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This Lecture was given in Clifton by my brother, at my particular desire, in aid of the fund for the Repairs and Improvomcnls of my Church, Ho repeated it in my Schoolroom at the request cf many of my congregation, who were unable to hear it on the first occasion ; and now he has kindly yielded to our wishes, and consoiited to print it for private sale, in the hope that it may be of still furl hor use to Trinity Church. It is printed almost word for word as it was deliveretl, and it makes no pretence of being anything more than a i'aniiliar account of wliat (to use his own expression) was a novel Military-Naval Expedition— something in fact b(!twcen a '• Sailor's Yarn,"" and a '• Soldier's Tale."' C. HILL WAfiLACE. The Lecture has been passed thi-ough the ])rcss in niv brother's absence from England, and he therefore is not. res]»onail)le for any mistakes. Wo are greatly indel)ted to a member of my congregation for the interest and trouble he has taken in the pn^paration of tlui excellent nuip illustrative of the lecture. 375-^3 I t < I • ' • • ( 1 I .... ' ' . • rrcH MAP ACCOMPANY WALLACE'S LECTURE .4 52 t OF British Miles. JSL n -A \ AN .*■' ( /'> >-j: ^11/ 50 ■v^' r .y ■' V , ' 4UI I t P OF WALES 90 ~^ \ SKITCH MAP TO ACnoMPANY CAPTAIN WALLOS LECTURE 52 0f "Prince I making, f and Iiilly s ; and it s of boats ats had to them the Scalt, and linistiqiiia pie ; but Ison Bay 1 Young, 3ne ; and by the men and md half of boats iUO feet, vcd that vatcr to j)oint, within T to the 9 On the 16th of July, 1870, about 8.30 p.m., Colonel [''eilden's Brigade composed of Captain Young's and Ward's Cor |)anies, with the Artillery and Engineers (in all 17 l)oats), started as Pioneers of the expedition, with (JO days' provisions, amid the cheers of friends and well-wishers on the shore, for GOO miles travel through an almost unknown country. The other Brigades followed as speedily as possible. On the IDth I received my orders to sail. My flotilla con- sisted of seven boats ; my crew 5 officers, 58 men, 11 voyageurs and a guide, wlio did not know the way — 78 in all. My cargo was a motley one, 40 barrels of biscuit (each weighing 100 lbs.), 42 barrels of flour (each 120 lbs.), 50 barrels of pork (each 200 lbs.), 7 barrels of sugar (each 150 lbs.), 7 cans of tea, 13 sacks of beans, 8 boxes of preserved potatoes, tins of pepper ; 10 axes, 11 picks, 22 hatchets, 13 kettles, 1 oven, 18 frying pans, 13 shovels, 13 spades, 11 tents, 7 tins of mosquito oil, 13 boxes of medical comforts, boxes containing our rifles and OOOo rounds of ammunition, some of which was kept loose, and u few other things. That night we pulled about 12 miles to our first cami)ing ground, which we called Raspbeny Hill, so thickly was it covered with fruit. About 11 o'clock, p.m., a fearful thunderstorm broke over us, so vivid was the lightning thai we could see to read l)y it ; but amid the wet and misery we were not without amusement, for clinging to the tent pole with hands and knees to in'cventits bemg blown away sat Admiral , a control olHccr, exclaiming at intervals, "This may be very grand, but it is most unpleasant. llow 1 wiah 1 hud stayed ut home." He received the name 1(1 of " Admiml " because wlieii in eliarge ul' a luri,^e ihiL- bottomed boat or scow, at Thunder Bay, he was continually asserting his authority, by shouting out "Do you Sir, command this boat or do I ? " After two days of very severe work on our first portage, we arrived at "The height of land" ])ortage, the second on the route, whence all our joui'ney was down hill. A " Portairc" is the shortest road from one lake to another, or a i)ath along a river bank cut to circumvent a rapid when the water is impassable lor boats. On aiTival men at once are sent to fell the trees along the path selected, which ought to be from 8 to 12 feet wide : these trees are then used as rollers for the boats when dragged over ; and while some men arc path-nuiking, others are unloading boats. The heavy weights are carried with a])ortage strap — a long thong of leather, or more generally untanned liide, about 11 to IG feet long, 5 or G inches wide in the centre, and tapering off to a pohit : the rope-like ends are fastened round the barrel or box to be carried, leaving a small loo}) for the head to pass through. The broad part is placed on the fore- head, and the hands are clasped over the back of the head, which is bent slightly forward : the barrel thus rests on the back, and the strain is on the vertebrae of the neck. In this way a man can carry from 200 to 300 lbs. I myself jiavc carried from 200 to 250 lbs. An Indian can carry from liOi.) to 400 lbs. ; and this, remember, not only on a level, or merely for a yard or two, but over rocky, hilly, and slippery ground, and for distances up to 2,000 yards ; each man having to midcc from four to five j'ourneys over every portage, aud bomctimes cnuountering six or seven portages a day. 11 When all htores are carried over, the bouts, under charj^e of an Officer, follow. About thirteen men can generally portage a boat, unless the incline be very steep. A rope is rove through the bottom of the stem post of the boat, carried over the bow and fastened round the two forward scats, by which means leverage is gained to lift the bow. Two men are stationed as bowmen, one on either side to lift the bow over rough ground and roots of trees : this work is the most arduous of all. Two men amidships keep the boat on an even keel. The remainder harness themselves with por- tage straps to the rope. At a given signal from the Officer, who also takes his share of the work, a start is made and the boat walked along at a steady pace, the bowmen guid- ing : should any hitch occur the pulling ceases till the bow is raised, and then the well-known shout of "Together lieavc ! stick to her boys ! " sets her agoing again. In this way, extra hands being added, woods of any dcnseness, roads of any roughness, and hills of any stcei)ness can be traversed. In going down hill a drag rope is run out over the stern, and thiee or four men are told off to it, to pre- vent her taking a shoot downwards. When all boats arc safely over, launched, and loaded, a fresh start is made. Should any have been damaged or strained in transport, the mischief is soon repaired with oakum, tin and white lead. So much for a portage and the work. T shall now try and give you some idea of a day's doings on the road up. Camp was roused by the sentry on duty between four and live a.m., lire lighted and tea warmed while we dressed, which 12 consisted of getting out of a blanket and Ijuffalo robe, occasionally, but not tdways, washing, and getting into a coat and red night cap. For the dress of officers and men was simple in the extreme : flannel shirts of every hue, caps of all descriptions, and trowsers, which before long resembled Joseph's coat of many colours, kept up by a broad strap from which dangled a sheath knife and tin cup. One officer invariably kept his boots and leather moccasins soak- ing in water all night that they might be comfortable to put on in the morning : at least that was the reason he assigned to Colonel Wolseley, who enquired what the boots were doing in a bucket of water outside the tent. By this time our tents were down, and everything stowed in the boats, half-an-hour from the first call being allowed for all. The tea itself was capital, but a layer of grease always floated on it, owing to the usual secretion of pork fat from the kettle, which was a jack of all trades : add a little sugar and I may safely say that the most skilful physician would be at a loss to prescribe a more nauseous draught. With it was served up a dry biscuit or piece of choke dog — a pancake made of flour and water fried in pork fat (but not bad I can assure you) ; and last, though not least, the only delicacy allowed us m the shape of meat, a piece of salt ])ork about half-an-inch thick, requiring a mi- croscrope to find out the proportion of lean to fat. And yet wc eagerly devoured this our early repast, and were vendj to jump into our boats, pull over a lake or shoot a rapid, initii such time as the pangs of hunger assured us that ciglit o'clock breakfast hour had {UTived. On landing the usual question was put to our servants* 13 " Wliathave you got for breakfast ? " " Nice cold pork, Sir, tea and biscuits ; or if you prefer it Sir, fried pork." Ravenous after our morning's work and our bath we fall to, and soon are ready for another start. The usual doubts about the weather, whether the wind is fair, the current strong against us, or a long day before us, pass away the few moments allowed for a smoke, while camp kettles are being packed up. ^AG shout of "All aboard" from the Captain is heard, answered by the well-known " Aye aye sir," and off we go. In about half-an-hour we arrive perhaps at a shallow channel, the first boat runs aground, and all the endeavours of her crew fail to move her. " Lift her boys," cries the officer in charge, and over he jumps into the water, followed by his crew, and in less time than it takes to tell it, she answers to the shout of " Walk her along boys'* and is once more in deep water. The other boats follow in like manner. Another fair start, soon a rapid is seen ahead : consequently the shore is hugged until we assure ourselves whether it can be shot or not. Tlie Indians jump ashore and inspect the seething mass of water, and return determined to run it. The best men take the oars. The Captain's boat which carries the guide leads : the others follow at an interval of 50 yards, and out into the current we pull. The Indian in the bow w^'th his broad paddle guides the boat into the main channel, the helmsman with an oar astern keeps her from being swung round by the stream ; the picked crew give way, and our boat impelled at the rate of some 10 or 1 5 miles an hour rushes downward into the smooth water at the bottom, where we lie on our oars, and watch the fate ol' the remainder of our fleet as they shoot safely over. But not always safely. Once I saw the signal made from one of H f T /l f 14 my boats, " I'm on a rock sinking and must throw my cargo overboard." Immediately my own boat was manned with Indians, and with great difficulty the sinking craft was reached, cargo picked up, and damage repaired Our Mend the " Admiral " had a peculiar weakness for shooting rapids with a large government casli box on his lap, — not exactly the life buoy one would choose. " Admiral," said I once, " do you ever feel nervous at these times ? " " No," said he, " for I have the satisfaction of knowing that if I go down, all my boat's crew must go with me." And now away we go again, singing and recounting dangers past, till the roar of a distant waterfall tells us that a portage is before us. Should noon be near, the order is given to get dinner ready while we portage. As each boat touches land one man springs out to secure a good place for unloading, while another rushes over the portage to select a convenient spot for re-loading at. Officers and men vie in carrying the heaviest weights ; the smell of the frying pork stimulates all hands ; and the portage for the moment re- sembles an ant's nest, with its busy proprietors bustling to and fro. The baggage over, dinner is soon ready. 01 1 ! what a sumptuous repast ! "What have you got for dinner ? " we enquire of our servants. " Nice hot boiled pork, })eans, tea and biscuits Sir," What a delicious change I hot boiled pork instead of cold boiled pork ! One sh'^rt hour and to work again. Over the boats go, and a start is made for our camping ground, which we arrive at, if all goes well, about six or seven o'clock. But perhaps it is surrounded by sand banks on which we all stick fast, working away in the dark for nearly two hours before we reach the camp fires, which we 15 see brightly burning on the shore, kindled by the cooks sent through the water. In one instance I remember officers and men were from nine o'clock in the morning till eight o'clock at night in the water, poling r«nd hauling and pulling at the boats, besides which we had to go over one of the most severe portages on the whole march : in fact after days like this, so weary often were we, that without supper and without pitching our tents, we threw ourselves down in our wet clothes, and were soon oblivious of hunger and fatigue. But let us suppose ourselves arrived at our camping ground. As we sit over the fire and dry our clothes, or huddle up in our tent, while the heavy rain pours down, talking over our prospects, and trusting that we may, when we get to our journey's end, burn a little powder to repay us for our hardships, the meal of the day is preparing. *' Well Perks what for supper?" "Just making some pancake, Sir"; and here it comes ; and not even the most fastidious can complain as regards quality, quantity, or variety. Boiled pork, hot and cold — fried pork, hot and cold, rare luxuries ! dry biscuits, "choke dog," biscuit fried in pork fat, tea, and can my eyes deceive me ? fried potatoes procured from some mission garden, in exchange for pork. Right good justice do we to Perk's cuisine, — unless indeed he has made his bread with some of Kiel's starch instead of baking powder, as happened once, and then not even otir digestions could tackle it, when he handed it to us in the morning, informing us that he had "sat up all night watching for it to rise, but it wouldn't." After supper we smoke our pipes, conscious of having done our duty to our stomachs and our Queen ; and sweeter never was sleep than ours, when tucked up in our 10 m • r **"flea bags," — as we called our beds — under a buffalo robe in our little tents, with perhaps a box or a stone for a pillow. Such was each day's routine, varied only occasionally by the catching of a few fish — I shot a sturgeon weighing 20 lbs. ; the shooting of a few partridges ; or the meeting with a few more than usually wild looking Indians ; and in this way, working Sundays as well as week days, we reached on the 8th of August, Fort Francis, our half way house. Now let us take a glance backwards at the ground we have travelled since we entered the waters of Lake Superior, or as it may fairly be called Superior Ocean, so immense is its area. The third day out we sighted Thunder Cliff, rising about 1,300 feet above Lake Superior, grand in its wildness, tiie Silver Islands lying at its foot. To give you a slight idea of its richness, I need only say that since last September year, in a space about 70 feet long, 40 feet deep, and 10 feet wide, about 600,000 dollars, or £150,000 sterling have been taken out. A trader at Fort William, the Hudson Bay post close to Thunder Bay, told me that he had walked up to his middle in water and knocked off solid pieces of silver, one of which he shewed me as big as an orange. Such is the mineral wealth on the shorcb of Lake Superior, in fact the whole of its northern shore is one vast mine. Opposite to Thunder Cape lies Pie Island, 850 feet high, and the Welcome Islands ; they appear at times to be joined together by a bridge, which on close inspection turns out to be only a mirage, a common sight on Lake Superior. The water is very shallow near the shore, and abounds in lake trout varying from 10 to 15 and 20 lbs. weight, which men and ) robe )illow. by the ) lbs. ; a few J way, n the id we Derior, Qse is rising dnesB, t idea ember feet 3 been 7 post to his , one s the the te to the ether only ter is trout and 17 officerB amused themselves in catching', when not passing their leisure time in boat racing, which was much encour- aged as a means of getting the men in condition for their after work. Thunder Bay, so called from the terrific storms which rage there, but now named " Prince xVrthur's landing," was, when the troops arrived, little else than the remainder of a burnt forest, but soon the axe and hammer resounded through the woods, and a respectable village of log huts sprung up, interspersed with our tents, and protected by a small fort. The road from Prince Arthur's landin": to the Lake Shebandowan lay through the scorched forests of maple, spruce, and birch ; a half-way camp at the Matawin bridge was established, where [)rovisions were stored, and stabling was erected. Prom Shebandowan, a run tlirough a succession of picturesque lakes, studded with rocky islands, with here and there a rapid or burning forest to break the monotony of the scene, brought us to Fort Francis. Fort Francis, a Hudson Bay Companys' post, composed of two or three wooden houses surrounded by a palisading, is situated on a large plateau, amidst gardens and fields, overlooking the fine falls which arc about IMH) yards wide, and which dash over a ledge of rocks about 22 feet in height. The grassy plateau showed numerous traces of the meeting which had been recently held by the Indians with Mr. Simpson, who preceded the expedition to arrange a treaty with them for the right of way. At first those men intend- ed to oppose our passage, but on Mr. Simpson's assnnncc that opposition would be impossible tliey agreed to remain neutral ; some few of them had lingered w'Mi their decirepid old chief "Crooked Nock," to see what bary;uin they could drive. 1« The Chid' hold a " pow-wow" or interview with Culunel Wolfecley. His dress was siin[)le — a body eloth, a nose ring and bright yellow paint, lie spoke in Chippewa, which was interpreted, and demanded tendoHars a head for every person passing through his land, oUering to the pale faces the right of way and use of wood anil water in return, but Jie objected to settlers. Colonel AVolseley rei)lied that the right of way was all he re(piired, and tluit he had no power to make any bargain with him. lie then acce})ted a present of pork and flour, but indignantly refused articles of clothing. These Indians are Polygamists and are filthy in tlieir habits, being covered with vermin ; tiiey are skilled in the use of plants and poisons, one es])eeially is said to turn the com- plexion black ; they have no settled abode, but travel about in canoes with their wigwams — jneces of birch bark stretcli- cd over poles in a bell slui|)c, openings being left for a door- way and a cliiinney — when I hey move the poles are left standing, andthe birch bark is .stored awjiy in the canoe ; they live on berries, the fish they catch and the birds they shoot, and have been known to exist for five days or more without any food. One of them was moi'c strangely dressed than the rest ; he was painted on one side red, on the other white ; he wore an old military coat ])atched with dilVerent colours and adorned with Ince, a short shirt, a blanket wrap- ped round him, and ji belt embroidered with beads ivcr his shoulders ; a high wide-awake com])lcted his grotewpic costume. The plateau was formerly usetl as a burial ground ; the graves of the great chiefs are more couspicucms than the rest, the collin being placed on lour upright [)ostH about six or eight feet high, the clothes are laid on the to]), and tlic whole is then surrounded by a wooden puling j in one 19 corner is placed a tin containing food which is replenished from time to time ; in another corner a miniature canoe and paddle, the idea being that the spirit may paddle itself to happy hunting grounds ; when a chief of the plain Indians dies, his gun and camp kettle are buried by his side, and his horse is killed over his grave, thus on arrival at his happy hunting grounds, lie will find himself fully equipped. Colonel Wolseley now received information from Lieutenant Butler, 69th Regiment, who had been sent through the states to Fort Garry as look out officer, that the settlement was in a most critical state, and an Indian out-break imminent. This was confirmed by Mr. Monkman, a loyal half-breed who had been sent down by Bishop Macray and others with letters stating that the road from the north west angle of the Lake of the Woods was not passable for troops — this route wuuld have avoided all the risks and toils of the Winnipeg, and besides would have saved us a distance of loO miles — and moreover that six boats under the com- mand of the Reverend Mr. Gardiner had been dispatched from Fort Garry, manned by volunteers, to assist us over the difficulties and dangers of the Winnipeg with all possible speed. As each detachment therefore arrived at Fort i^'rancis, Colonel Wolseley hurried them on ; so after a stay of about five hours employed in overhauling boats and feasting on the delights of civilization, we pushed ofl' into the boiling waters in the basin at the bottom of the falls. The sensation of being tossed about on the broken surface was most peculinr ; at one moment we shot ibrward through the eddies ; at the next the greatest exerticm on the part of the crew failed to pi'oduce any way ou the boat ut all ; at 20 length, as if releiised from some giant gi'asp, we shot forward and are soon out of sight of Fort Francis, and of kind friends : amongst them our dear old Admiral, who by this time hardly knew himself, having already taken in eight good inches of waist belt within a short three weeks. We had now about 70 miles of Rainy River before reaching Lake of the Woods. This river is the boundary line between English and American territory, and is about ^]00 to 400 yards wide ; the banks in some places resemble an old English park, oak, elm, poplar and ash growing luxuriantly ; while the thick brushwood, intertwined with honeysuckle and wild convolvulus, forms an abundant shelter for the numerous insects which abound there, the most troublesome of which are the luosciuito, tlie black fly, the sand lly, and the mouse fly wliicii literally nii)s a piece out of you. At sunset a curious tlight of small whitish Hies appears, moving up tiie river with u humming noise, in a column about six or eight feet high : they are harmless, and when they touch the water they cannot rise, and arc only a prey to the fisli. The second night out, to save time wc drifted down with the current, two boats being lashed to- gether, and a few men told oil' to keep watch while the others slept. About four a.m. we reached the mouth of the river and emerged into the liake of the Woods, which is about 70 miles long and nearly as broad. We were most fortunate in liiiving a still* breeze to carry us over (piickly, jmd to make it all the more enjoyable, we had the excitement ol' racing Captain NorlJiey's Jhigade. While croHsing the ir.lce we espied the Union Jack floating over an island ; expecting to hud some Robinson Crusoe we bore 21 V. lie Ih (.1* which were uvei" I the While ■v'er iin boi'e down, and to our surprise found the Volunteers from Fort diirry who hud been sent to meet us. Tlie only noticeable features of the Lake of tlie Woods are the vast number of islands, and the ])eculiar colour of the water, which is full of vegetables matter iis thick as pea sou]), and undrinkable unless boiled ; large bays and myriads of islands cause the navigation to be very difficult and dangerous. It was in this lake that C^olonel Wolselev lost himself and was wind- I bound for several days. On the morning ol' tlv Ith we arrived at Rat l^ortage, and were warmly welcomed by the Hudson Bn\ official, lie warned us that the most dangerous ])art ! our journey lay before us, and doubted whether we sliould ever reach Fort Garry in the boats W(i lind. This indised was discouraging from one of his experiisnce ; but by this tinu* the ex- peditionary force felt eipial to any and all emergencies ; so after about an hour's halt we started for the first portage on tlu! Winnipeg. AVhilc liei'c we had tlic })leasur(; of inspecting a real cannilinl who had hel[)ed to murder twenty of his comrades and then assisted in eating them. He belong- (mI to a trib^ near Thunder l)ay, i)ut had thought it ]»rudent to change his residence for fciir of being served up for some one else's pleasure. He was morose and sullen, and I could not extract any particuhu's from him, though we tried very hard ; our men made signs to him that he ought to b(5 hung, which were iierfectly intelligible but not much relished by him. The river Winnii)eg, or as it might well bo called **Tlie Lakes of the Winnipeg," ho nuuuM'ons are its broad bays and granite islands, is bouiuled by precij)itous dill's, and during its course of li'>0 miles i(, descends o^A) feet by a succession Tf 22 of splendid falls and rapids, among- the most beautiful of which are the "Chute a Jacquot," the^'Trois pointes des Bois," the "Silver Falls," and the " Slave Falls" so called because of two prisoners who were captured by Indians, bound hand and foot in a canoe above the falls, and launched into the abyss below. There arc no less than 27 dangerous rapids on this magnificent river ; the most dangerous were tlie " Cave," " La Barriere " and " Les Sept Portages." Imagine yourselves in a small boat nearing one of these ; all anxiety is centred upon hitting off the one channel ; to miss it would in all probability be fatal ; (mce in it you are whirled along at railroad speed, past rocks, through eddies and backwaters raging and clashing angrily, well knowing that the touch of a rock, the shipping of a wave, the loss of a paddle, or the snapping of an oar may end in utter destruction. Indescribable indeed are the feelings ; for the time one can hardlv breathe, so intense is the excite- ment, and so great the danger. Seven anxious days on the Winnipeg brought us to Pine Portage, the last before reaching Fort Alexander. The men as you may suppose were not long in getting over it, and as the boats shoved off I'rom the shore, their hearty cheers resounded througli the woods. In about an hour's time we sighted the mission station and the tents of our other brigades ; shortly afterwards some brother ollicers came out in canoes to welcome us, and told us of the latest news from Fort (Jarry, as we pulled to the landing j)lace at Fort Alexander on the 19th August, eleven days out from Fort Francis. After partaking of a most excellent supper, which I remember still, we turned in with the satisfaction 23 ol' knowing; tliat wc might clioosc our own time for rising in the morning. Tlie next day was spent in brushing onr- selves up, writing letters, and foraging for ]H'ovisions, as we determined to make tlie most of our time ])efore Colonel Wolsclev's arrival in the evening, for wherever and when- ever he turned up it was the signal for an immediate start ; or as Captain 7oung used to express it, "Colonel Wolseley's coming ! I am off to pack up ! " On Sundav tlic 21st August, after our first divine service since leaving Hliebandowan, as report said no opposition was to be expected from Riel, Colonel Wolseley decided not to wait any longer for the fii'st two companies of militia, but to push on witli the 100 Regulars. At three o'clock ac- cordingly we set sail witli a fair wind, and as the little flotilla of fifty boats led by Colonel Wolseley, and Mr. Donald Smitli one of the Hudson Bay Coveruors, in a Hudson Bay boat, ran down the river l)efore wind and cui'i'ent, tlie cheers and "Cod speed you" from the shoro u.sured us that our labour, so far, was not unappreciated. A sail of al)out twenty miles l)rought us to Klk Island at the junction ol' the Winnipeg river and lake ; the littk^ sandy beach and land- locked bay were soon reached, and in a trice tents were pitch- ed and sui)per pi'cpared. Ordei's to start in the moiaing at foui' with cooked ])i'ovisions, wnrned us that the sooner W(^ turned in the bettei', as a long day was in pros^joct. Bui very quickly we were driven to the conclusion that the soon- er we turned out the better ; foi* not (wen veils, oi- smoky fires called " smudges" ligliled in the tents could kec]) nfV the insects ; the moscpiitoes and sand Hies on thatdesert island iind never tasted huuuui blood before ; not one of pi ( 24 them can say so now ! By five o'clock we were under way again steering for the mouth of the Red River. Lake Winni- peg is 264 miles loni^ by 35 wide, and very shallow throui^'h- out. About two o'clock we entered tlie Red River ; and while we dined Colonel Wolseley sent his canoe ahead witli Mr. Trusue and Lieutenant Butler to reconnoitre. Tlie pans- age of the river was very slow, the boats having to keep in line by brigades. Colonel AVolseley and Colonel Fcilden leading ; we amused ourselves by shooting a lew duck, of which there were plenty of all sorts. At night ihll we pitched our camp eleven miles below tlie Lower or Stone Fort, and nearly opposite the Indian settlement. Tlic chief of the swamp Indians Henry Prince immediately came over with his warriors, decked out with paint and feathers, and held a pow wow with Colonel Wolseley. He was dressed in a black coat and wide-awake, expressed himself much sur- prised at our arrival, and was profuse in ])rotestations of loyalty to his great mother " The Queen." Colonel Wolseley thanked him in the name of Her Majesty, and sent him away rejoicing with presents of pork and flour. After a good soaking during the night we rose at four o'clock and stpHed in three lines of boats. Colonel Wolseley in front, the artillery next with the guns mounted in the bows ready for action. As we pulled past the Indian settlement the loyal old chief Prince turned out with his warriors and saluted ; joy bells were rung from the mission churclies, pocket handkerchiefs waved and cheers given, as one by one the settler's snug little cottages were past, till at last the Lower or Stone Fort was reached about eight o'clock. Here Mr. Donald Smith and the Hudson Bay officials 25 er way Winni- rough- l while til Mr. G pass- :eep in Feilden ick, of ['all we ' Stone le chief ne over rs, and RKcd in pi I sur- ons of olseley him it four olsclcy e bows einent R and uvhcK, y one it last Dck. fficials had prepared a real English breakfast ; and certainly we did good justice to the first fi'esh meat and milk we had tasted since leaving Fort Francis sixteen days before. Here for the first time the men turned out again as soldiers, the officers as ordered armed with rifles in place of swords. My company was ordered to proceed as an advanced guard and flanking party along the left bank of the river, and to keep about a quarter of a mile aliead of the boats ; liorses and carts were placed at my disposal ; also two signal men with flags to enable me to communicate with Colonel Wolseley. He came to give me my final orders ; these were to watch all the roads leading to Fort (Jarry ; if attacked to hold my ground until reinforced ; to detain any suspicious persons ; to permit any one going to the Lower Fort to pass through my lines, but not to allow tiiem to return, for fear of their informing Riel of our approach. He then said " How many of your men can ride ? " " All on this occasion I expect, Sir " I replied. '' Order them to mount." 1 did so, and tlie scene that followed balflos all description. Picture to yourself a rifleman fully equi[)pecl, wlio had never crossed a horse before, attempting to mount a I'estivc steed, a steed perhaps never I'idden before ; first he tries on one side, then on the other ; the saddle slips and lands liim on his back, or witli a convulsive effort lie spi'ings over and throws himself upon his face ; once mounted, some cannot induce their beasts to stir without fre(|uent use of the butt of the rifle ; others when started are whirled away clinging to the mane and neck, sto})])ed only by the exhaustion of man and beast. At last all are started, and carts follow with the unuiounted men. The boats are seen poling up a small rapid. As we advance scouring the country and making occasional prison- 26 I t ers ; one of them tries to escape, but is ridden down, a pistol to his head bringing him to his senses. While resting for dinner a gig is seen approaching, containing a lady and gentleman, who, prompted by curiosity and a desire to be the first to welcome us, had driven to meet us. He inform- ed me that I was riding his horse, and after a little conver- sation took leave of us, intending to return to Fort Garry. Vain hope ! " Ver;y sorry " I said " to detain you and the lady, but you can't leave now that you have entered my lines, unless you wish to go towards the Lower fort." "What " said lie " not allow me to return to my own house ! I'll pre- pare such a nice supper for you, and you may depend on my secresy." "Can't be done, my orders are so strict that not even the prospect of a good supper can induce me to break them. I hope however that the fact of my sticking to them may not make me lose so good an offer"; whereupon the lady giving him a tremendous poke in the side, turned round and said " I told you how it would be, it just serves you riglit ; I knew you would be taken prisoner if you came to sec the soldiers." During tlie afternoon we passed numerous farm houses, the inhabitants of which gladly welcomed our arrival, bring- ing bread and milk for the men, and now and tlien a small encampment of Indians turned out to salute us. Our men as th(!y scoured the country created much astonishment and amusement amongst the settlers, increased by their seeing many of their friends marched along as prisoners. Many was the laugh they had at scenes enacted before their very doors. A young cavalry ofiicer who had volunteered to ac- company the expedition, had managed to secure a quadruped —I will not honour it by the name of a horse. — " Let me t 27 Bhow you the way over tlmt ditch " cried he, as he came tearing up, and so he did, for Kto[)|)ing- suddenly tlie animal walked quietly down one side of tlie ditch and up the other, much to the chagrin of the dashing rider. He was the officer, who, one night wlien nearly driven mad by mos- quitos, jumped up and besmeared his face with what he thought to be mosquito oil, but wliicli daylight proved to be a bottle of Harvey's sauce. Here too occurred one of the most ludicrous incidents of the ex])edition. My men having advanced too far ahead of the boats, I said to my bugler, '' Sound the halt." He was mounted on a mare, whose foal was at her heels — a common sight in the Northwest ; a considerable time elapsed while he tried to fasten himself securely by the mane, and by dint of coaxing, woo ! woo I steady I persuade his animal to stand. At last he gave the call ; just as the last note rang out, the foal took advantage of the halt to partake of some refreshment. The effect was instantaneous. This liberty combined with the noise of tlie bugle was too much for the maternal nerves, and the bugler and his bugle were sent flying to the ground. About seven o'clock, finding that we could not reach Fort (larry that night. Colonel Wolselcy signalled to me to choose a camping ground, this done we were soon encamped within five miles of the Fort. My company was ordered on outlying picquct to guard the approach to the camp, and a nice night we had of it. It blew a gale and the rain fell in sheets, and as we stood by tlie fire, knee-deep in mud, witli no great coats or tents, it was as much as we could do to keep ourselves alive, by burning tlie neighbouring farmers' fences. The night was so black and the wind so strong, that, 28 M \ ', although sentries were posted round tlic camp, I am confident had Riel had the phick, he might easily have surprised us. We took several spies during the night, and from one I received a neat little six shooter ; one or two prisoners were over- heard planning means of escape, but a liint that they would be fired at caused a wholesome quietness. Hot tea was kept going all night, and in the morning fresh milk from the neighbours' cows, to which we hel])ed ourselves, cheered us up a little. About five o'clock, while the rain was still pouring down, the whole force moved on. We passed the Bishop's, Court and the parsonage ; Archdeacon Mc Clean gave us a hearty welcome, talking and running by my side until out of breath, and finally leaving us to set the Cathedral bells a ringing. The troops landed about one mile from Fort Carry, under cover of the advanced guard of skirmishers, now con- verted again into infantry. The Fort was seen looming through the mist across the flat prairie land, which hy this time was little bette +han a sheet of water, looking dreary and quiet — a quiet which most of us thought betokened mischief, especially as we had been told the night before that Kiel meant fighting with his 200 men, who were prin- cipally half-breeds and Fenian adventurers ; this report was now confirmed by several idlers to our great joy. Our hopes damp as they were, brightened at the prospect ; and when the order was given by our chief to loose ammunition and advance, oificers and men stcjiped cheerily forward. No rebel flag was visible. The gun over the gateway, and those which peered through the embrasures looked threatening, as we marched straight upon them, over a plain which aftbrded 29 us no slieltcr ; but no white puff came from them, and as wc advanced we could see they were not manned. After all may it not be a trap ? mounted officers were dispatched to see if the other gates were closed. Alas ! Riel and his men had bolted, and could be seen skedaddling- over the bridge across the Assinaboine towards American ground. Then wet, weary, and di8api)ointed, on the 24tli August, 1870, thirty six days out from Shebandowan, with band playing, we marched, if not indeed under heavy fire at least under heavy rain, into Fort Garry. A royal salute was fired, and amid three hearty cheers, re-echoed by the spectators, we ran up the Union Jack — a proof to all who saw it, that nowhere with impunity can licr Majesty's authority be set at detiance, and that Old Enghmd is still willing, and still able to protect her loyal subjects, liowever insignificant in numbers, and however far away. And now for a glance round, before we retrace our steps. I'ort Garry is easily described — a collection of Hudson IJay Company's buildings, surrounded by a stone wall on tlu'ce sides, and by a wooden palisading on the fourth, witli circular towers at each corner, the whole loopholed for guns and musketry. Itisabout 100 yards long by ^j5 yards wide ; in the centre is Government House. Fort Garrys tands at the confiuencc of the Red River and the Assinaboine, in the midst of a vast and well watered plain, which for luxuriance of pasture and richness of soil cannot be surpassed, and where skill and industry meet with an abundant return. ^ ! I 30 To the south, about sixty miles off, lies the town of Pembina, the first on Ameriean territory, and unfortunately the only accessible market ; to the west stretch boundless rollinjj^ prairies ; to the east endless swamjis, through which runs the new road to the nortliwest angle of the Lake of the Woods ; about a (juartcr of a mile to the north lies the small town of Winnipeg", which consists of about an hundred houses of all sizes and shapes principally stores ; two or three miles to the north again stands the English Cathedral. The interior of the fort and its confusion on our arrival is not so easily described. It was plain that President Riel had been taken by surprise ; for on entering the dining room »ve found beefsteaks smoking on the table, and the tea hot in the pot ; a hint was dropped that the food was poisoned, but the sight of fresh meat, bread and jam proved too much for our empty stomachs. Meanwliilc tlie men were regaling thems(ilves with stewed beef and ])cmmican or dried bullalo meat which they found cooking on the stove and which were intended for Kiel's followers. We afterwards went a foraging. Loaded rifles were found in every room ; the guns of the fort were alno loaded. Uiel's room was sought, I, is portmanteau half |)acked showed how hurried had been his retreat ; boxes^ cupboards, drawers, were turned inside ()Ut, and tho contents overhauled ; everything of use was appropriated, under clothing being in most rec^uest, the hard work of the ])ast nu)nths having left its mai'k on every one. Ex-governor Mc. DougaH's correspondence, which had been intercepted by Kiel, was recovered ; all documents of poli- tical importance wore sent to Colonel Wolseley ; there wore not a few of these implicating the Roman Catholic Bishop ;ji ishop ol* the .suttleiuont and \m party. A further search revealed the welcome secrets of tlie larder jind cellar. My share of the loot was a carbine belongin;^- to Kiel ; Ills box in which 1 brought home my curiosities ; some valu- able papers ; a new straw hat the ribs of which now repose in tlic AVinnipeg ; last but not least, lliel's pet black bear, about iifteen months old, who now marches at the head ol' the OOth Rifles ; and, of all things in the world to [atcli upon as 1 did by accident, the memoir and pliotograi)h of iiiv father-in-law. Outside tlie fort, confusion was worse confounded ; half naked Indians mad with spirits of all kinds, called by them "lire watei','' fighting with drawn knives ; drunken voyageurs and half-breeds struggling and rolling in the mud ; public houses of notorious rebels sacked ; loyid inhabitants carried away by their feelings, treating our men, who in their ^urn I grieve to say, too often considered it ncccssaiy to return the civility to tiie loyal inhabitants — and all this aggravated by the fact that Colonel AVolseley was vested with no civil authority whatever. Ai)plication was made to him to allow Jiicl and his colleagues O'Donoghue and Lapine to be arrest- ed, on the charges of imprisonment, robbery and murder ; but the warrant issued by the nuigistrates proved to be in- lonnal, and they v/cre not [nu'sued ; had they been over- taken I doubt whethei" they would have been bi'ought back alive, so strong was the feeling against them. To such sti'aits were they reduced in theii* (light that Ex-President Kiel his Prime Minister and his A.D.C. were obliged to tear lip their breeches to nuike lashings for a raft, while they truvellod night and day to reach United JStatcb territory. 32 1 '1, 0. At tlie solicitation of Colonel "VVolselcy Mr. Donald Smith took control of the settlement until tlic arrival of The Honourable Mr. Archibald the newly appointed governor. Things then became more settled ; tlie town assumed a more civilized appearance ; and the inhabitants flocked to liear our band which played outside the fort. As soon as the ground became less sloppy we encamped in the plain, and spent the few remaining days of our stay in the settle- ment, in getting our boats ready for the return journey, and in purchasing curiosities from tlie neiglibouring Indians who liad flocked in great numbers to see the pale faces. Now for a word about the Indians of these parts. The " Cliipi)cwas," the " Sioux," the " Orees," the " Blacklcet." and "Stonies," are the fighting tribes, and inhabit the plains. The Ci'ecs are the best hunters, and the most civilized, many of them being baptized and able to read English ; they are tlie only tribe that do not paint. The Chippewas are the finest race. Each tribe averages about 1,00(1 or 5,000 strong, lied jiaint is the sign of peace ; blmik that of war. Tlicy fight naked and seldom lor more than a day ; their weapons are guns, tomr.hawks, and poisoned arrows with notched heads fastened on the shaft with gum, which the heal of the wound dissolves and the point is left to eat its way into the llesh ; they do not bury tiieir dead and care little nbout killing as long as they can scal^). I ])urchased some curiosities from Indians, ''Old dhief Jiig Kar," (and his ears wcrr big) supplying mo with most of them ; in I'act 1 wanted to buy him, as he doodj but could not prevail upon him to i>art with his leggings, which had stripes of human blood on them corresponding . Donald rrival of >'overnor. sumed a )cked to soon as ic plain, e settle - •ney, and ians who ;s. The ickfeet." abit the nvilized, ilnglish ; lippewas 1,000 or Kik that n a day ; I arrows 1, which left to lead and Id (^hicf th most jod, but j^'j>'ing's, [)onding I* fi tl ir C Hi CI u: a] V( OJ aj ti tl tl re Hi b( oi fe ai HC 01 be M 111 as with the eagle's feathers on his cap, to show the number of fights he had been engaged in. I secured his necklace of grizzly bears' claws, a highly prized possession as it is thought no slight feat, single handed, to kill one of these monsters ; there are thirteen claws, each representing a bear. Sunday found us still at Fort Garry. At church parade Colonel Wolseley's address was read to us, and an excellent sermon was preached by Archdeacon Mc Clean. It was a curious sight to see the motley crowd of soldiers in different uniforms, civilians of all colors and creeds, and Indians of all tribes standing round while the Archdeacon's powerful voice resounded through our midst. In the afternoon most of us attended the Cathedral service wlien the Archdeacon again preached. As the first detachment of militia by this time had arrived, I received orders to start at three o'clock on the following day. At the appointed hour the whole camp turned out to wish us good luck ; just as everything was ready, the bear broke loose and a general rush was made to secure him ; when captured lie was securely fastened in the bow of the bear boat, where he remained for the rest of the voyage, a lively but not altogether accommodating fellow passenger. On the 2i)th August we pushed off from the shore ; and amid many regrets from the people that our stay had been so short, but not sorry I can assure you to find ourselves unco more bound for civilization and home, wc turned our backs on Fort (Jarry. That evening we took tea with Mr. Gardiner and discussed the late troubles of the settle- ment ; the Ibllowing morning iifter obtaining a few necessaries in the way of boat equipment from the Lower 34 Fort, we made our final start homewards, and that night camped at the moutli of the Red River, After a day'n detention tliere from stress of weather we crossed Lake Winnipeg, passed tlie last of tlie militia and (Jovernor Archibald and staff, and at night-fall arrived at Fort Alexander. r '• I ■ I ; From b'ort Alexander the whole wav back to within 25 miles of our starting })oint Hhcbandowan was up hill and against stream. The ascent of the AVinnipeg was if possible more dangerous than the descent, ^^olonel Wolseley therefore gave me strict orders to obtain comjictcnt guides for my own Brigade as well as for the others. In carrying out this order I experienced great dilUculty ; the best guides Were not willing to risk their lives and I'cputation in our boats although tliey were willing to accompany us in their country boats. At last however I obtained some, and on Friday the 2nd September we commenced oui* ascent of the \Vinni[)eg. There are three means of ascending a rupid — rowing, poling, and tracking. Where the Wiiter is shallow yet too swift i'or rowing, the men use spiked poles about ten feet long, and work in time, thus foj'cing the boat up ; the ai't consists in not allowing the pole to be carried out of a vertical line before it touches the Itottom, and in avoidinii to]>pling over — and very dillicult and arduous work it is. To track is simply to haul the boat by a rope fastened to a J'ing in the bow, and tied round the forward scat to give greatei" security in case of any sudden jerk or strain ; a few men are left in the boat to keei) her clear of I'ocks. We tracked U]) most of the rapids in the Winnijieg. in three days we reached Silver Falls. Our departure from thence was mark- 85 at night ii day'H cd Lake jovci'iior at Fort J within up hill ; was it' Wolsolo}' t i»iudefe carrying at guides [1 in our in their , and on lit of the I rapid — ; shallow Libout ten up ; the out of a avoiding it is. 4V) to a ring u greater few uieii J traeked days we vas niark- od liy the narrow escape of one of oin* boats. The i)ortnge here is about twenty yards from tlie liead of tlie falls ; there were only two boats left at tlie ])ortage, one of the officers jumped into his boat, asked as usual Avhether all was r(;ady, and ordei'ed the ])owma]i to shove off ; the boat shot out to(^ far, and before the oars eoidd catch the watei* the current swept her, stem on, towards the falls ; to row was useless ; death stared all hands in the face ; just as they wei'e pre- paring to jump overboard .a their terror, an Indian belong- ing to the other boat providentially came in sight ; shouting to tliem to throw out a rope he dashed into the water and just grasjx'd it, the sudden jei'k ciiecked tlie Dow for jui instant, when within a few yards of the brink the stei'ii swung round, the men pulled with the enei'gy of desjoei'ation. and wer(M'escued froiu jheii' teri'ibhM'ate. It was at times like these that we feh:. how cntii'c^ly, hum;ndy speaking, our lives were de])end(mt on the skill of the voyiigeui's and ou th(^ coolness of one Jiiiin. An Indian's phick and com])osure in a rai)id lU'c wondt^ful. Vov the other voyageui's I cannoi say nuich ; uuniy of them hiid nevci- hiuidhu! an oar or paddle in their Hv(!S ; th(;ii' services wci'c iiccepted without any guarantee as to theii" clliciency. One in my .lh'igad<' told me he had been ii bus di'ivei' for eiuht years, another a cook foi- twenty yeai's, and ii (liii'd expressed Jistonishment that ! should doubt /'/v ))roficiency when his bi'other was *' lioss" of a steaui tug. Td men like these, in lunny instances, were our lives cntrustiMl ; souie ollicers posiiively lind to steer their bonis lheuisclv(*s. Is it astonishiug thei'f^lbi'e that when we turned in after a luore than usually pci'ilous day, we wondered to ourselves if il were possible foi' the morrow to bring with it a renewal of such nuirvcillouH escapes. I; M ■I ■ I ; Next we came to the Seven Portages, seven waterfalls in succession. About half way up we had to cross the main stream of the river between two of them. I never can forget those few moments. As it was necessary to allow for our being carried down by the current in the passage, we first pulled through the backwater as close as possible under the falls above us ; then dashed out into the mid- current, the Indians in the bow straining every nerve to keep the boat from swinging broadside to the stream ; the men pulled as for life ; we crossed indeed safely, but by the time we were within a few yards of the other side, we had been swept down, almost to the brink of the falls below ; the drops of perspiration fell from the men as they rested on their oars ; and as we looked at each other we tlianked God it was over. Once over the Seven Portages we felt that the neck of our homeward journey was broken. The Lake of the Woods was soon crossed, and a heavy pull of two days and a half up Rainy River brought us to Fort Francis. Lettei's and papers awaiting our arrival were eagerly seized and devoured. Here too wo hoard that Captain Butler's Brigade, which had been sent by the new route through tlie north- west angle, had passed through the day before ; anxious to overtake him, and learn his experience in transporting his stores and men over the half finished and swampy road, we pushed on and the f ilowing day found us at the end of Rainy Lake. A few days afterwards wo fell in with the mail canoe, and learnt of the surrender of Emperor Napoleon, which rather startled us. About this time too. Colonel Wolseley, who had travelled day and night from Fort Garry, waterfalls 5S the main never can ^ to allow B passage, .s possible tbc mid- nerve to jam ; the )ut by the f, we had Is below ; ley rested i thanked e neek of :e of the days and Letters Mzed and ? Brigade, le north - ixious to rting his road, we end of with tlie Napoleon, , Colonel •rt Garry, I t (8 'ii passed iis. On the 2oi'{l wc arrived at the " Height of Land Portage," and found Captain I^utlo r at the other end just J>4 starting. Next day we determined to reach Shebandowan, now called Mc Neil's Bav, which we did at ten o'clock at night. Two days more, and amid the grt.liings of our comrades we inarched into Thunder Bay, ragged and bareiooted, but in no other respect the worse for the perils and hardships of the past three months. I do not like to end without reminding you of one or two of the peculiar (characteristics of Ihis — shall I call it Military-Naval Expedition ? I doubt if a similar one was ever before organized. Bear in mind the harrassing re- sponsibility of officers in command, arising i'rom the extra- ordinary nature of their duties, and from the difficulty of communication in a force scattered over a distance of 150 miles. Think too of the embarrassment that would have followed the loss of boats and stores, thus leaving the crew without food or means of transport ; or of the impossibility on the one hand of carrying with us our sick and maimed, and of the risk on the other of leaving them behind exposed to the attacks of Indians. Remember that every single thing had to be carried on our backs, dragged by sheer force, or puller! by men unaccustomed to the oar, over 1,200 miles of water and wilderness, while our inability to get at our arms immediately, packed as they were in chests, left us in case of a surprise, ibr the time, at tlie mercy of a handful of determined men. Bear in mind above all that no spirits tvhatcrcr were alloicecl; tea only was served out ; it was an experiment, but its success may be judged of from the fact that crime and illness were unknown ; yet oftentimes the 38 men were worked almost beyond tlic powers of endnranco, but nevertheless from first to last their ohcerfulness and willingness were beyond all praise ; there was no murmnr- ing, no shirking on the part of any ; in short, to them /.v due the complete success of this novel expedition. As Colonel Wolseley's address to ns sums up so well all that T have been saying, 1 think it will not ])o an in- appropriate ending to my lecture. Field Force Morning Order. Fort Garry, Ano-ust 2Sili, 1870. Tlio following address from tho officer commandiiif;' tlio Rrd River Expcditionarj' Foroe to the regular Lroops is jMiblislied for general information. TO THE REGULAR TROOPS OF THE RED RIVER EXPEDITIONARY FORCE. ^'1 ii .' / u T cannot permit Colonel Feilden and you to start upon your return journey to Canada without thankitig you for having enabled mo to carry out the Lieutenant General's orders so sueeessfully. ^'ou have endured excessive fatigue, in the performance of a service that for its arduous nature will bear comparison with any previous Military Ex])cdition. In coming here from Prince Arthur's Landing you have traversed a distance of upwards of 000 miles; yom' labours began with those common at the outset of all campaigns, viz,: 39 •an CO, s find rnnir- tem ifi road making and the construction of defensive works ; then followed the arduous duty of taking the boats up a height of 800 feet, along 50 miles of river, full of rapids and numerous portages : from the time you left Shcbandowan Lake until Fort Garry was reached, your labour at the oar has been incessant from daybreak to dark every day ; 47 portages 'vere got over, entailing the unparalleled exertion of carrying the boats, guns, ammunition, stores and provisions over a total distance of 15,000 yards ; it may be said that the whole journey has been made through a wilderness, where, as no supplies of any .sort were to be had, everything had to be taken with you in the boats. I have throughout viewed with pleasure the manner in which the oiricers have vied with their men in carrying heavy loads ; 1 feel |ii'oud of being in coninuind of ollicers who so well know how to set a lioud example, and of men who evince such eagerness in following it. Uani Las fallen upon \~> days out uf the \ii that have passed by since we landed at Thunder Bay, and upon many occasiuns olUcc:rs anil men have been wet for days together. There has not been one slightest jiiurmur of discontent heard from any one ; it may be con- lidently asserted that no force has ever had to endure more continuous labour, and it may be as truthfully said that no men on service have ever been better behaved or more cheerful uiuler the trials arising from exposure to inclement weather, excessive fatigue, and the annoyance caused by flies. There has been a b.AwX absence of crime amongst you durin;: your advance to Fort Garry, and 1 feel confident that your conduct during the return journey will be as creditable to you in every respect. The leaders uf the Banditti, who recently opposed Her MnjeslyV luyat subjects in the lied Jliver .settlement, having fled a- vuu ad- vanced upon the Foit. leaving their guns ami a large (luaiitity of arms and annuunition behind Miem, the primary object i;l" tbe ex- pedition hab been peaceably accomplishetl. Although you base not 40 therefore had an opportunity of gaining glory, you can carry beck with you into the daily routine of garrison life, the conviction that you have done good service to the state, and have proved that no extent of intervening wilderness, no matter how great may be its difficulties, whether by land or water, can enable men to commit murder, or to iobel against Her Majesty's authority with impunity. (Signed)— Q. J. WOLSELEY, Colonel Commanding Ked River Expeditionary Force. By Ordek, (Signed)— Of. Huysho, Captain for D.A.A.G. Fort Garry, August 28, 1870. ! ■ U. T. COOK, UTEAM PBINTKB, llIUIl BTBEKT, BAUMSTArLE. ry b&ck ion that that no may be commit punity. B. PhE.