■'».

•n^ '<v>

^.■.^.

'%.^.

.0-. ^^

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

{•<r

1.0

1.1

b;|28 |2.5

|50 "^" ■■■

2.2

|>6 112

IL25 i 1.4

2.0

1.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

•1>'

■^

CIHM
Microfiche
Series
(l\1onographs)

ICIVIH

Collection de
microfiches
(monographies)

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

Technical and Bibliographic N-.tet I ^iates techniques et bibliographiqiies

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original
copy available for filming. Features cf this copy which
may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any
of the images in the reproduction, or which may
significantly change the usual method of filming, are
checked below.

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

I I Covers damaged/

Couverture endommagee

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee

□ Cover title missing/
Le titre

de couverture manque

Coloured maps/

Caites geographiques en couleur

□ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e.

autre que bleue ou noire)

□ Boun
Relie

Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
avec d'autres documents

Tight binding may cause sha<^-}ws or distortion
along interior margin/

La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distorsion le long de la marge interieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may appear
within the text. Whenever possible, these have
been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties
lots d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas ete f ilmees.

Additional comments:/
Comri^'-ntaires supplementaires:

L'Institut a microfilm^ ie meilleur exemplaire qu'il
!ui a kx% possible de se procurer. L es details de cet
exemplaire qui sont peut-£tre uniques du point de vue
bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image
reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification
dans l2 methode normate de f ilmage sont indiques
ci-dessous.

□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

□ Pages damaged/
Pages endommagees

□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurees et/o*i pelliculies

Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees

□ Pages detached/
Pages detachees

Showthrough/
Transparence

Quality of print varies/
Qualite inegale de I'impression

□ Continuous pagination/
Pagination continue

□ Includes index(es)/
Comprend un (des) index

Title on header taken from:/
Le titre de I'en-tite provient:

□ Title page of issue
Page de titre de la

□ Caption of issue/
Titre de depart de la li

livraison

vraison

Masthead/

Generique (periodiques) de la livraison

This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est filme au taux de reduction mdique ci dessous.

^OX 14X 18X

12X

16X

20X

22X

26 X

30X

24 X

28X

32 X

u'il

:et

de vue

tion

The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

National Library of Canada

The in.ages appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

Original copies in pri ad paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illUwirated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
metiod:

L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la
g6n6rosit6 de:

Bibliothdque nationale du Canada

Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmd, et en
contormitd avec les conditions du contrat de
filmage.

Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprimue sont filmds en commenpant
par le j^remier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidra page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont filmds en commer^ant par la
prumidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidr? page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ^ signifie A SUIVRE ", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre
filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reprodiMt en un seul clich6, il est film6 A partir
de I'angle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mdthode.

22X

i i-

V'.'*>

.^Jn'vla'^i^^p^

?L ~

[ldEiJ^%w2ME^ i

tm odiiwoii jjiiiteuc saias^

Dominion Catholic Series

OUTLINES

ENGLISH HISTORY

FOR THE

USE OF SCHOOLS

A CATHOLIC TEACHER

[SBCOMD EDITION, BBTISED.]

JAMES A. SADLIER
MONTREAL AND TORONTO

Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the
year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, by James A.
Sadlier, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture.

SECOND EDITION, REVISED.

Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the
year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight, by Jambs A.
Sadlier, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture.

PREFACE.

he
A.

.«

It Avill be seen that the following sketch of English
History is iJresented on a plan dilfering materially
from that in ordinary use. The principal events of
eacli period are summarily given in chronological
order; the leading topics are briefly discussed in their
proper places, and short biographies of eminent persons
complete the sketch of the i)eriod. Useful tables are
given at the end of the book. No questions are given,
as they tend to make the study too mechanical. AU
the essential facts are dealt Avith, but necessarily in a
brief way, it being left to tlie skill of the earnest
teacher to amplify where necessary.

;#i

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
Britons and Romans, B. C. 5'. to A. D. 449 . . . 6

CHAPTER II.

Saxon and Danes, A. D. 449 to 1066 8

CHAPTER III.

The Norman Line, A. D. 1066 to 1154 . ... 14

CHAPTER IV.
HOTTSR OK Piantaoenet, OR Anjou, A. D. 1154 TO 1399 23

CHAPTER V.

Houses of Lancaster and York, A. D. 1399 to 1485 38

CHAPTER VI.
House of Tudor, A. D. 1485 ro 1603 48

CHAPTER VII.

House of Stuart, A. D. 1603 ro 1714 65

CHAPTER VIII.

House of Hanover, A. D. 1714 to Present Time . 87

AfI'ENDIX

1. The British Constitution jj^

2. Principal Treaties .'

3. Important Statutes • • ,„.,

4. The Sovereigns of England . . • \"

5 Pronunciation of Difficult Proiier Names . . . • i^-»

J--

•3

ENGLISH HISTORY.

)9 23

J5 38

. 6S

. 87

. 117

. 117
. 119
. 120
. 122
. 124

CHAPTER I.
BRITONS AND ROMANS.

B. C. ,15 TO A. D. 440.

LEADING PEATURES-Roraans conquer Britain and remain in
possession nearly four centurie8.-Britons become eiviUzed, but
lose their warlike skill.

Principal Events. Ii.C. 55.— Julius Cfesar, a cel-
ebrated Roiniiu oeneral, invades Britain, defeats the
natives in several battles, but does not effect a perma-
nent conquest. A. J). 43.— The Emperor Claudius
lands in Britain with a large army, and leaves a
force sufficient to secure a firm foothold i^; the island.
A. D. 43 to 61.— Caractacus and Queen Buadicea suc-
cessively maintain a gallant but ineffectual struggle
against Roman progress. A. D. 78 to 85.— Britain
is finally conquered and reduced to a Roman i)rovince
by Julius Agricola. Christianity is introduced about
the end of the first century, and becomes i)opulai;among
the natives. The Pope sends two missionaries to in-
struct them. The Christians are severely persecuted
by the Romans. St. Alban becomes the first British

EXGUsn HISTOHY.

inaitvi'. In the fourth c(>ntury, throe liritish bishops
go to attend tlu' Conn<;il of Ark's. Tlic Romans re-
main in possession of Britain for about 400 years,
when th(.' troops are withthawn to (U'fend their own
country against foreign invaders.

The Ancient Britons. —That part of the ishmd of
Britain now called lOngland is said to have b(;en
l)eopled by a colony fronj (iaui (France), about a thou-
sand years 1)efore tlie Christian era. The Ancient
IJritons wer(i of the Celtic race, robust, brave, and war-
like, but rude and savage in tlieir mole of living.
They were divided into a numl)er of independent
tribes, but in times of danger they formed confedera-
cies for common defence, chiefly against the Picts
and .Scots who inhabited Caledonia, the northern part
of the island. Tlieir religion was that pagan form
called Druidism, from their priests, the Druids, who
were also their physicians anil law-givers. In Caesar's
time, thick forests covered the western and southern
districts, while in the east the land was low and
swampy. Mines of copper antl tin were worked to
some extent in the south-west, but agriculture and
otlier useful arts were little known or practiced.

What the Romans did for Britain.— They built

towns, made roads and Ijridges, drained marshes, mised
walls in the north to keep back the Picts and Scots,*

♦ Ronrnn JFalls.—The priiiciiuil were the Wall of A<lrian, from the Tyne
to the Solway Frith, built A. D. IJl, and the Wall of Autoniiie, from the
Forth to the Clyde, built A. D. 140.

BHITONS AND ROMANS. J

.'stal)lish(3a sehoo/.,, iinproveil agriculturo iiii.l hous...

I)uilcling, ami, <,'oii(.r;illy„ .-iiltivatod in the Urit.ms a
ta-sto for the arts of civilized life. liut, in tli.- mean-
time, the Dritons lost their aneient skill in warfans
and became slothful and timid; so, when the Romans
abandoned the island, the native's were n.) Inn-er a
match for their hereditary foes, the tierce and hardy
Picts and Scots, who ravaged the country at pleasure.

EMINEXT PERSONS.

Julius Caesar, born B. C. 100 ; a renowned Roman general,
statesman, and writer, and perhaps the ^neatest genius of an.ient
times ; he l)ecame virtually the first emperor of Rome ; l.e was
assassinated, B. C. 44.

Caractacus, King of the Silures, a British tiiho in Wah-s ;
he oi.pose.J tlie Romans for nine yeai-s, but was ,lefeat.-l an,l
capturo.l by the Roman general, Ostorius, who ravvM him to
Rome ; his gallant bearing soon won his relea.s«.' from the Em-
iwror Claudius ; he died about A. D .')4.

Boadicea, the brave and warlike British (Jueen of the leeni •
desp^^iled of her territory an.l publicly flogged by Roman otti-
cers, she gathered an immense army and, for a thne, was suc-
cessful ; but was at last comi.letely routed by the Roman gen-
eral, Suetonius Paulinus ; she poisoned herself, A. D. 61.
^ Saint Alban was born at Vendam, near the present town of
St. Albans. He served seven years in the Roman army. While
in Rome he became a scholar of note, and soon after Ids retain
to Britain he was converted to Christianity. On refusing tu
worship idols, he was put to death during the iMjrsecution of
Diocletian, A. D. 303.

Ill

CHAPTER II.
SAXONS AND DANES.

A. D. 449 TO 1066.

XEADING FEATURES.— Britons conquered and almost extermi-
nated by Anglo-Saxon tribes — Re-introdnction of Christianity.
—Britain becomes England — Struggles with the Danes.

Principal Events. A. I). 449.— Invited by the
Britons, several tribes, principally Angles and Saxons
from the north of Germany, land in I'ritain under the
command of Hengist and Horsa. These first expel
the Picts and Scots ; tlien turning their arms against
the Britons tliem.selvos, soon force the latter into
Wales and Cornwall, and finally divide the country
into seven kingdoms (the Saxon Heptarchy): Kent,
Sussex, Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia, and
Northumberland. About the end of the sixth century,
— A. D. 596 — Christianity (expelled ))y the pagan
Saxons) is again introducetl — by St. Augustine in the
south-east, and by some Irish monks in the north-M'est,
iind gradually spreads over the islantl.

A. D. 827. — After centuries of warfare among them-
selves, the seven kingdoms are at last united by

SAXONS AND DANES.

Egbert, King of Wessex, who thus becomes the
Saxon king of all England. Dnrin" h

first

lis rei<'n, the

into

Danes begin their inroads and tiirow the country
disorder.

A. D. 870— Alfred the Great, the ablest monarch
of his time, virtuous, religious, and wise ; becomes king
when the Danes are almost masters of England ; but
by his superior skill he rapidly lessens their pow- ^', a„d
in the battle of Ethandune completely crushes r,hem.
The vanquished Danes, on embracing Christianity, are
allowed to settle in England. Alfred soon restores
order to the kingdom; frames an excellent code of
laws ; divides England into counties ; establishes trial
by jury; founds Oxford University and many other
schools ; translates several works into English ; rel)uil.l8
churches and towns destroyed by the Danes ; liberates
many bondsmen ; encourages commerce and all kinds
of industries; and makes his country prosperous at
home and respected in foreign nations. Besides at-
tending to all this, he daily finds time for private study
and devotion and the regular practice of Christian
duties. He dies in 901, deeply regretted by all classes
of his subjects. His gran<ls,m, Athelstan (90.5 to 941),
is his ablest successor. He overcomes the Danes, and
by his skill and wisdom rules the country in i)eace.

Ethelred the Unready (998 to 1019), a weak king,
levies an annual tax on his people, called the Danegelt,'
to bribe tiie Danes to keep away ; causes a massacre of

ENGLISH UISTOKY.

the Danes settled in England, and tlius provokes a
liercer invasion by the Danisli king.

Danish Period. A. D. 1017 to 1041.— Canute, son
of Sweyn, King of Donniaik, coiKiuers England, be-
comes a Cliristian, and rules with great ability not
only England, but also Denmark, Xorway,and Sweden.
There were in all three Danish kings : Canute, and his
sons, Harold and Hardicanuto ; the last two, degener-
ate monarchs.

A. D. 1041 to 1065.-0,1 the death of the last
Danish king, the Saxon line is restored in the person
of the son of Ethelred— Edward, called the Confessor,
on account of his piety and virtue. He frames a code
of laws (famous in after-ages), providing for the rights
of all classes of his sulyects ; aliolishes the Danegelt ;
and by his wise and gentle rule makes England happy
and prosperous. Edward dying without issue, Harold,
a powerful Saxon noble, is proclaimed king. The fol-
lowing year, William, Duke of Xormandy, invades
England, defeats Harold at the battle of Hastings
(Senlac), and seizes the crown (1066).

The Anglo-Saxons.— The tribes that landed in
Britain with Hengist an(! Horsa were of the Teutonic
race, brave and hardy, but barbarous and idolatrous.
Having conquered the Britons, they effaced all
traces of Roman civilization, destroyed the Christian
churches, and, by centuries of warfare among them-
selves, reduced the country to its primitive savage

SAXON« AND DANES.

State. But Christianity, introduced once more by
St. Augustine, who came to En-land at tlie com-
mand of Pope Gregory, soon softened their fierce
and cruel nature and made them just and religious
Monasteries were l)uilt tlnoughout the inland and be-
came institutions of learning. The Saxons, apt to im-
prove under able teachers, soon learned from the monks
how to build good houses, to drain and cultivate the
lands, and many other useful arts. For more than a
century after the lauding of 8t. Augustine, the Saxons
steaddy advanced in civilization and prosperity • but
the dissensions of the kings and the incui-sions of the
Danes disturbed this happy state and brought the
country to the verge of ruin, from which it was rescued
only by the genius and wisdom of such kings as Alfred
the Great and Edwaitl the Confessor. Slavery was a
wide-spread institution among the Saxons, but its evils
were greatly mitigated l)y the influence of the Church.
A custom corresponding to the Feudal Svstem also ex-
isted, but in a very patriarchal fornj. The free popu-
lation was divided into H>rl or noble, and ceorl or igno-
ble—the king occupying- the tii-st place. The obHga-
tions existing between the loi-d and the vassal were
mutual : the vassal served the lord, and the lord pro-
tected the vassal. Tlie king was assisted in his gov-
ernment by a council or parliament called the AVite-
nagemote (Assembly of the AVise), comijosed of repre-
sentatives of the nobles and the clergy. During the

ENGLISH HISTORY.

Saxon period, Norman architectAire, organs, clocks, and
paper were introduced into England. Angles and
Saxons both spoke the same language, which they called
Enqlish; but the former became the more powerful
tribe and gave tlieir name to the whole country—
Angle-land, hence England.

EMINENT PERSONS.

Gildas, sumamed "the Wise;" a monk and a native of
Wales ; he was the first British historian, and wrote an account
of tlie Saxon conquest ; he died in 570.

Caedmon, a monk ; he was the first Anglo-Saxon poet, and
wrote the "Paraphrase/' a poetic history of the Creation and

Fall ; he died in 680. , ^ .^

St. Aldhelm, Abboc of Malmesbury ; he was the fii-st Eng-
lishman that wrote Latin poetry ; he died about 709.

St Bede called "the Venemble Bede ;" a priest famed tor
his learning' and sanctity; he was the first English historian,
and wrote " Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, the
most trustworthy authority in that early period ; he died in /35.
Alcuin, Abbot of St. Martin of Tours, and one of the most
learned men of his age ; he was tutor to Charlemagne, Ku.g of
France ; he died in 804.

Asset, a learned monk and King Alfred's tutor ; he wrote
" Life of Alfred the Great ;" he died in 909.

St Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury and Archbishop ot Can-
terbury was one of the ablest ecclesiastics and statesmen of his
time. For forty yeai-s, comprising the reigns of Athelstan's suc-
cessors, Edmund, Edred, Edwy, Edgar, and Edwar^l the Mar-
tyr he admi- istered the affaii^ of the kingdom with consum-
mate ability nd success. He was a stern disciplinanan wher-

SAXONS AND DANES.

ever he held suthority ; he rei.rovecl even kings for their licen-
tiousness, and forced King Edgar to do puMic ixjnance for scan-
dalous conduct ; he reformed ecclesiastical discipline, and nobly
preserved the rights and dignity of the Church in Englan.l ; he
promote.1 learning and piety l)y his own example, hy the erection
of many monasteries and by the intro<luction of the learned Bene-
dictine Order of mo.iks. All this time he was a ,nan of prayer
and study, fulfille.l his sacerdotal duties with assiduitv and
devotion, ministered to the wants of the poor, and regularly
preached the Word of God until the day of his death, 988. He
had royal blood in his veins, and was undoubtedly the grandest
character in Anglo-Saxon England.

Among other eminei.t persons were St. Aidan and St.
Cuthbert, the former an Irish missionary to Northumbria, and
the latter a bishop in the same kingdom. Both lived in the
seventh century, and did much to improve the condition and
elevate the morals of the i>eople.

CHIEF DATES OF THE SAXON PERIOD.

Landing of the Saxons 449

Heptarchy established 53.2

Christianity re-introduced 593

Egbert, king of all Saxon England 827

Reign of Alfred the Great .! 870-901.

Era of St Dunstan.

.948-988.

Canute, Danish king jqj^

Edward the Confessor 1042,

CHAPTER III.

THE NORMAN LINE.

A. D. 1006 TO 1154.

LEADING FEATURES.— The Feudal System.— Ornsadet—InTMt*
itures.— Ciril Wars.— Rise of Baronial Power.

William I. (the Conqueror), 1066 to 1087 : the
ablest ruler and warrior of his time and remarkable
for great physical strength. He is at first mild and
just, but soon becomes stern and cruel towards all
classes of his subjects ; dispossesses the Saxon nobles
and prelates, and substitutes Xormans ; establishes the
Feudal System — paying rent of land by military ser-
vice, instead of money — (see p. 18) ; compiles the
Doomsday-book containing an account of every estate
in England ; destroys sixty villages to make himself a
hunting-ground, called the Xew Forest ; establishes the
Curfew, a bell rung at eight o'clock every night, warn-
ing the Saxons to put out their lights ; makes Norman-
French the legal language, and establishes the Great
Council, in place of the AVitenagemot. He dies from
injuries received while besieging a town in France,
leaving Normandy to his eldest son Robert, and Eng-
land to his second son "William.

THE NORMAN LINE.

M.— Invest*

)87: the
markable
mild and
wards all
)n nobles
lishes the
litary ser-
piles the
Bry estate
himself a
lishes the
;ht, warn-
Norman-
;he Great
lies from
1 France,
and Eng-

William II. (Rufus), 1087 to 1100: vicious, tyran-
nical, and cruel. He aci^uires Normandy by mortgage
from his brother Ro])ert, who goes with the Firet Cm.
sade(seep. 19); builds "Westminster Hall ; quarrels with
the Church about Investitures — appointing bishoi)s to
vacant sees ; is killed M'hile hunting in New Forest.

Henry I. (Beauclepc), 1100 to 1135, (third son of
the Conipieror) : energetic, cunning, avaricious, dos))otic.
He seizes the treasure and crown of England, to the
exclusion of Kobert, the rightful lieir ; marries Matilda,
daughter of the Scottish king, and niece of Edgar Atli-
eling, heir of Edward the Confessor, thus uniting the
Norman and Saxon lines ; invades Normandy, defeats
and caj^tures Robert at Tenchebrai, and imprisons him
at Cardiff Castle, where he dies twenty-eight years after.
Henry revives the question of Investitures, but is suc-
cessfully opposed by St. Anselm. He signs a Charter
granting certain rights to the people ; establishes the
Exchequer court for collecting the revenue, and appoints
judges to travel on circuit. He loses his only son Will-
iam, who is drowned while crossing from Normandy, and
dies of a fever, leaving his daughter Maud, wife of Geof-
frey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, heir to the throne.

Stephen, 1135 to 1154: son of Stephen, Count of
Blois, and Adela, daughter of the Conqueror, claims the
crown, in opposition to Maud, or Matilda, who engages
him in a long and desultory war. His barons defeat
King David of Scotland, supporter of Maud, at Nortlial-

ENCIMHU HISTOUY.

Icrtou (Kattio of the Stand»nl). It .. fina y armngc J
treaty that, at his death, the crown shall go to H ur>,
Maud's so; by Geoffrey Plantagenet. Stephen allows
the harons many i«n»rtant privileges. He was a ,o U
and generous prince ; hut his reign was one of turbu-
lence and misery.

GEKEALOOY OF THE NORMAN KINGS.
William I., the Conquerob.

Roltert,
Duke of Normandy.

~ 71 H..ii'iv T A<lela,

William II. Hi'iu> 1. married

Maud, Count of lllois.

married i

Geoffrey Plantagenet. btepnen.

Henry II.

England under the Nomians.-Tl>e Norn-.an kings
and nobles, though .emarkable for exfuordmary b..v.
erv and warlike skill, were severe, stern, and despotic
ru ers, keeping down by force and frequently opp-ss-
™ « eir Saxon subjects-the mass of the iK.,«,lat.on
'^^e Normans were great architects. They bud^ U
™nd churches and massive castles, and hved u the
best style the age could afford. The peasantry of the
toe- hose by whom the land was cult vated-we^
llled »«:/i or .«,«, attached to the land, and a no^
the nro,»rtv of their lorfs. Their houses and fumi-
1' X of the poorest kind. Although this was
Iperiod of warfare, bloodshed, and suffering, pe-ice-
f„ a"ts were not entirely neglected. Learnmg was

THE NORMAX LINE.

rranged hy

to Henry,

hen allows

was a boUl

of turbu-

A<lela,

married

Count of Blois.

Stephen.

)riiian kings
dinary brav-
mcl despotic
ntly oppress-
3 population,
iiey built up
lived in the
santry of the
ivated— were
i, and almost
es and furni-
ugh this was
afering, peace-
Learning was

kept alive by such renowned scholars as Unhanc
and St. Anselni, and by tlie encouragement given t(»
literary worth by Henry I. and his queen Xfaud
Schools opened by a few monks at Cheltenham laid the
foundation of Cambridge Tnivorsity. Cloth weavin-
was established in the west of England by Flemish
imuugmnts, and agriculture was fostenxl all over the
country by the monks. Kveu th(, warlike tiistes <,f the
Nonnan lords produced gocd effects. They encoura-ed
many mechanical trades, such as those of the smith
and the miller, an<l built villages and towns around
their castles.

What the Church did fop the People.-She was

ever the friend of the masses-improving their condi-
tion not only by her divine teachings, but also by the
practical work of her numerous institutions of learn-
ing, piety, and benevolence; and always exercisinc.
her power in favor of the oppressed against tyrannical
oppression. Siie emancipated the slaves,- or made
their l>«rdens bearable. Wlule inculcating the princi-
ples of obedience and respect for authority, she taught
the people that they had rights and i,rivileges consist-
ent with the dignity of manluxxl, and she more than
once forced haughty lonls and kings to bow to the
just demands of the people. In this military age, she
did much CO mitigate the horrors of war. She estab-
lished the Treu:/a Dei, which i>rohibited warfare of all
kinds during the holy seasons of I^nt and Advent

ENGLISH HIKTOKY.

a,„l, during the i^st of th. year, tvom every We.l..es.
J..y evening until the following Mon.lay morning
Under her influence was founde.1 the cele ..-at,.,
institntion of Chivalry, e„m,.os.Ml of n.any on -rs of
noble knights, whose .U.ties wre: t.. succor the .hs-
tressed, to defen.l the helpless, to pn.tect rehgion, to
be n,erciful and courteous even to their enemies, and
U, keep faith ■ .ith CVxl and nmn Such are « few
«xa„.ples of the work .lone by the Church for t .
pe,.ple, during that eventful peri«l called the M.d.Ue

The Feudal System. -This famous civd and yM-
ieal institution of Euroi«, during the Middle Ages w.«
eBtahlished in England in Its full n.aturity by WiUmm
the Con,iueror. Tl.e fun.lamenfcd prmcple of the
system was that all the lands in the kingdom were
held fron. the crown and were originally granted by the
kin., to his princiH followers, who, in consideration
„f such grants, bound themselves merely t<, render the
king military service when required. Those to whom
thete grants were made, again parcelled out the.r estates
«n similar terms to their dependants, who were called
their feudatories, or vassals, as they themselves were
called the vassals of the king. The feudal system was
in keeping with the military spirit of the age, and,
though well calculated for defence, was defective in its
provisions for the interior order of society ; because, as
every feudal kingdom was thus composed of a mmber

THE NOKMAN MXE.

of in.I(.|K.iul(Mit cliir.ftains, with no oth(M' hoiul bctwoon
tli.'iu tlmii tlie obligiitiou of rencU'iin- one l,ea<l chief
military service in liis wars, tlie conse-iuences were elis-
or.!, turl)uJence, and war. The causes that contrib-
uted to its <lecline in Europe were the Crusa(U's, the
extension of commerce, and tlie rise of cities. The
wholesale destruction of tlie nobles in tlie Wars of the
Roses, and the ,.olicy of Henry VII. in limiting the
number of each noble s retainers, virtually terminated
its existence in En«,dand.

The Crusades (lOOr, to 1272) were ^p.ilitary expe-
ditions under the banner of the Cross, undertaken by
the princes of AVestern Europe to <leliver the Holy
Liind from the Mahometans who were i)ersecutin<,' resi-
dent Christians and i)il;;qims, and desecrating places
hallowed by the sufferings of ,mr Redeemer. There
were eight of these expeditions in all : but, from a
military view-point, the first was the most imj.ortant,
as being the only one that fully achieved its objects.'
The ftrst Crusade was conducted chiefly by Godfrey,
Duke of Boulogne, a knight equally renowned for his
Christian virtues and military prowess. Under him
the Crusaders won victory after victory over the Sara-
cens, and hnally brought the Crusade' to a successful
issue by the capture of Jerusalem and the crowning of
Duke Godfrey as its first Christian king, A. D. 1099.
The next in importance was the Third Crusade, which
was undertaken at a time when Saladin, the famous

BXGIJSU HISTORY.

Saracen sultan, had tak.-n J.rusahmi and nearly al
Palestine from the Ginistians. En;.'lan.l, France, and
(Jcnnanv took part in this Crusaae, with Richard I.
of En-lan.l as its most distin-uished leader. Lhe
Crusa<rers made a -ood he^,nnning, but, owing to dis-
sensions among their leaders, they were forced to
abandon the enterprise., with their object only half
achieved The other Crusa.les were, in a nulitary
sense, unsuccessful ; and the Mahometans gradually
rejfMued their oppressive sway over all Palestine
The benefits M the Crusades were innumerable, and
nir.iiy of them can be felt even at the present day.
They saved Europe from being overrun by Eastern
harbarians ; promoted concord among Christian pnnces
by uniting them against the <:ommon enemy ; relieved
the Feudal System of many <>f its imn'esf^ixe features ;
„,ade travelling more easy and secure; awakened a
spirit of enterprise ; improved navigation ; gave facili-
ties to comm.ire ; and by sustaining communication
with (ireece and Syria materially assisted in the spread
of literature, art, and science. France took the lead-
incr place in the Crusades ; but England was well
represented-in the first, by Robert, eldest son of the
Conqueror ; in the third, by Richard I., and m the
last, by Prince L -vvod, afterwards Edward I.

THE XOFJMAX LINE.

EMINENT MEN.

Lanfranc, Arohl.i.sl.oi. of .\,uu.rl.ury i„ the i-eigi, of William
the ConqiUTor, .^ ho n..,K...:io.l hun lor his ,,ioty, ability, a,»l
groat literary att,iinii...i,ts. an.l ufti-i. cntruste.! him with the
direction of the alFairs „f staf. Lanfrai.c iiuprove.! the .lisei-
pluie of th. ,aoua.stic- l.u.lies, estahlishe.l .schools, eonvents,
and hospitals, Inult chunhe.s a,i,l eathe.lrals, an.l wrote many
loarne.1 works. Willie,.. Kufus also «ave Imu the n.anagen.ent
of public affairs, and he wius the only one who was able to con-
trol the fierce passions of the Red King. He died in 1089.

St. Anselm, Doctor of the Church, and Archbishoi) of Canter-
bury, hved in the reigns of William II. and Henry I., with whom
he ha.l several disputes on the 4uestion of lavcstit.rrc,. They
lol owing the e.xan.ple of other EuroiK..an monarchs, claimed th^
right to api»oint bishops to vacant sees, and to confer on them
the power of exercising their episcopal authority. St. Anselm
knowing that a bishop, as a bishop, holds his office from (Jod'
and that the Pope, as Vicar of Christ, can alone give him th^
authonty to discharge his spiritual duties, firmly and steadily-
refused to acknowledge the king's jurisdiction in the matte;.
He was exile.l and otherwise iH;r.secute.l by both William and
Henry but he never wavered for an instant in his heroic ,le-
fence of the rights of the Church. Henry at last yielded, gave
up his c ain to the ri.,^ht of making investitures, and restored
• ■ Anselm -, Lis archl-shopric. He was beloved by the peo-
ple, not only for his great piety and learning, but also for his
bmve and successful resistance to tyiannical assumption. As a
religious philosopher, he had no superior in the age in which
he lived, and, on that account, he has k-en , ailed "the AuLnis-
tine of the Middle Ages. " He died in 1 109.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, a luonk ; he wrote "History of
the Britons," containing the story of Arthur and the Knights
01 the Round Table ; he died in 1080.

■■■*^

22 ENGLISH HISTORY.

William of Malmcsbury, a monk and lustorian-caiof..l
ana exact in his writings ; he wrote "History of the Enghsh
Kings ;" he died in 1138. . t i inin

Ingulphus, a n.onk and historian; born in London 1030.
He was a favored scholar in the court of Edward the Confessor,
and became secretary to William I., in whose reign he was ap-
iwinted Abbot of Croyland. He died ui 1109.

CHIEF DATES OF THE NORMAN PERIOD.

Battle of Hastings J066.

Feudal System (established) 1085.

First Crusade J^^^'

Battle of the Standard l^^*-

CHAPTER IV.
HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, OR ANJOU.

A. D. 1154 TO 1399.

LEADING rEATTJRES—Fusion of the rival races, Saxon and
Norman.-Baronial power reaches its height and begins to de-
cline.-Rise of civil liberty and commerce.-England becomes a
great military nation.

Henry II., 1154 to 1189: an able and powerful
monarch, but vicious and deceitful ; the ruler of f:n<'-
land and about one-third of the French monarchy
He invades Ireland, but with very i)artial success (see
p. 30). He causes the enactment of the " Constitutions
of Clarendon," designed to make the Church subject
to the crown. St. Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of
Canterbury, the greatest man of his day, boldly and
successfully opposes the king in this measure, and,
in consequence, is murdered, at the instigation of
Henry. Henry, however, does j)ublic penance at th«
tomb of the great archbishop, the champion of religious
liberty. Charters are granted to towns, and the courts
of Assize and the King's Ueneh established. Henry
dies of a broken heart, caused by the rebellions of his
sons — Henry, Richard, (Jeotfrey, and John. Only
Eicliard and John survive him.

ENGLISH HISTORY.

Richard I. (Cobup de Lion), 1189 to 1199 : roman-
tic, courageous, siiul passionate. He engages in the
Third Crusade and wins sev(^ral victories over the Sul-
tan Saladin. On his way home from Palestine, he is
imprisoned by the Archduke of Austria, but is soon
after ransomed by his subjects. Ho severely persecutes
the Jews and imposes heiivy taxes on the people. He
is killed, while besieging tlie castle of Chaluz, in France.
John (Lackland), 1199 to 1216: cowardly, treach-
erous, cruel. He is ssiid to have murdered his nephew
Arthur (son of Geoffrey and rightful heir to the crown),
and in consequence is forced to fly from France by
Philip II., who confiscates all his possessions on the
continent. John quarrels with the Pope (Innocent
III.) about the appointment of Stephen Langton, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury ; commits various acts of tyranny
against all classes of his subjects ; seizes Church prop-
erty, and threjitens the general expulsion of the clergy
from England. The Pope excommunicates him, and
places England under an Interdict by which all offices
of the Church cease tliroughout the land. The king
finally submits, and swears to make restitution to all
whom he wronged, to abolish all illegal customs, and
to revive the laws of Edward the Confessor ; but he
fails to keep his promises, and so exasj>erates his sub*
jects by his perfidy, that the barons, headed by Arch-
bishop Langton, rise against him. and force him to sign
the Magna Charta (1215), securing important rights

HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, OR ANJOU.

and privileges to every onler of men in tlie kingilonj.*
Thus did Arclibishop Langton and the Catholic barons
of England wring from' a tyrannical king the founda-
tion upon which tlie liberties of tlie English people
have ever since rested. In a war with France the
English are defeated at Bouvines, 1214. The kin^'
again jn-oves faithless ; and the barons, as a last resort,
offer the crown to Louis, son of the French king, who
accepts, w'uhn niarclies to oppose him, but dies of a
fever on the way.

Henry III. (son of John), 1216 to 1272 : a good Imt
weak monarch, becomes king at tlie age of nine, with
the Earl of Pembroke as Protec;tor. Tiie barons turn
their arms against Prince Louis, and expel him. The
king loses the esteem of his subjects by attaching liim-
self to foreign favorites and by refusing to abide by
the Provisions of Oxford— rules drawn up in 1258 to
control the royal power. The barons,. led by Simon de
Montfort, Earl of Leicester, defeat an<i capture the
king at Lewes (1264). Montfort summons a council.

* Ttie princliml article-i -/ Mag a ('/i«/<ft .--Tlie Church was to be free
and to enjoy her lilHTties ol' clt -tioii ; no rccmfin was to !« arrested, out-
lawed, or otherwise punislie.l, but ))y the judgment of his peers ; no heiress
was to be given in marriage against lier will ; freemen were to be fined only
according to their offenses ; justice was to Iw no longer sold, and the courts
were no longer to follow the king, but Iw made stationary ; no subsidies
were to Ihj levied, except in certain cases, witliont tlie consent of the
council ; cities and towns weie to preserve their privileges; no man was
to be tried on mere suspicion, but on the oath of witnesses ; the privileges
enjoyed by the king's vassals were also granted to inferior vassals. Bonds-
men alone were- cxchide<l from the iH-nefits of Magiui Charta. The king
was not to levy money witiiout the consent of the Great Council.

ENGLISH HISTORY.

not only of nobles, but also of representatives of cities
and boroughs (first House of Commons, see p. 80).
Montfort's great power rouses the jealousy of the bar-
ons, who, making Edward (Henry's son) their leader,
defeat and slay Montfort at Evesham, and restore
Henry (1265). Prince Edward goes with the last
Crusade, but returns on hearing of his father's death.

Edward J. (Longshanks), 1272 to 1307 : sagacious,
warlike, enter[)rising, arbitrary. He confirms the Magna
Charta, and frames a wise and liberal code of laws ;
conquers Wales * and Scotland (see \). 33) ; severely
taxes liis people to raise money to carry on his wars,
btit chiefly tlirough the efforts of Archbishop Winchel-
sey, a true patriot to whom posterity owes a debt of
gratitude, the king at last agrees that no tax be levietl
without the consent of the Parliament. He dies, while
marching to suppress a rebellion of the Scots ; is suc-
ceeded by his son Edward.

Edward II., 1307 to 1327 : weak and effeminate.
He marries Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. of France ;
allows himself to l)e ruled l)y foreign favorites, and
rouses the anger of his nobles. He is shamefully de-
feated by the Scots under King Robert Bruce at Ban-

• Wales, the dwelling-place of the remnant of the ancient Britons, had
hitherto resisted all attempts at subjugation. In the reign of Llewellyn,
Prince of Wales, Edwanl I. determined to comiuer it (1279). After a des-
perate struggle of five years, Llewellyn was slain and his brother David
captiired, and the independence of Wales ceased. Since then, the eldest
soti of the Eiiglish sovereign has held the title of Prince of Wales.

HOUSE OF PLANT AGEXET, OH AN'JOU.

nockburn, 1314 ; is deposed by the Parliiunciit, iuipris-
oiied, and cruelly put to death, at the iiisti«ratioii of his
Queen Isabella. His son Edward is declared kin<^

Edward III., 1327 to 1377 : an able <,'eneral and an
accomplished prince, l)ut an impolitic ruler. He in»-
prisons his mother Isabella for her cruelties to his
father; defeats the; Scots at Halidon Hill, but soon
after acknowledges the indei)endence of Scotland;
claims the French throne in right of his mother ; in-
vades France, wins the great victory of Crecy, 1346,
and takes Calais. The Black Plague interrupts the
war for a time. His Queen Philii)pa defeats and capt-
ures the Scottish king, David Bruce, at Neville's Cross,
1346. His son, the lUack Prince, «lefeats the French
at Poictiers and captures King John, 1356. Bertrand
du Guesclin, a celel)rated French general, gradually re-
covers nearly all the conquered territorv from tlie En<^-
Iisli. The efforts of Pope Clement Vl. finally produce
peace. The Treaty of Bretigny, l)y whicli Edward re.
nounces his claim to .the French crown, is signed, 1360.
In this and in the succeeding reign, John Wycklitfe,
impelled by feelings of wounded vanity, and irritation
against his superiors, begins to preach strange and he-
retical doctrines, which do not, however, take any hold
upon the people. They were, nevertheless, the cause
of serious disturbances. Tiie Black Prince dies in 1376.
English becomes the legal language.

Richard II. (son of the Black Prince), 1377 to 1399 :

ENGLISH HISTOHY.

a learned, vain, and arbitrary prince, Ix^comes king, at
the age of eleven, under the guardianship of his uncles,
the Dukes of Lancaster, York, and Gloucester. A re-
bellion of the peasantry under Wat Tyler, owing to the
levying of a tax of one shilling on every person over
fifteen, and to the passage of the Statute of Laborers
n^hich required laborers to work for low wages, is su|>-
pressed by the king's address. Richard banishes his
cousin, Henry Bolingbroke (son of Duke of Lancaster).
Henry soon returns with a large army, dethrones
Richard, and becomes king. Richard is imprisoned in
Pontefract Castle and is soon after murtlered. Wyck-
lifFe recants his erroneous doctrines. The English under
Lord Percy are defeated by the Scots under Earl
Douglas at Chevy Chase or Otterburn, 1388.

GENEALOGY OP THE PLANTAGENET LINE.

Henry II.

Henry,
(lied befiire
his father.

Richard I.

GeDffrey.

Arthur,
murdered.

John.

Henry III.

I
Edward I.

I
Edward II,

Edward III.

Edward, the
Black Priiice.

BichaM II.

HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, OR ANJOU.

Idward II.

I
dw-ard III.

Condition of England during the Plantagenet
Period.— This is ono of tho most iiuportant periods
in Euglisli history. The iiiflueiico of the Church, in-
culcating Clnistian principles and indicating the ad-
vantages of a united nation, softened tlie animosities
existing between Saxons and Normans; and the
French wars, by developing a national spirit, com-
pleted the amalgamation of the rival races. Another
good effect of the- wars of this jieriod was the increase
of popular lilwrty ; because every grant of money made
tc the kings to pay their military expenses was ac-
companied by a demand from the people for additions
to the rights and privileges already secured by Magna
Charta. Nor was war the only business of the age.
The progress of learning was stinndated ])y the laljors
of the sons of 8t. Dominic and 8t. Francis ; manu-
factures, commerce, and shipping made rapid advances,
and the industrial cLisses became more numerous and
prosperous. Through the influence of the Church
thousands of slaves were annually set free, and hospi-
tals founded for the beneHt of the poor and the sick.
Architecture fostered by the clergy reached a high
state of excellence, and towards the end of this period
English literature )>egan to flourish. Many useful in-
ventions also characterize this era: oil-painting, dis-
covery of coal, use of chimneys, candles, gunpowder,
cannon (tti-st used at the battle of Crecy), and the magic
lantern, nearly all the results of the labors of the

ENGLISH HISTORY.

monks. Towns increased in strength and importance,
and the condition of tlie agricultural classes was niucij
inijtroved by their l)eing allowed to n-nt the land, in-
stead of working it as the men? serfs of their feudal
masters.

Ireland. — Ireland — called hy the natives Erin ; by
the Romans, Hibernia — was, like most of the nations
of western Euro[)e, anciently peopled by the Celts, a
brave, generous, liberty-loving race. It was divided
into five kingdoms — Ulster, Leinster, Munster, Con-
naught, and Meath — the King of M(iath generally ex-
ercising th(^ authority of chief king. Like their rela-
tives in Britain, the ancient Irish were Druidic pagans
and fond of war ; but, unlike the Britons, the Irish,
though enterprising, never came in contact with the
coiitpiering legions of pagan Rome. But in the fifth
centurv the reli<aous w^elfare of the Irish became an
object of solicitude to Christian Rome, and Pope
Celestine, in 432, entrusted their conversion to St. Pat-
rick, a native of (Jaul. This great apostle successfully
accomplished his mission, and then the glories of Ire-
land began. For centuries she excelled the rest of
Christendom in learning and sanctity, and her scholars
and saints became the teachers and evangelizers of
western Europe. In the ninth century, the savage
Danes began their forays, and for nearly three hundred
years a desperate oonflict, fatal to Irish prosperity, con-
tinued, until the year 1014, wlien at the battle of

HOUSE OF PLANTA(4ENET, OR ANJOU.

>ortan('»5,
as nnu'li
laiul, in-
ir fi'udiil

'^rin ; by
nations
Celts, a
divided
;er, Con-
rally ex-
leir relrt-
c pagans
le Irish,
kvith the
the fifth
came an
id l*ope
. St. Pat-
cessfully
s of Ire-
; rest of
scholars
lizers of
3 sjivage
liundred
I'ity, con-
battle of

Cloiitarf the celebrated Irish king, Ihian Uorii, with
OIK! tremendous blow crushed the power of the Danes
forever. Scarcely was Ireland freed from on(; enemy,
when another and more jxirsistent foe ai)])eared.
Abi.ut the middle of tlie twelfth century, McMunough,
King of Leinster, expelled from Ireland for disgracefid
conduct by the monarch Roderick O'Connor, in revfjnge
sought the aid of Henry II., King of Kngland, who
agreed to give k. Accordingly, Stronglxjw, i:arl of
Pembfoke, in 1169, and Henry himself, in 1171, lamh'd
in Ireland, took iK)s.session of I)u])lin, and received the
nominal submission of a few princes. Jinf Iiehtnd
was not roiiquf^ml then. For live hundred years th«;
Irish maintained a series of struggles against the over-
whehning jwwer of England, so determined antl des-
perate, that more than once the rule <tf the invadei- was
all but overthrown. During that period, the majority
of the Irish chieftains, including the princely houses of
O'Brian, O'Connor, O'Neill, McCarthy, and McMur-
rough, retained their independence, and had they but
acted in concert against the connnon enemy, their
country might have been free. In the sixteenth cent-
ury England became Protestant; Ireland remained
Catholic, and for her fidelity to the ancient Faith was
bitterly i>ersecuted wherever English sway prevailed,
i^ueen Elizabeth and her successors enacted laws that
robbed t!ie Catholics of Ireland of their property,
excluded them from office, deprived them of their

ENGLISH HI8TORV,

churches, outlawed tlieir pri(;sts, and forbade them
under severe penalties to echicate their cliildren, or
practice the exercises of th<.'ir r<'ligi(»n. And tliu.s the
story of Irehuid reads " throuj^'ii a^^es of bonda<j[e and
slaughter." In the reign of Klizalx'th, the brave
chieftains of Ulster math; a gallant attempt to obtain
civil and religious liberty, but failed. As a penalty.
King -James I. confiscated the greater part of that
province and colonized it with his needy subjects of
Britain — aliens to the Irish in creed and race. Under
the lash of the p(;nal laws, the Irish chieftains in the
reign of Charles I. again took up arms ; l)ut, whatever
.vere the prospects of success that appeared from their
first ettbrts, they were tpiickly dissipated in blood,
ruin, and conriscation by the brutal armies of the regi-
cide Cromwell. Forty years after, hoping tliat the
Stuarts, in spite of their per.idy in the past, would yet
grant them some measure of justice, the Irish people
espoused the cause of the exiled James II. ; but the
English, under their new king, William III., with all
the resources of a ])owerful and wealthy nation, once
more overmn Ireland, made fresh confiscations of its
lands, and completely crushed its military strength.
Irelanil was now conquered, hut not tuibdiied. For
more than a century after this, the penal laws were
cruelly and mercilessly enforced. Then England,
ashamed of her own tyranny, foiled in all her efforts to
apostatize the nation, and overawed by the unconquer-

HOUHE OF PLANTA«iKXJiT, <»U AX.JOU.

lo them
Idreii, or
thus the
lji<j[e ami
le brav(^

obtain
penalty,
< )f that

)jeets of

Under
is in the
vliatever
oni their

1 blood,
the regi-
tliat the
ould yet
1 people
but the
with all
on, once
IS of its
strength.
d. For
ws were
England,
efforts to
conquer-

able 8j)irit of independence ever manifested by the
Irish pcoi)le, began to relax hef severity. In 1782,
the repeal of IV.ynings' Law (pas.sed in\he resign of
Henry VII.), reliove.l the Irish legislature from sul)-
jection to the British l»arliament, and was the hrst evi-
dence of returning free<lom. A treacherous govern-
n.( nt in a few years cancelled this re])eal, and caused
the exasperated j.eople to j.lunge into a disa.strous
rebellion, in 1798. This rebellion was used by the
British government as an excuses for wiping the Irish
parliament out of existence— an event which was ef-
fected in 1800, by corrui)tion an<l intimidation. Never-
theless, it was evident tliat the darkest days of Ireland
had passed. As the nineteenth century advanced,
"liberal measures "—really, acts of restitution— froni
time to time passed th(^ British Parliament, and most
of the penal laws were— under pressure— rei>ealed.
Xow,the mass of the Irish rK>ople, free in the enjoy-
ment of their holy religion— heritage of St. Patrick—
for which they suffered for centuries, and jwssessed of
a portion of civil rights and privileges, are earnestly
watching and working for that not distant day when
will be realized the great national wish— the legislative
independence of Ireland. (See page 103.)

Scotland.— The brave and hardy inhabitants of
Caledonia (Scotland), who gave so much trouble to the
Britons and their Roman masters, were of the Celtic
race. In the fifth century, they were forced into tlie

EN(JLISII HIHTOHY.

nortlieni ilistricts by the Anglo-Suxons who took pos-
session of the (.'ouiitry south of tlio Cly»U>. In the fol-
lowing tciitury, a colony from Ireliunl, also called
Scots, con([iun'e(l the western i)art of the island, at the
same time introducing Christianity. The new-comers
in time hecanu; the dominant race, and in the ninth
century their king, Kenneth II., became ruler of all
Scotland. After him there were fifteen kings in regu-
lar succession to the time of Duncan, in 1040, when
tliat monarch was assassinated by his cousin Macbeth,
who usurped the thnme for Hfteen years. JMalcolm III.,
son of Duncan, then became king, and his descendants
occupied the throne until the death of Alexander III.,
in 1295, when the royal line became extinct. In the
disputes that followed among rival claimants, Edward I.
of England Avas chosen umi)ire, and he decided in favor
of John Baliol, a weak and timid prince, who swore
fealty to the English king. But the Scottish nobles
soon forced Baliol to renounce his allegiance to England.
Edward promi)tly marched an army into Scotland,
routed the Scots at Dunbar, and brought the kingdom
to his feet. The Scottish hero, William Wallace, then
ai)peared, and by his skill and daring well nigh deliv-
ered his country from the English yoke. He was, at
last, defeated at Falkirk, betrayed into Edward's hands,
and barbarously put to death. The Scots again re-
volted, chose Robert Bruce for their king, won the
great victory of Bannockburn, 1314, and finally

H0U8E OF PLAXTA(}ENEr, uh AX.JoU.

3r>

achieved tlieir independence. After this, Scotland
waged many wars with Enghmd, with varying succeHH.
She sustained her most disastrous defeat at Flothlen
Field, in ir)U, wlien her king, James IV., and 10,000
of her best men were slain. Tiie celebrated, hut un
fortunate, House of Stuart— nine members of which
ruled Scotland — began with Robert II., in 1370.
James IV. married Margaret, daughter of Henry VII.
of England,— an event which led to the union of the
English and Scottish crowns in the person of Jame.«
VI., on the death of Queen Elizabeth, in 1603. In t!ie
reign of Mary, the beautiful and accomplished Q.umm.
of Scots, mother of Jaux.s VI., the " Reformation '^
broke out, and Scotland, the mother of so many great
Catholic saints, and a nation whose noblest deeds were
done in Catholic times, became Protestant. ]Maiy, re-
fusing to accept the new religion, was driven from'her
tlirone by her intolemnt sulyects, and forced to seek
refuge from her cousin Elizabeth, who treacherously
miprisoned her and afterwards put her to death. The
parliamentary union of England and Scotland took
place in 1706, and since, that period the history of
Scotland has become merged in that of England.

EMINENT PERSONS.

St. Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the
reign of Henry II. He was one of the most extraor.Hnary men
of his time, and rose to that exalted position through the forct^

ENGIJSH HISTORY.

of liis own j^rcat abilities. For many years he enjoyed the
king's favoi', hut venturing to oppose tlie 'pas-sage of the "Con-
stitutions of Clarendon," designed to make the Church the mere
tool of the monaroh, he earned Henry's bitterest ennuty. St.
Thomas was banished and his pro])erty confiscated by the king,
who even saw fit to work vengeance on all the known friends of
the archbishop. The i>eoplc esi>ov.sed the cause of St. Thomas,
always their friend and benefactor ; the Tope sui)ix)rted the
illustrious prelate in his hard struggle for the rights of the
Church, and denounced Henry's arbitrary conduct. In con-
scijuence, the king was at last forced to restore the arch-
bishop to his see. But the defeated monarch lost none of his
animosity. He openly expres.sed a desire to be rid of the brave
opponent of his tyranny, and one winter's evening four of his
knights entered the chapel at Canterbury and murdered the
archbishop in his own sanctuary. This event shocked not only
England, but all Europe, strengthened the cause for which
Becket had fought, and completely crushed Henry's power and
influence. During life, the archbishop was remarkable for his
piety, abstemiousness, and benevolence ; and after his death,
many miracles were wrought at his tomb.

Nicholas Breakspere, became Pope in 1154 under the title
of Adrian IV. ; he was the only English)nan who ever rose to
the position of Sovereign Pontiff; he died in 1159.

Stephen Lang^on, Archbishop of Canterbury in the reign
of John, was chiefly instrumental in forcing that king to sign
Magna Charta. He was patriotic, pious, and learned ; died in
1228.

Roger Bacon, a Franciscan monk and profound scholar ;
he was the most wonderful scientific genius of his time. He
invented gunpowder and the magic lantern, and, in his writ-
ings, anticipated the telescoiie and other optical instruments.
He died in 1292.

HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, OK ANJOU.

Geoffrey Chaucer, called " the Father of English Poetry ;"
lie was the first great writer of English verse, and is classed
among the abh^st poets of the Middle Ages. "The Canterburv
Tales" is his greatest work. He died in 1400.

John Gower, contenii.orary with Chaucer and a gentleman
of fortune, was, in his time, second only to Chaucer as a writer
of poetry ; he died in 1402.

Other great men of this period were : Simon de Montfort
already alluded to ; Edward the Black Prince, son of Ed'
ward III., and greatest general of his time ; Matthew Paris
monk, great historian ; Sir John Mandeville, famous trav'
eller ; first English prose-writer ; died in 1372.

CHIEF DATES OF THE PLANTAGENET PERIOD.

Invasion of Ireland 1171

Third Crusade hqq

Magna Charta signed 1215.

Conquest of Wales i282

Conquest of Scotland 1305.

Battle of Baunockburn 1314,

Battle of Crecy 134^

Battle of Poictiers 1356.

Treaty of Bretigny 1360.

Rebellion of Wat Tyler 138I.

CHAPTER V.
HOUSES OF LANCASTER ANDT YORK.

A. D. 1399 TO 1485.

XEADING FEATURES Rise and Fall of English Power in

France Wars of the Roses.— Overthrow cf the Feudal System.

— Rise of the " New Monarchy." ,

Henry IV., 1399 to 1413 : tlie first Lancastrian,
able antl brave, but ambitious and unscrupulous. His
nobles, lookin<( on him as a usurper, raise several rebel-
lions. Earl Percy of Xortliumberland, Owen Glendower
— a Welsh chieftain, and Earl Douglas of Scotland,
unite their forces against him, but are defeated at Shrews-
bury, where Douglas is captured and Percy slain. The
estates of the latter are confiscated. Henry imprisons
the P]arl of March, descendant of Lionel, second son of
Edward III., and an heir to the crown. James I. of
Scotland is accidentally captured and kept prisoner for
eighteen years. In this reign, members of Parliament
are, for the first time, exempted from arrest. The Or-
der of the Bath is instituted. The king deals severely
with some of the followers of Wyckliffe, who made
themselves obnoxious to many classes of the people
by the extravagance of their views. Henry dies while
praying in St. Edward's chapel, Westminster, in 1413.

HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK.

Tlie hist (lays of his rei^rn were imicli embitterod by
tlic profligjite con<luct of liis eldest son— Henry, l^riiice
<)f Wales.

Henry V. (son of Henry lY.), 1413 to 1422 : dissi-
pated in his youth, but reforms after liis coronation and
beonies a great warrior and statesman. He liberates the
Earl of March, and restores the Percy (^states to the
legal heir. Henry concedes that no law shall be en-
forced until it has received the consent of the Com-
mons. He renews the claim to the French crown;
makes war on France ; wins tlie great battle of Agin-
court, and conijuers the whole country. IJy the treaty
of Troyes, he marries the daughter of the French king,
Charles VI., and is declaretl Regent of France and heir
to its thrr,'ic. The followers of Wyc^kliffe (Lollards),
headed by Sir John Oldcastle, cause commotions in
the kingdom by their communistic doctrines, but are
suppressed and their leader executed. Henry V. is
said to have been the first to establish a permanent
navy. He dies in France, at the height of his i)ower,
of a malady from which he had long suffered. His
widow, Catharine, marries Owen Tudor, a Welsh gen-
tleman : from them originated the House of Tudor, in
the person of Henry VII.

Henry VI., 1422 to 1461 : gentle, benevolent, vir-
tuous and deeply religious ; only nine months old, at
his father's death. His uncles, the Dukes of Bedford
and Gloucester, are respectively Regent of France and

BN(}LISH HISTORY.

Protector of England, «luring his minority. He is
ci-owned at Paris, 1431, and marries Margaret of Anjou,
a spirited, courageous queen, 1447. .Joan of Arc, the
heroic " Maid of Orleans," claims to be divinely ap-
pointed to rescui France from the English ; she is
placed at the head of the French armies and begins a
series of successes that terminate in the total overthrow
01 English power in France. The English capture Joan
of Arc, and burn her alive at Rouen, on a charge of
sorcery, 14.H1, England loses all her possessions, ex-
cept Calais, 1451. Thus the long struggle for the
orown of Fi-Jinoe, calle«l the " Hundred Years' War,"
ends unsuciMJssfully for England, though the winner
of vsovcral ])riUiaut victories. Civil wars, called the
" War''. 01 thu Koses," between the Houses of Lancaster
and Yorlv', l>egin 1455 (see p. 43). Henry VI. is de-
posed, r.ad Edward, son of Richard, Duke of York, is
proclaimed king, 1461. One Jack Cade claims the
crown and raises a rebellion ; is at first victorious, but
is ultimately defeated and slain, 1450.

Edward IV., first Yorkist king, 1461 to 1483: a
good soldier and statesman, but tyrannical and vicious.
His most powerful friend, the Earl of Wa^^vick, of-
fended at his conduct, joins^the Lancastrians, compels
Eilward to fly to Holland, and restores Henry VI.
Edwani returns, defeats the Lancastrians at Barnet,
where Warwick is killed, and Prince Edward, Henry's
son, murtleied. (See p. 43.) Edward now puts num-

HOUSES OF LANCASTEU AND YORK.

bers of the Ljincastriiiu nol^les to death; imprisons
his brother Clureuce ami, it is supposed, causers liim to
be drowned. In tliis reign, money is for tlie Hrst time
extorted from the people, under the name of " benev-
olences."*

Edward V., 1483, eldest son of Edward IV., is pro-
claimed king at the age of thirteen, but is never crowned,
and reigns but eleven weeks. His uncle Richard, Duke'
of Gloucester, tlie Protector, causes liim and his little
brotiier Richard, Duke of York, to be confined in the
tower, under the pretense of safe-keeping. Tlie two
young princes are soon after smothered to death, by
the order of Richard, it i believed, who then causes
himself to l)e proclaimed king.

Richard III., brother of Edwartl IV., and last of
the Plantagenets, 1483 to 1485: a most inic^uitous and
cruel tyrant. Hastings and other noblemen are accused
of treason and executed without a trial. The Duke of
Buckingham conspires in favor of Henry Tudor, Earl
of Richmond, and is executed. Henry (the last surviv-
ing heir of the House of Lancaster) lands at Milfoixl
Haven, fights the battle of Bosworth, where Richard
is defeated and slain, and Henry proclaimed king
1485.

• So called be<!ause they were aupposed to be given willingly.

1 I

i i
1

EN(JL1«II HISTOUY.

UKNKALOUY OF LANCASTER AND YORK.
KowAun in.

Edward Williaia Lionel, Jolm of Gaunt, Kdnmnd,

<Blaek Prince), died Duke of Clarence. Duke of IjJincaster. Duke of York,

I young I I

Richard II. Pliilipiia, Henry IV.
niarrierl
Ednmnd Mortimer.

Roger Mortimer. Henry V.

I i

Anne Mortimer, Henry VI.
nmrrie<l
Ricliard of Cambridge.

Richard, Prince Edward,

Duke of York. murdei-ed

I at barnet.

Richard,
Earl of Cambridge,

married
Anne Mortimer.

Edward IV.

Edward V.,

murdered in the Tower.

I
Richard III.

England in the Fifteenth Century (Lancaster-
York Period). — During the early part of this period
the Engli.sh peasantry were comfortably situated. Most
men could earn good wages; and those wlio could not,
found their resource in the hospitality of the monas-
teries and the houses of the great. All classes of the
people were remarkable for their regular, health-giving
habits. They had abundant food, consisting of all
kinds of flesh and fish; they were clothetl in good
woolen garments, had tolerably comfortable houses,
and, generally speaking, every man in England, accord-

HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK.

ing to liis rank, enjoyed all those things that con-
duce to make life easy and liappy. The Wars of the
Roses brought a melanclioly cliangc. The country was
devastated, tlie forests were; filled with outlaws, and
much misery was spread over the land. Still, com-
merce made consideralile progress; and learning,
though almost entirely neglected in the great colleges,
continued to flourish f(.r the bejujfit of the jjcople in
the monasteries, where the monks kej.t uj) their old
reputation as lovers and ju-omoters of knowh'dge. As
many of the nobles were slain in the wars, the in-
fluence of that boily was greatly lessened. Tlie Feudal
System was broken uj), serfdom steadily decreased,
and, as a consequence, tenant farming extended. The
power of the House of Commons increased during the
Lancastrian period, althougli in the reign of Henry VI.
a bill was passed restricting the number of voters ; but
in the reign of Edward lY. the royal power became ab-
solute, owing chiefly to the national exhaustion caused
by the long civil wars, and the period of the " New
Monarchy " began.

The art of printing, said to have been invented by Ger-
man monks, in the early part of this century, was intro-
duced into England by W. Caxton, in 1474. Post-horses
and stages were introduced in the reign of Richard III.
Wars of the Roses, 1455 to 1485.— The Wars of
the Roses began in the reign of Henry VI., the last
Lancastrian king. His mental incapacity and feeble

ENGLISH HISTORY.

constitution awakened the ambition of Ricliard Plan-
tagenet, Duke of York, who was descended bj' his
father's side from Edmund, and on his mother's si<le
from Lionel — the former the youngest son, and the
latter the third son, of Edward III. Henry YI. was
descended from John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster,
Edward IIL's fourth son. He was subject to occa-
sional fits of insanity, during one of which the duke
of York was declared Protector. ( )n tlie king's recov-
ery, Richard was unwilling to relinciuish his authority,
and took up arms to assert his claim as rightful heir to
the throne. He was supported by the powerful Earl
of Warwick, afterwards called " the Kingmaker." The
badge of the House of York was a white rose, that of
the House of Lancaster Avas a red rose j hence the
title, Wars of the Roses. The first battle was fought
at St. Albans, in 1455. The Lancastrians were de-
feated and H(;nry taken prisoner ; he was soon released,
but recaptured at Northampton by the Yorkists under
Warwick. The parliament now declared Richard heir
to the crown. But the high-spirited Queen Margaret
refuseil to have her son's rights thus set aside, and,
collecting a large armj'^, attacked and defeated the
Yorkists at Wakefield, where Richard was slain, 1460.
At St. Albans, Margaret won another victory and set
King Henry free, but was in her turn defeated, at
Mortimer's Cross, by Edward, son of Richard. Edward
immediately marched to London, was welcomed by the

HOUSES OF LANCASTER AM) YORK.

people, and proclainiccl king as Edward IV., 1461.
Soon after this event, the intrepid Margaret again aj*-
peared in the field with an army of 60,000 nit'n. Ed-
ward met her with an equal force at Towton, whore
the bloodiest battle of the wars took i)lace, entling in
the rout of the Lancastrians with a loss of 20,000 mon.
After two other defeats, Margaret fled to France, and
the unfortunate Henry was once nioi-e consigned to the
Tower. Edward's extreme favoritism to his wife's rel-
atives angered AVarwick, who felt himself slightetl.
He withdrew to France, and formed an alliance with
Margaret. He soon returned, caused Edward to fly to
Holland, and placed Henry again on his throne. The
following year Edward came back, was joined by his
old adherents, met the Lancastrians at Barnet, and
gained a complete victory, in which battle Warwick was
slain, 147L Margaret still bravely upheld her cause,
but was hopelessly defeated at Tewkesbury, where she
was taken prisoner and her son Edward murdered in
cold blood. The death of Henry YI. (murdered, it is
thought), not long after, left Edward in complete pos-
session of the throne. Queen ;>Lirgaret was ransomed
by her father. King Rene of Anjou, and died in France,
1490. The Lancastrians made no further ettbrt, until
Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, claiming descent from
John of Gaunt, raised his standard against Richard III.
At the battle of Bosworth, Richard was defeated and
slain, and the Earl of Richnmnd crowned king, with

ENGLISH HIHTOIIY,

tlio title of Henry VII. This was the last battle in
the Wars of the Roses, leaving the Red Rose finally
triumphant.

EMIXENT MEX.

Henry Chicheley, An-hbishoi) of Canterhiuy, fouiHlcr of All
Souls' College, Oxford, was i-allod the "Light of the English
Church ;" he establishetl many pious foundations ; he died iu
1443.

John Lydgate, a monk of Bury, was the wonder of his
age : ho was a mathematician, a theologian, a profound linguist,
and a brilliant poet ; he died in 1460.

Sir John Fortescue was a historian, a philosopher, and a
lawyer ; he died about 1485.

Thomas Walsingham, monk and historian, flourished
1440.

Cardinal Henry Beaufort, half-brother of Henry IV.,
was a celebrated prelate and statesman, but ambitious and
worldly ; he ended his life well, not iu despair as represented
by Shakespere.

William Caxton, a mercer by trade, introduced the first
printing-press into England. It was erected in Westminster
Abbey, A. D. 1473. The first work printed there was "The
Game and Play of Chess, " A. D. 1474, but the first book printed
in the English language was a translation made by Caxton of
"The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troy," executed' at Bruges,
1471. Printing was introduced into Scotland in A. D. 1508,
and into Ireland, A. D. 1551. Before this time the price of
books had been so enormous that they were the precious posses-
sion of the few.

Neville, Eari of Warwick, called the Kingmaker, took a

HOUSES OF LArCASTEU AM) VORK. 47

prominent part .luring the Wars of the Roses ; slain at Ha.net
m thw reign of Edward IV.

Sir Richard Whittington, "thri.e lord nrnvor of London "
who acquired great wealth by trading in his veJsel, "the Cat'"
Hence the story of his wonderful adventures.

Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, called "The English Achilles ••
on account of his bravery. '*

Owen Glendower. descendant of a Welsh prince, rebelled
in favor of the Earl of March ; he was .lefeated near Shrews-
bury by Henry IV., 1403.

Henry Percy, Earl of Xortlunnberland. surname.l Hotspur
^e espoused the cause of the Earl of March. a«d was slain at
iiattleheld near Shrewsbury. 1403.

John Kay, first i.oct laureate, or court poet, was appointei
Ity Edward IV.

CHIEF DATES-LANCASTER AND YORK.

Battl( of Shrewsbury lAnr

^ - 1 405,

Kattle of Agincourt j , ,-

Treaty of Troyes ............'..'.[[ 1420!

Joan d'Arc ajipears j^gj

Lo.ss of French possessions 1451'

Rattle of WakefieM-Wars of the Roses.' .....[ U60

Battle of Towton- ,](,. ,io 146I

Battle of Barnet- ,lo. ,io. ..!.'.". I471*

Battle of Tewkesbury— do. do. ...... 1471'

Printing introduced J4-4*

Battle of Bosworth-Wars of the Roses. . ." ." .'. .' 1485.'

■m

' H

> I'
III . i

«i

CHAPTER VI.
HOUSE OF TUDOR.

A. D. 1485 TO 1608.

LEADINO FEATURES.-Rise of Maritime Discovery.— Exteniion
of Commerce — The <'New Monarchy " becomes a Despotism.—
Religious Excitement growing out of the Protestant Heresy.

Henry VII., 1485 to 1509 (descended by lii.s moth-
er's side from Jolin of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster):
crafty, clever, avaricious, and arbitrary. He marries
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., thereby uniting
the claims of York and Lancaster. He imprisons the
young Earl of Warwick (nephew of Edward IV.), who
he fears might lay claim to the throne, and after fif-
teen years causes him to be put to death. He suj)-
presses the rebellions of two impostors — Lambert
Simnel (1487), who pretended to he the Earl of
Warwick above mentioned, and Perkin Warbeck
(1499), who claimed to be Edward IV. 's second son
Richanl, said to have been murdered in the Tower.
Both are captured ; Simnel is pardoned, but Warbeck
is executed. Margaret, Henry's eldest daugliter, mar-
ries James IV. of Scotland (1502), an event which
leads to the union of the two kingdoms, a century

HOUSE OF TUDOH.

later. Laws aro pa^sseU -reatly lin.itin- the number of
the nobles' retainers. Violating, tlieso laws, tlie nobles
are heavily lined, thereby enrichin- the king and break-
nig their own power. I'oynings' Kill, subjecting the
Irish parliament to that of England, is passed in U95
Arthur, prince of Wales (Henry's eldest son), dies in
1501. Henry's reign is comparatively peaceful and
prosperous. Although of an avaricious disposition his
charities ar*- great. He founds three convents of
friars, all of which fall victims to the cupidity of his
successor. In U97, Vasco de (Jama, a Portuguese,
finds a new route to India, around the Cape of
Good Hope; in 1492, Christopher Columbus, in the
service of Spain, discovers America; aii.l, in U97,
Cabot, in the service of Henry VI I., discovers .\ew-
foundland and Labrador.

Henpy VIII., 1509 to 1547, the second son of Henry
VII., is at first mild and clement, but soon becomes
cruel, tyrannical, and rapacious. He marries Catharine of
Arragon, widow of his brother Arthur. He goes to war
with France, and wins the battle of the Spurs. James
IV. of Scotland invades England, but is defeated aiul
slam at Flodden Field, in 151.3, by the English under
t^c Earl of Surrey. Cardinal AVolsey becomes Henry's
prime minister and favorite (see p. 60). Tlie Protestant
heresy is begun in Germany by Martin Luther (see p. 57).
Henry writes a book against Luther and is rewarded
by the Pope with the title "Defender of the Faith,"

' I

ENGLISH HISTOlti.

i!il-

but soon after quarrels witli the Pope because the lat-
ter refuses to grant him a divorce from his wife Catha-
rine. By the Act of Supremacy he declares himself
liead of the Church in England, with Thomas Cromwell
his vicar-general, and by the Bloody Statute makes
death the penalty to all who deny his supremacy. He
disgraces Wolsey for opposing the divorce, and ele-
vates Cranmer to the position of Archbishop of Canter-
bury. He puts away his lawful wife Catharine and
marries Anno Boleyn, whom, within a year, he beheads,
and then marries Jane Seymour, who dies in giving
birth to a son (Edward VI.). He next marries Anne
of Cleves, whom he divorces ; then, Catharine Howard,
whom he beheads, and finally, Catharine Parr (his
sixth wife), who survives him. Meantime, Henry, ad-
vised by Cromwell, suppresses the monasteries, burns
their libraries, murders the monks, and seizes their
revenues. He then executes Cromwell for heresy, and
Sir Thomas More (Lord Chancellor), Fisher, Bishop of
Rochester, and many others, for refusing to acknowl-
edge him head of the Church. He squanders his
father's wealth in criminal pleasures, daily becomes
more profligate and blood-thirsty, and by his arbitrary
and cruel measures makes the latter part of his reign
a period of terror to the English people. He dies in
1547.

Edward VI., 1547 to 1553: becomes king in his
tenth year, with his uncle Seymour, created Duke of

t !

'\\

HOUSE OF TUDOR.

Somerset, Protector. A war with Scotland ends in tht^
defeat of the Scots at Pinkie, in 1547. Somerset and
Cranmer determine to uproot the Catholic Faith. They
pull down altars and shrines, rob and destroy the few
remaining monasteries, persecute the Catholics, and
force the nation with the aid of foreign mercenaries to
accept the new religion. Protestantism, as set forth
m their Book of Common Prayer (a mangled transla-
tion of the Catholic Missal). Somerset's arrocrance
brings his ruin, and, in 1551, he is beheaded "on a
charge of treason, and the Duke of Northumberland
made Protector. Edward, always weak-minded and
sickly, IS induced by Northumberland to name as hi»
successor La<ly Jane Grey (descended from Henry
VII. 's youngest daughter), to the exclusion of hm
half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. He dies of consump-
tion, in his sixteenth year.

Mary I., 1553 to 1558: daughter of Henry VIII.
by his first wife, Catharine of Arragon. The people
espouse her cause, as their lawful sovereign ; Lady
Jane Grey and her husband are confined in the Tower,*
Northumberland is taken and executed, and Mary
proclaimed queen. She restores the Catholic religion

fort* n^ Hr°""'.f ("'"f " ™' ''""* *'*■ ^""*"' I- '"' «'e «ite o.' a Ronm,,

tinluh . ''' "" '"'*''' ^""^ * P"«"» f"-- «t*te "Tenders. Many dis^

tn gu shed persons suffered death within its walls. In the reign of Elb^-

mUrr' "!^r"^'' residence, and has since then l^erchiefly^-

!l|>

.' i-

ENGLISH HISTORY.

and comin union with the Holy See ; marries Philip II.
of Spain, which event leads to a foolhardy rebellion
by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is defeated and put to
death. This and two other unsuccessful risings cause
the government, as a matter of state policy, to execute
Lady Jane Grey and her husband. Lord Guilford
Dudley — an act which, though legal and politic, was
ungenerous. War with Fmnce : the French are de-
feated at St. Quentin, but they capture Calais in 1559,
after its having been 200 years in English hands.
Mary was one of the best of English sovereigns, but the
execution of a number of Protestants during her reign
leaves the one great stain on her fame. Though the
motives of state policy which animated her counsellors
in this persecution cannot justify their conduct, still it
must be remembered, by way of extenuation, that the
" Reformers " throughout the reign were the aggressors
by the intriguing and » rebellious spirit which they
steadily manifested, and that most of the executions
were for political offences. In her private life, Mary
was pious, virtuous, clement, and liberal, and her court
was a model of respectability for all Europe. Dies
without issue.

Elizabeth, 1558 to 1603 : daughter of Henry VIII.
by Anne Boleyn; learned and possessed of singular
abilities as a sovereign, but treacherous, despotic, and
cruel She takes the coronation oath according to a
solemn Catholic ceremony ; but soon declares lierself

HOUSE OF TUDOR.

opposed to Catholicity. She restores Protestant wor-
ship, renews the Act of Supremacy, declares herself
head of the Church, and on purely religious principles
begins a systematic and bloody persecution of her Cath-
olic subjects, and relentlessly continues it to the end of
her reign, bringing scores of noble families to utter
misery and ruin, and sacrificing hundreds of valuable
lives for refusing to abandon the Faith of their fathers.
(See Penal Laws, p. 58.) She imjmsons Mary, Queen of
Scots, who sought her protection against her own rebell-
ious subjects, and after eigl: • ,'n years causes her to be
beheaded, 1587 (see p. 62). Philip IL, exasperated by
the repeated treacheries of Elizabeth's government, fits
out an immense fleet (the Great Armada) to invade Eng-
land ; but a terrible storm destroys many of the vessels,
and the rest are put to flight by the English fleet under
Admiral Howard (a Catholic nobleman), 1588. Hugh
O'Neill, Prince of Ulster, and lineal descendant of the
ancient Irish kings, forms a confederacy of chieftains
to obtain civil and religious freedom for Ireland, 1598
By his skill and activity English armies are defeated,
strongholds captured, and the Irish for a time become
masters ot the whole of their country, except Dublhi
and its vicinity. But the English resort to their old
artifice of sowing dissensions among the chieftains,
which so weakened O'Neill's power that the country
is again overrun by the English, and the gallant chief
forced to lay down his arms, 1603. The reign of

<■;■!'■

' i

III

ENGLISH HISTORY.

Elizabeth is one of the m? 3t important in English
hietory. Her private character is stained with many
unwomanly and lUKjueenly traits, and her court was
the most disreputable in Europe. She ruled for many
years without a parliament, and frequently imprisoned
members, either for oi)posing bills introduced by the
€rown, or for introdui'.ing bills which she did not like.
But with all this, she was a successful ruler. She
gathered around her some oi England's greatest men,
poets, philosophers, statesmen, and commanders (p. 62) ;
and raised England from a second rate position to a
level with the first nations of Europe. She was never
married, and was the last of the Tudors.

GENEALOGY OF THF HOUSE OP TUDOR.
Henry VII.

Arthur,
died before
his father.

Henry VIII. Margaret, Mary,

married James grandmother to
IV. of Scotland. Lady Jane Grey.

Edward VI.

Mary.

Elizabeth.

-•Koex*

I «

EngBand in the Sixteenth Century. — The "New
Monarchy." — During the Tudor period, the royal power
reached its height and became despotic. The chief
causes of this were the breaking up of the Feudal

HOUSE OF TUDOK.

^y^tcm, tlie consetiuent dedine of Laroiiial power, the
subjection of tlie Churcli to the State, and the personal
abilities and arbitrary will of tlie individual Tudor sov-
ereigns. Parliaments, seldom called, were but instru-
ments for caiTying out the monarch's wishes.
^ In the reign of Henry VIL, the influence of the
Church had at last produced the virtual extinction of
slavery and villeinage; ],ut tlie destruction of the
monasteries and the spoliation of their property in the
next reign, brought the lower orders to a state of
deplorable destitution which lasted throughout the
whole Tudor period. The monasteries were the homes
of learning, charity, and religious perfection. In them
the children of all classes received free instruction,
and from them the lower orders obtained employment
in health, and food, slielter, and care, when poor and
sick. From the new owners they received no such
consideration, and England, in conse<iuence, soon
swarmed with paupers and vagabonds, which caused
m Elizabeth's reign the passage of the first Poor Law,
providing by taxation for the support of the poor.

The wholesale destruction of tiie vast monastic
libraries by the early " Reformers " was an incalculable
injury to the literary public, and for a time added
general ignorance to general destitution. As the 16th
century advanced, classical learning, popularized in
Italy in the preceding century, became fashionable
with the English gentry ; the universities gradually

I f

i! it
I !

III

!: t

fill!

ENGLISH HISTORY.

recovered their aiieieiit fame, and knowledge, aided by
the facilities afforded by printing, began to spread
with rapidity among the middle classes. The Mercurie,
the first English newspaper, appeared in the reign of
Elizabetli. As the penal laws forbade the education
of Catholics in England, several colleges weie founded
by the efforts of exiled clergymen in France, Spain,
Portugal, and Italy, to which the Catholic English
youth were sent for education.

Among the inventions and discoveries of this era
were watches, telescopes, paper mills, and coaches.
Tea was first brought from China, tobacco and potatoes
from America, and whale and cod fisheries were estab-
lished. In Elizabeth's reign the Royal Exchange was
founded and the East India Company formed. Trade
in negro slaves was also commenced, and it is said
that it was encouraged by Queen Elizabeth. This
period saw the last of those celebrated martial sports,
called the Tournaments.

The extraordinary successes of the Spanish and
Portuguese navigators aroused the English to maritime
exertions. The east coast of North America was ex-
plored, a large portion of it claimed for the English
crown, and the first English colony in America was
begun in Virginia, in 1607. The maritime spirit gave
an impetus to commerce, which soon exercised a whole-
some influence in creating and promoting other indus-

The overthrow

tries throughout the land.

of King

HOUSE OF TUDOIi. 57

Pliilip's great Armada cripp^-xl the power of Spain and
led to England's ascendanLj ou the ocean.

The " Refopmation."— During the pontificate of
Pope Leo X., early in the sixteenth century, Martin
Luther, a German monk of the Augustinian order,
jealous because ohe Dominican monks had ])een ajv
pointed to perform certain important ecclesiastical
commissions in Germany, began to preach against the
pnncipal doctrines of the Catholic Church. On being
authoritatively warned that his teacliings were lieretical,
he agreed to abide by the decision of the Pope. In
the meantime his cause was espoused l)y Philip, the
landgrave of Hesse, and other G. rman prnices attracted
by Luther's loose doctrines, that were well calculated
to remove those wholesome restraints which the Cath-
olic Church had for centuries held upon the immoral
passions of men. The Pope decided against Luther
and condemned his writings ; but Luther, emboldened
by the support he had received, refused to submit,
and proceeded with his heretical work with daily
increasing violence and excess. This was the origin
of the so-called Reformation, which for generations
embroiled Christendom in fierce wars and dissensions,
and caused more mischief to the true interests of man-
kind than any other event of modem times.

As we have seen, Henry VIIL at first stoutly op-
posed the new doctrines, and the English people were
slow to accept them. But when the king broke with

ENGLISH HISTORY.

i ; I

i I

the Pope on the divorce question, heresy began its
career in England. For a long time the mass of the
people remained true to the ancient Faith, and signified
their disapproval of tlie violence of the " Reformers "
by frequently taking up arms against them. But
foreign mercenaries swept the country with fire anU
sword, and every unsuccessful effort for religious free-
dom was made the pretence for fresh persecutions.
By means of these persecutions— cruel, bloody, sys-
tematic, and persistent — Protestantism at last became
the religion of England. The Thirty-nine Articles -^f
the Church of England were drawn up in their present
form in 1562. The "Reformers" were equally suc-
cessful in Scotland, establishing Presbyterianism after
Queen Mary's imprisonment ; but all their attempts in
Ireland resulted in signal failures.

The English Penal Laws.— During the reigns of
Elizabeth and most of her successors down to the time
of George III., laws were passed by the British gov-
ernment having for their object the extir})ation of
Catholicity from British dominions. Persons refusing
or failing to comply with the requirements of these
laws incurred a penalty of some sort — fine, imprison-
ment, exile, or death — hence the name penal laws, of
which the following is a brief resum^. According to
them —

Catholics could be fined for absenting themselves
from the Protestant service on Sunday, or for attending

HOUSE OF TUDOR.

their own, and for acknowledging tlie Pope to be tlu'ii
spiritual head. The Catholic clergy were declared
outlaws, a price was put upon their heads, and ah who
harbored them were made liable to confiscation of
property. Catholics were forbidden to be teachers,
and the children of Catholics were deprived by law of
the means of acquiring an education. Catholics were
prohibited from being the guardians of their own chil-
dren, and if any of these became Protestants, their
parents lost all legal control of their own property.
Catholics were made incapable of purchasing property,
or of holding leases for a longer period than thirty-one
years, and if any Protestant discovered that the farm of
a Catholic yielded a greater profit than one-third of this
lease value, he could at once take possession of the
same. Finally, Catholics were discjualified from hold-
ing office and from voting at elections.

This is a part of the tyrannical code that disgraced
the English statute books for centuries. But these
cruel laws ultimately failed in their object— Ireland
always remained Catholic, and though Catholicity was
for a time paralyzed in Great Britain, still the repeal
of the penal laws found it possessed of a degree of
activity that has since produced wonderful results.
Some of the penal laws still remain :— Neither the
Monarch, the Eegent, tlie Chief Justice of England,
nor the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland can be a Catholic.
Nevertheless, it is but just to state that at the present

^ki

I>;

?^l

ExNGLISH HLSTORY.

day in no part of the world does Catholicity enjoy
greater freedom than under the rule of the once bitterly
intolerant British government.

EMINExVT PERSONS OF THE TUDOR PERIOD.

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey: horn 1471, died 1530. By
his varied talents and admirable addre.ss, lie rose from the
lowest rank to the highest i>osition in Churcli and State within
the kingdom. In a comparatively short period he became
Arelibisliop of York, Chancellor of England, Papal Legate, and
Cardinal. His revenues were enormous, and his style of living
almost royal ; but he was generous with his wealth, and often
ma<le good use of his great influence. For a long time he re-
mained the warm favorite of Henry VIII., and was reallv the
ruler of England ; brt with all this he was too worldly 'for a
Chuichman— too warm in his attachment to an unprincipled
king, and more absorbed in political tlian in religious affairs—
so that when his end came he could look on the past with little
else than feelings of regret. Having opposed, though weakly,
Henry's divorce from Queen Catharine, Wolsey incurred the
king's displeasure. One by one he was deprived of his dignities,
and at last, through the jealousy of his enemies-especially
Anne Boleyn— he was accused of high treason. While journey-
ing towards London to answer the charge, he died at the Abbey
of Leicester, with expressions of piety and devotion. He was
one of the most extraordinary men of his time, possesse.l of
great learning, and a munificent patron of literature.

Blessed John Fisher, Cardinal Bishop of Rochester ; born
1459, Deheaded 1535 ; a learned, pious, and zealous prelate. He
opposed the divorce, and refused to acknowledge the king's
supremacy, foi' which he was imprisoned and beheaded. He
was beatified in 1886, by Pope Leo XIIL

HOUSE OP TUDOR.

Cardinal Reginald Pole, l.orn 1500, die.l 1658 ; l.Mrned,
holy, and kiiul-heartod. He was related to Heiny VIII but
being unwilling to sanction the divorce, or acknowledge' the
king hea.1 of the Church, he retired to the continent. On
Mary s accession, lie returned to England, and became the last
Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury.

Thomas Cromwell, "Vicar-General" to Henry VIII. ;
bold, wicked, and unprincipled. From being a soldier he Wamo'
a member of Parliament. By his artful conduct he won favor
and prefer.nent, first from Wolsey, and, on the fall of the lat-
ter, from the king. He settled the divorce .juestion by boMly
advising Henry to throw off papal allegiance. This was done,
and the king rewarded him with the v ^v office of Vicar-General,'
in which capacity he exercised aim . absolute sway. It wa.s
through him that the royal power became a despotism, that the
monasteries were robbed and suppressed, that so many hundreds
were mercilessly put to <leath, and England kept in a state of
terror for ten years. Failing to suit Henry's taste in the clioi(;e
of a wife (Anne of Cleves), he was charged with treason, foun.l
guilty and executed, 1540. Throughout his life, morality and
religion held no restraint on him, and he was accustomed to
.say that virtue and vice were nothing but names.

Thomas Cranmer, bom 1489, died 1556 : the first Prot-
estant Archbishop of Canterbury. He rose into prominence
through the favor of Anne Boleyn, whose marriage with Henry
he had encouraged. He was the most consummate hypocrite
mentioned in English history. Though ordained a Catholic
priest, he was secretly a Lutheran ; when consecrated Arch-
bishop, he freely swore fidelity to the Holy See, but at
the same time privately assured witnesses that he would not
keep the oath any longer than it suited him. In the reigns
of Henry and Edward, he was by turns a Catholic and a
Protestant, and by turns took part in sending Catholics and

'! I! I

Pfi

ENOLl.sn HISTOHV,

ii i'ii

ProtoHtaiits to ho Ininit-.l nii-l holiciKled ; in Mary's roign he
ogiiiii tlt'clrti-ed hiiiusclf a rrotestaiit, but was iniprisoiuMl for
shnriiig in XortliuinbcrlaiKrs treason, and comlumncil to death.
Hopfng to save his life, ho ojK^nly ahjurod I'rotestantism and
reunited Ids errors in seven different documents ; but, finding
at the last nioinenf that ho eouhl not escape the [wnalty of his
crimes, lie once more deelared himself a Protestant, and soon
jwrished at the stake. \ -nong the other prominent persons who
suffered similarly al... this time was Hugh Latimer, the
•' reformed " Bishoi* of Worcester, who thus met the same fato
ho assisted in dealing to Friar Forrest in Henry's roign.

Blessed Thomas More, born 1480, .lied' 1,535; a great
orator, writer, and statesman. He became Lord Chancellor at
the fall of Wolsey, but, disgusted with Henry's enonnitiea, he
soon resigned. He lost the king's friendship by being unfavor-
able to the divorce, and, because he refused to acknowledge
Henry head of the Church, he was condemned and l)eheaded.
Sir Thomas More wijs renowned throughout Europe for his wit,
learning, and piety, and was acknowledged a perfect model of
the Chriijtian gentleman and philosopher. He wrote " Utopia,"
a description of an ideal republic where everybody is happy.
He was l)eatified in 1886, by Pope Leo XIIL

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, born 1516, beheaded 1547.
He was famous as a soldier, scholar, and poet ; he was the first
writer of English blank verse, and among his works is a trans-
lation of Virgil. Henry unjustly charged him with treason, and
had him beheaded ; he was the tyrant's last victim.

The Countess of Salisbury (known as "the Maid of the
Golden Tresses "), born 1472, executed 1541. She was the last
of the Plantagenets, and a near relative of Henry VIIL She
may be regarded as a martyr to the Faith, although she was
nominally executed for high treason.

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, born 1542, bidieaded 1587 ;

HOL'.SK OK TLDOH.

G.'i

.laughter of Jamos V. of Scotland, an.l tlu- most l.,.a„tiful and
accomi.li.sl,e<l i,ri„coH8 of her tinu- Slio was first .uaniod to
traucis II. of France, but was left a widow at eighte,..., ; sho
then returned to S,.otland, where her undaunted profession of
Catholicity drew on her the tierce enmity of the - P ; > M.ers "
(at whoso head was the notorious John Knox, an aiK.'uto
priest),- who repeatedly conspired against her. H. r ;,, ond h. s-
hand, Lord Darnley, was murdered (it is sai.l) by ..e Eai ' of
Hothwell, who then seized (^ueen Mary and forcibly -aJe her
his wif... Her n.l,ellious subjects soon after imprisoned her,
but she escaiH^d, He.l to England and sought r.-fuge of her
cousin Elizabeth. Her religious belief and her superior accom-
plishments ha.I alrea.ly e.xcite.l the anger an.l jealousy of the
English .iueen, who cast her into prison, where she languished
for eighteen years. At the instigation of Elizal,eth, documents
were forged by Cecil and Walsingham to .lefame Alarv in the
eyes of Europe, and by similar forgeries she was accused of
conspiracy against Elizabeth's government, and was unjustly
condemned and cruelly bchea.led. She met her fate ..iously
serenely, and with royal dignity.

William Shakespere, born 1564, died 1616 ; the great-
est English dramatics writer. He wrote thirty-seven plays di-
vi.lod into tragedies, comedies, and histories, whicli disi.lay
wonderful poetic genius,

Edmund Spenser, born 1553, died 1599; a celebrated Enr-Iish
l>oet. His best work was the "Faerie <^ueen," an allegorical poem

Sir Walter Raleigh, born 1552, died 1618 ; navigator
author, and scholar. He made several voyages to America, and
twice unsuccessfully attempted to found colonies in Virginia. It
was he that first introduced tobacco and potatoes into England
Convicted of conspiracy against James I., he was imprisoned
for thirteen years, and at last executed. He wrote a history of
the world, while in prison.

ENGLISH HISTORY.

! fi

Sir Philip Sydney, 1554 to 1586 ; aoklier, author, and
statesman. His greatest work was the "Arcadia," a romantic
fiction. He was killed at the battle of Zutphen, in Holland,
while fighting against the Spaniards.

Sir Francis Bacon, 1561 to 1626 ; distinguished philoso-
pher and statesman. He wrote several essays and works on
science, the greatest of which was "Novum Organum." He
was made Lord Chancellor under James I. , but was degraded
and fined for bribery and corruption.

Various Celebrities: Erasmus and Colet, scholars, in
the reign of Henry VIII. ; the two Cabots (John and Seba.s-
tian). Sir Francis Dhike, Sir John Hawkins, Sir Martin Fro-
bisher, and Lord Howard, navigators and naval commanders ;
Sir Robert Devereux (Earl of Essex), and Sir Robert Dudley
(Earl of Leicester), both intimate favorites of Elizabeth, though
she signed the death warrant of the former. Sir William Cecil
(Lord Burleigh), and Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's able
but unprincipled ministers ; Sir Thomas Gresham, a wealthy
merchant and founder of the Royal Exchange ; Hans Holbein,
a celebrated painter ; Edward Campion and Robert Southwell,
both Jesuits— (the former a famous scholar, and the latter a poet
of fine talent)— executed by Elizabeth on account of their faith.

CHIEF DATES OF THE TUDOR PERIOD.

Discovery of America 1492.

Passage of Poynings' Bill . 1495.

Battle of Flodden Field 1513.

Act of Supremacy passed 1534,

Loss of Calais 1557.

Execution of Mary Queen of Scots 1587.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588.

East India Company forme<l 16 JO.

O'Neill surrenders at Mellifont. 1603,

CHAPTER VII.
HOUSE OF STUART.

A. D. 1603 TO 1714.

LEADING rEATURES.-Strnggle. for Ascendancy between the
Crown and the Parliament. -Great Civil War.-Decline and PaU
of the " New Monarchy." -Establishment of Conrtitntional Free-
aom and Hesponsible Government.

James I., 1603 to 1625: previously James VI. of
Scotland, only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and de-
scended from Henry VII., whose daughter Margaret
had married James IV. of Scotland. James succeeds
Elizabeth as her nearest heir, and marries the Princess
Anne of Denmark. He enforces the penal laws against
Catholics ; discovers the Gunpowder Plot to blow up the
Parliament House,* in 1605, and breaks up a conspiracy

law! h!fliSr« f ^^"i-^^^'y *" "^« ^'^^^ of Ja-nes, one of the penal
laws, inflicting a heavy fine on Catholics for not attending Protestant wor-
shl^^ was rigorously enforced, and more than 6,000 English gentlenienTd

tioXnn.^ H ' " r'^ltT: ''^ Northamptonshire, who. driven t.. despera-
ttepT "f j'-^^f"! ^l««*fe"' of revenging his wrongs by blowing „p
the Parliament House with gunpowder. He secretly secured aUufc a
dozen accomplices, among whom was Guy Fawkes, who was entmsteJ

thi^v tl'vL'"" '""/' *''' P'*"- ^''''''''' ^«'-'*'"g ^y "iKhts. conveyed
Parhamr.^"' ' "' P^npowder into some unoccupied vauL lieneath the
It^rZl^T"' "''^ r" ^"* ^•'«'Tt»'i>'f: i" readiness. Tresham. one
of the conspirators, wishing to save a friend, Lord Monteagle, a member

ill!

ENGLISH HISTORY.

Ill

to place Arabella Stuart, his cousin, on the throne.
For sharing in this conspiracy, Sir Walter Raleigh is
imprisoned and, after thirteen years, beheaded, 1618.
Sir Francis Bacon is degraded for receiving bribes,
1621. Henry, eldest son of the king, dies at nine-
teen, and Elizabeth, his daughter, marries Frederick,
elector palatine of Bavaria, from which marriage the
present royal family traces its descent. The Protes-
tant version of the Bible in use until recently was
translated in 1611. James was learned and eloquent,
but vacillating, superstitious, pedantic, and arbitrary.
He claimed the divine right of kings, and made the
Crown independent of the Parliament, thus originating a
course of events that finally led to the overthrow of the
Stuart family. Persecuted by the Established Church,
many Puritans, subsequently called the " Pilgrim Fa-
thers," began to emigrate and form colonies in what is
now known as the Xew England States, 1620.

Charies I., 1625 to 1649 (second son of James I.) :
virtuous and accomplished, but very arbitrary ; mar-
ries Henrietta Maria, daughter of the French king.
War with France in support of rebellious French

of the Peers, sent him a letter advising him to Iw absent from the House
on a certain day. Monteagle showed the letter to Secretary Cecil, who at
once suspected danger. The cellars were searched, and Fawkes, with his de-
structive materials was discovered, Nov. 5, 1005. The conspirators became
known, and were all either killed or captured and executed. This atrocious
plot was the deed of a few desperate men only. The Catholics as a body
publicly disavowed it ; still it was made the pretence for enacting fresh
penal laws against them.

HOUSE OF STUART.

Protestants : the English are driven back, an<l their load-
er, the Duke of Buckingham, is soon after assassinate'
struggles for ascendancy between Charles and his Par'
hament now begin, and continue throughout his reign'
bringing on the great Civil War, which results in tlj
overthrow of the royal power by the parliament ry
troops, chiefly led by Oliver Cromwell, together with
the seizure and execution of the king, 1 649. (See p. 76 >
Meantime the Scotch Presbyterians form a league and
covenant against the Church of England in 1638.
Archbishop Laud and Lord Strafford are executed for
high treason^ (See pp. 82, 83.) The Irish, under the
celebrated Owen O'Neill, make a gallant stand for
civd and religious liberty (1641), and are .. fc over-
come until the next reign, 1650.

The Commonwealth, 1649 to 1660: Parliament
consisting of the House of Commons only, abolisi:
royalty, including the authority of the House of
Lor,I , and establish a so-called republic. Episcopacv
IS set aside, Presbyterianism becomes the established
religion, and Catholics are severely persecuted. Ire-
land and Scotland remain loyal and refuse to acknowl-
edge the republic. Thereupon Oliver Cromwell, in-
vested by Parliament with the title of Lord Deputy
crosses into Ireland with his victorious army, and by
the aid of treachery crushes all opposition with a
merciless hand, principally at Drogheda and Wexford
wli.re thousands of defenceless persons are murdered'

€8

ENGLISH HISTORY.

1650. Returning the same year, he completely routs
the Scots at Dnnl)ar, and the year following destroys
the last hope of the royalists by defeating Prince
Charles at Worcester. The prince, after many hair-
breadth escapes, reaches France in safety. Cromwell
next forcibly dissolves the Long Parliament, 1653,
also two others not sufficiently pliant to his wishes,
and is declared Lord Protector, with the iiower and all
but the title of king. Wars with the Dutch and Span-
iards; the En-^lifih under Admiral Blake are successful
in both. Cromwell rules tyrannically but with great
ability, and makes England feared and resjiected among
foreign nations. He dies in 1658, and is succeeded by
his son Richard, who resigns within three months.
A period of anarchy succeeds, until the influence of
the army under General Monk and the force of public
opinion cause the restoration of the monarchy in the
person of Charles, eldest son of the late king, 1660.

Charles II., 1660 to 1685; talented, but indolent
and profligate ; marries Catharine of Portugal ; makes
Clarendon Lord Chancellor; causes several regicides
to be executed ; and restores the Church of England
worship. The Act of Uniformity, requiring all subjects
to conform to the tenets of the English Church, and
the Corporation Act, obliging all borough and town
officials to be practical members of the same Church,
are passed in 1662. A great plague ciirries off
100,000 persons in 1665, and the next year a great

HOUSE OF STUART.

61>

fire burns down 13,000 liouses in Loml.n. War witk
tlie Dutch, 1665 to 1067, which, although Xew Am-
sterrlam, now Xew York, is taken, and the Duke of
York as admiral, greatly distinguishes himself, results
mther <liscreditably to England-the Dutch admiral
De Ruyter, having sailed triuuii.hantly up the Thames
ahnost to London, just l^^fore tlie signing of the Treaty
(Breda). Charles forms a secret treaty with the Frencli
king, sells him Dunkirk, and agrees for a large bribe to
treacherously attack the Dutch, 1670. Th(! Test Act
excluding Catholics from all offices, military and civil'
13 passed in 1673. Clarendon having been banished
on a charge of treason, his place is supplied by the
celebrated Cabal ministry. (See p. 86.) The " Popish
Plot " is invented by Titus Gates (a Church of Eng-
land cleric of infamous reputation), and si -oorted by
aie Earl of Shaftesbury, 1680; Gates faLdy sweam
away the Iive.s of many distinguished Catholics, in-
cluding Gliver Plunket, Archbishop of Armagh. About
the same time the Covenanters in Scotland are severely
persecuted for refusing to accept the ^enets of the
English Church. The Habeas Corpus Act, preventing
persons from being kept in prison without a trial is
V 3ed, 1679. The Rye House Plot to secure the Crown
.0 the Duke of Monmouth (the king's illegitimate
^on), to the exclusion of the king's brother James, Duke
of York, the legal heir, is discovered, and Lords Russell
and Sydney, leaders of this conspiracy, are executed,

EXOLISH HISTORY.

Ill

. 1682. Tlie terms AMiicr and Tory are first u.se.l in this
rei^ni.* Cliarles becomes u Catholic on his death-bed.
James II., 1685 to 1688, last Catholic monarch of
England; generous and well-meaning, bat rash and
impolitic. Monmoutli raises a rebelliou and proclaims
himself king, but is defeated an.1 taken at Sedgemoor;
tried, condemned, and execute.!. fBB;! ; Judgr- Jeffreys'
appointed to try the rebels, exercises imdue severity.'
James opeidy professes Catliolieity. p id issues a Decla-
ration of Indulgence whidi givts liberty of conscience
to all classes of his subjects, and suspends the penal
laws; causes seven bishops of the Church of England
to be arrested for refusing to read the proclamation of
liberty of e.siscience in their churches; the bishops
are tried and acquitted. All these acts being per-
formed solely by iijs own authority, the king is accused
of violating the constitution. Protestant zeal is aroused
by the toleration given to Catholics, and Dr. Gilbert
Burnet, an unprincipled English Church divine, pub-
lished a forged memorial in the name of the Prot-
estants of England, inviting William, Prince of
Orange (husband of King James' eldest daughter,
Mary), to assume the government. William, while
professing friendship for his father-in-law, decides to
accept the invitation. He lands in England ; James,
deserted by all, even by his own daughters, is forced
to fly to France; William enters Lone- ^ and assunies

♦ The Whigs were the opponents and the Tories the frw.mU of James.

HOUSE OF STUART.

the reins of goverimieiit. Jmaes was twice married •
his first wife, Lady Anne Hyde, Avas the niotlier of
Mary and Ann., and liis second, Mary Beatrice, was
the mothtn- of James, afterwards called the Pretender.
Wmiam 111. and Mary ||., 1688 to 1702. After
t)»e flight of James, a packed assembly called the Con-
vention Parliament, declares the throne vacant, pro-
claims William and his wife Mary jointly King and
Queen of England, and decrees that henceforth the
sovereign of England must he a Protestant. It draws
up the " Declaration of Rights," afterwards called the
"Bill of Rights," stating the extent of the kin<r's
power and the liberties of the people.* This completes
the English Revolution by which the system of royal
government is changed and constitutional freedom
finally established. Meanwhile tlie Irish and the
, Highlanders (Scotch) remain loyal to James, who
Jands in Irelan<l, 1689. He wasles time in besieging
Derry, thereby allowing his enemies to gather strength
His army is defeated by William's at the battles of the

* Declamtion {Bill) of Mights-a few of its most important provisions •
Catholics were declare.l incapable of wearing the Crown of England • at
the coronat. , the sovereign shonl.l abjure Catholicity, and, instead of
swearmg to .,a,nta.n the Church, as in the time of Edwanl the Confessor
should swear to nmint^un the Pn.testant religion ; levying of n.oney b;
the Crown without grant of Parliament was declared illegal; the Crown
was declared to have no power of suspending or dispensing laws : standing
.-m,es forbidden without the consent of Parliament ; freedom of elections
^nd freedom of debate in Parliament declared to be national rights • free-
dom of juries secured ; excessive fines, imprisonments, and cruel pinish-
inents declared illegal ; ac-used persons could not be punished until tried
and con vi.t..l. With the pasning of this statute the " New Mouard"y ' endS

ENGLISH HISTORY.

Boyne and Aughrini, and Limerick, liis last stronghold,
surrenders after a gallant defence by the Irish under
General Sarsfield, but on its own terms, 1691. By
the Treaty of Limerick, William guarantees the Cath-
olics civil and religious liberty, but before a vear goes
by he allows the treaty to be shamefully broken by his
government. The Highlanders, under Lord CJraham,
of Dundee, defeat AVilliam's troops at Killiekrankie, in
1689, but Dundee having fallen in the battle, his
followers soon disiJerse. William again makes himself
infamous by authorizing the treacherous and barbarous
massacre of the Clan Macdonald-all Catholics-at
Giencoe, 1692. In 1694 Queen Mary dies-an un-
natural daughter, little respected. In the same year
is passed the Triennial Bill, requiring Parliament to
sit no longer than three years. The Act of Settlement
IS passed in 1701, declaring that all future monarchs
must be Protestants, and that if William, Mary, and
Anne die without heirs, the Crown goes to the Prot-
estant descendants of the Princess Sophia of Hanover
granddaughter of James L A war with France, in
which England wins the naval battle of Cape 'La
Hogue, but is generally unsuccessful on land, closes
with the Treaty of Ryswick, 1697, France acknowl-
edging William King of England. William dies in
1702. He was an able general, but treacherous and
ambitious. His chief desire through life was to
humble the power of Louis XIV., of France.

HOU«E OF STUART.

Anne, 1702 to 1714 ; second (laii<,'hter of James II. ;
solicitous for the good of her subjects, but vacillating
and ruled by favorites. The Union of the Scottish and
the Englisli Parliaments takes place in 1 707.* The War
of the Spanish Succession— a glorious career of victory
for the English under the Duke of Marlborough—
closes with the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713. (See p.°79.)
The Penal laws against Catholics are bitterly enforced.
Many great men flourish in this reign (see p. 85), but the
masses of the people are very ignorant, while vicious
and infidel practices prevail in high life. Anne was
married to Prince George of Denmark ; but she died
without surviving issue. Her deatli was embittered
by thoughts of lier unfilial conduct.

GENEALOGY OF THE HOUSE OF STUART.
James I.

Henry (died young|. Charles I.

Elizal)eth, married

— — — _J . Frederic, Elector

r-u i' TT T ' ,, , I ( Palatine, and King

Charles II. James II. Mary (married Tliree others. "f Bohemia.

Wm. of Orange).
William III.

Mary II., wife of
William III.

Anne.

James (" the Pre-
tender," married
Prini'ess .Sobieski).

Sophia, youngest

daugljter, married

the Elector of

Hanover.

George Louis,

afterwards

George I.

Charles Edward
(Young Pretender),

d. 1788.

Henry Benedict,

.'ardinal of York, d. 1S(K*.

Last of the Stuarts.

Scotland retained freedom of trade and its own (Presbyterian) Church.

^ 'i

ENGLISH HIHTORV.

England in the Seventeenth Century. (The Stuart
Period.)— Tlie rejection of tlie Ancient Faith, in the
Tudor period, was followed by a staK- of religions stnie
and confusion that continued almost without ceasing
throughout the whole of tliis century. Sect after sect
broke off from Henry's stiUe-made English Church;
and, while tlie proscribed Kuiiian Catholics, threatened
with fines, exile, torture, imprisonment, or death, were
thankful to be left unnoticed, the Episcopalians,' Puri-
tans, Presbyterians, ftnd Independents fiercely and bit-
terly wrangled among themselves for the mastery. In
the reigns of the first two Stuarts, the Episcopalians
were supreme, and a large body of disgusted Puritans
emigrated to America. In the early years of the Com-
monwealth, the Presbyterians were in the ascendancy,
and made the Episcopalians, in their turn, feel the bit^
terness of persecution. Next came the rule of the
Puritans and Independents, during Ci -iwell' time,
followed, in Charles II. 's reign, by tiie return to power
of the Episcopalians, who then amply revr-a-ad them-
selves on everybody. For a year or two, under James
XL, there was comparative peace— this Catholic king
having declared that all denominations of his subj( ^'^
might worship God as they saw fit; but the access u
of William and Mary brought the Church of Englu.id
once more to the front, and the reign of Queen Anne
saw it in the enjoyment of its palmiest days in Eng-
land, while about the same time Presbyterianism be-

HOUSE OF STUART.

came firmly I'stablislied in .Scothiiul. Amid all their
contentions the Protestant sects had on.' hond of union
—hatred of Catholicity. The least sign of activity, on
the part of Hm- old belief, produced a united action
among the bmwling sectariuiis i„ crush it; and no
matter which sect ruled, the Catholics ah' ys suf-
fered.

The Civil AVar vasted the fairest portions of Eng-
land, caused the loss of thousands of useful lives, de-
moralized English manners, and for a time retarded
I. arning and alj manner of progress. But as the period
advanced, literat > and science made considerable ad-
vancement, until in the reign of (^ueen Anne we find
what has been calh-1 ihe Augustan era of English lit-
erature. The state of moi lity, owing to the evil in-
fluence of the civil war, the ,)rofligate court of Charles
II., and the free-thinking spirit of Anne's period, .still
continued low.

Colonization followed close in tlie wake of discovery.
Most of the first settlements in America and else-
where were made during this period. Commerce was
more than doubled in extent, and branches of manu-
facture sprang up, such as silk-weaving, hat-making,
glass-l)lowing, and improvements in cutlery and haril-
ware. On the other hand, agriculture made little prog-
ress. Coffee and sugar began to be imported, chiefly
from the West Indies.

The General i'ost-offici; was established by Croni-

ENGLLSII HISTORY.

hi'i '

I III

r>i I

well, an.l the Pcm.y-po.st by William and Mary. In the
reign of the latter, the Xational l)el)t was commenced,
owing to the heavy military exi)enditure, and the
Bank of England and ( Jreen wicli Hospital were founded.
The Koyal Society for the promotion of science was
fornie.1, and Chelsea Hosj.ital founded, in the reign of
Charles II. St. Paul's Cathedral was begun in TeOZ,
and finislied in 1710. Stage-caches began to run in
the reign of James II. A standing army took its origin
under the Stuarts. , During this period the classical
Btyle of architecture was revived.

The Great Rebellion, 1642 to 1649. (The Civil War
between Charles I. and his Parliament.)— Charles I.,
like his father, wanted either to have a Parliament sub^
servient to his wishes or to rule without one. But the
Parliament would not agree to this. In 1628, it forced
him to reluctantly sign the Petition of Right, requiring
that no tax be imposed except by I^ulianient,that no man
be imprisoned without trial, that no man be tried by mar-
tial law in times of peace, and that no soldier or sailor be
billeted on private persons against their will. Charles soon
after dissolved the Parliament, and for eleven years ruled
without one. He enforced taxation by means of a tribunal
called the Star Chamber ;* one of the most notorious of
these levies was that of ship-money, which was resisted
by John Hampden, but the courts decided against him.
Want of money obliged Charles, in 1 640, to summon what

• Established by Henry VU. for the trial of offences against the State.

Ill

HOU.SE (}V STUAIIT.

was known afterwards as tlie Lontj Parliament, as it
8iit for thirteen years. Tiiis Parliament abolished ship-
money, passed a Triennial Bill, declared that Parlia-
ment could be dissolved by itself only, and took away
the power of the Star Chamber. Tliese i)roc(;odings
angered Charles, who, hoping to coerce the Parliament,
ordered the arrest of tive of its most daring members.
The citizens of London at once took up arms ; Charles
retired to York, and the civil war began. The fol-
lowers of the king were called Cavaliers, most of them
being mounted gentlemen ; the supporters of the Par-
liament were called Roundheads, from their close-
shaven heads. The Catholics had suffered severely
from both parties, but with their Catholic instinct of
allegiance they took the part of the king.

The parliamentary army was at tirst commanded by
the Earl of Essex ; but, as the war went on, such men
as Cromwell, Fairfax, Ireton, and Monk came to the
front, with Cromwell ultimately taking the most im-
portant position. The royal troops were commanded
by King Charles and his nephew. Prince Rupert. The
first battle was fought at Edge Hill, in Warwickshire,
and was indecisive. Soon after this event, the Scottish
Parliament joined that of England and stmt ,ui army
across the border ; their united forces, commanded by
Cromwell, totally defeated the king's troops at Marston
Moor, 1644. In the south the king was more success-
ful, and in Scotland his cause was supported by the

-"^iiaiF

F¥

ENGLISH HISTORV.

1 ■

i ^^

'^ 1

-'!■

iiil

Duke of Montrose, who gained several victories. The
great battle of Xaseby, 1645, in which the royal army
was completely routed by Cromwell and Fairfax, de-
stroyed the hopes of the king. Charles fled first to
Oxford, and then to the Scottish army ; but as he re-
fused to yield to the demands of the Presbyterians, the
Scots delivered him to the English Parliament for the
sum of £400,000.

Meantime, Cromwell had been appointed lieutenant-
general by the Parliament, and his power and influence
had become overwhelming, especially with the army.
He intimidated the Scots by marching his army as far
as Edinburgh. On his return to London, 1648, he pre-
vented the Presbyterian members from entering the
Parliament, and had it packed with Independents, who
formed what is known as the Kump Parliament. Act-
ing agreeably to Cromwell's ambitious schemes, this
Parliament passed an ordinance for the trial of the
king, Charles was accordingly arraigned before a court
composed largely of army officers, tried, and condemned
as a traitor, notwithstanding that the king denied the
jurisdictioa of the court, and that the House of Lords
refused to take part in the proceedings. Charles was
beheaded at Whitehall Palace, January 30, 1649, meet-
ing his fate with firmness and dignity. It is note-
Avorthy, that this tragic end of the monarch was not
the wish of the people, but the deed of a small faction
of bold, ambitious men, who througliout the proceed-

HOUSE OF STUART.

ings had the address to deceive the nation as to their
real sentiments. It is true, that his death M-as a warning
against arbitrary government, but it has been generally
conceded that his punishni(3nt exceeded his offence.

War of the Spanish Succession.— In the year
1700, Charles II. of Spain died without issue, but in
his will Philip, grandson of Louis XIV. of France, was
appointed heir to his throne. England, Germany, and
Holland, dreading the vast increase of power that the
accession of Philip would give to Franco, disi)uted
the validity of the will, and formed a "grand alliance"
against Louis XIV., who sui)i)orted Philip's claims. In
the war that followed (1700 to 1713), the allied armies,
led by the famous English general, the Duke of Marl-
borough, were almost everywhere victorious. The
French were defeated at Blenheim, in 1704 ; at Ramil-
lies, in 1706; at Oudenarde, in 1708; and at Mal-
plaquet, in 1709. The fortress of Gibraltar, in Spain,
was captured by Sir George Rooke, in 1704, and has
ever since remained in the hands of the English. The
war closed, in 1713, with the treaty of Utrecht, by
which the gmndson of Louis XIV. was acknowledged
King of Spain, with the title of Philip V. The Nether-
lands, Naples, Milan, and the island of Sardinia were
left in possession of the German Emperor Charles VI.,
and England obtained Gibraltar, the Hudson Bay Ter-
ritory, Newfoundland, and Acadia, besides the recogni-
tion of the Protestant Succession.

i i

ENGLISH HISTORY.

Brief History of the British Parliament.— The

principles of the British Constitution, as they are at
present, having been iinaUy established towards the
close of the Stuart period, it may be useful to give
here a brief sketch of the origin and progress of the
English legislature.

The Saxon kings had their AVitenagemot (Assembly
of the Wise), and the Norman rulers their Curia Regis
(Court of the King), to assist them in governing the
nation; and althopgh these were composed of the nobil-
ity alone, yet they contained the germ of the future
jjopular assembly.

Towards the end of John's reign, the Magna Charta
provided for a wider representation than that contained
in the Curia Regis, but the lower classes were still ex-
cluded. In the reign of Henry III., Simon xMontfort
having overthrown the king's troops, summoned a Par-
liament, composed not only of barons and prelates, but
also two knights for each shire (county) and two citizens
or hurgf>sses for each city and borough— the first repre-
sentatives of the people. This event occurred in 1265,
and may be considered the origin of the English House
of Commons. The representatives of the cities and
boroughs sat and voted with the shire members, and
separately from the barons, the latter forming what
has since been called the House of Lords.

In the reigns of tlie other Plantagenet kings, the
Commons made great progress— the House taking ad-

c
a
i:

t]
11

HOr.SE OF STUART.

vantage of the king's necessities to accompany each
money grant with a petition for redress of grievances-.
generally successful. Edward I. agreed that no tax be
levied without the consent of Parliament. In the
reign of Edward III. it was established that the con-
currence of both Houses (Lords and Commons) was
necessary to make legislatioji lawfuh and that the Com-
mons shoidd have the riglit to inquire into public abuses
and to impeach i)ublic servants. In the reign of Rich.,rd
II. the Parliauieiit obtained tlie right of regulating the
expenditure of all moneys granted.

Henry IV., on account of his defective title, found
It politic to conciliate his Parliament, and gave the
Commons the exclusive right of juissing money-bills,
without the Lords participating. Tlie power of orh,i.
mtiiKj bills resided in the Commons from the earliest
days. In the reign of Henry VI., complete statutes
under tlie name of Bills took the place of the old peti-
tions, and to these the king was obliged to give his
consent without alteration. Edward IV. confirmed the
ancient privilege of the Commons wliich secured its
members and servants from nrrest or imprisonment.

The Stuart monarchs aimed at absolute authority ;
but, as we have seen, ifter a gi-at struggle thJ
parliament became the chief power in the state, and
the government of England settled into a limited
monarciiy. hx the x,^<ra of William HL, the
Whigs, advocates of jjopular riglits, and tlie Tories,

ENGLISH IIISTOHY.

H'i><

■ i.

ill -f

the aristocratic party, agroed that tlio party whidi had
the majority in the House of CoiiiiiioiKs might achiiin-
ister the different branches of puhHc affairs, through a
body entitled tlio Ministry, or Cabinet, whose leader
was called tho Prime Minister. The ministers l)eing
principally nuunbers of the House t)f Commons, aml^
therefore, elected by the popular vote, were accounta-
ble to the people for their official conduct. Thus was
established what is called Kesponsil)le fJovernment.

From the foregoing it will be seen that, ])eforo the
fifteenth century came to a close, the authority of the
House of Commons and all its fundamental rights, as
now possessed, were fully establishe.l. The despotism
of the Tudors and the Stuait doctrine of the divine
right of kings, all but enslaved the Parliament for
nearly a century and a half ; but, as we have seen, a
reaction toolc place in the middle of the seventeenth
century, and the ancient privileges of the Commons
were once more fixed on a firm basis before the close
of the Stuart period.

KMINEXT PERSONS OF THE STUART PERIOD.

William Laud, Arolibishop of Canttirbury. honi 1573, died
1615. He was the sou of a woaMiy clothier ; received clerical
orders in 1611, and rose mpidly into prominence under the
patroiiage of the Duke of Buckingham. In 1628, he became
Bishop of London ami the confidential adviser of Charles I. in
eedeaiastieal atfaii-s. In this capacity, his rigorous and over-

HOUSE OF STUAlir.

l».m,K co,„l„ct t„w»r,l» all „-l,„ ,lin„,,,l f,„,„ .,,„ ciuuvh of
E.^la,„l „a,.„c,. f„,. |,i,„ the i„.„„»,. o,li,„„ ,.f M,e „„hli,... u.

u^n-M „a„y „tl,o,. „«,»., „„,,„, „,„ „„„.„ J

Leg Parha,„e„t i,„|«„.|,.„, ,,i,„ f,,,- l.iglHrca.,,,,, a,„l aft ■

1641 T f ^'"'"O"* "•"'■'' «'»««"i), born 1593, di„|

Lau 1. S„o„ after Ins a|,,„arance i„ ,,ul,li, |if„, ^ a „„.„,l».r of

came lung Charle., „,„st tmsted counseller. He wa., a,,,„i„ted
Lor,l rre,„le,,t „f tl,e Council of the North (of England 1^
(.overnor of Ireland, in 1632. In the latter eonntW, l.ba^

z;;rr;;,eT ";"•' t- - "-'■ "^ ^^-^ ^^

to nuu. tl e king an ab„dnte n.onaid,. The Long rarlian.ent
.™,,l.n,ned .n. on a charge of atten,„ti„g to .^,.1, the ^
fes of the |«»,de, an,l he was bel,ea.lcd i„ 1841, Thoniih
t^acheron, and generall, nnpri„ci„Ied, he was a ,na„ of g™t
ability and nndaniited courage.

Oliver Cromwell, boru im, .lied 16,W; son of an K„gli,h
gen l„n,a„ of res,«table descent. His first appeara t „
pubhc hfe was as meu.ter of the Parlianient of 1628. He w»
e acted to the Long Parlian.ent in .640, a„d distinguished hL
self bya .ealons au,i able discharge of his duties After Z
battle of Kdge Hill, when, he showed unusual bravery a a
nunor offlcer, he n,a,ie a specialty of ,lrilli;„. a ...ticullr bTdy
of sohhcr.,, afterwanls called his "IronsLk ,- i-, ',„.e k II a d
d..«3.ph„e eventually brought ruin to the .4.,. a ,V a , 1.
the end „verth,.w the Parliament it,,elf His rap,, ^'t, ,1

" "^' '"■■' "" "•' ■"■'fgatiou of the king's death, hi, horrifr^

".« successes over the Irish, his victories over the .U and

Ill

ENGLISH HISTORY.

in: .. a

Prince Charles, his expulsion of the Long Parliament, and his
iron rule as Lord Protector, have already been noticed. He was
undoubtedly a man of extraordinary genius as a warrior and a
statesman, and he made England res}»et!ted and famous through-
out the world. But he was a tyrant greater than any Stuart
had ever dared to be— remorselessly trampling on those very
principles for which he had pretended to fight— and his great
(]ualities were sullied by hypocrisy, cruelty and selfish ambition.
Among the other prominent parliamentarians were tiie brave
and ])atriotic John Hampden, killed in the early part of the
Civil War ; Sir Thonias Fairfax, for a time commander-in-chief ;
Henry Ireton, son-in law of Cromwell ; John Pym, one of the
most active inembers of the Long Parliament ; the Earl of Es-
sex, General Monk, and Admiral Blake. One of the most
dis anguished royalist leaders was the king's nephew, the gal-
lant, but rash, Prince Riii»ert. John Bradshawe was president
of the court that tried and condemned King Charles.

Sir Edward Coke, attorney-general to James L ; a great
jurist, but without any good moral principles ; died 1633.

Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, born 1650, died 1722, a
celebrated general, under whom Great Britain, in the reign of
Queen Anne, reached the summit of its military glory.

John Milton, born 1608, died 1674 ; a poet of extraordinary
genius. He was a republican in politics, and held the post of
Latin secretary to Cromwell. His most famous work is " Para-
dise Lost," one of the best epic poems ever produced.

John Dryden, born 1631, died 1700 ; one of the greatest of
English poets. His varied writings — satirical, lyrical, and
dramatical — were at first defaced by the grossness of the age ;
but after his conversion to Catholicity, his works, alrea«ly
brilliant and powerful, became also morally chaste. Among
his best works are "Absalom and Achitophel" (a satire) and
"Ode to St. Cecilia" (a lytic).

HOUSE OF STUART.

Alexander Pope, born 1688, .lid 1744. w^stlie ol.ief literary
light of the reign of Queen Anne. Among his most important
works are the "Essay on Critidsm," the "Essay on Man," his
ti-anslation of " Homer's Iliad," an<l a satirical work called the
•' Dunciad. " He was a Catholic.

Joseph Addison, born 1672, died 1719, has been called the
greatest of English essayists, and is remarkable for the elegance
of his prose writing. With his friend. Sir Richard Steefe, he
publLshed the "Tatler," which was succeeded by the "Specta-
tor" and the "Guardian," in which publications his principal
essays appeared.

Sir Kenelm Digby, born 1603, died 1665, "the type of a
true Christian Knight," has been also called from his varied
attainments ' ' the magazine of all the arts. " He became a con-
vert to the Catholic faith under Charles II., and on that ac-
count suffered loss and exile. He wrote many works on natural
philosophy, and others of a religious or polemical character.

Other Authors : Celebrated Poffe-Abraham Cowley, died
1667 ; Michael Drayton, died 1631 ; Samuel Butler, born 1614
dietl 1680 ; Sir John Suckling, died 1642 ; Richard Lovelace'
died 1658 ; and Thomas Otway, dieil 1685. DramatisU-^^xx.
jamin Jonson, died 1637 ; Philip Massinger, dieil 1640 ; James
Shirley, died 1666 ; Francis Beaumont, died 1615 ; and John
Fletcher, died 1625. Pmv.-«'Wters-Jeremy Taylor, author of
' ' Holy Living and Holy Dying, " died 1667 ; Johli Locke, mental
philosopher, author of " Essay on the Human Understanding,"
died 1701 ; Isaac Newton, philosopher, died 1727 ; John Bunyan,
wrote "Pilgrim's Progress,' died 1688 ; Lord Clarendon "(the
Chancellor\ author of "History of the Rebellion," died 1674
Johnathan Swift, satirist, died 1745 ; King Charles II. was a
writer of some ability and a great patron of the fine arts.

Miscellaneous: Inico Jones. dip.n«ii9 q«(1 «;^ rii,~„4._„i-„^
Wren, died 1723, architects; Sir Peter Lily, a great painter,

ENGLISH HISTORY.

«liea 1680 ; William Penn, leader of the Quakers (a sect formed
about the time of Charles I.), died 1718 ; Lord Peterborougli, a
renowuetl general, died 1735 ; James Graham, Marquis of Mon-
trose, l)eheaded l»y the Covenanters, 1650 ; Dr. Sacheverell, who
made himself popular in Anne's reign, by abusing the Wliig
Ministry.

The " Cabal," the infamous Ministry of Charles II., com-
posed of five men notorious for their intrigues— Clittbrd, Ash-
ley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale. They virtually
ruled England for seven years, and with a harsh, cruel, over-
bearing sway. Thoiigh talented, they were un[)iincipled, and
are said to have accepted biibes from Louis XIV. to serve his
interests at the English court. Their own vices and excesses
at last wrought their ruin, and the Cabal broke uj), 1674.

Peter the Great of Russia visited England, in the reign of
William III., to learn ship-building, that he might build a
fleet for his empiiv. Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I.,
died 1669 ; James II. died in 1701, and Queen Mary Beatrice,
his second wife, died in 1718. Their principal place of refuge
was France, wlierc they all died.

CHIEF DATES OF THE STUART PERIOD.

Gunpowder Plot 1605.

Petition of Right 1628.

Civil War begins I642,

Battle of Naseby 1645.

Charles Inheaded 1649.

The Restoration 1660.

The Revolution 1688.

Bill of Rights 1689.

Act of Settlement 1 701.

Union of English and Scottish Parliaments 1707.

Treaty of Utrecht , 1713.

CHAPTER Vlir.

HOUSE OF HANOVER.

A. D. 1714 TO PRESENT TIME.

LEADING FEATURES-Rapid Progress of Industrial, Commer-
cial, and Scientific Interests— Growth of Colonial Power.— Ex-
tension of Popular Liberty— Predominant Power of the Com-
mons — Foreign Wars and Revolutions.

Chief Events.— George I., 1714 to 1727 : Elector
of Hanover, and son of the Princess Sophia, grand-
daughter of James I, unites the crowns of Enghuid
and Hanover. Is an ignorant, incapable, and heart-
less king. A rebellion in Scotland, headed by the
Earl of Mar, in support of the claims of the Pre-
tender, son of James 11., is speedily suppressed, 1715.
The Septennial Bill, by which Parliament gives itself
the power of sitting seven years instead of three, is
passed in 1715. War of the Quadruple Alliance— Eng-
land, France, Holland, and Germany— against Spain, in
which the English Admiral P>yng wins several battles
over the Spaniards, begins 1719. The South Sea Com-
pany undertakes to pay off the National Debt, on being
granted a monopoly of trade with the islands of the
Pacific ; but the speculation fails, iiu'ivasin<' the Debt.

t: ;|-

EXfJLIHH HIHTORY.

Mil

and ruining tlionsands wlio invested their money in it,
1720. George dies, Avlule travelling in Hanover.

George II., 1727 to 17G0 (s„n of the late king) : a
brave soldier, but otherwise little to be admired. " The
early part of his reign is peaceful. The death of Fred-
erick, Prince of Wales, occurs 1737. War with Spain,
1739 ; only partially successful AVar of the Austrian
Succession begins 1740, chiefly against France; closes
with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 (see p. 96).
Charles Edward, son of tlie Pretender, renews the Stuart
claim to the Crown, 1745 ; raises a mbellion in Scotland ;
IS at first successful over the king' ii .,ps, Imt is finally
defeate<l, at Culloden, by the I>.kv oi Cumberland, son
of George II., and escapes to Fran*.;. 1746. The new
style of reckoning time (originated by Pope Gregory,
m^l582) is introduced into England, 1752. Sir Robert
Walpole, is prime minister for fifteen years. Rise of
William Pitt, the " Great Commoner," afterwards Earl
of Chatham (see p. 111). The Seven Years' War with
France begins, 1756 (see p. 97): Conquest of Canada
and India.

George III., 1760 to 1820: son of Frederick, and
grandson of George II. ; patriotic and virtuous, but
very intolerant. William Pitt, prime minister since
1758, retires with the title of Earl of Chatham, 1761.
The Seven Years' War closes with tlie treaty of' Paris,
1763. The British government forcibly attempts to
levy taxes on tlie American colonies, in 1765; the

HOUSE OP HASOVEn.

colomes rebel, in 1775, and aftnr „ .lesperatc stru^e
are (leclare<l indepeiulent, in 1783 (see p. 98) Riot.
occur i„ 1780, instigated by Lo.J (ieorge Gordon be-
cause the government ,,r„,K>8es to grant some privileges
to Cathohe,,. Wars vith France, growing out of tl,e
great irj,,.,,, Revolution of 1789, last from 1792 U>
1815. Tins perio<l brings to tlie front Xapoleon B,ma.
parte, Frencb geneml and Emperor, the greatest mili-
tary gemns of modern times, who, after a dmling
career of victory, is cou.pletelv overthrown at Water-
loo, m 1815, by the English and Prussians, commanded
respectively by Wellington and Blneher (see p 100)
I-sides Wellington, the other great Euglish Ji
mander ,s Admiral .Velson, killed at Trafalgar, 1805
War with the United States, 1812-'15 (seep. m).
WUham Pitt, son of the Earl of Chatb.n,, is prime
n„n,ster, 1783 to 1801. Irish Affairs : Independence
of the Irish Parliament acknowledged, in 1782 ■ unsuc
cessful rebellion in Ireland, 1798; Union of the Irisl,
Par uunent with that of England, 1801 (see p. 103).
In 1810, the king becomes insane, and his son, after-
wards George IV., is declared Regent. Geome III
d.es, at the age of eighty-two. His reign, the longest
". Enghsh history, is remarkable for its numerous im-
portant events an,l for the many eminent men it pro-
duced (see p. 111). '

A plot, called tlie Cato Street Conspiracy, L mnrfer

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET {MT-3)

1.0

I.I

£ IS 110

iy^ 1 u

1.6

om,

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y, 14580

(716) 872-4503

^A.^\

^ ^%.

'""^f^i.

l/j

l(''l

'il

ENGLISH HISTORY.

III!

the Ministers and destroy London, is discovered, and
several of tlie conspirators are executed, 1820. A suc-
cessful war M'ith Burniah, in Farther India, brink's ac-
quisition of territory, 1824. The Enj^lish and French
fleets defeat the Turks at the battle of Xavarino and
establish tlie independence of CJreece, 1827. The Test
and Corporation Acts are repealed in 1828. Tlie
Emancipation Bill, passed in 1829, cliiefly by the efforts
of Daniel O'Connell, relieves Roman Catholics of many
of the restrictions placed on them ])y the penal laws.
The king dies without surviving,' issue.

William IV., 1830 to 1837 (brother of George IV.) :
jwssessed of good personal qualities, but without much
ability. A Reform Bill is jmssed, in 1832, increasing
the number of voters at parliamentary elections, and
regulating the rei)resentation, by allowing none to sit
m parliament who .lid not r(?present the people, and
by allowing towns and cities hei-etofore unrepresented
to send members to parliament. Slavery is abolished
througiioiit the British doujiiiions, and £20,000,000
given as indemnity to the slave-owners, 1833. The
king l(;ft no children.

Victoria, 1837 : daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent
the fourth son of George III. Xo woman being al-
lowed to wear the crown of Hanover, this kingdon^ is
separated from England, an<l falls to the Duke of Cum-
berland, George III.'s fifth son. Canadian rebellion,
1837-'38 (see j). 106). The queen is married to AHjert

HOUSE OF HANOVER.

of Saxe-Co},nr-Gotha, in 1840. A ^var in Afghanistan
(1839-'4v;), to settle rival claims to the throne of tliat
country, ends disastrously to the English ; but in the
same period Punjaub and Scinde are added to British
India. Three wars with China— 1840, 1856, and 1860
—force that country to open several ports to Britisli
tmde, and surrender ceitain territory. Chartist riots
m connection with demands for radical parliamentary
changes, occur at several times between 1838 and 1857.
The Corn Laws are repealed, in 1846, thus removing
high duties on imported breadstuffs. An unsuccessfu*!
rising occurs in Ireland, in 1848. The first Grand
International Exhibition is held in London, 1851
Great Russian War, 1854-'56 : England and Irance
assist Turkey against Russia; closes with tlie Treaty
of Paris, 1856 (see p. lOo). Rebellion in India, called
the 8epoy Mutiny, 1857 : suppressed after n.uch blood-
shed (see p. 105). Jews are admitted to P.lrliament,
for^ the first time, in the person of Baron Rothschild,'
1858. Albert, the Prince Consort, dies in 1861. Tlie'
Fenian Agitation for the liberation of Ireland continues
from 1863 to 1868. A second Reform Bill, i)rovidin«
for the further extension of the Franchise and increase
of representation, is passed, 1867. Dominion of Can-
ada formed, the same year (see p. 106). A Avar with
Abyssinia, because its king refuses to give up captured
British subjects, ends successfully, 1868. The Iii'li
Church Bill, disestablishing the English Church in

:
1

. . ■

1 i

EXGLLSH HISTORY.

Ireland, ,s passed, 1869; an.l Laiul Bills, givin. some

inivileges to Irish tenants, are passed, 1870 and 1884

An Act authorizing voting by ballot is passed, 1872

A uar with Zulus of South Africa, for encroaching on

Lntisli possessions, ends with the defeat and capture of

their king, Cetewayo, in 1879. Another war with

Afghanistan, in 1879, ends with the capture of Cabul

and the dethronement of the Ameer. Egyptian affiiirs

give the British ^government much trouble, between

1882 and 1885 (see p. 110). The Franchise Bill of

1884 greatly extended the right of voting among the

laboring classes.

GRNEALOGY OF THE HOCSR OF HAXOVRR, OR

liRUN'SWlCK.

Geokhe I.,
Great-graiKlson of James I

^ I
George II.

^ I
Frederick,
Prince of Wales, d. 1751,

Georjje III.

George IV.

Charlotte,

Princess of

Wales,

d. 1817.

Frederick,

Duke of York,

d. 1827.

William IV. Edward, Ernest Augustus,
Duke of Kent, King of Hanover
d. 1820. d. 1851.

Victoria,
married Albert of Saxe-Coburg.

Victoria Adelaide,

married Prince

Imperial of

Germany.

Alliert Edwartl,
Prince of Wales,
married Princess

Alexandra of
Denmark, 1802.

Three otlier

iSons,
Four otlier
Daughters.

->K=Of»~

IIOVSE OF HAN'OVER.

England under the House of Hanover. - The

first two mernhvi's of the new royal family made them-
selves unpopular by their unconcealed dislike for every-
thing,^ English. Had the Stuart party (the Jacobites)
been properly organized, or had the young Pretender
Cliarles Edward acted with vigor and promptness, the
House of Hanover might have had a brief career. But
the genuine British feeling of the other members, first
shown by George III., restored among the English
])eople warm an<l lasting sentiments of loyalty. \he
establisliment of Constitutional Freedom, refenvd to
in the preceding chapter, was complete, an<l tlirough.
out the whole of the pres.>nt period the Parliament has
retained the ascendency— the Crown making little ef-
fort to regain it.; ancient in-erogatives. The i)eoi.le at
large have obtained additional influence in public af-
fairs by the extension of th.o franchise and tlie more
even distribution of tlie privilege of sending membei-s
to Parliament, provided for by the Reform Bills of
1832 and 1867, and by more recent measures of IVemier
Gladstone. Th.- charactpr of the House of Lords has
been greatly changed during the present century by
the creation of several peers from the middle classe.s, a
body hitherto without much representation in Parlia-
ment.

(ienerarJons of proscription made the Catholics of
England an insignificant body. But if the Iwginnin-
of this period witnesse,! their .larkest davs since perse'^

[|1

■-t

}:l

•n

LNULISII HISTORY.

cutioii began, tlie middle and latter parts have seen tlio
(lawn and progress of better times. Measures of relief
were slow in coming : the second quarter of the nine-
teenth century had well commenced before j.rejudice
was so far sulnUied that the most severe of the penal
laws were repealed and Catholics adn.itted to almost full
civil ami religious liberty. The Catholic hiemrcliy was
restored in England, 1850, and in Scotland, 1878
Ireland never lost her hierarchy. In the meantime,
1 rotestant sects grew numerous. Year after year Siiw
now bodies dissenting from the Established Church,
and these .lissenters again breaking up into new denom-
inations, until to-day there are no fewer than 160 Protest-
ant sects within the limits of the British kingdom alone.
The most notable of the new sects is Methodism,
founde.l a])out the end of the last century by John Wes-
ley, a man who, while advocating freedom" for his own
followers, did his best to i>revent tolemtion to Catholics.
During this period England has done much for edu-
cation, but not as much as might be expected from a
nation of such lofty pn^tensions. It is true that she
always possessed two of the best universities in the
world and many excellent colleges and schools, afford-
ing educational opportunities for the children of the
upper and middle classes. P„it these schools were
maintained by individuals or corporations : the govern-
ment made no systematic provision for the education
of the people in general. As a consequence, large

HOUSE OF HAXOVEU.

numbers of the lower orders remained ignorant.

recent return showed that one-Hfth of the a*hilt popu-
lation of Kngland could not write their nances In
1870 and 1872, Elementary Education IlilLs were
passed for Englan.l and Scotlan.l, largely increasin.r
tile means for popular education. This plan has been
found to work successfully, and may l.ad to the estab-
lishment of a comprehensive system of natic.nal instruc-
tion, not yet enjoyed by Englan.l. It is worthy of
note that Ireland, in the matter of national schools
has had the start of England and Scotland by about a
quarter of a century. Newspapers and books have mul-
tiplied enormously, during this period, and have done
a great deal to spread information and promote intelli-
gence among the masses. In 1771, reports of parli.v
menttiry proceedings began to appear in the newspapers.
It was during this period that Great liritain acquired
most of her foreign possessions. By her own mis.nan-
agement she lost the best of her colonies-tlie United
States ; but, in the possession of In.lia, Canada, Aiistm-
lia, m^v Zealaml, South Africa, and many smaller
places on every ccmtinent, she rules an empire, the
most extensive if not the m..st powerful in the world.
Agriculture, manufactures, commerce, mining, and other
industries, assisted by the many wonderful inventions
of the period, have made rai)id progress, contributincr
to the greatness of the nation and the wealth and com^
fort of the people.

ENGLISH HISTORY.

I. •'

1 1

lHj

Tiiis is unaoubtedly the age of scientific progress.
Among its numerous inventions ami discoveries may be
mentioned: Vaccination discovered, 1798; gas, first used
m 1802; the first steamboat was run on the Hudson from
New York to All)any by Robert Fulton in 1807; the
first railway (between Manchester and Liverpool), in
1830; the electric telegmph, first used in England in
1842; the Penny Post established, 1840; Lord Kosse's
great telescope finished, 1843 ; the first World's Fair,
m 1851 ; the submarine telegraph between Great
Britain and America successfully laid, in 1866; the
telephone first commonly used, in 1877. In the reign
of George IL, Lord Anson made a voyage around the
world— Drake made a similar voyage in the reign of
Elizabeth. The first voyage around the world was
made by Magellan's crew, 1519-1522.

In the reigns of the first two Georges, there was a
general laxity of morals ; public men were notoriously
corrupt, and it seemed to be the aim of the writers of
the time, and especially of the novelists, to make vice
fashionable. But in the reign of George III. a change
for the better commenced. Under the influence of its
many great events and of the high character of its
statesmen and authors, the manners of all ranks were
improved, public taste was reforme.l and literatu-'^
purified.

War of the Austrian Succession.— Charles VL,

Emperor of Germany, died in 1740, leaving his hered-

HOUSE OF HANOVER.

progress.
s iiKiy be
first used
sou from
507; the
pool), in
Inland in
I Kosse's
I's Fair,
n Great
66 ; the
lie reign
md the
reign of
rid was

e was a
jriouslj
•iters of
ke vice
change
e of its
of its
:s were
eratir")

es VI.,
hered-

■v.

itary <loniinions, the Austrian provinces, t(X his .laugh-
ter, Maria Teresa, Queen of Hungarv. V'But Charh'.
hleetr.r of Bavaria, set up an oj.poskion claim, as
V-emg the next mak^ heir, and a gr|t war ensued.
Ihe Elector of Bavaria was sui.ported by France and
Prussia, and Maria Teresa by JOngland. The two pri,,.
cipnl battles were fought at Dettingen and Fontenoy
At the battle of Dettingen, in 1743, George If com-
manded in person, and the English were victorious
over the Fr.nch. It was the last tiuie an English
monarch was under tire. At the battle c,f Fontenoy
HI 1745, the Englisji uiuler the Duke of Cumberland'
were defeated by th.^ Freiu^h under Marshal Saxe. It
is said, that this great victory of the French was cliieHy
due to the resistless charge of their Irish brigade The
war closed, in 1748, with the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
by which Maria Teresa and her husban.l Fran Duke
of Lorraine, were left in possession of the Austrian
• lominions.

The Seven Years' War, 1756 to 1763.— in 1705,

France and Austria made an alliance to crush Fredericli-
the Great of Prussia. The Hanoverian States havincr '
been invaded by the allies, England joined Prussia"
In 1757, the Duke of Cumberlan.l ^as defeated by the ^'
French at Hastenbech and forccnlfe'surrender agreat '"
part of his father's German terri&iv. In 1 759'' the
French were defeated at Mindeii bf'a combined a'rmy
of English and Prussians. Hut, if tlie success of Eng-

'■<v ■.,. ■ .- -■

■ I if

E.VOLISH IIISTOHY.

land was ,]oul,tful in Kurope, it was not so in otli.-r
parts of the mo.M. lu Canada the hitlieito invincible
Freneli Marshal Montcaha Ava.s defeat.'d near Quebec
m 1/59, by the Engh's], un.ler (Jeneral Wolfe, and
Canada virtually conquere.j. Tn this l>attle the nva]
commanders were both killed. In hulia (Hindostan)
whore France had also nttaine.l great power, the Fn-^-
lish, led principally by Lord Clive, were e^•ervwhen.
victorious over the French. The l,attle of I>las.ev
whore Clive .lefeated the great Indian Xabob Surajali
Dowlah, establislied IJritish supremaev in India, 17.-,7
By the treaty of Fontainebleau (near Paris), in' 176:?'
which cl„se,l the war, England obtained her Cana.liau'
and Indian possessions and l)ecame the most powerful
nation in Europe.

The American Revolution.-Duiing the seven-
teenth and (^-ghteenth centuries, English settlements
were formed along the eastern coast of America and
about the time of the Seven Years' AVar, thirteen
.colonial governments ha,l l)een established The
most important of these were : Virginia and Massa-
.^husetts, the two oldest ; Xew York, coiKpiered from
the Dutch; Pennsylvania, settled by the Quakers under
^^1n. Penn; and Maryland, first settled by Lord Balti-
more, a Catholic nobleman.

The early history of these colonies is chamcterized
l)y numerous conflicts with the native Indians and
with tlie rrench colonists in Canada. Nevertheless.

ill otlicr
n vincible
' (Quebec,
olfo, anil
tlic rival
iidoistan),
the Eng-
iiT where
Plassey,
Surajali

ia, irnr.

in 1763,
'anadian
iuwerful

' seven-
lenients
iea, and
thirteen
. Tlie
^fiissa-
tl from
•s under
IBalti-

Jterized
IS and
ihele.ss.

JloL'iSK (»l II Ks,,s ii;

!»!J

'•' I'ojMilatioii increased, .mi, I
an extent, that the iJiiii.l

isiieh
debt.

'iiii

I 'JllV .-III

on aeeniiiit of its n

"<••< ]»rosiK'ied to
liient, deeply in

t'» levy diiti(
'I'he latter st

lUii-iM.i. Nv;.iv,. saw tit, ill 17«

■^ on certain ;
"Utly objected

< MO.

.yvennnent in wj«ich they \,„{
f" |>ay the exi>ense

'" •••'•'atinM. The J}riti.s]

its U'\
and at

Ji'-S and the colonisu t..,,!, ,,
a eon-ress held at n,;i,Ml,.Ii

lared themselves indepi

'••"'•lin,-,' the eulonies.
"»-: ''.vpd in ,siipjM)rl a
"" '■","'•' 'sen tat iun, and
no share
persisted ill
aniis, ill 177-, .

i'i'N ill 1776, d..-

«»f wars u|,i,.i, ||„ y ),.„j

I ,J"\ ••! Ii||i''!lt

'enil^'iji

seven yei

M :;i'

a war that lasted

i''«"swere assiste.1 by the K,. „.|,. h, the!

as followctl )»y
^hich the Amor-

tlie Uritish t

tile Anieri

I'Oops were Sll(•r■^,...f'i;|. ,,,,1 t)

X'^liniiioL'.

.f tl

cans was ^doomv. I

lejr general, (ieonxf W
'atri

iri^

ic prosjiect for
-'"'ill and i)atience

■^''•'"i;i"ii, supported bv

• II! tlH'

t .0 patnotisru of the peop]... un.lL u-iumpl.cd. The
-nu™.,cm.nd,-..ntgou..:..,^

-;IefeatedandsiaiuatO.,.l...,. ir;o. In 1777, the
^.ntish ,enend,ru,.^oyne, .:......,,.,,., ^^^^

vW.. army to the America...., ...,., After manv

' ^."^es of lV,rtnne, the <leci. v.. Ki... .vas at last struek

^•^ ^orktown, in Vii^inia. .1...... ,i,. ,nnte<l Kn-neh

and American forces, comiiu

'"Mt<»n, stirrounded the Uriti>h
••impelled them to surrend. •
saill

•! '•> (General ^'ash-
""'••'■ Cornwallis, and

!e.s (

near Paris), En-i;

i'f treat V of \'

ei'.

{>*^ndence of the col

onies. iiM\\-

!l'i :t<kllMnJed-ed tile inde-
k:i'.\Mi as the I'nited

100

\iM

1 1

ENGI.l.SH HISTOHY.

states ,.f Anioriea, ]7H'X The triu.npli r.f tli<.
AmerieaiKs w„s Imilcl },y tlie ri^l.t-thinkin- nu-n
of all countries as a victory over unjust an.l tvnui-
nical Icj^'islation.

Wars with France, -rowin^r out of the great
French Revolution of 1789.-Long-continue.l despot-
ism on the part of the French government at last pro-
voked the people of France into open rebellion. Ihit
the revolutionists, under l)lood-thirsty and infidel
leaders, .ommitted the most frightful excesses. They
guillotined their kind-hearted king, Louis XVI., and
his good queen, Marie Antoinette ; almlished the mon-
archy, suppressed Christianity, executed thousands of
the nohles and clergy, and terrorized the whole nation.
Their atrocities at last caused the nionarchs of Europe
to unite against thcni, in the interests of public order
and religion.

The war began, in 1793, with an invasion of Fi-ance
by the allies. But whatever was their character at
home, the revolutionists iwved themselves invincible
in the field. They routed tlie allied armies in battle
after battle, and drove them beyond the French fron-
tiers. Even England was unsuccessful on land, but
she maintained her old prestige on the ocean. '(Jne
of her greatest victories was that won ]>y Admiral
Xelson in the bay of Aboukir, near the mouth of the
Xile, in 1798, when the French fleet was destroye.l.
At la.t, by tlie treaty of Amiens, in 1802, a short peace

FIOIXR OF HAN'OVEH.

101

1 of thu
:in<,' men
nil tvnui-

tlie {^Toat
<l ilospot-
; last j)ro-
ioii. ]5ut
il infidel
's. They
^VI., and
tlie mon-
isantls of
le nation,
f Europe
•lie order

>f France
racter at
iivincible
in battle
ich fron-
iind, but
n. (Jue
Admiral
Il of the
!stroyed.
>rt peace

was seeured, and the Kurop.-au powers a-ree.l tu r.'c.)},'-
nize tlie Frencji Republic.

In the meantime, Xaiwleon Uonaparte, a yotiii^' Cor-
Hican soldier, had risen into prominence. As com-
mander (.f the French army in Laly, in 1797 and in
1800, he was so successful over tlu- Austrians, that he
earned a European rei)Utation. H.^ was made First
Consul of France, in 1801, and used his power for the
restoration of order and reli^rjnn, and the improvement
of the aftairs of the country. In 1S04, he was ci«>wned
Emperor, and was immediat<'ly called upon to face a
fresh coalition of the European powers. In 1805, he
defeated the Russians and Austrians at the great battles
of Austerlitz; in 1806, he crushed the* p<>werof Prussia
at Jena ; in 1808, his armies overran Spain and Portu-
gal ; in 1809, he once more defeated the Austrians at
Wagram. He then divorced his wife, Jose[.hin-, and
married the Austrian Emperor's daughter. In 1809,
he seized the Papal territory and imprisoned the Pope
— Pius VII. Froui that moment his great i)ower be-
gan to decline.

In 1805, Admiral Xelson completely defeated the
combined fleets of France and Spain off Cape Trafalgar,
though the English hero was killed at the moment of
victory. In 1806, Pitt died; but the new minister,
Canning, vigorously maintained the war against Napo-
leon. In 1808, Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards Duke
of Wellington, was sent into Spain with a liritish armv

: j

f ,

I , i;

I ?:i

1 I

102

I.N'.I.ISH IIISTOHV,

to liuJ|) the Sj

)in)!;.|'i

the 1

>i3y:iiiiiimr of til.. I'

the iKittJe of V

"• -Xitel the Frencli. Tl
•iiiusiilar AVar. Aft

lis was

ii'l'Ta, III- w

''!■ winniiii>

ooi

'(-' sent m ]ii- |,|,

Iff

<• country, was »oiv...I

^'I'uneh. At Cnn,„i,:i.
fought at whidi Uir I-

as recalled, and Sir .Fohii
Moore, after inar(hin<,' int..
'<• retreat, followed l»v tl

"II

the

coast, a hattl

e was

'^vas killed.

I'omniand of the Mritisj

(•"lie

'"^ir Aiilinr W.^Hesley

> were repulsed, ),iit M

(jore

' :'''tuy and c(

M"ds a<,'ain j)la<;ed in

of vietory that |iM,-.]|v . xpdled
Peninsula. At th. I

>nnn(!need a care

inanea(1812), an.l Vif,,.,
^>f Ciudad Kodri.^M .•,.,.! IJ,,,!

the French from tli
'•'''- of Tahivem (1809), Sal;

'■' (1813), and at the capt

Jne

-ailed Xapol

poleon

•JOS, in 1812, he out

of his h(,.st ariujc
ton entere<l F

irener-

jrew some

'1 Miarshals and overtl

'" I'*<13, the victorious AVellinn-

^'" • •'"''-'•Ml the French at Toul

•nd n.arche.ltriinMp(K.i,ijv towards!

louse

'anwhile N.i|.,,j,..,„ |

aris.

ere lost almost ;|„. u|„,I,. of

'iiiiself invaded Russia I

tut

famine, 1812.

his

irmy hy frost and

hut

was totally

<'n Ms Mum, he raised a fresi

i<'iii<'.j ;ii

united for<es (»f H
months after, P

Leij

» army,

psic, in 1813, hv tl

"-^M. Austria, and Pi

ussia.

A fe

Ul'IS \\i

XaiX)leon resij,r,i,.d I,i> .-,•..>»
of Klha, 1814. A si
fnitin March, l.s]:,. Sui.,]

>" the hands of the Allies.
H and retired to the island

resumed his for

'•"•t pericxl of peace succee<led
iH.l^on returned to Fmnce and

hined aj^ainst 1

ifHi- )...>iji..n. Eur

liiii. .111.1 li

•ope once more com-

^vas overthrown at Waterl

HOUSE OF HAX<JVEH.

103

This wiis
winnino

^ir .Fohii

lin^' into

l>y the

tic WJIS

t M(j<»r»^
lacod in
ii cureei-
'oni th«'
), Sala-
<aj)fnre

t;,'<'lHM'-

*v son If
^^IJiiio-

llJoilSf^,

iu, hilt

it UIKJ

iiriMv,
y th«'
A few
Vllies.
isl.'iiul
wled ;
e uiul

COIII-

by the British and Prussians under Wellington and
Bliicher, .June 18, 1815. About a week after this,
Napoleon surrcnidered himself to the Knglish, who
sent him to St. Helena and guar<l(ul liim there until
1821, when he died. I-^aigland came out of this long
struggle of twenty-two years covered with glory, but
burdened with an immense debt— $4,000,000,000.

Irish Affairs.— Ku; id's peculiar method of gov-
erning Ireland has already been noticed. Towards tlie
end of George II. 's reign, the penal laws were gradually
relaxed. At the breaking out of the American Kevo-
lution, England, with her hands full of war, called
upon her Irish su}ye<;ts to arm in their own defence.
This they did, and in a short time an army of well-
<lrilled volunteers came into existence. Irish patriots
now saw their opiwrtunity. The volunteers, sup-
ported by the elociuence of (Imttan, Flood, and other
patriotic Irish Protestants, holdly deman<led that the
Irish Parliament be declared friie to manage the aflairs
of Ireland. England, after nuicli hesitation, yielded,
m 1782. Then followed a period of ])rosperity in
Irish affairs which lOngland viewed with a jealous
eye. By a coiu'se of harsli and selHsli legislation, the
British Parliament che<.'ked the gi-owth of Irish pros-
l^erity and re<luced the country to misery. Driven to
desperation, th(f Irish, both Catholics and Protestants,
rose in rebellion, in 1798, l)Ut they were soon over-
powered and severely punished. The Act of Union

! I

ill

f^:

.<<- *

t«-

104

KNCi*.ISH HISTORY.

. "at.on. The work done by ()'C„,„,„ll_bis successful

ort. , boba of ..e,«al-wiil be „„ti„ed furtbe. ,.u,
I 1848, anotber „s.„,, took ,,lace, but it was ,,„i„klv
put clown and ,t3 leaders arrested and translate, Tl .
con™, of 1851 showed that Iroiaad lost wo unll^
of .ts ,«p„,at,„n by e,„,>.tion an,l disease. The a .
tation caused by the Feninn I'..„ti, i i , °

al>o„t 1862 ..are the cT '"""'«'•''"»''■ '*«"'""'o
°oi, ^aie tlie Government much trouble for

eve,.l year. A n.ore recent n.oven.ent is that set ™
f ot by the Hon,eRu,e n,ond«ra of the House of Co,
mens (led by Charles Stewart I'arnell), who, adopth 1
OConnell's pnnciples, are endeavorins by peaceful b,^
earnest agitation, to effect the repeal T.f tile ^^
un on between U«at Britain and Ireland

War Of 1812 with the I'nite,! States. -Durin. the
wa. wjth Xapoleon, Great Britain elain.ed th^ri
to search An.erican vessels for sup,»sed run-a«-ay Brit
.«1. subjects. The An,eric,,n Government objected, bt
England persisted, wbe,.u,«n the forn,er declared w„

;nd the Canadu,ns, though inferior in numbers, were
generally successful. An American invading army
under Gene., Hull was driven out of Canada, i' .8
ad forced to s,,rrender at Detroit to Geneml Brock
The next year, B..ck defeate.l another invading anuv

iiou.se of haxoveh.

105

at Quoonston Heights, but was killed in the battle.
Other American forces met a siniilar fate at Chrysler's
Field on the St. Lawrence, and along tlie Niagara fron-
tier ; the only signal American victoiy was that won
at the battle of the Thames, 1814. On th(i Avater the
Americans met with singular success. In the States
the British general, Ross, took and destroyed Wash-
ington, but at Xew Orleans the P.ritisli under General
Pakenham were <lefeated. A treaty of peace was
signed at Ghent, in December, 1814, wliich left mat-
ters as they existed before the war.

The Russian War.— Russia Imd long cast a covet-
ous eye on Turkey, the possession of which would give
her the supremacy of the East. In 1853 it became
evident, that she was determined to effect her object.
England, in defence of her Eastern interests, inter-
posed and, supported by France, declared war in 1854.
The war was carried on chiefly in the Crimea. The
principal events were : a victory at Alma, tlie brilliant
charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava, the victory
of Ijikerman— where the English would have been de-
feated but for the timely arrival of the French, and
the capture of Sebastopol by the allied troops, after a
year's siege. Russia then sued for peace, which was
granted her on very unfavorable terms, by the treaty of
Paris, in 1856. Althougli victorious, the allied armies
suffered much hardsliii) and great loss of life. The
losses of tlie Russians \vere still heavier.

106

KNGUSH H1«T0KY.

India (Hindostau).-Early in tlie .seventeenth cent-

1600, for trading purposes, obtained possession of sev-
eral ports on tl,e coast of Hindostan. T.. defend tlieir
mcreasniK possessions, the.y hhvd and drille.l bodies of
native tr<.ops wlioni tliey called .Sepoys. Tliese formed
«ie bulk of the army that under Lord Clive bi„ke tlie
l^rench power in India, in tlie Seven Years' AVar and
overthrew S.irajah Dowlali at Plassey, in 1756. bar-
ren Hastings, govprnor general in 1774, still further
strengthened British rule in India, and the overthrow
of lippoo 8aliib at tlie battle of Seringapatam, in 1799
made that rule predominant. After this, tlie next
most important event Avas the rebellion of the 8epovs
"mler .\ana Sahib, 1857. They captured Delhi, mas-
s^icred the European residents at Cawnpore, an.l laid
siege to LucknoAv. Delhi was recaptur.nl within .ix
months, Lucknow reli(n'ed, and the rebellion sui>-
pressed, though after considerable loss of life and tre-is-
ure The East India Company was now suppressed,
and the government of India tmnsferred to the Crown
T ^?f ";*'"-~C''^"^«l«i was first owned by France. In
1535 Jacques Cartier, a French navigator, explored
the St. Uwrence, and formally took possession of the
country m the name of his king, Francis I. The first
permanent settlement was made at Quebec, by Cham-
plain, an enterprising explorer, and the country be-
gan to improve. For a long time, fur-trading was the

HOU«E OF

107

cliief occupation of the settlers; hut pro-ross was re-
tarded b- fre(iuent wars witli tlie Indian.^ (Iroquois)
and witli tlie En-lisli settlers to the soutli, on tlie
question of houn.laries. The al)lest French governor
was Frontenac ((h'ed, 1696), wlio defeated tlie En-lish
and^ Indians on all sides, and raised the French pmv<'r
in Canada to its Iieight. Marquis de A'audreuil was the
last French governor. During his a.hnihistmtion, the
Seven Yc^irs' War broke out, when, notwithstanding-
the skill of (Jeneral Montcalm, the French were de"-
feated, and Canada was eede<l to the English, 1763.

The i)opulation now incrc^ased rapidly. In 17'^^ tlie
Canadians successfully resisted an American invasion.

In 1791, Canada was divi<led into two provinces

Upper and Lower Canada. The war of 1812 with the
United States, as we have seen, reflected intinitc; credit
on the eoui-age and loyalty of the Canadians. In 1837,
a rebellion, headed by Mackenzie and Pai)iiieau, broke
out in both provinces, owing to the refusal of the ad-
ministration to grant Resiwinsible Government. It Avas
suppressed in a short time ; but the Act of 1841, which
reunited the i)rovinces, conceded the demands n'lade in
1837. Settlei-s now poured in from all parts ; manu-
factuivs sprang up; commerce, facilitated by numerous
lakes, rivers, canals, and railroads, began to extend, an.l
the country in general assumed a prosperous appear-
ance. In 1866, Canada was disturbed by Fenian raiders
from the neighboring republic. In 1867, the lirit-

,1! I'

108

EXGLIWH HISTORY.

Hi, North America Act was i,a.,.,ed, constit«ti„s the
]>o>,.„„o,. of Canada. At first, the Dominion wascom-

irf It r"""""' '■ '^""'"° (^'I'l*^ Canada),

Quebec (Lower Canada), Nova Scotia, and Xew liruns-

Bnt sh CoI„mb.a, and that vast district known a

I??r«i'.f ''J""""'' '""•^■'""""^ ""^ Confedemtion.
In 1869, the Met.s, of the Red River Settlement, now

Man.toba, rose in rebeilion, chiefly on the question of
self-government, and, led I,y Louis Riel, held control
of the territory for several montlis; bnt on the a,-
proach of a British i-egiment the leaders fle.l, and the
prov.nca government was established. In 1885, the
Met,s a,ul Indians in the north-west, considering then,-
aelves ill-treated by the Dominion Govern„,ent, espe-
cially on the land question, took up arms to maintain

I'T, n"^" ''""^' °* '^'"""""" ™'»"tee.. under
General Jl.ddleton marched against them and com-
pletely routed them at Batoche. Their leader, Louis
B.el was captnred and subsciueutly hanged.

The area of the Dominion is nearly 4,000,000
of ,s,,uare mUes, and the population almost 5,000,000
The form of government in Canada is a limited mon-
■why. The government consists of the Legislature and
fte Executive. The Legislature is composed of the
Governor-Geneml (representing the Sovereign of Great
Britain , the Senate, and the House of Commons.
These three branches must give their consent to everv

;

HOUSE OF llANOVEH.

109

Bill before it can beeoiuc law. The Governor-Genoml
is tlie chief executive officer. He assemblehi, prorogues,
and dissolves Parliament, and assents to all Bills not
reserved for Her Majesty's pleasure. The Senate cor-
responds to the House of Lords in I-Jigland. It may
originate Bills not relating to the revenue, and may
reject any Bill passed by the Commons. The House
of Commons consists of representatives chosen by the
electors in counties, cities, and towns. It controls the
revenue and expenditure of the country. The Execu-
tive of the Dominion consists of the Governor-(ieneral
and a Cabinet, or Ministry, of thirteen members.
These are selected from the members of the House of
Commons, by the Premier, and with him direct the
government of the nation. The government of Canada
is a Responsible Government— that is, the Ministers
are answerable to the Parliament for all tlieir acts.
The Premier, or Prime Minister, is chosen by the Sov-
ereign or Representative. The Ministers and ex-Mi n-
isters compose the Privy Council. A Parliament is the
assembly of the Senate and House of Commons, to
make laws and discuss national affairs. That part of
each year taken up for these purposes is called a Ses-
sion. The Speaker is the individual chosen by the
Commons to preside over its actions while in session.
To adjourn Parliament is to grant the members a recess
for a certain time ; to prorogue Parliament is to stop
its work for the session ; and to dissolve Parliament is

!lf

110

ENGLISH I1I8TOKY.

to dimm tl.o >no,aber.s, «,mlly, after whicl, a new olcc-
tioM ,,„«t take ,,l,.ce. Tl.o House of Common, e„„.
.sts of 211 ,„„,„1.„« ; „.,, t,„ „„„„^^^ ^^. .

IS comiwscd of 78 Senators.

Eflyptian Alfaip..-The govomn.ent of Esynt, noni-
.-lly .nhject to ti.e Sultan of Turkey, bya I^k ;onrso
of extmvas-anco had sunk itself ,l,.„,,ly j,, ,|,.,,t. ^I.e
people, Ions groaning under a heavy weiyht of taxa-
tion, rose u. rebellion, in 1882, headed by Ambi Pasha.
The bulk of Lpfs creditors were English capitalists,
and the J.ritish government, in the interest of these
capitahsts, interfered to put ..own the i-eteUion. After
a short campaign, .the British forces under General
Wolse ey bro,.gbt the rebellion to a close by the defeat
of Ana« Pasha at the tatio of Tel-el-Keber. Xot Ion-
after tl.,s event, a new ..pponent of the Egyptian <-o^°
en.me..t appeared in the Soudan, in the i»rs„„ o'f a
preten.led prophet-El Mal.di_at the head of a la.-.e
•may. Ge..e.-,d Gordon, a British otflcer in the service
of Kgypt, was sent to oppose him and to settle the af-
fairs of the Soudan. But El llahdi carried all befoi.
I.m. an,l bloeka.le.1 Gordon in Khartooni, a place of
so,„e imiwrtance on the Blue Xile. After a sie-e of
sevenU ii.o..ths, Khartoon, w,.s captured and Gor,lon
sla.n, early in 188.5. In the meantime, the British
govemmeirt interfered to check the progress of E!
Ma.:dl. B..t,sh forces, led chiefly by (Jeiieral Wolse-
ley, marehe.1 up the Xile, h,.d various ei.coui.te.^ with

HOUSE OF HANOVEIi.

Ill

Kl Mahdi's followers, and sufforod severe lM.s.se.s but
did not accomplish anything dcHnite. Generals Lrle
and Stewart were killed in this M-ar. Affairs in that
country are still in an unsettled con.lition.

KMIXKXT PERSONS OF THE HAXOVKRIAX PERIOD.

Sir Robert Walpole, bun. 1676, .lied 1745; piime niii,i.s.
tor for twenty-ono years, ending 1742. His foreign [.olicy was
peaceful. He was a great, but unscrupulous statesn.an, an.l
used tlie public money to purchase the support of liis opponents
—a practice which ultimately drove Inni from i>ower.

William Pitt, Earl of Chathan., born 1708, died 1778 ; a
statesman possesso.l of great force of character, and a brilliant
orator. He became premier, in 1758, and for four years con-
ducted one of the most vigorous and successful administrations
that have ever held office. British armies everywhere tri-
unjphed ; commerce and manufactures flourished. He retired,
in 1761, rewarded with an earldom and the still prouder title
of "The Great Commoner."

Edmund Burke, born 1730, died 1797 ; Irish by birth and
descent ; an eminent writer, orator, and statesman. As a mem-
ber of the British Parliament, he was distinguished not only for
his eloquence and political abilities, but also for his broad and
liberal principles. He had a remarkable genius for writing,
and his works consist chiefly of essays and letters on philosoph-
ical and political subjects.

William Pitt, son of the Earl of Cliatham, born 1759, died
1806 ; famous for his oratory and political genius. He became
premier, at the age of twenty-four. Hi« military administra-
tion was feeble and unskilful ; but his extraordinarv genius, as
a parliamentary leader, !na.l« him the most powerful and popu-
lar minister that England ever produced, and f.>r nineteen yearn

112

ENGLISH HISTORY.

hehvU almost absolute pou-er. The great «i,„ of his forci...
>ohey was to on.sh Xapoleon, and it is sai.l that his faih.re to
do so hastone<l h.s death. It was he who changed the character
of tl.e House of Lords by the creation of new i,eers

Charles James Fox, born 1749, died 1806 ; a brilliant ora-
tor and statesn.an He was the great opponent of the younger
P tt, and a warm friend of Burke. Like the latter, he was an
advocate of honest government and liberal measure*,
ofrrf"*! "**.'"*^'*» Nelson, bom in 17r>8. killed at the battle
of r afa Igar in ISO.. ; the greatest of English admirals. He .vas
a natural .sailor, and .spent his life, from the age of twelve at
sea rising rapidly by his great abilities to the highest position
in he service. His two great victories-at the Xile. in ^798.
and at Trafalgar, in 1805-are among the most notable of mod:
em naval warfare.

Sir Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, bom 1769, died
1852 ; Englan.l s greatest soldier, and one of the most successful
generals mentioned in history (see French Wars). He was premier
auring the latter part of George IV. 's reign ; but he did not shine
as a statesman, and made himself very unpopular bv his o,)posi-
tion to all measures of reform. It was through force and with
gre^t reluctance, that he passed the Emancipation Bill in 1829
Daniel O'Connell, born 1775. died 1847 ; a celebrated Irish
statesman orator, and patriot. By his surprising ability and zeal
he worked up an agitation of such formidable proportions, that
the British ministry, fearing a popular outbreak, rejiealed the
lest Act, 1828, and passed the Catholic Emaneipatioii Bill 1829
He now devoted himself to the work of effecting a repeal of the
Union, an.l by his accustomed energy and pmdence maintained
for >^ars an enthusiastic and powerful, but peaceful, agitation
for that purpose. In 1843, the Government an-ested him. on a
charge of holding unlawful assemblies, and sentenced him to
be fined and imprisoned ; but the House of Lords soon after

HOUSE OF HANOVEH.

113

reverse.! this sentence. O'Connell was now ol.l an.l feeble ; he
undertook a jonrney to Rome, i„ 1847, but died on the way.
Hks bo<ly hes enton.Wd near Dublin. He was several tin.es
nien.lK..r of I'arlian.ent and. in 1841, was lord-niayor of Dublin
He was the idol of the Irish iH.ople. an unselfish i»atriot, and a
sincere Catholic.

Henry Stuart, Cardinal of York, the last of his royal
race, and a man of unblen.ished eharacter ; died at Rome, in
180/.

Among the other great statesmen of this in^riod were : Oeoruk
Cannin(j, a iHiweiful orator, who.se great object was the over-
throw of Naiwleon, died 1827.

Loud Jo„n Kussei.l, who passed the Reform Hill of 1832.
died 1878.

Sm RoiiKnr Peel, who^i^ealed the Corn I^ws in 1846, died
18;)0.

Lord Palmbiwton, the energetic premier duiijig the Russian
\\ar, died 1865.

RiCHAUD Comdex, successful advocate of many libei-al meas-
ures, died in 1865.

Hexjamix DisitAELi, made Earl of Beacoiisfield, a firm and
prudent premier, died 1881.

RiCiHT H(.N. W. E. Gladstone, who has passed many liberal
measures, still living.

Poets: James Thomson, died 1748, author of "The Sea-

sons. "

Edwakd Young, died 1765, author of "Xight Thoughts."
Thomas Gray, died 1771. author of " Elegy on a Country.
Church-yard." ^

Oliver Goldsmith, died 1774, author of "Traveller" and
"Deserted Village."
Robert Burns, died 1796, a Scotch lyric iioet.
William Cowper, died 1800, author of " The Task."

ENOr-lMFf HISTORY,

I! '

LoiM) Bykmv, (li,.,l ir2i, autlior of "Chil.lo H.-m.M."

Silt Waltkii Srorr, .li.-.l 1832, autlior ..f "The Lmly of tlie
Lake ;" he also wrotu the " Wavorlcy Xovcls."

Mkh. Hkmans, .IumI isar,, wrote various poems.

RoHKUT S(.rTm;Y, ,He.l 1843, wrof.- various poetical an.l liis-
toriiuil works.

Thojias CAMl'liKLr., .lie.l 1844, author of "Pleasures of
HoiH)."

William W«.i!i>s\voitTii, die.I Isr.O, author of "The Exeur-
sioii."

Thomas Mookk, .lie.l 18r)2, author of " Irish Mehxlies."
Samukl Rockius, ,li,.,l isnr., author of " I'leasarcs of Mem-
ory."

Alfiiki) Tknnyson, still livin^r, author of various p<,oms.
Prose-Writers: Sik Isaa.- Nkwton, .lie.l 1727, iliscovert^
of the " Laws of Oravitutioii. "

Al,l«AN BrTLKK, .lied 1763, theologian, author of "Lives of
the Saints."

David Hume, died 1776, infidel author of " Historv of Eng-
land." ^

Dit. RK-HAitn CHALi.r)NKi{, die.I 1783, wrote various religion.^
works.

Dit. Sami-ki. Johnson, died 1784, author of " Rasselas" an.l
an "English Dictionary."

Adam Smith, die.l 1790, author of a woiK nu }.olif;;3al eeon-
ojuy calhid the " Wealtli of Nations."

Edward Giubon, die.I 1794, infidel author of "Decline and
Fall of the Roman Empire. "

RiCHAUD B. SHEitiDAX, died 1816, dramatic writer.

Rkv. John Lin.;akd, D.D., died 1851, author of "History
of England," one of the most reliable works extant.

iJisis p Milker, author of " End of Religious Controversy,"
-feu iS26.

irOUWE UF HANOVEU.

115

JosKPH Bkimvoton'. autlu.r of tlu- " Lit..,„ry ilLstorv of the
Mi.l.llo Ak.'.s," <lic(l 1827.

L..iti. MAiAtLAY, .lie.! Isr.O, author of a " flistory of Knc-
land " and " Lays <.f Ancient Ronu.." '

AucHMUM. Alison, died 1867, autl.o. o. u "Ili.tory of

Caudinal Wihkmav, died 186.-, and Caui.inal Mann.nc
«tdl hving, both Archbishops of Westnunstor. and both taking
a high rank among prose authors.

Thomas Caulylk, died 1881, essayist an.l historian

WiLUAM ThACKKKAY (.Iie.l mii), koNVAlll) WVIAVV n-hXTlOH

(died 1873), and Chaki.ks Dickkx.s (died 1870), u re great
novelists. "

Miscellaneous: S.KC.r.FKF.Y Kn-kllku, painter, di. d 1723

John- Hoavaud, the celebrated phihinthropist, died 1790.

Sin Joshua Rkynoi.ds, painter, died 1792.

.T(»HN Wii.Kh:.s, a politiciaiuof little merit, made hinis. If ob-
noxious to the government by publishing scurrilous arti< -s i,,
his pai>er the North Briton, hut became popular by ,K,sin<r sh
a champion for freedom of the press, and caused great excite-
nient ; he died in 1797.

Sill Chuistoi'Her Wrex, architect, died 1723.

Edmund H alley, astronomer, died 1742.

Siu Wm. Herschell, astronomer, died 1822.

Sir H. Davy, inventor of the safety lamp, died 1829.

Sir RicHAiiD Aukwright (died 1792) and James Har-
okaves, inventors of spinning machines.

JAME.S Watt, improved the steam engine, died 1819.

George Stephenso.v, invented the locomotive engine, died
1848.

William Wilberforce, the .successful advocate for the
abolition of slavery, died 1833.

I ^

116

ENGLISH HISTORY.

CHIEF DATES-HOUSE OF HANOVEIi.

The Pretender in Scotland 1715

The South Sea Bubble 1720

The Young Pretender * * jy^g"

Seven Years' War begins 1756

American Revolution begins 2775

1783.
1789.
1798.
1801.
1808.
1815.

1829.

1830.

and 1885.

American Independence acknowledged.

French Revolution begins

Irish Rebellion [

Union of Irish and British Pariiaments.

Peninsular War liegins

Battle of Waterloo

Repeal of Test and Corporation Acts. .... . 1828

Emancipation Bill

First Railway

^f ™ ^"^« '.'1832/1867, and 1885

Abolition of Slavery jggg

Electric Telegraph ' " ' " jg^g^

Com Laws repealed jg .«

Crimean War * * jg, ."

Indian Mutiny

Civil War in the United States

Death of Prince Albert ./

Cotton Famine in Lancashire

Atlantic Cable laid

Disestablishment of Irish Church.

Irish Land Acts '.Vs 70 and 1884.

Elementary Education Act for Englan.l. . . 1870
Ballot Act jg^g"

Education Act (Scotland) .* * * " * ] 1372'

Telephone .'

"^^'^ "^ ^SYVt ' '.'.'.'.'.V.V.VlSsV and 1885."

1857.
1861.
1861.
1862.
1866.
1869.

APPENDIX.

I. THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION.

The three principal forms of goverunieiit are : Absolute
Monarchy, Limited Monarchy, Republic. In the first the
supreme power is held by the sovereign ; in the second', the
power of the sovereign is limited by a constitution ; aiid in thv
third, the supreme i)ower is vested in representatives elected by
the people. The science of government is called Politics.

The form of government in England is that of a limited
monarchy : the supreme power l^eing divided between the Sov-
ereign and two Houses of Parliament.

The Sovereign alone makes peace or war ; he has the sole
nglit of pardoning criminals ; he can call, prorogue, or dissolve
Parliament ; he has the right of accepting or refusing to sign
any law ; all titles of nobility are created by him. Tliese his
prerogatives, are defined by the laws of the land, which are as
binding on him as on his subjects.

Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of
Commons. Laws are made by being proposed in either House
in the form of a Bill. Every Bill must be read and passed, bv
H majority of votes, three times in each House, and then receive
the consent and signature of the Sovereign l)efore it becomes a
law of the land. Bills granting money can he proposed in the
Commons only, and the Lords have no control over them.
• The Sovereign carries on the government through his Min-
isters, who are responsible to Pariiament. When Pariiament

118

ENGLISH HISTORY.

refuses to accept their measures, the Ministers resign ; and the
Sovereign calls other advisers to form a new ministry. Accord-
ing to the Septennial Act, a Parliament can sit for seven years
only ; the Sovereign must then dissolve it and call a new one
A new Pailiament must also be called within six moi.ths after
the accession of a new Sovereign.

Th^ Parliamentary rights, above enumerated, are the out-
growth of various successive enactments ; but their essential
features are contained in the Mat/m Charta of King John.

POLITICAL TERMS.
The Members of a Parliament are usually divided into two
great Parties-<1.) tU Party in power, calle.l the Ministry or
Government Party, and (2.) the Party in opposition. When
the Ministry is defeated in an important measure, it i>jsigns
and the opposition lea<ler is called uj^n to form a new ministry'
T\ hen neither party feels strong enough to form a ministry, a
coalition is usually formed, consisting of members chosen from
both parties. #

The Fiscal Policy of the country is the plan adopted by the
government for the purpose of raising a i-evenue. Free Trade
IS the free interchange of goods between countries. The Na-
tional Exchequer is the Court wluch exercises jurisdiction in all
cases relating to the customs, the excise, and the revenue gen-
craUy. Political Economy is the science which explains the
principles of National Wealth.

The Journals of the House are the books in which the pro-
ceedmgs of each day are recorded. The Civil List is the money
required for the maintenance of the Sovereign's household. An
Order in Council is a regulation, having the ettect of law, made
by the Ministry, independent of Parliament. A BiH is a state-
ment of a proiwsed law ; when regularly passed, it is called m.-
Act of Parliament.

APPENDIX.

119

Trial by Jury is tlie trial of allcgo.l criminals by a body of
individuals impartially chosen from the community.

A Session is that pait of the year taken up by Parliament in
transacting jmblio business. Parliament is adjoiinicd from day
to day ; it is jovruijucd from session to session ; and it is dis-
solved when a new election is about to Ik? held. The Si^aker is
the i)erson chosen by the Commons to preside over its actions
when in session.

The Three Estates of the British lealm are : the Sovereign,
the Lonls, and the Commons. The Regent is one who governs
a country in place of the sovereign.

XL PRINCIPAL TREATIES.

Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 : Closed war with France ; Edward
III. resigned his claim to the French crown.

Treaty of Troyes, 14-20 : Henry V. declared Regent of France
and heir to the French throne.

Treaty of Breda, 1667 .- The Dutch ceded New York to the
English.

Secret Treaty of Dover, 1670: Louis XIV. agreed to pay
Charles IL £200,000 annually on condition that the lat-
ter would assist him against the Dutch.

Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 : Louis XIV. of France acknowl-
edged William III., King of England.

Treaty of Utrecht, 1713: Closed Spanish Succession War ;
Philip, granilson of Louis XIV., acknowledged King of
Si)ain ; part of New France .surrendered to Great Britain.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 : Closed Austrian Suctmsiou
AVar ; Alaria Teresa's claim to Austrian dominions ac-
knowledged.

Treaty of Paris or Fontainebleau, 1763: Closed Seven

120

EXOLISH HISTORY.

Years* War ; France ceded possessions in Cana,l,» and
India to Englanvl.

Treaty of Versailles, 1783: Englan.l aoknou-ledged the In-

tleiHindencc of the United States.
Treaty of Amiens, 1802: Between France and Allie.l Powers

of Europe ; tenninated the first war growing out of the

iTench Revolution,
Treaty of Ghent, 1814 : Closed War between Great Britain

and the United States ; conquered territory mutually

restored. " j

Treaty of Paris, 1815 : Closed the Wars with Napoleon ;
France reduced to the limits of 1790, and the Bourbon
dynasty restorfed in the person of Louis XVIII., brother
of Louis XVI.

Treaty of Paris, 1856 : Closed Russian War ; Russian troops
withdrawn from Turkey, and Russia agrees not to keep
war-ships in the Black Sea.

III. IMPORTANT CHARTERS AND STATUTES.

Constitutions of Clarendon, 1164. Framed by Henry II. to

make the Church subject to the State.
Magna Charta, John, l^is. Equal rights secured to all

classes (see p. 24).

Confirmatio Chartarum, Edward I. Confirmed Magna Charta
and Charter of Forests. ,

Statute of Treason, Edward III., 1351. CrinJe of high-
treason limited to compassing the king's death, levying
war against him, or aiding his enemies.

Act Of Supremacy, Henry VIII., 1534. The Sovereign estab-
lished Supreme Head of the Church.

Petition of Right, Charles I., 1628. Taxes not to be levied
without consent of Parliament. -' •

APPEXDIX.

121

Test Act, Charles II., 1673. All n.nnicipal. civil, and mil-
itary officers to conform to the E.stahlished Church
Habeas Corpus Act, Charles II. , 1679. No arrests without a

»•.. /«"!"*' '''■'■''*''^ ^'''''^"' ^'^ ^'^ *''^J '''^^"' a certain tin.e.
Bill of Rights, William and Mary. 1689. Parlian.entary rights

and privileges confirmed.
Toleration Act, William and Mary. Rei«3aled penal laws

against Dissontors, hut not those against Catholics
Military Act, William and Mary. Prevented the army from
being kept in existence for longer than a year at a time
' without the consent of Parliament.

Act of Settlement, William III., 1701. Succession to the
, Crown lunited to the I'rotestant heirs of the Electress

of Hanover ; Ministers made responsible for the Sover-
eign's acts.

Act of Union, Anne, 1707. Legislative Union of Scotland

and England.
Septennial Act, George I., 17I6. Duration of Parliaments

limited to seven years.
Act of Union, George III., 1800. Legislative Union of Ire-
land and Great Britain.
Emancipation Bill, George IV., 1829. Civil and religious

liberty granted to Catholics.
Reform Bills, William IV., 1832, and Victoria, 1867. Ex-
tension of the Franchise ; eciualization of Parliamentary
representation ;" Rotten Boroughs " abolished.
Municipal Reform Bill, Victoria. Provided for the better
administration of justice in towns and gave ratepayors
the right to elect town councillors.
Church Bill, Victoria, 1869. Disestablishment of the English

Church in Ireland.
Land Bills,. Victoria, 1870 and 1884. Granted privileges to
the Irish farmers.

122

ENGLISH HISTORY

IP f.

f.- ?

Education Act, 1870. Provided by means of school boards for
the education of cliildren between the ages of 5 and 13 at
tljo public exjiense.

Franchise Bill, 1885. Still further extending the privilege
of voting. **

IV. THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND,

FROM S27 TO THE PRK«KNT TIME.
THE SAXON KINGS.
EOBKRT g27

Ethblwolf (eon) 837

Bthelbald (son) . . .i gsg

Etbblbbrt (brother) 860

Ethelred I. (brother) 866

Alfred the Great (brother) 871

Edward the Elder (son). . . 901

Athelstan (son) 9^5

Edmund (brother) 940

Edred (brother) 9^

Edwt (son of Edmund) 955

Edgar (son of Edmund) 959

Sdttard the Marttr (son). . 975

Ethelred II. (son) 979

Edmund Ironbids (son) 1016

(Danish Interval) 101&-1041

Edward the Confessor 1042

Harold 10Q5

NORMANS.

William I. (Conqueror) 1066

WiLUAM 11. (son) 1087

Henrt I. (brother) hqo

Stephen (nephew) 118&-1154

II. PLANTAGENETS

Henrt II. (grandson of H. I.) 1154

Richard I. (son) ii89

John (brother) 1199

Henrt III. (eon) ^216

Edward I. (son) i272

Edward n. (son) i^

Edward III. (eon) " . 1827

Richard II. (grandson). .1877-1.399

III. LANCASTRIANS.

Hbnrt IV, (son of John of

Gaunt) 1399

Henrt V. (eon) ' 1413

Henrt VI. (son) 142»-146i

IV. YORKISTS.

Edward IV. (son of Duke of

York) ,46,

Edward V. (son) ,483

Richard III. (uncle) 1483-1486

V TUOORS.
Henrt VII. (descendant of

John of Gaunt) 1435

Henrt Vm. (son) 1509

Edward VI. (eon) 1547

Mart (half-sister) 1653

Elizabeth (half-sister), . 1568-1608

VI. STUARTS.

James I. (dee. Henry VII.). . . 1603
Charles I (eon) ,(525

APPENDIX.

123

.. 1216

..1272

.1807

.. 1827

177-1399

. 1486
. 1509
. 1647
. 1663
^1606

ComiOMWBALTH Ifl49

Chables II. (Bon of Charlee
!•) 1660

Jaxbb II. ^brother) loss

WiujAM III. and Mary (Mary
was a du:ighter of Jamee
D) ltW9

Annk (daughter of Jamee
11) 1702-1V14

VII. HANOVERIANS.

Geobob 1. (grcat-grandeon of

Jamt'8 1.) 1714

George II. (son) 1727

Geoboe III. (grandson) 1780

George IV. (son) igjjo

William IV. (brother) 1880

ViCToiUA (uicce) 1837

124

ENGLISH HISTUUY.

?! I

V. PRON-UNCIATIOX OF DIFFICULT PROPER NAMFS

APPEARING IN FORE(iOIXG PACES.
«. fl. I. 0, a. Umg; 4, 6, 6, lest prohnrfed / 3, S r fi n ,a^/

Aboukir (fl-boo-keer') jco

Adrian IV. (adrl-ftn) ' ' " ««

Agricola (a-grlk'Q-Iji)

PAGE
. 15

Blofs (blwa)

Bliicher (blooHcgr) ......

Albans, Saint (BantaWl'binzV 4I ^"^"es (boo-veen')". '...'.■ .■.■.;.■ ^

Alcain (ai'kwin) '"*'''^°^>' Jj Bonaparte ,bo'n».pM) ,oi-2

Anjou (an'joo). J- Boarbon (boor'bQn) 1,5

* ' ■ - '^ ' Brian Bora (bn'ftn bo-rooO 81

Breda (brads') ' ,15

Buckingham (bak'iug-jm) . . ." 67

Bflr-goyne' ^

Boulogne (boo-lon'). ......

An'selm, Saint gj

AntQ-nlne g

Afghanistan (af-gams-tanO. • .91-2

Agincourt (ag'f n-cOurt) 39

Aix-la-chapelle (aks-U-shi-pel') 97

Aml-gns jQQ

.-irles (arlz) '""" g

Armagh (ar-ma').... 99

^n^'da .'■.■.■■ 531

Aus'tgr-litz jQj

49
69

105

Cabot (kab'gt)

C9-bar

Calais (kai'iss). . . . ' " ' " .*.'.'."" " gj
Caractacus (k^-rak'td-kfls)..'.'. 5

CfEsar (see'zftr) ►

Caedmon (kSd mQn) ,0

CamTiridge ""' ^„

Cawn-pore' ... \\^

Canute (k^-nflt')

Cftr-lylo'

106

114

Bai'a-kia'va

Badajos (bSd-a-hOs). ........." 1^

BaUol (ba I6-9I, or bai'yol) 34

Beatrice _■■;; ^

Beauclerc (bo-). t- r-o^- x *"

Beaconsfleld (bSk'flnz-fleldi.:; ,3 S'S"'' ^'''' '^"■*^*'^ '^

Becket (bgk'gt), St. Thomas a. 35 ' ^

Boad-Im6'jj g

Boleyn (bool'in) ; ^

Bolingbroke (bSl'ing-bro-ok)

Blenheim (bl6n'!m) 79

Cel'eg-tlne

Celtic (sSlt'ik)......'..'"^"

Challoner (chal'Qn-gr). J14

Champlain (sham'plan'). . . . . " " 106
Charlemagne (shar le-mfln).

APPENDIX.

125

PAOK
.. 15

..101-2
... 115
■ .. 81
... 115
.. 67
... 99
... 19

.. 49
.. 69

. 2D

.. 5
. 12
.. 17
.. 106
. 10
. 114
')106
. 64
. 30
. C
. 114
. 106

PAGE

Chalnz (shSlflz') 34

Chivalry (8hlv'»l-ry) 13

Chlcheley (chich'fi-ll) 45

Clau'dl-us 5

Cleves (kleev2) 50

Ciudad Rodrigo (tbe-ooKlSd'

rod-iee'go) job

CoBur de Lion (knr de ll'on) . . . fu

Colet (kOl'gt).. 64

Connaught (kOn'nawt) so

Crecy (kree'ee) 27

Cromwell (krtin'wel, or krOm'-

wel) 83

CuI-lO'dgn gg

Cfl'ri-S Rfi'gle .,,.. 17

Dane'gelt 9

Delhi (dellee) jog

mrhy (or darT)!)

De Ruy'tcr gg

Det'tlng-sn ." 97

Devcreoz (dSv'fi-roo), 64

Di6i«eli (diz-ra'lee) us

Drogheda (drOg'6-dft) 67

Evee'hsm 26

ElMSh'df ""' 106

Erin (3-rin) 30

Falkirk (fawl'kirk) 34

Fontainebleaa (fdu'-tSn'-Blo'). 96

Pontenoy («n-t§.noi') gj-

Portescne (ffir'tss-ku) , 46

Frontenac (f r6n te-nak) 107

Oama, da (dl ga'ma) 4^

Ghent (gent, or gON) 106

Gloucester (glos'ter) 41

Gordon gg

PAOK

Gram pl-jn 7

Greenwich (grin'IJ) 70

Greeh'am 84

Gueeclin )gft.kl«N') 27

Habeas Corpus (ha'be as kor'-

Pue) 69

Hardicanute (hfir'dl-kft-nflt'). . . 10

HSm'ftns Hg

Hengiet (heng'f;let) 8

Heptarchy chep'tark-I) 8

Herechcl (hfir'shel) 114

Hlbemia (hI-ber'nT-») 30

Hin-dQ-etan', log

Hungary (hung'g».il) 97

Iliad 85

Iceni (l-see nl) 7

In'dI-» 106

Ireton (Ir'tfin) 77

Iroquois (Ir-Q-quoyO 115

Jena(ya'na) 101

JO'ftn of Arc 40

Josephine (jo'-se-feen') 101

Khartoum (kar-toomO no

Kncller (nfil'gr) 114

Labrador (lab'rft-dorO 49

LSn'franc 2I

Leicester (les'tCr) 25

Leinster (lln'ster) ao

Lcipsic (llp'slk) 108

Lewes (la'888) 25

Llewellyn (looglin) 26

Lorraine (lor-ran) ... 97,

Magna Charta (mag'na kOr'ta). 24
Malcolm (ciai kQm) J2

126

ENGLISH HISTORY.

PAGE

Mandevlllo (man'-de-vU) 37

Marie Antoinette (mfi're' An-

*wft-net') ,oc:

Marlborough (mawrbro) m

Moore (mOr, or moor) log

Montcalm (mOnt-kam) gg

Nft'nftSa'hlb jog

Navartno (nav-ft-ree'no) 90

No'vttm Or-ga'nflm ,[[[ ^4

Gates (OtZ) gg

Oudenarde (ou'den-ar'deh) . . . . 79

Pakenham (pak'en-am) 105

Pal'es-tine '........ 20

Palmerston (pam'er-8t9n) 113

Papineau (pft'pe-no) io7

Par'neU or Par-nell' .,,\] 104

Percy (pSr'86) '"' gg

Plantagenet (plfin-taj'e-net) ... 23

Polctlere (pwate-A') ^^

Poyn'ings [[

Pun-jaub' 91

Quebec (kaTjek'), loe

Kaleigh (raw 10 63

RamilUes (rSme-lte) 79

Bouen (roo'§n) * 4Q

Byswick (riz'wlck) ' * 72

Sai'ftdln jQ

Salisbury (sawlzOifir-I) eg

Scinde (sind) ' . , gj

Seb'as-to'pol, or Sev'as-to'pol. 105
Seringapatam (ser-ing'gft-p^.
*«o') ,06

_ PAO»

Seymour (see'mur) 5Q

Shakespere (shflks'peer) 63

Shrewsbury (shniz'bfirl) gg

Soudan (socman') ..." hq

Suetonius Paulinus (ewc-to'nl

us pawl-in'us) 7

Surajah Dowlah (soo-raja doc

„ '«) ,....106

Sweyn (swan) |q

Talavera (taia-va'ra) io2

Tewkesbury (taksTifir-n ...... 45

Toulouse (too'looz) ] log

Tournament (tflr'na-ment) .... 45
Trafalgar', or Tra-fal'gjr .... 89

Troyes (tma) ,,4

Tlp'poSa'hlb "" ■ jog

Ftopia / i *g-p!.9) gg

Utrecht (a-trektO 73

Vandrenil (vo'drcl) igg

Versailles (ver-saizO 114

Vittoria (vl-to'ri-a) 102

Wag'r»m joj

Walpole (w5i'pol) gg

Warwick (wSr'ick) ..[[[ 44

Wellesley (wSIz'lI) ." 101

WInchelsey (wta'chgl-sl) 36

Wlt'e-na-ge-mot n

Wolseley (wdblz'll) " no

Worcester (woos'ter) 68

Wordsworth (wflrds'wurth)..!. 113

Wyatt (wl'ftt) 52

Wycklifle (wlk'lif) 27

Zfit'phen g4

Zulu «„

PAOV
. BO

... 102
... 45
... 102
.. 45

. 78

. 109
114
tOi

101
88
44

101
20

110

113
53
27

Si I

i^^.'-'

^,|^^:Ji>l^^^^v

3J?!&IJ5

fmimmtm

N L C a N c

' " "^ ' •• T~i-'

3 3286 02754475 4

ifcS

jlgr'^^

Jts*^

•«\^

<Se ^j_ Igil

ISI^&&''~

^ ^?H

^^P^M

^ t^^l

pii^p .

--M

* ■ i?^*f

^ISM?

rSnlfr^T

\>.K.>V,n -vS