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AND COAST OF LABRADOR 4 rBou \\ CAPE WHITTLE TO SANDWICH BAY,' /I INCLUDING THE '^ COMFIKD CSJEFLT FBOM THB^SURYEYS 2S ^S.^UR^ BRi By Captains H. W. F/^JrAT fMENTS, flSuLLocE, R.N., Michael Lane, AND OTHERS; AND BT CaFTAIN C. F. LaYAUD, OF THE FBENCH NaYY. LONDON : PCBLISHED BY JAMES IMRAY» CHART AND NAUTICAL BOOKSELLER, 102, MINORIES. 1851. ;sSF*'' n .* "■'. * •■■H ■.#;| .11 £*sfe._^^jSajt2 *.• COMMUNICATIONS FOB THE FUTUEE IMPROVEMENT OF THIS WORK WILL BE THANKFULLY RECEIVED AND ACKNOWLEDGED. if : ? t f .«'*■■ ■■i*:.f ^.t' ERRATA. 'V.^ o... Line from top Line from bottom «^- '*«'» of me. of page. '«' 24 , , 45 • • 47 11 60 21 62 26 70 6, 11 81 • • 22,25.26,28 Oat •«, -•-...- Read Cat Miquelin Miquelon VilTa Village Miqueon Miquelon In^enachoix In^ornaohoix -^ Point Relies Amour§ Point Amour Cape Mecattina The Grand Point of Mecattina* I i I\ CONTENTS. 1 ma* Lb PART I. NEWFOUNDLAND. GENERAL REMARKS. Dimensions, History, 1 j— Banks, 2; — Passage to, 4 {—Currents, 0;— Ioe,6. EAST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. CAPE RACE TO CAPE ST. FRANCIS. Cape Race, Renowes, Fermouse Harbour, Aquafort Harbour, 7 ; — ^Ferryland Harbour, Caplin Bay, Cape Brqyle Harbour, &c., 8 ;— Witless Bay, Bay of Bulls, Cape Spear, St John's Harbour, 9 ;— Torbay, Cape St. Francis, 10. CAPE ST. FRANCIS TO BOCALIEU ISLAND. Conception Bay, 10;— Belle Isle, Salmon Cove, Collier's Bay, Brigus Bay, Fort- grave Bay, 11; — Bay Robert, Spaniard's Bay, Harbour Grace, Carboniere Island and Harbour, 12 ;— Green or Western Bay, Bay Verde, 13, BOCALIEU ISLAND TO CAPE BONAVISTA. Trinity Bay, Old Perlican, New Perlican, 13 ;— Heart's Content, Heart's Desire, Heart's Delight, Dildo Harbour, Bav of Bulls, Random Sound, 14 ; — Smith's Sound, Port Bonaventure, Trinitv Harbour, 15; — Robinhood's Bay, Salmon Cove, English Harbour, Raggea Harbour, Catalina Harbour, Little Catalina Bay, 16 ;— Bird Island, 17. CAPE BONAVISTA TO CAPE FREELS. Cape Bonavista, Bonavista Bay, 17 ;<— Port Bonavista, Black Head Bay, Keels, 18; — Plate Cove, Indian Arm, Southward Bay, Bacon-bone Rock, Kate Har- bour, Sweet Bay, Great Chance Harbour, 19 ; — Chandler's Reach, Goose Bay, Clode Sound, Lion's Den, Long Islands, Newman's Sound, South Broad Cove, Mincbin's Cove, 20; — Barrow Harbour, Sandy Cove, Great and Little Adventure Coves, North Broad Cove, 21 ; — Salvage Bay, Damnable Hatbourj Morris Cove, Bay of Fair and False, Gooseberry Isles, &c., 22 ; — ^New Har- bour, Cat Cove, North- West Arm, 23 : — Greenspond Tickle, 24. CAPE FREELS TO CAPE NORMAN. Cape Freels, Penguin Islands, Funk Islands, Brenton Rock, 24 ; — Cleopatra Rock, Durel's Ledge, Ragged Harbour, Wadham Islands, S.S.W. Roek, Fogo Islands, Fogo Harbour, 25 ; — Little Fogo Islands, Ireland Rock, Change Islands Tickle, Island of Toulinguet, Cape St. John, 26 ; — Pacqu?t Harboury The St. Barbe, or Horse Islands, Hardy Harbour, Fleur de i ys Harbour, White Bav, 27 ; — Lobster Harbour, Southern Arm, Middle Ain., Western Arm, Sop s Arm, Jackson's Arm, Great and Little Coney Arms, Great and Little Cat Arms, 28 ; — Little Harbour Deep, Grand Vache, Orange Bay, ox Great Harbour Deep, Fourch6e, Hooping Harbour, Canada Head, Canada Bay, Engine Harbour, 29; — Goufre Harbour, Conch Harbour, Cape Rdttg« Harbour, Belle and Groais Islands, Croc Harbour, Great and Little St. Julien, Fishot Islands, 31 ; — Hare Bay, How Harbour, Goose Harbour, Cremallire Harbour, St. Anthony Harbour, Braha Bay, St Lunaire Bay, 32 ; — Griguet Bay, North Harbour, White Islands, Quirpon Island, 33 , — Degrat and Pigeon Coves, Cape Bauld, Great Quirpon Harbour, Noddy Harbour, Sacred Islands, Ha-Ha Bay, Pistolet Bay, 34 ;— Cook's Harbour, Belle Isle, Cape Norman, 36. SOUTH COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. CAPE RACE TO CAPE CHAPEAU ROUGE. Cape Race, 35 ;— Trepassey Harbour, St Shot's Bay, St. Mary's Bay, St Mary^i Harbour, 36 ;— Mai Bay, Great Ssdmon River, Collinet Bay, Nortih Harbour, ' Cape St. Maiy, Placentia Bay, 37 ; — ^Placentia Harbour, Little Placentia Har- < bour. Ship Harbour, 38;— Fox Island, The Ram Islands, Little Harbour, Little South Harbour, Great South Harbour, Come-by-Cbance Barbour, North Harbour, Pipei^s Hole, Great Sandy Harbour, 39;— Little Sandy Harbour, Clatise Harbour, GrammerVt Rocks, Merasheen Island, Red Island, Lonff Island, Harbour Buffet, Muscle Harbour, 40r-Pre8que Harbour, L» Percne Harbour, Paradise Sound, Petit Fort Harbour, Cape Roger Harbour, Great and Little Gallows Harbours, Little Harbour, Bay de I'Eau, 41 j— Bo*( il. • r CONTENTS. Harbour, Bane Harbour, Red Harbour, Audierne Island, The Saddle-baok, Cape Judas, or Middle Island, Mortier Bay, 42 ;— Little Morticr Bay, Iron Island, Oreatand Little Burin Harbours, 43 ; — Burin Bay, Burin Inlet, Gorbin Harbour, Little St. Lawrence, Great St. Lawrence, Garden Bank, 44. CAPE CHAPEAU ROUGE TO CAPE RAY. , Ferryland Head, Great and Little Laun, 44 ; Laun Islands, Taylorls Bay, ' Point Aux Gaul, Island of St. Pierre, Island of Columbier, Green Island, Langley or Little Miquelon, 46 ;— Miquelon, Fortune Bay, Plate Islands, Brunet Islands, Sagona Island, 46 ; — Point May, Dantric Coves, Ship Cove, Bay L'Argent, Harbour Mill6, Grand le Pierre, 47 j — English Harbour, New Harbour, Harbour Femme, Harbour La Conte, Long Harbour, Belle Har- ' hour, Cinq Isles Bay, Corben Bay, 48 ;— Bande de L'Arier Bay, Harbour of St. Jacques, Harbour of Blue Pinion, Boxy Harbour, Great Bay de L'Eau, Little Bay Barrysway, Harbour Briton, 49 j — Connaigre Bay, Pass Island, Fortune Bay, Hermitage Bay, Long Island, Galtaus Harbour, 50 ; Picarre Harbour, Round Harbour, Long Island Harbour, Bay of Despair, Great Jervis Harbour, Bonne Bay, Bays of Facheux and Dragon, 61 ;— Hare Bay, Devil's Bay, Bay of Rencontre, Bay of Chaleur, Bay Frangais, Oar Bay, Cape La Hune, The Penguin Islands, Whale Rock, La Hune Bay, 52 ; — Ramea Isles, Old Man's Bay, Mosquito Harbour, 53 ; — White Bear Bay, Red Island Harbours, The Burgeo Isles, Wolf Bay, King's Harbour, Ha-Ha, 64 ;— Great Barachais Point, Connoire Bay, Bay of Cutteau, Harbour of Grand Bruit, Bay of Rotte, La Poile Bay, '55 j — Great and Little Harbours, Gaily Boy's Harbour, Broad Cove, N.E. Arm, Harbour la Coue, La Moine Bay, Rose < Blanche Harbour, 50 ;— Conney Bay, Otter Bay, Dead Islands Harbour, Port au Basque, Grand Bay, Cape Ray, 57; — The 1 ides, 58. ,; WEST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. . ,'- CAPE RAY TO CAPE NORMAN. ' ^ Island of Cod Roy, Cod Roy Road, St. George's Bay, Cape St. George, Port- au-Port, 69 j— Bay of Islands, 60 ; Lark Harbour, York Harbour, Cape St. Gregory, Bonne Bay, 61 ; — Cow Head, Ingornachoix Bay, Port Saunders and Hawkes Harbour, Point Rich, Port au Choix, 62; — Bay of St. John, Point Ferolle, New FeroUe Bay, St. Margaret's Bay, Old Ferolle, Bay of St. Genevieve, 63 ; — Bay of St. Barbe, Savage Cove, 64 j — Cape Nqiman, Sound- ings in the Strait of Belle Isle, &c., 65. -■> .'•: PART n. ■ '^' COAST OF LABRADOR. -i] YORK POINT TO SANDWICH BAY. York Point, Chateau or York Bay, 66 ; — Henley Harbour, Antelope Harbour, Pitt's Harbour, St. Peter's Bay, Camp Bay, Niger Sound, 67 ; — St. Lewis Sound, St. Lewis Inlet, 68 ; — Battle Harbour, St. Charles Harbour, 69 ; — St. Lewis Cape, Petty Harbour, Sophia Harbour, Port Charlotte, 70 j — ^Mecklen- burgh Harbour, St. Francis Harbour, Cape St. Francis, Sealing Bight, Fish- ing Ship Harbour, 71 ; — Gilbert's River, Cape St. Michael, Occasional Har- bour, St Michael's Bay, Duck Harbour, Hawke Island and Bay, 72 ; — Eagle Cove, Caplin Bay, Partridge Bay, Seal Islands, Shallow Eay, Sandy Bay, Spotted Island, Sand-Hill Cove, Table Bay, 73;— The Ganhetlslands, Curlew Harbour, Isthmus Bay, Hare Harbour, Sandwich Bay, 74. YORK POINT TO CAPE WHITTLE. Wreck Bay, 74 ; — Greenish Bay, Red Bay, Carrol Cove, Black Bay, 76 ; — For- teau Bay, Bradore Harbour, 76; — Belles Amours Harbour, Middle Bay, Five Leagues Harbour, 77 ; — Bonne Esperance Harbour, Whale Island, Es- Suimaux Bay and Harbour, 78 ; — Esquimaux Islands, Old Fort Bay, Lobster lay. Rocky Bay, Mistanoque Harbour, 79 ; Shag Islet, Ci'mberknd Harbour, Sheeatiea Bay, Sandy Harbour, Port Augustine, Eagle Harbour, 80 ; — Ha- Ha Bay, Great Mecattina Island, Mecattina Harbour, Grand Point of Mecat- tina, 81 ; — Portagfe Bay, Little Mecattina Island, Hare Harbour, 82 1 Aylmer Sound, Watagheutic Island, 83 ;— Wapitagun Harbour, Cape Whittle, 84. 8P BA BO; BE1 HA the 1 coast milei 69° 3 The haib( theS on th of Si Race lengtl oppoa surve] make The being the pu and fe These i and SOI is St. J the isla trading New John ai f •WW*" SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. •»• The Beabinqs and Courses are all by Compass, unless when otherwise BXPRESSED. The soundinqs are all reduced to the level of low water, SPRING-TIDES. THE DISTANCES ARE IN NAUTICAL MiLES OF 60 TO EACH DEGREE. It HAS RECENTLY BEEN ORDERED BY THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF THE ADMI- RALTY THAT THE WORD " PoRT" 13 TO BE SUBSTITUTED FOR THE WORD " LAR- BOARD," IN ALL H.M. Ships or Vessels, on ACCoyNT of the similarity existing BETWEEN THE WORDS STARBOARD AND LARBOARD, FROM WHICH MANY MISTAKES HAVE ARISEN. PART L NEWFOUNDLAND. GENERAL REMARKS. TBB iblaho or nswrammxjijm is the most eastern part of America, and the nearest to Europe. The distance between the island of Valentia on the south-west coast of Ireland, and St. John's on the east coast of Newfoundland, is 1656 nautical miles. The island is situated between 46° 40' and 51° 39' N. lat, and 52°. 44' and 69° 31' W. long., on the north-east side of the entrance to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The form of it is iiery irregular, and the shores are broken by numerous bays and hai'bours. Its north-western extremity is separated from the coast of Labrador by the tiie Strait of Belle Isle. The south-west point is opposite to Cape Breton ; it is open on the east to the Atlantic, and its west coast forms the eastern boundary of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Its extreme length, measured on a line extending from Cape Race in the south-east to Cape Norman, at its northern extremity, is 326 miles, and the length from Cape Freels, the northern entrance to the Bay of Bonavista, to Cape Ray, opposite to Cape Breton, is about 250 miles. The island has never thoroughly been surveyed, but it is computed to contain 35,500 squares miles, though some estimates make it considerably more. The appearance of Newfoundland, from the sea, is extremely rugged, the coast line being broken into many inlets and harbours. All the settlements have been made for the purpose of prosecuting the fishery^' they have been uniformly placed on the coasts and few or no attempts have been made even to acquire any knowledge of the interior. These settlements now amount to 60 or 70, the greater part of which are on the eastern and southern shores, and particularly the former. The only large town on the island is St. John's, situated in about 47° 35' N. lat., 52° 48' W. long., on the east side of the island, which, besides being the seat of government, is the principal harbour for trading vessels. Newfoundland was probably first discovered by the Northmen about the year 1000. John and Sebastian Cabot, on their second voyage, discovered Cape Bonavista, on this B BANKS OF NEWFOUNDLAND. island, on th« 24th of June, 1497. Lnndinff in the adjoining bay, thsy found a«TeraI nativeH dresseil in the Hkins of animaU, and formally took pouodaion of the island, which they called Baccalaoa, the name given to cod-fish by the natires ; a name, it may be remarked, which has been adopted into the language of Portu(^al (baaalhao), firom which country some adventurers subsoquently proceeded to the island and formed a settlement, from which they were driven by the English under Sir Francis Drake in the reign of Elizabeth. In 1610 a charter was granted to a company of adventurers of London and Bristol, for colonising Newfoundland, and a colony was established at Conception Day. Four years lutcr, courts of justice were established bjr ro^al authority in the island ; and the first Lord Baltimore, in 1623, established a flourishmg colony at Ferrylund,on the east coast, where ho himself resided for many years. From this time numerous settlements were continually made along the east coast by the English, while the French established themselves on the south, at Placentia, in the bay of that name, and maintained possession of it until the treaty of Utrecht, in April, 1713. By this treaty Newfoundland and its dependencies were declared to belong wholly to Great Britain, but the French were allowed to fish and cure what they should catch on some parts of the shore, but were not allowed to erect fortifications or any other buildings, except such as were strictly required for the purposes of the fishery. It was agreed in 1818, thatthe vessels belonging to the United States should have, in common wiih the British subjects, the privilege of catching fish on the southern coast, between Cape Ray and the Kamea Islands, and on the western and northern coasts, from Cape Kay to the Quirpon Islands ; also on the shores of the Magdalen Islands, and on the coasts, bays, harbours, an^ creeks of Labrador, from Mount Joli through the Straits of Belle Isle, and thence northward, indefinitely along the coast as heretofore, but without prejudice to the exclusive rights of the Hudson s Bay Company. Ami they have also the liberty to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbours, and creeks, of the southern parts of Newfoundland and Labrador, but so long only as they shall remain unsettled. BARKS or RBwromiDZiAifD.— To the eastward, as well as to the southward of the Island of Newfoundland, are several extensive aand-bankt, abounding with fish of various kinds. In sounding, the bottom is commonly covered with great quantities of shells, and frequented by shoals of small fish, most of which serve as food for the cod ; and these thrive so amazingly, and are so inconceivably numerous, that although many hundreds of vessels have been annually supplied with tliem for more than two centuries, yet such a prodigious consumption has not apparently diminished their numbers. The fishery is not confinedonly to the banks, but extends,in equal luxuriance, to the shores and harbours of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Breton Island. The fish commonly are most abundant where the bottom is sandy, and the depth about 30 fathoms : where the bottom is of mud they are observea to be less numerous. In winter they appear to retire to the deep water, but in February, March, and April, thev' come again on the banks, and fatten rapidly.* THE GREAT BANK to the south-eastward of the island, extends from about the lat. of 43° 47' N. to 47° 42' N. Its form, like that of the other banks, is not easily defined ; but about the latitude of 45°, its breadth is nearly 5 degrees, whence , to the southward, it narrows almost to a point, and seems suddenly to drop into fathomless water. The north end, which is nearly in the latitude of Cape Broyle, is about 60 miles across having 45 to 48 fathoms, sand and shells. In the latitude of Cape Race, or in 46° 40' N., and long. 47° 30' W., soundings in 76 fathoms, whitish sand, will be obtained ; this will be about 140 miles to the eastward of the Virgin Rocks. Although, in this parallel, the Grand Bank extends farther to the east- ward, than when you are farther to the southward, it cannot be recommended as a safe one, on account of the rocky shoal of only 21 fieet water, of about 100 or 200 feet in extent, reported to have been seen by Mr. Jesse Ryder, of the fishing schooner Bethel, in 1845, in latitude 46° 30' and about 50 miles to the eastward of the Virgin Rocks, it is, there- fore, necessary to proceed with caution when running on this parallel. We will sup- {lose that you are approaching the St. Lawrence from the westward, in that case, in at. 45° 30', you will obtain soundings on the edge of the bank in long. 48° 46' W. ; here the bank is very steep. In lat. 44° N. and long. 49° W., you will strike the edge of the bank in 105 fathoms, very fine grey sparkling sand ; but im- • In "British America," by Mr. McGregor, Vol. 2, 1838, is given a copious description of the mode of fishing and curing in NewfounHlnnd, as shown also, by a quotation from the said work, in the " NanticRl MagRsine," J una, 188!^, p. 190. r 'r^ -«' BANKS OF NEWFOUNDLAND. r ^n of aaid V'- r I mediately you are to the westward of this position, the soundi.^.gs decrease. Hence, the edffe of the bank has a south-westerly direction to lat. 43** N. and long. 49° 60' W., where are 60 fathoms, hafing immediately to the eastward shoal water of 40 fathoms, fine sand, shells and mud, and to the westward, deep water. In the western part of the bank, in long. 52' 30' W., is a deep gullny called the Trou de la Baleine or Whale Deep, in which are 61 to 69 fathoms, with a bottom of mud or case having a fetid smell; this deep abounds with different sorts offish, but more particularly the cod, which are inconceivably numerous. The depths of the Great Banks vary from 20 to 80 fathoms, and the bottom also varies considerabW, but it Generally consists of sand, or sand mixed with shells and gravel, rarely with stones, he eastern face of the bank is of clear whitish sand, and often sparkhng. But the best idea of the shape and soundings of the bank will be gained by referring to the chart which accompanies this work.* The Virgin Hock*.— Should you make the Great Bank between 46° and 47° parallels of latitude, you must be very careful to avoid being drifted upon Cape Race or Virgin Rocks. These rocks were surveyed by Captain Bishop, R.N., ana Mr. Rose, R.N., and the following particulars are the result of their observations. The bank on which the Virgin Rocks are situated was found to extend 4^ miles in an E. by S. and W. by N. direction, and to be 2^ miles wide in its broadest part, the depths being regular from 28 to 30 fathoms. Beyond these limits, the depth increased suddenly to 39 and 43 fothoms. In the Nautical Maaraxine for 1832, p. 10, it is stated that " their meridian distance from Halifax was found to be 12^ 46' 6" E., and the longitude of the rocks depends on Halifax Dock-yard, which is supposed to be in 63° 38' 41" W." Mr. Rose describes these rocks as extending in an irregular chain, or cluster, 800 yards in the direction of N.E. b;^ E. and S.W. by W., their breadth varying from 200 to 300 yards. They were distinctly seen under water, par- ticularly a large nass of white lock, in 4| fathoms, having 5 and 6^ fathoms round it. The shoal was traced in 7 fathoms, on detatched, rocks, near the edge of it, having deeper water between them. On the southern edge of the shoal, from S.E. to West, the depth increases gradually to 30 fathoms, at the distance of half a mile from the ■hoalest part. The same depth was found to the N.W. and N.E. of the shoal, at the distance of one-third of a mile, and also between N.E. and S.E., at the distance of one mile. The current was found setting to W.S.W., at the rate of one mile per hour over the shoal, with a confused cross swell. ShoaL — A shoal of 21 feet water was lately discovered (1846), by Mr. Jesse Ryder, of the fishing schooner Bethel, in lat. 46° 30' N., which appeared to be a rode of 100 or 200 feet surface. He discovered it aooidentally wnile searching for the 9-fathom bank, to fish upon, and supposed it to be about 60 miles to the eastward of the Virgin Rocks, and to bear S. by W. about 1| mile from the 9-fathom bank. Mr Ryaerwas certain that it formed no part of the Virgin Rocks, havino: afterwai-ds seen them, and from his experience of the different fishing grounds knows it to exist.t To the westward of the Great Bank is a series of banks, called the Green, St. Pierre, Mizeu, Banquereau, Canso, and the extensive bank which extends off Sable Inland, to the westward, along the coast of Nova Scotia. All these banks have from 20 to 70 fathoms on them, and afford a good indication of a ship's approach to land. THE FLEMISH CAP, called also the Outer or False Bank, is a patch of rising ground to the eastward of the Great Bank, inHong. 44° 30' W. and between latitudes 47° and 48° N. It has lately been partially surveyed by M. Lavaud, of the French Navv, from whose observations it appears to be very steep on the western edge, thsre being no bottom immediately alter sounding in 13( or 160 fathoms on its edge. From long. 44° 62' W. and lat. 46° 63' N., in a depth of 73 fathoms, large stones, a line of soundings gradually increasing in depth, was carried to the northward, to lat 47° 50' N. and long. 46° 12' W., where the depth was found to be 147 fathoms, bottom of soft mud. Between it and the western edge of t he Great Bank is much deeper water, with >t bottom of fine sand and oaze, w hich will • Or the reader may refer to the large chart of the banks, on two sheets, pabliahed by tba proprietor. f On the French charts of the banks, a shoal of 9 fathoms, seen by a Captain Bertel, in 1844 is stated to lie iu lat. 44° 43' N. and lon(i-. 49° 01' W., but the position is somewhat ODoertain. The words Bertel and Bethel (the name of Mr. Ryder's vessel) are not so unlike, bat that they may have been confounded ; in that case, the dangers may be the same, but (hey differ widely iu latitude. b2 BANKS OF NEWFOUNDLAND. scarcely stick to the lead, and as you proveed westward towards the Great Bank you will meet with fine whitish sand, speckled black. If bound to St. John's Harbour, it is advisable to keep on the parallel of 46°, or IJ" to the southward of the parallel of that port, and until you appioach the outer edge of the Great Bank, and obtain soundings in long. 48° 30' or 49° W., to steer directly to the north-westward for Cape Spear ; but if bound for the Gulf of St. Law- rence, you should endeavour to cross the bank in 45° 30', and when about in the 55" or 56° of longitude, shape your course north-westerly for St. Paul's Island, ox Cape North or Breton Island. In thick weather the lead should be kept going when leaving the western edge of the Green Bank, to ascertain when you fall into the deep gulley of 80 to 90 fathoms, mud, which runs N.N.E. and S.S.W., about 60 miles, between St. Peter's and the Green Bank. The middle of the gulley is in lat. 45° 35' N. ; by- sounding in this gulley, and feeling the edges of the banks on each side of it, you will obtain a fresh departure. If making St. Pierre or St. Peter's Island, adopt the following course which is followed by the French fishing vessels. From the longitude of 52° W"., in lat. 45° N., steer a N. W. course, which will carry you across the Green Bank in about 48 fathoms water, and when in the meridian of 55° 10' W., in about 45° 50' N., you will suddenly deepen your water to 90 fathoms. A farther run on the same course for about 10 miles, will carry you across this gulley, when you will shoal your water to 35 and 30 fathoms ; and after a farther run of 23 miles, may steer about N.N.E. directly for the island. In the spring or summer, vessels from Great Britain should keep well to the north- ward ; for it has been long observed that vessels from the Pentland Frith and the Clyi'e, have always made quicker passages than those from Bristol or the English Channel. During the winter season the American packets always keep well to the north- ward. The preferable course for vessels bound for the Bay of Fundy, in the summer, is to keep as far to the northward as lat. 47°, until reaching long. 40° W., then to edge away so as to cross the tail of the bank in about lat. 43° 30' N. At this season of the year you will be more clear of the numerous fishing-vessels that resort to the banks, and perhaps fall in with less ice, but a strict look-out for the latter is always necessary. After being to. the westward of the banks, endeavour to keep in lat. 43°, to avoid the northern edge of the Gulf Stream ; but in the winter the bank should be crossed well to the northward to guard against the north-westers, which blow very heavily. Two vessels bound to the lower ports in the St. Lawrence have been known to pass the'Pentland Frith together, in the month of April ; the one bad a passage of 21 days, and the other, the faster sailer, of 7 weeks. In comparing logs afterwards, it appeared that they were both in about long. §0° W. on the same day, but the one was about 100 miles to the southward, with a gale at West, while the other to the northward was running 9 knots, with a fresh gale at N.E. All the ships which kept to the northward bad fine passages. To these remarks on the passages from England to Newfoundland, the following, by a correspondent of the Nautical Magazine, 1833, p. 329, may prove not unacceptable. " Although the voyage to and from North America, between the parallels of 60° and 40°, has always been attended with a degree of peril, from masses of ice which drift to the southward, during the summer months from the polar regirfns, yet many an unwary mariner makes his run across th» Atlantic without any apprehension of meet- ing these floating dangers, or without sufficiently exercising a proper discretion and vigilance to guard against coming in collision witn them. This is not mere conjecture, but the information of persons who annually perform the voyage, beside the result of my own observation, in accidents which have repeatedly occurred to vessels between Newi'outidland and England, and in the number of missing ships on this route. Com- manders of ships should therefore bear in mind the imperative necessity there is for using their utmost vigilance and attentir>a when crossing the above-named parallels, especially between the meridians of 30^ and 60° West, to guard against coming in con- tact with these formidable dangers of the ocean. "The New York packet ships, well supplied with every essential equipment, and elegantly fitted for the accommodation of passengers, when making their winter voyage from Liverpool, keep in high latitudes until nearing Newfoundland. 1 his they do for the two-fold object of avoiding the tempestuous weather so generally experienced to the southward, and of obtaining fairer winds; and thus, by slipping within the ^1 i / '■ -^^1 CURRENTS. fl mighty stream from the Florida Channel, the^Prade its retarding influence. The voyage by this route is shortened; and, although bad weather must be expected, it in not BO violent as farther south; besides which, the eastern current is avoided. I believe it is an unusual thing to meet with i||e in this part of the Atlantic in the winter ; but yre have the following recent instance to the contrary, so that a look-out should be kept in that season, as well as in the summer, by vessels making the voyage. " It appears that the ^m«/ou« packet, on the 26th of February, 1833, met with much field-ice on the coast of Nova-Scotia ; and in the latitude of 43'^ N. and Icng. 49° W., those on board were much surprised by falling in with a large quantity of strongly packed ice, which reduced the vessel's way to 6^ and 7 knots, from sailing at the rate of 9 knots, under close-reefed main-topsail and reefed foresail. On the 4th of March, she fell in with three bergs, of large dimensions, in a run of 95 miles ; and at nine the same evening she was obliged to pass between the two easternmost of these before heaving-to for the night ; after which, by keeping a more northerly course, no more of these dangerous floating masses were seen. ^ " From all accounts it seems that the greatest danger is to be apprehended in the vicinity of the Banks of Newfoundland; and this, as ever}' ilavigator knows, is increased by a dense fog which generally prevades the atmosphere in that quarter, and, of course, shortens the distance of vision to a very circumscribed limit." The Banks are frequently enveloped in dense fogs, which, from the middle of spring to December, have been known to last 8 and 10 days successively ; at such times they are often so thick that you will not be able to see any object at 10 fathoms distance ; a continual drizzling rain is dropping from the sails and rigging, a general calm prevails, and sometimes attended with a considerable swell of the sea, so that you are constantly in fear of running foul of some vessels, or being drifted by the currents upon some danger, which, from a total inability of discovering, you will have great diflicuity to avoid. The currents which surround the Island of Newfoundland are frequently so violent and so irregular, sometimes driving towards the shore and sometimes towards the sea, that the greatest caution will always be found necessary, while the current coming froni the northern regions sweeps along the shores of Labrador, nnd, in the spring, detatches immense icebergs, which float to the southward, and become exceedingly dan^rous, especially in foggy weather ; some of these masses will frequently be ground- ed in 40 and 60 fathoms water, and others will be met with farther out to* seaward, at the distance of 125 or 130 leagues from the land. Fortunately these formidable objects may g^erally be discovered, even in dark weather, by a white and bright appearance of the sky above them, and also by the roar of the waters breaking against them ; they also may' be apprehended by the intense coldness they difl'use to a great distance around them; they continue and are usually met with as late as June, July, and August. Your approach towards ,the banks may be known by the numerous sea fowls which will attend you, as roches, malimauks, and divers; these latter are seldom found more than 30 leagues off the banks, but malimauks and others are occasionally seen all across the Atlantic, but in the vicinity of the banks they become numerous. The great fishery commences in May and continues till the latter end of September. Currents. It has been observed that vessels bound to the Gulf of St. Lawrence should take the greatest care to notice the currents, which set from the eastward, all along the southern coast of Newfoundland, wth frequently fatal velocity, causing an impetuous indraught into the various bays, and occasioning the loss ol many lives, and the wreck of numerous vessels. These local currents chiefly prevail on that part between Cape Race and Cape Ray. The British frigate Ttccedi the sloop Cotnus, the transport Harpooner, were all, of late years, lost on this coast ; the two latter nearly on the same spot, and within three weeks of each other. H.M. ship iJrahe, in June 1822, was wrecked about the eastern head of St. Shot's Bay ; and in the July following the brig Spe^ce was totally lost on the same dangers : so that it should seem more vessels have been cast away on the small point of land which divides tlie two bays of Trepassey and St. Mary, than on any other part of the island; that these accidents were occasioned by the currents, there can be little doubt. It frequently happens, that a vessel bound from England to Quebec will strike sound- ings on the Great Bank of Newfoundland, and thence shape her course for the Gult of St. Lawrence, without ever seeing the land, which, probably, is enveloped in fog. When unable or neglecting to make a proper allowance for the above current, which runs sometimes at the rate of 4 mile& an hour, he is swept away to the westward :and hf; 1^1 6 CURRENTS. ICE. vhile he Considers himself to be steeruH^fairly for the entrance of the gulf, he Is driven on shore, and bis vessel becomes a wi^c. An able navigator, who has been 20 years employed in the fisheries, and who is a native of Newfoundland, observes, — " It is well understood by all the boat-mastera, that there is, in general, a strong current settiq^ in from the eastward, along the western coast of Newfoundland, which, after passmg Cape Pine, runs more towards St. Mary's and Placentia Bays. This current will be felt at least 20 leagues to the S.W. of Cape Fine, and becomes more rapid as you approach the land, its velocity in- creasing as the winds favour its direction ; but at all times of sufficient magnitude to endanger the safety of any vessel approaching from the south or west, in foggy weather, and being ignorant of its existence.'* In order to avoid the danger arising from this current, the fishermen, in foggy weather, when returning from the western coast to their homes on the eastern shore, invariably use the lead, depending more upon the depth of water than their compass, and always keeping a sufficient ustance from the land, to ensure the safety of the vessel. On passing to the eastward of Cape Race, thev never approach nearer to the land than 35 fathoms water ; the ground being more of an inclined plane on the west than on the east coast. You will find that depth of water at a considerable distance ; the ground becomes more broken, and the depth of water increases so-fast, that in your course from Cape St. Mary's to avoid Cape Race, you will, when to the eastward of It, find yourself in 50 fathoms, and when advanced a very short distance farther, you win sound in 60 and 70 fathoms ; consequently, the land will then be cleared, and you may safely pursue what course you think proper ; but, in all this navigation, the mariner^ safety will, in a great measure, depena upon a due attention to the lead. The winds being variable, there Is little doubt but that they produce many changes in the currents ; shifts of wind to the southward of the island being so common that it often happens that, after blowing a gale from one point it suddenly shifts to the opposite, continuing to blow with the same violence. One vessel may thus be lying-to with a heavy gale, while another 30 leagues disfant might be in a similar situation with the wind in quite an opposite direction, a circumstance that has been known to happen. We will close these remarks upon the currents by adding the following from the French chart of the banks, by M. Lavaud of the French Navy. "The direction of the currents at the north and south, and on the eastern approach to the Great Bank, varies little from E.S.E. to S.S.E. (true), and is generally between these points; its velocity Is seldom less than 8 to 10 miles in the 24 hours, and some- times increases to 24 and 30 miles. Mariners should observe, that outside all the banks, and especially off the south part of the Great Bank, the currents boil and form such strong eddies, that a vessel becalmed, or with light winds, cannot estimate her position with exactness ; this is probably occasioned by the edge of the Gulf Stream. "The currents on the Great Bank have a variable direction, of which the wind is not the only cause, as it is, at times, in a different direction. The fishermen state, that the current every day makes the round of the compass ; and it Is found, by close observa- tion, that beyond the meridian of Cape Race it is mostly to the westward." Ice. — The following remarks upon ice In the North Atlantic by Mr. W. C. Redfield, although perhaps not immediately connected with our subject, are added as they can- not but prove interesting to the reader. " Of the various dangers which beset the path of the mariner, perhaps there are none which excite to more vigilance than the known or expected proximity of ice. In some frequented portions of the Atlantic Ocean the ice appears almost every year, in the various forms of field ice, floes, and massive ice-islands, drifted from the arctic regions by the constant action of the polar currents. These ice-bearing currents, in flowing towards the South, must necessarily incline towards the western limits of the ocean, owing to the increased velocitv of the diurnal rotation of the earth's surface as we depart i'rom the poles ; a law well understood as regards the currents of air which form the trade winds. Hence it is that on and near the Banks of Newfoundland these ice-currents are found to cross the usual tract of vessels bound from the ports of Europe to North America. " The quantity of ice which appears on this route of navigation in diflerent years, is exceedingly various. It is sometimes seen as early in the year as January, and seldom later than the month of August. From March to July is its most common season. It is found most frequently to the west of long. 44°, and to the eastward EAST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 7 of long. 02*: but ioebei^ are sometimes met with as far eastward as long. 40", and in some rare cases even still further towards Europe. " Experience has shown that the proximity of ice is far less hazardous than rocks or shoals; and ihis floating danger would be still less formidable were it not for the fogs and miste which it often causes. The thermometer has been often held up as affording sure indications of an approach to ice, by the reduction of temperature ftnown both in the airaud vi&ter,jmd these indications are importantand should by no means be neglect- ed. But there nfjiffoe many cases of approach to ice where a reliance upon the thermo- meter alone could not afford security. " Although little or no ice be seen in one passage, or even in many times crossing the Atlantic, yet it has been frequently met in such quantities as seemed to indiflpte a vast, or indefinite extension of the ice-fields, towards tne polar seas," EAST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. CAPE RACE TO CAPE ST. FRANCIS. >f';-^ aite^ jire fin in ttio in the las Uh pse fpe id Ion Ird c OAm BAOB is the south-east point of Newfoundland, lying in latitude 46'' 39' 44" N. and longitude 53° 4' W., and is table land of moderate height; A black rock lies near to it, and several smaller ones around it. From Cape Race to Cape Ballard, the course is N.E. by E. 8 miles : nearly one mile to the southward of Cape Ballard, is a high black head, called Chain Cove Head ; between the points is a cove. To the westward of Chain Cove Head, lies Chain Cove, before whieh lies a black rock above water. About 8 miles E.S.E. from Cape Race, and to the southward of Cape Ballard, is a fishing bank, called New Bank, about 6 miles long, and nearly 2 miles broad ; on it there are from 17 to 25 fathoms water. RENOWES.— At the distance of 6| miles N.E. | E. from Cape Ballard lie some small rocks, bold-to, named the Renowes, which are of moderate height, and lie one mile from the main land. About 2 miles to the northward of these rocks, and about a mile to the southward of the entrance t^ Renowes Ijirirbour, lies Renowes Island, which is situated close to the main land. The Harbour ex Renowes is but a small indifferent place, and has not above 15 or 16 feet at low water. There are several rocks in the entrance, and the south-east winds heave in a very great sea. To sail in you must keep the north shore on board. FERMOUSE HARBOUR lies about 2| miles from Renowes, having between them a small place named Bear's Cove, off which there is a sunken rock, about a cable's length from the shore. Fermouse is an excellent harbour, there being no danger in saihng into it, though the entrance is not more than a cable's length wide. Just within the entrance, on the north shore, is a small cove, in which a fishery is earned on, but there is no safe place for anchoring. About one quarter of a mile farther in, on the same side, is another cove, named Admiral's Cove, in which merchant-vessels generally ride in 7 or 8 fathoms water, land-locked. About a mile farther up the harbour is a place named Vice Admiral's Cove, on the south of which is the best anchorage for large ships, . in 12 or 15 fathoms water, muddy ground, as there you will be conveniently situated for obtaining wood and water. Farther up, on the same side, is Sheep's Head Cove, directly off which, near the middle of the cnannel, there is a shoal, on which are only 9 feet water ; this is the only known danger in the harbour. About N.E. by E. one mile from Fermouse Harbour is Bald Head, and one mile N. by £. farther is Black Head. AQUAFORT HARBOUR is aboutone mileN. by W. from Black Head, and has in its entrance a high rock above water, to the northward of which is the passage in with about 15 tathoms water. The harbour runs in to the westward about 3 miles, narrowing as you advance, until about half a mile from the head of the bay, where it becomes mush hii: 8 EAST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. contracted, a£fording however about 4 fathoms water. Just within the narrows is a small cove of about 7 fathoms water, which is considered to be a good place for vessels to heave down, the shore being steep. To sail through the narrows, give a berth to the stony beach on the north shore, without the narrows, it being shoal, excepting at the point of the narrows where it is bold-to. FERRYLAND HARBOUR.— Ferryland Head lies E. | S. distant 2 miles from Aquafort, and N.E. i E., 3| miles from Fermouse. It is moderately high, having, close off it, two high rocks above water, named the Hare's Ears. This head is not easily distinguished, on account of the main land within it being i4|ttb higher. The entrance into Ferryland Harbour lies to the northward of the heal^oetween it and Isle Bois, and is little more than half a cable's length wide ; but after you are within Isle Bois it is much wider and affords tolerable good anchorage in 8 or 10 fathoms water ; but the north-east winds heave in a very great sea over the low rocks that extend from the Isle Bois to the main. From Isle Bois to Goose Island, the course is N.E. by N. j N., distant half a mile ; and from Goose Island to Stone Island, the course is N. 5° W., distance half a mile. CAPLIN BAY runs inN.W by N. 2| miles from Goose Island, and is considered to be a tolerably good harbour, having a safe passage into it on either side of Goose Island. To the northward of Goose Island, between it and Stone Island, there is not the least danger, the islands being bold-to. If you pass to the southward of Goose Island, between it and Isle Bois, be sure to keep the point of Ferryland Head open to the eastward of Isle Bois, in order to avoid a sunken rock, on which there are only 2 fathoms water, lying nearly midway between Goose Island and Cold East Point ; after you are within this rock, there is no danger in sailing up the bay. The best anchorage IS abreast of a cove on the port hand, about half a mile within Scogin's Head, in 16 or 17 fathoms water. From Ferryland Head to Cape Broyle, the course is N.N.E. 2f miles. This cape is high table land, and makes in the form of a saddle, either from the northward or southward. From the north part of the cape, southward three-quarters of a mile, lies a small rock, called Old Harry, on which are only 3 fathoms water ; but between it and the main are upwards of 20 fathoms water. About three-quarters of a mile to the E.N.E. of Cape Broyle there is a ledge of rocks, called the Horse Rocks, on which are from 7 to 14 fathoms water : in bad weather the sea breaks very high on these rocks. The mark for these rocks is, or was, a white house on Ferryland Downs open with Stone Islands, and the head of Cape Broyle Harbour open will carry you directly upon them. CAPE BROYLE HARBOUR.-- -From the north part of Cape Broyle to the south part of Brigus Head, the distance is 1| mile. These points form the entrance into Cape Broyle Harbour, which runs 4 miles up. About 1^ mile within the entrance on the north shore is a cove, called Admiral's Cove, in which is anchorage in about 12 fathoms water, good ground, but exposed to the south-east. The best anchorage is above the Narrows, in about 7 fathoms water. The only danger in sailing up the harbour is a ledge, called Saturday's Ledge, which lies about a cable and a half s length without th^ Narrows on the north shore. If you are coming in from the northward, keep the Sad- dle on Brigus Head open witti tlie point of Admiral's Cove, as it will carry you clear of this ledge. After you are above the Narrows, you may anchor in about 7 fathoms water, good ground, where you will be conveniently situated for obtaining wood and water. Close to the northward of Brigus Head is the small cove of that name, fit only for boats. Cape Neddick lies 4| miles from Cape Broyle, and 7^ miles from the Hare's Ears off Ferryland : it is a table land, of moderate height, and steep towards the sea. From C^e Neddick to Baleine Head, the distance is 1| mile. Baleine Cove is about one- quarter of a mile to the northward of Baleine Head, and is but a small place, fit only forboats. From Cape Neddick to the outer point of Great Island, the course is N.E. by £. I E., distance 2 ^ miles. This island is about half a mile in length, and of moderate height. From Baleme Head to Spear Isle, the course is N.N.E. h E., distance 1 mile. "Within this island a fishery is carried on, but there is no safe anchorage, the bottom being rooky. Toad's Cove is about a mile to the northward of Spear Isle, and is only fit for boats. About 1 ) mile from Spear Isle, lies the south point of Momables Buy, called Tinker's Point ; from which to the north point of the said bay, being the south point of /) y-s^H EAST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 9 /» /^^'^ %->i^ V 1 \ • Witless Bay, the distance is about If mile. Momables Bay is an open bay, about one mile deep. Green Island is a small round island, about three-quttrters of a mile from the south point of Witless Bay. From this pomt a ledge of rocks extends about one-third of the distance over to Green Island. The south point of Gull Island lies about three-quarters of a mile to the northward of Green Island. The island is about one mile long, and a quarter of a mile broad, and is pretty high land. WITLESS BAY extends inwards about 2 miles from Gull Island, and affords a moderate depth of water, and good ground, but open to the sea. About half-way up, on the north shore, there is a ledge of rocks, partly above water at about half-tide. BAY OF BULLS. — One mile and a quarter to the northward of Gull Island, is the south point of the entrance into the Bay of Bulls ; from this point to the north point of the said bay, called Bull Head, the course is N.E. by E., distance l;; mile. The best anchorage in ibis bay for large vesisels, is about half a mile from the head, in about 14 fathoms water, but small vessels may anchor higher up, and moor to the north shore, where they will lie land-locked. The only dangers in this harbour are a small rock off Bread and Cheese Point, but not above 20 yards off, and a rock, on which are 9 feet water, lying off Margoty Cove, aboi;t half a cable's length from the shore. From Bull's Head to the south point of Petty (Petit) Harbour, from which a reef extends about a quarter of a mile, the course is N.E. about 8;^ miles. The south point of Petty Harbour is distant from the north point 2^ miles; between which is the bay running in 2 miles, and having at the bottom of it a cove and fishery. About midtway between the Bay of Bulls and lAttle Bay is a cavern, having an opening at the summit, through which the water spouts whenever the sea runs high, thus presenting a remark- able object, visible a considerable distance off; it is hence called the Spout. CAPE SPEAR. — From the north point of Petty Harbour to Cape Spear, the course is N.E., distance 2j miles. This point is rather low and ragged, and may be known by the land to the northward trending away to the N.W. Cape Spear is the easternmost point of Newfoundland, in lat. 47° 30' 20" N., and long. 62° 37' 20" W., and is the point to which vessels, bound from the eastward for St. John's, generally steer, upon getting into soundings. The lighthouse on Cape Spear exhibits a powerful revolving light, at 275 feet above the level of the sea, which in clear weather may be seen at 8 leagues off. The light shows a brilliant flash at intervals uf one minute. There are three bays between Cape Spear and the entrance to St. John's: 1, Cape Bay lying between Cape Spear and Black Head; 2, Deadman's Bay between Black Head and Sniall Point; and, 3, Freshwater Bay between Small Point and Fort Amherst. From Fort Amherst, on the south head at the entrance of St. John's Harbour, there is shown a brilliant fixed light, which, from its elevation, may be seen at a considerable distance. ST. JOBU's BABBOUB. - The city of St. John's is the capital of the island, being the seat of Government ; and although its approach is narrow, its harbour is excellent, and its situation readily known, botn by the block-house on Signal Hill, at the north side, and Fort Amherst, on its south side, or point of entrance. The channel, from point to point, is only about one-sixth of a mile wide ; but it gets wider just within the points than between them, decreasing again as you approach the Chain Kock ; for, from the latter to the Pancake Bock, the distance is only 05 fathoms ; these rocks both being above water and steep-to : Chain is the northern rock, and Pancake Rock lies on the south side of the channel. Three small knolls lie between the two latter rocks in the narrows, with 18 to 24 feet on them. In approaching the harbour of St. John's with a large ship, care must be taken to avoid the Vestal Rock, which lies about 50 fathoms off the southern, or Fort Amherst Point ; over this rock are 18 feet water : the marks for it are Fort William, or the old garrison, just open of the south head ; and the outer Wash-ball Rock, open to the eastward of the Cuckold's Head : these latter rocks lie close to the northern point of the harbour, and are always above water, being steep-to, and therefore not dangerous. The course in is N.W. by W., the shore continuing bold until you get near to the Pancake, then give the south side a small berth ; continue the same course, or rather more inclined to the westward, keeping Fort Amherst flag-staff open to the northward of Frederick's Battery flag-staff; you will, by these means, avoid the Prosser, a rock on the port side, running ofl' the end of another rock, formed like a saddle, with 19 foet 10 EAST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. water in the hollow, and only 6 feet on its outside ; yet it is steep-to, having not less thanO fathoms close to it; so soon as vou are within, and have passed the Prosser Rocks, you may steer up as you please, both shores beine clear of dangers, and anchor in from 4 to 10 fathoms water, on a bottom of mud, and lying quite laud-locked. The winds from the S.W. to the southward, as far as N.E. by E. blow in, all other directions of the wind either baffle or blow out of the Narrows; with the latter winds you must warp in, for the convenience of doing which rings are fixed in the rocks on each side. The anchorage within the Narrowu has from 10 to 16 fathomH, and a little before you enter the NaiTows there are 20 fathoms. The tides rise 5, neaps 3i feet, but very irregular, being much influenced by the winds ; and the variation is about two points westerly. It is high water, F. & C, at about 7h. dOm. The town of St. John is composed of one long street, running nearly parallel to the shore, and of several shorter streets or lanes which branch from the street at right angles. Most of the houses are of wood, some are of brick, and others of stone. The shore is entirely lined by wharves, which are mostly occupied by stages for curing fish. The government has a fine wide wharf, which is open to th^ public. The population of the town fluctuates extremely with the season. At the height of the tishing the place is crowded, but many of its then inhabitants return to Europe in the trading vessels. St. John's is built on a penisula, which Lord Baltimore named the province of Avalon. The entrance to the harbour is guarded by various batteries, and formerly a chain was extended from the Chain Rock (hence its name), to prevent the entrance uf a hostile force. A stranger tu the coast should be careful not to mistake Kitty Vitty, a small place, fit only for boats, lying about a mile to the northward of St. John's, for St. John's itself, as at a distance it has the appearance of a good harbour. He will therefore observe, that at Kitty Vitty's south side is a round hill, shaped like a haycock, standing upon Cuckold's Head ; while St. John's Harbour may be distinguished by Fort Amhersi, which appears white, and by the flag-staves on the hill, over the north point of en- trance, which sufficiently denote the right entrance. About a mile from Cuckold's Point, is a small point or projection of the land ; and 2 miles farther is Sugar-Loaf Point, tapering upward, and much resembling a sugar-loaf. One league farther is Red Head, having a small place called Logy Bay between. TORBAY. — One mile and a half from Red Head, is the south point of Torbay, which is somewhat lower than the others. From this point to Green Cove, the cus- tomary place where vessels anchor, the course is about W.N.W. 2 miles, where you may ride in 14 and 12 fathoms, but much exposed to seaward. This bay is large, being fully a league in extent. From off its northern point is aflat rock, where the sea breaks. A heavy swell sets from the eastward into the bay, so that it h not a good place to lie in. From Flat Rock Point, which is low, dark land, the coast runs northerly to Red Head, a distance of 2 miles ; and from thence to Black Head, in the same direction, 2 miles more. CAPE ST. FRANCIS.— From Black Head to Cape St. Francis, the coui-se is N.N.W., distance one league. Cape St. Francis has a white appearance, and is itself low, but above it the land rises high. A little south of the cape is Shoe Cove, a place used in bad weather for' splitting and salting fish. Off the cove there is good fishing, and with northerly, westerly, and southerly winds, you will lie safe within the cove. About 1^ mile to the eastward of Cape St. Francis, in a triangular position, lie some sunken rocks, called the Brandy Rocks, on which the sea generally breaks. There is a channel between them and the cape, but too dangerous to be made use of, while the rocks add to the satety of Shoe Cove. Another small cove, to the northward of the cape, may be used with the wind off-shore. FROM CAPE ST. FRANCIS TO BOCALIEU ISLAND. -f^ A A I .—•From Cape St. Francis, the southern point of Conception • It is fact worthy of notice, that the whole of the land in and about the neighbourhood of Coneeption Bay, very probably the whole island, is rising out of the oceau at a rate which pro- mises, at no very distant day, materially to affect, if not to render useless, many of the best harktours ws have now on the coast. At Fortgrave a series of observations have been made, EAST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 11 K^-^'% Bay, to Bocalieu Island, the northern boundary of the entrance, the course and distance is N.N.E. 4 E. about 18 miles. This bay is very extensive, running to the south-west- ward, and contains many smaller bays and inlets, of which we proceed to give a more minute description. BELLE ISLE.— Four leagues S.W by W. from Cape St. Francis is a lofty island named Belle Isle, which is 6^ miles in length, and about 2 miles wide. Its eastern side is nearly 3 miles off the main, and there is on this side a beach, to the southward of which is good anchorage in 30 fathoms, sandy ground: a league farther, near the south part of the island, is also tolerable anchorage in from 15 to 30 fathoms. At tha south end of the island is a small cove, named Lance Cove, where fishing vessels occasionally resort, and find good shelter for 5 or 6 vessels. One mile from the south part of the island lies a rock, over which are 3 fathoms water. Two miles to the southward of Lance Cove, is a small low island, named Little Belle Isle, having to the W.S.W. of it, distant 1| mile, Kellv's Island, of middlir:g height, and about three-quarters of a mile in length. On the mam, within Belle Isle, is Portugal Cove, in which there is no safe an- chorage. Broad Cove lies to the southward of Portugal Cove, and at the bottom of the bay is Holyrood Harbour, which runs in about 3| miles, and where, in a cove on the west side near the head, is very good anchorage in 10 or 12 fathoms water, and suflScient room to moor. At 1| mile distant from Holyrood Harbour is Harbour Main, al|»ut half a mile wide and 1^ mile deep, having anchorage ne&' the head in 7 to 10 fathoms water, but it is entirely open. SALMON COVE. — Salmon Cove lies about a mile to the westward of Harbour Main. The entrance to it is about a mile wide, and runs to the W.S.W. about 2^ miles, then dividing into two arms, one running to the westward one mile nearly, and the other to the southward 1| mile. In either of these arms there ib very eood anchorage, but the best is in the southern arm in from 5 to 10 fathoms water, there oeine no danger in going into it. To sail into the western arm, keep a rock above water off the point on the port hand, going in, well on board, in order to avoid a sunken rock that lies nearly opposite, a smaU distance from the starboard shore ; there is a passage on either side of this rdlbk, but the southern is by far the widest About a league to the westward of Salmon Cove lies Collier's Bay, which runs in nearly 2 leagues. About 1^ mile from the entrance there is a sunken rock near mid- channel, on either side of which is a safe passage up the bay : this rock shows at three- quarters ebb. At 2| miles from the entrance, on the east side, is anchorage in about 10 fathoms water before a cove: small vessels may haul into the cove, and lie in 3 or 4 fathoms water, aud moor to the shores. About 1^ mile higher up, on the same side, is another cove, but there is no anchorage in it, being shoal and fiill of sunken rocks. Near the head of the bay is very good anchorage in 9 or 10 fathoms water. About 2 miles to the northward of Collier's Bay is situated Brigus '^ay, which runs in from Brigus Head 1| mile; in it is anchorage in 10 or 15 fathoms .vater,but it is en- tirely open. At the head of the bay, on the south side, is an island, within which ves- sels may anchor in 3 or 4 fathoms water, but must moor to the shores, where they will be secure from all winds. PORTGRAVE BAY lies to the northward of Brigus, and has within it Sheep's or Ship Cove, and Cupid Cove; the latter lies on the south side of Portgrave Bay, and has in it good anchorage in 5 or 6 fathoms water, with room for 2 or 3 ships to he at their anchors, almost land locked. Its north side is so bold that ships lie alongside the rocks, and take in their cargoes. The land on the northern side of the entrance is remarkably high, and thence called Spectacle Head. Sheep's or Ship Cove has within it 4 and 5 fathoms water, and will accommodate small vessels mooring head and stem, having their S.W. anchor in 22 fathoms, about 1; cable's leneth from the ship. Portgrave is about three-quarters of a mile to the westward of Sheep's Cove. Within the islands the water is shallow and fit only for boats ; but about one-third o f wliioh uadeniably prove the rapid displacement of the sealevel in that vicinity. Sereni large flat rocks, over which schuouers might puss some thirty or forty years ago, with the greatest faoiliiy, are now approaching the surface, the wat e^J^ inp scarcely navigable for a skiff. At a place called Go8b, at the head of Bay Roberts, i»p f*A- EAST COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 13 l.r> .--•* '— ■^ N. about 2 miles. Salmon Cove Head is a remarkable higb steep head, having to the northward of it a cove which affords shelter for boats. From Salmon Cove Head to Broad Cove Head, to the northward, the distance is 4 miles; and from the latter head to Green or Western Bav Point, the distance is about 3| miles. Off Broad Cove and along shore about one mile to the northward, is anchor- age in 10 to 15 fathoms water. GREEN OR WESTERN BAY.— In the entrance of this bay is very good anchor- aae in 15 or 16 fathoms water, taking care not to go too far into the bay, leit the wind should come to the eastward, as it lies entirely open to the sea. Devil's Point Cove lies 4| miles to the north-eastward of Green Bay, but is a place of little conse