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 ¥0R THE INFORMATION 
 
 OP 
 
 INTENDING EMIGRANTS. 
 
 M 
 
 BY AUTHORITY. 
 
 
 QUEBEC : 
 FHINTED BY J- BLAOKBUHN. 
 
 N \ 
 
rH. 
 
 ^^^^^^^mmt^r ^mi^ mm immmifmm^' ^ 
 
 f\ <&->i<5iVc> 
 
 //^/ 
 
 
 l«^fi 
 
 '^^»IB««J|« 
 
mmmm^^nmm 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 INTR0I>L'CTI0N. . , 5 
 
 Canada — Geographical position and extent. ... .. 7 
 
 Constitution and form of Government 7 
 
 Climate — Canada East g 
 
 Canada West , , 9 
 
 Laws ' 12 
 
 Municipal institutions 12 
 
 Rivers, canals, railways, and tostai. accommodation 12 
 
 Kddcatioxal institutions 14 
 
 Woods and forests 15 
 
 Minerals and Mining I7 
 
 Metals and other ores 17 
 
 Non-metallic minerals 17 
 
 Bdildino Materials 17 
 
 Combustibles m 
 
 Mining 18 
 
 Gold Mining Rkgt'i-ations 18 
 
 Chaudiere Division 20 
 
 St. Francis Division 20 
 
 Fisheries 2I 
 
 Lower Canada 21 
 
 Upper Canada 22 
 
 ^Phe class of persons who sHorLD emigrate 23 
 
 Wages.. : 23 
 
 Demand for i^vbob i' 24 
 
 iCrENERAL DiRE(;TIOXS 24 
 
 Pn;arrival in Canada 26 
 
 Government emigration agents 26 
 
 Protection to Emigrants 26 
 
 'rown lands 21 
 
 Land regulations 27 
 
 Directions to emigrants and others wishing to purchase Crown 
 
 Lands 28 
 
 Expense of clearing and public charges on land 29 
 
 Capital re(|uired by intending settler 29 
 
 HE Farming Interests of Canada 29 
 
 Ixtracts from letters by leading agriculturists 32 
 
 From John Dunlop, Es(|., Craigowen 32 
 
 From David Buchan, Esq., Toronto 34 
 
 From D. Freeman, Esq., Simcoe ^8 
 
 Prom Robert Hobson, Esq., Fonthill '{g 
 
 From Robert Armstrong, Esq., Millbrook 41 
 
 From N. G, Robinson, Esq., Carleton 42 
 
 Carleton 42 
 
 j., I'Jsq., Bristol 42 
 
 From James E. Cole, Esq., Ottawa 42 
 
 From George W. Perry, Ottawa 42 
 
 From David Campbell, Es'q., Ramsay 43 
 
 Manufactures 43 
 
 s grants — Colonization roads in Up per Canada 45 
 
 Roads in Upper Canada , 46 
 
 iiQ^d^ lit Lovym-Ou.u u4ft .,...,.«..,,, ,t « t * * « t. ..,,,,,,, , ,46 
 
 From T. Hinton, Esq.', 
 From Wm. Kin" 
 
 !' 
 
 
 il 
 
 nil 
 

 CONTENTS. 
 
 I 
 
 Page. 
 46 
 
 F»M ORAVT ROADB 45 
 
 Muskokaroad "* 49 
 
 Bobcaygeon road '' gQ 
 
 Burleigh road gj 
 
 Hastings road • •■"* 53 
 
 Addington road • gg 
 
 Ottawa and OneoriL'O road ,'* " 'Jll kc 
 
 Pbooukss OK skttleIiknt ON THK Lower Canada colon: ZATioN noAD3 06 
 
 The Elgin road...... • •• '" gg 
 
 TheTach6 road • g^ 
 
 The Matapedia road. giy 
 
 Extba^^L''S^'okts"ok";;;e;ct3*of C^o^n* Y^n^s; Western ^^ 
 
 ^^"""Fr^orn'rVpcrt "of Mr! James Mci'hcrson, Kingston. 68 
 
 From report of Mr. G. M. Roche, Lindsay " " f>^ 
 
 From report of Mr. Win. Harris, Adinaston o» 
 
 From report of Mr. J. P. Moffat, Pembroke J" 
 
 From report of Mr. Jos. Wilson, Sault bt. Mane. bo 
 
 Do.— North of the Rtver Ottawa -,:■•;/■' 61 
 
 From report of Mr. Wm.^ Thompson, I itzallen ^j^ 
 
 H-'rom report of Mr, 11. Farley, Chelsea 
 
 ^>om report of Mr. G. W. Cameron, ihurso. 
 
 F 
 
 From 
 
 From report of Mr, M. McBean, Northlield 
 
 - ■ ^•-^'- ^' Smith, AUumette Island. 
 
 m 
 
 m I 
 
 Do. 
 
 Crot^n 
 
 I 
 
 62 
 62 
 62 
 63 
 63 
 63 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 64 
 
 From report of Mr. 1 •.,,,. 
 
 From report of Mr. F. K. Bastien, Calume 
 
 From report of Mr. G. M. Judgson, Clarendon 
 
 North of the River St. Laurence - 
 
 From report of Mr. A. Dubord Three Iviveis . ... . • • 
 From report of Mr. J. Bourgeois, St. Ambroise dc IW^l^re 
 From report of Mr. Jeremie Laporte, St. Gabriel de Brandon. 
 From report of Mr. Vincont Martin, Chicoutimi. • • - "» 
 
 N LANDS .agencies, LoWER CANADA, SoUTII OF THE LlVEU St. 
 
 Lawrence. ^r, 
 
 Eastern Townships :,r'l"':' fifi 
 
 Sherbrooke-John Felton, agent Shcrbrooke J'> 
 
 Compton-Wm. Farwell, agent, iiobmson. . ^^ 
 
 Parts 01 Wolf and Compton-J. T. Lebel, Wotton. 6b 
 
 Lambton— L. Labrecijue, agent, Lambton. . _ ^' 
 
 Nicolet-G. A. Bourgeois, agent,, St. Grogoire. .......... ^ < 
 
 Dorchester and part of Beauce-agent, A. Ross f rampton . . b7 
 County of Bellechasse-agent, F. Lamontagne, St. Geryais^ 
 County of L'Islet and Elgin roa-A-agent, S. Drapeau, St. Jean 
 
 CouSy oVKamouraska-agent, 'f. Deguise, Ste. Anne, de la ^^ 
 
 Poeatiere Vi" '4t"\ r.s 
 
 Temiscouata-agent,J. N.Gauvroau, IsleVerte... ^» 
 
 County of Rimouski— agent, J. B. Lepage, Rimouski ^^ 
 
 District of Gasp6 and Bonaventure-J. >J. Verge, agent, ^^ 
 
 Carleton '''- '.\: ' ■ 69 
 
 Qasp6— John Eden, agent, Gasp6 Basin ^J 
 
 Abstract FROM THE Census OF 1861 ■■,••■• •;,"" , -7] 
 
 Population of the cities in Upper and Lower Canada. • -^ ■- • - '^ 
 
 STATEMEN-rS AS TO ArEA, DeBT, REVENUE, EXPENDITURE. IMPOWIS ^^ 
 
 AND Exports for 1863 •• „„ 
 
 Vaix'E of English Coin throughout Canada 
 
 Postal Arrangements ■•••••• 
 
 6S 
 
 68 
 
 /i 
 
I 
 
 Page. 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 ;;.".; 50 
 
 f^i 
 
 : 53 
 
 ;; 55 
 
 OLONIZATIONROADS 56 
 
 56 
 
 66 
 
 :::.: 57 
 
 57 
 
 'lands, Western 
 68 
 
 ,'Ston. 5^ 
 
 59 
 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 . 6u 
 
 61 
 
 * 61 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 63 
 
 '. 64 
 
 ,ms 64 
 
 •oise dc Kildare 64 
 
 abiiel de Brandon . . 64 
 
 utirai. ... 65 
 
 . ov TUK TtivEU St. 
 
 1.. . . 
 
 * . . • * 
 
 Marie 
 
 len. . 
 
 > 
 
 laud. 
 
 t 
 
 :lon. . 
 
 1 
 
 oke. 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 06 
 
 , Wotton. 66 
 
 ' 67 
 
 [oire 67 
 
 Koss. Frampton . . 67 
 igue, St. Gervais. . . 68 
 S. Drapeau, St. Jean 
 68 ■- 
 
 ise, Ste. Anne, de la 
 ' 68 
 
 VeVte!!!. 68 
 
 , Piimouski 69 
 
 . N. Verge, agent^ 
 
 . 69 
 
 69 
 
 ;V.V^ " "^0 I 
 
 ^er Canada '1 | 
 
 PENDITUIIE. ImPOHTS \ 
 
 71 . 
 
 .' 72 
 
 ::v""::,... n 
 
 k 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The following pages,, adJre.Hsed to the notice of intending emi- 
 grants to Canada, have been compiled from the latest authentic 
 official sources and other datii, and will, it is thought, afford infor- 
 mation upon every important point of enquiry. It is unnecessary 
 that 1 should allude, at any length, to the advantages which Canada 
 oilers as a field for emigration. Cheapness and easiness of access 
 (being within twelve days' sail by steamer, having a bi-weekly 
 communication in summer, and weekly, vid Portland, in winter), a 
 loyal and peaceable population, healthy climate, and millions of acreg 
 of fertile lands, abuuudiug in mineral wealth also, and only waiting 
 occupation, — may be enumerated among some of her prominent 
 
 attractions. 
 
 The emblem of Canada is the Beaver; her motto— Industry, In- 
 telligence, and lutegrity. These qualifications are required by all 
 who desire to* make honorable progress in life, and when possessed 
 and put into practice, cannot fail to command success. 3Iany of 
 our wealthy inhabitants landed in the country without a friend to 
 receive them, and with IHtle beyond their own industrious habits 
 to recommend them, and many to whom the future looks un- 
 promising annually resort to our shores. But in Canada, success is to 
 be achieved by the poorest through honest labor. Willingness to work 
 will ensure comfort and independence to every prudent, sober man. 
 No promises of extravasant wages are held out, but a fair day's pay 
 for a fair day's work is open to every man, in a country where the 
 necessaries of life art; cheap and abundant. 
 
 Among.st ouiiurauts, cases of disappointment must oecasionally 
 occur, but in nine cases out of ten, they may bo traced to the in- 
 dividuals themselves. Energy and physical ability for labor are 
 two essential elements for success iu anew country; their abaenoa 
 must involve failure, and exaggerated expectations will invariably 
 lead to disappointment. 
 
 . 'i . ' i. i - w»« wn»^~Lni iii j.n i •; 
 
M 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Frequent applicatious having been made to mo on the subject of 
 assistance towards emigration, it is proper that T should state that 
 the Canadian Government have no fund applicable to the granting 
 of free passages. The cost of the ocean passage is so reaaonablo 
 compared with that to the Australian Colonics, that it cannot form 
 an insuperable difficulty iu the way of emigration to Canada ; and 
 to all who reach our shores the Government will afford every caro 
 and protection while proceeding to their destinations. 
 
 Any further information which may be desired upon any point 
 uot referred to in these pages, it will afford me pleasure, at all 
 times, to furnish^ on being addressed as under. 
 
 A. C. Buchanan, 
 
 Chief Emigrant Agent. 
 
 Government Immigration Office, 
 Quebec, March, 1864. 
 
 I 
 
m 
 
 on the subject of 
 
 1 Hhould state that 
 ble to the granting 
 igo is so reasonable 
 that it cannot form 
 ion to Canada ; and 
 11 aflFord every care 
 ations. 
 
 ed upon any point 
 me pleasure, at all 
 
 NAN, 
 
 if Emigrant Agent. 
 
 C A. N ^^ D ^ 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EXTENT. 
 
 The Province of Canada oinljraces about 350,000 square miles 
 of territory, indepmdcntly uf its north-western possessions, not yet 
 open for sottlcmcnt. ]t extends from the Gulf of St. Uwrouco 
 on the East, t'> (according to some authorities) the Rocky Moun- 
 tains on thft West, and may bo said to be one-third larger than 
 Fr.",uce, nearly tlireo times thu size of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 and more than throe times the sizo of Prussia. The inhabited or 
 settled portion of Canada covers already an area of between 40 to 
 50,(»00 s^iuiirc miles, being twice as large as Denmark, three times 
 as largo as Switzerland, a third greater than Scotlnnd, and. more 
 than a third the sizo of J*russiii ; and so rapid is the progress ol" 
 coh)nization, that before many years have passed away her settled 
 parts will most likely l)(! ei[nu] in nroa to Great Britain or Prussia. 
 
 Canada was (mco divided into two distinct Provinces, known as 
 Upper and Lower (Janjida. but in 1840 these Provinces were united, 
 although for some purposes the old territorial divisions still exist. 
 IJpper^Cnnada is thiit piirt of th'- new United Provinces which lies 
 to the south and west of the River Ottawa, and Lower Canada 
 ooraprises tho country to the north and east of that river. 
 
 This extensive Province is hounded on the north by the British 
 posscs.sions a^ present in the occupation or guardianship of the^ 
 Hudson's Bay Company ; on the .south and east by the States of 
 the American Union and the Britir'h Province of New Brunswick. 
 The western boundary of (.^inada, west of Lake Winnipeg,^ is yet 
 undefined. The River !^t. Lawrence, and Lakes Ontario, Erie, St.. 
 Clair, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting rivers, form a 
 wonderful natural boundary between ('anada and the States of the 
 Union, and a means of communication of surprising extent and 
 unsurpassed excellence. 
 
 CONSTITUTION AND FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Canada, a (!olony of (lr(>!it Britain, rejoices in all the unfettered, 
 relio'ions, social, ami political freedom of an independent nation. 
 ThtT Governor is appoint(^d by the British Crown, and is its repre- 
 sentative in the Proviric<i ; lie nominates an Executive Council, 
 who are his advisers. Tlieve arc two Legislative bodies, called the 
 Legislative Council ami the Legislalivt; Assenddy, the members of 
 which are elected by the people. All public qfiices and seats in 
 the JiCgislaturc are (^much in the same way as in England) open lu 
 
 li 
 
 V-- 
 
 rl^ 
 
M' 
 
 3 CANADA. 
 
 any candidate possessing the confidence of the people, holding a 
 certain limited amount of property, and bciru at the same time a 
 British subject. Every man paying ar mnual household rental of 
 30 dollars (£6 sterling) in the cities and towns, and 20 dollars (£4) 
 in the rural districts, is entitled to vote. Aliens, or foreigners, can 
 buy, hold, and sl-11 lauds, and when naturalised, wbich may take 
 place after a three years' residence, they can, upon taking the oath 
 of allegiance, enjoy the full rights and privileges of natural-born 
 citizens. The British Government maintain a certain number of 
 troops in Canada and the neighbouring Provinces for protection 
 against foreign invasion, and the militia and volunteer system are 
 in a forward state of organisation. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The most erroneous opinions have prevailed abroad respecting 
 the climate of Canada. I'he so-called rigour of Canadian winters 
 is off?n advanced as a serious obje.tion to the country by many 
 who have not the courage to encounter them, who prefer sleet and 
 fog to brilliant skies and bracing cold, and who ht.ve yet to learn 
 the value and extent of the blessing conferred upon Canada by her 
 world-renowned " snows." 
 
 From observations taken for oncyear, it appeared that the mean 
 range of the thermometer was as follows : — 
 
 In Eastern In Western 
 
 Canada, (Lower). Canada, (Upper.) 
 
 For June, July, and August. 77.57 
 For the winter months 11.25 
 
 77.37 
 22.49 
 
 1 
 
 yie 
 the 
 the 
 
 wil 
 
 BUI 
 
 cei 
 
 att 
 rci 
 is 
 
 In reo^ard to weather, a year's observations showed 309 fine days, 
 and 56 of rain or snow in Eastern Canada, and 270 fine days, with 
 89 of rain or snow in Western Canada. 
 
 va 
 it 
 6( 
 ea 
 tb 
 m 
 tl 
 
 0( 
 
 ai 
 di 
 
 d; 
 ti 
 
 o: 
 k 
 
 a 
 
 r 
 
 CANADA EAST. 
 
 The climate of Canada East, like that of the Lower Provinces, 
 is unquestionably the most healthy iu North Ameri>?a. 
 
 Disease is unknown among the usual population, except that 
 caused by inequality of diet or imprudent exposure to atmof-pheric 
 changes. The extreme dryness of the air is shown by the roofs of 
 the houses (which arc covered with tin) remaining so long bright, 
 and by a charge of powder remaining for weeks uneaked in a gun. 
 
 It is supposed that the long winter is unfavourable to agricul- 
 tural operations ; and though the period during which ploughing 
 may be carried on is shorter than in more favoruble climates, yet 
 there are many compensating advantages in the excelhinec of the 
 snow roads, and the great facilities attorded thereby in conveying 
 produce to market, in drawing nnnure, and hauling out wood from 
 the forest. 
 
R people, holding a 
 ; at the same tirae a 
 household rental of 
 and 20 dollars (£4) 
 IS, or foreigners, can 
 ed, which may take 
 ipon taking the oath 
 eges of natural-born 
 a certain number of 
 inccs for protection 
 volunteer system aro 
 
 id abroad respecting 
 of Canadian winters 
 he country by many 
 who prefer sleet and 
 rho h^ve yet to learn 
 I upon Canada by her 
 
 peared that the mean 
 
 1 
 
 (yor). 
 
 [n Western 
 Canada, (Upper.) 
 
 o 
 
 77.37 
 . 22.49 
 
 showed 309 fine days, 
 d 270 fine days, with 
 
 the Lower Provinces, 
 Anieri.^a. 
 
 pulation, except that 
 posure to atraof>pheric 
 shown by the roofs of 
 aining so long bright, 
 iks Tincaked in a gun. 
 [favourable to agricul- 
 ing which ploughing 
 avorable climates, yet 
 , the excelhuico of the 
 thereby in conveying 
 lauling out wood from 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 9 
 
 If the real excellence of a climate depends upon the earth 
 yielding in perfection and abuudan.cc the necessaries of life, or 
 those wliich constitute the principal articles of food for man and 
 the domestic animals, then Canada East may compare favorably 
 with any part of the wcrld. The steadiness and unifomnty of the 
 summer heat causes all grains and fruits to mature v ell and with 
 
 cerlainty. . 
 
 In Lower Canada melons ripen freely m the open air, and apples 
 attain a peculiar degree of excellence, those of the Island of Mont- 
 real being especially famed. The Island of Orleans, below Quebec, 
 is equally celebrated for its plums. 
 
 CANADA WES 
 
 1 . 
 
 In a country of such vast extent as Upper Canada, the climate 
 varies materially. Throughout the agricultural or settled part of 
 it along the St. Lawrence' and the lakes, and which extends from 
 50 to 100 miles in de])th, the winter may be said to commence 
 early in December. Snow usually iidls in sufficient quantities in 
 the eastern section of this range to afford good sleighing about the 
 middle of that month, t-nd to continue with trifling exceptions until 
 the middle of Mar'^h. In the western section, although we have 
 occasionally heavy falls of snow, we are subject to frequent thaws, 
 and sleighing cannot b') depended upon except in the interior, at a 
 distance from the lakes. On the cleared lands the snow generally 
 disappears about the middle of March, and the sowing of seed for 
 the spring crops begins early in April, and ends about the 10th 
 of May. "llipe wild strawberries in abundance may be had by the 
 
 last of June. ^r- n • 
 
 From the head of L;^ke Ontario, round by the Niagara frontier, 
 and all along the Canadian sliores of Lake Erie, the grape and 
 peach grow with luxuriance, and ripen to perfection in the open 
 air, w'thout artificial aid. 
 
 Taulk of Mean Monthly and Annual Temperature at Toronto, 
 Canada West, from 1840 to IS51), taken from the Records of 
 the l^rovincial Magnetic < Observatory, by Professor Kingston :— 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Fob. 
 
 1840 I 
 1859 S 
 
 o 
 23.72 
 
 c 
 22.83 
 
 Miiroli. 
 
 o 
 .30.07 
 
 April. 
 
 c 
 41.00 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 o 
 51.38 
 
 o 
 61.27 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 18.10 
 185 
 
 .10 1 
 59 J 
 
 July. 
 
 c 
 
 r,7M 
 
 Aug. Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 06. rj 
 
 o 
 .57.98 
 
 © 
 45.27 
 
 Nov. 
 
 o 
 36.65 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Dec. 
 
 ^ a 
 < 
 
 o 
 2,V97 
 
 o 
 44.11 
 
 il, 
 
 Hi 
 

 1 
 
 10 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Mean Monthly and Annual Fall of Rain at Toronto, from 1840 
 to 1859. 
 
 1840 
 1869 
 
 HONTHH. 
 
 Jftn. 
 
 Fob. 
 
 March. 
 
 April. 
 
 In. 
 1.408 
 
 In. 
 1.043 
 
 In. 
 1.563 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 In. 
 
 2.4',I2 
 
 July. Aug. Sept. 
 
 1840 t 
 1869] 
 
 In. 
 
 .S.490 
 
 III. 
 
 2.927 
 
 In. 
 
 4.099 
 
 Oct. 
 
 In. 
 
 2.267 
 
 Nov 
 
 In. 
 .'1.109 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 hi. 
 
 In. 
 
 3 SO.") 
 
 .S.19R 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Mean i 
 
 Annual. 
 
 1 
 
 hi. 
 1.606 
 
 In. 
 30.859 
 
 Dr. Lillie, in his E>ss;iy on Cansida, reuiaiks, that " Professor 
 Hiu<i huldis the clinmte of Oauada West to bn superior to those 
 portions of the United States lying north of the 4] 8t parallel of 
 latitude, in mildness - in uda; tativdi to the .i;rowLh of eereals — in 
 the uniforuiity oi' the distribution ol ram over the aj:rieultural 
 u)ouths- in the humidity of the atmosphere— in comparative in- 
 demnity from spring fiostsand Dumnier draughts — iu a very favor- 
 able distrilmtion of clear ami cloudy days for the purpose oi' agri- 
 culture — and in the distribution of rain over many days — as, also, 
 in its salubrity, in the following points he regards it as differing 
 favorably from that of Great Ikitaiu and li(;land, viz., in high 
 summer means of temperature — in its comparative dryness — and 
 in the serenity of the sky." 
 
 Over the whole of Canada tho melon and tomato ncquire largo 
 dimensions, and ripen hilly in the op-n air, the seeds being planted 
 in the soil towards the latter end of April, and the I'ruit gathered 
 in September. I'umpkins and .-qiutshes attain gigantic dimensions ; 
 they have exceeded oOU pounds in weight in the neigliborliood of 
 ToiuDto. Indian coni, hops, and tubatco, are eouimon crops and 
 yield fair returns. Hemp and flax are indigenous plants, and can 
 be cultivated to any extent in many parts uf the F'rovince With 
 a proper ex|)enditure ol capital, England could become quite inde- 
 pendent ot Russia, or any other country, for her supply of theso 
 valuable articles. 
 
 In a paper on '' climate," recently read belbre the Literary and 
 Historical Society at Quebec, by A. Jiarvey, Esq., F.S.S., the fol- 
 lowing interesting rem.irka occur : — 
 
 '• The differences of mean annual temperature between the vari- 
 ous parts oi' Canada arc eomp.irativel)' small, tliere'"l>eing but 2° 7' 
 of difference between the mean temperature of Quebec and Mon- 
 treal while the temperatur<' of Quebec and Toronto aie about the 
 name. We, however, find considerable diiferences if we look to the 
 mean temperatures of summ.r and winter. We have at 
 
 Mean Suiuiner Meim Winter 
 Teinpor.itun-. Temperature. 
 
 Quebec ^'^° I' 1^° ^' 
 
 Montreal 79° 8' 17« 2' 
 
CANADA. 
 
 11 
 
 Toronto, from 1840 
 
 
 
 Mivy. 
 
 June. 
 
 
 hi. 
 Dec. 
 
 In. 
 .1.1 9R 
 
 o a 
 
 9 
 
 111. 
 
 In. 
 
 ! .30.859 
 
 r I 
 
 •ks, that " Professor 
 1)0 superior to those 
 f thc! 4]Ht parallel of 
 .;rowLli of etMoals — in 
 wv.r the aj:ri(;ulturul 
 — in comparative in- 
 hts — iij a very f'avor- 
 ' the purpo.se (»t' agri- 
 many dnyn — as, also, 
 ■egariis it as differing 
 1 eland, viz., in high 
 irative dryness — and 
 
 tomato ncqnire largo 
 le seed.s being planted 
 id the Iruit gathered 
 
 gigantic dimen.sions ; 
 
 the neigiiliorliood of 
 e cuuiuuiii crops and 
 !D0U8 plants, aud can 
 the Province With 
 id become quite inde- 
 • her supply of these 
 
 fore the Literary and 
 Esq., F.8.y., the fol- 
 
 ure between the vari- 
 thore*'l)eiiigbut 2° 7' 
 of Quebec and Mou- 
 
 Toronto aie about the 
 
 Miecs if we look to the 
 
 We have at 
 
 lunner Moim Winter 
 
 .itun-. Tonipei'ature. 
 
 I' 12° 8' 
 
 8' 17° 2' 
 
 ! 
 
 Mean g>»mmer 
 Tcmparature. 
 
 68° 0' 
 64° 8' 
 67° 6' 
 
 Mean Winter 
 Temperature. 
 21° 7' 
 
 24° 6' 
 
 26° 8' 
 
 Penetanguishene 
 
 Toronto 
 
 Windsor 
 
 " The winter temperatures are undoubtedly severer than those 
 of the be,3t countries of Europe. Looking at the summer tem- 
 peratures, however, we find the summer of Quebec e(][ual to that 
 of Toulouse, in the south of France ; the summer of Montreal 
 equal to that of Lisbon or Cadiz ; the summer of Toronto about 
 the same as that of Paris. The chief posts in the Hudson's Bay 
 Territory have as warm a summer as any portion of the British 
 Isles. For^unate is it, indeed, for this continent that, as we 
 must have so low a mean temperature, we get it so unevenly. It 
 is well for us that the cold is concentrated into the winter, so as 
 to allow us a genial summer for vegetation, which, as well as animal 
 life depends to a great extent upon the summer heat. In Chris- 
 tiauia, Stockholm, the Faroe Islands, places where the annual means 
 are similar to those of our chief cities, they can hardly grow cereals 
 enough to feed a scanty population. The grasses, if rich in quality, 
 are miserably poor in quantity, while the luscious fruits, which con- 
 tribute so much to our enjoyment, are imported luxuries. There 
 the forests, where not composed of coniferae, are poor and stunted. 
 There the cultivation of indiau corn is impossible. The grape is 
 an exotic. In Canada how different the facts ! 
 
 " Fortunate is it, too, that we have.a winter in whieh the energies 
 of the human system can be braced up, and its vital forces recruited. 
 The average duration of life here is lunger than in those countries 
 which have no such season. The temperature of our hottest days 
 is as great as that of the warmest days in New Orleans or any part 
 of Mexico, and the mean temperature of a July in Quebec within 
 10° of a July in Vera Cruz. There, however> the summer heats 
 are almost unendurable from their duration, and are the fruitful 
 parents of yellow and other frightful fevers, from which we are 
 totally exempt; while even the fever and ague, so terrible to 
 settlers in Illinois, Indiana, and other States of the Americaa 
 Union, cannot reach us in l^ower Canada, being never met with 
 north of Montreal." , ^ , , 
 
 According to Professor Guy, the proportion of deaths to the 
 
 population is : — 
 
 Austria 1 in 40 
 
 Denmark 1 in 45 
 
 France 1 in ^^^ 
 
 Portugal 1 in 40 
 
 Russia Iin44 
 
 Switzerland 1 in 40 
 
 United States 1 in 74 
 
 LowerCanada 1 in 9:: 
 
 Belgium 
 England 
 N^orway . . 
 Prussia 
 
 1 in 
 1 in 
 1 in 
 1 in 
 1 in 
 lin 
 
 43 
 46 
 41 
 39 
 40 
 50 
 
 Spain 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Upper Canada 1 in 102 
 
 All Canada 1 in 98 
 
 Thus proving the salubrity of the Province beyond all question. 
 
 i 
 
 if. 
 
 yii 
 
 1^ 
 
 .V 
 
ill 
 
 12 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 * LAWS. 
 
 The laws of England were introduced into Upper Canada in 
 1791, and still prevail, subject to tlie vurioiis alterations made from 
 time to time by the local Parliament. The laws of France, as 
 they existed at the conquest of Canada by Britiiin, prevnil in Lower 
 Canada, subject also to the alterations cftectcd by the local I'arlia- 
 ment. The criminal and commercial laws of England prevail here, 
 as in Upper Canada. 
 
 lit I 
 
 hi 
 
 MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 The municipal system of Canada is admirably adapted to the 
 exigencies of a young and vigorous country. In order to compre- 
 hend it, it is necessary to state that Upper Canada is divided into 
 counties, 42 in number ; the counties are divided into townships, 
 the latter being about 10 miles square The inhnbitnnts of a town- 
 ship elect annually five Councillors; the Councillors elect out of 
 this number a presiding oflScej*, who is designated the Township 
 Reeve ; the Reeves and the Deputy Reeves of the difl'orent town- 
 ships torm the County Council ; this Council elect their presiding 
 officer, who is styled the Warden. In each county there is a 
 judge, a sheriff, one or more coroners, a clerk of the peace, a clerk 
 of the county court, a regis;rar, and justices of the peace, which 
 oificers are appointed by the Governor in Council. All Township 
 Reeves, Wardens, Mayors and Aldermen are, ex cjju-io, justices 
 of the peace. 
 
 The" County. Council are .charged with the construction and re- 
 pairs of iiaoh and court-hou^fes, roads and bridges, houses oi correc- 
 tion and grammar schools, under the provisions of the school law ; 
 to grant moneys by loan to public works tending to the improve- 
 ment of the country, and to levy taxes for the redemption of debts 
 incurred. 
 
 ! . 
 
 EIVEES, CANALS, RAILWAYS, AND POSTAL 
 ACCOMMODATION. 
 
 The natural advantages conferred upon Canada by the St. 
 Lawrence river are incalculable. 
 
 Immediate and direct winter communication with the sea for 
 2,000 miles of inland coast, without reference to the vast afHuents 
 striking deep into the heart of the country, appears in itself suf- 
 ficient to mark out Canada for a distinguished future. Tliree 
 hundred miles from the outiet of the St. Lawrence, we pass the 
 mouth of the Saguena , navigable for the largest vessels 70 miles 
 from its outlet. Four l)undre<J and ten miles' saiiing from the 
 ocean and we reach Quebec, the great seaport of Canada ; 5110 niiles 
 brings us to Montretl, near where the Ottawa, or Grand River of the 
 
CANADA. 
 
 18 
 
 (o Upper Canada in 
 iltcraiions made from 
 laws of France, as 
 !iin, prevtiil in Lower 
 1 by the local I'arlia- 
 i^ngland prevail here, 
 
 3N8. 
 
 inibly adupt;ed to the 
 lu order to coiupre- 
 auada is divided into 
 vided into townships, 
 nhnbitailts of a towu- 
 iricillors elect out of 
 f;natcd the Township 
 of the difl'orent town- 
 elect their presiding 
 h county there is a 
 of the peace, a clerk 
 s of the peace, which 
 ncil. All Township 
 3, ex cJ)i<:io, justices 
 
 3 construction and re- 
 ges, houHCs oi correc- 
 ins (^f the school law ; 
 iding to the iujpruve- 
 ! redemption of debts 
 
 AND POSTAL 
 
 Canada by the St. 
 
 ion with the sea for 
 to the vast affluents 
 appears in itself suf- 
 shed future. Three 
 ^awrence, we pass the 
 irgost vessels 70 miles 
 ilts' saiiiiig from the 
 of Canada ; 51)0 miles 
 or Grand Hiver of the 
 
 Iforth, mingles its dark but transparent waters with those of the St. 
 Lawrence, after drnininL' a valley of 80,000 square miles in area. 
 One hundred and sixty-eight miles above Montreal, after passing 
 the St. Ijawrence canals, we are in liake Ontario, 75G miles from 
 the sea, and 234 feet above it. Traversing its expanst; and passing 
 Kin-Tston, Cobourg, Tocouto and Hamilton, we reach ihe outlet of 
 the '^Velland canal, through wbieii we rise olJO [vet to the waters 
 of Lake Erie, 1,041 miles from the sea, and 504 feet above its 
 level. Traversing L-ike Erie, and through the Detroit river. Lake 
 St. Clair, and the Si. Clair river, we arrive at Lake Huron, 1,855 
 miles from our starting point, and 57o feet above the ocean. We 
 now reach St. 31ary's river, and through a siiort cantil enter Lake 
 Superior, a fresh water sea as large as Ireland, enabling us to attain 
 a distance oi' li,000 miles by water from the mouth of the St. 
 
 Lawrence. . i r. ,, 
 
 The late Government survey oi the great lakes giv^s the tollow- 
 
 ing exact measinvment. Lake Superior : greatest length, S55 miles ; 
 
 ' greatest breadth, 160 miles ; mean depth, 988 feet ; height above the 
 
 sea, 627 feet; area 31,000 square miles. Lak- Michigan : greatest 
 
 len"-th 360 miles; i.'reatcsr, breadth, 108 miles J mean depth, 900 
 
 fe->t: haight above the sea, 587 icet; area, 20,000 squ.ire miles. 
 
 Lake Huron: greatest length, 200 miles; gr.'ate^t breadth, ItjO ; 
 
 mean depth, 300 feet ; heigh: jbovethe s-a, 574 feet ; aica, 20,000 
 
 square miles. Lake Erie: greatest length, 2,-0 miles; greatest 
 
 breadth, 80 miUs ; nuan depth, 20t: feet ; height aim-e the sea,_555 
 
 i feet: area, 6,000 square miles, Lake Ontario : length, 180 miles ; 
 
 mean breadth, (;5miles ; mean depth. 50l> feet; height above the 
 
 sea, 262 feet; area. 6.000 sriuare miles. Total length of hve lakes, 
 
 1,345 miles; 'tot.il area, 84,000 square miles. _ ^ 
 
 There are now 1,876 miles of railway in operation m Canada, 
 independent of the Grand Trunk ext iision tu Portland. The 
 Victoria Bridge has brought the Gnmd Trunk into unbroken 
 operation, and it is now able to tran;;port passengers and goods from 
 the Atlantic to the Mississippi, witii a saving of s-veral days over 
 all other routes. . ,^ 
 
 The foUowin- lines are now in operation :— ihe brand iruiilc 
 
 from Rivitire du Loup to Sarnia ; the Great \v estern and branches, 
 
 from Toronto to Detroit; the Northern, from Toronto to Colhng- 
 
 wood; the Buffalo ami Lake Huron, frum Fort Erie to Goderich ; 
 
 the London and Port Stanley ; the Erie and Ontano ; the Cobourg 
 
 ' and Peterborough ; the I'reseott and Ottawa; the Montreal and 
 
 Champlain; the Grenville and Carillon; the St. Lawrence and 
 
 , Industry; the Port Hope and Liuds.iy, with branches; theBrock- 
 
 I ville and Ottawa, to Perth ami Almonte; the Stanstead, Shefford 
 
 ' and Chambly, and the Welland. 
 
 Everywhere postal eonimunleation is complete. _Tho most dis- 
 tant hamlet has its nost oflice, and the number or oitices in Canada 
 is now about 1,974. The electric telegraph pa,*ses through every 
 town and almost every village in the Province, and the numb'^r oi 
 miles in operation at this tiiui! is 4, '46. The anproii. h or arrn'al 
 of a steamer or suiiiug ve,s.?el at Quebec is known very neirly at 
 the saiii' moment in every town of the Lower and Upi'i/r portions 
 of Jthe Province. All ixnpvo\eui.;uts in the arts or sciences 
 \ affecting the commercial or industrial interests of her people are 
 
 0' 
 
 J 
 
 i| 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 1 
 
 w 
 
u 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 quickly introduced into Canada, and with numeroa*! elements of ' 
 adaptation and progress within her reach, she eagerly avails herself 
 of the practice and enterprise of other countries. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN CANADA. 
 
 Upper and Lower Canada enjoy separate School laws adapted 
 to the religious elements prevailing in either. Kach township yn 
 Upper Canada is divided into several seliool sections, according 
 to the requirements of its inhabitants. The Common Schools are 
 supported partly by Government, and partly by locJ, self-imposed 
 taxation av.d occasionally by the payment of a small monthly fee 
 for each scholar. In long-settled rural districts each school sec- 
 tion is now distinguished oy i handsome brick school-house, 
 furnished with maps, authorized school books, and elementary 
 philosophical apparatus. The salaries of teachers vary from £130 
 Htg. to £40 stg, in country parts, and from Xi^SO stg. to £75 stg. 
 in cities and towns. All common school teachers must pass an 
 examination before a County Board of Education, or receive a 
 license from the Provincial iNormal School, empowering them to 
 teach, before they can claim the Government allowance. 
 
 The Provincial Normal School of Upper Canada is a highly 
 effective and useful institution for the training of teachers, and 
 annually sends forth from 100 to 150 young men and women, who, 
 having been unitbrmly instructed in the art of conducting a school 
 and communicating knowledge, gradually are establishing in 
 Upper Canada a system ot common school education of great 
 
 promise. ... , . , n 
 
 The Free School system is gaming ground in many parts ot 
 Canada; the principle it involves implies the support of common 
 schools, open to all, by a general tax, and the nou-exactiun oJ" fees. 
 Any school section may adopt it by the vole ot the majority 
 of its inhabitants. Separate schools for lloman Catholics are 
 sanctioned under certain regulations. Besides a richly endowed 
 Provincial University, supplied with a complete staff of highly 
 competent profesjiors and lecturers, there are several other Univer- 
 sities and Colleges in Upper Canada in connection with different 
 religious denominations. The standard of education adopted in 
 som^e of the Canadian Universities assimilates as closely as possible 
 to that established in the time-honored institutions of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and the ranks of the professorial staffs are generally 
 supplied from the same unfailing sources. All the expenses of a 
 full University course in Toronto neol not exceed £00 sterling 
 per annum, board and tuition included. To the Provincial Univer- 
 sity, and to the University of Trinity College, in connection with 
 the Church of England, scholarships are attached, which vary in 
 value irom £18 stg. to £40 stg. per annum. These are awarded 
 (at annual examinations) to successful candidates competing for 
 them. 
 
 The fiduoationnl statistics in Upper Canada may be thus summed 
 up :•- - 
 
numerous elements of 
 eagerly avails herself 
 
 les. 
 
 IN CANADA. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 16 
 
 adapted 1 
 
 I 
 
 School laws 
 r. Each township ^in 
 1 sections, according 
 I Common Scliools are * 
 by locJ, solf-iiuposed 
 * ;i snuill monthly fee 
 ricts each school sec- 
 brick school-house, 
 )olcs, and elementary | 
 chers vary from £130 
 £1^80 stg. to £75 stg. 
 iachers must pass an 
 ducation, or receive a 
 empowering them to 
 t allowance. 
 r Canada is a highly 
 ling of teachers, and 
 men and women, who, 
 )f conducting a school 
 are establishing in 
 jl education of great 
 
 iind in many parts of 
 lie support of common 
 ^ non-exactiun oJ' fees. 
 
 vote ot the majority 
 Roman Catholics are 
 iidcs a richly endowed 
 nplete staff of highly 
 I several other Univcr- 
 inection with diflereut 
 
 education adopted in 
 !S ds closely as posnible 
 utions of G reat Britain 
 ial staffs are generally 
 
 All the ex peases of a 
 it exceed £'>0 sterling 
 the Provincial Uuiver- 
 ige, in eoimecti )n with 
 ttached, which vary in 
 1. These are awarded 
 ididatos competing for 
 
 4 Universities, 
 
 4 Roman Catholic Colleges, 
 
 3 Theological Colleges, exclasivoly, 
 
 3 Collegiate Seminaries, 
 
 1 Royal Grammar School, 
 
 3 Normal and Model Schools, 
 
 91 County Grammar Schools, 
 
 3 Industrial Schools, 
 
 4103 Kleiuentary Schools, 
 
 382 xMiscellaneous Schools, 
 
 4597 Educational Institutions in all ; having 5219 pro- 
 fessors or teachers, an.l 359,155 pupils, with an estimated annual 
 income of $1,799,400. . 
 
 In Ijower (Canada a system of education m most respects similar 
 to that which has just been described exists, and is rapidly obtain- 
 ing favour among the people. The Superior Schools there are of 
 a very high order, and many of the Seminaries attached to religious 
 houses are well endowed and'amply provided with efficient professors 
 
 and teachers. 
 
 Including the Laval University and McGill College, the educa- 
 tional instil unions in Lower Canada are thus classed in the Report 
 of the Superintendent of Education for the year 1 801 : 
 
 Solfeols. Teachers. Pupils. 
 
 Superior Schools 10 74 652 
 
 Secondary Schools 200 1,038 29,183 
 
 Normal Schools 3 30 200 
 
 Special Schools 4 10 135 
 
 Primary Schools 3,278 3,259 158,465 
 
 3,501 4,417 188,635 
 
 The Superior Schools comprise Universities and Schools of Law 
 and Medicine. 
 
 Secondary Schools are Classical Colleges and Academies. 
 
 Special Schools are Deaf and Dumb Institutes, Schools of Agri- 
 culture, Arts and Manufactures. 
 
 Primary Schools comprise Model and Elementary Schools. 
 
 WOODS AND FORESTS. 
 
 The principal description of timber found in the forests of Can- 
 ada are : — White, yellow and red pine ; white ai.'d black spruce ; 
 tamarac ; white, lim and 1 lack ash ; grey, red, soft and rock elm; 
 bird's eye, white and red oak ; bird's eye, curly and soft maple ; 
 black and grey walnut ; smooth and rough bark hickory ; iron- 
 wood ; red wild cheiry J basswood ; beech; red and white cedar; 
 hemlock ; fir ; poplar ; chesnut ; buttonwood, and whitewood. 
 For furniture and ornamental p; -poses, the luxuriant beauties 
 , ^, J of our crotched, wavy and mottled black walnut are well known, 
 
 la maybe thus summ^a , i, ^^ , ; ^^,_;;_„ . „i„^ .v^ Vp.„,+,-oa nf o"r Wr/i'a pva and 
 
 |curly maples, aa v,e\\ as our curly birch, crotched white oak, and 
 
 f '■ 
 
 ihl 
 
 ml 
 
 . ■. ^ 
 
■<*«J 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 OAf^ADA. 
 
 I 
 
 \ w 
 
 purposes I in fact all 'r woods are 8U»Mpt.blo of l«mg utlUzea 
 '"iJ;: ;':.tpr:t :r:.teo,ivo .i,.ber .errUoHo, of Canad. 
 
 "Vs7Thc oountrv drained h, the Ottawa, oontaiaiiig a., area of 
 75 000 "uaro tnili The white pine, red pine and u.h are ch.ofly 
 „bt,uned Uon> this repl^n ^^.^ ^ ^^ „, 
 
 22 OWsqttaremiUr Contains lar,. quantities of white, jcllow 
 -t^t^l^::^'::^^^^^ ^.uare n.ile». Uieh 
 '^Ty^^j:2:rTi^^fl^r7^. a„d redpine, 
 'Th'=' S'exS;" G::^'i^'Penin,ula. White and red pine, 
 'Th.' TrPrutnsub of Canada West contain, oak, cin, and wal- 
 "nh The Ontario territory, north of Lake Ontario, still contains 
 ^ 'nT ZZ:l::^^:'^^f^^^ -•« diree,ly en^ged 
 
 ^ Ski^cte^rSii^'^':?^^^ 
 ?i^:i,£ t '=r!:;r »^=;s ^x 
 
 :::,le:en.s ln!rder to supply the,n with oats, potatoes, peas and 
 ""^^he industry to which the manufacture of the Jiffc-" P™<'»«'J 
 
 wtt'ing the Trgles of our brethren across the .nternat.onal 
 
 '"'Tt"7roduce of the forest of most importance next to lumber 
 
 has always heen pot and fail "s'";'- , .■ ,. j „f timber 
 
 f'lnada exoorts annually about JU,OUU,UUJ cuoio ii,i,i 
 in the rouo^ State, and about 400,000,000 feet, board measure, ot 
 
 A 
 
I 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 17 
 
 lur white, red and 
 narketH of Europe. 
 builcUnjj; and general 
 )k'. of being utilized 
 
 erritories of Canada \ 
 
 cost of £4. The value of the timbei thus cut is applied in pay- 
 ment of the purchase money duo to the Crown. 
 
 ontaiuing an area of 
 e and ash arc chiefly 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 draining an area of 
 ies of white, yellow | 
 
 Fquare milcH. Hich | 
 I vac 5 
 
 kVhite and red pine, \ 
 
 Vhite and red pine, 
 
 ins oak, elm and wal- 
 
 Outario, still contains 
 
 i are directly engnged 
 ks, technically called 
 the tails of the great 
 1 the interior. Farm- 
 d the frontiers of the 
 its, potatoes, peas and 
 
 the different products 
 III 1851 there were 
 |)G5 in Lower (.'anada. 
 the year amounted to 
 Since 1851 the quan- 
 normously, but no data 
 actoi-y concliLsions cao 
 magnitude cf the trade 
 ud'boards to the value 
 States in 18(31, being 
 ipper Canada ton years 
 id to a remarkable ex^ 
 ivil war which is now 
 jross the international 
 
 jrtance next to lumber 
 
 mineralsjlnd mining. 
 
 The principal economic minerals of Canada are stated by Sir 
 W. E. Logan to be : — 
 
 METALS AND THEIR ORES. 
 
 Magnetic iron ore ; specular iron ore ; limonita (beg ore) ; tit- 
 anifcrous iron; sulphurct of zioc (blonde); sulphuret oflead (ga- 
 lena); copper, native; sulplinret of; variegated; copper pyrites ; 
 argentiferous do., and containing gold ; nickel; antimony; silver, 
 with native copper and sulphuret of silver ; gold. 
 
 Of these the iron, copper, and lead ores are worked to some ex- 
 tent in both sections of the Province. Antimony is mined in 
 Lower Ct.nada. The copper deposits of the Eastern Townships 
 are ascertained to be oi' very large extent, and mines have 
 been su(!cessfully opened, at very fair wages, to a fast-increas- 
 ing mining pop'uUition. The deposits of gold ascertained to 
 exTst, also, in the eastern part of the Province have repaid very 
 fully the labor applied with judgment to the working of them. A 
 large number of labourers will probably engage themselves in this 
 branch of mining during the approaching season, and with every 
 prospect of success. 
 
 NON-METALLIO MINERALS. 
 
 Uranium; chromium; cobalt; manganese; iron pyrites; gra- 
 phite ; dolomite; carbonate ol magnesia ; sulphate of barytes; iron 
 ochres; stextile; lithographic stone; agates; jasper; felspar; 
 avanturino ; hyacinthe ; coramdum; amethyst; jet; quartzose ; 
 sandstone; rctinito and basalt; g,psum; shell marl ; phosphate ot 
 lime; millstones; grindstones; whetstones; tripoli. 
 
 Some of these minerals are worked on a moderate scale, and 
 there is no room for doubt that, with larger general experience of 
 their valut?, many more of them will be found to ensure fair icturns 
 to the employment of cnpital and skilled labor. Sulphur and sul- 
 phuric acid, superphosphate of lime, plumbago, &c., are produc- 
 tions which must attract very early attention. 
 
 00 cubic feet of .imb« . BUILDING_MATEEIALS. 
 
 feet, board measure, ot ^ (Iranites ; sandstone ; calcareous sandstone ; 
 
 A. i;„ i: — ,*.,„„„. " . ... 
 
 limestones ; hy- 
 moukling 
 
 feet, board measure, oi ^ (iranites ; sandstone ; calcareous sandstone ; lime8t( 
 
 jiraulic limestones; roofing slates ; flagging sioues; clays ; 
 
 terms of sale, upon ful- j|.,ud ; fuller's earth. 
 t and sell from their lots ^ Marbles—white, black, red, brown, yelbw and black, grey and 
 by taking out a license, variegated green. 
 3rown Land Agent at a ^j 
 
 !, 
 
 II '■ 
 
Ill II imirliiiiiiiw 
 
 18 
 
 OANADA. 
 
 COMBUSTIBLES. 
 
 Peat; petroleum i asphaltuni. 
 
 MINING IN CANADA. 
 
 Regulations for the sale of mineral lamls, approved by Hia Ex- 
 flfiUencv the Governor General in Council. 
 
 rThat the tracts shall comprise not more than four hundred 
 
 ^"2 ''That the dimensions ot the tracts in uaHurveyod territory be 
 fortT chains in front by one hundre.l chains n. depth and bounded 
 Iv Unes ?unnin. duo^ xNorth and South, and East and WcBt or as 
 near to tCsedimensiona as the configuration of the locality will 
 
 ^'^f The applicant for a tract in unsnrveyed territory must furnish 
 a plan and descriplon thereof by a Provincial Land hurvey<m 
 
 4 The price shall be one dollar an acre, payable on the sale. 
 
 t That a tax or duty of one dollar per ton be charged on all 
 ores exacted "om the tLt, payable on removal i'-ni tlw. min- 
 This condition applies to all mining lands sold since the first day 
 of April 1861, and is in lieu of the Royalty of two and a half per 
 n«nt chargeable on the ores from these lands. . ,. ,. .> 
 
 6 S\n surveyed townships lots presenting indications oi 
 minerals be sold on the above conditions, »>ut at no le^^/^^^" «"^ 
 Sa per acre in any township, and at the same price as the other 
 1 r^n tW township when it is move than one dollar per acre, 
 ''t That nSre ?^^^^ tract of four hundred acres be sold to 
 
 '"8.^?hrabove regulations do not apply to mines of Gold and 
 
 ^'9.^ All previous regulations inconsistent with the above are can- 
 
 «e 
 
 lied. 
 
 GOLD MINING REGULATIONS. 
 
 Department of Crown Lands, 
 • Crown Domain Branch, 
 
 Quebec, 22nd April, 1864. 
 The following Gold Mining Regulations ha^o been approved of 
 K nu iJicopllencv the Governor General ni Council, viz : 
 ^^ Go"n7sl allbe held to mean any mode of obtaining or 
 collecting S iVom the natural deposits or rocks of the country^ 
 ^ No^pe^rson shall be allowed to work any gold mine without a 
 
 "1" The rights of the Crown in respect to gold shall be transfer- 
 red by temporary licenses. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 19 
 
 His Ex- 
 
 hundied 
 
 rritory b« 
 [ bounded 
 IcBt, or a.s 
 jivUty will 
 
 at furnish 
 i^eyor. 
 lie sale, 
 ged on all 
 the mine. 
 3 first day 
 X half per 
 
 ications of 
 a than one 
 the other 
 ;r acre. 
 I bo sold to 
 
 Gold and 
 
 ve are can- 
 
 ril, 1864. 
 
 ip proved of 
 ^iz : 
 
 )btaiui!'2 *^r 
 ^he country, 
 e without a 
 
 be trausfer- 
 
 4 No rOTaltv shall be exacted. •*.<"„„ 
 
 5 Gold mining licenses shall be issued to the proprietor of any 
 land such licento to convey the right to work for the gold on the 
 
 0?' to be issued for lots of one hundred acres, or arpents or less, 
 as defined by the existing surveys, and to remain in force for three 
 
 months subject to renewal, by "7.«Plf ^^^0^1 sTrteVm" 
 cent in cases of change in ownership of land), on the same terms 
 and a the same rate ; conditional on future orders of His hxcel- 
 ?ency the Go^rnor General in Council, or legislative enactments 
 
 "e'CiSstr^tract in unsurveyed territory must furnish a 
 plan of s^urvey and description of the land reiuired, by a Provip- 
 JaTland surveyor, such tract not to co,nprise "^o^« than four 
 hund ed acres, and to be of tb. di.ncnsiuns or proportion of forty 
 Sns bv one hundred chains, bounded by lines running due north 
 and south-east and west, or as near to these proportions as the 
 emifil^ration of the locality will adnnt. A separate license to be 
 
 taken for each 100 acres. , , . 
 
 7 Thetuiuber of persons authorized to be employed m mining 
 for trold shall bo not less tban five per license mcUiding all em- 
 ployfd eit Icr directly or indirectly on the work and the licenses 
 Thail be issued on the payn.ent of ono dollar for each person so 
 e4loye<i, B-hject to a flirfher payment of one dollar tor each ad- 
 
 '^ttoS;Srnrunder oath, must be made to the Inspector 
 of mines for the division, of the persons emp oyed the amount ot 
 gold extracted per day and any further information which His 
 Excellency the Governor General in Council may direct. 
 
 9 Any increase in the number of persons to be employed under 
 the license must be notified to the inspector of mines for the divi- 
 sion within ten days of such employment, accompanied by payment 
 
 of the addirioual fee. . , i^j 
 
 10 In cases where a lot, bor.^ers on a stream, not inc uded 
 there"in,the license will goto the middle thereof; where a stream 
 crosses a lot, the same will be comprised iu the •--- -b t ^„ 
 all cases to the public rights in navigable or Ao'^table waters 
 
 11 Parties holding licenses shall have the right of transfer 
 provided such transfer be notified in writing to the inspector of 
 mines for the division ; and on payment of a fee of one dollar, 
 such transfer and payment shall be endorsed on the license. 
 
 12. Purchasers or;their assignees of Crown lands sold and on y 
 partially paid for will be required to pay up in full before obtaning 
 a license, and applicants for license on vacant Crown lands will be 
 requked to purchase and pay up in full before receiving a license^ 
 
 13. Application for license must be made in writing to the 
 inspector of mines for the division, detailing title, proof oi which 
 must be furnished to such inspector. ■ i . ^. ,^r 
 
 14. Error or misrepresentation by applicant as to his right .o oi 
 ownership of the land, or failure to comply with all or any ttie 
 ^Tesent regulations or future orders of His Excellency the Gov^"- 
 Bor General in Council or legislative e"fttnents having i^feience 
 to gold mines, to which the license will be subject, shall entail 
 immediate forfeiture of the license. , ., . . -.o -,,„,? 
 
 These regulations shall not apply to the beiguiory of Kigauu- 
 
 Vaudreuil. 
 
 I 
 
\ 
 
 20 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 It has also plcnsed ITis Excellency the Oovcrnor G(mi oral to ap- 
 point the two loUowinji Kontl.mcn to ].o (Jol<l->nriin^ rnspectors for 
 the divisions on th<> south shore uf the 8t. Lawrence, below menliou- 
 ed, viz. : Cniarlca Lelcbvre de Bellcfouillo, E.s<iuire, lor the division 
 to be called tlio Cliaudi^re Division, to cuniprise the territory lying to 
 the north-east ol the line dividing the counties ol" ^'loolet, Artha- 
 baska, Wolio and (jotnpton, Ironi the counties of Lotbim6re, 
 Mcf'antic, and Heaucc (save the townships of Spaulding, Ditchhcld.. 
 Clinton and AVol.urn, to be altaehod to the Ht. Francis Division, 
 hereinafter nientiuncd) ; whose olliec will be at St. Francois de la 
 Beaucn; and Daniel ^\. Muck, Esquire, fcr the division to be called 
 the ^'t. Francis Division, to comprise the territory lying to the 
 south-west of the same lino, with the lour townships above men- 
 tioned; whoso ofliee will be at. Stunstoad until further orders— to 
 whom all mining ap].lieationH (as per printed form in their posses- 
 sion, and which they will supply to intending applicants) arc to 
 
 be made. , , 
 
 The unsold Crown lauds in the foUowin-i- townships are, for 
 the present, hereliy set apart lor sale lor gold mining purposes, 
 under the above rogulatiou?. aud will be disposed of to the first 
 applicants, at two^lollars per acre, payable cash iu one sum, 
 without pottlo.iuent duties, liz. : 
 
 'CIAUDIEIIH DIVISION. 
 
 Jersey, Marlow, Risborough, Lini^re, "Watford, Craubourne, 
 Fraiupton, soulh-wcst parts of liucklandaud Standc n, and Augmen- 
 tation and iMetgermotte, iu the agency of Andrew lloss, Esquire : 
 ofl&ce at Frampton. 
 
 Ware and jjaugevin, in the agency of F. Rouleau, Esquire : oflice 
 
 at St. Claire. . ., ,r r t. • 
 
 Daaquam and Mailloux, in the agency ot S. V. Larue, bsquire : 
 
 office at St Charles, Rivi(^re Boyer. 
 
 Bellechai-se, Rou.k and north-east part of Buckland, m the 
 agency of F. J-amontague, Esquire : office at St. CervaiiJ. 
 
 Thetford, Broughton, Loed-t, Inverness, Irelifu', Hal. ax, 
 Somerset and Nelson, in the agency of John Hume, E.^quire : 
 office at Leeds. 
 
 Price, Colraine, Adsfock, Tring, Lambton, Forsyth, Ayluier, 
 Gayhurst and Shenley, in the agency of Louis Labreequo, Esquire : 
 office at Lambton. - 
 
 ST. FRANCIS DIVISION. 
 
 Winslow, Whitton, Hampden, Ditton, Woburn, Chesham, 
 Marston, Clinton, Spaulding aud Ditchfield, in the agency of 
 William Farwell, Esq : office at Robinson. 
 
 Stanstead, Barnstou, Barford, Ilerel'ord and Gore, Auckland, 
 Clifton, ComptoM, Ilatley, Magog (formerly Ilatley), Ortbrd, 
 Aseott, Eaton, Newport, Westbury, Stolce, 15iompton, Melbourne, 
 Shipton, Cleveland, Windsor, Dudswoll and Wcedou, in the agency 
 of John Felton, Es.p : office at Shorbvooke. 
 
 Potton, Sutton, Dunham, Stanbridgc, Farnham, Granby, Shef- 
 ford, Stukely, Ely, Iloxton, 3Ulton, Bolton, Brome and Magog 
 (formerly Bolton), in the agcney of J. A. Kemp, Esquire : office at 
 Waterloo. 
 
 \ 
 
sneral to ap- 
 ispectors for 
 i)Wincnliou- 
 ihe division 
 :ory lying to 
 olet, Artha- 
 
 Lotbini6re, 
 , Ditcliticld.. 
 is Division, 
 an^ois de la 
 
 to be called 
 ying to the 
 , above inen- 
 r orders — to 
 their posses- 
 iants) arc to 
 
 lips are, for 
 
 g purposes, 
 
 to the first 
 
 u one sum, 
 
 Craubourne, 
 md Augnien- 
 )ss, Esquire : 
 
 squiro : office 
 
 ue, Esquire : 
 
 hind, in the 
 
 vaia. 
 
 k1, Halifax, 
 
 ae, Esquire : 
 
 yth, Aylmer, 
 juo, Esquire : 
 
 3, Chesham, 
 le agency of 
 
 •e, Auckland, 
 ey), Or Ford, 
 1, Melbourne, 
 in the agency 
 
 >ranby, Shef- 
 ) and Magog 
 inii'A • offiee at 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 91 
 
 Acton, Durham, Kingsey, Sirapaoti, Wickham and part of 
 Upton, in the agency of the Hon. William Sheppard : office at 
 Wendover. 
 
 Wotton, Mam, South Ham, Wolfestown.Garthby and Stratford, 
 in the agency of J, T. LeUel, Esquire : office at Wotton. 
 
 Warwick, Cheater, Tingwick and Morton, in the agency of 
 Antoinc Gfignon, Esquire : office at St. Christopho d'Arthubaska. 
 
 Arthabasku, Hulstrode and Staufold, for wljich there is at pre- 
 sent no agent ; and applicatioti to purohiisc in these townships 
 must be made to this Department. 
 
 Applications made for purchase of lots since the sale in certain 
 of the above townships was stayed, to bo taken according to 
 priority of date, at the above price, provided the same be renewed 
 to the respective Crown- land agents on or before the 20th day of 
 May next; after said date, in case of simultaneous application, lots 
 will be disposed of by the said agents to the highest bidder over 
 tbc upset price of two dollars per acre. Not more than 400 acres 
 will be sold to any one person. All api)lications to be addressed to 
 the agents, those for unsurveyed tracts to be ajcompanied with re- 
 quired plan of survey and description, conijccting tiie land sur- 
 veyed with some known point of a previous Covernment survey. 
 
 Andrew Kussell, 
 
 Asst. Com. of Crown Lands. 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 The fisheries belonging to the Province are attracting much 
 attention, and will prove a productive source o!" wealth. They are 
 inexhaustible, and are now subject to a regular system of licensing, 
 .^ud every endeavour is being m.ide to preserve them, and encourage 
 their increase. 
 
 FISHERIES, L. 0. 
 
 Lower Canada posses^os, in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 an extelit of coast of iOUO miles, where the cod, herring, mackerel, 
 salmon, and other fisheries are curried on successfully. 
 
 W^hale fishing is also carried or- by vessels fitted out from the 
 port of Gasp6. Average season value of v^hale oil has beeu about 
 27,000 dollars. 
 
 The cod fishing is carried on along the whole shore of Canada. 
 The herring fishing principally at the Magdalen Islands, in the 
 Bay of Chaleurs, and on the coast of Labrador. The mackerel 
 fishing at the IMafidalen Islnnds, along the coast of Gasp^, and in 
 the lower part of the River St. Lawrence. 
 
 There are above 70 hulmon fishery rivers in Lower Canada, 
 which the Government are now fostering, with a riew to enhance 
 the commerce in this valuable fish. 
 
 I 
 
 
iwjM-iiiiinoiifffiiir 
 
 22 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 FISHERIES, U. C. 
 
 llie merchantable fish products derived from the lakes and 
 
 rivers of Upper Canada consist chiefly of white fish, salmon, 
 
 aimon-trout, herring, lake-trout, speckled-trout, sturgeon, pickerel, 
 
 bass, ma^calonge, &c. Inferior kinds also abound in the smaller 
 
 lakes, tributaries and streams. 
 
 The extensive area, great depth, clear cold waters, abundant 
 "ceding banks, shoals and spawning ground.-, of the pr'ncipal Oa- 
 Badian lakes, render the fish found therein numerous, of good 
 auaiiiy, and large size. 
 
 Tracts of arable land, bordering on the great lakes, are still at 
 tna aispuf»ai of the Government fur sale and settlement. 
 
 i\ 
 
 A 
 
CANADA. 
 
 28 
 
 
 lie lakes and 
 fish, salmon, 
 oon, pickerel, 
 \ the smaller 
 
 rs, abundant 
 pr'ncipal Ca- 
 .ous, of j];ood 
 
 s, are still at 
 
 it. 
 
 THE CLASS 
 
 .OW 
 
 §mm$ wh ^limU imtgatt 
 
 Persons with capital seeking investment. Famifies with stated 
 incomes will Qnd in Canada a suitable homo, good society, and every 
 facility for educating and starting thoir children in life. These 
 combined advantages beir.g found with much less difficulty than 
 amidst the crowded population of the Mother Country. 
 
 Practical fanners, agricultural labourers, male and female ser- 
 vants, hoys and girls over ji/iecn. years of age. Those possessing 
 small capitals may rent or purchase farms withii-.me little improve- 
 ments, on reasonable terms. 
 
 Clerks, shopmen, or persons having no particular trade or calling 
 and unaccustomed to manual labor, should on no acconnt he ve.r- 
 suaded to emigrate, for to this class the country ofl\'rs no encour- 
 agement at present. 
 
 AVERAGE WAGES. 
 
 Farm labour per ra'th, from m to 812, with board & lod^nutr 
 
 Female servants " •' 2 to 5, '< * 
 
 Boys, over 13 years. " •' 2 to 8 '< 
 
 Grirls " " 1 to 3' « 
 
 Mechanics per day " 1 to 2.50 without hoard. 
 
 Tradesmen found with board and lodging get little more than 
 half the above rates of AVjigcs. 
 
 Farm labourers on their first arrival would perhaps not obtain 
 the above rates on farms, but after being a [ew months in the 
 country, when they learn to ehop, they will command full rates. 
 
 'i\ 
 
 ul ■ 
 
 I. 
 

 24 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 DEMAND rOR LABOUR. 
 
 female .«yant.. To 'l-'^lff'S" Respectable g.rl is sure to 
 IritHl^d aho'emaket, ar. also wanted. 
 
 terms, 
 
 GENEBAL DIEEOTIONS. 
 
 ,«K TO KM.GKATK AND bSxIoBP, OF KKACHI.. CANAO^^ 
 It is i...portant to arme ... •^•' ; J;' V >„-^, ,t a ti.ne ^vhen 
 
 th«e Is tto gr«'!«»^ ''""?' ta Ob shouUl be to s.eure 
 
 lams sre irivon in Harvest; b"t '"^ °»J j,,„(,,,j gecurmg a 
 
 first offered on liis arrival. frlcuds, there is nothing 
 
 ""''- ''^,^:tT::ni:r:^t.'tirtb'be;,i,;„ing ornay; be 
 
 "°If the .neansoftbe e-'S^^ ,:'^ ,„^rs.ea...ors leave Uverpoo 
 
 their tickets beyond Q^f"';- , j^^ ,,,iso durinj; the passage, the 
 If any serious cause ol """P " f <.;„t»in of tl.e vessel and make 
 
 emigra/t.sbould go at -- ^ , t.^f,!,';.,,,, in....cdiate redress ; or 
 known his gn»vanco.il.isw" ^^^,^,j ,„ h,,d it 
 
 if not, it will f -B*™.;,' ^j :!;. ; L amval. The aw holds 
 neeassar, » ■f.*' 'j8» J'^^psfble for any neglect on the pa.t ol 
 
 t S:ld: o','::; of *«"'^-;'- »;--.•,„ en bo^d 48 hour. 
 
 The law l>•■»'i'^«^''>f^'''f teases where the vessel has a 
 
 after the vesscl-s >.rr.val '«.^ ';P\,'" "^"-..d she shall proceed in 
 
 mail contract, or ™>5- j;,'^:„ t'^rtbat they shall be landed 
 
 further prosecution ot I.e. voya„<,;, 
 
 free of expense at proper hou's pavkages, distinctly 
 
 Ww'-Sl-l^' '"=."' .rCd SiLln. The enormous 
 
 marked with the owner s '""'« ' ^^ ,, emigrants entail heavy 
 quantities of useless uggageboug^it out y^ ^^o ^ 
 
 Espouses and troub ;, ad - nui^y^^ .^^ ^^^^ .„,, ,^„,,„„al 
 ^r.T;™r.au Sn Uabletoduty.- 
 
 
 fail, 
 
 I 
 
CANADA. 
 
 26 
 
 rers and 
 Fers great 
 ^ sure to 
 ieklayers, 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 prinu. By 
 
 time -when 
 gliost daily 
 ,c to secure 
 
 securing a 
 li.it until he 
 oi' coiupara- 
 ,d be careful 
 
 wages wlien. 
 
 •e is nothing 
 ; of Hay ; he 
 
 ers should be 
 /e l^iverpool, 
 ember, direct 
 
 1 not to take 
 
 ; passage, the 
 5scl and make 
 to redress ; or, 
 uld he find it 
 The law holds 
 oi\ the part of 
 
 board 48 hours 
 he vessel has a 
 ;lrall proceed in 
 shall be landed 
 
 ages, distinctly 
 
 The enormous 
 
 mts entail heavy 
 
 •ost of cartage, 
 
 riofhina -Woollen clothing and all descriptions of wearing 
 1 fl^'nn.l. h ankets bedding and house linen, &c., ire much 
 
 ^'^:;^, -Agricultural laborers neei not bring out i-P/^J^'^^^t^ f 
 1, JCr "V as the-' can be easily procured in the country. Arti- 
 iiusbanci.),as tnc Lciu uu / | , ^ i „. thev may \)0ssess. 
 
 wmMmm 
 
 in" what tliey want .uttr icn^uinr, i„„:„, *hr, inrmpv 
 
 encumbered with a large quantity of luggage during tne jcainey 
 
 '"%;!!;;^/!^he bet mod. of taking money is in sovereigns, or by 
 
 ^'■(l,i1;;,r'K.ai"nmt, p^c^l.g capital, »ay from ,£;200 to £500, 
 
 SUfo-f ll'.:t-,:^"4 ? -h, fr..n .c.e. ,. eight per eent. for 
 
 ">t r^=^orXST:£oStti:,:SrI;.t.eo.iog to Canada 
 A wora 01 auv cc : ,, , wiselv, if. mstead of buying 
 
 S'lir'o?;;^; d no-ire'i::: Jng ^ccuaintod with its char- 
 a'r aid'ai/kiud oi .ab„r required i„ a -w couatxy-a prooe d- 
 ;, <r inviri-iblv lea(]in<'' to the incurrence oi debt, payment ui 
 Tefst In'd ttlin, vSriou. other -Waging e.pen^^^^^^^^ 
 fn nl-ipp his inonev^ m the Savings Jiauk, take lougiut,^ 
 
 u timate good. J^ot it oe oouu. m r 
 
 in r-unda whether they be possessed ot . I lUU or ^i.mw, must 
 
 IL v.. -.nd the hoe A doterniination to work, earned out with 
 
 r3;ri;r:T:~,-s::..u.u.»~..-' 
 
 work it. 
 
 \v 
 
 The person 
 
 al 
 
 ■awMi 
 
iQ 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 ON ARRWAl IN CANADA. 
 
 , , . I^lv in the Government emigra- 
 
 The emigrant should « .^'f P^^. l^m every information and 
 
 fr'm want of proper cuut".n .u 11,1= ie.,KC 
 
 GOVKUNMENT KJIIGKATION AGENTS. 
 Quebec " 
 
 C Buchiinnn. (Chief Agent). 
 
 ^'^Uniria Trunk S.a.iou. I'oint Levi. 
 
 ,, , , J. n. Daly. 
 
 Montreal^. ^ J. Wills, 
 
 0(t<^^'^ ^'^^ j.mos McPberson. 
 
 Kingdon ■ ^ ^. l]a\vke,U'1ii''*" Agent,U.C.) 
 
 ^'•^"'i' ;;;.ii! u. Hue 
 
 Hamnt.n , informa- 
 
 Who will .uniish ''f "■■-'%.°^:r£ ,tri»™« Ibi- .L, routes 
 
 distances, and cxpen. <-. yj j 
 
 wages, &c., &c. 
 
 Those desirous of obtaining e.uploy.e. will^find^H^o tho^ 
 
 advantage to =^f ^^P^^^^^^^;- j;^! '^runtil ihes b'ocume acquainted 
 than they had been le - ^^ ;.;^^? eomparkively sumll value to 
 with the count.,, then sen Ku^u ^^^_I^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^, 
 
 with the count... th.u-serv.e^j.eo^^e^^ ^^ ^ 
 
 their employers. ^^''"'''.^^'^ chman<l), and mecLanics Avho ex- 
 &(. (for u-hor there c'.o.V, no """''I J ■ ^\,^^^^. respective 
 
 remain idle. , .if.ctiiiitions should reniuui about 
 
 Emigrants wlio have settled ^ f ^^^,^ ^,,,.i,,i. Farm la- 
 the city as short V?V:^^ct^agr cultural districts, whore 
 borers should P^--^,";;; ^ j, ^ v suitable .mploymot y and 
 . they will be certain ^^,/"^f -^;\;,.nY irocuv. tb<' necessaries o 
 those with lamil.es wul f^ '"^^^'^^^,i,, ^hieh are exp. nenced 
 life, and avoid the ^^^^'^'^'^'P^ t-'utsi, uvuM.rue cities durin 
 by a large portion oft. poor u^^^^^ ,ueh persons as 
 
 -trabo^l^^^^^^^ 
 
 PROTECTION TO EMIGRANTS. 
 
 The Imperial ^^ f-j^^J-ri::^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 possible, against Irauas and ^^^ '^ , t. 
 
 ut once be made known to the '^^■J'^^f .'^ -^.^ passengeis in favor 
 
 No person without a license ^^^ 1^, f ^^.^;'^\!^P^, fivern-keepcrs 
 of any particular steamboat, r^"'^^' ^ ^l^^'^^^^^j^t ^f -ices to be 
 :Lll have posted in some --f ^^^ty ^U n t be' allowed to 
 charged for board, lodgmgs, iic, and tney w 
 
CANADA. 
 
 2T 
 
 [, emigra- 
 
 Ltion and 
 
 aterested 
 
 Many, 
 
 suffered. 
 
 \<rent). 
 
 lUiiWiiigs ftnd 
 )iiit Levi. 
 
 ent,,U.C.) 
 
 •y inlbrniH- 
 ale, routes, 
 or, rates of 
 
 it to their 
 ould be less 
 
 acquainted 
 i)ull value to 
 ■;, shopmen, 
 jics who ex- 
 r rcHpeetive 
 
 sooner than 
 
 eniaHi about 
 Faria la- 
 tricts, where 
 )yment} and 
 lecet^i^arics of 
 . oxjit lienced 
 cilie.s during 
 1 persons as 
 thcr cUiiiii on 
 have been de- 
 
 ide, as far as 
 ' which should 
 
 t. 
 
 geis in favor 
 
 L\ivern-keepcrs 
 
 (f prices to be 
 
 be allowed to 
 
 have any lien upon the effects of a passenger for board and lodging 
 
 S:;„„dio ^oiL».-!;-'xjr;ir:rSgh tickcs for theu 
 
 Emigrants amvng at Qbcc ho ,„f^-„„^i„„_ ada, 
 
 inland transpo t, and dcs.r.n ^^ steamboat com- 
 
 *:■; ti°:S t;^ affi wm take eh,igo of their Inggage 
 until they are reudy to proceed. 
 
 CR0WN_LA.K1)S. 
 
 Several million, of acres c^ surveyed hu.ds are ^-^ -£; 
 and the prices fixed nt which unending ^^^^ ^^^^^.^^f ^^^e prices 
 upon application to tl- -P-J^^^^^^ \S^^^ cath, l one 
 of Crown lauds vary from iO cents, -J. ;•" ji^;, <.„ locality, 
 dollar, or 4s. Id. sterling, an acre, ^^ ^^^''^'^^ '^ 70 cents, 
 Crown lands in Upper Canada %^ , .f ^.f^^^^^r^,' .fifth to be 
 2s. led., an acre, and, on time, one -^.^^ ^ ,.^" ^^^^hs n four equal 
 paid at the time of sale and the ^--^^^^^^^Z the purchase 
 annual instalmerts, with interest at «'^ P^[ ':^/f ;^^^^^ and at Fort 
 money unpaid. On th. north shore j^^^^^^t^, or lOd. 
 William on l.ake Superior, lane s are ^^^^^^^"^ f/^^; ' ^ territory 
 sterling, an acre. All ^>7" 1^"^^^\" '^.^^ " ,!^^^^^ (eve'u 
 
 are subject to .-^tlemcut duties arid no pcUc^u y^y^^^ \^^^] 
 
 though the land be paid for in full ^^ t^^^'™^ ^'J. ^,;J,M'^ or 
 i«su.ffor any sueh land to any V^'^^:^^^ ^J^,n pos'ses- 
 the person or persons under whom I e ^l^^^^' ^';.^^ ^f J and 
 sion of such lanes withm six T "^: ^^^^^^ ^ ^j^^f/r^Lccupant of, 
 shall from that time ^o"^^"!^^^^;^^ ^"7.^''^4,,; id have cleared 
 and resident on the land or at ^'^'^J^J''^ '^^^ ^nder crop, 
 and rendered fit for cultivation ^";^^,;7P;;7,,rof t^^e land, a 
 within iour years at farthest Iron, th -^;_ ^^^ ,^ ^very one 
 
 LAND REGXTLATIONS. 
 
 Land adapted .. .,r.i„. P,".- -j' ^Jj^^.t: tdtl^:; 
 land eon,pan,es, ■■^P":" "''» ^^^.^Gove "meet, bei.g do.irous o. 
 shillings an acre. He Lanaaian «o ^^^_ 
 
 preventing the acc,n,s,t>on „ 1^; ,,' '''f ''i'T.pJeJlation, have 
 panies or private iiKliviJual^ loi " <^ P"P°„'; ^ ^.^ eondilioos as 
 
 Lplcd the sale .f 'l"«.*-'»«""" '^ ';^ t7blg taken of their 
 to prevent nndn'. or improper f !"";%.,, '^Kverv purchaser 
 libe'^ality in offering f^-'^^^^{::J^ ;,JC:t^c. onto, 
 must become an actual settler. 1 lus simpie 
 the field a host of JP'^Julators j^^^s are sold either 
 
 In addition to the fi-ee S'-J";^' ^^^'^^ ^.^ual settlers. 
 in blocks, or in single ^^^^ °l ^^^.Jtto varvinc. from 40,000 to 
 
 Lands in blocks are sold in '\^^^^''2In^)v^r acre, cask, iv 
 gO,000 acres, at 50 cents (about 2s. sterling; per a , 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 i 
 
 < I 
 
 litini I m "!'•"• — • 
 
;.-«e««^-Sie*^i^;^' :'--^ 
 
 r 
 
 28 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 on a plan and in a '^1!"' i J h/lrHW uZ within two years 
 and that oncthird of the hlock ^^ «« -^ "^^^^^^ ,,i,tia 'even 
 
 for settlement. ,. fT,,.ir Ir.fs fur two years con- 
 
 The »e.tl.r» ma«t have n^.^ejl ou tho u t . _^ ^^J^ ^^^, ^^.^^^ 
 
 ''X.u^e ,it„:s will bo «ive„ .,, U.. j;-';;-;-.^^!!? Iwi 
 reveryone hunJi-ed acrce o«up.ed b, him. 
 
 Bmig.-a.ts a„d others dcirou. «f P-^-'-lf.^™-; J,'" ^.fX 
 
 »:^-e?i:?"^ tar^ ^^^^ -- '-™- 
 
 tio„ as to what lau.l» aro opeu 'orj^a « Moatroal, Ot- 
 
 ■"'"Ti^SrK igS "i H'amUton: will .ffovd i„ion-.t;o" 
 tawa, Toronto. Kings.ou, , j^^^g the 
 
 and advieo to en>igrauts -JP-j^-f /^^^^.^^^^t he lot has not yet 
 localities in which they intend to sett k. t ^^^^^ ^^ 
 
 been advertised, and placed ^^^^^^^^^^ .e ^pU -'at ii in actual 
 it can he made unti that ^^^^^^ ^ tUt case he may, at 
 occupation, with valuable "H'^-'^^J-^^^'^^^ ' ^ ^ ^-.r the lot be 
 
 his <;wn expense procure ^^'^^"^^'^^ J^^^J^ him satis- 
 withinthojuri.dict.ouo one tom^P^^^JJ^ ^^ disinterested 
 
 P^he bepavtn.e^t tlie /ol^;wio. parucuhnj v,z^ ^ . 
 
 The whole f- ^^^\^ J^.^H.^reXovinefl by the applicant, 
 the nature and extent ot ^ne uupr account of uuprove- 
 
 and whether there are any ^^ve ^e clairn^, on ac. J^^^^^ 
 
 nients made by any other P^'^^y, on the same P - j.^^-^^ ^^ ,^y 
 
 If the lot is Public 1=^"'^'^^^""' V'Xoetti the Department, 
 agent, the application should be made duU 1^^^^ ^^_ 
 
 applicant b.ing careful - ;;^f^^^° 7,',^ same time the evidence 
 necessary correspondence, t^trannut^^^^^^ 
 
 by affidavit or surveys rsu port as ao> .i,,plioauts to purchase 
 ^The same rules should be ob erved by P^^^^ J^^ ,^^^, 
 
 Public lands situated m ^^^:^^^^^.f '^^ ;, rSccup improve- 
 additions: that in c. ^/\«^;/'^,';/t^ lot" he should show by 
 xnents made by his Plf««f«^^V^^/,btaued possession of them, 
 assignment or other evidence, how he obUme^ ^p^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 and that he is now the oonajcue owoer 
 
CANADA. 
 
 29 
 
 s and up- 
 purchaser 
 icres each, 
 i^ernment ; 
 two years 
 thla seven 
 sale. 
 
 portion of 
 ) be unfit 
 
 years con- 
 ea of every 
 ;et absolute 
 
 nent in full 
 t least two 
 1 ten acres 
 
 WISHING 
 
 ands should 
 Agents, who 
 ect int'orraa- 
 
 )ntrcal, Ot- 
 
 iuforniation 
 reaching the 
 
 has not yet 
 It, no sale of 
 , is in actual 
 3 he may, at 
 if the lot be 
 jh him satis- 
 disinterested 
 tiim to report 
 
 jm occupied ; 
 the applicant, 
 t of improve- 
 parcel of land. 
 liction of any 
 Department, 
 [ prevent un- 
 i the evidence 
 
 s to purchase 
 R, with these 
 pies improve- 
 lould show by 
 jssion of them, 
 The present 
 
 full value of the land per acre, exclusive of improvements, should 
 also be stated by the agent, the surveyor, or deponents, as the case 
 may be. All papers necessary to substantiate the applicant s claim 
 or ritrht to purchase, if the application is made direct to the 
 Department, should accompany the first application. 
 
 AH assignments, whether by scpiatters or purchasers, must be 
 unconditional to be recognized by the Department. 
 
 Applications for information relative to the dates ot patents and 
 the names of patentees should, invariably, be made to the Provin- 
 cial or Deputy Provincial Registrar. 
 
 Parties writing to the Department should give their post office, 
 the date and number of the lust letter (if any) they received from 
 the Department on the subject. They should, if they can state 
 whether the lots they write about are Crown, Clergy or School lands^ 
 Each letter should be confined to one subject ; the signatiu-e should 
 be distinctly written, and the letter jiddressed to " The Honorable 
 theConimissioner of Crown Lauds.' ^ ^A , ,^ h\u 
 
 Every applicant for letters patent tor lands, should state his 
 Christian name at length, with his occupation and residence, a« 
 these must be stated in the letters patent. 
 
 EXPEiNSE OF CLEARING AND PUBLIC CHARGES 
 
 ON LAND. 
 
 The cost of clearing wild lands is about from 12 to 14 dollars 
 per acre. The expense is. however, greater in the remote district , 
 in consequenc-e of the difficulty of procuring laborers ; but this 
 work is generally done by contract. The only charge on and is a 
 Tax which seldom exceeds Id. per a.re. It is applied to locd im- 
 provements alone, in which the person taxed has a direct inteiest. 
 
 CAPITAL REQUIRED BY INTENDING SETTLER. 
 
 The capital required to enable an emigrant familv to settle upon 
 a Free Grant lot, or enter upon the occupation o the wild lands o 
 ?he Crown, has been variously estimated. It should be sufecient 
 o sunrr° his family for the fir.t 18 months, until he can get a 
 ^turrfiom i landj and although much wdl depend upon the 
 parties themselves, in no case should it be less than £50 currency 
 or two hundred dollars. 
 
 THE FABMING INTEKEST OF CANADA. 
 
 The official census taken in January, 1861, furnishes reliable 
 Ja for arriving at the agricultural condition of the coun ;ry^ a^^ 
 an official Report from the Bureau of Agriculture, issued in 18bd 
 provrdes estimates of two years' later date From these returns it 
 IJpenrs that the number of persons in actual occupation ol land n 
 Upper Canada, in the year 1860, was not less ^^^'^'J 1^^'^^^' ^"^^^^^^ 
 Lo-!er Conada 105,671 The quantity of land held was as foUowg . 
 
 I| 
 
 
 I 
 
 ii i 
 
:\ 
 
 i 
 
 80 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Persons holding in 
 
 L. Oanadfc 
 
 6,822 
 
 3,186 
 
 20,074 
 
 44,041 
 
 24,739 
 
 6,809 
 
 105,671 
 
 not fewer than 
 dif 
 
 ; that there were, ". '^. ^7 -/-^^u land ; and it 
 .n Canada ^vho cult.vate thur ^^a >^^^.^^^^ 
 
 nx servants, ^^'ff^^-,. ^^^ ^^loyed on farm- 
 haruess-makers, k^-, ^^'V',51,L ..ronortion of 
 
 of 
 in 
 
 U. Canada. 
 
 1 A .... 4,424 
 
 10 acres and under 2,675 
 
 10 acrcBto 20 - 26,630 
 
 20 acres to 50. 64,891 
 
 50 acres to 100 28,336 
 
 100 acres to 200 p^ 027 
 
 Above 200 acrea ;__ 
 
 131,983 
 Total occupiers ' 
 
 It thus appears that then, w«c, three yen. ago. 
 
 237,654 persons in 
 the army of farm 
 wa^Kon-makers, baruess-iuaivuir,, ^'J^— j^ ^ ^.^^^ ^ proport 
 
 r&t^Soi^ ,;';ll lu^-C^ .-n, a.eet, e,„pWea • 
 th.. cultivation of the soil. estimated cash value ol 
 
 lows :— $306,442,662 
 
 In Upper Canada '^.'Z- 178,870,271 
 
 In Lower Canada _ _- 
 
 6485.312,933 
 
 Total value ■ 'Vj^ tl,P Hvc stock and crops 
 
 „/.:raSre='i-"--- 
 
 as follows : — U. Canada. 
 
 45! 640 
 Milch cows, No. of head ^^,^^^(^,5 
 
 Oxen and steers 464,083 
 
 Young cattle....... 377,6«l 
 
 Horses, of all kinds l,i7U.225 
 
 Sheep ''......... 776,001 
 
 Pigs 
 
 these 
 
 Ij. Canada. 
 
 328,370 
 200,991 
 2^7,611 
 248,515 
 
 682,829 
 286,400 
 
 cannot be 
 
 valued at much under 
 tock 
 
 At present prices these <^- " - ; .^^^ ^,^,;^^ the live stock 
 8100,000,000 -, and the amazing ^^"^^ ,,^^i,, ^an readily be 
 li' the country - --^f ,^,r^uvn. of 1851 and 1861 
 
 by a comparison of the «f """^ ("^V" ^e ^-.icultural industry 
 4r^^^P!:rrSSS':'s:!;el:^n?of tl. annual pro 
 
 seen 
 
 But^- , , 
 
 tt:'orSri:Se-ye-lB60the_e>.op 
 
 U. Canada. 
 
 Wheat, bushels 24,620 425 
 
 Barley, clo. ., "'gys'^gl 
 
 Peas, ^0. .. 21,220,874 
 
 Oats, ^0 i'Wg37 
 
 Buckwheat, do ..'95^290 
 
 Indian Corn,do i5 525',920 
 
 Potatoes, do i«;.^o6,959 
 
 Turnips, do '5^6 971 
 
 Man. WurZ.,do . oOp'fSO« 
 
 Carrots, do ' 
 
 L. Canada 
 
 2,654,354 
 2,281,674 
 844,192 
 2,648,777 
 17,551,296 
 1,250.025 
 334,861 
 12,770,471 
 892,434 
 207,256 
 293.067 
 
 was as follows :— 
 Total. 
 
 27,274,779 
 5,103,636 
 1,817,373 
 12.250,173 
 38,772,170 
 2,498,o62 
 2,591,151 
 28,096,391 
 19,099,393 
 754,227 
 2,198,666 
 
,822 
 
 ;,186 
 
 1,074 
 
 t,04l 
 
 t,739 
 
 5,809 
 
 5,671 
 fcwev than 
 nd ; and if 
 iacksmitha, 
 I ou farm- 
 op'ortioa of 
 mployed in 
 
 sh value of 
 .861, as fol 
 
 m 
 
 42,662 
 
 ,70,271 
 
 512,933 
 
 ck and crops 
 
 vc been then 
 
 Ij. Caniida. 
 
 328,370 
 200,991 
 2x7,611 
 24F,515 
 
 682,829 
 286,400 
 
 much under 
 the live stock 
 ;aa readily be 
 iudl86l. 
 tural industry 
 he annual pro 
 s follows : — 
 
 Total. 
 
 27,274,779 
 5,103,636 
 1,817,373 
 12.250,173 
 38,772,170 
 2,498,662 
 2,591,151 
 28,096,391 
 19,099,393 
 754,227 
 2,198,666 
 
 L. Canada. 
 
 21,384 
 
 
 53,954 
 
 689,977 
 
 53,387 
 
 9,325,147 
 
 21,011 
 
 1,967,0 88 
 
 15.900,949 
 
 686,297 
 
 975,827 
 
 31 
 
 Total. 
 
 70,627 
 
 95,772 
 
 1,551^21 
 
 300.439 
 
 16,295,752 
 
 1,588,842 
 
 5.627,154 
 
 42,735,213 
 
 3,373,469 
 
 2,201,761 
 
 OlNADl. 
 
 11. Canada. 
 
 Beans, bushels 49,143 
 
 Clover and Timothy 
 
 Seeds, bushels 61,818 
 
 Hay, tons 861,844 
 
 Hops, do 247,052 
 
 Maple Sugar, lbs 6,070,605 
 
 Cider, j^'allons 1,567,831 
 
 Wool, lbs 3,659,766 
 
 Butter, lbs.'. 26,828,264 
 
 Cheese, lbs 2,687,172 
 
 Flax and Hemp, lbs . . . l,22o,934 
 Tobacco 777,426 
 
 The total value of these products of the farm in 1860 was close 
 upon on(! hundred millions of dolhirs ! And il" wo add the increase 
 ot- that came year on the live stock, the improvements made on old 
 farms and the new lands hrou.uht into cultivation, a pretty good 
 estimate may bo formed of the highly suti,tactory condition oi the 
 farming interest in Canada. , . r » 
 
 And then the work is but begun. The totcJ number of acres 
 that have passed from the Government into private hands is— 
 
 In Upper Canada in^-K?« 
 
 In Lower Canada ^Q>-'<M1» 
 
 Total acres sold • 23,730,325 
 
 Of this there are in cultivation, acres : — 
 
 In Upper Canada 6,051,619 
 
 la Low.r0.nada 4^^35 ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Leaving yet wild * 12,874 471 
 
 Not one-half of the land already in puivate hands, 
 THEREFORE, IS YET CULTIVATED, to Say nothing of the many mil- 
 lionsof acres of wild lands still undisposed of by Government. The 
 war on the wilderness has but begun, and assuredly the prospects 
 before agriculturists is encouraging enough, i\ud the field of exertion 
 wide enough to stimulate the best and most ami.itious to active 
 and persevering exertion ibr the adv; -.icvment of this greatest 
 interest of the country. 
 
Ili 
 
 CANADA. 
 ^^ ;i/iT.«flsed to a Select 
 
 T,e following oKtractsJrom leuc- ^^^^^ ,^,,,,, , 
 
 ^'''committee of '^^^'^ZC^Toonsidor.^ion tlxe sub- 
 Canada, aPP^'i^^^^^^'i' ding agriculturalists, mer- 
 ject of emigration. ^/''f^\^,l^, sections of the 
 i^ants and manu^actu e s ^n^va^^^ ^^^^^ ,, ^^neral 
 
 rrovinco, &c-, wiU, 
 
 interest. ^.VaA/.^^-", '^^ ^)^;"''''^:,./v 0/ 
 
 From JOHN DuNLor, ^^3^; ^^^ •..,,;;,,„/ A«.s.cut*.ou, Cou./^ c,y 
 
 Oxford C- ^y ,,^ . . at.,U's aoil Caiuula, in 185«, 1 
 
 • •(■ fn the Luitou bttites duu ^Ivit I dcculcd 
 
 <' When on a visit to inc iTmicr V unutla, tuai 1 u^ 
 
 a pvopeity lu ar andulat- 
 
 yeav vcmovoa. . ^^ country, with tine ^^^^ 
 
 whcve there are cxcc ^ formulation, who 
 
 <iace. . , industrious and cnef^etic populatio , 
 
 bloHSom, is veal y ^^''S;^'^^^ a ,reat demand J^^^^^t,,!^ small 
 
 intexmUed w.th y ri . 1- "' |.„,„.,„„ . „„,l ,„ the "™" is one 
 the ecvoul ufd root crov,> . _^ ,,, """'"t ,,, .lixed hu8- 
 
 of the hc«t d..tnot, .0 ^_^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^-t'Ve,etahh, .voducaon ^ '^^ -t ^th,nW^,^^,, ^^^^^^__^_ ^„,„„,, 
 
 pateii dairy '-,:i"r;;;r:nu;^d ^'»'»- ..'•. *; .r^fat 
 
 ^ uThe stock exhibitel a ,|„ eonsists m gvea ■ F'^ ^^^ 
 
 ■ ^f Tinner Oanala, xeduy ^" , lintish exrnOi- 
 
 A.ssocmtion f I PP^ BOt disgrace any o tin b 
 
 ,Us. ^^^^'^!!KwrnT)uvhum,^ ^^:!:'"\i;ntS and South 
 
 r '' ?S ^u in Oot.>vold, Leicester, Ha" g ^^.^^^ 
 
 sbire cnttlL an^ ^^.^^ ._^,,^ .^ tact, impo i ^^.^^^^ 
 
 Down sheep, t"any oi bveeuina, and some reaiiy 
 
 ^^^«^Tl^-;t'''thTb'ors;, as a class, are geaexally U.l^^ - ■ 
 axe exbihited. 
 
 panni. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 88 
 
 I Select 
 ancil of 
 tie Bub- 
 8, mer- 
 of the 
 general 
 
 •/c, C W., 
 Jaunty oj 
 
 n 185H, I 
 I dcciilcd 
 
 otlivnd. 1 
 puvcliased 
 
 ; foUowing 
 
 ill undulatr 
 ood gravel 
 ester n,' the 
 ' railroads, 
 f farm pio- 
 
 ilation, who 
 
 n are in full 
 d is adorned 
 the produce. 
 ;s, and small 
 d nectarines 
 
 utial loavn— 
 lisingmost of 
 irms are gen- 
 ater, it is one 
 3r mixed hus- 
 
 n be excelled, 
 elona, citrons, 
 
 , will produce 
 timothy, pars- 
 rould compare 
 ality ; and the 
 at in Ayrshire, 
 the Provincial 
 >;u. part of first 
 British exhibi- 
 loway and Ayr- 
 shire and South 
 d prize animals, 
 ally fine animals 
 
 show horses. :„.„L„««ritq have been much improved 
 
 .. The machinery and farm ""P^^'^^. ;";;,, f,,,,t workmanship 
 within the h.st few years, '^"^^°''^J^ .^ t^'^iml " .akes 1 think 
 and great ii^enuity. I" -^P^|^^ ^'"'^i^rtxaition of grain, 
 we are far ahe.;d ot the ^^ '^^ .^^'^^^^^^^ ^^ „Kumfactur<, and art, 
 roots, vegetables ^'•\^^\'. jl*^^;^ ';,,7; „,,,t interesting and eredit- 
 
 :^s;:n:f;r^r;h:^f ^^^^ 
 
 in about the highest portion ol t '<> P-' -^^ ; ^^ be t«^'f fores^t 
 a cool breeze oft" the lakes m summe., ; ' '['^^ ; ,^,^^,., .^ blast, 
 .till leit uncut, we |^=^ve an.ple scn-een Mo ^^^^^^ 
 I infinitely p.-o.er the elnnate '^^'^ ':*';; .^rprisiug to seethe 
 
 .Vegetat..pv^n^--Jt ;, 'b^>t^;-^^l^ ,4 es to ' 
 progress ma .• ni a snort tim, an.. ^^^^ ^ 
 
 perfection ; U:e seeds must ^^ .^ '^ ^ ':^^,'j>'. t"'C in the harvest- 
 
 ""^'A.rlculluvdi.ts of ,„oa.™.. c,„,Ual wo.M Co vory woU in *i» 
 
 district, .s plonty ot j-^. Y:\:\, o h .« 1 »c .rdin^ to tl,e.t,rte 
 sterliog per .ere ; or l-a„.J ..- ' "^ ""; ' ,.„,, ^05 ,„ 8i}U ,.cr acre. 
 
 Scarcely .luy wild Uud in "'•'"-' V'>oat louv-tifth» of it clcurod, 
 excellent .oil, w.tl. ^'I'l^ 'd S^ 1 H i ta-t'OUt 830 to 840 per 
 free from stun.p. ^'"'V"" ,',:?„ \vll,ire would readily sell lot 
 acre. UnJs of sin.Oar qual.ty "' Ay;'"f,;™ „, „ house on it. 
 a, „auy pounds rtcrl-S, -.tl.out - ° »J J,\^, j.„„i„. 
 To dairy lin-iners, especially, 1 cm ree mm . :^i;^;„^s 
 
 . Cap'italists can '''Yt::^flZ^tM^^ y-W-S « 
 purchase ot '"'Ff^/^^^r' J, rn.oney invested in the pur- 
 dear rental ot live per ceui. yn „„„„.,iiv increasing in value, it 
 chase, with a certainty ot the l^^'^.^V'^^^ir money ?ould readily 
 letto'an enterprising agr.cumi^^ , - ^--<^ y^. ^^^^ ^^^^. 
 be lent oU mortgage on h st-class clta ^ _ 
 ceptionable security, to yield trom . ^^ j ^^ ;,^^' ;tille 1 labor is 
 5lMech^ics, as ^ c; as.^-ceed ^. J-- ;,^ ,,a educa- 
 alwavs in demand wages arc uif^u, f 
 
 SfL most of the country -^^--^^^twy^ve, as, during 
 u'The industrious laboring ^^'^}^'^^^^,^, la Ihe can-red 
 summer, he will find au.ple .^^"^^^^^ ;!i^; ^Tst C^vauiage 5 .nd l-y 
 districts, by hiring out l"« ^^l^'^^ ^*^J^^^^ 
 
 going totheback sot^-J-- ^ ^^^e^^d nSiki^g n^w farms, 
 to hire him to assist n clcaim tie can, during 
 
 homesteads. 
 
 ^a^S;,^^ tZ-iy^^M.ajiii^iii^i'S.^JiA-tA 
 
 S"-i"iii ■i'}^ir>^"-'i''-^'^ 
 

 M 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 li 
 
 .. Manufacturers would ftnd a 6"" «tLl?roSc t'encEd:% 
 beet .ugar, larino, a-l^ -oollon -nanu a u , eou^^^^ p„duco tho 
 
 cou-mcnccd in search «< '''';, '''""(j;,! ,„,„,„„ cm live hero iu far 
 " Annuitants or psrs.inii ol 1™ "'f. '""'" 4,,,,,, ;„ Britain, owing 
 
 to the cheapness of the f ""»-'';; .""'„e,.oasin.' their ineome, it 
 they invest their means he e, th reh^ --'„ ^^ ,„y moderate , 
 would the more benefit them, wc^ „,lueational purposes 
 
 churches of every J-^-f ; ™ J ha't a ela-sieal education can 
 l'i\h:Su:KlX;:;"i:wX;.e,,, and, m some instances, freo. 
 
 to'^do this; others a":.™!^t. ss epends quite as much upon 
 other thuiL's ; and a 1 r:n » ""';;""' „'|,u.h surround h.m. 
 
 himself as upon the ^^':^.^':'ZM«i man, even if he 
 Of one thins I lee P^'fy'.'^'^t ,,;",„ „„d die at home th,.n 
 rme™^"here."'''a^'«';U " m robahly last lon.er, and he wtl. 
 
 ''^r^::::^^=:a9;;-.d^^^ 
 
 to put their .ands '"^'f "'^ J i'™,"u7„u,,s,l unless they have 
 -""Srb^rZr armflufd'hetr stay it home; for, as . 
 
 ;S":S^ elas, or .u^^^»- -» tjrC^try are those 
 ^ « The class ot farraefs ^LT Zn who do their own work, 
 generally ''-"^- ,:-^ i" S„ rnlmed to the work of ^e 
 or a r)art ot it,, wnose \ -; . ivinishiD to L'ct up at tour 
 
 house and dairy, aud wljo ^'"k t - ^; ;^ P^ ^^^,^ ,1 winter, 
 
 o'clock of Y^""",t•^'"o he e 1 d oettiu/breukfast ready. 
 ^ T '° ^th^t ptl^ -T:.tain their health, are sure to 
 
 .. Kc. pino- iu mina the general r*-^'"^^^^ J ;' ^ ^^itahle, it 
 
 ,i,a of ^r-v^;i;ct ::i^^^^^^^^ ^^r 
 
 seems to me that without ^^ V-"^"-? ^ ^i j i,elieve are of no 
 T am not prepared to < o ;l^f ^ ^^^ fj^;,^t^:;,,;a foot that, around 
 practical value), I ^«^^, J\^'j^'^^^^^efc,red to in the outset of this 
 ?he neighborhood to f ^^^/^^ ;^\;i f ^^ l^an with very small means 
 letter, there are scores of F" >^^ J^*^*; ' Q ^Uo have now ex- 
 
 indeed, some ^l^fy-^''''''^Zlllm^^ 
 
 during tl 
 
 lege, 
 
CANADA. 
 
 85 
 
 . Flax, 
 icficially 
 [ucc tho 
 ive boon 
 IS of the 
 ivo been 
 
 3rc in fat 
 in, owing 
 ,. Could 
 ncome, it 
 lodorate ; 
 purposes 
 nation can 
 ices, free. 
 
 f Toronto, 
 
 aiething to 
 )e fore he is 
 le aro bIow 
 just as in 
 nuch upon 
 round him. 
 , even if ho 
 homo than 
 and be will 
 
 lot prepared 
 iren undergo 
 s they have 
 le ; for, as a 
 
 vy aro those 
 r own work, 
 i work of the 
 et up at four 
 •ly in winter, 
 iikfaat ready. 
 \, are sure to 
 
 ado as to the 
 vc suitable, it 
 ations (which 
 ieve aro of no 
 r, that, around 
 outset ol this 
 •y small means 
 have now ex- 
 r frame houses 
 ng trom 50 up 
 ofand varying 
 oircumBtanoei. 
 
 ^nmo of thoic men are going on stoudily accumulating property, 
 
 u" c a c oc tsiouul bLksot, owi,,,; >o bad Hoa.„n» or low T-'^^J."^ 
 nlth™ -h ,v haPDcns cvc-ywhoio, there oro many who ta.l, eithei 
 
 r„:o ■„:';. ';;. tuCzX '^hL'^ovc, u^t .h.,. .u,t be 
 
 *• [ hn r...rtv iii c aro-coftbo ondowmonts of tlio University 
 
 rja c^° t ;rro;;:ur!ua?L^ra,r;K 
 
 exammatn.n, t\,at ,,1 tl «e li^'J.f ,. " VjP c„,|<,„„ I have made 
 
 fully paid. , _„„i, 
 
 - T mav 5fitt> that as a whole, the University lauds were much 
 bettiSt^dth:^ tile Upper Canada College ^^^^^^^^ 
 of the lots were under lease previous to .sale. ^J '" ^^ ^^^If^^^" 
 favorable rosuk,even although sold, on ^'y^^^'-J^?;;^^ ^^£^ 
 I should add that, in a very lar^e P'--P^''V Ku^ ntrtharmv he 
 purchases wero made, the P-^■f^'^^^^^ '^ ^^^ ; ^ VTiol ^nd iR^^^^^^^ 
 
 have not been taken o'at. And in the ease o UPf r Can.uia Col 
 lege, out of27lsale« in a similar position, only -0 are not luUy 
 
 paid for. 
 
 .Uis, io o,y opinion, ol an ™™" »; '^ ' , '" „„ ,/,■ ^;,x„, th"o 
 
 in ordinary t.mos, and "' ,",*''"="?,;"'°;. "„ ,Jtmente are now 
 amount of the mortgage debt. iSo fcuiJi '"^e*™^ , 
 
 made for the University of i'l>P«' A"'°»''%V°"""' ' r"' j "tj 
 
 "ate that, privately for "J««l^ ?■• '"™'1»' '■"n^' ^'Z ' 
 diffieulty in'ohtaining .ueh ^^^^'^^ ^^^^^^ :Z^^^'^t 
 
 :i-;=p^^i^:u=3£^2:o. 
 
 and all other e.penjes, -l^l-^tZjZXZtiXl interest ; but 
 tuiDgs in liiu uuUuirjf. *jo..i- i- - 
 
»_i- xr^fFt AV 
 
 86 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 w 
 
 I .onld advise any one investing to b. content with 8 per cent., 
 
 account In good county ^f - u- ^^^ P -/y^ cent, on th'e 
 when such debentures are paid, about. v 
 
 amount invested. ,,^,„tv-oi<'ht years . ince I first set foot in 
 
 "It is now upwards ot twenty oi uk :/ iniaucy. Now it 
 
 the Town of Brantford. It ^vas then only n^^ I ^^^^, ^,,, 
 
 Ls become ^^-"ty r^' ^^'^.^^^J L e gl^^ 
 
 census, a popuSUonotb^lyud -f ^ ^^^.^^f^,, ,,d Belleville 
 
 cities or towns in Canad.i ^J/'-'^' ^ r^^^^^ the Township ol 
 
 heading it by only a Ij^J,.^^^^;;;^"^ "^.y tbe Indians, and was al- 
 
 Brantford had ^««^^ J^f. ^re Tt ccM.^istcd -nostly of oak open.- 
 
 most entirely ui a sta e of "'^t^^^j ^ ^^,, park-like scenery, 
 
 ings, and afforded, in '"^^"^ .P^'^'.\% 'fl^^ers in great profusion. 
 
 cove'red at certain ^^'^"^ J'^,^;;^^ ^ ori'mnfrfes, lying to the 
 
 The southern portion oi the ^^^ f^.^P/^^^ Township of Burford 
 
 north of the Towuship oi i^'-'V^^^'^^'V sKlkment, were then still 
 
 to tbe west, although more -^^^^:^t^2^^ natural fea- 
 
 in a very rough condition, ad PJ^^^^^^'^J^^ ^ j, "Juanged. I do 
 
 tures. Now the whole sui^ace o h(^ cou y ^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^.^ 
 
 not think there IS an ^°^«'^ )° ,^" ^ .^eeption of a kind of fancy 
 fied by me ; and I ^^^,^^^^^"^.,^^7'^^,,^ tl e V.^^t of South Dumfries, 
 block of a few ^'''l^,^'ir:Tl\)Z^Bm^ ii' there is a lot which is 
 held in reserve by Mr. ^. ^^^/^^ ^^^^^^^^^ {'v^ave named, or in Oak- 
 
 uot more or less ^l-^^fj^f^ZSds of acres of pine lands in 
 land, unless It may be .om. te^^^^^^ ^^^^^^.^^^ last summer to 
 
 the Township of ^^^^^^.^^Xd, Burford and Oakland, which I 
 
 iB the staple article o P^-'iu e. lu the pa tic ^^^.^^ ^^^^^ ^^ 
 I am now referring i is particular Ij so an ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ 
 
 .the best ^'^^<^at-gro wing county mU^^^^^^^ , ^^ ^^ ^.^^ . 
 
 county, generally, is ^^^^^^^^1 or les^ strength), and 
 and from the nature ot ^h^^ «t. (l^^^^^^ y ^he land is dry and 
 
 of the subsoil P""^^P;^i{ '^'.tre.c 1 when the frost is in the 
 easily worked at almost all seasons *J^ J^ • ^.j-.j^.^ry reasons, 
 
 ground^ We expect to commj.nce P-^^.^^ .-^^^^ ,,,,g d by 
 
 in the first week in April. ;\^. ^? ' ^^^ 1 have had ploughs 
 
 pouud early in M.roh, "«' ^."^es'lS 'j u "-« ''-' '""k ^'/ 
 of a good-sized stump. ^^^.vilities of a country such M 
 
CANADA. 
 
 37 
 
 per cent., 
 
 [Diversity 
 Itimately, 
 L on the 
 
 let foot in 
 . Now it 
 ) the last 
 ize of the 
 Belleville 
 wnship of 
 ,nd was al- 
 ■ oak opeiir 
 e sceuery, 
 profusion, 
 ring to the 
 of Burford 
 
 then still 
 jatural fea- 
 iged. I do 
 strict speci- 
 nd of fancy 
 
 1 Dumfries, 
 lot which ia 
 ., or in Oak- 
 ine lands in 
 t summer to 
 ind, which I 
 c number of 
 een recently 
 of handsome 
 
 J, that wheat 
 ion to which 
 that wo have 
 irface of the 
 1 to be hilly ; 
 Lrcngth), and 
 id is dry and 
 frost is in the 
 inary seasons, 
 ng svopped by 
 had ploughs 
 lenced spring 
 
 itely out of the. 
 month my men 
 that about the 
 the north side 
 
 untry such &i 
 crop of wheat, 
 
 in the whole country or section of the country, is so many bushe s 
 per acre : for there is, of course, a great deal of most miserable 
 &rmin-. The fairer way is to state what are the results proauced 
 by good farming. Then there have been seasons when the best 
 farmers have been least successful; as, for example, in 1861, when 
 the rain froze on the surface immediately after a very rapid thaw 
 which took away all the snow except in a few spots, and so entirely 
 destroyed the plant that farmers who ordinarily look for Irom dU 
 to 40 bushels of wheat per acre, did not get more than five or seven. 
 That, however, was an exceptional year. I believe the average pro- 
 duct of fair laud, well farmed, in our section of the country, may 
 be set down at about 30 bushels an aero. I have known of more 
 than 50, In September last year, I was informed by the owner ot 
 a threshing-machine, who had been threshing wheat in the neigh- 
 borhood for farmers for several weeks, that up to that time his 
 threshing had yielded on an average 33 bushels per acre_^ lour 
 fellow-member of the Legislative Council, the Hon. D. Christie, 
 the largest, and one of the most successful farmers we have, stated 
 to me that his crop would average nearly 36 bushels t^ an acre. 
 He told also of a neighbor of his who had threshed 900 bushels 
 from 20 acres, or 45 bushels an acre. On my ov-n and my neigh- 
 bor's farms, the average from land properly fallowed was about 3J 
 bushels ; although the season, between the beginning ot May and 
 wheat harvest, was the driest ever experienced. _ 
 
 " Wheat being the staple in our country, or rather in the 
 western and north-western p^'t of it, everything else is made tri- 
 butary to wheat. Oats are only grown co supply the wants ot the 
 farm Sometimes barley is sown upon the land whichhas been 
 used for root crops ; sometimes spring wheat, but only in limited 
 quantities. As much clover and timothy arc sown as will supply 
 hay and pasture to as many sheep and cattle as can be kept on the 
 farm, with a view rather to enrich the land for the subsequent 
 crop of wheat, than for the profit they themselves will directly 
 yield Turnips and other roots, but principally turnips, are being 
 crown to a greater extent every year ; although, owing to the dit- 
 ficulty of obtaining extra labor, and the trouble caused by the 
 necessity that exists for winter storing, we arc obliged to content 
 ourselves with a quantity very limited as compared with the 
 amounts raised by farmers in the British Islands Stall feeding ot 
 cattle and winter feeding of sheep are coming more in vogue ; and 
 great efforts are being made by the more enterprising farmers to 
 improve the breeds of all kinds of stock. 
 
 ^' As to climate, there is no healthier in the world, notwith- 
 standing- the assertions of some travellers to the contrary. 
 
 " An'' important item of intelligence is the facility there is for 
 disposing- of produce when raised. For wheat there are markets 
 at Branttbrd, and at Paris, seven miles to the north-west ot Brant- 
 ford where the market price can always be obtained within two or 
 three ceuta per bushel of that paid at Hamilton, Toronto or else- 
 where on the Lake sliore. Wool is ready of sale at from 25 to 30 
 cents per pound for Leicester. In ordinary times, there has been 
 no difficulty in selling tut cattle or sheep to drovers, who como 
 round picking them up for the American or Canadian city mar- 
 kets. This season, owing to the state of money matters across the 
 lines, there haa been less demand; in fact scarcely any. 
 
 Ut 
 
 ■'#¥^'#^ - 
 
f 
 
 ff:V(B'--=» •— * — 
 
 oj. CANADA. 
 
 the northern parts o^ t*^^^^*'"''^' ,' ., ,^11 greater degree ; cntcr- 
 kailway abo -^ "tt Iv' rouXv of )noud;ga township and 
 i,g a^ the --\^-^^^ ,^^ of South Dumfries : tak.ng 
 
 leaving near the south wc.tei y ^^ .^^ ^^^ 
 
 the county town, and a so the town ^,^^^^.^ ^^.^, j^^ 
 
 a At Paris two railways^ cros^ cacn o ^^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 several gravelled -^f ^-;;- ^^^^^^Jo generally good, 
 the nature oi the boil the c^^""" ^ different townships. 1 
 
 ..As regards ta^^s rates vaiy ^ro my property lies. On 
 can only speak for South ^^^^^ ^^^^^.^^;; j^e ^vf outhouLs, fences, 
 a house which cost ;'^« |^0^^^^^l^:; Siou^ 
 laying out q1 groum^ ^^^^ti^i 2^.' acres of cleared land, my 
 ^^'^^^'"^^^^^^^^yo.., and the greater proportion 
 taxes were a httic ovli v^/v j 
 of that was school tax the Common Schools, one of 
 
 u As regards ^^^^^f^ ,*^' ' ^X^cry man's door, thee arc Oram- 
 whichir, within a mile o t^^o ot^,^^y ^ ^^^^^^ .-, young 
 
 ,,ar Schools at I^^antford and 1 ai s ^^^^^^^ 
 luan may be prepared to «; f A^^'^^^^^J^ ,^, i,,t. A the larger 
 " As to religious advantages thrc^^ i>,esl)yterian, Methodist, 
 towns Roman Cathohc, ^^^^ .^X\o foind. In the 
 Congregational -"f^^^^.^Pf^,,,;';\outflie country, every here and 
 smaller villages, also, and t'l^oUn ^^^^ ^^^,^ been plant- 
 
 there Protestant eburches of o^^ kmd o^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ed, so that if a man "\^^«^, ^ ^\^*^";; '^^ .ui not from want of oppor- 
 ofhisMakei^itmusthefiou waiUot^^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^ 
 
 tunity. In some situations he ^^^^y/^' ^.^'^ , ^ ,,4 by a little 
 
 X/denominati.1 th.nMsown:but^^ ofhis 
 
 exertion, more or less, nc m^y j 
 
 own way of thinking- ^ 
 
 „„.l at the same t™e XI'' t'l^; ;: 'rpcrio,! in the history of 
 at present. I'erhaps '1>«J; J^^^;,^ ',,„ 'chased with so mueh 
 Canada at which f^^J^^,^, Jn.v,. If we refospeet 
 certainty of a smc '"'■7;''; '"!^ j,,„ ,,;„!, prices which were hen 
 the past few year., and "r'P"^ '^itedly low prices at which 
 paif for real ««ta « w.th. 1 ^-V^-^^^^J^ tho'conelusion that 
 
 such property is ']«^"ll\^^^^^,^„ „• ,,,pital may safely mvest 
 
 wc are at the crisis at wlucli men i ^^^^| , j,,,,,,,, 
 
 « As to the ' «■"'-^*t•cSe„U^t thoroughly cnltivatcd 
 
 -1 1-P •>"' r.!,°!;:,ri;,:nt " 'he 11.™: evinces skill and economy 
 
 are the sou is bnuiuue^v 
 
 can DC uui "!"-> x^i-."- - ^ „ evinces skill and economy, 
 
 aud the general managements^ . "isSory l^^vrtial failures will 
 the result will always pr 'c . islacto y^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^^^ cultivator 
 sometimes occur, owing to > j ^^^^^ countries assures us that 
 has no control. Vet iiu jn,,- r ^ ■ ,uost-othev countries. 
 •r]-;f;:Se".^rrslrir'^"-^>re 'obtained,' I .n sorry to say 
 
CANADA. 
 
 39 
 
 Tn this 
 V^ ester n 
 ioiniug, 
 Huron 
 ; cntcr- 
 ip, and 
 : taking 
 
 xrc also 
 id from 
 i. 
 
 hips. 1 
 ics. On 
 , fences, 
 )uildings 
 [and, my 
 roportion 
 
 Is, one of 
 
 TO Gram- 
 
 a young 
 
 lie larger 
 lethodist, 
 . In the 
 r here and 
 cen plant- 
 LC worship 
 :, of oppor- 
 with some 
 by a little 
 lose of his 
 
 i,f March 
 
 e flattering 
 grants than 
 "history of 
 th so much 
 3 retrospect 
 1 were then 
 DS at which 
 elusion that 
 invest. 
 ! soil,' there 
 y cultivated 
 nd economy, 
 failures will 
 he cultivator 
 surcs us that 
 ler countries. 
 1 sorry to say 
 
 that they are extravagantly high, ranging from 8 to 12 per centum, 
 which certaiily indicates an unhealthy state of commerce and 
 manufactures, owing no doubt to the unhappy struggle in our 
 nei-^hboriug republic. Circumstances, however, warrant the con- 
 clusion that wc are on the eve of what we familiarly call 'better 
 times ' that our productive resources will soon receive a fresh im- 
 petus, that r(-:il estate will advance in Value, that money will feel 
 a corresponding depreciation, and a healthy balauce be again 
 
 catered- „ , 
 
 " As to tlie ' other advantages,' they arc really too numerous to 
 mention, A country possessing a climate so salubrious, a soil so 
 productive, with such extensive forests, such an iibundance of lake 
 and river communication, and such f^icilities for all the industrial 
 occupations of life, needs <.nly to be seen to be appreciated. 
 
 " The advantages of my ' own district of country will compare 
 favorably with any other section of the Province. Our soil is di- 
 versified, sandy loam predominating; the surface is undulating, in- 
 terspersed with numerous creeks and streamlets. We grow a 
 .greater variety of cereals, i raits and vegetables than are grown in 
 more northerly counties. Winter wheat is our staple production, 
 and is cultivated with more certainty than in many other places, 
 not sufferino' so much from the frosts and the depredations of in- 
 sects • in quality it will compare w"^h the best samples grown in 
 unv'p-vrt of the Province or the United States. Indian corn, peas, 
 barley oats and buckwheat produce abundantly. Timothy and 
 clover afford abundance of hay and pasturage; clover is our cheap- 
 est and most reliable fertilizer. Our county abounds with milla 
 and manufactures. Lake Erie affords a natural outlet to our pro- 
 ducts and 'When our Southern Railwai/ is completeAl we. shah rank 
 number one. Materials for building and fencing are cheap and 
 abundant i feel warranted in the assertion that this county 
 offers peculiar advantages to men of small capital Domestic ser- 
 vants are in great request, and would receive satisfactory wages lor 
 their services." 
 
 From KoiiEHT llor.sON, Esq., of Fonlhiil, Sheriff e^f the County 
 of Welhmd, (J.W. 
 " The facility of obtaining farms that are valuable, near railway 
 stations 'or water communications, varies very much, even where 
 farms lie side by side and naturally of equal fertility, owing to the 
 manner in which the lands have been farmed, and the improve- 
 ments'^uade in the way of building and fencing the same, (xood 
 farm« can be purchased at such places at the fol owing prices : 
 say from twenty-five dollars per acre to Bi.^ty dollars per acre. 
 Even at these prices-if the land is properly tiUed-it will yie dthe 
 owner a very good return for his outlay, where industry, sobriety 
 a^d economy are strictly practised. From the knowledge I possess 
 of English farming (being a native of that country), I am satisfied 
 that the same close application in this country that is applied to 
 farmin- in England, would render a good return for capital invested 
 att e°above prices. As to the rates of interest to be obtained 
 upon c.ood and reliable freehold securities, they have ranged very 
 high W from eight per centum per annum to twenty per centum 
 
 ss*»AfiMw'..i-::Wft,./*^.^'-,'i1^««^>4^ ' 
 
40 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 this, always meet with P^oP'l^ty for sa e ace ,amg 
 
 Er: alLt!;:ve;;1ocamy, to^h. with the lar.e a.^^^^^^ of 
 artificial permanent water-power created b> ^^^ ^^°. ^^ ^^^^ .^her 
 canals. It is a matter f «^^P/;^! *P ^^^^estment n this branch 
 capitalists have so '^^^^^^'l^^^^t^^^^^^ -th not only 
 
 of industry, where I am ^atistiea tney ^^^^^^^ return for 
 
 a fair remuneration lor the outla^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 the capital invested I ^^^all connne my . ^ ^. ^ 
 
 particularly to the Countjesof ^^^.f \^^^^"^ Ju eT^hich present . 
 L subject_ of -anufac unng and the iaexlu^^^^^^^^ eanLnish 
 
 themselves in these two eountica. l^^^^^^^J^ ^^^^^^,, within 
 as fine and permanent water-power pel haps as any e 
 
 the Province, chiefly on account «* Jf^/^'^^^.reby atfordin^ 
 through them, .with a large amount oi ^^^f^ f j/^^^J^^ of 
 
 at all times - ^^ ffo g'e«^^ -^^^^^ ^K^^^f ? 
 
 machinery. Thotacilities loi g « terminates, which, I 
 
 . unfortunate war in the ^^^S'^^^'^'^,^ ^^^f' ^^^ ^he "-oods either by 
 hope, will soon take place) and_ o* f JP^^^^^^-f °^" ^^^. ^^i 
 canal during the season of navigation ^^^yj^^^^J^'/^, Province, 
 time that navigation remains f.^^^^'/.^^^^p P"?^ee owing to th^ 
 
 '•■^I'Trpril^of' t'n-i»^':rdfa,.o.« rate, in this couuty very 
 
 We hav^a iumVer of thriving villages in 'W?,,-""f ' -'^'^.^ 
 l„„„ tl,P line of the Wellaod Canal, at which villages the faimera 
 Si ti"ra^*t%or their ^.usproaueo,.*^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Z:i ^TirZr In tLrlr„ Xhe -ntry the. >, a 
 ?t Bo^ewhS dffficult to obtain latorcrs of this de.oription. In 
 
 into play their respective talent*;' 
 
oderate 
 habits, 
 or per- 
 iry like 
 J means 
 3 which 
 ) ensure 
 nd their 
 itics for 
 Bold for 
 s which 
 uount of 
 ction of 
 ad other 
 8 branch 
 not only 
 3turn for 
 ter more 
 follow up 
 L present . 
 n furnish 
 les within 
 1 passing 
 
 affording 
 pelling of 
 when this 
 , which, 1 
 either by 
 luring the 
 
 Province, 
 ing to the 
 and Canal, 
 es and the 
 !h railways 
 )ther lines 
 s can send 
 
 luuty, very 
 my letter, 
 mnty being 
 ;fly settled, 
 ty, situated 
 the farmers 
 for exporta- 
 r two with 
 y there is a 
 merican war 
 id rendering 
 ription. In 
 wisdom, will 
 3S mentioned 
 I my opinion 
 a bring fully 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 41 
 
 From Robert Armstrong, Esq., Millhrooh, TormsJwp of Cavauy 
 X^tli March, 1803. . 
 
 " The Port Hope and Lindsay Railway passes through this 
 township, having a station with extensive storehouses at the vil- 
 lage of Millbrook, at which point a branch of this railway leads 
 off to Peterborough, a town distant northerly about thirteen miles, 
 Port Hope being eighteen miles southerly. At this village and 
 the towns mentioned, the highest prices are alv/ays paid for all 
 kinds of farmers' produce. 
 
 " Owing to the desire of many farmers to 'move back,' with a 
 view of obtaining a larger quantity of lands for their families, there 
 could at present be purchased probably 50 farms of 100 acres each 
 in this township. The improved lands on these farms might be 
 put down at an averoge of 65 acres each, with the usual buildings. 
 The price of these farms would range from 830 to $50 per acre, 
 according to situation and quality. 
 
 " The returns which may be gained from the soil, by skilful 
 farming, are such as have made most of our farmers independent, 
 and most of them tv( althy. Those who have sons to take hold and 
 go to work have decidedly the advantage of those who have none. 
 The yield of wheat varies from 20 bushels per acre upwards, ac- 
 cording to culture and season. Oats, barley, field peas, timothy, 
 clover, and all kinds of roots, are sure oops and always profitable. 
 
 " The rate of interest paid hy first-dats borrowers YarieB accord- 
 ing to the conscience of the lender, from eight to ten per cent. 
 Large sums could be invested at these rates. 
 
 " There is at present, owing to our heavy tariff on imports, a 
 wide and profitable field for manufactures, in almost every depart 
 ment. All our coarse and fine linens could be made in Canada 
 with profit. So could our cotton yarns, and coarser fabrics of 
 that material in woolens. Many of our American neighbors find 
 it to their interest to come amongst us and commence manufac 
 turing. A British operative ought to be able to make money 
 where an American can. 
 
 •' This district of country is highly favored by abundant water- 
 power, cheap fuel, abundant and cheap provisions of every kind, 
 and the best common schools in the world. The township of 
 Cavan has, within a few years, erected, in her different school 
 sections, new and ))cautiful school-houses, principally of brick ; 
 and the same may ho said of the churches erected by the leading 
 denominations of Protestants ; all reflect great credit upon the 
 spirit and liberality of their people, and furnish ample accommo- 
 dations for religious and secular education. We have, then, room 
 for a considerable number of our fellow-subjects from our mother- 
 country, and if they are sober, honest and industrious, they cannot 
 fail. We will give them a hearty welcome, and bid them God 
 speed. 
 
 Tj 
 
% 
 
 
 42 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS FROM THE OTTAWA 
 ^ DISTRICT. 
 
 N G Robinson, ^8^., Wonhn o^l^c Conntu of Carlcfon,^ 
 
 varies from to 900 bushels per ncre, at a cost for cultivHtion 
 
 fl\ ' husho The feedhu' of beef eattle in winter is becoming 
 ^:!^y'^:^t ^Shtall agrieulturists The rate of interest 
 on landed security is from 10 to 15 per cent. 
 
 F HiNTON, A;s2., Ex-Wardcn ofthr Conuf.j of Carlcton, 
 
 Recommends the Ottawa Valley for -"l^/'^l^^f^ ^S:;;^"^^^^ 
 ment of capital. Cleared far.is are easily obta ned » /"^ ^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Wm. Kino, JuHke of the F.',ce of fhr TtmmAfp ,.J BrMol, in 
 
 the County of lonlior, 
 Thinks the« can be no .|Ucsf,on but tbat I'""", '■'''"'f/'^' '"'.'' 
 more esBecTally ai-riculturiBts of small capital, would bcttcv the.r 
 oTodit orim„Ls1..y by emigrating to thi« j™'-;,,,;^^^ 
 iha nth.wi Country to be exceedingly suitable lor agnculturists 
 If sm.meanrand thinks there is no reason why the settlement 
 of Xe country 'sho Id not progress with the lun.ber trade, under 
 iudt ourregula^^^^ In this'and the neighbor ng townships the 
 
 S crop^ are wheat and oats ; the produce of the wheat per ac e 
 Lfrnri5 to 35 bushels (sometimes over 40); oats from 20 to 
 To pease 5 to 20 ^ and potatoes from 200 to 800 bushe s. Ten 
 percent interest can easily be obtained or. reliable security. 
 
 James E. Cole. Ei^q., of Oftau-a City, 
 Is of opinion that in the present condition of the country hardy 
 iLctiS Zmers and laborers are the class of men most to b e d^'- 
 K with a sprinklirig of tradesmen and mechanics Draws 
 narticukr attention to the immense water power of Ottawa and the 
 OtfawrVallev having a continuous supp.y winter and summer 
 KdJ K' water power to ofler great inducements to ' men of 
 eapTtat'nd manilcturing enterprise,' especia ly for the purpose^. 
 
 nlufacturing cotton. . The --^---\f^^^l,^^ZX^^^ 
 ^r^i\ its immediate vicinity is computed at 12b,UUU norse powei, 
 gl aTounrJian EngLd, I-'and and Scotland combined e^^^^ 
 possessed.' Shows that, as compared with ^;"g|and f per cent, 
 might be saved in the nianutacture of cotton in Canada. 
 
 George W. Perry, E,q., Civil Encjineer, Ottawa,^ ^ 
 Thinks that Canada possesses many advantages to the p-teacy 
 IgrrcdM^ of Bmall Val; that the investment of capital m 
 
 ( Fr 
 
 :illi: 
 
FTAWA 
 
 arleton, 
 
 e to spring 
 from 18 to 
 2 bushels. 
 ; the yield 
 cultivjition 
 s becoming 
 of interest 
 
 trie tun, 
 
 :,he employ- 
 this district 
 irotitabla in- 
 nis. Farms 
 , will realize 
 ff'iW yield an 
 f expenses. 
 
 f Bristol, in 
 
 iborers, and 
 bettor their 
 Considers 
 igriculturists 
 le settlement 
 trade, under 
 [iwnships the 
 liear, per acre 
 1 from 20 to 
 ushels. Ten 
 curity. 
 
 antry, hardy, 
 uost to be de- 
 lics Draws 
 tawa and the 
 and summer. 
 ts to ' men of 
 he purpose of 
 er at Ottawa 
 rse power, * a 
 ombined ever 
 , 43 per cent. 
 
 Ottawa, 
 
 ^ 4-V><^ afporlv 
 
 of capital in 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 43 
 
 land for actual farming purposes is highly remunerative. Gives 
 an estimate of what can be done by a capital of £200 sterling ; 
 puts down £50 sterling as the smallest possible sum for a strrt in 
 wild lands. Ilecommends the Ottawa District as oifering many 
 advantages for the employment of capital . 
 
 David CAMiniELL, Esq., of the Township of Rammy, Secretary 
 to the Aijricultural Society of North LanarJe, 
 
 Reports chiefly on the manufactories in this section of the 
 country. At Almonte there arc two woollen factories, each em- 
 ploying upwards of 50 hands ; a hosiery factory is about being 
 finished, which will go into operation this spring and employ 
 about 40 hands . J^esides these factories there are at Almonte 
 three grist mills. The water power is good and extensive. At 
 Apploton, a few milos further up stream, there is a good water 
 power, and a new cloth factory is about finished, • a saw and 
 grist mill in operation. On the same stream, about four miles 
 below Almonte, there are other water-powers, a saw and grist mill 
 in operation, licsidcs other minor streams with saw mills at different 
 localities ivithin the township. Mr. 0. is of opinion that during 
 the last two years sales at very remunerative prices have been 
 readily effected in the markets of the Province for the products of 
 tlie woollen factories. A number of agricultural servants might 
 be employed at wages from 8, 10 and 12 dollars per month with 
 board. A number of female domestic servants will find ready 
 employment at three and four dollars per month with board. 
 
 HOME MANUFACTURES. 
 
 {From the Jciifual of the Boar J of Ar/s and Manufactures for 
 
 Upper Canada.) 
 
 'fhere is a large field open in Canada for enterprize in woollen 
 manufacture. In 18(51, woollens to the value of upwards of four 
 million dollars were imported. All kinds of woollen fabrics will 
 be in demand owing to the price of cotton. In 18G1, English 
 wool was 66 i)er cent, dearer than middling Orleans cotton; now 
 it is 11 per cent, cheaper. Ordinary yellow East Indian wool was 
 33 per cent, cheaper; at the present time it is nearly 60 per cent, 
 cheaper. It is estimated that not less than 25,000,000 lbs. more 
 of wool were worked up in 1862 than in 1861. British North 
 America imported last year 65,000 pieces of cloth more than in 
 1861. But Canada, of worsted stuffs, took 94,000 pieces less in 
 1862 than in 1861. Considerable increase has taken place in the 
 woollen manufactures of Canada during the past year or two, but 
 far from being adequate to supply the country even with the coarse 
 kinds of clothi so largely imported. 
 
 The annual review of the commerce of Toronto telb us . that 
 <* American carpets have advanced to a rate which altogether shuts 
 tliem out of this market. The tax ou manufacturing, the high 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 

 !l 
 
 4WI 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 44 
 
 Thrice for exchange, and the depreciation in currency, and the ne- 
 £ity Lr the payment of duties in gold on all the imported mate- 
 rials, has run rates up to some seventy per cent, beyond tl^e usual 
 figures. In this, as in nearly all other branches of trade, has our 
 commerce with the United States ceased." 
 
 In woollen goods, such as flannels, blankets and hosiery, all we 
 want is capital, skill and macluuery. The raw matenal would soon 
 become abundunt, and the demand is constantly increasing. Ihe 
 impetus given to the flax and linen trades by the high price of cot- 
 ton has bee,! relatively greater than that given to wool. While 
 the increase at home in the imports ot wool in Sr.2, as co.npared 
 with those of 1861, amounted to 14 per cent., the arrivals ut flax 
 have risen to 35 per cent. So also with exports oi linen, which 
 have amounted to '24 per cent, increase during the same period. 
 We imported S:532,433 worth in 1861. Some attenuon has 
 recently b>,en devt.tcd to the cultivation of flax, and the introduc- 
 tion of machines for rendering the raw product marketable has 
 been attended with promising results. In 1851 Upper Canada 
 raised 59,680 lbs. of flax and hemp ; in 1861, 1,22d 934 lbs. The 
 quantity of linen manufactured in 1851 was only 14,ai yards, in 
 1861 it rose to 37,055 yards, an increase quite out ot proportion 
 to Lhe amount of raw material brought into the marKet. 
 
 The increase in the amount of the wool crop during the same 
 period was about 1,000,000 lbs. The quantity of flannel manufac- 
 tured in 1851 was 1.157,221 yards, against 1.595 514 yards in 
 1861 ; and strange to say, the number of yards of fulled cloth 
 manufoctured in 1851 was greater than in 1861. The great fact 
 how 'ver. is patent to all, that if we import woollen, inen and cot- 
 ton fabrics t.) the amount of nearly ten millions of dollars per an- 
 num, and export a quarter of a million of dollars' worth ot wool, 
 and possess the capability of greatly increasing the yearly amount 
 of the raw product raised, a large field is now open tor com- 
 petitive industry in the Province, if capital and skilled labor were 
 to be abundant in our midst. _ 
 
 It is satisfactory to note, that so great has been tho improvement 
 which has taken place in agricultural implements and machinery, that 
 ■ we are now to a great extent independent of the United States, and 
 no doubt that very soon the demand will be altogether supplied by 
 home manufactured articles. A- population now numbering not 
 far from three millions, rapidly increasing, cut oft by the civil war 
 in the States from a large import trade, and possessing abundance 
 of water-power, raw material, and growing home markets, cannot 
 fail to furnish a splendid field for manufacturing enterprize. At 
 no period of our history have the conditions been so favorable tor 
 the introduction of that capital which is so lavishly bestowed upon 
 the foreigner, and the skilled labor which is pining in almost hope- 
 ess poverty at home. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 45 
 
 md the ne- 
 jorted mate- 
 id the usual 
 ide, has our 
 
 jiery, all we 
 1 would soon 
 asing. The 
 price of cot- 
 ool. While 
 as compared 
 ivals of flax 
 linen, which 
 iame period, 
 ttention has 
 he introduc- 
 rketable has 
 fpper Canada 
 34 lbs. The 
 711 yards, in 
 )f proportion 
 
 3t. 
 
 ng the same 
 incl uianufac- 
 514 yards in 
 fulled cloth 
 ?he great fact 
 linen and cot- 
 lollars per an- 
 roTth of wool, 
 i^early amount 
 pen for corn- 
 ed labor were 
 
 improvement 
 lachinery.that 
 ted States, and 
 er supplied by 
 lumbering not 
 J the civil war 
 ing abundance 
 liirkets, cannot 
 iterprize. At 
 ) favorable for 
 bestowed upon 
 u almost hope- 
 
 FEEE GBANTS. 
 
 COLONIZATION ROADS. 
 
 Government has opened several great lines of road on which free 
 grants of one hundred acres are given to actual settlers. The con- 
 ditions of location are that the settler be eighteen years of age. That 
 he pay a fee of $5 on securing his lot, and take possession 
 of the same within six months. That he build a log house 16 by 
 20 feet. That he reside on the lot and clear and cultivate 10 acres 
 of land in the course of four years. Members of a family having 
 land allotted to them may reside on a single lot, thereby exempting 
 them from building a residence on each location. 
 
 The roads in Upper Canada arc : — 
 
 The MuskoKii lload. running from Lake Couchiching to the 
 Grand Falls of Muskoka ; Resident Agent, R. J. Oliver, Orillia. 
 The Bobcaygeon Road, running from Bobcaygeon, between the 
 Counties of Peterborough and Victoria, north, and intended to be 
 continued to Lake Nipissing. Resident Agents : for southerly 
 portion, Richard Hughes, Bobcaygeon ; for northerly portion, G. G. 
 Boswell, Miudon. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to Cobourg 
 and Peterborough, and thence by -steamer to Bobcaygeon. 
 
 The Burleigh Road, running through the Townships of Bur- 
 leigh and Anstruther; Resident Agent, Juhn Carroll, North 
 Douro. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to Cobourg and . 
 Peterborough. 
 
 The Victoria Road, running north through the County of Vic- 
 toria to the Peterson Road ; Resident Agent, G. M. Roche, Lind- 
 say. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to Port Hope and Lindsay. 
 The Hastings Road, running nearly parallel to the Addington 
 Road, and connecting the County of Hastings with the Ottawa and 
 Opeongo Road ; Resident Agent, M. P. Hayes, Madoc. Route, 
 by Grand Trunk Railway to Belleville. 
 
 The Addington Road, running north and south, through the 
 County of Addington; Resident Agent, E. Perry, Tamworth. 
 Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to Napancc. 
 
 The Frontenac Road, running north of Kingston, through the 
 County of Frontenac ; Resident Agent, James Spike, Deniston. 
 Route, by Grand Trunk Railway to Kingston. 
 
 The Ottawa and Opeongo Road, which runs east and west, and 
 will connect the Ottawa with Lake Huron ; Resident Agent, 
 J. P. French. Route, by Grand Trunk Railway|and Ottawa River, 
 or railway to Ottawa City, thence by stage and steamer to Far- 
 rell's Landing. 
 
 By means of these roads access is obtained to Townships recently 
 surveyed by Government and now open for settlement. They are 
 chiefly of excellent quality, and well adapted, in respect of soil 
 and climate, to all the purposes of husbandry. 
 
 Tlie roads in Lower Canada arc : — 
 
 1st. The Elgin Road, in the County of L'Islet, about 35 miles 
 long, from St. Jean, Port Joly, to the Provincial line, and that 
 
 Lrter f l/i v5*v .jl tv'.-'ii.- jvvtfc** » » *- ■...- - — i*..i-j «- - — -^ — — — — 
 
 Kamouraska, inclusive, about 100 miles. Resident Agent, S. 
 Drapeau, St. Jean Port Joly. 
 
 Bt^^MBW fy.'^^ft:^ H'-ssr-^-, s_- if 
 
46 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 2nd. The Matapcdia Road, from PIcurian to River Rcstigouchc, 
 46 miles ; and that part of the Tach(5 Roack from the .County of 
 Kamouraska to that of Rimouski, about 100 miles. Resident 
 Agent, J. R. Lepage, Rimouski. 
 
 3rd. The Teniisoouata Road, from Riviftrc du Loup to Lake 
 Tcmisoouata ; Reaidcut Agent, L. N. Uauvreau, Isle Vertc. 
 
 FREE GRANT ROADS. 
 
 ■!i' 1 
 
 i 
 
 MUSKOKA ROAD. • 
 
 Agent: R.J. Oliver, On'lh'a, Co. Simeoe. 
 
 The Muskoku Road is the most westojly, and the last towards 
 Lake Huron of several tree grant or colonial roads, running nearly 
 north and south from the border settlements of Upper Canada to 
 a road running :it right angles from Ottawa City to the upper part 
 of Lake Huron at Sault Ste. Marie, in a direct line to the Red 
 River Settlement. 
 
 This road commences on the river Severn, which empties from 
 Lake Conchinehing, or Lake Simcoc, into Jjake Huron, and is 
 extending from the great Fall of Muskoka in a north-westerly 
 direction to a harbor at Parry's Sound on liake Huron, a distance 
 of about fifty miles. 
 
 Twenty miles of road are now in construction on the Parry's Sound 
 Road which passes through excellent hardwood land, on which 
 squatters are settling in great numbers. There is a vast tract of 
 splendid land as we proceed northward; which will attract con- 
 siderable attention if a survey of it be proceeded with. On some 
 points of high laud, miles (in one place not less than iorty in dis- 
 tance) of almost clean hardwood land can be seen, and the soil 
 is known to be good. One important feature in this vast district 
 is — ^the ridges of rock, so plentiful in the first townships, are very 
 scarce here, as are also loose stone and rock. 
 
 By striking a bee-line from the harbor on Parry's Sound to 
 Ottawa City, through the country now opening up, will show this 
 route to be 200 miles shorter than the one now open by the way of 
 CoUingwood and Toronto, and 170 miles nearer to Montreal. 
 This is an important saving in Western travel, and one that must 
 make the settlement a valuable one. 
 
 This settlement has now passed its rubicon of doubt. A pop- 
 ulation of 1400 souls must satisfy the mo.-t sceptical that the in- 
 ducements are such as must bring it into competition with the 
 bpst portions of Canada, whilst it offers advantages not to be 
 I'ound elsewhere, being in the centre of what must ultimately be 
 the great highway from the Atlantic to the far West. It can be 
 reached frorn Toronto in one day, either in winter or summer. 
 It will be seen, therefore, that the access is both rapid and easy. 
 No difficulty has yet arisen in obtaining work for emigrants, either 
 at road making or clearing, the former supplied by contractors, 
 
Rcstigouchc, 
 
 5 ,County of 
 
 Resident 
 
 lup to Lake 
 laric. 
 
 last towards 
 lining nearly 
 it Canada to 
 c upper part 
 
 to the lied 
 
 >raptics from 
 uron, and is 
 jrth-westerly 
 a, a distance 
 
 'arry's Sound 
 
 d, on which 
 
 vast tract of 
 
 attract con- 
 
 1. On some 
 
 iorty in dis- 
 
 and the soil 
 
 vast district 
 
 ips, are very 
 
 f'fi Sound to 
 fill show this 
 ly the way of 
 io Montreal, 
 ne that must 
 
 bt. A pop- 
 that the in- 
 ou with the 
 58 not to be 
 ultimately be 
 t. It can be 
 : or summer. 
 )id and easy, 
 grants, either 
 r contractors, 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 47 
 
 the latter by settlers, with moans to enable them to hire to get 
 their land, cleared as last as possible. This will undoubtedly con- 
 tinue. Men capable of building log houses, &c., obtain in some 
 instances one dollar per day and rations ; the usual rate is from 75 
 cents to four shillings sterling per dav, without rations. 
 
 The prevailing quality of the soil is light with a mixture of 
 sand, having in large districts a subsoil of grey clay. There arc 
 also heavy clay bottoms, having a loamy surface. The lands are 
 oxcoctlingly well timbovod and watered by lakes and rivers, with 
 fish in abundance, and excellent mill sites. Grain and root crops 
 of all kinds yield well. Partly improved farms are always to be 
 had in the neighborhood, suitable for a person of moderate means; 
 but the class of sci^lcrs most desirable are those who are accus- 
 tomed to work, with small c;ipital to purchase a necessary outfit 
 of farming utensils (which at first are simple) and provisions for 
 sustLMianee until after the first crop is realized. 
 
 A good harvest has rewarded the toil of the settlers this year. 
 Fall wheat has for three seasons been grown with much success; 
 and a considerable breadth has been grown this fall. Indeed, 
 grains of every kind do remarkably well, as also do root crops. 
 One settler on a free grant, in Macaulay, raised over 2000 bush'els 
 of turnips this vcar, it being only his second year of settlement. 
 Tobacco and flax have been grown with success, the former being 
 on the increase. 
 
 Among the improvements of the year are one lumber mill, a 
 orist mill, an increase in tavern accommodation, new stores, two 
 more post oificcs, and two new school-houses or chapels. 
 
 The following is the agent's report of the general improvements 
 on the Muskoka Road to thclUst December, 1868 : — 
 
 FREE GRANTS. 
 
 Number of Lots located 160 
 
 Actual settlers 1-40 
 
 Total population ,: 5^7 
 
 Houses ^6 
 
 Shanties 56 
 
 Rarns, stables, outhouses 6^ 
 
 Lumber Mills 2 
 
 Grist Mills 1 
 
 Acres cleared 671 
 
 Acres chopped . 132^ 
 
 Houses built in 1803 47 
 
 Barns '' " 13 
 
 NATIONALITY. 
 
 English, 159; Irish, 164; Scotch, 148; Canadians, 61 ; French, 
 16; Germans, 6; Americans, 3— 557. Increase during year,,270. 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 Horses - 1" 
 
 Cattle 78 
 
 Cows 44 
 
 Pigs, 
 
 80 
 
 221 
 
 Increase, 1863 , 95 
 
 II 
 
 ^ ] 
 
 It m* 
 
it^mtsief':' 
 
 48 
 
 r 
 
 H ! 
 
 
 OIVADA. 
 IMMIGRANTS DtJRINa THE Y>:AR 1863. 
 
 ■if 
 
 English, 48; Scotch, 35 ; Irish, 17 ; German, 7. — Total, 107. 
 Value of produce, 1863 817,308.50 
 
 The Free Grant lots are nearly all taken up, most of them being 
 well improved. 
 
 Seven townships are under the charge of the Agent, viz. : Mor- 
 rison and Muikoka, in this County j and Draper, Macaulay, Ste- 
 phenson, McLean and Brunell, in the County of Victoria, about 
 200,000 acres. Out of this, 23,000 have been sold, and about 
 16,000 taken up as Free Grants. 
 
 A new township (Monck) north of Muskoka tuwnship, has been 
 recently surveyed, but is not yet in the marUet. There are a num- 
 ber of squatters settled down here, and they have made large im- 
 provements — the land in general being excellent. 
 
 In a recent report to the Government, Mr. Oliver remarks: — 
 Money is of little use here unless muscle is hrowjht into play, for 
 the most unfortunate are those who entertain romantic ideas of 
 hush li/e, thinking that nothing is required beyond their means hut 
 . a little 2>^easant relaxation. All such are victims in new countries, 
 and cannot hope to succeed. The hard-uwrking , industrious, and 
 thrifty laborer, or small farmer of the old countries, are such as 
 in the course of a few years make for themselves a comfortable 
 homestead and independent living. I can already point to such 
 as promise this in the district under my charge, while the older 
 .settled townships adjoining furnish examples by the hundred cf 
 those who commenced penniless, but, by perhaps first hiring out 
 for a year or two, accumulated a few dollars, which, being invest- 
 ed in a yoke of o^en, a few implements, and in taking up some of 
 the unoccupied land, have been enabled after the lapse of a few 
 years to enjoy their hard-earned position, as Lords of their Manors, 
 without a care to disturb them. In no other pursuit is the result 
 so surely and steadily arrived at, and the Severn and Muskoka 
 districts offer to the emigrant a sure reward for toil voluntarily 
 undertaken. 
 
 The writer in a Montreal paper, some few months ago, could 
 never have travelled or observed much in new settlements, or he 
 would not have condemned the introduction by the Government of 
 " immigrant operatives." " Send us none of your rural laborers," 
 says an American ; " they can only do one thing : a ploughman, 
 plough, and a carter, drive a team. Half the year with us a saw or 
 axe must be used, and other occupations must fill up the time when 
 husbandry is impracticable ; and we can teach your rustics nothing 
 of this. Send us a mechanic ; we can easily teach him to plough, 
 harrow, and drive a cart, for that portion of time our climate de- 
 mands such sort of work." The reason of this is, the agricultural 
 laborer is confined to a set task ; he cannot rise above his drudgery, 
 having never been thrown in the progress of his business upon his 
 own resources. A mechanic is the reverse of this ; he is perpetu- 
 ally thrown into situations where his ow^n judgment must be 
 brought into action. But we need all cla,sses of emin-rant««.. If 
 they have energy, it matters little what may be their calling ; they 
 ' can secure an independence in a few years. 
 
 Route. 
 miles, fare 
 steamer to 
 
 THE BC 
 
 Mr. Hu 
 
 report of 
 his charg( 
 From ii 
 ally, show 
 informatio 
 This is 
 sence of 
 increase ( 
 populatiot 
 who have 
 taken pi < 
 This arino 
 buying lar 
 district, t( 
 I beg 
 Road has 
 season. 
 
 Those ^ 
 
 the purch 
 
 pects and 
 
 opinion d 
 
 land, but 
 
 sell out d 
 
 others wli 
 
 them, anc 
 
 anew on 
 
 grant to f 
 
 There 
 
 Gal way, 
 
 Minden, 
 
 watered, ; 
 
 vening vj 
 
 swarms w 
 
 The la 
 
 with nun 
 
 in the in 
 
 Minde 
 
 , dustrious 
 
 a sandy 1 
 
 gravel, a 
 
 ment. 1 
 
 from Lin 
 
 tending 
 
 seeking 1 
 
 good lan( 
 
 tions of 
 
 Bobcajg 
 
CANADA. 
 
 4V^ 
 
 -Total, 107. 
 ,308.50 
 
 them being 
 
 viz. : Mor- 
 caulay, Ste- 
 Jtoria, about 
 , and about 
 
 ip, has been 
 c are a num- 
 de large im- 
 
 remarks : — 
 to play, for 
 itic ideas of 
 r means hut 
 3U7 countries, 
 istrious, and 
 are sueh as 
 comfortable 
 oint to such 
 'le the older 
 hundred cf 
 t hiring out 
 being invest- 
 up some of 
 )se of a few 
 heir Manors, 
 is the result 
 nd MuHkoka 
 1 voluntarily 
 
 I ago, could 
 oients, or he 
 •vernment of 
 {/ laborers," 
 ploughman, 
 li us a saw or 
 le time when 
 jtics nothing 
 m to plough, 
 • climate de- 
 i agricultural 
 lis drudgery, 
 less upon his 
 e isperpetu- 
 nt muEt be 
 ii "rants. TJf 
 ailing; they 
 
 Route. — By Grand Trunk Kailway to Toronto, distance 500 
 miles, fare 5 dollars j then by Northern Railroad to Bell Ewart, then 
 steamer to Orillia — 87 miles. 
 
 THE BOBOAYGEON ROAD— COUNTY OF VICTORIA. 
 
 Mr. Hughes, the agent for this road, sends in the following 
 report of the progress and present state of the sottlcmcntH under 
 his charge : — 
 
 From information gathered from Free (Iraut settlers, individu- 
 ally, showing the amount of crops, with their value, and general 
 information, a large increase and improvement appears over 1862. 
 This is owing, no doubt, to the favorable season — the entire ab- 
 sence of frosts during the past spring. The fact of the small 
 increase of settlers on Free Grants, and the large increase of 
 population, may bo attributed to the number of Free Grant settlers 
 who have j^old portions of their lots to new settlers. No increase has 
 taken pi > in the number of settlors beyond the Peterson Junction. 
 This arises from the inferior quality of the lots, as settlers prefer 
 buying land at seventy cents per acre in more available parts of the 
 district, to settling on Free Grants so far back. 
 
 I beg also to mention that the very bad state of the Bobcaygeon 
 Road has very much impeded the sale of land during the past 
 season. 
 
 Those wiio have gone in as settlers, both on Free Grants and on 
 the purchased lands, are generally well pleased with their own pros- 
 pects and those of the whole settlement, but still a difference of 
 opinion does exist ; there is, no doubt, a good deal of rough rocky 
 land, but one thing speaks favorably for the settlement ; those who 
 sell out do so generally for a good price to the emigrant, or to 
 others who wish to purchase improved farms with buildings on 
 them, and almost invariably buy again and commence the world 
 anew on another farm. I consider this the best way for the emi- 
 grant to procure a farm when he has means. 
 
 There are about 300,000 acres for sale in the Townships of 
 Galway, Somerville, Cavendish, Lutterworth, Snowdon, Anson, 
 Minden, Hindon, Stanhope and Sherborne. Galway is welll 
 watered, and although undulating and stony in places, has inter- 
 vening valleys in which the soil is deep and fertile. The township 
 swarms with beaver. 
 
 The land in Lutterworth is in general undulating and intersected 
 with numerous small lakes. There are excellent water privileges 
 in the immediate vicinity of Gull Lake. 
 
 Minden is a good township, and is being fast settled with an in- 
 I dustrious and intelligent class. The soil is generally composed of 
 a sandy loam, in some cases resting upon a substratum of clay and 
 gravel, and is of good depth. Minden is well adapted for settle- 
 ment. For small craft, an almost unbroken water communication 
 from Lindsay to within half a mile of its eastern limit, affords in- 
 tending settlers a readiness of approach not often found by those 
 seeking homes in newly-surveyed districts. A large proportion of 
 good land is found in the south-eastern, central and western por- 
 
 tions of the townshii)* In this asencv the advantages of 
 Bobcaygeon road ore incaloulable to the settlers. 
 
 the 
 
 Jy 
 
50 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 i|'' 
 
 t 1 
 
 I :. 
 
 1} 
 
 4'i 
 
 Among the improvements for the year arc two grist mills in 
 successful operation — ofae at the Gull Iliver, about two miles irom 
 the roii'l, the other at^urut River, where the road crosses it, 
 capable, each, of grinoing a large quantity of grain; and it is 
 estimated that there is sufficient wheat now raised in the back 
 country to keep them both employed. This will be a great saving 
 to the farmers of the place, as it dispenses with the necessity which 
 hitherto existed of drawing their grain twenty or thirty miles to 
 mill. 
 
 Each of these mills has, in connection with it, a &aw-mill, which 
 saws about two thousand five hundred feet of kr.abor daily. This 
 may be contrasted with the fact that in the Free Grants there are 
 as yet no mills in operation. 
 
 There are also two saw-mills completed in the Township of Stan- 
 hope, from which (mills) quantities of lumber are floated down 
 the waters of the Gull llivcr to meet the increasing demand. 
 
 As to the settlement and population of the townships in the 
 neighborhood of the road, T think they will be found to contain 
 sextuple the number of inhabitants of the Free (Grants, and to have 
 a proportionate superiority in the amount of crops raised. 
 
 NATIONALITY AND NUMJJiSR, OF SETTIiEIlS ON THE 150BCAYOKON 
 
 ROAD, JAN. 1st, 1804. 
 
 Irish, 112 ; English, 4o ; Canadian, 35 ; Scotch, 10 ; German, 
 1; French Canadian, 1 ; Swedes, 2 — 210 families -Total popula- 
 tion, 1002. 
 
 IMPROVKMENTS. 
 
 Acres of land cleared 2499j 
 
 Acres chopped 3221 
 
 Houses 173 
 
 Barns 92 
 
 Stables 1^)6 
 
 Saw-mill 1 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 Horses 
 
 Oxen 
 
 Cows 203 @ 
 
 Young Cattle... 211 (^ 
 
 Pigs 238 @ 
 
 Sheep 58 (^ 
 
 38 @ $50 00 • $1,900 00 
 
 124 (a), 30 00 3,720 00 
 
 15 00 3,045 00 
 
 5 00 1,2()G 00 
 
 3 00 714 00 
 
 4 00 232 00 
 
 $10,877 00 
 Value of Agricultural and other products 35,303 40 
 
 Route, by Grand Trunk llailwiiy to Port Hope, 437 miles; fare 4 
 dollars 50 cents; thence to Bobcaygeon, via. Lindsay, by rail and 
 steamer, 75 miles. 
 
 BURLEIGH ROAD— COUNTY OF PETERBOROUGH. 
 
 John Carroll, North Douro, Agent for Burleigh Road. 
 
 The laud in the townships on the Burleigh Road is generally 
 very good and is now being rapidly disposed of, nearly two-thirds 
 
 bourg, 4i 
 
CANADA. 
 
 61 
 
 mills in 
 lies from 
 fosses it, 
 xnd it is 
 the back 
 at saving 
 Ity which 
 1 miles to 
 
 11, which 
 ly. This 
 there are 
 
 ) of Stall- 
 ed down 
 nd. 
 
 >s in the 
 ) contain 
 d to hav(! 
 
 L'AYOKON 
 
 German, 
 d popula- 
 
 199 i 
 J22,} 
 173 
 92 
 156 
 
 ) 00 
 ) Oil 
 3 00 
 
 [) 00 
 4 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 7 00 
 
 ;^ 40 
 
 es; fare 4 
 jT rail and 
 
 ouaiT. 
 
 lioad. 
 
 generally 
 two-thirds 
 
 of it being adapted for settlement. Price per acre, 70 cents, or 2s lOd 
 sfg.,cash, or one dollar on time. Quantity for sale 200,000 acres. 
 
 There is a very fair demand for agricultural laborers in the 
 County of Peterborough. Wages vary from 8 to 16 dollars a 
 month; female domestics get from 4 to 5 dollars a month, with 
 board. Plenty of improved farms may be purchased in the 
 county for from £2 to £10 sterling per acre, according to the 
 quality of soil and locality. A few might be rented at from 8s. to 
 16s. sterling per acre. A road is completed as far back as the rear 
 of the Township of Burleigh. 
 
 Route. — IJy Grand Trunk Eailway to Peterborough, ^'iVt Oo- 
 bourg, 459 miles, for 5 dollars 50 cents. 
 
 HASTINGS ROAD 
 
 Agent: M. P. IIayks, MaJm-. 
 
 In this agency there are 290,000 acr(is Cor sale in the Townships 
 of Tudor, Lake (Jasliel, WoUastou, Limerick, Faraday, Duugannon, 
 Herschel, Montcaglo, McClure, Wicklow, aud IJangor. The 
 country within i.he boundaries of Limerick, WoUaston, Dungannon 
 and Faraday is the region where the waters Hvide, and conse- 
 quently the height of land between the Ottawa and rivers running 
 into Lake Ontario. It caiuiot, therefore, be otherwise than rough. 
 StiU there are many tracts of good arable land to be met with, and 
 the very roughest ot it would make pasture land, having water in 
 abundance. 
 
 Monteagle is represented to be superior land, thickly and heavily 
 wooded, and the surface undulating. The Ilustiuga road forms a 
 direct line of communication througl) this agency, aud is connected 
 by the Peterson line with the Opeougo roacl. 
 
 In his report to Government for the year 1803, Mr. Hayes 
 states the following facts : 
 
 Total number of persons in possession of Free 
 
 Grant lots on the 30tli December, 1803 398 
 
 Of these, 27 are non-resident. 
 
 The total population of resident settlers and their 
 
 families on Free Grants at the sanie date is 1,031 
 
 NATIONAL ORiaiN t)F SETTLERS. 
 
 England, 48 ; Ireland, 173 ; Scotland, 43 ; Canada, 91 ; Ger- 
 many, 27 ; France, 2 ; Lower Provinces, 2 j Orkney, 3 ; tfnited 
 States,. 9. Total, 398. 
 
 The number of new settlers located on Free Grant lots during 
 the year 1863 is 22 ; of whom, 4 were natives of England, 4 of 
 Ireland, 12 of Canada, and 2 of Scotland. 
 
 In addition to the Free Grant lots located, I have sold during 
 the year 72 one-hundred acre lots of Crown and Clergy lands. 
 The number of acres cleared at the close of the 
 
 year 1863, on Free Grants, is 4,791 
 
 In process of clearing 579} 
 
 Total 5,370J 
 
 Number in same condition at close of 1862 4,553 
 
 Increase during the year 817 acres 
 
b*Z 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 ::h 
 
 i? I 
 
 it 
 
 ?] 
 
 .1 
 
 Value of ciops and industrial products of settlers, 862,750 70. 
 During the summer of 1863, considerable attention was attached 
 to the Townships of Tudor and Lake, by tho reported discoveries 
 of deposits of copper and lead in several localities throughout these 
 townships. The first attempt at mining was made near Glanmire, 
 on lot 28, 14th concession, Tudor. Some very pure specimens of 
 galena, containing 65 to 70 per cent, of lead, were taken out at 
 this mine, but the working of it has not been continued to any 
 extent. A mine was opened last autumn on lot 28, concession B, 
 Tudor, and has been worked for about two months. A well-defined 
 vein of galena was found here, averaging about three inches in 
 thickness, with regular rock wall of limestone on the north-cast 
 side. This vein has been opened to a depth of some 18 or 20 feet, 
 and 12 to 15 in length. Some 14 tons of tlie ore were taken out 
 at this mine. 
 
 Similar deposits of pure galena hiive been found in several other 
 parts of Tudor, and, I am informed, also in the south-west corner 
 of Cashel. 
 
 In Lake, extensive deposits of copper ore have been found in the 
 3rd, 4th and 5th concessions ;• and a considerable quantity of the 
 ore has been brought to the surface. Miners of experience and 
 character have reported very favorably of these deposits, and a good 
 many speculative purchases of lots in the vicinity have been made 
 on the faith of the expectations so raised. 
 
 The year 1862 was one, of general hardship a. id many trials to 
 settlers in the backwoods. Many of the settlers in the lower town- 
 ships suff"ered mo&t severely from the scarcity of provisions, and 
 the crops of 1863 were curtailed by the want of seed grain on the 
 part of a large number, who were forced to use what they got for 
 that purpose,"in order to supply the actual requirements of their 
 families for food. Had it not been for this, the crops, particularly 
 of wheat, would have been much larger in 1863, as the season was 
 in every respect most favorable. The crops were not injured by 
 any kind of fly, insect, rust or blight, but were in general all that 
 could be desired. The only complaint was that some of the late 
 potatoes and oats were injured by frost ; but this did not occur to 
 any appreciable extent. 
 
 Two schools have been kept open in Tudor for the greater part of 
 the year ; one for a part of the summer at Limerick, and one for 
 the whole year in Jiangor. 
 
 The Post Office Department has continued to afford every possi- 
 ble aid by the establishment of new offices as fast as the progress of 
 Bettlement required them, and by increasing the services of the 
 offices on the lower part of the road. Wo have now two mails each 
 week to Bannockburn, Millbridge and Olanmire. We have five 
 post offices on the road, and two more are about to be opened. 
 
 A regular Church of England mission has been established here 
 since my last report. 
 
 Catholic clergymen visit the Road and celebrate mass frequently 
 in the different settlements. 
 
 Ministers of the Presbyterian Free Church and of the several 
 Methodist Churches also hold services at points along the road 
 very frequently. 
 
iO 70. 
 attached 
 Bcoveries 
 Dut these 
 rianmire, 
 imens of 
 m out at 
 i to any 
 3Ssion B, 
 l-defined 
 nches in 
 orth-cast 
 r 20 feet, 
 liken out 
 
 !ral other 
 st comer 
 
 nd in the 
 ty of the 
 ence and 
 id a good 
 een 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 58 
 
 y 
 
 made 
 
 ■ trials to 
 ver town- 
 ons, and 
 in on the 
 :y got for 
 of their 
 rticularly 
 Bason was 
 jured by 
 il all that 
 P the late 
 , occur to 
 
 er part of 
 1 one for 
 
 ery possi- 
 rogress of 
 OS of the 
 nails each 
 have five 
 med. 
 shed here 
 
 requeutly 
 
 le several 
 the road 
 
 Fanning mills and threshing machines have been introduced 
 very generally, and most of the older settlers have a good supply 
 of farming tools apd implements. 
 
 The same freedom from disease and crime which marked the 
 earlier years of the settlement, has, I am happv to sav, continued 
 during 1863. 
 
 The nearest vacant free grant lots now are from 50 to 60 miles 
 from Madoc, but the best settlement I have is still further north, 
 at or near the intersection of the branch ioad with Hastings, and 
 along the eastern branch, connecting with the Madawaska river. 
 As a general rule, it is better for emigrants to buy farms with 
 small clearings from the earlier settlers than to go a long way back 
 into the woods' the first year, and I generally advise them to do so ; 
 but their success d(!pends much more upon their fitness or unfit- 
 ness for the work than upon any external condition. I find that 
 those who succeed lest are those loko go in with little or no means 
 evi'cept their lahour ; tliey icorh quiethj and steadily on their land 
 a7id in four or five yearshecome quite independent. On the other 
 hand, those who hane some capital generally idle away a great part 
 of their time, and ivhen their money is gone they are dissati'fied 
 with the country. In fact, unless a man has been brought up to 
 labour, he has no business in the woods. If he has been brought up in 
 it, and is willing and able to roork, he can do better than in any 
 other way that 1 kvow of. 
 
 We have some very good land now open for settlement in the 
 townships of Casliel, Limerick, and Wollastou, about 30 miles from 
 Madoc, and comparatively easy of access. The land is turning 
 out mucli better in these townships than we expected, and I have 
 no doubt that they will support a large and thriving population 
 before many years. 
 
 Route. — ^j Grand Trunk Railway to Belleville, 388 miles ; fare 
 3 dollars 50 cents; thence by stage to Madoc, 26 miles; fare 1 
 dollar. 
 
 COUNTY OF ADDINGTON— ADDTNGTON ROAD. 
 
 Agent: Ebenezep. Perry, Tirniworth. 
 
 * Reports that there are about 200,000 acres for sale in this dis- 
 trict. Price per acre 70 cents, or 2s. lOd. sterling, cash, or one 
 dollar (4s. sterling) if paidb}/ instalments. 
 
 One-third of the land is broken with granite interspersed with 
 limestone. The soil is a rich sandy loam, timbered with maple, 
 birch, beech, butternut, elm, ash, basswood, pine, hemlock, cedar 
 and a little oak. This is a very healthy location ; no fever or 
 ague; the soil productive, and all the settlers on good terms with 
 one another. There are ten school-houses opened in various dis- 
 tricts. Religious sorvices every Sunday in different places. Many 
 saw and grist mills are in full operation, and the waters abound 
 with fish. 
 
 Not more than a few gift lots remain on this road that are fit 
 for settling on, unless the settler would purchase Crown Lands in 
 the vicinity. The distance from Tamworth to the gift lands is 
 about 50 miles. 
 
 ..•& 
 
 ^hl.: T| 
 
luUWWMIMM 
 
 ir'iTiiiiiiriliiliim.i 
 
 64 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 
 The settlers, who are for the most part Irish, Scotch, English 
 and Germans, frequently seek employmwnt during the harvest time 
 in other settlements, and consequently there is no demand for im- 
 migrant labor. The country is too recently settled to have many 
 improved fiirms upon it, but lots of 100 acrcii, with from five to 
 fifteen acres cleared, can be <i'Ot from 50 to 150 dollars, or £10 to 
 £30 sterling, subject to psiynient of the Government purchase 
 money. If all the instalments have been paid, the lots range in 
 value from £80 to £50 sterling. 
 
 285 acres have been cleared during the year, and 150 acres 
 chopped. 
 
 The aggregate value of the settlers' produce tor the year is 
 $31,465 80c. 
 
 The numbers of domestic animals owned by the settlers on the 
 Addington Road are 58 horses, 71 yoke of oxen, 181 cows, 180 
 young cattle, 85 swine, and 162 sheep. 
 
 The effect of the loss of crop iu 1862 has not been got over by 
 the good crop of last year, because of the paucity of seed grain and 
 roots available last spring. All crops that were sown early gave 
 abundant yield. In the article of wheat there is a falling off in 
 quantity, but the (]uality is so superior that it is of more value 
 than that of 1862. All the other cereals, as well as roots, are in- 
 ferior to none raised in Canada ; although there is not a much 
 greater increase in the number of bushels produced, yet the antual 
 value is fully double. 
 
 There is a loss of 33 inhabitants in the census of this year, but 
 it is not attributable to parties leaving the settlement ; several 
 persons who have accomplished their settling duties on gift lots 
 and obtained their patents, have become purchaser.^ of Crown 
 lands, and portions of their families are engaged on them. The 
 number of inhabitants on the gift lots are 717, and they possess a 
 large number of domestic animals, except horses, in which there 
 has been a falling off; they have, during the year, eleared 2S5 acres 
 of Ian !, and there remains chopped 150 acres of spring clearing. 
 
 In his intercourse with the settlers during a recent visit, Mr. 
 Perry found all gratiifiil for the kin incss nimiifested by the Gov- 
 ernment iu providing, through the work on the road last summer, 
 means for them to procure provisions, an I their only regret was 
 that they were so short of seed last spring. 
 
 It is better policy for Emigrants to purchase when improve- 
 ments have been made. Kmigrants when massed together are not 
 the best pioneers, their habits and training unfit them for cleaning 
 land; the scienee of chopping is scarcely ever learnt to perieetion 
 by a man after 30. Emigrants succeed well if mixed with Cana- 
 dian settlers; they soon learn how to chop and loij; from them : 
 they are more industrious and frugal than the great mass of Cana- 
 dians who generally seek a home in the forest for the excitement 
 of wild sports, while the emigrant has come to make a home for his 
 family. All the emigrants in my district are prospering. 
 
 From Napanee to the Crown Lands, the distance ranges from 17 
 to 70 miles. From Kingston a daily line of stages to Tamw(M-th, 
 37 miles, and the Addington Road runs north 62 miles up to the 
 Madawaska River. All the lands are within 10 miles of the Ad-' 
 diDston Road. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 55 
 
 h, Englisli 
 irvest time 
 md for im- 
 have many 
 Dm five to 
 , or £10 to 
 t purcliase 
 ts range in 
 
 150 
 
 acres 
 
 he year is 
 lers on the 
 
 cows, 
 
 180 
 
 ;ot over by 
 i grain and 
 
 early gave 
 lling oflf in 
 more value 
 ots, are in- 
 ot a much 
 
 the actual 
 
 s year, but 
 t ; several 
 ou gift lots 
 
 of Crown 
 hem. The 
 y possess a 
 fhich there 
 d 2S5 acres 
 
 clearing, 
 t visit, Mr. 
 ly the Gov- 
 st summer, 
 
 regret was 
 
 in iraprove- 
 her ure not 
 or cleaning 
 perlection 
 with Caiia- 
 rom them : 
 ,ss of Cana- 
 oxcitomeut 
 ome tor his 
 
 ■T 
 T 
 
 !;es from 17 
 Tamw(M-th, 
 I up to the 
 of the Ad-' 
 
 Route by Grand Trunk Railway or steamer to Kingston, 340 
 miles, fare ^3 75c. ; or to Napanee, 367 miles, fare $4 : thence by 
 stage to Tamworth. 
 
 OTTAWA AND OPEONGO ROAD. 
 
 In this agency there are 250,000 acres open for settlement in 
 the following townships : 
 
 [u County of Renfrew : Townships of Algona, Brudenell Grat- 
 tan, Radcliffe, Sebastopol. 
 
 In District of Nipissing : Siierwood, Hagarty and Richards. 
 
 There is much laud of good quality in the township of Alo-ona 
 About two-thirds of the township is well adapted for settlement 
 and well wooded. 
 
 There is a large, prosperous settlement of Englishmen in the 
 township of Brudenell, adjoining the free grants; and it is antici- 
 pated that the Prussians, a hard-working, thrifty, and seemino-ly 
 ho.iest people, who are fast acquiring a knowledge of our language, 
 and of the ha))its of the country, will receive a considerable increase 
 to their numb;3rs. 
 
 Sebastopol : The whole township is remarkably well watered 
 and the water invariably good. All the lakes abound with salmon 
 trout, and other varieties of fish. The settlers in the township 
 have a ready laarket fur all kinds of produce at the lumber shan- 
 ties in the imiiiediate vicinity. 
 
 The three agencies abovementioned comprise a portion of what 
 18 termed the Ottawa territory in I .pper Canada, and contain fertile 
 land. The different descriptions of timber prevail separately in 
 particular tracts, and aflbrd a convenient territorial division of the 
 country. Th( first of these natural divisions is what has been 
 called the white-pine country, from the prevalence of tiiat kind of 
 timber, of which it contains the finest forests, interspersed with 
 tracts of hard wood land. 
 
 Westward ot" this lies the red pine country, so called from the 
 prevalence of that kind of wood. The soil of this division is 
 generally a poor sand, more or less gntvelly, and in parte the 
 surlace is rugged and rocky, but interspersed with tracts of yood 
 laud. ° 
 
 The third natural division is the hard-wood country, so called 
 from the prevalence of that description of timber, associated with 
 belts of white pine, [t comprises an area of upwards of 7'J0() 
 superficial miles; and contains the head-waters of the rivers Mada- 
 wa.ska and Petewawa, that flow into the Ottawa, and of the Mus- 
 koka and Ma ,'anetawan of Lake Hurou, and the whole of the 
 South river oi Lake Nipissing. 
 
 The rates ol' wages for agricultural laborers still continue high 
 all around here ; and immigrants seeking employment durino- the 
 ensuing spring and summer will, 1 am certain, find in this part of 
 the country a remuuerativi? field for their services. 
 
 The German Settlement, or " New Germany"— as the settlers 
 themselves have named it— is steadily progressing. It is about 
 tour milss south of the Opeongo Road, in the township of Sebas- 
 topol. There are now some twenty-two German families settled 
 here; they are all intelligent and industrious, and seem quite 
 
 I 
 
 
53 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 II 
 
 content with their position and prospects. The municipal council 
 have lately taken steps towards opening !i road from " New 
 Germany" to the Opeongo Road, and the Geruians arc making 
 exertions for the opening of a school, in which hiudable olfort, 1 
 am persuaded, the council will aid as far as, their power will per- 
 mit. 
 
 There are eight common schools now in operation on the thirty- 
 five miles of the road lying between Shanirock and Eronnan Creek, 
 and it gives me much pleasure to be able to say that they are all 
 well attended, and that there is no tax which the poor settlers so 
 cheerfully pay as that imposed for school purposes. 
 
 The past year has not witnessed the perpetration of anything 
 approaching to a crime upon or in the neighborhood of this road, 
 and considering the newness of the settlement, the great mixture 
 of nationalities and creed that prevail in it. and, I may say, the 
 almost entire absence of legal restraint, tlie fact speaks well for the 
 character of the settlers. 
 
 The permission to dispose of the timber growing upon their lots 
 is one that the settlers are largely availing themselves of, and much 
 <* scattering timber" is being taken out this Avinter along the road 
 and from off the front lots. 
 
 The sleighing is now good, and the drive to the lumber cJumfierx 
 on the Madawaska has fairly begun. The settlers are consequently 
 all busy in disposing of and delivering their surplus produce. The 
 prices they are receiving, though not considered hir/k, are yet well- 
 paying ones, and as the harvest has certainly been abundant, the 
 coming year will be one of plenty, and 1 am J. rfectly certain that 
 the " peace and good will" which has h(;retofore existed will con- 
 tinue to prevail throughout the settlement. 
 
 PEOGRESS OF SETTLEMENT ON THE LOWER 
 CANADA COL ONIZA TION ROADS. 
 
 THE ELGIN ROAD. 
 
 258 lots have been located on this road, on which , lore are Oo 
 actual residents. The population amounts to 470 souls. 1507 
 acres have been cleared, and l-il^ chopped. The settlers have 342 
 head of live stock. They sowed 106S bushels of grain and potatoes ; 
 but, owing to the drought in June and July, and tlic frost in the 
 beginning of September, the harvest was not sufficient for their 
 support, and they were obliged to seek for employment in the 
 lumbering establishments in their neighborhood. 
 
 Mr. Drapeau, the resident agent, estimates the value of their 
 crop at $4,359.30; and of their oth^r industrial products, at 
 ¥3,487. 58. 
 
 THE TAOHE ROAD. 
 
 On the south-westerly section of this road Mr. Drapeau has 
 located 312 lots, on which are 160 families residing, forming a 
 total population of 745 souls. 30.-54 acres have been prepared for 
 cultivation, and 480 more are in process of preparation. The 
 settlers ^lave built 146 bouses and 151 barns. Thev have 1009 
 
 last 
 
 Houls; u( 
 plough, ] 
 163 acres 
 harvest a 
 produce 
 
cipal council 
 from " New 
 I tire inakinp; 
 [able oifort, 1 
 wer will per- 
 
 )u the thirty- 
 ennan Creek, 
 t they are all 
 )r settlers so 
 
 of anything 
 of this road, 
 ;reat mixture 
 may say, the 
 ^ well for the 
 
 )on their lots 
 )f, and much 
 ong the road 
 
 ber chanfiers 
 consequently 
 oduce. The 
 are yet well- 
 bundant, the 
 ' certain that 
 ited will con- 
 
 LOWER 
 
 i ic!re are Oo 
 souls. 1 507 
 ers have 842 
 nd potatoes ; 
 frost in the 
 nt for tiieir 
 Qont in the 
 
 lue of their 
 jroducts, at 
 
 )rapeau has 
 forming a 
 prepared for 
 ation. The 
 f havQ 1009 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 m 
 
 
 n^f tf W%uffered''2rt."'T *^f ^™* (-^'-^ '^PPe- 
 
 On m; ' ""' """■• 'l"*"^'""' I'™''''"'' "' »8.913 37 '' 
 
 »up Who .i:::,:;'';Tt''^J?rr/ '"^r"' "^'* '» -^^ the 
 
 SI,4C2.50. "' '"" "'""'':. ^lueJ at 
 
 THE MATAPEDIA ]10AD. 
 
 ™ " .■q^tf' tlnt°thT'''°'"'''' ""'• '°"''="™' °f '"'"'» °° «>» 
 bocu'iS -'M,!- Zl ' P'-"S'-o^»',°f ^PiJ'y- 74 lo.» have 
 cleared w'' :; , ,, ""''' "fT'"^ ''■'' ""'""I *«"fers, wh., have 
 lasr^lr a^«^7 ■7',^;';;'''?,°'' '•'''• "V'"'"''' their harvest „ 
 Wh.o3C^',! a >rv^^ at ,28».a«. 
 
 i.a™.t!:r.§« r.'ia^.';"'^ '■°^''' °° *^ -»'■> ^"-^ o^*^ «'• 
 
 no.>, notation. 11,0(8 acres have been boated of whiV-h 
 
 75 Ww"' "''r''^' "?P"^' ""'* »^« aeres bei4 o6«ed" 
 100 acu^s were iiudcr crop iaat year, yicidino. U 209 bushel? 
 
 Mr Roy value, the crop' of lb'63 at^Sl«,l53 ; the live »tk at 
 S14 tnoe-rertter ''"™^ " **'"-'■ ^ ""-" ^^ 
 
 THE aULF ROAD. 
 
 liie Jine of this road extends from Cap Chatte to the Great Fn. 
 
 iJr^L ;1rX ■ .l^'ji^r} connecting the settled S^t ^h^ 
 vW,on 'pi 1 ^^ '^^- '^awf'«Dce with the rest of the Pro 
 
 C Rov ^'''f''tr-f'y'' ^^^^^ ^'' '^'' '^«- entrus ed to Mr" 
 cM^caed' ?w^'n^- miles Irom Cap Chatte downwards have bee * 
 
 Elurve r G V^E.L""''l«n' ^^^^^^1 byProvincS 
 8t Lnwron!! J ^^"'^'^^S^'. "1 18bl, as near the shore of the 
 ^t Lawrence as the nature of the country would permit for tht 
 
 produce of tlieir fixh^rie, at liooi' ^' " *"'**'" ' """ "«' 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 t ■' 
 
 If 
 
^miem 
 
 58 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 ^# 
 
 EXTEAOTS FROM REPORTS OF AGENTS OF CROWN 
 LANDS, WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 KINGSTON, PART OF FRONTENAC, LENNOX AND 
 
 ADDINGTON. 
 
 Agent 
 
 James McPfierson. 
 
 -Office : Kingston. 
 
 According to a report sent iu by Mr. MoPherson, about 165,000 
 acres appear still open for sale in different parts of the Counties of 
 Fronteuac, Lennox and Ad(Jington, at 70 cents an acre, cash, or one 
 dollar on the usual time. A few scattered lots throughout the 
 older townships are sold at a valuation, there being no set price. 
 The soil in many parts is of a very fertile description; the crops 
 grown are large, and no district in Upper Canada offers better in- 
 ducement to tlic settler. Portions of the land are timbered with 
 maple, beech and other woods of heavy growth, while others are 
 unfit for cultivation, being broken with hills, rocks, and lakes. 
 
 In Olden, excellent crops of wheat, oats, Indian corn, potatoes 
 and turnips have been produced, but the land, generally, is better 
 adapted fur grazing than other kinds of husbandry. 
 
 Palmerston is generally well adapted for agricultural purposes. 
 It is traversed by the Mississippi ruad as well as by the line of the 
 Lavant and Darling road. Along the first mentioned road the 
 settlement is progressing rapidly. The entire township is well 
 watered by creeks and springs. The Mississippi river affords an 
 incalculable amount of water-power. In Miller, the iand, generally, 
 is rolling or undulating, traversed by numerous brooks and stream- 
 lets of excellent water. The facilities afforded for transport by the 
 Mississippi and Frontenac roads, passing through a healthy section 
 of country, the land tolerably good, building materials in abund- 
 ance, a sufficient supply of water-power for manufacturing purposes, 
 a ready market for the surplus produce of the settlers, and employ- 
 ment for themselves and teams, during the winter months, at the 
 lumbering establishments, serve to render Miller and the adjacent 
 townships as desirable a field for settloroont as this part of the 
 county affords. 
 
 There ar*^ 40 or 50 improved fartus for sale in the district, the 
 prices oi' which riiuge frcm eight, to forty dollars an acre. In the 
 summer season a good (jcmand generally exists for farm laborers. 
 Wages from eight to twelve dollars a month with board, according 
 to efficiency. ."^]aily iu the spring good ploughmen arc required. 
 After the crops are in the ground, laborers are not wanted until the 
 1st of July, or beginning of harvest ; after harvest is over there is 
 no demand for them at all. Servant girls are in great request 
 amongst th.e fanners for milkii.g and farm house work ; wages 
 from two to five dollars a mouth. Little or no demand for 
 mechanics, and none for persons unaccustomed to manual labor. 
 
 Route. — By the Grand Trunk PiMlway, or steambuat, to King- 
 ston, 340 miles, fare three dollars seventy-five cents; by daily 
 stage to Frontenac, Lennox or Addington. 
 
■msm^smm^m 
 
 DF CROWN 
 
 mX AND 
 
 gston. 
 
 ibout 165,000 
 e Counties of 
 e, cash, or one 
 rou<5hout the 
 no set price, 
 n ; the crops 
 ers better in- 
 imbered with 
 le others are 
 md lakes, 
 iorn, potatoes 
 ally, is better 
 
 ral purposes. 
 tie line of the 
 led road the 
 Qship is well 
 ^^^ affords an 
 nd, generally, 
 ;s and stream- 
 nsport by the 
 salthy section 
 als in abund- 
 [•ing purposes, 
 , and eraploy- 
 lonths, at the 
 the adjacent 
 3 part of the 
 
 I district, the 
 icre. In the 
 arm laborers, 
 rd, according 
 arc required, 
 ited until the 
 
 over there is 
 ^reat request 
 work ; wages 
 
 demand for 
 3ual labor, 
 at, to King- 
 ts; by daily 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 69 
 
 COUNTY OF VICTORIA. 
 
 • Agent : Q. M. Roche, Lin<hay. 
 
 In (.\ardon and Laxton the soil is comnosed of a «ar. i i 
 Portions „r.ho towa^hip':^: of thTL .ttTV, ™tti:°'' t'"" 
 
 and r.,pid.. T„c, toin.Wp ^^^i^^ ;! I"',' *-° ?- "-ral fal,, 
 orosse, the Black li?v,°rt ,.t ;,*",■ -f, ""!'"»'l'P- Where it 
 
 A>o„/,_j>y Grand Trunk Railway to Port Hone 247 mH. 
 thence by rail to Lindsay, 40 miles. ^ « ' '"'^®'*' 
 
 COUNTY OF RENFREW. 
 Agent : William Harris, Admctiton 
 
 ihe townships recently surveyed arc Griffith and Canonto Th. 
 watered uJoT uJi, T^h^:;" ^^f^^^ho' rnl^r't' Jiwl^" 
 the township. " "■■''■ ' '"''''"^ waier-pnviieges in 
 
 I 
 
g j-^.'.i^^^ ^.'!^ jii^ 
 
 60 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Hi 
 
 In Canonto the land surreyod ia, in geuenil, well adapted for 
 agncultuml purposes, producing, when cultivated, the best quality 
 ot wheat, potatoes, oats, and Indian corn, and as a grazing country 
 can scarcely bo surpassed, as almost every lot is supplied with 
 spring water and excellent mea'iow land. 
 
 The lands in the agency aro the nearest body of Crown landw 
 for sale to the seat of Government, and arc in the heart of the 
 lumber district. 
 
 The settlers are principally of Irish extraction. Improved farms 
 can be purchased in the neighborhood at from two to twenty dol- 
 lars an acre, according to situation and improvomcnts. No steady 
 demand exists for labor. ^ 
 
 Route—By rail to (3ttawa City, 335 miles— fare 8 dollars 50 
 cents J thence by steamer to Farrel's Landing— fare 57 cents 
 then on by land to Admaston, 13 miles. 
 
 PART OF RENFRKW AXJ) DISTRICT OF NIPISSING. 
 
 Crown Land Agent : James P. Moitat, Ftmbroke. 
 
 The total number of acres of^and open for sale in Mr. 3Ioffat's 
 agency is 210,0U0, distributed over the townships of Rolph 
 Petewawa, Alice, Head, Maria, Fraser and McKay. Tho '^reater 
 portion of this land, especially that in tho townships of^Alice 
 Petewawa and Kolph, is well adapted for settlement : but owing 
 to the want of roads, it is difficult of access. 
 
 The soil in Alice is of a sandy loam and generally level. Tliere 
 are about 300,000 acres of good land fit for settlement. This 
 townsx^ip is liberally supplied with springs ; those are generally of 
 pure water, but some of them are strongly imprcsrnatcd with min- 
 eral substances, the principal of which are sulphur and iron. 
 
 In various parts of this agency th.rc are extensive tracts of 
 hardwood land, the soil of wliich, though stony, may be cultivated 
 successfully. Pme is abundant, and is tho prevailing timber 
 throughout. 
 
 The settlers are principally Prussians and Germans. There are 
 but few farmers in the district desirous of selling their farms A 
 few improved farms may, however, be purchased for cash, at four 
 or sixteen dollars an acre. The Government wild lands are sold at 
 lO cents cash, or one dollar, payable in five instalments. 
 
 Men's wages average from six to eight dollars a month, with 
 board and lodging; women's wages from two to three dollars 
 
 Route—By Grand Trunk Railway to Ottawa City : thence by 
 stage and steam to Pembroke, 95 miles. 
 
 DISTRICT OF ALGOMA. 
 
 Agent : JosEPti Wilson, Saidt Stc. Marie. 
 
 This agency embraces a portion of the Huron and Superior 
 territory. Sault Ste. Marie being a free port, all goods duly im- 
 ported and entered there go into consumption free of duty within 
 the district attached to it. 
 
 In the vicinity of the town, lands are for sale in the townships 
 of Aw^nge, Awdres, Tarcutorus, Korah, Prince, Parke and Mac- 
 
CANADA. 
 
 61 
 
 1 adapted for 
 
 a best quality 
 azintf country 
 lupplied with 
 
 Crown landK 
 heart of the 
 
 iprovcd farms 
 ;o twenty dol- 
 I. No steady 
 
 8 dollars 50 
 are 57 cents. 
 
 NiPissiNa. 
 
 ibroke. 
 
 Mr. 3Ioffat's 
 )s of Rolph, 
 
 Tho greater 
 dps of Alice, 
 owing 
 
 t; but 
 
 evel. There 
 3mcnt. This 
 i generally of 
 od with min- 
 id iron, 
 ive tracts of 
 bo cultivated 
 liling timber 
 
 I. There are 
 ir farms. A 
 cash, at four 
 is are sold at 
 ts. 
 
 mouth, with 
 dollars. 
 ; thence by 
 
 nd Superior 
 
 ods duly im- 
 
 duty within 
 
 le townships 
 ke and Mac- 
 
 donald. In the rear are the Indian townships of Fenwick, Kars 
 and Pennefathcr, containing much good land. 
 
 The townships of Kos,,, Lcfroy, l>atton, Thompson, Eston, 
 Spragge and Salter, on the north shore of J.ake Huron, are in 
 this agency. The lands in them are sold for one shilling an acre. 
 Jiesides Its land and timber, the characteristics of this territory are 
 itB mineral treasures* and its fisheries. 
 
 . Spraggcis situated at the mouth nf Serpent river. Salter is 
 Bituatcd near the mouth of Spanish river. It is well timbered 
 many sections abounding with maple of large size, and pine of 
 superior quality. It is easy of access, a great part of the front 
 being on Spanish river, which is navigable 15 miles past the 
 township. Ihompson is situated near the mouth of Mississa<^ua 
 nver. '^ 
 
 There are 103,000 acres open for sale, price 70 cents, or 2s lOd 
 sterling per acre, cash. There are no improved farms for sale 
 
 EouU-~By rail to Sarnia or Collingwood, thence by atcamer— 
 whole distancu 900 miles ; fare 8 dollars. 
 
 NORTB OF THE RIVER OTTAWA. 
 
 39,500 acres i« the quantity of land for sale in the townships 
 forming this district, viz : Chatham, Wentwnrth. Morin, Gore and 
 Howard ; price .|0 cents an acre, payable in five yearly instal- 
 ments. J he soil IS of goo<l quality and fertile. In some places it is 
 stony, but the lan,is in the main arc excellent, being well supplied 
 with water, and commanding good sites for grist and saw mills, as 
 well as other '"ad., „ cry Partly improved farms can be purchased 
 us low as from ,ioO to £100, and from that to je400. A o-ood de- 
 mand exists for farm laborers ; wages from .£20 to £30 per year 
 according to capability. Female servants are greatly needed ,^also 
 a few cartwrights, weavers, masons, briekhtyers, plasterers, carpen- 
 ters and joiners. '^ 
 
 ^outc-~By steamer from Montreal to Carillon on the river 
 
 a!^::r^.^sr-6rxifnf '""^ -' '''''' ^^^^^ ^^«^^»«^ ^-' 
 
 PAET OF ARGENTEUIL. 
 Agent : Williaai Thompson, Fltzallan, Jrundel. 
 This agency is in the rear of Argenteuil. The lands have been 
 recently opened for sale, and consist of 70,000 acres, at 30 cents 
 
 ♦CoppEn Mining Dlstuicts on the Sho7e8 op Lakr Ik-uov axd 1^17^7;" 
 
 JSw^irS W -'"T^he' - n ''" ^'^''' *'^^^"°-".^ Cop 4 M?no"a'r: n'ow 
 oting woiKeu. \\i : — ihe Huron Copper Eav ' and " AVpllin<Won " i- - n. w \ 
 
 Canada (London Joint Stock) Company,, and tC^ B^S^n^!' t /, S* 
 real Mining Company. The aKfjregate quanHty of Ore proEed L 'u ,lly ^.^ 
 these mines ,s not fur from 3,000 tons of 20 per cent aK^rf^l 1 in 'i^ 
 miners are always in demand at good wa.es. '^ood tnni2;"lanc s ' t^^^^^^^^^^ 
 few miles back in tho interior from tho Bruce Mines can hrfn, 3= i 1 
 moderate prices from the Montreal Mining CV.nZy and th^s^^^^^ 
 ?nTnrt:»/!^-'^:^,«^«- f ^^0 SuperioWLltlU^rcSnfnTre^ 
 
 
 I') 
 
 .J 
 
 u 
 
-^-a4E#^=^»r^^ ,':s^^^li§-5lSai'i 
 
 I 
 
 62 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 (Is. 4d.) an acre, in the Townships of Moutcaliu, Aruudol, and 
 DeSalaberry. A road has been opened by Government tUrouj!;h 
 the district. The soil in the lime.stone valleys and on the gently 
 eloping hillrt is very fertile, but there is much steep, rocky land, 
 abounding in valuable timber, although not arable. The opera- 
 tions of the lumberers greatly faeilitaie the settlement of the fertile 
 tracts, by opening roads and affording a ready market, at high 
 prices, for the products of the farmer, and labor for himself, his 
 horses and oxen at the seuson when they are not required on the 
 farm. 
 
 There is scarcely any demand whatever for immigrant labor. 
 
 COUNTY OF OTTAWA. 
 
 Agent: Robert Farley, Chfhia. 
 
 290^000 acres is the quantity of Crown Land for sale in the 
 above-named district ; three-fourths of which are fit for agricul- 
 tural purposes, t|jc remainder being pixrfly of a swampy and partly 
 of a mountainous character. The soil is light and sandy, blue 
 clay and loam. Ordinary wages for males, £".' to <£2 10s. sterling 
 a month ; for female servants, from 8s. to IGs. a month, with board 
 and lodging. There are improved farms for sale. All the lands 
 are easily accessible by the (iatineau Iload, on the west side of tho 
 lliver Gatineau, going north. 
 
 Route — By rail to Ottawa ('ity, 335 miles — fare 3 dollars 50 
 cents; thence by stage, eight miles, to Chelsea. 
 
 COUNTY OF OTTAWA. 
 Geo. W. Cameron, Crown Land Agent, Thurso. 
 
 Has about 54,000 acres of land for sale in the district under his 
 charge at 60 cents pi r acre. 
 
 The land in the near townships is of a mountainous character, 
 but well adapted for settlement ; numerous tracts of fertile soil are 
 to be found in the valleys. The settlers are principally 
 French Canadians. The demand I'or labor is but poor ; wages 
 from six to twelve dollars per month. There are a few im- 
 proved farms for sale at from four to twenty dollars per 
 acre. Colonization roads are opening up the valley of the Ninth 
 Nation, first fifteen miles in good condition. 
 
 Jioute — Steamer from Montreal vid Carillon to Petite Nation, 
 96 miles J fare three dollars. There are three landing places to 
 get to the lands, viz : Granville, Montcbello, and Thurso. 
 
 COUNTY OF OTTAWA. 
 
 Agent : M. Mc'Bean, Nortlifidd. 
 
 In this agency there are 283,000 acres disposable, at oO cents an 
 acre, in the Townships of Cameron, Bouchette, Northfiold, Ken- 
 siugton, Aumand, Wright, Egan, Sicottc, Baskatonge, snd Lytnn. 
 This district is well adapted for settlement, tho only drawback 
 being the want of good roads. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 68 
 
 From Mr. MoBoan'*. report it ny.pears that there are 245 144 
 acres of lund at present for .ale in th. town.h.p. unaer h. harge_ 
 Price GO cents, or Js.. ThI. stcrlm-, por acre. The^ soil is giey 
 loam wthcL bottom, well adapted for settlement, the only draw 
 bTc^ b nV ho want of good roads. During the pa.,t two seasons 
 he sold 30 32:5 ac.es; ami with respect t, the vulue o( farms and 
 the demand for emigrant labor in the district, he says : - I have 
 no doubt but that a number of improved farim, might be purchased 
 from LW of the old settlers, for cash, at one to two dollars an 
 acrr ThJy would then retire to the rear and make new farms, 
 Eg «cqm.int.d with the woods Emigrants coming here to 
 settle c.uld always get work Iron, old settlers at a fatr recompense. 
 The disposition here is to help any ^•.ittle^s coming m. 
 
 ho2-By rail to Ottawa ility, thence up the r.ver Gatmeau to 
 Northfield. 
 
 FART OF POXTIaO, L. (3. 
 
 Ac- nt : Tkiience Smith, AlluynrttAhlonJ 
 The lands'su.! unsold in this <listrict amount ir. the aggregate 
 to 92 000 acres. Price (iO cents, equal to 2s. 5d. sterling, an aero. 
 Thtquality of the soil is of a very light descriptmn, e^cep /^ 
 few s^ai tracts between the n.ount :«ns. The emigrant would find 
 Utile no chance of employment in this v.eunty, as in gonend 
 scalers d p-nd upon 'the lumber trade, and pr.fer resident 
 labor There ar.. six improved farms for sale, at low prices, and a 
 few for rent or on shares of half-annual crops. 
 
 Route-V>y rail to Ottawa City, thence by steamer to Pembroke, 
 84 miles, by stage six miles. 
 
 PART OP PONTIAO, L. 0. 
 Agent : F. X. Bastien, Co/umct. 
 
 This agency corrtains nearly P2,000 acres wifran its limits, the 
 nrice averaging GO cents, or 2s. 5d. sterling, an acre. The land, it 
 must be observed, is not of superior quality but there is good ac- 
 cess to it at all seasons of the year. The settlers are chiefly 
 French Canadians, and a few immigrants, at wages vavyiug from 
 £14 8s to £24 sterling pir annum, with ooard, may find em- 
 ployment. Last year the wages were very low. 
 
 Lute.— By rail to Ottawa City, thence by steamer to Portage du 
 Fort, 63 miles, thence by stage 12 miles. 
 
 COUNTY OF PONTIAC, L. C. 
 
 Agent: G-. M. Juix^^sson, Clarendon. 
 This a<^ency is^an extensive one, and the lands now open for 
 sale withtn its limits (200,000 acres) are chiefly of good quali y, 
 and at a reasonable distance from the older settlements ; price 60 
 
 ""^ T'Jtnwnlhins of Allevu and Cawood offer considerable induce- 
 ments' to intending settlers, and are being opened up by coloui.a- 
 tioa roada. The soil, varying from clay to loam, is in general 
 
mtmn 
 
 64 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 good, light loamy soil prevailing. Lots with small clearings (say 
 six or eight acres cleared and fenced) and a shanty, &c., may be 
 bought at from ^£40 to £50. 
 
 Farm laborers can always find employment; good hands accus- 
 tomed to farm work can get 100 to 120 dollar-i per annum, besides 
 their board in the old settlement. Immigrants as yet unacquainted 
 with the work can reali-e very little the first year or so, perhaps 
 not more than six dollars a month ajid board, wages being of course 
 governed by the laborer's qualifications. Young single females 
 can always do well and obtain ready service. 
 
 Bonte—'By rail to Ottawa City, th.^nce by steamer to Portage du 
 Fort (44 miles), thence by land to Clarendon (10 miles). The 
 maximum distance of the lands from established roads is eight 
 miles, the average distance four. 
 
 NOETH 8f the river ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 THREE RIVERS. 
 
 Agent : Alpuonsh Dubord, Three Rivers. 
 This agency comprehends the Crown lands in the Counties of 
 Maskinong^ and St. Maurice. For the ])res?nt there arc, properly 
 speaking, only two townships open for settlement — the Township 
 of Shawinigaii, in which there remains about 9. 220 acres unsold, 
 and the Township of Caxton, which is throughout a thick forest, 
 containing 28,483 acres. In general, the soil is healthy, but the 
 country is very hilly, and from want of roads, diffi--;ult of settle- 
 ment. But few farms could be purchased, and those would fetch 
 prices of from £100 to £400. There is little or no demand for 
 immigrant labor. 
 
 Konte—Biiily by steamer from Quebec, 90 miles. ; fare fifty 
 
 cents. 
 
 COUNTY OF JOLIETTE. 
 
 Ao-ent : J. RoUR(}EOis, St. Amhrolsc de Kildare. 
 
 The public lots for sale in the Kildare district are easy of access; 
 the land is pretty mountamous in places, but the quality of the 
 soil is good and productive. The settlers are principally cf Erish 
 extraction. There is very little demand for labor. No improved 
 farms to be sold. Quantity of land, 42,000 acres ; price, Is. 3d. 
 sterling per acre. 
 
 i?owie— From Montreal -by steamer to Industry V^illage, 42 
 miles ; thence by land, nine miles to Kildare. 
 
 COUNTY OF BERTHIER. 
 Agent: J^iij^mie LAPoaTE, St. G ahri el de Brandon. 
 Three-fourths of the land in this district is adapted for settle- 
 ment. It is rooky and mountainous in places, but there are still 
 
The 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 65 
 
 29,000 acres of excellent land for sale. A good road runs from 
 Bertliier to Brandon and to the centre of the township, and several 
 improved farms can be got at an average price of £2_to £'Z 4s. an 
 acre. The settlers are French Caiiadians, and there is no demand 
 at present i or immigrant labor. 
 
 Route— By steamer from Montreal to Industry Village, 42 miles ; 
 thence 24 miles by land. 
 
 CIllCOUTIMI. 
 
 Agent : Vincent Majittn, Chicoiitimi. 
 
 The townships in this agency are Bagot, O^icoutimi, Lateiri^re, 
 Jonquiere, Mesy, Trcmblay, Oaron, Charl "x Metabetchouan, 
 Kenogumi, Lebarre, 8ignay, Simard, Harve, c. John s, Ashnap- 
 moiichouan, Uoberval and Demeules, of which there are 300,000 
 acres disposable, at 26 cents -in acre. The valley extend'ng from 
 Grand Bay to Lake Ht. John has much deep, rich, alluvial soil, 
 alternating with sand, but the hills, or rather mountains, are not 
 
 arable. 
 
 Route — By steamer to Orand Bay . 
 
 GROWN LAND AGENCIES, LOWES OANADA, 
 SOUTH OF THE EIVER ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. 
 
 The Eastern Townships form a brgc tract of country lying to 
 the southward of Quebec and eastward of Montreal, and comprise 
 within their limits !<ix million acres of laul, v-'ith a population ot 
 200,000 souls. No part of Canada .)ffors greater advantages or 
 facilities to the agriculturist than these districts Ihey r.re m 
 every respect a most desirable field for settlement; salubrity ct 
 climate— fertility of soil— good roads, md proximity to the Moat- 
 real Quebec, IVtlaud and Boscon markets beir.g amongst their 
 chief attractions ; aud all persons having ihe command ot capital, 
 who come out to this country with the intention of purchasing 
 farms, cannot do better than visit the townships before they n.ake 
 their final choice. They are within easy access by rail ot Quebec, 
 and can be reached at a\ery trifling sacrifice of time and money. 
 The British American Laud Company possess large tracts ot 
 cleared and uncleared lands for sale in this district; their office is 
 at Sherbrooke, the district town. Messrs. Rawson aud Du Chair, 
 real estate agents at Elmwood, near Lennoxville, have recently 
 nubli«hed a very useful pamphler upon the inducements the Eastern 
 Townships hold out to emigrants of all classes, containing amongst 
 other valuable matter, a catalogue of farms and improved lands for 
 
 I 
 
 /* 
 
ifmSiS^Sfii 
 
 66 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 i 
 
 sale there, with prices and terms of purchase. Copies of these 
 pamphlets can be obtained upon direct application to themselves, 
 or at the Government Emigration Office, Quebec. 
 
 SHERBROOKE. 
 
 Asent : John Felton. Sherbrooke. 
 
 In this agency there are about 70.000 acres for sale, at 60 cents 
 per acre, iu the townships of Auckland, Hereford and Weedon. 
 It is generally good hardwood timbered land, and the -settlement 
 is progressing rapidly. 
 
 Route— ^-j Grand 'L'runk Railway from Quebec or Montreal. 
 
 COMPTON. 
 
 Agent : William Fakwell, Robinson. 
 
 This agency consists of the townships of Winsiow, Whitton, 
 Hampden, Dittou, Woburn, Cbesham and Marston, in which the 
 price of the land is 60 cents per acre ; and Spalding and Ditch- 
 field, where the price is 40 cents per i\cro. The are about_ 2-10,000 
 acres for sale, general ly hilly and stony, but with good soil. 
 
 The settlers located are mostly of Scotch descent. Thirty fam- 
 ilies from the Island of Lewis settled in Winsiow in 1863. In 
 Wliitton, Marston and Winsiow, about uue-fourth are French 
 Canadians. There is no great demand for farm laborers in the 
 new settlements, but in the older settlements the emigrant can get 
 from OS. to 5s. a day, or from about £15 to £25 a year, it ho 
 understands farming. Blacksmiths, house joiners, carpenters, 
 masons, tailors and shoemakers, also good school teachers, would 
 find employment in the neighborhood. Price of land per acre, 
 60 cents, or 2s. 5d. sterling. 
 
 Route— By Grand Trunk Railroad to Lennoxvillc, E. T., 1-3 
 miles— fare 2 dollars 25 cents ; theuce by stage, 25 miles— fare 
 one dollar. 
 
 PARTS OF WOLF AND COMPTON. 
 
 Asent: J. T. Leqel, Wutton. 
 
 The settlement of this part of the Eastern Towoships having 
 commenced more than twenty years ago, the best lands are con- 
 sequently occupied. There are .still, however, 90,000 acres of 
 vacant land, situate in the roar ranges, fit for agricultural pur- 
 poses. Price 60 cents, or 2s. 5d. sterling, per acre. .\ ov>ntrai 
 road has been opened by the Government through each township, 
 BO that the.se lands are' easily reached. The setUers are ehiefly 
 French Canailiaus, and no demand exists for etuigrant labor. 
 There are a number of improved farms for sale; prices ranging 
 from £2 to £5 an acre. 
 
 Route — V'^x Grand Trunk Railway to Danville, 84 miles— fare 
 one dollar. 
 
CANADA. 
 
 6T 
 
 if these 
 aselves, 
 
 50 cents 
 tVeedon. 
 ttlement 
 
 treal. 
 
 VVhitton, 
 ■hich the 
 id Ditch- 
 
 240,000 
 il. 
 
 irty fam- 
 863. In 
 ! French 
 •s in the 
 t can get 
 iixv, it ho 
 irpentcrs, 
 rs, would 
 
 per acre, 
 
 ;. T., l-.'3 
 iles — fare 
 
 3S having 
 s are con- 
 • acres of 
 tural pur- 
 A ov>ntrai 
 township, 
 ire chiefly 
 ant labor. 
 !s ranging 
 
 iilefi— fare 
 
 LAMBTON. 
 
 Agent : L. Labrecque, Lamhton. 
 
 The townships in this agency are Price, Adstock, Tring, Lamb- 
 ton, Forsyth, Colraiue, Aylmer, Gayhurst and Shenley, of which 
 130,000 acres are disposable at 40 cents an acre. Tring, Lambton, 
 Forsyth and Aylmer are good townships, also part of Price, and 
 well occupied. In the others there is much rocky and broken 
 land, more fit for lumbering than farming. 
 
 Jioufe— From Quebec up the River Chaudi^re to St. Franyois, 
 thence by La*?abton road. 
 
 ISICOLET. 
 Agent : G. A. Bourgeois, St. Grigoire. 
 
 The <rreatest part of the land for sale in and about St. Gr^goire 
 is swampy. All the good lan(^ adapted for ?ettlement in the 
 Township of Aston has been taken up long ago; there are still, 
 however, allotments belonging to non-resident proprietors, which may 
 be purchased here and there at reasonable prices. The settlers are 
 chiky French Canadians, and there is no demand for foreign 
 labor except the temporary demand created occasionally by the 
 Three Rivers and Arthabaska Railroad. The lands are, for the 
 most part, easy of access. 
 
 Route— By steamer daily to Three Rivers, 90 miles— fare 50 
 cents (2s. 6tl.) ; thence six miles by land. 
 
 DORCHESTER AND PART OF BEAUCE. 
 
 Crown Land 2\gent: Andrew Ross, Framp^on. 
 
 In this a.^ency, which comprises the townships of Jersey, 
 Marlow, Lin?6re, Watford, Cranbourne, Frampton, Buckland and 
 Standon, there are upwards of 100.000 acres of land for sale, a 
 large portion of it good and well adapted for settlement, adjoining 
 old settlements, anu within reach of the Quebec market ; price 
 from 30 to 40 cents per acre. There are a few improved farms 
 for sale at from tour to twenty-four dollars per acre, according to 
 improvement, but no demand whatever for foreign labor, the older 
 settlements supplying all wants. There are two colonization roads 
 proiected, the lines of which were opened last season,— the Etche- 
 min Road, leading from Frampton through (>anbourne, Watford 
 andLini^re, to terminate at the Kennebec; Road and the other 
 upon the south-east side of the River Chaudiere, through the 
 townships of Jersey, Marlow, Risbororough and Spalding, from De 
 
 L'Isle to Lake Megantic , ^ tt o. v i 
 
 E„uf,— Vrom Poi))t Levi through St. Henry, St. Anselme, 
 Frampton and Cranbourne, by one route, and through St. Henry, 
 St. Isidore, St. Mary's, along the River Chaudi6re to the Kenne- 
 bec Road, by the other. The vacant lands are about forty miles 
 from Poiat Levi. 
 
 1 
 
 ':j4J*-9rf*tf.*a^«iK8T«i&ffi.*afe^v-s^j^--»>-'»*<fl« 
 
68 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 COUNTY OF BELLECHASSE. 
 
 Agent : Framcis Lamontagne, St. Gervais.\ 
 
 In the township of Bellechasse, Roux, Armagh, and Buckland, 
 there are about 16,000 acres for sale ; price 30 cents per acre. 
 These lands are very favourably spoken of; in some parts timbered 
 with maple and mixed woods of a heavy growth, and in others, the 
 soil is stated to be well adapted for the cultivation of flax and hemp. 
 Seventy-five lots Avere disposed of by the agent last year, but none 
 to newly-arrived immigrants. The settlers are all French Cana- 
 dians. Some of their farms are valuable. There is little or no 
 demand for labor. The Tach6 lload runs through a portion of 
 this district. 
 
 Distance from Quebec to St. Gervais, twcuty-ona miles. 
 
 COUNTY OF L'ISLET AND ELGIN ROAD. 
 
 Agent : Stanislas Drapeau, St. Jean Port JoU. 
 
 The lands situated in the townships of Lafontaine, Garneau, 
 Casgrain, and Arago, and more especially those to the south of the 
 Tach<5 Road, are in excellent condition ; the soil is decidedly good, 
 and they are adapted for immediate settlement. Tracts of good 
 ground may also be found in the Ashford, Fournier, and Dionne 
 townshi^is, but they are more difficult of access than those just 
 mentioned. Settlers, French Canadians. Price of land per acre, 
 30 cents, or Is. 3d. sterling. Quantity for sale, 178, 124 acres. 
 
 i^oM^e— Grand Trunk Railway, fifty-seven miles. 
 
 COUNTY OF KAMOURASKA. 
 Asent : F. Deguise, St. Anne de la Focatihre. 
 
 This aixency extends over eight townships, containing 500 or 
 600 one-hundred acre lots in each township. The lands are chiefly 
 within easy reach of established roads. The soil is very good ; 
 they are well watered, and possess many excellei.t mill sites. The 
 settlers are all French Canadians, and aboi^t one hundred French 
 emio-raats would find employment in the neighborhood as farm 
 laborers, at wages ranging from Is. 8d. to 2s. sterling a day, with 
 rations. Improved farms might be bought in some of the town- 
 ships at £i sterling an acre, 
 
 lioyte— By Grand Trunk Railway from Point Levi ; distance 
 72 miles. 
 
 acre 
 
 TEMISCOUATA. 
 
 Agent : J. N, Gauvreau, Isle Verte. 
 
 In the towusiiips uf Whitwortli, Vigor, Demers, Denonville, 
 Bfeon, Armand, Hocquart and Rodot, there are about 135,000 
 
iickland, 
 3er acre, 
 imbered 
 hera;the 
 d hemp. 
 but uone 
 3I1 Cana- 
 blo or no 
 ortion of 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 69 
 
 Garneau, 
 ith of the 
 dly good, 
 I of good 
 i Dionne 
 hose just 
 per acre, 
 acres. 
 
 g 500 or 
 are chiefly 
 ery good ; 
 ites. The 
 id Freuch 
 1 as farm 
 day, with 
 the town- 
 
 : distance 
 
 )enonville, 
 It 135,000 
 
 acres of land for sale at .30 cents, or Is. 8d. sterling, an acre. 
 Several improved farms are to be sold, at prices varying from £2 
 to £4 an acre, and French emigrants would find no difficulty in 
 getting employment as farm laborers in this section of the country, 
 at wages varying from £15 to £20 sterling a year. 
 
 Eoute — Vid Kiver du Loup by Grand Trunk Railway ; distanos 
 185 miles. 
 
 COUNTS OF RIMOUSKI. 
 Agent : J. B. Lepage, Rimousld. 
 
 There are about 2G8,000 ucres open for sale, at 30 cents an acre, 
 in the townships of Duquc:ne, Maepc^s, Neigette, Cabot, Fleuriau, 
 Macnider, Matanc, Augmentation, St. Denis and Trouelle. The 
 lands are in general favorable tor settlement, especially in the 
 valleys of the pri'cipal streams. The settlers are all French 
 Canadians, and no demand exists for emigrant labor. 
 
 Route— By steamer from Quebec; distance 180 miles. 
 
 DISTRICT OF GASPfi AND BONAVENTURE. 
 
 Agent : J. N. Verge, Carleton. 
 
 The lands in this agency are sold for 20 cents an acre, and 
 consist of 90,000 acres in the townships of Hatapedia, Risti- 
 aouehe, Mann, Nouvelle, Carletcn, Maria and Patapedia. The 
 fand is in gonenil good, and well adapted for settlement. The 
 rivers flow in deep ravines, with very deep ascents to the table 
 lands, which are dry, and timbered with hardwood, generally ou a 
 good soil. The settlers are'Britidi and French Canadians. 
 
 Eoi(t€—By steamer, vid Gasp6, weekly ; fare 5 dollars 75 cents. 
 
 GASPfi. 
 Agent : John Eden, Gasp6 Basin. 
 
 In this agency there are 120,000 acres for sale, at 20 cents an 
 acre, in the townships of Newport, Perce, Malbaie, Douglas, York, 
 South Gasp6 Bay, North Gasp6 Bay, Fox, Cap Rosier and Syden- 
 ham. The county of Gasp6 is generally suitable for colonization. 
 The settlers arc English, Irish, Scotch, Canadians, Norwegians, 
 and a few Swedes. There is very little demand for labor. 
 
 Route — By steamer, weekly, passage four dollars. 
 
70 CANADA. 
 
 ABSTRACT FROM THE CENSUS OF 1861. 
 
 R I O I N 
 
 Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Natives notof Frencli Origin ' 
 
 Of French Origin 
 
 EMIGRANTS. 
 
 869,692 
 33,287 
 
 167,578 1,037,170 
 847,320 ! 880,607 
 
 England and Wales 
 
 gootch - 
 
 Trisl) 
 
 United States 
 
 B. N. A. Provinces 
 
 Germans, Prussians, and Dutch., 
 
 French 
 
 Swiss 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 Norwegians and Swedes 
 
 East and AVcst Indies 
 
 Italians and Greeks 
 
 Spanish and Portuguese 
 
 Prussians and Poles 
 
 All other places 
 
 At Boa 
 
 Not known 
 
 114,290 
 
 98,792 
 
 191,231 
 
 50,758 
 
 8,084 
 
 22,906 
 
 2,. "89 
 
 617 
 
 529 
 
 261 
 
 735 
 
 104 
 
 96 
 
 161 
 
 541 
 
 323 
 
 1,395 
 
 493,212 
 
 vrrand Total. 
 
 1,396,091 
 
 INCLUDED UNDBB OTHER HEADS- 
 
 Indians, 
 Colored 
 
 Persons., 
 
 7,841 
 11,223 
 
 RELIGIONS 
 
 Presby- 1 
 terians. j 
 
 f 
 
 Church of England 
 
 Church of Rome 
 
 Established Church of Scotland. 
 
 Free Kirk 
 
 United Presbyterians .., 
 
 V.'esleyan Methodists 1 
 
 Episcopal Methodists [ Metho- , 
 
 New Connection Methodists 1 disf. j 
 
 Other Methodists J I 
 
 B.ipti8ts 
 
 Lutherans 
 
 Congregationalists 
 
 Quakers ' 
 
 Bible Christians ( 
 
 Christians j 
 
 Second Adventists I 
 
 Protestants ' 
 
 Disciples • 
 
 ,Tews I 
 
 Mcnonists and Tunkera > 
 
 Univcrsalists I 
 
 Unitarians | 
 
 Mormons 
 
 No religion 
 
 No creed given 
 
 Other creeds not classed 
 
 311,565 
 258,141 
 108,963 
 143,043 
 ,51,378 
 218.427 
 71,615 
 28,200 
 2:'.,330 
 61,559 
 24,299 
 9,357 
 7,383 
 8,801. 
 5,018 
 1.050 
 7,514 
 4.147 
 614 
 8,965 
 2,2.34 
 634 
 74 
 17,373 
 8,121 
 14,286 
 
 1,396,091 
 
 13,539 
 
 13,302 
 
 50,492 
 
 1.3,611 
 
 2,061 
 
 672 
 
 949 
 
 81 
 
 628 
 
 229 
 
 186 
 
 114 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 128 
 
 61 
 
 414 
 
 127,829 
 
 112,154 
 
 241,723 
 
 64,399 
 
 10,145 
 
 23,578 
 
 3,338 
 
 698 
 
 1,157 
 
 490 
 
 921 
 
 218 
 
 151 
 
 217 
 
 669 
 
 384 
 
 1,809 
 
 96,668 589.380 
 
 1,111,506 2,507,657 
 
 4,870 
 190 
 
 63,487 
 
 943,253 
 
 23,730 
 
 14,856 
 
 5.149 
 
 2.5,957 
 
 2,537 
 
 1.292 
 
 874 
 
 7,751 
 
 837 
 
 4,927 
 
 121 
 
 134 
 
 298 
 
 2,305 
 
 2,584 
 
 5 
 
 672 
 
 12,71T 
 11,413 
 
 2,289 
 
 652 
 
 3 
 
 1,477 
 
 5,728 
 
 678 
 
 1,111,560 
 
 375,052 
 
 1,201,894 
 
 132,693 
 
 157,899 
 
 5 '^.527 
 
 244,306 
 
 74,152 
 
 29,492 
 
 24,204 
 
 69,310 
 
 25,156 
 
 14,284 
 
 7,504 
 
 8,985 
 
 5,316 
 
 .3,355 
 
 ; 093 
 
 n:.152 
 
 !,186 
 
 .-^ 965 
 
 4,523 
 
 1,284 
 
 77 
 
 18,850 
 
 13,84C 
 
 14,964 
 
 0,507,657 
 
 POPUL. 
 
 Ilamilroc 
 Kingston 
 London .. 
 Ottawa ... 
 Toronto .. 
 
 State MI 
 dituri 
 
 Upper Can 
 Lower Can 
 
 Tola 
 
 ^ * As the 
 
 areas are o 
 
 t Ofthc! 
 
 Upper Can 
 Lower Can 
 
 Tott 
 
 Revenue (1 
 
 excluding 
 
 from loa 
 
 $9,760,2 
 
 Exports, II 
 
 Total Val 
 
 «ii.Rniji 
 
CANADA. 
 
 71 
 
 127,829 
 
 112,154 
 
 241,723 
 
 64,39i) 
 
 10,145 
 
 23,578 
 
 3,338 
 
 698 
 
 1,157 
 
 490 
 
 921 
 
 218 
 
 151 
 
 217 
 
 669 
 
 384 
 
 1,809 
 
 12,71T 
 11,413 
 
 375,052 
 .201,894 
 132,693 
 157,899 
 5 '^.527 
 244,306 
 74,152 
 29,492 
 24,204 
 69,310 
 25,156 
 14,284 
 7,504 
 8,985 
 5,31ft 
 3,355 
 10,098 
 4,152 
 1,186 
 V965 
 4,523 
 1,284 
 77 
 18,850 
 13,84£ 
 14,964 
 
 POPULATIOx\ OF THE CITIES IN UPPER AND LOWER 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 Ilamilroc 19,00r) 
 
 Kingston 13,743 
 
 London 11,555 
 
 Ottawa l'l,()(iil 
 
 Toronto 44,821 
 
 noWER CANADA. 
 
 Montreal 90,323 
 
 Quebec .51,109 
 
 Three Ilivei* (),().').S 
 
 Shurbrool:c 6,S«y 
 
 Statements as to the Area, Populatiou, Debt, Revenue, Expen- 
 diture, Imports and Exports of Canada, for t he year 1863. 
 
 Area in 
 Square Miles.* 
 
 Upper Canada.. 
 Lower Canada.. 
 
 Tuiai 
 
 121.260 
 210,020 
 
 331,280 
 
 I Acres disposed of 
 Acres surveyed, | by sale of Freo 
 to Dec. 31st, 1863. Grants, to Deo. 
 31st, 1862. 
 
 24,231.197 
 24.853,390 
 
 49,048,587 
 
 20,,Su3,971 
 18,477,8201 
 
 39,331,791 
 
 * As the northern and western boundaries liave not yet been surveyed, these 
 ftreas are only approximate. 
 I Of these 10,678,931 are in the seignioriot. 
 
 Population 
 
 in 
 
 January, 1861. 
 
 Ratio of Annual Estimated popu- 
 
 Increaso between lation in Jan., 
 
 the Census of 1864, assuming 
 
 Jan., 1852, and the same rate of 
 
 I Jan., 1861. increase. 
 
 Upper Canada ' 1,396,091 
 
 Lower Canada i 1,111,566 
 
 Total . 
 
 2,507,657 
 
 4.34 per cent. 
 2.50 
 
 Co 
 
 1,586,130 
 1,196,949 
 
 2,783,079 
 
 Kevonue (1863) 
 
 Expenditure 
 (1863) exclud- 
 ing redemption 
 of debt. 
 
 Funded Debt, 
 
 1863, less 
 
 Sink Fund. 
 
 Imports, 1863. 
 
 excluding that 
 from loans. 
 
 Total Value. 1 Total Duty. 
 
 $9,760,316 
 
 $10,742,807 
 
 $00,355,472 
 
 $46,964,493 ; $5,169,173 
 
 Exports, 1863. 
 
 Population 
 
 to the square 
 
 mile. 
 
 Reveuuo per 
 head of the 
 population. 
 
 f A 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 $3.86 
 
 Debt, 
 do. do. 
 
 .Imports, 
 do. do. 
 
 Duty, 
 do. do. 
 
 $1.85 
 
 Exp'Tts, 
 do. !o. 
 
 Total Value. 
 
 «41.8-51>532 
 
 8.40 
 
 $3.51 
 
 $21.69 
 
 $16.51 
 
 $15.03 
 
 f 
 
 ! • 
 Ivl 
 
 ^i 
 
 .Z'ia^s,»ilitmm^ii^^:^iiMila^Ai>^ ^ 
 
 '. ,_ir*.i¥^'^lJ^^^'i^^^^^^^*'^'^'*''^^^l^ 
 
 h 
 
72 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 VALUE OF ENGLISH COIN THROUGHOUT CANADA. 
 
 p-i 
 
 !% 
 
 1 
 
 Sterlir 
 
 'g- 
 
 Currenc} 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 % cts. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 02 
 
 
 
 6 - 
 
 125 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 21 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 2 43 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 86 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 24 33 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 48 66 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 97 33 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 243 33 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 480 66 
 
 POSTAL AERiVNGEMENTS. 
 
 Letters postei in Canada, addressed to any place within the 
 Province, pasa, if prepaid, for 5 cents per \ oz ; but if posted 
 unpaid, such letters are charged 7 cents per \ oz. 
 
 On letters to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Ldward h 
 Island, the rate is 5 cents the \ oz.— prepayment optional. On 
 letters to the United States, the rate is 10 cents the \ oz., except 
 California and Oregon, to which the rate is 15 cents on the h oz. 
 
 The rate on letters to the United Kingdom is, by Canadian 
 Packet : 
 
 Not exceeding \ oz ^ cents. 
 
 Exceeding \ oz., but not exceeding 1 oz ^o 
 
 And so on, increasing two rates for every additional ounce ; and 
 by British (Canard) Packet, 17 cents per \ oz., &o. &c., &c. 
 
 Letters for the United Kingdom must be pre-paid, or they will 
 be charged 6d, sterling on delivery. . , ^^ , , , , . 
 
 The char'^e on books and other printed matter, by book post to 
 England, is 7 cents ou packets not exceeding 4 ounces in weight; 
 12? cents exceeding 4 ounces, and not exceeding * lb., and IZ* • 
 cents for each additional \ lb. These charges must be pre-paid. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS BY MAIL FROM BNCxLAND OR UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Newspapers received from England by the Canadian Packet 
 
 Mails are delivered free. n -n i ^ m„;1c «r« 
 
 Newspapers from ]<]ngland by the Cunard Packet Mails are 
 
 charged 2 cents each on delivery. (TI is is the American transit 
 
 "^ uSed States newspapcrn, bro-ight by mail into Canada, are 
 charged one cent each on delivery. 
 
 The rai 
 in weight 
 
 If pre- 
 periodical 
 for 2 ceni 
 
 One c( 
 United S 
 delivery ! 
 
 Money 
 principal 
 
 Und 
 Ove] 
 
 u 
 
 N.B.- 
 
 No sin 
 
 Money 
 
 and Irela 
 
 These or 
 
 thereon 1 
 
 Not 
 Exc 
 
 < 
 
 No sir 
 number ( 
 
 BR 
 
 For a 
 
 ii 
 
 I 1 
 
CANADA. 78 
 
 PERIODICAL PL BLICATIONS. 
 
 The rate on periodical publicatioQS is, if not exceeding 3 ounces 
 in weight. 1 cent; over 3 ounces, 4 cents. 
 
 If pre-paid by postage stamps irom the office of publication, 
 iper'iodicuh 2'UJ^lishul m Canada, weighing over 2 ounces, may pass 
 for 2 cent.^ each. 
 
 CANADIAN BOOK POST. 
 
 One cent per ounce, pre-paid by stamp. To any part of the 
 United States, ooo ccuL per ounce, pre-paid, and another cent on 
 delivery at its destination. 
 
 MONEY ORDERS. 
 
 Money Orders payable in the Province may be obtained at the 
 principal I^st Offices, at the following ratos ; — 
 
 COMMISSION CEARGEABLE ON MONEY ORDERS. 
 
 Under and up to ^10 5 cents. 
 
 Over $10 and not exceeding $20 10 " 
 
 « 20 " " 80 15 " 
 
 « 30 « « 40 30 " 
 
 « 40 « « 60 45 " 
 
 it 60 " " 80 60 " 
 
 " 80 " " 100 75 " 
 
 I^.B. — No half cents to be introduced into the orders. 
 
 No sinf.le ordur oan be issued for more than $100. 
 
 Money Orders^ payable at Money Order Offices in Great Britain 
 and Ireland can be obtained at any Canadian Money Order Office. 
 These orders are drawn in sterling, the commission chargeable 
 thereon being : — 
 
 Not exceeding £1 80 25 
 
 Exceedincc ^£2 and not exceeding £5 ... 50 
 
 ^' 5 " " 7 75 
 
 « 7 " " 10 1 00 
 
 No single order can be drawn for more than £10 j but any 
 number of orders of £10 each may be obtained. 
 
 BRITISH POSTAL ARRANGEMENTS, 
 
 AS FAR AS THEY APPLY TO CANADA. 
 
 BOOK POST TO CANADA. 
 
 S. D. 
 
 For a packet weighing not more than 4 oz 3 
 
 u « 4 oz. but not exceeding 8 oz 6 
 
 a <t 8 oz. " '' ltt> 1 
 
 u a lit) " " l^lb 1 6 
 
 « « Ijtb " " 2rb 2 G 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 -H^rf4^--^H^^'*^^^'^-^^*'"-' 
 
 
74 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 And BO on ; 6d. being charged for every ulditional half pound or 
 fraction of a half pound. 
 
 IjETTERS. 
 
 NEWSPAPRnS 
 
 
 60 
 
 .S 
 1 
 
 s.d. 
 
 % 
 
 < 
 s.d. 
 
 -3 
 
 < 
 
 s.d. 
 
 ■a 
 a 
 
 rM® 
 
 SI 
 
 s.d. 
 
 a 
 on 
 
 H 
 
 o . 
 S.d. 
 
 O '"' 
 •< 
 
 s.d. 
 
 a 
 s.d. 
 
 * ■ 
 
 ^! 
 
 t.d. 
 
 «. d 
 
 t 
 
 Via United "1 
 
 
 States by 
 British Pack't. • 
 
 vO 8 
 
 s', 1 4 
 
 1 4 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 3 
 
 2 8 
 
 1 4 « lil 
 
 o. Id. each. 
 
 Via Cork. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Via Oalway. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 By Canadian 
 Packet. 
 
 i;0 (5 
 
 1 
 
 C 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 »> 
 
 Id. ofich. 
 
 By United 
 States Packet. 
 
 ^12 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 4 
 
 2 4 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 8 
 
 2 4 
 
 f5 
 
 a. Id. each. 
 
 Note. — If letters for Canada bo unpaid wholly or in part, they are, on de- 
 livery, charged wita sixpence each in addition to the pottaj^o. 
 
 V denotes that prepayment is votuntary ; a means that letters, newspapers, Ac, 
 are liable to an additional charge, on delivery, of one penny. 
 
 * Newspapers and books must bo pre-paid. 
 
id or 
 
 VPRRS 
 
 ach. 
 
 acb. 
 ach. 
 
 on do- 
 a, &c., 
 
 ^Si^Bg^^^S^mS 
 
the 
 
 iado 
 ice : 
 this 
 
 iuch 
 
 ; It 
 
 bSt 
 
 ' 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 
 M