincible 
 in battle 
 ich fron- 
 iind, but 
 n. (Jue 
 Admiral 
 Il of the 
 !stroyed. 
 >rt peace 
 
 was seeured, and the Kurop.-au powers a-ree.l tu r.'c.)},'- 
 nize tlie Frencji Republic. 
 
 In the meantime, Xaiwleon Uonaparte, a yotiii^' Cor- 
 Hican soldier, had risen into prominence. As com- 
 mander (.f the French army in Laly, in 1797 and in 
 1800, he was so successful over tlu- Austrians, that he 
 earned a European rei)Utation. H.^ was made First 
 Consul of France, in 1801, and used his power for the 
 restoration of order and reli^rjnn, and the improvement 
 of the aftairs of the country. In 1S04, he was ci«>wned 
 Emperor, and was immediat<'ly called upon to face a 
 fresh coalition of the European powers. In 1805, he 
 defeated the Russians and Austrians at the great battles 
 of Austerlitz; in 1806, he crushed the* p<>werof Prussia 
 at Jena ; in 1808, his armies overran Spain and Portu- 
 gal ; in 1809, he once more defeated the Austrians at 
 Wagram. He then divorced his wife, Jose[.hin-, and 
 married the Austrian Emperor's daughter. In 1809, 
 he seized the Papal territory and imprisoned the Pope 
 — Pius VII. Froui that moment his great i)ower be- 
 gan to decline. 
 
 In 1805, Admiral Xelson completely defeated the 
 combined fleets of France and Spain off Cape Trafalgar, 
 though the English hero was killed at the moment of 
 victory. In 1806, Pitt died; but the new minister, 
 Canning, vigorously maintained the war against Napo- 
 leon. In 1808, Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards Duke 
 of Wellington, was sent into Spain with a liritish armv 
 
H 
 
 : j 
 
 H' 
 
 f , 
 
 I , i; 
 
 I ?:i 
 
 i 
 
 1 I 
 
 102 
 
 I.N'.I.ISH IIISTOHV, 
 
 to liuJ|) the Sj 
 
 )in)!;.|'i 
 
 the 1 
 
 >i3y:iiiiiimr of til.. I' 
 
 the iKittJe of V 
 
 "• -Xitel the Frencli. Tl 
 •iiiusiilar AVar. Aft 
 
 lis was 
 
 th 
 
 ii'l'Ta, III- w 
 
 ''!■ winniiii> 
 
 ooi 
 
 '(-' sent m ]ii- |,|, 
 
 Iff 
 
 <• country, was »oiv...I 
 
 ^'I'uneh. At Cnn,„i,:i. 
 fought at whidi Uir I- 
 
 as recalled, and Sir .Fohii 
 Moore, after inar(hin<,' int.. 
 '<• retreat, followed l»v tl 
 
 le 
 
 "II 
 
 the 
 
 coast, a hattl 
 
 e was 
 
 '^vas killed. 
 
 I'omniand of the Mritisj 
 
 (•"lie 
 
 '"^ir Aiilinr W.^Hesley 
 
 > were repulsed, ),iit M 
 
 (jore 
 
 ' :'''tuy and c( 
 
 M"ds a<,'ain j)la<;ed in 
 
 of vietory that |iM,-.]|v . xpdled 
 Peninsula. At th. I 
 
 >nnn(!need a care 
 
 er 
 
 inanea(1812), an.l Vif,,., 
 ^>f Ciudad Kodri.^M .•,.,.! IJ,,,! 
 
 the French from tli 
 '•'''- of Tahivem (1809), Sal; 
 
 '■' (1813), and at the capt 
 
 Jne 
 
 -ailed Xapol 
 
 poleon 
 
 •JOS, in 1812, he out 
 
 of his h(,.st ariujc 
 ton entere<l F 
 
 irener- 
 
 jrew some 
 
 '1 Miarshals and overtl 
 
 '" I'*<13, the victorious AVellinn- 
 
 ^'" • •'"''-'•Ml the French at Toul 
 
 •nd n.arche.ltriinMp(K.i,ijv towards! 
 
 louse 
 
 M 
 
 th 
 
 'anwhile N.i|.,,j,..,„ | 
 
 aris. 
 
 ere lost almost ;|„. u|„,I,. of 
 
 'iiiiself invaded Russia I 
 
 tut 
 
 famine, 1812. 
 
 his 
 
 irmy hy frost and 
 
 hut 
 
 was totally 
 
 <'n Ms Mum, he raised a fresi 
 
 i<'iii<'.j ;ii 
 
 united for<es (»f H 
 months after, P 
 
 Leij 
 
 » army, 
 
 psic, in 1813, hv tl 
 
 IC 
 
 "-^M. Austria, and Pi 
 
 ussia. 
 
 A fe 
 
 w 
 
 Ul'IS \\i 
 
 XaiX)leon resij,r,i,.d I,i> .-,•..>» 
 of Klha, 1814. A si 
 fnitin March, l.s]:,. Sui.,] 
 
 >" the hands of the Allies. 
 H and retired to the island 
 
 resumed his for 
 
 '•"•t pericxl of peace succee<led 
 iH.l^on returned to Fmnce and 
 
 hined aj^ainst 1 
 
 ifHi- )...>iji..n. Eur 
 
 liiii. .111.1 li 
 
 •ope once more com- 
 
 ^vas overthrown at Waterl 
 
 oo 
 
HOUSE OF HAX<JVEH. 
 
 103 
 
 This wiis 
 winnino 
 
 ^ir .Fohii 
 
 lin^' into 
 
 l>y the 
 
 tic WJIS 
 
 t M(j<»r»^ 
 lacod in 
 ii cureei- 
 'oni th«' 
 ), Sala- 
 <aj)fnre 
 
 t;,'<'lHM'- 
 
 *v son If 
 ^^IJiiio- 
 
 llJoilSf^, 
 
 iu, hilt 
 
 it UIKJ 
 
 iiriMv, 
 y th«' 
 A few 
 Vllies. 
 isl.'iiul 
 wled ; 
 e uiul 
 
 COIII- 
 
 by the British and Prussians under Wellington and 
 Bliicher, .June 18, 1815. About a week after this, 
 Napoleon surrcnidered himself to the Knglish, who 
 sent him to St. Helena and guar<l(ul liim there until 
 1821, when he died. I-^aigland came out of this long 
 struggle of twenty-two years covered with glory, but 
 burdened with an immense debt— $4,000,000,000. 
 
 Irish Affairs.— Ku; id's peculiar method of gov- 
 erning Ireland has already been noticed. Towards tlie 
 end of George II. 's reign, the penal laws were gradually 
 relaxed. At the breaking out of the American Kevo- 
 lution, England, with her hands full of war, called 
 upon her Irish su}ye<;ts to arm in their own defence. 
 This they did, and in a short time an army of well- 
 <lrilled volunteers came into existence. Irish patriots 
 now saw their opiwrtunity. The volunteers, sup- 
 ported by the elociuence of (Imttan, Flood, and other 
 patriotic Irish Protestants, holdly deman<led that the 
 Irish Parliament be declared friie to manage the aflairs 
 of Ireland. England, after nuicli hesitation, yielded, 
 m 1782. Then followed a period of ])rosperity in 
 Irish affairs which lOngland viewed with a jealous 
 eye. By a coiu'se of harsli and selHsli legislation, the 
 British Parliament che<.'ked the gi-owth of Irish pros- 
 l^erity and re<luced the country to misery. Driven to 
 desperation, th(f Irish, both Catholics and Protestants, 
 rose in rebellion, in 1798, l)Ut they were soon over- 
 powered and severely punished. The Act of Union 
 
! I 
 
 il 
 
 ill 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 i* 
 
 f^: 
 
 .<<- * 
 
 t«- 
 
 104 
 
 KNCi*.ISH HISTORY. 
 
 . "at.on. The work done by ()'C„,„,„ll_bis successful 
 
 ort. , boba of ..e,«al-wiil be „„ti„ed furtbe. ,.u, 
 I 1848, anotber „s.„,, took ,,lace, but it was ,,„i„klv 
 put clown and ,t3 leaders arrested and translate, Tl . 
 con™, of 1851 showed that Iroiaad lost wo unll^ 
 of .ts ,«p„,at,„n by e,„,>.tion an,l disease. The a . 
 tation caused by the Feninn I'..„ti, i i , ° 
 
 al>o„t 1862 ..are the cT '"""'«'•''"»''■ '*«"'""'o 
 °oi, ^aie tlie Government much trouble for 
 
 eve,.l year. A n.ore recent n.oven.ent is that set ™ 
 f ot by the Hon,eRu,e n,ond«ra of the House of Co, 
 mens (led by Charles Stewart I'arnell), who, adopth 1 
 OConnell's pnnciples, are endeavorins by peaceful b,^ 
 earnest agitation, to effect the repeal T.f tile ^^ 
 un on between U«at Britain and Ireland 
 
 War Of 1812 with the I'nite,! States. -Durin. the 
 wa. wjth Xapoleon, Great Britain elain.ed th^ri 
 to search An.erican vessels for sup,»sed run-a«-ay Brit 
 .«1. subjects. The An,eric,,n Government objected, bt 
 England persisted, wbe,.u,«n the forn,er declared w„ 
 
 ;nd the Canadu,ns, though inferior in numbers, were 
 generally successful. An American invading army 
 under Gene., Hull was driven out of Canada, i' .8 
 ad forced to s,,rrender at Detroit to Geneml Brock 
 The next year, B..ck defeate.l another invading anuv 
 
iiou.se of haxoveh. 
 
 105 
 
 at Quoonston Heights, but was killed in the battle. 
 Other American forces met a siniilar fate at Chrysler's 
 Field on the St. Lawrence, and along tlie Niagara fron- 
 tier ; the only signal American victoiy was that won 
 at the battle of the Thames, 1814. On th(i Avater the 
 Americans met with singular success. In the States 
 the British general, Ross, took and destroyed Wash- 
 ington, but at Xew Orleans the P.ritisli under General 
 Pakenham were <lefeated. A treaty of peace was 
 signed at Ghent, in December, 1814, wliich left mat- 
 ters as they existed before the war. 
 
 The Russian War.— Russia Imd long cast a covet- 
 ous eye on Turkey, the possession of which would give 
 her the supremacy of the East. In 1853 it became 
 evident, that she was determined to effect her object. 
 England, in defence of her Eastern interests, inter- 
 posed and, supported by France, declared war in 1854. 
 The war was carried on chiefly in the Crimea. The 
 principal events were : a victory at Alma, tlie brilliant 
 charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava, the victory 
 of Ijikerman— where the English would have been de- 
 feated but for the timely arrival of the French, and 
 the capture of Sebastopol by the allied troops, after a 
 year's siege. Russia then sued for peace, which was 
 granted her on very unfavorable terms, by the treaty of 
 Paris, in 1856. Althougli victorious, the allied armies 
 suffered much hardsliii) and great loss of life. The 
 losses of tlie Russians \vere still heavier. 
 
106 
 
 KNGUSH H1«T0KY. 
 
 if 
 
 India (Hindostau).-Early in tlie .seventeenth cent- 
 
 1600, for trading purposes, obtained possession of sev- 
 eral ports on tl,e coast of Hindostan. T.. defend tlieir 
 mcreasniK possessions, the.y hhvd and drille.l bodies of 
 native tr<.ops wlioni tliey called .Sepoys. Tliese formed 
 «ie bulk of the army that under Lord Clive bi„ke tlie 
 l^rench power in India, in tlie Seven Years' AVar and 
 overthrew S.irajah Dowlali at Plassey, in 1756. bar- 
 ren Hastings, govprnor general in 1774, still further 
 strengthened British rule in India, and the overthrow 
 of lippoo 8aliib at tlie battle of Seringapatam, in 1799 
 made that rule predominant. After this, tlie next 
 most important event Avas the rebellion of the 8epovs 
 "mler .\ana Sahib, 1857. They captured Delhi, mas- 
 s^icred the European residents at Cawnpore, an.l laid 
 siege to LucknoAv. Delhi was recaptur.nl within .ix 
 months, Lucknow reli(n'ed, and the rebellion sui>- 
 pressed, though after considerable loss of life and tre-is- 
 ure The East India Company was now suppressed, 
 and the government of India tmnsferred to the Crown 
 T ^?f ";*'"-~C''^"^«l«i was first owned by France. In 
 1535 Jacques Cartier, a French navigator, explored 
 the St. Uwrence, and formally took possession of the 
 country m the name of his king, Francis I. The first 
 permanent settlement was made at Quebec, by Cham- 
 plain, an enterprising explorer, and the country be- 
 gan to improve. For a long time, fur-trading was the 
 
HOU«E OF 
 
 107 
 
 cliief occupation of the settlers; hut pro-ross was re- 
 tarded b- fre(iuent wars witli tlie Indian.^ (Iroquois) 
 and witli tlie En-lisli settlers to the soutli, on tlie 
 question of houn.laries. The al)lest French governor 
 was Frontenac ((h'ed, 1696), wlio defeated tlie En-lish 
 and^ Indians on all sides, and raised the French pmv<'r 
 in Canada to its Iieight. Marquis de A'audreuil was the 
 last French governor. During his a.hnihistmtion, the 
 Seven Yc^irs' War broke out, when, notwithstanding- 
 the skill of (Jeneral Montcalm, the French were de"- 
 feated, and Canada was eede<l to the English, 1763. 
 
 The i)opulation now incrc^ased rapidly. In 17'^^ tlie 
 Canadians successfully resisted an American invasion. 
 
 In 1791, Canada was divi<led into two provinces 
 
 Upper and Lower Canada. The war of 1812 with the 
 United States, as we have seen, reflected intinitc; credit 
 on the eoui-age and loyalty of the Canadians. In 1837, 
 a rebellion, headed by Mackenzie and Pai)iiieau, broke 
 out in both provinces, owing to the refusal of the ad- 
 ministration to grant Resiwinsible Government. It Avas 
 suppressed in a short time ; but the Act of 1841, which 
 reunited the i)rovinces, conceded the demands n'lade in 
 1837. Settlei-s now poured in from all parts ; manu- 
 factuivs sprang up; commerce, facilitated by numerous 
 lakes, rivers, canals, and railroads, began to extend, an.l 
 the country in general assumed a prosperous appear- 
 ance. In 1866, Canada was disturbed by Fenian raiders 
 from the neighboring republic. In 1867, the lirit- 
 
,1! I' 
 
 108 
 
 EXGLIWH HISTORY. 
 
 Hi, North America Act was i,a.,.,ed, constit«ti„s the 
 ]>o>,.„„o,. of Canada. At first, the Dominion wascom- 
 
 irf It r"""""' '■ '^""'"° (^'I'l*^ Canada), 
 
 Quebec (Lower Canada), Nova Scotia, and Xew liruns- 
 
 Bnt sh CoI„mb.a, and that vast district known a 
 
 I??r«i'.f ''J""""'' '""•^■'""""^ ""^ Confedemtion. 
 In 1869, the Met.s, of the Red River Settlement, now 
 
 Man.toba, rose in rebeilion, chiefly on the question of 
 self-government, and, led I,y Louis Riel, held control 
 of the territory for several montlis; bnt on the a,- 
 proach of a British i-egiment the leaders fle.l, and the 
 prov.nca government was established. In 1885, the 
 Met,s a,ul Indians in the north-west, considering then,- 
 aelves ill-treated by the Dominion Govern„,ent, espe- 
 cially on the land question, took up arms to maintain 
 
 I'T, n"^" ''""^' °* '^'"""""" ™'»"tee.. under 
 General Jl.ddleton marched against them and com- 
 pletely routed them at Batoche. Their leader, Louis 
 B.el was captnred and subsciueutly hanged. 
 
 The area of the Dominion is nearly 4,000,000 
 of ,s,,uare mUes, and the population almost 5,000,000 
 The form of government in Canada is a limited mon- 
 ■why. The government consists of the Legislature and 
 fte Executive. The Legislature is composed of the 
 Governor-Geneml (representing the Sovereign of Great 
 Britain , the Senate, and the House of Commons. 
 These three branches must give their consent to everv 
 
 ; 
 
 ! 
 
HOUSE OF llANOVEH. 
 
 109 
 
 Bill before it can beeoiuc law. The Governor-Genoml 
 is tlie chief executive officer. He assemblehi, prorogues, 
 and dissolves Parliament, and assents to all Bills not 
 reserved for Her Majesty's pleasure. The Senate cor- 
 responds to the House of Lords in I-Jigland. It may 
 originate Bills not relating to the revenue, and may 
 reject any Bill passed by the Commons. The House 
 of Commons consists of representatives chosen by the 
 electors in counties, cities, and towns. It controls the 
 revenue and expenditure of the country. The Execu- 
 tive of the Dominion consists of the Governor-(ieneral 
 and a Cabinet, or Ministry, of thirteen members. 
 These are selected from the members of the House of 
 Commons, by the Premier, and with him direct the 
 government of the nation. The government of Canada 
 is a Responsible Government— that is, the Ministers 
 are answerable to the Parliament for all tlieir acts. 
 The Premier, or Prime Minister, is chosen by the Sov- 
 ereign or Representative. The Ministers and ex-Mi n- 
 isters compose the Privy Council. A Parliament is the 
 assembly of the Senate and House of Commons, to 
 make laws and discuss national affairs. That part of 
 each year taken up for these purposes is called a Ses- 
 sion. The Speaker is the individual chosen by the 
 Commons to preside over its actions while in session. 
 To adjourn Parliament is to grant the members a recess 
 for a certain time ; to prorogue Parliament is to stop 
 its work for the session ; and to dissolve Parliament is 
 
!lf 
 
 ii 
 
 110 
 
 ENGLISH I1I8TOKY. 
 
 to dimm tl.o >no,aber.s, «,mlly, after whicl, a new olcc- 
 tioM ,,„«t take ,,l,.ce. Tl.o House of Common, e„„. 
 .sts of 211 ,„„,„1.„« ; „.,, t,„ „„„„^^^ ^^. . 
 
 IS comiwscd of 78 Senators. 
 
 Eflyptian Alfaip..-The govomn.ent of Esynt, noni- 
 .-lly .nhject to ti.e Sultan of Turkey, bya I^k ;onrso 
 of extmvas-anco had sunk itself ,l,.„,,ly j,, ,|,.,,t. ^I.e 
 people, Ions groaning under a heavy weiyht of taxa- 
 tion, rose u. rebellion, in 1882, headed by Ambi Pasha. 
 The bulk of Lpfs creditors were English capitalists, 
 and the J.ritish government, in the interest of these 
 capitahsts, interfered to put ..own the i-eteUion. After 
 a short campaign, .the British forces under General 
 Wolse ey bro,.gbt the rebellion to a close by the defeat 
 of Ana« Pasha at the tatio of Tel-el-Keber. Xot Ion- 
 after tl.,s event, a new ..pponent of the Egyptian <-o^° 
 en.me..t appeared in the Soudan, in the i»rs„„ o'f a 
 preten.led prophet-El Mal.di_at the head of a la.-.e 
 •may. Ge..e.-,d Gordon, a British otflcer in the service 
 of Kgypt, was sent to oppose him and to settle the af- 
 fairs of the Soudan. But El llahdi carried all befoi. 
 I.m. an,l bloeka.le.1 Gordon in Khartooni, a place of 
 so,„e imiwrtance on the Blue Xile. After a sie-e of 
 sevenU ii.o..ths, Khartoon, w,.s captured and Gor,lon 
 sla.n, early in 188.5. In the meantime, the British 
 govemmeirt interfered to check the progress of E! 
 Ma.:dl. B..t,sh forces, led chiefly by (Jeiieral Wolse- 
 ley, marehe.1 up the Xile, h,.d various ei.coui.te.^ with 
 
HOUSE OF HANOVEIi. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Kl Mahdi's followers, and sufforod severe lM.s.se.s but 
 did not accomplish anything dcHnite. Generals Lrle 
 and Stewart were killed in this M-ar. Affairs in that 
 country are still in an unsettled con.lition. 
 
 KMIXKXT PERSONS OF THE HAXOVKRIAX PERIOD. 
 
 Sir Robert Walpole, bun. 1676, .lied 1745; piime niii,i.s. 
 tor for twenty-ono years, ending 1742. His foreign [.olicy was 
 peaceful. He was a great, but unscrupulous statesn.an, an.l 
 used tlie public money to purchase the support of liis opponents 
 —a practice which ultimately drove Inni from i>ower. 
 
 William Pitt, Earl of Chathan., born 1708, died 1778 ; a 
 statesman possesso.l of great force of character, and a brilliant 
 orator. He became premier, in 1758, and for four years con- 
 ducted one of the most vigorous and successful administrations 
 that have ever held office. British armies everywhere tri- 
 unjphed ; commerce and manufactures flourished. He retired, 
 in 1761, rewarded with an earldom and the still prouder title 
 of "The Great Commoner." 
 
 Edmund Burke, born 1730, died 1797 ; Irish by birth and 
 descent ; an eminent writer, orator, and statesman. As a mem- 
 ber of the British Parliament, he was distinguished not only for 
 his eloquence and political abilities, but also for his broad and 
 liberal principles. He had a remarkable genius for writing, 
 and his works consist chiefly of essays and letters on philosoph- 
 ical and political subjects. 
 
 William Pitt, son of the Earl of Cliatham, born 1759, died 
 1806 ; famous for his oratory and political genius. He became 
 premier, at the age of twenty-four. Hi« military administra- 
 tion was feeble and unskilful ; but his extraordinarv genius, as 
 a parliamentary leader, !na.l« him the most powerful and popu- 
 lar minister that England ever produced, and f.>r nineteen yearn 
 
11 
 
 112 
 
 i 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 hehvU almost absolute pou-er. The great «i,„ of his forci... 
 >ohey was to on.sh Xapoleon, and it is sai.l that his faih.re to 
 do so hastone<l h.s death. It was he who changed the character 
 of tl.e House of Lords by the creation of new i,eers 
 
 Charles James Fox, born 1749, died 1806 ; a brilliant ora- 
 tor and statesn.an He was the great opponent of the younger 
 P tt, and a warm friend of Burke. Like the latter, he was an 
 advocate of honest government and liberal measure*, 
 ofrrf"*! "**.'"*^'*» Nelson, bom in 17r>8. killed at the battle 
 of r afa Igar in ISO.. ; the greatest of English admirals. He .vas 
 a natural .sailor, and .spent his life, from the age of twelve at 
 sea rising rapidly by his great abilities to the highest position 
 in he service. His two great victories-at the Xile. in ^798. 
 and at Trafalgar, in 1805-are among the most notable of mod: 
 em naval warfare. 
 
 Sir Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, bom 1769, died 
 1852 ; Englan.l s greatest soldier, and one of the most successful 
 generals mentioned in history (see French Wars). He was premier 
 auring the latter part of George IV. 's reign ; but he did not shine 
 as a statesman, and made himself very unpopular bv his o,)posi- 
 tion to all measures of reform. It was through force and with 
 gre^t reluctance, that he passed the Emancipation Bill in 1829 
 Daniel O'Connell, born 1775. died 1847 ; a celebrated Irish 
 statesman orator, and patriot. By his surprising ability and zeal 
 he worked up an agitation of such formidable proportions, that 
 the British ministry, fearing a popular outbreak, rejiealed the 
 lest Act, 1828, and passed the Catholic Emaneipatioii Bill 1829 
 He now devoted himself to the work of effecting a repeal of the 
 Union, an.l by his accustomed energy and pmdence maintained 
 for >^ars an enthusiastic and powerful, but peaceful, agitation 
 for that purpose. In 1843, the Government an-ested him. on a 
 charge of holding unlawful assemblies, and sentenced him to 
 be fined and imprisoned ; but the House of Lords soon after 
 
HOUSE OF HANOVEH. 
 
 113 
 
 reverse.! this sentence. O'Connell was now ol.l an.l feeble ; he 
 undertook a jonrney to Rome, i„ 1847, but died on the way. 
 Hks bo<ly hes enton.Wd near Dublin. He was several tin.es 
 nien.lK..r of I'arlian.ent and. in 1841, was lord-niayor of Dublin 
 He was the idol of the Irish iH.ople. an unselfish i»atriot, and a 
 sincere Catholic. 
 
 Henry Stuart, Cardinal of York, the last of his royal 
 race, and a man of unblen.ished eharacter ; died at Rome, in 
 180/. 
 
 Among the other great statesmen of this in^riod were : Oeoruk 
 Cannin(j, a iHiweiful orator, who.se great object was the over- 
 throw of Naiwleon, died 1827. 
 
 Loud Jo„n Kussei.l, who passed the Reform Hill of 1832. 
 died 1878. 
 
 Sm RoiiKnr Peel, who^i^ealed the Corn I^ws in 1846, died 
 18;)0. 
 
 Lord Palmbiwton, the energetic premier duiijig the Russian 
 \\ar, died 1865. 
 
 RiCHAUD Comdex, successful advocate of many libei-al meas- 
 ures, died in 1865. 
 
 Hexjamix DisitAELi, made Earl of Beacoiisfield, a firm and 
 prudent premier, died 1881. 
 
 RiCiHT H(.N. W. E. Gladstone, who has passed many liberal 
 measures, still living. 
 
 Poets: James Thomson, died 1748, author of "The Sea- 
 
 sons. " 
 
 Edwakd Young, died 1765, author of "Xight Thoughts." 
 Thomas Gray, died 1771. author of " Elegy on a Country. 
 Church-yard." ^ 
 
 Oliver Goldsmith, died 1774, author of "Traveller" and 
 "Deserted Village." 
 Robert Burns, died 1796, a Scotch lyric iioet. 
 William Cowper, died 1800, author of " The Task." 
 
lU 
 
 ENOr-lMFf HISTORY, 
 
 I! ' 
 
 r 
 
 LoiM) Bykmv, (li,.,l ir2i, autlior of "Chil.lo H.-m.M." 
 
 Silt Waltkii Srorr, .li.-.l 1832, autlior ..f "The Lmly of tlie 
 Lake ;" he also wrotu the " Wavorlcy Xovcls." 
 
 Mkh. Hkmans, .IumI isar,, wrote various poems. 
 
 RoHKUT S(.rTm;Y, ,He.l 1843, wrof.- various poetical an.l liis- 
 toriiuil works. 
 
 Thojias CAMl'liKLr., .lie.l 1844, author of "Pleasures of 
 HoiH)." 
 
 William W«.i!i>s\voitTii, die.I Isr.O, author of "The Exeur- 
 sioii." 
 
 Thomas Mookk, .lie.l 18r)2, author of " Irish Mehxlies." 
 Samukl Rockius, ,li,.,l isnr., author of " I'leasarcs of Mem- 
 ory." 
 
 Alfiiki) Tknnyson, still livin^r, author of various p<,oms. 
 Prose-Writers: Sik Isaa.- Nkwton, .lie.l 1727, iliscovert^ 
 of the " Laws of Oravitutioii. " 
 
 Al,l«AN BrTLKK, .lied 1763, theologian, author of "Lives of 
 the Saints." 
 
 David Hume, died 1776, infidel author of " Historv of Eng- 
 land." ^ 
 
 Dit. RK-HAitn CHALi.r)NKi{, die.I 1783, wrote various religion.^ 
 works. 
 
 Dit. Sami-ki. Johnson, died 1784, author of " Rasselas" an.l 
 an "English Dictionary." 
 
 Adam Smith, die.l 1790, author of a woiK nu }.olif;;3al eeon- 
 ojuy calhid the " Wealtli of Nations." 
 
 Edward Giubon, die.I 1794, infidel author of "Decline and 
 Fall of the Roman Empire. " 
 
 RiCHAUD B. SHEitiDAX, died 1816, dramatic writer. 
 
 Rkv. John Lin.;akd, D.D., died 1851, author of "History 
 of England," one of the most reliable works extant. 
 
 iJisis p Milker, author of " End of Religious Controversy," 
 -feu iS26. 
 
 
irOUWE UF HANOVEU. 
 
 115 
 
 JosKPH Bkimvoton'. autlu.r of tlu- " Lit..,„ry ilLstorv of the 
 Mi.l.llo Ak.'.s," <lic(l 1827. 
 
 L..iti. MAiAtLAY, .lie.! Isr.O, author of a " flistory of Knc- 
 land " and " Lays <.f Ancient Ronu.." ' 
 
 AucHMUM. Alison, died 1867, autl.o. o. u "Ili.tory of 
 
 Caudinal Wihkmav, died 186.-, and Caui.inal Mann.nc 
 «tdl hving, both Archbishops of Westnunstor. and both taking 
 a high rank among prose authors. 
 
 Thomas Caulylk, died 1881, essayist an.l historian 
 
 WiLUAM ThACKKKAY (.Iie.l mii), koNVAlll) WVIAVV n-hXTlOH 
 
 (died 1873), and Chaki.ks Dickkx.s (died 1870), u re great 
 novelists. " 
 
 Miscellaneous: S.KC.r.FKF.Y Kn-kllku, painter, di. d 1723 
 
 John- Hoavaud, the celebrated phihinthropist, died 1790. 
 
 Sin Joshua Rkynoi.ds, painter, died 1792. 
 
 .T(»HN Wii.Kh:.s, a politiciaiuof little merit, made hinis. If ob- 
 noxious to the government by publishing scurrilous arti< -s i,, 
 his pai>er the North Briton, hut became popular by ,K,sin<r sh 
 a champion for freedom of the press, and caused great excite- 
 nient ; he died in 1797. 
 
 Sill Chuistoi'Her Wrex, architect, died 1723. 
 
 Edmund H alley, astronomer, died 1742. 
 
 Siu Wm. Herschell, astronomer, died 1822. 
 
 Sir H. Davy, inventor of the safety lamp, died 1829. 
 
 Sir RicHAiiD Aukwright (died 1792) and James Har- 
 okaves, inventors of spinning machines. 
 
 JAME.S Watt, improved the steam engine, died 1819. 
 
 George Stephenso.v, invented the locomotive engine, died 
 1848. 
 
 William Wilberforce, the .successful advocate for the 
 abolition of slavery, died 1833. 
 

 1 
 
 I' 
 
 I ^ 
 
 m 
 
 116 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 CHIEF DATES-HOUSE OF HANOVEIi. 
 
 The Pretender in Scotland 1715 
 
 The South Sea Bubble 1720 
 
 The Young Pretender * * jy^g" 
 
 Seven Years' War begins 1756 
 
 American Revolution begins 2775 
 
 1783. 
 1789. 
 1798. 
 1801. 
 1808. 
 1815. 
 
 1829. 
 
 1830. 
 
 and 1885. 
 
 American Independence acknowledged. 
 
 French Revolution begins 
 
 Irish Rebellion [ 
 
 Union of Irish and British Pariiaments. 
 
 Peninsular War liegins 
 
 Battle of Waterloo 
 
 Repeal of Test and Corporation Acts. .... . 1828 
 
 Emancipation Bill 
 
 First Railway 
 
 ^f ™ ^"^« '.'1832/1867, and 1885 
 
 Abolition of Slavery jggg 
 
 Electric Telegraph ' " ' " jg^g^ 
 
 Com Laws repealed jg .« 
 
 Crimean War * * jg, ." 
 
 Indian Mutiny 
 
 Civil War in the United States 
 
 Death of Prince Albert ./ 
 
 Cotton Famine in Lancashire 
 
 Atlantic Cable laid 
 
 Disestablishment of Irish Church. 
 
 Irish Land Acts '.Vs 70 and 1884. 
 
 Elementary Education Act for Englan.l. . . 1870 
 Ballot Act jg^g" 
 
 Education Act (Scotland) .* * * " * ] 1372' 
 
 Telephone .' 
 
 "^^'^ "^ ^SYVt ' '.'.'.'.'.V.V.VlSsV and 1885." 
 
 1857. 
 1861. 
 1861. 
 1862. 
 1866. 
 1869. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 I. THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The three principal forms of goverunieiit are : Absolute 
 Monarchy, Limited Monarchy, Republic. In the first the 
 supreme power is held by the sovereign ; in the second', the 
 power of the sovereign is limited by a constitution ; aiid in thv 
 third, the supreme i)ower is vested in representatives elected by 
 the people. The science of government is called Politics. 
 
 The form of government in England is that of a limited 
 monarchy : the supreme power l^eing divided between the Sov- 
 ereign and two Houses of Parliament. 
 
 The Sovereign alone makes peace or war ; he has the sole 
 nglit of pardoning criminals ; he can call, prorogue, or dissolve 
 Parliament ; he has the right of accepting or refusing to sign 
 any law ; all titles of nobility are created by him. Tliese his 
 prerogatives, are defined by the laws of the land, which are as 
 binding on him as on his subjects. 
 
 Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of 
 Commons. Laws are made by being proposed in either House 
 in the form of a Bill. Every Bill must be read and passed, bv 
 H majority of votes, three times in each House, and then receive 
 the consent and signature of the Sovereign l)efore it becomes a 
 law of the land. Bills granting money can he proposed in the 
 Commons only, and the Lords have no control over them. 
 • The Sovereign carries on the government through his Min- 
 isters, who are responsible to Pariiament. When Pariiament 
 
118 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 refuses to accept their measures, the Ministers resign ; and the 
 Sovereign calls other advisers to form a new ministry. Accord- 
 ing to the Septennial Act, a Parliament can sit for seven years 
 only ; the Sovereign must then dissolve it and call a new one 
 A new Pailiament must also be called within six moi.ths after 
 the accession of a new Sovereign. 
 
 Th^ Parliamentary rights, above enumerated, are the out- 
 growth of various successive enactments ; but their essential 
 features are contained in the Mat/m Charta of King John. 
 
 POLITICAL TERMS. 
 The Members of a Parliament are usually divided into two 
 great Parties-<1.) tU Party in power, calle.l the Ministry or 
 Government Party, and (2.) the Party in opposition. When 
 the Ministry is defeated in an important measure, it i>jsigns 
 and the opposition lea<ler is called uj^n to form a new ministry' 
 T\ hen neither party feels strong enough to form a ministry, a 
 coalition is usually formed, consisting of members chosen from 
 both parties. # 
 
 The Fiscal Policy of the country is the plan adopted by the 
 government for the purpose of raising a i-evenue. Free Trade 
 IS the free interchange of goods between countries. The Na- 
 tional Exchequer is the Court wluch exercises jurisdiction in all 
 cases relating to the customs, the excise, and the revenue gen- 
 craUy. Political Economy is the science which explains the 
 principles of National Wealth. 
 
 The Journals of the House are the books in which the pro- 
 ceedmgs of each day are recorded. The Civil List is the money 
 required for the maintenance of the Sovereign's household. An 
 Order in Council is a regulation, having the ettect of law, made 
 by the Ministry, independent of Parliament. A BiH is a state- 
 ment of a proiwsed law ; when regularly passed, it is called m.- 
 Act of Parliament. 
 
 I 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 119 
 
 Trial by Jury is tlie trial of allcgo.l criminals by a body of 
 individuals impartially chosen from the community. 
 
 A Session is that pait of the year taken up by Parliament in 
 transacting jmblio business. Parliament is adjoiinicd from day 
 to day ; it is jovruijucd from session to session ; and it is dis- 
 solved when a new election is about to Ik? held. The Si^aker is 
 the i)erson chosen by the Commons to preside over its actions 
 when in session. 
 
 The Three Estates of the British lealm are : the Sovereign, 
 the Lonls, and the Commons. The Regent is one who governs 
 a country in place of the sovereign. 
 
 XL PRINCIPAL TREATIES. 
 
 Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 : Closed war with France ; Edward 
 III. resigned his claim to the French crown. 
 
 Treaty of Troyes, 14-20 : Henry V. declared Regent of France 
 and heir to the French throne. 
 
 Treaty of Breda, 1667 .- The Dutch ceded New York to the 
 English. 
 
 Secret Treaty of Dover, 1670: Louis XIV. agreed to pay 
 Charles IL £200,000 annually on condition that the lat- 
 ter would assist him against the Dutch. 
 
 Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 : Louis XIV. of France acknowl- 
 edged William III., King of England. 
 
 Treaty of Utrecht, 1713: Closed Spanish Succession War ; 
 Philip, granilson of Louis XIV., acknowledged King of 
 Si)ain ; part of New France .surrendered to Great Britain. 
 
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 : Closed Austrian Suctmsiou 
 AVar ; Alaria Teresa's claim to Austrian dominions ac- 
 knowledged. 
 
 Treaty of Paris or Fontainebleau, 1763: Closed Seven 
 
120 
 
 EXOLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Years* War ; France ceded possessions in Cana,l,» and 
 India to Englanvl. 
 
 Treaty of Versailles, 1783: Englan.l aoknou-ledged the In- 
 
 tleiHindencc of the United States. 
 Treaty of Amiens, 1802: Between France and Allie.l Powers 
 
 of Europe ; tenninated the first war growing out of the 
 
 iTench Revolution, 
 Treaty of Ghent, 1814 : Closed War between Great Britain 
 
 and the United States ; conquered territory mutually 
 
 restored. " j 
 
 Treaty of Paris, 1815 : Closed the Wars with Napoleon ; 
 France reduced to the limits of 1790, and the Bourbon 
 dynasty restorfed in the person of Louis XVIII., brother 
 of Louis XVI. 
 
 Treaty of Paris, 1856 : Closed Russian War ; Russian troops 
 withdrawn from Turkey, and Russia agrees not to keep 
 war-ships in the Black Sea. 
 
 III. IMPORTANT CHARTERS AND STATUTES. 
 
 Constitutions of Clarendon, 1164. Framed by Henry II. to 
 
 make the Church subject to the State. 
 Magna Charta, John, l^is. Equal rights secured to all 
 
 classes (see p. 24). 
 
 Confirmatio Chartarum, Edward I. Confirmed Magna Charta 
 and Charter of Forests. , 
 
 Statute of Treason, Edward III., 1351. CrinJe of high- 
 treason limited to compassing the king's death, levying 
 war against him, or aiding his enemies. 
 
 Act Of Supremacy, Henry VIII., 1534. The Sovereign estab- 
 lished Supreme Head of the Church. 
 
 Petition of Right, Charles I., 1628. Taxes not to be levied 
 without consent of Parliament. -' • 
 
APPEXDIX. 
 
 121 
 
 Test Act, Charles II., 1673. All n.nnicipal. civil, and mil- 
 itary officers to conform to the E.stahlished Church 
 Habeas Corpus Act, Charles II. , 1679. No arrests without a 
 
 »•.. /«"!"*' '''■'■''*''^ ^'''''^"' ^'^ ^'^ *''^J '''^^"' a certain tin.e. 
 Bill of Rights, William and Mary. 1689. Parlian.entary rights 
 
 and privileges confirmed. 
 Toleration Act, William and Mary. Rei«3aled penal laws 
 
 against Dissontors, hut not those against Catholics 
 Military Act, William and Mary. Prevented the army from 
 being kept in existence for longer than a year at a time 
 ' without the consent of Parliament. 
 
 Act of Settlement, William III., 1701. Succession to the 
 , Crown lunited to the I'rotestant heirs of the Electress 
 
 of Hanover ; Ministers made responsible for the Sover- 
 eign's acts. 
 
 Act of Union, Anne, 1707. Legislative Union of Scotland 
 
 and England. 
 Septennial Act, George I., 17I6. Duration of Parliaments 
 
 limited to seven years. 
 Act of Union, George III., 1800. Legislative Union of Ire- 
 land and Great Britain. 
 Emancipation Bill, George IV., 1829. Civil and religious 
 
 liberty granted to Catholics. 
 Reform Bills, William IV., 1832, and Victoria, 1867. Ex- 
 tension of the Franchise ; eciualization of Parliamentary 
 representation ;" Rotten Boroughs " abolished. 
 Municipal Reform Bill, Victoria. Provided for the better 
 administration of justice in towns and gave ratepayors 
 the right to elect town councillors. 
 Church Bill, Victoria, 1869. Disestablishment of the English 
 
 Church in Ireland. 
 Land Bills,. Victoria, 1870 and 1884. Granted privileges to 
 the Irish farmers. 
 
122 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY 
 
 IP f. 
 
 f.- ? 
 
 Education Act, 1870. Provided by means of school boards for 
 the education of cliildren between the ages of 5 and 13 at 
 tljo public exjiense. 
 
 Franchise Bill, 1885. Still further extending the privilege 
 of voting. ** 
 
 IV. THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND, 
 
 FROM S27 TO THE PRK«KNT TIME. 
 THE SAXON KINGS. 
 EOBKRT g27 
 
 Ethblwolf (eon) 837 
 
 Bthelbald (son) . . .i gsg 
 
 Etbblbbrt (brother) 860 
 
 Ethelred I. (brother) 866 
 
 Alfred the Great (brother) 871 
 
 Edward the Elder (son). . . 901 
 
 Athelstan (son) 9^5 
 
 Edmund (brother) 940 
 
 Edred (brother) 9^ 
 
 Edwt (son of Edmund) 955 
 
 Edgar (son of Edmund) 959 
 
 Sdttard the Marttr (son). . 975 
 
 Ethelred II. (son) 979 
 
 Edmund Ironbids (son) 1016 
 
 (Danish Interval) 101&-1041 
 
 Edward the Confessor 1042 
 
 Harold 10Q5 
 
 NORMANS. 
 
 William I. (Conqueror) 1066 
 
 WiLUAM 11. (son) 1087 
 
 Henrt I. (brother) hqo 
 
 Stephen (nephew) 118&-1154 
 
 II. PLANTAGENETS 
 
 m 
 
 Henrt II. (grandson of H. I.) 1154 
 
 Richard I. (son) ii89 
 
 John (brother) 1199 
 
 Henrt III. (eon) ^216 
 
 Edward I. (son) i272 
 
 Edward n. (son) i^ 
 
 Edward III. (eon) " . 1827 
 
 Richard II. (grandson). .1877-1.399 
 
 III. LANCASTRIANS. 
 
 Hbnrt IV, (son of John of 
 
 Gaunt) 1399 
 
 Henrt V. (eon) ' 1413 
 
 Henrt VI. (son) 142»-146i 
 
 IV. YORKISTS. 
 
 Edward IV. (son of Duke of 
 
 York) ,46, 
 
 Edward V. (son) ,483 
 
 Richard III. (uncle) 1483-1486 
 
 V TUOORS. 
 Henrt VII. (descendant of 
 
 John of Gaunt) 1435 
 
 Henrt Vm. (son) 1509 
 
 Edward VI. (eon) 1547 
 
 Mart (half-sister) 1653 
 
 Elizabeth (half-sister), . 1568-1608 
 
 VI. STUARTS. 
 
 James I. (dee. Henry VII.). . . 1603 
 Charles I (eon) ,(525 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 123 
 
 .. 1216 
 
 ..1272 
 
 .1807 
 
 .. 1827 
 
 177-1399 
 
 f 
 
 . 1486 
 . 1509 
 . 1647 
 . 1663 
 ^1606 
 
 ComiOMWBALTH Ifl49 
 
 Chables II. (Bon of Charlee 
 !•) 1660 
 
 Jaxbb II. ^brother) loss 
 
 WiujAM III. and Mary (Mary 
 was a du:ighter of Jamee 
 D) ltW9 
 
 Annk (daughter of Jamee 
 11) 1702-1V14 
 
 VII. HANOVERIANS. 
 
 Geobob 1. (grcat-grandeon of 
 
 Jamt'8 1.) 1714 
 
 George II. (son) 1727 
 
 Geoboe III. (grandson) 1780 
 
 George IV. (son) igjjo 
 
 William IV. (brother) 1880 
 
 ViCToiUA (uicce) 1837 
 
:f 
 
 124 
 
 ENGLISH HISTUUY. 
 
 ?! I 
 
 
 V. PRON-UNCIATIOX OF DIFFICULT PROPER NAMFS 
 
 APPEARING IN FORE(iOIXG PACES. 
 «. fl. I. 0, a. Umg; 4, 6, 6, lest prohnrfed / 3, S r fi n ,a^/ 
 
 Aboukir (fl-boo-keer') jco 
 
 Adrian IV. (adrl-ftn) ' ' " «« 
 
 Agricola (a-grlk'Q-Iji) 
 
 PAGE 
 . 15 
 
 Blofs (blwa) 
 
 Bliicher (blooHcgr) ...... 
 
 Albans, Saint (BantaWl'binzV 4I ^"^"es (boo-veen')". '...'.■ .■.■.;.■ ^ 
 
 Alcain (ai'kwin) '"*'''^°^>' Jj Bonaparte ,bo'n».pM) ,oi-2 
 
 Anjou (an'joo). J- Boarbon (boor'bQn) 1,5 
 
 * ' ■ - '^ ' Brian Bora (bn'ftn bo-rooO 81 
 
 Breda (brads') ' ,15 
 
 Buckingham (bak'iug-jm) . . ." 67 
 
 Bflr-goyne' ^ 
 
 Boulogne (boo-lon'). ...... 
 
 An'selm, Saint gj 
 
 AntQ-nlne g 
 
 Afghanistan (af-gams-tanO. • .91-2 
 
 Agincourt (ag'f n-cOurt) 39 
 
 Aix-la-chapelle (aks-U-shi-pel') 97 
 
 Aml-gns jQQ 
 
 .-irles (arlz) '""" g 
 
 Armagh (ar-ma').... 99 
 
 ^n^'da .'■.■.■■ 531 
 
 Aus'tgr-litz jQj 
 
 19 
 
 49 
 69 
 
 105 
 
 Cabot (kab'gt) 
 
 C9-bar 
 
 Calais (kai'iss). . . . ' " ' " .*.'.'."" " gj 
 Caractacus (k^-rak'td-kfls)..'.'. 5 
 
 CfEsar (see'zftr) ► 
 
 Caedmon (kSd mQn) ,0 
 
 CamTiridge ""' ^„ 
 
 Cawn-pore' ... \\^ 
 
 Canute (k^-nflt') 
 
 Cftr-lylo' 
 
 106 
 
 10 
 
 114 
 
 Bai'a-kia'va 
 
 Badajos (bSd-a-hOs). ........." 1^ 
 
 BaUol (ba I6-9I, or bai'yol) 34 
 
 Beatrice _■■;; ^ 
 
 Beauclerc (bo-). t- r-o^- x *" 
 
 Beaconsfleld (bSk'flnz-fleldi.:; ,3 S'S"'' ^'''' '^"■*^*'^ '^ 
 
 Becket (bgk'gt), St. Thomas a. 35 ' ^ 
 
 Boad-Im6'jj g 
 
 Boleyn (bool'in) ; ^ 
 
 Bolingbroke (bSl'ing-bro-ok) 
 
 28 
 
 Blenheim (bl6n'!m) 79 
 
 64 
 
 30 
 
 C 
 
 Cel'eg-tlne 
 
 Celtic (sSlt'ik)......'..'"^" 
 
 Challoner (chal'Qn-gr). J14 
 
 Champlain (sham'plan'). . . . . " " 106 
 Charlemagne (shar le-mfln). 
 
 \% 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 125 
 
 PAOK 
 .. 15 
 
 ..101-2 
 ... 115 
 ■ .. 81 
 ... 115 
 .. 67 
 ... 99 
 ... 19 
 
 .. 49 
 .. 69 
 
 . 2D 
 
 .. 5 
 . 12 
 .. 17 
 .. 106 
 . 10 
 . 114 
 ')106 
 . 64 
 . 30 
 . C 
 . 114 
 . 106 
 
 li 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chalnz (shSlflz') 34 
 
 Chivalry (8hlv'»l-ry) 13 
 
 Chlcheley (chich'fi-ll) 45 
 
 Clau'dl-us 5 
 
 Cleves (kleev2) 50 
 
 Ciudad Rodrigo (tbe-ooKlSd' 
 
 rod-iee'go) job 
 
 CoBur de Lion (knr de ll'on) . . . fu 
 
 Colet (kOl'gt).. 64 
 
 Connaught (kOn'nawt) so 
 
 Crecy (kree'ee) 27 
 
 Cromwell (krtin'wel, or krOm'- 
 
 wel) 83 
 
 CuI-lO'dgn gg 
 
 Cfl'ri-S Rfi'gle .,,.. 17 
 
 Dane'gelt 9 
 
 Delhi (dellee) jog 
 
 mrhy (or darT)!) 
 
 De Ruy'tcr gg 
 
 Det'tlng-sn ." 97 
 
 Devcreoz (dSv'fi-roo), 64 
 
 Di6i«eli (diz-ra'lee) us 
 
 Drogheda (drOg'6-dft) 67 
 
 Evee'hsm 26 
 
 ElMSh'df ""' 106 
 
 Erin (3-rin) 30 
 
 Falkirk (fawl'kirk) 34 
 
 Fontainebleaa (fdu'-tSn'-Blo'). 96 
 
 Pontenoy («n-t§.noi') gj- 
 
 Portescne (ffir'tss-ku) , 46 
 
 Frontenac (f r6n te-nak) 107 
 
 Oama, da (dl ga'ma) 4^ 
 
 Ghent (gent, or gON) 106 
 
 Gloucester (glos'ter) 41 
 
 Gordon gg 
 
 PAOK 
 
 Gram pl-jn 7 
 
 Greenwich (grin'IJ) 70 
 
 Greeh'am 84 
 
 Gueeclin )gft.kl«N') 27 
 
 Habeas Corpus (ha'be as kor'- 
 
 Pue) 69 
 
 Hardicanute (hfir'dl-kft-nflt'). . . 10 
 
 HSm'ftns Hg 
 
 Hengiet (heng'f;let) 8 
 
 Heptarchy chep'tark-I) 8 
 
 Herechcl (hfir'shel) 114 
 
 Hlbemia (hI-ber'nT-») 30 
 
 Hin-dQ-etan', log 
 
 Hungary (hung'g».il) 97 
 
 Iliad 85 
 
 Iceni (l-see nl) 7 
 
 In'dI-» 106 
 
 Ireton (Ir'tfin) 77 
 
 Iroquois (Ir-Q-quoyO 115 
 
 Jena(ya'na) 101 
 
 JO'ftn of Arc 40 
 
 Josephine (jo'-se-feen') 101 
 
 Khartoum (kar-toomO no 
 
 Kncller (nfil'gr) 114 
 
 Labrador (lab'rft-dorO 49 
 
 LSn'franc 2I 
 
 Leicester (les'tCr) 25 
 
 Leinster (lln'ster) ao 
 
 Lcipsic (llp'slk) 108 
 
 Lewes (la'888) 25 
 
 Llewellyn (looglin) 26 
 
 Lorraine (lor-ran) ... 97, 
 
 Magna Charta (mag'na kOr'ta). 24 
 Malcolm (ciai kQm) J2 
 
126 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mandevlllo (man'-de-vU) 37 
 
 Marie Antoinette (mfi're' An- 
 
 *wft-net') ,oc: 
 
 Marlborough (mawrbro) m 
 
 Moore (mOr, or moor) log 
 
 Montcalm (mOnt-kam) gg 
 
 Nft'nftSa'hlb jog 
 
 Navartno (nav-ft-ree'no) 90 
 
 No'vttm Or-ga'nflm ,[[[ ^4 
 
 Gates (OtZ) gg 
 
 Oudenarde (ou'den-ar'deh) . . . . 79 
 
 Pakenham (pak'en-am) 105 
 
 Pal'es-tine '........ 20 
 
 Palmerston (pam'er-8t9n) 113 
 
 Papineau (pft'pe-no) io7 
 
 Par'neU or Par-nell' .,,\] 104 
 
 Percy (pSr'86) '"' gg 
 
 Plantagenet (plfin-taj'e-net) ... 23 
 
 Polctlere (pwate-A') ^^ 
 
 Poyn'ings [[ 
 
 Pun-jaub' 91 
 
 Quebec (kaTjek'), loe 
 
 Kaleigh (raw 10 63 
 
 RamilUes (rSme-lte) 79 
 
 Bouen (roo'§n) * 4Q 
 
 Byswick (riz'wlck) ' * 72 
 
 Sai'ftdln jQ 
 
 Salisbury (sawlzOifir-I) eg 
 
 Scinde (sind) ' . , gj 
 
 Seb'as-to'pol, or Sev'as-to'pol. 105 
 Seringapatam (ser-ing'gft-p^. 
 *«o') ,06 
 
 _ PAO» 
 
 Seymour (see'mur) 5Q 
 
 Shakespere (shflks'peer) 63 
 
 Shrewsbury (shniz'bfirl) gg 
 
 Soudan (socman') ..." hq 
 
 Suetonius Paulinus (ewc-to'nl 
 
 us pawl-in'us) 7 
 
 Surajah Dowlah (soo-raja doc 
 
 „ '«) ,....106 
 
 Sweyn (swan) |q 
 
 Talavera (taia-va'ra) io2 
 
 Tewkesbury (taksTifir-n ...... 45 
 
 Toulouse (too'looz) ] log 
 
 Tournament (tflr'na-ment) .... 45 
 Trafalgar', or Tra-fal'gjr .... 89 
 
 Troyes (tma) ,,4 
 
 Tlp'poSa'hlb "" ■ jog 
 
 Ftopia / i *g-p!.9) gg 
 
 Utrecht (a-trektO 73 
 
 Vandrenil (vo'drcl) igg 
 
 Versailles (ver-saizO 114 
 
 Vittoria (vl-to'ri-a) 102 
 
 Wag'r»m joj 
 
 Walpole (w5i'pol) gg 
 
 Warwick (wSr'ick) ..[[[ 44 
 
 Wellesley (wSIz'lI) ." 101 
 
 WInchelsey (wta'chgl-sl) 36 
 
 Wlt'e-na-ge-mot n 
 
 Wolseley (wdblz'll) " no 
 
 Worcester (woos'ter) 68 
 
 Wordsworth (wflrds'wurth)..!. 113 
 
 Wyatt (wl'ftt) 52 
 
 Wycklifle (wlk'lif) 27 
 
 Zfit'phen g4 
 
 Zulu «„ 
 
PAOV 
 . BO 
 
 ... 102 
 ... 45 
 ... 102 
 .. 45 
 
 . 78 
 
 . 109 
 114 
 tOi 
 
 101 
 88 
 44 
 
 101 
 20 
 
 n 
 
 110 
 
 113 
 53 
 27 
 
 64 
 
Si I 
 

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 ifcS 
 
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 jlgr'^^ 
 
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 W 
 
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 ^^P^M 
 
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